GASTERACANTHIDES.

Genus GASTERACANTBA.

GASTERACANTHA QUADRISPINOSA, sp. 0. (Plate XXVI. fig. 1.)

Adult female: transverse diameter of abdomen, exclusive of the

spines, 6 lines ; longitudinal diameter 25.

Abdomen transverse-oblong ; anterior margin curved, the con-

vexity of the curve directed forwards ; posterior margin curved to

about the same degree, with the convexity of the curve directed

backwards. Spines four, not very large, one at each of the four

corners of the. oblong, those of the anterior corners shortest and

weakest, with a slight but distinctly forward direction ; the posterior

spines rather less in length than the width of that part of the

abdomen, and projecting in a line parallel with its transverse axis.

Colour yellow-brown, the spines and sigilla (which are of normal

number, size, and position) rather darker. Legs short, femora

yellowish, the rest dark blackish brown, and (as also are the spines)

furnished with short hairs. :

The cephalothorax projects but little beyond the fore margin of

the abdomen, and is of a deep rich black-brown hue.

This Spider is allied to Gasteracantha malayensis, Sim., and

G. mengii, Keys., two species very closely allied to each other, if

282 REY. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. = [Mar. 4,

not identical ; it is, however, much smaller, and differs both in the

length, strength, and direction of the spines as well as in colour,

Hab. Australia,

GASTERACANTHA CANESTRINH, sp. n. (Plate XXVI. fig. 2.)

Female, immature?: longitudinal diameter, exclusive of spines,

scarcely 2 lines, transverse diameter 22.

Spines four, one at each end of the abdomen, the fore and hind

outlines of which they carry on to sharp points. These two lateral

spines are larger, and very much stronger than the other two, which

are at the posterior extremity of the abdomen, and their points a

little divergent from each other.

The abdomen is of a dull blackish-brown hue; the sigilla normal

in size, number, and position, and slightly tinged with reddish brown.

The cephalothorax is large, but of normal form ; its colour, as

wellas that of the falces, legs, palpi, and abdominal spines, is a dull

brownish yellow.

From its only known near allies (G. quadridens, C. L. Koch, and

G. pallida ejusd.) it may be known at once by the much greater

length and strength of the two lateral spines.

A single example (received through Frederick Bond, Esq.) from

Antigua.

GASTERACANTHA RIMATA, sp. n. (Plate XXVI. fig. 3.)

Length of the transverse diameter of an immature female, exclu-

sive of the spines, 24 lines, that of the longitudinal diameter being

13 line.

This Spider is allied to Gasteracantha geminata, C. L. Koch,

but may be distinguished at once by the two lateral spines (on each

side) being of different lengths, and diverging from each other ;

the posterior (or intermediate) spine is the longest and strongest.

In G. geminata the lateral spines adhere to each other for some

distance, until the sharpening off of the points begins; they are

also of equal size, and the anterior spine scarcely differs from the

other in length. The posterior spines in the present Spider are also -

proportionally stronger.

Several examples, all immature, were received from Ceylon among

numerous other Spiders kindly sent to me by Mr. G. H. K.

"Thwaites,

GASTERACANTHA PAVESI, n. sp. (Plate XXVI. fig. 4.)

Length of the transverse diameter of the adult female, exclusive

of the spines, 7 lines ; longitudinal diameter 4 lines.

There will be no difficulty in distinguishing this Spider from all

others known to me; it forms, in fact, the type of quite a new group,

whose.characteristics are the wide separation between the anterior

and intermediate spines, and the close proximity of the latter to the

posterior ones, which last are also most abnormally separated. The

anterior spines are small, directed straight forwards from the central

portion of the very convex fore margin of the abdomen, the interval

1879.] ‘REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. 283

separating these being about equal to the width of the cephalothorax.

The intermediate spines are of moderate length, stout, but very

slightly tapering, and directed a little backwards ; not far behind each

of these is one of the posterior spines, which are very small and of a

sharp-pointed conical form, and directed more outwards than back-

wards.

The abdomen is of a dark yellowish brown hue, the sigilla and

spines deep red-brown. The sigilla on the posterior margin are ab-

normal, being 10 in number instead of the usual number 9—three large

on each side, with four small ones between: those on the anterior mar-

gin appeared to be normal in number (7, e. 10); but, owing to the

injured state of that part of the abdomen, I cannot speak positively

on the point. The cephalothorax is dull black, clothed with coarse,

dull, greyish yellow pubescence ; and the legs dark reddish brown,

clothed with hairs of a dull greyish yellow hue,

Hab. Laos.

GASTERACANTHA FRONTATA. (Plate XXVI. fig. 5.)

Gasteracantha frontata, Blackw. Aun. & Mag. N. H. ser. 3,

vol. xiv. p. 40.

Length of the transverse diameter of the adult female, exclusive of

the spines, 54 lines ; longitudinal diameter nearly 23 lines.

This Spider is another species of the ‘ fornicata’’ group, but may

be distinguished at once by the shortness and stoutness of the inter-

termediate spines, which are very slightly directed backwards. The

colour of the cephalothorax and legs is deep brown, the abdomen

yellow, with, in some examples, a narrow, transverse, blackish bar

connecting the anterior and two of the central sigilla; the part of

the abdomen from which the posterior spines spring is dark yellow-

brown, with a roundish yellow central blotch; the underside is deep

brown, spotted with good-sized and distinct yellow spots ; the spines

and sigilla are reddish brown.

The figure is drawn from the type specimen described by Mr,

Blackwall (J. ¢.).

- Hab. East Indies.

GASTERACANTHA PECCANS, sp. n. (Plate XXVI. fig. 6.)

Adult female: length of the transverse diameter, exclusive of the

spines, 43 lines; longitudinal diameter rather over 22 lines.

In the general form of the abdomen this Spider is much like G.

madagascariensis, Vins, ; but it differs totally in colours and markings;

and the intermediate spines are shorter, much stronger, and straight ;

they taper also to a sharp point, not by astraight but by a curvilinear

convex outline ; the posterior spines also are shorter, and those of the

anterior pair are almost rudimentary; the intermediate spines are

directed a little backwards. The upperside of the abdomen is yel-

low tinged with brown, the two exterior sigilla at each end of the

posterior row of 8 are surrounded with a blackish patch touching the

abdominal margin; the two hinder sigilla also of the central four

are each similarly encircled. The underside of the abdomen is black-

284 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. _ [Mar. 4,

brown, marked and spotted with yellow. The sigilla are all red-

brown, very small, especially the anterior ones, which are 10 in

number. The cephalothorax is black, and the legs are black-brown.

Hab. Mauritius. (Received from R. H. Meade, Esq., of Brad-

ford.) Possibly this is Gasteracantha (Plectana) mauricia, Walch.

GASTERACANTHA CALLIDA, sp.n. (Plate XXVI. fig. 7.)

Length of the transverse diameter of the adult female, exclusive

of the spines, 5? lines; length of the longitudinal diameter 3 lines.

This is another species of the ‘‘ fornicata”’ group: the anterior

margin of the abdomen between the two foremost spines forms a

nearly even curve; the foremost spines are short and very slightly

(in one example not at all) directed forwards. The intermediate spines

are stout, scarcely curved, double the length of the anteriors, rapidly

tapering from base to point, and but slightly directed backwards.

The posterior spines are as long, but not so strong, as the intermediate

ones ; in one example, however, the posterior spines were shorter.

The cephalothorax is black, the legs black-brown, and the abdo-

men yellow-brown, the spines reddish ,brown, and the sigilla small

and like the spines in colour. The different form of the fore mar-

gin of the abdomen and the stouter intermediate spines will at once

distinguish this Spider from the next species, G. flebilis.

Hab. Trinidad.

GASTERACANTHA FLEBILIS, sp. n. (Plate XXVI. fig. 8.)

Length of the transverse diameter of the female (adult ?), exclusive

of the spines, 4 lines ; longitudinal diameter slightly over 2 lines.

This spider is allied to G. fornicata, C. L. Koch; it is, however,

much smaller; and though it may possibly be an immature example

of that species, I am inclined to think it is distinct. Owing to the

specimen being pinned and dry, I am unable to say positively whether

it is adult or not; but I think it is. The anterior spines are short

and directed a little forwards ; the intermediate ones stout, not very

tapering, double the length of the anterior, and with a distinctly

backward direction. The cephalothorax, falces, and legs are deep

brown-black ; the abdomen dull brown, with two transverse black

bands, of which the anterior is the broadest : the posterior band ap-

peared to be interrupted in the middle; but as the pin had passed

through that point, this is not certain; the spines are red-brown.

Hab. Sarawak.

GASTERACANTHA HARPAX, sp.n. (Plate XXVI. fig. 9.)

Length of the transverse diameter of the adult female, exclusive

of the spines, rather over 5} lines; length of longitudinal diameter

rather more than 3 lines.

This Spider is also of the ‘‘fornicata”’ group. It may be easily

known by the weakness of the intermediate spines, which are scarcely

double the length of the anteriors, and no stronger, if, indeed, quite

so strong, and project at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the

1879.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. 285

abdomen. The anterior spines are directed slightly forwards ; and

the posterior are a little longer and stronger.

The cephalothorax is of a deep brownish black colour ; that of the

legs dark brown, and the abdomen dull yellowish brown; the spines

and sigilla (which are of normal number and form) red-brown.

Hab. Sarawak.

GASTERACANTHA MADAGASCARIENSIS. (Plate XXVI. fig. 10.)

Gasteracantha madagascariensis, Vins. Aran. des Iles de la Réu-

nion, Maurice et Madagascar, p. 242, pl. ix. fig. 6.)

From a careful examination of a series of examples received from

Madagascar, I can detect no difference in the form of the abdomen,

nor in the relative length, strength, or direction of the intermediate

spines. It is a much smaller Spider than G. formosa, Vins., and quite

distinct in its colours and markings. The figure (10, Plate XXVI.)

is from one of the examples mentioned above. There appears to be

considerable variety in the extent and contiauity of the black mark-

ings on the abdomen.

GaAsTERACANTHA FORMOSA. (Plate XXVI. fig. 11.)

Gasteracantha formosa, Vins. Aranéid.des Iles de la Réunion,

Maurice et Madagascar, p. 244, pl. ix. fig. 7.

G. petersit, Karsch, Monatsb. k. Akad. Wiss, Berlin, 1878, p. 322,

pl. 1. fig. 6: Mozambique.

G. milvoides, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. May 1873, p. 159,

pl. iv. fig. 2: South Africa.

G. transversa?, C. L. Koch, Die Arachn. iv. p. 14, pl. exiii. fig.

259: hab. ?

G. varians, Cambr. MS. 1876: Madagascar.

G. frontata, Bl. Aun. & Mag. N. H. Dee. 1866, p. 463: S.E.

Africa. Non G. frontata supra.

I feel but little doubt that all the Spiders included under the above

synonyms are identical—although the difference in the relative

length, strength, and direction of the large lateral (or intermediate)

spines is not inconsiderable, and the proportional length and breadth

of the abdomen (exclusive of the spines) also differ.

Out of eight examples (included under G. varians, Cambr.) re-

ceived from the same locality in Madagascar, no two are exactly

alike in the points above mentioned, though all are undoubtedly of

the same species; the variations of the different examples run

into each other, so as to defy any attempt to characterize them as

distinctive of species. The typical form of G. formosa, Vins., is

present among these eight examples, of which I have figured three

of the varieties most widely separated from the typical form. In

fig. 11 the large lateral spines are not only stronger than those of the

typical G. formosa, but their curve and direction are exactly opposite.

In fig. 11 a the spines are straight, and project at right angles to the

longitudinal axis of the abdomen, one of them being much stronger

and of a different form from the other; in fig. 11 8 we have a nearer

approach to the typical formosa.

286 REY. O. P, CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. [Mar. 4,

Tig. 11 ¢ is almost exactly identical with the type; it is from one

of the examples included by Mr. Blackwall, /. ¢., in his list of S.E.

African Spiders as G. frontata, Bl., from which it is clearly distinct

(vide G. frontata, Bl., anted, p. 283). An example from E. Africa

(in my collection) is intermediate between the last-mentioned one

and the figure given (J. c.) by Karsch of G. petersii, in which the only

difference is the (apparently) stouter and more curved intermediate

spines, and the less narrow abdomen. My example differs from my

fig. 11 in being less narrow, but still not quite so broad, proportio-

nally, from back to front as represented in Karsch’s figure. I have

also another example, from the Zambesi river, in which the abdomen

is narrowest of all, and the length of the intermediate spines exceeds

that of all the other examples and figures I have yet seen, their

strength and direction being those of the typical G. formosa, This

example comes perhaps the nearest to G. milvoides, Butl.

The locality of G. transversa, C. L. Koch, is net given by that

author; but I should strongly suspect it to be African, especially as

it is figured with transverse pale bands across the abdomen, which,

in well-preserved examples of G. formosa, Vins., are well marked and

characteristic.

It is possible that G. fornicata, C. L. Koch, may be of this same

species; but as it comes from a widely distant locality (Java), it is safer

at present to conclude it to be distinct. At any rate, never having

seen an example from Java, I am unable myself to give any opinion

upon it.

I have hesitated to include G. nana, Butl., among the synonyms

of G. formosa, Vins., though it would not surprise me if it should

some day be found to be identical.

GASTERACANTHA IMPORTUNA, Sp. n.? (Plate XXVII. fig. 12.)

Length of the transverse diameter of an adult female, exclusive of

the spines, 6 lines ; length of the longitudinal diameter 3 lines.

In this Spider the large lateral spines are not quite so long as in the

last; but they are stronger, straighter, and have a more backward

direction. The colours are like those of that species; but the ex-

ample described is in a similarly bad state of preservation so far as

colours are concerned. The extremities of the large spines have a

strong steel-blue metallic hue.

It is only with great hesitation that I have described this Spider as

distinct from G. molesta. I should not be at all surprised at a series

of examples from the same locality some day proving it to be iden-

tical with that Spider, and possibly also with G. formosa, Vins.

Hab. West coast of Africa.

GASTERACANTHA MOLESTA, sp. n. (Plate XXVII. fig. 13.)

Length of the transverse diameter of an adult female, exclusive of

the spines, 73 lines; length of the longitudinal diameter a little over

3 lines.

This Spider is evidently allied closely to G. formosa, Vins. ; but

the large lateral spines are much less tapering than in any of the

1879. ] REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. 287

varieties I have seen of that species ; and as it comes from the op-

posite side of Africa, I am induced to describe it as a distinct species.

The sigilla are rather large and of a deep reddish brown hue, as

are also the spines, the cephalothorax, and legs, the falces being

darker. The colouring of the abdomen generally has entirely dis-

appeared, from the bad state of preservation of the only example in

my possession.

Hab. West coast of Africa.

GASTERACANTHA CREPIDOPHORA, sp.n. (Plate XXVII. fig. 14.)

Length of the transverse diameter of the adult female, inclusive of

the spines, 73 lines; longitudinal diameter, exclusive of spines, 3

lines.

The remarkable form of the intermediate spines, that of a boot

with a sharp toe, will serve to distinguish this curious Spider from

all others of the genus known to me.

The anterior spines are well removed from the intermediate ones,

rather small, and not very strong, being similar in length but not

quite so strong as the posterior ones. The intermediate spines are

very strong, rather long, bent ; and near the extremity the curved

point goes off nearly at right angles, forming a large roundish heel ;

the point forms the foot ; aud the whole bears a very exact resem-

blance to a boot.

The cephalothorax is black-brown; the legs are dull brown, the

femora being the lightest-coloured. The abdomen is of a somewhat

subpentagonal form, and of a slightly brownish yellow colour, with a

broad marginal black band on each side in front, including the an-

terior spines and four of the front sigilla; the intermediate spines

are orange-coloured on their basal half, the rest being black with

a slight reflection of steel-blue ; the posterior spines are black. The

anterior sigilla are normal in number, 10 ; the posterior ones only 8—

two larger ones on each side, with four minute ones between them.

All are rather small, and of a black colour.

This Spider appears to form the type of a very distinct group

of the genus.

Hab. Dorey, New Guinea.

GASTERACANTHA HELVA. (Plate XXVII. fig. 15.)

Gasteracantha helva, Bl. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 3, vol. xiv.

p- 42.

Adult female: length of the transverse diameter at the widest

point, exclusive of the spines, rather over 3 lines ; longitudinal dia-

meter rather more than 23 lines.

The abdomen is of a subpentagonal form; the intermediate (or

longest) spines are placed at the exterior angles of the hinder part of

the abdomen ; they are moderately long, strong, rapidly tapering toa

sharp point beginning a little way from their extremity and directed

strongly outwards and a little backwards; these spines are of a deep,

rich, shining steel-blue colour. The posterior ones are shorter and

much less strong, rather nearer to each other than each is to the

288 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. _ [ Mar. 4,

intermediate spine on its side, anda little divergent from each other.

The anterior spines are the shortest and weakest ; and each divides the

outer side of the abdomen pretty exactly. The anterior and pos-

terior spines have a browner hue than the other two; and all have a

longitudinal yellow stripe underneath.

The abdomen is of a yellow, or yellow-brownish, colour on the

upperside. The sigillz are small; those on the anterior margin are

normal in number, 10, but those on the hinder part are 8 only. The

underside is black, spotted and reticulated with yellow.

The cephalothorax is dark brown, thinly clothed with fine hoary

hairs. The legs are dull yellowish brown, obscurely marked and an-

nulated with a deeper hue.

This Spider is not, I think, identical either with G. lepelletieri,

Guérin & Walck., or with Plectana pretextata, Dol., as surmised by

Mr. Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. May 1873, pp.155 & 172. The

proportions of the length and breadth of the abdomen of the former

are quite different ; and, judging from examples in my possession of

the latter (from Amboina and Sumatra), the form of the intermediate

spines is distinct.

Gasteracantha helva, Bl., has never before been figured ; so that

the figure given here, from Mr. Blackwall’s type specimens in my

possession, will perhaps be of assistance to arachnologists in the

determination of the species.

Hab, Kast Indies.

GASTERACANTHA PROPINQUA, Sp. n. (Plate XXVII. fig. 16.)

Adult female: length of the widest transverse diameter, exclusive

of the spines, nearly 4 lines ; longitudinal diameter 2? lines.

This species is nearly allied both to Gasteracantha blackwalli,

Keys. (Madagascar), and G. sororna, Butl. (Madras), but differs

in several material respects from both. Among other differences,

the anterior spines in the former are placed further forwards, and

the posterior spines in the latter are considerably shorter.

The cephalothorax is brown-black, with a yellow-brown patch on

each side of the four central eyes; and is clothed sparingly with coarse

hoary hairs. The legs are brownish yellow; the tibiz, tarsi,

and metatarsi darkest, and (apparently) with still darker mark-

ings. The abdomen is subtriangular, hollow-truncate in front; it

is of a clear yellow-brown hue, the spines deep black-brown with

steel-blue (but not very strong) metallic reflections. The sigilla

are small, 10 on the fore margin, and 8 on the hinder margin ;

the two central ones of these last are very minute and close together.

The anterior spines are the shortest and weakest, and each, as nearly

as possible, equally divides the side on which it is placed; the inter-

mediate ones are long, strong, equal to the side of the abdomen in

length, almost equally tapering throughout, and project outwards

and a little backwards ; the posterior spines are long, but nut so long

as the intermediate ones, and very much less strong, but much longer

and stronger than the anteriors, and divergent. The underside of

1879.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. 289

the abdomen is deep blackish brown, marked and spotted with

yellow.

Hab, Cambodia.

GASTERACANTHA CLAVEATA, sp. n. (Plate XXVII. fig. 17.)

This Spider is closely allied to Gasteracantha (Plectana) clavatriz,

Walck., resembling it nearly in size and in the curious enlargement

at the extremities of the intermediate spines ; but the greater length

and rather more slender shaft, and the still more club-like form of

the bulbous termination of these spines in the present Spider, lead

me to believe it to be of a distinct species.

In four examples before me of G. clavatrix, the upperside of the

abdomen has a distinct, but irregular, narrow, submarginal, black

band or stripe from the intermediate spines to the fore extremity,

including the sigilla; I can detect no trace of this band in the pre-

sent Spider. The sigilla are small, 10 in front and 8 behind, and

of ared-brown hue, both the upper and under surface of the abdo-

men being of a uniform brownish clay-colour (though no doubt much

faded by the drying of the specimen).

Hab. Celebes.

GASTERACANTHA SIMONI, sp. n. (Plate XXVII. fig. 18.)

Length of the transverse diameter of the adult female, exclusive

of the spines, 4 lines; longitudinal diameter 22 lines.

This Spider is nearly allied to Gasteracantha crucigera, Bradley,

but differs in its markings as well as in the length and strength of

its spines.

The abdomen is of a subpentagonal form, almost subtriangular,

truncated at the apex. The intermediate spines are moderately long,

strong, very slightly curved and a very little directed backwards,

and placed at each corner of the hinder part of the abdomen ; close

in front of each is one of the anterior spines; these are very minute,

but about the same size as the posterior ones. The colour of the

abdomen is yellow ; the sigilla are normal in number, of a deep red-

brown colour, and the posterior pair of the four central ones are the

largest ; this is quite abnormal so far as lam aware. The spines are

rich deep red-brown. The underside of the abdomen is yellowish,

rugulose, thickly studded with very small reddish-brown circular

tubercles, and also somewhat clouded with brown.

The cephalothorax is dark reddish brown, clothed with short,

grey, adpressed hairs.

The legs are yellow-brown, lightest on the undersides of the femora;

the tibize and metatarsi are darkest, a small part of the basal portion

of the metatarsi and tarsi being yellow, giving a somewhat annulated

appearance to those joints.

Hab. Cape York.

GasTERACANTHA ACROSOMOIDES, Sp.n. (Plate XXVII. fig. 19.)

Length of the greatest transverse diameter of the adult female,

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No. XIX. 19

290 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. ([Mar. 4,

exclusive of the spines, rather over 43 lines; longitudinal diameter

22 lines.

This Spider is of a more decidedly subtriangular form than G.

simoni—the anterior side, where the apex of the triangle is trun-

cated, being of the same width only as the cephalothorax. The in-

termediate spines issue from the corners of the hinder part of the

abdomen, at each posterior angle of the triangle ; they are strong, but

not very long, and are very slightly directed backwards ; the anterior

spines are very small, close in front of the intermediate ones, but not

contiguous, and have very nearly the same direction. The posterior

spines are quite rudimentary, being represented by two minute, but

quite distinct, conical tubercles. The abdomen is yellow, with some

dusky blackish patches along the outer margins, in front of, and in-

cluding the anterior spines, as well as the sigilla on those parts. The

sigilla are of a deep red-brown colour; the anterior ones are normal

in number, 10; the posterior ones 8 only. ‘The underside is dusky

blackish, studded with very minute red-brown tubercles, and marked

with a few yellow blotches.

The sternum is orange-yellow, bordered with red-brown.

The cephalothorax is pale reddish yellow-brown, the upper part

of the caput being deep red-brown, the whole clothed with fine grey

adpressed hairs. The legs are dark brown.

The similarity between the form of this Spider and that of some

species of the genus Acrosoma is remarkably close ; but the form of

the cephalothorax, as well as the number and position of the spines

on the abdomen, shows its true generic affinity.

Nine examples were received, some time ago, through Mr. W.

Cutter, from Madagascar.

GASTERACANTHA WEALII, sp.n. (Plate XXVII. fig. 20.)

Length of the transverse diameter of an immature female (inclu-

ding the spines) 2 lines; longitudinal diameter (exclusive of spines)

11 line.

“The whole of this Spider is of a dull greenish olive yellow-brown

hue, with a small yellowish spot on the middle of the fore margin of

the abdomen; the cephalothorax and legs are paler than the abdo-

men, the legs showing faint traces of darker annulations. The

caput is not elevated into a distinct conical prominence on the upper-

side, though there is a tolerably well-marked longitudinal cleft or

furrow along its centre, leaving a slight eminence on either side of the

central line. The spines are short, scarcely differing in length, and

mammose, 7. ¢. are formed by a uniform and gradual enlargement

of the abdomen at the points where they spring, ending in a sharp

point, but are not of the distinctly inverted nail-form like those of a

New-Ireland species (G. pentagona, L. Koch) and some others.

The sigilla are small, tinged with red-brown, but indistinct ; they

are 8 in front, 2 at each end, 7 behind, and 4 in the centre.

The only example I have seen was contained among some Spiders

sent to me, from Caffraria, by Mr. J. Mansel Weale, and is apparently

of a very distinct and undescribed species.

1879.] REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. 291

GASTERACANTHA OBSERVATRIX, sp.n. (Plate XXVII. fig. 21.)

Length of the transverse diameter of an adult female, exclusive of

the spines, 47 lines ; length of longitudinal diameter rather more than

23 lines.

This Spider belongs to the G. mammosa, C. L. Koch, group ; the

spines are small, the intermediate and posterior ones being of the same

length, and issuing from large circular prominences of the abdomen,

which may, however, be really taken to form part of the spine itself.

The cephalothorax rises to a single undivided, blunt, conical emi-

nence on the middle of the caput; its colour is reddish yellow-

brown, darkest on the sides and thorax, and clothed thinly with

grey hairs, of which some forma marginal band.

The legs are dull yellow, marked and irregularly annulated with

reddish brown.

The abdomen is yellow-brown, clothed with grey hairs, and marked

and marbled on the upperside with clearer yellow patches of different

sizes, forming roughly an anterior curved band and a central large cru-

ciform marking. The sigilla are normal in number (10 in front and 9

behind); but the four centrals of the front row are as large, or nearly

so, as any of the rest; in fact the two fore centrals are the largest of

all. Along the central longitudinal line are some small supernume-

rary sigilla.

Examples of this Spider, which is allied to G. roseolimbata, Dol.,

and G. canningensis, Stol, were received from the Pratos Reef in

the China seas, where they were taken by Dr. C. Collingwood, M.D.,

and kindly sent to me, some years ago.

GASTERACANTHA PROBA, sp.n. (Plate XXVII. fig. 22.)

This Spider is of a quadrate form, a little narrower behind, and

with the posterior outline somewhat curved, and is allied to, but, [

think, distinct from, G. cicatricosa, C. L. Koch. In the adult female

the length of the longest transverse diameter (which is at the fore

margin) is 33 to 4 lines; longitudinal diameter 2? to 3 lines.

The abdominal eminences on which the spines are placed are small.

The spines are very small, sharp-conical, and scarcely differ in size ;

the anterior ones are placed, one at each extremity of the fore margin

(which is but very slightly curved); they are slightly the smallest,

and are directed a littie forwards ; the intermediate spines are a little

directed backwards, and about equally divide the space between the

anterior and posterior ones; but as the hinder division of the abdo-

men, on which the latter are placed, is more liable to shrink in preser-

vation than the rest, the interval between the intermediate and pos-

terior spines is sometimes less than that between the former and the

anterior ones.

The cephalothorax is less raised at the caput than in most other

species of the genus ; the caput also, instead of being elevated in the

middle, has a longitudinal furrow along that part; its colour varies

from brownish yellow to dark blackish brown; and it is clothed with

short grey hairs.

19*

292 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. __ [ Mar. 4,

The legs are very short, strong, and yellow, marked or roughly

annulated with black-brown.

The abdomen is mottled and marbled avove with black and pale

yellowish ; the sigilla form most of the dark portions ; and the rest is

intersected with black veiny lines and markings, leaving, however, in

some examples a tolerably distinct, large, yellow, cruciform marking

extending over the whole of the upperside. The figure is taken from

one of the examples in which this was most distinctly marked ; the

underside is blackish, spotted thickly with yellow spots and markings.

Hab. Caffraria, where it was taken by Mr. J. Mansel Weale, who

kindly sent it to me, with other Spiders.

GASTERACANTHA ROGERS, sp.n. (Plate XXVII. fig. 23.)

Length of the transverse diameter of the adult male 14 line ; longi-

tudinal diameter 1 line.

This is, to me, a most interesting Spider, being the only male I have

ever seen in the now numerously represented genus Gasteracantha ;

it is also, I believe, the second ever yet described ; and it bears

out a remark I formerly made with respect to the probable size and

look of the males of this group.

The abdomen of the present Spider is of a nearly square form, with

the corners rounded off and the anterior margin somewhat hollowed ;

its colour is a deep blackish brown, deeply covered with very minute

pock-marks or round punctures, and a few short, somewhat spine-

like, coarse, grey hairs. ‘The spines are four in number, rudimentary,

though quite visible, no trace, however, being discernible of any cor-

responding to the usual intermediate ones ; those present are, one at

each of the rounded fore corners, and two behind in the ordinary

position of the posterior ones. The sigilla are 24 in number, of

tolerable size, though rather indistinct, being merely rather darker

than the rest of the abdominal surface, the middle of which is some-

what more convex than the sides; 20 of the sigilla form a marginal

line round the whole of the abdomen; the rest form a central qua-

drangular figure.

The cephalothorax is large ; the caput is elevated in a generally

convex form, with but the very slightest longitudinal central inden-

tation ; it is also very strongly constricted behind the eyes on each

side; its colour is like that of the abdomen; and it is covered with

short coarse grey hairs.

The legs are short, strong, tapering towards their extremities, of a

deep brown colour, the posterior half of each of the tarsi and me-

tatarsi being of a yellowish colour, the anterior portion yellow-brown.

They are clothed with greyish hairs; and there are a few spines

beneath the tibia: of the first and second pairs.

The palpi are short ; the digital joint very large, of a somewhat

oval form, and with the palpal organs (which are quite simple in

structure, with a prominent process at their base on the outer side)

form a very large club-like mass ; the radial joint is very short, and

prominent on the outer side ; the cubital joint is also very short.

The example above described was contained in a small collection

1879.] REY. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. 293

of Spiders made for me on the river Coanza (W. Africa) several years

ago by Mr. Henry Rogers, of Freshwater, Isle of Wight. I am not

aware of any described female Gasteracantha of which it may pos-

sibly be the male. It is not unlikely that the female may have the

usual six abdominal spines; and it probably belongs to the group

Isacantha, Simon.

Genus ParapLectana, Capello.

PARAPLECTANA THORNTONI. (Plate XXVII. fig. 24.)

Eurysoma thorntoni, Blackw. Ann. & Mag. N. H. Nov. 1865,

. 348.

: No figure has ever yet been published of this large and beautiful

Spider; I have therefore great pleasure in being now able to give

one of it, taken from the type specimen from which Mr. Blackwall’s

description was made.

That description, in its exactness, leaves nothing to be desired ; it

need, therefore, only be added here, that the jet-black ground-colour

of the abdomen, with its somewhat raised, large and conspicuous

bright-yellow markings, and yellow cephalothorax, render it one of

the most striking and handsome known Spiders of this family.

An immature example (also a female) was received from Mr.

Mansel Weale among the other Spiders collected by him in Caffraria.

List of Spiders described above, with reference to pages, Plates,

Jigures, and localities.

Gasteracantha quadrispinosa, sp. n., p. 281, Pl. XXVI. fig. 1. Australia,

canestrinit, sp. n., > 282, Pl. XXVI. fig. 2. Antigua.

rimata, sp. n., p. 282, Pl. XXVI. fig. 3. Ceylon.

pavest, sp. n., p. 282, Pl. XXVI. fig. 4. Laos.

frontata, Bl., p. 283, Pl. XXVI. fig. 5. Hast Indies.

—— peccans, sp. n., p. 283, Pl. XXVI. fig. 6. Mauritius.

callida, sp. n., p. 284, Pl. XXVI. fig. 7. Trinidad.

flebilis, sp. n., p. 284, Pl. XXVI. fig. 8. Sarawak.

—— harpaa, sp. n., p. 284, Pl. XXVI. fig. 9. Sarawak.

madagascariensis, Vins., p. 285, Pl. XXVI. fig. 10. Madagascar.

formosa, Vins., p. 285, Pl. XXVI. fig. 11. Madagascar; 8. & E. Africa.

importuna, sp. n., p. 286, Pl. XX VII. fig. 12. W. coast of Africa.

—— molesta, sp. n., p. 286, Pl. XXVII. fig. 15. W. coast of Africa.

crepidophora, sp.un., p. 287, Pl. XXVII. fig. 14. Dorey, New Guinea.

— helva, Blackw., p. 287, Pl. XXVII. fig. 15. East Indies.

propingua, sp. n., p. 288, Pl. XXVII. fig. 16. Cambodia.

claveata, sp.n., p. 289, Pl]. XXVII. fig. 17. Celebes.

—— simoni, sp.n., p. 289, Pl. XXVIT. fig. 18. Cape York.

acrosomoides, sp. u., p. 289, Pl. XXVII. fig. 19. Madagascar.

— wealir, sp. n., p. 290, Pl. XXVII. fig. 20. Caffraria.

observatrix, sp. n., p. 291, Pl. XXVII. fig. 21. Pratos Reef, Chinese Sea.

proba, sp. n., p. 291, Pl. XXVIT. fig. 22. Caffraria.

rogerst, sp. n., p. 292, Pl. XXVII. fig. 23. River Coanza.

Paraplectana thorntoni, Blackw., p. 293, Pl. XXVII. fig. 24. Zambesi River.

1 Dr. Thorell writes to me, lately, tnat he has just received from New Guinea,

or the neighbouring islands, the males, “true pygmies,” of Gasteracantha lepel-

letieri and G. crucigera, Bradley, descriptions of which I hope we shall soon

have from the pen of that able arachnologist. The only other known male of

Gasteracantha is that of G. parvula, Thor., from Singapore.

294 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON CERVUS SIKA. [ Mar. 18,

March 18, 1879.

Prof. St. George Mivart, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary called attention to some Japanese Deer (Cervus

sika) lately presented to the Society by Viscount Powerscourt.

These Deer were from the herd of Japanese Deer belonging to

Lord Powerscourt, at Powerscourt, in Wicklow, Ireland, which had

been originally commenced in 1859 with three hinds and a stag of

Cervus sika, purchased of a London dealer. These animals had

thriven well and multiplied exceedingly ; and the herd now consisted

of at least eighty individuals. Lord Powerscourt had at various times

supplied stock from it to the following Deer-parks :—

1, That of Earl Annesley, Castle Wellan, co. Down.

2. That of Sir Victor Brooke, Colebrooke, Fermanagh.

3. That of Sir Croker Barrington, Bt., Glenstal, Limerick.

4. That of the Earl of Ilchester, Melbury, Dorset.

5. That of Lord William Osborne, Tally-allan, Scotland.

The following extracts from a letter recently addressed to the Secre-

tary by Viscount Powerscourt on this subject were read :—

“There are certainly more than eighty Japanese Deer in the parks

here now. It is very difficult to count them accurately, as there is so

much wood ; but I saw sixty-five in one lot together one day last

autumn. I know that that was not the whole lot, because there were

little lots scattered about besides. There are certainly eighty, if

not more. Japanese Deer require no care of any kind; they are as

hardy as Fallow or Red Deer; and the venison is as good: we had a

haunch last year with more than two inches of fat on it. The haunches

are small and of a handy size, about the size of mutton. Japanese

Deer rut at the same time as the Fallow Deer. They are certainly

not less hardy than Fallow Deer, I think more so. They have a

very thick coat in winter; and I often see them up on the high

ground when. the Fallow Deer are in the shelter. The bucks are quite

black in winter, and only show their spots very little ; the old ones

do not show them at all. Like all Deer, the young ones are spotted,

and the spots get fainter as the animal gets older; the old does as

well as the old bucks almost lose them; the old bucks lose them

altogether. They make two noises when rutting—one a sort of

scream, the other a prolonged whistle, just like a man calling

another at a distance ; till I knew what it was, I was several times

almost sure it was some one looking for me when I was shooting in

the park. Their beauty is unquestionable; and when they are

startled, and spread out the white long hairs on their haunches like

a target as they jump away, they are very graceful.”

The following papers were read :—

1879.] DR. G. HARTLAUB ON A NEW BARN-OWL. 295

1. On a new Species of Barn-owl from the Island of Viti-

Levu. By Dr. G. Hartiavs, F.M.ZS.

[Received March 3, 1879.]

Mr. S. Cesar Godeffroy, of Hamburg, has received of late by

means of one of his collectors, Mr. Kleinschmidt, a fine adult pair of

a Barn-owl, which had been shot by a Mr. Storck on the banks of

Wai-manu, a confluent of the Rewa river, in the island of Viti Levu.

These birds having been confided to my examination by Mr.

D. Schmeltz, the well-known Curator of the Museum Godeffroy, the

first thing I did was to compare them most carefully with certain

other Australian and Oceanic species, with which I thought they might

possibly coincide, viz. a fine series of the Lulu Owl (Strix delicatula)

from different localities (Continental Australia, Tonga, Viti, Samoa

group, &c.), as also with examples of Strix personata, and Strix

castanops.

But the new Owl has nothing whatever to do with any of these

species. I am, on the contrary, fully convinced of its being unde-

scribed; and I propose to name it after the able and zealous curator

of the ornithological department of the Paris Museum.

STRIX OUSTALETI, Ni. sp.

Mas supra in fundo ochraceo-fulvo umbrino-fuscus, maculis

minutis albidis, obscure circumdatis, irregulariter longitudinalibus

rarius notatus; disco in fundo albido rufescente lavato, intense

Susco-rufescente cincto, macula anteoculari fusco-nigricante ;

subtus lete ochraceo-fulvus, maculis rarioribus subrotundatis

vel subtrianguluribus nigricantibus ; hypochondriorum maculis

nullo modo diversis ; abdomine imo, cruribus crissoque immacu-

latis albidis, subcaudalibus concoloribus, albido-fulvescentibus,

apicem versus maculis nonnullis parum distinctis ; tarsi dimidio

superiore rarius plumoso, pallide rufescente, inferiore subnudo ;

tectricibus alarum minoribus interscapulio concoloribus ; remigibus

primariis, eorum tectricibus scapularibusque ex parte dilute rufes-

centi-fulvis, fasciis quatuor angustioribus apicibusque largius ni-

gricanti-fuscis, pogonio externo prope marginem fusco vermicu-

lato, interno marginem versus sensim albicante, fasciis incompletis ;

scapularibus dorso proximis ad apices late fuscis, vix vermiculatis

maculaque parva apicali alba; subalaribus albis, ex parte rufes-

centibus, maculis subrotundatis, nigro-fuscis ; rectricibus dilute

ochraceo-fulvis, fasciis 3-4 angustis nigricantibus ; interstitiis

sicut in remigibus non vermiculatis, apicibus albido fuscoque variis ;

rostro corneo-albido ; pedibus pallidis, unguibus corneo-ceru-

lescentibus.

Long. tot. circa 37 cent., al. 33 cent., caud. 13 cent., tars. 81 mill.,

culm. 38 mill., dig. med. (ung. excl.) 35 mill.

Foem. minor, obsoletius tincta, pallidior ; not@i maculis minoribus

et minus distinctis, gastrei pro mole majoribus ; subalaribus

purius albis.

Long. tot. circa 35 cent., al. 31 cent., tarsi 29 mill.

296 MR. ALSTON ON FEMALE DEER WITH HORNS. [Mar. 18,

The common Barn-owl of the Viti Islands is Striw delicatula, a

species so ¢otally different that it is unnecessary to enter more fully

upon these differences. Suffice it to remark that the wings and

the tarsi are much longer in our new species. This latter comes

somewhat nearer to the light phase of Strix nove hollandie (sive

personata). But that is altogether a stouter bird, the feet and beak

being much stronger than in Strix oustaleti, whereas the tarsi and

the wings are proportionally longer in the new species. Strix nove

hollandie has the whole tarsi feathered with a thick white down;

in Strix oustaleti the lower half of the tarsus is almost naked, and

the upper very thinly feathered.

There are also many and very striking differences in the colours

of the two birds. The minute whitish vermiculation on the upper

parts of Strix nove hollandia is entirely wanting in Strix oustaleti.

The spots on the sides of the abdomen are more or less enlarged

and bar-like in Strix nove hollandie; they are of the same size and

form as those on the breast and epigastrium in Strix oustaleti. The

number of the dark bands in the primaries and the tail-feathers is

six in Strix nove hollandia, four in Strix oustaleti. The colours

of the tail-feathers are very different in the two birds, the interstices

being thickly mottled with brown and whitish in Strix nove

hollandie, fulvous and without any markings in Strix oustaleti.

The apical part of the greater remiges is broadly mottled with

whitish and brown in Strix nove hollandie, whereas it is of a uni-

form dark blackish brown in Strix oustaleti.

The existence of two species of Barn-owls in so small an island as

Viti-Levu is a curious fact.

The type specimens of this description are and will remain in the

Museum Godeffroy at Hamburg.

2. On Female Deer with Antlers.

By Epwarp R. Atston, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e.

[Received March 4, 1879.]

The occasional abnormal development of antlers in female Deer

(outside the genus Rangifer) presents some points of interest, as

bearing on the arrangement of the family Cervide, and on the

probable evolutionary history of these weapons.

My attention has been lately turned to this subject by the

record of such an instance in the Roedeer (Capreolus caprea,

Gray '), in the ‘ Field’ of the 18th January; and I am indebted to

the courtesy of the gentleman who shot it, Mr. John B. Fergusson,

1 IT may here note that the name ewropeus has been supposed to have

priority over Gray’s specific title, being sometimes quoted as from J. Brookes’s

‘ Catalogue’ of his Anatomical and Zootomical Museum (1830), a reference

which has even found its way into Engelmann’s ‘ Bibliotheca.’ A copy of

this list is preserved in the library of the Royal Society ; and it proves to be

merely a sale-catalogue, with no claim whatever to be regarded as a scientific

publication.

1879.] MR. E.R. ALSTON ON FEMALE DEER WITH HORNS. 297

for further particulars, which add much to the interest of the case.

The doe in question was killed on the estate of Sir James Fer-

gusson, Bart., of Kilkerran, Ayrshire, on the Sth January, 1879.

The antlers were ‘in the velvet,” one being a simple curved snag

about six inches in length, while the other was represented by a

short stump. The animal was in good condition, and was not

barren ; for on the day she was shot she was accompanied by a last-

year’s fawn, and her nipples showed evident signs that she had

recently been suckling. Most unfortunately the head was not pre-

served; but Professor Flower has kindly called my attention to the

Skull of female Roe-deer, with antlers.

skull of another fertile antlered doe Roedeer, which is now in the Mu-

seum of the Royal College of Surgeons. This example was shot by

the Earl of Egremont near Petworth, Sussex, in 1810 1, and presented

by him to the Museum. The antlers, as shown in the drawing,

have evidently been covered with the velvet. The right is a simple

curved snag about three inches in length, with a well developed

burr; the other is represented by a small mushroom-shaped_ burr

without any beam. Lord Egremont in his letter expressly states

that the Deer was “a very old and uncommonly large female, with

two young ones in her.”

1 Cat. Coll. R. Coll. Surg. part v. 1831, p.17. The exact date given in Lord

Egremont’s letter is “2nd August, 1810;” but from the context it is evident

that this is a misprint for April.

298 MR. ALSTON ON FEMALE DEFR WITH HORNS. [Mar. 18,

In Germany, where the Roedeer is more plentiful than in this

country, many does with antlers have been recorded, no fewer than

forty instances being known to Dr. Altum’. Most of these were

barren animals, and the antlers were always of a more or less

abortive character, except in one case, in which the normal male form

was well reproduced; but several were fertile, and were either with

young when they were killed, or had recently given birth to fawns.

The abnormal antlers appear to be always persistent, and to be per-

manently covered with the velvet.

In America the same abnormality appears not to be very uncommon

in the Virginian Deer (Cariacus virginianus, Bodd.). Judge Caton

says that he has seen many accounts of does with small, simple, velvet-

clad antlers, and describes such a head in the National Museum at

Washington, in which the beams are about six inches long. He has

heard of a similar case of a doe killed in California, probably Cariacus

columbianus (Richardson)*; and Mr. Dresser informs me that in New

Brunswick he once examined in the flesh a female Moose (Alces

machlis) with well-developed bifurcated antlers.

In the Deer of the restricted genus Cervus, on the other hand, the

occurrence of antlered females seems to be extremely rare. In all

the voluminous literature of German woodcraft Dr. Altum has only

been able to find records of five cases of the abnormality in the Red

Deer (Cervus elaphus, Linn.), of which the latest dates from early in

the last century *. I have not been able to find any record of its

occurrence in the Fallow Deer, nor, in fact, in any other species of

Cervus, except the Sambur, C. aristotelis, Cuv., of which Mr. Vin-

cent Ball informs me that there is a hind with a single antler now

living in the Zoological Gardens at Calcutta.

We thus find, scanty as is the hitherto recorded evidence, that the

development of antlers in the female is a not very uncommon ab-

normality in the two best-known genera of Sir Victor Brooke’s section

of Telemetacarpi (Capreolus and Cariacus), occurs in a third (Alces),

and is normal in a fourth (Rangifer), while, as far as we know, it is

extremely rare in the Plesiometacarpi. As the former division is the

least specialized, these facts seem to me to indicate that the abnor-

malities are instances of atavism, and that the primeval Deer probably

possessed antlers in both sexes. I make this suggestion, however, with

all deference ; for the contrary view has been adopted by Mr. Darwin,

who holds that both the antlers of the Cervid@ and the horns of the

Bovide were primarily and essentially sexual weapons, first developed

in the males only. ‘* When the males are provided with weapons

which in the female are absent, there can hardly be a doubt that

these serve for fighting with other males, and that they are acquired

through sexual selection, and were transmitted to the male sex

only’ *. Of the Reindeer he says:—‘“ We may conclude that the

possession of fairly well-developed horns by the female Reindeer is due

to the males having at first acquired them as weapons for fighting

with other males, and, secondarily, to their development from some

1 Forstzoologie, i. p. 230. 2 Antelope and Deer of America, pp. 232, 233.

Forstzoologie, i. p. 211. * Descent of Man (2nd ed.), p. 502.

- f ore ea | ; he)

, 7 * >= Piped

* 4 ©

= ‘ ’ oe eat

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P. 2.5. 1879. PL XXVOL

Smit hth Hanbart mp.

CAICA XANTHOMERA.

1879.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON CERTAIN PARROTS. 299

unknown cause at an unusually early age in the males, and their

consequent transference to both sexes.’’?

That sexual selection has played avery important part in the

subsequent development of the horns and antlers of the Pecora there

can be no reasonable doubt; but the known facts appear to me to

indicate that they were probably first developed in both sexes as

organs of defence against common enemies. They are present in

the females of the Camelopardalide, in those of all the Bovide except

twelve genera of Antilopine*, and in those of one genus of the

least-specialized section of the Cervide, while we have seen that

they are not unfrequently abnormally developed in the two other

genera of the same section with which we are best acquainted. The

same abnormality, it may be added, occurs in at least one of the

genera of Antelopes, in which the females are usually hornless*.

On the assumption that the antlers and horns of the Pecora were

first developed in the males only, their presence in the females of

so many forms can only be explained by the hypothesis that “ an

unknown cause”’ has led to their transference from the other sex.

On the other hand, if they were at first common to both male and

female, the problem appears to me tv be capable of a more satis-

factory solution. In the males they would naturally be further

developed by sexual selection, and in the females the strain on the

constitution would tend to their reduction or even elimination—this

strain, as Mr. Darwin himself has pointed out, being much the

greatest in the Cervide, in which the weapons require to be renewed

every year. That they should be retained (usually in reduced size)

by the females of most of the forms with non-deciduous horns appears

therefore to be natural; while their retention in the female of the

Reindeer, and their occasional abnormal development in those of other

little-specialized Deer, is no more than we should expect on the

doctrine of heredity.

3. Remarks on some Parrots living in the Society’s Gardens.

By P. L. Scrater, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the

Society.

[Received March 13, 1879.]

(Plate XXVIII.)

During the preparation of a new edition of the List of Vertebrates

in the Society’s Collection I have, as on former occasions of a like

nature *, made several notes referring to special rarities and neces-

sary charges in nomenclature of the Psittacide, which I beg leave

to offer to the Society.

Our series of Psittacidze at the present moment consists of about

170 individuals, belonging to 98 species, amongst which, besides those

1 Tom. cit. p. 504. 2 Sir V. Brooke, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 884.

3 Blyth, as quoted by Mr. Darwin, ‘ Descent of Man,’ p. 505,

4 Cf. P.Z.S8. 1867, p. 183, et 1871, p. 493,

300 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON CERTAIN PARROTS. [Mar. 18,

specially mentioned below, are examples of Licmetis gymnopis, Ara

spixi ', Coracopsis barklyi, Chrysotis guildingi, Chrysotis bouqueti*,

and Nestor hypopolius.

The species, however, to which I now wish to call special atten-

tion are the following ;—

1. Brorocerys TuIPARA (Gm.), and

2. BroroGreRys CHRYSOPTERA (Linn.).

Dr. Finsch has regarded the latter of these two birds as the young

of the former, but, I believe, quite incorrectly, as will be apparent to

those who examine our living specimens of these two species, of

which I also exhibit skins from my collection. B. chrysoptera has

a narrow frontal margin of dark brown, and a brownish throat,

which never develops into the orange front. and chin-spot of B.

tuipara.

In my ‘Catalogue of American Birds’ (p. 347) I have called B.

tuipara B. notata, being the bird figured in Pl. Enl. (f- fig. 2 (undé

Psitt. notatus, Bodd.), and B. chrysoptera I have called B. tuipara.

Certain localities are, for B. tuipara, Barra do Rio Negro (Wal-

lace), and for B. chrysoptera, Venezuela (Mus. P. L. S. et 8.-G);

but both species seem to occur in Guiana.

3. PALZORNIS CYANOCEPHALUS (Linn.).

4. Patzornis rosa (Bodd.).

We have now also adult examples of both these nearly allied

species, which have likewise been united by Dr. Finsch, but are

clearly distinguished by Mr. Hume (Stray Feath. ii. p. 15).

Mr. Gould has lately given excellent figures of both (Birds of

Asia, pt. xxvi.), but has unfortunately reversed the names.

5. PALZORNIS FASCIATUS.

Psittacus fasciatus, P. L. S. Miller (ex Pl. Enl. 517).

Paleornis fasciatus, Hume, Stray Feath. vii. p. 164.

Paleornis melanorhyncha, Scl. P. Z. 8S. 1871, p. 771, et 1878,

p- 999; Blyth, Ibis, 1873, p. 79.

Paleornis schisticeps, Scl. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 696.

- I quite agree with Mr. Hume (J. s. c.) that the figure in the

Planches Enluminées (517), attributed by Finsch to P. javanicus,

is more probably intended for its Indian ally (P. lathami et P. me-

lanorhynchus of Finsch), and that the best plan is to call the latter

P. fasciatus.

Of this species we have now three examples living in the collec-

tion, namely :—

a. A black-billed bird (and therefore, I presume, a female), pre-

sented by Mr. Edmund Warre, April 12, 1871, and stated to have

been brought from Cashmere. This is the specimen alluded to by

Blyth, Ibis, 2. s. ¢.

' See P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 976, pl. Li. 2 See P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 61, pl. xi,

pai

1879.] MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE ANATOMY OF TUPAIA. 301

6. A second black-billed specimen, purchased Sept. 25, 1876.

This bird, when in immature and dirty plumage, on its first arrival,

was wrongly referred to P. schisticeps, of which species we have

never received living specimens.

ec. A bird with the upper mandible red, and therefore, I suppose,

male, brought from Muttra, North-west Provinces, and presented

Feb. 21, 1878, by Mrs. Barthorp.

Of the allied form of Java and Borneo (P. javanicus ') we have at

_ present no specimens in the Collection.

6. CaicaA XANTHOMERA. (Plate XXVIII.)

Caica xanthomeria, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 266.

Psittacus zanthomerius, Gray, List of Psitt. p. 73.

Caica xanthomera, Scl. P. Z.8. 1877, p. 419.

Pionius xanthomerus, Finsch, Papag. il. p. 437.

Of this beautiful Parrot we received two living examples from

Yquitos, on the Peruvian Amazons, in 1877, as already recorded.

One of these is dead; but the other is now in fine plumage, as the

accompanying sketch by Mr. Smit (Plate XXVIII. ) will show.

Besides the type in the British Museum, from the Rio Javari

(Bates), and a single example obtained alive by Natterer on the

Madeira (Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 264), our specimens are, I believe,

the only ones known of this species.

4. Notes on the Visceral Anatomy of the Tupaia of Burmah

(Tupaia belangeri). By A. H. Garron, M.A., F.RS.,

Prosector to the Society.

[Received March 5, 1879.]

On February 8th, 1875, the Society received as a present from

the Hon. Ashley Eden, C.S.I., a male Burmese specimen of Tupaia

belangeri, which died, without any perceptible organic lesion, on

December 18th, 1876.

Not much is known of the anatomy of the Tupaiide, the most

important account of the viscera with which I am acquainted being

that by Dr. Cantor on Tupaia ferruginea’.

Subjoined are the notes on the anatomy of the Society’s specimen

of T. belangeri.

The parotid and submaxillary glands are of about equal size,

flattened and subcircular, a little less than half an inch in diameter,

the duct of the former coursing superficially near the lower border

of the powerful masseter muscle. The duct of the latter opens

1 T cannot agree with Dr. Finsch’s transfer of the name alexandri (Linn.)

from the bird usually so called (i. e. ewpatrius, Finsch) to the present species,

for which the first name properly applicable seems to be javanicus of Osbeck,

een = J. R. Forster’s translation of Osbeck’s Voyage to China, &c., vol. i. p. 156

781).

? Journ, Asiatic Soc. of Bengal vol. xv. 1846, p. 189.

302 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE ANATOMY OF TUPAIA. [Mar. 18,

by the side of its companion, at the tip of a small and slender

pointed papilla situated just behind the symphysis of the lower

jaw. The sublingual glands form a linear chain along the floor of

the mouth.

The tongue, which is rounded at its tip, is 1°3 inch in length

and °35 inch broad, having its margins nearly parallel. Its upper

surface is covered with filiform papillee, among which are scattered

papilla fungiformes, very much in the same proportion as in the

Ruminantia. There are three conspicuous circumvallate papille,

arranged in the usual V-shaped manner.

A rudimentary unfringed sublingua exists, which is lanceolate in

contour, just free at its margins, and with a strongly marked median

raphé. It much resembles the same structure in Cheiromys’. Dr.

Cantor says of the same organ in Tupaia ferruginea® that ‘on

the lower surface of the tongue the freenum is continued to within

a short distance of the apex, in a raised line, on either side of which

the skin is thickened, fringed at the edges, and thus presenting a

rudimentary sublingual appendage, somewhat similar to that ob-

served in Nycticebus tardigradus, though in Tupaia ferruginea the

fringes of the margin only are free, the rest being attached to the

tongue, but easily detached by a knife.”

The palate is transversely grooved, presenting upon its surface

seven strong curved ridges, convex forward, and a small median in-

cisor pad at its anterior end. The soft palate is smooth and lengthy,

with no indication of the existence of a uvula.

The cesophagus has no free course in the abdominal cavity, being

embraced by the diaphragm quite close to the cardiac orifice of the

stomach.

The stomach is subglobose, with the cardiac and pyloric extre-

mities approximate. When laid out flat its circumference is 6:2

inches, the interval between the axis of the cesophageal tube and that

of the commencing duodenum being 0°9 inch. The squamous

epithelium of the cesophagus does not enter the stomach, but ceases

at its orifice, as in man. ‘The gastric walls are simple, except that

there are somewhat larger glands, in patches, on the anterior

(ventral) surface.

The liver has no umbilical fissure, whilst both lateral fissures are

strongly marked. There is a cystic fissure, at the bottom of which

the fundus of the gall-bladder reaches the diaphragmatic surface of

the organ. The eft lateral, with its irregular inner margin, is the

largest of the lobes; next comes the right central, on the visceral

surface of which the imbedded gall-bladder lies diagonally. The

right lateral lobe is slightly larger than the left central, and the

caudate lobe but little smaller, whilst the Spigelian is a small sub-

circular mass of hepatic tissue supported on a very slender stem.

The bile and pancreatic ducts open together into the duodenum

half an inch from the pylorus.

The walls of the intestines are thin. The small intestine is 29°25

1 Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. v. pl. 24. figs. 8 & 9.

2 Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1846, p. 189, vol. xv.

1879.] MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE ANATOMY OF TUPAIA, 303

inches in length, and 0°8 inch in circumference. The large intestine

measures just over 3 inches, the conical and blunt-tipped caecum

not exceeding 0-7 inch in length. In Dr. Cantor’s specimen of

Tupaia ferruginea the small intestine is longer, reaching 40 inches.

The mesenteric arteries form loops before they finally distribute.

The kidneys are smooth, with a single calyx. The testes appear

large proportionately, the particularly big epididymis alone descend-

ing into the rudimentary scrotum. The prostate is bilobed, Cowper’s

glands being of fair size. The glans penis is elongately filiformly

conical, and terminally a little blunted.

The aortic arch divides as in man, giving off a right innominate,

a left carotid, and a left subclavian. There are two independent

innominate veins, right and left.

The lungs are deeply divided into three main lobes on each side,

whilst on the right the extra azygos triangular lobe is also found,

not so large as any of the others.

Through the kindness of our President, I have had the oppor-

tunity of dissecting a female specimen of Tupaia tana, where there

is a feebly developed stblingua, a less globose stomach, a lengthy

thin-walled small intestine, no trace of a cecum, and a thick-walled

large intestine 3°25 inches long, quite easily distinguishable as such.

The caudate lobe of the liver is much larger proportionately than in

T. belangeri. In that there is no umbilical fissure, whilst that of

the gall-bladder is very deep, the two species agree.

Dr. Giinther has also permitted me to eviscerate a Bornean spe-

cimen of Tupaia splendidula in the National Collection. Its liver is

constructed on a plan identical with that of the two other species,

the left lateral lobe being much the largest, the umbilical fissure

Big. li

}

Brain of Tupaia belangeri; lateral aspect.

nearly obsolete, the cystic fissure deep, and the Spigelian lobe bifid.

The caudate lobe, however, is long and narrow. The colon was

very much distended, and with it the caecum, so that the ileo-czecal

valve appeared to be situated at the side of the dilated colon, near

to the blind extremity. If there had been no enlargement I

should infer, from inspection, that the czecum is normally less than

half an inch in length.

The brain of Tupaia belangeri is smooth on its surface, and

otherwise much resembles that of Solenodon ', Rhynchocyon, Petro-

* “Ueber die Siugethiergattung Solenodon,” pl. ii, Abhandlungen der k.

Akad. der Wiss. zu Berlin, i :

304 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE ANATOMY OF TUPAIA. [Mar. 18,

dromus, and Macroscelides, as figured by Dr. Peters'. It is broadest

a little behind its middle, from which it narrows gradually in front,

more rapidly behind, so as to be pyriform in general outline when

Fig. 2.

Brain of Tupaia belangeri; superior aspect.

seen from above. No trace of any convolutions can be detected.

The olfactory lobes are considerable in size, longer than broad.

Each hemisphere is very slightly convex from before backwards, its

Fig. 3.

Brain of Tupaia belangeri; mid-longitudinal section.

outline forming the base of the triangular side view of the organ,

the two other sides of which are of nearly equal length, so that its

deepest part is at about its middle. ;

The corpus callosum is thin and nearly straight. It continues

forward to within one sixth of the length of the hemisphere from its

* Reise nach Mossambique, 1852, pl. xxiv. figs. 10, 12, 18.

aut JTeywepy

Wit smems

i] Steusinay gc

1879.] MR. A. H.GARROD ON THE ANATOMY OF HELICTIS. 305

anterior margin. The corpora quadrigemina are large, especially in

front.

The cerebellum is just overlapped at its anterior border by the

back of the cerebral hemispheres ; otherwise it is quite posterior.

The several lemurine resemblances of Tupaia makes the simplicity

of its cerebral surface somewhat surprising.

5. Notes on the Anatomy of Helictis subaurantiaca. By

A. H. Garrop, M.A., F.R.S., Prosector to the Society.

[Received March 10, 1879.]

(Plate XXIX.)

A specimen of Helictis subaurantiaca, from China, purchased by

the Society on Nov. 26, 1874’, having died on Nov. 29, 1878,

I take the present opportunity of recording some of the most

important facts in its visceral anatomy, more on account of the

rarity of the animal in this country, than because it presents pecu-

liarities of any kind.

It may first be noticed that the skins of this species collected by

Mr. Swinhoe, and now in the national collection, seem to have

faded very much in their underparts, which, quite in opposition to

that naturalist’s original account of his species, are a pure white.

It may further be mentioned that Helictis is extremely Badger-like

in its proportions, gait, and odour.

On comparing the skull of the Society’s specimen with the small

collection of skulls of the genus in the national collection, I found

no small difficulty in detecting any intimate resemblance to any. In

most of its measurements it agrees exactly with those of H. moschata,

as recorded by Dr. Gray *.

In the Society’s specimen the skull retained no trace of any

sutures, and the lower jaw was considerably diseased, apparently in

association with decay of the teeth. I hardly think, however, that

extreme old age will account for the peculiarities of the individual

under consideration. If differs from other specimens of H. moschata

and H. subaurantiaca, and much more resembles H. nipalensis and

HZ. orientalis, in that its zygoma is massive, the premaxillary region

short as well as comparatively broad, and the mid-parietal area

between the upper margins of the temporal muscular origins de-

cidedly broad. The premolar and molar teeth are heavier than in

H. moschata and H. subaurantiaca, lighter than in H. nipalensis and

H. orientalis, with the two former of which species it most agrees

in the size of the zygomatic foramen, with the two latter in its

situatioz.

1 Vide P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 666.

2 Catalogue of Carnivorous, Pachydermatous, and Edentate Mammalia in

the British Museum, 1869, p. 143.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No. XX. 20

306 MR. GARROD ON THE ANATOMY OF HELICTIS. [Mar. 18,

The following were the measurements, taken a few hours after

death :—

inches

Tip of nose to base of tail.........-.-++-- 14°25

Marke eA Sener cides sw es ed att in paper easton 6:9

Wak sso ay 7. Sp Rees CER ade eee 1:4

Tip of nose to occipital ridge...........-.. 38

Sex, female.

The two pairs of inguinal nipples are widely separate, forming the

four corners of a square.

The clavicles are reduced, each *3 inch long, the scapular ex-

tremities remaining.

The tongue is covered with small, similar, retroverted filiform

papillee, with a fair scattering of fungiformes. The papillze circum-

vallatee, two on the left, three on the right, and one in the angle,

form the usual V.

The right lung has four lobes, one being the azygos. On the left

side there only two lobes.

The stomach is exactly like that of Arctictis binturong (as figured

by me’) and nearly all Carnivora when contracted. The small

intestine is seven feet in length, the large intestine six inches and

three quarters. There isno cecum; but an abrupt change in the

nature of the mucous membrane from thin and villous to thick and

smooth indicates the junction of the tubes,

The liver conforms completely to the carnivorous type, the right

central lobe being largest, with a deep cystic fissure, and a gall-bladder

so deeply imbedded that its fundus is seen on the diaphragmatic

surface of the organs. The left lateral lobe comes next in size, the

right central, and then the caudate following, after which the left

central lobe, and the small Spigelian last.

The pancreas is seven inches in length, its left terminal two inches

being in relation with the narrow spleen (two and three quarters

inches in length).

There is a pair of pea-sized anal glands, opening into the rectum

near the sphincter, in a linear transverse orifice on either side.

The uterus is strongly bicorn; the vulva much enlarged, with

a well developed gland on each side of the orifice of the meatus

urinarius.

The brain conforms to the Musteline Carnivorous type, not to

that of most of the Arctoidea. In Prof. Flower’s excellently

concise definitions of the three different arrangements of the cerebral

convolutions in the Carnivora’, he tells us that ‘‘in the Arctoidea

the fissure of Sylvins is rather long, and slopes backwards; the

inferior gyrus has the limbs long, corresponding with the length of

the Sylvian fissure, the anterior rather narrower than the posterior

(especially in the true Bears); the middle gyrus is modefate and

equal-limbed, the upper one large, very broad in front, and distinctly

marked off from the second posteriorly as far as near the lower

1 P.Z. 8, 18738, p. 198. 2 P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 482.

1879.] MR. GARROD ON THE ANATOMY OF HELICITIS. 307

border of the temporal lobe ({). The crucial fissure is long and

oblique, and situated further back than usual.’ In the footnote (t)

we read, “ Except in the smaller numbers of the genus Mustela,

where the sulcus separating the superior from the middle gyrus is

less produced posteriorly than in others of the group. In Galictis

vittata, however, the brain is quitea miniature of that of a Bear;

but the middle convolution is united with the upper one at its

superior anterior angle.

Fig. 2.

Brain of Helictis subaurantaica ; lateral aspect.

In Helictis, as also in Ietonyx zorilla, the superior gyrus ceases

at the superior posterior angle of the hemisphere, as in Muséela.

The anterior limb of the inferior gyrus is extremely narrow, espe-

cially near its upper end, where it becomes almost hidden by the

corresponding part of the posterior limb of the same gyrus. A

small sulcus tends to divide the transverse part of the middle gyrus

from its posterior limb.

Most peculiarly, in Helictis there is no crucial fissure, because the

hippocampal gyrus appears upon the superior aspect of the brain.

This is the case in no other carnivorous animal with which I am

acquainted, but occurs in Moschus, Cervus pudu, and other smaller

Ruminantia.

20*

308 MR. C. BOCK ON CAPRICORNIS SUMATRENSIS. [Apr. 1,

April 1, 1879.

Prof. W. H. Flewer, LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the

Society’s Menagerie during the month of March 1879 :—

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of March was 63, of which 28 were by

presentation, 3 by birth, 22 by purchase, 7 were received on deposit,

and 3 by exchange. The total number of departures during the

same period, by death and removal, was 98.

The most noticeable additions during the month of March were

as follows :—

1. A young male of the Mule Deer of North America (Cariacus

macrotus), obtained from Dr. J. D. Caton, of Ottawa, Illinois, U.S. A.,

and received March 12. Through the kind intercession of the

Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Judge Caton has been

induced to send us our first example of this peculiar Deer, of which

we may hope shortly to receive hinds also, by the aid of kindly

promised assistance from the same influential quarter.

2. A male Sumatran Rhinoceros, deposited March 20th.

This is the first male of the Sumatran Rhinoceros that we have

yet received, the examples previously exhibited in the Society’s

Gardens having been all of the female sex. In general appearance

this specimen presents all the characters of the Rhinoceros suma-

trensis as distinguished from 2. lasioéis.

The Secretary read the following extracts from a letter addressed to

him by Mr. Carl Bock, dated Padang Panjang, Sumatra, Jan. 24,

1879.

““The Capricornis sumatrensis, or ‘ Mountain-Antelope’ as you

very properly call it, I have been on the look-out for ever since I

left Padang; I was told by several there it has never reached Europe

alive. It is sparingly distributed over the mountains here in the

highlands proper; the best district is Lolo, where I spent more than

one month, and had two men all the time in the most inaccessible

parts purposely to catch some ‘ Kambing-utan,’ as the Malays call

the animal. I succeeded in getting a young male of perhaps 10 to

12 months. I havenamedhim ‘Lolo.’ I give you an extract from

what I have noted down about the animal.

“The ‘Kambing-utan’ or wild Goat, when I first saw the animal,

struck me as not being like a Goat at all; his form and outline more

resemble that of a young Reindeer. He is a young male of perhaps

ten months toa year old; his colour is jet-black; he has long

coarse hair, and a mane of stiff hair of a whitish grey colour; the

length of the hairs ranging from 3 to 4 inches. His ears are thinly

covered inside with white hairs, on the outer side of brown colour,

mixed with black ; the ears are remarkably long and erect ; when he

listens he bends them quite forward past the horns; the latter are

1879.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON EGGS OF BIRDS. 309

straight, and from the root to about the middle there is a deep

furrow in each. In the old animals the horns (of which I have

several pairs) are curved, and halfway up are furnished with a number

of rings, which, again, are striated longitudinally ; the apex is quite

smooth. All the horns I purchased were more or less covered with

earth and bark firmly rooted between the wrinkles. The eyes have

rather the appearance of revenge than that gentle and mild expression

so common among the Deer. An inch below the eyes, in a lateral

line, are on each side a glandular opening or lacrymal passage, from

which now and then (especially when the animal is irritated) an oily

substance of a white colour is secreted, which hardens and becomes

dark when exposed to the air. My specimen has slight traces of a

beard coming. I am told by the Malays that the old males have a

long beard. His scrotum is large and covered with white hair. He

is a powerful animal, but appears by no means very active, and moves

about very slowly. In their wild state they live upon buds and

leaves. I am trying to domesticate my specimen; he does not now

get many leaves from the forest, but 8 or 10 pisangs a day; these he

is very fond of. Before commencing to eat he blows and scents at

the food for a few minutes. I have noticed that he does not drink

any water ; but I always let my cook throw a quantity of water over

the leaves. I hope to procure a female as companion for him;

then I think they will live in bondage, especially as they have been

caught young. I have several persons in different parts of the high-

lands looking out for the Mountain-Antelopes, and have offered

good rewards for a female; unless I move to another island I will

bring the Kambing-utan to England under my own care, as ‘ Lolo’

knows me pretty well, for I feed him every day.”

Mr. Sclater exhibited the eggs of birds collected by the naturalists

of the ‘Challenger’ Expedition, which had been arranged in order in

18 glass-topped boxes.

The whole series consisted of about 250 eggs referable, so far as

they could be determined, to about 50 species, as follows :—

List of Eggs collected during the ‘ Challenger’ Expedition.

a. PASSERES. No. of

Locality. Eggs.

1. Phrygilus melanoderus (Q. ¢¢ G.) ?........000 Falklands. 2

2. Turdus falklandicus, Q. ef G.P...ccccsceeseeeeee ¥ 2

3. Anthus correndera, Vieill.........s.ccceceeneeens ss 2

b. ACCIPITREs.

4, Milvago australis (G770.) ?......ssssseseesssneeeee Falklands. 2

5. Buteo erythronotus (Ki7q) ?......cccseeseeeeeeee mr 2

6. Cathartes aura (Linn.) ......0.. EMewantaeas cates * 2

310

MR. P. L, SCLATER ON EGGS OF BIRDS. [Apr. 1,

c. STEGANOPODES.

Locality.

7. Phalacrocorax verrucosus (Cab.) ...........2+++ Kerguelen.

8. Phalacrocorax albiventris (Less.) .............4- Falklands.

9. Sula leucogastra (Bodd.) ...sce-.cseececseceeenes Raine Island.

LO! Sula cyanops, Swe ec cecensccscnasecssneescenens as

11. Sula piscator (itr NY eaciae vain sevinlas soennancas neem mY

Salagep sth. cr. aarenaseesmee sear cehrate sec ereare

12. Phaeton sethereus, Linn. ........0.2cceeeeeeeeeee Bermuda.

13. Fregata aquila (Linn.) .....cscecccecesserseescene Ascension.

d. HERODIONES.

14, Nycticorax obscurus, Bp. .....2...ccseescesseeees Falklands.

e. ANSERES.

15. Chloephaga magellanica (G77.)............00000 Falklands.

16, Bernicla antar ctica (\ Gait. aot ies. Tedtaenh Se pertace a5

17, Tachyeres cinereus ( G72.) .........seceeceeeeceees a

pec i ogi niasttnis Se snes oe Elizabeth Island.

18. Querquedula eatoni, ISTUUIE se ctasristectatrere tects Kerguelen.

19. Querquedula flavirostris (Vac ete: Falklands.

202 Anas oristata; | Gris. 0s aceasacectaatee soda ces dee wine “5

f. CoLuMBz.

21, Carpophaga rhodinolema, Scl. .........0004.. Admiralty Islands.

g. GALLINZ.

22, Numida meleagris, Linn. .......--ccscceseeeeenee Ascension,

h. Limicouz.

2h. Chionis minor, Hartl. ...s02-.-0cc.ese2<orwnatess Kerguelen,

ZA MEMEMALOPUS, Sp-alGa casaesacen onasneansukecsoe ge Falklands.

25. Gallinago frenata (Maz.)?.............s0s.ss0ee =:

26. Eudromias modesta (Licht.) .........c0cceceecees 33

a. GAVIR.

27. Sterna fulipinosa, G7. ........s0e-ceeeeressonese Raine Island.

Reece cant seme aeteaeeeene Ascension.

28. Sterna hirundinacea (Dies sb) Stas Piss aha eee Elizabeth Island.

Dit Sie, APTS Jaap auaeeseenaoscnudsadsosc sess Herd Island.

30! Anous stolidus( Lam.) tivcsc.iehs<.c0cenccontece Raine Island.

31. Larus dominicanus, Licht. ...,...........s000es Kerguelen.

¥ Fa 3S a denon roe voretates Elizabeth Island.

a e eh ee aor Falklands.

OZ aD AEUS) Spe lNCsncsonpaacannn meena sees crease aeons Pe

83. Stercorarius antarcticus (Less.)...........eee0e+ Nightingale Island.

Pee erties 8 ony et Beachy cache Falklands.

34. Diomedea exulans, 7 OO aE SY a Kerguelen.

eee AP accor Bees ... Marion Island.

35. Diomedea, sp. Way ren tee Nightingale Island.

BO. | > — wi Reese cree ccvsthnwsors aecceeee ees caveat Tristan d’Acunha.

37. Diomedea melanophrys, Temi. ......eeseeceee Falklands.

38. Majaqueus equinoctialis (Linmn.)...........0008 Kerguelen.

39, Gstrelata lessoni'( Gar.) ? ~......0..-00s0sse0ee0

40. Daption capensis (Linn.)? ...cceccsscessseaeees »

41. Prion desolatus ( Gm.)

SRR eee eee eaee ee enetee ”

is)

Dba bbb

bo bo bo OO

NNR ORT

—

Me ON tote Cor be bo

1879.] ON THE BIRDS OF THE SOOLOO ISLANDS. 311

No. of

Locality. Eggs.

42. Pelecanoides garnoti (Less.) ........secseecesenes Kerguelen. 1

Fy phe pra ibe Scere ree eee Falklands. 2

43. Fregetta melanogastra (Gould) ?..........008 « Kerguelen. 1

4 Oe abe Ate Rime. 3: ice eee Falklands. 1

‘ j. IMPENNES.

_ 44. Aptenodytes longirostris, Scop. .........ss608 Marion Island. 1

“45, Aptenodytes, sp. inc. (?) ...........csseeceseeees Herd Island. 5

46. Eudyptes chrysolophus (Brandf).........s0000. Falklands. 2

és ae ates (Pe SM AR Te Kerguelen. 4

47. Hudyptes chrysocome (Forst.) ............s000+ Falklands. 2

9 pL aes tod Sete eb deb isesbacs bacrecsee’ Inaceessible Island. 6

48. Pygosceles teeniatus (Peale) ..........c.ceeeeeees Falklands. 7

49. Spheniscus magellanicus (Forst.) ...........006- as 2

k. CRYPTURI.

50. Calodromas elegans (d’Orb. § Geoffr.) ...... Falklands. 2

Mr. J. W. Clark, F.Z.S., exhibited a drawing of a species of

Lagenorhynchus lately taken off Ramsgate.

Mr. Clark described the coloration of the animal, which was a

male, nearly if not quite adult; and showed that it agreed in the

main with that of a young Delphinus described by him two years

ago, and referred with some doubt to Lagenorhynchus albirostris

(P. Z.S. 1876, p. 686).

Mr. St. G. Mivart, F.R.S., exhibited a figure of a Kestrel (Tin-

nunculus alaudarius) shot by the Marquis de Wavrin of Brussels, in

the Ardennes, and preserved in his collection there. The bird had

on each leg an extra toe, placed very high up, and provided with a

long and quite straight and pointed claw.

The following papers were read :—

1. A Contribution to the Avifauna of the Sooloo Islands.

By R. Bowpter Suarpe, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c., Senior

Assistant, Department of Zoology, British Museum.

[Received March 18, 1879.]

The present collection was formed by Mr. F. W. Burbidge during

a short stay in the Sooloo Islands, a most interesting locality to the

ornithologist, and one of which very little is known. In my paper

on Dr. Steere’s collections from the Philippines, I noticed the four

species of birds as yet recorded from the Sooloo Islands’, and I ought

to have added the common Artamus of the Indo-Malayan region,

and a Cuckoo, both recorded by Peale from Mangsi.

In addition to the birds obtained by Mr. Burbidge, I have received

1 See Trans. Linn. Soc, n. 5. i. p. 810.

312 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [Apr. 1,

permission from the authorities of the Oxford Museum to describe

the large Bornean collections forwarded to that institution by Mr. W.

H. Treacher, Acting Governor of Labuan. Amongst them are a

few birds from Sooloo, but apparently not the result of a separate

expedition, but presented to Mr. Treacher by Mr. Burbidge. To

the latter gentleman I am indebted for the following notes.

** Among the birds which I saw in Sooloo, but could not secure, I

would particularly mention :—some Hornbills, seemingly the common

black-and-white small kind from Labiian; a fine white Harrier,

with black tips to the wings (this is a distinct and handsome bird,

not unfrequently seen circling over rice-fields or grassy plains) ; the

‘fire-backed’ Pheasant; and an Owl, apparently a larger and brighter-

coloured edition of our Common Barn-Owl or Screeching species.

The blue, white-ringed Kingfisher (Halcyon chloris) of Labuan is

very common here, as is also the rufous, white-headed Scavenger

Hawk or Eagle’; and at least two other species, both larger, are to

be found looking out for food near the wharf at Meimbong. Curlews

are as plentiful here as in Sarawak and other parts of Borneo. I

missed the nocturnal ‘ chuck-chuck ’ of the Goatsucker, so common

in Labuan. Water-Rails and a pretty blue Kingfisher are not un-

common by the margin of the Meimbong river, which is close to the

harbour, and is an excellent shooting-ground. Gun-boats often

come here; and as the country is now readily accessible, much might

doubtless be done in ornithology. Capital angling may be had in

this little river ; and there is a good bathing place near the town and

close to the market, where one may be entirely free from the fear of an

Alligator lurking about in wait for a meal. Now and then the Sultan

and his court, male and female, together with all the principal people

in the island, meet to enjoy the fun of Pig-hunting, the Wild Boar

being very plentiful here, together with two or three species of Deer.

These Pigs do a good deal of damage to cultivated crops; so that

now and then a regular field-day is organized, and nearly every man,

pony, dog, and spear in the island are out, versus ‘ Piggy,’ as many

as fifty of the latter being slain in a single day. There are so many

kinds of sport easily attainable here, provisions of the best are so

cheap, a pony may be hired for about 1s. 6d. a day, and there is so

much that is novel to be seen about the towns and the court, that

the wonder is that some traveller, fond of sport and especially

ornithology, does not take up his quarters here for a month or two—

and particularly as the place is easily reached from Singapore vid

Labuan, or from Hong-Kong, vid Manila.”

Mr. Burbidge left England on a botanical expedition organized by

Messrs. H. Veitch and Son; and his success in this department of

natural history is well known. His chief attention having been

devoted to plants, it only remains to thank him for the intelligent

way in which he devoted his scanty leisure time to forming the

present collection of birds.

The following I believe to be a correct list of Sooloo birds as at

present known; and I have included the few species mentioned by

* Doubtless Haliastur intermedius.

1879.] BIRDS OF THE SOOLOO ISLANDS. 313

Peale as procured in Mangsi by the United States Exploring Expedi-

tion. I have also added the references to Lord Tweeddale’s recent

papers on the Philippine collections of Mr. Alfred Everett, and have

given the ranges of the different species in the Philippine archipelago,

so as to bring the subject up to the present date.

1, Cacatua HAM#TUROPYGIA (P. L.S. Mill.).

Cacatua hameturopygia, Wald. Tr. Z.S. ix. p. 132; Sharpe, Tr.

Linn. Soe. n. s. i. p. 312; Tweedd. P.Z.S. 1877, pp. 756, 817 ;

1878, pp. 107, 281, 340, 379.

Two specimens.

[Luzon (Meyer); Guimaras (Meyer); Negros (Meyer, Steere,

Everett); Zebu (Everett); Leyte (Hverett); Nipah (Hvereté) ;

Panaon (Everett) ; Butuan River, N. Mindanao (Lverett) ; Sooloo

(Burbidge). ]

2. PRIONITURUS DISCURUS (V.).

Prioniturus discurus, Wald. Tr. Z.8. ix. p. 132; Sharpe, Tr.

Linn, Soc. n. 8. i. p. 312; Tweedd. P. Z.S. 1877, pp. 538, 688, 756,

817, 1878, p. 379.

A single specimen, agreeing with others in the British Museum

from the Philippine Islands.

[Luzon (Meyer, Everett); Negros (Steere); Zebu (Everett) ;

Panaon (Zverett) ; Mindanao (Cuming, Everett, Murray); Basilan

(Steere) ; Sooloo (Burbidge); Balabak (Steere). ]

3. TANYGNATHUS LUCIONENSIS (L.).

Tanygnathus lucionensis, Wald. Tr. Z. 8. ix. p. 133; Sharpe, Tr.

Linn. Soc. new series, i. p. 312; Tweedd. P.Z.S. 1877, pp. 538,

756, 817, 1878, pp. 281, 340, 612.

A single specimen collected by Mr. Burbidge, and exactly re-

sembling the specimens from Manila and from Palawan in the

British Museum.

[Luzon (Meyer); Guimaras (Meyer); Negros (LZ. C. Layard,

Steere, Everett); Cebu (Everett); Leyte (Hverett); Mindanao

(Steere, Everett) ; Malanipa (Murray) ; Sooloo (Burbidge, Peale) ;

Palawan (Steere, Everett). |

4, TANYGNATHUS BURBIDGII, Sp. n.

Similis T. muelleri, ex Celebes, sed dorso toto sordide prasino,

capite flavicanti-viridi et alis omnino viridibus distinguendus.

This fine new species of Tanygnathus is closely allied to 7.

muellert of Celebes and J. everetti of Mindanao. It differs from

T. muelleri in having the back green instead of yellow, while the

head is yellowish green and not emerald green; there is also no blue

on the wing-coverts, the whole wing being green.

The following is a full description of the bird.

Adult General colour above dark grass-green, including the hind

neck, entire mantle, and scapulars; wings a little lighter green, the

314 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [Apr. 1,

wing-coverts and secondaries with narrow yellow margins, the pri-

maries blackish on the inner web, externally dark grass-green with

a slight blue shade along the shaft, the first primary black shaded

with blue on the outer web ; entire back and rump deep cobalt-blue ;

upper tail-coverts green, slightly shaded with yellow on the margins ;

tail-feathers dark green, with a narrow margin of yellow at the tip,

the under surfare of the tail golden yellow; head yellowish green,

the sides of the face also of this colour; the under-surface of the

body bright grass-green, yellow on the throat and fore neck and

passing into green on the breast and abdomen ; under wing-coverts

and under tail-coverts of the same green as the breast, with yellow

margins; quills ashy blackish below. Total length 15:5 inches,

culmen 1°8, wing 8°6, tail 6:4, tarsus 0°65.

On comparing T. burbidgit with 7’. everetti, one is struck at

once by the larger size of the former and its yellowish green head,

the crown being emerald-green in 7’. everetti, which also has the

wing only 7°55 inches in length (Samar: Mus. Brit.). None of the

Sooloo birds, of which there are five in the collections, have the

feathers of the mantle edged with blue as in the Samar individual.

5. ELANUS HYPOLEUCUS, Gould.

Elanus hypoleucus, Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 338; Wald. Tr. Z.S.

ix. p. 142; Tweedd. P. Z.S. 1877, p. 757.

An adult specimen: wing 11-5 inches.

[Luzon (Jagor); Cebu (Everett); Sooloo (Burbidge); N.W.

Borneo (Treacher).]

6. Scops rurEscens (Horsf.).

Scops rufescens, Sharpe, Cat. B. iti. p. 102.

One specimen.

This bird seems to me to differ slightly from Bornean and

Malaccan examples in having a much darker face, the ear-coverts

shaded with black. I do not, however, propose to found a new

species on a single example, and must wait for more specimens.

The measurements of the Sooloo bird are as follows :—Total length

7 inches, culmen 0°7, wing 4°8, tail 2°6, tarsus 0°85. It will be

seen that they are a good deal inferior to those of the type of Scops

mantis, as given by me in the ‘ Catalogue.’

7. Cucuuus Frucatus, Peale.

Cuculus fucatus, Peale, U.S. Expl. Exp. Zool. 1848, p. 136.

C. tenuirostris, Less.; Cass. U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 244.

This Cuckoo may be Cuculus himalayanus, which has recently

been shot in Labuan by Governor Ussher; but it is difficult to

decide without seeing a specimen. At present the species is only

known from the plate and description given by Peale, who procured

it on the island of Mangsi.

8. ARTAMUS LEUCORHYNCHUS (L.).

Artamus leucorhynchus, Walden, P. Z. S. ix. p. 174; Sharpe, Tr.

1879.] BIRDS OF THE SOOLOO ISLANDS. 315

Linn. Soe. new series, i. p. 323; Tweedd. P. Z. 8S. 1877, pp. 544,

692, 759, 826, 1878, pp. 283, 342.

A. leucogaster (Valenc.) ; Sharpe in Rowley’s Orn. Mise. iii. p. 179.

One specimen.

[Luzon (Meyer) ; Guimaras (Meyer) ; Negros (Weyer, Everett) ;

Cebu (Murray, Everett); Leyte (Everett); Mindanao (Kverett,

Steere); Sooloo (Burbidge); Mangsi (Peale). ]

9. Or1oLUS CHINENSIS, L.

Oriolus chinensis, Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 203.

O. suluensis, Sharpe, tom. cit. p. 205.

Broderipus acrorhynchus (Vig.); Walden, Tr. Z. 8. ix. p. 185;

Tweedd. P. Z.S. 1877, pp. 545, 694, 760, 826, 1878, pp. 110, 285,

342, 380.

The receipt of three more specimens from Mr. Burbidge con-

vinces me that the Sooloo-Islands bird, which I thought was a race

of O. frontalis, Wall., from the Sula Islands, is not really specifically

separable from the common Oriole of the Philippines, called by me

Oriolus chinensis aud by Lord Tweeddale Broderipus acrorhynchus.

A further comparison of the series seems to show that O. frontalis

of Wallace, from the Sooloo Islands, is scarcely to be distinguished

from O. chinensis, the only difference being the slightly greater ex-

tent of yellow on the tail-feathers in the latter bird.

[Luzon (Meyer); Panay (Murray); Guimaras (Meyer) ; Negros

(Meyer, Steere, Everett) ; Cebu (Meyer, Murray, Everett) ; Leyte

(Everett); Panaon (Everett); Dinagat (Hverett) ; Mindanao

(Steere, Murray, Everett) ; Sooloo (Burbidge) ; Si Buta (Low) ;

Balabac (Steere). |

10. Coroner PHILIPPINA (Bp.).

Corone philippina, Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 42 ; id. Tr. Linn. Soe.

n.8. 1. p. 343.

Corvus philippinus, Bp.; Wald. Tr. Z.S. ix. p. 201; Tweedd.

P. Z.S. 1877, pp. 548, 698, 763, 831, 1878, pp. 113, 287, 343, 381.

Three specimens.

[Luzon (Cuming, Meyer, Everett); Cujo (Meyer); Panay

(Murray); Negros (Meyer, Steere, Everett); Cebu (Lverett) ;

Leyte (Lverett) ; Panaon (Everett) ; Camiguin (Murray) ; Dinagat

(Everett) ; Mindanao (Murray, Everett) ; Sooloo (Burbidge) ].

11. Sarcops LowI1I.

Sarcops lowii, Sharpe, J. c. p. 344.

Several specimens collected by Mr. Burbidge confirm the distinct-

ness of this species from S. calvus.

12. OSMOTRERON VERNANS (L.).

Osmotreron vernans, Wald. Tr. Z.S. ix. p. 210; Sharpe, Tr. Linn.

Soc. n. s. i. p. 346; Tweedd. P. Z.S. 1877, p. 764, 1878, p. 623.

A female specimen.

316 ON THE BIRDS OF THE SOOLOO ISLANDS. (Apr. 1,

[Luzon (Meyer); Panay (Steere); Zebu (Everett); Sooloo

(Burbidge); Palawan (Steere). |

13. OsMOTRERON AXILLARIS (Gray).

Osmotreron axillaris, Walden, Tr. Z.S. ix. p.211; Sharpe, Tr. Linn.

Soc. ix. p. 346; Tweedd. P.Z.S. 1877, pp. 549, 699, 764, 832,

1878, pp. 113, 287.

An adult specimen.

[Luzon (Meyer, Everett); Guimaras (Meyer) ; Panay (Murray) ;

Negros (Meyer, Steere, Everett); Cebu (Everett); Dinagat

(Everett); Mindanao (Steere, Everett) ; Sooloo (Burbidge). |

14. CaRPoPHAGA =NEA (L.).

Carpophaga enea, Wald. Tr. Z. S.ix. p. 215; Sharpe, Tr. Linn.

Soc. n. s. i. p. 846; Tweedd. P. Z. 8. 1877, pp. 764, 832, 1878,

pp- 113, 288, 344, 623.

One specimen.

[Luzon (Meyer); Negros (Meyer, Steere, Everett); Cebu

(Everett); Leyte (Everett); Dinagat (Hverett); Mindanao

(Everett) ; Sooloo (Burbidge) ; Palawan (Steere, Everett). |

15. CARPOPHAGA PICKERINGI.

Carpophaga pickeringi, Cass. Pr. Philad. Acad. 1854, p. 228;

id. U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 267, pl. xxvii. ; Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc. n. s.

i. p. 353.

Procured by the United-States Exploring Expedition in the island

of Mangsi.

16. IANTH@NAS GRISEIGULARIS, Wald. et Layard.

Tanthenas griseigularis, Wald. Tr. Z. 8. ix. p. 218; id. P. Z. S.

1878, p. 288.

One specimen.

I refer this Pigeon with some hesitation to I. griseigularis, of

which I have never seen a specimen, and only know it from Mr.

Keuleman’s figure in the Ibis for 1872 (pl. vi.). On the other hand,

it is very closely allied to I. albigularis of the Moluccas, but differs

in the greyish shade on the white throat, which is also more

restricted, and in the forehead being grey with only a slight mark

of lilac.

17. Cata@nas nicoparica (L.).

Calenas nicobarica, Cass. U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 276 ; Sharpe, P. Z. 8.

1875, p. 110.

Observed on Mangsi in some abundance by the U.S. Exploring

Expedition.

18. PriLopus MELANOCEPHALUS.

Ptilopus melanocephalus (Gm.); Elliot, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 551.

An adult specimen.

P. 2.5 167s) Peas

nhart

| PRIONOCHILUS EVE

CHILUS EVERETTI

OBSOLETUS

1879.] MR.R.B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. 317

19. MacropyGIA TENUIROSTRIS, Gray.

Macropygia tenutrostris, Walden, Tr. Z. 8. ix. p. 218; Sharpe,

Tr. Linn. Soc. new ser. i. p. 347.

Two specimens.

[Luzon (Meyer); Basilan (Steere); Sooloo (Burbidge). |

Lord Tweeddale differs from Professor Schlegel’s opinion that the

same Philippine species is found in Java and Lombock, where it is

M. emiliana of Bonaparte; but having compared several specimens

lately, I believe that the Professor’s view is the right one, and that

the bird is found over the Philippines, and occurs even in Borneo.

Lord Tweeddale separates the Negros bird as MW. eurycerca.

20. GALLUS STRAMINEICOLLIS, Sp. n.

General colour above black, shot with green and purple; wing-

coverts like the back, the innermost and the scapulars with a slight

subterminal shine of coppery brown; primary-coverts and primaries

black, the secondaries externally green; feathers of the lower back

and rump straw-yellow, with darker longitudinal centres of black or

green; upper tail-coyverts and tail glossy oil-green; crown of head

and nape black; hind neck and neck-hackles, as well as sides of

neck, straw-yellow, deeper on the hind neck, with green longitudinal

centres to the feathers ; remainder of under surface of body black

with a green gloss; comb short and rounded; sides of face and

entire throat bare. Total length 34°5 inches, culmen 1°1, wing 9-0,

tail 17°5, tarsus 3°4.

Mr. Burbidge procured a single example of this Jungle-fowl,

which appears to be a very distinct species. He tells me that it was

brought to the ship by one of the Sooloo natives alive, and he cannot

vouch for its having been a wild bird. I have, however, shown the

bird to Mr. Gould and other ornithologists; and they agree with

me that it is probably a distinct species of Jungle-fowl. Governor

Ussher also has seen the bird; and he tells me that he has never seen

any domesticated Fowls in Borneo or the Eastern Islands which

approached this species in the least.

2. A List of the Birds of Labtian Island and its Depen-

dencies. By R. Bown er Suarpz, F.LS., F.Z.S., &c.,

Senior Assistant, Department of Zoology, British

Museum.

[Received March 28, 1879.]

(Plate XXX.)

The materials for a list of Labiian birds have been considerable.

First of all there is the little work’ on the natural history of the

1 Contributions to the Natural History of Labiian and the adjacent Coasts of

Borneo. By James Motley of Labuan, and L. L. Dillwyn. Part 1. 8vo, 1855.

318 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. ([Apr. l,

island published in 1855 by Messrs. Motley and Dillwyn, which gives

45 species as the number collected by the former of these gentlemen’.

Secondly, I have examined two large collections sent by the Hon.

Hugh Low; and in 1875 I contributed to the ‘ Proceedings’ of this

Society a paper on the first of these which had been submitted to me’.

As in the case of Mr. Motley’s coilections, an exact record was not

kept of the birds which inhabited Labiian as distinct from those which

came from the mainland of N.W. Borneo; and it turns out that

many of the species recorded by me in the paper above mentioned

are not inhabitants of Labuan at all. The second collection sent by

Mr. Low was still more extensive, but contained no exact indications

of locality excepting in a few rare instances; I was, however, able to

obtain some particulars from Mr. Low during his visit to England

before his departure for Perak, where he is now the British Resident.

Previous to the two consignments here alluded to, Mr. Low had sent

several collections to England, all of which were dispersed by his

agents on every occasion as from Labiian; and specimens are doing

duty in many Museums and private cabinets which ought to be la-

belled as from Lumbidan or the adjacent parts of North-western

Borneo, and not from the island of Labuan.

On being appointed to the governorship of Labiian, my old friend

Governor Ussher at once set to work exploring the ornithology of his

dominion, and, with his usval zeal, speedily sent a large series of

skins to my care at the British Museum. This series embraced col-

lections from several localities, all carefully separated and indorsed,

the most complete being that from Labuan itself, where the Governor

is a resident, and where he has worked personally and by means of

trained collectors, many of the latter being educated to the work by

Mr. Low. The present list may therefore be considered perfectly

authentic, every specimen being ticketed by Governor Ussher himself.

Before turning to the personal notes of the latter gentleman, a great

tribute is due to Mr. Low for his last collection from Borneo, which

contained a very large series of eggs and nests taken with the parent

birds by his trained hunters, and described in this and the paper

which I have sent to the ‘ Ibis’ on the birds of Lumbidan.

The following is Governor Ussher’s account of his collections :—

**The skins are nearly all in good order, and were chiefly collected

by a Kadyan youth of the name of Biiak, whom I taught to shoot,

having purchased a light gun for him. I am indebted to the Hon.

Hugh Low, late Police-magistrate here, and now Resident in Perak,

for having instructed several of these boys in skinning birds.

**The island of Labiian is about six miles from Borneo at the

nearest point. The colony comprises the undermentioned islands,

viz., Labiian, Daat, Karaman, Pappan, Great and Little Rusikan,

Burong, Enoe, and one or two nameless islets of diminutive size.

1Tt is probable, however, that some of the birds were from the mainland ;

and I only refer to those whose existence has been confirmed by the more recent

collectors.

**On a Collection of Birds from Labuan. By R. Bowdler Sharpe,” P. Z. 8.

1875, pp. 99-111, pl. xxii.

1879.] MR. R.B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. 319

‘Labuan itself is about ten miles in extreme length and four in

breadth, and contains about 47 square miles. Daat contains pro-

bably about seven hundred acres, principally of fine forest ; Pappan

about sixty acres ; Karaman is of about the same size as Daat, the two

Rusikans being each smaller than Pappan, while Burong and Enoe

are mere tufts of rock and forest in the sea. All the islands are

finely timbered, though the forest on Labiian has been ruthlessly

burnt for ‘ padi’ planting. Burong Island is composed entirely of

limestone—and is rather famous for possessing great numbers of a

very venomous and spiteful-looking serpent of a brilliant emerald-

green, which is generally found coiled round boughs at a few feet

from the ground, and is usually motionless until disturbed. On

Labian and Daat Wild Boar are still to be found ; and on Daat alone

the interesting Semnopithecus nasica exists, which has not beea ob-

served on the other islands. Daat is not more than a mile and a

half from the coast of Borneo, between it and Labuan; it is

probable that Bornean forms may be met with more frequently there

than in Labiian, from which it is distant over four miles. Such Deer

as Labiian once possessed have been pretty well exterminated. Gulls,

Terns, and Waders are certainly not plentiful in these seas, and a

new comer is struck by the absence of these graceful birds. At

certain seasons Golden Plover, Snipe, and Painted Snipe make their

appearance on the swampy low land near the sea. Shells are

numerous and handsome ; and a systematic course of dredging would

produce some fine specimens. The Cones, Volutes, Harpe, Dolia

and Cypree are very fine; but those brought for sale are frequently

injured by the natives in searching for them, or in making them more

attractive to the purchaser.

« Natural history in Borneo owes a large debt to Mr. Low, one of

the oldest residents in Labian, whose name is well known to science.

His labours in every department of zoology and botany, as well as

his numerous excursions and travels in Borneo, and his intimate ac-

quaintance with the various tribes of the great island, make him a

foremost authority on all matters connected with their part of the

Malay archipelago. To one of the several intelligent natives in-

structed in preparing birds I am indebted in great part for the

present collection, which I trust will be found to contain the great

majority of birds of ‘Labiian and its dependencies.’ I may add

that I can vouch for the locality of every bird, as, with byt one or

two exceptions from trustworthy hands, they have all been shot by

my Kadyan boy ‘ Baak’ (who is retained in my house), or by myself,

or by residents on the coast. At least fifty species have been ob-

tained in the grounds of Government House, which is prettily situated

in park-like land, dotted with forest, about one hundred and fifty

acres in extent.

“The remaining birds in the collection, not specially includedin the

Labian series, come from the opposite coast. Some are from the

neighbourhood of Borneo, others from the little*~Kadhyan settlement

of Lumbidan (whither I despatched my boy Baak for a month, after

purchasing some birds from natives), on the north-west coast, and

320 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. [Apr. 1,

about thirty miles above the mouth of the Brunei river. One or

two may come from intermediate localities, such as the ‘Lawas’

and ‘ Kalias’ rivers ; they will all be carefully distinguished as to

locality. My time is not sufficiently at my own disposal to permit

me to record many of those valuable observations so useful to science ;

and I am conscious of many painful deficiencies, which can scarcely

be excused even in a mere outdoor collector.

‘*T believe, however, that although many of the birds have been

sent home from time to time by former collectors, the Labian birds

were not always distinguished from those from the mainland of

Borneo—also that Hawks and Owls were not often obtained before

by native collectors, who are generally dependent for their speci-

mens on the swmpitan or blow-pipe, which is insufficient for large

ame.

“The Snipe, Plover, and Waders seem to arrive about August

and to leave about the beginning of March, though I suspect that a

few of them remain all the year, as I have seen them in April. The

Asiatic Golden Plover on their first arrival have remains of their

black summer dress ; but they soon lose it; I observed none in that

plumage after September. Curlew or Whimbrel appear to hang

about all the year round.

“The Pigeons are numerous and of varied kinds; and on some of

these I append a few notes ; but I was unable through illness to carry

the latter on beyond September.”

Lastly, on the recommendation of my kind friend Dr. Sclater, a

large and important collection has been placed in my hands for descrip-

tion by Professor Rolleston. This collection was formed by Mr. W.

H. Treacher, Acting-Governor of Labiian, and by him presented to

the Oxford Museum. In the splendid series of birds sent by Mr.

Treacher are many interesting additions to the avifauna of Borneo,

some of the most striking of which, however, came from the main-

land—that is to say, the province of Lumbidan. The collector has

succeeded, however, in adding more than one species to the list of

Labiian birds. Accompanying the catalogue of native names, which

form a prominent feature in Mr. Treacher’s collection, was a glossary,

which I herewith transcribe. Too much reliance, perhaps, must not

be placed on the names given by natives of any country, though it

is only fair to add that those-given by Mr. Treacher accord in nearly

every instance with those furnished by Mr. Motley and Mr. Low ;

nor should I have made the above remark but for the fact that dif-

ferent names are sometimes given to the same bird when procured

on the mainland and on Labuan itself.

The following is Mr. Treacher’s glossary :—

Ayan Pet en iors ... Fowl.

Ainhie, 22th 02s & White A nit

BEE. naneeeee eae: SS

Pete Nee lee ce oe Blue.

Burpalang ...-.... Particoloured.

1879.] MR. R.B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. 321

Wulan 7. 7. Ge ee OE

HAGA 5 ose ve ons HOON,

Babat Mayat ...... To tie a corporal (Mayat) with strips of

white cotton cloth, according to island

custom.

Renae clots yo cea aie Rice.

PSM es op wre s on S Foolish

CD yeaa eee Blood

RUE dete = 21-4 Inland

Etek 2 IRR eee A Duck

Hijan or yon ...... Green

TA, Sida onus fee Jungle

250 eae dae Mest Rain

Jambul ...... one oe crea

MERC cone x econ ore Smail ; little.

Kuning tea vat ee

Karampok ........ A knife with a curved blade, which

somewhat resembles the feathers of a

Bulwer’s Pheasant (Karampaki).

To straddle ; to open the legs.

nl ieee abner The neck.

Lalang .......... The common species of long grass.

SMUGHER 5. ncnp'> « A porcupine.

MOG ac es has Red.

Malagoondi........ The name of a tree.

42) a ae tas) 2h Anite

BARONE; 5 nie mate tre « Brown.

Waneeit .. ss cates « Call.

5 1 pe Thick forest.

LO alae eatin To stray; to miss the way.

Sungai om euvere

Siue. . To whistle.

Tanah .. Earth; ground.

Trop. 5 . To blow.

UE lapel el Dew.

* The natives name many birds from a fancied interpretation of

their notes, as ‘whip-poor-will’ with us, e.g. the ‘Suip api’ or

‘Blow the fire’ is supposed to call out Antit! Antit! Suip api! (blow

the fire), Ambit prick ! (take the pot), Jarang nasi ! (cook the rice),

Lapat anak ! (the child is hungry).”

The nomenclature adopted in the present paper is principally that

of Count Salvadori’s ‘ Uccelli di Borneo,’ whose pages have been

consulted at every turn of its preparation.

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1879, No, XXI. 21

322 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. [Apr. 1,

Order ACCIPITRES.

Suborder Fatcones.

Family FaLconip&.

Subfamily AccrprTRinz&,

1. Crrcus sprtonotus, Kaup.

Circus spilonotus, Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 58; id. Ibis, 1877, p. 2.

A new species for Labuan, where Mr. Ussher obtained an imma-

ture male in September 1876 and a fine adult male in January 1877.

This Harrier was first introduced to the notice of naturalists as a

Bornean bird by Mr. Alfred Everett (cf. Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 30).

Governor Ussher has also sent it from Brunei, as will be seen by the

list of birds published by me in the ‘Ibis’ for the present year. Mr.

Treacher sent a pair of young birds from Labuan, but without indi-

cation of the native name beyond the word “ Alang,” which means

“* Hawk.”

Subfamily BuTEonin2&.

2. Burastur 1npicus (Gm.).

Butastur indicus, Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 297 (1874).

Poliornis indica, Salvad. t. c. p. 9.

Included in his work by Count Salvadori, with a query, no speci-

men having been sent from Borneo up to the time he wrote.

Governor Ussher was therefore the first discoverer of the species

ir the Bornean avifauna. Five specimens were shot by him in dif-

ferent plumage in September and October 1876. Mr. Treacher

also sends five specimens, and gives the native name as “‘Alang alap

alap.’ Four of them are fine adult birds; aud one is young; the

latter, in addition to the mottled plumage and streaked breast, has

five dark brown bands on the tail, much narrower than in the adult.

One of Mr. Treacher’s skins (the young bird) had the same native

name “Alang juali’’ as the Peregrine Falcon, showing apparently

that the natives have a different name for the young bird, or else

that the collector mistook it for the young of the Peregrine.

Subfamily AquiLinz.

3 Sprzaitus timnaétus (Horsf.).

Spizaétus limnaétus, Sharpe, t. c. p. 272; Salvad. ¢. ¢. p. 15.

** Not uncommon, but extremely shy and difficult of approach ;

it is a great foe to poultry, and also feeds on sheil-fish”’ (H. Z. U.).

Mr. Low sends a nestling, nearly full-grown, which is black all

over, like the adult, of which three specimens are in Mr. Ussher’s

collection. This seems to show that I am wrong in considering the

the S. caligatus of Raffles to be the young of S. limnaétus, as I have

put forward in my ‘ Catalogue of Birds’ (J. c.); but in Mr. Trea-

cher’s collection was a young bird in the striped plumage (similar to

S. cirratus), with five bands on the middle and seven on the outer

feathers. Although I at present keep only one species of Spizaétus

1879.]| MR. R.B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. 323

as inhabiting Labuan, it is quite possible that further observers may

recognize more. The species are very little understood, as may be

gathered from the recent researches of Capt. Legge into the Cey-

lonese Spizaéti (cf. Legge, B. Ceylon, pp. 51, 55).

The young bird which Mr. Low forwarded was obtained from the

ege, which he opened by cutting the shell in two halves and ex-

tracting the small occupant, who lived with him to a good size. He

tells me that this Eagle builds on very high trees, and only lays one

ege. Two nests which he observed had only one egg in each. That

sent on the present occasion was taken in January 1875; it is white,

with a few stains of ochraceous brown ; axis 2°8, diam. 2°2.

4, Hauiairus LEucoGAsTER (Gm.)

Haliaétus leucogaster, Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 307.

Cuncuma leucogaster, Salvad. ¢. ¢. p. 5.

A young bird was in Governor Ussher’s collection from Brunei ;

and he has since sent an adult bird shot by his boy Buak in La-

buan. Mr. Treacher’s collection also contained a fine adult bird, with

the native name “ Alang piak.”

5. HALiAsTUR INTERMEDIUvs, Gurney.

Haliastur intermedius, Sharpe, Cat. B.1. p. 314.

H. indus, Salvad. t.c. p. 12.

A young and an old bird from Governor Ussher, the latter shot

on the Kina Banua river in April 1877. Mr. Treacher sends an

old bird (No. 46) with the native name “ Alang merah,” and a young

one (No. 27) simply marked “Alang”’ and apparently not recognized

by the collector as the immature bird of the present species. Mr.

Low sends an egg of this species taken from a nest in a lofty tree

in December 1873; it is dull white; axis 1°95 inch, diam. 1°4.

Subfamily FaLconin&.

6. FaLco PEREGRINUS, Tunst. ¢

Falco communis, Gm., Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 376; Salvad. é.c. p. 1.

A fine adult bird, of the true F. peregrinus type, procured by Mr.

Treacher, according to whom it is called ‘‘ Alang juali.”” The species

has only been obtained before in Borneo by Motley at Banjermassing.

7. CERCHNEIS TINNUNCULUs (L.).

Cerchneis tinnunculus, Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 425.

The only Kestrel yet recorded from Borneo is Cerchneis moluc-

censis, which is said to have been collected by Schwaner (¢/. Salvad.

Uce. Born. p. 3). Governor Ussher procured a specimen, which,

however, I believe to be the dark form of European Kestrel, known

to ornithologists as Cerchneis japonicus. This opinion is confirmed

by a second example of a Kestrel obtained by Mr. Treacher in La-

buan, evidently of the same species as the one shot by Governor

Ussher, and apparently a young male of C. japonicus, with the

basal half of the tail commencing to get blue.

21%

324 MR. R, B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. [ Apr. ib

Suborder PANDIONES.

8. PANDION LEUCOCEPHALUS, Gould.

Pandion leucocephalus, Sharpe, Cat. B.i. p. 451.

Pandion haliaétus (L.), Salvad. t. c. p. 7.

An adult specimen (No. 44) sent by Mr. Treacher, who gives the

native name as ‘“‘Alang piak’’—the same, it will be observed, as that

applied to Haliaétus leucogaster. The species was procured at

Sarawak by Doria and Beccari, but has not been previously met

with by the English collectors in N.W. Borneo.

Suborder StRiGEs.

Family Strigipz.

9. KeTuPA JAVANENSIS, Less.

Ketupa javanensis, Salvad. ¢. c. p. 20; Sharpe, Cat. B. ii. p. 8.

Two fine specimens, one dated December 1876, were sent by

Governor Ussher. Mr. Treacher sends three adult birds, with the

native name “ Bugang.”

10. PHopitus Bapius (Horsf.).

Phodilus badius, Motl. & Dillw. ¢. ec. p. 8; Salvad. ¢.c. p. 22.

One specimen was sent by Mr. Low. It has already been recorded

as a Labuan bird by Messrs. Motley and Dillwyn; indeed Mr.

Motley speaks of it as being rarely seen, but not uncommon in the

island. This appears somewhat strange when we consider the dili-

gent efforts of Governor Ussher and Mr. Treacher to exhaust the

avifauna of Labuan, and yet neither of them ever procured a speci-

men. It may, therefore, be migratory, and only plentiful at certain

seasons of the year. Native name “ Burong hantoo” (Motley).

11. Nryox scuruxata (Rafiles).

Ninox scutulata, Sharpe, Cat. B. ii. p. 156.

Ninox borneensis, Bp., Salvad. ¢. ec. p. 18; Sharpe, P. Z. 8. 1875,

p- 99.

Of this bird I have now examined a large series sent by Mr. Low,

Governor Ussher, and Mr. Treacher, and I have very little to add to

the remarks which I published in the ‘ Catalogue of Birds.’ The

characters which I there supposed might distinguish the Labuan

bird as a race seem to me to be insufficient to warrant this conclu-

sion. The uniform first primary appears to be a matter of age; and

the number of caudal bars probably depends upon the same cause.

In Mr, Treacher’s series the majority of the specimens have five

tail-bars, but one has only four. Native name “ Pungok” (Treacher).

Two specimens from Labuan were in Mr. Low’s collection; one

of them a dark-coloured bird with four bands on the tail, and ob-

solete traces of fulvous bars on the inner web of the first primary.

This belongs to the usual dark Labuan form of this Ninow; and it

breeds in the island, Mr. Low having obtained two eggs with this

identical specimen, The latter are very small for the size of the

1879.] MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. 325

bird, pure white, and measuring—length 0°95 inch, in diameter 0°8.

The second specimen is much paler, and agrees best with the Sarawak

bird described in‘ my ‘Catalogue’ (p. 164); but it has five bars on

the tail. These differences in coloration may be sexual, as the last

named bird has a longer wing than the preceding one. Governor

Ussher sent several specimens, which bear out the preceding remarks.

He says it is tolerably common in Labuan.

12. Nrnox savonica (T. & 8.).

Ninox japonicus, Wald. Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 40.

Mr. Burbidge during his stay in Labuan procured a specimen of

the large Ninox of China and Japan, which seems to migrate to the

Malayan archipelago, where it has been called Athene florensis by

Mr, Wallace. In the ‘Catalogue of Birds’ I have given a number

of measurements showing that the Chinese bird is as a rule very

much larger than the ordinary Ninow scutulata, and that from its

wide-extending range it is apparently a migratory bird. Its wing is

never less than eight inches, and often exceeds nine, the largest

specimen hitherto examined by me having been Mr. Wallace’s type

of A. florensis, which had the wing 9°1 inches in length. Mr. Bur-

bidge’s specimen exceeds these dimensions, having a wing of 9°6

inches. In view, therefore, of the constantly larger size attained by

these birds, I prefer to record the specimen under a different heading

from Ninox scutulata, to draw attention more positively to the oc-

currence in Borneo of this larger species or race.

Order PSITTACI.

13, PALZORNIS LONGICAUDA (Bodd.).

Palaornis longicauda, Salvad. ¢. c. p. 22.

P. malaccensis, Vig. ; Motl. & Dillw. ¢.c. p. 26,

Native name “ Beian”’ (Treacher).

Governor Ussher writes :—‘ About April this Perroquet appears to

congregate in large numbers, especially the males, uttering loud

cries. They then separate, probably for breeding-purposes. The

males are extremely handsome and swift of flight.”

14. LoricuLus GaLeutus (L.).

Loriculus galgulus, Salvad. ¢. c. p. 26.

Psittaculus galgulus (L.), Motl. & Dillw. é. e. p. 27.

A peculiarly coloured specimen from Labuan was in Mr. Low’s

collection. Jt had the whole of the wing mottled with yellow, ali the

feathers being tipped with this colour. This is probably a variety,

as the bird does not appear to be immature, having a distinct patch

of bright blue on the crown and the red patch on the lower back

well developed. Governor Ussher sends a pair, and adds, “ It does

not seem to thrive well in confinement.” It is also included in

Mr. Treacher’s collection with the name ‘‘ Peripas.’ Mr. Low has

forwarded three eggs of this small Parrot or “ Love-bird.” They

326 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. [Apr. I,

are dull white, stained a good deal with brown. Two of them are

rounded in shape, axis 0°7 inch, diam. 0°6-0°65; the third is a

little more oval, measuring, axis 0°7, diam. 0°55.

a. Harpactes duvauceli, (Temm.), Sharpe, P. Z.8. 1875, p. 102.

b. Harpactes diardi (Temm.), Sharpe, ¢. ¢. p. 102.

To be expunged from the list of Labuan birds.

Family Carrronip&.

15. MrGaL2MA yERSICOLOR (Raffl.).

Megalema versicolor, Motl. & Dillw. ¢. ¢. p. 28.

Chotorea versicolor, Salvad. ¢. c. p. 33.

One specimen is mentioned as having been seen on the island by

Mr. Motley; and Mr. Low sent an example which he told me had

been shot on Labuan.

Order PICARLA.

Family Picip#,

16. XyLoLepes vALIbws (‘l’emm.).

Xylolepes validus, Salvad. t. c. p. 43.

In Governor Ussher’s second collection.

17. ALOPHONERPES PULVERULENTUS (Temm.).

Alophonerpes pulverulentus, Salvad. ¢. c. p. 51.

One specimen, shot in January 1877 by Governor Ussher.

Mr. Treacher also sends one specimen.

18. Turiponax JAvensis (Horsf.).

Thriponaz javensis, Salvad. ¢. ¢. p. 53.

Hemilophus leucogaster (Temm.), Motl. & Dillw. p. 29.

In the collections of both Governor Ussher and Mr. Treacher.

According to the latter it is called ‘ Batatok turkubuk.” The

Governor says that it is ‘“‘ rather common, and is generally betrayed

by the loud noise made by his powerful bill, when searching the trees

for food.”

19. Tiga sAvANENsIS (Ljungh.).

Tiga javanensis, Salvad. t. c. p. 54.

«*Not uncommon ; habits similar to those of Thriponax javensis”

(Ussher). Native name “‘ Ouit souit”’ (Treacher).

An egg of this species is sent by Mr. Low. It is pure white, and

measures—axis 0°95 inch, diam. 0°7.

20. Yunerpicus Frusco-aLBipus, Salvad. t. c. p. 42.

Y. sondaicus (Wall.), Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1875, p. 102.

Lord Tweeddale has shown (Ibis, 1877, p. 290) that the name

Jusco-albidus should be employed for this species. Governor Ussher

1879. ] MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN, 327

observes, “Commonly to be seen twisting and climbing up tree-

stems.’ Native name, according to Mr. Treacher “ Burong anie.”

Mr. Low procured four eggs of this species. They are pure white,

and vary a little in shape, two of them being a little more rounded

than the two others: axis 0°65—0°75 inch, diam. 0°55-0°58.

c. Callolophus puniceus, (Horsf.). Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1875, p. 103.

d. Callolophus malaccensis (Lath.), Sharpe, ¢. ce. p. 103.

e. Graucopicoides raffesi (Vig.), Sharpe, ¢. ce. p. 103.

f. Meiglyptes tristis, (Horsf.), Sharpe, ¢. ¢. p. 103.

g. Meiglyptes tukkt (Less.), Sharpe, ¢. ¢. p. 103.

h. Micropternus badiosus (Temm.), Sharpe, ¢. c. p. 103.

i. Sasia abnormis (Temm.), Sharpe, ¢.c. p. 103.

All the above to be expunged from the Labuan list.

Family CucuLip&.

21. CucuLus. HIMALAYANUS, Vig.

Cuculus himalayanus, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 323.

Governor Ussher shot a specimen of this Cuckoo, which forms an

interesting addition to the avifauna of Borneo, on the Kina Banua

river at the latter end of March. The specimen has been examined

by Mr. Seebohm, who has recently studied the genus ; and he pro-

nounces it to be undoubtedly of this species.

22. Hirrococcyx sTRENUUS (Gould).

Cuculus strenuus, Gould, B. Asia, pt. viii. (1856).

Mr. Treacher sends a specimen of an adult Cuckoo, which I have

compared with the type in the British Museum, and which I believe

to belong to the large Hawk Cuckoo described by Mr. Gould as H.

strenuus, from the Philippine Islands. The question as to whether

this species should be considered to be a distinct one, or whether it

should be only reckoned a race of H. sparverioides, must be left to

future observers who may have a larger series than I have had at

their disposal.

The wing in Mr. Treacher’s bird is 9°5 inches, measured in a

straight line from carpal band to tip of longest primary ; and the

native name is given as “ Wang kulit.”’

23. CHRYSOCOCCYX XANTHORHYNCHUS (Horsf.).

Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus, Salvad. t. c. p. 62.

Mr. Low’s last collection contained two specimens, shot in Labuan

on the 24th of June, 1875. He informed me that the species

was very rare in the island, and was unknown to the natives. It is

probably only an occasional visitant, as neither Governor Ussher or

Mr. Treacher have procured specimens.

328 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. [Apr. 1,

24. SURNICULUS LUGUBRIs (Horsf.).

Surniculus lugubris, Salvad. t, c. p. 63.

Governor Ussher’s collection contained a young and old bird shot

in April 1877. The former was in very interesting plumage, being

spotted with white all over the body.

25. CACOMANTIS MERULINUs (Scop.).

Cacomantis merulinus, Salvad. ¢. c. p. 64. :

Governor Ussher sends specimens with the follewing note :—

‘*Rare in Labuan, appears about July and August. Habits and

flight, as well as note, resemble those of the Golden Cuckoo of

West Africa.”

26. EUDYNAMIS MALAYANA, Cab. et Hein.

Eudynamis malayana, Salvad. t. c. p. 68.

Ludynamis orientalis (L.), Motl. & Dillw. ¢. ¢. p. 55.

A pair of birds, killed by Governor Ussher in September 1876.

Mr. Treacher sends three specimens—one male, one female and a

young bird in changing plumage. No native name is given.

27. CENTROPUS JAVANENSIS (Dum.).

Centropus javanensis, Salvad. t. c. p. 76.

Sent by Mr. Low, Governor Ussher, and Mr. Treacher. The

latter gives the native name as “ Terakok.”

Mr. Low forwarded an egg along with the old bird. The egg is

white, without gloss, and measures—axis 1°25, diam. 0°95. There

is not a great difference in size between the egg of this species and

that of C. eurycercus.

28. CeNTROCOCCYx EURYCERCUS (Hay).

Centrocoecyx eurycercus, Salvad. t. c. p. 78.

Centrococcyx philippensis (Horsf.), Motl. and Dillw. ¢. ¢. p. 54.

Both Governor Ussher and Mr. Treacher send a good series of

this Lark-heeled Cuckoo, which is called “ Bubut.”? Mr. Low ob-

tained the eggs, which are dull white, and are rather rounded in

shape ; nevertheless they vary somewhat in form, the axis ranging

from 1°05 to 1°25 inch, and the diameter from 0°95 to 1:05 inch.

Mr. Low writes to me that these eges were taken in Labuan in

May 1873, the nest being loosely built near the ground in thick

undergrowth. Governor Ussher states that the habits are similar to

those of the Lark-heeled Cuckoos of Africa.

k. Rhopodytes erythrognathus (Hartl.), Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1875,

p- 104.

1. Rhinortha chlorophea (Rafil.), Sharpe, ¢. c. p- 104.

m. Poliococcyx sumatranus (Rafil.), Sharpe, ¢. c. p. 104.

To be expunged from the Labuan list.

1879.] MR, R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. 329

Family Bucrrotip2.

29. ANTHRACOCEROS CONVEXUS (Temm.).

Buceros convexus, Motl. & Dillw. ¢. e. p. 53.

Hydrocissa convexa, Salvad. t. c. p. 80.

Native name “ Licap”’ (Treacher). ‘‘Shot in jungle near Govern-

ment House. This bird is common, but very shy. It is found in

Daat, Labuan, and Kuraman, and probably in Pappan”’ (Ussher).

Mr. Low sends three eggs of this Hornbill; and he says that two is

the number of the eggs laid, and that the female is shut up by

the male in a tree; colour white, the texture rather coarse; axis

1:95—2°1 inches, diam. 1°25-1°4.

Family Upuripz.

30. Urupa Epors, L.

Upupa epops, Sharpe & Dresser, B. Eur. part vii. (1871).

Shot on Labuan by Mr. Treacher. His single specimen I have

compared with Chinese and Central~Asian specimens ; it can‘only be

a rare visitant to Borneo, as it has never before been met with by

any collector.

Family Mrrorip2.

31. Mrrors suMATRANUs (Rafil.).

M. badius (Gm.), Motl. & Dillw. ¢. e. p. 14.

M. bicolor, Salvad. ¢. c. p. 90.

Governor Ussher writes:—‘‘ Common; seems to disappear about

June or July, as none were noticed in August; very plentiful in

April.” Mr. Low sends the eggs; and according to his notes the

birds nest in holes in sandy earth, laying five eggs ; the latter are

white and glossy, somewhat rounded: axis 0°95, diam. 0°85. The

native name given by Mr. Low is “ Burong tampakurow,” but by

Mr. Treacher it is rendered “ Berkuru.”

Family ALCEDINID2.

32. ALCEDO BENGALENSIS, Gm.

Alcedo bengalensis, Salvad. t. ¢c. p. 92.

Adult and young birds in Governor Ussher’s collection.

33. ALCEDO MENINTING, Horsf.

Alcedo meninting, Salvad. t. c. p. 93.

Rather common, according to Governor Ussher. Mr. Treacher

also sends specimens, and gives the native name as “ Mantes yan” or

“biru.” Along with the female bird Mr. Low sends four eggs, which

are glossy white and rather rounded ; axis 0°8 in., diam. 0°65.

34, PrLarcorsis LEUcocEPHALA (Gm.).

Pelargopsis leucocephala, Salvad. t. c. p. 95.

Of this large Kingfisher, already recorded by Motley as a Labuan

330 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. [Apr. I],

bird, Mr. Low sent an old female caught on the nest with two eggs :

the latter are large and white, axis 1°5, diam. 1:25. The native

name is “ Bukaka,”’ according to Mr. Treacher. Governor Ussher’s

note is as follows :—‘ Decidedly not common. I observed one at

Tanjong Kubong, but could not get near it. One was given to me

by Mr. Low, the others being shot by Buak.”

35. CrYxX DILLWYNNI.

Ceyx dillwynni, Sharpe, Monogr. Alced. pl. 43,; Salvad. ¢. ce.

. 99.

3 C. tridactyla (nec Linn.), Motl. & Dillw. ¢. ¢. p. 13.

C. innominata, Salvad. t. c. p. 97.

C. sharpii, Salvad. t. c. p. 98.

Native name “ Mantis merah”’ (Treacher).

This species was described by me from Labuan in the year 1868.

It has since been plentifully forwarded from that island, and from

other parts of Borneo, and from Sarawak. Count Salvadori de-

scribed a second species in 1869, which he called Ceyx sharpii; and

again in the same paper he described the red Three-toed Kingfisher

(C. rufidorsa, Strick].) as C. innominata. This latter name was not

adopted by me in my ‘ Monograph,’ as an examination of the type

showed that it was the true Ceyx rufidorsa of Strickland. Since the

time when Mr. Low sent his first collections, the British Museum has

carefully secured all the specimens which have been offered to it of

these little rufous Ceyces, whose plumages are so difficult to under-

stand: there is therefore a very fine series of C. dillwynni now in the

national collection. Added to the large number of skins in different

plumages now sent by Mr. Treacher, I can affirm that the supposition

propounded by me in 1875, that Ceya sharpii is ouly a stage of

plumage of C. dillwynni, is now placed beyond all doubt as a fact.

Dr. Briiggemann, in his paper on Dr. Fischer’s collections from Cen-

tral Borneo (Abhandl. Nat. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 532), has also given

his attention to the species, with a similar result. At the same time

the plumages of the species are not easy to follow when the speci-

mens are unsexed, as is unfortunately the case with the entire series

in the Museum and in Mr. Treacher’s collection. Dr. Fischer

believes that there is no difference in the sexes, when the birds are

adult, beyond a little greater brilliancy of colouring on the part of

the male.

There is no difficulty in believing this to be true, as far as I can

see ; and all the specimens with varying degrees of blue on the wing-

coverts would be individuals in various stages of immaturity, while

the red birds (C. rufidorsa), as far as Borneo is concerned, would be

still more immature. I fancy that this determination of the progress

to maturity is true of the female only ; for I think it probable that

the latter sex takes longer to effect her progress to the adult plumage

than does the male; this is the case in other birds. That the males

take less time to gain the full plumage is shown by four specimens

in the Museum which have blackish bills (showing that they are

young), and which yet have the colours of an adult male, excepting

1879.] MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN,. 331

that the blue on the coverts and scapuiars is not so bright. It is

obvious that the question can uever be really settled till we have a

number of carefully sexed and dated specimens; and meanwhile it

may be remarked that great difficulties prevent the final acceptance

of the explanation of the plumages above given ; for if they are right

the females must be in the proportion of at least three to one, judging

from the collection now lying before me. Again, as to the fate of

C. rufidorsa (of which there are several specimens in Mr. Treacher’s

collection agreeing exactly with another from Sumatra and another

from Malacca), the perfect gradation, as far as the Bornean speci-

mens are concerned, between C. rufidorsa and C. dillwynni, leaves no

doubt of the identity of these two species; but then at present we

no evidence of the occurrence of C. dillwynni out of Borneo. Ceyx

rufidorsa from Malacca and Sumatra may either be a plumage of

C. tridactyla or C. dillwynni, or it may be a good and distinct bird.

This seems to be hardly likely ; and should it turn out that C. dili-

wynni is found in Malacca and that C. rufidorsa is really synonymous,

then the former name must be suppressed.

Mr. Low procured three eggs of this species, along with a female

bird in the plumage of C. sharpii, Salvad. As might be expected,

these eggs are pure glossy white, axis 0°75, diam, 0°6.

36. Hatcyon coromanpa (Lath.).

Halcyon coromanda, Sharpe, Mongr. Alced. pl. 57.

Halcyon lilacina, Motl. & Dillw. t. e. p. 13.

Callialcyon coromanda, Salvad. t. c. p. 101.

Not very common, according to Governor Ussher. Mr. Treacher

says it is also called “ Bukaka,” like the other kinds of Kingfishers.

Mr. Low sends five eggs of this Kingfisher taken in Labuan in

May 18738: they are pure white, axis 1-2—]+25 inches, diam. 1*15-1°2.

He also adds the following note :—‘‘ Burong Sakak, the large red or

crimson Kingfisher. The nest is said to be pendulous and invariably

to be accompanied in the same mass by a bee which is peculiarly

vicious, so that the nest can only be robbed after destroying the bees;

in the case of these eggs they set fire to the whole, unluckily.” The

nesting of this Kingfisher in a bee’s nest seems to be a point of some

interest.

37. Haucyon prLeata (Bodd.).

Halcyon pileata, Sharpe, Mongr. Alced. pl. 62.

Entomobia pileata, Salvad. t. c. p. 102.

Governor Ussher writes :—‘“ In September 1876 I saw this King-

fisher in the swamp on the plain, and was near enough to distin-

guish the colours, but could not get a shot. There can be no doubt

as to the identity of the bird, as I have since obtained specimens.

It seems to leave in March or April.”

The native name given by Mr. Treacher and Mr. Low is “ Bu-

kaka.” The latter gentleman sends five eggs of this species from

Labuan ; they are pure white and rounded, axis 1°2, diam. 1:0.

332 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. [Apr. ],

38. Haucyon cuxortis (Bodd.).

Halcyon chloris, Motl. & Dillw. t.c. p. 13; Sharpe, Monogr.

Alced. pl. 87.

Sauropatis chloris, Salvad. t. ec. p. 103.

Sent by Governor Ussher and Mr. Treacher. According to the

latter gentleman, the native name is ‘‘ Burong mukichic.” Mr. Low

renders the native name as “ Burong bukikick.’ He sends three

eggs of this species, taken on the 22nd of March; they are pure

white, axis 1*15-1:2 inch, diam. 0°95-1°0 inch. Governor Ussher

writes :—‘“ Extremely common everywhere, both close to habitations

and in the forest. It is a very noisy bird, and appears to give

warning to others of the approach of danger. It has not seldom

prevented me from getting a shot at the white Pigeon on Enoe.”

39. EURYSTOMUS ORIENTALIS (L.).

Eurystomus orientalis, Salvad. ¢. c. p. 105.

Eurystomus pacificus, Motl. & Dillw. ¢. ¢. p. 11 (nec Lath.).

Governor Ussher writes :—‘‘ Very common among the dead forest-

trees, but keeps at a great height, hawking after insects, and is

consequently not very easy to obtain. It reminds me in its motions

of Eurystomus afer and EL. gularis of West Africa, though its flight

is much more lofty and not so quick as in 2. gularis.”

The native name is given by Mr. Treacher as “ Lakei.”’

Family CAapRIMULGID.

40. CAPRIMULGUS MACRURUS, Horsf.

Caprimulgus macrurus, Salvad. ¢.c. p. 117.

Caprimulgus salvadorii, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 99, pl. xx. fig. 1.

Native name ‘‘ Kampa-kampa” (Treacher).

The distinguishing marks, principally consisting of the white

edgings to the scapular feathers, which induced me to separate the

Labuan bird as Caprimulgus salvadorii, seem to me, now that I

have examined a large series, to be dependent on the age of the

individual, and I feel compelled to suppress the species. I do this

with great reluctance, as I had attached to it the name of Count

Salvadori, with whose excellent work on the birds of Borneo com-

mences quite a new era in the history of Malayan ornithology.

This Goatsucker is the common species in Labuan, and lays two

eges on the ground. The eggs sent by Mr. Low measure about

1-3 inch in length, diam. 0°9-0°95; they vary a good deal in shape

and in markings, the ground-colour being creamy buff with faint

purplish marblings and irregular lines; on some are seen overlying

blotches and spots of brown. Governor Ussher says that it is “very

common, pitching about the roads and pastures, making a Joud and

disagreeable noise at night, resembling the rapid strokes of a hammer

on a hollow tree; it lays two eggs amongst dead leaves.”

n. Batrachostomus auritus (Temm.), Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1875, p. 101.

o. Batrachostomus javensis (Horsf.), Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1875, p. 101.

To be expunged from the list of Labuan birds.

1879.] MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. 333

Family CypseLipa.

4]. CypseLus suBrurcatus, Blyth.

Cypselus subfurcatus, Salvad. t. ec. p. 118.

Sent by Governor Ussher with a note :—“ Occasional; resembles

C. affinis of the Gold Coast, frequenting the edge of jungle.” This

Swift is new to Borneo, being only included in Count Salvadori’s

work as of probable occurrence in the island.

42. CypsELUS INFUMATUs, Sclater.

Cypselus infumatus, Salvad. t.c. p. 119.

A specimen, shot by Governor Ussher on the Kina Banua river,

April 1877.

It agrees with the type from Banjermassing in the

British Museum.

Fig. 1.

Tail of Cypselus lowi.

43. CyPSELUS LOWI, Sp. n.

C. similis C, infumato, sed multo major, et corpore subtus cineras-

334 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. [Apr. 1,

cente et cauda vie furcata distinguendus. Long tota 5, ale 5:3,

caude 2, tarsi 0°4.

Governor Ussher writes :—‘* Not uncommon, but difficult to obtain

owing to its lofty flight and rapid gyrations. It is generally found

near Jarge trees and forests ; and although seen during the day-time,

its favourite time for seeking its food seems to be towards sunset and

in the twilight.’ (H. T. U.)

This is a very interesting species, and isa large form of C. infuma-

tus, which, however, is easily distinguished by its smaller size (wing

4°6 inches). It is ashy grey underneath instead of ashy brown, and

is recognizable at a glance by its tail being only slightly forked.

(See figures 1, 2, p. 333.)

44, DENDROCHELIDON LONGIPENNIS (Rafin.).

Dendrochelidon longipennis, Salvad. t. c. p. 122.

Macropteryx klecho, Motl. & Dillw. ¢. ¢. p. 9, pl. iii.

Native name “ Layang-layang besar” (Z’reacher).

«Common, and in considerable numbers at times about Govern-

ment House. Rapid and graceful in its motions ; when wounded,

it erects its crest and bites and strikes out at its captor. The chest-

nut-cheeked examples are rarer than the others.” (Ussher).

45. DENDROCHELIDON comaTaA (Temm.).

Dendrochelidon comata, Salvad. ¢. c. p. 123.

Macropteryx comatus, Motl. & Dillw. ¢. e. p. 10.

Specimens shot by Governor Ussher in May 1876.

Mr. Low sends a pair of birds with a little nest, about an inch and

a quarter in diameter, in which are the remains of a broken white

egg, concerning which he sends the following note:— This bird

was brought to me in February 1876 by a Kadhyan, who said he had

Fig. 3.

Nest of Dendrochelidon comata, nat. size.

killed it on a low tree or stump, on the south west-side of the island,

with a sumpitan or blow-pipe. When he picked it up, he said

that the nest which was with it was lying close to the bird with one

broken egg in it, and he believed that the bird had been carrying

it about with her. This was the first specimen of this pretty Swift

I ever obtained ; but I have since got three others.”

1879.]| MR. R.B.SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. 335

Mr. Hume’s notes on the breeding of the Indian Crested Swift

(Dendrochelidon coronata) confirm the small size of the nest in

these birds; and he states that the nest could be covered with

half-a-crown. The Labuan collector doubtless brought down both

bird, nest, and egg in one common overthrow ; and the bird falling

upon the nest gave him the idea that it had been carrying it about

with her.

46. CumTura coractna (Schl.).

Chetura coracina, Salvad. t. c. p. 124.

The Marquis Doria states that this species was very common in

all the parts of Borneo visited by him. Governor Ussher, however,

says that it is extremely rare in the island of Labuan, whence he

only sends two specimens, which are identical with a Malayan bird.

47. CHETURA GIGANTEA, Temm.

Chetura gigantea, Legge, B. of Ceylon, p. 314.

Hirundinapus giganteus (Hasselt), Salvad. ¢. c. p. 124.

Governor Ussher procured this species, and sends a note on its

capture :—‘“ My first specimen of this Swift, which appears to be very

rare, was brought toa friend in June 1876, at the other side of the is-

land, whilst still alive. It had been, so its finder stated, picked up on

the road, having fallen before his feet ; it had probably been fighting.

I observed one much resembling it near the lines, but out of shot.

I have since obtained a second, in April 1877.”

This is another species which Count Salvadori prognosticated

might be a visitor to Borneo, and in which he has been borne out

by the researches of the English naturalists.

Captain Legge compared the Labuan birds and others from Ma-

lacca with those procured by himself in Ceylon, and could find no

specific difference between them.

Order PASSERIFORMES.

Family Corvin.

48. CoronE TENUIROSTRIS, Moore.

Corone tenuirostris, Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 558.

Corvus enca, pt., Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 43.

Sent by Mr. Low. I have already stated (anted, p. 246), my

belief in the distinctness of C. ¢tenuirostris from C. enca.

49. CrssA mrnorR, Cab.

Cissa minor, Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 86.

One specimen sent by Mr. Treacher, but without any native name.

Seeing that the species occurs for the first time in Labuan, it might

be expected to be unknown to the natives. The bird sent agrees

with the individuals of this race in the British Museum, and

measures as follows: total length 12 inches, culmen 1°35, wing 5:2,

tail 6, tarsus 1°6.

336 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. [Apr. 1,

p. Platylophus coronatus (Rafil.), Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1875, p. 107.

Must be expunged from the Labuan list.

Family DicruRID4&.

50. DicruRUs ANNECTENS (Hodgs.).

Dicrurus annectens, Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 231.

Shot by Governor Ussher in January 1877. Undistinguishable

from Malaccan examples. The species has not been recorded from

Borneo before, where, however, it cannot be very rare, as several

specimens are sent by Govenor Ussher, both from the mainland and

from Labuan. Mr. Treacher also sends two specimens, but without

any native name attached to them.

Family CaMpoPHAGID&.

51. Pericrocotus cINEREUS, Lafr.

Pericrocotus cinereus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 19.

“ November, 1876.”

Several specimens of this interesting bird, which ranges as far

as Borneo in its winter migration. It was first added to the Bornean

avifauna by Mr. Everett, who procured it at Bintulu; it also oc-

curred in Mr. Low’s last collection from the north-west coast.

52. Lavage Terat (Bodd.).

Lalage terat, Salvad. ¢. c. p. 145; Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p. 95.

Several specimens of both sexes in Governor Ussher’s collection,

as well as in Mr. Treacher’s. At present the species has not been

met with by the English collectors on the mainland, though Beceari

and Doria obtained it at Sarawak. Mr. Treacher gives the native

names of the males as “ Panak panggit bujan.’”” Governor Ussher

says it is common in the island.

The native name is given by Mr. Low as ‘Burung suip api.’

The latter gentleman sends two nests, which are small and of a

shallow cup-shape: they are composed of dry bents interwoven

with fragments of moss, spider’s webs, and dead leaves. Each nest

contains two eggs—the colour of those in the first being pale greenish

white, thickly blotched and spotted all over with brown spots, amongst

which are mingled here and there a few purplish markings and spots ;

axis 0°85, diam. 0°55. Jn the second nest the eggs are of a duller

white, blotched and spotted as in those first described; axis 0°9,

diam. 0°55.

Family Muscicarip&.

53. Po~tomytAs LUTEOLA (Pall.).

Poliomyias luteola, Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p. 201.

Erythrosterna erythaca, Salvad. t.c. p. 127 (nec Blyth).

A fully adult male in Mr. Treacher’s collection. From its having

no native name attached to it, the species is probably a rare visitant.

1879.] MR. R.B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. 337

54. XANTHOPYGIA CYANOMELENA (Temm.).

Xanthopygia cyanomelena, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 251.

Cyanoptila cyanomelena (Temm.), Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 380.

C. cyanomelanura, Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 164.

A series of this species was contained in Mr. Low’s last collection;

and Governor Ussher sent several specimens in different stages of plu-

mage. This Flycatcher forms an addition to the Bornean avifauna.

55. Hyroruymis occipirauis (Vig-).

Hypothymis occipitalis, Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p. 275.

H, azurea (Bodd.), Salvad. ¢. c. p. 133.

Mr. Treacher sends three specimens. Native name ‘ Burong

umbun.” This is also the name given by Mr. Low, who sends the

eggs. The latter are creamy white, rather thickly clouded with

bright rufous and with a few underlying spots of purple at the larger

end. In one specimen, out of a nest of three, the spots are arranged

in a ring round the thicker end. Governor Ussher says that the

species is found in Labuan and Daat, but is not very common.

56. RuiprpuRA JAVANICA (Sparrm.).

Rhipidura javanica, Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p. 332.

Leucocerca javanica, Salvad. t.c. p. 135.

A series sent by Governor Ussher and Mr. Low; Mr. Treacher

also contributes adults of both sexes and a young, with the native

name “ Langi langi.”

The eggs sent by Mr. Low are creamy buff in colour, with a ring

of confluent spots about the larger circumference of the egg; the

ground-colour of this zone is browner and darker than the rest of

the egg, the spots being very distinct and of three colours, ochre,

brown, and bluish-grey. In some of the eggs the spots are very

distinct ; but in the others they are less clearly marked. The ground-

colour of the egg also varies, being in some specimens white, when

the zone of spots is also paler. ‘The nests (of which Mr. Low has

sent two or three specimens) are small but deep cup-shaped structures,

attached to the upperside of a small branch, on which they stand

upright : they are composed of slender bents of grass, the outside

thickly interwoven with cobwebs, so as to give an effect of conceal-

ment to the little structure. One nest is marked by Mr. Low as

having been taken on the 23rd of March 1873.

57. SipHiA BANyuMAS (Horsf.).

Siphia banyumas, Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p. 450.

Cyornis banyumas (Horsf.), Salvad. t. c. p. 130.

According to Governor Ussher, this species is only occasionally seen

in Labuan. The native name given by Mr Treacher is “ Panggit

buyan.”

q- Philentoma pyrrhoptera (Temm.), Sharpe, P.Z.S. 1875,

p- 107.

Must be expunged from the Labuan list

Proc Zoot. Soc.—1879, No. XXII. 22

338 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. [Apr. 1,

Family Turpip&.

58. TurDUS PALLENS, Pall.

Turdus pallens, Salvad. t. c. p. 256.

Turdus modestus, Eyton, Motl. and Dillw. ¢. ¢. p. 23.

Sent by Governor Ussher and Mr. Treacher ; called, according to

the latter, “‘ Burong muncheat.’’ Governor Ussher’s two specimens

were shot in December 1876.

59. Monticoxa souirarius (P. L. S. Miill.).

Monticola solitarius, Sharpe, anted, p. 249.

Governor Ussher shot a specimen, with the blue colour beginning

to spread over the red breast, in February 1877. It was previously

only known as a Bornean bird from the single bird shot by Mr.

Everett at Bintulu in November 1875, and recorded by me as

Monticola pandoo (Ibis, 1877, p. 13). A second specimen was

procured on Kina Balu by Mr. Burbidge (vide anted, p. 249), who

also possessed an example shot on Burong Island, close to Labuan.

60. PayLLoscopus XANTHODRYAS (Swinh.).

Phylloscopus xanthodryas, Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, p. 71.

One specimen forwarded in Mr. Treacher’s collection, and

identified as the above by Mr. Seebohm. Native name “ Suit

mulagandie.”’

61. LocusTELLA ocHoTensis (Middend.).

Locustella ochotensis, Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 14.

In Mr. Low’s last collection was a single specimen of this in-

teresting bird; and my friend Mr. Seebohm tells me that it agrees

with the types of Middendorff’s species, which he saw not long ago

in St. Petersburg. It is evident that Middendorff in his ‘ Sibirische

Reise’ figured only the young bird of L. ochotensis, and confused

the species with the true Locustella certhiola.

62. ACROCEPHALUS oRIENTALIs (T. & S.).

Acrocephalus orientalis, Salvad. ¢. c. p. 251.

Specimens were in Mr. Low’s collection, which he assured me

were from Labuan. Governor Ussher’s and Mr. Treacher’s birds of

this species were from the mainland.

Fam. TIMELIIDE.

Subfam. BracHypopiINnE.

63. IRENA CRINIGERA.

Trena criniger, Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 267.

I. cyanea (Begbie), Salvad. ¢. ¢. p. 151.

I. puella, Moti. & Dillw. ¢. ce. p. 23.

Governor Ussher gives the following note :—‘ By no means rare ;

generally to be found on the small species of Ficus, devouring the

1879.]| MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. 339

berries ; extremely noiseless in its flight, and flitting into the thick

bush when disturbed ; is generally seen from April to September.”

In the large series which I have now examined from Borneo, I have

found the characters on which I separated the species remarkably

constant. Native name “ Lalu”’ (Treacher).

64. Pycnonorus Anais (Horsf. ).

Pycnonotus analis, Salvad. t. c. p. 197.

A. series sent by Mr. Treacher, who gives the native name as

*Parak berjambul.” It was also a frequent. bird in the collections

of Mr. Low and Governor Ussher.

65. Pycnonotus pLumosus, Blyth.

Pycnonotus plumosus, Salvad. t. ¢. p. 198.

Sent by Mr. Treacher ; and Governor Ussher says that it is very

common.

66. BracHyPpopius MELANOCEPHALUS (Gm.).

Brachypodius melanocephalus, Salvad. t. c. p. 201.

Sent by all three collectors. Native name “ Piong ” (Treacher).

As Lord Tweeddale has already pointed out (Ibis, 1877, p. 307),

my B. immaculatus (Ibis, 1876, p. 39) is not really to be separated

as a species. [I had not, at the time I described the bird, examined

a sufficient number from Borneo.

67. Iora scapuLAris, Horsf.

Lora scapularis, Salvad. ¢. c. p. 190.

A specimen sent by Mr. Treacher. Native name ‘‘Parak-merapok.

Governor Ussher states that this species is common, uttering a

pretty little note, and being frequently found near dwellings. Mr.

Low sends a single egg of this species, and it is a very beautiful one:

axis 0°8, diam. 0°65. The ground-colour is white, obscured, how-

ever, by reddish spots, which are much more thickly distributed

towards the larger end, where the ground-colour becomes almost

invisible. These reddish dots and blotches are interspersed by a few

spots of purplish grey, which are more apparent towards the thin end

of the egg.

68. Iora viripisstma, Bp.

Tora viridissima, Salvad. t. ec. p. 192.

Only sent by Governor Ussher. He writes :—“ This bird is very

scarce. It is the only example I have procured. My specimen

was shot by Buak near the Kina Banua river.”

Subfam. Time niin».

69. CyaNoDERMA BICOLOR (Blyth).

Cyanoderma bicolor, Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 40.

C. erythropterum (Blyth), Salvad. ¢. ec. p. 213.

Sent from Labuan by Governor Ussher and Mr. Treacher ; according

22*

340 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. -[Apr. I,

to the latter gentleman it is called ‘‘ Rungent.’’ Governor Ussher

Says it is “ occasional, and not common.”

70. MrxorNis BORNEENSIS, Bp.

Mixornis borneensis, Salvad. t. ec. p. 215.

Appears to be rare, according to Governor Ussher, who has alone

met with it.

- 71. Serarta Arrinis (Blyth).

Setaria affinis, Salvad. t. ¢. p. 231.

Only sent by Governor Ussher, who records it as “ occasional.”

72. CopsycHus AMceNUS (Horsf.).

Copsychus amenus, Salvad. t. c. p. 255.

«« Very common everywhere ; addicted to wooded situations ; has

a very sweet and full song, which, if it were more sustained, would

be equal to that of a Nightingale or Thrush’ (Ussher). Native

name “ Katajio” (Treacher). Mr. Low says that the nest of this

Dial-bird is composed of ‘ loose twigs in hollow palm-stems,” and

that five eggs are laid in a nest, one of which was procured by Mr.

Low in January 1874. The same observer sends a series of eggs,

which seem to be extremely variable, ranging from a pale greenish-

white egg, mottled and blotched with brown, to an egg on which the

dark brown blotches are so thickly distributed as almost to hide the

greenish ground-colour of the egg altogether. Between these two

extremes every possible intermediate colouring occurs ; and the size

also varies greatly, the axis ranging from 0°9-1°1 inch, and the

diameter from 0°65-0°75 inch.

73. CiITTOCINCLA STRICKLANDI.

Copsychus stricklandi, Moti. & Dillw. ¢. c. p. 20, pl. iv.

Kittocinela stricklandi, Salvad. t. c. p. 253.

A series sent by Governor Ussher and Mr. Treacher. Native name

‘*Pulita sungie” (Treacher). Governor Ussher says that it is

rarer than the Copsychus, and is generally found in deep forest. Mr.

Low had a specimen from the mainland of Borneo ; and its occurrence

there has been confirmed by Mr. Treacher’s collections, which con-

tained examples.

r. Macronyz ptilesus, J. & S., Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1875, p. 105.

s. Brachypteryx malaccensis, Hartl., Sharpe, ¢. c. p. 105.

t. Timelia maculosa (Temm.), Sharpe, ¢. ce. p. 105.

u. Phyllornis sonnerati (J. & S.), Sharpe, ¢. ¢. p. 106.

v. Phyllornis cyanopogon, Temm., Sharpe, ¢. ¢. p. 106.

To be expunged frem the Labuan list.

1879.] MR. R. B., SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. 341

Subfam. CisticoLinz.

74, PRINIA SUPERCILIARIS.

Prinia superciliaris, Salvad. ¢. ¢. p. 249.

A series of specimens sent by Govenor Ussher and Mr. Low, the

latter of whom forwarded the eggs. The last-named gentleman

informs me that the native name is “ Burong anchariak,” that it

forms its nest amongst grass-stems near the ground, and is said to

have avery pretty song. The majority of the eggs sent by him

were glossy brick-red in colour, some of them being lighter, marbled

with deeper red, while others are creamy chocolate ; axis 0°65, diam.

75. ORTHOTOMUS RUFICEPS, Less.

Orthotomus ruficeps, Salvad. ¢, c. p. 248; Sharpe, Ibis, 1877,

p: 114.

An adult bird sent by Governor Ussher.

76, OnTHOTOMUs CINERACEUS, Blyth.

Orthotomus cineraceus, Sharpe, t. c. p. 114.

Orthotomus sepium, Motl. & Dillw. ¢. ¢. p. 19.

‘Not uncommon; is generally found in very thick jungle and

prefers tall trees. I have never noticed it except in copses and

wooded situations.” (Ussher.)

Fam. LANtID.

77. LANTUS LUCIONENSIS, L.

Lanius luctonensis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 43.

Several examples are sent by Governor Ussher from Labuan, as

well as others from the opposite coast of Borneo, Mr. Treacher ob-

tained an adult bird, and gives the native name as “‘ Burong rangas.””

78. HyLorerre GRIsEoLA, Blyth, Salvad. ¢. ec. p. 157.

Native name “ Panggit hujan”’ (Z'reacher). Mr. Treacher sends

one specimen; and the species was also in Governor Ussher’s col-

lection, but is believed to be rather rare by the last-named gen-

tleman.

Family NecTaRINIID®.

79. CINNYRIS PECTORALIS (Horsf.).

Cinnyris pectoralis, Shelley, Monogr, Cinnyridz, part. vi.

Nectarinia pectoralis, Motl. & Dillw. ¢. ¢. p. 15.

Cyrtostomus pectoralis, Salvad. ¢. c. p. 170.

Sent by Mr. Low, and also by Governor Ussher and Mr. Treacher,

in some numbers. According to the latter observer, the native name

is ‘Suit kuchik.”

The large series of eggs which Mr. Low has procured shows im-

mense variation in colours. There seem to be at least three types

of coloration in the egg: the first has the ground-colour bluish, with

342 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. [Apr. 1,

purple spots and blotches generally at the thicker end ; this is the

rarest type. The second has a greyish-blue ground almost entirely

obscured with brown spots and blotches, with a few distinctly indi-

cated spots of darker brown here and there ; while the general aspect

of the third type of coloration is brown, everywhere clouded with

mottlings of darker brown and greenish brown. Between these dif-

ferent forms, however, there is every intervening link.

80. Cinnyris HASSELTI (Temm.).

_ Cinnyris hasselti, Shelley, Monogr. Cinnyr. part iv.

Nectarophila hasselti, Salvad. t.c. p. 177.

Governor Ussher states that this species is very common at ‘Coal

Point.” Mr. Low sends an egg along with the old male and female

bird. The egg is a peculiarly coloured one, being creamy white,

with longitudinal streaks of light reddish brown or purplish grey

extending nearly the whole length of the egg, and sometimes con-

fluent so as to hide the ground-colour ; axis 0°7 in., diam. 0°55 in.

81. CaLCosTETHA INSIGNIs (Jard.).

Calcostetha insignis, Shelley, Monogr. Cinnyride, part iv.; Salvad.

B06. Deol Zt

A pair sent by Mr. Treacher with the native name “Suit ton-

jong.” The species also occurred in the collections of Mr. Low and

Governor Ussher.

82. AirHopyea siparasa (Rafll.).

Asthopyga siparaja, Shelley, Monogr. Cinnyr. part ix.

A, eupogon, Salvad. ¢. e. p. 174.

Two sets, consisting of two and of six eggs respectively, are sent

by Mr. Low. ‘These are most beautiful, the ground-colour being of

of a pinky flesh-colour, deepening into richer rufous at the obtuse

end, and sparingly spotted and scrawled with dark brown. ‘The

two eggs sent by themselves are more uniformly blotched with reddish,

the spots being more sparingly distributed ; axis 0°55 in., diam. 0°45,

Governor Ussher says that this Sunbird is common in Labuan.

83. ANTHREPTES MALACCENSIS (Scop.).

Anthreptes malaccensis, Salvad. t. c. p. 178; Shelley, Monogr.

Cinnyridz, part vi.

Nectarinia javanica, Motl. & Dillw. ¢. c. p. 17.

A series sent by Governor Ussher and Mr. Treacher. The males

have bright yellow breasts. Native name ‘Suit besar’’ (7'reacher).

Mr. Low sends several nests, and says that two eggs only are laid

in each nest. The eggs are very variable, the general type being

like that of a Bunting, dull white or purplish grey, spotted and

scribbled all over with blackish pencillings. On some of the paler-

coloured eggs these lines and dots are bolder and more distinct.

1879.] MR. R.B.SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN, 343

84. ANTHREPTES PHENICOTIS (Temm.).

Anthreptes phenicotis, Shelley, Monogr. Cinnyr. part. Vil.

Chalcoparia cingalensis (Gm.), Salvad. t. c. p. 180.

Nectarinia cingalensis, Motl. & Dillw. ¢. ¢. p. 16.

Sent by Governor Ussher.

w. Arachnothera chrysogenys (Temm.), Sharpe, P.Z.S, 1875,

p-. 107.

To be expunged from the Labuan list.

Family Dicrrp2.

85. PRronocuiLus EVERETTI, Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 16. (Plate

XXX. fig. 1.)

The single specimen sent by Governor Ussher agrees thoroughly

with the type; and there is no doubt of the distinctness of this bird

from Prionochilus obsoletus, of which a figure is also now given (Plate

XXX. fig. 2).

86. Dicaum TRIGONOSTIGMA (Scop.).

Diceum trigonostigma, Salvad. 1. c. p. 166.

Diceum croceoventer, Motl. & Dillw. ¢. ec. p. 17.

This bird is also recorded as common in Labuan by Governor

Ussher. Mr. Low gives the native name as ‘ Suit binalu,” and

sends a nest of the species with one egg. The latter is bluish white,

with tiny brown specks distributed over its surface, with a few larger

spots of darker brown, principally at the large end, but also some-

what scattered over the rest of the egg; axis 0°65, diam. 0°45. Mr.

Treacher also sent a series of specimens, and gave the same native

name as Mr. Low.

87, DicaUM NIGRIMENTUM, Salvad. ¢. c. p. 165.

Diceum coccineum, Motl. & Dillw. t. e. p. 19.

This species seems to be distinct from D. coceineum. It is said to

be common in Labuan by Governor Ussher.

Family MoraciLuip&.

88. Bupyres virrpis (Gm.).

Budytes viridis, Salvad. t. c. p. 260.

Motacilla cinereocapilla, Motl. & Dillw. ¢. ¢. p. 21.

Native name “ Bras bras” (Zreacher).

89. MoraciILLA MELANOPE, Pall.

Motacilla melanope, Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xli.

M. bistrigata, Salvad. t. ec. p. 259.

“Very scarce,” according to Governor Ussher.

The rarity of this species depends doubtless upon its being a mi-

grant in Borneo ; but it cannot be a common visitor, as Doria only

obtained one example, and it has not been sent by Mr. Low in any

344 MR, R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. [Apr. ],

of the collections I have examined, nor did it occur in Mr. Treacher’s

boxes.

90. ANTHUS GUSTAVI, Swinhoe.

Mr. Treacher gives the name as “ Bras bras katan,”

Family FrRinGILuip&.

91. Pappa oryztvora (L.).

Padda oryzivora, Salvad. t. ¢. p. 263.

Governor Ussher observes :—‘ This bird was introduced to the

bei by Mr. Low; it has thriven, and is now in prodigious num-

ers.

92. MuNIA ATRICAPILLA (V.).

Munia atricapilla, Salvad. t. e. p. 265.

Amadina sinensis, Motl. & Dillw. ¢. e. p. 25, pl. vi.

Several specimens sent by all three collectors. This species was

introduced by Mr. Low, who forwards a number of eggs, which are

dull white like those of the following species, from which they are

not to be distinguished.

93. Munra Fuscans (Cass.).

Munia fuseans, Salvad. t. ec. p. 268.

Along with the eggs of this little Finch, Mr. Low sends a pair of

the birds, which he calls the ‘‘ Black Sparrow.” He says :—“ This

bird, formerly the only one of the Sparrows in Labuan, is now ra-

pidly disappearing before the Black-headed Brown Sparrow (Munia

atricapilla) and the Java Sparrow, both introduced birds,” The

eggs are dull, lustreless, white; axis 0°6, diam, 0°43,

Family HirunpinipDz.

94, Hirunpo GuTruRALIs, Scop.

Hirundo gutturalis, Salvad. ¢. ¢. p. 125.

Native name “ Layang layang kuckie.”’ This species is re-

presented by a single adult specimen in Mr. Treacher’s collec-

tion; and the native name is given on his authority. From the

fact of its having the same vernacular title as the common Swallow

of Labuan, ZH. javanica, it is evident that the natives do not recog-

nize the difference between the two species; yet the latter is doubt-

less the resident Swallow, while the present species will prove in all

probability to be only a passing migrant. This is the same bird

which I called Hirundo rustica, L., in my paper on Dr. Steere’s Phi-

lippine collection (Tr. Linn. Soc. new series, i. p. 328). It is, as

Count Salvadori remarks, very doubtfully distinct from the Common

Swallow of Europe, but is apparently smaller, and I have never seen

an adult male with the rufous breast of H. rustica. Thisis the first

time that I have seen the species in any collection from N.W. Borneo;

but Dr. Beccari procured it in Sarawak.

1879.]| MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN, 345

95. Hirunpo savanica, Sparmm,

Hirundo javanica, Salvad. t. c. p. 126.

H. pacifica, Motl. & Dillw. ¢.c. p. 10,

Governor Ussher sends the following note :—“ Is seen everywhere;

affects the sea-shore, and even the open sea at times ; builds about

houses, but also in old trees; frequently perches on old stumps on

the sea-beach ; and is fond of swampy localities towards evening,

when it flies very low.” According to Mr. Treacher, the native

name is “ Layang layang kuckie.”’

Mr. Low sends a quantity of eggs taken in May 1873 in Labuan.

He says that it also breeds in fissures of rocks. ‘The eggs are white,

covered with small reddish-brown and purple spots, chiefly near the

thicker end ; one of the eggs is very thickly clouded near the obtuse

end with reddish and purple; axis 0°7-0:75, diam. 0°5-0°35.

Some of the eggs are much less thickly spotted than others, the

spots being quite tiny in many of them; in most the reddish shade

predominates ; but in a few the dots are nearly all pale purple, with

some tiny specks of red,

Family ARTAMID@.

96. ARTAMUS LEUCORHAYNUS (L.).

Artamus leucorhynus, Salvad. ¢. c. p. 140.

A, leucogaster (Valenc.), Sharpe in Rowley’s Orn. Misc. iii. p. 179.

Governor Ussher writes :—‘‘ Very common: frequently to be ob-

served in considerable numbers towards evening, especially after rain,

hawking after the insects rising from the damp earth, in company

with Rollers and Swifts.” Native name “Alap alap ” ( Treacher).

Four eggs of this species are sent by Mr. Low, along with the skin of

the old bird. ‘hey are creamy-white in colour, with spots of pale

brown congregated towards the large end of the egg; there area

few spots and blotches of light purplish grey underlying the brown,

and generally collected at the thicker end; the amount of spotting

varies on each egg; axis 0°95, diam. 0°7.

x. Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus (Gm.), Sharpe, P. Z. 8. 1875,

p- 107.

y- Eurylemus ochromelas, Rafil., Sharpe, ¢. ¢. p. 107.

Both the above-named species must be expunged from the Labuan

Family Sturnipz.

97. CALORNIS CHALYBEUs (Horsf.).

Calornis chalybeus, Salvad. t. c. p. 271.

Calornis panayensis, Mot]. & Dillw. t. c. p. 24.

Native name “ Langkir” (Treacher). Governor Ussher’s note is

as follows :—“ Perhaps the commonest bird in Labuan at this season

(August, September, and October); and previous to May they roost

in countless thousands in the trees near Government House, They

346 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. [Apr. 1,

are very noisy, and are fond of associating with the Pigeons in the

dove-cot, where I believe they also breed. They will nest occasion-

ally under the eaves of houses; and one pair built its nest and reared

its young this year in the verandah in a blind or screen which is kept

rolled up, forming a hollow inside.”

Two sets of eggs were procured by Mr. Low with the old birds.

The first contained only a single egg, the latter being long in shape,

of a light greenish blue, sparsely spotted with faint underlying spots

of brown and larger spots and blotches of red, principally distributed

at the obtuse end; axis 1:15, diam. 0°7. The second set consisted

of three eggs not so elongated as the first, and somewhat more plenti-

fully spotted with red as regards two out of the three; axis 1°05,

diam. 0°75, The eggs were obtained in June 1873.

98. GRACULA JAVANENSIS (Osb.).

Gracula javanensis, Motl. & Dillw. t. ¢. p. 25; Salvad. ¢. ¢,

p. 274. ;

According to Mr. Low, this bird is called by the natives ‘‘ Burong

tiong ;” and the eggs are said to be very difficult to get. The two

sent by him are pure white, and are large for the size of the bird; axis

1:3, diam. 1:15; they were obtained in May 1874.

Family Pirripz.

99. Pirra MUELLERI (Bp.).

Pitta muelleri, Salvad. ¢.c. p. 240.

Sent by all three naturalists. Native name ‘‘Teong tanah,” ac-

cording to Mr. Treacher. Five eggs are sent by Mr. Low, along

with the old female. Their ground-colour is creamy-white, rather

thickly scribbled over with reddish-brown lines and spots, and plen-

tifully varied with underlying spots of light purple ; axis 0°95-1-0 in.,

diam. 0°8 in,

Order COLUMB,

100. CuatcorHars rnpica (L.).

Chalcophaps indica, Salvad. t. c. p. 299.

One specimen sent by Governor Ussher, with a note :—‘* 2 Dove:

Labuan. Five of these were brought to me alive; but one night a

cat got at them, and only left this female. The males were lavender-

coloured, grey about the head and neck.”

To Mr. Burbidge I am indebted for the following interesting notes

and sketches :—

‘* Herewith I send you sketches and a short account of the ‘ call-

wigwams’ used by the Kadyans (a pastoral race who live in N.W.

Borneo) in order to capture the small green ‘ Puni’ Pigeon.

“The call is formed of two pieces of bamboo (a), a slender tube (4),

a short piece 3’—4” in diameter, and a connecting piece of wood (c).

1879.| | MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. 347

At 8 is a hole similar to the embouchure of a flute; and the lower

end of the blow-tube, a, is fitted to this in such a manner that, on

blowing at a, a soft, low, flute-like ‘ cooing’ is easily producible; and

this can be readily modulated so as to be heard either at a long dis-

tance or near at hand. The native, who has taken up his position

in the forest or jungle where these little birds are found, blows very

softly at first ; but if there be no answering call from the birds he

blows louder and louder, thus increasing the radius of sound. If

there really be any Pigeons of this kind within hearing, they are sure

to answer ; and then the hunter blows softer and softer until they are

enticed into the ‘ wigwam’ of leafy branches which he has erected

in order to conceal himself from sight. The door or entrance to

Fig. 4.

‘Dakut’ or call used by the Khadyan natives,

these ‘ wigwams ’ is partially closed by a screen of palm (Nipa fru-

ticans) leaves. This is elevated a little (as shown in my sketch) to

allow the Pigeons to enter, after which it is allowed to fall, port-

cullis-like, entirely, so as to close the entrance ; and the bird is then

easily secured. Above the entrance two holes are made, so that the

hunter can look out without being seen. These huts are formed of

a few poles or sticks, rudely thatched with twigs and palm-leaves,

and vary from four to six feet in height.

** This Pigeon is migratory, and arrives in Labuan and on the op-

posite Bornean coast with the change of the monsoon, about April.

Many hundreds are then caught by means of this * dakut,’ or ‘ bam-

boo call,’ and are offered for sale by their captors for a cent or two

each. They are also kept by the natives as domestic pets, along

with young Hornbills, the ‘ Mina’ bird or ‘ Grackle,’ a small species

of Parrakeet, and Java Sparrows.”

348 MR. R. B, SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN, [Apr. ],

101. TRERON VERNANS (L.).

Treron vernans, Motl. & Dillw. ¢. ce. p. 30; Salvad. ¢. ¢. p. 286.

** Plentiful everywhere ; feeds on fruits and berries’? (Ussher).

Native name “ Punie kurackow”’ (7’reacher).

102, TReRoN oLax (Temm.).

Treron olax, Salvad. t.c. p. 289.

Governor Ussher writes ;—‘‘ Not so common as 7’. vernans, but

occasionally to be met with. It is of similar habits, but more reti-

ring than the above-mentioned bird,” Native name “ Punie suit ”

(Treacher).

103. CAL@NAS NICOBARICA.

Calenas nicobarica, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 110.

Governor Ussher observes, in a letter dated August 5th, 1877,

‘*Buak has succeeded in establishing two additional birds for La-

buan. One is the grey-and-white Eagle (H. leucogaster); and the

other is the beautiful green-hackled Pigeon (Calenas nicobarica), two

fine specimens of which he got on Pappan Island, a mile from the

harbour. Low had two in confinement, but could tell nothing of

them. Rajah Brooke had one alive in Sarawak. Two I saw from

Saigon ; and I sent you one from Brunei; and now it is established in

the Labuan list. I was sure that I had seen it in Enoe and Burong

Islands ; now it is a certainty.” Since the Governor’s return to

England, Mr. Treacher has procured this bird on the island of La-

buan itself, where I had heard of its occurrence also from Mr.

Burbidge. The native name, according to Mr. Treacher, is ‘Jan

juni,”

104. Prrtopus samBu (Gm.).

Ptilopus jambu, Salvad. t. c. p. 289 ; Elliot, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 554.

Governor Ussher sends a specimen of a male. ‘This lovely

Pigeon was shot in August of this year, 1876, near the Kina Banua

river, towards the southern end of the island; have not observed it

before, nor noticed it in Mr. Low’s collections. I know nothing of

its habits, and did not observe it before August.”

105. CarpopuaGa &NEA (L.).

Carpophaga enea, Salvad. t. c. p. 290.

**Common in Labuan and its islands, but shy and difficult of ap-

proach. At certain seasons it feeds voraciously on the fruit of the

many varieties of the cus indicus in these parts, and swallows the

fruit whole: the latter is about as large as a sloe-berry ; and I have

found their crops full of them.” (Ussher.) Mr. Low sends a single

egg, which is pure white; axis 1-7 in., diam. 1°25 in.

106. CarPoPHAGA BICOLOR (Scop.).

Carpophaga bicolor, Salvad. t.c. p. 292.

Carpophaga luctuosa, Motl. & Dillw. t.c. p. 31.

Governor Ussher observes:—‘‘ This lovely bird (the beauty of

1879.] | MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LARUAN, 349

which in life is faintly represented by the skinned specimens) has

only been seen by me on the island of Enoe, about two miles and a

half from Victoria, although a friend of mine appears to have seen

it on the island of Daat, and it is said to occur in Labuan itself. It

is generally in company with another Pigeon, and at times I have

seen a dozen or twenty together, at others scarce one. The island

of Enoe itself cannot exceed three acres in extent ; but I have seen

several kinds of Pigeons on its lofty trees. The feathers of this

Pigeon, when freshly shot, have at their root a deep buff or golden

tinge, which fades, like the pink shade on the breast of some Terns,

after death. It feeds on fruits and berries.” (2. 7’. U.)

Mr. Low’s collection contained the egg of this Pigeon : it is large,

pure white, axis 1°9 in., diam. 1-4 in. The native name is given by

him as “ Burong rawa.” Mr. Treacher gives it as “ Peagam rawa.”

107. Sprropeia TIGRINA (Temm.).

Spilopelia tigrina, Salvad. t. c. p. 296.

Governor Ussher observes :—‘ This pretty bird, now plentiful in

Labuan, was introduced to the Bornean coast a few years since by

Mr. Low. It has thriven prodigiously, as it is rarely molested,

except by the youngsters from the men-of-war who call here occa-

‘sionally. It is always to be found about paths and by the road-side.”

The eggs sent by Mr. Low are pure white; axis 1-05-1-15 in.,

diam. 0°8—-0°85. They were taken in January 1873; and he gives

the native name as “ Burong terkukur.”

Family Mrcaropipz.

108. MrGaropius CcumINGI, Dillw.

Megapodius cumingi, Motl. & Dillw. t. c. p. 32; Salvad. ¢. ¢.

p. 302.

Megapodius lowii, Sharpe, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 111.

Native name “ Menambrun” (Treacher). Mr. Ussher sends the

following note :—‘‘ Not uncommon. I have seen its nests on Kura-

man, but they are to be seen also on Labuan and Daat. The mounds

appear to be about four or five feet in height and about twelve

feet in circumference, composed of earth and rubbish. The iris in

the living bird is brown; the skin about the eye and cheeks pink

or roseate.”

The late Marquis of Tweeddale, in his paper on Mr. Everett’s

Cebu collections (P. Z. S. 1877, p. 766), has referred to my naming

the Labuan Megapode after Mr. Low, and has pointed out an evident

error which I made in describing it as new. I was misled by the

opening sentence of Mr. Dillwyn’s treatise (p. 32) :—- Some speci-

mens of these birds are in the British Museum, to which they were

presented by Mr. Cuming, having been collected by that gentleman

in the Philippine Islands ; in Labuan they are not uncommon,” &c.;

as well as by his naming the species after Mr. Cuming. He writes,

however, to Lord Tweeddale that the bird he really described came

from Labuan, so there is an end of the question. The measure-

ments also bear out the correctness of his statement.

350 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. ([Apr. |,

Family Perpicipx.

109. ExcaLFACToRIA CHINENSIS (L.).

Excalfactoria chinensis, Salvad. t.c. p. 311.

Sent by Governor Ussher and Mr. Low. The former writes :—

“ Tolerably plentiful in open spaces in short thick grass: is met

with up to May or beginning of June in little bevies; after that I

observed them in pairs. They are of rapid flight, and are hard to

flush a second time.”

Mr. Low sends a number of eggs of this species. They vary from

dark olive-brown with few black dots, to pale olive-brown where

the black dots are more numerous. The eggs were taken by Mr.

Low in January 1873. Native name “ Burong puyu puyu.” Axis

1:0 in., diam. 0°75 in.

Order GRALLA.

Family CHARADRIIDE.

110. Cuaraprius FruLvus (Gm.).

Charadrius fulvus, Salvad. t.c. p. 312.

Charadrius virginicus, Motl. & Dillw, ¢.e. p. 57.

Native name “‘ Pimping” (Treacher). Governor Ussher’s speci-

mens were obtained in October 1876.

111. Meraxitis peront (Temm.).

Aigialitis peronit, Salvad. t.c. p. 315.

Charadrius alexandrinus, Motl. & Dillw. ¢. ¢. p. 57.

Governor Ussher writes :—‘‘ Not uncommon, but rather solitary.

Generally seen alone on the beach, but sometimes in couples.” Mr.

Treacher sends several specimen with the usual name, “ Pimping,”

which seems to be applied to all the small Waders.

The eggs of this little Plover were contained in Mr. Low’s collec-

tion. They were two in number; axis 1°25-1°3 in., diam. 0°85 in,

The colour is creamy buff, thickly scribbled over and blotched with

blackish brown or black, more especially at the larger end ; there

are also numerous scribblings of pale purplish grey underlying the

black markings.

112, Aeratitis GeorrRoyi (Wagl.).

Aigialitis geoffroyi, Harting, Ibis, 1870, p. 378, pl. xi. ; Salvad.

t.c. p. 318.

Forwarded by Governor Ussher, with the note that it is occasionally

seen on sand-spits and rocks in small flocks. First noticed in July.

113. AieraLitis puBIA (Scop.).

Aigialitis dubia, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 316.

Mr. Treacher procured a specimen of the Little Ringed Plover,

which has been already recorded from Borneo ; and Mr. Alfred Everett

obtained it at Sibu; but it has not been met with in Labuan before.

1879.] MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN, 351

Family GLAREOLID&.

114. GLAREOLA ORIENTALIS, Leach.

Glareola orientalis, Salvad. t.c. p. 319.

An adult bird, in Governor Ussher’s collection, killed December

1876. The native name, ‘‘Tara-tara,” is given by Mr. Treacher,

who also sends an adult bird.

Family Hamatopopip2.

115. SrrepsILas INTERPRES (L.),

Strepsilas interpres, Salvad. t.c. p. 320.

Some young birds sent by Governor Ussher, who killed them in

September 1876.

Family Scotoracip2.

116. TrincorpEs HyPoLeucus (L.).

Tringoides hypoleucus, Motl. & Dillw. ¢. c. p. 60; Salvad. ¢. ce.

p- 326.

Adult and young specimens sent by all three collectors. Native

name “ Pimping”’ (Z'reacher).

117. Toranus GLaREota (L.).

Totanus glareola, Salvad. ¢. c. p. 827.

Sent by Governor Ussher.

118. Toranus catipRis (Gm.).

Totanus calidris, Salvad. ¢. ec. p- 328.

Two specimens, in Governor Ussher’s collection.

119. Toranus 1ncanus (Gm.).

Actitis incanus, Finsch & Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 182.

A single specimen, shot by Governor Ussher in December 1876.

120. NuMENIUS UROpPyGIALIs, Gould.

Numenius pheopus, Salvad. t. ¢. p. 333.

Governor Ussher writes :—‘‘ Not very common, as a rule, about

Labuan. I obtained three out of a flock at the mouth of the Kina

Banua river about four miles from Victoria, but by a chance shot at

about sixty yards. In the ‘ Plover season’ they will associate with

the latter, and are then more numerous.”’

121. GaLLrNnaGo sTENURA (Kuhl).

Gallinago stenura, Salvad. t. c. p. 334.

Native name “ Pimping” according to Mr. Treacher.

122. GALLINAGO sTENURA (Horsf.).

Gallinago stenura, Salvad. t.c. p. 334.

Shot by Governor Ussher in September 1876.

352 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. [Apr. 1,

Family RALLIDz.

123. Hyporxntp1a striata (L.).

Hypotenidia striata, Salvad. t. c. p. 336.

Sent by all three collectors. Mr. Low has also procured the

eges, of which he has sent a series; the native name is “ Burong

patikan,” according to him. The eggs are creamy-buff, with reddish

dots and blotches and underlying paler spots of purplish grey; the

style of marking is irregular, as sometimes the reddish and purple

spots are found evenly over the surface of the egg, while in others

the paler purplish spots predominate, and the reddish marks are

distributed over the thicker end of the egg. Axis 1°3-1°4, diam.

1:0-1'1 in.

124. Rauuina rascrata (Rafi).

Rallina fasciata, Salvad. ¢. c. p. 337.

In Governor Ussher’s collection, as well as Mr. Treacher’s; ac-

cording to the latter gentleman the native name is ‘‘ Patikan.”

125. EryTHRA PH@NICURA (Penn.).

Erythra phenicura, Salvad. ¢. ec. p. 340.

Gallinura phenicura, Motl. & Dillw. ¢.c. p. 60.

Native name ‘‘ Karuak” (Treacher). ‘ Common in swampy

places, where it rises a first time, but it is difficult to flush again”

(Ussher).

Several eggs are in Mr. Low’s collection. They are of the usual

Water-hen type, buff with reddish brown spots and small blotches

distributed over the greater part of the egg, interspersed with dull

purplish grey underlying spots. Two specimens are remarkable for

the minuteness of the spots, which are principally collected at the

larger end. Axis 1°5-1°6 in., diam. 1:05-1:15 in.

Family ARDEIDZ.

126. ARDEA PURPUREA, L.

Ardea purpurea, Motl. & Dillw. é.c. p. 34.

Mr. Motley mentions his having met with the Purple Heron once ©

in Labuan.

127. DemieGRetTrTa sAcrA (Gm.).

Demiegretta sacra, Salvad. t. c. p. p. 346.

Ardea jugularis, Motl. & Dillw. ¢. c. p. 58.

Native name “ Kanowie Kelam” (Zreacher). ‘‘ Generally found

in freshwater swamps; not uncommon ; I have observed several near

Victoria” (Ussher).

128. Heropras nterives (Temm.).

Herodias nigripes, Salvad. t.c. p. 349.

Ardetta garzetta?, Motl. & Dillw. t. c. p. 35.

“Like Butorides javanica, moderately common on the sea-shore

(Ussher).

1879.] MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF LABUAN. 353

129. Buroripes sAvanica (Horsf.).

Butorides javanica, Salvad. t. ce. p. 351.

Butorides macrorhyncha, id. t.c¢. p. 353.

Ardea javanica, Motl. & Dillw. ¢. ce. p. 59.

Governor Ussher says that this species is ‘“ moderately common

about rocks on the sea-shore.’ According to Mr. Treacher the

native name is “ Ulun tukugong.”’

130. ARDETTA CINNAMOMEA (Gm.).

Ardetta cinnamomea, Salvad. t. c. p. 354.

Two adult specimens, sent by Mr. Treacher,

Order ANSERES.

Family PELECANID2.

131. TacHyYPETEs aquita (L.).

Tachypetes aquila, Sharpe, Report of the Transit-of-Venus Exped.,

Birds of Kerguelen, p. 51.

Mr. Treacher sends one specimen of the large Frigate-bird from

Labuan with white head and white breast. Native name “ Alang

zambongan.”

132. TacuyprTEes Minor (Gm.).

Tachypetes minor, Salvad. ¢. c. p. 364.

This species was included by Count Salvadori in his work as a bird

likely to be met with in Borneo. An adult and a young specimen

are sent by Mr. Treacher, with the same native name as the larger

Frigate-bird. The red colour of the bill and the much shorter

wings and toes induce me to believe that the smaller Frigate-bird is

a good species, which I was inclined to doubt when I wrote my report

on the Kerguelen birds.

133. PLoTus MELANOGASTER (Penn.).

Plotus melanogaster, Salvad. t. c. p. 367.

Sent by Governor Ussher.

134, SuLa PIscATRIx (L.).

Sula piscatrix, Salvad. t. c. p. 368.

Native name ‘‘ Kulu kulu” (Zreacher). Mr. Treacher’s speci-

men is a young bird in brown plumage. The species is new to

Borneo, though included by Count Salvadori as a bird likely to occur.

Family Larip2.

Subfam. STERNINZ.

135. STERNA BERGII, Licht.

Sterna bergii, Saunders, P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 657.

Sterna cristata, Steph., Salvad. ¢. c. p. 376; Motl. & Dillw.

poe: p. GL,

Native name ‘‘ Tara tara” (Treacher). Governor Ussher’s col-

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No. XXIII. 23

354 PROF. A. H. GARROD ON THE (Apr. 1,

lection contained this species as well as Mr. Treacher’s; but it was

already recorded from the locality by Motley and Dillwyn.

136. StERNA MELANAUCHEN, Temm.

Sterna melanauchen, Saunders, P. Z.S. 1876, p. 661.

Common in April, May, and June, according to Governor Ussher.

137. ANOUS MELANOGENYs, Gray.

Anous melanogenys, Sharpe, Report Trans. Venus Exped., Birds of

Rodriguez, p. 10.

One adult specimen sent by Mr. Treacher. Native name “Tara

tara.’ I have shown the specimen to Mr. Howard Saunders; and

he confirms the identification.

8. On the Conformation of the Thoracic Extremity of the

Trachea in the Class Aves.—Part I. The Gallinze. By

A. H. Garrop, M.A., F.R.S., Prosector to the Society.

[Received October 31, 1878.]

Inspection of the windpipes of several species of allied birds makes

it evident that the bifurcation of that tube to form the bronchi is

brought about in different ways in almost every case, by various

alterations of greater or less degree in the proportionate development

of the several rings and semirings entering into the composition of

the organ. In the case of the non-oscinine Passeres, Johannes Miiller

has proved the great importance of the study of the “lower larynx”

or syrinx in the determination of the affinities of the species. In the

present communication it is my desire to continue his line of inves-

tigation to other families of the class, laying more stress on the

cartilaginous structures, and less on the muscles moving them.

Opportunities are specially in favour of my studying the Gallinze at

the present time; therefore this first fasciculus is an account of the

bifurcating windpipe in those species of the Order which it has been

my good fortune to examine.

By C. J. Temminck, in his valuable ‘ Histoire Naturelle Générale

des Pigeons et des Gallinacés’’, several of the windpipes of the

Gallinze are figured. These will be mentioned when the respective

species are discussed.

It is in the Peafowl that the thoracic termination of the trachea is

less complicated, as far as my experience goes, than in any other Gal-

linaceous bird ; and the arrangement is so simple that it is not easy

to imagine one much more so’.

In the chick (a month old) of Pavo spicifer (figs. 1, 2) the antepe-

nultimate tracheal ring is free, and agrees with those above it in that

the interannular intervals are reduced to a minimum, at the same time

1 Amsterdam, 2 vols., 1813 and 1815.

? Vide Temminck, loc, cit. pl. i. fig. 2.

1879. ] TRACHEA OF THE GALLINZ. 355

that anteriorly it is slightly bent downwards in the middle line, to

assist in the changes of form connected with the bifurcation of the

tube. The penultimate ring, from its position, is more pronounced

in this respect, whilst posteriorly the pessulus runs up to blend with

it, not at its inferior margin, but by a wedge-shaped cartilaginous

expansion, the apex of which touches the lower margin of the ring

above. That this is so is proved by the existence of two oblique

indented lines, one on each side, converging superiorly, where they

nearly meet to form the apex of the just-mentioned wedge. The

last tracheal ring anteriorly sends down an obtuse median process,

the inferior margin of which constitutes the summit of the notch

Fig. 1. Fig. 2.

Front view. Back view.

Pavo spicifer (adult).

N.B.—This and all the subsequent diagrams are drawn to one scale, and have

no relation to the actual size of the structures,

between the divaricating bronchi, whilst its posterior surface forms

the anterior attachment of the pessulus. Posteriorly this ring is

incomplete, the two obliquely truncated ends being separated by a

considerable interval occupied by the pessulus in the middle line,

and laterally by the commencement of the membranous inner walls

of the bronchi.

In the middie of the upper border of the penultimate ring an-

teriorly a white line is seen sending a limb down on either side,

beyond the ring itself, onto the next, at the lower margin of which

it ceases at the root of the obtuse median process. Such an ap-

pearance indicates that in the older bird fusion of the two rings will

occur at the spot, as an inspection of the part in the adult verifies.

From the above description it will be also seen that the pessulus—

a slender cylindroid bar, expanded and flattened at each end—is

anteriorly attached to the last, and posteriorly to the penultimate

23*

356. PROF. A, H. GARROD ON THE [Apr. 1,

ring of the trachea. The last tracheal ring, it must not be forgotten,

is incomplete behind.

The first bronchial semiring—for in no Gallinaceous birds are

any of the bronchial rings complete—articulates at both its extre-

inities with the last tracheal, anteriorly along the side of the oblique

median process, posteriorly with the lower angle of its square-cut

termination. Both ends are slightly expanded and obliquely trun-

cated, their acute upper angles being their articulating spots. The

lower margin of the last tracheal ring being concave downwards

and slightly uptipped laterally, whilst the first bronchial semiring

descends slightly from its attachments outwards, a considerable

membranous interannular interval is ieft. The second bronchial

semiring is simple, free, and slightly expanded posteriorly. In

front the third was bifurcated in both bronchi, on one side each

branch being further subdivided. The depth of the bronchial

interannular membranes is about the same as that of the semirings

themselves.

Between the membranous inner wall of one bronchial tube and

the same part of the other there is a dense fibrous band of union, a

short distance below the bifurcation of the windpipe, and generally

on the level of the two or three semirings below the second. This

band is, 1 believe, always to be found in birds (it will be termed the

bronchidesmus in this communication) developed to a greater or

less extent. Being of fibrous tissue and connected with the mem-

branes of the neighbourhood, anatomists have removed it whilst

dissecting the organ for examination. Its importance, however, is

more considerable than might be at first imagined ; and I only regret

that in many of the subjoined descriptions I took no note of it. In

birds like the Tetraonidee the bronchidesmus is so strong that it

cannot escape special observation.

The adult female presents no modifications of importance. The

penultimate and last tracheal rings are relatively a little smaller

and have blended in front in the middle line, whilst all trace is lost

of the shape of the posterior termination of the pessulus. The

articulating surfaces of the first bronchial semiring have become

slightly more considerable.

The adult (male) P. xigripennis differs in that the antepenulti-

mate tracheal ring blends anteriorly with the penultimate, at the

same time that there is a greater fusion between the penultimate

and last rings, all three apparently blending behind as well. The

interannular interval between the last tracheal ring and the first

bronchial semiring is reduced to little more than a line, and the

bronchial interannular intervals are very small.

It is to be specially noted that in the genus Pavo the second

bronchial semiring, by not articulating with the one above it at

either end, does not participate in the formation of the specialized

lower larynx. This is a feature indicating non-elaboration of the

organ. No other Gallinaceous bird with which I am acquainted

resembles Pavo in this respect.

In Caccabis rufa the thoracic extremity of the trachea is perfectly

1879.] TRACHEA OF THE GALLIN2E. 357

simple, and all the rings are in contact with those contiguous to

them throughout their circumference. The lower margin of the

penultimate ring faces slightly outwards on either side, whilst in the

middle line in front it fuses with the ring below it, a well-defined

semiellipsoid ossification developing in the region, upwards as far

as the upper margin of the penultimate ring, and downwards to the

median point of bifurcation of the last ring, from which it extends

laterally a short distance. The pessulus is attached as in Pavo.

It is ossified, the anterior termination being the ossification just

described; the posterior is a triangular extension into the middle

of the posterior surface of the penultimate ring, the apex of which

reaches its superior margin. ‘The first bronchial semiring is con-

Fig. 3. ‘Fig. 4.

Front view. ’ Back view.

Caccabis chukar.

cave upwards, and in front forms a sharp inturned angular process at

the spot where it articulates with the anterior extremity of the second

semiring. Posteriorly its articular upward-directed process is more

developed—so much so that the contour line of the posterior extre-

mity of the last tracheal is continuous with that of the ring under

consideration and the next as well. The second bronchial semiring

differs but little from those which follow it, except in that it articulates

with the one above. Its extremities are somewhat more expanded, and

articulate freely with the angles of the first ring. Anteriorly it sends

inwards a pointed angular process, which advances further towards

the middle line than does the similar angle of the semiring above,

with which it closely articulates. The semirings which follow have

358 PROF. A. H. GARROD ON THE [Apr. 1,

also pointed anterior ends, running inwards almost as much as does

the second, in a manner very characteristic of all the genera in which

the second semiring is pointed and prolonged. There is no trace of

any interval between the penultimate and last tracheal rings. Between

the last and the first bronchial semiring the interval is a capacious

ovoid. That between the first and second bronchial semirings is elon-

gate and shallow, not deeper than the lower bronchial intervals. Cac-

cabis savatilis agrees with C. rufa, except that in the former there

is a slight development of antero-lateral interannular intervals between

the lower tracheal rings, as in dryus, the account of which follows.

In Argus giganteus the lowermost tracheal rings are separated by

Front view. Back view.

Argus giganteus.

narrow intervals in front, where in the middle line the last three

fuse and ossify into a mass whose lower border descends but little

below the level of the inferior margin of the unmodified last ring

for the articulation of the anterior extremities of the first bronchial

semirings. Posteriorly the pessulus joins the penultimate ring, the

two hinder ends of the last ring being well separated. The first

bronchial semiring is large and strongly convex downwards from

the development at each of its ends of upturned articulating pro-

cesses, at the junction of which with the horizontal portion of the

tube the second semiring articulates along its lower border. The

interval between each lateral element of the last tracheal ring and

its corresponding first bronchial semiring is considerable, tending

to a quadrate form, whilst that between the first and second semi-

1879.] TRACHEA OF THE GALLINZE. 359

ring is much narrower and meniscoid. The second semiring itself

is strongly convex downwards, articulating behind by its extreme

end with the ring above, but in front continuing onwards as a

triangle beyond the articular point into the internal bronchial mem-

brane a short distance. The anterior terminations of the few lower

bronchial semirings are similarly pointed ; and posteriorly they run

inwards (especially the fourth and fifth) considerably more than

do semirings one and two.

Polyplectron chinguis so closely resembles Argus in all respects

that no description of it is needed. The first and second bronchial

semirings are proportionately a little stronger; the antepenultimate

tracheal ring does not actually fuse with the penultimate, and in

one specimen the pessulus, instead of blending with the penultimate

ring behind, runs upwards cuneately between the separated ends of

that ring to touch the lower margin of the antepenultimate ring.

From this and other facts pointing in the same direction, to be

mentioned subsequently, it may, with much probability, be inferred

that this arrangement just mentioned is the typical one, consolida-

tion of the pessulus with the posterior extremities of the penultimate

tracheal ring having occurred in those cases where, among the

Gallinze, that bar is found connected with it.

In Ithaginis geoffroti (3 adult) there is a transversely fusiform

median interannular interval between the lower tracheal rings an-

teriorly, entirely absent behind. The antepenultimate and penulti-

mate rings are slightly separated throughout, most at the sides,

whilst between the penultimate and last rings—fusing though they

do in the middle line anteriorly—there is a slight elongated oblong

interval on either side of the fused isthmus, extending outwards as

far as the lateral margin of the tube, but not further backwards.

The pessulus gives no indication of separation from the penultimate

tracheal ring posteriorly, whilst anteriorly it springs from the last

ring, between which and the first bronchial semiring there is a con-

siderable interval. This semiring is somewhat squared, sending up

processes (an anterior and a posterior) of no great length to arti-

culate with the last tracheal ring, the second semiring (scarcely

differmg from the third) just touching its two angles sufficiently

for it to be said that it does articulate with it. In this species the

lateral sterno-tracheal muscle terminates inferiorly in a peculiar

manner. It is constituted of two parts, an outer and an inner. Of

the inner, which is also divided below into two, the median portion

ceases at the twelfth ring from the bifurcation, opposite which spot

its outer moiety sends downwards a special thin extra broad fasci-

culus to join the undivided outer main element of the muscle just

before it leaves the windpipe, opposite its antepenultimate ring.

The nerve to these lower fibres is not small; and from being super-

ficial—resting as it does on the muscles under consideration as they

descend—it disappears behind the special fasciculus above described

at the spot where that begins to run inwards towards its fellow,

which it does not meet.

In Lophortyx californicus (adult male) there are no interannular

360 PROF. A. H. GARROD ON THE [Apr. 1,

intervals on the posterior aspect of the intrathoracic portion of the

windpipe [as in so many of the birds under consideration, and de-

pendent, no doubt, upon the proximity of the cesophagus]; but

anteriorly the lowermost twelve rings are thinned in such a way that

the intervals are uniform and deeper than the rings forming them,

at the same time that their breadth is half the circumference of the

tube itself, they continuing across the middle line, except in the

case of the lowermost three, which are divided up by median junc-

Fig. 7. Fig. 8.

Back view.

Lophortyx californicus.

tions of the rings, narrow and not fused between the antepenulti-

mate and the one above it, broad and blended in the two below it.

There is a narrow medio-anterior vertical fibrous bond between all

the upper thinned rings, taking the place of the lower cartilaginous

isthmuses. Posteriorly the penultimate and antepenultimate rings

blend in the middle line, the pessulus joining the former in the

usual manner. The last ring is typical and incomplete behind.

The first bronchial semiring is large and concave upwards.

1879.] TRACHEA OF THE GALLINZ. 361

It develops a considerable angle on its convex border in front, at

the spot where the next semiring meets it. Behind it is peculiar

from its inconsiderable thickness, it meeting the corresponding ex-

tremity of the last tracheal ring for some distance, opposite which

part it is so narrow that the expanded hinder end of the second

semiring does not manage to reach it, and remains separated by a

small interval. This second semiring meets it in front, and sends

inwards beyond the articulating spot a pointed process of some

length. The lower bronchial rings are similarly pointed and pro-

longed in front.

The bronchidesmus is powerful, at the same time that its posterior

margin is the place of insertion of the pair of contiguous powerful

muscles that runs down the back of the windpipe, and spreads

laterally so much as to be just seen in the anterior view of the organ.

The windpipe of Oreortyx pictus differs in detail from that of

the bird just described. The penultimate and last rings of the

trachea blend in the mid- anterior and posterior line; whilst behind

the antepenultimate does so also, articulating in front. The next

four rings anteriorly are lozenge-shaped in the middle line, the six

above which are uniformly thinned; but the intervals between them

are much less considerable than in Lophortyz californicus. Pos-

teriorly there are no interannular intervals at all. The bronchial

semirings, the posterior muscles, and the bronchidesmus are as in

Lophortyz.

In Arbdoricola atrogularis the bifurcating portion of the windpipe

most closely resembles that of the American Quails. With no

posterior interannular intervals, those in front are deep and twelve

or so in number, being interrupted, in the case of that between the

last and penultimate rings, by a large medio-anterior lozenge-shaped

ossification which unites them, but continuous above except that a

fine fibrous band runs up the tube, as in Lophortyz, previously de-

scribed. The thinned antero-lateral element of the last ring has a slight

special downward curve towards its inner end. In Oreortyx there

is an indication of the same. The second bronchial semiring is

prolonged inwards pointedly in front, and posteriorly does meet the

first semiring to articulate slightly with it.

In Coturnix communis, with which C. coromandelica agrees in

every respect, the posterior surface of the intrathoracic portion of

the trachea is seen to be formed by rings between which no inter-

annular intervals exist, except as transverse lines. Anteriorly,

however, the rings are very much thinner, becoming so abruptly at

the side of the tube, and the intervals between them are nearly

twice their depth, even more than that towards the bifurcation of

the tube. Narrow medio-anterior perpendicular isthmuses of fibrous

tissue connect the lowermost six rings. Laterally the penultimate

ring is slightly upturned, more behind than in front. The antero-

lateral thin portion of the circumference of the last ring is decidedly

convex downwards, as is also the first bronchial semiring and the

second. The last tracheal ring sends downwards a medio-anterior

oblong process, ossified in the adult, to the lower angles of which

362 PROF. A. H. GARROD ON THE [Apr. 1,

the first semirings articulate by their equally lengthy extensions

inwards beyond the short articular processes for the second semi-

rings. The posterior articulations of the incomplete last tracheal

ring with the first semiring, and of that with the second on each

side, are considerable, and much the same in detail as in Caccabis.

The pessulus blends with the penultimate ring behind. The lateral

intervals between the penultimate and last rings are plano-convex,

the plane side being uppermost; those between the last ring and

the first bronchial semirings are meniscoid, very deep, and con-

cave upwards. Between the first and second semiring the interval

is small, elongate, and curved like the one above it.

Fig. 9. Fig. 10.

coerce AES sm mT : 2

ae a]

Se ne es s

—a

stir |

Front view. Back view.

Coturnix communis.

Ptilopachys ventralis differs very little from Coturnix in this part

of its windpipe. -

Rollulus coronatus closely resembles the Oxtyxes and Quails.

There are five fairly deep antero-lateral interannular intervals between

the lowermost six tracheal rings, these same rings meeting in the

middle line in front as well as through all the posterior moiety of

the circumference. Ossification extends through the median fused

anterior portions of the penultimate and last tracheal rings, as well

1879.] TRACHEA OF THE GALLINE. 363

as a short distance posteriorly into the middle of the lower border

of the penultimate ring, from the fair-sized bony pessulus. The last

tracheal ring sends downwards a thick short process from its hinder

end on either side, to articulate with the equally developed upturned

posterior extremity of the first bronchial semiring, the anterior

upward- and inward-directed terminal limb of which is propor-

tionately long, at the same time that the angle it makes with the

main element of the ring is very abrupt. The second semiring is

nearly in contact superiorly with the first throughout its length.

Anteriorly it ends in a point, as do the lower semirings, which

extends a short distance into the inner membranous wall of the

bronchus. Posteriorly it is slightly enlarged and rounded, ceasing

a short distance outside the posterior angle of the semiring above,

with which it is in contact.

Turning to the genus Luplocamus, in Luplocamus swinhoti the

last four tracheal rings become slightly enlarged from above down-

wards. Between the simple antepenultimate ring and the one above

it there is a slight interval, except in the middle line behind, where

a general fusion of the last three rings occurs, as in all Huplocami.

The penultimate ring sends downwards a narrow tongue-shaped

median process anteriorly, which touches, but does not join, the upper

margin of the there indented terminal tracheal ring. Its upper mar-

gin is also slightly irregular. The last ring is peculiar in front.

Besides the shallow and broad concavity in the middle of its upper

border, it sends downwards a deep and transversely considerable semi-

ovoid process, notched at its apex, which is lowermost, to form the

median element of the actual bifurcation of the tube. On either side

of this notch, just beyond it, the anterior extremity of the first bron-

chial semiring articulates by its triangularly expanded end, the lower

angle of which is jointed with the not much specialized second semiring,

which posteriorly articulates by its somewhat expanded termination

with the first semiring also. The hinder extremity of the first semi-

ring fuses with the last tracheal, as does the posterior termination of

the pessulus, to form a continuous cartilage along the back of the

tube as high as the upper border of the antepenultimate tracheal

ring. Antero-laterally the annular interval between the penultimate

and last rings is well developed, and bent downwards near the middle

line on account of the presence of the process and notch above de-

scribed. The interval between the last tracheal ring and the first

bronchial semiring is very large and deep on account of the great

size of the descending process of the former. The interval between

the first and second semirings is ovate and slightly deeper than those

which follow. The pessulus is narrow.

Luplocamus prelatus, E. nychthemerus, and E. albocristatus

differ from E. swinhoii in that anteriorly the median process from

the lower border of the penultimate ring blends with the upper border

of the last tracheal, as does the upper border, but by a more slender

isthmus, with the antepenultimate. In Z. nychthemerus and E. albo-

eristatus there is a further fusion of the anterior extremity of the

364 PROF. A. H. GARROD ON THE [Apr. 1,

first semiring with the last tracheal at its (should be) articulating

spot.

The pessulus is broad ; and the angle on each side of its posterior

blending with the penultimate ring runs a short way into the latter

so as to reduce its depth a little at the spot. The interannular inter-

vals are the same as in FZ. swinhoii, except the one between the ante-

penultimate and penultimate rings, which is interrupted in front by

the narrow cartilaginous isthmus between them. Above this the

following twelve rings or so touch all round; and they are suc-

ceeded by typically interlocking rings in the cervical portion of the

tube. It must be also mentioned that whilst the plane of the penul-

timate tracheal ring is transverse, that of each lateral moiety of the

Front view. Back view.

Euplocamus albocristatus.

last one, as well as the first bronchial semiring, runs upwards from

its more fixed median anterior and posterior parts. The plane of

the second semiring makes an angle of some 15° with the first.

In this last respect, as well as others, the genus Phasianus differs

from ELuplocamus. In Phasianus wallichii, P. colchicus, and P.

versicolor the plane of each tracheal ring, as well as that of the

uppermost bronchial semirings, is nearly, if not perfectly, transverse.

The whole trachea narrows slightly at its lower end, to expand again

opposite the last two or three rmgs. As in Euplocamus, the last

three rings fuse in the middle line behind, as do the last two (in

P. wallichii the last three) in front, whilst in adult birds the an-

terior extremities of the first and second semirings participate in the

blending, as does the pessulus posteriorly. In P. colchicus and P.

versicolor (which differ from P. wallichit about as much as Euplo-

camus swinhowi does from its allies) there is a robustness about the

1879. ] TRACHEA OF THE GALLINZ. 365

last two tracheal rings and the first two bronchial semirings peculiar

to them. Their direct front view always exhibits the posterior ar-

ticulation of the first bronchial semiring with the ring above and the

semiring below, as in no other Gallinaceous bird with which, I am

acquainted ; thus, it includes the whole of the considerable inter-

annular intervals between them, the upper ovoid, the lower semi-

ovoid, with its convexity downwards. In Phasianus there is uo

interval between the penultimate and last tracheal rings, nor any of

importance higher up. In P. colchicus, however, above the ante-

Fig. 13.

Front view. Back view.

Phasianus colchicus,

penultimate ring, there are small median intervals, fusiform and elon-

gate in front, minute behind. These shortly become the notches of

the interlocking superior rings.

Pucrasia darwini is so like the genus Phasianus, as far as the

parts under consideration are concerned, that it needs no separate

description. Any difference is in the direction of Euplocamus, the

sides of the last tracheal ring being slightly uptilted.

Returning to Euplocamus, a start in another direction brings us

to Thaumalea, T. picta and 7’. amherstic being identical, as far as

their windpipes are concerned. In this genus the intrathoracic

rings (tracheal rings) are in contact all round, as far as and including

the penultimate ring, which sends down a short median anterior pro-

cess to articulate with a small corresponding upward-directed one

from the upper margin of the last ring. Posteriorly, in the young

bird, the blunted triangular extremity of the pessulus interpolates

itself between the two slightly expanded ends of this (there-

fore imperfect) ring, its extremity meeting and even disrupting

366 PROF. A. H. GARROD ON THE [Apr. 1,

the continuity of the lower edge of the antepenultimate ring to a small

extent. The last tracheal ring is characterized by the great obli-

quity of the plane of each of its lateral moieties, the downturned angle

between which is less than 45°. Behind there is a considerable in-

terval between its downward-directed ends, filled up by the pessulus,

which is prevented from touching them by the intrusion of the ex-

tremities of the similar parts of the, also incomplete, penultimate

ring. In front the middle of the ring is expanded into a large,

quadrilateral, square-set cartilage, ossified in the adult, from the

superior angles of which the slender oblique side elements of the

ring take origin, to the inferior angles of which the first bronchial

semiring is articulated in the chick and consolidated in the adult ;

Front view. Back view.

Thaumalea picta.

the middle of the superior margin of which also articulates or blends

with (according to the age) the broad median descending process of

the penultimate ring. The first and second bronchial semirings are

much alike; both are slightly swollen at their extremities, especially

the anterior; and their planes of direction are parallel, which is not

the case in Luplocamus. The lateral intervals between the penul-

timate and last tracheal rings are like the section of a plano-concave

lens with the concavity (formed as it is by the arch of the lateral

moiety of the last ring) downwards. he interval between the last

ring and the first bronchial semiring is considerable and broadly

fusiform ; that between the first and second semiring is narrow and

lanceolate, or fusiform in the adult, where the two semirings con-

solidate at their extremities.

1879.] TRACHEA OF THE GALLIN2E. 367

Lagopus scoticus is not far different from Thaumalea in certain

respects. The lower intrathoracic rings of the trachea are but little

modified above the antepenultimate, there being slight median fusi-

form anterior interannular intervals, whilst posteriorly the ununited

rings are keyed together, as in the middle of the windpipe generally.

The penultimate ring agrees with the same in Thawmalea, even to

being incomplete behind, the free ends slightly receding from the

ring above. The last ring anteriorly agrees with the same genus in

detail, its lateral arched moieties being even more slender and deli-

cate. Posteriorly, however, its ends develop into large fairly equi-

lateral triangular expansions, continuous with the slender lateral arch

at its supero-external angle, articulating with the posterior end of

the first bronchial semiring at its inferior angle, whilst its supero-

Fig. 17. Fig. 18.

TRNAS

VMI

Back view.

Front view.

Lagopus scoticus.

internal angle joins a similar development at the side of the pessulus,

the hinder part of which expands into a sagittate cartilage, the blunted

apex of which is directed upwards to meet the middle of the inferior

margin of the antepenultimate ring of the trachea. The main bar

of the pessulus is very slender ; and all the structures under consider-

ation are built up of a much more yielding cartilage (without ossi-

fying tendencies) than in any non-tetraonine birds. The first and

second bronchial semirings are parallel to one another in course

throughout, and are more uptilted laterally than in Thaumalea. Pos-

368 PROF. A. H. GARROD ON THE [Apr. 1,

teriorly they are not expanded and scarcely touch; anteriorly they

expand a little and articulate freely. The interannular intervals in

essential points are not different from the preceding genus. The

bronchial semirings below the second are peculiarly lengthy ; their

extremities turn inwards toward one another, and so slightly intrude

into the membranous inner wall of each bronchus. One or more of the

semirings may be bifid at their anterior ends. The bronchidesmus

is particularly powerful in the Tetraonide, including Lagopus, and,

as it were, pulls the two tubes into nearer relationship than would

otherwise appear to be their tendency.

Lagopus mutus agrees with L. scoticus in every respect.

Tetrao urogallus and T. tetriz conform to a type which has several

important differences from Lagopus scoticus, although in common

they have the yielding cartilaginous (and never ossified) rings

throughout the organ under consideration, as well as the great de-

velopment in length of the bronchial semirings beyond the second.

In the female of Tetrao tetriv the first feature that strikes the

observer is the consolidation of all the intrathoracic tracheal rings

along the mid-posterior surface into a vertical bar, rendered more

than it would be otherwise conspicuous by the considerable thinning

of the lateral third or more of each ring on each side, and the

consequent formation of lateral interannular spaces slightly deeper

than the rings enclosing them. In the adult bird no trace of the

transverse lines of junction between the constituent transverse

annular elements of this vertical posterior bar can be seen; in the

young bird, however, they are conspicuous. Anteriorly the rings above

the antepenultimate are separated by an interval which slightly re-

duces the lowest of them, and that only, towards the middle line.

There is a median semifusion in front, of considerable breadth, be-

tween the antepenultimate and penultimate rings, below which a

broad cordiform cartilage represents the fused mid-anterior elements

of the penultimate and last rings, with which the anterior extremity

of the first bronchial ring is blended, and the second articulates, in

such a way as to form lateral extensions of its apex. ‘The line con-

stituting the actual angle between the contiguous sides of the bronchi

—-produced, as just indicated, by the apex of the cordiform cartilage,

together with the inferior margins of the lateral expansions, com-

posed of the anterior ends of the first and second bronchial semirings

—is less concave downwards than in Lagopus (in fact almost straight),

and much less so than in the other Galline. It has, in Zetrao, a

very slight descending protrusion in the actual centre—the apex

of the cordiform cartilage. Posteriorly each free end of the last

tracheal ring expands and sends downwards and outwards a small

process for the articulation and fusion with the similarly enlarged

extremity of the first bronchial semiring. Upwards it blends with

the base of the vertical posterior cartilage, which is considerably

broader opposite the lowermost three tracheal rings than higher up.

Into the middle of its base the narrow pessulus is seen torun. There

is a great similarity between the depth and shape of all the interan-

nular intervals in the bifurcating portion of the tube, the compara-

1879. ] TRACHEA OF THE GALLIN&. 369

tively great depth of the intervals between the lateral parts of the

last tracheal and the first bronchial semiring, observed in Thaumalea

for instance, not being seen. The first and second bronchial semi-

rings themselves, agreeing as they do with those of Lagopus in all

respects, are of the same thickness as their neighbours both above

and below—the result being simplicity of construction a little more

apparent than real. Many of the bronchial semirings are bifid at

their anterior extremities.

In the male of Tetrao tetrix the trachea is most extraordinary.

At first sight the deeply situated intrathoracic part appears to have

Fig. 19.

Front view.

Tetrao tetrix, 3.

no similarity with that of the female, there being developed, on each

side, an immense irregular tumefaction, communicating with its

fellow by means of a bridge of fatty tissue which covers the anterior

portions of the lowermost tracheal rings. When preserved in spirit

this tumefaction shrinks to a comparatively small size, to swell to its

original bulk upon immersion in water. This leads me to suppose

that it is composed of “ mucous” tissue, like that of the umbilical

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No. XXIV. 24

370 PROF. A. H. GARROD ON THE [Apr. 1,

cord, which it resembles in consistence. The ‘‘ mucous” tissue in

this case is entirely developed between the external fibrous covering

of the windpipe and the middle ring-carrying layer, the rings them-

selves not varying in the least, as far as I can detect, from their

arrangement in the female.

Tetrao urogallus (a male, not quite full-sized, and without any

trace of the cervical loop developed) differs from the female of T.

tetrix only in a few details. All the rings and semirings are thinner,

and the interannular intervals greater. The posterior vertical bar is

undistinguishable. Anteriorly, however, the lowermost seven tracheal

rings are not thinned in the middle line, where they, above the pe-

nultimate, articulate above and below to form what becomes almost

an anterior vertical bar as well. The corresponding parts of the

Fig. 20. Fig. 21.

Front view. Back view.

Tetrao urogallus.

penultimate and last rings, considerably narrower than in 7’ ¢etriv,

expand and consolidate into an elongate lozenge, with a much shorter

one above it, from the lateral angles of which the rings are continued,

and from the inferior angle of the lower of which the articulating

(and subsequently fusing) surfaces for the anterior ends of the first

bronchial rings arise. The second semiring also articulates with the

first, as in the allied birds, with, however, a considerably larger inter-

annular interval than in J. ¢etriz. The lateral parts of the first

semiring being markedly convex upwards, at the same time that the

incurved last tracheal ring sends downwards rather lengthy processes

from its posterior extremities as well as the deep lozenge-shaped car-

tilage in front, the interval between the two agrees with the section

of a plano-concave lens. Some of the bronchial semirings are bifid

at their extremities ; and the bronchidesmus is very strong.

Tetrao cupido is intermediate in its tracheal bifurcation between La-

gopus scoticus together with L, mutus, on the one hand, and Tetrao

1879.] TRACHEA OF THE GALLINE. 371

urogallus with T. tetriv on the other. Its cartilages are consider-

ably less yielding than those of either genus; and the lower tracheal

rings, instead of fusing behind to form a continuous longitudinal bar

supporting the remaining parts of the rings upon each side, remain

separate, in close contact, for the posterior half of their cireumfer-

ence. The pessulus interpolates its considerable cuneate posterior

end as high as the antepenultimate ring, which it splits up. The

lowermost nineteen tracheal rings are considerably thinned in front,

the uppermost being least so. Of these, the antepenultimate ring,

as well as the one above it, give indications of being bent downwards

in the middle line in front. This angulation is more marked in the

penultimate ring, and most so in the last ring, where a mid-anterior

rhombic cartilage exists, of exactly the same shape as in Lagopus sco-

ticus. The first and second bronchial semirings agree precisely with

those of the last-named species, convexly upwards as they are curved ;

and, as in all the species of Lagopus and Tetrao, the bronchidesmus

is strong, at the same time that the bronchial semirings almost

completely encircle the tubes, leaving a very narrow membranous

unsupported wall. The bronchial tubes are comparatively lengthy.

Fig. 23.

Front view. Back view.

Perdizx cinerea.

In Perdix cinerea the intrathoracic portion of the trachea is quite

different from the same in Caccadis or any of the birds above de-

scribed. The last and penultimate tracheal rings are much deve-

loped, and blend to form the considerable three-way piece, which is

triangular in front, apex downwards, and horizontally oblong behind.

Of the anterior triangle, which is ossified, the two sides are formed

by the last ring, whilst the penultimate ring constitutes the base, the

intervening interval being filled up with a thin cartilage. The apex

of the triangle is continued downwards in cartilage, this latter being

deeply notched in the middle line, at the same time that the anterior

extremities of the first and second slender and upward-arched bron-

24*

372 PROF. A. H. GARROD ON THE [Apr. 1,

chial semirings blend with it laterally. Laterally, the separation

between the last and penultimate rings is feebly indicated, as it is

posteriorly by the non-ossification of the latter, notwithstanding the

blending of the two. Posteriorly the oblong ossified cartilage, with

its unossified and slightly indented upper margin (the part formed

by the penultimate ring), is joined by the slender pessulus in the

middle of its lower edge, whilst it is with its lower extreme angles

that the simple posterior extremities of the first bronchial balf-rings

blend, the same parts of the second semirings not participating in

the fusion, and being almost if not quite free, as are those below it

at bothends. All the upper bronchial semirings are slender, strongly

convex upwards, and separated by intervals not greater than their

depth. The interval between the last tracheal ring and the first

semiring, to which it is united both in front and behind, is fairly

deep and crescentic. The antepenultimate ring is very much slen-

derer than the one below it, from which it is separated by a large

interannular interval, deeper in front than behind on account of the

obliquity of its plane. Anteriorly it is very shallow and insignificant ;

and it gradually enlarges as it goes backwards. The ring above it

is scarcely different, but slightly less oblique, the interannular in-

terval between it and the fifth from the end being slightly less than

that next lower down. This fifth ring first gives indications of a

latero-posterior deepening, with a corresponding reduction of the in-

terannular interval and the formation of an antero-median horizontal

fusiform space, the only remains of the iuterannular interval recog-

nizable higher up, and extending into the cervical portion of the

windpipe.

Ceriornis temmincki differs from all other Gallinee examined by

me, except Francolinus vulgaris, in that the third bronchial semiring

articulates with the second, and so participates in the formation of

the specialized organ under consideration. None of the tracheal

rings are narrowed ; and there are consequently no interannular in-

tervals of any kind, if we except the one on each side of a narrow

anterior isthmus which runs between the penultimate and the last

ring. This interval is guttate in shape, on account of the slight

upturning of the lateral element of the last ring, the antero-median

part of which is expanded, almost exactly as in Huplocamus, into a

quadrate cartilage. The pessulus at its posterior extremity is un-

attached, though situated as usual. Its freedom depends upon the

fact that the penultimate as well as the last tracheal ring is incom-

plete behind, the end of the pessulus filling the deficiency and just

touching the lower margin of the complete antepenultimate ring.

This may possibly be the normal arrangement, all others resulting

from subsequent consolidation. The first and second bronchial

semirings are very much alike. The relations of the upper of them

to the ring above, as well as those of the lower to the ring below,

are almost identically those of Huplocamus ; whilst posteriorly they

consolidate together for one half their length, a small elongate fusi-

form interval existing external to their anterior fused extremities.

With the lower of them the slightly-bowed third semiring articulates

1879.] TRACHEA OF THE GALLIN2. 373

at one end, and the other (as does the second in Euplocamus) with the

first. Ceriornis satyra agrees exactly with C. temmincki in its

lower larynx.

Fig. 24.

Front view.

Ceriornis temmincki.

My acquaintance with the trachea of Francolinus is confined to

F. vulgaris, an early sketch, too, only of that. Its great peculiarity

is that the first three bronchial semirings articulate together, the

third being decidedly the strongest, the first and second being

separated by a greater interval than exists in Ceriornis.

In Crossoptilon mantchuricum the thoracic end of the trachea is

euplocamine in construction. It narrows considerably near its

termination, at which it again expands. The only indications of

interannular intervals are small medio-anterior fusiform spaces, absent

between the antepenultimate and penultimate rings, and replaced by

a fusion in the case of the last two, on each side of which the lateral

separation between the rings expands into a minute triangular in-

terval, smaller than in Euplocamus. The pessulus agrees with that

of the Luplocami. The interval between the last tracheal ring and

the first bronchial semiring is very large, both upper and lower

margin being about equally convex upwards, from the shape of the

last tracheal ring and the uptilting of the first semiring. The in-

terval between the first and second semirings is scarcely smaller,

and is ovoid, the latter semiring being decidedly downturned

laterally, bent upwards abruptly near its ends, and particularly

strong throughout. On the whole, the organ is more like that of

Phasianus than Euplocamus, its most striking difference from the

former being the lateral uptilting of the first bronchial semiring,

and the similar tendency in the sides of the last tracheal ring.

In Lophophorus impeyanus the lower tracheal rings, which are

narrower than those above, are in contact with one another behind;

374 PROF. A. H. GARROD ON THE [Apr. 1,

but anteriorly they are thinner, leaviag considerable intervals, dimi-

nishing as they ascend—continuous between the five rings above the

penultimate, found also between it and the last, but in that case

interrupted by a small median connecting isthmus, which is broader

below than above, at the same time that it is continuous with the supe-

riorly broader medio-anterior descending process of the last ring,

the two together forming a lozenge-shaped cartilage that receives

the extremities of the first semirings atitslower margin. Posteriorly

the pessulus is continuous with the penultimate ring, whilst the ends

of the last tracheal also blend with it slightly. The second bron-

chial semiring is slightly larger than the first, and articulates with

it in the usual way, as does the first with the last tracheal ring.

There is a great uniformity in the depths of all the interannular in-

tervals in the region of the bifurcation of the trachea.

Fig. 26. Fig. 27.

Front view. Back view.

Crossoptilon mantchuricum.

In Numida cristata, which may be taken as the type of the very

characteristic windpipe of the genus, figured accurately as it is in

part by Temminck’, the peculiarity is that the lowermost six or so

tracheal rings develop antero-lateral fenestree between them, in-

creasing in size from above downwards, and produced by the thinning

1 Loe, cit. pl. i. fig. 4,

1879. ] TRACHEA OF THE GALLIN®. 875

of the rings alone. In the adult male the four lowest rings blend

in the middle line, both anteriorly and posteriorly. Those higher

up do not do so. The last ring of the trachea, the whole plane of

which is transverse, sends downwards a bluntly triangular medio-

anterior process, with the lower margin of which the first bronchial

semirings articulate. Posteriorly, in the full-grown bird, the pes-

sulus fuses with the hinder extremities of the same, in such a way

as to make it appear to form a continuation of it, as in no other

of the Gallinee with which I am acquainted. The first bronchial

semiring sends upwards at right angles a strong anterior articular

process, it posteriorly expanding triangularly, so that the upper

angle meets the lower margin of the last tracheal ring in the usual

Fig. 28. Fig. 29.

Front view. Back view.

Numida cristata.

situation, the lower angle articulating with the second semiring,

whose other end bends up to be jointed to the corresponding part of

the first semiring, developed slightly downwards to articulate with

it. The interval between the last tracheal ring and the first bron-

chial semiring is considerable and broadly quadrilateral ; that below

it is much shallower; and those above are fusiform, diminishing

gradually as they ascend, until the last is quite minute.

N. ptilorhyncha and N. rendalli are very similar. They agree

with one another, and differ from N. cristata in that the extreme

lateral edges of the penultimate and last tracheal rings meet and

blend, thereby reducing the interannular interval to a guttate form,

376 PROF. A. H. GARROD ON THE [Apr. 1,

with the apex directed outwards. In N. vulturina there are as

many as ten pairs of lateral tracheal fenestre.

In Meleagris gallopavo the intrathoracic rings are all thinned

away in front, whilst posteriorly they are not so, the consequence

being that considerable interannular intervals separate them ante-

riorly, entirely absent posteriorly. The antepenultimate and penul-

timate rings are alone joined by a median anterior isthmus of carti-

lage. The former of these is split across behind ; the latter is not

so, the fairly thick pessulus blending with the mid-posterior margin,

its apex apparently producing a protrusion of its upper border

between the sides of the fissure in the ring above. The penultimate

ring is greater in diameter, and stronger than the rest. The last

tracheal ring is represented only by the posterior extremities of the

Front view. Back view.

Meleagris gallopavo.

normal ring, its lateral and anterior parts having quite disappeared,

in the half-grown, and perhaps even younger bird. It will be re-

membered that its lateral elements are much reduced in Lagopus.

In Meleagris the reduction has gone further, the only remainder

being the inverted blant triangular cartilage that intervenes between

the juxta-pessular margin of the penultimate ring and ‘the posterior

articulation of the first bronchial semiring on each side of the organ.

A minute pointed process of the outer margin of the cartilage under

consideration indicates the situation of the posterior root of the

1879.] TRACHEA OF THE GALLINE. 377

lateral portion of the atrophied ring. The first and second bronchial

semirings are upturned laterally, and more slender than those below

them. The first anteriorly sends upwards and inwards a lengthy

process of about three times the thickness of the body of the ring

itself, cut away obliquely, so that its upper end looks inwards and a

little upwards, nearly to meet its fellow, from which it is separated

by a narrow triangular fibro-cartilage, developed at its base from the

middle of the antero-inferior margin of the penultimate ring of the

trachea. The second semiring is slightly swollen at its ends to

articulate with the semiring above. The interval between the

penultimate ring and the first semiring is necessarily considerable,

and is quadrate as well as slightly biconcave ; that between the first

and second semiring is meniscoid, convex upwards, and shallow. The

bronchial semirings below the second are peculiarly lengthy, espe-

‘cially the fifth, and pointed at the ends. Strangely, also semiring

three, a short distance external to its anterior termination, articulates

by small special facets with those above and below. The bronchi-

desmus is particularly strong.

By Temminck’ this windpipe is imperfectly figured.

Gallus bankiva at first sight seems to have the lower end of its

windpipe constructed upon quite a different type from that of any of

its allies, although I have reason to believe that other species fill up

the gaps between it and other Phasianide. The lower extremity of

the trachea is very much compressed from side to side, whilst it is

correspondingly augmented in depth from before backwards. The

antero-posteriorly directed pessulus joins in front the base of a consi-

derable median triangular cartilage, which, with upward-directed

small-angled apex, reaches as high as the level of the antepenultimate

tracheal ring ; posteriorly it joins a similar but smaller cartilage, the

apex of which does not quite reach the penultimate ring. With the

lateral angles of these triangular cartilages, the anterior and posterior

extremities of the first bronchial semirings freely articulate. These

semirings are large and much curved, with the convexity directed

downwards. Anteriorly they meet, but do not articulate with the

scarcely modified second semirings, from which they are quite inde-

pendent behind.

The last tracheal ring is thin and band-like, joining the lower ends

of the sides of the anterior triangular cartilage in front, whilst behind

its free extremities are separated by a considerable interval, partly

occupied by the posterior triangle. The penultimate ring persists

as two straight lateral band-like rudiments fixed in the tracheal

membrane, and nearly reaching both the anterior and posterior

triangular cartilages. The antepenultimate ring is still further

modified in the same direction, only the antero-lateral parts per-

sisting as rudiments, not seen, therefore, in the back view of the

organ. A short distance above the level of the apex of the anterior

triangular cartilage, and some way below the first fairly normal

tracheal ring, is a continuous filamentous transverse cartilage, with

little extra pieces connected to it—incomplete in the middle line

1 Loe. cit. pl. iii. fig. 8,

378 PROF. A. H. GARROD ON THE [Apr. 1,

behind, supported by the membranous walls of the windpipe. This

is evidently the atrophied fourth ring, counting from below. Above

this an abrupt change occurs ; the rings attain their ordinary depth,

with only linear intervals between them. ‘The fifth ring, again

counting upwards, differs from those above it in being slightly in-

complete behind, with downturned ends. The interval between it

and the fourth is about equal to its own depth. It in front, and its

Fig. 32. Fig. 33.

Front view. Back view,

Gallus bankiva.

superior two or three neighbours behind as well, is slightly V-shaped

in the middle line’.

The Cracide are particularly uniform in the manner in which the

trachea bifurcates. In Mitua tuberosa there are no tracheal inter-

annular intervals of any kind. The pessulus is united with the

penultimate ring posteriorly and with the last ring in front, the

latter ring being therefore incomplete behind, as in all the birds

above described. Mid-anterior and posterior ossifications extend

upwards from the attachments of the pessulus, generally sufficiently

high to involve the four lowermost rings, which are therefore conso-

lidated together in the median lines. The lower lateral borders of

the last tracheal ring are slightly concave downwards; the medio-

anterior descending process being small, whilst by its slightly trun-

cated triangular apex it forms a small portion of the actual margin

of the bifurcation. On account of the considerable length of the

1 By Temminek (Joc. cit. pl. ii. fig. 4) a different figure of the windpipe of

G. bankiva is given.

1879.] TRACHEA OF THE GALLINE. 379

slender first bronchial semiring, which is very concave upwards, the

interval between it and the last tracheal ring is conspicuously large

and fusiform, one side of the small antero-median process and the

outer border of the inferior angle of the corresponding truncated

posterior termination of the last tracheal ring being its articulating

spots. The semiring is not of uniform thickness, small expansions,

not unlike the “‘tubercles”’ of ribs, occurring at a short distance

from both ends, which mark the points at which the next semiring

meets it and ceases. The second semiring is simple, except that it

is slightly enlarged at its posterior extremity. The interval between

it and its neighbours is extremely narrow.

Fig. 34.

Front view. Back view.

Aburria carunculata.

The species I have examined are Crax globicera, C. carunculata,

Pauzxis galeata, Mitua tomentosa, Penelope jacucaca, P. cristata,

P. superciliaris, Pipile cumanensis, and Aburria carunculata. In

Penelope, Pipile, and Aburria the first bronchial semirings are

thicker and stronger than in Craw and its near allies, their posterior

articulations with the ends of the last tracheal ring being upon what

becomes the oufer, but normally would be the inferior surfaces of

its juxtapessular terminations, because of a characteristic downward

flexure of their expanded obtuse extremities.

The lateral intrinsic tracheal muscles are thin, and run down to

cease opposite the ring fifth from the bifurcation of the tube, as in

nearly all Gallinaceous birds. I cannot trace any fibrous continua-

tion to the lower rings from their muscular extremities.

Incidentally it may be mentioned, with reference to the develop-

ment of the extrathoracic tracheal loop in the Cracidee, that, as far

380 ON THE TRACHEA OF THE GALLIN&. [Apred;

as my facts go, this loop is found in the males only of the genera

Crax, Pauxis, and Mitua ; whilst in Penelope purpurascens, P. cris-

tata, Pipile, and Aburria it is wanting in both sexes, it being present

in both sexes of Penelope jacucaca. In the males of Penelope

pileata and Ortalida albiventris’ it is present; the females I have

not seen.

The flattening of the trachea of the male Cracinz, excellently de-

picted (inverted) in Temminck’s figure of the windpipe of Crav

alector’, is lateral or from side to side, so that the well-known an-

terior and posterior notching of the rings of the trachea is on the

thin edges of the flattened tube.

In conclusion, it may be asked what light this detail concerning

the bifurcation of the trachea throws on the mutual affinities of the

genera of the Gallinee. It is very infrequently that the study of a

single organ justifies the formation of an ultimate classification of

any group; and the windpipe of the Gallinee is not peculiar in this

respect. Several hints are to be derived from this investigation,

however, not unimportant in my estimation.

Pavo seems to stand alone on account of the simplicity of its

bronchial bifurcation.

There seems also to be a tendency for the majority of the Gal-

linze to fall into two divisions, a Coturnicine and a Phasianine; in

the former of which it is the bronchial semirings which are most

specialized, at the same time that their anterior extremities are

pointed and produced inwards. In the latter group it is the last

tracheal ring that is most modified, its sides being always upturned.

Upon this assumption it is not easy to place the genera Gallus, Lo-

phophorus, Meleagris, and Numida. The others fall into the follow-

ing order :—

CoTuRNICINE. PHASIANINE.

Caccabis. Euplocamus.

Argus. Pucrasia.

Polyplectron. Ceriornis.

Ithaginis. Phasianus.

Lophortyz. Thaumalea.

Oreortyx. Crossoptilon.

Arboricola. Lagopus.

Rollulus. Tetrao.

Ptilopachys. ( Meleagris’).

Coturnix. Perdiz.

It is surprising to see how much the lower end of the trachea of

the adult Gallus differs from that of Phasianus and its allies. A

study of the development of the windpipe of the Common Fowl—

which I have not had the opportunity of undertaking—would pro-

bably throw considerable light upon the subject.

1 Vide Temminek, loe. cit. pl. vii. fig. 1,

2 Loe. cit. pl. y. fig. 1,

1879. ] MR. R. COLLETT ON A NEW FISH. 381

4, Ona new Fish of the Genus Lycodes from the Pacific,

By Roser Cotterr, C.M.Z.S.

[Received March 25, 1879.]

LycoDEs PACIFICUS, 0. sp.

Vomerine and palatine teeth none. Coloration uniform yellowish

grey. The body is scaly, the head and the pectorals naked. he head

is contained four times and six tenths, the height of the body nine

times, in the total length. Lateral line very indistinct.

Ni. G.. 1. (cires) 92> A. ‘71-"* Oor(cirea) Tey, “P. 18:

Hab. Japan (Mus. Berol.).

Body moderately elongated; the height of the body is one half of

the length of the head, which is contained four times and six tenths

in the total length. The snout is only a trifle longer than the eye,

which is one fourth of the length of the head; the upper maxillary

Lycodes pacyfcus (nat, size).

extending to below the anterior part of the eye. Teeth only in the

jaws, forming a single row behind; in the upper jaw there is a

double series in front, in the lower jaw three or four series. The origin

of the dorsal is only a little behind the vertical from the root of the

pectorals ; it has about 92 rays, which are divided to their bases.

The anal has 71 rays, and commences below the vertical from the

seventeenth ray of the dorsal. The rays of the caudal are exceedingly

close together and slender ; their number seems to be 6 on the dorsal,

and 5 on the ventral side, as in other species of Lycodes. The

pectorals are broad and rounded, and have 18 rays; their tips do

not reach forwards to the eye. Along the jaw is slightly visible the

usual row of shallow impressions, which correspond witb the holes

in the maxillary bones, as in the Lycode generally. The body and

the bases of the dorsal and the anal are scaly ; the head, the pec-

torals, and the ventrals are naked. The distance of the vent from

the snout is contained twice and a half in the total length. One

382 PROF. FLOWER ON THE COMMON DOLPHIN. [Apr. 1,

lateral line is visible, but very indistinct ; it runs in the median

furrow of the body.

The coloration (in the single preserved specimen) is a uniform

yellowish grey, without trace of spots or bands. The belly is silky

grey, the inside of the mouth black.

Measurements :— millim,

Total length (to the tip of the caudal)..............-. 184

Length from the snout to the origin of the dorsal........ 43

Length from the snout to the vent .......-..ee+2e05: 73

Length from the vent to the tip of the caudal.......... 111

Lengilt of the head, «..\. sacs sees ios omens «0,210 geen ee 40

laine of the’botly, ./. secne. os « Pelee hee Re en eee 20

Length of the imtermiaxillary (7. <3. lg. 5 ,sscm <a6i2 see ee 15

heneth Of te snand, 2); s)i2 estes werent bate te ee ae 11

Dienst Oe PRE CVC es ses 53’ rha sigs are bites Sens 10

Length of the postorbital part of the head ...-........ 19

‘Leneth ofthe peevorals. 5 sf. satire cee cate ae oe 20

Through the kindness of Prof. Peters I have been enabled to de-

scribe a specimen of this species, 7} inches long, which is preserved

in the Zoological Museum of Berlin. It was purchased through Mr,

Salvin, and was said to have been received from Japan. The absence

of vomerine and palatine teeth, a character quite peculiar to the

species, will perhaps necessitate its removal to a separate genus, for

which I propose the name Lycodopsis.

Christiania, March 20, 1879.

5. On the Common Dolphin, Delphinus delphis, Linn. By

Witii1am Henry Frower, F.R.S., P.Z.S.

It is somewhat remarkable that no really adequate figure of so

well known an animal as the Common Dolphin, Delphinus delphis, L.,

is to be found in any zoological publication. The best with which

I am acquainted is one given by Reinhardt (“ Notits om en paa 6st-

kysten of Jylland fanget Delphinus delphis,” in Naturh. Forenings

Vidensk. Meddelelser, Nr. 10 & 11, 1866), from an animal 5 feet 4

inches long taken near Grenaa, on the Jutland shore of the Cattegat,

in November 1865. This figure, however, is not coloured, and wants

the details of the markings seen in the specimen to be described

presently. Perhaps the next best figure, and, indeed, in some respects

superior, is that given in the illustrated edition of Cuvier’s ‘ Animal

Kingdom,’ which is stated to be ‘‘d’aprés une peinture originale de

Maréchal faisant partie des vélins du Muséum.” The figures in the

volume ou Cetacea in the ‘ Naturalist’s Library’ by Dr. Hamilton and

in Bell’s ‘ British Quadrupeds’ are apparently founded on this, though

in the latter the tail is differently formed, the gradations of colour

-are badly given in the engraving, and the whole creature has too

1879.] PROF. FLOWER ON THE COMMON DOLPHIN. 383

thick and clumsy an appearance. Bonnaterre’s figure (Cétologie,

1789), professes to be original, from an animal nine feet in length,

in which case it could not have been D. delphis. It is reproduced

by Lacépéde (Hist. Na‘. des Cétacés, 1804), with the addition of the

conventional fountain from the blowhole. The earlier figures, all

more or less inexact in outline, rude in execution, and of course de-

ficient in colour, are those of Belon (1551), Rondelet (1554), and

Aldrovandus (1613). The two former, especially that of Rondelet,

have been repeated, with modifications, by the various compilers of

the last two centuries.

On the 13th of March, Mr. F. Buckland kindly informed me thathe

had just received from Mr. Matthias Dunn, of Mevagissey, a Dolphin

which had been caught in the mackerel-nets, about 20 miles south of

the Deadman Headland, Cornwall. It proved to be a young female

Delphinus delphis. The elegance of the form, and beauty and variety

of the colouring was such, that I thought it desirable to obtain a

correct coloured drawing of the animal while fresh, a copy of which

I propose to publish in the Society’s ‘Transactions.’ Instead of being

simply black above and white below as usually described, the sides

were shaded, mottled and streaked with various tints of yellow and

grey, the distribution of which can be better understood by a reference

to the figure than by any description. The colouring on the two

sides was exactly alike. The under surface was of the purest

possible white. The length of the creature in a straight line from

the tip of beak to the notch in the middle of the tail was 5 feet 13

inch. The other principal dimensions were as follows :—

: inches.

Tip of beak to anterior end of dorsal fin.........-..-. 315

Tip of beak to insertion of anterior edge of pectoral fin.. 16:1

itip.of beak: to. anele-ot Mouth, - n2 ann Fo $4; 0, dewn oe Sw 9-0

Angle of mouth to anterior angle of eye.............. 1:9

MENA Of CYC APCEUMIC., Ge cn es sole Sara m eis o-oo civie swe 08 0°8

Posterior angle of eye to external auditory meatus...... 1°53

Length of base of dorsal fin.......... manage ook

BEC SG Of OTS AD ANT ion and om tiny dtm daihitea's 518 5-5

Length of anterior margin of pectoral fin ........ . 10-0

Length of posterior margin of pectoral fin............ 6°9

Pecena ti Oly CATR: IK eis cin) b, «, wibiapses\s tela,a:aipl aie aheidiainyt 13°8

The dental formula was os =185, which corresponds nearly

with that usually observed in the species, some individual variation

always met with, even on the different sides of the mouth. There

are fifteen pairs of ribs, the last being unattached to its corresponding

vertebra, and 21 lumbar and 31 caudal vertebre.

This species is the Dolphin par ewcellence of the Mediterranean ;

but its exact geographical range has never yet been defined with pre-

cision, owing to the difficulty of distinguishing it from allied species—

a difficulty which, itis hoped, the present drawing, when issued, may

in some measure help to remove. Itis not uncommon in the Atlantic,

384 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [May 6,

on the west coast of France; and it frequently visits the English

Channel, pursuing the shoals of mackerel and pilchards. In the

Museum of the College of Surgeons is the skeleton of a fine adult

animal, which when alive must have been about seven feet long,

taken near the beginning of the present century at Worthing.

Northwards of this locality it appears to become rare. Van Beneden

does not include it among the Cetacea frequenting the Belgian coast,

as he was not able to find any example of its capture in the North

Sea. Specimens, however, are occasionally met with on the coast

of Norway and Denmark, as mentioned by Lilljeborg and Reinhardt ;

and although it is included in many of the lists of the Cetacea of the

Greenland Seas, it is doubtful whether some of the species of

Lagenorhynchus may not have been mistaken for it.

Mr. Buckland has added a cast of this specimen to his valuable

series of models of Cetacea, which exhibit better than any other

method yet devised the form, proportions, and colour of these

animals, otherwise so difficult of preservation.

May 6, 1879.

Prof. Flower, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the

Society’s Menagerie during the month of April 1879 :—

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of April 1879 was 110, of which 3 were by

birth, 77 by presentation, 3 by purchase, 8 by exchange, and 19 were

received on deposit. The total number of departures during the

same period by death and removals was 115.

The most noticeable additions during the month of April were as

follows :—

1. Two Lanceolated Jays (Garrulus lanceolatus, Vigors) from

the Himalayas, received in exchange April Ist. This fine bird, a close

ally of our well-known Jay, has not, so far as I am aware, been

brought to Europe alive previously.

2. Two female Roe-deer (said to have been brought from China,

and purchased by one of the Society’s correspondents at Marseilles),

received in exchange April 3rd. These Deer are probably referable

to the Capreolus pygargus (Pallas), and differ from the European

species in having a longer body and head, and being higher on the

legs. The colour is much darker, and appears to be red in the

summer coat. The ears are longer and more pointed.

3. A fineyoung male of the Japanese Goat-Antelope ( Capricornus

crispus') presented by the Society’s Corresponding Member, Mr.

H. Pryer, of Yokohama, Japan, and received April 12th.

We owe Mr. Pryer many thanks for the trouble he has taken in ob-

taining for us this fine and rare animal, the first of its species which

has ever reached us.

4. An Alpine Accentor (Accentor alpinus) received in exchange

April 30th, being, it is believed, the first example of this little bird

obtained in captivity.

1 Antilope crispa, Siebold, Faun. Japon. Mamm. p. 55, tab. xvii.

a ed

Conrents (continued).

“March 18, 1879.

The Secretary. Remarks upon the Japanese Deer (Cervus sika) 1.2... .cceceeeceee cues 294

1, Ona new ‘Species of Barn-owl from the Island of Viti-Levu. cid Dr. G. Harruave,

F.M.Z.8 295

2. On Female Deer with Antlers. By Epwarp R. Auston, F.LS., F.Z.S., &e..... ere. 296

‘3. Remarks on some Parrots living in the Society’s Gardens. By P. L. wae M.A.,

Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the Society. (Plate XXVIIL)........... SSE aoenenae 299

4, Notes on the Visceral Anatomy of the Tupaia of Burmah (Twupaia belangeri). By A.

H. Garrop, M.A., F.R.S., Prosector to the Society ..... Sia tatetuatalelpreterat sta cte, cate eC ls 301

5. Notes on the Anatomy of Helictis subaurantiaca. By A. H. Garrop, M.A., F.B.S.,

Prosector to the Society. (Plate XXIX.)...... Rletohnie re (slnneksre cies mre Aen pote wnt -- 305

April 1, 1879.

The Secretary. Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in March 1879 ...... 308

_. Mr. Carl Bock. Letter from, addressed to the igpeesats) puniatnng remarks apee Capri-

CHS SUMTHIN... ximdiniendicinaistén sec cdke Cis 6 aad eva/enieewnincaherand oe Siereies

Mr. Sclater. Exhibition of the Eggs pea by the naturalists of the “ pest

Rta EERENOID Rates vist ciataicpe Males sat «2 ca aie Sete sicitel ere Saks eae cc aw ten le ae a 309

| Mr.J.W. Clark, F.Z.S. Exhibition of a Shane of a Species of Pegenirlapecieis lately taken

off Ramsgate laie, aiseiminiecriatassh<.6/G dials) esa ialn « aatalatee e/a bio a eel ae anie eed cies eee BH

Mr. St. G. Mivart.- Exhibition of a figure of a malformed Kestrel .....+.....¢...s00+. 311

1, A Contribution to the Avifauna of the Sooloo Islands. By R. Bowpier Smarr, F.L.S.,

F.ZS., &e., Senior Assistant, Department of Zoology, British Museum............ 811

2. A List of the Birds of Labiian Island and its Dependencies. By R. Bowpier Suarre,

F.LS., F.ZS., &., Senior Assistant, Department of Zoology, British Museum.

(Plate XxX.) Bia eats See e ne skeen Ree we satis cesc BOP eorore Amaartes coe 3817

3. On the Conformation of the Thoracic Extremity of the Trachea in the Class Aves.—

Part I. The Gallinz, By A. H. Garrop, M.A., F.R.S., Prosector to the Society .. 354

_ 4, On a new Fish of the Genus Lycodes from the Pacific, By Rozerr Coterr, 0.M.Z.S. 381

5, On the Common eee apie 1 igi Linn. at rte Henry Frower,

F 382

Sacra Paes cie e's. wis a'sinieiale'y’s's a «0 etal uate’ e Neila hiisala Naiaie ogi sekeater<

May 6, 1879.

The Secretary. Report on additions to the Menagerie in April 1879......... FcR ocr +» 384

oe Oe at” ez

; Go

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2" : %

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MO aie

1879. ee.

PART Tf © are eee

Plate

XVII. ‘Ohiromanbsria coronata, .2...', 1. s2v.5..a bes eaten eee

XVIII. Trigla hirundo peers sn sen eee oa ea

XX } Shells of Japan [lL wiec ee

XXI, Cyclorhis contrerasi ...--.-.- s+ seeeseeeee re seteee, e

XXII. Pipreola lubomirskii «..... 6. 06+. sese eee e ee

XXIII. faliedidatrapherin © Ck ie ae

XXIV. Fig. 1. Myzomela chloroptera; fig. 2. M. rubrobrunnea ;

fig. 3. M.adolphinse ...... 6. cece seen eee es

XXV. Fig. 1. Mescrils chermesina ; fig. 2. M. sclateri_

re \ Gasteracanthides .........00eseneurens

XXVIII. Manin apr boipens coccinea

XXIX. qachictis subsea Lo, ata he cane ace

Part i Ay. containing papers read i in Je anuary ak February a June ae

I. A % _ March and April, 0 on Augu

fs into

The price is 5 12s per mst fae sition with cal

that with uncoloured Plates. - 9

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON,

FOR THE YEAR

1879.

- PART IIL.

CONTAININ G PAPERS READ IN

. MAY anv JUNE.

OCTOBER 1st, 1879.

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,

SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE.

LONDON :

potauiiasae car

dine

[Price Twelve Shillings.

Pha Sane e

LIST OF CONTENTS.

PART III.—1879.

May 6, 1879.

The Secretary. Report on the dimensions and weights of the Indian Elephants ........ 385

Mr. E. L. Layard, F.Z.8. Letter from, containing remarks upon Mr. D. G. Elliot’s paper

on the genus Ptilopus ......-0.0se008 e dorsafeicll@'a Mais » syaictie'viejels Wie a Siete aetna 385

Prof. Flower. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a drawing of Delphinus tursio ........ 386

Mr. Gerrard Krefft, C.M.Z.8. Notice of a supposed new species of Bat from Queensland 386

1. Description of a new Species of Wooodpecker from the Island of Tzus Sima, near

Japan. By Rev. H. B. Tristram, F.R.S. (Plate XXXI.) .............. ssee eo OOO

2. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Asiatic Lepidoptera Heterocera. By F.

Moory, F.Z.8. &c. (Plates XXXIT-XXXIV.) 1.00... 0 sees ee ee ee ee eee HOT 387

3. Descriptions of ten new Species of Axinea and Pectunculus in. the Collections of Mr.

Sylvanus Hanley and the late Mr. I, L. Taylor. By Gzorce Frencu Angas,

{

se TT Ce Ee ee Re

ee hoe

G.M.Z.S., FiL:S.; &o: (Plate KXXV.) 2.00 csc cee ceece seas censuses te cieinelanieln 417 ;

4. On the Anatomy of the African sg areal (Elephas africanus, Blum.). By W. A. &

THD HG WRUZIM pH olataonls to Aictotasct there sacle, aieis\s ales aters S/S > ocd aiecele Sigel fie inte a era le Nenana 420 J

5. Note on the Number of Anal Plates in Echinocidaris. By F. Jurrrey a B.A, i

Magdalen College, Oxford, Zoological Department, British Museum, F.Z.S. . 486 Ry

‘ 4

May 20, 1879. “a

Mr. Sclater, Remarks on the Zoological Gardens of Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Cologne, re

Iran itokt, and ATW EDT ae a vats clocks elair «a, sieizam alt ierstels.-role nia elbp satiotnetare tats «« 488) fae

Prof, Owen, O.B., F.R.S. Notice of a memoir on a large extinct Kangaroo of the genus s

Palorchestes ...... bap isnot Diecintean sole oh SOE aeons stot he ae 438 f

1. Descriptions of new Species of Coleoptera of the Family Halticide. By Marrin J. Acopy 439 4

2. On a Fourth Collection of Birds made by the Rev. G. Brown, C.M.Z.S., on Duke-of- ie ;

York Island and in its vicinity. By P. L. Scnarzr, M.A., Ph.D., F. R. 8. japon | at

to the Society. (Plates XXXVI, XXXVII.) ............. vacate x ishsyels te scans ae ae 446

:¥

3. Notes on the Anatomy of Gelada rueppelli. By A. H. Garrop, F.R.S., Prosector to the :

Society... (Plate RXV EUR) eres sine aiaye s+ rte «'e/erd efalats crap’ eisinta ss ctjeitia'sis fai ae 451 :.

4, Notes on and Description of the Female of Ceriornis blythii, Jerdon. By Lieut.-Col. ! y

H. H. Gopwin-Avsran, FYZS. (Plate XXKIX.) oes eck eae sew cne ce oe Soe .

June 3, 1879. iy

The Secretary. Remarks on two volumes of original drawings of the birds of India by Bec

Mrigadior-Gaupral -A.:O. M‘Master sis..0% 2.5. «5 Jota vaeisesd Gelwntes cc,0)pijeameiceiay ware - a Ps

——

Contents continued on page 3 of wrapper. ‘

1879.] MR. E. L. LAYARD ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 389

I have also to report that our Superintendent has had the four

Indian Elephants carefully weighed, and that their sizes and weights

are as follows :—

Circumference of

Height at the front foot

shoulder. above the toes. Weight.

ft. in. ff. “int tons. cwt. qrs. 1b.

Jung Pacha... 7 0 artis Wee 3 pr Wingse

Suffa Culli.. 6 10 ai8 PeMDh 50 hl

Rustom .... 6 0 eid Per aeay i286

Omar it. 6 2 ei i AY ek a 5

I propose to record these weights and dimensions in the Society's

‘ Proceedings’ for future reference.

The following letter, addressed to the Secretary by Mr. E. L.

— F.Z.S., dated from Noumea, 29th January, 1879, was

read :—

Str,—While giving my friend Mr. D. G. Elliot all the credit

due to him for the vast amount of research and labour bestowed on

his elaborate paper on the genus ‘ Ptilopus’ (P. Z. S. 1878, p. 500),

which has just reached me, and thanking him for the kindly and

honorable way in which he has referred to my poor labours in the

field of ornithology, permit me to protest as loudly as I can against

my name being given as guarantee for very false information.

‘* As you, Sir, well know, my wandering life has cut me off from

well-filled museums, specimens, and books. I therefore do not pre-

sume to offer an opinion on the classification or identification of any

species. But I do profess, as a collecting naturalist, to describe cor-

rectly the habits and geographical distribution of the species which

I meet with.

“© Now Mr. Elliot gives my authority, amongst others, for ‘ Tonga-

tabou’ and ‘ Fiji’ as being the habitats of Péilopus purpuratus, and

for the ‘ Navigators’ and Friendly’ Islands as being the habitats of

his Pé, pictiventris. Surely Mr. Elliot has strangely overlooked what

I wrote, P. Z.S. 1876, pp. 495 & 502; also P. Z. S. 1877, p. 464 '!

“J know not who procured the specimens examined by Mr. Elliot,

and whether their habitats are to be trusted; but this I affirm, that

of these green Péilopi with magenta-coloured heads I never pro-

cured but one species on each group of islands, and I doubt if any

one else ever did ; I will undertake to pick out the Fijian, the Tongan,

and the Samoan birds among a thousand. I suppose Mr. Elliot

unites the Tongan and Fijian races as one; I am convinced they are

distinct. I have sent, either to you or to the ‘Ibis,’ a paper on this

subject, pointing out the distinctions. Where the paper has got to I

don’t know ; it has apparently shared the fate of some others and

been lost sight of ; but surely what I have written (/.s. ec.) might have

prevented Mr. Elliot from giving me as a guarantee for the propaga-

gation of what I consider an error.”

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No. X¥XV.

386 CANON TRISTRAM ON A NEW WOODPECKER. [May 6,

Prof. Flower exhibited a coloured drawing of Delphinus tursio,

Fabr., taken from a nearly full-grown male animal which had been

caught at Holyhead on the 5th of October, 1868. Its length was 9

feet 6 inches. The drawing, with a description of the animal, will

appear in the ‘ Transactions’ of the Society.

A communication was read from Mr. Gerard Krefft, C.M.Z.S.,

containing a description and figure of a Bat, of which a specimen had

lately been obtained in Queensland, and which Mr. Krefft was in-

clined to refer to a new genus and species of the family Phyllosto-

matidz. It was pointed out by Mr. Alston that the Bat in question

was probably more correctly referable to the genus Megaderma, but

was of great interest, as no species of that genus had yet been recorded

as found in Australia.

The following papers were read :—

1. Description of a new Species of Woodpecker from the

Island of Tzus Sima, near Japan. By Rev. H. B.

Tristram, F.R.S.

[Received March 20, 1879.]

(Plate XX XI.)

I have lately had placed in my hands for examination, through the

kindness of Vice-Admiral Sir Geo. Henry Richards, K.C.B., F.R.S.,

a small but very interesting collection of birds, made by his son,

Lieut. Richards, R.N., in the Japanese seas, among which are some

half-dozen species from the island of Tzus Sima, very seldom visited,

and situated midway between Japan and the Corea. All belong to

well-known Japanese forms, excepting one, which appears to me to

be undescribed, and which I venture to name in honour of its dis-

coverer

Dryocorus RiCHARDSI, sp. nov. (Plate XXXI.)

Dr. niger, pene resplendens ; imo pectore, abdominis lateribus

tergoque albis, crisso nigro, gula cinereo-nigra ; remigibus sex

prioribus ad apices albis; subalaribus et pogonio interno rec-

tricum et tectricum superiorum ad basin albis per duos digitos

longitudinis, tectricibus caude superioribus et inferioribus albo

marginatis: long. tot. 19, ale 9°6, caud.8, rostr. a rictu 2°5,

lat. ad basin *75, tarsi 1°25, digit. med. cum ungue 1:8.

This species is very nearly allied to Thriponaw hodgsoni (Jerd.)

and Z. crawfurdi, G. R. Gr., the former from Malabar, the latter

from Pegu. But no species of this genus has yet been observed in

the vast intermediate region, although Mr. Swinhoe procured Dryo-

copus martius at Pekin. I cannot find any record of any large

Woodpecker being found in Japan, though we may feel certain that

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P.Z.S.1879. Pl XXXIL

NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA.

Mintern Eros lith.

P.Z.S.1879. Pl. XXXTIT.

NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA.

Mintern Bros lith.

P.Z.S. 1879. PL XXXIV

NEW ASIATIGC LEPIDOPTERA.

Mintern Bros lith.

1879.] MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA, 387

this species, occurring so near as Tzus Sima, must also inhabit at

least the southern island. Our new species is larger than any of

its congeners. The female, which unfortunately alone we possess,

is rather larger than the male of Thriponax hodgsoni of Southern

India, from which species it may at once be distinguished by the

extent of white on the back and breast being nearly double in extent,

by the white tips to the quill-feathers, the white axillaries and under

wing-coverts, and the white on the inner webs of the primaries and

quill-feathers. From 7. crawfurdi it is at once distinguished by its

much larger size, exceeding that of the former by 4 inches in length,

and the wing being 14 inch longer, while the bill, which is } inch

longer, is much more massive, and the tarsus shorter.

Though the type is a female, there can be no doubt, from its cor-

respondence with the females of the other species, that the male when

obtained will be found to have the same sexual distinction of red on

the head possessed by its congeners.

2. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Asiatic Lepi-

doptera Heterocera. By F. Moors, F.Z.S. &c.

[Received April 2, 1879.]

(Plates XXXII.-XXXIV.)

SPHINGES.

MacroGLossa TAXICOLOR, n. Spe

Fore wing grey-brown, with two transverse median ferruginous-

brown bands, the inner band narrowest at the costal end, the outer

band angled on its external border and broadest at the costal end; a

distinct black spot below the apex: hind wing pale ochreous-red,

with dark ferruginous-brown base and outer band. Body ferrugi-

nous-brown, with pale ochreous lateral spots; anal tuft black,

slightly tipped with ferruginous. Underside ferruginous, with brown

outer border and indistinct transverse narrow discal lines.

Expanse 1 to 2 inches.

Hab. Ceylon. In coll. F. M. Mackwood and F. Moore.

Crianis, Hubner,

Clanis, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 138.

Basiana, Walk. Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. viii. p. 236.

CLANIS UNDULOSA, 0. Sp.

Male. Upperside cinnamon-brown. Fore wing washed with purple

along posterior border; with seven transverse dusky brown lunular

bands, the third bent inward to the costa and very broadly suffused

across lower end of the cell; fourth and fifth composed of broader

25*

388 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. [May 6,

lunules, which are confluent between the veins and interrupted be-

tween the upper median branch and the radial; the seventh with a

dark triangular grey-speckled patch at apical end; an oblique fascia

formed across the wing by the bent end of the fourth band and the

outer parallel lunules: Aind wing densely black at the base, and

black-speckled on the disk, with a distinct transverse narrow sinuous

band; abdominal border pale ochreous. Abdomen paler cinmamon

colour. Thorax and top of head with a longitudinal dusky streak ;

front of head black; shaft of antennze pink. Legs pink ; tibize black

at sides; hind tibize with a white streak above; spurs white. Un-

derside paler-coloured, with three or four median transverse indistinct

dusky sinuous bands: fore wing with a broad black streak from base

below the cell, and a narrow oblique apical line.

Expanse 43 inches.

Hab. N. China. In coll. Dr. Staudinger.

Nearest allied to C. bilineata (Basiana bilineata, Walk.), from

N.E. Bengal, from which it differs above in being of an entirely dif-

ferent colour and markings.

AMBULYX AURIPENNIS, 0. sp.

Male. Upperside—fore wing golden-brown, palest at the base

and greenish-tinted externally ; a small pale-bordered dark sap-brown

spot at the base, and a larger spot below the cell; a pale sap-brown

narrow band recurving from apex to posterior angle; four equidistant

short, oblique, indistinct costal streaks, and two less distinct trans-

verse discal sinuous lines: hind wing dark ochreous, anterior border

yellowish, crossed by three short blackish sinuous fasciz, the base

of wing also blackish. Body ochreous-brown, pink-tinted ; a frontal

band, broad lateral band on thorax, and a narrow dorsal line sap-

brown. Palpi, pectus, and anal segments beneath ferruginous. Un-

derside yellowish ferruginous ; disk brown-speckled ; a grey marginal

band on fore wing.

Expanse 3 inches.

Hab. Ceylon (Sir W. H. Gregory). In coll. Dublin Museum.

Nearest allied to 4. rhodoptera, Butler, from Darjiling.

TRIPTOGON RECTILINEA, 0. Sp.

Male. Nearest allied to 7’. fuscescens, Butler, Trans. Z.S. ix. p. 587,

pl. 93. f. 2, but of smaller size. Fore wing deeper-coloured, the trans-

verse lines blacker, there being four in the subbasal series, which are

erect and not curved outwards; the discal pair are both angled

at the middle; and the outer pair are close together and parallel

throughout their length: Aind wing of a brighter chestnut colour,

with a smaller greyish anal area, and with a continuous dark streak ;

middle of thorax and a posterior band dark chestnut.

- Expanse 26 inches.

Hab. N. India. In coll, Dublin Museum.

1879.] MR, F, MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. 889

BomByYCEs.

Fam. AGARISTID.

Sreupyra, Stretch, Cistula Entom. ii. p. 19 (1875).

SEUDYRA VENOSA, 0. sp.

Upperside—fore wing with the apex and broad band on hind mar-

gin dark chestnut-brown, suffused with lilac and crossed by sinuous

white lines ; intermediate space from the base greyish white speckled

with black, the veins being prominently whitish; a transverse, sub-

basal, curved greyish line and a tortuous discal double line, enclo-

sing a pale-bordered, oval, orbicular and large reniform spot, both

the lines terminating near together on middle of hind margin: hind

wing golden yellow, with a broad black marginal band, which is

broken at anal angle. Cilia grey. Thorax chestnut-brown, grey-

speckled ; abdomen and legs golden yellow, with a short basal dorsal

brown tuft.

Underside—/fore wing with the basal third yellow, the outer por-

tion black, and enclosing a small white quadrate spot before end of

the cell, and a large, broad, oblique discal spot beyond: hind wing

yellow, with broad outer black band and a terminal anal spot : a mar-

ginal row of white dentate marks on both wings.

Exp. 12 to 22 inches.

Hab, Darjiling (Russell). In coll. F. Moore.

Fam. ZyGNID&.

ZYGENA ASOKA, Ui. Sp.

Fore wing blackish green, with five orange-yellow spots, the first

subbasal, the second and third costal, each at one third its length,

the fourth below the cell, the fifth subapical and crossed by two

black veins: hind wing jet-black, with two large crimson-red spaces,

one being basal, the other apical and longitudinally black-streaked.

Antenne steel-blue. Head, thorax, and body jet-black. An orange-

yellow spot on each side of front of thorax. Second and third anal

segment crimson-red. Legs black.

Exp. 14 inch.

Hab. N.W. India. In coll. late C. Horne, Esq.

SYNTOMIS AUSTEN], 0. Sp.

Yellowish hyaline. Veins prominently black: fore wing with

narrow black marginal band, streak along lower median veinlet,

and band between upper median and lower subcostal veinlets:

hind wing with marginal black band dentated below lower median

veinlet ; anal margin yellow. Body jet-black, middle and sides of

thorax and broad band on each segment of abdomen orange-red, tip

being black. Legs brownish black.

Exp. 12 inch.

Hab. Surarium, N.E. Bengal (Godwin-Austen). In coll. F.

Moore.

390 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. [May 6,

DysAUXES INDICA, 0. Sp.

Female. Upperside chocolate-brown : fore wing with two yellow

median spots, the upper round, lower conical and on hind margin:

hind wing with the basal half yellow. Front of head, tegule, and

tip of abdomen yellow. Spots on underside of fore wing less defined.

Legs brown.

Exp. 1+ inch.

Hab. Bombay (Dr. Leith). In coll. F. Moore.

Larger than D. punctata of Europe, and distinguished by having

only two yellow spots on fore wing.

ARTONA QUADRIMACULATA, Ni. Sp.

Male and Female. Brown; cilia whitish: fore wing with a small

oval subapical yellow spot: hind wing with a short, curved, clavate,

median, transverse yellow streak. Palpi and legs greyish brown.

Exp. 7% inch.

Hab. Masuri, N.W. Himalayas. In coll. Major Lang and F.

Moore.

Fam, CRHALCOSIID.

AracuottA!, Moore, Asiat. Soc. Beng., Dese. Lep. Atk. Coll. p. 14

(1878).

ARACHOTIA VESPOIDES, 0. Sp.

Female. Wings transparent, yellowish : fore wing with the costa

and hind margin, subcostal and median veins, a discocellular streak,

and outer marginal band black : hindwing with the costal margin white ;

narrow outer marginal band black ; outer marginal band on both

wings dentated near posterior angle. Antenne black. Vertex and

thorax black ; collar and band across thorax yellow. Front of head

grey. Abdomen yellow above, greyish beneath, with black narrow

bands and broad tip. Palpi yellow, black-tipped. Legs black,

streaked with grey beneath,

Exp. 13 inch.

Hab. N. India. In coll. F. Moore:

CHALCOSIA ALBATA, 0. Sp.

Similar to C. ideoides, H.-S. Lep. Spec. Nov. pl. 1. f. 6, from

Java. Differs in having the oblique bands and hind wing pure white

above and beneath, the discal band on fore wing being broader and of

uniform width throughout, and the marginal black band on hind wing

narrower. Collar above with two metallic-blue raised spots; palpi

and legs white.

Expanse 2 to 23 inches.

Hab. Dharmsala, N.W. Himalaya; Nepal. In coll. F. Moore.

CHALCOSIA BICOLOR, 0. sp.

Female. Upperside pale greenish yellow : fore wing with a broad,

even-margined, dark cupreous-brown submarginal band: hind wing

This genus is allied to Trypanophora.

1879.] MR. ¥. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. 391

with an inner-angled black apical band. Base of costal border, upper

part of thorax, head, and antenne stecl-blue; front of head and

palpi white. Legs yellowish, slightly steel-blue above. Underside as

above; band on fore wing with a geminated white spot below the.

apex, the apex of both bands steel-blue.

Expanse 1,', inch.

Hab. Sumatra (Buxton) ; Malacca (Hichhorn). Incoll. F. Moore

and Dr. Staudinger.

CHELURA BASIFLAVA, ND. sp.

Male. Upperside pale livid white: fore wing with a short basal

costal ochreous streak, three basal transverse dark fuliginous bands,

the outer portion of the wing being paler fuliginous, leaving only a

short, pale livid-white streak between the veins: hind wing with the

subcostal and median branches bordered with fuliginous, leaving

only a pale livid white elongated streak between the veins. Head,

antennee, hind part of thorax, and abdomen fuliginous black ; collar

and fore part of thorax and tip of abdomen ochreous. Legs fuligi-

nous black.

Expanse 22 inches.

Hab. Darjeeling. In coll. F. Moore.

Smaller than C. bifasciata, Hope. Differs in the absence of the

two ochreous transverse subbasal bands, these being entirely black,

instead of ochreous with black borders, and in the veins being very

much more broadly bordered with fuliginous.

AGALOPE LIVIDA, 0. sp.

Female. Upperside dull opaque bluish white; veins dark brown:

Sore wing with a basal orange-yellow patch ; area within the base of

the cell in fore wing and apex of both wings fuliginous, Body, an-

tennee, and legs black ; fore legs above greyish.

Expanse 22 inches.

Hat. China. In coll. Dr. Standinger.

Differs from A. basalis, Walker, from the N.W. Himalayas, on

the fore wing in the absence of the median transverse fuliginous band,

and in the hind wing having the veins dark and the apex fuliginous.

Borapta, n. g.

Male and Female. Fore wing elongated oval ; costal vein extend-

ing to two thirds its length; subcostal vein three-branched, first

branch arising before end of the cell, second from end of the cell,

bifid; discocellulars bent inward at the middle, upper bent outward

near subcostal end; radial from angle of upper discocellular, and a

discoidal veinlet emitted within the cell ; median vein four-branched,

the branches straight, two upper branches on a foot-stalk from end

of the cell; asubmedian and an internal vein: hind wing elongated,

trigonal ; costal vein extending to apex ; subcostal vein two-branched,

first branch very short, and joined to costal before end of the cell,

second from end of the cell; discocellulars, radial, and discoidal

veins as in fore wing; median vein four-branched, the two upper

392 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. [May 6,

from end of cell, but separated at base; a submedian and two inter-

nal yeins. Body short; antenne bipectinate in male, slightly ser-

rate in female; thorax slightly pilose; abdomen and legs nearly

naked.

Allied to Agalope, Walker.

BoRADIA CARNEOLA, 0. sp.

Male and Female subhyaline, pale flesh-colour, yellowish at base of

fore wing. Abdomen black; thorax and head above yellowish; an-

tennz and legs black ; tarsi tawny.

Expanse 1} inch.

Hab. Dharmsala, N.W. Himalaya (Rev. H. Hocking). In coll.

Lord Walsingham and F. Moore.

CYCLOSIA SUBFLAVA, Nl. Sp.

Male. Upperside pale dull buff-yellow: fore wing with the veins

blue-lined basally, and broadly with black externally, their outer ends

forming a narrow marginal band, the interspaces on the disk minutely

black-speckled: hind wing with the veins at the extreme base and

externally blue-lined, outer marginal band narrow, black apically, blue

posteriorly. Thorax, head above, and antenne steel-blue ; abdomen

green ; front of head and palpiwhite, the latter blue at sides. Legs

blue above, white beneath. Underside blacker-veined than above ;

basal area of hind wing bright yellow.

Expanse 2 inches.

Hab. Malacca {Hichhorn). In coll. Dr. Staudinger.

Distinguished from C. papilionaria by the absence of the marginal

row of spots on both wings, and in the basal area of the hind wing

being bright yellow beneath.

CANERKES SEMIPLENA.

Euschema semiplena, Walker, Catai. Lep. Het. B. M. p. 177

(1864), 2.

Hab. Malacca. In coll. F. Moore (ex coll. Norris).

RaTarDA, n. g.

Male and Female. Wings obovate. Fore wing short, costa slightly

arched, apex and exterior margin very convex, posterior margin

short ; costal vein short; subcostal vein four-branched, first branch

starting at half length of the cell, second trifurcate, the upper fork

at half its length, second fork near apex ; cell short, oblique ; disco-

cellulars very oblique, bent in the middle, each slightly curved; a

discoidal veinlet emitted from angle of discocellulars, continuous with

the radial and extending to base of the cell; radial from middle of ~

the discocellulars ; median vein four-branched, the two upper from

angles at end of the cell; a submedian and an internal vein. Hind

wing of the same length as fore wing, convex externally ; costal vein

short; cell broad, short, oblique ; upper discocellular short, lower

very oblique ; subcostal two-branched, first before end of cell; a

1879.] MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. 393

straight discoidal veinlet from middle angle of discocellulars to base

of cell; median four-branched, two upper from angles at end of the

cell; a submedian and two internal veins. Body short, sparsely

pilose. Legs short, sparsely pilose. Legs short, slender, nearly

naked. Palpi minute, pilose. Antenne bipectinated.

RATARDA MARMORATA, nl. sp. (Plate XXXII. fig. 1.)

Male. Upperside—fore wing blackish fuliginous, with a white

irregular space within the cell, large circular-shaped spots below it,

and very indistinct speckled spots beyond: hind wing blackish fuli-

ginous on external half, the base white ; outer half slightly white-

speckled. Underside similar to above, the white on fore wing

more diffused, and the hind wing more prominentiy white-speckled.

Female blacker than male. Body blackish fuliginous. Legs yel-

lowish. :

Expanse ¢ 18, 2 1,5 inch.

Hab. Darjiling. In coll. F. Moore and British Museum,

KLABOANA, N. g.

Female. Fore wing elongated ; costa slightly arched at base, apex

somewhat pointed, exterior margin nearly straight ; first branch of

subcostal vein short, oblique, and anastomosed to costal, second

before end of the cell, free, third trifurcate, upper starting at nearly

half length beyond the cell, the two lower on a foot-stalk near junc-

tion with upper; radial starting from below subcostal at beyond half

distance between end of the cell and third branch ; cell broad at its

end ; discocellulars bent very obliquely inward, upper shortest; a

discoidal upper veinlet emitted within the cell from middle of disco-

cellulars and extending to its end, a lower shorter discoidal veinlet

from lower end of discocellulars and joining the upper one at one third

its length ; median vein forr-branched, two upper branches from point

at lower end of the cell ; asubmedian and internal vein. Hind wing

broad, apex and exterior margin convex, abdominal margin as long as

the body; cell broad ; subcostal vein angled upward at first branch

and oblique beyond, first branch very short and anastomosed to cos-

tal, second from end of cell; discocellulars contiguous and bent in-

ward, upper angled near subcostal; radial starting from angle of

upper discocellular; median four-branched, each branch from nearly

equidistant angles, upper curved and close to radial ; a submedian

and two internal veins. Body slender; abdomen with an anal ra-

diated tuft of short fine hairs. Antenne bipectinate. Palpi small.

Legs long, squamous ; middle and hind legs armed only with a very

small terminal pair of spurs.

KLABOANA MACULARIA.

Gynautocera macularia, Guér. Deless. Voy. p. 83, pl. 25. fig. 2.

Hab. Malacca.

394 MR. F, MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. [May 6,

Tuymara, Doubleday, Zoologist, i. p. 197.

THymarA CAuDATA, n. sp. (Plate XXXII. fig. 3.)

Male. Fore wing dark fuliginous, veins black ; the space within the

cell and immediately below it to the base ochreous: hind wing golden

yellow, with a large median costal spot, a smaller subanal spot, and

the entire elongated tail and its fringe black. Body golden yellow;

thorax and anal tuft black. Front of head and legs golden yellow,

Expanse : fore wing 14 inch; hind wing, including tail, ;9 inch.

Hab. British Burmah. In coll. F. Moore.

This species has also been taken at Punkabari, in Assam, by Mr.

W. B. Farr, who has a fine specimen in his collection from that

locality.

Fam. NycTEMERID.

NYCTEMERA NIGROVENOSA, N. sp.

Allied to N. coleta, Cram. (Exot. Lep. pl. 368. f. H), from Java.

Differs on the fore wing in the discal maculated band being somewhat

narrower, and on the hind wing in the veins being lined with black

throughout both above and beneath.

Expanse 1? inch.

Hab, Ceylon. In coll. F. Moore.

Fam. LirnHosiip2.

Cossa NUBECULA, N. sp.

Male. Pale greyish ochreous: fore wing with ablack short trian-

gular streak on the costa beyond the middle ; a brown-speckled in-

distinct patch from before the apex and along the exterior margin :

hind wing with a very indistinct darker marginal fascia. Under-

side—fore wing dusky brown. Legs dusky brown above.

Expanse 1/5 inch.

Hab. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore.

BARSINE PRETIOSA, N. sp.

Allied to B. gratiosa, Guér. Deless. Voy. pl. 26. f. 1, from S.

India. Differs above in being greyish ochreous, the fore wing having

five transverse series of red spots, which are smaller, the two outer

series linear, but disconnected. ’

Expanse ¢ 13 inch.

Hab. Dharmsala, N.W. Himalaya (Rev. H. Hocking). In coll.

Lord Walsingham.

SETINA DHARMA, 0. sp.

Ochreous-yellow ; fore wing with a small black basal spot, a

transverse interrupted series of four spots, a spot at end of the

cell, and a recurved discal series of spots, the latter slightly elon-

gated. Thorax with two small black spots on anterior part ; legs

ahove black-streaked.

Expanse £ to 1 inch.

Hab. Dharmsala, N.W. Himalaya (Rev. H. Hocking). In coll.

Lord Walsingham.

1879.] MR. F, MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. 395

Fam. Arcrimpa.

GoNERDA, 0. g.

Male. Fore wing long, costa nearly straight, apex acute, exterior

margin slightly oblique, hind margin straight to near end; costal vein

extending two thirds its length; subcostal vein four-branched, first and

second branches arising before end of the cell, fourth and fifth short,

the fifth arising from below the third at half its length, fourth from

below end of the third ; discocellulars slightly oblique, upper very

short; one radial starting from angle at upper end of the cell; me-

dian vein four-branched, the three upper contiguous at lower end of

the cell ; submedian curved and extending near the hind margin.

Hind wing broad, costal margin nearly straight, apex rather acute,

outer margin convex; subcostal extending to near apex, three-

branched ; discocellulars oblique ; median vein as in fore wing ; sub-

median nearly straight. Body stout, densely pilose, hairs long and

lax on the thorax, anal tuft prominent and divergent ; antenn bi-

pectinated. Palpidecumbent, densely pilose, third joint long. Legs

pilose beneath, spurred.

Near to genus Alope, Walker.

GONERDA PERORNATA, n. sp. (Plate XXXII. fig. 2.)

Male. Fore wing yellow, crossed by four narrow black irregular

bands and two series of basal streaks, the outer or marginal band

extending slightly upward beyond posterior angle, the second band

being short, third band recurved, fourth bent inward near end of the

cell; a black oblique spot at end of the cell; the basal streaks

short, irregular, and broken by the veins: hind wing deep crimson,

crossed by three broad, irregular curved black bands and a narrow

marginal line. Cilia of both wings yellow. Thorax ochreous-yellow,

with three longitudinal black bands. Abdomen crimson, with black

dorsal band and fringe to tuft. Underside as above, the markings

on fore wing slightly confluent. Palpi, head, and body beneath

black ; femora above crimson. Antenne brown, shaft yellowish.

Expanse 2 inches.

Hab, Cashmere. In coll. F. Moore.

ARCTIA SUTTADRA, 0. Sp.

Female. Upperside—fore wing with three oblique transverse

brownish-black broad bands, the interspaces creamy white ; first

band basal, second median and bifid on the costa, third apical partly

divided ; cilia black. Hind wing crimson, with two large, irregular,

oval, submarginal black spots, also a very small spot below the cell ;

cilia alternate black and yellow. Palpi, head, thorax, and body

black; abdomen only with lateral crimson bands. Underside with

the median and apical bands as above, the basal absent, interspaces

yellow: hind wing as above, but no spot below the cell; a nar-

row streak at end of cell. Abdominal rings fringed with red;

legs black, front and mid legs streaked with red, hind tarsi yel-

lowish. Antenne black,

396 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. [May 6,

Expanse 1j inch.

Hab. Cashmere (Stakpila Pass), 12,000 feet. In coll. Capt. H. B.

Hellard.

Pancora, Moore, Asiat. Soc. Beng., Desc. Lep. Atk. Coll.

: p. 42 (1878).

PANGORA MATHERANA, 0. Sp.

Male and Female. Upperside—fore wing clive-brown, with a

cream-white broad irregular patch at base, a median transverse dis-

torted band, and large upper and lower outer marginal spots, the

basal patch with two small lower black spots and a streak beneath

them: hind wing ochrey-yellow, with a brown narrow transverse me-

dian band, and a broad outer band enclosing upper and lower marginal

yellow spots; the outer band broken in the male. Top of head and

thorax white, black-spotted, and with a streak down middle of thorax.

Abdomen ochrey-yellow, with dorsal and lateral row of black spots,

Body beneath and legs brown ; femora above yellow. Palpi yellow,

tip black. Antennze brown, basal joint yellow. Underside marked

as above, the basal and median spaces on fore wing being also

yellow. Near to P. erosa, Walk.

FExpanse, ¢ 14, 2 22 inches.

Hab. Matheran Hill, Bombay (Dr. Leith). In coll. F. Moore

and British Museum.

Rasenpra, Moore, Asiat. Soc. Beng., Desc. Lep. Atk. Coll.

p. 43 (1878).

Form and neuration similar to Creatonotus, but differs in the hind

wing being shorter, less produced at the apex, and the greater con-

vexity of the hind margin. Palpi prominent; antennz minutely

bipectinate in male, simple in female.

Type R. lativitta, Moore, l. ce. p. 43.

This genus will embrace Aloa sipahi and A. nigricans, Moore, and

also several other small species of Tiger-moths described by Mr.

Walker under Aloa, but which are not congeneric with the type of

that genus, these being characterized chiefly by having a longitudinal

pale band on the fore wing ; they are 4. integra, dentata, biguttata.

RaJENDRA VITTATA, n. sp. (Plate XXXII. fig. 12.)

Male. Fore wing brownish black, with a broad, longitudinal, curved,

pinkish white band from base to apex: hind wing pale pink, with a

blackish streak at base of anterior margin, a spot at end of the cell,

another spot at anal angle, and two very indistinct grey-speckled

submarginal spots. Cilia of both wings white. Middle of thorax

black ; tegule and sides of head pink-white, a black spot on each

tegula. Abdomen bright red above, beneath and dorsal bands black.

Antenne greyish. Front of head and palpi black. Legs black,

femora red. Underside of wings as above.

Expanse 1§ inch.

1879.] MR. ¥. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. 397

Hab. British Burmah. In coll. F. Moore.

Differs from 2. diguttata, Walker, in the cilia being white instead

of black on both wings, and in the hind wing being very differently

spotted.

RaJENDRA PANNOsA, n. sp. (Plate XXXII. fig. 8.)

Male and Female. Upperside—fore wing dark olive-brown, with

a broad ochrey-white, lower, longitudinal, irregular sinuous-bordered

band from base ‘to below the apex; below the band in some speci-

mens are a few very small contiguous or partly confluent spots; a

linear series of three small spots before the apex, and a contiguous

costal dentate spot: hind wing ochrey-red, with two small brown

costal spots, an indistinct spot at end of the cell, a larger spot

(broken in the male) before the apex, and one or two small spots

near anal angie. Top of head, front and sides of thorax ochrey-

white, slightly fringed with ochrey-red, black-spotted, the middle of

thorax and a streak on side of tegula brown. Abdomen ochrey-red,

with small dorsal and lateral black spots. Antenne black, with

broad white band near tip; basal joint ochrey-red. Palpi ochrey-

red, tip black. Front of head black. Body beneath ochrey-yellow ;

legs black, streaked below with ochrey-yellow ; femora above red.

Underside of wings as above.

Expanse, g14, 9 14 inch.

Hab. Dharmsala (N.W. Himalaya). In coll. F. Moore.

HyPeRCOMPA FLAVICOLOR, 0. Sp.

Male and Female. Near to H. equitalis, Kollar, but of smaller

size, the markings on fore wing and the colour of the hind wing

ochrey-yellow. On the fore wing the upper spot at end of the cell

is the longest, and has two contiguous spots at its upper end before

the apex ; the spots above the submedian vein are equidistant, and

are entirely or partly formed into three, the outer spot being at a

distance from the posterior angle ; along the hind margin is a very

narrow wavy yellow band ; other spots similar to H. equitalis: hind

wing with black narrow line on veins, a broad irregular spot at end

of the cell, and four angle-bordered submarginal spots, the upper one

on anterior margin before the apex, a narrow streak on middle of

outer margin; cilia of hind wing yellow, except at the marginal

streak, where itis black. Palpi black only on terminal joint; vertex

without spots. Legs buff-white, streaked and banded with brown.

Abdomen with a dorsal row of small black spots.

Fixpanse 22 to 24 inches.

Hab. Simla, N.W. Himalaya. In coll. F. Moore.

HyrERCOMPA SIMILIS, 0. sp.

Form and pattern of HZ. equitalis. Lore wing darker green ; spots

of a clear ochrey-yellow ; costal spots small; the series beyond end

of the cell composed of six in a curve, the lowest spot small and

placed below the cell, seven spots in the series between the lower

median and submedian veins; the outer marginal series small:

398 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. [May 6,

hind wing yellowish white, veins and two median transverse parti-

ally-interrupted bands, and cilia fuliginous. Legs blackish above,

ochraceous beneath.

Expanse 2 inches.

Hab. Dharmsala, N.W. Himalaya. In coll. F. Moore.

RuyYPARIA TIGRINA, n. sp. (Plate XXXII. fig. 4.)

Male. Upperside yellowish ochraceous: fore wing with broad

black streak along basal end of each vein, and two transverse con-

fluent series of outer spots: Aind wing with black costal border, a

suffused spot at end of the cell, and a broad, irregular-bordered sub-

marginal band. A black central spot on thorax, dorsal bands and

lateral spots on abdomen. Underside as above. Antenne, side of

head, and palpi black. Legs black, femora ochreous.

Expanse 14 inch.

Hab. Pulney Hills, 8. India (Sealy). In coll. India Museum and

F. Moore.

Somewhat allied to R. strigatula (Arctia strigatula, Walker),

from Java, but of different colour and markings.

CYCNIA TRANSVERSA, 0. sp.

Upperside pale purplish testaceous: fore wing crossed by six black

equidistant, irregular, interrupted bands and a marginal row of spots,

the bands bent inward and broadest at the costal end: hind wing

with a black spot at end of the cell, and an interrupted submarginal

series. Underside paler; marked as above. Body black-spotted.

Expanse 1 inch.

Hab, N.W. India. In coll. F'. Moore.

CuHALLA, 0. g.

Male and Female. Fore wing elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched

towards end, apex nearly convex, exterior margin oblique; subcostal

vein five-branched, first branch starting immediately before end of

the cell ; second from end of cell, quadrifid, the three upper forks

short, lowest from below junction of first fork ; radial from upper end

of the cell ; discocellulars of equal length, bent inward ; a very slender

discoidal veinlet emitted within the cell ; median vein four-branched,

two upper branches joined together at their base, and starting from

end of the cell, third contiguous; submedian vein near the posterior

margin. Hind wing obovate, subcostal touching the costal at its base,

two-branched from end of the cell; upper discocellular shortest,

lower very obliquely outward ; a discoidal veinlet emitted within the

cell; median four-branched, the three upper starting from end of

the cell; a submedian and two interior veins. Body short, laxly

pilose ; antennz bipectinate in male, minutely serrate-pectinate in

female ; palpi short, minute ; femora and tibize slightly pilose.

Allied to Alpenus, Walker.

CHALLA BIMACULATA, 1. sp.

Male and Female. Ochreous-yellow, deepest on fore wing and

1879.] MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. 399

abdomen; fore wing with a small black spot at upper end of the

cell ; fore legs above lined with black, middle tibiee at their end and

middle and hind tarsi black-streaked ; abdomen with an indistinct

series of small black dorsal and lateral spots ; palpi black, streaked

above ; pectinations of antennz blackish.

Expanse, 51, 21} inch.

Hab. Dharmsala, N.W. Himalaya (Rev. H. Hocking). In coll.

Lord Walsingham and F. Moore.

CHALLA DISCALIS, n. sp. (Plate XXXII. fig. 7.)

Male. Pale ochreous-yellow ; thorax and abdomen brighter

ochreous: fore wing with a short, indistinct, blackish maculated discal

band crossing from upper end of the cell, and thence obliquely to

above middle of posterior margin; a similar-coloured spot within

middle of the cell, one below it, and another at base of the costa:

hind wing with an indistinct similar-coloured spot at upper end of

the cell, crossed by the discocellular vein. Abdomen with a dorsal

and lateral row of very small black spots. Palpi, fore legs, and

tarsi above black-streaked ; pectinations of antenne blackish.

Expanse 1,45 inch.

Hab. N.W. Himalaya. In coll. F. Moore.

Fam. Lrparip#.

AROA OCHRIPICTA, 0. Sp.

Male. Bright ochreous-red; fore wing slightly brownish along

the costal border and below the cell.

Female. Pale greyish ochreous-brown, greyest on fore wing.

Expanse, 3 1,2,, 2 15% inch.

Hab. Hong-kong. In coll. Dr. O. Staudinger.

Allied to A. substrigosa, Walker, from Assam, and to A. socrus,

Hiibn. Zutr. f. 837, from Java.

ARTAXA UNIMACULA, 0. sp.

- Male and Female. Fore wing clear ochreous, with a broad median

transverse, pale-bordered, darker band, which is less apparent in the

female ; a single black spot before the apex. Cilia whitish. Hind

wing yellowish white. Abdomen brownish, tuft ochreous.

Expanse, ¢ 13, 2 12 inch.

Hab. Khasia hills (G.-Austen). In coll. F. Moore.

Allied to A. diagramma, Boisd.; distinguished by having but a

single apical black spot, and in the difference of the colour of the

abdomen.

ARTAXA LEITHIANA, n. sp. (Plate XXXII. fig. 9.)

Male and Female. Upperside pale yellow: fore wing with a me-

dian transverse, recurved, oblique, black maculated band, termi-

nating within end of the cell and not extending hindward to the

margin. Abdomen ochreous. Underside—/ore wing in male dusky

400 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. [May 6,

brown along anterior border. Palpi dusky brown at the side. Fore

legs ochreous-brown in front.

Expanse, g 12, Q 12 inch. prt"

Hab. Bombay (Dr. Leith), N. Canara (Ward). In coll. F.

Moore.

ARTAXA ERECTA, n. sp. (Plate XXXII. fig. 6.)

Female. Pale yellow : fore wing with a broad, median, transverse,

erect, ochreous-brown speckled band.

Expanse 12 inch.

Hab. Canara, 8. India (Ward). In coll. F. Moore.

ARTAXA BREVIVITTA, n. sp. (Plate XXXII. fig. 10.)

Male, Ochrey-yellow, paler on hind wing : fore wing with a broad,

black-speckled, short band, extending from middle of hind margin

upward to end of the cell. Underside of anterior border ochreous,

Expanse 1% inch.

Hab. Bengal (Russell). In coll. F. Moore.

Allied to A. howra, Moore, from Calcutta. Distinguished from it

by the broad band on hind margin and in the absence of a black cell-

spot.

EvuPRocris SUBDITA, N. sp.

Male. Upperside white: hind wing with the anterior border and

apex thickly irrorated with brown scales; anal tuft bright yellow.

Underside—fore wing with the anterior border broadly dusky black :

hind wing with the anterior border narrowly speckled with brown.

Antenne dusky brown, shaft white.

Exp. | inch.

Hab. Ceylon. In coll. F. Moore.

Allied to Z. auriflua of Europe. Distinguished by its smaller size

and absence of markings on the fore wing.

Evuprocris FLAVONIGRA, n. sp. (Plate XXXII. fig. 11.)

Male. Upperside—fore wing yellow: hind wing dark ochreous-

brown. Body whitish ; anal tuft yellow. Underside uniform dusky

ochreous-brown. Cilia yellow. Antennee blackish, shaft . white.

Legs yellowish above, white beneath.

Expanse 17 inch.

Hab. Nepaul (Gen. Ramsay). In coll. F. Moore.

Allied to E. subnigra, Moore, from Cherra Punji, and may be

distinguished from it by the difference in colour,

Evuproctis posTincisa, n. sp. (Plate XXXII. fig. 5.) |

Female. White: fore wing with a median, transverse, narrow,

black band, which is outwardly angled at the end of the cell; short

oblique black line from posterior angle.

Expanse 1,4; inch.

Hab, N.E. Bengal (4. Grote). In coll. F, Moore.

1879.] MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. 401

PIDA ALBODENTATA, D. sp. %

Female. Upperside dull ochreous-white: fore wing minutely brown-

speckled ; a broad, transverse, median, ochreous-brown speckled band

crossed by pale veins; a row of white dentate spots along outer

margin. Underside paler, without markings.

Expanse 14 inch.

Hab. N.W. Himalaya. In coll. F. Moore.

REDOA CYGNA, 0. sp.

Male and Female. Wings silky white, covered with minute silvery

scales: fore wing with a small black spot at end of the cell. Body

and legs white. Front of head, tip of palpi, and legs spotted with

dark brown.

Expanse 14 inch.

Hab. N.E. Bengal (A. Grote). In coll. F. Moore,

CaLTURA, 0. g. ba

Wings broad: fore wing trigonal, elongated in female; costa

arched at base, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique ; first branch

of subcostal vein starting from some distance before the end of the

cell, second quadrifid, fifth or lowest being nearest the cell; disco-

cellulars bent in the middle, upper angled; radial from angle of

upper discocellular; median vein four-branched, two upper from

angles at end of the cell: hind wing broad, apex and exterior margin

very convex ; subcostal two-branched from angle at end of the cell;

upper discocellular short, lower long and very oblique; median vein

as in fore wing. Body moderate; abdomen as long as hind wing.

Palpi pilose, porrect. Legs covered with short spinous hairs. An-

tennee bipectinate.

CALTURA ALBA, 0. sp.

Male and Female. White, semidiaphanous, covered with raised

white scales: fore wing with two transverse black lines, the first sub-

basal and zigzag, the other discal, oblique, and bent near the costa ;

a short, oblique, discocellular black streak ; both wings with a mar-

ginal row of small black spots. Thorax black-spotted ; abdomen in

male with dorsal and lateral row of black spots. Legs hoary above.

Expanse ¢ 18, 2 23 inches.

Hab. Ceylon (Sir W. Gregory). In coll. Dublin Museum.

DasyCHIRA KAUSALIA, 0. sp.

Male. Upperside pale brownish grey: fore wing minutely irro-

rated with black scales, crossed by indistinct basal, discal, and mar-

ginal sinuous dusky lines; a lunule at end of the cell: hind wing

pale greyish brown, yellowish on abdominal margin ; cilia whitish ;

an indistinct dusky spot at end of the cell. Underside paler; both

wings with a dusky brown, broad, dentate streak at end of the cell,

and a transverse, discal, indistinct fascia.

Expanse 14 inch.

Hab. Kussowlee, N.W. Himalaya. In coll. F. Moore.

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1879, No. XXVI. 26

402 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. [May 6,

Near to D. horsfieldi, Saunders, from Java and 8. India. It may

possibly prove to be the male of D. st7igata, Moore (Asiat. Soc. Beng.

Desc. Lep. Atk. Coll. p. 59), described from a female in the collec-

tion of Dr. Staudinger from Gurhwal.

LyMANTRIA SOBRINA, n. sp. (Plate XXXIII. fig. 5.)

Male and Female. Greyish vinous brown, palest and greyer in the

female: fore wing crossed by five black zigzag bands, the three in-

terior broad, the two outer narrow and sinuous; a marginal row of

small triangular spots, which also cross the cilia ; a spot within the

cell crossing the second band ; two spots below the cell. Abdomi-

nal border and abdomen in male reddish, ochreous in female, the

abdomen with black bands. Collar reddish. Underside pale brown,

with the costa and outer borders pale ochreous and black-spotted,

the base of hind wing also pale ochreous and brown-streaked. Legs

with blackish bands.

* Expanse, 5 2, 2 23 inches.

Hab. Dharmsala, N.W. Himalaya. In coll. F. Moore.

The markings in this species are disposed on the fore wing simi-

larly to those in L. superans.

LYMANTRIA TODARA, D. sp. (Plate XXXIII. fig. 6.)

Male. Fore wing pure white, crossed by narrow, not very promi-

nent, black zigzag lines, basal spots, a spot in the cell, and a mar-

ginal series of spots : hind wing and abdomen pale yellowish ochreous,

the former with a rather broad marginal brown band. Underside

pale ochreous-white ; markings of upperside very indistinct. Palpi

black at the side. Legs black-streaked. Thorax white above, with

black spots.

Expanse 12 inch.

Hab. Nilgiris, S. India. In coll. F. Moore.

LyMANTRIA SIMILIS, 0. sp.

Male. Fore wing greyish white, crossed by narrow black zigzag

lines, basal and marginal spots, and small spots in the cell: hind

wing greyish brown, with black marginal spots. Head and thorax

white, the latter black-spotted. Abdomen reddish, with black bands.

Palpi black at the side. Legs black-spotted. Antenne brown, shaft

white. Underside pale ochreous-brown, with costal and marginal

blackish spots, and indistinct transverse bands.

Expanse 13 inch.

Hab. Calcutta district (Farr.). In coll. F. Moore.

Allied to L. monacha and L. superans, markings on fore wing

similar, but narrower, hind wing being broader and without the

marginal band.

LyMANTRIA VINACEA, 0. Sp.

_ Female vinous-grey: fore wing crossed by indistinct brownish

zigzag bands ; marginal spots and a spot at end of the cell: hind

1879.] MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. 403

wing with narrow brown marginal band. Thorax brown. Palpi

and legs brown-streaked. Underside brighter-coloured.

Expanse 14 inch.

Hab. Canara, S. India (Ward). In coll. F. Moore.

LyYMANTRIA SINICA, 0. sp.

Male greyish brown: fore wing crossed by darker zigzag inner

bands, and an outer broader lunular whitish speckled band; an

angled blackish streak at end of the cell, and a marginal series of

small spots: hind wing with indistinct darker marginal band. Un-

derside paler, with very indistinct costal and marginal spots, and a

spot at end of the cell. Thorax brown, collar red. Abdomen reddish-

tinged. Palpi dusky black at the side. Legs with black bands.

Expanse 14 to 1 inch.

Hab. N. China (Shanghai) and Formosa. In coll. F. Moore.

LyYMANTRIA ALBOLUNULATA, Qi. Sp.

Male and Female. Greyish brown. darkest in female: fore wing

crossed by indistinct, black-speckled, sinuous bands, and marginal

row of spots, the outer band lunular and white-speckled ; a promi-

nent black-angled mark at end of the cell, a narrow streak before

it, and broader straight streak below the cell: hind wing with in-

distinct maculated marginal border and cilia. Thorax dark brown,

with slight red collar. Abdomen reddish, with brownish bands.

Underside pale brown, with blackish costal and marginal spots, and

indistinct angled mark at end of the cell. Palpi reddish and black

at the side. Legs slightly reddish and black-streaked.

Expanse, ¢ 14, 9 23 inch.

Hab. Simla, Dharmsala, N.W. Himalaya. In coll. F. Moore.

Fam. NoTroponTip&.

Moma CHAMPA, n. sp. (Plate XXXIII. fig. 2.)

Male and Female. Cinereous white, slightly vinous-tinted in the

male. Cilia alternated with black. Fore wing with black basal and

costal zigzag streaks, a double subbasal and discal transverse sinuous

lines, the intermediate space streaked and spotted, and suffused with

black hindward ; an oval ringlet near end of the cell ; a submarginal

interrupted broader sinuous line, and marginal row of short, narrow,

straight, longitudinal streaks : hind wing dusky at the apex, yellow-

ish on abdominal border, veins externally and a marginal line black.

Head and thorax white, transversely black-streaked. Abdomen yel-

lowish, with dorsal row of black and white tufted spots ; apical tuft

white in male. Underside—fore wing blackish anteriorly, costa

white-spotted : hind wing with short black apical and discal band,

costal streak, a small spot at end of the cell, and veins externally

black. Palpi white, the tip and a lateral streak black. Legs white

with black bands. Allied to M. ludifica, of Europe.

Expanse, ¢ 14, 2 13 inch.

Hab. Dharmsala, N.W. Himalaya. In coll. F, Moore.

; 26*

404 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA, [May 6,

STAUROPUS ALBESCENS, Nn. Sp.

Greyish white; fore wing, and hind wing along anterior border,

minutely brown-speckled : fore wing with very indistinct, median,

transverse, sinuous bands, and a submarginal series of ochreous-brown

spots. Abdomen with a dorsal series of blackish-speckled tufts.

Underside white. Palpi and legs brown-streaked.

Expanse 2 inches.

Hab. Mangalore, S. India (Ward). In coll. F. Moore.

STAUROPUS INDICUS, N. sp.

Upperside pale ochreous-grey ; cilia alternated with brown: fore

wing with the basal half and costal border densely clouded with dark

brown scales indistinctly disposed in confluent sinuous bands ; apical

half sparsely brown-speckled ; a submarginal oblique row of brown

pale-speckled points: hind wing with the anterior border and apex

broadly brown-speckled, indistinctly disposed in sinuous bands; ab-

dominal border sparsely speckled ; a brown-speckled marginal line

and pale lunular spaces. Body greyish brown, tip ochreous-grey.

Underside paler, without speckles. Front of head and palpi dark

brown. Antenne brown, shaft grey.

Expanse 14 inch.

Hab. N.E. Bengal (A. Grote). In coll. F. Moore.

STAUROPUS VIRESCENS, N. sp.

Male. Upperside—fore wing pale green, with two equidistant,

transverse, median, brown-speckled sinuous lines, the outer double

and pale grey-bordered; an indistinct row of submarginal, pale,

grey-bordered, brown-speckled spots, and a more prominent row of

marginal brown spots; cilia whitish: hind wing with the costal

border green, and crossed by brown wavy streaks, the rest of the

wing pale brown. Front of head and thorax green; abdomen pale

brown, tipped with pale green. Antenne brown, shaft grey. Un-

derside pale greenish grey. Fore and mid legs green and brown-

speckled above, grey beneath; mid legs greenish grey. Palpi

ochreous-grey, dark brown at the side.

Expanse 1,3; inch.

Hab. Darjiling (A. Grote). In coll. F. Moore.

STAUROPUS VINACEUS, n. sp. (Plate XXXIII. fig. 1.)

Upperside—fore wing vinous-brown, irrorated with grey scales ;

base obliquely grey, and bordered by a narrow black line ; a submar-

ginal indistinct black sinuous line, and an outer marginal series of

short, black, grey-bordered zigzag streaks: an indistinct pale vinous

longitudinal fascia above the hind margin, a similar one from helow

end of the cell, and a shorter one before the apex : hind winy brown.

Abdomen greyish brown. Thorax brown, speckled with grey hind-

ward. Underside pale rufous-brown, greyish along hind margins.

Palpi and legs black-speckled.

Expanse 2 inches.

Hab. India. In coll. F. Moore.

1879.] MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. 405

SPHETTA APICALIS, n. sp. (Plate XXXIII. fig. 7.)

Male. Upperside—fore wing dark umber-brown, with a pale

testaceous black-streaked patch from the apex of costa, which termi-

nates in an oblique paler reniform mark at the end of cell ; a small

pale testaceous spot in middle of the cell; the space immediately

below the apical patch black-speckled; a subbasal and discal pale

narrow sinuous band, and a marginal series of black points: hind

wing and abdomen fuliginous-brown. Underside pale silky-testa-

ceous, with brownish outer borders and pale marginal points: hind

wing with an indistinct brown lunule at end of the cell, and a curved

discal narrow band. Thorax above and vertex black-speckled ; palpi

black at side; fore and middle legs blackish above; antennze brown.

Expanse 13 inch.

Hab. Darjiling. In coll. F. Moore.

SPHETTA BIOCELLATA, 0. sp.

Female. Upperside ferruginous-brown : fore wing with the costal

border its entire length longitudinally marked with short blackish

dentate streaks ; a pale testaceous apical patch, the lower border of

which is black, its shape being sinuous from the apical angle and

then straight to end of the cell; an oval pale spot with a blackish

centre at end of the cell, and a darker similar spot, with black in-

termediate space, within the cell; a blackish subbasal transverse

sinuous double line, a similar line curving upward from its base to

below the end cell-spot ; veins on the disk with short black streaks ;

a pale submarginal indistinct narrow fascia, and a row of black den-

tate marginal points: hind wing and abdomen pale ferruginous-

brown. Underside paler, with darker interspaces between the veins

on the fore wing, and streaks along the veins on hind wing; both

wings with a blackish spot at end of the cell, and black dentate

marginal line.

Expanse 23 inches.

Hab. Bombay. In coll. F. Moore.

GLUPHISIA SINUATA.

Female. Fore wing with a brownish ochreous band along exterior

margin, bordered within by a sinuous irregular black line ; from the

band to the base the wing is speckled with black, showing a slightly

prominent spot at end of the cell and streaks on middle of hind

margin: hind wing cinereous-brown, with a slight dusky streak at

end of the cell and indistinct median transverse band. Body cinere-

ous-brown. Underside pale cinereous-brown, with indistinct streak

at end of cells and baud on hind wing.

Expanse 14 inch.

Hab. N.E. Bengal. In coll. W. B. Farr.

Racuia pLumosa. (Plate XXXIV. fig. 1.)

Rachia plumosa, Moore, Asiat. Soc. Beng. Desc. Lep. Atk. Coll.

p- 70 (1878).

Hab. Darjiling. In coll. Dr. Staudinger and F. Moore.

406 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. [May 6,

Family BomBycip&.

ArisTHALA, Moore.

Aristhala, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 704.

ARISTHALA SIKKIMA, n.sp. (Plate XXXIII. fig. 3.)

Male. Greyish ferruginous: fore wing purple-brown below the cell

and along exterior border; a white-bordered bent subbasal and a

zigzag transverse discal blackish line, two blackish median transverse

fascize and an oblique streak from middle of costa to outer median

fascia, two semidiaphanous white spots on middle of exterior border ;

cilia black-streaked: hind wing with two purple-brown median curved

transverse and short subbasal bands, two semidiaphanous white

spots, bordered above with purple-brown streaks on exterior margin

near angle, the angle brighter ferruginous; abdominal margin and

fringe grey and purple-brown. Underside—fore wing yellowish-

ferruginous ; two discal transverse brown bands: hind wing brighter

ferruginous, two curved discal bands, two small black discocellular

spots, and a purple-brown grey-speckled fascia near abdominal

margin from base to white subbasal spots.

Female. Brighter yellowish ferruginous: fore wing clouded with

dark purplish ferruginous along posterior and exterior borders, and

hind wing at base and angle; transverse markings and white spots

less distinct. Thorax greyish-ferruginous in male, dark ferruginous

in female; abdomen dull ferruginous, hoary in male ; antennee deep

ferruginous ; front of head and legs brighter ferruginous.

Expanse, ¢ 13, 92 22 inches.

Hab. Darjiling. In coll. F. Moore and British Museum.

Hanisa, n. g.

Fore wing trigonal; costa slightly concave near the base, apex

rounded, exterior margin very oblique and angular in the middle,

hind margin short; costal and subcostal veins contiguous to margin ;

subcostal vein five- branched, first and second branches parallel, third

trifurcate, the lower fork terminating below the apex ; upper radial

starting from upper end of the cell ; cell narrow, short ; a discoidal

vein emitted within the cell; lower radial from middle of discocel-

lulars ; median vein three-branched, middle branch terminating at

angle on exterior margin, submedian straight. Hind wing elongated

hindward, convex externally ; abdominal margin long, extending to

end of abdomen, fringed and slightly produced at anal angle; sub-

costal vein two-branched ; cell short ; median vein three-branched.

Body long, slender ; anal tuft fan-shaped. Antennee short, broadly

bipectinate ; legs short, pilose.

Allied to genera Aristhala, Trilocha, Ocinara, and to Bombyx

(B. mori).

HANISA SUBNOTATA.

Bombyx subnotata, Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 188 (1859).

_ Hab. Singapore (Wallace). In coll. Saunders, Oxford Univer-

sity Museum.

1879.]| MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. 407

Family DrepaNULID#.

DREPANA SPECULARIS, 0. Sp.

Female. Upperside pale testaceous-brown: fore wing with the

veins externally and a transverse submarginal oblique narrow band

pale testaceous-yellow ; a dark-bordered paler blotch at base, below

and beyond the cell; the rest of the wing numerously covered with

short pale strigee ; a narrow dusky lunule at end of the cell; a mar-

ginal row of small black-speckled spots: hind wing pale testaceous-

yellow anteriorly, dark brown posteriorly, and lined with pale veins

and traversed by short pale strigze ; a narrow pale band crossing the

disk, ontside which aretwo median, oval, contiguous semidiaphanous

pale spots; a marginal row of black-speckled spots. Underside

black-speckled ; transverse band on both wings black and broader ;

marginal speckled spots confluent on hind wing; shaft of antennz

white ; pectinations and legs brown.

Expanse 23 inches.

Hab. Ceylon (Sir W. Gregory).

Family LastocaMpPID2&.

MUSTILIA SPHINGIFORMIS, 0. sp. (Plate XXXIII. fig. 4.)

Male and Female ochreous-red, darkest along external border of

fore wing and on abdominal half of hind wing: fore wing with an

oblique indistinct brown wavy line from apex to near posterior

angle, and two median transverse irregular brown lines, retracted

inward to costa; an indistinct costal streak before the apex, and a

small dot at end of cell: hind wing dull yellowish on anterior

border. Underside dull yellowish ochreous: fore wing with an in-

distinct curved brown line from apex, and hind wing with two trans-

verse median indistinct lines; shaft of antennee and narrow frontal

band at base white.

Expanse, ¢ 2, 2 3 inches.

Hab. Masuri, N.W. Himalaya (Major Hutton). In coll. F.

Moore.

Kosata, 0. g.

Female. Fore wing somewhat short and narrow; costa arched

near end, apex acute, exterior margin slightly oblique, posterior

angle convex ; first branch of subcostal vein arising at half length

of the cell, second near its end and forked at one third its length,

fourth from end of the cell and also forked at one third its length ;

discocellulars slender, curved inward ; radial from upper end of the

cell; median vein four-branched, the two upper from end of the

cell; submedian running near the margin. Hind wing truncated ;

anterior margin short, angled at apex; exterior margin truncated,

convex in middle; hind margin long, nearly straight; subcostal

branches straight, from near base of the cell ; median four-branched,

the branches contiguous at their base ; a median and internal vein.

Body robust, extending slightly beyond hind wing ; antennz bipec-

408 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. [May 6,

tinate, the pectinations short and broad ; legs pilose ; palpi stout,

robust, densely pilose, extending slightly beyond the head.

Allied to Eutricha.

KosaLa SANGUINEA, n. sp. (Plate XXXIII. fig. 8.)

Female. Upperside deep red: fore wing with two indistinct

median transverse narrow black lines, the inner slightly curved, the

outer oblique; an indistinct outer zigzag series of blackish marks ;

a grey-speckled patch at the apex; a white angular discocellular

spot between the transverse black lines : hind wing duller red poste-

riorly ; an indistinct black grey-speckled streak below the apex ;

apical border grey-speckled. Underside reddish brown; both

wings crossed by an indistinct narrow dusky discal fascia.

Expanse 23 inches.

Hab. Khasia hills (Godwin-Austen). In coll. F. Moore.

EUTRICHA CHEELA, 0. Sp.

Allied to E. pini.

Male. Upperside reddish fawn-colour : fore wing with an exterior

submarginal deeply sinuous black line, from near which the inter-

discal space is bright dark ferruginous and traversed with irregular

transverse dusky black lines. Underside brownish fawn-colour ;

both wings with an oblique transverse darker brown median band,

and an indistinct outer lunular band.

Expanse 23 inches.

Hab. Dharmsala, N.W. Himalaya. In coll. Lahore Museum.

ODONESTIS PYRIFORMIS, n. sp. (Plate XXXIV. fig. 7.)

Male. Upperside deep ferruginous, washed with purple externally ;

fore wing with a narrow transverse subbasal curved line, and an

oblique recurved discal line with pale outer border; an outer sub-

marginal dusky sinuous line; a large whitish red-centred oblique

pyriform spot at end of the cell, and a small white spot above it.

Underside paler; both wings crossed by an indistinct dusky discal

fascia.

Expanse 14 inch.

Hab. Masuri, N.W. Himalaya. In coll. Major A. M. Lang and

F. Moore.

Allied to O. decisa, Walk. Differs in being smaller, the wings

shorter and darker in colour, and haying a prominent large cell-spot,

the discal line being less oblique. From O. leta and O. inobtrusa

it is also distinct.

ODONESTIS DIVISA, nN. Sp.

Female. Upperside—fore wing dark chestnut-red, dusky red

posteriorly, and washed externally with purple-grey ; a narrow pale-

bordered line recurving from apex to middle of hind margin; a

large pearly-white red-speckled spot at end of the cell, and a small

white spot above it: hind wing dark chestnut-red’ along anterior

half, pale purplish red on posterior half, the two colours defined by

1879.] | MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. 409

a straight division. Thorax, head, palpi, and legs dusky red; abdo-

men pale purplish red. Underside duller-coloured.

Expanse 22 inches.

Hab. Ceylon (Sir W. Gregory). In coll. Dublin Museum.

MESSATA ZNESCENS, n. sp.

Male. Upperside znescent-yellow: fore wing with three very

prominent oblique, transverse, discal purple brown-speckled bands,

the two inner bands linear and curved, the outer one composed of

broad lunules ; an inner series of three less oblique, very indistinct,

and sparsely speckled bands: hind wing with a distinct submarginal

broad purple brown-speckled lunular band. Thorax, head, and

fore legs dark ochreous-yellow. Underside duller-coloured, with the

bands as above, very indistinct.

Expanse 24 inches.

Hab. Ceylon (Sir W. Gregory). In coll. Dublin Museum.

May be distinguished from M. plumipes (Dreata plumipes, Walk.

Catal. Lep. B. M. iv. p. 907) by the curvature and greater obliquity

of the bands on the fore wing, and by the lunular submarginal band

on the hind wing. ;

MEssATA QUADRIFASCIATA, 0. sp.

Male. Upperside brownish ochreous: fore wing numerously

speckled with black scales; two oblique transverse black discal

bands, the inner band broad and very prominent: hind wing with

two black-speckled bands, the inner median, the outer indistinct.

Thorax, head, and underside brighter ochreous ; the inner band on

both wings prominent.

Expanse 22 inches.

Hab. Colombo, Ceylon (Hutchison). In coll. F. Moore.

MESsSATA FRATERNA, 0. sp. (Plate XXXIV. fig. 6.)

Female. Upperside reddish-ferruginous, palest on hind wing :

fore wing with two oblique, submarginal, indistinct, narrow dusky

bands, and hind wing with a single outer band. Underside much

paler.

Expanse 2 inches.

Hab. Bombay (Dr. Leith). In coll. F. Moore.

MESSATA VIALIS, 0. sp.

Male. Upperside luteous-brown: fore wing with a prominent

oblique discal black band with pale yellow outer border: hind wing

with a very indistinct median and submarginal transverse dusky

bands. Underside paler ; a dusky oblique band on fore wing slightly

apparent. Front of head, palpi, and legs above dark brown.

Expanse 23 inches.

Hab. Ceylon (Sir W. Gregory). In coll. Dublin Museum and

F. Moore.

410 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. [May 6,

Evupterote, Hibner.

(Dreata (part.), Walker.)

EupTEROTE OCHRIPICTA, 0. Sp.

Male and Female. Allied to E. fabia (Cram. Pap. Exot. pl. 250.

f. B). Upperside deep ochreous-yellow: fore wing with four purple-

brown transverse subbasal and three discal narrow sinuous bands,

an intervening median broader maculated band, a straight submarginal

speckled band, which is widest and with a narrow outer line in

female, and an exterior zigzag band, the interspace between the

two latter, in the male, maculated and darker-blotched at anterior

and near posterior end: hind wing with four sinuous discal bands,

and a straight submarginal and zigzag outer band, with maculated

interspace in male and a narrow line in female; markings in female

strongest.

Expanse 5 inches.

Hab. Ceylon. In coll. F. M. Mackwood and F. Moore.

EUPTEROTE CANARAICA, 0. sp.

Male. Upperside reddish-ochreous, paling to yellowish-ochreous

on the costal border and base; both wings crossed by two indistinct

darker discal lunular bands, a contiguous straight band, and an

outer or submarginal wider lunular band, the interspace between the

latter and the straight band traversed by triangular marks, which

are most prominent on the fore wing. Underside paler, marked as

above; palpi at the side and streaks on the legs blackish. Female

more uniform yellowish-ochreous, marked as in the male.

Expanse 2§ inches.

Hab. Canara, 8. India (Ward). In coll. F. Moore.

LAsIOCAMPA BHIRA, n.sp. (Plate XXXIV. fig. 2.)

Male. Upperside bright ferruginous, palest on the disk: fore

wing with the costal edge yellow ; four transverse white lines, two

being subbasal and straight, and two discal recurving outward to

the costa; beyond these is a fifth, transverse fuliginous line. Under-

side yellowish ferruginous, but darker ferruginous exteriorly ; veins

and scarcely pereeptible transverse streaks yellow.

Expanse 1? inch.

Hab. Dharmsala, N.W. Himalayas. In coll. Lahore Museum.

SUANA CERVINA, 1. sp.

Female. Upperside dark brownish fawn-colour: fore wing grey-

speckled, crossed by four indistinct median transverse dusky lu-

nular bands, the two inner bands bent across the cell towards base

of costa; an outer submarginal band of blacker and broader pale-

bordered lunules; a grey-white spot at base of wing, and a promi-

nent large silvery-white spot at end of the cell: hind wing with a

very indistinct dusky-brown submarginal fascia. Thorax, head,

and palpi dark purplish black ; tibize and tarsi above black ; abdo-

1879.] MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. 411

men reddish; antenne grey. Underside uniform brownish fawn-

colour.

Expanse 32 inches.

Hab. Ceylon (Sir W. Gregory). In coll. Dublin Museum and

F. Moore.

Distinguished from S. dimaculata, which is also found in Ceylon,

in being a third less in size and of a very much darker colour. The

larva, of which drawings of both species are before me, is also diffe-

rently marked from that of S. dimaculata.

Bracwuy ia, Felder.

Brachylia, Felder, Nov. Voy. Lep. v. pl. 82. f. 7.

BRaACHYLIA ACRONYCTOIDES, n. sp. (Plate XXXIV. fig. 4.)

Male and Female. Upperside—fore wing greyish-brown, greyest

at the apex, crossed externally by black wavy, partly interrupted re-

ticulations, some of which are disposed in an outwardly oblique line

across the disk: hind wing pale greyish brown, indistinctly marked

with black reticulations. Underside fuliginous brown, reticulations

somewhat confluent and darkest in male; abdomen greyish brown,

paler beneath, and with pale bands above ; antenne dark brown.

Expanse 13 to 12 inch.

Hab. Bombay (Dr. Leith). In coll. F. Moore.

ARBELA, 0. g.

Fore wing elongated ; costa nearly straight, exterior margin oblique

and slightly convex; posterior margin convex at base; third sub-

costal vein trifid, first fork ascending at one third beyond end of the

cell, second from one third before the apex: hind wing short, exte-

rior margin very convex. Antenne short, closely bipectinate ;

head small, palpi minute ; body slender, hairy ; abdomen extending

one third beyond hind wing, with short dorsal lax tufts and longer

anal tuft ; legs hairy on one side.

ARBELA TETRAONIS, n. sp. (Plate XXXIV. fig. 3.)

Allied to 4. quadrinotata, Walk.

Male. Upperside pale greyish ochreous: fore wing crossed by

numerous compact dark-brown maculated bands, spot at end of the

cell black : hind wing sparsely crossed by brown strigze ; cilia alter-

nate pale and dark brown. Body greyish brown, interspersed with

dark brown tufts. Antenne and legs pale ochrey-brown. Underside

greyish white, with the markings less prominent.

Expanse 17 inch.

Hab. Bombay (Dr. Leith). In coll. F. Moore.

ARBELA TESSELLATA.

Cossus tessellatus, Moore, Asiat. Soc. Beng. Desc. Lep. Atk. Coll.

p- 85 (1878).

Hab. Calcutta.

412 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. [May 6,

ARBELA QUADRINOTATA.

Cossusq uadrinotatus, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B.M. vii. p. 1521.

Hab. Ceylon.

PHASSUS SALSETTENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XXXIV. fig. 5.)

Male. Upperside :—fore wing ferruginous-brown, crossed by a sub-

basal and median band formed of dull chalybeate quadrate spaces

between the veins, and outer rows of similar decussated marks: hind

wing fuliginous-brown ; costal border and cilia ferruginous-brown.

Thorax and legs dark fuliginous-brown, abdomen pale. Underside

dark fuliginous-brown.

Expanse 23 inches.

Hab. Bombay (Dr. Leith). In coll. F. Moore.

PHASSUS MALABARICUS, 0. Sp.

Male. Pale umber-brown: fore wing with broad pale greyish

chalybeate streaks, with dark-brown borders on the costa, a trian-

gular space in the cell, narrow streaks on hind margin from the base,

and transverse discal and submarginal band formed of quadrate

marks ; a yellow lunule ascending obliquely from end, and a longi-

tudinal narrow mark near base of the cell: hind wing ochreous-

brown along the costa, greyish at base. Abdomen greyish at base.

Female. Pale brownish ochreous; markings as in male, except

that the yellow mark at end of the cell is tear-shaped.

Expanse, ¢ 33, 9 43 inches.

Hab. Sircy, N. Canara (Ward); Ooty, Niligiris (Dr. Day).

In coll. F. Moore.

PHASSUS CHALYBEATUS, 0. sp-

Male. Fore wing pale ferruginous, greyish at the base and along

outer margin; some greyish chalybeate brown-bordered spaces on

the costa, a broad triangular space across middle of the cell, a wavy

band across the disk, a submarginal row of duplex lunules or letter-

X-shaped marks, and narrow streaks on hind margin ; a serial row

of dark-brown dots between the chalybeate discal band and sub-

marginal lunules; a narrow white upright lunule at end, and a

similar though less apparent lunule near base of the cell: hind wing

pale ferruginous, veins darker, with some narrow greyish chalybeate

streaks on costa near the apex. Thorax and legs ochreous-brown.

Abdomen paler.

Female. Upperside dark ferruginous: fore wing with some -

darker quadrate spots on costa; discal and submarginal bands

formed of indistinct, mostly quadrate, chalybeate irregular spaces

between the veins; the interspaces between the bands darker ferru-

ginous ; a recurved chalybeate streak from the base, and short streaks

on hind margin: hind wing brownish ferruginous, palest at the base ;

some pale chalybeate marks on costa near apex. Underside uniform

pale ferruginous. Palpi and legs dark ferruginous.

Expanse, ¢ 3, 9 5 inches.

Hab, Darjiling (4. Grote). In coll. F. Moore.

1879.| MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. 413

PHASSUS ALBOFASCIATUS, n. sp. (Plate XXXIV. fig. 8.)

Male. Upperside pale umber-brown, darkest on costal border of

both wings: fore wing with an indistinct, whitish, longitudinal

median fascia from base to below apex, which is slightly black-

speckled ; a few black delicate streaks on hind margin from the

base; a series of black dots on outer margin. Thorax, palpi, and

legs dark umber-brown. Abdomen paler, with a yellow lateral

streak near the base. Underside uniform umber-brown.

Expanse 2% inches.

Hab. Nilgiris. In coil. F. Moore.

HEPIALUS SEXNOTATUS, N. sp.

Upperside ochreous-brown: fore wing crossed by four curved,

darker, maculated indistinct bands, the outer band marginal and

slightly yellow-speckled ; a blackish spot on middle of hind margin,

and a yellow streak nearer the base; a rather large round white

spot crossing the cell near the base, and two smaller spots below

the cell and nearer the base ; some yellow-speckled oblique streaks on

costa before the apex: hind wing with the base ochreous, and a

broad yellow band on cilia in middle of outer margin. Body ochre-

ous-brown, base of abdomen with long ochreous hairs. Underside

ochreous at base of both wings; cilial band as above.

Expanse 14 inch.

Hab. Darjiling. In coll. F. Moore.

HEPIALUS MURINUS, N. Sp.

Male. Upperside umber-brown : fore wing with a small trian-

gular yellow spot within the cell near the base, and a smaller round

spot beneath it near the base of the wing. Cilia on hind wing

below the apex yellow. Underside uniform umber-brown.

Expanse 1,!, inch.

Hab. Dharmsala, N.W. Himalaya. In coll. F. Moore.

PYRALES.

Fam. AAGeRIIDe.

MELITTIA GIGANTEA, Ni. sp.

Margins and veins dark brown; apical border narrow, speckled

with purple-grey scales ; costal border and hind margin at their base

ochreous ; apical area large, traversed by four veins; basal area

traversed by median vein and a short discvidal vein. Abdominal

area of hind wing ochreous-red. Cilia of both wings purplish cine-

reous. Head in front and thorax dark ochreous, reddish at base.

Abdomen above purple-brown, marked with ochreous scales, seg-

mental bands narrow and yellowish, underside yellow. Palpi yellow,

slightly fringed with black; pectus yellow. Fore and mid legs

ochreous-red, yellow beneath. Hind legs densely covered through-

out with long hairs, yellow on the inside of tibia, bright chestnut-

414 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. [May 6,

red on outside of tibia and tarsus, and black on inside of tarsus.

Antennee dull ferruginous, shaft black.

Expanse 1,/, inch.

Hab. Masuri, N.W. Himalaya (Hutton). In coll. F. Moore.

PsEUDOSESIA GROTEI, 0. sp.

Margins, veins, and discocellular streak in both wings steel-blue ;

apical band and cilia purple ; apical area traversed by four veins,

basal area by median vein only. Thorax, frontal tuft, and abdomen

steel-blue. Palpi avd pectus fulvous. Legs steel-blue, fringed with

short fulvous hairs above.

Expanse 12 inch.

Hab. N. India. In coll. F. Moore.

The genus Pseudosesia of Felder is allied to Melittia, but, differs

in the absence, on the hind wing, of the branch of the costal vein,

in the two upper median branches starting together from end of the

cell; the body is much more attenuated, the anal segment and the

legs not densely pilose.

GEOMETRES.

Fam. EuvscHEMID#.

EvuscHEMA BELLISSIMA, 0. Sp.

Male and Female. Blackish purple. Fore wing with two pale-

yellow, elongated, straight basal streaks, the upper within the cell,

the lower beneath it, and a yellow spot above and another below the

submedian vein ; a large bluish-white diaphanous spot in middle of

the cell, one below it, two at its end, and a transverse discal series

of spots: hind wing with a broad yellow subbasal band, a median,

irregular, indistinct fascia, a zigzag discal and a marginal series of

small yellow spots. Body yellow, with black-purple bands. Under-

side as above, the yellow markings broader and more prominent.

Expanse, ¢ 23, 9 23 inches.

Hab, Ceylon (Sir W. H. Gregory). In coll. Dublin Museum.

Nearest allied to the Bornean species, 2. subrepleta, Walk.

EvuscHEMA PRUNICOLOR, 0. sp.

Upperside dark glossy purple: fore wing with an elongated and

a short ochreous streak between the lower median branch and sub-

median vein; two small bluish diaphanous spots within the cell, two

at its end, a subapical oblique series and three on the disk: hind wing

with an indistinct, ochreous, short subbasal patch, some brighter

ochreous small spots on the disk, a submarginal zigzag series, and a

marginal dentate series. Abdominal border partly yellow. Body

yellow; head, thorax, and abdomen above with purple bands. Palpi

black-tipped. Antenne purple-black. Underside—fore wing as

above: hind wing with a short costal and subbasal band, and larger

discal, submarginal, and marginal spots than above. Legs above

grey, yellow beneath. -

Expanse 22 inches.

Hab. Ceylon. In coll. Capt. Wade.

1879.] MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. 415

CusuMA, n. g.

Differs from typical Euschema (E. militaris, Linn.) in the abbre-

viated and trigonal shape of the fore wing, the exterior margin being

less oblique and the posterior margin shorter: neuration similar ; the

discocellulars, however, are less acutely angled and not curved pos-

teriorly : hind wing also shorter and more convex exteriorly. Thorax

clothed with shorter and less shaggy hair. Palpi smaller, less

pilose, terminal joint shorter and slightly clavate.

CusuMA LIMBATA, 0. sp.

Female. Upperside—fore wing dark purple-black, with a bluish

white, diaphanous, oblique subapical spot, crossed by two veins,

and a small oblique spot within the cell: Aind wing golden yellow,

with a broad, wavy-bordered, purple-black marginal band, which

extends narrowly along anterior margin and terminates in a spot at

its base. Thorax, head, antennz, dorsal bands, and tip purple-

black. Abdomen above and beneath, and sides of thorax, golden

yellow. Legs black above, yellow beneath. Underside of wings as

above.

Expanse 22 inches.

Hab. Ceylon. In coll. Capt. Wade.

Allied to C. vilis (Huschema vilis, Walk. Catal. Lep. Het. B. M.

ii, p. 408), also from Ceylon.

Fam.? URApTeryGip&.

KALABANA, 0. g.

Fore wing somewhat elongated, costa slightly arched before the

end, apex acute, slightly falcate, exterior margin oblique ; cell short,

broad; first and second branches of subcostal vein arising before end

of the cell, third trifurcate, lowest branch at one-half length from

the cell; radial from upper end of the cell; discocellulars concave ;

median vein three-branched, two upper from end of the cell; sub-

median vein contiguous to posterior margin. Hind wing trigonal,

apex and exterior margin convex ; subcostal vein two-branched, first

arising before end of the cell; discocellulars angled in middle ;:

median vein three-branched ; a submedian and internal vein. Body

short; head small. Palpi minute, pilose, porrect. Legs slender,

sparsely hairy ; middle and hind spined. Antenne in male bipec-

tinate, the pectinations long and plumose, setose in female.

_ Type, K. picaria (Lagyra picaria, Walk. Catal. Lep. Het. B. M.

pt. 26, p. 1541).

Hab. Java.

KALABANA ALBIFERA, 0. sp.

- Female. Black : fore wing with a small white spot at apex, a short

oblique irregular streak beyond the cell, and a conical spot on hind

margin near the angle: himd wing with a broad white, slightly

sinuous-bordered band, recurving from above anal angle to near

middle of anterior margin. Underside as above.

Expanse 24 inches.

416 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. [May 6,

Hab. Kulu, N.W. Himalaya. In coll. Dr. Staudinger.

Allied to K. picaria (Lagyra picaria, Walk.), from Java, and to

K. leucomela (Celerena leucomela, Walk. Catal. B. M. v. p. 1877),

from the Philippines.

Fam. AMPHIDASYD.

BuzuRA STRIGARIA.

Male and Female. Upperside cinereous-white : fore wing with a

waved subbasal and median and asinuous, broader, discal transverse

ochreous-yellow band with black-speckled borders; the interspaces

numerously covered with short transverse black-speckled grey strige :

hind wing with a waved median and a broad sinuous discal similar

band, the interspaces as in fore wing; cilia ochreous. Thorax

and abdomen with ochreous bands; front of head and legs above

banded with black. Underside whitish ochreous, with numerous

large black strigee; both wings with outer ochreous band and a

large black spot at end of the cell.

Expanse ¢ 2, 2 3 inches.

Hab. Ceylon (Sir W. H. Gregory). Incoll. Dublin Museum and

F. Moore.

Differs from the Indian species B. multipunctaria, Walk. Catal.

Lep. Het. B. M. p. 1531, in its much brighter colours, prominent

transverse strigee, and black-speckled-bordered bands.

Fam. GEOMETRIDZ.

AGATHIA MAGNIFICA, 0. sp.

Male and Female. Upperside bright green: fore wing with the

costal border, base of wing, a median and a submarginal transverse

wavy band, and the marginal border cinereous-brown: hind wing

with a submarginal band and marginal border cinereous-brown; a

white spot at lower angle. Thorax and abdomen with cinereous-

brown bands. Underside greenish white, with dusky bands as

above.

Expanse 144 inch.

Hab. Ceylon (Sir W. H. Gregory). In coll. Dublin Museum and

F. Moore.

Differs from A. lycenaria in its larger size, narrower and more

waved bands, which are also of uniform width their entire length.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Prats XXXII.

. Ratarda marmorata 3, n.sp., p- 393.

. Gonerda perornata g,n. sp., p. 395.

Thymara caudata, n. sp., p. 394.

. Rhyparia tigrina 3, n. sp., p. 398.

Euproctis postincisa 9, n. sp., p. 400.

Artaxa erecta 9, u. sp., p. 400.

Challa discalis 3, n. sp., p. 399.

. Rajendra pannosa 2, n. sp., p. 397.

. Artaxa leithiana J, n. sp., p. 399,

SO WIT ry Gobo

Pay eae yee ae

a’

1, oe”

are

PZ.5.1879 PUA.

CAchilles hth Hanhart imp

NEW SPECIES OF PECTUNCULUS & AXINAA.

1879. ] MR. G. F. ANGAS ON NEW SHELLS. 417

Fig. 10. Artaxa brevivitta $, un. sp., p. 400.

11. Huproctis favonigra g,n. sp., p. 400.

12. Rajendra vitiata, n. sp., p. 396.

Puate XXXII.

. Stauwropus vinaceus, n. sp., p. 404.

. Moma champa, n. sp., p. 403.

. Aristhala sikkima @, n. sp., p. 406.

. Mustilia sphingiformis 3, n. sp., p. 407.

Lymantria sobrina $,n. sp., p. 402.

todara $,n. sp., p. 402.

. Sphetta apicalis 3, n. sp., p. 405.

. Kosala sanguinea, n. sp., p. 408.

DW~ID OUyP oo bo

Puate XXXIV.

Fig. 1. Rachia plumosa ¢, p. 405.

. Lasiocampa bhira 3, n. sp., p. 410.

. Arbela tetraonis S$, un. sp., p. 411.

Brachylia acronyctoides, n. sp., p. 411.

Phassus salsettensis, n. sp., p. 412.

. Messata fraterna 2, n. sp., p. 409.

. Odonestis pyriformis 3, n. sp., p- 408.

. Phassus albofasciatus, n. sp., p. 413.

WIA OP oo bo

3. Descriptions of ten new Species of Avinea and Pectuncu-

lus in the Collections of Mr. Sylvanus Hanley and the late

Mr. T. L. Taylor. By Grorcr Frencu Aneas, Corr.

Memb., F.L.S., &c.

[Received April 21, 1879. ]

(Plate XXXV.)

1. AXINZA PULCHERRIMA, n. sp. (Plate XXXV. fig. 1.)

Shell solid, orbicular, convex, compressed and subangulate ante-

tiorly, with an obtuse oblique ridge extending from the umbones to

the anterior portion of the ventral margin, tawny yellow, clouded and

zoned with bright chestnut, and irregularly spotted here and there

with darker chestnut ; valves finely concentrically striated on the

upper part, and closely longitudinally corrugately ridged throughout

the central portion of the valves, presenting the appearance of wider

flattened ribs ; umbones prominent ; cardinal area moderate ; interior

tinged with orange anteriorly ; margins crenate.

Long. 15, alt. 15, lat. 10 lin.

Hab. Unknown. Coll. Hanley.

2. AXINEA NOVA-CALEDONIENSIS, 0. sp. (Plate XXXV. fig. 2.)

Shell solid, orbicular, subequilateral, equivalve, very slightly com-

pressed and subangulate anteriorly, moderately ventricose ; white, the

central portion of the valves pale chestnut, fading gradually into

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No. XXVII. 27

418 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON NEW SHELLS. [May 6,

white towards the base, and faintly rayed with darker chestnut, the

rays forming a sort of band anteriorly, which ceases somewhat ab-

ruptly towards the white margin, whilst at the umbones the chestnut

rays take the form of zigzag markings; valves sculptured with very

minute close-set radiating striz, crossed by fine, irregular, somewhat

laminate strise, and towards the middle of the valves by concentric

waving impressed lines that give the shell a somewhat wrinkled ap-

pearance ; umbones central, tumid, a little incurved anteriorly ; cardi-

nal area narrow ; interior of valves white ; margins strongly crenate.

Long. 18, alt. 18, lat. 11 lin.

Hab. New Caledonia. Coll. Hanley.

3. AXIN@ZA HANLEYI, n. sp. (Plate XXXV. fig. 3.)

Shell solid, triangularly ovate, angled and compressed anteriorly,

ventricose ; pale orange, darker at the sides and towards the base,

very beautifully painted with small, irregular, triangular chestnut lines

that pass into confused descending rays towards the base, and with

larger triangular white spots here and there, especially near the an-

terior margin, where they forma kind of broken white band descend-

ing from the umbones, and marked with two or three zigzag dark

purple lines; valves sculptured with fine, regular, close-set, descend-

ing raised strize, more distant towards the anterior area, and crossed

by minute concentric ridges ; umbones very tumid ; cardinal area short

and deep; interior of the valves white, spotted with dark purple

anteriorly ; margins strongly crenate.

Long. 14, alt. 15, lat. 10 lin.

Hab. Unknown. Coll. Hanley.

4. AXINHA MODESTA, n. sp. (Plate XXXV. fig. 4.)

Shell solid, somewhat obliquely ovate convex, slightly subangulate

anteriorly, equivalve; whitish, faintly marked with numerous indistinct

pale-brown angular lines, with here and there a very few descending

straight chestnut markings towards the base anteriorly ; valves sculp-

tured with fine close-set elevated strize, less numerous towards the

umbones, and crossed with a few very minute concentric striz, and

with strongly marked lines of growth that have a frilled appearance

towards the ventral margin, which is clothed with a short brief epi-

dermis ; cardinal area small; umbones incurved anteriorly, brown,

tinged with livid blue; interior of valves pale yellow, with a dark

purple stain in front; margins crenate.

Long. 83, alt. 9, lat. 5 lin.

Hab. Australia. Coll. Hanley.

5. AXINEHA BELLA, n. sp. (Plate XXXYV. fig. 5.)

Shell moderately solid, suborbicular, a little convex, subequilateral,

equivalve ; white, with pale yellowish brown arrow-shaped markings

towards the centre of the valves, and with longitudinal patches and

splashes of dark purplish brown, larger and more numerous towards

the base ; valves sculptured throughout with fine close-set raised

striz which are crossed by very delicate thread-like concentric lines ;

eardinal area small and narrow; umbones nearly approximate, livid

ee ee

1879. ] MR. G. F. ANGAS ON NEW SHELLS. 419

blue spotted with brown ; interior of the valves faintly stained with

purple and orange ; margins crenate.

Long. 9, lat. 9, alt. 4 lin.

Hab. Unknown. Coll. Hanley.

6. Pecruncutus CARDIIFORMIS, n. sp. (Plate XXXV. figs. 6,

6 a.)

Shell solid, subovate, ventricose, subequilateral, equivalve, white,

variously mottled with brown and purple, the markings here and

there being small, close together, and of a zigzag character, especi-

ally towards the umbones, whilst nearer the centre and towards the

base they form several irregular concentric zones or bands, the dorsal

area being crossed by similar but more regular bands of a darker

colour, whilst a few small triangular white spots occur amongst the

brown markings; valves ornamented with between forty and fifty

small prominent rounded ribs, the interstices between which, as well

as the ribs themselves, are crossed by very fine close-set raised strize

that become somewhat scabrous towards the sides and base; cardinal

area small and deep ; umbones prominent, incnrved anteriorly ; inte-

rior white stained with purple in front; margins strongly dentate.

Long. 17, alt. 18, lat. 11 lin.

Hab. Unknown. Coll. Hanley.

There is a second specimen in the late Mr. Taylor’s collection

which is larger, and of a lighter colour, with fewer purple markings ;

whilst the angular white spots are larger and more numerous.

Long. 21, alt. 20, lat. 132 lin. Coll. T. L. Taylor.

Externally this fine shell has very much the aspect of a

Cardium.

~ 7. PecruncuLus AUREOMACULATUS, n. sp. (Plate XXXV. fig. 7.)

Shell solid, roundly ovate, moderately convex, equilateral, equi-

valve ; white, variously clouded with bright orange patches and spots,

and with two or three short flames of the same colour upon the dorsal

area; valves with about twenty-five prominent, flattened, nodulous

radiating ribs, both the ribs and the interstices between them being

crossed by close-set, fine, raised, thread-like striz ; cardinal area very

small; umbones moderate; interior of valves white, stained with

purple.

Long. 11, alt. 12, lat. 6 lin.

Hab. Eastern seas? (Belcher). Coll. Hanley.

8. Prcruncutus Tayrory, n. sp. (Plate XXXV. fig. 8.)

Shell solid, orbicular, moderately convex, very slightly compressed

and subangulate anteriorly ; greyish white, tinged with pale fulvous

in the centre, and irregularly spotted all over with dark purple short

descending flames, smaller and more numerous at the upper part ;

valves with numerous flattened radiating ribs that become obsolete

towards the sides, and sculptured all over with very fine longitudinal

close-set grooved lines ; umbones central, moderate; cardinal area

27*

420 MR. W. A. FORBES ON THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT. [May 6,

very small; interior blackish purple throughout, bordered with a

narrow white zone; margins strongly crenate.

Long. 15, alt. 14, lat. 8 lin.

Hab. Unknown. Coll. late T. L. Taylor.

9. PeTuNCULUS ORBICULARIs, n. sp. (Plate XXXV. fig. 9.)

Shell moderately solid, orbicular, depressed, subequilateral, equi-

valve, a little compressed anteriorly ; white, spotted very sparingly

with brown; valves with about thirty.rounded radiating ribs that

become less prominent towards the sides, and crossed all over with

fine concentric wavy lines taking the form of overlapping scabrous

laminee towards the base; cardinal area very small; umbones nearly

approximate, interior white.

Long 12, alt. 11, lat. 4 lin.

Hab. Bass’s Straits, Tasmania. Coll. Hanley.

This shell belongs to the same natural group as P. vitreus.

10. PecrUNCULUS NOVA-GUINEENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XXXYV.

fig. 10.)

Shell moderately solid, quadrately orbicular, slightly convex,

equilateral, equivalve; white, tinged with pale brown under the

umbones ; valves sculptured throughout with close-set prominent no-

dulous ribs, the interstices of which are crossed by extremely fine

concentric striz ; dorsal margin straight, forming a sharp angle at

its junction with the sides, which are flattened ; ventral margin

arcuate ; cardinal area very narrow; umbones small, beaks approxi-

mate ; interior white; margin broadly crenate.

Long. 16, alt. 15, lat. 7 lin.

Hab. New Guinea. Coll. T. L. Taylor.

This remarkable shell belongs to the same group as P. vitreus and

P. orbicularis.

4, On the Anatomy of the African Elephant (Elephas afri-

canus, Blum.). By W. A. Forszs, F.Z.S., F.L.S.

[Received April 23, 1879.]

Although the African Elephant was well known, both in their wars

and games, to the Romans, till within the last few years hardly any

specimens of this species had been seen in Europe since the days of

the Roman Empire. With but one exception, as far as I can find

out, all our knowledge of the soft structures of the Proboscidea has

been, till the present year, derived from examination of the Asiatic

species. In his ‘Mémoires pour servir 4 histoire naturelle des

Animaux’!, published in 1734 by the Académie Royale des Sciences

of Paris, Claude Perrault describes an African Elephant ‘‘ du Royaume

de Congo,”’ which was presented to the King of France by the King

1 Tome iii, partie 3, pp. 101-156, pls. 19-24.

1879.] MR. W. A. FORBES ON THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT. 421

of Portugal, and lived from 1668 to 1681 at Versailles, when

it died and came into his hands for dissection’. In his memoir on

this specimen (which extends over fifty pages) the anatomy of

most of the soft parts is described, though, as a rule, somewhat

briefly, that of the trunk, structure of the nasal organs, and

female reproductive organs only being described at greater length.

In the following account I shall make reference, where necessary, to

Perrault’s figures and descriptions under the organs described?,

Within the last fifteen years African Elephants have been imported

in considerable numbers from Nubia and other parts of the Upper-

Nile basin, vid Egypt and Trieste into Europe*. Altogether con-

siderably more than a hundred must have reached Europe alive ; but

although some of these must surely, ere now, have fallen victims to

the numerous diseases that attack animals in captivity, nothing, as

far as I can learn, has been published on the anatomy of anv of

these animals till the current year. In the first part of the ‘ Archiy

fiir Naturgeschichte’ for the present year (1879), Dr. August von

Mojsisovics, of Gratz, has published an article “ Zur Kenntniss des

afrikanischen Elephanten,”* in which he describes certain portions

only of the visceral anatomy—namely, the structure of the pharynx,

particularly as regards the existence of a « pharyngeal pouch ”’

(hereafter to be alluded to), and of the bronchi, the pancreas and

pancreatic duct, and the male genital organs ; and of these figures

are given on three plates.

During the past winter one of the African Elephants in the pos-

session of the Alexandra Palace Company succumbed to the severity

of the weather. By the courtesy of Mr. Jones, the Secretary of

the Company, the body was made over to Mr. Bartlett, and was

sent up to the Society’s Gardens so as to be more easily examined ®.

As our anatomical knowledge of this species is still so rudimentary,

I make no hesitation in laying before the Society the following notes

on such parts of its anatomy as I examined, the more so as the very

considerable differences which occur in the various accounts of those

1 This animal was a female, and was supposed to be, when it arrived in Paris,

about four years old. (It was probably much older.) It was then 73 feet high,

but during the thirteen years it lived at Versailles only grew 1 foot in height.

M. Perrault gives a figure of this specimen on pl. 19 of his memoir; this figure

clearly shows the enormous ears characteristic of the African Elephant, but is

very defective as regards the hind, and particularly the fore, feet.

* Besides this, there are a few short statements on various parts of the

anatomy of E. africanus in Prof. Flower’s lectures on the digestive organs of

Mammalia (alluded to below) and in Prof. Macalister’s recently published

‘Morphology of Vertebrata.’ Donitz has described the kidney (Reichert & Du

Bois-Reymond’s Archiv, 1872, p. 85).

®* For an account of the introduction of African Elephants into Europe, see a

letter by Carl Hagenbeck, the well-known animal-dealer of Hamburg, in ‘ Land

and Water,’ March 29, 1879.

* L. c. pp. 56-92, t. v,-vii.

° Unfortunately this was not effected till about one week after the death of

the animal. This fact, as well as the deaths of several other large animals re-

quiring examination at the same period, made the preliminary dissections

rather hurried, and must be an excuse for any errors or Omissions in the fol-

lowing descriptions.

422 MR. W. A. FORBES ON THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT. [May 6,

who have dissected the Indian species’ make it advisable to put on

record any observations, however fragmentary, for the benefit of

future dissectors of either of these huge animals.

The subject of these notes was a young female, which had been

in the possession of the Alexandra Company only about eighteen

months, but was probably four or five years old at the time of its

death. I took the following measurements of the carcass :-—

inches

From forehead to root of tail (along back)...........-.. 78

Length of tail, from root..........2..2.+--.eeee eee 263

Height at shoulder (measured to spines of vertebrae over body) 58

Circumference of right foot, fore.............--+..2+-.- 25

Circumference of right foot, hind ...........-..++5-5 25

Length of ear, from front of meatus ...............--- 19

org A) oi aakiar ok lee arene keae poe ace Aaa Dera ery aha 27

These measurements show that the ordinarily accepted rule that the

height of an Elephant = twice the circumference of its feet very -

nearly expresses the truth.

As usual in this species, the fore limbs were provided with four,

the hind with three nails.

There were eight molars in al! in place. In all those of the upper

jaw I counted five plates; in those of the lower, there were six in the

first, and seven in the second, tooth, of each side.

The most remarkable point observed, when the ribs and other

walls of the right side of the body had been removed, was the enor-

mous extent of the thoracic cavity, which extended backwards above

till near the sacrum, and the comparatively small part occupied by

the abdominal viscera; this was, as far as I could judge, not more

than about one third of the whole trunk. As is usually the case with

Elephants, there was no fat visible, either in the subcutaneous tissue

or in any part of the abdominal cavity.

Mouth and Tongue.—The palate, gums, and cheeks were through-

out smooth, with no ridges or papillee, except a few small caruncular

projections near the anterior ends of the lower gums.

The tongue (fig. 1, p. 423), as in the Indian species, is small for the

size of the animal, much compressed, and rather deep*. Its anterior

end alone is free for about 24 inches, and is bent down at an angle

with the rest of the organ, and somewhat pointed. The length of the

tongue in a straight line was 133 inches, along the curve 15 inches.

The filiform papille are extremely fine and small, so that the tongue

has an almost velvety touch. At the sides of the anterior part, ex-

1 The amount of literature on the anatomy of the Indian Elephant is very

considerable. A véswmé of the principal papers on the subject will be found in

Messrs. Miall and Greenwood’s ‘ Anatomy of the Indian Elephant’ (pp. 6, 7),

recently published, a book which is itself a useful compendium of our present

knowledge of Proboscidean anatomy. The myology, however, is described at

greater length than any other pale

2 Dr. Mojsisovies’s figure (/. c. Taf. v. fig. 1) is evidently taken from a pre-

served and distorted specimen, and fails to show accurately the real shape of

the tongue when fresh,

1879.] MR. W. A. FORBES ON THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT. 423

tending from near the papilla of Wharton’s duct towards the tip,

where it becomes obsolete, is a slightly raised longitudinal line.

Below this are the openings of a considerable number of small

glands, situated, apparently, in the substance of the tongue itself.

Above and behind this line are scattered about a few fungiform

papille ; but these get smaller, and ultimately disappear, towards

the middle line, and extend but a small distance backwards over the

sides of the tongue.

In a line with, and continued back from, this raised line, a single

)

air

o >

ae °

92990

Tongue of the African Elephant (reduced).

W.D. Wharton’s duct; M.O. Mayer's organ.

series of rather conspicuous, elevated papille, apparently of a glan-

dular nature, is seen. These are continuous behind with ‘‘ Mayer’s

organ ’’’, a series of vertical slit-like depressions, the larger of which

are each provided with a pair of glandular papillee, probably con-

nected with mucous glands in the substance of the tongue. I counted

about thirty-three slits in this organ, which extends backwards on

the sides of the tongue for 57 inches, till within about an inch of the

circumvallate papille. ‘The slits are largest and deepest, and have

their glands proportionately larger, a little before the end of the

organ: the longest slit is } inch long. In the anterior part of the

organ the papille of the “sides of the tongue stand on the ridges

between the slits ; but more posteriorly this arrangement disappears

The circumvallate papillz are situated near the back of the tongue,

and nearer the middle line than the glands and papillee just described.

On the right side there are four, on the left three, with indications

of a fourth. The posterior ones are considerably the larger (3 inch

in diameter). The tongue is rounded off and considerably narrowed

behind the circumvallate papille. In the walls of the pharynx in

this region are a few irregular, raised, glandular patches, which attain

a considerable size in the middle line.

The tonsils are rather large and deep depressions. In the bottom

are seen the openings of many conspicuous and rather large solitary

' So called in honour of its discoverer, Dr. C. Mayer (uf. Noy. Act. Acad.

C. L. vol. xx. p. 746).

424 MR. W. A. FORBES ON THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT. [May 6,

glands. The length of each tonsil is about 2 inches. Between the

tonsils the root of the tongue is narrowed to about an inch, so that

the fauces become extremely small. Between the two posterior

pillars a few thin wrinkled folds of mucous membrane run across

in front of the epiglottis, forming the ‘‘ plica palato-epiglottica”’ of

Mojsisovies'. The epiglottis is short, thick, and evenly rounded.

I failed to detect any ‘‘ pharyngeal pouch,” such as that described

by Dr. Watson*, or even to recognize the “leicht zu iibersehende,

seichte Grube,” which Dr. Mojsisovics (J. c. p. 60) found as its sole

representative in the animal he examined. In other respects my

observations on the pharynx closely agree with the descriptions and

figure (J. c. Taf. v. fig. 1) of the last-named naturalist, as also with

the description of the pharynx by Messrs. Mial] and Greenwood in

the Indian species (/. c. p. 52). The former, however, does not

apparently recognize the subdivision of his “inner” pharyngeal

sac (/. c. Taf. v. fig. 1, 1) into two by a vertical fold of mucous mem-

brane, woich runs from the transverse fold in front backwards to a

level with the hinder part of the larynx, and there, after getting

deeper, terminates, sending off a fold to the laryngeal mass on one

side and to the palato-pharyngeus on the other. Such an arrange-

ment is clearly described by Messrs. Miall and Greenwood (J. c. p. 52)

in their subject ; but they mention only a single gland in each of the

inner chambers, whereas I find that there are several glands on the

outer walls only of each of the two innermost chambers of each side.

The external chamber on each side is free from glands, as noticed by

Dr. Mojsisovies (J. c. p. 62).

The relations of the various parts of the hyoid arches to each

other, and to the muscles in connexion with them, exactly agree

with those that obtain in the Indian species, as first poimted out by

Prof. Garrod*. Between the digastric and the stylo-pharyngeus

pass the vessels supplying the thyroid glands.

Salivary Glands.—The parotid gland is large*; Stenson’s duct

opens in the cheek in the usual position.

The submaxillary gland is small and oval; it measured 2 inches

long by # inch deep and + inch thick. Wharton’s duct, 8 inches

long, opens on each side on a single linear papilla beneath the tongue

on the frenum lingua, about 3 inches from the tip.

The sublingual is 5 inches long, 1 inch wide, and § inch thick.

It opens by many ducts beneath the tongue.

Besides the above glands, which are usually present in Mammalia,

there is a large, more superficially situated, gland that lies in front

of the angle of jaw on its inner side. This gland is much lobulated,

is about 8 inches long, 1 inch wide at its greatest width, and 3 inch

thick. It opens by many ducts, some situated on raised papillze, in

the cheek®. It probably corresponds to the molar glands found in

1 Lc. p. 62, Taf, v. fig. 1, pe. 2 Journ. Anat. Phys. viii. 1873, p. 91.

8 P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 365, and figure.

* This was unfortunately damaged in removing the brain ; consequently I can

give no details.

° My friend Mr. W. Ottley, of University College, was kind enough to help

me by dissecting out and measuring these glands.

1879.] | MR. W. A. FORBES ON THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT. 425

many animals, particularly Rodents. Dr. Watson and Messrs. Miall

and Greenwood only found the parotid gland present in their ex-

amples!,

Alimentary Canal.—The cesophagus is of but small calibre ; at its

entrance into the stomach, when cut open and stretched out, it

measures 4 inches.

The stomach in shape resembles that of the Indian Elephant as

figured by Camper and others. Its long axis lies almost vertically

in the animal, with the cardiac end directed upwards, the pyloric

being downwards. In a straight line it measures 26 inches from the

cardiac to pyloric ends; from the extremity of the cul-de-sac, along

the greater curvature to the pylorus, 353 inches ; along the lower

curvature 183 inches. Its greatest depth is 9 inches, at the pylorus

only 33. The rounded cul-de-sac, to the left of the entrance of the

cesophagus, is 94 inches long by 72 deep. Perrault gives 34 feet

by 14 inches as the dimensions of the stomach in his adult animal,

In his figure of this viscus (/.c. pl. 20) the cardiac cul-de-sac is

represented as nearly conical ; and in other respects his representation

is not good.

The mucous membrane of the cardiac cul-de-sac is raised up into

about fifteen thick zonary folds, which are arranged with consider-

able regularity in that part of the stomach, but decrease both in

size and regularity as they approach the pyloric part ; so that the

posterior third of the inner part of the stomach is almost smooth,

with only slight and irregularly disposed rugee*. The folds are very

expansible ; but in the ordinary state none exceeds about 1 inch in

depth. The greater part are continuous all round the stomach ; but

others blend with adjacent folds; so that it is not possible to count

the exact number with any great accuracy. The mucous membrane

of the cesophagus is sharply marked off from that of the stomach :

here it is covered by numerous short slit-like depressions (probably

mucous canals) in the anterior two thirds; but in the posterior third

these disappear or become obsolete.

About 43 inches from the cesophagus, in the middle line of the

lesser curvature, is a small, blunt, slightly elevated, circular pro-

minence, pitted in the centre, of % inch diameter, which is probably

glandular in nature. Prof. Garrod, in his MS. notes, records small

glands, apparently formed by the aggregation of several of these, as

occurring in a similar position in the Indian species. The pylorus

has no distinct valve.

The length of the small intestine was 27 feet 4 inches, of the very

* Mr. Bartlett tells me that in both sexes of the African Elephant the pecu-

liar temporal gland, which is found in the Indian species, and opens externally

between the eye and ear, is certainly present. I omitted, unfortunately, to look

for it.

? Mayer's figure (Noy. Act. Acad. C. L. vol. xxii. pt. 1, pl. iv. fig. 3, 1847) of the

stomach of the Indian species does not sufficiently indicate the regularly zonary

nature of these folds; in that of Sir James Emerson Tennent (‘The Wild

Elephant,’ p. 59 [1867]), on the other hand, these folds are represented as

much too regular and sharply defined.

426 MR. W. A. FORBES ON THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT. [ May 6,

Fig. 4.

View of liver of E. indicus, from below.

All the figures much reduced. Figs. 2 and 4 from drawings by Prof. Garrod.

L.L, Left lateral. L.C. Left central. R.C. Right central. R.L. Right lateral.

R. Right lobe of liver. V.H. Hepatic vein. V.P. Vena Porte, H.D.

1879.] MR. W. A. FORBES ON THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT. 427

Fig.13.

cae

View of liver of Z. africanus, from above.

View of liver of Z africanus, from below.

Hepatic duct. L.R. Round ligament.

L.S. Suspensory li ament.

U.P. Umbilical fissure, 2 os

428 MR. W. A. FORBES ON THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT. [May 6,

capacious large intestine 16 feet’. The latter was arranged on a

mesocolon, just as in Prof. Flower’s description’ of the Indian spe-

cies. ‘The caecum was large and sacculated, forming a broad and

blunt cone 22 inches long. It lay on the right side, near the middle

line of the belly, pointing forwards. Prof. Flower (/.c.) found it in

a similar position on the left side in a foetal African Elephant.

The mucous membrane of the duodenum is raised up into irre-

gularly transverse, almost dendritic, closely set, slightly elevated

rugee. These continue throughout the whole length of the small

intestine, but towards the ileum become arranged more longitudinally.

For about 6 inches before its opening into the large intestine the ileum

is surrounded internally by large, elevated, pitted glandular patches,

caused by a breaking-up and intersection of the rug, and somewhat

resembling an immensely broadened Peyer’s patch. For about the

last 13 inch of the ileum these patches disappear, leaving the mucous

membrane only slightly longitudinally wrinkled. The longest of

these elevated patches is about 1} inch long. The ileo-cxcal valve

is only represented by the prominent edges of the ileum, which pro-

ject into the colon in a ring-like manner. The ileum is here, when

cut up and laid flat, 43 inches across. The mucous membrane of

both colon and czecum is smooth, with only slight irregular folds.

Liver.—All authors from Perrault onwards have described the

Elephant’s liver as being composed of two lobes. In his lectures on

the organs of digestion of the Mammalia, published some years since in

the ‘ Medical Times and Gazette,’ Prof. Flower (/. ec. Oct. 5, 1872,

p- 372), thus describes this organ (presumably in the Indian form) :—

“<The liver is small for the size of the animal and of simple form,

being only divided by an umbilical fissure into two lobes, of which

the right is the larger.” But this statement does not quite acurately

describe the facts of the case. As may be seen fromthe annexed

figures (figs. 2 and 4, p. 426) taken from drawings by Prof. Garrod

(who was the first to point this out to me), of the liver of Elephas in-

dicus, the supensory ligament runs not in, but a little to the right of,

the large notch which has been taken for the umbilical fissure by most

authors, and is there connected, as usual, by a thin membranous ex-

pansion with the round ligament. In this species there is no um-

bilical notch visible’.

In Elephas africanus (figs. 3 and 5, p. 427), the suspensory liga-

ment lies still further to the right of the large notch, and there is a

conspicuous umbilical notch (about 23 inches deep), visible on both

surfaces of the liver.

From a comparison of the two livers it becomes clear that in both

species the liver consists of three lobes, a right lobe (slightly divided

' Perrault gives 38 feet and 22 feet as the lengths of the small and large

intestines respectively in, his specimen ; so that the ratios of the two measure-

ments are nearly the same. The cecum measured 14 foot.

2 Med. Times and Gazette, Oct. 5, 1872, p. 372.

° In a liver of £. indicus, in the Royal College of Surgeons (810 F) there is

visible, at the place where the round ligament is lost in the substance of the

liver, a narrow fissure, which runs obliquely for some way towards the margin,

but does not reach it ; so that there is no notch formed.

1879.] | MR. W. A. FORBES ON THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT" 429

in both species), a left central lobe (extremely small in EZ. indicus,

but clearly marked off in Z. africanus), and a left lateral lobe, of

large size in both species. In EZ. indicus, as may be seen from the

figures, the right margin of the liver is slightly notched, appa-

rently marking out the distinction of right central and lateral lobes :

in £. africanus, however, there are two such notches, both very

shallow and superficial. In both species there is a large area behind

the transverse fissure on the under surface of the liver bare of peri-

toneal covering (indicated by the portion within the dotted lines

in figs. 4 and 5). The angulated line of attachment of the suspen-

sory ligament in this species will also be noticed (fig. 3).

The liver in my specimen weighed 131b. 5 oz. : its greatest length

transversely was 207 inches, the greatest breadth (from behind for-

wards) 16 inches. In Perrault’s example it measured 33 ft. x 23 ft.

His figure (pl. 20) is not at all like my specimen ; nor is Mayer’s

drawing (J. ¢. pl. v. fig. 1—which, by the way, clearly shows the

. above-described relations of the Suspensory ligament to the large

median notch) of that of E. indicus very satisfactory.

As in the Indian species, there is no gall-bladder ; but the hepatic

duct has its epithelium reticulated at the lower end, and is very

spacious, measuring 9 inches long by 12 broad.

The pancreas is a lobulated, elongated gland, 17 inches long. It

opens by a single, wide and short duct (one inch long) into the he-

patic duct at the junction of the latter with the wall of the duode-

num, through which the common duct is continued for 33 inches.

The common duct is provided with distinct circular valve-like folds,

exactly as shown by Camper (conf. also Dr. Mojsisovies’s figure, 7. e.

Taf. vi.), and opens on a slightly raised nipple-like projection on the

sides of the duodenum ; its aperture is about } inch broad. Like

Perrault and Dr. Mojsisovics, I saw nothing of any secondary

pancreatic duct opening into the intestine separately from the

hepato-pancreatic one, such as has been described by many natura-

lists (conf. Mojsisovics, J. ec. pp: 72, 75) in E. indicus.

Spleen.—This viscus was of a very long irregular oval, with the

attached margin nearly Straight, the other somewhat irregular. It

measured 23} inches by 52 across!: it was flattened and thin, and

of a slaty-grey colour.

Thyroid Gland.—This consists of two circular cake-like lobes of

considerable consistency, united by a short isthmus. Each lobe

measures about 43 inches in diameter.

Heart.—The ventricles were not separated at the apex by any deep

groove, such as is noticed by Mayer (1. c. p. 44) and Messrs. Miall and

Greenwood (J. c. p. 68) in E. indicus. This separation of the ven-

tricles is probably an individual feature, as neither Hunter (‘ Obser-

vations,’ ii. p. 172) nor Vulpian and Philipeaux (as quoted by

Miall and Greenwood, /. s. c.) observed it. The fossa ovalis was very

deep, admitting the first two joints of the index finger. Hunter also

(7. c.) found the remains of the foramen ovale distinct. The ductus

arteriosus was of the size of a quill pen, and about one inch long,

’ Perrault gives 3 feet by 7 inches,

430 MR. W. A. FORBES ON THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT. [May 6,

but quite impermeable. The aorta gives off an innominate artery,

which is only an inch long and then divides into right brachial and

right and left carotids. The left brachial is given off immediately

after the innominate. This agrees with the descriptions of FZ. indicus as

given by Hunter, Owen, Vulpian and Philipeaux, Watson, and Miall

and Greenwood. On the other hand, Cuvier and Mayer found three

trunks, namely two brachials and a common carotid. I found no

“arteria thyroidea inferior simplex’? coming off from the point of

division of the two carotids, such as is figured by Mayer (J. ¢. pl. 11.

fig. 3) and Watson (Journ. Anat. & Phys. vi. pl. vi. fig. 1). The

weight of the heart and great vessels, cut short and cleaned of

blood, was 7 lb. ‘There was no os cordis ; and the same was the case

in Perrault’s specimen; nor is any such bone recorded in £. indicus

by recent anatomists.

Respiratory System.—The lungs were very simple in form, each

lung being undivided and bluntly triangular in general outline, the left

being shorter and broader. In the undistended state they measured -

as follows :—Right lung 23 inches long by 12 broad, left 21 inches

by 14. I found no accessory lobe on the right side, such as has

been observed by some anatomists in H. indicus. There is no extra

bronchus.

The trachea is short, measuring about a foot in length, and not

quite two inches in external diameter. It is composed of 28 rings,

which are nearly complete, leaving hardly any space behind between

their ends. They vary considerably in size in different parts of their

circumference. ‘The first three rings, as in Z. indicus, are truncated

obliquely behind, the space so formed being covered in by the body

of the cricoid cartilage.

The larynx (fig. 6, p.431) is of considerable size. The epiglottis,

when covered by its soft parts, is short, thick, and rounded. The

thyroid consists of two rhomboidal wings, 4 inches long, and 33 deep,

which are united in front superiorly for about one inch, the deep and

narrow notch left between the remaining part of the wings being filled

up by connective tissue. The superior cornua are short and scarcely

project. The posterior are about one inch long, and are directed

downwards and forwards ip close proximity with the body of the

thyroid cartilage, to which they are attached by connective tissue.

The postero-inferior angle of the thyroid cartilage also develops an

articular facet ; and this is enclosed with that of the posterior cornu,

in the common capsule of the crico-thyroid articulation. The cricoid

(see fig. 6) is of the usual type. Its anterior part is 1 inch deep,

the posterior (somewhat pentagonal) part 2 inches. The processes for

articulation with the thyroid stand out in a step-like way, and are

more or less clearly divided into two facets, corresponding to the

double articulating surfaces of the thyroid.

The aryteenoids (see fig. 6) are vertically elongated. Each measures

about 23 inches long by 13 broad. They have a canspicuous, ver-

tically directed, raised spine-like process, and a large notch behind

the supero-posterior angle. The cartilage of each side articulates

with its fellow both above and below this notch. The processus

vocalis is short and blunt. ‘The true vocal cords are well-marked

1879.| MR. W. A. FORBES ON THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT. 431

and thick elastic folds, 2? inches long. ‘The false vocal cords hardly

exist. Between the two is a slight laryngeal pouch, which extends

backwards a little way, as in the Indian Elephant (Miall and

Greenwood, J. c. p. 76). The muscles of the larynx closely agree

with those described by the last-named anatomists. The superior

Fig. 6.

Larynx of African Elephant (about half nat. size) viewed somewhat obliquely

from behind. The thyroid cartilage has been removed. 4, points to the

double facet of the crico-thyroid ariculation.

fibres of the crico-arytenoideus posticus run transversely across

in the interval left above by the more inferior, diverging fibres of that

muscle.

Urino-genital System—The kidneys lie in the usual position.

Their shape is an irregular oval. The following details refer to the

single kidney (right) which I preserved for further examination.

The length is 10 inches, the breadth about 6. The hilus is not mar-

ginal, but lies about 1 inch from the side; its length is 4} inches.

The weight of the kidney is 31b, The kidney is indistinctly divided

into eight lobes, which are of varying size and shape; one lobe is

scarcely visible on the hilar surface. These lobes are essentially di-

stinct, each consisting of a cortical and medullary part, not, however,

very clearly marked off from each other. The Malpighian corpus-

cles are clearly visible. Perrault’s figure of the kidney (J. c. pl. 20)

is too elongated and shows no lobes. The number of lobes in the

kidney of EZ. indicus has been variously stated at from two to eight or

nine. The suprarenal bodies resemble those of the Indian species.

The ureters open into the bladder by semilunar slits about 2 inches

from its orifice. The neck of the bladder is short and thick.

The female organs are formed on precisely the same type as those of

the Indian species’, consisting of a long urino-genital passage (‘the

common vagina, which is common to the urine and penis’ of Hunter),

1 Gf. Hunter, ‘ Observations,’ &e. ii. p- 175; Mayer, 7. c. p. 37, t. yi.; Owen,

Anat. Vert. iii. p. 692; Miall and Greenwood, J. c. p. 62. pl. iv.

432 MR. W. A. FORBES ON THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT. [May 6,

a secondary vagina (‘ the proper, or rather uncommon, vagina, which

the penis cannot enter’’), a corpus uteri, with two horns, and Fallo-

pian tubes and ovaries. The ovaries lie in pouches of peritoneum,

attached by peritoneal folds to the kidneys: the one I examined re-

sembled in form those figured by Mayer in the Indian species. It

was a little over an inch long, and generally smooth, with only a few

small lobular processes and erupted Graafian follicles near the line of

attachment to the peritoneal pouch. The latter is continuous with

the opening of the Fallopian tube, and is of considerable size: its

walls are thickened by muscular fibres, prolonged into it apparently

from the Fallopian tubes. The tubes are of small calibre, of the size

of a crow-quill, about 3 or 4 inches long, and, after a tortuous course,

open into the cornua uteri at the side of that tube, as well shown in

Mayer’s figure (J. ¢. pl. vi. fig. 2).

The two cornua are about 3 inch across at their commencement,

and have very thick muscular and elastic walls. For the last 43

inches of the course of the cornua they are united together (as seen

in fig. 7) into a single tube, which is about | inch across at the

point of junction. This tube is externally single ; but nevertheless,

on cutting it across, the two comparatively small cavities of the cor-

nua are seen lying beside one another, but separated by a conside-

rable septum. Without any difference in the external calibre of the

tube, the two cornua open together into a common cavity 24 inches

long, which is the true “corpus uteri.” At their opening each

cornu admits a large knitting-needle. There is no valve of any

kind at the opening. Both cornua and corpus are lined by smooth,

longitudinally plaited, mucous membrane. A similar arrangement

to that here described would seem to be indicated by Perrault’s de-

scription :—‘‘ Ces cornes, au lieu de s’écarter et de se séparer comme

elles font ordinairement, etoient jointes lune contre lautre, montant

jusqu’au hauteur d’un pied, et n’étant séparés que par une cloison

mitoyenne ; ensuite elles se séparent en deux branches.” In his

example (nearly or quite adult) each horn measured 2 feet 8 inches,

and was 13 inch across at the commencement. The female genital

organs he pictures on pl. 21: this shows the conjoined cornua, which

are separate till near their end, as seen in section.

The next part of the genital organs is the dilated, sac-like, ‘‘ secon-

dary,” or “uncommon,” vagina. This is about 53 inches long, and is

lined by smooth mucous membrane, with slightly raised longitudinal

folds, running from the opening into it of the corpus uteri. This open-

ing is small, only admitting the tip of the little finger, and is provided

behind with an irregularly bilobed thick valve of mucous membrane.

This constriction and valve undoubtedly represent the “os uteri.”

Perrault describes this “ secondary vagina”’ as the “corps ovale ;”

in his specimen it measured 18 inches by 6 inches, and was smooth

and polished within. It is well shown in his figure (Z. c. pl. 21) ; but

the ‘ valvule frangée aux embouchures des cornes de la matrice”’ is

not quite like the valve in my specimen. In the text he says, “ Deux

trous au dedans...étoient entourés par un appendice de la membrane

interne...en maniére de la frange ou de pavillon.”’ It would appear,

then, that in his animal there was no “corpus uteri,” such as that

1879.] MR. W. A. FORBES ON THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT. 433

e a. Uterus and vagina of African

Elephant (about half natural size),

viewed from behind. The vagina

(Vag.) and urino-genital canal

(u.g.) have been laid open from

behind. (Corn. ut.) Cornua uteri

cut short above. U¢. True uterus,

formed by the coalescence of the

two cornua, but not marked off ex-

ternally from the conjoined cormua

by any constriction. o0.w. Above

this is the valve-like structure cor- .

responding to the Os wert. Ur.

Prominence on which the urethra

opens; above it are seen the Mal-

pighian canals; below the letters

is the papilla-like free point (vide

fig.8). Ves. Bladder.

6. Section of the conjoined ute-

rine cornua, half the natural size, to

show the distinctness of the two

tubes internally at this point.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No. XXVIII. 28

434 MR. W. A. FORBES ON THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT. [May 6,

which exists in mine, but that the two cornua opened separately into

the ‘corps ovale” (=secondary vagina). Mayer apparently (J. e.

pl. 6. p. 38) found a similar arrangement in Z. indicus. Hunter,

Owen, and Miall and Greenwood all indicate an arrangement like

that which obtained in mine’.

Fig. 8.

Opening of urethra (U) into the urino-genital canal, about natural size (some-

what diagrammatic). The walls of the urino-genital canal are cut close

round the urethral eminence. M.C. Malpighian canals; below (anterior

to) the letters is seen the constriction separating the vagina from the

urino-genital canal; on the top of the urethral eminence is seen the

small free point; below it is the cul-de-sac of the urino-genital canal.

N.B. In the natural position the lower parts of the figure are anterior, the

upper parts posterior.

The secondary vagina, which lies behind the neck of the bladder,

is separated by a constriction, leaving only a very small opening, from

the urino-genital chamber, which is marked off by the livid blue

colour of its mucous membrane from the parts already described. On

each side of this median constriction lies a small obliquely-placed slit,

about 7 inch long, and admitting a probe for about the same dis-

tance into the small sacs (canals of Malpighi), of which they are the

openings. Exactly the same arrangement occurs in the Indian

1 Tn a specimen (2776 A) in the College of Surgeons of the uterus &e, of £.

indicus, the “ corpus uteri” is yery much more capacious than in my (young)

specimen, is about 7 inches long, and is only separated off from the ‘“ secondar

vagina” by a prominent zonary fold of mucous membrane. The calibres of these

two chambers are about the same,

1879.] MR. W. A. FORBES ON THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT. 435

Elephant. There is no trace of any hymen-like organ dividing this

median constriction into two, such as noticed by Miall and Green-

wood (/. c. pl. iv. fig. 3,4). This point about corresponds with the

entrance of the genital organs into the pelvis.

Perrault describes and figures (pl. 22) in his example two “ valves

sigmoides,” which guarded the ‘‘ orifice interne de la matrice,” and

also a “‘ rebord qui s’avancoit au-devant du col de la matrice de la

longueur d’environ deux pouces.” What the two sigmoid valves are

I do not see, as in his figure he indicates the two Malpighian canals

as well. The “rebord”’ probably corresponds to the tumid rounded

eminence (fig. 8, p. 434) about 1 inch long, terminating above and be-

hind ina little point, on which the urethra opens by a somewhat narrow

aperture, just below and in front of the opening into the secondary

vagina’. In front of this eminence the urino-genital canal, as the re-

maining part of these organs may be called, is produced into a small

cul-de-sac. The total length of this canal is about 20 inches*; the

clitoris, which resembles the same organ in Z. indicus, and which has

similar relations to the urino-genital canal, is about 15 inches from the

attachment of its crura to the pelvis to its extremity. The glans

clitoridis is about 2 inches long, rounded anteriorly, flattened and

grooved posteriorly, where it is in contact with the urino-genital canal.

There is a well-marked preputial-like reversion of the integuments

round the glans, as in FZ. indicus.

The brain was removed with but little injury ; but its description

must be deferred till some future occasion.

As will be seen from the foregoing account, but little difference,

on the whole, exists in the visceral anatomy of the only two remain-

ing species of Proboscideans. What differences there are chiefly

relate to the stomach, liver, and female organs; but, till more speci-

mens of Z. africanus have been dissected, it is impossible to say how

many of the points above noticed are due to individual peculiarities

or those of age and thelike. There appears, therefore, little ground,

from an anatomical point of view, to separate Loxodon as a genus

from Euelephas.

1 This raised part, on which is the opening of the urethra, is probably iden-

tical with the “ Klappe” figured by Mayer (J. ¢. pl. vi. fig. 1) as existing between

the two orifices of the bladder and vagina.

2 In Perrault’s adult example the length was 5 feet 6 inches.

28%

4136 MR. F, J. BELL ON ECHINOCIDARIS. [May 6,

5. Note on the Number of Anal Plates in Echinocidaris. By

F. Jerrrey Berti, B.A., Magdalen College, Oxford,

Zoological Department, British Museum, F.Z.S.

[Received April 23, 1879.]

If any one anatomical fact was thought to be certain with regard

to the Echini, it was the presence, as a constant mark of differentia-

tion, of four plates and four plates only in the anal region of the

species of the genus Zehinocidaris. Thus not only does the diagnosis

of Desmoulins (1835) include the words “ piéces terminales anales

au nombre de quatre seulement,” and that of Gray (1835, Arbacia)

‘anus valvis quatuor spiniferis tectus,’’ but the definition given by

Prof. Alex. Agassiz’ of the family Arbaciadz states among other

characters that “the anal system consists of only four large triangu-

lar plates.” Prof. Troschel, in an elaborate article on the genus *,

exhibits not the slightest doubt as to the validity of this character,

and expresses himself in the following words :—‘‘ Das Periproct. ist

durch vier dreieckige Platten geschlossen” *. In a later publica-

tion than his ‘ Revision’ (in the Zoological Results of the Hassler Ex-

pedition *), Prof. Alex. Agassiz sounds the first inharmonious note.

Troschel (so certain was he of the great value of these four anal

plates) had, on account of the presence of five anal plates in some

Parasalenia, separated them from the Echinocidaridz, in which family,

as he imagined, Agassiz had placed them. Roused, apparently, by

his criticism, the American naturalist took the opportunity afforded

him by the arrival of additional specimens of FZ. dufresnii to point

out ‘that it is quite remarkable that in the few specimens existing

in the British Museum and in our collection, there should be two

specimens having five anal plates instead of the normal number of

four in the other species of the genus”®. As there are two speci-

mens in the British-Museum collection in which there are five anal

plates, and as, on the other hand, the collection made by Dr. Cun-

ningham, “ of quite a number of specimens,” passed, as Prof. Agassiz

informs us, through his hands before the ‘ Revision’ was published,

and that without the peculiarity in question being there noticed, it

would be possible to read the (not too perspicuous) sentence which

I have just quoted in any one of the three following ways :—

(1) Both the specimens referred to are in the British Museum ;

(2) neither specimen is in the British Museum; or (3) there is,

to Prof. Agassiz’s knowledge, one specimen in each of the collections

mentioned. I am inclined to think that this last construction is the

one which the words were meant to bear; and I am supported in this

belief by the difference between the two specimens from Dr. Cun-

1 Revision of the Eehini, p. 399 (1872-1874).

2 Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, xxxvill. p. 293, xxxix. p. 308.

3 Op. cit. xxviii. p. 298.

* TUlustrated Catalogue, Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. p. 6 (1874).

5 Cat. M. C. Z. viii. i. p. 6.

1879.] MR. F. J. BELL ON ECHINOCIDARIS. 437

ningham’s collection, one of which bears evident marks of having

undergone examination.

Tt is obvious that the question could not be left in this state. It

seemed now necessary to see how far the number of anal plates varied

in various species, and whether the character in question had not

been definitely attained to by this species only, or whether in other

species also there was at times a return to the possession of the large

number of plates which are so commonly found in nearly all Echi-

nida.

With this object in view, I have examined all the specimens of the

enus Echinocidaris in the Museum ; and the accompanying Table

will, I think, show that the work was worth the doing. In addition

to the nine specimens here noted, there is a specimen of Z. pustu-

losa (‘‘ grandinosa’’) in which only three plates are present: one

of these is very small; and it is also evident that two have dropped

away. I have been enabled to examine some fifty-four speci-

mens in which the anal plates are preserved; and the ‘number of

specimens” in the following list gives the number of specimens in

the set from a given locality or collection.

No. of

Name of species. Locality. specimens. Varieties.

E. dufresnii ......... Port Otway. 5 One with five anal plates.

BP Mee st noes Shell Bay. 3 One with five 5

Se ae Sandy Point. 1 One with three ,

FF tern Meee oak Otter Islands. 1 One with three __,,

Et, Stellata.....5...+-- 2 1 One with five xg

EPTUGTOG, Jae .a etnies Coquimbo. 1 One with five .

», (or sp. closely allied) ? 10 One with six .

Nie gaat spite oct ? 1 One with ten ‘f

eS eae: eee ? 8 One with three .,

In the three specimens of HL. dufresnii and the one specimen of £.

pustulosa (juv.) received from the ‘Challenger’ Expedition, the

number of anal plates is normal.

With regard to this Table we have to note (1) the reduction of

the plates below the normal number, as obtaining in three specimens

not all of the same species ; (2) that the specimen of EL. pustulosa

(grandinosa) already referred to, and that of 2. nigra from Coquimbo

prevent our limiting the possession of five plates to , dufresnit ; while

the specimens with six and with ten plates are most remarkable, inas-

much as in both cases there are two plates which retain the proper

Echinocidarid character. No normal specimen seems yet to have

been observed so young as not to have attained its four anal plates.

In conclusion I think it well to abstain for the present from any

speculation on the matter, and shall be satisfied if I direct the

attention of echinologists to the point in question.

438 PROF. OWEN ON THE GENUS PALORCHESTES. [May 20,

May 20, 1879.

Prof. W. H. Flower, LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

Mr. Sclater made some remarks on the animals and other objects

observed in the Zoological Gardens of Rotterdam, Amsterdam,

Cologne, Frankfort, and Antwerp, which he had just visited.

At Rotterdam Mr. Sclater had examined with great interest an

example of his recently described Plectropterus niger (P. Z. 8. 1877,

p. 47, pl. vii.), being the third known individual of this peculiar

species. This bird had been received from Zanzibar from Hr. H.

Jansen, and so confirmed the habitat of this species as spoken of by

Mr. Trimen (P. Z.S. 1879, p. 5).

At Amsterdam the series of Parrots of the genus Chrysotis lately

assembled by Mr. Westerman had been studied with much interest.

It contained an example of the recently described Chrysotis bodini of

Fiusch (P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 569, pl. xlix.), being the second known

specimen of this near ally of C. festiva; also two examples of the

rare C. erythrura, Kuhl, the first that had ever come under Mr.

Sclater’s observation. At the time he wrote his ‘ Papageien’ Dr.

Finusch was not autoptically acquainted with this fine species.

Among the Antelopes in the Zoological Garden at Cologne was a

fine young female of Hippotragus equinus.

In the new and excellently arranged garden at Frankfort-on-the-

Main Mr. Sclater had been much interested with the construction of the

Aquarium, finished about two years ago, and now in excellent working

order. The motive power used for raising the water was a gas-

engine. The sea-water was entirely artificial, but was very clear ;

and the fishes, both from the Mediterranean and North Sea, appeared

to be in excellent health.

At Antwerp Mr. Sclater’s attention had been principally devoted

to the New Lion-house just completed. Its dimensions were slightly

in excess of that of the Society, and the out-door cages and in-door

cages were arranged on the same side, facing south; otherwise the

principles of the two buildings were nearly similar, although the

building at Antwerp was much more highly ornamented.

Prof. Owen, C.B., F.R.S., read a memoir in which an account

was given of a portion of a mandible and teeth of a large extinct

Kangaroo of the genus Palorchestes, recently discovered in the

ancient fluviatile drift of Queensland, which was proposed to be

called P. crassus.

This paper will be published entire in the Society’s ‘ Trans-

actions.’

The following papers were read :—

1879.] MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW COLEOPTERA. 439

1. Descriptions of New Species of Coleoptera of the Family

Halticide. By Martin Jacosy.

[Received April 28, 1879.]

Genus Notozona, Clark.

1. Norozona sivirrata, sp. nov.

Ovate, elongate, very convex, black; head and thorax rufous ;

elytra black, striate-punctate, each elytron with a longitudinal stripe

from base to apex, near the lateral margins, bright flavous.

Length 34 lines.

Head convex, minutely punctured, vertex smooth, labrum and

antenne flavous. ‘Thorax about three times as broad as long, sides

rounded, anterior angles produced into a subacute tubercle, hinder

angles obtuse; posterior margin not lobed in the middle; upper

surface with a deep round fovea near each side, distinctly and rather

closely punctured throughout. Elytra impressed, each with eleven

rows of punctures, the intervals also minutely punctured, shining

black, each elytron with a flavous band from the base to the apex,

running parallel with the lateral margin, and curving round with it

towards the suture, near the apes. Underside (with the exception

of the sides of the breast, the coxze of the legs, and the thighs,

which are flavous), black ; tibize and tarsi black.

Hab. Peru?

Genus Disonycna.

2. Disonycua ERICHSONI, sp. nov.

Elongate, parallel, black, shining; the last three joints of the

antenne, the abdomen, and three transverse narrow bands across

the elytra yellowish white.

Length 3 lines.

Head rather depressed, black, shining, a short elongate fovea near

each eye. Antenne longer than half the body, the second joint

short, the third of double the length, the fourth longer than the

third ; black, with the exception of the last three joints, which are

flavous testaceous. Thorax rather convex, the angles thickened,

the anterior ones slightly produced outwards, an obsolete transverse

depression extends near the base across the disk ; latter impunctate,

shining black, the angles obscure testaceous ; scutellum elongate

triangular, black. Elytra broader than the thorax, rather convex,

narrowed near the apex, the latter rounded, surface very minutely

punctured, shining black ; the base, a narrow band immediately

below the middle, connected with the base anteriorly and laterally,

and a band near the apex yellowish-white. Underside and legs

black, abdomen flavous.

flab. Peru.

Three specimens in my collection.

440 MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW COLEOPTERA. [May 20,

3. DIsoNYCHA TRISTIS, sp. nov.

Ovate, convex, black, opaque. Thorax testaceous, with five piceous

spots ; elytra black, opaque, alutaceous, with two very narrow longi-

tudinal flavous vittee, joined at the apex.

Length 3 lines.

Head deeply and very closely punctate, with a transverse fovea

between the eyes, and a short longitudinal raised elevation towards

the vertex ; antennze with the fourth joint longer than the third,

elongate to the fourth joint, from there with distinctly shorter and

thicker joints, black, base and underside of first three joints testa-

ceous. Thorax rather narrow, transverse, base sinuate each side,

surface finely and irregularly punctate, testaceous, four transversely

placed spots near the anterior margin and another near the base

piceous; scutellum opaque; elytra a little widened posteriorly,

rather convex, finely alutaceous, black, without any gloss, with two

very narrow longitudinal vittee, of which one is placed near the

sutural, the other near the lateral margin, and which are joined near

the apex, of a flavous testaceous colour. Below and legs black, also

opaque.

Hab. Brazil.

This species may be distinguished from others similarly marked

by the coarse punctuation of the head, the opaque colour of the

elytra, and the very narrow vittz of the latter.

Genus Nepurica, Harold.

4. NEPHRICA MARGINATA, Sp. nov.

Elongate-ovate ; black, very shining. Head, thorax, and lateral

margins of the elytra, as well as the apex of latter, light testaceous.

Length 33-4 lines. z

Head impunctate, eyes moderately deep, emarginate, kidney-

shaped; base of labrum and the palpi dark piceous; antenne ro-

bust, third and fourth joints equal, the two basal joints stained below

with flavous, the rest black. ‘Thorax narrow, its sides broadly mar-

gined, the anterior angles convex, obtusely rounded outwards, basal

margin rather deeply concave at either side, surface irregularly de-

pressed, with a short oblique groove near the posterior angles; disk

almost impunctate, with a row of deeper punctures running parallel

with the lateral margins. Scutellum smooth, broad, apex rounded ;

elytra rather depressed below the base, distinctly margined and

very minutely punctate, of a very shining deep black colour, the

entire lateral margins narrowly, as well as the apex more widely,

light testaceous-coloured. Underside and legs black, claws not

swollen.

Hab. Peru.

Two specimens in my collection.

Genus Homorueara, Erichs.

5. H. vartaBiis (equatorialis, Harold ’).

Elongate, subparallel, black, above flavous ; elytra with the lateral

1879.] MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW COLEOPTERA. 441

margins, an oblique transverse band before, another more horizontal

band behind the middle, fuscous or ferruginous.

Length 43 lines.

Var. a. The anterior transverse band of the elytra curved in form

of a crescent.

Var. b. The dark colour of the elytra predominating, so as to sur-

round three flavous patches on each elytron.

Var. c. Elytra fuscous, with eight flavous spots.

Var. d. Elytra fuscous, with two large flavous patches.

Head smooth, impunctate, with a large flavous patch in front, as

well as two small spots below the antennz of the same colonr. An-

tennz robust, black ; all the joints, with the exception of the second

one, which is very small, subequal. Thorax transversely convex,

laterally narrowly marginate; the anterior angles not toothed, but

acutely produced almost to the end of the eyes, their apex much

thickened ; surface extremely finely punctate, almost smooth ; scu-

tellum small, piceous; elytra also nearly impunctate, slightly nar-

rowed at the base, shining flavous ; the suture, to a greater or smaller

extent, the external margin, the base more or less, and two trans-

verse bands (one oblique before the middle, the second behind)

fuscous.

In var. a the anterior band does not touch the suture, but curves

down and outwards, so as to form a crescent. In the other varieties

the dark colour predominates in one case to an extent so as to sur-

round four flavous patches on each elytron, in another variety leav-

ing only two large flavous spots, of which one is situated in the

middle near the lateral margin, the other near the apex. Underside

and legs black or dark brown, covered with yellowish pubescence ;

claw-joint moderately thickened.

Hab. Venezuela, Columbia, Brazil; var. d, Mexico.

This species bears a close resemblance to H. 8-guttata, Fab. ; but

the larger size, the colour of the transverse bands, and the absence

of the small shoulder-spot will distinguish it from that species. It

is also known in collections, I believe, under the MS. name of inso-

lita, Chev. ; 6-signata, De}.

6. HomopH@Ta ALBOFASCIATA, sp. nov.

Ovate, elongate, black, shining; a frontal patch, two spots below

the antenne, thorax and abdomen flavous testaceous or reddish

brown. Elytra metallic violaceous blue or black ; a slightly curved

transverse band across the middle, and a transverse subquadrate

patch near the apex of each elytron, white.

Length 3 lines.

Head bluish black, vertex impunctate, shining, a row of rather

deep punctures round the orbit of the eyes, a transverse spot be-

tween the latter testaceous; antenne rather short, black, base of

the second joint testaceous. Thorax with the lateral margins

slightly sinuate, the anterior angles produced and thickened, and

the posterior margin distinctly and obliquely sinuate at each side;

surface impunctate; scutellum black, smooth; elytra conyex, mar-

442 MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW COLEOPTERA. [May 20,

ginate, impunctate, black or violaceous blue ; a transverse band from

the margin to the suture, situated at the middle, slightly convex

anteriorly, and narrowed towards the suture, and a transverse sub-

quadrate patch, widened towards the suture, white. Underside

black, abdomen flavous ; claws scarcely thickened.

Hab. Cache, Costa Rica. Collected by Mr. Rogers.

Genus ASPH#RA, Chev.

7. ASPH&RA APICALIS, Sp. nov.

Ovate, convex, black; clypeus and sides of thorax testaceous.

Elytra purplish, the extreme lateral margins and the apex more or less

flavous testaceous.

Length 3-4 lines.

Head with a few rather deep punctures, deeply transversely de-

pressed, with a short longitudinal groove between the eyes, the space

in front of the latter rather swollen. Clypeus light testaceous. An-

tenne rather long, the fourth and fifth joints the longest, of equal

length, the basal three joints piceous, the rest black. Thorax nar-

rowed from base to apex, its sides broadly margined, anterior angles

acute, but not produced ; surface impunctate, black, the sides light

testaceous ; scutellum black, broadly triangular. Elytra closely and

irregularly punctured, the interstices transversely and longitudinally

wrinkled, to a less extent towards the apex, of a purplish colour ; the

apex with a triangular space extending to a greater or smaller degree

upwards, as well as the extreme lateral margins, flavous testaceous.

Underside and legs black. Metatarsus as long as the two following

joints, claw-joint moderately swollen.

Hab. Brazil.

8. ASPHZRA BALYI, sp. nov.

Light fulvous below; head and elytra dark metallic green,

shining ; thorax and two spots on each elytron testaceous.

Length 33 lines.

Head with a deep transverse depression, impunctate, lower face

testaceous ; antennze piceous, basal three joints testaceous. Thorax

with the anterior angles not mucronate, but obtusely rounded, sides

regularly rounded and broadly flattened, base with an obsoletely

depressed transverse narrow groove, posterior margin sinuate at each

side, surface very minutely punctured; elytra narrowly margined,

throughout finely punctured, very shining dark metallic green, the

extreme lateral margin, a transversely placed oval-shaped spot in

the middle, and a smaller one of the same shape near the apex light

testaceous. Underside fuscous or ferruginous; knees and the tibiz

piceous. Metatarsus as long as the two following joints united,

claw-joint moderately swollen.

Hab. Peru.

9. ASPHHRA AMAZONICA, Sp. nov.

Elongate, subparallel, light flavous ; antenne and legs fulvous ;

1879.] MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW COLEOPTERA. 443

elytra with a large semitriangular patch at the base, and another

from the middle to nearly the apex, of a brownish purplish colour.

Length 24 lines.

Vertex of head smooth, impunctate, limited in front by four

transversely placed deep punctures, and from the clypeus by several

deep indentations; apex of jaws black; antenne robust, all the

joints, except the second, of equal length, slightly diminishing, how-

ever, towards the apex, of a uniformly fulvous colour, and closely

pubescent. Thorax transversely subquadrate, the sides nearly pa-

rallel and narrowly thickened, but not depressed ; anterior angles

convex, but not produced outwards ; surface impunctate, shining, of

a very light testaceous colour; scutellum fulvous ; elytra rather

convex, distinctly margined, very minutely punctate, of the same

colour as the thorax ; each elytron with a large patch at the base,

rounded anteriorly, and not touching either the margin or the

suture, and another one triangularly shaped, the point directed

towards the apex, of a reddish-brown colour, with a very distinct

purplish gloss. aking these patches as the ground-colour, they

would be limited by the suture (widened anteriorly), a narrow band

across the middle, and by the lateral margins of a light flavous

colour. Underside testaceous, legs flavous, claw-joint not swollen.

Metatarsus as long as the two following joints united.

Hab. Amazon. In my collection.

This species is closely allied to A. nobilitata, Fabr.; but the want

of the transverse band on the thorax, together with the different

shape of the latter, as well as the shape of the patches on the elytra,

will distinguish it from that species.

10. ASPH&ERA PALLIDA, sp. nov.

Broadly ovate, black ; apex of abdomen and the thorax more or

less fulvous ; elytra pale testaceous, shining, impunctate.

Length 43 lines.

Head shining black, impunctate, with the usual transverse depres-

sion; antennz of half the length of the body, uniformly black,

covered thickly with whitish hairs. Thorax comparatively wide,

about twice as broad as long, its sides evenly rounded, narrowly

margined, but each side rather indistinctly limited by the more

convex disk, the anterior angles very acute and distinctly produced

in form of a short tooth, basal margin very slightly sinuate at each

side, almost straight. Surface scarcely visibly punctate, of a lighter

or darker flavous colour; scutellum shining black ; elytra slightly

wider at the base than the thorax, widened till behind the middle,

from there rounded to the apex, distinctly margined, smooth and

shining, of a light testaceous colour, more or less stained obsoletely

with fuscous in some specimens. Underside and legs shining black,

the latter closely pubescent; apex of abdomen fulvous. Posterior

thighs very moderately thickened; metatarsus longer than the fol-

lowing joints, the claw simple, not thickened.

Hab. Costa Rica. Collected by Mr. Rogers,

444 MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW COLEOPTERA. [May 20,

Genus (pronycutis, Erichs.

11. CEpIONYCHIS QUADRIFASCIATA, Sp. Nov.

Broadly ovate, black, above testaceous ; a transverse band on the

disk of the thorax, and four others across the elytra, metallic vio-

laceous blue.

Length 4 lines.

Head impunctate, deeply transversely impressed between the eyes,

shining, piceous, lower part of face flavous, apex of labrum piceous ;

antennz black, the first three joints flavous, stained with piceous

above, the first joint elongate, the third and fourth joints subequal.

Thorax very narrow, about four times as broad as long, its sides

broadly margined and evenly rounded ; anterior angles outwardly

produced, their apex rounded, basal margin sinuate on either side,

disk impunctate or scarcely visibly punctured, flavous testaceous ; a

black narrow band, not touching either side, extends transversely

across the disk; scutellum black, smooth, broad, its sides rounded

and its apex obtuse. Elytra narrowed at the base and towards the

apex, finely but distinctly and moderately closely punctured, of a

testaceous colour ; a transverse hand at the base, one immediately

before, another behind the middle, as well as a fourth band near the

apex, metallic violaceous or greenish blue; none of these bands

extend quite to the lateral margins ; and the intervals between them

are of about half the width of the bands themselves. Underside and

legs black, the margins of the abdominal segments obscure flavous ;

posterior thighs very thickened ; the first joint of the tarsi shorter

than the two following ones united ; the claw-joint very swollen.

Hab. Peru. In my collection.

12. CEDIONYCHIS FUSCONOTATA, Sp. nov.

Ovate, widened behind, obscure piceous below, above flavous

testaceous ; each elytron with two small spots at the base, a trans-

verse larger one in the middle, and another near the apex, fuscous.

Length 2 lines.

Head distinctly punctured, with a strongly-marked transverse

groove; antennze with joints three and four of equal length, the first

five joints flavous, the rest piceous-coloured ; anterior angles of the

thorax toothed, the posterior margin nearly straight, surface im-

punctate, testaceous; elytra narrowed at the base, rather flattened,

more convex behind the middle, distinctly punctured, the interstices

slightly wrinkled, of a flavous or testaceous colour, each elytron with

four fuscous spots, of which one (the smallest) is placed at the

humeral callus, another (larger one) near the scutellum, amore trans-

versely-shaped one at the middle, slightly hollowed out at its pos-

terior margin, and the fourth (generally the largest) also transversely

placed at a little distance from the apex. Underside obscure

piceous, the four anterior legs entirely flavous.

Hab. Rio Janeiro.

13. CEDIONYCHIS TRANSVERSALIS, sp. nov.

Ovate, flavous-testaceous ; a transverse subquadrate band at the

1879.] MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW COLEOPTERA. 445

base of the elytra, connected by a longitudinal lateral stripe with

another band across the middle, black.

Length 3 lines.

Head impunctate, with only a few punctures round the eyes, and

the usual transverse groove; antenne entirely pale testaceous.

Thorax with the sides broadly flattened, and the anterior angles pro-

duced into a short tooth, surface impunctate; scutellum testaceous ;

elytra rather convex, distinctly margined, minutely punctured

throughout, of the same colour as the thorax, with a transverse sub-

quadrate black band at the base, the posterior margin of which is

obliquely cut, and including a small spot of the ground-colour ; a

narrow lateral stripe connects this band with another fascia placed

at the middle of each elytron, which has the inner margin slightly

hollowed out, and is in some specimens almost connected along the

suture with the basal band. The prosternum is distinctly raised in

shape of a ridge, and, like the entire underside and the legs, of a

pale testaceous colour.

Hab. Nicaragua. Collected by Mr. Janson.

14, CEpIONYCHIS INSULARIS, sp. Nov.

Ovate, convex; obscure ferruginous below; antenneze, tibize, and

the two pairs of anterior legs black. Thorax and elytra pale testa-

ceous, the latter with two spots below the middle and the apex

violaceous black.

Length 3 lines.

Head with several deep punctures near the eyes, and a well-

marked transverse groove between the antenne; lower half of the

face testaceous, the vertex and the labrum and palpi blackish pice-

ous with a greenish gloss; antenna: black, their two basal joints

testaceous below. Thorax of the usual shape, with the anterior

angles produced in form of a short tooth directed outwards ; surface

impunctate, pale testaceous; scutellum black ; elytra widened be-

hind, rather convex, distinctly punctate, the punctuations diminish-

ing in depth towards the apex, but strongly marked in two longi-

tudinal rows below the humeral callus, of the same colour as the

thorax, an irregularly shaped small roundish spot below the middle,

and a still smaller one at the extreme apex of each elytron, of a

violaceous black colour.

Hab. Mexico.

Approaching in colour and markings @. bipunctata, Chev. ; but

this species has no apical spot on the elytra, and the legs and breast

are black.

15. CADIONYCHIS NICARAGUENSIS, sp. nov.

Ovate, convex, dark ferruginous below; head, thorax, and elytra

flavous-testaceous ; the base and shoulder of each elytron, two spots

below the base, and two transverse fascize behind the middle dark

ferruginous.

Length 3-4 lines.

Head with several deep punctures on the vertex, and a cruciform

446 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM [May 20,

depression ; antennze and lower part of face obscure ferruginous,

the third joint of former not much longer than the second, the

fourth joint the longest. Thorax with the anterior angles but

slightly produced and rounded; surface finely punctured, shining

testaceous or flavous. Elytra widened behind, rather deeply and

very closely punctured, with a distinct longitudinal depression in the

middle of the base; the latter narrowly ferruginous, which colour

also extends in form of a longitudinal short streak down the shoulders

to about one third the length of the elytra; another sutural semi-

square spot is placed below the scutellum, while a transverse short

fascia occupies the middle, and another similar-shaped spot is placed

near the apex of each elytron. Neither of these markings touch

the suture or the lateral margins. Claw-joint strongly inflated.

Hab. \razu Mountain, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua.

16. GiprlonycHIS SEPTEMMACULATA, Sp. nov.

Piceous below; lower part of vertex, thorax, and elytra testaceous,

the latter with seven black -patches, viz. two at the base, one

common to both elytra before the middle, the other four at the

middle and before the apex respectively.

Length 3 lines.

Vertex impunctate, lower part of the latter, as well as that of the

clypeus, testaceous ; antennze piceous, basal joints paler. Thorax

rather convex, sides broadly margined, the anterior angles produced

into a short tooth; surface minutely punctured, testaceous ; scutel-

lum obscure piceous: elytra narrowed at base and apex, broadly

margined, with two short longitudinal depressions at their posterior

half, more distinctly punctured than the thorax, of a light testaceous

colour, with the patches of the following shape—the basal one ob-

liquely cut at its posterior margin, the sutural one of triangular

shape, followed closely by a transverse quadrate fascia, and the apical

one also of a transversely subquadrate shape; none of these mark-

ings touch the sutural or the lateral margins. Claw-joint greatly

dilated.

Hab. Peru.

2. On a Fourth Collection of Birds made by the Rev. G.

Brown, C.M.Z.S., on Duke-of-York Island and in its

vicinity. By P. L. Scrater, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S.,

Secretary to the Society.

[Received May 2, 1879.]

(Plates XXXVI., XXXVII.)

I have now again the pleasure of laying before the Society a series

of bird-skins collected by our excellent correspondent Mr. Brown ou

Duke-of-York Island and on the adjacent parts of New Britain and

New Ireland. Though many of these specimens belong to species

JSmit lith

GRAUCALUS

SUBL

INE

4 IND

ATUS

JSmit lith

1MYZOMELA CINERACEA

2.DONACICOLA SPECTAI

3.MUNIA FORBESI.

Hanhart imp

1879.] DUKE-OF-YORK ISLAND. 447

represented in the former collections’, there are several novel and

interesting birds in the present consignment, to which I wish to draw

special attention, and which show that the avifauna of this district

is by no means yet completely known to us.

The total number of skins in the present Collection, including

some just previously received in a letter, is 59, belonging to 41

species. Every skin being labelled with an exact date and locality,

it will be advisable to give a complete list of the species.

*1. Graucalus sclateri, Salvad.............00086 New Ireland.

*92. Graucalus sublineatus, sp. NOV. ......+++6+5 Topaia, New Ireland.

3, Dicrurus lemostictus, Sel. ......:.ccscseeves New Britain.

* 4, Pachycephala melanura, Gould.........++: Palakuiiru Island.

*5. Myzomela sclatert, Forbes.........0.-000++5 Palakuiiru Island.

*6. Myzomela cineraced, sp. NOV. ....+.+++++ New Britain.

*'7. Myzomela erythrina, Ramsay ..........-. New Ireland.

8. Philemon cockerelli, Scl......cccccceeesevees New Britain.

*9, Donacicola spectabilis, sp. NOV. ...+++..+++- New Britain.

*10. Munia forbesi, sp. MOV. ...-.-seeceeeeeeeeees Topaia, New Ireland.

11. Dendrochelidon mystacea (Less.) .......-. Duke-of-York group.

*12° Collocalia, sp. ING, ....02..sedereesess+ee-res Duke-of-York group.

¥13. Caprimulgus MACTUrus ....cccceeersecreenes New Britain.

*14. Hurystopodus sp. inc. (pullus) ...........- Topaia, New Ireland.

*15. Alcyone pusilla (Temm.) .......eseeseeaee Wood Harbour, New Ireland.

16. Halcyon sanctus, Vig. and Horsf. ......... Duke-of-York group.

“17, Seythrops nove-hollandia ...... secseeeee Duke-of-York group.

18. Cacomantis sp. ine. (jr.)......:e-eeeeereeeees Duke-of-York group.

*19. Chrysococcyx lucidus (GM.) ..-....eeeee0 New Ireland.

20. Lorius hypenochrous, Gray .......0.+000++ New Britain.

21. Trichoglossus massen@, Bp. ...++-+0+++0++ New Ireland.

22. Ninox variegata (Q.et G.) ...ccecreeeeeee Topaia, New Ireland.

#23. Ninox jacquinott, Bp......-.cccccseceeeceeees New Britain.

*24. Henicopernis longicauda (Garn.) .......-. New Britain.

25. Baza reinwardti (Mill. et Scl.) ......... New Ireland.

*26. Falco lunulatus, Lath. .....cceesceeeeceeees Duke-of-York group.

*27. Astur torquatus (Temm.) ..........+010r00 New Ireland.

28. Astur etorques (Salvad.)............12c+0000 New Britain.

29. Carpophaga van-wycki, Oassin .........+++ Duke-of-York group.

30. Gédirhinus insolitus (Schl.) .......-...06++ Duke-of-York group.

31. Phlogenas johanna, Sclater .....-...+.+++: Duke-of-York group.

32. Macropygia carteretia, Bp....+-..+002-1000 New Britain and Duke-of-York

group.

33. Macropygia nigrirostris, Salvad. .......-. Dake-of-York group.

*34, Excalfacioria chinensis (Linn.)..........+. Duke-of-York group.

*35. Amaurornis moluccana (Wallace)......... Duke-of-York group.

36. Charadrius fuluus (Gim.) .....6eeeeeeeeeee Makado, Duke-of-York group.

37. Aigialitis dubia (Scop.) ...-..seeseereeeenees Topaia, New Ireland.

38. Numenius wropygialis, Gould .....+...-+. Duke-of-York group.

39. Totanus incanus (GM.) .......ccceeeeeeenees Duke-of-York group.

40. Tringoides hypoleucus (Linn.) ......-++.++ Duke-of-York group.

41. Sterna fuliginosa (Gm.).........0eceeereeees Duke-of-York group.

* The species thus marked have not been represented in Mr. Brown’s former

collections.

1. GRAUCALUS sCLATERI, Salvad. ; Sharpe, Cat. iv. p. 40.

A female of this species, differing from the type (now in the

Bremen Museum), which is doubtless a male, in its ashy grey lores

1 See P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 96, 1878, p. 289, and 1878, p. 670.

448 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM [May 20,

and front. In the typical specimen the lores and front are quite black.

In other respects the two skins do not materially differ, regard being

had to the fact that the type was formerly preserved in spirit.

2. GRAUCALUS SUBLINEATUS, sp. nov. (Plate XXXVI.)

Cinereus ; remigibus et rectricibus nigris, illis extus cum tectricibus

maporibus anguste albo marginatis; abdomine albo regulariter

transfasciato ; subalaribus albis cinereo transfasciatis ; remigum

pagina inferiore albicante ; rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota

9, ale 5°4, caude 4:3.

Hab. Nova Hibernia (Brown).

Obs. Sp. forma et statura G. lineati et ejusdem coloris, sed loris

vix nigricantibus et fasciis abdominis diversa.

Of this apparently new species of Graucalus, one specimen, marked

male, is in the collection, obtained in the district of Topaia, New

Ireland, in September 1878. The irides are described as ‘‘ yellow ;”’

and the bird is said to be also met with in New Britain.

4. PACHYCEPHALA MELANURA, Gould, B. Austr. ii. pl. 61.

From Palikuiiru Island (‘‘a small island in midchannel between

New Britain and Duke-of-York Island’?) Mr. Brown sends five

examples of a Pachycephala which I do not venture to separate

from P. melanura of North Australia. Two adult males agree closely

with a skin of P. melanura from Cape York in the collection of

Messrs. Salvin and Godman, except in having the outer edgings of

the secondaries rather more greyish. Of three examples marked

‘*female,”’ all have the abdomen yellow and back olive, and one has

brown-chestnut margins to the secondaries and wing-coverts. It is

possible these may be really young males, as the female of the Cape-

York bird (in Mus. S.-G.) is of a much paler and more uniform

colour, with only a wash of yellowish below on the breast and

crissum.

Mr. Brown in his MS. noted this species as “abundant” in

Palakuiiru, and “ eyes and legs black” in both sexes.

Ido not know Pachycephala citreogaster (!), Ramsay, P. L. S.

N.S. W. i. p. 67, described from a spirit-specimen from New Britain,

unless it be referable to another stage of plumage of this species.

5. MyzomeE.a scLaTeRtI, Forbes, anted, p. 275, Pl. XXV. fig. 2.

Mr. Brown now sends a pair of this fine new Myzomela, Mr.

Forbes’s type of which was received in a letter from the same

correspondent. Like the type, they were obtained on the island

of Palakutiru in June 1878. The female may be diagnosed as

follows :—

Supra saturate olivacea ; pileo, alis et cauda nigricantibus, his

extus olivaceo limbatis ; subtus grisescenti-flavida, gula coccineo

viz: tincta.

6. MyZoMELA CINERACEA, sp. nov. (Plate XXXVII. fig. 1.)

Saturate cineracea unicolor ; subalaribus et remigum marginibus

1879.] DUKE-OF-YORK ISLAND. 449

internis albis; rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 5°5, ule

2°8, caude 2°4, tarsi 0°8, rostri a rictu (lin. dir.) 1:05.

Hab. Nova Britannia (Brown).

A single male example of this apparently distinct Myzomela was

obtained by Mr. Brown in New Britain in May 1878. The species

may be placed best, I think, in Mr. Forbes’s section A. (. a (anted,

p- 268), following M. nigrita and M. pammelena.

7. MyzomeLa eryTrHrina, Ramsay, Pr. L. 8S. N. S. W. ii.

p- 107 (°).

A single specimen of a Myzomeda, obtained in New Ireland in

September 1878, appears to agree best in dimensions with M. coccinea

of Ramsay, though in colouring perhaps rather coinciding with

M. erythrina, described in the same paper. Mr. Ramsay himself

confesses his doubts as to whether these supposed species are

really different ; but I will adopt the latter name, as the locality

coincides.

Prof. Salvadori has been kind enough to compare this specimen

with his example of M. cruentata, Meyer’, of New Guinea, with

which Mr. Forbes (anted, p. 280) thought Mr. Ramsay’s species

might prove identical. But Prof. Salvadori tells me the present

bird is ‘positively different” from M. cruentata, being a “larger

bird with a stouter bill, and of a very different red.”

9. DonacicoLa®* sPEcTABILIS, sp. nov. (Plate XXXVII. fig. 2.)

Brunnea ; pileo, nucha et capitis lateribus nigris ; tectricibus

caude superioribus et rectricum mediarum marginibus pallide

castaneis ; subtus alba; gula, ventre imo et crisso cum Jemoribus

nigris ; subalaribus ochraceo-albis ; rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 3°4, ale 1:8, caud@ 1-2.

Hab. Nova Britannia (Brown).

This Finch, of which there is a single skin in the present collection,

is perhaps not very far from Donacola flaviprymna, Gould, B. Austr,

ii. pl. 96, but isimmediately recognizable by its black head and neck.

10. Muni ForBEsI, sp. nov. (Plate XXXVII. fig. 3.)

Testaceo-rufa, subtus paulo dilutior ; capite undique cum gula,

hypochondriis et ventre imo cum femoribus et caude tectricibus

productis nigris ; rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 4, ale

2, caude acuminate 1°5 ; rostro crassiusculo.

Hab. Nova Hibernia (Brown).

A single example of this Finch, obtained in the Topaia district of

New Ireland in September 1878, is in the collection. It is a rather

thick-billed species, belonging to the group of M. malacea. I propose

to name it in compliment to Mr. W. A. Forbes, F.Z.S., who has

paid much attention to the Ploceide, and will, I hope, some day

give us a monograph of them.

1 Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, Ixx. p. 202.

* Emend. ex Donacola, Gould, P. Z. 8, 1845, p. 80.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—!879, No. XXIX. 29

450 ON BIRDS FROM DUKE-OF-YORK ISLAND. [May 20,

15. ALcyone pusitxA (Temm.); Gould, B. Austr. ii. pl. XXVI1. 3

Sharpe, Kingf. p. 53, pl. xvi.

A single specimen of this bird ‘from Wood Harbour, at the

north end of New Ireland”? is rather larger than North-Australian

skins in the British Museum with which I have compared it, and

has the blue flanks connected by an imperfect breast-band. The

latter, however, is a somewhat variable character.

22. Ninox VARIEGATA.

Noetua variegata, Q. et G. Voy. de l’Astr. Zool. i. p. 166 et

Atlas, pl. i. fig. 2.

Athene variegata, Scl. P.Z.S. 1869, p. 123 et 1878, p. 290.

Ninox solomonis, Sharpe, P.Z.S. 1876, p. 673, pi. Ixii.

Ninox nove-britannie, Ramsay, Pr. L. 8. N.S. W. ii. p. 105.

One specimen, marked female, from the Topaia district of New

Ireland and obtained in 1878, agrees with the individual from the

Solomon Islands, which I have compared with the type in the Paris

Museum. J. nove-britannie is, no doubt, identical.

23. NrNox JACQUINOTI.

Chevéche rayée, Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud, Atl. pl. iii.

fig. 1.

” Athene jacquinoti, Bp. Consp. i. p. 42 (1850).

Athene teniata, Jacq. et Puch. Voy. au Pole Sud, Zool. iii. p. 50

(1853).

Ninox teniata, Sharpe, Cat. Birds, ii. p. 186.

A single female specimen, obtained in New Britain in May 1878,

I refer somewhat doubtfully to this species. The upper surface is

rather spotted than barred; and there are some irregular shaft-stripes

and edgings on the white abdomen. I shall take an early opportunity

of comparing this specimen with the type at Paris *. _

24. HENICOPERNIS LONGICAUDA.

Mr. Gurney, who has kindly examined this specimen, states that

although Mr. Sharpe agrees with him in believing it to be H. longi-

cauda in immature dress, they have neither of them seen an example

previously in similar plumage.

25. Baza REINWARDTI.

Mr. Gurney has kindly sent me the following note on this specimen :—

“The Baza probably does not differ specifically from B. reinwardti;

but on comparing it with seven adults from other localities (ranging

from New Guinea northwards), I find that it differs from them all

in having the brown colour on the back somewhat less extended,

and in the transverse bars on the under surface being a pure grey

without admixture of brown, or with scarcely any, instead of having

a decided brown tint as in all the others.

“Mr. E. P. Ramsay has sent me a copy of an article on the

Zoology of New Guinea, in which he speaks of the New Ireland race

* P.S. July 22.—I have now made the comparison, and consider this specimen

to be correctly determined. But the type (Mus, Paris) is an immature bird,—

PLS.

P Z.8.1879. Pl. XXXVIT.

Hanhart imp.

J.Smit lth

BRAIN OF GELADA RUPPELLI.

1879.] PROF, A. H. GARROD ON GELADA RUEPPELLI. 451

of this bird as differing from New-Guinea specimens in the markings

of the wings and tail; but, judging from the series at the British

Museum, I do not think that these are constant characters.’’

29. CARPOPHAGA VAN-WYCKI,

Of this and the other Pigeons of Duke-of-York Island, Mr. Brown

writes as follows :—

“Of your new Carpophaga melanochroa I have only obtained one

skin. ©. vanwycki and C. rubricera are our commonest Pigeons,

and can be got in any numbers. If you wish for any specimens I

can easily get them, as we are shooting themevery day. Cdirhinus

insolitus is also very abundant; I have tried several times to rear

some for transmission to you, but have not yet succeeded in keeping

them for more than a few months.

35. AMAURORNIS MOLUCCANA (Wallace).

Porzana moluccana, Wallace, P. Z.S. 1865, p. 480.

Gallinula ruficrissa, Gould, B. Aust. Suppl. pl. 79.

Amaurornis moluccana, Salvadori, R. Accad. Sci. di Torino, vol. xiv.

I have not been able to make a comparison ; but I suppose that

the Duke-of-York bird is referable to this southern form of A. olivacea

(Meyen) of the Philippines,

3. Notes on the Anatomy of Gelada rueppelli.

By A. H. Garrop, F.R.S,, Prosector to the Society,

[Received May 7, 1879.]

(Plate XX XVIII.)

Having had the opportunity of dissecting the adults of both the

sexes of Gelada rueppelli, the female of which lived a short time in

the Society’s Gardens, where it died, I desire to record some points

in the anatomy of the species which appear to be of interest.

The following are measurements from the skins, except when

otherwise indicated :—

3 adult. | 2 adult.

. inches. inches.

From margin of upper lip, over head and along

foie: Hotbiase of tarl tic Seee satay ote Radook ens. REAL. 28°75 29°2

Same measurements from body with skin removed...) 24°5 25

Pane wishout thatrys tlh te fecnpsa-c0eseomness onic »adlaehina stl 24-75 25

Petr teat sc ctase cReran faatc eb sise snnasmrendns eatnno ee op mae 8 35

From wrist to end of nail of middle digit of hand... 5 45

From heel to end of nail of middle digit of foot...... i 6°25

From angle of axilla to end of nail of middle digit

eA A ove voce sap atres Suppl Sp plehe aoehiay We ohjedp yeas eal 16°25 151

From mid-perineum to end of nail of middle digit

S120 Lito eR ABBR RRR IRSA ean caree carn eAianinan sans 9 ll

Nail of middle digit of hand along convexity ......... Natt 115

101 1-01

Nail of middle digit of foot along convexity ..........

452 PROF. A. H. GARROD ON GELADA RUEPPELLI. [May 20,

With reference to the male, its general colour is a dark sooty

chocolate-brown. The shoulder, forearm, back of hand, and instep,

as well as most of the tail, with the exception of its end, are black.

The palest brown is found on the abdomen, though this is very

dark. A few white hairs mixed with the brown-black of the tail-

tuft give that a lightish tint. The longest hair is that between the

shoulders, where it reaches as much as eleven inches, This lengthy

hair extends upwards over the occiput quite forward to the super-

ciliary ridge, and downwards to the loins, below which it rapidly

reduces before the base of the tail is reached. Laterally the long

hair extends over the shoulders, and less considerably under the

arms, towards the lateral margins and to the surface below the nude

chest-space. The hair on the abdomen is about 2°75 inches long,

that outside the thighs 4 inches, that on the tail an inch, except the

end tuft, where it reaches 3°5 inches.

The characteristic nude chest-space is double in the male, being

formed of two median triangular isosceles areas reversely directed,

with their apices approximate, but separated by an interval, 1°5

inch in length, of hair-covered skin. The base of the very obtuse-

angled upper triangle, which is margined by black hair, is five and a

half inches from the middle of the lower lip, and is situated opposite

the larynx, its length being 3°75 inches, and its depth not being

more than an inch. The lower triangle is also very obtuse-angled,

with its base, slightly concave downwards, six inches long.

Although the two nude triangles above described do not meet,

they tend to form an hour-glass surface of florid skin, 7°75 inches

along each lateral curve from horn to horn. The hair bordering it

is an inch long or so and iron-grey in tint, from the almost equal

admixture of black and white hairs. There is no carunculation of

the skin in the nude spaces or at their borders. The pair of nipples

are closely approximate, not being more than a quarter of an inch

apart in the dried skin. They are situated in the nude area of the

lower triangle, an inch above its base.

In the female the general tint is much the same as that of the

male; the hair is very much shorter and less faded at the tips.

The interscapular hair is the longest, reaching nearly four inches,

whilst that of the loins is not so black as in the male.

The pectoral nude space is in the female carunculated all along its

lateral and inferior borders. The two triangles which go to form it

join apically by an isthmus 1-3 inch broad. The marginal hair is

not mixed with white. The caruncles are numerous, and about a

quarter of an inch in breadth, being ovate and flattened. The nipples

are situated as in the male, and are an inch apart.

In both sexes the face is nude below the line of the frontal

eminences, aud laterally from points a little less than half an inch

outside the outer canthus of each eye, the nude spaces running straight

downwards in the direction of the angles of the mouth, just before

reaching which they turn and include the chin.

The ischial callosities, which are subcircular, and a little less than

two inches in diameter. are situated in a naked area which is carun-

1879. ] PROF. A, H. GARROD ON GELADA RUEPPELLI. 453

culated in the female. This area extends forwards for three and a

quarter inches, broad opposite the mons veneris, which is therefore

nude, the anterior border being non-carunculated, and gradually

lost in the sparse hair of the abdomen.

Osteological comparisons between Gelada and its allies are very

attractive, but do not lead to very definite results. Those most

important in my estimation will be here recorded.

The following are measurements of the Jarger bones in the male: —

inches

Length of humerus.................. 71

i fadias: S20) 0¢ SCA awe. | 74

s Ped LORS. 41 eh bibeeias 8°35

a femur : Sees 7°45

Ff ana 55 Jens Ge Sep rG

py lieing repens soe, eck) checetinhenert aap

i PiSenpela ar wlan eet ele 5°25 (extreme):

From anterior margin of pramaxilla to

Seripnteeras 4 BANE aks ens vevaee 6°95 (5'8 in )

Extreme breadth at posterior parts of

ZV COUN Oa Uke | as lio eg oahey (4:0 in? )

Extreme breadth of orbit ............ 0-9 (same in 2 )

Interorbital interval ...... . teeeevece 0°425 (0°35 in 9).

There are 13 pairs of ribs, of which 5 are false. The sacrum

consists of three vertebree. The clavicles form a single curve; and

the anterior margin of the manubrium sterni is noé much thickened.

My opportunities for examining the skulls of adult specimens of

Monkeys being but few, it is impossible to generalize to any extent

with safety. Cercopithecus differs from Macacus and Cynocephalus

in not possessing a fifth lobe to its mandibular third molar. In

Gelada this extra lobe is large, as is the anterior talon on the maxil-

lary molars, which are small in Cynocephalus, and much smaller

still in the Macaques I have examined. In Gelada the upper in-

cisors are at right angles to the alveolar margins of the premaxillary,

which is the case in Macacus ; in Cynocephalus and Cercopithecus

they converge as they descend.

The profile view of the Gelada’s skull exhibits the great anterior

development of the sharp median portion of the supraorbital ridge

and the deep concavity of the nasal contour. In Gelada, Cerco-

pithecus, and Cynocephalus the nasal bones are separate, elongate,

and narrow, appearing superficially upon the skull as high as the

supraorbital frontal ridge. In Macacus they fuse, and form a

short broad triangle whose apex does not reach the frontal bone, the

maxillaries meeting above it.

In Gelada there is no trace of any groove or foramen for the

supraorbital vessels and nerve. This is also the case in Cerco-

pithecus. In Macacus and Cynocephalus, however, the groove is

very deep, almost forming a foramen. The malar foramen is also

wanting in Gelada. Its presence in allied genera is uncertain. There

is a foramen in the fronto-malar suture.

454 PROF. A. H. GARROD ON GELADA RUEPPELLI. [May 20,

In Macacus and Cynocephalus the anterior palatine foramina

open into an osseous depression, which is continued for some

distance fowards, almost to the alveolar margin. In Gelada they

open directly upon the surface of the palate.

In Macacus and in Cercopithecus a powerful transverse ridge of

bone is seen to form the posterior boundary of the osseous palate.

This is not seen in Gelada or in Cynocephalus.

In Cynocephalus the mastoid process of the temporal bone is

fairly developed. In Gelada, Cercopithecus, and Macacus it is

obsolete.

In Cynocephalus and Macacus the hamular process of the internal

pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone is much more superficial, and

is placed more forward than in Gelada.

The left lung is two-lobed, the lower being slightly the larger.

The upper is nearly divided transversely into two moieties, of which

the lower is a little the smaller.

The right lung has four lobes, the (bifid) azygos being the

smallest, the middle next in size, elongate and triangular. The ob-

liquely cut upper lobe is smaller than the subquadrate largest lower

lobe.

There are three circumvallate papille at the base of the tongue,

arranged in the characteristic V.

The following are intestinal measurements :—

Male. Female.

inches. inches.

Smalliintestinde sc). eens 90 129

Large intestine. i.) ...00 1.800 58 51

Ceoumics 24ers 4 A 3 3

The stomach inuch resembles that of man in shape, being a little

more elongate. There is no appendix vermiformis to the sacculated

cecum, which does not differ from that of the lower Old-World

Monkeys. ‘The colon is sacculated throughout.

The spleen is three inches long, one and a half inch broad, being

suboblong and slightly bifid at one extremity.

The kidneys are ovate, not reniform, and with but a single pyra-

mid in each.

There is an os penis three quarters of an inch long. The

vagina is very hirsute, with large broad transverse ruge. The uterus

is pyriform.

To understand the bearing of the details of the anatomy of the

liver of the Gelada, it will be necessary to view the peculiarities of

_ the organ in allied genera. This the mspection of a large number

of species enables me to do.

In the genus Macacus the liver is comparatively uncomplicated.

The right and left lateral fissures are well marked, the umbilical

fissure being less considerable and less constant in depth. The

abdominal surfaces of the right and left ceutral lobes are frequently

1879.] PROF. A. H. GARROD ON GELADA RUEPPELLI. 435

connected by a bridge of hepatic tissue. The inferior margin of the

right central lobe is straight, and at right angles to the axis of the

gall-bladder, which latter organ is deeply imbedded in a cystic fossa,

never deep enough to appear on the diaphragmatic surface. The

fundus of the gall-bladder never reaches the inferior margin of the

organ, though it approaches very near to it. There is no trace of a

cystic fissure. The interval between the inner border of the cystic

fossa and the umbilical fissure is always broad, a quadrate lobule

intervening. The left central is generally the smallest of the four

main lobes, it being vertically elongate. The left lateral lobe is

shaped much like the sector of a quarter of a circle, with the apex

directed to the portal fissure. This apex is often simple; but when

not soa slight fissure runs for a short distance from the superior

border of the lobe, not far from the apex, parallel to the left lateral

fissure. The right lateral lobe is subquadrate in form ; its surface

presents no irregularities, as a rule ; but when present they take the

form of deep semilunar incisions on its abdominal surtace. The

abdominal margins of the umbilical fissure frequently present small

lobelets of a bluntly conical form, with their apices directed down-

wards. These are most frequently situated on the left central lobe,

but sometimes on the right, sometimes on both. The caudate lobe

is elongatedly subfusiform, without any renal depression; its apex

reaches as far as the extreme right margin of the right lateral lobe.

The Spigelian lobe is well marked, being small and thin; its shape

is that of the tip of the compressed finger of a glove ; it is directed

backwards.

The genus Cercopithecus differs from Macacus in the following

respects :—The inferior margin of the right central lobe is rarely

anything approaching a straight line at right angles to the axis of the

gall-bladder ; a slight notch often also indicates the rudiment of a

eystic fissure. The imbedded fundus of the gall-bladder is likewise

generally visible on the diaphragmatic surface of the right central

lobe. The interval between the left margin of the cystic fossa and

the umbilical fissure is narrow, and often not more than a sharp

vertical ridge of hepatic tissue. The apex of the left lateral lobe

(directed, as in Macacus, towards the portal fissure), when com-

plicated, is rendered so by a short fissure running from the superior

border of the lobe, noé parallel to the left lateral fissure, but down-

wards and inwards, so as to produce a subtriangular lobelet, in which

the free margin is directed horizontally upwards. When com-

plicated the right lateral lobe develops lobules on its abdominal sur-

face, not semilunar incisions. The caudate lobe runs to the extreme

margin of the right lateral lobe, as in Macacus. The Spigelian lobe

is frequently absent, and when present is irregular and much smaller

than in Macacus.

In the genus Cynocephalus the peculiarities of Cercopithecus are

observed, except that the caudate lobe is very short, ovly extending

half across the right lateral lobe horizontally. The Spigelian lobe

is also well developed, quite as much or even more so than in

Macacus, it being thicker than in that genus.

456 PROF. A. H. GARROD ON GELADA RUEPPELLI. [May 20,

In Gelada the right and left central lobes are proportionally

larger than in the genera above described. Otherwise it most

resembles Cercopithecus, differing from it in that the cystic fissure

is shallow, at the same time that the fundus of the gall-bladder does

not so nearly approach the inferior border of the right central lobe.

It resembles Cercopithecus in that the Spigelian lobe is absent, at the

same time that the caudate lobe is long, in both which respects it

contrasts strongly with Cynocephalus. The only lobelet is one on

the right border of the umbilical fissure, whichis Macaque-like. It

differs from Macacus in the obliquity of the inferior border of the

right central lobe, and in the nearness of the gall-bladder to the

umbilical fissure, as well as in the absence of a Spigelian lobe and

the large size of the central lobes.

The brain of Gelada rueppelli is particularly instructive when com-

pared with the beautiful series of figures in Gratiolet’s ‘ Mémoire

sur les Plis Cérébraux de Homme et des Primatés.’ Its different

aspects are represented, natural size, on Plate XXXVIII. Its most

marked feature is the relatively small size of the occipital lobe, which

is about as large as in the Semnopitheci, smaller than in the Cynoce-

phali, and much smaller than in Macacus as well as Cercopithecus. In

the two last-named genera this lobe is unconvoluted, or very slightly

so. In Gelada there is a simple horizontal sulcus (2,4) a short

distance above its lower border, running from the posterior surface

some way forward, but not so far as to meet the posterior transverse

suleus (c, c). In Cynocephalus the occipital lobe is more elaborately

convoluted.

An inferior horizontal occipital suleus, parallel to that just de-

scribed, runs so far forward as to join the major oblique temporo-

parietal sulcus (4, 4). This is a condition recorded by Gratiolet in

Semnopithecus maurus only, the sulcus generally turning upwards to

end independently.

The major oblique temporo-parietal sulcus (4, 6) commences

below, near the inferior rounded margin of the temporal lobe, and

runs upwards as well as backwards to near the middle line of the brain.

It is joined by the prolongation upwards of the Sylvian fissure (a, a),

two thirds from its lower end, it being bent slightly forward at the

point of junction.

Surrounding the upper end of this last sulcus, but not meeting it,

is one whose posterior limb (c, ¢) forms the anterior boundary of the

occipital lobe, the posterior transverse fissure, whilst its anterior

limb (g, g) runs forwards, downwards, and outwards, to end inde-

pendently as in allied Primates. Where these two limbs meet a

small suleus runs inwards to the middle line, becoming conspicuous

on the median aspect of the hemisphere.

The prolongation upwards and backwards of the Sylvian fissure

on the outer surface of the brain meets the major oblique temporo-

parietal sulcus as above mentioned. Whether or not it should meet

it is uncertain in allied species of the same genus according to

Gratiolet. It is peculiar, however, in that from a little above and

below its middle it sends forward small branches (e, e and ”, 2). In

Tot 122 ue yy

stan intent ante

AIAAA

Id 6481

1879. | ON THE FEMALE OF CERIORNIS BLYTHII. 457

the Cynocephali alone is any thing of this kind seen, and in them the

lower of these two sulci only (n, 7).

The anterior transverse (parietal) fissure (d, d) commences ex-

ternally between the two small sulci just described (e, e and 2, n).

After running forward and upward it bends, turning slightly back-

wards to the middle line, where it is continued downwards upon the

median surface of the hemisphere for a short distance, as in no

species described by Gratiolet.

The three-way convolution of the frontal lobe (fff) resembles

that in the Cynocephali—the Semnopitheci, Macaci, and Cercopi-

thect almost or entirely lacking its posterior limb, which is well re-

presented in the Geladas and Baboons.

Small independent sulci are more numerous than in Macacus and

Cercopithecus—about as many as in the Cynocephali, with which the

Gelada most agrees in size.

Correlation of the facts above recorded makes me place Geladu

along with Cercopithecus and Cynocephalus away from Muacacus.

Its affinities with Cercopithecus seem to me more intimate than

with Cynocephalus, to which genus it most certainly does not

belong.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVIII.

Brain of Gelada rueppelli, natural size.

Fig. 1. Right hemisphere, outer aspect.

2. 5 “a inner aspect.

3. 7 * superior aspect.

4. 5 . inferior aspect.

4. Notes on and Description of the Female of Ceriornis

blythu, Jerdon. By Lieut.-Col. H. H. Gonwin-

Austen, F.Z.S.

[Received May 15, 1879.]

(Plate XX XIX.)

I have much pleasure in exhibiting the female of the rare

Ceriornis blythii, which up to the present time was unknown!. For

the acquisition of this bird, and our further knowledge of the species,

I am indebted to Capt. W. Brydon, of the 42nd Assam Light

Infantry, who obtained several of this species in the Aughami Naga

hills. He tried very hard to bring two of them to England alive,

? Since this paper was read we have received vol. vii. No. 6, of ‘Stray Fea-

thers.’ At p. 472 is a paper by Mr. A. O. Hume on this species, which leaves the

true plumage of the female still in some state of uncertainty. Hither the bird

described by him is a female in a younger stage of plumage, or Capt. Brydon

and Lieut. Macgregor, who have kept these birds in captivity, are mistaken as

to the female putting on the red colour about the neck and thus assimilating

the plumage of the male to this extent.—H. H. G,-A.

(gre k

LES

458 LIEUT.-COL. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN ON [May 20,

but without success; one, which he brought safely down to Calcutta

and embarked on board ship, died from accidental exposure to sea-

water after leaving Colombo. The history of the first discovery of

this bird was given by Dr. Jerdon in the ‘ Proceedings of the Asiatic

Society of Bengal,’ 1870, p. 59; and he then very appropriately

named it after one who had laboured so long and so ably at Indian

ornithology.

Curious to say, the first bird ever obtained from the natives was

brought to England alive, together with the still very rare and then

new species, Lophophorus sclateri, and both were finally deposited

in the Society’s Gardens, where they lived a short time. The only

other specimen I know of the latter bird was also obtained by

Capt. Brydon at Saddya, and is now in the Indian Museum,

Calcutta.

A full account of both species, by Mr. P. L. Sclater, is to be found

in the P, Z.S. for 1870, p. 162, with figures drawn by Mr. Keule-

mans.

In Elliot’s ‘Monograph of the Phasianide,’ a splendid drawing is

given of the male of C. dlythii, unfortunately represented sitting

on a pine tree ; no pines, however, are to be found in that portion

of the Burrail range occupied by this bird, although Pinus khasiana

comes in at a lower altitude in the more open country further east

and west.

CERIORNIS BLYTHII 9. (Plate XXXIX.)

Ceriornis blythii, Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 60.

Q (by dissection, Brydon). Head above black, with ear-coverts and

a broadish line down the side of the upper neck of the same colour ;

above the eyes a dark orange-red line commences, and extends back be-

yond the occiput. The back is uniformly and finely mottled with

umber-black and ochre, some of the feathers on the upper margin

having two small terminal chestnut spots, with a minute white central

and terminal ocellus between them. This spotting disappears towards

the upper tail-coverts, which are tipped with rusty brown. The tail is

irregularly barred with mottled ochre and black. Chin and throat

whitish, each feather narrowly margined black. The nape and upper

breast of a rich orange-chestnut colour, somewhat duller than im the

male, followed posteriorly by plumage of a pale umber ground, more

or less finely mottled with the umber-black, which increases on the

flanks, while some of the feathers have terminal ashy spots margined

black, and white-shafted. These feathers on the abdomen merge

into feathers dark-tipped as seen against the paler hue of that part.

The thighs are narrowly barred dull black and ochre, a few of the

thigh-coverts tipped dull white. The wing is more richly mottled

with ruddy ochre and black, the former colour merging into sienna-

brown on the indistinct barring of the primaries. No spurs.

Dimensions: wing 9°75, tail 6°5, tarsus 3°5 inches; of a male in

my possession, which was the second specimen obtained, the wing

is 10-9 inches.

In my 4th List of Birds from N.E. Frontier (J. A. S. B. 1874,

1879. | THE FEMALE OF CERIORNIS BLYTHII. 459

p- 172), the true habitat of this species is recorded, viz. the Burrail

range, at from 6000 to 10,000 feet.

The following extracts from a letter written by Lieut. Mac-

gregor, of the 44th Sylhet Light Infantry, on the habits of

Ceriornis are very interesting ; and I cannot do better than give the

observations in his own words :—“ This bird inhabits the high ranges

of the Naga hills; it is found at altitudes ranging from 9000 to

5000 feet, most frequently on the Burrail range, near Khonomah.

The Nagas say that it does not migrate, but in the winter months

it descends from the higher ranges down to 5000 feet. This is

the season that specimens of the bird are generally obtained. The

modus operandi is as follows:—Nooses are placed in the paths

that the birds are known to frequent, and a large number of men are

employed as beaters: they drive the birds before them slowly and

quietly up to the traps (if they made too much noise probably the

birds would take to flight). The specimens that I have now in my

possession eat worms and a kind of red berry. One that I had last

year in the Naga hills used to eat dhan (unhusked rice). Out of

three that were brought away from the hills only one arrived alive

in Calcutta; but this was in the hot weather. The young female

has a plumage very like that of a hen Floriken (Sypheotides benga-

lensis) ; when it gets older it assumes a plumage more like the cock,

becoming red on the throat and on the back. The cry of the birds

is like the sound ‘ank’ repeated several times. The Nagas give

the bird the name of ‘ Née.’ The Nagas say that the Argus lays

three eggs ; but as this was in answer to a leading question, I cannot

vouch for it.”

As Polyplectron chinquis and two species of Ceriornis are men-

tioned in a paper by Mr. Sclater read before this Society a short time

ago, as laying only two eggs, it is very probable that the Naga informa-

tion is accurate ; tor these people have a wonderful knowledge of all the

beasts and birds and of their habits. In such forests, and exposed

to so much danger from many formidable enemies, the parent birds

can seldom rear more than two at a time: they are driven to roost

in the low trees in comparative safety ; and in such a position the

hen could only take one chick under each wing. A greater number

of eggs could be only a waste of life, and would, if hatched out,

only encumber the mother, and possibly lead to her own destruc-

tion ; for it must be remembered that in dense forests, cats and other

small predatory mammals have the great advantage of being able to

stalk their prey, and approach unseen to within a yard or two.

460 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON A COLLECTION OF BIRDS. [June 3,

June 3, 1879.

Prof. Flower, LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Secretary laid upon the table two volumes of original

drawings of the birds of India, which had been deposited in the

Society’s Library by Brigadier-General Andrew Cooke M‘Master.

The two volumes contained about 270 figures of the birds of the

Indian Peninsula, mostly named and arranged after Jerdon’s ‘ Birds

of India,’ and would be of great use in determining Indian birds.

The drawings were stated to have been mostly made by soldiers in

General M‘Master’s house at Secunderabad, under his superintend-

ence ; but some had been executed by the native artists of Southern

India at Trichinopoly and Bangalore.

Mr. C. L. Jackson, F.Z.S., exhibited the skull of the female Sea-

lion (Otaria stelleri?) which was lately living in the Southport

Aquarium, and which had been killed by the male suddenly jumping

from the rock and striking against her.

Mr. Sclater laid before the meeting a small collection of birds

lately forwarded to him by Dr. Adolf Doring, Professor of Chemistry

in the University of Cordova in the Argentine Republic, and made

the following remarks on them :—

(1) LopHosprineus pustttus (Burm.); Cab. Journ. f. Orn.

1878, p. 195.

I quite agree with Dr. Cabanis that the proper situation for this bird

is not with Gubernatriz, as placed by Burmeister, but I rather question

whether it ought not to be in the same genus as Coryphospingus

griseo-cristatus (Lafr. et d’Orb.).

(2) TzniopTeRA MuRINA (Lafr. et d’Orb.) ; Scl. P. Z.S. 1872,

p. 541; Cab. /. c. p. 196.

Agrees with Mr. Hudson’s skins from the Rio Negro of Pata-

gonia.

(3) CnrpoLeGus cINEREUS, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 58; Cab. J. ¢.

p. 197. :

A female of this interesting species, of which I described the male

from a single skin in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution.

(4) Hasprura minima (Gould); Cab. et Heine, Mus. Hein. ii.

p- 53.

Hapalura minima, Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 197.

This is the first example I have ever been able to procure of this

scarce and delicate little Tyrannine bird.

1879. | MR. W. OTTLEY ON THE GROUND-HORNBILL, 461

(5) Furnartius tricoror, Doring ; Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p- 196.

This little species, which is quite new to me, is even rather smaller

than F’. minor, Pelzeln, and quite different in colour.

(6) SyNALLAXIS ORBIGNIT (Reichenb.); Sel. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 22,

Dr. Doring’s skin is marked “ S. Sugar, sp. nov.,” but agrees

well with one in my collection (ex Mendoza, S. crassirostris, Land-

beck) which I refer to S. orbignii (Reichenb.).

(7) SYNALLAXIS SCLATERI, Doring ; Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p- 196.

This species, which Dr. Déring has done me the honour to call

after me, is certainly very nearly allied to my S. hudsoni (PZ: 8:

1874, p. 25), and may be the same. Unfortunately I have mislaid

the typical specimen of S. hudsoni, and cannot make the necessary

comparison. There is a faint tinge of yellow on the throat of S.

selateri ; this was certainly well marked ‘in my S. hudsoni.

(8) PuHaceLLopomus SIBILATRIX, Déring, MS.

I have already a Bolivian example of this species in my collection,

but had confounded it with P. Jrontalis, as likewise Latresnaye and

D’Orbigny seem to have done. It appears distinguishable from P,

Jrontalis by the rufous colour on the bend of the wing.

(9) Noruoprocra porrriner, Cab. J. f. Orn. 1878, p. 198.

This species is closely allied to N. pentlandi (Gray), of Bolivia,

and to NV. punctulata (Gray), of Chili. Specimens of all three species

are in the Paris Museum.

The following papers were read :—

1. A Description of the Vessels of the Neck and Head in the

Ground-Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus). By W. Orttry,

F.R.C.S., Demonstrator of Anatomy at Univ. Coll.

Lond.

[Received May 17, 1879.]

In a paper read before this Society in 1876 (see P. Z. S. 1876, p-

60), Mr. Garrod drew attention to a peculiarity in the vessels of the

neck of the Ground-Hornbill, and pointed out that the carotid arteries,

instead of being found in their usual place in the middle of the neck

and in the hypapophysial canal, were replaced by two vessels which ac-

companied the pneumogastric nerves as far as the head. This pecu-

liarity had not been observed in any other bird, the nearest approach

to it being found in some Parrots, where such a vessel is found on one

side of the neck, while the carotid artery of the other has its normal

position. Though at first inclined to suppose that these aberrant

arteries were really carotids, Mr. Garrod felt some doubt on the point,

462 MR. W. OTTLEY ON THE GROUND-HORNBILL. [June 3,

and was kind enough to give me an injected specimen, the arteries of

which are described in this paper, in order to determine the question.

The results of this examination show that, besides the possible

varieties in the arteries of the neck enumerated by Barkow in his

admirable paper in Meckel’s ‘ Archiv’ for 1829, there is a further

variety which he had not calculated upon.

Meckel classifies these possible varieties in the following manner :-—

1. Both common carotids may run up the side of the neck. (Not yet

observed. )

2. One common carotid may be in the middle line and one on the

side of the neck.

a. The left superficial.

6. The right superficial. (Not yet found.)

3. Both may be in the middle line.

a. The left covering the right. (Usual.)

b. The right covering the left.

4. They may unite in the middle line and divide again above.

a. Both equal in size. (As in the Common Bittern.)

b. Left may be smaller. (As in Phenicopterus, observed by

Garrod.)

c. Right may be smaller. (As in Cacatua sulphurea, observed

by Meckel.)

The variety which is met with in Bucorvus, however, is of a

different nature. Here there are two superficial arteries accompanying

the pneumogastric nerves, and they end above by anastomosing with

the vertebral arteries. But they are not carotid arteries ; for there

remain two fine cords, the obliterated common carotids, which are

attached below to the vertebral arteries, and which run inwards to

the middle line and continue up the neck in the hypapophysial canal,

covered over by fascia, but in no place by a bony arch. Opposite

the body of the fourth cervical vertebra both these fine cords leave

the canal, and, bending outwards beneath the cesophagus, end by

joining the vertebral arteries again very soon after these have turned

forwards, when they have escaped from their bony canal, and just

beyond the point where the internal carotid arteries are given off.

The superficial arteries are then the enlarged representatives of

the anastomosing ascending and descending cervical arteries, which

usually are branches of the common carotid and superior thyroid

arteries respectively ; and their relatively large size is to be accounted

for by the obliteration of the common carotids.

Asa result of this arrangement of the vessels of the neck, the

origin of the arteries for the supply of the head differs from that

usually met with ; and the second drawing shows the course of these

vessels, which hardly differed from one another on the two sides,

except as regards the size of one or two of the trunks.

Description of the Vessels.

The innominate arteries are given off from the aorta as usual ; and

after a short course upwards, across the bronchi, both arteries break

——————— a —‘CO™C

> poet

1879.] MR. W. OTTLEY ON THE GROUND-HORNBILL. 463

up into numerous branches, which closely resemble one another on

the two sides. In the plan (fig. 1) certain vessels are drawn on one

side, others on the other, for the sake of greater distinctness.

The first branch given off, P, is the large artery to the pectoralis

primus, from which comes off an internal mammary, IM., and

Fig. 1.

Ws es

P my Y)

s Sey! IM

Ao 4

Plan of the innominate arteries and their branches.

another small vessel to the sternum. Opposite the same point the

innominate gives off a branch X, which supplies the gland lying

on the vertebral artery and anastomoses in its substance with a branch

464 MR. W. OTTLEY ON THE GROUND-HORNBILL. [June 3,

from the comes nervi vagi, 2, and which also furnishes several

branches to the syrinx and its muscles. And, lastly, the innominate

divides into subclavian and vertebral. From the former, S, only

one branch, the acromial thoracic, at, is seen to spring, before the

artery escapes from the thorax. The latter, V, soon sends a branch

downwards, D, which runs with the recurrent laryngeal nerve, and

ends by supplying the bronchus, the lung-substance, and the

cesophagus. The next branch, 2, is the comes nervi vagi, which

runs up the neck with the vagus nerve, and ends by anastomosing with

the vertebral. In its course it supplies :—(a) a branch to the thyroid

gland, Gl; (4) a series of vessels forwards to the cesophagus, where

they form loops and supply several branches to the trachea as well

as to the skin; (c) near the head a small offset to the internal

pterygoid muscle. After this the vertebral gives off a suprascapular

artery, Ss, and a superior intercostal (which from its lying behind

the vertebral cannot be represented) to the upper three spaces ; and

between these two and the branch 2 a white thin cord springs

from the inside of the vertebral, and, crossing, inwards beneath the

comes nervi vagi, gets beneath the cesophagus to the hypapophysial

canal. Here it is joined by its companion of the opposite side ; and

these cords run up the neck side by side till near the fourth cervical

vertebra, when they bend outwards, get from beneath the pharynx,

and end by joining the vertebral trunk (as seen in the second plan

of vessels), just after this artery has sent off that branch which

furnishes the internal carotid.

It thus appears that the two true carotids are obliterated, while

their duty is performed by a superficial vessel on each side, which,

acconipanying the vagus as it does, might be called the comes nervi

vagi, though by its position in the neck this vessel rather resembles

the true carotid of Mammalia. These vessels did not differ much in

size ; the right was somewhat larger ; but the vertebrals were almost

precisely symmetrical.

As a result of this change in the vascular supply of the neck, the

arrangement of the vessels in the upper part of the neck and in the

head was a good deal modified. In the place of an anastomosis

between the vertebral and an occipital branch of the carotid, the

vertebral, which is large, turns forward and completes an arch with

the superficial comes nervi vagi, whose concavity is joined by the

obliterated carotid, while its convexity furnishes the branches for

the head.

The following is a short description of their course and distribution

(vide fig. 2, p. 465). After the vertebral artery has turned forwards out of

the canal in the cervical transverse processes, its first branch (18) is dis-

tributed to the muscles attached tothe back of the head. Another small

branch (11) is given downwards to reach the digastric and internal

pterygoid. A large vessel (10) then comes off, which soon enters

a bony canal behind the tympanum (the limits of which are marked

by the transverse lines in the plan), and divides into two (20, 21); the

upper vessel (20) turns behind the fenestra ovalis (F O), and, then

emerging from its canal, furnishes a large offset to the orbital plexus ;

1879.] MR. W. OTTLEY ON THE GROUND-HORNBILL. 465

it is continued through this plexus and divides almost immediately

into two branches (14, 15), both of which supply the contents of

the orbit, and eventually anastomose with the ethmoidal artery ;

14 runs near the roof of the orbit, 15 under the optic nerve.

The orbital plexus (17) furnishes two small branches (12, 13)

to the eyelids and the muscles of the eye, a vessel (16) which

runs in front of the quadrate bone, and ends in the muscles attached

to the mandible, and a descending branch (8'), the course of which will

be presently described.

Fig. 2.

iS,

Nig! 14

f 7 se

=) Ler

A Vir a 13

(SSF

4 af Ss aN i ‘

f 2 Sltar, ie 74 oe

=) Te 3 Tie Ay

/ i ET EEC CT HRM I OL a Lf

} 2 5)Ag To

=| 22

i is 2

Car | A 2

| = eat Sena ZS

=} ae, iting —

Eo S

Plan of the arteries for the supply of the head and neck, Right side.

The vessel 21 is the internal carotid; opposite the mark w a

large offset is sent to the maxillary plexus (M.PI.), which is joined

on its way by a communication from the internal maxillary artery

(7). After giving off this large branch the internal carotid continues

its tortuous course through a special bony canal till it reaches the

interior of the cranium. A small nerve (a branch of the facial)

crosses the internal carotid artery on its outer side where the

communicating offset leaves that vessel.

The next branch of the vertebral is the internal maxillary (7),

a large vessel which runs above the internal pterygoid muscle. Its

first branch (9) ends in muscular offsets.

The next (8) emerges from behind the triangular tendon of the

external pterygoid, is joined by a communication from the orbital

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No. XXX. 30

466 MR. W. OTTLEY ON THE GROUND-HORNBILL. [June 3,

plexus (8'), and, accompanying the inferior dental nerve, ends

in the mandible. After this the internal maxillary artery breaks up

into the maxillary plexus, which furnishes many branches to the

internal pterygoid and to the muscle which depresses the upper jaw.

The plexus is joined by a branch from the palatine artery (5), and

furnishes a large offset (19), which is partly distributed to the

olfactory mucous membrane, partly (23) ends by anastomosing with

the common trunk formed by the union of the palatine arteries.

The next branch of the vertebral (6) is a small vessel which

supplies the internal pterygoid, and, turning across the spine behind

the pharynx, ends by joining its fellow of the opposite side.

The next (5), the palatine artery, furnishes branches to the internal

pterygoid, and runs along the lower surface of that muscle. In front

it meets and joins its fellow, the left being considerably the larger.

The common trunk thus formed is joined by an offset from each

maxillary plexus, and soon breaks up into larger branches ; it is

distributed to the lower surface and the interior of the beak.

The last branch of the vertebral, before it joins the comes nervi

vagi, is the lingual artery (3). This supplies the muscles above the

hyoid bone, and the mucous membrane of the mouth; it joins its

fellow at the symphysis, and ends in the substance of the mandible.

The obliterated carotid (car) is seen joining the vertebral, close

to the origin of the branch 10.

After the internal carotid (21) has given off its branch to the

maxillary plexus, itruns along its canal to enter the skull on the side of

the sella turcica (vide fig. 3, p. 467); it at once sends a branch back-

wards (25), which probably anastomoses with that of the other side.

This vessel, the only representative of a basilar artery, rans backwards

in a groove on the upper surface of the basisphenoid, supplying the

medulla; the artery on the right side is considerably larger than

that on the left. The next large branches are distributed on the

outer surface of the optic lobes and the hemispheres ; and finally the

artery divides into the middle cerebral (28) and the ethmoidal (26).

The latter soon enters the orbit, where it has been already described

as anastomosing with branches 14 and 15. It helps to supply the

olfactory mucous membrane, and gives offsets to the bony expansion

on the top of the head and the skin in front of the eye (29).

The principal differences between the arteries of the headin Bucorvus

and those of birds generally are therefore:—lIst, the absence of any

considerable superior thyroid artery; this vessel is replaced by

branches from the comes nervivagi. 2nd, the absence of any artery

which could be called facial. Its place is taken by branches from

the maxillary plexus and from the ophthalmic artery. It may be

added that Barkow calls that artery facial which, following

Bauer’s description, I have named internal maxillary; also that

the artery which Barkow names ethmoidal Owen calls ophthalmic,

and Bauer internal ophthalmic. In this case, and in the names

given to all the other branches to the head, I have used those which

were originally employed by Barkow.

I have not attempted to suggest any theory to account for the

1879.] MR. W. OTTLEY ON THE GROUND-HORNBILL. 467

The presence of two quite distinct vestiges of the missing arteries,

in the shape of the two fine cords, which have been already described,

would seem to indicate that this obliteration must have occurred

after the arteries in question had been fully formed and for some

Fig. 3.

Plan of the internal carotid and its branches, with the arteries in the orbit

(enlarged). Right side,

time in use. The manner in which the obliterated cord joins the

vertebral artery above suggests that the vessel from which the internal

carotid springs was originally a direct continuation of the common

carotid trunk. And the alteration that would be necessitated by

the obliteration of the main artery would be simple. The vessel

in this position, while the part from 10 to 2 would be the external

carotid, giving the usual branches. It seems probable therefore

that at some time in the history of this bird the distribution of its

vessels differed but little from ‘that usually met with; but this fact

perhaps adds to the difficulty of accounting for the change that has

taken place. The theories hitherto proposed to account for such

obliterations of the vessels of the neck in birds have only dealt with

30*

468 MR. E; R. ALSTON ON THE BRITISH MARTENS. [June 3,

2. On the Specific Identity of the British Martens.

By Evwarp R. Atston, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e.

[Received May 20, 1879.]

Two European species of Martens have been generally recognized

by naturalists since the days of Albertus Magnus and Agricola,

although some writers, including Linnzus himself, regarded them as

identical. It is only of late years, however, that their specific dis-

tinctness has been finally proved; and before considering the ques-

tion of the identity of the British Martens, it will be well to point

out the true synonymy and diagnostic characters of the species in

question, concerning which some confusion still appears to exist.

Several systematic writers, especially in Germany and America,

have assigned the Linnzan title Mustela to the Martens instead of

to the more truly typical Weasels, on the ground that this had been

done by Cuvier. But the names Putorius and Mustela were only

employed by the great French zoologist to mark sous-genres, and

were not used binomially to indicate distinct genera*. The first de-

finite separation was made three years later by Nilsson, who gave

the generic title of Wartes to the present group”; and thus both

priority and propriety sanction the restriction of the name Mustela

to the true Weasels and Ermines. There has also been some differ-

ence of opinion as to the specific name which should properly be

given to the Mustela martes of Linneus. Many writers have em-

ployed adietum, apparently on the ground that it was used as a

varietal name by Linneeus himself. This, however, is not the case :

the varieties abietum and fagorum were not accepted by him;

he merely says that such a distinction was recognized by the pea-

sants*. Moreover, if abietum be used, the universally known name

of foina for the allied species would have to be withdrawn in favour

of fagorum. The earliest equivalent to Mustela martes appears

undoubtedly to be Nilsson’s Martes sylvatica ; and the synonymy of

the two species should therefore stand thus :—

I. MartTeEs SYLVATICA.

Mustela martes, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. (12th ed.), i. p. 67 (1766).

Martes sylvatica, Nilsson, Faun. Skand. (Ist. ed.) i. p. 41 (1820).

vulgaris, Griffith, Cuvier’s An. Kingd. v. p. 123 (1827).

abietum, Fleming, Brit. Animals, p. 14, ex Ray (1828).

sylvestris, Nilsson, Faun. Skand. (2d ed.) i. p. 171, ex

Gesner (1847).

1 ‘Régne Animal’ (1"° éd., 1817), i. pp. 147, 199.

2 Skand. Fauna (Ist ed. 1820), i. p. 41. The genus Martes has been quoted

by Lilljeborg and some others as instituted by “G. Cuvier, 1797;” this error

appears to have originated in a misunderstanding of the Freuch plural Marées

in the ‘Tableau Elémentaire.’

° “Varietas duplex rusticis: Fagorwm gutture albo ; Adietwm gutture flayo.”

Syst. Nat. (12th ed.) i. p. 67.

1879.] MR. E. R. ALSTON ON THE BRITISH MARTENS. 469

II. Marres rorna.

Mustela foina, Erxleben, Syst. Reg. An. p. 458 (1777)'.

Martes foina, Nilsson, Faun. Skand. (1st ed.) i. p. 38 (1820).

Jagorum, Fleming, Brit. Animals, p- 14, ex Ray (1828).

The cranial and dental characters by which Martes sylvatica

and M. foina may be recognized were first pointed out by Dr. R.

Hensel in 1853 *, further elaborated by Blasius in 1857%, and re-

cently revised by Dr. Elliott Coues in comparison with their Ame-

rican congeners‘. At various times I have carefully compared the

descriptions of these writers with a great number of skulls; and

although many of the distinctions which they have pointed out are

merely comparative, and though some of them prove to be inconstant

when a large series of specimens are examined, yet I have never

found the slightest difficulty in Separating the species by the follow-

ing external and internal characters :—

Martes sylvatica. Outer fur rich dark brown, under-fur reddish

grey, with clear reddish-yellow tips ; breast-spot usually yellow,

varying from bright orange to pale cream-colour or yellowish white.

Breadth of the skull (see fig. 2, p- 471) across the zygomatic arches

rather more than half the length; the arches highest posteriorly,

whence they slope rather suddenly downwards and forwards. Sides

of muzzle nearly parallel; anterior opening of nares oval; postorbital

process about equidistant between the frontal constriction and the

anterior root of the zygoma. Palate comparatively narrow, with a

distinct azygos process on its posterior margin. Upper premolars

placed regularly in the line of the series; the fourth as long as the

upper molar is broad, its inner cusp large and placed nearly at

right angles to the axis of the tooth. Upper molar broader than

long, its flattened inner portion considerably longer and larger than

the outer part; in the latter the external tubercle fills the space

between the anterior and posterior tubercles, so that the external

outline of the tooth is simply convex, not emarginated. First lower

molar with a slightly developed inner tubercle at the base of the main

cusp.

Markee Jona. Outer fur dull greyish brown, under-fur greyish

white; breast-spot smaller thanin M, sylvatica, pure white. Breadthof

the skull (see fig. 1, p. 470) across the zygomatic arches much more

than half the length; the arches regularly curved, broadest and highest

near their middle. Sides of muzzle slightly converging ; anterior open-

ing of nares broader than in 1. sylvatica, heart-shaped ; postorbital

process nearer to the frontal constriction than to the anterior root of the

zygoma. Palate comparatively broad, truncated posteriorly. Upper

premolars crowded, and often placed diagonally, their anterior extre-

mities being directed inwards; the fourth considerably longer than

1 Dr. Elliott Coues, in his ‘ Fur-bearing Animals’ (p. 77) gives M. foina as

instituted by “ White, Phil. Trans. lxiy, 1774, 196”, having seemingly been

misled by some reference to Gilbert White's celebrated Monograph of the House-

Martin (Hirundo urbica)!

* Arch. f, Naturg. xix. i. pp. 17-22, pl. ii.

3 Saugeth. Deutschl., pp. 211-219.

* Fur-bearing Animals, pp. 74-80, pls. iii, iv.

470 MR. E. R. ALSTON ON THE BRITISH MARTENS. [June 3,

the upper molar is broad; its inner cusp smaller, and placed more

diagonally than in M. sylvatica. Upper molar subquadrate, its

flattened inner portion hardly longer or larger than the outer part,

in which the external and anterior tubercles are placed close together,

the external outline of the tooth being distinctly emarginated between

them and the posterior tubercle. First lower molar with a well-

developed inner tubercle at the base of the main cusp.

Ns Oe i Be

Skull of MW. foina.

As Blasius has remarked, the differences of proportion are less

conspicuous when a skull of an aged ‘example of MW. foina is com-

pared with that of a young M. sylvatica than when individuals of

the same age are contrasted ; nevertheless they are always present to

an appreciable degree. In his figures Blasius has represented a

further distinction, in the form of the transverse ridges of the soft

palate ; but I have not had an opportunity of testing the constancy

of this feature; nor have I sufficient materials for any original ob-

servations on the distinctive marks of the American and Siberian

Martens, as to which I can only refer the reader to the descriptions

of Drs. Coues’ and Middendorff*. On the whole it may be said

* Fur-bearing Animals, pp. 59-96, pls. ii., iv.

* Reise in Sibir., ii. Th. ii. pp. 68, 69, pl. ii. figs. 1-6.

1879.] MR. E. R. ALSTON ON THE BRITISH MARTENS. 471

that the most striking and trustworthy of the characters enumerated

above are, externally, the colour of the under fur, and, internally,

the comparative breadth of the skull and the shape of the upper

molar !.

Having thus cleared the ground as to the synonymy and distin-

guishing marks of the two European Martens, we come to the

question whether both of them inhabit our own islands. Every

Skull of Jf, sylvatica.

work hitherto published on the British fauna has either stated or

assumed that both forms are natives ; and almost every one has

represented the white-breasted Martes Joina (the Common Marten

of the Continent) as being also the prevailing species in Britain.

Several, however, of our best zoologists have expressed grave doubts

as to the specific distinction of the two forms, or have even denied

that they could be separated as constant varieties. This will be

evident from a glance at the pages of the principal writers on the

sabject.

* It should be observed that Dr. Severtzoff has stated that our European

Martens are “ not fully differentiated” in astern Turkestan, and has described

some skins which he saw there as a new species, Mustela intermedia (Turke-

stanskie Jevotnie, p. 80; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th ser. xviii. p- 46); but as

he obtained no skulls, much weight cannot be laid on his observations.

472 MR. E. R. ALSTON ON THE BRITISH MARTENS. [June 3,

Passing over the older writers, who merely copied the accounts of

Gesner and Aldrovandus, we may come at once to Pennant, who

describes Mustela foina as “The Martin,” distinguishing ‘‘ The

Yellow-breasted Martin” as a distinct species, of which he says

that it “is found in Great Britain; but is much less common in

England than the former; it is sometimes taken in the counties of

Merioneth and Caernarvon, where it is distinguished from the other

kind by the name of bela goed, or Wood Martin, it being supposed

entirely to inhabit the woods, the dela graig to dwell onl? among

the rocks. Though this is so rare in these parts, yet in Scotland it

is the only kind; where it inhabits the fir forests, building its nest at

the top of the trees’’*.

Pennant was followed by subsequent writers without much addi-

tional information being supplied. Thus Bingley states that the

“*Common Martin” is ‘‘ not very uncommon in many of the southern

parts of Great Britain and Ireland ;” while ‘‘ Pine Martins are some-

times, though rarely, observed in the wooded and thinly inhabited

districts of Wales and Scotland, and two or three of the northern

counties of England ”’ *.

Fleming gives the habitat of Martes fagorum as ‘‘ In woods and

rocks in the south of Scotland and England ;” that of 1. abietum,

“in the wooded districts of Wales and Scotland;” but adds that

** the characters of these two species are ill-defined ’’®.

The Rev. L. Jenyns in his excellent ‘ Manual’ considered that

Mustela foina was “ more generally diffused ”’ than M/. martes, which,

he says, ‘ inhabits the fir-woods of Scotland: occurs also sparingly

in the west of England’? *.

Edward T. Bennett, then Secretary of this Society, discussed the

question of the distinction of the Beech and Pine Martens in 1835,

evidently inclining to the belief that they were specifically identical,

and referring two British specimens then in the Society’s Museum to

the former and two others to the latter race*. What was the ulti-

mate fate of these examples I know not; but it is to be remarked

that no exact localities are mentioned, and that the supposed

** Beech Martens” had “ dirty-white breasts :” not improbably they

were faded specimens.

Two years later appeared the first edition of Mr. Bell’s standard

work, in which he gave separate figures and descriptions of the two

Martens, but ‘‘ with the precaution of a protest against being con-

sidered as decidedly supporting the opinion that they are essentially

different.” No new information was here given as to the supposed

distribution of the animals in this country °®. In Scotland, however,

the elder Macgillivray had better opportunities for observation, and

a comparison of specimens convinced him of “the indivisibility of

the species.” Young specimens, he says, have yellow throats, and

' Brit. Zoology, 1768, i. p. 81. * Mem. Brit. Quad. (1809), pp. 164, 169.

3 Hist. Brit. Anim. (1828), pp. 14, 15.

4 Man. Brit. Vert. An. (1835), p. 11.

* Gard. and Menag. of the Zool. Soc. (1835), i. pp. 227-240.

® Brit. Quadr. 1st ed. (1837), pp. 167-176.

1879.] MR. E. R. ALSTON ON THE BRITISH MARTENS, 473

are the Pine Martens of authors; while “in old individuals the

whole fore-neck and part of the breast are white, or greyish white,

or pale grey mottled with brownish. The yellow colour on the

throat fades in specimens kept in Museums, so as at length to be

scarcely perceptible’? ’. In Ireland W. Thompson came to similar

conclusions, observing that “all the native specimens which have

come under my own notice were yellow-breasted (Martes abietum),

with the exception of one, which had the breast white (/. foina),

and was killed in the county of Antrim.” He adds that he had

long since remarked that the yellow colour gave place to white

with advancing age, and explained the greater number of yellow-

breasted specimens obtained by their comparative immaturity °.

The author who has most recently treated of the question is

Mr. Bell. In his revised second edition of the ‘ Quadrupeds’ he

fully accepts the specific distinction of the two forms, regarding

which he was formerly so doubtful, and quotes a letter from ‘Mr. R.

T. Vyner, who “ concludes that the Beech Marten is at present much

less common than the Pine, and is, indeed, very nearly extinct in

England, which is accounted for by its habit of leaving its summer

haunts of woods and rocky places, to inhabit, in the winter, farm

buildings, faggot-stacks, and other similar localities, and thus

becoming exposed to various means of destruction. The Pine

Marten, on the contrary, continues to inhabit, at all seasons of the

year, its accustomed retired haunts, rarely, if ever, intruding into the

immediate purlieus of human habitations” *.

It will thus be seen that the later and better-informed English

faunists gradually approached agreement as to the existence of only

one species of Marten in Britain, and that some of them drew the

natural though erroneous deduction that Martes sylvatica and

M. foina were specifically identical. The fact is, as I believe, that

M. foina is not, and never was, a member of the British fauna.

During the last ten years I have missed no opportunity of examining

native Martens, and have endeavoured to trace out every supposed

** Beech Marten” that I could hear of. 1 have thus seen a very

large number of specimens from various parts of England, Wales,

Scotland, and Ireland ; and every one has proved to be MW. sylvatica.

The late Mr. Blyth, who paid some attention to this question, assured

me, shortly before his death, that his investigations had led him to

the same result; and I have been unable to find any competent

observer acquainted with the true characters of the species, who has

ever seen an authentic British-killed specimen of M. foina. Mac-

gillivray and Thompson were certainly correct in saying that the

pale-chested individuals which have usually received that name in

this country are merely aged examples of the Pine Marten, or spe-

cimens which have faded in museums. Nor does there appear to be

the slightest evidence in favour of Mr. Vyner’s suggestion that

M. foina has been recently exterminated in this country. Such a

fate has not overtaken the species on the Continent, where it holds

1 Brit. Quadr. (Nat. Libr. xx. 1838), pp. 166-173.

2 Nat. Hist. Ireland (1856), iv. p.9. * Brit. Quadr. 2nd ed. (1874), p. 212.

474 MR. E. R. ALSTON ON THE BRITISH MARTENS. [June 3,

its own fully as well as its ally ; and a subfossil skull found in Burwell

Fen, Cambridgeshire, and exhibited to this Society in 1873, by

Mr. J. W. Clark’, is certainly referable to M. sylvatica. The true

Beech Marten is undoubtedly a more southern species than its -

congener, finding its northern limits in Denmark and the Baltic

Provinces ; for Professor Lilljeborg has proved that it is not, as had

been stated, a native of Sweden*®. Until an authentic British speci-

men has been produced, it must also, I think, be struck out of the

lists of the British fauna.

I will conclude with a few remarks on the present distribution of

the Pine Marten in Britain, much of the information being gleaned

from the pages of the ‘ Zoologist.’ Although greatly reduced in

numbers by persecution, it still maintains its ground in the wilder

districts of Scotland, the north of England, Wales, and Ireland, and

occasionally specimens are killed in counties where the species was

thought to have been long extinct. In Scotland it is still found,

though comparatively rarely, in the Lews and in most of the

Highland mainland counties, being perhaps most abundant in

Sutherland and Ross-shire, especially in the deer-forests. In the Low-

lands a Marten is now a very great rarity; but a fine example was

killed in Ayrshire in the winter of 1875-76. In the north of

England, Mr. W. A. Durnford says’, the species is “ still plentiful ;”’

in the wilder parts of Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Lancashire,

and in Lincolnshire, several have been recorded, the latest, killed in

1865, by Mr. Cordeaux *. In Norfolk one was shot last year*; and

I have myself examined a fine example, which was shot in Hertford-

shire, within twenty miles of London, in December 1872. In Dor-

setshire the last is said to have been killed in 1804°; but a specimen

occurred in Hampshire about forty years ago’, and another in

Surrey in 1847. A Marten is said, by the Rev. C. A. Bury, to have

been ‘‘seen” in the Isle of Wight*; and one was recorded from

Cornwall, by Mr. E. Hearle Rod’; but this proves on investigation

to be an error, the specimen having been brought from North Wales,

where Martens appear to be still not very rare. In Ireland the fol-

lowing counties were enumerated by Thompson as habitats of this

species—Donegal, Londonderry, Antrim, Down, Armagh, Fer-

managh, Longford, Galway, Tipperary, Cork, and Kerry’. The

Cat-crann is probably now a rarer animal in Ireland than it was

when Thompson wrote; but it still exists in various districts, espe-

cially in co. Kerry, whence the Society has received several living

examples; and Professor A. Leith Adams states that it has been

seen of late years even in co. Dublin”.

1 P.Z. 8. 1873; p. 790. 2 Sverg. og Norg. Ryggradsdjur, p. 535.

8 Zoologist, 1877, p. 291. i Gooltnet 1866, 1 oa. sia

° FB. Norgate, ‘ Zoologist,’ 1879, p. 172; J. H. Gurney, tom. cit. p. 210.

® J. CO. Mansel-Pleydell, tom. cit., p. 171.

7 P. L. Sclater, ‘Zoologist, 1845, p. 1018.

8 Zoologist, 1844, p. 783. 9 Zoologist, 1878, p. 127.

10 Nat. Hist. Irel. iv. p. 9. 1 Proc. R. Soc. Dubl. 1878.

ak 3

P.Y.S. 1879. 2 ae

C. Achilles, lith. M &N.Hanhart. imp.

LAND SHELLS FROM COSTA RICA.

1879.] MR. G. F. ANGAS ON THE MOLLUSCA OF COSTA RICA. 475

3. On the Terrestrial Mollusca collected in Costa Rica by

the late Dr. W. M. Gabb, with Descriptions of new

Species. By Grorcr Frencn Aneas, C.M.ZS.,

F.L.S., &c.

[Received May 26, 1879.]

(Plate XL.)

At the request of Mr. Thomas Bland, of New York (who has

obligingly forwarded to me for examination the collection of land-

shells made in Costa Rica by the late Dr. Gabb), I have undertaken,

as far as practicable, to give in the following paper a list of the

species obtained in that country by Dr. Gabb, together with de-

_ scriptions of such as appear to be new to science.

Mr. Bland has also been good enough to furnish me with notes

regarding the habitats of the various species, together with drawings

of several of the animals, taken from nature by Dr. Gabb; and these

he has supplemented with some important remarks of his own.

Although in some instances the number of specimens of a species

sent is sufficient to form a good series for critical examination, in

others there are but one or two examples available ; therefore where

there is any doubt in determining a species it will be marked with

a ?. Through the liberality of Mr. Thomas Bland I have been

enabled to place the type specimens (together with examples of most of

the species sent), in the national collection in the British Museum.

Previous to Dr. Gabb’s decease, several of the Mollusca collected

by him in Costa Rica, and preserved in spirits (together with his

original drawings of the animals), were submitted by him to Mr. W.G.

Binney for examination. In a paper just published in the ‘ Annals

of the New York Academy of Sciences’ (vol. i. pl. 11), Mr. Binney

gives descriptions and figures of two new genera and species, viz.

Velifera gabbi and Cryptostrakon gabbi. He also figures the lingual

dentition and the animals in motion. Furthermore, he figures the

animals and the lingual dentition of Limaw semitectus, Moérch, and

of a species of Tebennophorus, which he supposes to be T. cos-

taricensis of Morch.

The species placed in my hands by Mr. Thos. Bland are as

follow, viz. :—

1. Hetrx (OxycHONA) ZHORQUINENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XL.

fig. 1.)

Shell scarcely rimate, conically trochiform, rather thin, under the

lens very minutely transversely shagreened upon the lower whorls

and on the base, pale yellowish green, with a single narrow choco-

late band in the middle of the three or sometimes four lower whorls,

and a still narrower band of the same colour next below the sutures ;

whorls 6, nearly flat, sharply keeled at the periphery ; sutures, the

last three keeled and white; nucleolar whorls nearly smooth and

shining, with a purplish-black line at the sutures, and spreading over

476 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON THE [June 3,

the apex, which is somewhat obtuse; base very slightly convex ;

aperture very oblique, subquadrate ; outer lip expanded and sinuous

above, with a produced horizontal beak at the periphery, arcuate and

somewhat reflexed below.

Diam. maj. 133, min. 10, alt. 10 lin.

Hab. Along the Zhorquin river, Costa Rica.

** Animal very slender, nearly white, pale brownish on head and

top of body ” (Gadd).

Five adult and three young specimens found, all of the same

coloration.

This very remarkable and elegant shell is the gem of the col-

lection. It belongs apparently to the same section as H. bifasciata

from Brazil.

2. Hetrx asopus, Angas, P.Z.S. 1878, p. 72, pl. 5. figs.

LW lea bee

Some of the specimens showa dark band round the umbilical

region, and are larger than the type specimen figured in the Zoological

Society’s ‘ Proceedings,’ whilst one of them shows traces of con-

centric lines, especially towards the front of the last whorl.

The nearest ally to this species is H. triplicata, Martens, which,

however, is smaller, and differs in the shape of the peritreme.

“‘ The animal is grey above, with the foot nearly white” (Gadd).

Found in the coast region and to the hills of Uren, at an altitude

of 3000 feet. The type specimen was found at Buena Vista at a

similar altitude.

Seventeen specimens found, five only unbleached.

3. Hexrx mac-nerILt, Crosse, Journal de Conch. vol. xxi. p. 67,

Of this small species only three fresh specimens and a few dead

ones were found.

«* Animal dark brown ; tail and foot slightly lighter ; upper ten-

tacles long”’ (Gadd).

Coast region and lower hills, from Parismina to the hills of

Zhorquin.

4. Heirx costaricensis, Roth ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. iv. p. 302; Pfr.

Novitat. i. 21. 15-17.

This is an extremely variable species, both in colour and form as

well as in size; still I cannot detect in the series befure me any dif-

ferences that would amount to specific characters. The base is

invariably white, with a dark-brown umbilicus, and the umbilical

region tinged with bright yellow. The three principal varieties

appear to be :—lst, large, depressed, white, with two or three narrow

dark-brown bands; 2nd, small, depressed, with the upper surface

light or dark brown throughout, or zoned with both colours; 3rd,

medium in size, much more conical, with two broad bands of light

brown, or all light brown above. This last variety was described by me

in this Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for 1878, under the name of Helix bou-

cardi, from specimens brought home by Mons. Boucard from the region

1879.] MOLLUSCA OF COSTA RICA. 477

of Navarro, and found on the leaves of trees. I now consider it

(after a careful examination of all the specimens) to be an extreme

variety of H. costaricensis.

** Animal dark grey above, foot white?’ (Gadd).

High hills only ; commonest in Cabecar.

About a dozen living and a number of dead specimens found,

varying in size and coloration.

5. Hexrx (SoLaRopsis) TILORIENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XL. fig. 2.)

Shell minutely and profoundly umbilicated, depressedly globose,

thin, ornamented with oblique transverse rows of minute granules,

from which spring very short, erect, dark brown bristles ; pale brown,

with one narrow band of dark chestnut towards the basal portion of

the last whorl, and another similar band above near the suture—the

space between it and the suture, as well as the upper whorls, being

crossed with wavy dark chestnut markings, whilst the central

' portion of the body-whorl is ornamented with light brown transverse

angular markings that form a very narrow indistinct band in the

middle of the whorl. Whorls 43, the last very large and rounded,

the upper whorls flat; spire concavely depressed ; aperture broadly

crescent-shaped ; outer lip arcuate, a little reflexed; columellar

margin slightly expanded over the umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 9, min. 73, alt. 5 lin.

Hab. Hills between the rivers Tilorio and Zhorquin.

Only three specimens found.

This species comesnearest to H. andicola, Pfr., from South America;

but the latter has the spire raised above the plane of the last whorl,

the granules much more numerous, and not set in regular oblique

rows, and has also a different style of coloration.

6. Butimus GABBI, n. sp. (Plate XL. fig. 3.)

Shell imperforate, somewhat elongately ovate, moderately solid,

faintly, obscurely, longitudinally striated, shining, straw-colour ; the

entire peritreme bright rose-colour ; whorls 5, convex; spire shorter

than the aperture ; aperture large, effuse, oblique; outer lip some-

what thickened and expanded.

Var. a. Pinkish brown, obscurely banded with darker brown, and

freckled and spotted with white.

Var. 6. Opaque white, marked with a few irregular bands of dark

brown arrow-shaped spots.

Var. c. White, with two or three brown bands spotted with white.

Diam. 7, alt. 103 lin.

Haé. On the ground, upon the flanks of Pico Blanco, at an alti-

tude of from 3000 to 6000 feet.

** Foot broad, pointed, and very flat. Animal varies with the

colour of the shell from white to ash-colour, greenish white, or light

brown” (Gadd). (Plate XL. fig. 3 a.)

This pretty species was sent as “B. irazuensis?, Angas,’ but is

totally distinct from it, the only character in common being the

rose-coloured peritreme.

478 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON THE [June 3,

7. Butimus sosepuus, Angas, P.Z.S. 1878, p. 73, pl. 5.

figs. 13, 14.

Very few specimens found.

«On the lower hills, Talamanca ’”’ (Gadé).

My type specimens were obtained on the trunks of acacia trees,

San José, Costa Rica.

8. Butimus atrenvuatus, Pfr. Mon. Hel. iii. p. 336; Chemn.

ed. Nov. 30. 9, 10.

“ Dota, a high hill region south of San José ” (Gadd).

This species is closely allied to B. costaricensis, Pfr., but is more

elongated, and has a twist on the columella, with a somewhat dif-

ferent style of painting.

Three specimens only.

9. Buximus cosTaRicensis, Pfr. Mon. Hel. vi. 47; Novitat. iii.

Ly el Il bye Ib {

Costa Rica.

The specimens are all poor and in bad condition.

10. Buxrmus trivictus, Albert, Mal. Blatt. iv. 1857, p. 97;

Pfr. Mon. Hel. iv. p. 48.

B. rhodotrema, Martens, Mal. Bl. 1868, p. 156; Pfr. Novitat.

iii. 101. 10, 11.

Costa Rica. A very beautiful little, thin, globose species, pale

greenish yellow, ornamented with three dark-brown transverse bands

of oblique stripes and spots, with the lip and columella rose-colour.

11. BuLimus ZHORQUINENSIs, n. sp, (Plate XL. fig. 4.)

Shell somewhat broadly perforate, elongately ovate, moderately

solid, rather coarsely and irregularly obliquely striated, especially

towards the base of the last whorl, crossed here and there with

single or double narrow impressed lines, between which are rows of

numerous short descending striz ; whitish or pale brown, painted with

narrow, distant, longitudinal darker brown flames; whorls 7, rather

convex; spire sharply conical; sutures impressed; apex straw-

coloured ; aperture large, ovate, effuse, pale lilac-brown within ;

outer lip white, very much expanded, flattened and a little recurved ;

columella triangularly flattened and expanded over the umbilical

region, ending in a blunt rounded callus interiorly.

Diam. 12, alt. 23 lin.

Hab. “‘ Middle Zhorquin to Cuabre, low hills and flat ground ”

(Gabb).

This fine shell (of which only three specimens were obtained)

resembles B. eapansus, Pfr., in shape, but wants the sharp longi-

tudinal sculpture and the dark purple mouth. It is also allied to

B. pallidior, Sow., from ‘Central America ;?’ but that shell is

entirely white, and with a much less expanded lip. It is somewhat

like B. excelsus, Gould, which, however, is much narrower, and has

1879. ] MOLLUSCA OF COSTA RICA. 479

a smaller lip and is of a brown colour, with distant white longi-

tudinal zones. Another of the same group is B. lilacinus, Rve., also

from “ Central America,” which is white, with violet columella; and

still another is B. liliaceus, Guild., which is from the West Indies,

and is a less solid shell, more contracted, with the aperture less

rounded at the base, has a pink tinge, and a much smaller umbilicus,

and the outer lip not nearly so much expanded as in B. zhor-

quinensis.

12. BuLimus CITRONELLUS, n. sp. (Plate XL. fig. 5.)

Shell elongately ovate, minutely perforated, rather thin, very finely

and closely transversely sculptured with delicate impressed striz,

pale yellow or citron-colour throughout ; whorls 7, flatly convex ;

apex conical; sutures impressed, white; aperture ovate; outer lip

thin, slightly expanded towards the base; columella triangularly

flattened over the perforation.

Diam. 6, alt. 12 lin.

Hab. * Uren to Lipurio, low hills” (Gadd).

** Animal white; upper tentacles very long; arboreal’’ (Gad6).

Only two specimens.

13. Butimus macuuatus, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1839,

p- 86, pl. 22. fig. 112.

Costa Rica.

The specimen in the British Museum is from Chiriqui Mountain,

** Central America.”

A small elongate species, pale yellow, banded with light and dark

purplish brown.

14. BuLimusS CoRNEUS, Sow.

Shell rimate, ovate, rather thin, irregularly finely obliquely

striated, pale brown throughout; whorls 6, moderately convex ;

spire equal in length to the aperture ; sutures impressed ; aperture

ovate; outer lip thin, simple ; columellar, margin slightly expanded

over the perforation ; margins united by a thin callus.

Diam. 5, alt. 9 lin.

Hab. Tilorio and Zhorquin rivers”? (Gadd).

** Animal small, yellowish white; tail does not reach to the apex

of the shell; tentacles short, dark” (Gabd).

A small species of simple aspect, of a uniform pale-brown colour,

allied to B. behrendti, Pfr.

15. GLANDINA LIGNARIA, Reeve.

Achatina lignaria, Reeve, Conchol. Icon. Achatina, pl. 8. fig. 27

1849).

: Bea sowerbyana, form A, Strebel, Mexik. Land- und Siissw.-

Conch. i. Taf. v. figs. 10 a, 106.

Fuglandina lignaria, Crosse et Fischer, Expéd. Scient. du

Mexique, Mollusca, pl. 3. fig. 1.

Two specimens found.

480 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON THE [June 3,

“Only in high country, as high as 6000 feet, Costa Rica”

(Gabb).

Dr. Gabb gives the following notes respecting the animal :—‘‘ Head

and appendages and all the upper surface black ; upper margin of

foot yellowish brown. Entire surface granulated and corrugated. A

groove around the anterior and inner base of each upper tentacle,

becoming parallel and running posteriorly to the shell, leaving a

median linear ridge. Lateral appendages in part retractile, and, when

at rest, curved backwards against the sides of the head. Their front

edges acute, posterior edges thicker and rounded. On expanding,

first the upper tentacles are protruded, then the lower, and finally

the lateral appendages. Sole of the foot perfectly black. On being

disturbed the animal withdraws into the shell, all except the foot,

which remains outside with its edges corrugated. Doubtless in dry

weather the whole could be retracted; but the specimen which I drew

could not.”

16. GLANDINA SOWERBYANA, Pfr.

Achatina (Glandina) sowerbyana, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1846, p. 32.

Achatina sowerbyana, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Achatina, pl. 8.

figs. 26a & b.

Glandina sowerbyana, form B, Strebel, Mexik. Land- und Siissw.-

Conch. ii. Taf. v. a. fig. 10 m.

Only two specimens found.

Although Strebel considers G. lignaria, Reeve, to be only a variety

of this species, I am inclined, with MM. Crosse and Fischer, to

regard it as distinct. G. sowerdyana is much more ovate, has a

shorter spire and a larger aperture, with a coarser granulated

sculpture and a more solid texture than G. lignaria, which is more

fusiform, thinner, and very finely granulated. The same differences

of character are also strongly marked in the young shells.

Locality similar to that of the last species.

17. GLANDINA AURATA? Morelet.

Glandina aurata, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. no. 20, p. 12 (1849).

Glandina aurata, Crosse et Fischer, Expéd. Scient. du Mexique,

Mollusca, pl. 3. figs. 7, 7a.

Costa Rica.

3 Pay one specimen obtained, with the living animal (Plate XL.

g. 6.

This shell is more like G. aurata of Morelet than any other ;

indeed I cannot detect any specific difference.

18. GLANDINA ISABELLINA, Pfr., var.

Achatina isabellina, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1846, p. 32; Reeve, Conch.

Icon. Achatina, pl. 21. fig. 95.

“ Several specimens met with, but few in good condition. Rare;

from the hills, Costa Rica” (Gadb).

This appears to be a variety of G. isabellina, Pfr., with the last

1879.] MOLLUSCA OF COSTA RICA. 481

whorl somewhat broader and the aperture more effuse than in the

Mexican specimens in the British Museum. This species is allied

to G. conularis, Pfr., and G. obtusa, Pfr., the former of which is

from Mexico, and the latter from Nicaragua. The Costa-Rica

specimens are larger than the typical ones. The delicate concentric

lines (seen through the lens) by which the whorls are crossed are

characteristic of this species.

The animal, which is of the same pale isabelline colour as the

shell, *s entirely retractile.

19. GLANDINA AURANTIACA, n. sp. (Plate XL. fig. 8.)

Shell fusiformly oblong, moderately thin, smooth, shining, bright

tawny orange, darker towards the base of the columella ; whorls 5 3,

slightly convex ; spire papillose, obtuse ; sutures impressed, and of

a dark purple colour; columella slightly oblique, shortly truncated

in front; outer lip moderately arcuate, simple, not effuse towards

the base; aperture elliptically oblong, half the length of the shell,

pale rosy purple within.

Diam. 5 alt. 11 lin.

‘* From the hilly country,” Costa Rica.

This species, of which only a single example was found, is some-

what allied to G. tsabellina, Pfr., but is smaller, of a different

colour and texture, and quite smooth, with no traces of the fine con-

centric lines characteristic of that species ; and, moreover, it has the

sutures banded with purplish brown.

20. Guanpina (OLEACINA) ANOMALA, n. sp. (Plate XL. fig. 9.)

Shell elongately oblong, turreted, thin, shining yellowish olive-

green, dark brown towards the apex; whorls 7, very slightly convex,

flatly longitudinally striate, the strie becoming obsolete towards

the lower portion of the whorls, especially on the last; spire very

large and obtuse; apex rounded, tumid; sutures strongly granu-

lated; columella very slightly arcuate; outer lip simple, nearly

straight; aperture small, much shorter than the spire, narrowly

subquadrate.

Diam. 6, alt. 173 lin. :

Hab. ‘Hilly regions,’’ Costa Rica.

This species, which is allied to G. turris, Pfr., and G. pseudo-tur-

ris, Strebel, is remarkable for its large swollen obtuse spire and

small aperture. The longitudinal striz do not come quite down to

the sutures, as in G. ¢wrris; and the sutures are strongly granulated.

21. Guanpina (OLEACINA) MITRIFORMIs, n. sp. (Plate XL.

fig. 10.)

Shell elongately ovate, turreted, moderately thin, shining, irregu-

larly obsoletely striated, striz finer and closer on the upper whorls,

olive-chestnut, with a narrow yellow zone next below the suture;

whorls 5, slightly convex, the last more than half the entire length

of the shell; spire short, conical, apex rather obtuse; columella

slightly arcuate ; outer lip simple, nearly straight ; margins united

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No. XXXI. 31

452 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON THE [June 3,

by a callus; aperture elongately ovate, half the length of the shell,

lilac within.

Diam. 64, alt. 14 lin.

Only one specimen.

Hab. “Middle Zhorquin to Cuabre (low hills and flat ground) ”

(Gabb).

22. GLANDINA (OLEACINA) STREBELI, n. sp. (Plate XL.

fig. 11.)

Shell elongately ovate, thin, shining, finely longitudinally striated,

the strie nearly obselete on the last whorl, olive-green ; whorls 52,

slightly convex ; spire elongately conical ; apex rounded and blunt ;

sutures simply impressed; aperture narrowly elliptical; outer lip thin,

nearly straight ; columella arcuate, margins united by a thin callus.

Diam. 5, alt. 113 lin.

Hab. ‘‘ Middle Zhorquin to Cuabre (low hills)”’ (Gadd).

Not unlike G. turris, Pfr., but only half the length, narrower,

more compressed at the base of the aperture, of a different colour,

and with a less number of whorls.

23. STREPTOSTYLA BOUCARDI, Pfr., var. ?

Spirazis boucardi, Pfr., P. Z.S. 1861, p. 24.

This species approaches very near to S. oucardi, Pfr., of which

I am inclined to consider it a variety.

Five specimens were found ‘‘on the ridge between Tilorio and

Zhorquin”’ (Gadd).

« Animal light brown above, whitish below and posteriorly ; ten-

tacles dark brown; carries the tip of the tail slightly turned up in

travelling’? (Gabb).

This species must not be confounded with S. bocourti, Crosse &

Fischer.

24, STREPTOSTYLA VIRIDULA, n. sp. (Plate XL. fig. 12.)

Shell ovate, thin, shining, longitudinally striate at the upper part

of the whorls, the striee becoming almost obsolete on the lower half

of the last whorl, pale yellowish green throughout ; whorls 6, some-

what convex; spire conoidal; apex but slightly obtuse ; sutures

subeanaliculate ; outer lip very slightly sinuous, nearly straight in

the middle; columella strongly twisted and everted at the base;

aperture subauriform, nearly two thirds the length of the shell.

Diam. 5, alt. 8 lin.

Hab. Hills of Uren, Costa Rica.

25. STREPTOSTYLA CYLINDRACEA, Pfr. ?

Achatina cylindracea, Pfr., P.Z.S. 1846, p. 31; Reeve, Conch.

Icon. Achatina, pl. 18. fig. 91.

As there is only a single specimen, I hesitate to identify it posi-

tively ; but it comes nearer to S. cylindracea than to any thing else

I can find.

Costa Rica.

i879. ] MOLLUSCA OF COSTA RICA. 483

26. OrTHALICUS ZEBRA, Mill.

O. zebra, Mill. Verm. terr. et fluy. Hist. 138; Reeve, Conch.

Icon. Bulimus, pl. 15. fig. 90,

Bulimus princeps, Brod.

Bulimus undulatus, Brug.

Bulimus zigzag, Lam.

All poor and dead specimens.

“Rare, in the valley about Lipurio; 200 feet above the sea in

Talamanca” (Gadd).

27. CycLorus soucarnt, Angas.

Cyclotus boucardi, Angas, P.Z.S. 1878, pl. 5. figs. 3, 4.

Only a single specimen found, larger than the type, measuring

2 inches across.

“Mouth of Banana River, 5 miles from Limon” (Gadd).

28. CycLorus IRREGULARIS, Pfr,

Cyclotus irregularis, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1855, p. 117.

A large number of specimens. “The commonest shell in Tala-

manca; coast region, and to 500 feet high on the hills” (Gabb).

“Animal pinkish ; tentacles bright red” (Gaddé.).

There are two well-marked varieties of this species :—one large

(1 in. 10 lines across), bright chestnut, with a pale band at the

‘ periphery ; the other smaller (1 in. 5 lines across), pale yellowish

olive, with a narrow brown band at the periphery.

It is curious’ in how many specimens the lower margin of the

peritreme appears to have been injured and repair commenced,

giving the appearance of a second sinus. Of this remarkable injury,

at different ages of the shell, Mr. Bland remarks :-—_« Examination at

the outer edge of the peristome induces me to believe that the animal

from time to time produces this injury by grazing, so to say, to

satisfy a demand for lime,”

29. CycLotus pysont, Pfr.

Cyclotus dysoni, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1851, p. 243.

** Only on hills, not common ”’ (Gabb); Cervantes, Costa Rica.

30. CycLorus TRANSLUCIDUS, Sow.

Cyclotus translucidus, Sow. ; Pfr., Monog. Pneumon. vi. vol. i.

p. 20.

Eight specimens found, all of a somewhat dwarf form as com-

pared with the type. “ Lepanta”’ (Gabb).

31. CycLopHorvus LUTESCENS, Pfr., var.

Cyclophorus lutescens, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1851, p: 250; Chemn, Conch.-

Cab. ed. 2, p. 333, pl. 43. figs. 12-14,

Very few specimens. “ Lepanta, Nicoyo” (Gabé).

Curiously like Cyclophorus wahlbergi, Benson, from Zululand,

. 31*

Ps 198

484 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON THE [June 3,

32. Henicina LINDENI, Pfr.

HI, lindeni, Pfr. Monog. Pneumon. Viv. vol. i. p. 388 ; Chemn.

Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, p. 52, pl. 8. figs. 25, 26.

The specimens, of which three were found, are rather larger than

the type, which is from Mexico. Costa Rica.

33. He vicina FUNKI, Pfr., large var. (Plate XL. fig. 7, animal.)

HI, funki, Pfr. Monog. Pneumon. Viv. vol. i. p. 361.

Many specimens. ‘‘ Talamanca, all the coast region, and to the

lower hills” (Gadd).

** Animal brownish white ; head and lower tentacles white ; animal

very timid”? (Gaé6). Much larger than the type, which is from

New Granada. Varies in colour from straw-yellow to orange.

34, Henicina tyrata, Pfr.

Helicina lyrata Pfr. Monog. Pneumon. Viv. vol. i. p. 341.

One specimen. Costa Rica.

35. HELIcrna BEATRIX, n. Sp. (Plate XL. fig. 13.)

Shell conical, solid, shining ; as seen through the lens, very finely

transversely striated ; whorls 6, very slightly convex, the four upper-

most chestnut, the fifth dark red, with an opaque whitish band below

the suture, the last pale olive-green, with a similar opaque band at

the suture; outer lip thickened, a little expanded and reflexed ;

aperture quadrately semilunate.

Var. Smaller and straw-coloured throughout.

Diam. 43, alt. 5 lin.

Very few specimens. ‘‘ Found only on the hills up to an elevation

of 2500 feet. Animal dark grey above, sides and foot white”

(Gabb). Approaches H. heloise, Sallé, but larger and much more

conical.

36. SuccINEA UNDULATA, Say.

Succinea undulata, Say, New Terrestrial Shells, p. 24.

“‘Coast region to lower hills”? (Gaéd). A dozen specimens.

** Animal bright flesh-colour, robust,*and marked by a few dark

spots; lower tentacles very short” (Gadd).

37. STENOPUS GUILDINGI, n. sp. (Plate XL. fig. 14.)

Shell perforate, globosely conical, thin, shining, very finely ob-

liquely striated, brownish ash-colour; whorls 63, convex, the last

with a thread-like keel at the periphery; apex conical; sutures

margined ; base convex ; aperture crescent-shaped; outer lip arcuate,

simple, thin; columellar margin scarcely dilated.

Diam. 2, alt. 13 lin.

Hab. Costa Rica.

This little species differs from S. /ividus, Guild., in having the

sutures margined with a strongly defined thread-like carina at the

periphery, and one more whorl.

1879.] MOLLUSCA OF COSTA RICA. 485

38. STENOPUS MICANS, n. sp. (Plate XL. fig. 15.)

Shell narrowly perforate, depressedly conical, thin, shining, nearly

smooth, under the lens showing extremely faint oblique lines of

growth, light fulvous brown; whorls 5, very slightly convex, the

last bluntly angled at the periphery ; sutures impressed; base flatly

convex, with just traces of a very faint rudimentary keel between the

umbilicus and the periphery ; aperture semilunar ; outer lip simple,

thin ; columellar margin very slightly expanded towards the umbi-

lical region.

Diam. 2, alt. 13 lin.

Hab. Costa Rica.

This species wants the marginal sutures and the thread-like carina

of the preceding one.

39. StENoGyRA ocTona?, Chemn. (Plate XL. fig. 16, animal.)

This species comes remarkably close to S. ocfona, Chemn., which

has a wide range, being found in Guayaquil, Brazil, and the West-In-

dian islands. I cannot detect any difference between this species

and 8. ¢rochlea, Pfr., the habitat of which is given as Peru.

Many specimens.

Gabb gives as the habitat “Old Harbour.” He describes the

animal as ‘ yellowish white, and wrinkled.”

40. SreNoGyra ocronorprs, C.B. Ad., =S. contracta, Poey.

Two specimens only. Costa Rica.

41. STENOGYRA GABBIANA, n. sp. (Plate XL. fig. 17.)

Shell perforate, elongately turreted, moderately thin, pale straw-

coloured, sculptured with somewhat distant raised thread-like de-

scending striz, that are strongest on the upper whorls and become

evanescent towards the sutures and the base of the last whorl ;

whorls 8, convex; apex blunt, papillose ; aperture vertical, qua-

drately semilunar; outer lip arcuate, thin, simple; columellar

margin a little expanded over the perforation.

Diam. 17, alt. 33 lin.

Hab. Costa Rica. A single specimen.

A somewhat sparsely and strongly ribbed species, distinct from 8.

caraccasensis, Reeve, which is described by that author as a Bulimus.

42. Leprinaria INTERSTRIATA, Tate.

Tornatellina interstriata, American Journ. Conch. 1870, p. 157.

Shell minutely rimate, elongately ovate, turreted, thin, hyaline,

ornamented with somewhat distant, raised, slightly curved longi-

tudinal stric, that disappear towards the middle of the last whorl ;

whorls 6, convex ; apex blunt, papillose ; sutures margined ; aper-

ture ovately semilunar; outer lip simple, thin, arcuate; columella

with a single sinuous fold truncated below.

Diam. 1%, alt. 3 lin. A single specimen.

Hab. Costa Rica.

486 MESSRS, SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL.

Fig. 1. Helix (Oxychona) zhorquinensis, n. sp., p. 475.

2. (Solaropsis) tiloriensis, n. sp., p. 477.

3. Bulimus gabbi, n. sp., p. 477.

3 , animal, p. 477.

4, —— zhorquinensis, n. sp., p. 478.

5 citronellus, nu. sp., p. 479.

6. Glandina aurata?, animal, p. 480.

7. Helicina funki, animal, p. 484,

8. Glandina aurantiaca, n. sp., p. 481.

( Oleacina) anomala, p. 481.

10. —— (——) mitriformis, p. 481.

. (——) strebeli, n. sp., p. 482.

12. Streptostyla viridula, n. sp., p. 482.

13. Helicina beatriz, n. sp., p. 484.

14. Stenopus guildingi, n. sp., p. 484.

15. Stenopus micans, n. sp., p. 485.

16. Stenogyra octona?, animal, p. 485.

17. —— gabbiana, n. sp., p. 489.

Co ——

4. On the Birds collected by the late Mr. T, K. Salmon in

the State of Antioquia, United States of Colombia. By

P. L. Scrater, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the

Society, and Ospurt Satvin, M.A., F.B.S.

[Received May 20, 1879.]

(Plates XLI.-XLIII.)

Page

Intro duchlone fe. nefereveerettaenstese ss acctaetsesmensinssnerees POH pai 486

IT, Account of Mr, Salmin’s localities’ 2.00.0) ..s.dadivensecssssavecsaseenteenee 487

III. Short Summary of preceding authorities on the Birds of Colombia... 489

TV. List of Species collected by Mr. Salmon «.....6.50:...++0ssseecescteuncsoee 491

WV. (General Conclusions, s.ierscsecsevsiaes aces ntat a secegteses sca sannsapetvayscete 548

VI. Description of the Plates .......... SicAUSACEMaGEHAo. daa nbs en aadunsats Mu 549

I. InrropvuctTion.

The late Mr. Thomas Knight Salmon, of Guildford, was for several

years previous to his death, which took place at Guildford on the

5th of May last, resident at Medellin, the capital city of the State

of Antioquia, U.S. of Colombia. Mr. Salmon was a most enthusiastic

and energetic collector, and, when not occupied in the service of the

Government of the State of Antioquia, devoted all his leisure time to

excursions into the country surrounding Medellin, in order to collect

specimens of the abundant natural products of the varied fauna of

Colombia. In this he was very successful, and transmitted large

collections of mammals, birds, insects, and other animals to his

agent Mr. E. Gerrard, at various periods from 1872 to 1878. On

his final return to this country last year, Mr. Salmon brought with

him, besides a large quantity of bird-skins, a series of 163 nests and

eggs. As each nest was numbered to correspond with a parent

bird, the determination of the species to which'they belong has been

readily effected.

J.Smit hth

Hanhart ump

CYPHORINUS DICHROU

igae, 1879, Pl kd.

‘

710

J Smit hth. , Hamhart imp

EGGS OF ANTIOQUIAN BIRDS.

JSmit lith.

Pino. 1879: Pl AE

Hanhart amp.

EGGS OF ANTIOQUIAN BIRDS.

1879. ] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 487

Altogether, in the eight collections transmitted by Mr. Salmon

about 3500 specimens of birds have passed through our hands.

Some of the new species contained in them have been already laid

before the Society’. But in justice to Mr. Salmon’s memory and

in the interests of science, we have thought it right that some further

record of so fine and extensive a series (embracing specimens of

468 species) from such a little-known locality should be made.

We have therefore compiled the subjoined list of the birds repre-

sented in Mr. Salmon’s collections, with an indication of the exact

localities in which each species was obtained, and an account of the

nest and eggs where sent.

Except in the case of some of the very commonest, examples

of Mr. Salmon’s species have been kept either for the collection of

Sclater (Mus. P.L.S.), or for that-of Salvin and Godman (Mus.

S.-G.), as indicated in the subjoined list. The nests and eggs have

been deposited in the British Museum.

We have incorporated into our list Mr. Salmon’s valuable M.S.

notes on the nests and eggs, and have appended his initials (‘T. K.S.)

to them.

The following is a list of the species new to science discovered by

Mr. Salmon :-—

1. Catharus pheopleurus, Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1875, p. 541.

. Cyphorinus dichrous, Scl. et Salv. infra, p. 492.

- Setophaga chrysops, Salv. Ibis, 1878, p. 314.

- Chlorochrysa nitidissima, Scl. P. Z.8. 1873, p. 728.

- Buarremon eleoprorus, Scl. et Salv. infra, p. 504.

. Automolus holostictus, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1875, p- 542.

ignobilis, Scl. et Saly. infra, p. 522.

» Grallaria ruficeps, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 729.

fiavo-tineta, Scl. Ibis, 1877, p. 445.

10. —— rufo-cinerea, Sel. et Salv. infra p. 526.

11. Chloronerpes dignus, Scl. et Salv P. Z. S. 1877, p:20.

12. Brachygalba salmoni, Scl. et Salv. infra, p. 535.

13. Buteo hypospodius, Gurney, Ibis, 1876, p- 73, pl. i.

14. Tigrisoma salmoni, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 38.

DON Aer oon

II. Account or Mr. Satmon’s Locatirics.

The exact localities where Mr. Salmon obtained his birds are mostly

marked in the map which we now exhibit (see p. 488), copied from

de Greiff’s map of the province of Antioquia’. As will be seen,

they lie mostly on affluents of the Magdalena and Cauca, though

one is on the sources of the Sucio, which flows into the Atrato.

The following gives such indications of them as we have been

enabled to collect, partly from verbal communications with Mr.

Salmon, partly from the map and other documents.

1 See P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 128, and 1875, p. 541.

* Mapa de la provincia de Antioquia en la republica de Nueva Granada,

trazada de acuerdo con los mas modernos reconocimientos por C. 8. de Greif.

Gravada por Alexis Orgiazzi, gravador del deposito de la guerra. Paris, 1857,

488 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

MAP SHEWING

COLLECTING STATIONS,

4 WG

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“Menujg nnn InenTaO TE =

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o s\Nhty

1879. ] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 489

Antioquia lies on the left bank of the Cauca, some eight or ten

miles off.

Cauca. The locality thus indicated is probably intended for the

valley of the Cauca, which Mr. Salmon crossed on his routes to

Antioquia, and on his expeditions to Concordia and Jerico.

Concordia is some 10 miles off the left bank of the Cauca, at an

elevation of 6000 feet, and about 50 miles south-west of Medellin.

Envigado is near the sources of the Rio Poru, a confluent of the

Cauca, and lies 12 miles south of Medellin, at an altitude of 5500

feet.

Frontino is on the upper waters of the Sucio, which flows into the

Atrato, some 30 or 40 miles west of Antioquia city.

Jerico is on the left bank of the Cauca, south of Medellin. Here

the splendid new Tanager Chlorochrysa nitidissima was obtained.

Medellin, the capital of the State of Antioquia, is situated on the

Rio Poru, a branch of the Cauca. Its elevation is about 5000

feet.

Pocune. Rio Pocune is near Remedios, and is a small confluent

of the Rio Vagre, which runs into the Neche and so into the Poru.

Mr. Salmon’s collecting-station here was at an altitude of about 1970

feet.

Remedios (elevation 2360 feet) is far to the north-east of Medellin,

and is on the upper source of the Ité, a confluent of the Magdalena.

Retiro lies 25 miles south of Medellin, beyond Envigado, at an

elevation of 8000 feet.

Rio Neche or Nichi is a confluent of the Rio Poru, which it enters

at Dos Bocas. Mr. Salmon’s collections were made a few miles

above the confluence.

Rio Negro is a town on the river of the same name, which runs

into the Magdalena. This town is some 25 miles east of Medellin.

Sta. Elena we have not been able to find marked in de Greiff’s

map. But we ascertain from Mosquera’s ‘ Diccionario geografico ’

that it is ‘‘a Quebrada” between 5° and 6° N. lat. It is therefore

probably on the right bank of the Cauca, somewhere between Retiro

and Jerico.

San Miguel is also not marked in the map. General Mosquera

gives five places of this name in the State of Antioquia.

III. Short SUMMARY OF PRECEDING AUTHORITIES ON THE

Brips or COLOMBIA.

Our knowledge of the ornithology of this part of South

America is mainly due to the large collections of bird-skins made

since 1840 by native collectors in the vicinity of Bogota, the capital

of the Confederation, and imported into Europe as merchandise.

These skins are of very peculiar “make,” and are well known to

all ornithologists.

The circumstances under which these skins are collected, and a

full list of the species contained in them as far as they were known

490 MESSRS, SCLATER AND SALYIN ON [June 3,

to the author, were given by Sclater in a paper read before the Society

in 1855, and in two supplementary communications on the same

subject *.

An account of the Trochilide of the vicinity of Bogota, and of the

localities in which they are obtained, has also been given by M. L.

de Geoffroy, Secretary to the French Legation at Bogota, in a paper

published in Uricoechea’s ‘Contribuciones de Colombia a las Cien-

cias y a las Artes’ *.

Since Sclater’s papers were published, examples of many additional

species have been received in ‘‘ Bogota”’ collections; and a complete

list of “Bogota” birdskins would embrace probably 700 species, in-

stead of 510 given in Sclater’s papers. Unfortunately, however,

no record has ever been made of the exact localities whence these

skins are obtained ; and itseems certain that ‘‘ Bogota” collections em-

brace examples of species peculiar to the valleys on the east side of

the Andean range (i. e. from the watershed of the Orinoco), as well

as of species from the valleys on the west side and from the elevated

districts surrounding Bogota itself.

Besides “Bogota skins’’ and their literature, we have, so far as we

know, putting aside occasional notices of individual species, only

three authorities on the birds of Colombia to refer to. These

are:—

1. Mr. Cassin’s Catalogue of the birds collected during the U.S.

Survey of the Isthmus of Darien, published in 1861°. Mr. Cassin

enumerated 144 species in this memoir, some of the rarities of which,

as hereafter noticed, recur in the present collection from the neigh-

bouring State of Antioquia.

2. Mr. Wyatt’s articles on the birds obtained by him during his

expedition to the Andes of Ocafia in 1870*, Mr Wyatt enumerated

210 species as met with by him in this district, some of the more

remarkable of which occur also’in the present collection.

1 On the Birds received in Collections from Santa Fé di Bogota. By Philip

Lutley Sclater, M.A., P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 131.

[This paper was afterwards separately printed and published, with an appendix

containing a list of authorities added to it, under the following title :—

On Birds received in Collections from Santa Fé di Bogota. By Philip Lutley

Sclater, M.A., Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, F.Z.S. &e. From the

Proceedings of the Zoological Society, July 24, 1855. London. Printed for the

Society. Sold at their House in Hanover Square, and by Messrs. Longman,

Brown, Green and Longman, Paternoster Row. |

On some additional species of Birds received in Collections from Bogota, By

Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A., P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 25.

Further Additions to the List of Birds received in Collections from Bogota.

By Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A., P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 15.

2 Note sur les Trochilidées dela Nouvelle Grenade. Par M. L. Geoffroy,

Contr. de Colombia, Bogota, 1861.

3 “Catalogue of Birds collected during a Survey of a Route for a Canal across

the Isthmus of Darien, by order of the Government of the United States, made

by Lieut. N. Michler, of the U.S. Topographical Engineers, with Notes and De-

scriptions of new Species.” By John Cassin. Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philad. 1860,

pp. 151 and 188.

+ « Notes on some of the Birds of the United States of Colombia. By Claude

W. Wyatt,” This, 1871, pp. 113, 319, and 373.

1879. ] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA,. 491

3. Messrs. Salvin and Godman’s account of the birds collected by

Mr. Simon during his exploration of the Sierra Nevada of Santa

Marta, now in progress. This was commenced in ‘The Ibis’ for

January last’, and will be continued in future numbers, as the work

progresses.

IV. List or Species COLLECTED By Mr. SALMon.

PASSERES.

Fam. TurpDIp&.

1. CaATHARUS PHZOPLEURUS, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 541.

Medellin. (Mus. P. L. S. and S.-G.)

“ Food, insects. Builds in low bushes. Nest made of MOss, grass,

and fine roots.”’

Eggs (no. 28) pale bluish green, spotted with two or three shades

of red-brown and lilac spots of various sizes, especially at the larger

end: axis °95, diam. ‘72.

2. Turpus swainsont, Cab.

(Mus. S.-G.)

A single skin in the sixth collection, without precise locality.

3. TuRDUS IGNOBILIs, Scl. P. Z.S, 1837, p. 273.

Turdus leucomelas, Scl. et Salv. Ex. Orn. p- 123 (partim).

Retiro, Cauca, Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L. S. and S.-G.)

Tris dark.

The eggs (no. 108) are palegreenish blue, thickly spotted, especially

at the larger end, with several shades of red-brown ; other eggs are

nearly uniformly sprinkled with smaller and paler spots of red-brown:

axis 1°16, diam. *84,

Under this name (founded originally upon Bogotd skins) we are

now inclined to resuscitate a species lately united by us to Turdus

leucomelas. The Colombian form is more uniformly dusky beneath,

has less white on the throat, and its bill is always black.

4. Turpvus eicas, Fraser.

Retiro and Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L.S. and S.-G.)

“ Bill and feet orange ; iris dark: food, worms and berries.””

Eggs (no. 107) pale greenish-blue, spotted chiefly at the larger end

with red-brown spots of several shades ; some eggs are paler and the

spots more uniform in size and more evenly distributed: axis 1-35,

diam. °95.

5. TurpUs sERRANUS, Tsch.; Scl. et Saly. P.Z. S. 1870,

p- 783.

Jerico, Frontino. (Mus. P. LS. and 8.-G.)

Tris dark ; food, fruit.

* “ On a Collection of Birds from the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Colom-

bia. By O. Salvin and F. D. Godman,” Ibis, 1879, p. 196,

492 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

Eggs (no. 85) pale greenish-blue with blotches of pale red-brown,

just as in some specimens of Turdus merula: axis 1°17, diam. °8.

6. Mimus eitvus, Vieill.

Medellin (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark.

Eggs (no. 59) pale greenish-blue, spotted chiefly at the larger end

with large and small spots of several shades of red-brown: axis 1°05,

diam. 8.

Fam. CINCLIDz.

7. CincLus LEUCONoTUS, Scl. P.Z.S. 1857, p. 274; Cat A.

B. pl. ii. ; Salv. Ibis, 1867, p. 122.

Retiro and Frontino. (Mus. P. L.S. and S.-G.)

Iris dark.

Fam. Sytvupz.

8. MyrapesTEes RALLOIDES (Lafr. et d’Orb.); Scl. et Saly. Ex.

Orn. t. xxvii.

Retiro, Concordia, Medellin, Sta. Elena. (Mus. P.L.S. and

S -G.)

Iris red-brown. Found in the deep forest.

Eggs (no. 11) pale reddish white, thickly spotved and freckled

with red spots, chiefly at the larger end: axis °91, diam. ‘7.

Fam. TROGLODYTIDZ.

9. CINNICERTHIA UNIBRUNNEA (Lafr.); Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 18.

Retiro, Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L.S. and S.-G.)

Food, insects.

Mr. Salmon’s specimens do not agree absolutely with examples of

C. unibrunnea from Ecuador. They are all browner in colour, and the

transverse markings of the wings and tail are much more clearly de-

fined. In several specimens many of the feathers of the forehead

are white; but as this character is of uncertain amount and absent in

the majority of examples, it cannot be deemed a distinctive fea-

ture. ‘

10. CypHorHINUS PHZOCEPHALUS, Sel. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 291.

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark ; food, insects.

A species of Western Ecuador.

11. CypHorRHINUS DICHROUS, sp.n. (Plate XLI.)

Obscure fumoso-brunneus in nigrum transeuns, gula, lateribus

capitis et cervicis, pectore et ventro medio saturate castaneis ;

rostro nigro, pedibus corneis. Long tota 5, ale 2°6, caude

1:5, éarst 1*1: forma typica.

Hab. Remedios, Antioquia (Sa/mon).

Mus. P. L.S.

A single specimen of this perfectly distinct species of Cyphorhinus

was obtained at Remedios. Mr. Salmon notes “iris dark; food

1879.] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 493

insects.’” The simple coloration and absence of bars on the wings

and tail readily distinguish this bird from its congeners.

12. HenicorHina Leucopurys (Tsch.); Salvia, P. Z.S. 1870,

piisl.

Frontino. (Mus. S.-G.)

Food, insects.

Eggs (no. 64) either pure white or spotted with a few minute

red spots: axis 84, diam. °6.

13, THRYOPHILUS NIGRICAPILLUS (Scl.).

Thryothorus nigricapillus, Scl. P. Z.S. 1860, p. 84.

Remedios, Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L.S. and 8.-G.)

Tris dark. Food, insects.

A species of Western Ecuador.

“The nest is made of soft dry grass, and placed in a low bush.”

—T.K.S.

14. TuryoTHorus mMysTAcaLis, Scl. P. Z.S. 1860, p. 64.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L.S. and 8.-G.)

15. THRYOTHORUS FASCIATIVENTRIS(Lafr.); Sel. et Salv. P.Z.S.

1864, p. 346.

Remedios, Neche. (Mus. S.-G.)

16. TroGLopyTEs soxustTiTiALis, Scl. P. Z.S. 1858, p. 550.

Sta. Elena, Neche. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Food, insects.

Eggs (no. 72) white, spotted with small red spots, but not nearly

so profusely as those of the next species, which resemble the eggs

of 7. aédon: axis ‘69, diam. °55.

“This bird builds its nest in a bole in a wall or bank, or any con-

venient spot; it is made of soft blades of grass, and has a side

entrance. The bird lays two eggs, white, thickly spotted with pale

red.” —T. K. 8.

17. TROGLODYTES TESSELLATUS (Lafr. et d’Orb.); Salvin, P. Z. 8.

1867, p. 135.

Medellin, Concordia. (Mus. P. L. 8S. and 8.-G.)

Eggs (no. 39) white, thickly freckled with red as in 7. aédon:

axis °77, diam. 57.

Fam. MniotTitTip#£.

18. SruRUS NOVEBORACENSIs (Gm.).

Concordia, Medellin. (Mus. P. L.S. and S8.-G.)

Tris dark. Food, insects.

19. Mnroriira varia (Linn.).

Concordia, Envigado, Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

494 MESSRS, SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

20. Proronoraria ciTreA (Bodd.).

(Mus. S.-G.)

21. HeLMINTHOPHAGA CHRYSOPTERA (Lini.).

Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

22, HELMINTHOPHAGA PEREGRINA ( Wils.).

Concordia. (Mus. P.L.S.)

23. DENDR@CA BLACKBURNI& (Gm.).

Concordia, Medellin, Sta. Elena, Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

24, DENDR@CA CASTANEA (Wils.).

Remedios. (Mus. P. L.S. and S.-G.)

25. DeNDRECA CZRULEA (Wils.).

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

26. Denpraca zsriva (Gm.).

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

27. GEOTHLYPIS PHILADELPHIA (Wils.).

Sta. Elena, Medellin. (Mus. P. L. S. and S.-G.)

Tris dark. Food, insects.

28. BastLEuTERuS coronatus (Tsch.); Scl. P.Z.S. 1865,

p. 284.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L.S. and S.-G.)

Iris dark. Food, insects. Nest placed ina hole in a bank.

Eggs (no. 35) white, distinctly spotted with red: axis ‘8, diam. °6.

29. BasILEUTERUS SEMICERVINUS, Scl. P.Z.S. 1860, p. 84,

1865, p. 286, pl. x. fig. 1.

Remedios, Neche. (Mus. P. L.S. and S.-G.)

Tris dark.

30. BAsILEUTERUS NIGRICRISTATUS (Lafr.).

Trichas nigri-cristata, Lafr. R. Z. 1840, p. 230.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Food, insects.

Eggs (no. 70) white, spotted with red, sometimes with large red

blotches: axis °8, diam. °6.

“The nest is placed in a hole in a bank, and built of dry grass-

blades, and lined with the same. The nest itself is perfectly cup-

shaped, and covered over the top with grass-blades. Those which I

have seen contained only one egg, white, spotted rather thickly with

small red spots.”—7". K. 8.

31. SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA (Linn.).

Concordia, Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

1879.] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 495

32. SETOPHAGA veRTICALIS, d’Orb. et. Lafr.; Salvin, Ibis,

1878, p. 311.

Concordia, Sta. Elena. (Mus. P.L. S. and S.-G.)

Food, insects.

Eggs (no. 68) white, spotted with red, especially at the larger

end: axis *72, diam. ‘78. Nest open, made of dead leaves and

fibres, and lined with fine fibres.

33. SeropHAGA curysops, Salvin, Ibis, 1878, p. 314, pl. vii.

fig. 2.

Retiro, Sta. Elena, Frontino. (Mus. P. L. 8. and 8.-G.)

Tris dark. Food, insects.

Eggs (no. 65) white, spotted with red, especially at the larger end:

axis ‘7, diam. 55. Nest open, made of dead leaves, coarse grass,

and fibres, lined with finer fibres.

This species is practically a new discovery of Mr. Salmon’s ; for

although Delattre had previously obtained an example near Popayan,

Kaup determined Delattre’s specimen as S. faveola. Mr. Salvin’s

description and figure were based upon Mr. Salmon’s specimens.

Fam. VirEONID.

34, ViREOSYLVIA OLIVACEA (Linn.).

Medellin, Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

35. VIREOSYLVIA JOSEPH, Scl.; Baird, Rev. A. B. p. 344.

Concordia, Medellin. (Mus. P. L.S. and 8.-G.)

Iris dark. Food, insects.

36. HyLopHILus SEMIBRUNNEUS, Lafr. R. Z. 1845, p. 341.

Concordia. (Mus. P.L.S.)

37. CycLoruis nierirostRis, Lafr, R, Z. 1842, p. 133.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. P.L.S. and S.-G.)

Iris dark.

Fam. HirunpDINnIDz&.

38. ProGne CHALYBEIA (Gm.); Scl. P. Z.S. 1872, p. 606.

Remedios. (Mus. P.L.S.)

39. ATTICORA CYANOLEUCA (Vieill.) ; Baird, Rev. A. B. p. 309.

Frontino. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark. Food, insects.

Eggs (no. 89) white: axis °77, diam. °5.

40. Arricora T1BIALIs (Cass.); Baird, Rev. A. B. p. 301.

Remedios. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Tris dark.

“The nest is made of dry grasses, and piaced in the hole of a

bank.’—T. K. S,

496 MESSRS, SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

41. STELGIDOPTERYX UROPYGIALIS (Lawr.); Baird, Rev. A. B.

pd. 317.

Remedios. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Tris dark. Food, insects.

Eggs (no. 100) white: axis ‘8, diam. °57.

Fam. Caresip.

42. Dietossa strroipes (d’Orb. & Lafr.); Scl. ibis, 1875,

p- 208.

Retiro, Concordia.

Iris dark. Food, insects.

43. DicLossa ALBILATERALIS, Lafr.; Scl. Ibis, 1875, p. 216,

pl. v. figs. 1 and 2.

Tris dark. Food, insects.

Retiro, Medellin, Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L.S. and S.-G.)

Eggs (no. 56) greenish blue, thickly marked at the larger end

with red-brown spots: axis ‘72, diam. ‘51. Nest open, made of

moss, fibres, and rootlets, lined at the bottom with moss.

44, DiGLossA BRUNNEIVENTRIS, Lafr. ; Scl. Ibis, 1875, p. 211.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L.S. and S.-G.)

The occurrence of this Diglossa so far north is quite new to us;

but we find no difference between Mr. Salmoun’s skins and Peruvian

exainples obtained by Jelski.

45. Diciossa personata (Fraser); Scl. Ibis, 1875, p. 218.

Retiro, Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L.S. and S.-G.)

Tris red. Food, insects.

Eggs (see Plate XLII. fig. 1) pale greenish blue, thickly spotted

with brown spots, especially at the larger end: axis ‘8, diam. °6.

Nest open, made of dead grass, fibres, and a little moss, and lined

with feathers.

46. Dicuossopis CHRULESCENS, Scl.; Ibis, 1875, p. 219.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris red. Food, fruit and insects. Builds in low bushes.

Eggs (no. 13) pale greenish blue, blotched with red-brown spots,

chiefly at the larger end: axis *75, diam. *57. Nest open, made of

moss, fibres, and dead grass, and lined with fine fibres.

47. ConrrosTRUM ALBIFRoNS, Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p. 301.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Tris dark. Food, insects.

48. Dacnis cayana (Linn.); Scl. Ibis, 1863, p- 313.

Remedios.

1879.] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 497

49. Dacnis ca@resicotor, Scl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p- 106, et

Ibis, 1863, p. 314.

Remedios. (Mus. P. L. 8S.)

Iris dark.

The single (male) example is not quite so bright in colour as the

typical specimen from Bogota in Sclater’s collection.

50. Dacnis eGreeta, Scl. P. Z.S. 1854, p. 251, et Ibis, 1863,

p- 316.

Remedios, Neche. (Mus. S.-G.)

51. Dacnis venusta, Lawr.; Sel. Ibis, 1863, p- 315.

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark. Food, fruit.

The extension of this species so far south is quite a new fact.

Panama and Costa Rica are its previously known localities.

~ Besides these three species of Dacnis, Mr. Salmon sends a single

skin from Remedios (Mus. P. L. S.), of what seems to be the female

of an unknown member of this genus.

52. CHLOROPHANES ATRICAPILLA (Viceill.),

Concordia, Remedios. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Iris dark. Food, fruit &c.

53. C@REBA CHRULEA (Linn.).

Remedios, Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark. Food, insects.

54. CerTHiota MExicANnA, Scl.; Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. in

Wien, 1871, p. 772.

Remedios, Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark. Food, insects.

Eggs (no. 50) dirty white, thickly spotted with red-brown, espe-

cially in a zone round the larger end: axis °65, diam. °5.

‘The nest is made of fine dry grasses; it is oval-shaped, with a

side entrance, and generally placed at the extremity of a bough, but

not hanging.”—T. K. S.

Fam. TANAGRIDZ.

55. Procntas Tersa (Linn.).

Proenias occidentalis, Scl. P. Z. 8.1854, p. 249, et nobis (passim).

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark. Food, fruit and insects.

After comparing a number of specimens of Procnias from different

localities, we have come to the conclusion that the grounds for keeping

separate the western form are untenable. Salvin has already adopted

this view (Ibis, 1879, p. 199).

Proc. Zoou. Sec.—1879, No. XXXII. 32

A498 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

56. CutororHonta PRETRII (Lafr.); Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 55.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Iris dark. Food, fruit.

57. EUPHONIA NIGRICOLLIS (Vieill.); Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 56.

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark. Food, fruit.

58. Euvpnonia minura (Cab.); Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 57.

Remedios. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Iris dark.

59, EUPHONIA TRINITATIS, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 72.

Remedios. (Mus. P.L.S.)

We must refer Mr. Salmon’s single skin to this species. It is

rather larger and of a deeper violet on the back than typical speci-

mens from ‘‘ Trinidad”’ collections, aud in the latter respect agrees

with a specimen from Sta. Marta in Selater’s collection.

60. EvrpHONIA XANTHOGASTRA, Sund.; Scl. P.Z, 8.1856, p. 275.

Concordia. (Mus, S.-G.)

61. EvpHonia rutvicrissa, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 276.

Remedios, Neche. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Iris dark.

62. CHLOROCHRYSA NITIDISSIMA, Scl. P, Z.S. 1873, p. 728, et

Ibis, 1875, p. 466, pl. x.

This is one of the finest of Mr. Salmon’s discoveries. Besides

the original specimen (in Sclater’s collection), Mr. Salmon has re-

cently sent home another example from Jerico (Mus. S8.-G.).

Mr. Ridgway writes that examples of this species have lately been

received in the U.S. from Colombia, and are in his own and Mr,

Lawrence’s collection.

63. Diva vassori (Boiss.); Scl. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 264.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. 8.-G.)

64. CALLISTE AURULENTA (Lafr.); Scl. Mon. Call. p. 29, pl. xiv.

fig. 2.

Concordia, Frontino, (Mus. P. L.S. and S.-G.)

Iris dark.

65. CALLISTE ICTEROCEPHALA (Bp.); Sel. J. ¢c. pl. xvii.

Frontino. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Tris dark.

66. CanuisrE viTRIOLINA (Cab.); Scl. l.¢. pl. xviii.

Medellin, Concordia. (Mus. S.-G.)

Food, fruit.

Eggs (no. 26) pale greenish, thickly spotted and blotched with

1879.] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 499

lilac-brown marks, especially in a zone round the larger end: axis

89, diam. ‘61. (See Plate XLII. fig. 2.) Nest open, made out-

wardly of moss, and lined with fine roots, fibres, and horsehair.

67. CALLISTE GYROLOIDES (Lafr.); Scl. /.c. pl. xxvi.

Concordia, Remedios. (Mus. P. L.S. and S.-G.)

Tris dark. Food, fruit.

68. CaLuisTE RUFICERVIX (Préy.); Scl. /.c. pl. xxxii.

Concordia, (Mus. S.-G.)

69. CALLISTE ATRICAPILLA (Lafr.); Sel. Z. e. pl. xxxiii.

Retiro, Concordia, Frontino. (Mus. P. L.S. and §.-G.)

Tris dark. Food, fruit.

Eggs (no. 77) pale greenish, thickly spotted with dark red-brown

spots, especially at the larger end: axis *75, diam. *61.

70. CALLISTE NIGRIVIRIDIS (Lafr.); Scl. 2. c. p. 76.

C. cyanescens, Scl. l.c. p. 79, pl. xxxv.

Sta. Elena, Envigado. (Mus. P.L.S. and 8.-G.)

Iris dark. Food, insects.

Eggs (no. 91) pale greenish, thickly spotted and blotched with

lilac-brown marks, especially in a zone round the larger end: axis

*82, diam. *58,

71. CanuisrE 1norNATA, Gould, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 158; Scl. Zc.

pl. xlv.

Nichi. (Mus. P. L.S. and S.-G.)

Tris dark.

72. Cauuiste LaRvATA, Du Bus; Scl. /. ¢. pl. xxxvi.

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark. Food, fruit.

The extension of this Central-American species so far south is

new to us, and noteworthy. Its previously recorded range was from

Tabasco to Panama.

73. CALLISTE CYANEICOLLIS (Lafr. et d’Orb.); Scl. UZ. ¢. pl.

XXXVlii.

Concordia, Frontino. (Mus. P, L.S. and S.-G.)

Tris dark. Food, fruit.

74, CALLISTE LABRADORIDES (Boiss.); Scl. 7. c. pl. xxxix.

Concordia, Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L.S. and 8.-G.)

Tris dark. Food, fruit,

75. CALLISTE vENUSTA, Scl. J, e. pl. xliv. fig. 2.

Frontino. (Mus. P. L. 8. and S.-G.)

Tris dark, Food, fruit.

2°

500 MESSRS, SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

76. Irn1tpoRNIs puBustA, Bp.; Scl. P.Z.S. 1856, p. 244.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark. Food, fruit.

77. IRIDORNIS PORPHYROCEPHALA, Scl. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 243.

Medellin. (Mus. P. L.S. and 8.-G.)

Tris dark. Food, fruit.

78. Pa&cILOTHRAUPIS PALPEBROSA (Lafr.).

Tanagra palpebrosa, Lafr. R. Z. 1847, p. 71.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L.S. and 8.-G.)

Tris dark.

Mr. Salmon’s skins belong to the true P. palpebrosa of Colombia

and Ecuador, and agree with Bogota specimeus. P. lacrymosa of

Peru is distinct. (Cf. Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p. 317.)

79. BurHRavurPis cucuuxata (Jard.); Scl. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 239.

Concordia. (Mus. S.-G.)

80. CompsocoMa suMpTwosa (Less.); Scl. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 238.

Retiro, Medellin, Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L.S. and 8.-G.)

Iris dark.

We are of opinion that C. eyanoptera, Cab. (Journ. f. Orn. 1866,

p- 235), can hardly be maintained as distinct. One of Mr. Salmon’s

* skins comes very near this form, having the edgings of the primaries

almost as blue as the wing-coverts; others rather resemble the true

C. sumptuosa. We likewise refer skins from Venezuela (Goring) to

this species.

81. DusustaA THZNIATA (Boiss.) ; Scl. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 237.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. 8.-G.)

We question the distinctness of D. selysia, Bp., of Ecuador.

82. TaNAGRA CANA, Sw.

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark. Food, fruit. Builds in orange-trees.

Eggs (no. 22) rich brown, densely blotched with darker spots,

especially at the larger end: axis ‘92, diam. °68.

83. TANAGRA PALMARUM (Max.).

Remedios. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Tris dark. Food, fruit.

Eggs (no. 92) pale whitish, very thickly freckled with red-brown

spots: axis 95, diam. -65.

«The nest is placed in the fork of a shrub or low tree, and formed

of grass-stalks mixed with roots and fibres, lined, and ornamented

on the outside, with green moss. I have never seen more than one

egg, although I have examined many nests.” —7’. K.S.

1879.] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 501

84, TANAGRA CYANOCEPHALA (d’Orb. et Lafr.):

Tanagra maximiliani, d’Orb. Voy. p. 276, pl. xxiii. fig. 2.

Retiro, Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L.S. and S.-G.)

Iris dark. Food, fruit. Builds in high trees.

Eggs (no. 24) pale whitish, thickly blotched with spots of various

sizes of red-brown: axis 1°04, diam. °71.

To this species should be united Tanagra auricrissa, Scl., of Bo-

gota, and 7’. subcinerea, Scl. (P. Z.S. 1861, p. 129), of Venezuela,

as has been already done, Nomencl. p. 21. After comparing a large

series, we find no sufficient grounds of separation.

85. RHAMPHOC@LUS DiMiIDIATUS (Lafr.); Scl. P. Z.S. 1856,

p- 129.

Antioquia, Remedios, Neche. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark red. Food, fruit.

Eggs (no. 94) pale greenish blue, spotted and streaked with large

Spots and fine lines of dark brown: axis ‘91, diam. ‘65.

“The nest is placed in low bushes, and is composed of small twigs,

dead leaves, moss, and lichens.’”—T7. K. S.

86. RHAMPHOC@LUS FLAMMIGERUs (Jard. et Selb.); Scl. P.Z. S.

1856, p. 131.

Medellin. (Mus. P. L. S. and S.-G.)

Tris dark. Food, fruit. Builds in orange-trees and bushes.

Eggs (no. 20) pale greenish blue, sparsely spotted with large dark-

acne and blotches: axis 1-05, diam. *75. (See Plate XLII.

fig. 3.

87. RHAMPHOC@LUS CHRYSONOTUS, Lafr.; Scl. P. Z.S. 1856,

p. 131.

This species was omitted from the ‘‘ Nomenclator,’’ but seems

distinguishable from R. icteronotus and R. flammigerus, as already

pointed out. Mr. Salmon’s specimens (in his 8th collection) have

no exact locality attached to them.

88. RHAMPHOCG@LUS ICTERONOTUS, Bp.; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856,

p- 131.

Remedios, Neche. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Tris dark red. Food, fruit.

Eggs (no. 93) similar to those of R. flammigerus, but smaller :

axis 1-0, diam. 7:2.

«The nest is made of small twigs, moss, and dead leaves, lined with

fibrous roots, and is placed in low bushes, orange-trees, &c. It varies

very much in appearance, some being plain clumsy structures,

whilst others are prettily ornamented with leaves and lichens.’”—

T.K.S.

89. PyranGa RUBRA (Linn.).

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Food, fruit.

502 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

90. PyraANGA zxsttva (Gm.)

Concordia, Frontino. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Tris dark.

91. PyranGa TESTACEA, Sci. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1868, p. 388,

Concordia, Medellin. (Mus. 8.-G. and P. L. 8.)

Mr. Salmon’s skins appear to be referable to this Central-American

form rather than to the Brazilian P. saira.

92. PyraANGA RUBRICEPS, Gray ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 125.

Medellin, Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G. and P. L. 8.)

Tris dark.

In the female of this species, of which Mr. Salmon has sent a

single specimen (Mus. P. L.S.), the scarlet colour is confined to the

summit of the head and the throat, instead of pervading the upper

back and breast as in the male.

93. OrTHOGONYS OLIVACEUS, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Se. Phil. 1860,

p- 140, et ibid. 1864, pl. i.

Remedios, Neche. (Mus. S.-G. and P. L. S.)

Iris dark. Food, fruit.

Mr. Salmon has sent home two skins of this remarkable bird,

which upon the whole has, we think, been correctly assigned by Mr.

Cassin to Orthogonys, though not quite typical in form. It has

proportionally shorter wings and tail. Mr. Cassin’s specimens

were obtained during the Atrato Expedition on the river Truando.

With this exception no other examples, so far as we are aware, are

known.

04, PH@NICOTHRAUPIS GUTTURALIS, Scl. Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii.

p- 95 (1854); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 326.

Remedios. (Mus. P. L. S. and 8.-G.)

Tris dark. Food, fruit.

Eggs (no. 96) pale greyish white, mottled, especially at the larger

end, with red-brown and lilac spots: axis 1*1,diam.*71. (See Plate

XLII. fig. 4.)

«The nest is cup-shaped, rather deep, and loosely made of coarse

roots and fibres, lined with fine stalks &c. of ferns, and placed in

low bushes by the side of mountain-streams.” —T. K. 8.

95. PHa@NICOTHRAUPIS CRISTATA, Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. H.

New York, xi. p. 70 (1875).

Frontino. (Mus. P. L. S. and S.-G.)

Tris dark.

Two examples of this species, which, though like P. rubica and

its allies in coloration, differs, as Mr. Lawrence remarks, in its

well-developed crest.

1879.] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 503

96. Evcomettis cAsstn1 (Lawr.).

Tachyphonus cassini, Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. vii. p:- 297.

Eucometis cassini, Scl. et Saly. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 351, pl xxx.;

Salvin, P. Z.S. 1867, p. 139.

Neche. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark. Food, fruit &e.

Mr. Salmon’s skins agree with Central-American examples of this

species, which had not been previously received from any place

south of Panama.

97. CREURGOPS VERTICALIS, Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 72, pl. exxii.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L. S. and S.-G.)

Mr. Salmon sends examples of both sexes of this little-known

Tanager, originally described from a Rio-Napo skin. The female,

hitherto undescribed, is rather smaller than the male, and has the

vertical spot only faintly indicated.

98. TACHYPHONUS MELALEUCUS (Sparrm.) ; Scl. P. Z.S. 1856,

p- 113.

Medellin, Remedios. (Mus.S.-G.)

Iris dark. Food, fruit. Builds in high grass.

Eggs (no. 19) pale salmon-colour with a few large isolated dark-

brown spots: axis 1:0, diam. -71. (See Plate XLII. fig. 5.)

99. TAcHYPHONUS LUCTUOSUS (Lafr. et d’Orb.); Scl. P. Z. S,

1856, p. 114.

Remedios, Neche. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark. Food, fruit &c.

100. TacnybHonus xAnTHopyaivs, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 116,

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G. and P. L. S.)

Iris dark.

Originally described from Bogoté skins, but extends north tu

Panama (P. Z.S. 1864, p. 351).

101, TacHyPHONUS DELATTRII (Lafr.); Scl. et Salvy. Ex. Orn.

p. 67, pl. xxxiv.

Remedios, Neche. (Mus. S.-G. and P. L. S.)

Iris dark. Food, fruit.

102. Nemosia aLuicuxaris, Scl. P. Z.S. 1855, p- 109, pl. xcix.

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark.

Agrees with Bogota skins.

103. CHLorosPInGus FLAvIPECTUs (Lafr.); Scl. P.Z. &. 1856,

p- 90.

Retiro, Concordia, Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L. S, and S8.-G.)

Iris white. Food, fruit &c.

504 MESSRS, SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

Eggs (no. 53) white, spotted.with pale red spots: axis *82, diam.

*63. (See Plate XLII. fig. 6.)

‘104. CHLorosprnGus ‘ATRIPILEUS (Lafr.); Scl. P.Z.S. 1856,

p- 91.

Medellin, Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

105. CHLOROSPINGUS RUBRIROSTRIS (Lafr.) ; Sel. P. Z.S.1856,

p. 92.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Eggs (no. 15) pale greenish white, spotted thickly at the larger

end with reddish lilac: axis 91, diam. °68.

106. Cutorospineus 1¢NoBILIS (Scl.): Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S.

1870, p. 784.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

107. CHLOROSPINGUS VERTICALIS (Lafr.) ; Scl. P.Z.S. 1856,

p- 93.

A single skin in Mr. Salmon’s sixth collection without exact

locality. (Mus. S.-G.)

108. BuarrREeMON AssIMILts (Boiss.); Scl. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 85.

Medellin, Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

109. BuARREMON BRUNNEINUCHUs (Lafr.) ; Scl. P. Z.S. 1856,

p- 85.

Concordia, Medellin, Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Eggs (no. 34) nearly white, faintly tinged with very pale greenish

blue: axis 1°4, diam. 7°6

110. BuARREMON GUTTURALIs (Lafr.).

B. chrysopogon et B. gutturalis, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 86.

B. gutturalis, Saly. Ibis, 1874, p. 122.

Medellin, Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Eggs (no. 21) very pale greenish blue: axis 1°0, diam. *7.

111. BuARREMON ELZOPRORUS, §p. nov.

Supra obscure olivaceus, subnigricans ; pileo rufo-castaneo ; capitis

lateribus nigris; lororum macula parva flava; alis caudaque

nigris ; speculo alari albo; subtus lete flavus; lateribus et

crisso in olivaceum transeuntibus ; rostro corneo, pedibus cory-

linis. Long. tota 70, ale 2°8, caude 3:0.

Hab. Medellin et Sta. Elena in Statu Antioquiz reipubl. Colom-

bianz.

Mus. 8.-G. et P. L. S.

Obs. Aff. B. latinuche ex Peruvia, sed macula lororum flava et

colore dorsi olivaceo nec nigro distinguendus.

Tris dark ; fruit in stomach.

Eggs (no. 36) reddish white, spotted and blotched with red and

pale reddish lilac: axis 95, diam.°7. (See Plate XLII. fig. 7.)

1879.) BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 505

112. BuARREMON CASTANEICEPS, Scl. P. Z.S. 1859, p. 441, et

1860, p. 86.

Frontino. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Eggs (no. 79) white, thickly spotted at the larger end with red:

axis 1°4, diam. °75.

113. ARREMON sPECTABILIS, Scl. P. Z.S. 1854, p. 114, pl. Ixvii.

A. spectabilis et A. erythrorhynchus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 82,

83, et Cat. A. B. p. 93.

Remedios. (Mus. P. L. S. and S.-G.)

‘This species extends from Eastern Peru through Ecuador into

Colombia. A. erythrorhynchus, founded on Bogota skins, is, we

believe, identical.

114. Psttrosp1zA RIEFFERI (Boiss.); Scl. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 78.

Envigado, Concordia, Medellin, Remedios, Sta. Elena. (Mus. P.

L. 8. and S.-G.)

Eggs (no 61) pale grey, thickly freckled with lilac-grey spots :

axis 1°2, diam. ‘82. (See Plate XLII. fig. 8.)

«This bird builds a nest of considerable size, made of green moss,

lined thickly within, and on the outside prettily ornamented with long

tapering green ferns. I have seen but one egg in a nest, but cannot

speak pos-tively as to the number generally laid.’—7’. K. S.

115. SatTator MAGNus (Gm.) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 70.

Remedios, Medellin, Neche. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark.

Eggs (no. 97) pale greenish blue, with a zone of black spots and

-hair-lines round the larger end: axis 1°13, diam. °78.

‘The nest is composed of small sticks and fern-stalks, and placed

in low underwood.”—T. K. S.

116. SALTATOR ATRIPENNIS, Scl. Cat. A. B. B25.

Medellin. (Mus. P. L. S. and S.-G.)

Tris dark. Stomach contained fruit.

117. SauraTor ALBICOLLIS, Vieill.; Scl. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 73.

Medellin, Remedios, Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Eggs (no. 25) pale greenish blue, with a zone of fine black lines

round the larger end: axis 1:0, diam.*7. (See Plate XLII. fig. 9.)

118. Orcuesticus ATER (Gm.); Scl. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 67.

A skin in the eighth collection without exact locality. (Mus. S.-G.)

119. Prryius Grossus (Linn.); Scl. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 64.

Remedios, Neche. (Mus. S.-G.)

506 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

Fam. FRINGILLIDE.

120. HepYMELES LUDOVICIANUS (Linn).

Several exampies without exact localities. This northern species

also occurs in Bogota collections. (Mus. S.-G.)

121. Gurraca cyAanorpes (Lafr.); Scl. et Salv, P. Z. S. 1864,

p. 352.

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

122. OryZOBORUS OCCIDENTALIS, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 276.

Medellin. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Iris dark. Seeds in stomach.

To this form of O. crassirostris Bogota skins must also be referred.

Eggs (no. 12) greyish brown, indistinctly blotched with lilac-grey,

and strongly marked with dark red-brown marks: axis *93, diam. °6.

‘‘ Not a common bird here. I have seen but one nest, which was

built in alow bush in a wild swampy place. It was constructed of

the stems of coarse grass, lined with a finer kind, and contained two

eggs mottled over with light brown with a few irregular blots and

dashes of a darker colour. The female was sitting, and the male

perched on a bush at a short distance.’—T. K. S.

123. OryZOBORUS FUNEREUS, Sel.

Oryzoborus funereus, Scl. P. Z.S. 1859, p. 278, et O. ethiops,

Scl. P. Z.S. 1860, p. 88.

Medellin. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Tris dark. Food, seeds.

Eggs (no. 5) greenish white, thickly marked with brown spots,

especially at the larger end: axis °73, diam. *55.

In our ‘ Nomenclator’ we have united these two species of Sclater’s,

of which the former was founded on Mexican, the latter on Ecua-

dorian skins. The points of difference given when the latter was de-

scribed do not hold when a series is compared ; and the species must

be regarded as extending from Southern Mexico through Central

America into Colombia and Ecuador.

«A not uncommon bird in wild uncultivated places, whereit makes

its nest in low bushes, very slight in structure, of dry grass, and lays

two eggs, mottled over with brown of different shades, and a few

spots of a darker colour.”—TZ. K. S.

124, SpeRMOPHILA MINUTA (Linn.); Scl. Ibis, 1871, p. 3.

Retiro, Medellin. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Iris dark. Food, seeds.

Eggs (no. 9) white, clearly marked with several shades of rich red-

brown spots: axis 65, diam. *51.

‘* Builds in low bushes much the same sort of nest as S. gutturalis,

but of coarser grass.” —T. K. S,

1879.] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 507

125, SPERMOPHILA Luctuosa, Lafr.; Sel. Ibis, 1871, p. 15.

Medellin. (Mus. S.. G.)

126. SpERMOPHILA GUTTURALIS (Licht.); Scl. Ibis, 1871,

7 15.

; Medellin, Envigado. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark. Stomach contained seeds. Nests in low bushes,

Eges (no. 8) pale greenish white, marked with large blotches of

Several shades of rich brown : axis *7, diam. *5,

“ The nest is built at a height of four or five feet, of stems of dry

grass rather loosely put together, in which two eggs are laid,’’—

PK? 8

127. SPERMOPHILA GRISEA (Gm.); Sel. Ibis, 1871, p. 18.

Envigado, Medellin. (Mus. P. L. S. and S.-G.)

128. CaTAMBLYRHYNCHUS DIADEMA, Lafr. Rey. Zool. 1842,

p- 301.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

129. VoLATINIA JACARINA (Linn.); Sel. Cat. A. B. p. 106.

Medellin. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Tris dark ; stomach contained seeds; nests on the ground.

Eggs (uo. 7) white, Spotted with red, chiefly in a zone round the

arger end: axis ‘7, diam. °55.

“ This nest is carefully concealed very close to or upon the ground

amongst grass or herbage in waste places. It is slightly constructed

of dry grass stems, lined with hair, or sometimes with the stems of a

small flowering plant.

“ The eggs are two in number, pale bluish white, Spotted with red

brown.” —7\. K. S.

130. PHonrpara pusi.ia, Sw.; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 106.

Retiro, Sta. Elena, Medellin, (Mus. S.-G.)

' Tris dark.

Eggs (no. 41) white, marked, especially at the larger end, with

brown spots: axis °68, diam. °51.

131. ZonorricHia PILEATA (Bodd.) ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p- 113.

Retiro, Envigado, Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark. Nests in low bushes.

Eggs (no. 14) pale bluish green, thickly freckled with red Spots :

axis *85, diam. ‘65.

132. EMBrRIzomEs MACRURUS (Gm.); Sel. Cat, A. B. p- 118.

Antioquia, Medellin, (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark ; stomach contained insects ; nests in high grass.

Eggs (no. 23) white, sparingly spotted and streaked with black,

chiefly at the larger end: axis 95, diam. °69,

508 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

133. Eusp1zA AMERICANA (Gm.)

No exact locality given. (Mus. S.-G.)

This northern species also occurs in Bogota collections.

134. CHRYSOMITRIS COLUMBIANA (Lafr.); Scl. Cat. A. B.

p. 124.

Concordia, Retiro, Sta. Elena, Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

Eggs (no. 4) pale greenish white: axis °65, diam. °45.

“This species builds a pretty nest, often artfully placed on the

branch of a fruit-tree. It is composed externally of dried grass

intermixed with moss, cotton, and lichen; sometimes the cotton

abounds: it is very carefully finished and delicately lined with hair.

The eggs are three in number, white, slightly tinged with blue,

without any spots. It breeds in June and July, and is a very

common bird. The young first assume the plumage of the female ;

and after the breeding-season they are generally seen in flocks of

ten or twelve.’—T. K. 8.

135. CHRYSOMITRIS XANTHOGASTRA, Du Bus; Scl. et Salyv.

P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 785.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. 8.-G.)

This Siskin is widely distributed, extending from Costa Rica into

Bolivia. It occurs in Bogota collections.

Eggs (no. 10) pale greenish white, thickly but faintly freckled

with lilac and brownish spots: axis *7, diam. *5.

Fam. Icrerip2.

136. OcyaLus wacLeRi (Gray & Mitch.); Scl. Cat. A. B.

p- 127.

Pocune, Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris blue.

Eggs (no. 150) pale greenish white, blotched with sepia spots of

various sizes: axis 1°3, diam.*88. (Plate XLIII. fig. 3.)

137. Ostinors pECUMANUS (Pall.) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1879, p. 200.

Remedios. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Tris blue.

Eggs (no. 149) pale greenish blue, sparsely spotted with dark-

brown spots: axis 1°3, diam. 1.

138. Ostinops GUATEMOZzINUS, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii.

p. 833, et Notes s. 1. Coll. Delattre, p. 10 (1853); Cassin, Pr. Acad.

Phil. 1860, p. 138; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 35.

Remedios. (Mus. P. L. S. and S.-G.)

Tris blue.

Eggs (no. 148) pale pinkish white, sparsely spotted with large

red-brown spots: axis 1°3, diam. 1.

These are the first specimens we have ever seen of this fine species,

except the type in the Paris Museum and the specimen in Washing-

1879.] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 509

ton. It is of the size and structure of O. montezume, from which,

and from O. bifasciatus Mr. Cassin has accurately pointed out its

differences in a footnote (op. cit. p. 138).

The Paris specimen is from the Magdalena valley (Fontanier),

that of Cassin from the river Truando (Wood).

139. Ostrnops ATROCASTANEUS, Cab. Journ. f. O. 1873, p. 309.

Envigado, Concordia, Frontino. (Mus. P. L. S. and S.-G.)

Iris red.

Eggs (no. 113) reddish salmon-colour, blotched and spotted with

large burnt-sienna spots chiefly at the larger end. In some speci-

mens the spots are smaller and darker ; in others the ground-cclour

is much darker and the spots paler and more diffused: axis 1°46,

diam. 1.05. (See Plate XLIII. figs. 1, 2.)

Dr. Cabanis has, we think, fairly distinguished this form from the

allied O. atrovirens. Specimens from Ecuador (O. atrovirens, Scl.

P. Z.S. 1859, p. 140, et 1860, p. 88, nec d’Orb.) are apparently

similar ; but the Bogota bird (0. sincipitalis, Cab. 1. c.) is not quite

so darkly coloured, although nearer the present form than to the

southern O. atrovirens.

140. Cassicus FrLavicrissus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 276.

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris blue.

Eggs (no. 151) white, sparingly spotted with dark brown, chiefly

at the larger end: axis 1:2, diam. ‘8.

141. Casstcus uropyeia.is, Lafr. R. Z. 1843, p. 290.

Jerico. (Mus, S.-G.)

142. Cassicus LeucoRHAMPHUS (Bp.); Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 129.

Envigado, Concordia, Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark.

143. Icrerus Grraupt, Cassin; Scl. Cat. A. B. p- 133.

Envigado, Concordia, Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

Insects and fruit in stomach.

Eggs (no. 66) pale grey, blotched and streaked with dark brown

and grey: axis 1°15, diam. °72.

144, IctERUs MESOMELAs, Wagl.; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 133.

Neche.

145. Doticnonyx oryztvorus (Linn.)

Medellin.

146. Motorurvs piscotor (Vieill.) ; Cassin, Pr. Acad. Se. Phil.

1866, p. 20; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 37.

Concordia, Medellin, Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L. S. and S.-G.)

Eggs (no. 46) pinkish white, thickly freckled with red, especially

at the larger end: axis 1, diam. ‘8.

510 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

We refer Mr. Salmon’s skins to the large form of M. bonariensis

thus determined by Cassin. M. atronitens, Cab., of Guiana, is not

the same, as supposed by Cassin, but a smaller species, of the same

size as M. bonariensis.

147. HypopyrRHUS PYRRHOGASTER (De Tarr.) ; Bp. Consp.

p. 425.

Envigado, Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L. S. and 8.-G.)

Tris white.

Eggs (no. 121) pale greenish grey, spotted and streaked with lilac

and dark brown: axis 1°22, diam. *82. (See Plate XLIII. fig. 4.)

“ A restless bird, seldom seen alone, but in small parties of six or

eight. In the breeding-season, however, its habits are solitary.

The nest is composed of large dead leaves and sticks, and is placed

loosely in the fork of a small tree.”-——7. K. 8.

148. Cassrpix oryzivora (Linn.); Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 142.

Concordia, Antioquia, Remedios.

Iris white.

Eggs (no. 152) white: axis 1°45 and 1°15, diam. *93 and °86.

There is a remarkable difference in the size of the two eggs sent

of this species.

149, Cyanocorax 1ncas (Bodd.)

Xanthura yncas, Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 129.

Xanthura incas, Scl. Ibis, 1879, p. 87.

Retiro, Concordia, Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L. S, and S.-G.).

Iris yellow.

Mr. Salmon’s skins have the head quite white, and belong to the

typical form from Eeuador and Peru.

Eggs (no. 120) greenish grey, thickly mottled with darker shades

of the same colour: axis 1°15, diam. 85.

«Has much the habits of the English Jay, being ever on the

move and seldom silent, except when near its nest or when at

mischief. It robs the Indian corn-fields before the grain is ripe,

but at other times subsists on grubs and insects. The nest is made

of sticks and roots, and is placed in a high bush, The number of

eggs is four.’—T. K. S.

150. Cyanocorax AFFinis, Pelzeln; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 45;

Sharpe, Cat. iii. p. 121.

Cauca, Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris yellow.

Eggs (no. 159) clay-brown, thickly spotted, especially at the

larger end, with spots of several shades of yellowish brown: axis

1°35, diam. °97.

“The nest is composed of sticks; and all I have seen have been

placed with considerable skill in places ditticult to find, generally a

good way out ona branch. Though a noisy bird at all other times,

it is usually quiet when near its nest.’”—7. K. S,

1879. ] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 511

Fam. TyRaNNIDA.

151, MyiorHEeRETES srRrATICOLLIs (Scl.), Cat. A. B. p. 197.

Mus. S.-G.

One example in the sixth collection.

152. OcuTrHop1£TA FUMIGATA (Boiss.).

Octheeca fumigata, Scl. Cat. p. 198,

Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark.

153. OcuTHa@ca FUMICOLOR (Scl.), Cat. A. B. p. 198.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Tris dark. Food, insects.

Eggs (no. 51) white, with a few small red-brown spots: axis -75,

diam, °6.

154. OcuTua@ca Lesson (Scl.), Cat. A. B. p. 198.

Sta. Helena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark. Food, insects.

155. OcHTH@CA CINNAMOMEIVENTRIs (Lafr.) ; Scl. Cat. A. B.

p. 199.

Envigado and Sta. Helena. (Mus.S.-G.)

Iris dark, Food, insects.

Eggs (no. 58) white with large red spots, chiefly near the larger

end: axis ‘77, diam. °55.

156. OcuTHa@ca pDIADEMA (Hartl.); Scl. & Saly. Nomencl,

p. 42.

Mecocerculus diadema, Scl. Cat. p. 199.

Sta. Helena. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Tris dark, Food, insects.

Eggs (no. 73) white: axis ‘7, diam. ‘54.

«The nest is made entirely of moss lined with a few feathers, and

is built in a bank, generally into a mass of growing moss. The bird

lays four cream-white eggs.”—T. K. S.

157, SAYORNIS CINERACEA (Lafr.); Scl. et Saly. Nomencl,

p. 43.

S. cineracea et 8. latirostris, Scl. Cat. p. 200.

Medellin, Frontino. (Mus. P. L.S. and S.-G.)

Eggs (no. 81) white: axis °8, diam. ‘6.

After comparing skins from Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador,

we have come to the conclusion that they are all referable to one

species ; so that Sclater’s S. latcrostris, founded on specimens from

the last locality, must be suppressed.

158, Copurus Levconortvs, Lafr.; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 204,

Remedios. (Mus. 8.-G.)

512 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

159. ToprROsTRUM CINEREUM (Linn.); Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 207.

Medellin, Sta. Elena, Remedios. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Iris white. Insects in stomach.

Eggs (no. 83) white: axis ‘64, diam, *49.

160. ToprrostRuM RuUFIcEPS, Kaup; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 207.

Frontino. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark. Stomach contained insects.

Eggs (no. 90) white, with a few very pale red spots: axis °63.

diam. *48.

161. EvscARTHMUS GRANADENSIS (Hartl.); Scl. Cat. A. B.

p- 209.

Retiro, Envigado, Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L.S. and S.-G.)

162. HAPALOCERCUS ACUTIPENNIS, Scl. et Salv, P. Z.S. 1873,

p- 187.

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark.

163. SERPHOPHAGA CINEREA (Strickl.) ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 211.

Envigado, Frontino. (Mus. P.L.S. and S.-G.)

Eggs (no. 84) creamy white: axis °64, diam. °5.

164. Mronecres sTriATIcoLuis (Lafr. et d’Orb.); Scl. Cat.

A. B. p. 213.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Insects in stomach.

- Eggs (no. 71) white: axis ‘8, diam. °6.

165. Mionecres OLEAGINEUS (Licht.); Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 213.

Remedios.

Insects in stomach.

166. Leprorocon eryTuHRops, Scl. P. Z.S. 1862, p. 112.

Sta. Elena, Medellin. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Mr. Salmon’s skins agree with the typical specimens from Bogota

in Sclater’s collection.

167. Lerpropocon Pacixotis, Scl. P. Z.S. 1862, p. 111.

Concordia. (Mus. P. L.S.)

168. TyRANNULUS ELATUS (Lath.); Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 215.

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

169. TYRANNISCUS NIGRICAPILLUS (Lafr.); Scl. Cat. A. B.

p. 213.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark. Stomach contained insects.

1879.] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 513

170. Tyranniscus curysopPs, Scl. P. Z.S. 1870, p. 842.

Retiro, Concordia, Sta. Elena. (Mus. P.L.S.)

171. Evarnea pacana (Linn.); Scl. P. Z.S. 1870, p. 834.

Medellin. (Mus. P. L. 8. and S.-G.)

Mr. Salmon sends us examples, with their eggs, of what he considers

two different species; but both of them we refer to H. pagana.

Eggs (no. 1) pale salmon-colour, with a zone of several shades of

red spots round the larger end: axis ‘82, diam. ‘65.

Eggs (no. 2) smaller, and less spotted: axis ‘72, diam. °58.

Mr. Salmon’s notes on these two forms are as follows :—

“No. 1 builds a similar nest to the Cardinal, but larger, of dried

grass, prettily ornamented on the outside with pieces of bark and

white lichen, lined with feathers; and the situation also is the same.

The eggs, two in number, are white, spotted at the larger end with

grey and rust-brown, generally extending in a ring round the egg.

“The bird is easily distinguished from all others by its harsh cry :

and it is more restless than any others of the family; it does not sit

silently waiting for its prey, but is continually moving about.

“No. 2. The nest of this bird is built of coarse dry grass, lined

with finer grass and, generally, with any moss or lichen. It is placed

upon a horizontal bough near the extremity, at a normal height. The

eggs are only two in number, cream-white, spotted at the larger

end with small specks of purple and rust-red, often forming a ring.”

172. Evainra FrrANTz11, Lawrence, Ann. L. N. Y. vil. p. 173.

Elainea pudica, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 833.

Medellin, Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L.S. and S.-G.)

Iris dark. Food, insects. Nests on low branches.

Eggs (no. 17) white, with a few small red spots near the larger

end: axis ‘77, diam. ‘59.

Having now received typical specimens of Z. frantzii, we find that

this Costa-Rican bird is not different from Sclater’s EZ. pudica of

Veragua and Colombia.

173. My1ozETeTEs TEXENSIS (Giraud); Scl. P.Z.S. 1871,

p- 793.

Envigado, Medellin.

Tris dark. Fruit in stomach.

Eggs (no. 37) white, spotted, especially at the larger end, with

red: axis *82, diam. °62.

174. Ruyncuocycuus FuLviPectus, Scl. P. Z.8. 1876, p. 92.

Frontino. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Stomach contained insects.

Eggs (no. 82) white, with an indistinct zone of small very pale

red spots: axis ‘95, diam. °68.

Originally described from Ecuador specimens (Fraser), but also

occurring in Bogota collections. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No. XXXIII. a8

014 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON i June 3,

175. MytopyNastEs aupax (Gm.).

Sta. Elena, Frontino. (Mus. S8.-G.)

Tris dark.

“The nest is made of fern-stalks and twigs, and is placed in the

fork of a tree or high bush. The eggs are two, white, spotted with

red.’—T. K.S.

176. MytopyNAsTES CHRYSOCEPHALUS (Tsch.); Scl. Cat. A. B.

p- 223.

Concordia. (Mus. P. L.S. and S.-G.)

177. CNIPODECTES SUBBRUNNEUS (Scl.); Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S.

1873, p. 281.

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark.

178. Myitosius BARBATUS (Gm.).

M. barbatus et M. xanthopygius, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 225.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. S. G.)

Under the name of M. éarbatus we are now disposed to unite the

Brazilian and more northern forms kept separate in Sclater’s

Catalogue. The Panama bird, M. atricaudus, Lawrence (Ibis, 1863,

p- 183) is hardly different.

179. Myroxnrus vittosus, Sel. P. Z. 8. 1860, pp. 93, 465.

Frontino.

In our ‘ Nomenclator’ we have united this species to the Central-

American form M. sulphureipygius, but are now inclined to re-

cognize it as distinct, though very closely allied.

180. Myroprus ciInNAMoMEUS (Lafr. et d’Orb.) ; Scl. Cat.

A. B. p. 226.

Concordia, Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Mr. Salmon’s skins agree with specimens from Bogoté and

Ecuador.

181. Myionrius riavicans, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 464.

Sta. Elena. (Mus S.-G.).

Tris dark ; food, insects.

Mr. Salmon’s skins agree with specimens from Ecuador and

Bogotd. (Mus. P. L. S.)

182. Mytonrus nzxvius (Bodd.); Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 227.

Medellin. Food, insects ; nests on low branches of trees.

Eggs (no. 16) salmon-colour, with large red blotches near the

larger end: axis ‘65, diam. -5.

** At the extremity of the horizontal branch of a tree I have seen

this nest beautifully constructed of coarse grass interwoven like

basketwork with other materials, as moss and leaves. The body of

the nest is formed of very long grass, which is carried along the

1879.] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 515

branch for several inches, twisted round and fixed in a very clever

manner, as though the bird was afraid it would slip from the end of

the bough and fall. The nests which I have seen have always been

deep, I suppose to prevent the eggs from falling out when the wind

blows, which would of course cause a considerable motion on account

of the position in which they are placed. ‘They were also well shelt-

ered from the rain from the leaves above. The eggs are cream-

colour with a few rust-coloured spots at the larger end.” —7\. K. S.

183. PyrocerHALUS RUBINEUS (Bodd.); Scl. Cat. A, B.

p. 227.

Medellin, (Mus. S.-G.).

Tris dark ; food, insects; nests on low trees and shrubs.

Eggs (no. 3) creamy white, with a conspicuous zone round the

middle of large red-brown and lilac spots: axis *72, diam. °57.

“This bird builds a pretty nest, the body of which is composed of

dry grass, completely covered on the outside with lichen, and lined

with feathers.

‘The nest is generally placed on an out-spreading branch, and

securely attached to the supporting stem by pieces of lichen and

bark. It would be often difficult to discover, were it not that the

male bird is generally perched silently on a tree or bush near, his

beautiful crimson colour forming a conspicuous object amongst the

green leaves.

“The female lays two eggs, with a ring of grey and sepia-brown

blotches intermixed at the larger end.” —T. K. S.

184. EmprpocHANES PEHCILURUS, Scl. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 112.

One example, without exact locality, agreeing with the type in

Mr. Sclater’s collection. (Mus. S -G.)

185. Conropus arpes1acus (Lafr.); Scl. et Salv. Nomencl.

p. 52.

Medellin and Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L. S.).

186. Myrarcuus TYRANNULUS (Miill.) ; Scl. et Saly. Nomencl.

p. 52.

Myiarchus ferox auctt.

Retiro, Concordia, Sta. Elena.

Iris dark ; food, insects; builds in hollow trees.

Eges (no. 33) creamy-white, thickly streaked with longitudinal

streaks of red-brown and a few large lilac blotches near the larger

end: axis ‘9, diam.*7. (Mus. Brit.)

187. TyRANNUS PiPIRi (Vieill.); Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 236.

Medellin.

Tris dark.

This northern species descends to the Amazons (P. Z. S. 1866,

p- 189) and Bolivia (d’Ord.). It also occurs in Bogota collections,

(Mus. P. L. 8S.)

516 MESSRS, SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

188. TyRANNUS MELANCHOLICUS (Vieill.); Scl. Cat. A. B.

p. 235.

Retiro, Medellin.

Iris dark ; food, insects; builds in trees.

Eggs (no. 27) pale salmon-colour, spotted, especially in a zone

round the larger end, with red-brown, red, and lilac spots: axis 1-0,

diam. *7. (Mus. Brit.)

“The nest of this bird is built upon a spreading branch near the

top of low trees; it is made of small twigs lined with black dry

fibrous roots, and is generally a slight structure. The eggs, two in

number, are white tinged with pink, and spotted, mostly at the larger

end, with blood-red. In Tierra Fria it breeds in the months of March

and April, in Tierra Caliente in May and June. The young

resemble the old ones, with the exception of the orange-coloured

feathers on the head. It is a noisy, quarrelsome bird, continually

attacking and driving away all intruders from its domain.”’—T. K. 8.

189. MiivuLus TYRANNUs (Linn.).

Retiro, Medellin.

Eggs (no. 55) creamy white, spotted with distinct spots of dark

red, especially at the larger end ; axis ‘9, diam. °65. (Mus. Brit.)

‘* This species builds its nest on the spreading branches of trees,

generally at no great height, making it of grass-stalks, roots, and

fibres, intermixed with cotton, silk and a variety of other substances ;

sometimes it is lined with dry roots, at others entirely with grass.

The male is almost invariably perched on some conspicuous branch

while the female is sitting. Builds always in the open country,

never in the forest.” —T. K. S.

Fam. Piprip&.

190. Masius coronutatus, Scl. P. Z.S. 1860, p. 91, et Cat.

A. B. p. 247, pl. xix.

In 1875 Mr Salmon sent home a single skin of the male of this

form, now in Sclater’s collection. It differs from typical examples

from Ecuador in having the thick flattened horny ends of the fea-

thers which terminate the crest of a pale brown instead of a red

colour ; but we are not inclined to separate the form specifically on

the faith of this single specimen.

191. CHLOROPIPO FLAVICAPILLA (Scl.), Cat, A. B. p. 247.

Medellin. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Mr. Salmon’s specimens differ from Bogoté skins in having the

yellow of the upper surface confined to the crown and. nape, the

back and cheeks being olivaceous ; otherwise the birds agree, and

are hardly separable specifically.

192. Prpra auricaPiLua, Licht.; Scl. Cat. p. 249.

Remedios and Neche. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris white.

1879.] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 517

193. Prpra cyanEocaPiLia, Hahn; Scl. Cat. p. 249.

Medellin, Remedios, and Neche. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Tris dark.

194. Macuzroprervs STRIOLATUS(Bp.); Scl. Ibis, 1862, p. 176.

Medellin, Remedios, and Neche. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Tris dark.

195. CHIROMACH2RIS MANACUS (Linn.); Scl. Cat. p. 252.

Remedios and Neche. (Mus. Brit.)

Tris red.

Eggs (no. 155) reddish white, thickly blotched with longitudinal

blotches of dull red, the blotches being almost confluent in a zone-

round the larger end: axis ‘82, diam. ‘6. (See Plate XLII. fig. 11.)

‘* Builds a slight shallow nest of grasses, which is suspended from

the fork of a branch in low shrubs.”—T. K. S.

196. CuHrIROMACHERIS VITELLINA (Gould); Scl. Cat. p. 253.

Cauca, Remedios. (Mus. Brit.)

Eggs (no. 105) creamy white (reddish in some specimens), thickly

blotched with chocolate-red: blotches in some specimens almost, in

others quite confluent at the larger end: axis °85, diam.°6. (See

Plate XLII. fig. 10.)

This is a more southern locality than has yet been recorded for

the present species.

Fam. CoTincip.

197. Tiryra personata, Jard. et Selb.; Scl. Cat. p. 238.

Remedios and Neche. (Mus. Brit.)

Iris dark red. Fruit in stomach.

Egg (no. 95) white: axis 1, diam. °8.

“« The nest is placed almost on a level with the entrance in the hole

of a decayed tree, and composed of a little dry grass." —T. K. S.

198. Tiryra aLBirorques, Du Bus; Scl. Cat. p. 239; Scl. et

Salv. P. Z.S. 1867, p. 757.

Remedios. (Mus. P. L. S.)

199. Haprostomus HomocHROUS, Scl. Cat A. B. p. 240.

Remedios. (Mus. Brit.)

Eggs (no. 103) chocolate-brown, with a zone of indistinct spots

round the larger end: axis‘9,diam.°65. (See Plate XLII. fig. 12.)

‘*A large massive nest for so small a bird, has an entrance at the

side; but there is nothing artistic or pretty about it ; it is simply a

mass of almost any substance that can be found, no doubt made in

that way to protect the eggs and young from the heavy rains, it

being always placed in a very exposed position at the extremity of

the branch of a high tree. The bird seems to take a long time in

building its nest; one I observed was more than a month before it had

eggs. I had the pleasure of seeing the first piece of grass placed,

518 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

and was surprised at the speed with which the body of the nest was

formed ; the greater time seemed to be spent in lining and finishing

it."-—T. K.8.

200. PACHYRHAMPHUS CINEREIVENTRIS, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 242,

P. dorsalis, ibid. p. 243.

Sta. Elena.

Food, insects.

It is not possible, we think, to keep separate the two forms dis-

tinguished in Sclater’s Catalogue under the above-given names.

201. PacHyRHAMPHUS CINNAMOMEUS, Lawr. Ann. L.N. Y. vii.

p- 295.

Remedios.

The Brown Becards of this genus have been long a source of

trouble to us, the question being whether they are distinct species or

females of the group of P. niger. Sclater, in his Review of Tity-

rine}, adhered to the former opinion ; subsequently” he adopted Dr.

Cabanis’s view that the brown birds are either females or young

males*. It will be impossible to decide this question satisfactorily,

except by the aid of resident observers ; but of late we have been in-

clined to swing round to Selater’s original theory.

Mr. Salmon’s specimens go to support this view, the one marked

“male” showing the second spurious primary, the other marked

‘female’ being without it, 2. e. having this primary of its normal

length.

On the whole we think it best for the present to employ Mr. Law-

rence’s name for this northern red form (which extends from Guate-

mala to Colombia), and the term rufus (Bodd.) for the Brazilian bird,

which seems to be its southern representative.

If the brown birds are females and young males of the black forms,

we ought occasionally to rneet with intermediate specimens. But

amongst the multitudes that have come before us no such inter-

mediate specimen has ever occured.

202. PAcHYRHAMPHUS VERSICOLOR (Hartl.); Scl. Cat. p. 243.

(Mus. 8.-G.)

203. LaTHRIA FUSCO-CINEREA (Lafr.); Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein.

ii. p. 101; Scl. et Salv. Nomencel. p. 56.

Alegria. (Mus. S.-G.)

204. Laruria UNIRUFA (Sel).

Tipaugus unirufus, Sel. Cat. A. B. p. 244.

Remedios, Neche.

Food, insects.

The occurrence of this Central-American species so far south of

Panama is new to us; but it has been already recorded by Mr. Cassin

from the river Truando (Pr. Acad. Phil. 1860, p. 143).

* See P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 79. 2 Cat. A. B. p. 242. 3 Mus. Hein. ii. p. 88.

1879. ] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 519

205. AULIA RUFESCENS (Scl.).

Lipaugus rufescens, Scl. P. Z.S. 1857, p. 296.

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

A single immature specimen seems to be referable to this Central-

American form.

206. Lipaveus HnoLerytTHRus, Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1860,

p. 211.

Neche.

Food, insects.

207. RupIcoLa SANGUINOLENTA, Gould; Scl. et Salvy. Ex. Orn.

p- 29, pl. xv.

Concordia, Frontino. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris yellow.

Eggs (no. 156) pale buff, spotted with various-sized spots of shades

from red-brown to pale lilac, chiefly at the larger end: axis 1°85,

diam. 1°35.

Mr. Salmon’s skins of Rupicola belong to the form described by

Mr. Gould as R. sanguinolenta, though perhaps not quite so dark

as examples from Ecuador. Bogota skins (Mus. S.-G.) belong to

the lighter form, R. peruviana.

The egg of Rupicola was obtained by Goudot in Colombia!, and

is figured by Des Murs in the ‘ Magasin de Zoologie,’ 1843, Ois. pl.

37. M. Des Murs’s figure agrees sufficiently well with Mr. Salmon’s

specimens, which, however, are not so thickly spotted.

Mr. Salmon thus describes his visit to the breeding-place of this

bird :—*‘I once went to see the breeding-place of the Cock-of-the-

Rock ; and a darker or wilder place Ihave never been in. Following

up a mountain-stream in the district of Frontino, the gorge became

gradually more enclosed and more rocky, till I arrived at the mouth

of a cave, with high rock on each side and overshadowed by high

trees, into which the sun never penetrated. All was wet and dark,

and the only sound heard the rushing of the water over the rocks.

We had hardly become accustomed to the gloom when a nest was

found, a dark bird stealing away from what appeared to be a lump

of mud upon the face of the rock. This upon examination proved to

be a nest of the ‘Cock-of-the-Rock’ containing two eggs; if was

built upon a projecting piece, the body being made of mud or clay,

then a few sticks, and on the top lined with green moss. It was

about five feet from the water. 1 didnot see the male bird; nor in-

deed have I hardly ever seen male and female birds together, though

I have seen both sexes in separate flocks.”

208. PrpREOLA RIEFFERI (Boiss.); Scl. Ibis, 1878, p. 166.

Retiro, Medellin, Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Stomach contained fruit.

Eggs (no. 43) pale salmon-colour, with a few dark red-brown spots;

axis 1, diam. ‘8. (See Plate XLIII. fig. 7.)

? See Rey, Zool, 1843, p. 1.

520 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

209. PrprEoLa AuRerPectTuS (Lafr.) ; Scl. Ibis, 1878, p. 171.

(Mus. P. L.S8.)

Mr. Salmon’s skins fully agree with others from Venezuela. We

are rather surprised to find this species so far west. We have

never seen it in Bogota collections.

210. AmpExion cinctus (Tsch.); Scl. Cat. p. 253.

Frontino. (Mus. S.-G.)

211. Hetrocu#ra RuBRocRisrata (Lafr. et d’Orb.); Scl. Cat.

A. B. p. 255.

* Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark ; stomach contained insects.

212. HeLiocH#RA RUFAXILLA (Tsch.)

; Ampelion rufaxilla, Cab. in Tsch. Faun. Per. Aves, p. 137, pl. vil.

wee

phe e rufaxilla, Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 58.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. 8.-G. and P. L. 8.)

Tris dark ; stomach contained insects.

There is a Bogota skin of this bird in the Paris Museum.

213. QuERULA CRUENTA (Bodd.) ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 257.

Pocune, Remedios. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Stomach contained fruit.

214, PyropERuS ORENOCENSIS (Lafr.) ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 259.

Concordia, Frontino, Sta. Elena. (Mus. 8S.-G.)

Stomach contained fruit.

Eggs (no. 140) pale buff, spotted with various shades from dark

red-brown to pale lilac: axis 1°9, diam. 1:3. (See Plate XLIII.

fig. 7.)

“The nest, composed of sticks, is generally built rather high in the

fork of a slender branch, and is exceedingly slight and small, not

much larger than the nest of the Common Ring-Dove. By frightening

the bird from her nest, 1 have caused the eggs to fall to the ground.

The bird is.exceedingly fierce in defending its nest from Hawks. I

found the first nest I ever saw entirely from seeing a Red-necked

Fruit-Crow fly out at a passing Hawk.” —7’. K. S.

Family DenpRocoLaPTID&.

215. ScteRuRUS cAuDACUTUS, Vieill.; Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S.

1867, p. 573.

Frontino. (Mus. P. L. S.)

Agrees with Bogota and Cayenne specimens.

216. SyNALLAXIS FRONTALIS, Pelz. ; Scl. P. Z.S. 1874, p. 8.

Concordia, Retiro, Medellin, Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark ; stomach contained insects.

Eggs (no. 49) white: axis ‘85, diam. ‘65.

1879.] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 521

217. SYNALLAXIS ALBESCENS, Temm.; Scl. P. Z.S. 1874, p. 9.

Medellin. (Mus. S8.-G.)

Tris dark ; stomach contained insects.

Eggs (no. 40) of a very pale greenish blue, nearly white: axis ‘88,

diam. ‘65.

«The nest, which is placed in a tree or high bush, 6 or 8 feet from

the ground, is made of sticks and twigs; and the eggs are placed on

a few small green leaves. It is very much the shape of a pear placed

horizontally, with an extended tunnel at the smaller end.

‘*T have seen the nest as large as that of an English Magpie, and

as firmly made, though the bird is not larger than a Sparrow. The

body of the nest is composed of sticks, many of them from four to

six inches in length and a quarter of an inch in diameter ; the tunnel

entrance, which is often of considerable length, is composed of fine

twigs beautifully interlaced, the entrance only just admitting the

body of the bird; it is sometimes straight, sometimes winding. The

top of the nest is roofed with a mass of large leaves, a protection

against the heavy rains. Altogether it is a remarkable construction ;

and it would be interesting to know how so small a bird can carry

and fix such large sticks; but the bird at this time is exceedingly

shy, always keeping at a distance from its nest when any one is near,

even if carefully hidden from view.

«The nest is difficult to approach, being placed where the underwood

is very thick ; and the eggs can only be obtained by making an open-

ing on one side, which is not an easy operation.” —T. K. 8S.

218. SynaLuaxis pupica, Sel. P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 10.

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark ; stomach contained insects.

Eggs (no. 99) pale greenish blue: axis °85, diam. °65.

219. SyNALLAXIs uNrIRUFA, Lafr.; Scl. P. Z. S. 1874, p..14.

In Mr. Salmon’s third collection (Mus. P. L.S.), without exact

locality.

220. SyNALLAXIS ERYTHROPS, Scl. P. Z.S. 1874, p. 19.

’ Frontino. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark ; stomach contained insects.

Eggs (no. 87) white: axis ‘95, diam. ‘65.

221. PsEUDOCOLAPTES BOISSONEAUTI (Lafr.); Scl. Cat. A. B.

p- 156. -

Frontino, Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark. Food, insects ; nests in holes of trees.

Eggs (no. 30) white: axis 1:14, diam. °8.

222. THRIPADECTES FLAMMULATUs (Eyton); Scl. Cat. A. B.

p. 157.

Frontino. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark. Stomach contained insects.

Eggs (no. 86) white: axis 1°35, diam. °9.

522 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

223. AuTomMoLus HoLosticTus, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. 8. 1875,

p. 542.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L.S. and S.-G.)

Tris dark.

Eggs (no. 60) white: axis 1:15, diam. *85.

224. AUTOMOLUS IGNOBILIS, Sp. Nov.

Saturate rubiginoso-brunneus, subtus dilutior ; lateribus capitis

el gutture toto ad pectus rufescenti variegatis, et striis

scapas plumarum occupantibus notatis ; cauda obscure castanea

unicolori ; subalaribus et remigum marginibus interioribus lete

ochraceo-rufis. Long. tota 7'8, ale 3:5, caude rectr. ext. 2'0,

med. 3°0.

Hab. in St. Antioquiz, reipubl. Columbian.

Mus. P.L.S.

Obs. Sp. colore uniformi, gutture obsoletitis striato, insignis ;

crassitie 4. cervinigularis et huic quoad dorsi picturam non dis-

similis.

Frontino. ~ Iris dark ; stomach contained insects.

Mr. Salmon obtained but one specimen of this bird, which seems

to belong to an unrecognized species.

Though at first we took it fora young A. holostictus, accurate

examination convinces us that such cannot be the case; and the bird

seemed to be quite in adult plumage. The tail is much shorter than

in A. holostictus, and the bill shorter, higher, and more compressed.

The wings are short and much rounded, the third, fourth, and fifth

primaries being nearly equal and longest. On the whole the species

goes best next to 4. rufo-brunneus', of Costa Rica.

Eggs (no. 88) white: axis 1°16, diam. *86.

225. AUTOMOLUS PALLIDIGULARIS, Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. vii.

p- 465.

Remedios. (Mus. 8.-G.) Iris dark.

This isa Veraguan and Panama species. Its extension so far

south is new to us.

226. PHitypor ERYTHRONOTUS, Scl. et Salvy. Nomencl. p. 160.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. 8.-G.)

A single specimen, agreeing with the type (from Bogota) in

Sclater’s collection.

227. ANABAZENOPS TEMPORALIS, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 159.

Concordia. (Mus. P. L. 8.)

It is perhaps somewhat doubtful whether this species can be kept

separate from the Central-American form A. variegaticeps.

228. XENops RuUTILUS, Licht.

X. rutilus et X. heterurus, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 159.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Tris dark. Stomach contained insects.

! Philydor rufo-brunneus, Lawr. Ann. Lye, N. Y. vol. viii. p. 126.

1879.] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA, 523

229. XEnops GENIBARBIS, II].

X. genibarbis, X. littoralis, et X. mewicanus, Scl. Cat. A. B.

p- 159.

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark.

It seems impossible to Separate satisfactorily the various local

forms of this and the preceding species of Xenops ; and in our ‘ No-

menclator’ we have reunited them.

230. Sirrasomus OLIVACEus, Max.; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1868,

p- 630.

Remedios.

Iris dark. Stomach contained insects.

231. MARGARORNIS PERLATA (Less.) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p: 322.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Eggs (no. 62) white: axis ‘75, diam. *5,

232. MArGArornis BRUNNESCENS, Scl. Cat. A. B. p-. 161,

Sta. Elena. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Tris dark. Stomach contained insects,

233. GLYPHORHYNCHUS CUNEATUS (Licht.); Scl. et Saly.

P.Z.S. 1873, p. 270.

Remedios.

234, DeNDROCINCLA TYRANNINA (Lafr.) ; Sel. Cat. A. B, p- 162,

Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

235. DENDROCOLAPTES vaLiDus, Scl. et Salv. P. ZS. 1866,

p- 184.

Concordia, Medellin, Frontino, and Sta, Elena, (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark.

Eggs (no. 161) white: axis 1°15, diam. +85.

“ Nest is made in a hole of a tree, and the number of eges two.”

—T. K. 8.

236. XIPHOCOLAPTES PROMEROPIRHYNCHUs (Less.) ; Scl. Cat.

A. B. p. 163.

Sta. Elena, Remedios. (Mus. S.-G. and P. L, 8.)

Tris dark.

237. DENDRORNIS TRIANGULARIS (Lafr.); Scl. Cat. A. B.

p. 165.

Sta. Elena.

Iris dark.

238. Denprornis LAcrymosa, Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. viii. p. 467.

Remedios. (Mus. P. L. 8.)

This Central-American form has not previously been recorded so

024 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

far south. The single skin in Mr. Salmon’s seventh collection (Mus.

P.L.S.) cannot be separated, although the spots on the lower sur-

face are not quite so distinctly rounded.

239. Picouarres LAcRYMIGER (Lafr.); Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 166.

Medellin, Sta. Elena, Envigado, Frontino. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Stomach contained insects.

Eggs (no. 63) white: axis 1:05, diam. 85.

240. PicoLAPTES ALBO-LINEATUS, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1850,

p- 278; Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1868, p. 167.

Remedios, Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L.S. and S.-G.)

Mr. Salmon’s skin agrees with Bogoté and Venezuelan specimens

which we refer to this species.

241. XipHORHYNCHUS TROCHILIROsTRIS (Licht.) ; Scl. Cat. A.

B. p. 167.

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark.

Eggs (no. 156) white, nearly round: axis 1, diam. °84.

«The only nest I saw was inside a decayed tree, which had been

cut off about three feet from the ground, and become hollow to the

roots, so that the nest had no protection from the rain.’”— 7. K, S.

242. XipHORHYNCHUS PuUsILLUS, Scl.; Salvin, P. Z.S. 1870,

p- 193.

Concordia. (Mus. S.-G.)

Fam. FoRMICARIUD2.

243. CyMBILANIUS LINEATUS (Vieill.) ; Scl. Cat. p. 170.

Remedios and Necehe.

Iris red. Stomach contained insects.

244. THAMNOPHILUS TRANSANDEANUS, Scl. Cat. p. 172.

Remedios, Neche. (Mus. 8.-G. and P. L. 8.)

Iris red.

245. THAMNOPHILUS N&vIUs (Gm.); Scl. Cat. p. 173.

Neche. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Iris white.

246. THAMNOPHILUS DoLIATUs (Linn.) ; Sel. Cat. p. 173.

Examples of this widely diffused species were in Mr. Salmon’s

fifth collection.

247. THAMNOPHILUS MULTISsTRIATUS, Lafr.; Scl. Cat. A. B.

p. 175.

Concordia, Medellin. (Mus. S8.-G.)

Iris white. Food, insects. Nest hanging from trees.

Eggs (no. 31) whitish, thickly spotted and streaked at the larger

end with red-brown: axis 1, diam. ‘65.

1879.] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 525

248. DysITHAMNUS SEMICINEREUS, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 177.

Concordia.

249. DysIrHAMNUS UNICOLOR, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 178.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Stomach contained insects.

Eggs (no. 44) creamy-white, sparsely spotted with small red

spots, and with a zone of large blotches of the same colour round

the middle: axis -98, diam. ‘67. (See Plate XLIII. fig. 9.)

250. MyRMOTHERULA SURINAMENSIS (Gm.); Scl. Cat. p. 179.

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark. Stomach contained insects.

Eggs (no. 102) white: axis ‘8, diam. ‘65.

«The nest is made of very fine roots and grass, and placed in low

bushes. It is a slight network hanging at the end of a thin bough,

very deep, and suspended between a fork, with the natural leaves of

the shrub or bush above to protect it from the rain.

“The bird is a busy insect-hunter, but difficult to observe on

account of its small size and the nature of its haunts.’”’—7'. K. S.

251. MyRMOTHERULA FULVIVENTRIS, Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. vii.

p- 468; Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1864, p. 356; Salv. Ibis, 1874, p. 311.

Remedios. (Mus. 8.-G.)

252. MyRMOTHERULA MELENA (Scl.), Cat. A. B. p. 180.

Neche. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark.

253. Formicrvora caupatTa, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 182.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark.

254. Formicivora CoNnsoBRINA, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 183.

Pocune. (Mus. S.-G.)

255. RAMPHOCENUS RUFIVENTRIS (Bp.); Scl. Cat. A. B.

p- 184.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. P.L.S.)

Tris red. Food, insects. Nests in low bushes.

256. RAMPHOCZNUS CINEREIVENTRIS, Scl. P. Z.S. 1855, p.

76, pl. Ixxxvii.

R. semitorquatus, Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. vii. p. 469 (1862);

Salvin, P. Z. 5. 1867, p. 145.

Mus. P.L.S.

A single example of this Ramphocenus without label is in the

eighth collection. The type of Sclater’s species was procured near

Pasto; and it is of interest to get a specimen from an intermediate

locality between that. place and Panama, the locality of R. semitor-

526 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

quatus of Lawrence. An examination of Sclater’s type in the Derby

Museum, Liverpool, and a comparison of it with the present example

and others from Panama, have brought us to the conclusion that

Salvin’s suspicions (J. s. c.) as to the identity of the two species were

well founded. The extent of the slight postocular spot has been

somewhat magnified in Sclater’s figure; and though this spot is

hardly apparent in Mr. Salmon’s specimen, it does not seem to us

to be sufficient to keep the two birds distinct.

257. CERCOMACRA NIGRICANS, Scl. P. Z.S. 1858, p. 245.

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark. Stomach contained insects.

Eggs (no. 101) mahogany-colour, mottled with darker shades of

the same colour: axis °85, diam. °6.

«The nest, made of dry grasses, is placed between a fork at the

extremity of the boughs of low bushes.” — 7. K. 8.

258. MyrMECIZA EXSUL, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 187.

Neche. (Mus. S8.-G.)

Iris dark. Stomach contained insects.

259. Piruys teucaspis (Scl.), Cat. A. B. p. 189.

Remedios, Neche. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark.

260. FoRMICARIUS HOFFMANNI, Cab.; Finsch. P. Z.8. 1870,

p- 568.

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark.

261. GRALLARIA RUFICEPS, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 279, et

Ibis, 1877, p. 444, pl. viii.

Medellin, Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L.S. and S.-G.)

Iris dark. Food, insects.

Eggs (no. 40) rich dark greenish blue: axis 1°45, diam. 1‘1. (See

Plate XLIII. fig. 5.)

262. GRALLARIA FLAVO-TINCTA, Scl. Ibis, 1877, p. 445, pl. ix.

Frontino. (Mus. P. L. 8.)

263. GRALLARIA RUFO-CINEREA, 8p. Noy.

Supra saturate cinnamomeo-rufa, subtus obscure cinerea; capitis et

cervicis lateribus dorso concoloribus ; remigibus intus nigris extus

rufis ; cauda omnino rufo-cinnamomea ; rostro nigro; pedibus

carneis. Long. tota 6:0, ale 3°4, caude 1:8, tarsi 1°7.

Hab. Sta. Elena in prov. Antioquize (Salmon).

Mus. P.L.S8.

Obs. Sp. crassitie G. rufulam paulo excedens, coloribus omnino

diversa.

Tris dark. Food, insects.

But one example of the fine new Gradlaria is in Mr. Salmon’s eighth

1879.] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 527

collection. It must be placed amongst the “ uniformes” of Sclater’s

arrangement (Ibis, 1877) between G. griseinucha and G. rufula.

264, GRALLARIA RUFICAPILLA (Lafr.) ; Scl. Ibis, 1877, p. 447.

Concordia, Sta. Elena. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Tris dark. Stomach contained insects.

Eggs (no. 111) greenish-blue: axis 1°23, diam. 1:04. (See Plate

XLIII. fig. 6.)

“In the morning, and shortly before sunset, may be heard a

melancholy cry as this Ant-Thrush creeps amongst the brushwood.

Many times have I followed to obtain a specimen, and after a tough

scramble of an hour given it up fora bad job. At one time you

seem to stand right upon it, and a moment after you hear it 4 yards

off ; again you reach the spot, and you hear it 20 yards behind you;

you return, then it is on the right; soon after you hear it on the

left. At first you imagine the bird has the power of a ventriloquist;

but by dint of patience and watching you may see it creeping swiftly

and silently among the grass and brushwood in places where it has

to pass a rather more open spot, and the mystery is explained.

«The nest is also difficult to obtain: it is placed at some height

from the ground, and made of a mass of roots, dead leaves, and moss,

lined with roots and fibres. The eggs are two in number, rather

round and blue.” —T7. K.S.

265. GRALLARICULA NANA (Lafr.); Scl. et Salv, Nomenel.

p- 76.

Grallaria nana, Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p. 334,

Sta. Elena. (Mus. 8.-G.)

266. GRALLARICULA CUCULLATA (Sclater), Scl. et Salv. No-

mencl. p. 76.

Conopophaga cucullata, Scl. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 29, pl. 119, et

1858, p. 287, et Cat. A. B. p. 194.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L. S. and S.-G.)

Iris dark. Stomach contained insects.

Eggs (no. 75) pale coffee-colour, spotted and blotched with dark

red-brown spots: axis *8, diam. °65.

This little bird does not range very satisfactorily either in Gral-

laricula or in Conopophaga, where it was first placed by Sclater, but

is best arranged in the former genus, being not very far in structure

from G. flavirostris. Mr. Salmon’s specimens have the rufous head

and throat not nearly so decided as in Sclater’s type (which is a

Bogota skin) ; and the tarsi are slightly longer. The rufous wing-

edgings and the red tint in the middle of the belly are likewise

absent in Mr. Salmon’s specimen, which, though marked ma/e, must,

we think, if really of the same species, be a female. ‘The figure

_ (P. Z, 8. 1856, pl. 119) is much too brightly coloured,

528 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

Fam. PTEROPTOCHIDS.

267. ScyTALOPUS MAGELLANICUS (Lath.) ; Sclater, Ibis, 1874,

p. 193.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. P.L.S. and S.-G.)

Iris dark. Stomach contained insects.

Eggs (no. 69) white: axis °9, diam.*7.

Mr. Salmon’s skins cannot be distinguished from examples from

Ecuador in Sclater’s collection.

‘The nest is placed in a mass of moss on a bank; it is also composed

entirely of moss. The female lays two eggs, large for the size of the

bird, and white. I was first attracted to this bird by a harsh cry

continually repeated near me, and immediately looked round to dis-

cover what animal it could be, expecting something of considerable

size, but, after carefully searching, saw what appeared a small

black mouse creeping along the ground. Upon killing it I found

it to be a specimen of this bird.”’—7’. K. S.

268. ACROPTERNIS ORTHONYX (Lafr.) ; Sclater, Ibis, 1874,

p. 204.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Iris dark. Stomach contained insects.

Fam. TROCHILIDE.

269. ANDRODON £QUATORIALIS, Gould, Ann. and Mag. N. H.

ser. 3, vol. xii. p. 247 (1863).

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

A single skin of this remarkable species, which was previously only

known as an inhabitant of Ecuador.

270. Guaucis uirsuTa (Gm.) ; Gould, H. B. i. pl. v.; Salv.

and Elliot, Ibis, 1873, p. 276.

Santa Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

271. PHAETHORNIS LONGIROSTRIS (Less. et Delattre); Gould,

H. B. i. pl. xix.; Salv. & Elliot, Ibis, 1873, p. 5.

Remedios. (Mus. S8.-G.)

272. PHAETHORNIS SYRMATOPHORUS, Gould, H. B. i. pl. xx.

Sta. Elena, Medellin. (Mus. 8.-G.)

273, LAMPORNIS VIOLICAUDA (Bodd.); Elliot, Ibis, 1872, p. 351.

L. mango, Linn. ; Gould, H. B. ii. pl. Ixxiv.

(Mus. P. L. 8.)

274. Larresnaya GAyi (Boure.); Gould, H. B. ii. pl. Ixxxvi.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. 8.-G.)

275. HEMISTEPHANIA LuDOVICIm (Boure. et Muls.) ; Gould,

H. B. ii. pl. Ixxxviii.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.).

1879.] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 529

Doryphora being the name of a well-known genus of Phytophagous

Coleoptera, cannot continue to be used for this bird and its allies ;

Reichenbach’s Hemistephania (Aufz. d. Colibris, p. 9, 1853) must

therefore take its place.

276. CHALYBURA BUFFONI (Less.) ; Gould, H. B. ii. pl, Ixxxix.

Remedios, Sta. Elena. (Mus. 8.-G.)

277. PHZOLEZEMA RUBINOIDEs (Boure. et Muls.) ; Gould, H. B.

iv. pl. celxviii.

(Mus. P. L. $8.)

278. PANOPLITES FLAVESCENS (Bourc.); Gould, H. B. ii. pl. exi.

Medellin. (Mus. P. L. S. and 8.-G.)

279. FLorisuGa MELLIVoRA (Linn.); Gould, H. B. ii. pl. exiii.

Remedios.

230. AcESTRURA MULSANTI (Bourc.) ; Gould, H. B. ili. pl. exlv-

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

281. SrEGANURA UNDERWOOD! (Less.); Gould, H. B. iii. pl.

clxii.

Sta. Elena, Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

282. Cynantuus mocoa (Delattre et Boure.); Gould, H. B.

iii. pl. cl xxiii.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G. and P. L. S.)

This is the most northern locality yet recorded for this green-

tailed Cynanthus.

283. METALLURA TYRIANTHINA (Boure.); Gould, H. B. iii.

pl. exev.

Sta. Elena.

284. ADELOMYIA CERVINA, Gould, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 4, x. p. 403.

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

285. HeLiorHRix BARROTI (Boure.); Gould, H. B. iv. pl. ccxvi.

Remedios.

286. HeLioTRYPHA PARZUDAKII (Longuem.); Gould, H. B.

iv. pl. cexl.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. 8.-G.)

The nest is composed chiefly of moss, to which is attached out-

wardly pieces of lichen. The inside is thickly lined with the pubes-

cence of the base of the fronds of ferns.

287. PerasopHora ANAIs (Less.); Gould, H. B. iv. pl. ccxxiv.

Sta. Elena, Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No. XXXIV. 34

530 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

288. PrrAsopHora cyanoris (Boure.); Gould, H. B. iv.

pl. cexxviii.

Sta. Elena.

289. HenianTHeEA TyPica, Bp.; Gould, H. B. iv. pl. cexxxv.

290, BourcreriA ToRQUATA (Boiss.) ; Gould, H. B. iv. pl. ecli.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. 8.-G.)

The nest of this species is composed outwardly of moss, and

thickly lined with fine pubescence from the bases of fern-fronds.

291. LaMPROPYGIA COLUMBIANA, Elliot, Ibis, 1876, p. 57.

Frontino, Sta. Elena, Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

These specimens agree with the Bogota examples upon which Mr.

Elliot founded the name L. columbiana, and present the slight dif-

ferences by which it is to be distinguished from the Venezuelan race,

the true Z. celigena, Lesson.

292. HetiomAsTeR LonGiRostRIs (Vieill.); Gould, H. B. iv.

pl. eclix.

293. ErtocNEMIS AURELI& (Boure.); Gould, H. B. iv. pl.

eclxxxiii.

Sta. Elena, Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

294. ErrocneMis LUGENS (Gould); H. B. iv. pl. cclxxxii.

The nest of this species is composed chiefly-of moss, and lined

with the coarser portions of the pubescence from the base of the

fronds of ferns.

295. CyaNoMYIA FRANCIZ (Bourc.); Gould, H. B. v. pl.

cclxxxvii.

(Mus. P. L. S.)

296. AMAZILIA RIEFFERI (Bourc.) ; Gould, H. B. v. pl. ccexi.

A nest sent is a deep structure composed mostly of Bombaz seeds,

to which are attached on the outside bits of lichen.

297. SAUCEROTTIA WARSZEWIEZI (Cab. & Heine).

Hemithylaca warcewiezii, Cab. et Heine, Mus. Hein. iii. p. 38.

(Mus. S.-G.)

298. Saucerorria Typica, Bp.; Gould, H. B. v. pl. ccexxi.

(Mus. S.-G.)

299. Juniamyia Typica, Bp.; Gould, H. B. v. pl. eeexxxvii.

300. Damopuita AMABILIs (Gould); Gould, H. B. v. pl. ceexli.

(Mus. S.-G.)

1879.] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 531

301. CHLOROSTILBON ANGUSTIPENNIS (Fraser) ; Gould, H. B.

v. pl. cccliii.

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

The nest of this species brought home by Mr. Salmon is composed

chiefly of the seed of Bombae ceiha, to which small leaves and bits

of moss are stuck on the outside. It was apparently attached to the

extremity of a branch of a tree, and is a moderately deep structure,

but has no long outside appendages.

Fam. CypsELID.

302. PANypTiLa CAYANENSIS (Gm.); Scl. P.Z.S. 1865, p. 606.

One specimen, without exact locality. (Mus. S.-G.) There is a

Bogota skin of this Swift in Sclater’s collection.

303. Hemiprocne zonaris (Shaw); Scl. et Salv. Nomencl.

p- 95.

Chetura zonaris, Scl. P. Z.S. 1865, p. 609.

Concordia, Retiro. (Mus. S.-G.)

Eggs (no. 114) elongated, white: axis 1°3, diam. *87.

“< Makes a nest of mud and moss in caves, or under the shelter of

rocks, and lays two eggs.” —T. K. 8.

304. Cuarura ruTIta (Vieill.) ; Scl. P. Z.S. 1865, p. 613.

Retiro. (Mus. P. L.S.)

There is now no doubt about the occurrence of this Swift in Co-

lombia. In Sclater’s collection is a skin from Ecuador, received

from Mr. G. N. Lawrence.

Fam. CAPRIMULGIDZ.

305. Nycriprus JAMAICENSIS (Gm.); Scl. P. Z.S. 1866, p. 129.

Concordia. (Mus. S.-G. and P. L. 8.)

306. CHoRDEILES vireintaNnuS (Gm.); Scl. P.Z.S. 1866,

p. 133.

One skin of the paler-coloured form of this species was in Mr.

Salmon’s fifth collection. (Mus. P. L.S.)

307. ANTROSTOMUS CAROLINENSIS (Gm.); Scl. P.Z.S. 1866,

p- 136.

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

A female of this species, not previously recorded south of Panama.

308. STENopsIS CAYENNENSIS (Gm.); Scl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 140.

In Mr. Salmon’s fifth collection. (Mus. S.-G.)

309. STENOPSIS RUFICERVIX, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 140.

Envigado, Retiro, Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark.

Eggs (no. 112) white: axis 1:12, diam. °85.

34%

532 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

“<The nest is on the ground, amongst ferns &c.

“The eggs vary very much both in size and colour; some are

quite white, others pale red with small spots. At first I was inclined

to think there were two species, as many of the birds differ conside-

rably in appearance. I have never seen more than one egg ina

nest.”—T. K. S.

310. Hypropsauis tyra, Bp.; Scl. P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 143.

Envigado. (Mus. S.-G.)

311. HypropsaLis SEGMENTATA, Cassin; Scl. P.Z.S. 1866,

p. 143.

In Mr. Salmon’s fifth collection. (Mus. S.-G.)

312. Nycripromus ausrcouuis (Gm.); Scl. P.Z.S8. 1866,

p. 144.

Concordia, Remedios, Medellin.

Tris dark.

313. STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS, Humboldt.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Mr. Salmon told us that he bought this specimen alive from an

Indian in the village of Sta. Elena.

Fam. Pre1p#.

314, Picumnus oxivaceus (Lafr.); Salvin, P. Z.S. 1870,

p. 212, et Ibis, 1874, p. 323.

Medellin. (Mus. 8.-G.)

315. CAMPEPHILUS MALHERBII, Gray & Mitch.; Scl. Cat. A.

B. p. 311.

Cauca, Concordia, Remedios. (Mus. 8.-G.)

316. CAMPEPHILUS POLLENS (Bp.).

Picus pollens, Bp. Atti Soc. It. vi. p. 406 (1845).

Megapicus grayii, Malh. (1849).

Campephilus grayii, Scl. Cat. p. 331.

Sta. Elena, Frontino. (Mus. §.-G.)

Iris dark.

317. CAMPEPHILUS HEMATOGASTER (Tsch.); Scl. Cat. A. B.

p. 332.

Sta. Elena, Remedios. (Mus. P. L.S.)

Tris yellow.

318. Dryocopus LInEATUS (Linn.); Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 332.

Sta. Elena. (Mus. 8.-G. and P. L. 8.)

D. fuscipennis, Sclater, of Ecuador, merely differs in its brownish

wings, and is, we now think, inseparable. In Mr. Salmon’s skins

the wings are quite as black as in eastern specimens.

1879.] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 533

319. CHLORONERPES FUMIGATUS (d’Orb.); Scl. Cat. A. B.

p. 337.

Frontino. (Mus. S.-G.)

320. CHLORONERPES CECILIE (Malh.); Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 338.

Antioquia, Remedios, Neche. (Mus. S.-G. and P.L. 8S.)

Tris dark.

321. CHLORONERPES DIGNUS, Scl. et Saly. P. Z.S. 1877, p. 20,

pl. i.

Jerico. (Mus. P. L.S.)

322. CHLORONERPES XANTHOCHLORUS, Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S.

1875, p. 238.

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

A female of this rare species, agreeing with the type from Vene-

zuela in Mus. P. L. S.

323. CHLORONERPES RUBIGINOSUs (Sw.).

Chloronerpes rubiginosus et C. canipileus, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 339.

Retiro, Concordia, Sta. Elena.

Tris dark.

After examining a series of these two supposed species from Ve-

nezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, including a specimen that

has been compared with d’Orbigny’s type of Picus canipileus, we

have come to the conclusion that there are no grounds for maintain-

ing their distinctness.

324, CHRYSOPTILUS PUNCTIGULARIS (Bodd.); Scl. Cat. A. B.

p- 340.

Remedios.

Tris dark.

325. MELANERPES PULCHER, Scl. P. Z.S. 1870, p. 330; Wyatt,

Ibis, 1871, p. 380.

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark. Stomach contained insects.

326. MELANERPES FLAVIGULARIS (Malh.); Scl. Cat. A. B.

p- 341.

Retiro, Concordia, Sta. Elena. (Mus. 8.-G. and P. L. 8.)

327. HypoxaNnTHUS RIVOLI! (Boiss.).

Colaptes rivolii, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 344.

Retiro, Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark.

Egg (no. 119) glossy white: axis 1°25, diam. °85.

328. CeLEUS LORICATUS (Reich.).

Meiglyptes loricatus, Reich. Handb. p. 405 (1853), et Icon, t.

delxxi. 4495, 6.

534 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

Celeus mentalis, Cassin (1860); Scl. et Salv. P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 367.

Picus loricatus et P. pholidotus, Sund. Pic. p. 87.

** Remedios and Neche.”

“Tris dark.”

The male from Neche agrees with Cassin’s plate (Journ. Phil. Ac.

v., pl. 52. figs. 1, 2), and shows the red throat. It appears, however,

that Reichenbach’s name is the oldest for this species, which ranges

from Panama to Guayaquil.

Fam. Momotip2.

329. Momorus maquaroria.is, Gould, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 233.

Envigado, Retiro, Concordia, Frontino. (Mus. P. L. S. and S.-G.)

Tris red.

Eggs (no. 135) glossy white: axis 1°55, diam. 1°22.

Mr. Salmon’s skins are of the large western form described by

. Mr. Gould on specimens from Ecuador.

“The nest of this bird is rather curious; it is made by the bird

burrowing in a sandbank for about three feet, and then forming a

chamber about eighteen inches in diameter, where the eggs are de-

posited on the sand.”—T. K. S.

330. Urospatua martit (Spix); Salv. Att. Ac. Sc. Torino, iv.

p- 180 (1868); Scl. et Salvy. Nomencl. p. 102.

Remedios, Neche. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark. Beetles in stomach.

331, PRIONIRHYNCHUS PLATYRHYNCHUS (Leadb.) ; Sel. P. Z. S.

1857, p. 256.

Remedios. (Mus. §.-G. and P. L. 8S.)

Fam. ALCEDINID&.

332. CeRYLE ToRQUATA (Linn.); Sharpe, Kingf. pl. xxii.

Neche.

Iris dark.

333. CERYLE AMAZONA (Lath.); Sharpe, Kinef. pl. xxiv.

Neche.

334. CuryLe casanisi (Tsch.); Sharpe, Kingf. pl. xxv.

Retiro, Concordia, Medellin.

Fam. TROGONID.

335. TRoGON COLLARISs, Vieill. ; Gould, Mon. Trog. ed. ii. pl. xiii.

Concordia, Frontino, Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark.

Eggs (no 116) white: axis 1-1, diam. °9.

** Lays two eggs in a hole of a tree.”—Z’, K. 8.

1879.] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 535

336. TroGon ATRICOLLIS (Vieill.) ; Gould, Mon. Trog. ed. ii.

pl. xiv.

Remedios, Neche. (Mus. S.-G.)

337. TROGON MERIDIONALIS, Sw.; Gould, Mon. Trog. ed. ii.

pl. xvii.

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G. and P. L. S.)

Iris dark. Stomach contained fruit.

338. TRoGon cHionuRUs, Scl. et Salv.; Gould, Mon. Trog.

ed. ii. pl. xxii.

Remedios, Neche. (Mus. P. L. S. and S.-G.)

Iris dark.

Eggs (no. 157) white: axis 1°13, diam. °95.

“ Buildsin the holes of palm trees, and lays two white eggs.’’—

T.K.S.

339. TRoGON MAcRURUs, Gould, Mon. Trog. ed. ii. pl. xxx.

Remedios, Neche. (Mus. S.-G. and P. L. 8S.)

Inis dark. Stomach contained fruit.

340. PHaromacrus FruLeipus (Gould); Gould, Mon. Trog.

ed. ii. ‘pl. ‘iil.

Concordia, Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark. Stomach contained fruit.

341. PHaromacrus auriceps (Gould) ; Mon. Trog. ed. ii. pl. iv.

Concordia, Frontino, Sta. Elena. (Mus. P. L. S. and S.-G.)

Iris dark. Stomach contained fruit.

Eggs (no. 127) greenish blue: axis 1°45, diam. 1°17.

“* Lays two eggs in holes in trees, making no nest.” —T7’. K. S.

Fam. GaALBULIDE.

342. GALBULA RUFICAUDA, Cuv.; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 266.

Frontino. (Mus. 8.-G.)

343. BRACHYGALBA SALMONI, Sp. nov.

Mineo-viridis, pilei plumis fusco adumbratis, gutture et remigibus intus

ad basin albis, ventre medio et crisso castaneis ; rostro nigro ;

pedibus fuscis. Long. tot. 7°2, ale 2°8, caude 2°3, rostri a

rictu 1°8.

Hab. Neche in Statu Antioquiz, reipubl. Columbian (Salmon).

Mus. P.L.S. et 8.-G.

Obs. Sp. a B. goeringi, cui affinis, pileo dorso concolori nec fusco

distinguenda.

Mr. Salmon obtained on the Neche two examples of what appears

to be a new species of the biack-billed section of Brachygalba. They

are marked ¢ and 9 ; but both are immature. The male would,

no doubt, have the middle of the belly white as in B. goeringi, nobis',

from which the new species may be at once distinguished by its

1 P.Z.8. 1869, p, 249, pl, xviii.

536 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

uniform colour above, the feathers of the front and vertex being

merely slightly edged with brown.

The tail is nearly square as in other Brachygalbe; the bill is

quite black.

344. JACAMEROPS GRANDIS (Gm.) ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 268.

Remedios.

Tris dark.

Fam. Bucconip&.

345. Bucco pecroratis, G. R. Gray, Gen. B. pl. 26; Scl. Syn.

Buce. p. 8.

Neche.

A species hitherto only known from Panama.

346. Bucco susrectus, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 270.

Neche.

347. Bucco rapiatus, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 271.

Remedios, Neche. (Mus. S.-G. and P. L. 8.)

The type specimen of this species (Mus. P. L. S.) is rather

whiter below ; buta Bogota skin exactly agreeing with Mr. Salmon’s

specimens is in Sclater’s collection.

348. MatacopriLa CASTANEA, Verreaux, Rev. de Zool. xviii.

p. 355, pl. xix. (1866).

Frontino. (Mus. 8.-G. and P. L. 8.)

Mr. Salmon’s skins of this fine species agree with others from

Ecuador. The type is said to have been received from Bogota.

349. MaacopriLA PANAMENSIS, Lafr.; Scl. et Salvy. P. Z.S.

1870, p. 201.

Remedios. (Mus. P. L. 8.)

Mr. Salmon’s skins cannot be distinguished from Central-American

specimens.

350. MonASA PALLESCENS, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1860, p. 134,

et 1864, p. 287, t. iv.; Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1871, p. 374.

Remedios, Neche. (Mus. 8.-G. and P. L. 8S.)

Iris dark. Stomach contained lizards &e.

Fam. Cucunip#.

351. CroropHaGa Ant (Linn.); Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 320.

Retiro, Medellin.

Tris dark.

“The nest is simply a mass of sticks with a side entrance. It is

generally reported by the natives that several birds lay their eggs

in the same nest.”’"—TZ’. K. S.

352. CroropHaGa MAJoR, Linn.; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 320.

Neche.

1879.] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 537

353. DipLoprerus n&vius (Linn.); Sclater, Cat. A. B. p. 321.

Concordia, Medellin.

354. Praya cayana (Linn); Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 321.

Envigado. (Mus. S.-G. and P. L.S.)

355. Praya minuta (Vieill.); Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 322.

Medellin.

Iris red. Stomach contained insects.

356. Coccyzus AMERICANUS (Linn.).

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G. and P. L. S.)

Iris dark.

357. CoccyzuUs ERYTHROPHTHALMUS (Wils.).

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G. and P. L. 8.)

Fam. RAMPHASTID&.

358. Rampuastos TocarD, Vieill. ; Gould, Mon. ed. ii. pl. iv.

Concordia, Medellin, Remedios.

Tris red.

359. RAMPHASTOS CITREOLZMUS, Gould; Mon. ed. ii. pl. ix.

Medellin, Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.) '

Tris blue.

360. PreroGLossus ToRQUATUS (Wagl.) ; Gould, Mon. ed. ii.

pliax.

Remedios. (Mus. P.L.S8.)

Tris yellow.

361. ANDIGENA SPILORHYNCHUS, Gould, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 149.

Frontino, Concordia, Remedios. (Mus. S.-G. and P. L. S.)

Iris dark red.

This bird comes very near to A. nigrirostris, but may perhaps

remain distinct.

362. AULACORHAMPHUS H&MATOPYGIUS, Gould, Mon. ed. ii.

pl. xliv.

Concordia, Remedios. (Mus. S.-G. and P. L. S.)

Tris red.

363. AULACORHAMPHUS ALBIVITTA (Boiss.) ; Gould, Mon. ed. ii.

pl. xlix.

Envigado, Pocune, Concordia. (Mus. S.-G. and P. L. 8.)

Fam. CAaPrIronip&.

364. Carrro MACULICORONATUS, Lawr.; Marshall, Mon. Barb.

pl. lxi.

Remedios, Neche. (Mus. 8.-G. and P. L. 8.)

Iris dark.

Previously only known from Panama.

538 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

365. Carrro BourcreRi (Lafr.) ; Marshall, Mon. Barb. pl. Ixvi.

Frontino.

Iris dark. Stomach contained fruit.

Fam. Psrrracip&.

366. ARA MILITARIS (Linn.).

Sittace militaris, Finsch, Papag. i. p. 396.

In Mr. Salmon’s fifth collection.

367. ARA SEVERA (Linn.)

Sittace severa, Finsch, Papag. i. p. 417.

Cauca.

368. Conurus waGLeRrt, Gray; Finsch, Papag. i. p. 459.

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G. and P. L. S.)

369. Brotogerys Tovi (Gm.); Finsch, Papag. ii. p. 99.

Remedios.

Iris dark. Stomach contained fruit.

370. CurRysoTis DIADEMATA, Spix; Finsch, Papag. ii. p. 545.

Remedios. —

371, Curysotis FARINOSA (Bodd.); Finsch, Papag. ii. p. 565.

Remedios.

372. CHRYSOTIS MERCENARIA (Tch.); Finsch, Papag. ii. p. 594.

Concordia.

373. Pronus MENsTRUUS (Linn.).

Pionias menstruus, Finsch, Papag. ii. p. 441

Remedios.

‘« Builds in the holes of decayed palm trees, and lays four white

eggs.”"—T. K. S.

374. ProNnus CHALCOPTERUS (Fraser).

Pionias chalcopterus, Finsch, Papag. ii. p. 462.

Envigado, Concordia. (Mus. S8.-G.)

375. Caica pyriLiA (Bp.); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 381.

Pionias pyrilia, Finsch, Papag. ii. p. 419.

Remedios. (Mus. P. L. 8.)

Iris dark ; stomach contained fruit.

STRIGES.

376. Srrrx rLAMMEA (Linn.).

Medellin.

1879. | BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA, 539

377. SYRNIUM HYLOPHILUM (Temm.).

Rio Negro, Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

378. Scops BRASILIANUS (Gm.).

Envigado, Concordia, Medellin, Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris yellow.

Eggs (no. 127) white: axis 1°4, diam. 1:2.

** Builds, or rather lays its eggs, in a variety of places. I have seen

them under the eaves of houses, as well as in the holes of trees, old

walls, and buildings, but have never seen the slightest appearance of

nest. Its food consists chiefly of beetles ; but it undoubtedly also feeds

on other things, as I have seen in the nest, when it had young, remains

of frogs. In a nest where there were two young about half-crown,

the female having been killed, the male still continued to feed the

young, and, on their attaining the proper size, undertook to

teach them to fly. In the short twilight they would crawl to the

mouth of the hole, where he seized them with (I could not see clearly)

either beak or claws, and let them drop. This of course naturally made

them spread their wings and come to the ground, when he again caught

them up, lifting them some height, and dropped them again, when

the effort was much more successful. The experiment was repeated

several times with great success; but I could not see the finish, on

account of the darkness.” —7’, K. S.

379. Puxusatrix TORQUATA (Daud.).

Cauca.

380. CiccaBa virGaTa (Cassin).

Concordia. (Mus. S.-G.)

381. CrccaABA ALBOGULARIS (Cassin).

Rio Negro, Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.).

Tris orange.

Eggs (no. 132) white: axis 1°55, diam. 1°35.

“I have invariably seen the nest on the ground amongst ferns or

grass, with the exception of one ; and in that case the egg was placed

in the deserted nest of a small bird called here the ‘sparrow.’ The

nest was built in a bush at some distance from the ground. The

bird was sitting at the time; and the egg nearly filled the inside of

the nest. This Owl seems to feed almost exclusively on beetles.”

—T. K. 8.

382. GLaucipium saRpINII, Bp.; Ridgway, Ibis, 1876, p- 4,

pl. i.

Sta. Elena. (Mus, S.-G.)

ACCIPITRES.

383. Circus HuDsonicus (Linn.).

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

540 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

384. AstuRINA MAGNIROSTRIs (Gm.); Scl. and Salv. Ex.

Orn. p. 180.

Retiro, Concordia, Sta. Elena, Medellin, Remedios. (Mus.S8.-G.)

Iris yellow.

Egg (no. 127) pinkish white, thickly blotched with red-brown

and lilac spots at the larger or smaller end; in some specimens the

whole egg is freckled with reddish spots, the larger blotches being

paler: axis 1°85, diam. 1°5.

“Builds a rather loosely made though massive nest in willow

or poplar trees: it is usually lined with green willow-leaves. 1 have

never seen more than one egg in a nest.”—TZ’. K. S.

385. ASTURINA LEUCORRHOA (Quoy et Gaim.); Scl. et Salv.

Ex. Orn. p. 180.

Concordia, Sta. Elena. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Iris yellow.

386. BurroLa BracuyuRA (Vieill.).

Sta. Elena.

387. Bureo swarnsont, Bp.; Ridgw. B. of N. Am. iii. p. 263.

One adult example in the eighth collection. (Mus. S.-G.)

388. BuTEO PENNSYLVANICUs (Wils).

Concordia, Envigado, Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

389. Burro nypospopivus, Gurney, Ibis, 1876, p. 73, pl. iii.

Medellin. (Mus. 8.-G.)

390. Burro ALBicaupAtus, Vieill.

Sta. Elena and Rio Negro. (Mus. S.-G.)

391. LrevucorrERNIS SEMIPLUMBEA (Lawr.) ; Scl. et Salv. Ex.

Orn. p. 121, pl. 61; Salv. Ibis, 187, p.

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

392. GERANOAETUS MELANOLEUCUS (Vieill.).

In Mr. Salmon’s third collection. (Mus. S.-G.)

393. Sprzairus orNATUs (Daud.).

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark.

394. Sprzairus 1srporii (Des Murs).

In Mr. Salmon’s third collection. (Mus. S.-G.)

395. ACCIPITER BICOLOR (Vieill.); Scl. et Salv. Ex. Orn.

p. 137, pl. 69.

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

1879. ] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 541

396. AccIPITER VENTRALIs, Scl.; Scl. et Saly. Ex. Orn. p.)25.

pl. 13.

Retiro, Concordia, Medellin, Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris yellow.

397. AcciprrER TInus (Lath.),

Remedios. (Mus. S,-G.)

Iris yellow.

398. HyporriorcHIs COLUMBARIUS (Linn.).

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

399. Hyporriorcuis RUFIGULARIS (Daud.).

Neche.

400. TINNUNCULUS sPARVERIUS (Linn.).

Envigado, Concordia, Medellin, Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Eggs (no. 131) pale red, thickly mottled with a darker shade:

axis 1°42, diam. 1°].

“ Builds on old buildings or holes of trees, laying four eges.”—

TK. Si;

401. Exanorpes rurcatus (Linn.)

Concordia, Neche. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Tris dark.

402, RosrrHamvs socrABILis (Vieill.); Gurney, Ibis, 1879,

p. 341.

Remedios.

Tris red.

403. RosrrHaMUs HAMATUS, Temm.; Gurney, Ibis, 1879,

p. 340.

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

404. Cyminpis UNCINATUS (Temm.).

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

405. Icrinza pLumBea (Vieill.).

Concordia, Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris red. Insects in stomach.

406. HerrrtorHeres CACHINNANS, Vieill.

Cauca, Remedios.

Tris dark.

407. Isycrrr americanus (Bodd.).

Medellin, Remedios, Neche.

408. MitvaGo cHIMACHIMA (Vieill.).

Cauca. (Mus, S.-G.)

542 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

409. Potysorus CHERIWAY (Jacquin.) ; Sharpe, Cat. i. p. 33.

Rio Negro. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Eggs (no. 144) thickly freckled with red spots, and blotched at

the larger or smaller end with patches of several darker shades of the

same colour: axis 23, diam. 1°83.

“The only nest I obtained was made of a mass of sticks, and

placed in a large tree about 50 feet from the ground.” —T. K. S.

‘ Builds under an overhanging stone among the rocks, and lays two

white eggs, very thickly spotted. It may choose other situations,

as I have only known one nest.” —T. KX. S.

410. CaTHARTES AURA (Linn.).

In the seventh collection.

Eggs creamy-white, spotted with evenly distributed small spots

of several shades of red-brown: axis 2°75, diam. 1°9. (Mus. Brit.)

411. CATHARTES ATRATUS (Bartr.).

Eggs (no. 141) white, sparingly marked with rather large spots

of several shades of red-brown and lilac: axis 3°95, diam. 2.

“ Builds a nest of a few sticks on the ground or under shelter of

rocks.” —T. K. 8.

412. Gypacus papa (Linn.).

Several specimens.

STEGANOPODES.

413. PLrorus anninea, Linn.

HERODIONES.

414. ARDEA CANDIDISSIMA (Gm.).

Cauca.

415. BuroripEs virescens (Linn.).

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

416. Buroriwes cyAnurus (Vielill.).

Remedios, Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris yellow.

: i (no. 109) pale greenish white: axis 1:4, diam. 1-1. (Mus.

417. TiGRISOMA SALMONT, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 38.

Cauca and Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

418. Nycricorax GARDENI (Gm.).

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

419. CANCROMA COCHLEARIA, Linn.

Remedios.

Iris yellow.

1879.] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 543

420. HARPIPRION CAYENNENSIS (Gm.).

Neche.

Tris dark.

ANSERES.

421. QueRQuEDULA piscors (Linn.) ; Scl. & Salv. P. Z.8. 1876,

p- 383.

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.) ¢ s

This is the first time we have met with this species south of the

Isthmus of Panama.

422. SpatuLa ciypeatTa (Linn.); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1876,

p- 396.

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

Not previously noticed south of Guatemala.

423. Mercanetra Leucovenys (Tsch.); Scl. & Salv. P. Z.S-

1876, p. 408.

Frontino. (Mus. S.-G.)

COLUMB&,

424. CotumBa speciosa, Gm.

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

“Tris red.”

The egg (no. 124) is creamy white: axis 1°45, diam. 1°02.

‘The nest, made of small sticks, is placed in high underwood.” —

Dik .S-

425, CoLumBA ALBILINEATA, G. R. Gray.

Retiro. (Mus. S.-G.)

«Makes a nest of sticks and twigs in high underwood in forest.”

—T.K.S.

426. CoLUMBA RUFINA (Temm.).

Medellin.

Tris red.

427. CoLumMBA vinAcEA (Temm.).

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Food, fruit.

428. CoLuMBA suBvINACEA, Lawrence; Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix.

p- 135 (1868).

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Food, fruit.

429. ZENAIDA RUFICAUDA, Bp.

Retiro, Medellin, Remedios. (Mus. S.-G.)

Egg (no. 118) creamy white: axis 1°18, diam. °9.

«The nest is made of small sticks and twigs and placed in low

bushes.” —T. K. 8.

544 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

430. CHAMA&PELIA RUFIPENNIS, Bp.

Medellin.

Iris yellow. Seeds in stomach. Nests in low bushes.

«The nest is composed of small twigs, grass, and leaves, and is

placed on the outside of low bushes.’’—7"’. K. S.

431, PERISTERA CINEREA (Temm.).

Remedios.

Iris dark. Seeds in stomach.

‘«The nest is made of small twigs, and is exceedingly small and

slight ; it is placed on the outside boughs of low bushes.” —T. K. 8.

432. LepropTiLA VERREAUXI, Bp.

Retiro, Medellin.

Tris dark.

‘««The nest is made of sticks and twigs, and placed in underwood

not very high.”—T\. K. S.

433. GEOTRYGON LINEARIS (Knip et Prév.).

Sta. Elena. (Mus. 8.-G.).

Iris yellow. Berries in stomach.

GALLINA.

434. PENELoPE cristata (Linn.); Scl. & Salv. P.Z.S. 1870,

p. 525.

Remedios.

435. ABURRIA CARUNCULATA, Reich. ; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1870,

p. 530.

Cauca, Frontino. (Mus. Brit.)

Eggs (no. 143) dirty white, texture rather smoother than usual in

Cracidze: axis 2°8, diam. 2°0.

436. CHAM&PETES GOUDOTI (Lesson); Scl. & Salv. P.Z.S.

1870, p. 531.

Retiro. (Mus. Brit.)

Eggs (no. 142) creamy white; texture rough: axis 3°8, diam. 2.

437. OrTALIDA GuTTATA (Spix); Scl. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1876,

p- 536.

Concordia, Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris red. Stomach contained fruit.

438. EupsycHortTyxX LEUCOTIS, Gould.

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

Egg (no. 106) pale buff-white, spotted with large blotches of tawny;

in some specimens freckled with small spots of this colour: axis

1-35, diam. 1.

1879.] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 545

439. ODONTOPHORUS MARMORATUs, Gould.

Remedios. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Iris dark red.

Egg (no. 153) white: axis 1°5, diam. 1°1.

“ Builds its nest into a bank or side of the ground in the high forest,

with a tunnel-like entrance made of interlaced twigs and sticks—or,

perhaps more properly speaking, with a neatly executed bow in front

of the nest, which is merely a hole scraped in the ground and lined

with dead leaves.

“‘ When wandering one morning in the forest, I saw a pair engaged

in the work of nest-making. The male was in the nest; and the female

appeared to be building around him. ‘The female made off on my

approach; but the male continued in the nest until I nearly put my

hand on him, no doubt trusting to his dark colour amongst the dead

leaves to escape detection. I do not think I should have seen him,

had it not been for the scarlet over the eye.” —T7. K. S.

440. OponToPHORUS HYPERYTHRUS, Gould.

Odontophorus hyperythrus, Gould, P. Z.8. 1857, p. 223 (3)

Odontophorus hypospodius, Scl. & Saly. Nomencl. p. 162(1873), 2 .

Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark. Berries in stomach.

Additional specimens received from Mr. Salmon show that our

O. hypospodius, based upon a specimen in one of his earlier col-

lections, is simply the female of Mr. Gould’s O. hyperythrus. One

example is in intermediate plumage, and, though marked as a female,

is probably a young male.

FULICARIA.

44], Rauutus niericans, Vieill.; Scl. & Saly. P. Z.S. 1868, p.

446.

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris red.

** Builds a nest of aquatic grasses amongst high grass in damp places,

and lays three stone-coloured eggs with a few small spots.” —T. K. S.

442. ARAMIDES CAYENNENSIS (Gm.) ; Sel. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868,

p. 447.

Remedios. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Iris red.

443. Porzana CAROLINA (Linn.); Scl. & Saly. P. Z. 8. 1868, p.

450.

Medellin. (Mus. 8.-G.)

444, PorzANA CAYENNENSIS (Gm.) ; Scl. & Saly. P. Z. S. 1868,

p- 401.

Remedios. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Egg white; axis 1°35, diam. ‘98.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No. XXXY, 35

546 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON | June 3,

‘“«The nest is round like a ball, made of coarse grass stalks, lined

and covered with grass bents and blades, and has a side entrance.

It is built 3 or 4 feet from the ground amongst the densest coarse

herbage and shrubs, in wild open parts where the forest has been cut

down. For ascending and descending it forms a kind of ladder with

a platform in front of nest. Lays but two eggs, and is exceedingly

shy.”—T. K. 8.

445. PorzANA ALBIGULARIS (Lawr.) ; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. 8, 1868,

p. 454.

Remedios. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Tris dark.

Egg (no. 110) pale buff-white, sparsely spotted with small red

spots: axis 1*l, diam. °9.

“The nest is made of grass stalks and bents, and is round, with a side

entrance, and placed amongst high grass and bushes in low swampy

places, about two feet above the ground or water.”— T. XK. S.

446. Porpuyrto MARTINICUS (Linn.); Scl. & Salv. P.Z.S.

1868, p. 459.

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris red. ;

* Builds a nest of flags and grass amongst reeds by the water’s

edge.” —T. K. S.

447. GALLINULA GALEATA (Licht.); Sel. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1868,

p- 462.

Antioquia. (Mus. S.-G.)

“The nest is composed of flags and dried grasses, and is placed

on low overhanging branches or amongst reeds.” —T. K. S.

448. Hexiornis ruxica (Bodd.); Scl. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1868,

p- 469.

ALECTORIDES.

449. EurypyGA maAsor, Hartlaub.

Neche.

Jris dark.

LIMICOL.

450. PARRA HYPOMELANA, Gray.

Antioquia, Sta. Elena. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris dark. Stomach contained insects.

_ Egg (no. 123) olive, thickly streaked with broad black lines,

crossing one another in ali directions: axis 1°2, diam. ‘9.

451. VANELLUS CAYENNENSIS (Gm.).

Retiro, Concordia, Frontino. (Mus. S.-G.)

Iris red.

Egg (no. 126) olive-brown, spotted with brownish-black spots of

1879.] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 547

various sizes and shades, especially near the larger end: axis 18,

diam. 1°32.

‘Makes no nest, but lays its four eggs in a depression in the

ground.” —T. K. S.

452. CHARADRIUS viIRGINIcUS, Bechstein, Latham’s Allg. Ueb.

iv. pt. 2, p. 455 (1812).

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

453. ANGIALITIS VOCIFERA (Linn.).

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

454. Gatuiinaco witsont (Temm.).

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

455. GALLINAGO NOBILIS, Scl.

Retiro. (Mus. S.-G.)

Eggs brownish-olive, spotted with several shades of dark brown,

especially at the larger end: axis 1:8, diam. 1°3.

“The nest is placed on the ground in marshy places.”’-—T. K. S.

456. MAcrorHAMPHUS GRISEUS (Gm.).

Medellin. (Mus. 8.-G.)

457. TrinGA BAIRDI, Coues.

Medellin. (Mus, S.-G.)

458. GAMBETTA MELANOLEUCA (Gm.).

Cauca, Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

459. GAMBETTA FLAVIPES (Gm.)

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

460. RuyacopuHiLus souitarivs (Wilson).

Medellin.

Tris dark. Insects in stomach.

461. TrincoipEs macuLaRivs (Linn.).

Retiro.

462. Acrrrurus LoneicaupaA (Bechst.).

Tringa longicauda, Bechstein, Latham’s Allg. Ueb. iv. pt. 2,

p. 453, t. 42 (1812).

Actiturus longicauda, Dresser, B. of Europe.

Aetiturus bartramius, Scl. et Salvy. Nomencl. p. 146.

Medellin. (Mus. S.-G.)

463. TRYNGITES RUFESCENS (Vieill.),

Remedios. (Mus. 8.-G.)

our

548 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 3,

PYGOPODES.

464. TacuyBaptus pominicus (Linn.).

Antioquia. (Mus. 8.-G.)

Iris yellow.

Egg (no. 125) dirty white: axis 12, diam. °9.

“The nest is placed by the water’s edge.” —T7. K.S.

CRYPTURI.

465. TinamMus RvuFIceEps, Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. p. 162.

Remedios. (Mus. S.-G. Egg Mus. Brit.)

Egg nearly round, Sévres-blue: axis 2-2, diam. 1°9.

“No nest is formed, merely a depression amongst dead leaves on

the ground at the foot of a large tree in the high forest. The bird

does not appear to run from her nest on the approach of a person,

but rises on the wing with a loud whirring noise, almost at your feet.”’

—T. K. S.

466. NoTHOCERCUS BONAPARTII (Gray).

Concordia, Frontino. (Mus. S.-G.)

Tris dark. Stomach contained fruit.

Egg rather elongated, rich dark Sévres-blue: axis 2°8, diam. 2.

“This Tinamou makes a nest of dead leaves on the ground at the

foot of a tree; I have seen one on the top of a broken tree. It has

the same habits as Tinamus rujiceps.” —T. K. 8,

467. CrypTuRUS BOUCARDI, Sclater.

Neche. (Mus. S8.-G.)

The single specimen is rather more rufous on the cheeks; but

there is no difference sufficient to justify separation. The most

southern locality hitherto known for this species is Costa Rica (Car-

miol, in Mus. S.-G.).

468. Cryprurus PILeatus (Bodd.).

Cauca. (Mus. S.-G.)

Egg (no. 128) uniform pale chocolate: axis 1°3, diam. 1°23.

«Builds a nest of dead leaves on the ground, and lays two eggs.”

—T.K.S.

Strictly speaking this nest has no materials, as it is simply a

depression on the ground amongst dead leaves.” —T7. K.S.

V. GrenERAL CONCLUSIONS.

Mr. Salmon’s collections, embracing examples of 468 species,

although they do not certainly exhaust the rich avifauna of Antio-

quia, give us a sufficient basis for the deduction of a few conclusions

respecting its general facies, which may be stated as follows :—

1. The avifauna of Antioquia is, on the whole, most nearly

allied to that with which we have become acquainted from the

1879. ] BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 549

study of “ Bogot&” collections. It must be recollected, however,

that “ Bogota” collections contain a certain number of specimens

from the southern slopes of the Columbian Andes and, therefore,

strictly belonging to the Amazonian fauna.

2. In cases where the Bogota species has a specifically distinct

Tepresentative form in Ecuador, the Antioquian species generally

belongs to the latter, or, at any rate, shows more resemblance to it ;

eC. J.i—

Boeora. ANTIOQUIA. Ecvapor.

Cinnicerthia unirufa. C. unibrunnea (?). C. unibrunnea.

Compsocoma victorini. C. sumptuosa. C. sumptuosa.

Ostinops sincipitalis. O. atrocastaneus. O. atrocastaneus.

Masius chrysopterus. M., coronulatus (?) M. coronulatus.

Rupicola peruviana. R, sanguinea, R. sanguinea.

Cynanthus eyanurus. C. mocoa, C. mocoa.

Andigena nigrirostris. | A, spilorhynchus. A, spilorhynchus.

3. A certain number of Ecuadorian species, which do not occur

in Bogota collections, are found in Antioquia. Such are:—

Cyphorinus pheocephalus. Saltator atripennis.

Thryothorus nigricapillus. Cnipodectes subbrunneus.

Diglossa brunneiventris. Synallaxis erythrops.

Tridornis porphyreocephala. Androdon equatorialis.

Creurgops verticalis. Phaéthornis syrmatophorus.

Tachyphonus delattrii. Momotus equatorialis.

Buarremon castaneiceps.

4. A certain number of species, hitherto only known from Panama

or the adjacent districts, and not yet received from Bogota, intrude

from the north into the Antioquian avifauna. These are, for ex-

ample :—

Dacnis venusta. Automolus pallidigularis.

Euphonia fulvicrissa. Dendrornis lacrimosa.

Calliste larvata. Rhamphocenus cinereiventris.

icterocephala’. Heliothriz barroti.

Pyranga testacea. Celeus loricatus*.

Orthogonys olivaceus. Trogon chionurus.

Eucometis cassini. Bucco subtectus’.

Ostinops guatimozinus. pectoralis.

Chiromacheris vitellina. Monasa pallescens.

Aulia rufescens. Capito maculicoronatus.

Lipaugus holerythrus. Leucopternis semiplumbea.

Lathra unirufa. Crypturus boucardi.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Puate XLI,

Cyphorhinus dichrous, p. 492.

1 These species also occur in Ecuador collections.

550 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [June 17,

Puatse XLII.

Fig. 1. Egg of Diglossa personata, p. 496.

2. aa Calliste vitriolina, p. 498.

» Rhamphocelus flammigerus, p. 501.

+ s, LPhenicothraupis geen. p. 502.

5 » Lachyphonus melaleucus, p. 503.

6. », Chlorospingus flavipectus, p. 503.

4; ,, Buarremon eleoprorus, p. 504.

8 ,, Psittospiza riefferi, p. 504.

9 », Saltator albicollis, p. 505,

10. » Chiromacheris vitellina, p, 517.

Lc 5 manacus, p. 517.

12. ,, Hadrostomus homochrous, p. 517.

Pratn XLII.

Bigwis Eges of Ostinops atrocastaneus, p. 509.

9, f 788 P i

8. 4, Ocyalus wagleri, p. 508.

4. » Hypopyrrhus pyrrhogaster, p. 510.

5. » Grallaria ruficeps, p. 526.

Gs es ruficapilla, p. 527.

» Lyroderus orenocensis, p. 520.

Pipreola riefferii, p. 519.

Dysithamnus unicolor, p. 525,

SoM

June 17, 1879.

Prof. W. H. Flower, F.R.S., President, in the Chair,

The Secretary made the following report on the additions to the

Society’s Menagerie during May 1879 :—

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of May was 183, of which 16 were by birth,

46 by presentation, 104 by purchase, 4 were received in exchange,

and 13 on deposit. The total number of departures during the

same period, by death and removals, was 114.

The most noticeable additions during the month were :—

1. Two Horned Parrakeets (Nymphicus cornutus), purchased

May 8th.

This Parrakeet is exceedingly rare, even in museums, and, so far

as I know, has never been previously brought alive to Europe. The

person from whom they were purchased obtained them in Sydney,

where they were no doubt brought from New Caledonia, the only

known habitat.

As will be seen from Mr. Smit’s sketch of this beautiful bird,

which I now exhibit (Pl. XLIV.), the figure in Gray and Mitchell’s

‘Genera of Birds’ (plate ci.) is incorrect—the black colour on the

face being wholly omitted, and the yellow on the back of the head

barely shown.

2. An African Hornbill received in exchange May 8th, which

appears to be a second example of the species described (P. Z.S.

1870, p. 668, plate xxxix.) as Buceros subcylindricus. Unfortunately

rt imp

Hanha

hth

J.Smit

,ORNUTUS.

1879.] PROF. FLOWER ON THE SKULL OF OTARIA. 551

its tail is imperfect, so that Iam at present unable to solve Mr.

Elliot’s doubts! as to the validity of the species.

3. A young male Patagonian Sea-lion (O¢aria jubata), presented

by F. E. Cobb, Esq., Manager of the Falkland-Islands Company, at

Stanley, Falkland Islands, May 20th. This is a most acceptable

present, as we have at present only two female Otari@ in the Gardens,

and these animals thrive and breed in captivity.

The new animal is believed to be about two years old, and was

captured in the Falkland Islands in March last. At present he is

considerably inferior in size to the two females, being not more than

4 feet in length.

4. A Saki Monkey (Brachyurus), purchased May 24th.

This Monkey we purchased as an example of Brachyurus rubi-

cundus*, and probably belongs to that species, although it does not

quite agree with the published descriptions and figures. An accurate

examination of it can only be made after the death of the animal,

when a further notice of this rare species shall be given.

Mr. Sclater exhibited a skin of Ara glauca (Vieill.) from Corrientes,

belonging to M. Boucard’s collection, and stated that, after com-

paring it with the bird in the Society’s Gardens, purchased in June

1860, and named in the ‘List of Vertebrates’ (1877, p. 240) Ara

glauca, he had come to the conclusion that the latter bird was cer-

tainly not an example of Ara glauca, but belonged to the allied form,

Ara leari’, readily distinguishable by its larger size and intense blue

colouring, almost as fine a blue as in Ara hyacinthina.

The two species were well represented and distinguished in

Souancé’s ‘ Perroquets,’ pl. i.

There were, therefore, four species of wholly blue Aras, namely :—

1. Ara hyacinthina, ex Amazonia inf.

2. A. leari, Bp., ex patr. ign.

3. A. glauca (Vieill.), ex Paraguaya.

4, A, spizi, ex Brasilia boreali.

Of all these, except A. glauca, the Society’s collection now con-

tains living examples.

Prof. Flower laid before the Meeting the skull of the female

Otaria lately living in the Southport Aquarium (exhibited at the

last meeting by Mr. Jackson), and stated that it belonged to the

species originally described by Dr. McBain in the Proceedings of the

Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh (vol. i. p. 422; meeting of

Feb. 24th, 1858) as Olaria gillespii. ‘The original specimen was

obtained from California—as was the present example, and others now

living in the Brighton Aquarium and in several menageries on the

Continent. A fine skeleton of this species from Japan had long

1 Monograph of the Hornbills, part i.

2 See Casteln. Voy. Mamm. pl. iv. fig. 2, and Bates’s Amazons (1864), p. 388.

3 Sittace leari, Finsch, Papageien, i. p. 392.

592 PROF. NEWTON ON SOME BIRD-SKINS. [June 1 7

been in the Leiden Museum, and had been figured by Schlegel in the

‘Fauna Japonica’ under the name of O. s¢elleri.

Mr. C. G. Danford exhibited and made some remarks on some

remarkable antlers of Deer, which he had obtained during his recent

journey in Asia Minor.

Hans, Graf von Berlepsch, C.M.Z.S., exhibited and made remarks

on the skins of two varieties of the Long-tailed Titmouse (Mecistura

caudata), which occurred near Cassel, in Germany, one of which

appeared to be the same as the British form of this bird.

Dr. J. Murie read a paper on the Manatee (Manatus americanus),

containing the results of his examination of the specimen which was

lately living in the Westminster Aquarium. The peculiar attitudes

assumed by the animal in life, the great mobility of the upper lip, and

the occasional use of the limbs in feeding were noted. As regards

the anatomy, the chief points dwelt on were the shape of the brain

and its suppressed convolutions. The vexed question of the number

of the cervical nerves and their distribution was also discussed.

This paper will be printed in the Society’s ‘ Transactions.’

Mr. F. D. Godman exhibited and made remarks on a drawing of

the Manatee by Mr. Wolf, taken from the specimen lately living in

the Westminster Aquarium.

Prof. Newton, on behalf of Mr. Edward Newton, C.M.G., Cor-

responding Member, exhibited some bird-skins obtained by the

latter in Jamaica, remarking :—

‘Of the specimens on the table two belong to as many species

which I believe have not before been recorded as occurring in

Jamaica. One of them, the well-known Dendreaca virens, has so

wide a distribution that the only wonder is that it has not hitherto

been met with there; but the other is of more interest. It is that

which was originally described by Audubon (Orn. Biogr. i. p. 563)

under the name of Sylvia swainsoni, and was subsequently referred

by the same author (B. Am. i. p. 83) to a new genus, Helinaza, a

word which Agassiz says should be written Helonea. It is an ex-

tremely rare species; and I doubt whether a second example has ever

been seen in this country. The present was killed by my brother at

Hope, in the parish of St. Andrew, February 8th, 1879, and was

found by him to be a male. I am indebted to the kindness of Mr.

Ridgway, of the Smithsonian Institution, for the determination of

this specimen of a species I never saw before. It is well figured in

Audubon’s great work.

‘“«T have then to exhibit specimens of the rare Dendreca pharetra,

first discovered by Mr. Gosse in Jamaica, to which island it is doubt-

less peculiar. These are of some interest as showing the nestling or

at least immature stage of the plumage, which, as will be perceived,

is of an olive-green and yellow instead of the black and white of the

P.Z. 8.1879. Pl. XLV.

——v

<TSERAL TPT RV TY THVT

ee ne ee

r 4 ™7s

C Berjean lith Mintern Bros. imp.

MOLLUSCA OF THE LIGHTNING AND =

PORCUPINE EXPEDITIONS. ae

P 2.5. 187ORP RMS |

iit

* jin +e.

C.Beryeau hth Mintern Bros amp. ,

MOLLUSCA OF THE, LIGHTNING AND

PORCUPINE EXPEDITIONS.

1879. | DR. GWYN JEFFREYS ON MOLLUSCA. 533

adult. This fact, hitherto apparently unmentioned, naturally caused

my brother and myself some embarrassment in naming these young

birds: but at last we separately came to the conclusion that they were

examples of this insular species ; and our opinion has been fortified

by the opinion of two such good authorities as Mr. Salvin and Mr,

Ridgway, who have seen the specimens and given their judgment

independently.”

Prof. Garrod, F.R.S., read a paper on the brain and other parts

of the Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius).

The author having had the opportunity of studying the brain of

the adult male Hippopotamus presented to the Society by the late

Viceroy of Egypt on May 25th, 1850, which died (apparently of old

age) on March 11th, 1878, described it at some length, other

accounts, by Gratiolet and Macalister, having been based upon the

dissection of new-born individuals.

Basing his description upon the nomenclature adopted by Dr.

Ureng in an important recent memoir on the brain in the Ungulata’,

it was shown by the author that in the comparatively simple brain of

the Hippopotamus, besides the great number of bridging convolutions

laid so much stress on by Gratiolet, the middle gyrus of the outer

surface of the cerebral hemisphere was peculiarly broad and bent by

minor folds, at the same time that the fissura lateralis was continuous

with the more anteriorly situated coronal fissure. The considerable

differences between the brains of Hippopotamus and Sus were pointed

out, as well as the characterizing features of the former.

The enormous stomach of the adult was stated to be 11 feet in

length, at the same time that its position was different from that of

most animals, its long axis corresponding with that of the body.

The particularly simple and transversely elongated liver, with its.

lengthy gall-bladder, was also described in detail.

This paper will be published entire in the Socicty’s ‘Transactions.’

The following papers were read :—

1. On the Mollusca procured during the ‘Lightning’ and

‘Porcupine’ Expeditions, 1868-70. (Part II.?) By J.

Gwyn Jerrreys, LL.D., F.R.S., F.Z.8.

[Received June 5, 1879.]

(Plates XLY., XLVI.)

Preliminary remarks,

References will be given not only to the original authority for each

species, but also to a figure in some recognized publication, in default

1 Zeitsch. fiir wissenschaftl. Zoologie, Leipzig, 1878, pp. 297-344,

? For Part I. see P, Z, 8, 1878, p, 393.

554 DR. GWYN JEFFREYS ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE [June 17,

of which the plates which accompany this paper will supply the

necessary illustrations. I consider it useless to add every synonym,

a kind of work that serves no other purpose than to display the

industry of the writer. For the same reason the authority for any

locality mentioned in this paper is omitted, although I am prepared

to name it. The position of each station, and the corresponding

depth will be found in the introduction to the first part.

I prefer describing new species in my own language, instead of in

dog-latin ; and of course my continental friends are entitled to a

similar privilege. The time has long passed since a knowledge of

any of the principal languages of Europe was confined to its own

country, when it was thought desirable to substitute Latin in scien-

tific treatises. It should also be borne in mind that English is much

more generally spoken and used than any other language in the

civilized world. Latin cannot be applied with sufficient precision

and intelligibility to the description of Natural-History specimens.

For instance, we know next to nothing of the colours designated by

classical names; yet conchologists do not hesitate to use such

barbarous words as “griseus,” ‘‘ochroleucus,” “ spadiceus,” “ au-

rantius,” and “ olivaceus,” which appear in the works of Philippi

and other authors of repute, but not in any good Latin dictionary.

The present work will form an additional supplement to ‘ British

Conchology,’ so far as regards our native Mollusca,

CONCHIFERA.

Family 1. ANomirpa&.

1. ANomiA EPHIPPIUM, Linné.

Anomia ephippium, L. Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 1150: British

Conchology, ii. p. 30, pl. i. f. 4; v. p. 165, pl. xx. f. 1.

‘Lightning’ Expedition: Stations 2, 3, 4, 5.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 1, 3, 13, 14, 18, Loch Foyle, 39,

47,70. 1870: Atlantic, 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, Vigo Bay, 16, 17,

17a, 24, 26, 27, 28, 28a, 29, 30, 36; Mediterranean, 45, Capo de

Gata, 50, Gulf of Bona, G. Tunis, Adventure Bank. Variously

shaped and sculptured. A specimen of the variety aculeata is partly

smooth, and in that respect exactly hike the young form or squamula ;

the variety cylindrica in Stations 1 of 1869 and 1870 was attached

to the spines of Cidaris papillata. In some of the specimens the

byssal orifice is unusually small.

Distribution. Type and varieties. Iceland to Egypt and Madeira,

Labrador to Long Island Sound, ‘Challenger’? Exp. (coast of

Brazil), Corea. Depths, low water to 1450 fathoms.

‘yssil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Scandinavia, Great Britain

and Ireland, Belgium, Vienna Basin, South of France, Italy, Morea,

Rhodes, Nantucket I. Heights 0-460 feet.

Professor Verrill has lately separated the North-American form

from ours under the specific name glabra; but I cannot detect any

characteristic difference between them. ‘This makes the 36th

1879.] ‘LIGHTNING’ AND ‘ PORCUPINE’ EXPEDITIONS. 555

synonym. The opinion that this mollusk is of a poisonous nature

when eaten (B. C. ii. p. 52) has been confirmed by Dr. Hidalgo,

who says that at Mahon it is called “ostia borda deveri” for that

reason.

2. ANOMIA PATELLIFORMIS, Linné.

Anomia patelliformis, L.S. N.p. 1151: B. C.ii. p. 34; v. p. 165,

ph xx. f. 2.

‘Lightning’ Exp.: off the Faroe I.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 2, 9, Galway B., 23a, The Minch.

A specimen is marked like Amussiwm hoshkynsi in an imbricated

fashion. 1870: Atl. 29, Tangier B.; Med., Cartagena B.

Distribution. Faroe I. to Mediterranean and Adriatic, N. W.

America; 0—420 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Scandinavia, Great Britain

and Ireland, Belgium, Vienna Basin, and Italy ; 4-130 ft.

Seventeen synonyms, including Ostrewm striatum of Da Costa, and

A. striata of Brocchi and Lovén.

Family II, Ostreip2.

1. Ostrea EDULIS, Linné.

Ostrea edulis, L. 8. N. p. 1148: B.C. ii. p. 38, pl. i. f. 5; v.

p: 165, pl. xxi. f. 1.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 6, 9, Galway B. Valves of young

shells, one being deeply concave, and resembling O. cochlear. 1870:

Atl. Cadiz; Var. parasitica, Med., Capo de Gata and Cartagena B.

Distribution. Iceland to Mogador, Mediterranean and Adriatic,

Sea of Azof, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland ; 0-45 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Scandinavia, Great Britain

and Ireland, Holland, Belgium, Germany, Vienna Basin, 8S. France,

Italy, Algeria, Turkey in Europe; 0-1360 ft.

‘The synonyms are numerous, owing to the extreme variability of

the shell.

/ 2, OsTREA COCHLEAR, Poli.

O. cochlear, Poli, Test. utr. Sic. ii. p. 179, t. xxviii. f. 28.

* Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 1, 35. 1870: Atl. 10, 13, Setubal

B., off Cape Sagres, 26, 36; Med. Cartagena B., 50, 50a, off Jijeli,

55, G. Bona, Benzert Road, Rasel Amoush, G. Tunis, and Adventure

Bank. Some small and young specimens are intermediate between

this species and O. edulis; and I am by no means satisfied that

the two are distinct. 0. cochlear inhabits deeper and more still

waters than O. edulis ; and it is attached to corals, shells, and other

organisms, being often clustered together.

Distribution. Atlantic coasts of France and Lusitania, the Medi-

terranean, Adriatic, Augean, and Canaries ; 40-205 fms. The depth

at which it was affixed to the Cagliari-Bona submarine cable, and

noticed by Professor Alphonse Milne-Edwards, is doubtful.

Fossil. Pliocene. _Coralline Crag (as O. spectrum), Belgium,

Vienna Basin, Biot, Italy, Algeria, and Morea,

556 DR, GWYN JEFFREYS ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE [June 17,

Family III. Sponpyiip#.

SponpDyLvs Gussonl, O. G. Costa.

S. gussonii, O. G. Costa, Cat. Sist. p. xlii: Philippi, Moll. Sic. i.

ps7, t. vet. 16.

‘Porcupine’ Exp..1870: Atl. St. 16, 24, 25; Med. 45, Capo de

Gata, 58.

Distribution. Mediterranean, Adriatic, and Aigean ; 40-120 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene. Metz, Biot, Sicily.

S. gederopus did not occur ; and it will be seen that many other

equally common shells were not procured during any of these

Expeditions.

Family IV. Pecrinipa.

¥ 1. Prcren pusio, Linné.

Ostrea pusio, L. 8. N. 1146.

P. pusio, B. C. ii. p.51; v. p. 166, pl. xxii. f. 1.

‘Lightning’ Exp.: St. 4.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: 2. 1870: Atl. Vigo B., 36 (Hinnites

form), Tangier B.; Med. Capo de Gata, 55.

Distribution. Faroe Isles to Morocco and the Mediterranean,

Adriatic, Egean, Madeira, Canaries, Azores, and 8. Africa; 0-180 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Scandinavia, Great Britain

and Ireland, Belgium, Transylvania, S. France, Algiers, Italy, and

Rhodes ; 0-130 ft.

Several synonyms, including P. distortus of Da Costaand P. mul-

tistriatus of Poli.

I have here endeavoured, as on former occasions, to arrange the

species in their natural sequence, so as to show their relative affinity.

In the ‘ Porcupine’ Expedition of 1870, I dredged at Station 9

(509 fms.) a fragment of a Pecten, apparently allied to P. pusio,

but representing a shell about an inch and a half in length, and at

Station 16 (994 fms.) a very small valve of the same species. It

has numerous ribs, which are alternately larger and smaller, and

covered with numerous close-set prickles or imbricated scales. I

would provisionally name this species senticosus.

2. Pecren varius, Linné.

v Ostrea varia, L. S. N. p. 1146.

P. varius, B. C. ii. p. 53; v. p. 166, pl. xxii. f. 2.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: Loch Foyle. 1870: Atl. Tangier B,

Distribution. Christiansund to Egypt and Gulf of Suez; 0-55 fms.

Fossil. Miocene. Turin. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Scandinavia,

Great Britain and Ireland, S. France, Italy, Algeria, Morea, and

Rhodes ; 0-150 ft.

3. PrecTEen istanpicus, Miller.

P. islandicus, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prodr. p. 248: G. O. Sars,

Moll. reg. arct. Norv. t. 2. f. 2.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869; St. 25 (fragments ; semifossil ?).

1879.] ‘LIGHTNING’ AND ‘PORCUPINE’ EXPEDITIONS. 557

Distribution. Arctic seas in both hemispheres, southwards to

Bergen and Connecticut, N. Japan ; 2-150 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Scandinavia, Scotland, Russia,

Gulf of Naples (B. C. v. p. 166), Messina; 20 fms.—470 ft.

4, PecTreN prs-revis, Linné.

/ Ostrea pes-felis, L. 8. N. p. 1146: Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. vii.

t. 64. f. 612, t. 65. f. 613.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1870: Tangier B. (young).

Distribution. G. Gascony to Morocco, Mediterranean, Adriatic,

/Bgean, Madeira, and Canaries, ‘ Challenger’ Exp. (Fiji Islands) ;

18-110 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene, Italy, Morea, and Rhodes.

5. PecTren Pes-LuTR&, Linné.

Ostrea pes-lutre, L. Mant. Plant. p. 547.

P. septem-radiatus, B. C. ii. p. 62; v. p. 166, pl. xxiii. f. 1, la.

‘Lightning’ Exp.: St. 2, 4, off Faroe I. (very large valve).

* Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 3, 6, 15, 23, 23a, 25, 65. 1870:

Atl. 1, 2, 3, 6 (var. alba), 8, 9, 10, 13, 16, 17, 26-30; Med. Capo

de Gata, Cartagena B., G. Bona, Benzert Road, Rasel Amoush, G.

Tunis, Adventure Bank, off Rinaldo’s Chair.

Distribution. Finmark to the Sea of Marmora, and the Adriatic ;

10-300 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Scandinavia, Great Britain

and Ireland, Belgium, Vienna Basin, 8. France, Africa, Italy, and

Rhodes; 0—440 ft. .

There are at least a dozen synonyms for this variable species,

including P. septemradiatus, Miiller, Ostrea inflexa, Poli, and P.

dumasii, Payraudeau. The last named variety agrees more nearly

with Linné’s description of Ostrea pes-lutre in having very small

ears, “ Auricule yix ulle gs. altera minuta.’’? The Linnean name

appears to have been first recognized and adopted by the late M,

Gay in his ‘Catalogue des Mollusques du Département du Var,’

1858. The editors of the ‘Journal de Conchyliologie’ object to

compound names of species; but we have the great authority of

Linné for many such names. As to the names of species derived

from English persons, unnecessary confusion is avoided by using

their ordinary compound names, e.g. Wyville-Thomson, the simple

surname Thomson being very common and belonging to several

naturalists.

6. Pecren suxcatus, Miller.

P. sulcatus, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prodr. p. 248.

P. aratus, B. C. ii. p. 64; v. p. 167, pl. xcix. f. 5.

‘ Lightning’ Exp.: Station 4.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St, 13, 14, 25, 65. 1870: Atl. 1, 2,

3, 24-30; Med. 45, Capo de Gata, Adventure Bank. In some

specimens, as well from the Atlantic as from the Mediterranean, the

ribs are more knotty or tuberculous than in others,

558 DR.GWYN JEFFREYS ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE [June 17,

Distribution. Loffoder I. to the Morea, Malta, and the Adriatic ;

20-470 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Coralline Crag, Belgium,

Biot, Messina ; 0-30 ft.

Ostrea arata of Gmelin and P. bruei of Payraudeau. When I

adopted Gmelin’s specific name, I overlooked the relative dates of

Miiller’s and Born’s publications ; that of Miiller is anterior by two

years, viz. 1776, while Born’s was 1778. Miiller’s description,

although short, is unmistakable.

“ 7, PECTEN OPERCULARIS, Linné.

Ostrea opercularis, L. 8. N. p. 1147.

P. opercularis, B. C. ii, p. 59, pl. ii. f. 1; v. p. 166, pl. xxii.

feos otis

‘ Lightning’ Exp.: St. 4.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St, 2, 33, 35. 1870: Atl. 1, 2,3, 8, 9,

10, Setubal B., C. Sagres, 26, 36, Tangier B.; Med. 50, 55, G. Bona,

Benzert Road, Rasel Amoush, G. Tunis, Adventure Bank, off

Rinaldo’s Chair. Specimens have a more or less strongly imbricated

sculpture. ;

Distribution. Iceland to the Sea of Marmora, Adriatic, Madeira,

Canaries, and the Azores; 5-205 fms. The depth recorded for the

variety audouinit from the Mediterranean cable is questionable.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Scandinavia, Great Britain

and Ireland, Belgium, N. Germany, 8S. France, Italy, Algeria,

Morea, Rhodes, Madeira; 0-600 ft.

8. Pecren puiuieri, Récluz.

P. philippii, Récl. Journ. de Conch. iv. p. 52, t. i. f. 15, 16

(1853).

‘Poreupine’ Exp. 1870: Atl. St. Setubal B., C. Sagres, 26, 36;

Med. 50, Benzert Road, Rasel Amoush.

Distribution. Mediterranean, Adriatic, Madeira, Canaries; 20-

100 fms.

Fossil, Pliocene. S. Italy and Rhodes.

Distinguishable from P. opercularis by its smaller size, more

convex or gibbous shape, broader and flattened ribs, and smaller

ears. Monterosato altered the specific name to commutatus, because

philippii had been used by Michelotti praviously to Récluz for

another and a fossil species; but, as Brugnone has lately pointed

out, Michelotti’s species belong to Pleuronectia or Amussium.

According to Hérnes, that species is the Pecten duodecimlamellatus

of Bronn, which has precedence of Michelotti’s name by eight years.

9. Pecren maximus, Linné.

Ostrea maxima, L.8. N. p. 1144.

P. maximus, B. C. ii. p. 735 v. p. 169, pl. xxiv.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1870: Atl. St. Vigo B., Tangier B.; Med.

Algesiras B., G. Bona, Benzert Road. Young specimens.

1879.] ‘LIGHTNING’ AND ‘PORCUPINE’ EXPEDITIONS, 559

Distribution. Christiansund to Sicily, Madeira, and the Canaries ;

laminarian zone to 78 fms.

Lossil. Upper and middle Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Scandinavia,

Great Britain and Ireland, Holland, Belgium, S. France, Italy,

Algeria; 0-106 ft. ;

._ It is difficult to separate P. maximus from P. jacobeus. Are

they distinct species ?

10. Preren rirexvosus, Poli.

Ostrea flexuosa, Poli, Test. utr. Sic. ii. p. 161, t. xxviii. f. 11.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1870: Atl. St. 29; Med. Benzert Road, Rasel

Amoush.

Distribution. Loire-Inférieure, Atlantic coast of Spain, Portugal,

Strait of Gibraltar, Mediterranean, Adriatic, A®igean, Madeira; 2-

110 fms.

Fossil. Miocene, Pliocene, and Post-tertiary. S. France, Algeria,

and Italy.

P. polymorphus of Bronn and Philippi.

11. Pecren Guaser, Linné.

Ostrea glabra, L. 8. N. p. 1146.

O. citrina, Poli, Test. utr. Sic. ii. t. xxviii. f, 15.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1870: Atl. St. 30; Med. Algesiras B.,

Pistribution. Portugal to Smyrna, Adriatic, Black Sea, and

the Crimea; 2-120 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene. §. France, Algeria, Italy, Morea.

Ostrea sulcata of Born, and many other synonyms.

12. Pecren Tierinvs, Miiller.

P. tigerinus, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prodr. p- 248.

P. tigrinus, B. C. ii. p- 65; v. p. 167, pl. xxii. f. 2, 2a.

‘ Lightning ’ Exp.: St..2, 5.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 23a, 33, 68, the Minch. 1870: Atl.

Setubal B.

Distribution. Iceland and Norway to Vigo; 5—180 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Norway, Great Britain,

Belgium ?, Biot, Barcelona, Calabria, and Sicily ; 0-130 ft. I give.

the Belgian localities for this and some other species with consider-

able hesitation, because I have not yet succeeded in having an

opportunity of critically examining and comparing the Belgian fossils

which bear the names of recent species. I have already shown (B.

C. v. p. 175) that the Arca pectunculoides of Nyst, from the “ sable

noir”? of Antwerp, is very different from the recent species of that

name,

13. Pecten striatus, Miller.

P. striatus, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prodr. p. 248: B.C. ii. p. 69; ¥.

p- 168, pl. xxiii. f. 4.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 6, 9, Galway B., 14, 45a, 454, 70,

Little Minch, near Belfast, off Lerwick,

560 DR. GWYN JEFFREYS ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE [June 17,

Distribution. Finmark and Faroe I. to Sicily ; 5-180 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Scandinavia, Red Crag at

Woodbridge, Biot, Italy ; 0-130 ft.

Among other synonyms is P. rimulosus of Philippi, who identified

it with the present species in his letter to Scacchi in 1844. It is

not the P. striatus of v. Minster, from the Tertiaries of N. W.

Germany.

14. Pecren TEsT#, Bivona.

P. teste (Bivona MS.), Philippi, Cat. Moll. Sic. 7p. 1), bas

f.17: B.C. ii. p. 67; v. p. 167, pl. xxiii. f. 3.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St.2, 6, 23a, 25. 1870: Atl. Vigo B.,

Tangier B. ; Med. off Jijeli, Benzert Road.

Distribution. Norway to the Agean, and the Adriatic ; 10-130

fms. The depth from which the Mediterranean cable was recovered,

with the specimen attached to it, depending on the information

received by Prof. A. Milne-Edwards, is doubtful.

Fossil. Pliocene. Biot, Monte Mario, and Sicily.

15. Pecren stmiuis, Laskey.

P. similis, Lask. Mem. Wern. Soc. i. p. 387, t. viii. f. 8.: B. C. ii.

p- 71; v. p. 168, pl. xxiii. f. 5.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 1, 3, 6, 9, Galway B., 13, 14, 18,

25, 33, 35. 1870: Atl. 1, 2, 3, 10, 12, Vigo B., 16, 17a, Setubal

B., off C. Sagres, 27-30 ; Med. Cartagena B., Rasel Amoush (one

valve, striated inside more distinctly than usual, and named by me

Pleuronectia levis), Adventure Bank, off Rinaldo’s Chair. :

Distribution. Finmark to the Gulf of Egina, Adriatic, Madeira,

Jamaica, and Corean Sea; 2-300 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Coralline Crag, Glacial bed

in Fifeshire, Belgium, Plaisantin, 8. Italy, Rhodes.

Not P. pygmeus of v. Miinster, which is a species of Amussium.

16. Pecren GROENLANDICUS, G. B. Sowerby.

P. groenlandicus, G. B. Sowerby, Thes. Conch. part il. p. 57,

pl. xiii. f. 40 (1842).

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 23a, 40, 47. 1870: Atl. 6, 8, 9.

Young only, and in this state closely resembling P. similis; but the

sculpture is very different. The latter species is marked by con-

centric strize in both valves, while P. groenlandicus has in the upper

valve numerous impressed lines, arranged lengthwise and irregularly,

and the lower valve is microscopically reticulated.

Distribution. Arctic Seas in the North Atlantic, from Smith

Sound to Bergen and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, White Sea and coasts

of Russian Lapland ; 53-1785 fms.

Fossil. 82° 27'N. lat., Norway, Scotland, and Maine; from 30-40

ft. in depth to 200 ft. in height.

The shell is far from being “ equivalve,” as Sowerby described it.

P, vitreus of Gray, but not Chemnitz’s species of that name.

1879.] ‘LIGHTNING’ AND ‘ PoRCUPINE’ EXPEDITIONS. 561

17. Pecren FRAGILIS, Jeffreys. (Plate XLY. fie? 1)

P. fragilis, Jeffr. in Aun. & Mag. N. H. Nov. 1876, p. 424.

‘Porcupine’ Exp.: 1869, St. 23a (young, but perfect and living) ;

1870, Atl. 16, 17 (fragments).

Distribution. *Valorous’ Exp.; 1450-1750 fms. Norwegian

Arctic Exp. 1876-8; 656-1333 fms. According to Friele there

are no ocelli in the edge of the mantle.

18. Pecren VITREUS, Chemnitz.

Pallium vitreum, Chemn. Conch.-Cab. vii. p. 335, t. 67. f. 637a.

Pecten vitreus, B. C. y. p- 168, pl. xcix. f. 6.

‘Lightning’ Exp.: St. 6, 7.

‘ Porcupine ’ Exp. 1869: St. 3, 4, 5, 6, 138, 23, 23a, 47. 1870:

Mel 192.3) 6, 8, 9, Vigo B., 16, 17a, off C. Espichel, 24, 26, 27, 28,

28a, 31-34. Some specimens from the same locality are more or

less covered with tubercles or short scales on the concentric lines of

growth; others are quite smooth and constitute the variety abyssorum.

The microscopic strize which radiate from the beak are also some-

times nearly wanting in young Specimens,

Distribution. Greenland, Iceland, Scandinavia, Shetland, S.W.

France, coast of Portugal, Mediterranean, N.E. America, var.

abyssorum ‘ Challenger ’ Exp. (W. Patagonia) ; 20-600 fms. Herr

Friele dredged a specimen at Bergen attached to Primnoa, which

measured an inch in length and breadth.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Norway, Sicily.

1. Amusstum FENESTRATUM, Forbes.

“ Pecten Senestratus, Forb. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1843, pp. 146, 192.

P. philippii, Acton, Ricerche conchiliologiche, 1855, f. 1a.

P. actoni, y. Martens, Mal. BI. 1857, p. 194, t. iii. f, 1-3.

‘ Porcupine’ Exp. 1870: Atl. St. 24, 27, 28, 28a, 36 ; Med.

Cartagena B., Adventure Bank, off Rinaldo’s Chair. Var. cancellata,

White and of thinner texture, with the concentric ridges _lesg

numerous than the longitudinal strie, which are equal in size ; itis

also destitute of the inside ribs. ‘ Porcupine’ Exp. 1869, St. BV ie

from the great depth of 2435 fathoms; a living specimen. A

temarkable monstrosity occurred in an upper valve from the Adventure

Bank. having the proper sculpture of the lower valve, viz. being

concentrically and closely Striated ; and the upper valve of another

specimen has partly its own decussated sculpture and partly that of

the lower valve. The sculpture is very variable, and is more or less

deficient as well on the outside as in the inside of both valves; and

the ears of the lower valve are nearly equal in two specimens,

Distribution. Coast of Portugal, Mediterranean, and fEgean ;

50-250 fms.

fossil. Pliocene. Sicily and Rhodes,

P. inequisculptus, Tiberi. P. concentricus of Forbes is the lower

valve of either this species or A, hoskynsi. In neither of these species

is the shell “eequivalvis,” as described by him ; nor did he notice the

Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1879, No. XXXVI, 36

562 DR. GWYN JEFFREYS ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE [June 17,

inside sculpture. P. alaskensis of Dall, from Port Etches in the

North Pacific is allied to the present species; but it differs not only

in its much greater size, but also in the external sculpture, and in

the number of internal ribs, which are from 17 to 21 in A. fene-

stratum and from 31 to 35 in A. alaskense.

2. Amussrum HosKYNSI, Forbes.

Pecten hoskynsi, Forb. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1843, p. 192; G. O.

Sars, Moll. reg. arct. Norv. p. 20, t. 2. f. 1, 1 a—e.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 23, 39,65. 1870: Atl. 1, 2, 3,

24-30; Med. 55. In specimens from the last-named station (1456

fms.) the upper valve is smooth or nearly so, and the inside ribs

are entirely or partly absent. The microscopic sculpture of the

young is very beautiful.

Distribution. Novaya Zemblia, off Spitzbergen and Jan Mayen

I., E. coast of Greenland, Norway, Sicily, 42gean, and off the Azores ;

30-650 fms. Arctic specimens are very large, measuring fully three

quarters of an inch.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Norway, Calabria, and Sicily.

Syn. Pecten fimbriatus and P. antiquatus (upper and lower

valves), Philippi, and P. imbrifer, Lovén. The sculpture is variable,

although the upper valve is usually more or less covered lengthwise

with rows of pustules or frills, and the lower valve is closely striated

in the line of growth. The full number of internal ribs is 17.

P. pustulosus of Verrill, from the coast of New England, is probably

this species; but I have not been able to see more than a single

specimen, which was smooth inside.

3. AmMussIUM LUCIDUM, Jeffreys.

Pleuronectia lucida (Jeffr.), Wyville-Thomson, Depths of the Sea,

p- 464, f. 78.

A. lucidum, Jeffr., in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Nov. 1876, p. 425.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 39, 41, 420. 1870: Atl. 3a, 16,

7s La:

Distribution. ‘ Valorous’ Exp., ‘ Challenger’ Exp. (west of Azores

and Pernambuco), Gulf of Mexico; 156-1450 fms.

Var. striata. Upper valve marked by fine, close-set, and more

or less distinct longitudinal strie ; ‘ Porcupine’ Exp. 1870, Atl., St.

17a; ‘Challenger’ Exp. (off Marion I.), 1375 fms. The number of

inside ribs varies from 9 to 15.

A. Shell equilateral, completely closed. Limatula.

}. Lima sarstt, Lovén. “y

Limea sarsii, Loy. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 32.

Lima sarsii, B. C. ii. p. 78; v. p. 169, pl. xxv. f. 1.

* Lightning’ Exp.: St. 2, 5.

* Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 15, 23a, 65. 1870: Atl. 1, 2, 3, 6,

24, 26-30; Med. 55, Adventure Bank.

1879.] ‘LigHTNING’ AND ‘PORCUPINE’ EXPEDITIONS, 563

Distribution. Vadsoe to Shetland, and throughout the Mediter-

ranean; 80-300 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene. Sicily, Rhodes.

Probably the Lima (Limatula) crassa of Forbes ; but his diagnosis

was incomplete and unsatisfactory. He did not even notice the

peculiar imbricated sculpture caused by the transverse or concentric

strie. Lovén not only described his species accurately and with

sufficient fulness to ensure identification, but he rightly assigned it to

the genus (or rather subgenus) of Bronn, which he characterized by

having the hinge-plate denticulated.

At Station 26 of the ‘Porcupine’ Expedition of 1870 occurred a

minute oval valve (1 millimetre = gs of an inch long), which

differs from a young Z. sarsii of the same size in being more solid,

and apparently adult. It is slightly ribbed lengthwise, instead of

being imbricated or nodulous ; the hinge is not shouldered; and the

hinge-plate is very broad and obtusely triangular, with a propor-

tionally large cartilage-pit. It may be provisionally named L, sub-

costata.

2. LIMA ELLIPTICA, Jeffreys,

Lima elliptica, B.C. ii. p. 81; v. p- 169, pl. xxv. f, 2,

‘ Lightning’ Exp.: St. 2, 5.

‘ Porcupine’ Exp., 1869: St. 3, 13, 61, the Minch. 1870:

ATS) off. ©. Sagres, 27, 28, 28a, 36, Tangier B.; Med. Rasel

Amoush, Adveuture Bank, off Rinaldo’s Chair.

Distribution. Loffoden I. to the Archipelago, Adriatic, Newfound-

land, and N. Japan; 6—400 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary, Norway, Coralline Crag,

Belgium, Hungary, Italy, Rhodes; 0-100 ft.

This may be partly the Ostrea nivea of Broechi—not the fossil

(which has no furrow), but the Species noticed by him as recent,

and measuring half an inch in length. His fossil and recent species

of the same name were evidently different ; aud the former only was

described and figured. The O. nivea of Renier caunot be recog-

nized ; his work is a mere catalogue of names. L. (Limatula) cu-

neata of Forbes is described as “ auriculis inzequalibus.”” In the

present species, as well as in the next, the ears are quite equal.

3. Lima suspovara, J effreys. (Plate XLV. f. 2.)

Lima subovata, Jeffy.. in Ann.: & Mag. N. H. Noy. 1876,

p- 427.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 19, 20, 23, 23.0, 47 (var. angus-

tior ; smaller, oblong, and narrower). 1870: Med. 55.

Distribution. © Valorous’ Exp., ‘Challenger’ Exp. (off the

Azores) ; Norwegian arctic Exp. 1878; Dutch arctic Exp., Sicily ;

16-1450 fms. Arctic specimens are gigantic compared with those

from Sicily, being about three quarters of an inch in length.

Fossil. Pliocene. Palermo,

36*

564 DR. GWYN JEFFREYS ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE [June 17,

4. Lima susauricutata, Montagu.

“Pecten subauriculata, Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 63, t. 29. f. 2.

Lima subauriculata, B. C. ii. p. 82; v. p. 169, pl. xxv. f. 3.

‘Lightning’ Exp.: St. 2, 5, 6, 7.

* Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 14, 23a, 62. 1870: Atl. 2, 9, off

C. Sagres, 26-30, 36, Tangier B. ; Med. 55, off Rinaldo’s Chair.

Distribution. Wellington Channel, Davis Strait, Novaya Zemblia,

Iceland to Gibraltar, Mediterranean, Adriatic, Augean, Canary Isles,

Labrador to Sable I., and W. coast of N. America; 10-1785 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Norway, Coralline Crag, Bel-

gium, Vienna Basin, Italy, and Rhodes ; 0-80 ft.

“Synonyms. Z. suleata (Leach), Moller; ZL. elongata, Forbes ;

L. sulculus (Leach), Lovén; ZL. unicostata, Leach, and L. nivea

(Renier), Philippi. Forbes has both L. subauriculata and L. elon-

gata in his Report on Agean Invertebrata, giving 15-30 fms. as the

range of depth for the former species, and 55-140 fms. for the

latter.

B. Shell inequilateral, more or less gaping or open at the sides.

Mantellum.

5. Lima Loscomstt, G. B. Sowerby.

Lima loscombii, Sow., Gen. Sh. (Lima), f. 4: B.C. ii. p. 85, pl. ii.

£2.20: ¥. Pals 8. pl sexy. f. A.

‘ Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 6, Galway B., 68. 1870: Atl. Vigo

B., 31-34, Tangier B.; Med. 55, Benzert Road.

Distribution. Loffoden Isles to the Adriatic and gean, Tene-

riffe ; 5-205 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Norway, Red and Coralline

Crag, Belgium, Italy, Rhodes; 0-240 ft.

6. Lima uians, Gmelin.

Ostrea hians, Gmel., L. S. N. ed. xiii. p. 3332.

L. hians, B. C. ii. p. 87; v. p. 170, pl. xxv. f. 5.

‘ Porcupine’ Exp. 1870: Atl. St. Vigo B., 36.

Distribution. Loffoden Isles to the Morea, Adriatic, Mogador,

Madeira, Canaries, and Azores; 0-110 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Coralline Crag, Scotland, Ire-

and, Vienna Basin, Sicily, and Rhodes.

7. Lima excavatTa, Fabricius.

Ostrea excavata, Fabr. in Schroter’s Naturg. t. ii. p. 117.

Excavata fabricii, Chemn. Conch.-Cab. t. 68. f. 654.

‘Lightning’ Exp., St. 5. A hinge and part of the valves, quite

fresh and united by the cartilage. Perhaps taken by a fish on the

Norwegian coast, and carried out to sea.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1870: Atl. St. 22, 24,25. Fragments of old

and young specimens. Semifossil ?

Distribution. Scandinavia, from Finmark to Bohuslan. ‘ Chal-

1879.] ‘LIGHTNING’ AND ‘PORCUPINE’ EXPEDITIONS. 565

lenger ’ Exp. (W. Patagonia and off Japan); 10-775 fms. Herr

Friele informs me that by sinking a dredge in Osterfiord, almost

perpendicularly, to the depth of 350 fathoms, he has brought up

this grand and beautiful species, with also living specimens of My-

tilus edulis and Littorina rudis, and that L. excavata attaches itself

by a strong byssus to rocks close to the shore.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Norway, Altavilla?, and

Sicily.

Apparently Z. solida of Calcara.

Family-V. AvicuLip2.

Y Avicuta urruNDo, Linné.

Mytilus hirundo, L. 8. N. p. 1159.

A. hirundo, B. C. ii. p. 95; v. p. 170, pl. xxv. f. 6.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1870: Atl., St. 10, 13, off C. Sagres, 27, 28,

28 a, 36, Tangier B.; Med. off Jijeli, Rasel Amoush.

Distribution. Southern coasts of England to the Adriatic and

A&gean, Madeira, Canaries, Azores; 0-205 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene. Coralline Crag, S., Italy.

One of the two specimens still preserved in the Linnean collection

of shells as ‘‘ Mytilus hirundo,’ is certainly the present species. In

the ‘Systema Nature’ the first reference is to the ‘ Mus. Ulr. Reg.,’

where the description agrees with the European species, although no

habitat is given; the second reference is to Lister’s ‘ Hist. Conch.,’

who cites D’Argenville for the vernacular name “ Dattici,” used by

the Genoese. Lamarck called the species 4. tarentina and A. at-

lantica, describing the former as “ valvis eequalibus,” and the latter

(more appropriately) as ‘ valvis inzequalibus.”’

Pinna Rupis, Linné.

Pinna rudis, L. 8S. N. p. 1159: B.C. ii. p. 99, pl. iii. f. 1, and

frontispiece; v. p. 170, pl. xxvi.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1870: Atl., St. 13, Vigo B., off C. Sagres,

Gibraltar B., Tangier B.; Med. 50, 50 a, Rasel Amoush.

Distribution. Great Britain and Ireland to the Adriatic and

Morea, Madeira, Canaries, and Azores; 0-80 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene. Coralline Crag (fragments), Belgium, Italy, and

Rhodes.

There is no end of synonyms. Poli, Payraudeau, Philippi, and

many other conchologists of repute have adopted the Linnean name

rudis. The shape aad sculpture are extremely variable.

Family VI. Myritipz.

1. Myrinus eputis, Linné.

Mytilus edulis, L.S.N. p.1157: B.C. ii. p. 104, pl: iii. f. 2;

Mrp-plfl, pl. xxvii. f, 1.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1870: Atl. St. Vigo B. and Gibraltar B,

Valves only.

566 DR. GWYN JEFFREYS ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE [June 17,

Distribution. Circumpolar, and throughout the North Atlantic,

Adriatic, Mediterranean to Smyrna, North Pacific to Mexico, Ker-

guelen Land, ‘Challenger’ Exp. (New Zealand and Falkland I.);

usually littoral or tidal, but occasionally living below the laminarian

zone.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Greenland, Iceland, Seandi-

navia, Great Britain and Ireland, Belgium, S. France, Italy to

Ustica I., Labrador and N.E. America southwards to Florida ;

0-1360 ft.

This very common species has been called by nearly twenty names.

It varies greatly in size, from the stunted form (incurvata) to the

arctic variety (gigantea), specimens of the latter being nine or ten

inches long.

2. Myritus pictus, Born.

e- Mytilus pictus, Born, Test. Mus. Ces. p. 111 (1778); p. 127,

t. vi. f. 6; 7 (1780).

‘Porcupine’ Exp., 1870: Med. St. Capo de Gata, 51, Adventure

Bank. Valves only.

Distribution. S. W. and S. France, S. Spain, Adriatic, Algiers,

Malta, Morocco, W. and S. Africa, Canaries; 0-10 fms.

M. africanus of Chemnitz and M. afer of Gmelin.

3. Myrtitus apriaticus, Lamarck.

Mytilus adriaticus, Lam. An. s. Vert. vi. p. 112: B.C. ii. p. 1165

v. p. 171, pl. xxvii. f. 4.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. Loch Foyle. 1870: Atl. Vigo B.,

Tangier B.; Med. Benzert Road, Adventure Bank.

Distribution. Finmark to Malta and Egypt, Adriatic, Canaries ;

2-50 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Belfast, Italy.

Many synonyms, but all now obsolete.

4, Myrinus rncurvatus, Philippi.

yy Modiola incurvata, Phil. En. Moll. Sic. i. p. 72, t. 4. f. 20.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1870: Med. St. 50a. A single living speci-

men. The byssus is very long.

Distribution. Benicarlo in Valencia; 15 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene. Sicily.

My specimen, which I have considered the same species as Phi-

lippi’s fossil, undoubtedly belongs to the species lately described and

figured as Modiola martorelli by Dr. Hidalgo in his excellent work

on the marine Mollusca of Spain, Portugal, and the Balearic Isles.

Through the kindness of the Abbé Brugnone, I have now had an

opportunity of carefully comparing his fossil specimen from Sicily

with my recent specimen from the ‘ Porcupine’ Expedition of 1870 ;

and I can see no difference betwegn them, except that the former

has a more curved or arched contour. But this is evidently a vari-

able character in the recent form, judging from my inspection at

Palermo of a specimen sent by Dr. Hidalgo to the Marquis de. Mon-

1879.] ‘LIGHTNING’ AND ‘ PORCUPINE’ EXPEDITIONS. 567

terosato, in which some degree of curvature is observable. After I

had written the above I received from Dr. Hidalgo (to whom my

best thanks are due for this and other favours) a fine specimen of

his I. martorelli, which is considerably incurved in front, with a

Corresponding arcuation at the back; and it exactly resembles

Brugnone’s fossil specimen.

9. Myritus mopiouvs, Linné.

Mytilus modiolus, L. 8. N. p- 1158: B. C. ii. p. 111; v. ae ya

pl. xxvii. f. 2.

‘ ‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1870: Atl. Setubal B. A fragment, perhaps

ossil.

Distribution. Iceland to the west coast of France, White Sea,

Labrador to New York, Behring Strait to California and Japan, not

Greenland nor Spitzbergen; 0-100 fms. Von Schrenck gives as

synonyms Modiola philippinarum of Hanley and Modiola australis

of Gray, the former from the Philippine Isles, and the latter from

Australia. If these identifications are correct, they would imply a

more extensive distribution.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Scandinavia, Great Britain

and Ireland, Belgium, Italy, Labrador to Nantucket I. ; 0-470 ft.

6. Myrinus parpatus, Linnéd.

Mytilus barbatus, L.S. N. p. 1156: B. C. ii. p- 114; v. p. 171,

pl. xxvii. f. 3.

‘Porcupine’ Exp, 1870: Atl. St. Vigo B.; Med. Benzert Road

(valves).

Distribution. 8. & W. England, Wales, and Treland, southwards

to Malta and Alexandria, N. Japan and Gulf of Yedo 3 0-95 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene. Red Crag, and Italy.

7. Myrinus pHAsroLinus, Philippi.

& Modiola phaseolina, Phil. Moll. Sic. p- ol, &. xv. f. 14,

Mytilus phaseolinus, B. C. ii. p. 118; v. p- 171, pl. xxvii. f. 5.

* Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 1, 2. 1870: Atl. Vigo B., 25, off

C. Sagres, 26, 30, Tangier B.; Med. Cartagena B., 50, 51, Rasel

Amoush, off Rinaldo’s Chair.

Distribution. Iceland and Finmark to the ffigean and Adriatic ;

0-3000 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Norway, Coralline Crag, Bel-

gium, Italy, and Rhodes ; 0-100 ft.

Among other synonyms are probably Mytilus barbatus of Miiller

and Fabricius, but not of Linné, and certainly Modiola pusio of

Morch, but not of Philippi.

I dredged a minute valve of 1 ytilus bidens, Linné, in the « Por-

cupine’ Expedition of 1870, at Station 17@. A Foraminifer (Rhaéb-

dammina abyssorum, M. Sars) was attached to it. M. bidens is a

West-Indian species, and has been acclimatized at Barcelona.

568 DR. GWYN JEFFREYS ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE [June 17,

Y 1. MoprovartaA MARMORATA, Forbes.

Mytilus marmoratus, Forb. Mal. Mon. p. 44.

Modiolaria marmorata, B.C. ii. p. 122, pl. ii. f. 3; v. p. 171,

pl. xxviii. f. 1.

‘ Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 9, the Minch. 1870: Atl. Vigo B.,

Tangier B.; Med. Cartagena B., Capo de Gata, Adventure Bank.

Distribution. Bergen to Smyrna, Adriatic, Mogador, Gulf of Suez

and Persian Gulf, Canaries, N. Pacific, perhaps 8. Carolina as Cre-

nella lateralis of Say ; 10-150 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary, Coralline and Red Crag, Bel-

fast, Belgium, Italy.

Cantraine’s specific name subpicta has precedence of marmorata

by three years ; and that given by Say, /ateralis (if applicable to the

present species), is still older; but marmorata is now in general use.

2. Moproxaria piscors, Linné.

Mytilus discors, L. 8. N. p. 1159.

Modiolaria discors, B. C. ii. p. 126; v. p. 171, pl. xxviii. f. 3.

‘ Lightning’ Exp.: St. 1, 3.

Distribution. Arctic ocean in both hemispheres, ‘ Valorous’

Exp., Iceland to Guernsey, west coast of France, Piedmont, Augean,

N.E. America from Labrador to Cape Cod, and N, Pacific south-

@ wards to Oregon and Japan ; 0-1785 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Scandinavia, Great Britain,

Vienna Basin?, N.E. America ; 0-100 ft.

Modiola levigata and substriata of Gray and Modiola levis of

Beck are varieties of the present species, and connected by inter-

mediate gradations with the typical form.

~ 3, Mopiovaria niGRA, Gray.

Modiola nigra, Gray, Suppl. to App. to Parry’s first voyage,

p- ecxliv.

Modiolaria nigra, B. C. ii. p. 128; v. p. 171, pl. xxviii. f. 4,

‘Lightning’ Exp.: St. off the Faroe Isles.

‘ Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. off Lerwick.

Distribution. With M. discors as arctic, Iceland to the Dogger

bank, Holland ?, N.E. and N.W. America, Novaya Zemblia, Sea of

Okhotsk ; 7-350 fms.

Fossil. Post-tertiary. Iceland, Norfolk ?, Scotland, N.E. America.

This may have been the Mytilus striatulus of Linné’s ‘ Mantissa,’

as Beck supposed; but the term “unidentato”? makes it doubtful.

It is the Modiola nexa of Gould.

4, MopIoLARIA SUBCLAVATA, Libassi.

Modiola subclavata, Lib. Mem. Conch. foss. in Atti Pan. iii. (1859),

p.13, f Ze

eae Exp. 1870: Atl. St. Vigo B., Tangier B. Valves

only.

1879.] ‘LIGHTNING’ AND ‘PORCUPINE’ EXPEDITIONS, 569

Distribution. Brittany, G. Gascony, N. Spain, Provence, Canaries ;

12-50 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene. Siena, Palermo,

Modiola gibberula of Cailliaud, and Lithodomus semigranatus of

Reeve. Differs from Modiolaria petayne (with which it has been

found) in size, shape, sculpture, and the prolongation of the terminal

beard-like epidermis.

CRENELLA DECussATA, Montagu.

Mytilus decussatus, Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 69.

Y Crenella decussata, B, C. ii. p. 133, pl. iil. f. 45 v. p. 172,

pl. xxviii. f. 6.

‘ Lightning’ Exp.: St. 4, 5.

‘ Porcupine’ Exp. 1870: Med. Adventure Bank. Valves, smaller

than North-Atlantic specimens.

Distribution. Spitzbergen to the coasts of Northumberland and

co. Antrim, Novaya Zemblia, White Sea, and coasts of Russian

Lapland, Davis Strait to New England, N. Pacific (Catalina I,

and Corea); 0—1750 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Norway, Scotland, Sicily ;

0-40 ft.

Dacrypium viTreum (Holbdll), Moller.

Modiola? vitrea (Holboll), Moll. Ind. Moll. Groenl. p. 19.

“ Dacrydium vitreum, Torell, Spitzb. Moll. p. 138, t. 1. f. 2a, 6.

‘ Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 23, 23a, 25, 37, 38, 65. 1870: Atl.

UG, UA LAG 22a,

Distribution. Swedish arctic Exp. 1868, ‘ Valorous’ Exp.

1875, Novaya Zemblia, Norwegian arctic Exp. 1877 and 1878,

‘Challenger’ Exp. (between the Azores and Bermuda), Norway

from Vadsoe to Christianiafiord, both sides of the Mediterranean,

Gulf of St. Lawrence, New England ; 30-2750 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Elie in Fifeshire, Cassel,

Palermo.

Modiola pygmea of Philippi and Daerydium hyalinum of Monte-

rosato. I cannot discover any difference except size to distinguish

Mediterranean from North-Atlantic specimnns. As to the name

and characteristics of the genus Dacrydium, I would refer to the

‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History ’ for November 1876,

. 429.

; This remarkable and pretty mollusk makes a nest (like Modiolaria

discors and Lima hians) consisting of a narrow tubular case twice

the length of the shell. The case is lined with a delicate membrane,

and coated with minute Foraminifera, fragments of sponge, and coc-

cospheres, which are firmly agglutinated. The Dacrydium inhabits

the broader and lower half of the case, its front or “ ventral” margin

lying in the direction of the narrower part or opening.

570 DR. GWYN JEFFREYS ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE [June 17,

IpAs ARGENTEUS, Jeffreys. (Plate XLV. fig. 3.)

Idas argenteus, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. Nov. 1876, p. 428.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1870, Atl. St. 16.

Distribution. ‘Valorous’ Exp.; 1450 fms.

Family VII. Arcipz.

1. Arca BARBATA, Linné.

« A. barbata, L. 8. N. p. 1140: Poli, Test. utr. Sic. ii. p. 135,

t. xxv. f. 6,7 B. C.ip. 183; yep. 176.

‘ Porcupine’ Exp. 1870: Atl. St. Gibraltar B.

Distribution. Atlantic coasts of France from Quimper to Rochelle,

Cadiz, Mogador, throughout the Mediterranean and Adriatic ;

2-100 fms.

Fossil. Miocene and Pliocene. S.W. and S. France, Vienna

Basin, Galicia, Transylvania, Volkynia, Italy, Morea, Cyprus and

Rhodes, Madeira.

2. ARCA LACTEA, Linné.

A, lactea, L. S. N. p. 1141: B. C. ii. p..177; v. p. 175,

plexed oO:

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1870: Atl. St. Vigo B., 36, Tangier B.,

Gibraltar B.; Med. 50, 55, Adventure Bank.

Distribution. Berwick B. and Oban southwards to Mogador, and

eastwards to the Morea, Adriatic, Red Sea, Senegal, Canaries ;

0-150 fms.

Fossil. Miocene, Pliocene, and Post-tertiary. England and Ire-

land, S.W. and S. France, Podolia, Vienna Basin, Transylvania,

Italy, Cyprus and Rhodes ; 0-600 ft.

Several obsolete synonyms.

“ 3. Arca noputosa, Miiller.

A, nodulosa, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prodr. p. 247: B.C. ii. p. 180;

vy. p. 176, pl. «. f. 2.

‘Lightning’ Exp.: St. 2, 4, 5.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 13, 14, 51, 61, 65. 1870: Atl. 3, 9,

16, 17 a, 24, 26-29 ; Med. 45, 55, 58, Adventure Bank.

Distribution. Loffoden Isles to the Aigean, Adriatic, Josephine

Bank, Canaries, G. Mexico; 10-700 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Norway, S. France, Italy ;

0-100 ft.

Having carefully examined and compared more than one hundred

specimens from the North Atlantic and Mediterranean, I am con-

vineed that 4. scabra of Poli is merely a coloured variety of the

present species. Some specimens are oval, others oblong ; the angle

of the hinge-line on either side is of different degrees of acuteness

or obtuseness; and the texture and sculpture are finer or coarser

according to the nature of the locality and sea-bottom. Specimens

from the Gulf of Mexico are undistinguishable from Norwegian. In

1879.] ‘LIGHTNING’ AND ‘ PoRCUPINE’ EXPEDITIONS. 571

a fossil state it is the A. aspera of Philippi. I must admit, however,

the great difficulty of deciding whether certain Species ought to be

united or separated. This cannot be attempted without sufficient

materials and experience.

4. ARcA TETRAGONA, Poli.

¥_ A. tetragona, Poli, Test. utr. Sie. ii. p. 137, t. xxv. f. 12, 13:

B.C. ii. p. 180, pl. iv. f. 5, 5a; v. p. 176, pl. xxx. f. 6, 6a.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1870: Atl. St. Vigo B., 26, Tangier B.; Med.

55, Benzert Road, Rasel Amoush, Adventure Bank, off Rinaldo’s

Chair.

Distribution. Finmark to Mogador, the Adriatic, Mediterranean,

‘Egean, Madeira, Canaries, Azores, ‘ Challenger’ Exp. (Fernando

Noronhas) ; 0-450 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Norway, Great Britain and

Ireland, Belgium, S. France, Italy, and Madeira,

Synonyms rather numerous, but none worth recording. A. te-

¢ragona was apparently the small Norwegian species noticed by

Linné as resembling 4. tortuosa, and to which Miller and Pennant

gave the latter name.

5. Arca nom, Linné.

— A. now, L.8.N. p. 1140 (partly) ; Poli, Test. utr. Sic. t. XXiv.

‘ Poreupine’ Exp. 1870: Med. St. Benzert Road.

Distribution. Morbihan and Charente Inférieure, Cadiz, through-

out the Mediterranean to Egypt, Adriatic, Red Sea, Teneriffe, N,

Carolina to West Indies ; 0-100 fms.

Fossil. Miocene and Pliocene. Vienna Basin, S. France, Algiers,

Italy, Morea, Rhodes, Cyprus, and the Azores.

Marketable and eaten at Spezzia, Venice, Naples, and Malta.

6. Arca ANTIQUATA, Linné,

A. antiquata, L. S. N. p- 1141 (partly): Poli Test. utr. Sic.,

t. xxv. f. 14, 15.

‘Poreupine’ Exp. 1870: Atl. St. Setubal B., 22, C. Sagres, 26,

30, 36, Tangier B.; Med. 10, 55, G. of Bona, Benzert Road, Rasel

Amoush, Adventure Bank.

Distribution. Mogador and throughout the Mediterranean from

Gibraltar to the Sea of Marmora, Adriatic, Red Sea to Madeira,

Canaries, New England from Cape Cod southwards ; 20-100 fms.

Fossil. Miocene and Pliocene. N.W. Germany, Vienna Basin,

S.W. and S. F rance, Barcelona, Malaga, Algiers, Italy, and Morea.

This is assuredly the A, antiquata of Poli. Linné founded his

species on the wretched and unsatisfactory figures of Bonanni and

other antiquated conchologists. It is also in part the 4. antiquata

of Lamarck ; his A. diluvizt was described from an Eocene species,

and is different. Mayer proposed polii for our shell ; but Brugnone

says that two species were included under that name, J udging from

572 DR. GWYN JEFFREYS ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE [June 17,

Say’s description of A. ¢runsversa and the figures lately given by

Binney and Tryon, as well as from specimens which Mr. Dall has

kindly sent me, I am inclined to consider it either the same as the

present species or at most a variety of it. In Weinkauff’s collec-

tion of Algerian shells is a specimen three and a half inches long,

with 32 ribs, the usual number being 28. A monstrosity in the

same collection was named by M. Crosse 4. weinkaugi. There are

several other synonyms.

7. Arca opxiqva, Philippi.

/ A. obliqua, Phil. Moll. Sic. ii. p. 43, t.xv. f. 2: B.C. il. p. 17535

v, p. 175,.pl..xxx. f, 4.

‘ Lightning’ Exp.: St. 5.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 14, 15, 25,65. 1870: Atl. 2, 3, 24,

25, C. Sagres, 26-30, 36; Med. 45, 55, 58, Adventure Bank, off

Rinaldo’s Chair.

Distribution. Bergen and Shetland to the AEgean, Azores; 30-

600 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene. S. France, Calabria, and Sicily.

Having now reexamined a great number of recent and fossil spe-

cimens from various localities, I must separate this from the next

species for the following reasons :—4. obliqua is not merely much

smaller, but it is shorter (measured from the beak to the front

margin), and more sharply angulated on the anterior side ; the strize

are nodulous; and the teeth are more numerous, and straight

instead of being set obliquely on the anterior side, as in A. glacialis.

Both species are somewhat inequivalve. Some specimens of A. 06-

liqua have the inside of the front margin regularly and closely den-

ticulated.

i“ 8. ARCA GLACIALIS, Gray.

A, glacialis, Gray in Suppl. App. Parry’s first voyage, p. cexliv ;

Torell, Spitzb. Moll. t. ii. f. 7, a, 6

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 23a, 89. Valves only, and perhaps

semifossil relics of the last glacial epoch.

Distribution. Arctic seas in both northern hemispheres, Iceland,

and G. of St. Lawrence ; 25-1622 fms.

Fossil. Post-tertiary. Scandinavia, Maine ; 0-240 ft.

Not A. glacialis of Mighels.

9. ARCA PECTUNCULOIDES, Scacchi.

A. pectunculoides, Sc. Aun. Civ. due Sic. vii. p. 82 (1633): B.C.

ii. p. 171; v. p. 175, pl. xxx. f. 3.

‘Lightning’ Exp.: St. 2, 5, 7.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 1, 6, 14, 15, 179323525: 615 62565;

off Lerwick. 1870: Atl. 1, 2,3, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, Setubal B., 24

-34; Med. 45, Cartagena B., 55, Benzert Road, Adventure Bank,

off Rinaldo’s Chair.

Distribution. Davis Strait to G. of St. Lawrence and Halifax,

1879.] ‘LIGHTNING’ AND ‘ PORCUPINE? EXPEDITIONS, 573

‘Valorous’ Exp., Spitzbergen, Loffoden Isles to G. of Egina,

‘Challenger’ Exp. (off Culebra I., Danish West Indies) ; 20-1170 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. N orway, Coralline Crag (not

Belgian), S. France, Italy, Rhodes ; 0-100 ft.

Var. septentrionalis. Larger, more triangular and oblique, and

finely striated lengthwise, but not reticulated.

This form resembles that of the next Species.

‘Lightning’ Exp.: St. 135.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 23a. 1870: Atl. 16, 17, 174.

Distribution. « Bulldog’ Exp., Norwegian arctic Exp. 1876,

1877, and 1878, Dutch arctic Exp., Finmark ; 146-656 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene. Palermo and Messina, with the typical form,

Risso described this Species in 1826 as 4. grenophia; but the

name may be considered obsolete. It is also the A, ruridentata of

Searles Wood.

10. Arca FRIELEI, Jeffreys. (Plate XLY. figs. 4, 4a.)

«A. frielei (Jeffr.), Friele in Mag. f. Naturvid. xxiii, h. 3, p. 2

(1877).

‘ Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 65.

Distribution. Norwegian arctic Exp., 1876-8 ; 459-1333 fms.

Named in honour of Herr Herman Friele of Bergen, who under-

took with such ability the charge of the Mollusca in the last-men-

tioned expeditions. This and the preceding two species belong to

the section or subgenus Cucullea, in which the teeth are compara-

tively few and placed obliquely. A. frielei has been lately figured

in the Jahrb. d. D. malak. Ges. Ht. li. 1879, t. 4. f. 9; but the

hinge is represented as toothless, and I therefore have it refigured.

GLomus NITENs, Jeffreys. (Plate XLY. figs. 5, 5a.)

G. nitens, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. Noy. 1876, p. 433.

‘ Porcupine” Exp. 1869: St. 16, 19a, 20, 21, 22, 30, 31, 39.

Distribution. ‘ Valorous’ Exp.; 1750 fms.

The genus Glomus is remarkable for its globular shape, its elon-

gated and slanting cartilage, and the teeth being few and set

obliquely.

Sinicuta !, Jeffreys.

SHELL oval or oblong, open at the anterior or longer end: ear-

tilage internal, minute: teeth laminar, parallel with the hinge-line,

and not at right angles to it or diagonal, as in other genera of the

Arca family.

I at first thought of Phaseolus as an appropriate generic name ;

but as that is so well known in Botany, I have substituted Silicula

for the Mollusk. The type, which I will now describe, somewhat

resembles an Estheria in shape ; but the valves of the carapace in

the Crustacean are punctated, and there is no true hinge. The

Abbé Brugnone and the Marchese dj Monterosato have discovered

in the Tertiary formation at Ficarazzi, near Palermo, a minute fossil

species of Si/icula, for which the name ovata is proposed.

* A little pod.

574 DR. GWYN JEFFREYS ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE [June 17;

SILicuLa FRAGILIS’, Jeffreys. (Plate XLV. figs. 6, 6a.)

Bopy clear white ; foot axe-shaped.

SHELL ensiform or obliquely oblong, inequilateral, compressed,

thin, glossy, nacreous, and semitransparent: sculpture extremely

fine and numerous but irregular concentric striz, which are only

observable with a magnifying glass; there are also occasional lines

of growth: colour white, under a pale brownish-yellow epidermis :

margins nearly straight at the back on the anterior side, rounded at

the other side, extended and wedge-shaped at the anterior side, the

extremity of which is truncated, with a slight notch or indentation

in the middle, gradually curved in front: beaks placed near the

smaller end, at about one third the length of the back; they are

small, rather prominent, and calyciform : Zunule well defined, lance-

head-shaped, and elongated: ligament none: cartilage and pit

oblique: Ainge-line long, nearly straight on the anterior side, and

gently curved on the other side: hinge-plate rather narrow: teeth

elongated, four on each side, somewhat like the lateral teeth in Ted-

lina, but overlapping one another, and not continuous: they are of

different lengths, those at each end being the shortest and strongest :

inside polished and iridescent, microscopically fretted towards the

front margin: scars inconspicuous. L. 0°15, B. 0°3.

‘ Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 16, 28.

A. More or less angulated or pointed at the longer end.

1. Lepa pernvta, Miller.

Arca pernula, Miill. in Beschift. Berl. Ges. naturf. Fr. iv. p. 57

1779).

( ibe ade B. C. ii. p. 158; v. p. 173: G.O. Sars, Moll. reg.

arct. Norv. t. v. f. 1 a—d.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 4, Loch Torridon. 1870: Atl. 1, 2,6,

9. One perfect specimen (but dead) and several valves of different

sizes, all being more or less smooth or destitute of concentric striae.

Distribution. Arctic Ocean in the N. Atlantic southwards to the

Cattegat on the east and Maine on the west, Novaya Zemblia,

Behring Strait ; 5-210 fms.

Fossil. Post-tertiary or “ glacial.” N. lat. 82°, N.E. America,

Archangel, Scandinavia, Great Britain and Ireland; 0-1360 ft.

Being variable in shape and sculpture, this species has many

synonyms.

- 2, Lepa MINuTA, Miller.

Arca minuta, Mull. Zool. Dan. Prodr. p. 247.

L. minuta, B. C. ii. p. 155, pl. iv. f.2; v. p. 173, pl. xxix. f. 6.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 1, 23a, 25, North Channel, the

Minch, Little Minch, near Belfast. 1870: Atl. 2,9 (valves only, and

perhaps semifossil).

Distribution. Arctic seas in both hemispheres, to the Cattegat

1 Brittle.

1879.] ‘LIGHTNING’ AND ‘ PORCUPINE’ EXPEDITIONS. 575

and Bay of Fundy in the N. Atlantic and to Japan in the N. Pacific ;

5-150 fms.

Fossil. Post-tertiary or “glacial.’”” Scandinavia, Great Britain

and Ireland, Labrador and Canada; 0-130 ft.

The most common synonym is LZ. caudata, Donovan.

3. LepA FRAGILIS, Chemnitz.

Arca fragilis, Chem. Conch.-Cab. vii. p. 199, t. 55. f. 546.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1870: Atl. St. 10, Vigo B., 13, Setubal B., off

C. Espichel, 22, 27-30, 36, Tangier B.; Med. 45, Cartagena B.,

50, 54, 55, Benzert Road, Rasel Amoush, Adventure Bank, off

Rinaldo’s Chair. Abundant in the Mediterranean cruize.

Some specimens are more closely striated than others.

Distribution. Atlantic coasts of France and Lusitania from Ar-

cachon to C. Trafalgar, throughout the Mediterranean to the Hgean,

Adriatic, G. of Florida; 20-185 fms.

Fossil. Miocene and Pliocene. Belgium, N.W. Germany, Vienna

Basin, Transylvania, Switzerland, 8.W. & S. France, Italy, Greece,

and Rhodes.

This species was unmistakably described and figured by Chemnitz ;

and his specific name fragilis was adopted by that painstaking

naturalist Dillwyn, and since by Hornes and Hidalgo, although the

last considered it distinct from the Nucula commutata of Philippi,

which is certainly the present species. Risso, Chiereghini, and

Eichwald gave it other names.

4. Leva pewua, Linné.

Arca pella, L. 8. N. p. 1141.

A. interrupta, Poli, Test. utr. Sic. ii. t. 25. f. 4, 5.

‘ Porcupine’ Exp. 1870: Med. St. 50, 55, G. of Bona, Benzert

Road, G. of Tunis, Adventure Bank. Varies in the sculpture, like

L. fragilis.

Distribution. Atlantic coasts of Spain and Portugal, throughout

the Mediterranean to the Sea of Marmora, Adriatic, Japan ;

4-100 fms.

Fossil. Miocene and Pliocene. Antwerp Crag, Poland, Vienna

Basin, Switzerland, S.W. France, Italy, Greece, Rhodes and

Cyprus.

The principal synonyms are Arca interrupta of Poli and Nucula

emarginata of Payraudeau.

vy 5. Lepa arctica, Gray.

Nucula arctica, Gray in Suppl. App. Parry’s first voyage, p. ccli

(1824).

Portlandia arctica, G. O. Sars, Moll. reg. arct. Norv. p. 37, t. 4.

f. 7a-h.

L. arctica, B. C. ii. p. 158.

Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. Loch Torridon. A fine and perfect

specimen and two valves, all apparently subfossil.

576 DR. GWYN JEFFREYS ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE [June 17,

Distribution. Circumpolar in the N. Atlantic and Pacific, Novaya

Zemblia, Jenissei B., ‘ Valorous’ Exp., Norwegian arctic Exp.

1878, Iceland, Finmark ; 5-1333 fms.

Fossil. Post-tertiary or ‘‘glacial.”” Norway and Sweden, Scot-

land, N.E. America; 60 fms.—70 ft.

Nucula glacialis, Leach; N. truncata, Brown; N. portlandica,

Hitchcock; WN. siliqua and N. sulcifera, Reeve.

6. LepA MESSANENSIS, Seguenza.

L. acuminata, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. July 1870, p. 69:

Seguenza, Nuculidi terziarie merid. d’Ital. (R. Acad. Line. 1877,

separate copy), p. 15, t. iii. f. 15, 15 a—e.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 3, 15, 16, 23, 42. 1870: Atl. I, 2,

3, 3a, 6, 9, Vigo B., 22, 24, off C. Sagres, 25-34, 36; Med. 55,

Adventure Bank.

Distribution. ‘Valorous’ Exp., W. Norway, Mediterranean,

‘ Josephine’ Exp. (Azores), ‘ Challenger’ Exp. (between Azores

and Bermuda); 100-1750 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene. S. Italy.

Bopy clear white: mantle having its edges protruded and pout-

ing ; these are plain or slightly jagged, and not ciliated : tubes sepa-

rate; the upper tube is cylindrical and long, and has two minute

tubercles at the point, one above and the other below: foot exten-

sile, and shaped like that of its congener.

The shell is variable in length, and is wholly or partly marked

(especially in front) by close and regular concentric strize.

After I had published the specific name acuminata, I found that

it had been preoccupied for an Oolitic species, the Nucula acuminata

of Von Buch, which is also a Leda. I have therefore substituted

in the case of the present species Professor Seguenza’s MS. name

messanensis. Eichwald’s Z. acuminata is L. fragilis.

7. Leva pustutosa, Jeffreys.

L. pustulosa, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. Nov. 1876, p. 430; Seg.

Nuc. terz. p. 17, t. iii. f. 17, 17a—d.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 16, 19, 20, 21, 23, 23a, 28, 30, 31,

58. 1870: Ath 2.)3a, 17a, 27,/30.

Distribution. ‘ Valorous’ Exp., 1450 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene. S. Italy.

8. Lepa FrricipA, Torell.

Yoldia frigida, Tor. Spitzb. Moll. p. 148, t. i. f. 3.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 9, 23a, 28, 31, 36. 1870: Atl.

1, 2, 3, 3a, 6, 9, 16, 22, 24, 26-34.

Distribution. Spitzbergen, ‘ Valorous’ Exp., Novaya Zemblia,

Norwegian arctic Exp. 1877 and 1878, Loffoden Isles to Shetland,

Palermo, G. of St. Lawrence, N. Japan; 3-650 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. English last arctic Exp. (N.

lat. 82° 33'), Norway, Reggio and Messina.

1879.] ‘LIGHTNING’ AND ‘PORCUPINE’ EXPEDITIONS. 577

The teeth are much more numerous and finer than in

L. pustulosa.

Yoldia nana of M. Sars.

9. Lepa Tenvis, Philippi.

Nucula tenuis, Phil. En. Moll. Sic. i. p. 65, t. v. f. 9.

L. pygmea, B. C. ii. p. 154; v. p. 173, pl. xxix. f. 5.

‘ Lightning’ Exp.: St. 2, 3, 5, 7.

‘Porcupine’ Exp., 1869: St. 1,8, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 23a, 35, 61,

62, Loch Torridon. 1870: Atl. 1, 2, 3a, 9, 13, 22, 24, off C. Sagres,

26-34 ; Med. 45, Cartagena B., 55, Benzert Road, Adventure Bank,

off Rinaldo’s Chair.

Distribution. Scandinavia to the Aigean; 10-650 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Siberia?, Scandinavia, Great

Britain and Ireland, Belgium ?, Transylvania ?, Biot, Italy ; 0-240 ft.

This species was referred by Philippi in his second volume to the

Nucula pygmea of Von Miinster ; but the description and figure of the

latter species given by Goldfuss in his ‘ Petrefacta Germanie,’ and

specimens of the fossils kindly sent me by Dr. Wiechmann, have con-

vinced me that they are different species. I have therefore adopted

Philippi’s original name ¢enuis. The well-known Nucula tenuis of

Montagu belongs to another genus ; but Philippi did not distinguish

the genus Leda, and therefore changed his name for that of Von

Miinster. According to Forbes, WN. gibbosa of James Smith is a

variety of the present species. L. tenuis does not appear to inhabit

the Arctic seas, although Z. lenticula of Miller, = Yoldia abyssicola,

Torell, has been mistaken for it by some authors, which makes it

difficult to verify all the localities mentioned by them.

10. Lepa LenticuuA, Moller.

Nucula lenticula, MOll. Ind. Moll. Greenl. p. 17.

Yoldia abyssicola, Torell, Spitz. Moll. t. i. f. 4, a, 5.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 9, 23a, Loch Torridon (perfect but

dead and perhaps semifossil, like Z. arctica). 1870: Atl. 34, 27, 28,

30. Valves only.

Distribution. Wellington Channel, Davis Strait, Dutch arctic Exp.,

Novaya Zemblia, Norwegian arctic Exp. 1878, Shetland (semi-

fossil?) ; 20-656 fms.

Fossil. Post-tertiary or “ glacial.”” Norway, Clyde beds, Siberia,

Labrador, Canada, Maine.

I agree with Professor G. O. Sars that this may be Moller’s

species; but the description is so short and indeterminate that it is

almost equally applicable to L. tenuis. The late Professor M. Sars

regarded it as a variety of the latter species, and as the Nucula

gibbosa of James Smith. It is the Yoldia abyssicola of Torell, but

not of M. Sars.

The present species is gibbous ; and the anterior end is much more

marked and upturned than in L. tenuis.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No, XX XVII. 37

578 DR. GWYN JEFFREYS ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE [June 17?

11. Lepa str1oLATA, Brugnone.

Yoidia striolata, Brugn. Misc. Mal. (pars secunda, 1877), p. 9, f. 9.

Y. abyssicola, Seg. Nuc. terz. d’'It. (1877), t. v. f. 28, 28a.

‘ Lightning’ Exp.: St. 3.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 39, 42,47. 1870: Atl. 3a, 9, 16,

17, 17a, off C. Espichel, 22, 24, 31-34.

Distribution. Palermo; 114 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene. Calabria and Sicily.

Differs from the last species (LZ. lenticula) in being flatter, more

sharply pointed or wedge-shaped at the anterior end, and concentri-

cally striated ; the strize are regular and sometimes numerous, but

usually distant and covering the front only. The epidermis in living

specimens is yellowish-green. Sériolata is not a classical word ; and

I had provisionally named this species acutalis, but of course give

way to the previous publication. Monterosato gave it the MS. name

of producta.

“12. Lepsa INTERMEDIA, M. Sars.

Portlandia intermedia, (M. Sars), G. O. Sars, Moll. reg. arct.

Norv. p. 38, t. 4. f. 9, a—d.

‘Porcupine’ Exp.1870: Atl.St.16. A few valves, mostly imperfect.

Distribution. Greenland, Spitzbergen, ‘ Fox’ Exp., Novaya

Zemblia, Norwegian arctic Exp. 1878, Dutch arctic Exp., Finmark ;

25-1333 fms.

Not a North-Pacific species which I received from Mr. Dall as

the Yoldia intermedia of Sars on the authority of the late Dr. Philip

Carpenter.

13. Lepa tucipa, Lovén.

Yoldia lucida, Lov. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 34.

L. lucida, B. C. ii. p. 155; v. p. 173, pl. e. f. 1.

‘Lightning’ Exp.: St. 1, 2, 3, 5.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 22, 28, 62.

1870: Atl. 1, 2, 3, 3a, 9, 13, 16, 17, 17a (var. declivis ; anterior

end more sloping and not so much upturned nor pointed), 176 (var.

truncata; anterior end abruptly cut off) ; Med. 55.

Distribution. Swedish arctic Exp. 1868, ‘ Valorous’ Exp., No-

vaya Zemblia, Norwegian arctic Exp. 1878, Finmark to Bohuslan,

Palermo, G. St. Lawrence to Massachusetts B.; 10-730 fms.

Fossil. Post-tertiaty or ‘glacial.’ Norway, and Clyde beds.

According to his description and figure, Seguenza’s Yoldia lucida is

a variety of L. pellucida. The latter species differs from L. lucida

in being wedge-shaped and terminating in a point on the anterior

side ; E. lucida is in that part more or less upturned and squarish.

The present species is L. obesa of Stimpson.

14. Leva rvusio, Philippi.

Nucula pusio, Ph. Moll. Sic. ii. p. 47. t. xv. f. 5.

L. pusio, var. latior, Jeffr. Ann. and Mag. N. H. Nov. 1876, p. 430.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869; St. 16, 28; 1870, Atl. 3a, 16, 17a, off

1879.] ‘LIGHTNING’ AND ‘PORCUPINE’ EXPEDITIONS. 579

C. Espichel, 22. This form appears to be the variety salicensis of

Seguenza. Another variety, which I would call semistriata, is

smoother, thinner, more glossy, and is partially striated either at

the anterior end only or towards the front margin. It occurred in

the ‘ Lightning’ Expedition, Station 6, and in the ‘ Porcupine’

Atlantic Expedition of 1870 at the following Stations, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9,

17, 24, 26-28a, 30-54. Young specimens of both varieties are

nearly oval.

Distribution. ‘Valorous’ Exp. (var. salicensis), ‘Josephine’ Exp.

(off the Azores ; var. semistriata) ; 550-1750 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene. Vienna Basin, Italy from Leghorn to Messina.

Var. semistriata, Messina.

B. Rounded at both ends.

lv 15. Lepa sericea, Jeffreys. (Plate XLVI. fig. 1.)

L. sericea, Jeffr. in Ann. and Mag. N. H. Nov. 1876, p. 432.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 19, 21, 30. 1870: Atl. 1 (var.

ovata, longer in proportion to the breadth, but having the charac-

teristic sculpture of the species), 16, 17, 17a.

Distribution. ‘ Valorous’ Exp. ; 1450 fms.

v 16. Leva serrreysi, Hidalgo. (Plate XLVI. fig. 2.)

L. lata, Jeffr. in Ann. and Mag. N. H. Nov. 1876, p. 431.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 9, 20, 30, 31. 1870: Atl. 16, 17,

17a.

Distribution. ‘Valorous’ Exp., ‘Challenger’ Exp. (between the

Azores and Bermuda); 690-1785 fms.

Dr. Hidalgo, in his work above mentioned, has pointed out that

the specific name Jata (which I gave this shell) had been preoccupied

by Mr. Hinds in the ‘ Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur’

(1845) for a New-Guinea species, and that, although named there

Nucula lata, it belonged to the genus Leda. He accordingly pro-

posed to cancel the name /ata and call the present species by my

own name, a compliment for which I am grateful.

/ 17. Leva suszquiuaTeRA', Jeffreys. (Plate XLVI. fig. 3.)

_ SweExt transversely oblong-oval, nearly equilateral, somewhat

depressed, rather thin, glossy, semitransparent: sculpture none

except a few irregular periodical lines of growth: colour whitish :

epidermis yellowish-white: margins obtuse-angled and pinched up

at the back, equally rounded at each end, slightly produced or ex-

tended on the anterior side, gently curved in front: beaks almost

central, prominent, rather gibbous, and incurved: Junule wanting, in

consequence of the pouting and sharp margin at the back: cartilage

and pit very minute, the latter sunken: Ainge-line obtuse-angled :

hinge-plate rather narrow, but strong: ¢eeth small, erect and comb-

like, 8 on each side, besides 4 or 5 minute tubercles near the beak;

1 Nearly equilateral. ;

37*

580 DR. GWYN JEFFREYS ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE [June 17,

inside smooth and polished ; edge sharp and plain: seas indistinct.

L, 0°225, B. 0°35.

‘ Lightning’ Exp.: St. 3.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 23, 23a, 65. 1870: Atl. 3, 9, 17,

17a.

Distribution. Norwegian arctic Exp. 1878; 459-778 fms.

Differs from L. jeffreysi in its somewhat greater size, being at all

ages much broader in proportion to the length (and consequently

more extended on each side), the anterior end not being upturned, and

in the hinder margin being sharp-edged and pinched up.

18. LepA MICROMETRICA, Seguenza.

LL. micrometrica, Seg. Nuc. terz. mer. dt. p. 21, t. iv. f. 22,

22 a-c.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 23a. 1870, Med. 55. Valves only.

Distribution. Sciacca, Sicily.

Fossil. Pliocene. Trapani near Messina.

I had previously given to this minute but distinct species the name

oblonga, by which Monterosato called it.

19. Lepa expansa, Jeffreys. (Plate XLVI. fig. 4.)

L. expansa, Jeffr. in Ann. and Mag. N. H. Nov. 1876, p. 431.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 16, 30.

Distribution. ‘ Valorous’ Exp.; 690-1750 fms.

20. Lepa rnscuupta’, Jeffreys. (Plate XLVI. fig. 5.)

SHELL transversely oval, equilateral, rather convex, moderately

solid, semitransparent, and glossy: scu/pture, numerous and regular

but minute and fine concentric impressed strize, which become stronger

towards the front and are wanting at the back: colour white: epi-

dermis pale yellowish: margins sinuous at the back owing to the

prominence of the beaks, equally rounded on both sides, and curved

in front: deaks central, prominent: cartilage and pit minute, the latter

sunken: hinge-line forming a very obtuse angle: hinge-plate rather

broad: ¢eeth small, sharp and comb-like, deflected outwards, 8—10

on each side of the beak; they are placed on the inner side of the

hinge-plate : inside lustrous, microscopically fretted, plain-edged:

pallial and muscular scars rather distinct, the former being broad.

©:'0°075-. Bs 0115.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 16. 1870: Atl. 16, 17, 17a.

Differs from L. expansa in shape, convexity, and sculpture.

21. Lepa pustitua’, Jeffreys. (Plate XLVI. fig. 6.)

SHELL roundish-oval, equilateral, somewhat compressed, remark-

ably solid for its size, opaque and glossy: sculpture, numerous and

close-set concentric and very fine microscopic strize, which cover the

whole shell: colour whitish: margins rounded on every side, except

at the back so far as the continuity is interrupted by the beaks, con-

1 Engraved. ? Tiny.

1879.] ‘LIGHTNING’ AND ‘ PORCUPINE’ EXPEDITIONS. 581

tracted in front: beaks central, but not prominent: cartilage and

pit very small, somewhat elongated transversely : hinge-plate rather

broad and strong: teeth minute and short, tubercular, 6—8 on each

side: inside polished, plain-edged: scars indistinct. L. 0°0275.

B. 0:0375.

‘Porcupine’ Exp.1870: Atl. St. 2, 3, 3a,8, 9, Vigo B., 17a, 24.

Distribution. Palermo and Sciacca; 1134 fms.

Originally named by me microscopica ; but that word is too much

like micrometrica, which has been since used by Seguenza for another

species above mentioned.

z~ 22, Lepa minima, Seguenza.

Yoldia minima, Seg. Nuc. terz. merid. d’It. p. 18, t.v. f. 27,

27a-c.

‘ Porcupine’ Exp. 1870: Atl. St. 3, 13, 17, 17a, 24; Med. 55.

Fossil. Pliocene. Province of Messina.

The specific name is inappropriate, because this species is not the

smallest of the genus Leda. I had provisionally named it subrotunda ;

and Monterosato published that name, treating Seguenza’s as a syno-

nym.

A. Edge plain or smooth.

«|. Nucuta TEenu1s, Montagu.

Arca tenuis, Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 56, t. xxix. f. 1.

N. tenuis B. C. ii. p. 151; v. p. 172, pl. xxix. f. 4.

‘ Lightning’ Exp.: St. 3, 5, 7.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 1, 6, 9, Galway B., 13, 17. 1870:

Atl. 1, 2, 3, 9, Vigo B., 13, 16, 24, off C. Sagres.

Distribution. Circumpolar in the North Atlantic and Pacific,

‘Valorous’ Exp., Iceland to the N.W. coast of France, Mediterra-

nean (Nares)!, Maine northwards, Kamptchatka Sea, Vancouver

I., N. Japan ; 3-365 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Scandinavia, Great Britain

and Ireland, Calabria aud Messina, Canada and Maine; 0-12 ft.

The arctic form is N. inflata of Hancock, N. antiqua, Mighels,

N. expansa, Reeve, and perhaps N. bellotii of A. Adams. In a

fossil state the typical form is N. decipiens of Philippi.

¥Y 2. Nucuxa =GEENSIS, Forbes.

N. egeensis, Forb. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1843, p. 192: Hanley, Nuculide,

p- 56, pl. v. f. 154.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1870: Atl. St. 17a, 26-34, 36; Med. off

Jijeli, 51, 55, Benzert Road, Adventure Bank, off Rinaldo’s

Chair, 58.

Distribution. Mediterranean eastward to the /Zgean, Adriatic ;

60-250 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene. Ficarazzi near Palermo.

Assuming this to be Forbes’s species (although his description is

too scanty to be satisfactory), it may be distinguished from NV. tenuis

582 DR. GWYN JEFFREYS ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE [June 17,

by its usually smaller size, thinner texture, having a rounder and

less oblique outline, and being more uniformly convex ; the posterior

side is more abruptly angular; the beaks are more gibbous, and straight

instead of inclining to one side ; the hinge-line is broader, and teeth

fewer ; and the cartilage and pit are shorter and smaller, and not

placed so obliquely as in N. tenuis.

N. macandrei of Hanley. The young was named by me

N. convera; and the fry appears to be the N. perminima of Monte-

rosato.

|. 8. Nucuna corBULOIDEs, Seguenza.

N. corbuloides, Seg. Nuc. terz. merid. d’It. p. 9, t. 1. f. 3, 3a-h.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 5, 6, 23, 40, 41. 1870: Atl. 3, 16,

Ves

Fossil. Pliocene. Calabria and Messina district.

This somewhat resembles the young of N. e@geensis, but is more

triangular and gibbous, besides being closely and regularly striated

in the line of growth. I had provisionally named it N. gibba.

vy 4, Nucua pELPHINODONTA, Mighels.

N. delphinodonta, Migh. and Adams, in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.

Hist. i. p. 48 (1841); ii. p. 324, pl. iv. f. 5 (1842).

‘Lightning’ Exp.: St. 3.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 65.

Distribution. Davis Strait, ‘Valorous’ Exp., Norwegian arctic

Exp. 1878, Norway from Vadsoe to Christianiafiord, N.E. America

from G. St. Lawrence to B. of Fundy; 25-410 fins.

Fossil. Pliocene. Sicily.

N. corticata of Moller. The fry are oval.

B. Edge crenated.

5. Nucuia TumipuLa, Malm,

N. tumidula, Malm in Scand. Naturf. Forh. viii. (1860), p. 621 :

Got. K. Vet. Vitt. Samh. Handl. Ny tidsf. viii. (1863), p. 122, pl. 2.

for

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 36, 39, 47. 1870: Atl. 3a, 6, 9, Vigo

B., 16, 17, 22,; Med. 55. A valve from the last station, at the

depth of 1456 fathoms, is permeated by the same peculiar organism

which I noticed in my papers on Mollusca from the ‘Valorous’

Expedition. What is it?

Distribution. From Finmark to Bohusliin, Palermo, ‘ Challenger’

Exp. (off Pernambuco); 20-650 fins.

Fossil. Pliocene. Calabria and Sicily.

It is the N. pumila of Lovén MS., according to Asbjérnsen=N,

nucleus (3 in Ind. Moll. Scand. Not my var. tumidula of N. nucleus,

erroneously referred by me to the present species, which I then knew

only by a short description, not having seen Malm’s figure or a spe-

cimen. The young in a fossil state has been lately described and

1879.] ‘LIGHTNING’ AND ‘PORCUPINE’ EXPEDITIONS. 583

figured by Seguenza as N.umdonata. This species differs from

N. provima, Say, in shape and sculpture, and is much smaller and

less solid.

y 6. Nucuta reticuxarta, Jeffreys. (Plate XLVI. fig. 7.)

N. reticulata, Jeffr. in Ann. and Mag. N. H. Nov. 1876, p. 429.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 16, 19, 20, 21, 23a, 28, 30.

Distribution. ‘ Valorous’ Exp., ‘Challenger’ Exp. (off San Mi-

guel, Azores); 1000-1100 fms.

N. reticulata of Hanley (from the Philippines) is a species of

Leda.

7. Nucuta striatissima, Seguenza,

N. striatissima, Seg. Nuc. terz. merid. d’It. p. 6, t. i. f. la-e.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1870: Atl. St. 17. A single but perfect spe-

cimen.

Fossil. Pliocene. Messina district.

This is more closely and finely striated than any other known

species of Nucula. The N. trigona of Seguenza seems to be a variety,

judging from the examination of a specimen which he kindly sent

me for that purpose. I do not like the barbarous name striatissima 5

but it is more characteristic than ¢rigona, because all the species of

the present genus are more or less triangular. Seguenza describes

N. trigona as smooth (/evis); but his figure and specimen show

that it is closely striated lengthwise.

yw 8. Nucuta sutcataA, Bronn.

N. sulcata, Broun, Italiens Tertiir-Gebilde, p. 109 (1831): B.

C.n. p. 141; vip. 172, pl. xxix. f. 1, la.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 1, 6, 9, Galway B., 13, 17, 18, the

Minch, Little Minch, Loch Torridon. 1870: Atl. 3a, 9, 10, 13,

Setubal B., 22, 25, off C. Sagres, 26-30, 36; Med. 45, Capo de

Gata, Cartagena B., 50, off Jijeli, Benzert Road, Rasel Amoush,

Adventure Bank, off Rinaldo’s Chair. The sculpture varies con-

siderably in its comparative coarseness or fineness.

Distribution. Norway to the A#gean and Sea of Marmora, and

the Adriatic; 5—190 fms.

Fossil. Miocene, Pliocene, and Post-tertiary. Bohuslin, Caith-

ness, N.W. Germany, Biot, Italy, and Rhodes.

N. polit, Philippi, and other obsolete synonyms. Not N. sulcata,

A. Adams, from New Zealand.

“ 9, Nucuna nucievs, Linné.

Arca nucleus, L. 8. N. p. 1143.

N. nucleus, B. C. ii. p. 143, pl. iv. f. 1; v. p. 172, pl. xxix. f. 2.

‘Lightning’ Exp.: St. 4.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 1, 2, 6, 9, 14, 18, near Belfast.

1870: Med. Capo de Gata, Rasel Amoush.

Distribution. Norway to Mogador, and through the Mediter-

ranean eastward to the coast of Egypt, and the Adriatic; 2-145 fms.

584 DR. GWYN JEFFREYS ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE [June 17,

Fossil. Miocene, Pliocene, and Post-tertiary. Everywhere through-

out Europe, Asia Minor, and Algeria; 0-350 ft.

Glycymeris argentea of Da Costa, Arca margaritacea of Bruguitre,

and other useless synonyms.

10. Nucuua nitiwa, G. B. Sowerby.

N. nitida, Sow. Conch. Ill. (Nucula) p. 5, f. 20: B.C. ii. p. 149;

v. p. 172, pl. xxix. f. 3, 3a.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 2, 9,18,19. 1870: Atl. 3, Vigo B.;

Med. 80, 50a (var. vegtrosa ; swollen and smooth), 51, 55, G. Bona,

Benzert Road, Tunis B., Adventure Bank.

Distribution. Scandinavia to Smyrna; 0-120 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Coralline Crag, Paisley, Italy.

Not N. nitida of Bronn, which is Arca (Leda) nitida of Brocchi.

A streaked variety of the present species is analogous to the variety

radiata of N. nucleus.

1. PecruncuLUS GLYCYMERIs, Linné.

Arca glycymeris, L. 8. N. p. 1148.

P. glycymeris, B. ©. ii. p. 166, pl. iv. f. 4; v. p. 175, pl. xxx.

£2.

‘Lightning’ Exp.: St. 5.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. the Minch. 1870: Atl. Vigo B.,

Setubal B., 26, 36, Tangier B.; Med. Adventure Bank.

Distribution. Finmark and the Faroe Islands to Mogador, through-

out the Mediterranean to Jaffa, Adriatic, Senegal, Madeira, Canaries,

N. Japan; 0-120 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene and Post-tertiary. Great Britain and Ireland,

Belgium, S. France, Italy, Rhodes.

It is difficult to verify the recorded localities for this species and

P. pilosus, which have been evidently confounded by many authors.

P. pilosus is a larger, thicker, and more orbicular or globose shell ;

the longitudinal striz are more conspicuous and distinct ; the hinge-

area is wider, and the teeth are fewer and larger. The synonyms of

each are numerous, but have been intermixed.

Y/Y 2. PecruncuLus NuMMaRIvs, Linné.

Arca nummaria, L. 8, N. p. 1143.

A. insubrica, Brocchi, Conch. foss. subapp. ii. p. 492, t. xi. f. 10.

‘ Porcupine’ Exp. 1870: Med. St. Algesiras B., 50, Adventure

Bank.

Distribution. S.W. France, Mediterranean eastwards to the coast.

of Egypt, Adriatic, Madeira and Canaries; 6-120 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene. Coralline Crag, S. France, Italy, Morea, Rhodes,

and Cyprus.

Although Linné’s description was taken from a young specimen,

there can be no doubt as to the species, and his name ought to be

retained. It is the P. violacescens of Lamarck, and has many other

synonyms. Poli’s figure (1 in plate xxvi.), without name or reference

1879.] ‘LIGHTNING’ AND ‘ PORCUPINE” EXPEDITIONS. 585

excellently represents this species; and so does Payraudeau’s figure

(pl. ii. f. 1) of P. violacescens.

A. Inside edge plain or smooth.

¥1. Lrmopsts avurira, Brocchi.

Arca aurita, Bre. Conch. foss. subapp. ii. p. 485, t. xi. f. 9.

L. aurita, B. C. ii. p. 161, pl. iv. f. 3; v. p. 174, pl. xxx. f. 1.

‘ Lightning’ Exp.: St. 2, 5, 7.

‘ Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 3, 13, 14, 23a, 25, 45, 65. 1870:

Atl. 1, 2, 3, 3a, 6, 8, 9, Vigo B., 13, 24, C. Sagres, 26-30, 36,

Tangier B.; Med. Adventure Bank.

Distribution. Shetland, off W. coast of Ireland, ‘ Josephine’ Exp.

(Josephine Bank, off Gibraltar), Palermo, ‘ Valorous’ Exp., Welling-

ton Channel, ‘Challenger’ Exp. (off the Azores, Bermuda, and

Colabra I.), Japan ; 21-1100 fms.

Fossil. Miocene and Pliocene. Denmark, Coralline and Red

Crag, Holland, Antwerp, N.W. Germany, S. France, throughout

Italy, and near Melbourne.

L. obliqua and L. cumingii of A. Adams. Some of his other

species require further examination. The shell of L. aurita becomes

oblique in the course of growth. In a fossil state it is the L. (Tri-

gonoceelia) levigata of Nyst,

B. Inside edge crenated.

“ 2. Limopsts cristata, Jeffreys. (Plate XLVI. fig. 8.)

L. cristata, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. Nov. 1876, p. 434.

‘ Lightning ’ Exp. St. 5.

* Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 2, 23, 23a, 36, 40,47. 1870: Atl.

2, 9, 17, off C. Espichel, 22, 24.

Distribution. ‘ Valorous’ Exp.; 690 fms.

A young specimen of Z. minuta is figured (Pl. XLVI. f. 9) for

comparison with Z. cristata.

v3. Limorsis mrnvta, Philippi. (Plate XLVI. fig. 9.)

Pectunculus minutus, Ph. En. Moll. Sic. i. p- 63, t. v. f. 3, 3a, 6;

li. p. 45.

L. borealis, B. C, ii. p. 164; v. p. 174, pl. c. f. 3.

‘Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 2, 3, 15, 23, 23a, 36,45, 65. 1870:

Atl. 1, 2, 3, 3a, 6, 9, Vigo B., 13, 17a, 24-34. Var. angusta, St.

25.. Smaller, narrower, thinner, and more oblique, slantingly trun-

cated or contracted at the upper part of the posterior side, hinge-

line shorter, and having a pinkish-brown stain at the beaks and inside

near the back. Some specimens of the typical form are finely and

closely reticulated ; and in others the concentric ridges are crenated,

See Ann, and Mag. (supra cit.) for further particulars as to this

species.

Distribution. Throughout the North Atlantic in deep water from

Finmark to Sicily, C. Good Hope, ‘ Josephine’ Exp. (Azores), Nor-

586 DR. GWYN JEFFREYS ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE [June 17,

wegian arctic Exp. 1878, ‘Challenger’ Exp. (off Fayal); 70-790

fms. Var. angusta, ‘Challenger’ Exp. (off Teneriffe) ; 70 fms.

Fossil. Miocene and Pliocene. Cassel, Mayence Basin, Italy.

Recent: LZ. borealis, Woodward, L. abyssicola, A. Adams, and

the very young L. tenuis, Seguenza. Fossil: Pectunculus aradasii,

Testa, P. grossi, Aradas, and L. inequidens, Sandberger.

1, Mauietta optus, M. Sars.

Yoldia abyssicola, M. Sars in Christ. Vid. Selsk. Forh. (1858),

. 86.

. Y. obtusa (M. Sars), G. O. Sars ‘On some remarkable Forms of

animal Life from the great Deeps off the Norwegian Coast ’ (1872),

p. 23, pl. 3. f. 16-20.

‘ Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 19, 22,28, 30. 1870: Atl. 9, off C,

Espichel. The body is clear-white and gelatinous, and the upper

tube is very long and cylindrical.

Distribution. Loffoden Isles to the Bergen coast, Norwegian arctic

Exp. 1876 (between Norway and Iceland) ; 200-650 fms.

The MS. name abyssicola, originally given by the late eminent

Professor Sars to this remarkable shell, was afterwards changed by

him to obfusa in consequence of Torell having described and figured

another shell which Sars regarded as also belonging to Yoldia, under

the same name abyssicola. The present species is not the Yoldia

obtusa of Gould (1846), from Hong-Kong harbour ; but that shell

belongs to the genus Leda; and at all events it is better to avoid

further confusion by appropriating the name obtusa to the North-

Atlantic shell. For the reasons which I gave in ‘ British Con-

chology’ (ii. 153), I cannot recognize the genus Yoldia.

The late Dr. Morch placed this species in the genus Malletia of

Desmoulins, from an examination of my specimens. A tribute of

respect to his memory is justly due from all conchologists for his

bibliographical research, and other valuable labours.

2. MALueTiA cunEATA, Jeffreys. (Plate XLVI. fig. 10.)

M. cuneata, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. Nov. 1876, p. 435.

‘ Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St.19, 20,28. 1870: Atl. 16,17, 17a,

off C. Espichel, 22; Med. 51.

Distribution. ‘Valorous’ Exp., Norwegian arctic Exp. 1876;

1333-1760 fms.

3. Mauuetia excisa, Philippi.

Nucula excisa, Ph. Moll. Sic. ii. p. 46, t. xv. f. 4.

M., excisa, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. Noy. 1876, p. 435.

‘ Porcupine’ Exp. 1869: St. 20, 21, 28.

Distribution. ‘ Valorous’ Exp., ‘ Challenger’ Exp. (W. of Azores

and Canaries) ; 1125-1785 fms.

Fossil. Pliocene. Biot, Calabria, and Sicily.

It will be seen that the last species, as well as many other deep-

water shells which have been noticed in the present paper, are Cala-

brian and Sicilian Tertiary fossils. Besides these species, others of the

1879.] ‘LIGHTNING’ AND ‘PORCUPINE’ EXPEDITIONS. 587

same kind, and which had been also considered extinct (viz. Leda or

Tindaria solida, Seg., Nucula glabra, Ph., and Malletia dilatata, Ph.),

occurred in the ‘ Challenger’ Expedition. The communication between

the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean must have been formerly

very different from what it is now, when a barrier or ridge in compara-

tively shallow water exists outside the Strait of Gibraltar, between

Capes Spartel and Trafalgar. It is improbable that deep-sea Mol-

lusea, even in their embryonic state, could have migrated or been

transported under such conditions from one sea to another. The south

of France and Italy must have experienced a great elevation, and per-

haps a succession of them, since the Pliocene period. For instance, the

average depth at which Malletia excisa has been now found living

is 15073 fathoms, or 9044 feet, being very nearly five-sixths of the

height of Mount Etna above the present level of the sea; and to

this submarine elevation must be added the height of the Pliocene

beds above the sea-level. Professor Seguenza informs me that

M. excisa occurs in Sicily, as well as in Calabria, at a height of

600 metres or nearly 2000 feet, and that these fossiliferous beds

attain double that height in other parts of the same district ; so that

the total elevation may be estimated at from 11,000 to 12,000 feet.

Mount Etna is 10,874 feet high.

I have to acknowledge my obligations to the Rev. R. Boog Watson

for his kind assistance in examining and comparing some of the

‘ Challenger’ shells above referred to.

SUMMARY OF THE FOREGOING Mo.Luusca.

Families. Genera. No. of species.

TF, ANOMUD AICS wre sieee re AUSOMUM ts \ouseie oo

ii OST RE MD Ar ae,.00 tee). OStR A Sas oe

III. SPONDYLIDZ ....... at WDEONDYVEUSi wis. + 1

TV. «PECTIN ED Airc svetcuc ie 5 ae CTE NM CE 5 ois) ore 18

AMUSSIUM ...... 3

MTNA bes’ crates. aorsrs 7

NEFA VICUTED ANS. 5 cspes see | ALVICUDA: wc: oes a

Dasma ete case ee Ll

VI. MYTILIDZ ...... Seite ore Movie usieel. be gh

MopiouarRiA .... 4

CRENELLA ...... iL

Dacrypium .... 1

PAS Sos atale, estate oe ol

VETS ARCIDA) s.60.%. Sethe. Anca yr Ac rt 10

GLOMUS ........ 1

SILICULA Ges sere ok

PEDAL Sere tee 22

INIGOULAY = arefe tee 10

PEcTUNCULUS.... 2

LIMOPSIS ......- 23

MAT RETTACH SS sae 3

Motylt Pin tee LOL

588 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

I take this opportunity to make a few additions and corrections to

Part I. of this series of papers (Brachiopoda), P .Z. 8. 1878 :—

Page 401. TYerebratula caput-serpentis, var. septentrionalis.

Norwegian arctic Exp. 1877, Dutch arctic Exp. 1878; 210-300

fathoms!

P. 402. Terebratula trigona of Quensted is a species of Rhyn-

chonella.

P. 408. Prof. G. O. Sars agrees with me that Terebratula septata

and 7’. septigera are one and the same species.

P. 410. Argiope cuneata, G. Gascony (De Folin) !

P. 411, Platydia anomioides, G. Gascony (De Folin, as P. david-

soni) !

Ay 412. Thecidea mediterranea, G. Gascony (De Folin) !

P. 415. Discina atlantica, ‘Challenger’ Exp., off the coast of

N. Australia (Watson).

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PuaTE XLY.

Fig. 1. Pecten fragilis, p. 561.

2. Lima subovata, p. 563.

3. Idas argenteus, p. 570.

4. Arca frielei, p. 573.

5. Glomus nitens, p. 573.

6. Silicula fragilis, p. 574.

Puate XLVI.

Leda sericea, p. 579.

Jeffreysi, p. 579.

subequilatera, p. 579.

expansa, p. 580.

insculpta, p. 580.

pusilla, p. 580.

. Nucula reticulata, p. 583.

. Limopsis cristata, p. 585.

: minuta (for comparison), p. 585.

. Malletia cuneata, p. 586.

Fig.

2. On the Birds collected in Bolivia by Mr. C. Buckley.

By P. L. Scrarer, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., and Osperr

Satvin, M.A., F.R.S.

[Received June 17, 1879.]

The materials of our present communication are the collections

made in Bolivia by Mr. Clarence Buckley, a well-known and enthu-

siastic collector of Lepidopterous insects. On his first expedition to

this republic (in 1873-4), Mr. Buckley went principally in quest of

Butterflies, and of Birds obtained only a certain number of 'Trochi-

lidee for Mr. Gould.

Before starting again for Bolivia in 1875, Mr. Buckley arranged

with Messrs. Salvin and Godman to form a general series of birds for

their joint collection.

1879.] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA, 589

The result of this agreement was the acquisition of two carefully

prepared collections of about 700 skins in all, referable to about 500

species, out of which we have already described the principal novelties

in two papers read before the Society in February and April 18761,

Having now gone through the whole series, we have felt unwilling

to pass by the opportunity of adding something more to the general

knowledge of the rich Bolivian avifauna, in which, of late years, so

little has been done. We therefore propose to give, herewith, a

complete list of the species obtained by Mr. Buckley, as represented

by the specimens in the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman.

On both of Mr. Buckley’s expeditions his head quarters were at

La Paz, whence excursions were made into the valleys and ranges to

the north and east of that city. On the second expedition

the principal series of birds was obtained at Tilotilo, a group of

ranchos situated on a spur of the Andes extending between the

Rio de la Paz and the Rio Coroico, as explained in a former paper.

The new species discovered by Mr. Buckley during these two ex-

peditions were 19 in number, namely :—

1. Catharus mentalis, Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1876, p. 352.

2. Basileuterus euophrys, Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1876, p. 352.

3. Diglossa glauca, Sci. et Salv. P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 253,

4. Calliste punctulata, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 353.

5 Julvicervix, Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1876, p. 354.

6. argyrophenges, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 354.

Wie Malacothraupis dentata, Scl. et Saly. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 353.

- Chlorospingus calophrys, Scl. et Saly. P.Z.8. 1876, p. 354.

. Buarremon melanops, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p-. 253.

- Ochthodieta Suscorufus, Scl. et Salv. P. Z.8. 1876, p. 354,

11. Ochtheeca pulchella, Scl. et Salv. P. Z.8. 1876, p. 355.

12. Aneretes Jlavirostris, Scl. et Salv. POZS: 1876, p- 354,

13. Leptopogon tristis, Scl. et Saly. P. Z.8. 1876, p. 254.

14. Synallaxis rufipennis, Scl. et Saly. infra, p. 620,

15. Lathria uropygialis, Scl. et Saly. P. Z.8. 1876, p- 355,

16. Thamnophilus subfasciatus, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 357.

17. Grallaria erythrotis, Sel. et Saly. P.Z.8. 1876, p. 357.

18. Asturina saturata, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 357.

19. Leptoptila megalura, Scl. et Saly. infra, p. 640.

. In order to render the list of Bolivian species more complete,

we have inserted references to all the species obtained in this country

by d’Orbigny and other explorers which we have been able to identify

satisfactorily. These are not numerous, our authorities on Bolivian

ornithology being but few. We will give a short account of those

known to us.

(1) Aleide d Orbigny. This well-known naturalist was the first

scientific explorer of Bolivia, during his great South-American journey,

590 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [ June 17,

form of a “Synopsis” in the ‘Magasin de Zoologie’ for 1837 and

1838, and subsequently in a more extended form in his great work

entitled ‘ Voyage dans l’ Amérique méridionale,’ of which the “Birds ”

form the third part of the fourth volume. Unfortunately, the

account of d’Orbigny’s birds was never completed, the ‘‘ Synopsis ”’

only proceeding as far as the Accipitres, Passeres, and Picarize, and the

‘Voyage’ being not quite so nearly perfect. Inthe remaining classes

of birds many of d’Orbigny’s discoveries have been since published

by subsequent authors.

(2) In 1845-47 Mr. Thomas Bridges, a well-known Corresponding

Member of this Society, collected in Bolivia for the late Earl of

Derby, and sent home a large number of birds, which are now in

the Derby Museum at Liverpool. Other specimens of the same

collector found their way, through Mr. Bridges’s agent Mr. Hugh

Cuming, into the British Museum and other collections; but the

localities attached to these specimens are not always trustworthy, as

the Bolivian collections were mixed up by Mr. Cuming with those

previously sent home by Mr. Bridges from Chili and Mendoza. Two

letters of Mr. Bridges will be found in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’

for 1846 and 1847’. Unfortunately no general account of Mr.

Bridges’s excellent collections was ever prepared or published.

(3) Mr. J. B. Pentland, who was for some years H.B.M. Consul

in Bolivia, collected many birds and other objects of natural history,

some of which are now in the British and French national collec-

tions*. These also have never been worked out.

(4) The Polish naturalist, M. Warszewiez, of Warsaw, explored

the eastern slopes of Illimani and Sorata about 1852-53, and dis-

covered some brilliant Humming-birds, which were described by Mr.

Gould in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for 1853°. M. Warszewiez

collected other birds, which passed into other museums on the Con-

tinent, and of which scattered notices have appeared.

(5) The late Mr. David Forbes, the distinguished geologist, col-

lected birds in Bolivia, some of which are now in Sclater’s collection.

He was the discoverer of the remarkable Grebe Centropelma mi-

cropterum*, upon the Lake of Titicaca.

(6) Lastly, Mr. Walter Davis, who accompanied Mr. Alexander

Agassiz’s exploring party to Lake Titicaca in 1875, obtained ex-

amples of six species of birds at Coroico, on the eastern slope of

Illimani, as noticed in Mr. J. A. Allen’s account of the birds obtained

during this expedition’. Most of the other species noticed in this

memoir, no doubt, occur in Bolivia as well as Peru, as Lake Titicaca

i Letter from Thomas Bridges, C.M.Z.8., addressed to G. R. Waterhouse,

containing notes on Bolivian Mammals and Birds, P. Z. 8. 1846, p. 7.

“Notes in addition to former papers on South-American Ornithology,” by

Thomas Bridges, C.M.Z.8. P.Z. 8. 1847, p. 28.

2See Mr. Pentland’s paper on the Bolivian Andes, Journ. R. Geogr. Soe. v.

». 70. :

3 See P.Z.S. 1853, p. 61. 4 Ex. Or. p. 189, pl. xev.

®° « Hxploration of Lake Titicaca, by Alexander Agassiz and 8. W. Garman.

III. List of Mammals and Birds, By J. A. Allen, with Field-Notes by Mr,

Garman,” Bull. Mus, Comp, Zool. Harvard Coll, Cambridge, uli, p. 349,

1879. | BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 591

is half in one republic and half in the other; but we have not

thought it necessary to include them in the present list.

In the following list Mr. Buckley’s localities are marked (B.),

those of d’Orbigny (0.).

Fam. Turpip.

1. CaTHARUS MENTALIS, Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 352.

Suapi (B.).

2. CATHARUS MACULATUS, Scl.

Tilotilo (B.).

3. Turpus crotoprezus, Licht.

Rio Toro, Tilotilo (B.).

4. Turpvus LEUCOMELAS, Vieill.

Turdus olivaceus, Lafr. & d’Orb. Syn. Av. i. p. 17.

Turdus rufiventris 2, @Orb. Voy. p. 203.

Mapiri, Baganti, and Tilotilo (B.) ; Santa Cruz de la Sierra (0.).

The skins marked 7’. olivaceus in the Paris Museum, which

d@Orbigny subsequently referred to the female of 7’. rufiventris,

belong to this species.

5. Turpus Gicas, Fraser.

Sorata, Tilotilo (B.).

Mr. Buckley’s skins cannot be separated from 7. gigantodes, Cab.

(J. f. O. 1873, p. 315), which is only a southern form of T. gigas. .

6. Turpus Fuscatus, Lafr. & d’Orb. Syn. Ay. i. p. 16; d’Orb.

Voy. p. 200, t. ix. f. 5.

La Paz, Enquisivi, Cochabamba, Mizqui, Valle Grande, Chu-

quisaca (O.).

There are two Bolivian examples of this Thrush collected by

Bridges, and one brought from that country by Mr. D. Forbes, in

Sclater’s collection. They agree fairly with specimens from Mendoza

(Mus. S.-G.), which, however, have usually a longer bill.

7. Turpus cuiGuANco, Lafr. & d’Orb. Syn. Av.i. p. 16; d’Orb.

May cis 1. 2015 tix. te 2,

Palca, Taena (O.) ; Tilotilo (B.).

Mr. Buckley’s skin agrees with Mr. Whitely’s specimens from

Western Peru, whence d’Orbigny’s types were procured.

8. Turpus serraNnus (Tsch.); Sel. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1870,

p- 783.

Tilotilo (B.).

To the range of this species Bolivia must now be added.

592 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

9. Mimus porsatis (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

Orpheus dorsalis, ? Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 18; d’Orb. Voy.

Gis. p. SPs athe 2s

Cochabamba (0O.).

In Sclater’s collection, from Bolivia (Bridges).

10. Mimus rriurus (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

Orpheus tricaudatus, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 18.

Orpheus triurus, d@ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 208.

Mission de San Jose, Chiquitos (0.).

Fam, Sy_vup2.

11. MyrapEsres RALLoIDES (D’Orb.).

Muscipeta armillata, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 48.

M. ralloides, VOrb. Voy. Ois. p. 322.

Myiadestes ralloides, Scl. & Salv. Ex. Orn. pl. xxvii.

Chulumani, Prov. Yungas (O.) ; Guanai, Tilotilo (B.).

12. Poxtorrita pumIco.a (Vieill.).

Culicivora bivittata, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 56.

Culicivora dumicola, dOrb. Voy. Ois. p. 331.

Culicivora boliviana, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1852, p. 34, pl. 47.

Chiquitos and Moxos (0O.).

In Sclater’s collection, from Bolivia (Bridges): type of his C.

boliviana.

Fam. TrRoGLopYTID#.

13. Donacostus aLsovirratus, d Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i.

p- 19; d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 213.

D. lineatus, d’Orb. ibid. t. xii. f. i.

Mission de San Jose, Prov. Chiquitos (0).

14. CAaMPpYLORHYNCHUS UNICOLOR, Lafr.

Picolaptes scolopaceus, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 46.

Anumbius scolopaceus, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 256.

Campylorhynchus unicolor, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 93 ; Scl. Cat.

Am. B. p. 16.

Chiquitos, Santa Cruz, Guarayos and Yuracares (0O.).

The specimen in Sclater’s collection agrees with Lafresnaye’s

description of his C. unicolor, but not exactly with d’Orbigny’s

characters (Voy. p. 256).

15. CyPHORHINUS MODULATOR, D’Orb.

Troglodytes arada, WOrb. & Lafr, Syn. Av. i. p. 25.

Thryothorus modulator, VOrb. Voy. Ois. p. 230.

Cyporhinus modulator, Sci. et Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 43.

Prov. Yungas (0.).

1879. | BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 593

16. Hentcorwina Leucopurys (Tsch.).

Tilotilo (B.).

17. TuRyopruiLus Futvvus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 781.

Troglodytes guarayanus, V Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 203 (?).

Simacu (B.).

The type of d’Orbigny’s Tr. guarayanus is not to be found in the

Paris Museum ; so the question of its identity with 7. fulvus must

remain open.

18. THRYOTHORUS MELANOPS, Vieill.

Le Thryothore & oreilles noires. T. melanos, Vieill. Enc. Méth.

. 628.

Troglodytes coraya, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p: "2a:

Thryothorus coraya, d’ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 229.

Carcuata, Prov. Yungas, Concepcion, Prov. Chiquitos (O.) ; Si-

macu, Tilotilo (B.).

Vieillot’s term melanos is, no doubt, a misprint for melanops.

Bolivian specimens agree with others from Brazil.

19. TRoGLopytes rurvus, d’Orb. & Lafr.

Troglodytes furva, VOrb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 26.

T. platensis, d’ Orb. Voy. p. 131.

La Paz, Prov. Yungas, Sicasica, Valle Grande (O.) ; Ramosani,

Caguarani (B.).

20. TROGLODYTES SOLSTITIALIS, Scl.

. Tilotilo (B.).

21. CisToTHORUS POLYGLOTTUS (Vieill.).

Rhapaguaia (B.).

Fam. Moraci.uip2.

22. ANTHUS BOGOTENSIS, Scl.

Anthus rufescens, Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 27; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 226.

Anthus bogotensis, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 24; Ibis, 1878, p. 357.

Mountain of Biscachal, near Carcuata, Prov. Yungas (0.).

23. AnrHus FruRcatTus, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 27; et

d’Orb. Voy. p. 227 ; Sclater, Ibis, 1878, p. 364.

Cochabamba (0.).

Fam. MnioriLtTip&.

24. PARULA PiT1ayuMi (Vieill.).

Sylvia venustula, d Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. p. 29.

S. venusta, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 218.

Prov. Yungas, Sicasica, Valle Grande (0.) ; Tilotilo (B.).

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No. XXXVIII. 38

594 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

25. DenpRa@CA CHRULEA (Wils.).

Nairapi, Tilotilo (B.). : :

This extends the southern range of this North-American species,

already known from Bogota (Mus. P. L. 8.) and Ecuador (Mus. S.-G).

26. GrorHLyris vELATA (Vieill.).

Sylvia velata, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Ay. i. p. 20; @Orb. Voy. Ois.

p.217.

Prov. Chiquitos (0O.).

We have not examined Bolivian specimens of this species.

27. BASILEUTERUS VERMIVORUS (Vieill.).

Muscicapa vermivora, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 51; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 324.

Basileuterus vermivorus, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 283.

Between Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Chiquitos (0.).

Not seen by us from Bolivia, but quite likely to occur there, being

widely distributed.

28. BastLEUTERUS EUVOPHRYs, Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1876,

p- 302.

Tilotilo (B.).

29. BastLEUTERUS BIviTTraTus (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Muscicapa bivittata, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 51.

Muscicapara bivittata, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 324.

Carcuata, Prov. Yungas (O.); Simacu, Prov. Yungas (B.).

30. BastLEuTERUS DIAcHLORUS, Cab. Journ. f. O. 1873, p. 316,

Simacu, Consata (B.).

‘ 31. BastLEUTERUS MESOLEUCUS, Scl. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 286, pl. 9.

g. 1.

Yuyo (B.).

The single specimen sent by Mr. Buckley agrees with the type

(Mus. P. L. S.), except in having the throat and breast rather more

suffused with pale rufous. The rufous superciliary line is not shown;

but this may be owing to the damaged state of Mr. Buckley’s skin.

_32. SeropHaca verticauis, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 50;

d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 330, t. xxxv. f. 1; Salvin, Ibis, 1878, p- 311.

Prov. Yungas (O.); Typuani, Prov. Yungas (B.).

eine see MELANOCEPHALA (Tsch.); Salvin, Ibis, 1878,

p- ;

Simacu, Tilotilo (B.).

34. SETOPHAGA BRUNNEICEPS, d’Orb. & Lafr. Sgn. Av. i.

p: an dOrb. Voy. Ois. p. 329, t. xxxiy. f. 3,4; Salvin, Ibis, 1878,

p- ,

Proy. Yungas (0.); Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

1879.] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 595

Fam, VirEONID.

35. VIREOSYLVIA OLIVACEA (Linn.).

Vireo virescens, Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 9.

Vireo olivaceus, @Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 162.

Moxos, Chiquitos, Yungas and Yuracares (O.); Guanai, Proy.

Yungas (B.).

36. CycLorHis, sp. ine.

Laniagra guyanensis, dOrb. & Lafr. Syn, Av. i. p. 9; d’Orb,

Voy. Ois. p. 160.

Cyclorhis viridis, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 46.

Chiquitos, Yungas, Ayupaya, and Rio Grande (0.).

A Bolivian Cyclorhis in Sclater’s collection is certainly not C.

viridis of the Argentine Republic, but comes nearest to C. flavipectus,

although apparently different, having a much higher and more

compressed bill, with a strong black patch at the base of the lower

mandible.

Fam. HiRUNDINID2.

37. PROGNE PURPUREA (Linn.),

Hirundo purpurea, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 68.

Mizque, Guarayos, Chiquitos (0.).

38. PRoGNE TAPERA (Linn.).

Hirundo fusca, WOrb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 68.

Progne tapera, Scl. P. Z.S. 1872, p. 600.

Proy. Chiquitos (0O.).

39. Hirunpo anpico.a, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Ay. i. p. 69; Sel.

et Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 984, et 1869, p. 151.

La Paz (0.).

40. HiruNpDO ALBIVENTRIS, Bodd.

Hirundo leucoptera, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 69.

Moxos (0.).

We have specimens of this Swallow from Eastern Peru; and it

may doubtless occur in Bolivia.

41. ATTIcoRA FASCIATA (Gm.),

Yuyo, Cangali (B.) ; Prov. Yungas (0.).

This species appears to extend from Cayenne (Mus. P. L. S.),

throughout Amazonia into Ecuador (Mus. P. L. 8.) and Bolivia.

The specimens from the last three localities have the white breast-

band much broader than the Cayenne bird.

42. ATricoRA CYANOLEUCA (Vieill.).

Hirundo cyanoleuca, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 68.

Petrochelidon cyanoleuca, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 40.

Proy, Moxos (O.); Cangali, Tilotilo, Proy, Yungas (B.).

38*

596 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

43. STELGIDOPTERYX RUFICOLLIS (Vieill.).

Hirundo flavigastra, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 69.

Yuyo (B.).

Bolivian specimens possibly belong to the Brazilian form, and not

to the western S. uropygialis (Lawr.)’.

Fam. C&@REBIDZ.

_ 44, Dieuossa sitrorpes (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Servirostrum sittoides, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 25; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 374, t. lviii. f. 3.

Diglossa sittoides, Scl. Ibis, 1875, p. 208.

Chupé, Prov. Yungas, Chuquisaca and Valle Grande (0.).

45. DiGLossA BRUNNEIVENTRIS, Lafr.; Scl. Ibis, 1875, p. 211.

Tilotilo, Khapaguaia, Prov. Yungas (B.).

46. Dreiossa mysraca.is, Lafr.; Scl. Ibis, 1875, p. 212.

Cillutincara, Prov. Yungas (B.).

47. DicLossa carBonartia, (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Servirostrum carbonarium, Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 24;

d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 373, t. lviii. f. 1, 2.

Diglossa carbonaria, Scl. Ibis, 1875, p. 213.

Cajapi, Prov. Yungas, Inquisivi, Prov. Sicasica, Palca, Prov.

Ayupaya (O.); Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

48. Dietossa Giauca, Sel. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 253.

Nairapi, Prov. Yungas (B.).

49. Diaiossa peRsoNATA, (Fraser); Scl. Ibis, 1875, p. 218.

Tilotilo, Caguarani, Prov. Yungas (B.).

50. ConrrostruUM CyANEUM, Tacz. P. Z.S. 1874, p. 312.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

51. ConIROSTRUM FERRUGINEIVENTRE, Scl. P. Z.S. 1855, p.

74, Aves, pl. Ixxxv.; Scl. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1874, pp. 511 et 678.

Sclater’s original description of this species was based on specimens

in the Derby Museum, collected by Bridges in Bolivia. Mr. Whitely

and M. Jelski have both obtained it in Peru.

52. ConrROSTRUM CINEREUM, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii.

p- 25; d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 374, t. lix. f. 1.

Inquisivi, Prov. Sicasica (O.).

In Sclater’s collection, from Bolivia (D. Forbes) and Peru (Jelshi).

1 This, 1863, p. 281.

1879.] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 597

53. ConrrostruM ATROCYANEUM, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 9.

Tilotilo (B.).

This species is in our opinion quite distinct from C, albifrons of

Colombia. Besides the blue head, the present bird differs in having

the whole back except the upper tail-coverts of a dull black.

54. Dacnis cayana (Linn.).

Dacnis cyanater, W Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. p. 21.

Daenis cyanocephalus, & Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 221.

Daenis cayana, Scl. Ibis, 1863, p. 313.

Rio Tamapaya, Proy. Yungas, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Territory

of the Yuracares and Guarayos Indians (0.).

55. Dacnts anextica, Bp.

Daenis cayanus, Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. p. 20; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 221.

Dacnis melanotis et D. angelica, Sel. Ibis, 1863, p- 315.

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (6.72

The name “ angelica” having been published by Bonaparte in a

footnote to his paper in the “ Atti della sesta Riunione degli Scienziati

Italiani” (p. 404) in 1845, takes precedence over Strickland’s me-

lanotis (Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 16) for this species.

56. Dacnis FLaviveNnTER, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 21;

d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p- 220, t. xiii. f. 2; Sel. Ibis, 1863, p- 316.

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0.).

57. CHLOROPHANES ATRICAPILLA (Vieill.).

Ceereba atricapilla, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 24.

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (O.) ; Nairapi, Simacu, Prov.

Yungas (B.).

58. Caress cyanea (Linn.) ; d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 34.

Territory of the Guarayos Indians (0.).

59. C@REBA CHZRULEA (Linn.),

Tilotilo, Simacu, Nairapi, Prov. Yungas (B.).

60. CeRTHIOLA MEXICANA, Scl.

Certhiola flaveola, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 24.

Certhiola mexicana, Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1871, Disso.

Territory of the Guarayos Indians ( O.); Tilotilo, Baganti, Proy.

Yungas (B.).

Fam. Tanacrip2z.

61. Procnras Tersa (Linn.).

Tersina cerulea, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 41.

Tersina tersa, @ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 299.

Santa Cruz de la Sierra (0.); Tilotilo, Proy. Yungas (B.).

598 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

62. CHLOROPHONIA virIDIs (Vieill.).

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

The single female example sent cannot be distinguished from the

corresponding sex of this species.

63. Evpnonta Lanirrostris, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 30;

d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 266, t. xxii. f. 1.

Euphonia erassirostris, Sel. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 103 et aliter.

Prov. Yungas and Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Territory of the

Yuracares and Guarayos Indians (0.).

After examining a large series, we think Z. crassirestris, originally

established on Colombia specimens, cannot be safely distinguished

from the Bolivian bird.

64. EvpHonra cHLorotica (Linn.).

Euphonia serrirostris, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 303 d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 267, t. xxi. fig. 2.

Guarayos (O.); Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

65. Evponia ruriceps, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 30;

d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 268, t. xxii. f. 2.

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0.); Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas

(B.).

66. Evenonia curysopasta, Scl. & Salv.

Euphonia chrysopasta, Scl. & Saly. P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 438, pl. xxx.

Simacu (B.).

67. PrpRipEA MELANONOTA (Vieill.).

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

68. PrprRIDEA CASTANEIVENTRIS, Scl. P. Z.S. 1866, p. 265.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

69. Cauuiste vent (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Aglaia yeni, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 270.

Tanagra yeni, Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 270, t. xxiv. f. 2.

Typuani, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.) ; Yungas and Yuracares (0.).

70. CALLISTE SCHRANKI (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Aglaia schranki, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 270; @Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 270, t. xxiv. f. i.

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (O.); Nairapi, Tilotilo, Prov.

Yungas (B.).

71. CALLISTE PUNCTULATA, Scl. & Saly. P. Z.S. 1876, p. 353.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

72. CALLISTE PULCHRA (Tsch.).

Tilotilo, Proy. Yungas (B.).

1879. ] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 599

73. CALLISTE GYROLOIDEs (Lafr.).

Aglaia gyrola, VOrb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 32.

Lanagra gyrola, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 272.

Calliste gyroloides, Scl. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 255.

Territory of the Yuracares and Guarayos Indians (0.).

74. CALLISTE BOLIVIANA, Bp.

Aglaia mexicana, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 32.

Tanagra flaviventris, d’ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 271.

Calliste boliviana, Scl. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 258.

Territory of the Yuracares and Guarayos Indians (0.).

75, CALLISTE ATROCERULEA (Tsch.).

Nairapi, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

76. CALLISTE FULVICERVIX, Scl. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1876, p. 354,

pl. xxx. fig. 1.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

77. CALLISTE ARGYROPHENGES, Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1876,

p- 354, pl. xxx. fig. 2.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

78. CALLISTE NIGRICINCTA (Bp.).

Mapiri, Prov. Yungas (B.).

79. CALLISTE CYANEICOLLIS (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Aglaia cyaneicollis, d Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 33.

Tanagra cyaneicollis, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 271, t. xxv. f. 1.

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (O.); Ramosani, Tilotilo, Prov.

Yungas (B.).

80. CALLIsTE CYANOTIS, Scl.

Calliste cyanotis, Scl. P. Z.S. 1858, p. 294, et Ibis, 1876, p. 408,

pl. xii. fig. 2.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

81. CaALLIsTE XANTHOCEPHALA (Tsch.).

Calliste lamprotis, Scl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 65.

Calliste xanthocephala, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 264.

Juanani, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

C. lamprotis was established on a Bolivian example of this species

in the British Museum obtained by Mr. Bridges. Subsequent re-

searches showed it to be the same as C. xanthocephala (Tscb.).

82. IntporNis sELSKII, Cab. J. f. Orn. 1873, p. 316; Tacz.

P. Z.S. 1874, p. 514.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (0.).

600 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON {June 17,

83. PactLorHRAvPIs IGNIVENTRIS (d’Orb. & Laft.).

Aglaia igniventris, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 32.

Tanagra igniventris, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 275, t. xxv. f. 2.

Prov. Apolobamba (0.); Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

84. BurHravupis MONTANA (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Aglaia montana, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 32.

Tanagra montana, d Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 275, t. xxiii. f. 1,

Carcuata, Prov. Yungas (O.); Ramosani, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas

(B.).

85. CompsocoMA FLAVINUCHA (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Tachyphonus flavinucha, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av.i. p. 29; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 279, t. xxi. f. L.

Chupé, Irupana, Suri, Prov. Yungas (O.); Simacu, Tilotilo, Prov.

Yungas (B.).

86. TANAGRA PALMARUM, Max.

Aglaia olivascens, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 33.

Tanagra olivascens, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 274.

Tanagra palmarum, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 76.

Cangalli, Prov. Yungas (B.).

Prov. Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Territory of the Yuracares and

Guarayos Indians (0O.).

87. TanaGRA sAyaca, Linn.

Tanagra sayaca, Linn. S$. N. i. p. 316.

Aglaia episcopus, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 33.

Tanagra episcopus, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 274, t. xxii. f. 3.

Thraupis sayaca, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 28.

Cochabamba, Valle Grande, Yungas (O.); Sorata, Prov. Yungas

(B.).

88. TANAGRA DARWINI, Bp.; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 76.

Sorata, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

89. TANAGRA sTRIATA (Gm.).

Aglaia striata, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 32.

Tanagra striata, @ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 273, t. Ixii. f. 3.

La Paz (O.); Cinti (B.).

90. TANAGRA CYANOCEPHALA (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Aglaia eyanocephala, d@Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 32.

Tanagra maximiliani, d Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 276, t. xxiii. f. 2.

Cochabamba, Inquisivi, Prov. Sicasica (O.) ; Ramosani, Tilotilo,

Prov. Yungas (B.).

91. RHAMPHOCG@LUS ATROSERICEUs, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i.

1879.] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 601

p- 34; d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 280, t. xxvi. f.i.; Scl. Cat. Am. B.

p- 79.

Chupé, Prov. Yungas; Prov. Moxos and Chiquitos, and Territory

of the Yuracares and Guarayos Indians (O.). Ramosani, Prov.

Yungas (B.).

92. PyRANGA RUBRA (Linn.).

Pillon, Prov. Yungas (B.).

93. PyranGa AzAR& (d’Orb.).

Pyranga mississipensis, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 33.

Pyranga azare, V Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 264.

Prov. Chiquitos, Yungas, Valle Grande (0.) ; Cangalli, Cinti(B.).

This Bolivian form is very closely allied to our P. testacea of

Central America, but brighter beneath, and is quite distinct from

P. saira of Brazil.

94. PH@NICOTHRAUPIS RUBICA (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Saltator rubicus, d Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 36.

Pyranga rubica, @ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 265.

Territory of the Yuracares and Guarayos Indians (0.).

95. Lanro veRsIcoLor (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Tachyphonus versicolor, d Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Ay. i. p. 28.

Pyrenga versicolor, d Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 262, t. xix. f. 1.

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0.).

96. MALACOTHRAUPIS DENTATA, Scl. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1876,

p- 354.

Tilotilo (B.).

97. Evcomeris ALBICOLLIS (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Pyranga albicollis, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 33; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 265, t. xxvi. f. 2.

Eucometis albicollis, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 84.

Mission de Santa Ana, Prov. Chiquitos (0.).

98. TacuypHonus LuctTuosus, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i.

p- 29.

Pyranga luctuosa, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 263, t. xx. f. 12; Sel.

Cat. Ann. B. p. 85.

Territory of the Yuracares and Guarayos Indians (0.).

99. TACHYPHONUS RUFIVENTRIS (Spix).

Nairapi, Prov. Yungas (B.).

100. CypsNAGRA RUFICOLLIs (Licht.).

Tachyphonus ruficollis, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 29; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 277.

Missions de Concepcion and de Santiago, Prov. Chiquitos (0.).

602 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

101. Nemosta Pineata (Bodd.); d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i.

p- 28; d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 261.

San Miguel and San Jose, Prov. Chiquitos (0.).

102. Nemosra Gurra (Linn.).

Nemosia nigricollis, d’ Orb. & Lafr, Syn. Av. i. p. 27; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 260.

Nemosia guirina, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 87.

Rio Tarnampaya, Proy. Yungas, San Xavier, Proy. Chiquitos, and

Territory of the Yuracares and Guarayos Indians (O.) ; Caguarani,

Prov. Yungas (B.).

103. NeEMOsIA FLAVICOLLIs (Vielill.).

Simacu, Prov. Yungas (B.).

104. NemostA RUFIcEpPs (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Sylvia ruficeps, d Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 20.

Hylophilus ruficeps, @Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 219, t. xiii. f. 1.

Palea, Prov. Ayupaya (O.); Sorata, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

S. Baldomero, Bolivia (Forbes in Mus. P. L. §.).

105. Nemosta sorpipa, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 28;

d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 261, t. xviii. f. 2.

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0.).

106. CHLOROSPINGUS ALBITEMPORALIS (Lafr.).

Sorata, Nairapi, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

107. CHLoRosPiNGus FLAVIGULARIS, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 89.

Simacu, Prov. Yungas (B,).

108. CHLoRosPineGus cALoPHRYS, Scl. & Salv. P. Z.S8. 1876,

p. 354. :

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

109. CHLOROSPINGUS CASTANEICOLLIS, Scl. P. Z.S. 1858,

p- 293.

Ramosani, Tilotilo, Proy. Yungas (B.).

110. Microspineus TRiFascratus, Tacz. P. Z.S. 1874, p. 132

et p. 517.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

111. Buarremon torquatus (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Embernagra torquata, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 34.

Arremon affinis, @ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 282, t. xxvii. f. 1.

Carcuata, Prov. Yungas (O.); Ramosani, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas

(B.).

1879.] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 603

112, BUARREMON MELANOPs, Scl. & Salv.

Buarremon rufinuchus, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 91 (nec d’Orb. &

Lafr.).

Buarremon melanops, Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p- 253.

Simacu, Prov. Yungas (0.),

113, BuaRREMoN RuFINUCHA (d’Orb. & Laft.).

Embernagra rufinucha, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 35.

Arremon rufinucha, a’ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 283, t. xxvii. f. 2.

Yanacaché and Carcuata, Prov. Yungas (0.); Tilotilo, Prov.

Yungas (B.).

114. BuarREMON FuLviceps (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Emberiza fulviceps, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 77; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 363, t. xlvi. f. 2.

Totora, Prov. Mizque (O.); Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

This is a true Buarremon, allied to B. semirufus, but distinguished

by its yellow throat and breast.

115. ARREMON ORBIGNII, Scl.

Embernagra silens, @ Orb. & Vafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 34.

Arremon silens, @ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 281.

Arremon @ orbignit, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 81.

Prov. Yungas, Chiquitos, and Valle Grande (0.).

116. Cissopi1s mtnor, Tsch.

Saltator bicolor, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Ay. i. p. 36.

Bethylus picatus, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 269.

Cochabamba and Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0.).

We have not yet seen Bolivian skins of this species, but suppose

that the Bolivian would be the same as the Peruvian form.

117. Pstrrosp1zA ELEGANS (Tsch.).

Psittospiza elegans, Tacz. P. Z. 8. 1874, p- 519.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

118. Saurator maenus (Gm.).

Mirkimarea, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

119. Sararor CHRULEsCENS, Vieill.; d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av.

i. p. 35; d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 287, t. xxviii. f. 4, t. liv. f. 4.

Santa Cruz (0.).

120. Sauraror Ruriventris, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 35;

d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 289, t. xviii. f. 2.

Tnquisivi, Prov. Sicasica ; Palca, Prov. Ayupaya (0.).

121. Sarraror Laticiavius, Scl. & Saiy. P. Z. S. 1869, py 251.

Saltator aurantiirostris, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av.i. p.35; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 288, t. xxviii. f. 3 (partim).

Sorata, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.),

604 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

122. SALTATOR ATRICOLLIs (Vieill.).

Saltator validus, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 35.

Saltator atricollis, d’ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 288.

Santa Ana, Prov. Chiquitos (0.).

123. ORCHESTICUS ATER (Gm.).

Saltator atra, @’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 36.

Saltator melanopsis, d’ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 291.

Ramosani, Prov. Yungas (B.).

Fam. FRINGILLIDA.

124, Puructicus AUREIVENTRIs (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Pitylus aureoventris, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 84 ; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 365.

Pheucticus uureiventris, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 99.

Prov. Yuncas, Ayupaya, Sicasica, Mizqué, Chuquisaca, Chi-

quitos (O.).

125. Gurraca CyANEA (Linn.).

Pitylus cyaneus, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 84.

Chiquitos (0.).

126. OryzoBorvs TORRIDUS (Gm.).

Pytilus torridus, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 85.

Prov. Chiquitos (0O.).

127. SpERMOPHILA HYPOXANTHA, Cab.

Pyrrhula minuta, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 87.

Spermophila hypoxantha, Scl. Ibis, 1871, p. 3.

Chiquitos (O.).

128. SpeRMOPHILA NIGRORUFA (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

Pyrrhula nigrorufa, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 88.

Spermophila nigrorufa, Scl. Ibis, 1871, p. 6.

Chiquitos (0.).

129. SpERMOPHILA COLLARIA (Linn.).

Pyrrhula melanocephala, d’ Orb, & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 85.

Spermophila collaria, Scl. Ibis, 1871, p. 9.

Prov. Moxos, Territory of the Guarayos Indians (0O.).

130. SPERMOPHILA CH&RULESCENS (Vieill.).

Pyrrhula ornata, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 86.

Spermophila cerulescens, Scl. Ibis, 1871, p. 12.

Simacu, Prov. Yungas (B.); Prov. Yungas (O.).

131. SpPERMOPHILA LINEOLA (Linn.).

Pyrrhula lineola, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 86.

Spermophila lineola, Scl. Ibis, 1871, p. 13.

Chiquitos, Guarayos (0.).

1879.] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 605

132. SPERMOPHILA LucTuosA (Lafr.),

Spermophila luctuosa, Scl. Ibis, 1871, p. 15.

Simacu, Prov. Yungas (B.).

133. SPERMOPHILA BICOLOR (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Pyrrhula bicolor, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 86.

Spermophila bicolor, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 103, et Ibis, 1871,

Ty:

Moxos (0.).

134, SPERMOPHILA PLUMBEA (Max.).

Pyrrhula cinerea, VOrb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p: 87.

Spermophila plumbea, Scl. Ibis, 1871, p. 19.

Chiquitos (O.).

135. VoLaTINIA JACARINA (Linn.).

Emberiza jacarini, Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 81.

Santa Cruz de la Sierra (O.) ; Consata, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas(B.).

136. Paroarra CERVICALIS, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 108.

The type of this species remains unique in Sclater’s collection,

It was obtained, along with a lot of other birds mostly, if not all,

from Bolivia, of a London dealer in 1853.

137. CorypHosPINGUS CRISTATUS (Gm.).

Emberiza araguira, VOrb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 81.

Coryphospingus cristatus, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 109.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.) ; Prov. Yungas, Chiquitos (0.).

138. CoryPHosPINGUS GRISEO-cRISTATUS (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Emberiza griseo-cristata, Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Ay. i. p. 79;

d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 363, t. xlvii. f. 1.

Coryphospingus griseocristatus, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 109.

Cochabamba, Mizqué, Valle Grande (0.); Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas

(B.).

139. Poospiza TorQuatTA (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Emberiza torquata, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 82.

Poospiza torquata, Sel. Cat. Am. B. p. 110.

Sicasica (O.); Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

140. Poospiza HyPocHONDRIACA (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Emberiza hypochondriaca, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Ay. i. p. 80;

d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 361, t. xlv. f. 1.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.). Inquisivi, Prov. Sicasica, Palca,

Prov. Ayupaya (0.).

141. Poosp1zA MELANOLEUCA (Vieill.).

Emberiza melanoleuca, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 82.

Chiquitos (0.).

606 MESSRS, SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

142. PuryeiLus cANicrrs, Burm.

Emberiza gayi (stirps major), d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 75.

Phrygilus caniceps, Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1878, p. 393.

La Paz (0.); Tilotilo (B.).

143. Puryerius atriceps (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Emberiza atriceps, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av.i. p. 76; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 363, t. xlvii. f. 2.

Oruro and Potosi (0.).

144, PuryGiLus UNICOLOR (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Eméberiza unicolor, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 79.

Phrygilus unicolor, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 111.

Emberiza guttata, Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 78 (Q).

Pampa de Oruro and Sicasica (0.).

Mus. P. L. S. ex Bolivia (Bridges et D. Forbes).

145. ParyeiLus rruTicetti (Kittl.).

Emberiza luctuosa, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 80.

Phrygelus fruticeti, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 111.

La Paz (O.) ; Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas’(B.).

146. Druca specuLirera (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Emberiza speculifera, dV Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 78; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 362, t. xlvi. f. 1.

Diuca speculifera, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 111.

Prov. Yungas, and Palca, Prov. Ayupaya (0.).

147. CaramMeEnta ANALIs (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Tinaria analis, VOrb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 83; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 364, t. xlviii. f. 1.

Catamenia analis, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 105.

Sorato, Prov. Yungas (B.); La Paz, Inquisivi, Cochabamba,

Totora and Chuquisaca (0.).

148. Zonorricuia prLeata (Bodd.).

Emberiza matutina, Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 80.

Zonotrichia pileata, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 113.

Bolivia (O.) ; Sorata, Nairapi, Prov. Yungas (B.).

149, CoruRNICULUS PERUANUS, Bp.

Emberiza mainimbe, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 77.

Coturniculus peruanus, Sel. Cat. Am. B. p. 117.

Santa Cruz (0.).

150. EMBeRNAGRA OLIvVAscENS, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 285.

Inquisivi, Prov. Sicasica, Palea, Prov. Ayupaya, Cochabamba (0);

~ Tilotilo, Prov, Yungas (B.),

1879. ] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 607

151. EmperizoipEes spHENuRus (Vieill.); Scl. Cat. Am. B.

p. 118.

An example of this species in Sclater’s collection, obtained through

Cuming in 1854, is believed to have been collected in Bolivia by

Bridges.

152. CHRYSOMITRIS MAGELLANICA (Vieill.).

Carduelis magellanicus, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 83.

Chrysomitris barbata, Scl. Cat. Am. B, p. 125.

Prov. Chiquitos, (0.).

153. Curysomirris aTrata (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Carduelis atratus, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 83; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 364, t. xlviii. f. 2.

Chrysomitris atrata, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 125.

La Paz (0.).

Mus. P. L.S. ex Bolivia (Bridges).

154. CHRYSOMITRIS XANTHOGASTRA (Du Bus).

Chrysomitris zanthogastray Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 785.

Sorata, Nairapi, Prov. Yungas (B.).

Bolivia (Forbes in Mus. P. L.8.).

155. SycaLts FLAVEOLA (Linn.).

Emberiza brasiliensis, d Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 73.

Sycalis flaveola, Scl. Ibis, 1872, p. 41.

Santa Cruz de la Sierra (0.).

156. SycaLis LUTEOLA (Sparrm.).

Sycalis luteola, Scl. Ibis, 1872, p. 44.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

157. Sycauis LuTEA (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Emberiza lutea, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 74.

Sycalis lutea, Scl. Ibis, 1872, p. 46, pl. ii. fig. 2.

Crithagra chloropsis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 46.

Andes of Bolivia (O.).

Prince Bonaparte’s Crithagra chloropsis was founded on Bolivian

specimens of this species obtained by Pentland.

158. SycaLis LUTEOCEPHALA (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Emberiza luteocephala, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Ay. i. p. 74; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 360, t. xliv. f. 2.

Sycalis luteocephala, Sel. Ibis, 1872, p. 46.

Cochabamba, Valle Grande, Chuquisaca (0.).

608 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

Fam. IcTERID&.

159. Osrinops yurAcARriuM (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Cassicus yuracares, V@Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 2; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 365, t. li. ft 1.

Territory of the Yuracares Indians, Prov. Cochabamba (0.).

160. Ostrnors crisTaTus (Gm.).

Cassicus cristatus, @’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 2.

Prov. Yungas (O.); Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

161. Ostrnops ATROVIRENS (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Cassicus atrovirens, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 1; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 366, t. li. f. 2.

Yanacaché, Chulumani, Irupana, Cajuata, Prov. Yungas (0.) ;

Simacu, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

162, Cassrcus persicus (Linn.).

Cassicus icteronotus, d@’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 3.

Cassiculus flavicrissus, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p..129 (partim).

Prov. Chiquitos (O.) ; Mapiri, Prov: Yungas (B.).

163. Casstcus curysonotus, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 3;

d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 367, t. lii. f. 1.

Ramosani, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.); Charapaccé, Prov.

Yungas, Morochata, Prov. Ayupaya (0.).

164. Casstcus soxirartus (Vieill.); d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii.

p. 3; Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 130.

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0.).

165. IcreRUs PYRRHOPTERUS (Vieill.) ; Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 131.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

Obtained by d’Orbigny at Corrientes.

166. Icrerus croconotus, Wagl.; Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 133.

Icterus jamaicensis, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 6.

Santa Cruz (0.).

167. Motorurvus Baptvs (Vieill.).

Icterus badius, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 7.

Cochabamba, Sicasica (O.); Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

168. LeisTEs SUPERCILIARIS, Bp.

Icterus militaris, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 4.

Leistes superciliaris, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 138.

Santa Cruz, Chiquitos (O.).

1879.] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 609

Fam. Corvip«.

169. Cyanocitra viripicyanea (d’Orb, & Lafr.).

Garrulus viridicyaneus, Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 9; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 368, f. liii. f. 1.

Cajapi, La Paz (O.) ; Ramosani, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

170. Cyanocorax ncas (Bodd.).

Garrulus peruvianus, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Ay. ii. p. 9.

Xanthura incas, Scl. Ibis, 1879, p. 89:

Apolobamba (O.); Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

171, Cyanocorax curysops (Vieill.).

_ Garrulus chrysops, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 9.

Cyanocorax chrysops, Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p- 120.

Prov. Chiquitos (O.); Cinti (B.).

172, CyaNocorax CYANOMELAS (Vieill.).

Pica cyanomelas, Vieill. (ex Azara).

Garrulus cyanomelas, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 9.

Cyanocoraz nigriceps, Scl. & Salv. P. Z:S. 1876, p. 354.

Cyanocoraz chilensis, Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p. 125.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

Since we have distinguished the Bolivian form of this species as

C. nigriceps we have had an opportunity of examining a skin from

Corrientes, which, there can be no doubt, is identical with the Para-

guayan form (i. e. cyanomelas, Vieill. ex Azara). The result is that

the Bolivian bird, if not precisely similar to the Corrientes form, is

much too near to be separated from it, and that the S. Brazilian

form (C. cyanomelas, Sharpe), will require a new name, if it is to be

kept distinct.

It is possible that Bonaparte’s Psilorhinus chilensis may, as Mr.

Sharpe conjectured, have been based on an example of this species ;

but this name ought not té have been adopted, for two reasons:

(1) the diagnosis is altogether insufficient ; (2) the locality implied in

the name is erroneous.

Fam. Tyrannip&.

173. AGRriorNis tivipa (Kittl.).

Pepoaza gutturalis, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 351.

Pepoaza andecola, d’ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 351.

Agriornis livida, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p- 196.

Plateau of the Andes (0.).

174, Agriornis maritima (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Pepoaza maritima, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Ay. i. p- 65; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 353.

Cobija and desert of Atacama (0.).

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No. XX XIX. 39

610 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

175. AGRIORNIS INSOLENS, Scl. et Saly. P. Z.S. 1869, p. 153.

Sorata, Prov. Yungas (B.).

176. MytorHereres sTRIATICOLLIS, Scl.

Tyrannus rufiventris, dW Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Ay. i. p. 45; d’Orb.

Voy..Ois. p. 312, t. xxxii. f. 3, 4.

Tenioptera striaticollis, Scl. P.Z.S. 1851, p. 193, pl. slii.

Myiotheretes striaticollis, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 197.

Sorata, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.); Rio Miguella, Prov. Yungas,

177. THNIOPTERA NENGETA (Linn.).

Pepoaza polyglotta, VOrb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 62; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 346, t. xxxix. f. 4.

Tenioptera nengeta, Scl. Cat. A. B. p- 197.

Prov. Chiquitos (0.).

178. TaNnioprera VELATA (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Pepoaza velata, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 62; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 347.

Tenioptera velata, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 197.

Environs of Santa Cruz de la Sierra (0.).

179. TaNIoPTERA IRUPERO (Vieill.).

Pepoaza nivea, VOrb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 62.

Pepoaza irupero, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 348.

Tenioptera irupero, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 198.

Prov. Chiquitos (0.).

180. OcuTHODIaTA Fusco-RUFUS, Scl. & Salv. P.Z.S. 1876,

p. 354,

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

181. OcuTHa@ca @NantHoIDEs (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Fluvicola cenanthoides, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 60; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 344, t. xxxiii. f. 2.

Valley of La Paz (0.) ; Mapiri, Prov. Yungas (B.).

182. Ocaru@ca tevcopurys (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Fluvicola leucophrys, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av.i. p. 60; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 345, t. xxxvii. f. 1.

La Paz and Inquisivi, Proy. Sicasica (0.); Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas

183. OcuTH@ca puLCHELLA, Scl. & Saly. P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 355

Tilotilo, Proy. Yungas (B.).

1879.] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 611

184, OcHTH@CA RUFIPECTORALIs (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Flwicola rufipectoralis, VOrb. & Lafr. Syn. Ay. i. p. 60; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 345, t. xxxvii. f. 2.

ay Prov. Ayupaya (0.); Ramosani, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas

B.).

185. OcuTHaca THoRACICA, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 133.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

186. OcHTHa@CA SETOPHAGOIDES (Bp.).

Muscicapa leucophrys, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Ay. i. p. 53.

Muscicapara leucophrys, d’Orb. Voy. p. 327.

Bolivia (O.); Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.),

The typical specimen of Muscieapa leucophrys, @Orb. & Lafr.,

at Paris, belongs to this species ; but there being already a species of

the genus of the same name (also named by d’Orb. & Lafr.) we

retain Bonaparte’s later appellation.

187. FLUVICOLA ALBIVENTRIS (Spix).

Fluvicola bicolor, Orb. & Lafr. Syn Av. i. p. 58; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 343, t. lvii. f. 2.

Fluvicola albiventris, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p- 200.

Prov. Chiquitos (0.).

188. ARUNDINICOLA LEUCOCEPHALA (Linn.).

Alectrurus leucocephalus, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 54.

Arundinicola leucocephala, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 334.

Provinces of Moxos and Chiquitos (0.).

189. ALECTORURUS TRICOLOR (Vieill.).

Alectrurus tricolor, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Ay. i. p. 54; dOrb,

Voy. Ois. p. 341.

Guarayos, Prov. Moxos (0.).

190. CyBERNETES YETAPA (Vieill.).

Gubernetes yperu, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 58.

Alectrurus yetapa, @ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 342.

Prov. Chiquitos (0.).

191. SisopyeGis icrEROPHRYS (Vieill.).

Fluvicola icterophrys, WV Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. 1. p. 59.

Suirirt icterophrys, @ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 338, t. xlv. f. 3.

Sisopygis icterophrys, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 202.

Provinces of Chuquisaca and Sicasica (0.).

192. CNIPOLEGUS ATERRIMUS (d’Orb.).

Fluvicola nigerrima, @Orb. & Lafr, Syn, Ay, i. p. 59.

39*

612 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

Ada nigerrima, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 340.

Cnipolegus aterrimus, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 202.

Provinces of Yungas, Ayupaya, Cochabamba, Chuquisaca (0.) ;

Sorata, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

193. LicHENOPS PERSPICILLATA (Gm.).

Fluvicola perspicillata, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 58.

Ada perspicillata, @ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 339.

Lichenops perspicillata, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 203.

Prov. Chiquitos (0.).

194. Macuetornis rrxosa (Vieill.).

Pepoaza rivosa, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 62; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 350, t. li. f. 4 (egg).

Machetornis rizosa, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 204.

Provinces of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Chiquitos, and Moxos (0.).

195. MuscisaAxIcOLA RUFIVERTEX, d’Orb. & Lafr., Syn. Av.

i. p. 66; d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 354, t. xl. f. 2; Scl. Cat. Am. B.

p. 205.

Plateau of the Andes, La Paz, and Cobija (0.).

196. Muscisax1cota meEnTALIs, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i.

p- 66; d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 355, t. xl. f. 1,

Cobija, West coast of Bolivia (0.).

197. MuscisaxicoLa MaAcuLIRostTRIs, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av.

i. p. 66; d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 356, t. xli. f. 2.

La Paz (0.) ; Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

198. Centrites oreAs, Scl. & Salv. P. Z. 8S. 1869, p. 154, et

Ex. Orn. p. 191, t. xevi-; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. iii.

p- 354.

Anthus fulvus, @ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 223 (partim).

Quite common on the shores of Lake Titicaca (Garman).

199. ToprRosTRUM CINEREUM (Linn.); d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av.

i. p. 46; d.Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 315.

Mission de la Concepcion, Prov. Moxos (0.).

200. EuscarTtuMus GuLARis (Temm.).

Todirostrum gulare, Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 46; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 315.

Carcuata, Prov. Yungas, Santo Corazon, Prov. Chiquitos (O.).

Simacu, Prov. Yungas (B.).

201. EuscARTHMUS MARGARITACEIVENTRIS (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Todirostrum margaritaceiventris, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn, Av. i.

p- 46; dOrb. Voy. Ois. p. 316, t. xxxili. f. 3, 4.

Luscarthmus margaritaceiventris, Scl. & Saly. Nomencl. p. 45.

Santa Corazon, Proy. Chiquitos (0O.).

1879:] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 613

202. Orcuiius EcAupATus (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Todirostrum ecaudatum, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 47; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 316, t. xxxiii. f. 1, 2.

Orchilus ecaudatus, Scl. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 631.

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0.).

203. SrigMAaTURA BUDyYTOIDES (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Culicivora budytoides, d Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 56.

Setophaga budytoides, d@ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 330.

Stigmatura budytoides, Scl. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 188.

Valley of Chaluani, Prov. Mizqué (0.).

204. SerpHorHaGa suscrisraTa (Vieill.).

Muscicapa cristata, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 52.

Muscicapara subcristata, d’'Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 326.

Serphophaga subcristata, Scl. & Saly. Nomencl. p. 47.

Prov. Chiquitos (O.); Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas(B.).

205. SeRPHOPHAGA CINEREA (Strickl.).

Serpophoga cinerea, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 211.

Baganti, Prov. Yungas (B.).

206. ANZ RETES PARULUS (Kittl.).

Culicivora parulus, @ Orb. & Lafr, Syn. Av. i. p. 57; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 332 (Chili).

Yuyo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

207. ANZRETES FLAVIROSTRIs, Scl. & Salvy. P. Z. 8S. 187

p. 355.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

208. MionecTEs OLEAGINEUSs (Licht.).

Muscicapa chloronota, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 51.

Muscicapara oleaginea, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 323.

Mionectes oleagineus, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 213,

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0.).

209. MIonECTES STRIATICOLLIS (d’Orb. & Laft.).

Muscicapa striaticollis, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 51.

Muscicapara striaticollis, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 323. t. xxxv. f. 2.

Prov. Yungas and Territory of the Yuracares Indians (O.) ; Tilotilo,

Prov. Yungas (B.).

210. LeEpTOPOGON SUPERCILIARIS (Cab.).

Leptopogon superciliaris, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 214.

Carguarani, Prov. Yungas (B.).

211. Lerropocon tristis, Scl. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 254.

Simacu, Prov. Yungas (B.).

614 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

212. TyRANNISCUS GRACILIPES, Scl. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1867,

p- 981.

Simacu, Prov. Yungas (B.).

213. TyRANNIscUs virIDIssIMuS, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 782.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

214, EvAIngA ALBICEPs (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Muscipeta albiceps, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 47; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 319.

Elainea albiceps, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 834.

Prov. Yungas. (O.).

215. ELAINEA ELEGANS, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 179; Scl. P. ZS.

1870, p. 835.

Simacu, Prov. Yungas (B.).

216. EmprpaGra sutriri (Vieill.).

Muscicapa suiriri, d Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 51.

Suiriri suiriri, d’ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 336.

Pachyrhynchus albescens, Gould, Zool. Beagle, iii. p. 51, pl. xiv.

Empidagra suiriri, Cab. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 59.

Provinces of Moxos and Chiquitos (0.).

217. LeGATUs ALBICOLLIs (Vieill.).

Muscipeta albicollis, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 47; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 317.

Rio de San Miguel, Territory of the Guarayos Indians (0.).

218. My1ozeTETES sIMILis (Spix).

Muscipeta cayennensis, Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 47; d’Orb.

;

Voy. Ois. p. 317.

Myiozetetes similis, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 224.

Rio Blanco and Rio Itonama, Prov. Moxos (0.).

219. Evarnra opscura (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Muscipeta obscura, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 48.

M. guillemini, Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 319.

Elainea obscura, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 835.

Prov. Yungas (0.) ; Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

220. Piraneus BELLICosus (Vieill.).

Tyrannus sulphuratus, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 42; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 304, tt. xxxiv. f. 3, xlix. f. 3.

Pitangus bellicosus, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 222.

Provinces of Chiquitos, Cochabamba, Chuquisaca (0.).

1879.] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 615

221. MvyropyNasTEs souiTaRtius (Vieill.).

Tyrannus audaz, d’Orb. & Lafr, Syn. Av. i. p. 43; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 305.

Myjiodynastes solitarius, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 223.

Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Chiquitos (0.).

222. Muscrvora swatnsont (Pelz.).

Muscipeta regia, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 317.

Muscivora swainsoni, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 224.

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0.).

223. HiRUNDINEA RUPESTRIS (Max.).

Hirundinea bellicosa, Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 46; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 314.

H. rupestris, Scl. Ibis, 1869, p. 196.

HI. bellicosa, Reinh. Fuglef. Bras. Campos, p. 144.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

Mission de Santiago, Prov. Chiquitos, Cochabamba, Chuquisaca,

Chaluani (0.).

Bolivian examples of this species do not differ appreciably from

the Brazilian bird.

224. Myiosrus vituosus, Scl.; Scl. & Salv. anted, p. 514.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

225. Mytosius CINNAMOMEUs (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Muscipeta cinnamomea, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 49.

M. vieilloti, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 321, t. xxxiv. f. 1, 2.

M. cinnamomeus, Scl. Cat. p. 226.

Prov. Yungas (O.) ; Simacu, Prov. Yungas (B.).

226. Myrosrius n2xvivus (Bodd.).

Muscipeta virgata, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 49; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 320.

Myiobius nevius, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 227.

Provinces of Moxos, Chiquitos, and Yungas (0.).

227. EMPIDOCHANES, sp. inc.

Nairapi, Prov. Yungas (B.).

One bad skin of a species allied to 2. olivus (Bodd.).

228. CoNnTOPUS RICHARDSONI (Sw.); Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 231.

Nairapi, Prov. Yungas (B.).

229. Conropus ARDESIACUS (Lafr.); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. p. 52.

Myiochanes ardesiacus, Scl. Cat. p. 232.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

230. Empiponomus varius (Vieill.); Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 234,

Mapari, Prov. Yungas (B.).

616 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

231. Myrarcuus TyrRANNULUS (Miill.).

M. ferox, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 43; d’Orb. Voy. Ois.

p- 306.

Myiarchus swainsoni, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 233.

M. tyrannulus, Scl. & Saly. Nomencl. p. 52.

Provinces of Yungas, Moxos, Chiquitos, and Santa Cruz de la

Sierra (O.) ; Typuani, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

232. My1arcuus nicRiceps, Scl.

Myiarchus tuberculifer, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 43; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 307, t. xxxii. fig. 2 (7).

MM. nigriceps, Scl. P. Z.S. 1860, p. 68.

We suspect that M. tuberculifer is the same as M. nigriceps, in

some individuals of which, as in other Tyrannide, the tubercles on

the wing are much more developed than in others.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

233. TyYRANNUs PrPiRi (Vieill.).

Tyrannus animosus, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 45.

Tyrannus intrepidus, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 313.

Tyrannus pipiri, Scl. Cat. p. 236.

Santa Cruz de la Sierra (0.).

234. TYRANNUS AURANTIO-ATROCRISTATUS, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn.

Av. i. p. 45; d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 312.

Tyrannus inca, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 237.

Valle Grande (0.).

In Sclater’s collection from Bolivia; obtained by E. Bartlett at

Xeberos. See P. Z.S. 1873, p. 282.

235. TYRANNUS MELANCHOLICUS (Vieill.) ; d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn.

Av. i. p. 44; d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 311, t. li. f. 33 (egg).

Provinces of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Chiquitos, Moxos (0.) ;

Cangalli, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

236. Mitvuus Tyrannus (Linn.).

Tyrannus savana, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 44.

Tyrannus tyrannus, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 310, t. xliv. f. 2.

Santa Cruz, Provinces of Moxos and Chiquitos (0.).

Fam. CorinGip&.

237. Pipra rasciata, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 38; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 295, t. xxx. f. 1,

Environs of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and Territory of the Gua-

rayos Indians (0O.),

1879.] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 617

238. Pipra cHLORoMEros (Tsch.).

Pipra rubrocapilla, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p.38; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 294.

Pipra chloromeros, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 248.

Baganti, Prov. Yungas (B.); Territory of the Yuracares Indians

239. CHIROXIPHIA PAREOLA (Linn.).

Nairapi, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

Bolivian agree with Brazilian skins, except in having the crest

rather narrower and of a somewhat darker colour.

240. Mrropia Gateara (Licht.); Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 252.

Simacu, Prov. Yungas (B.).

241. Trryra cayana (Linn.).

Psaris cayanus, @’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Ay. i. p- 41; d’Orb. Voy.

p. 301.

Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Chiquitos, Moxos (0.).

242. Tiryra semirascrata (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Psaris semifasciata, d’Orb. & Latfr. Syn. Av. i. p. 41; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 301.

Tityra semifasciata, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p- 238.

Environs of Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Santo Corazon (0.) ;

Simacu, Prov. Yungas (B.).

243, Tiryra rnquisirRix (Vieill.).

Psaris inquisitor, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p- 41; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 302.

Tityra inquisitriz, Scl. P.Z.S. 1857, p. 71.

Provinces of Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Chiquitos (0.).

244. Haprosromus minor (Less.).

Psaris roseicollis, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p- 42; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 302. g

Hadrostomus minor, Sel. Cat. Am. B. p. 240.

Territory of the Yuracares and Guarayos Indians, Prov. Chi-

quitos (0.).

245, PACHYRHAMPHUS ATRICAPILLUS (Gm.).

Pachyrhynchus marginatus, @Orb. & Laft. Syn. Av. i. p. 42;

d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 303, t. xxxi. f. 2, 3, 4.

Pachyrhamphus atricapillus, Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. p. 56.

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0.).

246. Laruria uropyerAtis, Scl. & Saly. P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 355.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

618 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON (June 17,

247, LATHRIA PLUMBEA (Licht.).

Querula cinerea, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 39.

Querula cineracea, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 296.

Mission de Magdalena, Prov. Moxos (O.); Guanai, Prov. Yun-

gas (B.).

248, Casiornis RuBRA (Vieill.).

Tyrannus rufus, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. 1. p. 44; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 308.

Casiornis rubra, Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. p. 57.

Provinces of Yungas and Chiquitos (O.).

The specimens of d’Orbigny marked Tyrannus rufus in the Paris

Museum belong to this species.

249. Ruprrcoua pervuviana,, Lath.; d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i.

p- 38; d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 294.

Rupicola saturata, Cab. & Hein. Mus. Hein. i. p. 99.

Provinces of Yungas, and forests east of Cochabamba (0O.) ;

Simacu, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

Bolivian skins are intermediate in tint between R. peruviana and

R. sanguinolenta.

250. Pipreowa virinis (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Ampelis viridis, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 40; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 298, t. xxx. f. 2.

Pipreola viridis, Sel. Ibis, 1878, p. 167.

Chulumani, Prov. Yungas (0.); Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

251. PrpREOLA FRONTALIS (Scl.); Scl. Ibis, 1878, p. 169, pl. vi.

Titotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

252. Amprtis arcuaTA (Lafr.); Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 255.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

253. HetiocHera ruBRocrRistATA (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Ampelis rubrocristata, Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 39; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 297, t. xxxi. f. 1.

Heliochera rubrocristata, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 255.

Provinces of Yungas and Ayupaya (O.).

254. CoTinea CAYANA (Linn.).

Ampelis cayana, @’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 40.

Ampelis cayennensis, d Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 297.

Cotinga cayana, Sel. Cat. Am. B. p. 256.

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0.).

255. CEPHALOPTERUS ORNATUS, Geoffr.; d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn.

Av. 1. p. 39; d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 296.

Tilotilo, Prov, Yungas (B.); Apolobamba (0.).

1879.] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 619

Fam. PHyroromMip2.

256. PHyroroma ANGustrrRostris, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i.

p- 37; @Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 292, t. xxix. f. 2; Scl. Cat. Am. B.

p- 260.

Valley of La Paz and environs of Cavari, Inquisivi, Prov. Sicasica,

Palta, Prov. Ayupaya, Provinces of Cochabamba, Mizqué, and Chu-

quisaca (O.); Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

Fam. DENDROCOLAPTIDE.

257. GrosITTA CUNICULARIA (Vieill.).

Certhilauda cunicularia, d Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 71; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 358, t. xliii. f. 1.

Geositta cunicularia, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 146.

La Paz, Cochabamba, and summit of the Cordillera (0.).

258. GrosITTa TENUIKOsTRIS (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Certhilauda tenuirostris, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 72; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 359, t. xlin. f. 2.

Geositta tenuirostris, Scl. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1869, p. 153.

Cavari, Prov. Sicasica, Cochabamba (0.).

259. FuRNARIUS CoMMERSONI, Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. p. 34.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

260. UpuceRTHIA RUFICAUDA (Meyen).

Upucerthia montana, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 22; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 371, t. lvi. f. 1.

Ochetorhynchus ruficauda, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 148.

Environs of La Paz (0O.).

261. CrncLopes N1GRiFUMosus (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Upucerthia nigrifumosa, d Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p.22; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 372, t. lvii. f. 2.

Cobija (O.) ; Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

262, CINCLODES PATAGONICUS (Gm.).

Upucerthia rupestris, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 21.

Cinclodes patagonicus, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 148,

Cobija (O.).

263. CincLODEs Fuscus (Vieill.).

Upucerthia vulgaris, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 22; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 372, t. Ivii. f. 1.

Cinclodes fuscus, Scl. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1870, p. 786.

Potosi, Oruro, La Paz, and Chuquisaca (O.); Sorata, Tilotilo,

Prov. Yungas (B.).

264. Locumias opscurata, Cab. J. f. O. 1873, p. 65.

L. sororia, Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 511.

Baganti, Prov. Yungas (B.).

620 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

265. LEPTASTHENURA &GITHALOIDES (Kittl.).

Synallaxis egythaloides, d Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 23; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 243.

Cobija, and environs of La Paz (0.).

266. LepTasTHENURA FULIGINICEPS (d’Orb. & Laft.).

Synallaxis fuliginiceps, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 23; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 242, t. xvii. f. 1.

Inquisivi, Prov. Sicasica, Valle Grande (O.); Tilotilo, Prov.

Yungas (B.).

267. SYNALLAXIS FRONTALIS, Pelz.

Synallaxis ruficapilla, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 24; d’Orb,

Voy. Ois. p. 246.

Synallazis frontalis, Scl. P. Z.S. 1874, p. 7.

Carcuata, Prov. Yungas, Inquisivi, Prov. Sicasica, Chaluani, Prov.

Mizqué, Prov. Moxos (Q.) ; Ramosani, Prov. Yungas (B).

268. SyNALLAXIS SEMICINEREA (Reichenbach).

Synallaxis semicinerea, Scl. P. Z.8. 1874, p. 12.

Valle Grande (0., Mus. Paris).

269. SyNALLAXIS TORQUATA, Max.

Synallawis bitorquata, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 24.

S. torquata, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 248, t. xv. f. 2; Scl. P.Z.S.

1874, p. 17.

Mission de la Concepcion, Prov. Chiquitos (0.).

270. SYNALLAXIS MAXIMILIANI, d’Orb.

Synallaxis torquata, d’Orb. Syn. Av. i. p. 25.

Synallavis maximiliani, @ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 247, t. xv. f. 1; Sel.

P. Z.S. 1874, p. 17.

Carcuata, Prov. Yungas (0.).

271. SyNALLAXIS HYyPOSTICTA, Pelzeln; Scl. P. Z.S. 1874,

p: 20.

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0., Mus. Paris).

272. SYNALLAXIS RUFIPENNIS, Sp. Nov.

Synallavis striaticeps, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 22; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 241, t. xvi. f. 1 (partim).

Supra murino-cinerea ; pileo fulvo, nigro striato; superciliis albis ;

tectricibus alarum et secundariis extus cum cauda tota rufis ;

subtus alba, hypochondriis et crisso fusco lavatis ; rostro nigri-

cante, mandibula inferiore ad basin carnea ; pedibus fuscis.

Long tota 55, ale 2°6, caude 3:0.

Hab. Bolivia, Tilotilo (Buckley).

Obs. Species forma et babitu S. striaticipitis, sed pileo toto

conspicué striato et secundariis extus rufis distinguenda.

1879.] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 621

This species was probably confounded by d’Orbigny with S. séria-

ticeps, as he mentions the latter as occurring in Bolivia. It should

be placed next to S. striaticeps in the arrangement of the genus ag

given by Sclater (P. Z. S, 1874, p. 21).

273. SYNALLAXIS ALBICEPS, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Ay. i. p- 23;

d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 241, t. xvi. f. 2; Sel. P. Z.S, 1874, p. 21.

Capiiiata, Prov. Sicasica (O.); Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

274, SyNALLAXIS ORBIGNII, Reichenbach.

Synallazis humicola, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 24; d’Orb, Voy.

Ois. p. 245, t. xvii. f. 2 (nec Kittl.); Scl. Cat. Am. B. p-l5a3

Synallaxis orbignit, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 22, et P:7.S. 1879,

p- 461.

Synallaxis fugax, Doering, MS., Scl. P. Z. S. 1879, p- 461.

Valley of La Paz, Cochabamba, environs of Palca, Prov. Ayu-

paya (0.).

275. Hacetopomus SIBILATOR,

Anabates rufifrons, @’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p- 19.

Anumbius frontalis, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 256.

Placellodomus frontalis, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 154 (partim).

“<P. sibilatriz, Déring ;” Sel. anted, p. 461,

Prov. Sicasica (0.).

276. PLACELLODOMUS RUBER (Vieill.).

Anubates ruber, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 14,

Anumbius ruber, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p, 253.

Prov. Chiquitos (0.).

277. PsrupocoLapres BOISSONEAUTI (Lafr.); Scl. Cat. Am.

B. p. 156.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

278. Homorus unirurvus (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Anabates unirufus, a’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p- 16; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 370, t. lv. f. 1.

Homorus unirufus, Scl. Cat. Am. B. App. p. 360.

Prov. Moxos (0.).

279. AuTomo.tus STRIATICEPS, Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S, 1875, p. 37;

Tacz. P. Z. 8. 1874, p- 528.

Guanai, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

280. PHitypor RuFicaupatus (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Anabates ruficaudatus, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. pe 15;

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0.).

281. ANABAZENOPS RUFOSUPERCILIATUS (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

AXenops rufosuperciliatus, W’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p- 13.

Prov. Yungas (0.).

622 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

282. ANABAZENOPS TEMPORALIS, Scl. P. Z.8. 1859, p. 141.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

283. Srrrasomus ERITHACUS (Licht.).

Dendrocolaptes sylviellus, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 13.

Sittasomus erithacus, Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 630.

Proy. Chiquitos (0.).

284. MARGARORNIS SQUAMIGERA (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Anabates squamiger, Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 14; dOrb.

Voy. Ois. p. 369, t. liv. f. 2.

Margarornis squamiger, Saly. Ibis, 1874, p. 322.

Palea, Prov. Ayupaya (O.); Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

285. DENDROCOLAPTES CERTHIA (Bodd.).

Picus certhia, Bodd. Tabl. d. Pl. Enl. p. 38.

Dendrocolaptes cayennensis, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 11;

Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 162.

Proy. Chiquitos (0.).

286. Denprocincuia aTrirostris (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Dendrocolaptes atrirostris, d Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 12.

Territory of the Guarayos Indians (0.).

287. X1PHOCOLAPTES PROMEROPIRHYNCHUs (Less.) ; Scl. Cat.

p- 163.

Dendrocolaptes albicollis, dOrb. & Lafr. Syn. ii. p. 10 (2)

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

Mr. Buckley’s skins seem hardly separable from this species ; but

Lafresnaye refers d’Orbigny’s Bolivian examples to his X. s¢mpliceps

(Rey. Zool. 1850, p. 100).

288. X1pPHOCOLAPTES MAJOR (Vieill.).

Dendrocolaptes major, Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Ay. ii. p. 11.

Aiphocolaptes major, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 164.

Prov. Chiquitos (O.).

289. Denprornis GuTTATA (Licht.).

Dendrocolaptes guttatus, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 11.

Territory of the Guarayos Indians (O.); Guanai, Prov. Yungas (B.).

290. DENDRORNIS PARDALOTUs (Vieill.); Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 164.

Nairapi, Prov. Yungas (B.).

291. DeNDRORNISTRIANGULARIs (Lafr.); Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 165.

Simacu, Proy. Yungas (B.).

1879.] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 623

292. Picouapres Brvirratus (d’Orb. & Laft.).

Dendrocolaptes bivittatus, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. il. p. 12.

Picolaptes bivittatus, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 167.

Prov. Chiquitos (0O.).

293. X1IPHORHYNCHUS LAFRESNAYANUS, d’Orb.

Dendrocolaptes procurvus, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. il. p. 12.

D. lafresnayanus, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 368, t. li. f. 2.

Xiphorhynchus lafresnayanus, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 168.

Prov. Chiquitos (0Q.).

We are very doubtful whether the Bolivian form thus designated

by d’Orbigny is really distinct from X. trochilirostris.

Fam. ForMICARIID.

294, THAMNOPHILUS MAJOR, d’Orb. & Lafr.

Thamnophilus major, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 10; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 166; Scl. P. Z.S. 1858, p. 208, Cat. Am. B. p. 172.

Provinces of Yungas, Cochabamba, and Santa Cruz de la Sierra

295. THAMNOPHILUS Nz&vIUS (Gm.); d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av.

i. p. 10; d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 170.

Missions de San Miguel, La Concepcion, and Santa Ana, Prov.

Chiquitos (0.).

296. THAMNOPHILUS ASPERSIVENTRIS, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av.

i. p. 11; d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 171, t. iv.

Provinces of Yungas, Sicasica, and Ayupaya (O.); Simacu, Tilo-

tilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

297. THAMNOPHILUs Do.tiATus (Linn.) ; d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn.

Ay. i. p. 10; d’ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 168.

Chulumani and Irupana, Prov. Yungas, Provinces of Santa Cruz

de la Sierra, Chiquitos, and Moxos (0.).

298. THAMNOPHILUS PALLIATUS, Licht.; d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn.

Av.i. p. 11; d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 174.

Prov. Chiquitos (O.) ; Consata, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

299. THAMNOPHILUS TORQUATUS, d’Orb. & Lafr.

Thamnophilus atropileus, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av.i. p. 11; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 173.

Thamnophilus torquatus, Scl. P. Z.S. 1858, p. 220.

Territory of the Guarayos Indians (0.).

300. THAMNOPHILUS SUBFASCIATUS, Sel. & Saly. P. Z.S. 1876,

p- 357.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

624 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

301. DystrHamnus euTTuLATus (Licht.).

Thamnophilus striatothorax, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 12;

d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 176.

Dysithamnus guttulatus, Scl. P. Z.S. 1858, p. 221.

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0.).

302. DysrrHaMNuUS MENTALIS (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

Thamnophilus mentalis, d@’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av.i. p. 12; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 177.

Dysithamnus mentalis, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 177.

Prov. Yungas (O.).

303. DysrrHamnvus scHisTaceus (d’Orb.).

Thamnophilus fuliginosus, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 10.

Thamnophilus schistaceus, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 170, t. v. f. 1.

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0.).

304. THAMNOMANES castus (Licht.).

Tyrannus cesius, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 309.

Thamnomanes cesius, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 178.

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0.).

305. HerpsttocHomus PILEaTus (Licht.).

Thamnophilus pileatus, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 12; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 175; Scl. P. Z.S.

Herpsilochomus pileatus, Scl. P. Z.S. 1858, p. 233.

Mission de San José, Prov. Chiquitos (0.).

806. MyrMorHERULA pyGMA (Gm.).

Thamnophilus minutus, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 12.

Myrmotherula pygmea, Scl. P. Z.8. 1858, p. 234.

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0.).

307. MyRMoTHERULA AXILLARIS (Vieill.).

Thamnophilus axillaris, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 12.

Tamnophilus axillaris, d’Orb, Voy. Ois. p. 183.

Cochabamba, and Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0.).

308. MyrMoTHERULA MEéNEtRIfsI (d’Orb.).

Myrmothera ménétriési, @ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 184.

Cochabamba, and Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0.).

309. Formicivora RuFATRA (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Thamnophilus rufater, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 12; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 180.

Provinces of Chiquitos and Moxos (0.).

1879.] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 625

310. PyriGLENA LEUCOPTERA (Vieill.).

Thamnophilus domicella, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 11.

Formicivora domicella, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 178.

Pyriglena leucoptera, Scl. P. Z.S. 1858, p. 246.

Mission de Santa Ana, Prov. Chiquitos (0.).

311. PyriGLENA ATRA (Sw.).

Thamnophilus aterrimus, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 12.

Formicivora atra, @ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 179.

Pyriglena atra, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 246.

Rio de Chairo, Prov. Yungas, and Prov. Chiquitos (0.).

312. MyrMECIZA HEMIMELANA, Scl.

Thamnophilus guttatus, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 13; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 177 (nec Vieill.).

Myrmeciza hemimelena, Scl. P. Z.S. 1857, p. 48, et 1858, p. 249.

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0.).

313. Hypocnemis Nz&viA (Gm.).

Conopophaga nevia, dOrb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 13; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 186.

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0.).

314. PHiocopsis nigro-macuLata (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Myothera nigro-maculata, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av.i. p. 14; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 190, t. vi*. f. 2.

Phlogopsis nigro-maculata, Scl. P. Z.S. 1858, p. 276.

Territory of the Guarayos Indians (0.).

315. Formicartius ANAuts (d’Orb. & Laft.).

Myothera analis, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 14; @Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 191, t. vi. f. 1.

Formicarius analis, Salvin, P. Z.S. 1866, p. 74.

Between Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Chiquitos (O.).

316. CHam@mza oxivacea, Tsch.; Scl. P. Z.S. 1858, p. 279.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

317. GRALLARIA SQUAMIGERA, Prevost; Scl. Ibis, 1877, p. 439,

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

318. GRALLARIA ERYTHROTIS, Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 357.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

319. ConoporHAGA ARDESIACA, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av.i. p. 13;

d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 181; Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 193.

Rio Meguilla, Carcuata, Prov. Yungas (0.); Tilotilo, Prov. Yun-

gas (B.).

Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1879, No. XL. 40

626 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

320. CoryrHoris nNiGro-cincTa (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

Conopophaga nigro-cincta, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av.i. p. 13; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 187, t. vi. f. 2.

Mission de Santa Ana, Prov. Chiquitos (0.).

Fam. PreroprocHIipD&.

321. ScyTaLorus syLvEstris, Tacz. P. Z.S. 1874, p. 138.

Yuyo, Prov. Yungas (ZB).

Fam. CypsSELID.

322. CypseLus ANDICoLA, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 70;

d’ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 358.

Consata, Prov. Yungas (B.) ; La Paz, Cavari, and Inquisivi (0).

323. Hemiprocne zonaris (Shaw).

Chetura zonaris, Scl. P. Z.S8. 1865, p. 609.

Consata (B.).

Fam. CapRIMULGID.

324, Popacer NacunDA (Vieill.).

Caprimulgus nacunda, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 67.

Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and Chiquitos (O.).

325. CHORDEILES RUPESTRIS (Spix).

Caprimulgus rupestris, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 68.

Prov. Moxos (0.).

326. SreNnopsis zquicauDATA (Peale).

Antrostomus equicaudatus, Scl. P. Z.S8. 1867, p. 342.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

327. HypropsaLis TRIFURCATA, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 141.

Yuyo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

328. HyprRopsaLIS SEGMENTATA, Cassin.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

329. NycTIDROMUS ALBICOLLIS (Gm.).

Caprimulgus albicollis, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 67.

Nyctidromus albicollis, Scl. P. Z.S. 1866, p. 144.

Prov. Chiquitos (O.).

Fam. TRocHILIDA.

330. PHAETHORNIS SUPERCILIOSUS (Linn.).

Trochilus superciliosus, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 31.

Phaethornis malaris, Gould, Mon. Troch. i. pl. xvii.

Tilotilo (B.) ; Yungas, Guarayos (0.).

1879.) BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 627

331. PaartHornis pHiLiprit (Boure.) ; Gould, Mon. Troch. i.

pl. xxi.

Bolivia (teste Bourcier).

332. Pyemornis pyGM&us(Spix); Gould, Mon. Troch.i. pl. lvi.

Trochilus brasiliensis, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 32.

Pygmornis pygmaeus, Elliot, Ibis, 1877, p. 141.

Yuracares, Guarayos (O.); Guanai (B.).

333. THRENETES LEUCURUS (Linn.).

Trochilus leucurus, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 32.

Threnetes leucurus, Elliot, Ibis, 1877, p. 142.

Yuracares (0O.).

334. CAMPYLOPTERUS ZQUATORIALIS, Gould, Intr. to ‘Troch.

p- 54.

Mapiri (B.).

335. APHANTOCHROA HypostTicTa, Gould, P. Z.S. 1862, p. 124.

Nairapi (B.).

336. OREOTROCHILUS ESTELLA (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

Trochilus estella, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 32; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 376, pl. Ixi. fig. 1.

Oreotrochilus estella, Gould, Mon. Troch. ii. pl. Ixx.

La Paz, Potosi (0.) ; Cachira (B.).

337. OREOTROCHILUS ADELA (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

Trochilus adela, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn, Av. ii. p. 33; Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 377, t. Ixi. fig. 2.

Oreotrochilus adela, Gould, Mon. Troch. ii. pl. Ixxiii.

Mizqui and Cachira (B.) ; Chuquisaca (0.).

338. LaMPoRNIS VIOLICAUDA (Bodd.).

Trochilus mango, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 32.

Lampornis violicauda, Elliot, Ibis, 1877, p. 141.

Mojos, Guarayos (0O.).

_ 339. HemisrrepHania Lupovici1#® (Boure.); Gould, Mon.

Troch. ii. pl. lxxxviii.

Tilotilo (B.).

340. HeLiopoxa LEADBEATERI (Bourc.).

H. otero, Gould, Mon. Troch. ii. pl. xevi.

Near La Paz (Bridges, teste Gould) ; Tilotilo (B.).

341. THALURANIA NIGROFASCIATA (Gould) ; Elliot, Ibis, 1877,

_p. 335.

Ornismya furcata, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 27.

Chiquitos, Santa Cruz, Moxos(0.); Consata, Nairapi, Apollo (B.).

40*

628 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

342. LopHornis REGULUS, Gould, Mon. Troch. iii. pl. cxx.

Tilotilo (B.).

343. ACESTRURA MULSANTI (Bourc.) ; Gould, Mon. iii. pl. exlv.

Orn. eyanopogon, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 28.

Acestrura mulsanti, Elliot, Ibis, 1877, p. 136.

Yungas (0.); Tilotilo (B.).

344. STEGANURA ADD (Bourc.).

Spathura rufocaligata, Gould, Mon. Troch. iii. pl. elxv.

Sandillani, Yungas (Bridges, teste Gould); Bellavista, Tilotilo

(B.).

345. Lespra nuNA (Less.) ; Gould, Mon. Troch. iii. pl. clix.

Orn. gouldit, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 17.

Enquisivi (0.) ; Sorata, Consata (B.).

346. CynanTHus Mocoa (Delattre et Boure.); Gould, Mon.

Troch. iii. pl. clxxiii.

Quilabaya and Tilotilo (B.).

347. SappHO SPARGANURA (Shaw).

Cometes sparganurus, Gould, Mon. Troch. iii. pl. clxxiv.

Orthorhynchus chrysurus, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 26.

Chuquisaca (Bonelli, teste Gould) ; Yungas (0.).

348. SappHo PHAON (Gould) ; Gould, Mon. Troch. iii. pl. elxxy.

Ornismya chrysurus, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 27.

La Paz, Sicasica (O.) ; Sapahaque, La Paz (B.).

349. AGL#ACTIS PAMELA (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

Agleactis pamela, Gould, Mon. Troch. iii. pl. clxxxi.

Orn. pamela, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 28.

Orthorhynchus pamela, d’ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 375, pl. Ix. fig. 1.

Consata, Cillutincara, and Unduavi (B.); Tagesi, La Paz and

Palca Grande, Ayupaya (0.).

350. RHAMPHOMICRON OLIVACEUM, Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. viii.

p. 45 (1847).

Bolivia (Lawrence).

351. RHAMPHOMICRON RUFICEPS (Gould); Gould, Mon. Troch.

iii. pl. clxxxviii.

Tilotilo (B.).

352. METALLURA ZNEICAUDA (Gould) ; Gould, Mon. Troch. iii.

pl. excil.

Cillutincara (B.) ; Yungas (Bridges, teste Gould).

1879.] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 629

353. METALLURA SMARAGDINICOLLIs (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

Ornismya smaragdinicollis, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 31,

P Onthariiynelius smaragdinicollis, d Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 375, pl. lix.

Atallah smaragdinicollis, Gould, Mon. Troch. iii. pl. exevi.

Tilotilo (B.) ; Cagapi near Yanacaché, Yungas and Palca, Ayu-

paya (0O.).

354. ADELOMYIA INORNATA (Gould) ; Gould, Mon. Troch. iii.

pl. exevii.

Tilotilo (B.).

355. PETASOPHORA SERRIROsTRIS (Vieill.).

Ornismya petasophora, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 28.

Petasophora serrirostris, Elliot, Ibis, 1877, p- 137.

Valle Grande (0.).

396. PeTAsopHora ANAIsS (Less.) ; Gould, Mon. Troch. iy. pl.

ccxxiv.

Tilotilo (B.).

357. PETASOPHORA CYANOTIs (Bourc.); Gould, Mon. Troch. iy.

pl. ccexxviii.

Tilotilo (B.).

358. CHRYSOBRONCHUS VIRESCENS (Dumont); Gould, Mon.

Troch. iv. pl. ccxxx.

Trochilus viridis, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p- 32,

Polytmus virescens, Elliot, Ibis, 1877, p. 142.

Mojos (0.).

359. Patacona GiGas (Vieill.); Gould, Mon. Troch. iv.pl. cexxxii.

Ornismya gigantea, V Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 26.

Patagona gigus, Elliot, Ibis, 1877, p. 134.

Cochabamba, La Paz, Chuquisaca (0.) ; La Paz and Chuquisaca

(Bonelli, teste Gould).

360. HELIANTHEA VIOLIFERA (Gould) ; Gould, Mon. Troch, iv.

pl. cexxxix.

Consata, Tilotilo (B.).

361. HeELIANGELUS AMETHYSTICOLLIS (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

Orn. amethysticollis, ? Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 31.

Orthorhynchus amethysticollis, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 376, pl. Ix.

fig. 12.

Tilotilo (B.) ; Yuracares (O.).

362. DipHLtoG#na iris (Gould) ; Gould, Mon. Troch. iy. pl.

ccxlvii.

Eastern slopes of Andes of Illimani and Sorata (Warszewiez).

630 MESSRS, SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

363. DipHLoGaHNna AuRORA (Gould); Gould, Mon. Troch. iv.

pl. cexlviii.

Eastern slopes of Andes of Illimani and Sorata (Warszewiez).

364. Bourcieria 1nca, Gould; Gould, Mon. Troch. iv. pl. ccliv.

Coroico (Warszewiez) ; Tilotilo (B.).

365. LAMPROPYGIA BOLIVIANA, Gould; Gould, Introduction to

Troch. p. 137; Elliot, Ibis, 1876, p. 57.

Tilotilo (B.).

366. Er1ocNEMIS AURELI# (Boure.); Gould, Mon. Troch. iv.

pl. eclxxxiii.

Apollo, Tilotilo (B.).

These specimens differ slightly from the true Z. aurelie in having

the downy feathers of the tarsi pale brown instead of brown and

white.

367. ER10CNEMIS GLAUCOPOIDES (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

Ornismya glaucopoides, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 27.

Eriocnemis glaucopoides, Elliot, Ibis, 1877, p. 136.

Valle Grande (0.).

368. Leucrprus cCHIONOGASTER (Tsch.) ; Gould, Introduction to

Troch. p. 178.

Sorata, Tipuani, Tilotilo (B.).

369. LeucocHLorRis ALBICOLLIS (Vieill.).

Ornismya albicollis, ’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 30.

Leucochloris albicollis, Elliot, Ibis, 1877, p. 30.

Yungas (0.).

370. THAUMASIUS ALBIVENTRIs (Less.).

Ornismya albiventris, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 30.

Thaumantias albiventris, Elliot, Ibis, 1877, p. 138.

Mojos (0.).

371. THAUMASIUS NEGLECTUS, Elliot.

Ornismya bicolor, V@Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 30.

Thaumantias neglectus, Elliot, lbis, 1877, p. 30.

Yungas, Moxos (0.).

372. CHRYSURONIA JOSEPHINE (Boure. et Muls.) ; Gould, Mon.

Troch. v. pl. eccxxvi.

Consata, Tilotilo (B.).

373. CHRYSURONIA CHRYSURA (Less.).

Ornismya ruficollis, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 30.

Chrysuronia chrysura, Elliot, Ibis, 1877, p. 140.

Santa Cruz, Chiquitos (0.).

879.] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 631)

374. HyLocuaris cyanea (Vieill.).

Ornismya cyanea, VOrb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 30.

Hylocharis cyanea, Elliot, Ibis, 1877, p. 138.

Guarayos (0.).

375. CHLOROSTILBON SPLENDIDUS (Vieill.).

Ornismya aureiventris, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 28.

Chlorostilbon splendidus, Elliot, Ibis, 1877, p. 136.

Moxos, Cochabamba (0.) ; Mizque (B.).

376. CHLOROSTILBON PRASINUS (Less.).

Ornismya mellisuga, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 30.

Chlorostilbon prasinus, Elliot, Ibis, 1877, p. 139.

Yungas, Sicasica, Ayupaya (O.).

Family Picipz.

377. PICUMNUS ALBOSQUAMATUS, d’Orb. Voy. Qis. p. 380,

lxiv. f. 2.

Rio de Tamanipaya, Prov. Yungas (0.) ; Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas

(B).

378. CAMPEPHILUS TRACHELOPYRUS (Malh.); Scl. Cat. Am. B.

. 332.

Apollo, Tilotilo (B.).

379. CAMPEPHILUS Bolt (Wagler).

Picus atriventris, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 378, t. Ixiii. f. 1.

Phicoceastes boiei, Cab. et Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 97.

Provinces of Chiquitos and Valle Grande (0.).

380. Picus tienartius, Mol.

Picus puncticeps, d’ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 379, t. xliv. f. 1.

Picus lignarius, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 334.

Chaluani, Cochabamba (0.).

381. Picus cactorum, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 378, t. Ixii. f. 2.

Chaluani and Chilon, Prov. Mizque (0.).

382. CHLORONERPES FUMIGATUS (d’Orb.); d’Orb. Voy. Qis.

3805 talxv..f. 4.

Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Prov. Chiquitos (O) ; Tilotilo, Prov.

Yungas (B.).

383. CHLORONERPES MALHERBII, Scl.

_ Picus nigriceps, @Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 380, t. Ixv. f. 2.

Chloronerpes malherbii, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 338.

Palca Grande, Proy. Ayupaya (0.).

632 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

384. CHLORONERPES RUFICEPS (Spix).

Campias ruficeps, Cab. et Heine, Mus. Hein, iv. p. 153.

Simacu (B.).

385. CHLORONERPES RUBIGINOSUS (Sw.).

Picus canipileus, @Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 379, t. Ixiii. f. 2.

Chupé, Prov. Yungas (0.) ; Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.).

386. MELANERPES CRUENTATUS (Bodd.); Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 341.

Simacu (B.).

387. Hyroxantuus atriceps, Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1876,

p. 251.

Hypoxanthus brevirostris, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 546 (?)

Ramosani, Tilotilo (B.).

388. CoLaprEs RuUPICOLA, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 377, t. lxii. f. 1.

La Paz, Chuquisaca, Potosi (0.).

Family Momorip2.

389. Momortus NATTERERI, Scl.

Prionites brasiliensis, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 34.

Momotus nattereri, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 262.

Yungas (0.).

390. UrnospaTHa MARTII (Spix).

Prionites martii, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 46, t. 60.

Apollo (B.).

Family ALCEDINIDZ.

391. CeryLe Torquata (Lim.).

Alcedo torquata, 7 Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 34.

Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Chiquitos (0.).

392. CeryLEe AMAzoNA (Lath.).

Alcedo amazona, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 34.

Chiquitos (0.).

393. CeRYLE AMERICANA (Gm.).

Alcedo americana, Q’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 34.

Chiquitos, Valle Grande (0.).

Family TRoGonipz.

394. TROGON PERSONATUS, Gould, Mon. Trog. ed. ii. pl. 10.

Tilotilo (B.).

1879.] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 633

395. TRoGon variecatus, Spix ; Gould, Mon. Trog. ed. ii.

pl. 19.

Tilotilo (B.).

396. PHaromacrus ANTISIANUs, d’Orb.

Trogon antisianus, a’ Orb. Mag. de Zool. 1837, Ois. t. 85.

Trogon antisiensis, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 381, t. Ixvi. f. i.

Pharomacrus antisianus, Gould, Mon. Trog. ed. ii. pl. 2.

Prov. Yungas (0.).

Family Gatsutips.

397. GALBULA RUFOVIRIDIS, Cab. ; Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 266.

Bolivia, Chiquitos (0.). Mus. Paris.

398. BracHyGaLBA MELANOSTERNA, Scl. P, Z. S, 1855, p. 15.

Guarayos(0.). Mus. Paris,

Family Bucconipz,

399. Bucco cHacurv, Vieill. 3 Scl. Syn. Buce. p. 12.

Tilotilo (B.) ; Yungas and Santa Cruz (O.). Mus. Paris,

400. Bucco STRIATIPECTUs, Scl. P. Z, 8S. 1853, p. 123, et Cat.

Am. B. p. 271.

* Chaunornis Jlammulata, Verreaux,” Mus. Paris,

Santa Cruz (0). Mus. Paris.

401. Mavacoprina FULVOGULARIS, Scl. P. Z. S. 1853, p- 123,

Tilotilo (B.).

402. Monasa nigrirrons (Spix) ; Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 274.

Bolivia (Behn, Mus. P. L. S.).

Family Cucuuipa.

403. Paya cayANa (Linn.); Sel. Cat. Am. B. p- 321.

Juanani, Tilotilo (B.).

Family Rampuastipz.

404. Rampwastos rca, Gould, Mon. Ramph. ed. 2, pl. x.

Chimoree, Yuracares (Bridges, teste Gould).

eee Rampuastos CULMINATUS, Gould, Mon. Ramph. ed. se

pl. xi.

Guanai, Tilotilo (B.).

a: PrEeROGLossus CASTANOTIS, Gould, Mon. Ramph. ed. 2,

pl. xix.

Tilotilo (B.).

634 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,°

407. ANDIGENA cucuLLaAtus (Gould) ; Gould, Mon. Ramph.

ed. 2, pl. xxxix.

Tilotilo (B.) ; Cochabamba (Bridges, teste Gould).

408. AULACORHAMPHUS DERBIANUS (Gould); Gould, Mon.

Ramph. ed. 2, pl. xlii.

Ronco, Yuracares (Bridges, teste Gould) ; Nairapi, Tilotilo (5).

409. AULACORHAMPHUS CHRULEICINCTUS (d’Orb.).

Pteroglossus ceruleicinctus, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 382, t. Ixvi. f. 2.

Aulacorhamphus c@ruleicinctus, Gould, Mon. Ramph. ed. 2, pl.

xlvii.

Chapaguaia, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.) ; Yanacache, Chupé and

Irupana, Prov. Yungas (0.).

Family CariTonip&.

410. Capito aurRATUs (Dumont); Marsh. Mon. Barb. pl. 64.

Pillon (B.).

411. Caprrro verstcotor (Miiller); Marsh. Mon. Barb. pl. 68.

Tilotilo (B.).

Family Psrrracip&.

412. ArA RUBRIGENIS, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 65.

Sittace lafresnagi, Finsch, Papag. i. p. 394.

Bolivia (O. in Mus. Lugd.).

413. Ara miuirarts (Linn.).

Sittace militaris, Finsch, Papag. i. p. 396.

Bolivian Andes (Castelnau, fide Finsch).

414, Ara macao (Linn.); Finsch, Papag. i. p. 398.

Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Burmeister, teste F'insch).

415, ARA CHLOROPTERA, Gray.

Sittace chloroptera, Finsch, Papag. 1. p. 403.

Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Burmeister, teste Finsch).

416. Ara ararauna (Linn.); Finsch, Papag. i. p. 410.

Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Burmeister, teste Finsch).

417. ARA sEvERA (Linn.); Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 345.

Bolivia (Bridges, Mus. P. L.S.); Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Burm.,

teste Finsch).

418. Ara AuRICOLLIS (Cassin).

Sittace auricollis, Finsch, Papag.i. p. 423.

Bolivia (Bridges, Mus. Brit.); Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Burm.,

teste Finsch).

1879.) BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 635

419. Conurus acuticaupatus, Vieill.; Scl. Cat. Am. B. p- 347;

Finsch, Papag. i. p. 450.

Bolivia (Bridges, Mus. P.L. S. et Brit.).

420. Conurus miTRATUS, Tsch. ; Finsch, Papag. i. p. 461.

Consata (B.).

421. Conurus WEDDELLI, Deville ; Finsch, Papag. i. p- 497.

Bolivia (Bridges, Mus. Brit.). Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Burm.,

teste Finsch).

422. Conurus MOLIN#, Mass. & Souane. ; Gray, List of Psitt.

p- 40.

Bolivia (Bridges, Mus. Brit.) ; Tilotilo (B.).

423. BoLBoRHyNcHus MONACHUS (Bodd.) ; Finsch, Papag. ii.

p. 114.

Bolivia (Bridges, teste Finsch).

424. Botsoruyncuvs Lucust, Finsch, Papag. ii. p. 121.

Bolivia (Bridges, Mus. Brit.).

425. BotBoruyNCHUS AYMARA (d’Orb.); Finsch, Papag. ii.

p-,125:

Conurus aymara, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p- 350.

Sorata (B.); Bolivia ( O,)i

426. BoLBorHyncuus oRBIGNESIUS (Bp.); Finsch, Papag. i:.

p- 129.

Bolivia (O., Mus. Par., et Bridges, Mus. Lugd.). Island of Puriti,

Lake Titicaca (Forbes, Mus. P. L. 8.).

427. CHRYSOTIS FARINOSA (Bodd.); Finsch, Papag. ii. p- 565.

Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Burm., teste Finsch.).

428. CurysoTis MERCENARIA (Tsch.) ; Finsch, Papag. ii. p. 594,

Yungas (O., Mus. Paris.).

429. Plonus MENsTRUUS (Linn.) ; Finsch, Papag. ii. p. 441.

Pillon (B.).

430. Pronus MAXIMILIANI (Kuhl); Finsch, Papag. ii. p- 448.

Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Burm., teste Finsch).

431. Pronus tumuttvosus (Tsch.) ; Scl. in Rowley’s Orn,

Mise. iii. p. 8, pl. Ixxxi.

Tilotilo (B.).

432. PioNopsirTA MELANOTIS (Lafr.).

Pionias melanotis, Finsch, Papag. ii. p. 412.

Tilotilo (B.) ; Bolivia (0.).

636 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

Family Stricipz.

433. Srrix FLAMMEA, Linn.

Strix perlata, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 9; d’Orb. Voy. Ois.

p- 135.

Provinces of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Chiquitos, Moxos, Yungas,

&c. (O.).

434. Asto BrAcHyotus (Forster).

Otus brachyotus, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 9; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 134.

High plateau of Bolivia (0.).

435. Buso MaGeLuanicus (Gm.); d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i.

p- 9; d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 137; Sharpe, Cat. B. ii. p. 29.

Provinces of Chiquitos and Moxos (0.).

436. Scops prasiLiANus (Gm.) ; Scl. & Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 102.

Scops choliba, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 8; d’Orb. Voy. Ois.

p. 132.

Provinces of Chiquitos and Moxos (0.).

437. Putsatrix ToRQUATA (Daud.).

Noctua torquata, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 8; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 126.

Santa Cruz de la Sierra (0.).

Family FALCONIDz.

438. Circus CINEREUS, Vieill. ; d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 7;

d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 110.

Bolivia (0.).

439. Circus MACROPTERUS, Vieill.; d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i.

p- 73; d Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 112.

Prov. Chiquitos (0.)

440, AstuRINA NITIDA (Lath.).

Astur nitida, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 5; d’Orb. Voy. Ois.

p- 90.

Prov. Chiquitos (0.).

441. AsTuRINA SATURATA, Scl. & Salv. P Z.S. 1876, p. 357.

Apollo, Tilotilo (B.).

442, AsruRINA PUCHERANI, Scl. & Salv. P.Z.S. 1869, p. 133,

et Ex. Orn. p. 177, t. 89.

Astur magnirostris, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 5; d’Orb.

Voy. p. 91.

Chiquitos (0.).

1879.] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 637

443. BuTrEoLa BRACHYURA (Vieill.) ; Sharpe, Cat. i. p- 201.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.),

444, BurEo ERyTHRONOTUS, King.

Buteo tricolor, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 6; d’Orb. Voy. Ois.

p. 106, t. iii. f. 1, 2,

La Paz (0.).

445. Burzo unicotor, d@’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 63 d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 109.

This seems to be a distinct species, judging from the single ex-

ample in the Paris Museum.

Palca, Prov. Ayupaya (0.).

446. BuTroGaLtus niGRICOLLIS (Lath.).

Buteo busarellus, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 6; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 103.

Provinces of Chiquitos and Moxos (0.).

447. URUBITINGA ZoNURA (Shaw).

Morphnus urubitinga, VOrb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 4; @’Orb.

Voy. p. 84.

Prov. Chiquitos (0.).

448. Urvsirinea unicincra (Temm.).

Astur unicinetus, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Ay. i. p. 5; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. 93.

Santa Cruz de la Sierra CO).

449. Urvusirinca mERIDIONALIS (Lath.).

Buteo rutilans, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p- 6; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 104.

Provinces of Chiquitos and Moxos (0.).

450. GrRANOAETUS MELANOLEUCUS (Vieill.).

Haliaetus melanoleucus, @Orb. & Late. Syn. Av. i. p. 3; d’Orb,

Voy. p. 76.

Bolivia (O.).

451. Turasartus HARPYIA (Linn.),

Harpyia destructor, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i, p. 4; d’Orb.

Voy. p. 81.

Prov. Moxos, Cochabamba and Santa Cruz de la Sierra (0.).

452. AcciPITER VENTRALIS, Scl.; Scl. & Saly. Ex. Orn. p. 25,

t. xiii.

Nisus striatus, d’Orb. & Lafe. Syn. Av. i. p. 4; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 88?

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0.) ; Tilotilo, Proy. Yungas

(Ba

638 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

453. ACCIPITER POLIOGASTER (d’Orb. & Lafr.).

Nisus poliogaster, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 4; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 89.

Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Chiquitos (0.).

- We have not seen Bolivian examples of this species.

454. Micrastur CONCENTRICUS (Lesson).

Nisus concentricus, Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 4; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 88.

Proy. Yungas (0.).

- 455. GERANOSPIZIAS HEMIDACTYLA (Temm.).

Nisus hemidactylus, Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 4; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 86.

Proy. Chiquitos (0.).

456. Hyrorriorcuis FEMORALIS (Temm.).

Faleo femoralis, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 7; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 116.

Provinces of Moxos and Chiquitos, environs of Chuquisaca (0.).

457. TINNUNCULUS SPARVERIUS (Linn.).

Falco sparverius, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 8; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 119.

Provinces of La Paz, Chuquisaca, and Chiquitos (0.).

458. Exanorpes rurcatus (Linn.).

Milvus furcatus, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i.-p. 5; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 100.

Provinces of Moxos and Chiquitos (0.).

459. Ictinta pLumBEAa (Vieill.) ; d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i.

p- 101; d@Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 101.

Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas (B.); Provinces of Chiquitos and Moxos

* 460. Harpacus Bipentatus (Lath.).

Diodon bidentatus, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 8; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 122.

Mission de Santo Corazon, Prov. Chiquitos (0.).

461. HERPETOTHERES CACHINNANS, Vieill.

Macagua cachinnans, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 5; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 96.

Provinces of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Moxos, and Chiquitos (0.).

462. Mitvaco cH1mMAnGo (Vieill.).

Polyborus chimango, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 3; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 60, t. ii. f. 3, 4.

Bolivia (O.).

1879. ] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 639

463. MitvaGo curmacura (Vieill.).

Polyborus chimachima, VOrb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i, p. 3; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 63.

Santa Cruz and Chiquitos (0.).

464. MiLvaco MEGALOPTERUS (Meyen).

Phaleobenus montanus, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 2; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 51, t. ii. f. 1, 2.

La Paz and Cochabamba (0.).

465. Potyzorus THarvs (Mol.).

Polyborus vulgaris, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 3; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 55, t. i. f. 2 (egg).

Bolivia (0O.).

Family CaTHartip&.

466. Caruarrss aura (Linn.); d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i.

p- 2; d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 38, pl. i. f. 2.

Provinces of Moxos and Chiquitos (0.).

467. Caruartes arratus (Bartr.).

Cathartes urubu, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 1; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 31.

Bolivia (0.).

468. GypaGus para (Linn.).

Sarcorhamphus papa, Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 1.

Bolivia (0.).

469. SAaRcORHAMPHUS GRYPHUS (Linn.) ; d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn.

Av. i. p. 1; d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 17.

Andes of Bolivia (0.).

Family Cotumsipz.

470. CoLUMBA ALBILINEA (Bp.).

Chlorenas albilinea, Bp. Consp. ii. Pp. a1.

Ramosani, Tilotilo (B.).

471. CotumBa pLuMBEA, Vieill.

Chlorcenas plumbea, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 53.

Mapiri, Tilotilo (B.).

472. ZenaDa MACULATA (Vieill.) ; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 82.

Huachapampa (B.).

_ 473..METRIOPELIA AYMARA (Knip & Prév.); Bp. Consp. ii.

p. 76.

Tacora (0.),

640 MESSRS, SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

474, CoLuMBULA PicuI (Temm.); Bp. Consp. ii. p. 80.

Sorata (B.).

475. CHAMEZPELIA CRUZIANA (Knip & Prév.); Bp. Consp. ii.

p- 80.

Santa Cruz (0.).

476. LEPTOPTILA MEGALURA, Sp. 0.

Supra lete brunnea, fronte alba verticem versus plumbea ; capite

postico et nucha, cervice postica et dorso antico vinaceis, illis

rufescenti tinctis, his violaceo vix coruscantibus; subtus vi-

nacea, facie tota, abdomine medio et crisso albis ; caude rectri-

cibus, nist in duabus mediis, albo terminatis, subalaribus et

remigibus intus (apicibus exceptis) lete cinnamomeis ; rostro

nigro, pedibus rubris. Long. tota 11°5, ale 5°7, caude 4:7.

Hab. Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia (Buckley).

Mus. S.-G.

Obs. L. rufaxille ex Peruvia et Amazonia affinis, sed statura

majore, cauda multo longiore, genis albidis nec violaceo tinctis, di-

stinguenda.

This species belongs to the Z.-rufawilla section of the genus, in

which the top of the head is ash-coloured. JL. rufawxilla was

originally based upon a Guiana bird ; and to this species we refer spe-

cimens from Yquitos, on the Upper Amazons, and from the Cosnipata

valley in Eastern Peru. The bird now described differs from these

in its greater size, the greater length of the tail, and in having the

face almost pure white. Buckley’s collection contained two skins.

477. GEOTRYGON MONTANA (Linn.); Scl. & Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 79.

Apollo, Tilotilo (B.).

478. GEOTRYGON FRENATA (Tsch.) ; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1873,

p- 785.

Simacu, Yuyo, Tilotilo (B.).

Family Cracipz.

479. PENELOPE oBscURA, Temm.; Sclat. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1870,

- 525.

Bolivia (Bridges).

480. PENELOPE SCLATERI, Gray; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1876,

p. 527.

Bolivia (Bridges) ; Tilotilo (B.).

481. Orratipa GuTtTatTa (Spix) ; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1870,

p- 537.

Tilotilo (B.).

1879.] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 641

Family TeTRAonID#&.

482. OponrorHoRUs MARMORATUS, Gould, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 107.

Yuyo (B.).

Family RaLiipz.

483. PorZANA MELANOPHZA (Vieill.); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S:

1868, p. 453, et Ex. Orn. p. 107, t. liv.

Chiquitos (0.).

484. PorpHyriops MELANops (Vieill.); Scl. & Salv. P. Z.S.

1868, p. 461.

Bolivia (O., Mus. Paris).

485. Fuxica cornutTa, Bp.; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 463,

et Ex. Orn. p. 120.

Potosi (Cast. et Dev., Mus. Paris).

486. Funica arpesiaca, Tsch.; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. 8S. 1868,

p- 464, et Ex. Orn. p. 113, t. lvii.

Bolivian Andes (0.).

487. Fuxica LeucoprTera, Vieill.; Sel. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868,

p- 468, et Ex. Orn. p. 117, t. lix.

Chiquitos (0., Mus. Paris).

Family Tutnocorip2.

488. ArraGis LarREILLU, Lesson; Gray, List of Gall. p. 96.

Bolivia (Bridges, Mus. Brit.).

489. THINOCORUS ORBIGNIANUS, Geoffr. & Less.; Scl. & Salv.

P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 989.

Cinti (B.).

Family Scotopacipz.

490. GALLINAGO JAMESONI (Bp.); Scl. & Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 196.

Cillutincara (B.).

491. Trinca macuxata (Vieill.); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1873?

p- 455. |

Tilotilo (B.).

Family Laripz.

492. Larus serRaANvs, Tsch.; Scl. & Salv. P. Z.8. 1871, p. 577.

Bolivia (O.).

Family PopicrpitTip&.

493. Popicers CALLIPARIUS, Less. ; Scl. & Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 190.

Potosi (0.).

494. CeNTROPELMA MICROPTERUM (Gould); Scl. & Saly. Ex.

Orn. p. 189, pl. 95.

Lake Titicaca (Forbes).

Proc. Zoon. Soc.—1879, No. XLI. 4}

642 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

Fam. TiInAMID&.

495. Cryprurus opsovetus (Vieill.); Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii.

p. 316.

Tilotilo (B.).

496. Cryprurus RADIATUS (Gray).

Tinamus radiatus, Gray, List of Gall. p. 100.

Nothocercus scolopax, Bp. Tabl. d. Gall. p. 18 (?)

Bolivia (Bridges, Mus. Brit.).

497. RuyYNCHOTUS MACULICOLLIS, Gray, List of Gall. p. 102.

Bolivia (Bridges).

See Bridges’s notes (P. Z.S. 1846, p. 9) in relation to this and

other Tinamous of Bolivia.

498. NoruHoprocra orNatA (Gray).

Nothoprocta ornata, Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. p. 153.

Rhynchotus ornatus, Gray, List of Gall. p. 102.

Bolivia (Bridges).

499. NorHopROcTA PENTLAND! (Gray).

Nothoprocta pentlandi, Scl. & Salv. Nomenel. p. 153.

Rhynchotus pentlandi, Gray, List of Gall. p. 103.

Nothura punctulata, Mus. Paris (partim).

Andes of Bolivia (Pentland, Mus. Brit.). Sicasica and Chiquitos

(O., Mus. Paris).

The specimens of this species in the Paris Museum are marked

“ Nothura punctulata, Gay’’'; but we consider N. pentlandi distinct,

though nearly allied. N. doeringi, Cab. (J. f. O. 1878, p. 198) is

a third species of the same group.

500. Noraura MARMORATA, Gray; Gray, List of Gall. p. 104.

Cinti (0.).

501. Trnamortis PENTLANDI, Vig. P. Z.S. 1836, p. 79; Gray &

Mitch. Gen. B. t. 137. Fy.

Andes near Potosi (Bridges). Mus. Brit.

APPENDIX.

List of Bolivian species mentioned by d’Orbigny but not identified

by the authors of this paper :—

1. Emberiza obscura, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 81.

Prov. Chiquitos (0O.).

2. Emberiza uropygialis, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. 1. p. 75.

Andes of Bolivia (0.).

1 Gay, Hist. Phys. y Pol, de Chile, Zool. i. p. 391.

1879. ] BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. 643

3. Emberiza olivascens, W’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 75.

La Paz (0.).

4. Icterus mazillaris, VOrb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p- 6; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 367, t. li. f. 2, 3. Cyrtotes mazillaris, Bp. Consp. i.

p. 437.

Cochabamba (0.).

5. Icterus chrysopterus, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 5.

Bolivia (0O.).

6. Popoaza montana, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 64; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 352.

La Paz aud Inquisivi, Prov. Sicasica, Palca, Prov. Ayupaya (0.).

7. Muscisazicola striaticeps, 7 Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 66;

d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 356, t. xli. f. 1.

Environs of La Paz (0.).

8. Muscicapa olivacea, d Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 54. Mus-

cicapa boliviana, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 328.

Prov. Yungas (0.).

9. Muscicapa ventralis, VOrb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 53. Mus-

cicapara ventralis, d Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 328.

Territory of the Guarayos Indians (0.).

10. Muscicapa obsoleta, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 53. Mus-

cicapara obsoleta, d’ Orb, Voy. Ois. p. 328.

Prov. Chiquitos (O.).

11. Muscicapa stramineoventris, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 53.

Muscicapara stramineoventris, @Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 327.

Santa Ana, Prov. Chiquitos (0.).

12. Muscicapa albicilla, @ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av.i. p. 52. Mus-

cicapara gaimardi, d Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 326.

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0.).

13. Muscicapa angustirostris, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 52.

Muscicapara angustirostris, @ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 325.

Prov. Yungas (0.).

14. Muscicapa elegans, 7 Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 52. Mus-

cicapa viridicata, d’ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 325.

Santa Corazon, Prov. Chiquitos (O.).

15. Muscipeta querula, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 47. Mus-

cipeta acadica, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 318.

Mission de Santa Corazon, Prov. Chiquitos (O.).

41*

644 ON BIRDS FROM BOLIVIA. [June 17,

16. Museipeta bimaculata, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 48;

d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 320.

Prov. Yungas (0.).

17. Tyrannus fumigatus, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av.i. p.43; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 307.

Irupana, Prov. Yungas (0.).

18. T. rufescens, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. i. p. 44.

Garayos (0.).

[This is a species of Attila ; but we are not certain whether it is A.

thamnophiloides or an allied species.

19. Certhilauda maritima, @Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 72;

d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 360, t. xliv. f. 1.

Cobija (0.).

20. Upucerthia andecola, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 21 ; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 371, t. lvi. f. 2.

Valley of La Paz, Inquisivi, Totora, and Valle Grande (0.).

21. Anabates gutturatus, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 14.

Territory of the Yuracares Indians (0.).

22. Anabates striaticeps, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 19; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 254.

Prov. Sicasica (O.).

23. Dendrocolaptes rectirostris, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn Av. ii. p. 12.

Prov. Chiquitos (0.).

24. Thamnophilus lafresnayanus, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 13.

Formicivora lafresnayana, d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 182, t. vi. f. 1.

Cochabamba (0.).

25. Thamnophilus affinis, V Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av.i. p.12; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 175.

Mission de Santa Ana, Prov. Chiquitos (O.).

26. Cypselus montivagus, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 70; d’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 357, t. xlii. f. 1.

Las Habras Mountains between Samaypata and Santa Cruz de la

Sierra (O.).

27. Caprimulgus psalurus, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 67.

Chiquitos (0.).

28. Ornismya macrourus, d’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 26.

Chiquitos, Moxos (0.).

No specimen in Paris Museum, v. Elliot, Ibis, 1877, p. 134.

1879.] MR. E.R. ALSTON ON ACANTHOMYS LEUCOPUS. 645

29. Ornismya longirostris, d’ Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 29.

Guarayos (0.).

No specimen in Paris Museum (Elliot, /. ¢.).

30. Noctua ferox, d Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 8; d’Orb. Voy.

Ois. p. 127.

Prov. Chiquitos (O.).

31. Ibycter gymnocephalus, Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av.1. p. 2; d@’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 50.

Cochabamba (0O.).

3. On the Acanthomys leucopus of Gray.

By Epwarp R. Auston, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c.

[Received June 3, 1879. j

In the first part of Prof. Schlegel’s new periodical, ‘ Notes from

the Royal Zoological Museum of the Netherlands at Leyden,’ Dr.

F. A. Jentink identifies two specimens of a spiny Rat from Celebes

with the North-Australian species described by the late Dr. Gray

under the name of Acanthomys leucopus’. The specific identity of

a Mus from Celebes with one from the continent of Australia seemed

so unlikely that I suspected that Dr. Jentink might have been misled

by Gray’s very insufficient description ; and I was consequently induced

to reexamine the types in the British Museum. A comparison of

the description given below with that of Dr. Jentink will show that

the two species are evidently quite distinct, the Celebes animal being a

fourth smaller than the Australian, with much smaller feet, and

having the tail longer than the head and body, thinly haired and

tufted, instead of shorter and naked.

In a note to my report on the Rev. G. Brown’s collection, I re-

marked that Gray’s species belonged to the restricted genus Mus

and not to Acanthomys, Lesson (= Acomys, Geoffroy), and that it

would require to be renamed, the specific name being preoccupied

by the common North-American White-footed Mouse, the Mus leu-

copus (Rafinesque) of Desmarest and other writers, Zesperomys leu-

copus of more recent zoologists*. Dr. Jeutink also places the Aus-

tralian species in the genus Mus, but on different grounds; he

rejects the genus dcomys or Acanthomys altogether, as being founded

merely on the superficial character of the possession of spinous hairs.

But that group was founded by the older Geoffroy on the Mus

cahirinus of Desmarest; and it has been restricted by subsequent

writers to the small group of Ethiopian Mures in which a spiny

coat is combined with marked cranial peculiarities, notably with

shallow pterygoid fossee, very small incisive foramina and slightly

developed coronoid processes *.

1 P. Z.S. 1867, p. 598. 2 P.Z.8. 1877, p. 124, footnote.

3 Cf. Peters, Reise n. Mozambique, i. p. 161; Alston, P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 83.

646 MR. E. R. ALSTON ON ACANTHOMYS LEuUCcoPus. [June 17,

Although Dr. Jentink places the species in the genus Mus, he re-

tains Gray’s specific name on the ground that Mus leucopus (Raf.)

has since been separated as a Hesperomys. In this I cannot

agree; because a species has been removed to a new genus its name

does not become unoccupied in the old one. Surely Dr. Jentink

would not think it admissible to name a new Mouse Mus aquaticus

because the Linnzean Mus aquaticus has been separated as an Ar-

vicola? Nor can I see any analogy in his further suggestion that

“if Alston objects to the name of this species he should also reject

the name U/romys rufescens, and adopt the specific name muscivora,

Pierson Ramsay, because, under the name of Mus rufescens, a Mouse

was already described by Gray.” The cases will only be parallel

when Dr. Jentink can prove that my Uromys rufescens’ is a true

Mus, and does not belong to the perfectly distinct genus Uromys.

When he has shown this I will readily withdraw my name in favour

of Mr. Ramsay’s.

The following is a fuller description than Gray’s of the North-

Australian Spiny Rat, which I propose to call

Mus TERR#-REGINA, Sp. 0.

Acanthomys leucopus, Gray, P. Z.S. 1867, p. 598 (descr. orig.,

vide supra).

Mus leucopus, Jentink, Notes fr. Leyden Mus. i. p. 8 (part., nee

Desmarest).

Fur stiff and harsh both above and below, most of the hairs being

developed into flattened channelled spines; on the back are many

longer cylindrical hairs. Whiskers weak, not longer than the

head, mixed black and white. Ears rather large, rounded, perfectly

naked. Feet remarkably large and stout. ‘Tail considerably shorter

than the head and body, naked, the scattered minute hairs being

hardly visible to the naked eye. Colour above dark reddish brown’,

the spiny hairs being dusky, tipped with rufous, the longer hairs

black ; lips, lower parts ot cheeks, chin, breast, belly, inside of

limbs, and feet yellowish white*; tail dusky, irregularly marked

with yellowish patches and rings.

Measurements of type specimens (a, an adult, and 6, a young

female) :—

in. millims.

Length of head and body .... 8°25 = 210

is TANG re eee LO LOO

- SCAN ere a oe cee Sel 20

Pe hind foot .. Ley = AU

1 P.Z.8. 1877, p. 124, pl. xviii.

2 Not greyish brown as stated by Gray.

3 The yellowish tinge may be due to the spirit in which the specimens are

preserved.

hice ete,

1879. | MR. W. L. DISTANT ON AFRICAN PAPILIONES. 647

: in, millims.

Length of head and body .... 710 = 180

ee Par Ce eae ae 6:30 = 160

$ CART. Becca. SS Oote = 18

i hind foot 2222945 LOOt f=" 96

Hab. Cape York, Queensland (Damen, Mus. Brit.).

Dr. Jentink’s Celebes Mouse, my Mus browni from Duke-of-York

Island’, and M. terre-regine, are ‘all nearly related, although per-

fectly distinct; and allied species will doubtless be discovered in

other parts of the Eastern Archipelago.

4. On some African Species of the Lepidopterous Genus

Papilio. By W. L. Distanz,

[Received June 7, 1879.]

(Plate XLVII.)

The following short paper gives some notes taken during an

examination recently made of the fine collection of African Papiliones

in the collection of Mr. F. J. Horniman. Most of the West-

African specimens have been obtained from the Calabar district

(Isubu, Mongo-ma-lobah, Calabar) ; and these are peculiarly inter-

esting as marking a district of which the insect fauna differs in

many slight respects, though seldom specifically, from that of the

neighbouring district of the Gold Coast. I have been forced to this

conclusion not only from the examination of the Butterflies of this

genus, but from having already worked out large collections of

Hemiptera from the same locality, and from information supplied

me by accomplished Coleopterists as to the insects of their own order.

From Sierra Leone the divergence of the Calabar district is much

greater, many insects being peculiar to each locality.

Paritio OPHIDOCEPHALUS, Oberthur, Etudes d’Entomologie,

p- 13 (1878).

M. Oberthur has given the above name to the §.-African form

figured by Trimen as P. menestheus (Rhop. Afr.-Austr. t. 2. f. 1),

A long series in this collection from both S. and E. Africa shows the

characters to be quite constant ; anda 2 P. menestheus from the

Calabar district agrees with the typical characters of the ¢ of that

species as figured by Drury.

PaPiLio HORNIMANI, n. sp. (Plate XLVII. figs. 1,2 $,3 9.)

3. Wings above black, marginal fringe streaked with pale sulphur-

yellow. Fore wings with a straight, oblique, transverse, green fascia,

only divided by the nervules, extending from just inside lower apical

portion of discoidal cell to about centre of interior margin. Above

1 P,Z,8. 1877, p. 123,

648 MR. W. L. DISTANT ON AFRICAN PAPILIONES. [June 17,

this are three spots—one just inside upper apical portion of cell,

another about same size parallel to it just outside cell and upper

disco-cellular nervule, third and smallest immediately above second—

and two subapical spots of the same colour situated between third,

fourth, and fifth subcostal nervules. Lower wing crossed by a green

transverse fascia in continuation of, but slightly broader than that of

the fore wing, toothed externally, extending through and beyond

apical third of cell to near centre of abdominal margin, where it is

again somewhat narrower. A submarginal row of nine rounded

green spots situated one below first subcostal nervule, two wide apart

Letween second subcostal nervule and discoidal nervule, and the other

six in pairs closer together divided by the median nervules.

Underside with the ground-colour and markings much as in P.

charopus, West., but upper wings with a submarginal row of four

large, crescent-shaped sulphureous patches, situated between the

second discoidal nervule and the first, second, and third median

nervules. Lower wings with a submarginal row of twelve bright

sulphur-coloured spots, situated in pairs between the nervules, and

two others of the same colour, one at anal angle and one near lower

fourth of abdominal margin.

Q. Above generally asin 3d. Underside with the four submar-

ginal, sulphureous, crescent-shaped patches to fore wings, but the

spots on the hind wings very obscure.

Exp. wings, ¢ 43 in., 9 4,8; in.

Hab. Magila, East Africa.

Allied to P. charopus, West., from which it is at once distinguished

by the narrow discal fasciee above and the different and bright sul-

phureous markings beneath.

PAPILIO THERSANDER, Fab. Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 32, n. 93 (1798);

West. Arc. Ent. i. t. 38. f. 1, 2 (1842).

Mr. Kirby in his ‘ Catalogue Diurn. Lepid.’ p. 563, places this

species as the female of P. phorcas, Cram. Mr. Hornimaun’s col-

lection, however, contains two male and two female specimens of

P. thersander ; and therefore such cannot be the case. The females

agree with Westwood’s figure beneath better than above, the trans-

verse macular band of the fore wings being much more broken than

is portrayed in that figure. ‘The male differs from the female in

having all the macular markings pale yellow instead of creamy white.

The male specimens are localized ‘‘ Aburie, Accra.” The female

specimens ‘have no locality affixed.

Papitio CYPREHAFILA, Butl. Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 60 (1868).

P. zenobia, Don. Nat. Rep. v. t. 179 (1827); Luc. Lép. Ex. t. 24.

f. 1 (1835).

All the specimens of the above species in this collection received

from Isubu, Mongo-ma-lobah, and Calabar agree with the figure of

Lucas and differ from that of Donovan (who records his specimen

from Sierra Leone) in the smaller size of the marginal white incisures

to the hind wings and also in the shape and size of the broken macular

1879.] MR. GARROD ON THE RESPIRATION OF CHELONIA. 649

fascia of the fore wings, in this last respect approaching somewhat

P. odenatus, West. One specimen, however, from the above district,

but unfortunately not precisely localized, differs so much that though,

judging from one specimen only, it is probably only a variety of P.

cypreafila, yet, as Prof. Westwood regards P. odenatus as requiring

a specific name, I have followed him (for the sake of uniformity in

the nomenclature of these closely allied forms) in distinguishing this

apparent variety by a name also :—

Var. gallienus, Dist.

Differs from P. cypreafila in the much narrower central fascia of

the hind wings, which is only 8 millims. wide, and in the smaller and

more divided spots of the macular fascia of the fore wings. These

fasciee and marginal incisures‘are also of a pale-lemon hue.

PapiLio zALMoxis, Hew. Ex. Butt. iii. Pap. t. 6. f. 18 (1864).

One specimen from R. Ogowai (Nassau) is remarkable for its

smaller size, 5;!; inch, rather more than 1 inch less in expanse than

type aud ordinary specimens. The ground-colour of the underside

of posterior wings is also darker ferruginous.

PapiLio HORRIBILIS, Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 88, t. 34. f. 2 (1872).

Var. calabaricus, Dist.

This variety differs chiefly from Butler’s figure in the submarginal

row of five spots to the posterior wing. The upper three are very

small; but of these the central one is much the largest and the third

the smallest and indistinct (sometimes wanting) ; fourth and fifth very

much the largest, fifth much smaller than fourth. A red spot on

lower portion of abdominal margin. The median fascia to hind wings

is generally narrower and straighter than in P. horribilis, but in one

specimen agrees in that respect with Butler’s figure. I have examined

thirteen specimens, and, finding these characters constant, have distin-

guished it as a variety of P. horribilis, though probably it should be

more correctly called a distinct ‘‘ local race.”

Isubu, Mongo-ma-lobah.

5. Note on the Mechanism of Respiration as well as of the

Retraction of the Head and Limbs in certain Chelonia.

By A. H. Garrop, M.A., F.R.S.

[Received June 13, 1879.]

For some time past I have been acquainted with the fact that in

Tortoises the movement of the limbs influences the degree of inflation

of the lungs; and on one occasion I have been able, in a dead specimen

of a large species, to blow out a candle by means of the current of air

issuing from the nostrils consequent upon my forcibly pushing inwards

one of the previously extended anterior limbs. From this I inferred

that the rigidity of the thoracic and abdominal walls (which entirely

precludes their being employed in respiration) is made up for by the

650 MR. GARROD ON THE RESPIRATION OF CHELONIA, [June 17,

great difference in the capacity of the thoracic and abdominal cavities

which results from differences in the degree of retraction of the limbs.

And I also inferred that the activity of the respiratory movements—

as in the Lobster, which has some of its larger gills connected with

the bases of the ambulacral legs—must depend, in great measure, on

the amount of the mechanical force employed in locomotion, in the

same way that in the locomotive steam-engine the draught through

the boiler-tubes of the furnace depends upon the rapidity of the

movement of the engine, because the waste-steam pipe is made to

open at the bottom of the funnel.

A specimen of Trionyx perocellatus (three and a half inches in

length of carapace), which had died a day or two previously, lying on

my dissecting-room table with its neck and limbs fully extended, I

happened to take it up by the lateral margins of its shell, when, upon

grasping it between my fingers and thumb, I noticed, to my surprise,

that its head and limbs immediately retracted to their full extent. At

first I was inclined to attribute the movement to the persistence of

muscular irritability in the recently dead individual, but, on making a

cut into one of the limbs, found that this was not the case.

As frequently as I chose to extend the head and limbs to their full

extent they so remained until the body was laterally compressed,

whether it happened to be lying on its abdomen or on its back, or in

any other position. Immediately it was pinched the limbs were

completely withdrawn from view and the head fully retracted—the

cervical region of the spine, from being straight, assuming the curve

essential to the cephalic retraction.

To determine the mechanism of this unexpected movement was

my next proceeding; and I made a small hole in the centre of the

plastron which opened into the body-cavity. I then again, with the

limbs and head extended, repeated the lateral compression, and

found that they were no longer retracted as they had been previously,

air rushing in at the newly-formed opening. Upon extending the

head and limbs and closing the orifice, full retraction followed lateral

compression, as at first. ‘This experiment was repeated several times -

with the same result.

It then became evident that in laterally compressing the plastron

(which in the extended conditian projects beyond the margins of the

carapace) its slight convexity is increased, and that this is associated

with an augmentation of the capacity of the body-cavity, which,

to fill the deficiency thus produced, causes an insucking of the head

and limbs upon simple pneumatic principles. The retraction of the

head and limbs is therefore nothing more than a movement of suction,

and does not depend upon any important direct osteological or

myological peculiarities of the animal.

Whether the creature is in the habit during life of employing this

suction method of withdrawing itself within its shell is a question

that Iam not able to determine just now, as the number of Soft

Tortoises living at the present time in the Society’s Gardens is

reduced to a single large Egyptian Trionyx, which is unmanageable

and of a more rigid build than the one above described.

7 “SQIVNUONI SNNOOV

dur pLeyUey €

qaTL FeUS TP

TAI be GLO S: Zod.

1879.] SIGNOR T. SALVADORI ON ACOMUS INORNATUS. 651

6. On Acomus inornatus, Salvad. By T. Satvapori, C.M.Z.S8.

[Received June 10, 1879.]

(Plate XLVIII.)

Quite recently I have described (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xiy. p- 250)

a new Pheasant from Mount Singalan, on the west coast of Sumatra,

which I have named Acomus inornatus. The type specimen, which.

has long spurs, looks fully adult; and Dr. Beccari, who obtained

it, is very positive in stating that it is a male, having dissected it

himself. He tells me that, from reports he heard from the natives, and

from the feathers found near the traps and belonging to specimens

which unfortunately had been eaten by some carnivorous animal, he

thinks that the female is of a reddish brown colour. But it is possible

that the feathers alluded to, instead of belonging to the female of

A. inornatus, were those of the hen of Euplocamus vieilloti, Gray,

which most likely is the bird with the white tail-feathers mentioned

by Beccari in his letter to Marquis Doria (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen.

xii. p. 454) dated Kaju Tanam (Sumatra),

As the new bird described by me is wholly black, some one may

think, notwithstanding the positive statement of Beccari, that it is

not a male of a distinct species, but a female of Acomus erythrophthal-

mus (Raffles). Such is certainly not the case, according to my ideas ;

and I think it advisable to point out the differences between my bird

and the hen of A. erythrophthalmus. I feel the more the necessity

of doing so specially, as in describing 4. inornatus L have neglected

to notice the differences between the two birds ; and some one may

think that I was not aware of the female of A. erythrophthalmus

being black and wearing such a dress as may be easily taken for

that of a cock—especially as its tarsi are armed with powerful

spurs.

Pphe female of A. erythrophthalmus has so much the appearance

of a male bird that it has been described as a distinct species under

the name of Phasianus purpureus, Gray (Ill. Ind. Zool. pl. 42). I

think that Blyth was the first (Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 245) to

point out that the bird called Ph. purpureus is the female of A. ery-

throphthalmus. Subsequently Sclater (P. Z.S. 1863, p. 120) and

Elliot, in his Monograph of the Pheasants, agreed in considering PA.

purpureus to be the female of A. erythrophthalmus. It must be said,

however, in justice to Raffles that he rightly described (Trans. Linn.

Soc. xiii. p. 321) the black bird as the female of his Phasianus

erythrophthalmus.

Turning to my dAcomus inornatus, I may state that before describing

it I had carefully compared it with an adult hen of A. erythroph-

thalmus, and felt quite convinced, as I am now, that it is a male

of a distinct species.

The hen of A. erythrophthalmus is smaller, and it is black all

over, uniformly shining greenish blue on the upper parts; the head

652 MESSRS. GODMAN AND SALVIN ON [June 17,

and throat are not deep black, but rather brown. Moreover the

hidden parts of the body-feathers are greyish brown.

The type of my A. inornatus is larger, is deep black all over, even

on the head, has all the feathers of the upper parts, back, upper

tail-coverts and wing-coverts, and also the feathers of the neck and

breast, distinctly and sharply edged with shining green, turning to

blue near the hind neck, so that all these parts appear beautifully

scaled: this scale-like appearance is completely wanting in the hen

of A. erythrophthalmus. Lastly the hidden part of the feathers does

not incline to brown, but is only greyish towards the base.

The accompanying figure (Plate XLVIII.) taken from the typical

example, will give a good idea of 4. inornatus, which is the third

known species of the Acomus group.

Turin, May 27, 1879.

7. On some hitherto unrecorded Diurnal Lepidoptera, from

Duke-of-York Island and New Ireland, with Descrip-

tions of some apparently new Species. By F. Du-Cane

Gopman and Oszpert SaLvin.

[Received June 14, 1879.]

A further collection of Butterflies recently received from the Rev.

G. Brown, has enabled us to clear up a few doubtful points in our

former papers on this subject, and to add several very interesting

species to the list hitherto known from these islands. Materials are

still wanting to render the determination of the Lyczenidz satis-

factory ; but as regards the larger species Mr. Brown sends us better

specimens in every collection, so that little is now wanting in their

condition. Judging from the fine new species contained in each col-

lection, we have no doubt that many more remain to be discovered.

CyLio AMABILIS, Boisd. Voy. Astr. Lép. p. 140, Atlas, t. 2. f. 1, 2.

A single example of this very distinct species from New Ireland

agrees with the figure above quoted.

ATELLA EGIsTA (Cram.).

Mr. Brown has sent us two specimens which probably are refe-

rable to this species. They differ, however, in a slight degree from

our examples from Ceram and Amboyna, and: also from Cramer’s

figure (Pap. Exot. t. 281. f. C, D), in having the submarginal

row. of black spots on the secondaries almost obsolete ; but we are not

inclined to consider this of specific value.

New Ireland.

DrapeMA AuGeE (Cram.).

A single female example from the Duke-of-York group of islands

is identical with specimens in our collection from Moreton Bay and

Sula Islands which we refer to this species.

1879.] SOME DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA. 653

MYNES EUCOSMETOS, 0. sp.

Q. Exp. 2°7 in. Alis stramineo-albis, costa anticarum et marginibus

externe nigris, margine ad apicem anticarum latiore et stramineo

atomato, basi et marginibus nigris introrsum glauco tinctis.

Subtus anticis basi, apice ipso, costa, et fascia arcuata, a costa ad

angulum analem eunte, nigris ; area discali et area subapicali albis,

hac flavo tincta, macula ovali rufa in medio fascie nigre mar-

ginem externum versus notata: posticis lete flavis nigro circum-

cinctis, introrsum vivide flavis et fascia arcuata limbo externo sub-

paralleli notatis, linea angusta alba in limbo anali ipso, costa ad

basin rufa, macula juxta eam, et altera angulum analem versus

nigris notatis.

This appears to be a very distinct insect: it differs from all the

other described species in the extreme brilliancy of the markings of

the underside.

Pieris BAGOE, Boisd. Voy. Astr. Lép. p. 49.

Pieris eurygania, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8S. (878, p. 734, and 1879,

p. 159, t. 15. f. 5, 6.

Boisduval described a female Pieris in the Voyage of the * Astro-

labe’ under this name, giving as its habitat “‘ Port Praslin (Nouvelle-

Hollande),”’ an evident mistake for ‘‘ Nouvelle-Irelande.” We think

it undoubtedly the same as our P. eurygania, of both sexes of which

we gave figures in our last paper.

CALLIDRYAS CATILLA (Cram.).

A female of this widely ranging species from the Duke-of-York

group of islands.

PaPiLio CILIX, 0. sp.

3. Exp. 5°6 in. P. albino similis, sed major et posticarum litura

straminea aream mediam occupante multo augustiore et ad linbum

internum producta, margine ejus extrorsum inter venas convexo, in-

trorsum fere in linea recta ducto ; macula ochraceo-rufa angulum

analem versus, altera ultra eam minore notata: subtus posticis

maculis septem albis in serie transeuntibus, quarum prima et ultima

lunulate sunt, aliis quinque subrotundis, lunulis quoque septem sub-

marginalibus (ultima in finem marginis interni posita) ochraceo-

rufis, lunulisque cyaneis, interioribus fere obsoletis; caudis majoribus

et latioribus.

Q mari similis, sed saturatior et litura posticarum latiore.

In a former paper (P. Z. S. 1877, p. 148), we mentioned having

received from Mr. Brown two imperfect specimens of a Papilio

allied to P. albinus, which we thought might prove to be a distinct

species. In the present collection there are more examples of this

insect, which confirm this opinion; and we have therefore given it a

specific name.

It differs from P. albinus in several important points: the posterior

wings are more elongated, and the tails longer and broader; the

654 ON SOME DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA. [June 17,

straw-coloured patch crossing the middle of the secondaries is much

narrower, especially towards the inner margin, which it reaches in

P. cilix; the outer margin of this patch is convex between the veins

instead of concave ; and the interior margin of the same patch is

straight instead of curved ; there is also a bright orange spot on the

inner margin near the anal angle, and a second smaller one just

beyond it. The female has the outer half of the patch on the secon-

daries of a dirty yellow colour, while the inner portion is nearly

white. Our specimens are from New Ireland.

PapPILio ORITAS, N. sp.

6. Exp. 5:2 in. P. ormeni simillimus, sed posticis, presertim ad

ramum medianum tertium magis elongatis, litura grisea aream

mediam occupante majore et margine introrsum recto nec concavo

diversa: subtus posticarum lunula secunda apud angulum analem

ochracea, serieque interiore lunularum cyanearum magis distinctis.

Q mari similis, sed alis obscurioribus et squamis sparsis croceis

tectis, anticarum fascia subapicali croceo tincta presertim mar-

ginem externum versus ; posticarum margine interno liture grisee

eodem colore picto : subtus lunulis septem ochraceo-rufis, aliis fere

obsoletis interioribus cyaneo notatis.

We have now received four examples of this Papilio, three males

and a female, from New Ireland. It is nearly allied to P. ormenus,

from which, however, it differs in the following particulars :—The

secondaries are much elongated, especially at the termination of the

third median branch, where it is almost caudate; the inner margin

of the grey patch on the secondaries in the male is straight instead

of curved.

The female is like the male; but the wings are brown and covered

with scattered scales of dull orange; the subapical band of spots

crossing the primaries, with the exception of the spot nearest the

costa, is tinged with the same colour ; the interior margin of the grey

patch is convex instead of concave, and towards its edge at the anal

angle is rusty yellow; it has likewise a series of seven submarginal

lunules of the same colour.

PAPILIO PARON, 0. sp.

Exp. 3:3 in. P. parmato similis sed alis magis productis, anticis

fasciola alba obliqua ultra cellulam minore, et fascia submaryinali

externa paulo latiore ; posticis, griseo angulum analem versus an-

gustiore: subtus croceus albo tincto, fasciola in costam per fasciam

transversam mediam crocea eunte, tribus lunulis valde conspicuis

eodem colore, ad terminum ejus, angulum analem versus, colore

rubro omnino absente. Antennis nigris, prothorace croceo.

This isa very distinct species, and, though similar to P. parmatus

in the markings of the upper surface, may readily be distinguished

from it by having three strongly marked orange spots at the end of

the outer transverse black band towards the anal angle; and it has

also the band itself towards the costa marked with the same colour,

eee SY eet)

32 I¢

Fig.l

3°

J. Smit del et lith.

DENTARY APPARATUS OF TRIPNEUSTES.

P.4.9. 1670, FL ALIN

2 OE E> PR ae

Terk

1879.] MR. F. J. BELL ON THE ECHINOIDEA. 655

instead of with the red which is so conspicuous in P. parmatus.

Our specimens are from New Ireland.

PAPILIO BROWNI, 0. sp.

Exp. 4 in. P. wallacei similis, sed paulo obscurior, anticis maculis

intra cellulam maporibus, ea ad basin viridissima, duabus interiori-

bus linee submediane angustioribus, maculis submarginalibus fere

obsoletis ; posticarum macula basali intra cellulam carente :

subtus anticis maculis virescentibus et colore purpurascente in

dimidio apicali absentibus ; posticis maculis basalibus viridissimis,

ea intra cellulam minutissima (fere obsoleta), lunulis rubris an-

gulum analem versus majoribus.

We have received a single female of this insect from New Ireland.

The differences indicated in the foregoing description point out its

specific distinctness from its close ally P. wallace:z. Mr. Hewitson’s

figure of this latter species is taken from a New-Guinea specimen,

and accurately agrees with an example sent us by Dr. Meyer,

obtained by him in the same island (ef. Kirsch, Mitth. d.k. zool.

Mus. zu Dresden, Heft ii. p. 113).

8. Observations on the Characters of the Echinoidea—II.

On the Species of the genus Tripneustes, Agassiz. By

F. Jerrrey Berti, B.A. Magdalen College, Oxford,

Zoological Department, British Museum, F.Z.S.

[Received June 16, 1878.]

(Plate XLIX.)

It is with the greatest regret that I, in laying before the Society

a few observations on another genus of the Echinoidea, find myself

compelled at the outset to offer some remarks on the nomenclature

adopted by Prof. Alex. Agassiz. No one who is engaged in the

study of these complex and difficult forms can do otherwise than

feel that he owes a great deal to the acuteness of the talented

American naturalist ; and his work will perhaps gain in value when

it has been more subjected to working criticism than it has hitherto

been.

As to the name which should be applied to the genus, Prof.

- Agassiz prefers to use the name Hipponoé (Gray) in place of Tri-

pneustes (Agassiz) ; and he gives for this course reasons which I think

deserve to be reprinted :—“ In retaining the name Hipponoé of Gray,

to which objections will undoubtedly be raised on the ground of

Hipponoa having been before used by Audouin', and from the fact of

the name alone appearing without further indications of its connexion,

I am simply carrying out the principle that Hipponoé and Hipponoa

* Audouin & Milne-Edwards, Ann, Se. Nat. xx. (1830) p. 156.

656 MR. F. J. BELL ON THE ECHINOIDEA. [June 17,

are two very different! words, and that when specimens are accessible

which have served as basis for any systematic work, their results

snould be accepted when correct, even when they upset a nomen-

clature generally recognized ” (‘ Revision of the Echini’ p. 301).

Let us now see the extent of the “appearance”’ of this name,

In the year 1840 there was published the 42nd edition of the

‘Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum ;’ and on page

65 we find a list of the genera of the family of the ‘ Echinide,’

among which stands the name Hipponoé. All that we have here is

a mere list, with numbers appended to indicate the table-cases in

which the specimens were to be found, and that under an arrangement

long since altered: it is hardly worth while to inquire when ; for in

the year 1841, which ( although apparently by a slip) is the year

ascribed by Gray himself* to the publication (if so it may be called)

of his name Hipponoé, Louis Agassiz put out, and thus defined, the

name T’ripneustes :-—

“‘Le genre Z'ripneustes est caractérisé par trois rangées verticales

et paralléles de doubles pores dans chaque demi-aire ambulacraire et

par une rangée principale de tubercules aux bords internes des

plaques interambulacraires. La collerette des piquans est trés-dé-

veloppée et la baguette fortement sillonnée d’un bout 4 l’autre. Ces

Oursins ont de profondes entailles au pourtour de ouverture in-

férieure du test. Il se pourrait que ce genre coincidat avec le genre

Hipponoé de Gray, qui n’est point décrit, mais simplement cité dans

le Catalogue du Musée Britannique. Dans ce cas, le nom de M. Gray

devrait étre préféré au mien ”’.

It has been a matter of some great difficulty to make out the

history of this name. In the Bibliographical list of Alex. Agassiz

(‘Revision of the Echini’), the only references appended to the name

Tripneustes are, “Int. Mon. Scut. ”’ (sic) and “C. R. Ann. Se. Nat.

vi..” The second reference is intelijgible enough ; and the first ob-

viously refers to the ‘ Monographie des Scutelles,’ published in 1841 ;

but it is obvious that the Introduction, which deals with the “ groupe

des Scutelles en général,” would only refer in the most incidental

manner to so distant a form as 7'ripneustes ; and it would have been

convenient if Prof. Alex. Agassiz had given the page on which his

father refers to this form: I have searched the pages of the Intro-

duction in vain. Prof. Louis Agassiz seems to have believed that he first

used it, definitely at any rate, in the preface to Valentin’s ‘ Anatomie

du genre Echinus’ (cf. ‘ Nomina systematica generum Echinoderma-

tum,’ where we find Tripneustes, Agass. Monogr. Echin. 4° livr. 1841).

Since writing the above, which I let stand for the purpose

of giving an idea of the difficulties which are found in our way,

there has come into my hands an unbound copy of the four parts of the

‘Monographies d’Echinodermes, by which I find that in the 2de

livraison, which contained the ‘ Monographie des Scutelles,’ there was

1 Different so far as that one is a “sense,” and one a “nonsense” word, yet

not so different but that Hipponoé is the French form of Hipponoa.

? Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 36.

5 Valentin’s ‘ Anatomie du genre Echinus,’ p. viii of the Preface by L. Agassiz.

1879. ] MR. F, J. BELL ON THE ECHINOIDEA. 657

published a short essay entitled ‘Observations sur les progrés ré-

cens de l’histoire naturelle des Echinodermes;’ and there, on its

seventh page, we find these words :— “Dans un travail encore inédit sur

les espéces vivantes de l’ancien genre Echinus, travail que je me pro-

pose de publier prochainement, j’ai établi les coupes suivantes, dont

je me bornerai a citer ici les types; ...... Tripneustes (EF. ventri-

cosus)”’...... I do not think that there is any need to particularize

such a method of detailing the history of a name in a work which is

entitled a ‘ Revision;’ but I have thought it right, while giving an

account of Prof. Alex. Agassiz’s method of working out his subject,

to give all the material necessary for other naturalists, who desire to

investigate for themselves the’ matter in question. That there was

some good cause for confusion is evident from the fact that no less

eminent a naturalist, and careful a writer than Prof. E. von Martens

put out the synonymy thus :—“T'ripneustes, Ag. 1847; Hipponoé,

Gray, 1841; non Hipponoé, Audouin et Milne-Edwards, 1834

(Annelid)”*. It will now be possible to write the synonymy thus:—

Tripneustes, L. Agassiz, 1841: p. viii of preface to Valentin’s

Anat. du genre Echinus. Hipponoe, Gray, 1855: P.Z.S. 1855,

p. 36. Heliechinus, Girard, Proc. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist. iii.

p- 364 (fide Agassiz)’.

Having now dealt at an almost wearisome length with the vexed

and vexatious question of the name proper to this genus, it is time

to pass to the consideration of the species of which it is made up.

In the ‘ Revision’ three are recognized:—T. depressus, A. Ag., T.

esculentus, Leske (this appears to be the correct name for LZ. ventri-

cosus, Lamk.); and 7. variegatus, Leske. I now come to some

observations on the specific name variegatus ; and I will put them

briefly thus :—

(1) The name variegatus is never used by any writer on the

genus T'ripneustes subsequent to Leske and prior to Alex. Agassiz.

(2) The names synonymous with it in the opinion of Prof.

Agassiz, sardica and angulosa, ave also used by Leske: the former

has been applied by Lamarck, de Blainville, Des Moulins, L. Agassiz,

and Dujardin and Hupé, among others; while angulosa has been

used by de Blainville, and by Dujardin and Hupé.

(3) The order in which these forms are described* will be shown

by stating the pages on which they are found :—Cidaris angulosa,

p- 92; Cidaris sardica, p. 146; Cidaris variegatus, p. 149°.

It is obvious that the name which must be used is angulosus; as

to the other synonyms given by Agassiz in his list, they all appear

to include forms which belong to this somewhat variable and widely

distributed species.

The first species of the three, depressus, which has been found on

1 Archiv fir Naturges. xxxii. p. 160.

? Gf. Desor, ‘ Synopsis des Echinides fossiles,’ Paris, 1858, p. 182.

* Additamenta ad Kleinii dispositionem Echinodermatum. N. G. Leske.

Lipsiae MDCCLXXVIII.

Variegata is stated (Rev. Ech. p. 185) to be described on p. 85 of Leske’s Ad-

ditamenta: p. 85 is occupied by part of the description of 7. sawatilis; and the

word variegata is not to be found on it!

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No. XLII. 42

658 MR. F. J. BELL ON THE ECHINOIDEA. [June 17,

the eastern coast of America, was first described by Alex. Agassiz, and

is distinguished by its form, its small anal system, and the presence of

large plates on the buccal membrane, at the point where this structure

unites with the test. In his definition of the form’, Agassiz states

that “the anal system and the actinostome are comparatively smaller

in the West Indian species.” In support of this statement he gives,

however, only one set of measurements for 7. depressus; but they

hardly bear out his proposition, inasmuch as in the specimen described

by him, which had a long diameter of 127 mm., the anal system mea-

sured 9 mm. (giving a percentage value of 7:08), whereas the four values

to be gained from his measurement of H. esculenta are respectively 15,

9-2, 81, and 7°9. The single specimen of T. depressus in the posses-

sion of the British Museum gives a percentage value of 6°6 (the anal

system measuring 8 mm. and the long diameter 120 mm.). We

might, indeed, imagine that a ‘‘than” had dropped out in the sentence

just quoted, were it not that it does as it stands state fairly enough

the comparative relations presented by the actinostome in the two

forms therein mentioned. To this structure we will now turn. In

Prof. Agassiz’s specimens the actinal system measured 29 mm.

(percentage value 22°8) in H. depressa, and 26°2 mm. (percentage

value 22°2) in the largest specimen of H. esculenta of which he

gives the measurements. The differences here are indeed not very

great, but, such as they are, are evidence against Prof. Agassiz.

As, however, my remarks are based rather on what I have been

able to observe in the specimens in the national collection than

on deductions from Prof. Agassiz’s measurements, I am able to give

in my adhesion to the statement already quoted, that the actinostome

is smaller in the West-Indian species; for I find that while the

British Museum specimen of 7’. depressus gives a percentage value

of 25 for the actinostome, that of 7’. esculentus does not exceed 23°2,

and may fall as low as 18°8 per cent.

7’. esculentus and J’, angulosus.—The diagnoses of Prof. Alex.

Agassiz are notoriously difficult ; but, so far as an attentive study of

his remarks on these two species are of value, they appear to me to

be convertible into the following propositions :—

The species 7’. angulosus is distinguished from the West-Indian

T’. esculentus by the following points :

(i.) The tubercles are smaller in size and less in number.

(ii.) The anal system is comparatively very large.

(iii.) The abactinal system is more’ circular and less pentagonal,

owing to the smaller size of the genital plates.

(iv.) The poriferous zone is much narrower.

(v.) The actinostome is larger.

(vi.) The spines are much more slender.

(vii.) The anal plates are smaller and more numerous.

The descriptions are marred by a very remarkable misprint,

which states in effect that the specimens of angulosus measured by

Prof. Agassiz have a height nearly twice as great as their long

1 Revision of the Hehini, p, 500.

1879. ] MR. F. J. BELL ON THE ECHINOIDEA. 659

diameter. Taking note of this lapse, we will first consider those

statements regarding the species in which the results to be gained

from an examination of the British-Museum specimens are not in

complete accordance with the deductions of Prof. Agassiz :—

(1) Comparative breadth of the poriferous zone.—Prof. Agassiz

states (p. 501, s. v. H. variegata) that ‘‘the poriferous zone is also

much narrower.” As [ found that my own measurements reversed the

relation, and led me to the conclusion that it was in 7’. esculentus

that the zones were narrower, I have been at the trouble of re-

ducing the figures in the ‘ Revision’ to a percentage value; and I

find them to be

For “ H. esculenta,” 10, 8°3, 8°9, 7°7.

For “ H. variegata,” 9:6, 8, 7.

Pruned of its epithet “‘ much”’ the statement of Agassiz is supported

by his data. The British-Museum specimens, which I have measured,

do not exhibit so great a range of variation in the width of the pori-

ferous zone, as may be seen from the appended list :—

T’. angulosus, 8, 8°2, 8°2, 8°6, 8°9, 9, 9.

T. esculentus, 7°8, 8, 8°4, 8°5.

These observations indicate that the poriferous zones are rather

narrower in 7. esculentus than in 7. angulosus; but they really run

so close that it seems to me that it is impossible to find in this

character any constant or valuable point by which the two species

may be distinguished.

(2) Characters of the actinostome.—The relative size of the actino-

stome in Tripneustes angulosus as compared with that of T. esculentus

is one of the few points of difference to which it is, as a-rule, easy

to point. In connexion with it there is another character, which it is

perhaps safest to speak of asa tendency: in 7. angulosus the ac-

tinal surface is, as a rule, perfectly flat, and the actinostome is flush

with it, whereas in 7. esculentus that same surface is ordinarily a

little swollen, and the actinostome is placed in a shallow concavity.

(3) The anal system.—lIt is interesting to compare the data

afforded by the specimens of 7". esculentus in the British Museum

with those given by Prof. Agassiz. These latter are respectively 7-9,

8-1, 9°1, 9°2; those which are now given in the Table appended are

6°6, 7, 7-4, and 8; and they are to the point as leading us to insist

a little more strongly on the comparatively smaller size of the anal

system in 7’, esculentus than we should be justified in doing from a

knowledge of Prof. Agassiz’s measurements alone.

(4) Difference in the size and number of the tubercles.—This

appears to be a good character; but we must insist upon the fact that

specimens of 7’. esculentus will be met with which have the median

primary tubercles of the abactinal surface largely absorbed, while,

on the other hand, there is in the Museum a young specimen which

in the characters of its actinal and abactinal systems approximates

to 7. angulosus, but in which we find considerably well developed

tubercles in the median spaces of the interambulacral areas. In

660 MR. F. J. BELL ON THE ECHINOIDEA. [June 17,

addition to this it is to be borne in mind that there is now valuable

evidence as to the fact that tubercles may, and do, undergo ab-

sorption’; so that we must not insist upon this character, where

others point to the contrary species as being in our hands.

(5) Ocular plates.—I had hoped that these structures would

present some constancy of arrangement, which would be of assistance

in the discrimination of the species, inasmuch as in the great majority

of specimens of 1’, esculentus two only of the ocular plates reach to

the anal system (or, in other words, are not shut out from it by the

meeting of the edges of the genital plates ): thus of six examples all

but one presented the arrangement just described, while the sixth

had four ocular plates directly adjacent to the anal system. 7. angu-

losus presented no such constancy ; for out of nine examples there

were five that had two plates touching the anal system, while the

others had three plates occupying a similar position. No conclusions

can, therefore, be drawn from this character.

Characteristic as is the arrangement of the pores in Tripneustes,

it is only of assistance in the definition of the genus; when we come

to any close examination we find, as indeed we might expect from

what we know as to the mode of their development, that the arrange-

ment of the pairs of pores with relation to one another varies con-

siderably. I have noticed in large specimens of 7’. esculentus that

the inner row of pores is quite regular, while the outer row is, as

compared with it, irregular; in the smallest specimens the two

flanking rows of pores exhibit very remarkable regularity, following

one another in quite straight lines.

The specimens exhibiting a pentagonal aspect come in very large

quantities from the Red Sea; but there is in the Museum a specimen

from the Philippines in which this form of test is just as well marked

as in any Red-Sea specimen.

There are some slight differences in the characters of the com-

ponent parts of the dentary apparatus (lantern of Aristotle), which

I will now proceed to indicate :—

In 7. angulosus the epiphysis is arched and its upper edge is

bevelled ; the tooth is connected with the alveolus by delicate, but

not very short, ascending and descending processes; the rotulx are

short and broad; and the radii end in two short processes.

In 7. depressus. the epiphyses are arched in very much the same

manner as in 7’. angulosus; the inferior ascending processes are of

much the same character, but the superior processes are much

shorter ; the radius is broadened out at its free end, but there is only

a slight indentation at its extreme edge.

In 7. esculentus the epiphysis is less strongly arched, and its

upper edge is not so sharply bevelled ; the tooth is connected with

its alveolus by short pieces, which, above, are set nearly perpendicular

to it; the inferior ones are only just seen through the triangular

space, or, in other words, extend hardly at all upwards; the rotule

are rather more delicate ; and the free end of the radius is distinctly

| Vide Rev. of the Echini p. 265, Arbacia punctulata,

1879. ] MR. F. J. BELL ON THE ECHINOIDEA. 661

bifureate, so that the two processes thereby formed are longer than

in 7’. angulosus.

The species of the genus may now be briefly defined :—

2. angulosus.—Test varying greatly in form and colour, the spines

short and generally white; in the majority of specimens there are

well-marked bare spaces in both ambulacral and interambulacral

areas ; there are distinct though delicate and short ascending and

descending processes connecting each tooth with its alveolus ; and the

radii terminate in two shorter processes. ‘Che poriferous zones are

wider, the actinal system larger, and the anal and abactinal systems

more extensive than in 7’. esculentus. The species has been found

in the Red Sea, Mauritius, the Cape of Good Hope, Rodriguez, the

Philippines, and at Cayenne.

T. esculentus—The test is generally rounded and more constantly

white or pinkish in colour; the spines, which are white, are longer than

in 7. angulosus ; and the median spaces in the ambulacral and inter-

ambulacral areas are ordinarily occupied by tubercles of some size ;

the pieces connecting each tooth with the alveolus are shorter and

more horizontal in direction ; and the two processes of the radii are

longer than in 7’. angulosus, while the poriferous zones are narrower,

the actinal system smaller, and the anal and abactinal systems less

extensive than in 7’. angulosus.

As I have only seen one specimen of 7. depressus, it will perhaps

be best to leave the statements which I made regarding it as they

stand in the body of the paper.

I append a list of the localities from which the Trustees of the

British Museum have received specimens.

TRIPNEUSTES ANGULOsUS, Leske.

a. Gulf of Suez; with some spines; pentagonal in shape.

6. Red Sea.

e. “ Mauritius.”

d. ‘Isle of France ;”’ with spines.

e. Cape of Good Hope ; with spines.

J. Isle of Masbate.

g- Philippines.

h. Reef of Oomaga; with spines.

«. Rodriguez; with spines.

j. Cayenne’.

TRIPNEUSTES ESCULENTUS.

a. Nassau, New Providence, W. I.

6. West Indies ; with spines.

TRIPNEUSTES DEPRESSUS.

a. Gulf of California; with spines.

‘ This is a most remarkable locality, and I suspect very strongly that it isa

slip for Cayor ; but even in that case the locality is one from which the species

has not yet been recorded.

662 MR. F. J. BELL ON THE ECHINOIDEA. [June 17,

Measurements of Tripneustes esculentus.

Abso- Percentage value of

lute, | Se

No. Locality. diam. Abac- - Pori-

in Height. | tinal eo eet ferous.

millims. system. | Y8e™ | 8y8 em. | zone.

1. | West Indies ......... 68 51-4 12°5 66 25

2. | Nassau (New Proyi-

GENCE) cscs ccceoepe 141 63°8 149 7 18°8 78

Spell BY nts) Connceneoemsonceie 148 50 13:5 74 19 8-4

ALIN RO, ROS. erent 100 45 12-2 att 23°2 85

Soule Bariaeebyadee aise 110 56:3 16:3 8 23 8

Gon eA eA fonlen sles consp ake 28°5 53°3 20°3 105 35 LOsL

Te PA AG NIV ed ooo aont See 118 56°7 16 92 222 77

Measurements of Tripneustes angulosus.

Abso- Percentage value of

lute

No. Locality. diam. Abac- - Pori-

in Height. | tinal fuel pay ferous

millims. system. eye | Pe | mane

1. | Masbate............... 29 55 17.25 86 B45 86

2. | Masbate ............++ 67 49 16°4 obeaas 29°8 82

3. | Masbate............+.- 77 545 ASD hile aaseee 24:6 9

4. | Gulf of Suez ......... 89 57:2 15°7 10 25°3 8

5. | Gulf of Suez......... 100 56 18:5 10 26 9

6. | Gulf of Suez ........ 109 53°2 17-4 10° 26:2 8:2

(. 4) OAYVENNC.c.ceqpscesse* 58 60 14:6 a 28°4 9°5

8 DRM RM opeccatneeest 95 526 17-9 79 25:2 9-4

| nnn IS al

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIX.

Dentary Apparatus of Trzpneustes.

Fig. 1. A pyramid of T. angulosus, showing d, the tooth, ¢, the epiphysis.

2. Ditto of T. esculentus.

3. Ditto of T. depressus.

la. Side view of alveolus of a pyramid of 7. angulosus, with e, the epiphy-

sis, d, the tooth.

2a. Ditto of T. esculentus.

3a. Ditto of T. depressus.

1b, 2b, 3. Rotule of the three species.

le, 2c, 3c. Side view of radii.

1d, 2d, 3d. Free terminal portion of the radii.

1 T add two measurements from Prof. Agassiz for the purpose of comparison;

it will be seen that the second set agree very well with my results.

ConTENTs (continued).

Mr. C. L. Jackson. Exhibition of a skull of a female Sea-lion (Ofaria stelleri?) ........ 460

Mr. Selater. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a collection of birds forwarded to him by

SER ASM UNGBIN LY? 's Sthecania' d's 'a aie tote eae miy eo ieteler bia ei als 2/6 WU sieieA's eva tseid <aadton, oe cstie, 460

1. A Description of the Vessels of the Neck and Head in the Ground-Hornbill (Bucorvus

abyssinicus). By W. Orriry, F.R.C.S., Demonstrator of Anatomy at Uniy. Coll.

| Breen Osh, <0. scot aac meee Ia Eat PR Hic hte 461

2. On the Specific Identity of the British Martens. By Epnwarp R. Atsron, F.L.S.,

EAD Sey Adio cciete)oaishax a't.s cna w’ecove'nle ote cene Siolercietssictmets SOROS Op OOS RPT ie Mp OCs 468

8. On the Terrestrial Mollusca collected in Costa Rica by the late Dr. W. M. Gabb, with

Descriptions of new Species. By Grorce Frencu Aneas, C.M.Z.S., F.LS., &e.

RE NEON TH Neg ola chs ots'sivoinleie's,a ewes, ss aistaniisete a he euae oe Oe waree eens Ste aete 475

4. On the Birds collected by the late Mr. T. K. Salmon in the State of Antioquia, United

States of Colombia. By P. L. Scrarzr, M.A., Ph.D., F.RS., Secretary to the Society,

and Ospert Satvin, M.A., F.R.S. (Plates XLI-XLIII.)..............0000000% 486

“

June 17, 1879.

‘The Secretary. Report on the additions to the Society's Menagerie in May 1879. (Plate

PETE: iisreb ida Ns cholate si 2icia nad exis ado a4 Adv d-eelele ss tt ee eee teeeeseeeees Soave ees 550

Mr, Sclater. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a skin of Apa U DIR Ware esr iaee Beirne Ke 551

4 Prof. Flower. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, the skull of a female Otaria (Otaria gillespii) 551°

M ir. O.G. Danford. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some antlers of Deer from Asia Minor. 552

Hans, Graf von Berlepsch, C.M.Z.8, Exhibition of, and remarks upon, two varieties of the

Long-tailed Titmouse............+... sia:d) 5) ahn| ete; eialleys fe! siwlale"s ise are, See ela eReterebeeey ue 552

Dr. J. Murie. Notice of a memoir on the Manatee.........ccccecccccecscccecececece 552

[r. F. D. Godman. Exhibition of, and remarks on, a drawing of the Manatee.......... 552

rof. Newton. Exhibition of, and remarks ‘upon, some bird-skins obtained by Mr. E.

PEN TETEMAES DAF, 99 cs 1 Tl PEIUAICH) vic. seh e'e, a's c,0) ele! aibiwie’e Caters ee acl alice ak an Se ee Ae 552

1. On the Mollusca procured during the ‘ Lightning’ and ‘Porcupine’ Expeditions, 1868-70.

, (Part Il.) By J. Gwyn Jerrreys, LL.D., F.R.S., F.Z.8. (Plates XLV., XLVI.).. 553

2 On the Birds collected in Bolivia by Mr. C, Buckley. By P. L. Sctarer, M.A., Ph.D.,

eH. R.S., and Ospery Sanvin, MA, BRS. ec. ccc este ce cc ceceee cs Jaen Reais ee 588

‘ 3, On tha Acanthomys leucopus of Gray. By Epwarp R. Auston, F.L.S., F.Z.S8., &e. .... 645

4 On some African Species of the Lepidopterous Genus Papilio, By W. L. Disranv.

US AVL L) oom wip acainin 20s No adie via'n « Cieie Saiple Sass a.ahdia eS Oa. ¥e gains oe kee aes 647

i Note on the Mechanism of Respiration as well as of the Retraction of the Head and -

_ Limbs in certain Chelonia. By A. H. Garrop, M.A., F.RS................000.. 649

Acomus inornatus, Salvad. By T. Sarvaport, C.M.Z.S. (Plate 4 Op) Neon ann 651

op.”

otes on some hitherto unrecorded Diurnal Lepidoptera, from Duke-of-York Island,

New Ireland, with Descriptions of some apparently new Species. By F. Du-Cane

Pera ;ORBERI OAL IN eo ciaraicaie sere om ahels ainle cg cohace se ciotooa eins ash ca ee 652

BL Observations on the Characters of the Echinoidea.—II. On the Species of the Genus

Bass Tripneustes, Agassiz. By F. Jerrrey Brut, B.A., Magdalen College, Oxford, Zoo-

B. logical Department, British Museum, F.Z.8, (Plate XLIX.)......0. 000000. sce es 655

‘ bd + .

LIST OF PLATES,

1879.

PART IIL.

Plate ; _ Page

XXXL... Dryocopus richardsi...42...c0 cess dnek seeenvbsecsseene 386

XXXII :

XXXIII. | New Asiatic Lepidoptera vag Sia's orale Riaptomneret oa ig

XXXIV.

XXXV. New Species of Pectunculus and Axinwa.+........56 ones, SY,

XXXVI. ae re ALIDINGADURs sos ous DOs he eee vy aleua te areata phen

XXXVII. 1. Myzomela cineracea. Fig. 2. Donacicola spectabilis. } 446 —

ie 3. Mumia forbes... sce ce ccvecdesccesesescese 5

XXXVIII. Beat of Gelada rueppelli ....... Cire oe iene d einen sietie® 451 .

XXXIX. Ceriornis blythi ....5...05... ORIN ree die dle SOG Nee

XL. Land Shells from Costa Rica ........ sera tee ae pandaee AUB ohn eat

XLI. Cyphorinus dichrous ......... .. saree eden ante ecteee | en Oy

PS ist si sy: mecbimaianate Se: . 486 om

XLIV. Nymphicus cornutus ........ iyi teak ; 3 aie

= } Mollusea of the ‘Lightning’ and ‘Poreupine’ Lespeditions. a oa ane

XELVIL. Papilio hornimani ............ Fo exact ethae poems 3 CLT Ae sny

XLVIIT. Acomus inornatus .....+..eeceeeee cen eeerees won apc. a

XLIX. Dentary apparatus of Tripnenaten.. caepae goles 85 pee

NOTICE.

Keats to present arent eae the ‘ sheipea are issued in Les aoe

as follows :—

Part I. containing papers read in J: anuary and Foiminiy on June Ist.

1 ” » March and April, on August Ist.

iil. i a », May and June, on October Ist. $

Tira yee 4 ” November and December, on April Ist.

The price is 12s. per ES for the semen with coloured, and 3s. per part for

that with uncoloured Plates. - =!

PROCEEDINGS

SCIENTIFIC. MEETINGS

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON,

FOR THE YEAR»

1879.

PART IV.

CONTAINING PAPERS READ IN

NOVEMBER ann DECEMBER.

APRIL 1st, 1880.

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,

3 SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE.

LONDON:

“MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER,

* PATERNOSTER-ROW.

silat: [Price Twelve Shillings.|

LIST OF CONTENTS.

PART IV.—1879.

November 18, 1879.

Page

The Secretary. Baport on the additions to the Society's Menagerie i in June, J ue August,

and September 1879 ..-e.. sees cee e cece teen cette rete ene e eer nana tees anes 663

Mr. Henry O. Forbes. Letter from, on the distribution of the Badger-headed Mydaus

(Mydaus meliceps) in Java «1... secs scree ee eee rece ete e ence tee eeen ee ee ents 664

Mr. Edward R. Alston. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some Burmese and Afghan

Mammals collected by Mr. R. @. Wardlaw Ramsay ...\.-- BO are Ap:

. 66

Mr. Edward R. Alston. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a skull of Zupirus dowi ...... 666

Dr. A. B. Meyer, O.M.Z.S. Letter from, concerning the locality of Cervus alfredi ...... 666

Mr. Rowland Ward. Exhibition of a head of a Chamois (Rupicapra tragus) with two pairs

Of HORNS 2. 035 ve eens ee rs Gis abide ial asin wages oTe's.ve se us # se’ # © mon p las shale any 666

Prof. Flower. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, the skull of a Beluga, or White Whale.

Delphinapterws lewcds 6. 2+. cee cece eens en ee ence en cere teat ceenccsene sees 667

. Description d’un nouveau Synallaxe péruvien. Par L. Taczanowskt, C.M.ZS. ...-.. 670

. Description d’un nouveau Tyrannide péruvien. Par L. Taczanowsk1, C.M.Z.S......- 670

. Notice sur quelques Oiseaux du Turkestan. Par L. Taczanowskt, O.M.ZS. ....++-- 672

- On a Collection of Birds from the Comoro Islands. By Captain G. E. Suevury .... 673

on fF WO NS

. Descriptions of two new Species of African Birds. By Captain G. E. Supiury.

(Plate L.) cc cece cece esen cece eer en eestor sete etceeensereeesseaeneesse en ee 679

6. Note on the Female of Lophophorus sclateri, Jerdon, from Eastern Assam. By Lieut.-

Col. H. H. Gopwin-Ausren, F.Z.8, &c. (Plate LI Le) ces eee ee ee ee teeeeeeeers was. OGL

7, On some new and rare Spiders from New Zealand, with Characters of four new Genera.

By the Rev.O. P. Camsrings, M.A., O.M.Z.8., Hon. Memb. New-Zealand Institute.

(Plates DUD GT) Sera gee eee hee hate yer ee ent nits orien eke ne 681

8. On some African Species of ceyecomcin yes to the Subfamily Nymphaline. B Sf

W. L. Disranr. (Plate LIV.) ......+e-e cece cece eeeeee ce eees ioe oes poeta “ 703

9, Description of a new Oriole from Borneo. By R. G Warptaw Ramsay, F.ZS8., 9

M.B.O.U., Lieutenant 67th Regiment --...... 6c ee ce cere cence etn ee eter tees 709-5

10, On the Question of the Identity of areas of the Common Domestic and the Chinese

Goose. By. F. B. Goopacez, M.D., F. PSR Oe te ig bale Seat eM sie ae 710

December 2, 1879.

Mr. BE. L. ts F.Z.8. Letter from, containing remarks upon the ies of the

adoption by naturalists of a fixed scale of colour in once animals 7

ee a

1879.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 663

November 18, 1879.

Prof. W. H. Flower, LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Secretary read the following reports on the additions made

to the Society’s Menagerie during the months of June, July, August,

and September 1879 :—

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of June was 192, of which 38 were by birth,

54 by presentation, 78 by purchase, 21 were received on deposit,

and |] by exchange. The total number of departures during the

same period by death and removals was 119.

The most noticeable additions during the month of June were as

follows :—

1. A Spotted-billed Toucamet (Selenidera maculirostris), from

Rio, Brazil, purchased June 14.

The receipt of this specimen, which is the first of this Toucan

that has reached us, has raised the number of species of the group

now represented in our collection to seven, namely :—

- Toco Toucan, Ramphastos toco.

. Red-billed Toucan, Ramphastos erythrorhynchus.

. Sulphur-and-white-breasted Toucan, Ramphastos vitellinus.

. Cuvier’s Toucan, Ramphastos cuvieri.

. Ariel Toucan, Ramphastos ariel.

. Sulphur-breasted Toucan, Ramphastos carinatus.

. Spotted-billed Toucamet, Selenidera maculirostris.

Z. Two Tuatera’ Lizards (Sphenodon punctatus’), purchased

June 24th.

These specimens were obtained from the island of ‘‘ Karewa,” a

barren scoria rock off the harbour of Tauranga, Bay of Plenty, New

Zealand, by Captain Fairchild, of the Government steamer ‘ Hime-

moa,’ about Dec. 1 to 15, 1878, and were brought to this country

by Mr. Josiah Martin, of Auckland, New Zealand.

Sphenodon punctatus appears to be still found in several of the

rocky islets in the Bay of Plenty, whereas the second species of

Tuatera (Sphenodon guentheri, Buller, Trans. N. Z. Inst. ix. p. 324)

seems to be confined to the Brothers Islands in Cook’s Straits.

NOOB be

The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the

month of July were 109 in number; of these 45 were acquired by

presentation, 35 by purchase, 5 by exchange, 17 by birth, and 7

were received on deposit. The total number of departures during

the same period by death and removals was 112.

The most noticeable additions during the month were :—

1. A Funereal or Yellow-eared Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus fune-

1 Dr. Gray, when he showed the identity of Hatteria and Sphenodon (Ann.

N. H. ser. 4, vol. iii. p. 168), made the latter term neuter, and called this animal

Sphenodon punctatum. But 6doy is simply an old form of dd0vs, and is pro-

perly masculine.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No. XLIII. 43

664 MR. H. O. FORBES ON MYDAUS MELICEPS. [Nov. 18,

reus), from New South Wales, purchased July 16th, being the first

example of this fine Parrot that has reached us alive.

2. A young pair of the Mule Deer of North America (Cervus

macrotis), obtained through the valuable assistance of Dr. J. D.

Caton, C.M.Z.S., and received July 18th. These Deer were the

pets of Messrs. H. H. Carter and KH. N. Carter, of Wyoming Ter-

ritory, U.S. A., and were kindly parted with in aid of the Society’s

efforts to introduce this remarkable species of Deer into Europe.

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of August was 137; of these 54 were ac-

quired by presentation, 39 by purchase, 23 by birth, 13 were re-

ceived on deposit, and 8 in exchange. The total number of de-

partures during the same period by death and removals was 115.

The most noticeable additions during the month were :—

1. A Bush-Dog (Ieticyon venaticus), from British Guiana, pre-

sented by J. E. Tinné, Esq., August 20th.

Mr. Tinné has kindly sent me the following notes upon this

peculiar animal, which is quite uew to the collection :—

«The Bush-Dog came from Dunoon, on the Hyama Creek, a

tributary of the Demerara river, British Guiana. Dunoon is just

above the Sand Hills, and is a wood-cutting block of high land,

covered with wallaba, green-heart, and mora trees. The mother

was shot by our tenant Senor Lopez de Faubra on the creek; and

he secured a pair of the puppies for me, of which one unfortunately

died in Georgetown before I left the colony last May. I fed them

on raw meat. I believe these animals hunt in packs by scent, and

are exceedingly savage ; they take to the water readily. They are

very seldom seen, and never frequent the low coast-lands, where

our sugar-estates lie.”

2. An Indian Otter (apparently Lutra nair), from Rangoon,

purchased August 27th.

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of September was 93; of these 53 were ac-

quired by presentation, 24 by purchase, 1 by exchange, 2 were bred

in the Gardens, and 13 were received on deposit. The total number

of departures during the same period by death and removals was 91.

The following extracts from a letter addressed to the Secretary by

Mr. Henry O. Forbes, dated ‘‘ Kosala, Bantam, W. Java, July 27,

1879, were read :—

“The following note as to the distribution of the Badger-headed

Mydaus (Mydaus meliceps), called by the Sundanese “ Sigoeng”’

(Dutch spelling), may not be without interest.

“* Horsfield says that this species ‘ is confined exclusively to those

mountains which have an elevation of more than 7000 feet above the

surface of the ocean. ‘There it occurs with the same regularity as

1879.] MR. E. R. ALSTON ON MAMMALS. 665

many plants. The long extended surface of Java, abounding with

isolated voleanoes with conical points which exceed this elevation,

affords many places favourable to its resort.’

“My present residence is about 2000 feet above the sea. Many,

many times, especially in the evening just after dusk, the Mydaus

has discovered its proximity to us by its extremely disagreeable and

peculiar odour. So powerful indeed is this that natives attempting

to catch these animals, often fall down insensible if struck by the

discharge from their anal battery. Even at a distance of half a mile

and more the stink, as I must call it, permeates the atmosphere so

thickly that it is plainly discernible by the taste. None of the

mountains in this neighbourhood rise over 4000 feet. I have found

the burrows of the Mydaus at 2400 feet. At Tjipanas (Bantam), at

an elevation of 850 feet, it is abundantly to be found—at Djasinga

also, which is lower still,as well as at Buitenzorg, 750 feet above

sea-level. It has also been found in considerable numbers at lower

elevations, between Djasinga and the coast. Iam informed, but

cannot vouch for its being a fact, that its eastward limit is Cheribon.

From this it would appear that the habitat of the Mydaus is now

much lower than in the time of Horsfield, if his observation was

correct. Sir Charles Lyell* thus explains its strange distribution :—

‘ Before the island was peopled by man, by whom their numbers are

now thinned, they may occasionally have multiplied, so as to be

forced to collect together and migrate, in which case, notwithstand-

the slowness of their motions, some few would succeed in reaching

another mountain some 20 or even 50 miles distant ; for although

the climate of the hot intervening plains would be unfavourable to

them, they might support it for a time, and would find there abun-

dance of insects, on which they feed.’

** Now that the forests are being more and more cut down one

would have expected no downward movement, at least of this pecu-

liar animal, which is as much persecuted as ever. The temperature

of Buitenzorg, for instance, is not many degrees lower than that of

the plain in which Batavia stands, and is certainly now warmer than

it was in past times, when almost impenetrable forests covered the

whole district.

“Therefore to find the Mydaus so frequently at so low an elevation

is a fact we have thought worth recording, because either it can

sustain a greater degree of heat than was supposed by Horsfield,

or it has now accommodated itself to a lower elevation.”

Mr. Edward R. Alston exhibited, on behalf of Mr. R. G. Ward-

law Ramsay, 67th Regiment, a few specimens of Mammals from

Afghanistan and Burmah. Of these one was an example of Ptero-

mys fimbriatus, Gray, killed on the Peiwar Kotal in July 1879;

this species had hitherto been only known from the Himalayas.

Another was a Burmese skin of Herpestes auropunctatus, Hodgson

? Principles of Geology, ii. 862 (1872). s

666 EXHIBITION OF RUPICAPRA TRAGUS. [Nov. 18,

an animal which is not included in Blyth’s posthumous fauna of

that country’. On exhibiting a specimen of Paradozurus musanga

(Raffles), Mr. Alston observed that the P. fasciatus of Gray’ proved

to be a synonym of that well-known species, and had nothing

whatever in common with the Viverra fasciata of either Gmelin * or

Desmarest‘. Mr. Wardlaw Ramsay intended to present these spe-

cimens to the British Museum.

Mr. Alston also exhibited one of the typical skulls of Tapirus

dowi (Gill) *, which had been intrusted to him by the authori-

ties of the United-States National Museum, and pointed out

the osteological characters which distinguish it from T. bairdi

(Gill)*. Mr. Alston hoped to be able to fully describe and figure

the skull of 7’. dowi in a future part of Messrs. Godman and Salvin’s

‘Biologia Centrali-Americana,’ but wished now to place on record

the fact that the young Tapir from Corinto, which lived in the

Society’s Gardens under the name of T. bairdi’, was really referable

to T'. dowi, as was also a skull from Volcan Viejo, presented by Mr.

Sclater to the British Museum’. Mr. Alston further remarked

that Dr. Gill had been misinformed as to the young of 7’. dowi not

being spotted, but thought it probable that the adult would

rove to want the rufous colour on the cheeks which is characteristic

of Baird’s Tapir. The range of the two species required further

investigation ; but 7'. dowi might prove to be confined to the Pacific

slopes of Guatemala and Nicaragua.

The following extract was read from a letter addressed to the

Secretary by Dr. A. B. Meyer, C.M.Z.S.:—

«Concerning the locality of Cervus alfredi, I wrote to my friend

Mr. Oscar Bruger, who lived five years in Cebu, and who told me a

short time ago, on his return to Europe, that he knew the habitat

of this Deer; and I received this answer :—

«© « An Indian friend of mine in Cebu, who lived formerly for years

in Samao and Leyte, visited these islands again, and brought an ex-

ample of this Deer back from there, and presented it to Mr. Bruger.’ ”

The Secretary exhibited on behalf of Mr. Rowland Ward a head

of a Chamois (Rupicapra tragus) with two pairs of horns, the hinder

pair being the smaller. The specimen in question had been pur-

chased by Captain Towneley Parker at Nuremberg.

1 Journ. As. Soc. Beng. (n. s.) vol. xiii. pt. 2.

2 P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 5386; Cat. Carn. &c. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 68.

3 Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 92 (1788, ex Sonnerat).

4 Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vii. p. 169 (1817, deser. orig.).

5 Elasmognathus dowii, Gill, Amer. Journ. Sc. 1. p. 142 (1870, deser. orig.).

6 Elasmognathus bairdii, Gill, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1865, p. 183 (deser. orig.).

7 Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 635, pl. li.; List Vert. An. Zool. Soc. (1879) p. 115,

no. 399 6.

Cf. P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 473.

1879.] PROF. FLOWER ON THE SKULL OF A BELUGA. 667

Prof. Flower exhibited the skull of a Beluga, or White Whale,

Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas), which has been presented by His

Grace the Duke of Sutherland to the Museum of the Royal College

of Surgeons, and made the following remarks :—

As this cetacean has been but rarely observed in the British seas,

and as there is but one known instance in which a specimen has been

taken alive and authenticated by preservation of its remains’, the cir-

cumstances relating to its capture, as described in a letter from the

Rev. Dr. Joass, of Golspie, may be worth recording :—

“It was found close to the salmon-nets near the Little Ferry,

about three miles to the westward of Dunrobin, Sutherlandshire, at ebb

tide, on Monday, June 9th, 1879, caught by the tail between two short

posts to which a stay-rope of the stake-net was fastened (see fig. 1) ;

and a Salmon of 18 lb. weight, which was supposed to have been

the object of its pursuit, was found in front of it. It measured 12

feet 6 inches in length. The tail was 34 inches across, and the

flippers 17 inches long. It was a female, and had 20 teeth in the

Fig. 1. The mode in which the Beluga was caught. From a sketch by the

Rey. Dr. Joass,

upper jaw and 16 in the lower. The stomach contained a few flakes

of fish, which from size and colour might have been Salmon. It was

found, on cleaning the skeleton, that in its efforts to escape the Whale

bad broken its back between the third and fourth lumbar vertebree ;

and it had a recent granulating wound on the frontal pad, extending

about five inches transversely, and about three inches broad, the

lower edge being on a line between the eyes. I have heard since

that two days before its capture it was seen off Cracaig by Brora

fishermen who were lying at their lines. At first they thought it a

human body ; as it approached against the ebb, they took it for a

ghost! At still closer quarters they saw that it was a living beast of

some kind bearing down upon them, and plied it with stones

(their spare sinkers), hoping that it would turn aside and not oblige

them to leave their ground; but it hardly heeded them, and so they

? Bell’s British Quadrupeds, 2nd edit. p.440.

668 PROF. FLOWER ON THE SKULL OF A BELUGA. [Nov. 18,

dropped their lines and sheared off. It went below near Collieburn,

but was up again at Kintradwell, and still heading westward against

the tide.”

The skeleton is that of a perfectly adult animal, all the epiphyses

Fig. 2. Posterior surface of skull of Beluga, with dislocated atlas,

One-third the size of nature.

of the vertebrze being united to the bodies. The spine of one lum-

bar vertebra has been recently broken off close te the base, probably

the injury referred to in Dr. Joass’s letter.

On examining the skull a most remarkable evidence of old injury

and subsequent recovery showed itself. The atlas has been dislocated

off the occipital condyles to the left side and tilted a little obliquely,

so that the right transverse process is somewhat higher than the left.

The dislocation has been complete, the whole of the surfaces formerly

in apposition being now free from each other. The prominent inner

edge of the left articular surface has passed beyond the outer edge of

the condyle and lodged in the hollow which bounds it externally, and

so has been prevented by the contraction of the cervical muscles from

returning into its place. In this position the bones have become

firmly fixed by deposit of new osseous matter around the right side

of the joint, and partially covering the exposed right condyle.

The aperture for the passage of the spinal cord is narrowed to a

chink scarcely three quarters of an inch in greatest transverse

diameter. The articular surfaces, as far as they can be seen, have

preserved their normal form, and are only slightly rougher than is

natural, which clearly shows that the dislocation was traumatic, and

not occasioned by disease of the joint. Indeed there is no evidence of

1879.] | PROF. FLOWER ON THE SKULL OF A BELUGA. 669

any previous disease in this or any other part of the vertebral

column. The formation of new bone, resulting in ankylosis, is what

might naturally be expected to occur as the consequence of such an

injury, and is the usual sequence of dislocation of the atlas, when

not immediately fatal, in the human subject.

In the present case it is difficult to imagine how such an accident

can have been occasioned, as in the case of an aquatic animal there

is no possibility of a fall on the head, the common cause of such dis-

locations. Even a violent collision of the head against a rock or

ship can scarcely have produced such displacement, in the case of

an animal floating freely in the water, unless there were some

counterpressure causing resistance on the part of the trunk. The

animal certainly had received a blow on the fore part of the head,

as at about three inches from the apex of the rostrum, on the right

side, there is a roughened surface on which new bone has been

thrown out, very probably at the same date as that at the occiput,

and long antecedent to the recent wound observed at the time of its

capture,

However the injury may have been brought about, the specimen

affords a remarkable illustration of recuperative power, as the lacera-

tion of all the parts around the articulation, and effusion of blood from

the plexus surrounding the cord, must have been considerable, and

the ability to pursue and capture living prey must have been, for a

time at least, greatly interfered with. The spinal cord itself being

of comparatively small diameter in proportion to the size of the

aperture through which it passes, seems to have escaped serious

injury, and to have accommodated itself to the abnormal position of

the surrounding bones. After recovery the head was fixed in a very

abnormal position with regard to the body, which may account for

the wandering of the animal so far from its natural habitat, and for

the facility of its capture.

The following papers were read :—

670 M. TACZANOWSKI ON A NEW SYNALLAXIS. [Nov. 18,

1. Description d’un nouveau Synallaxe péruvien.

Par L. Taczanowskt, C.M.Z.S.

[Received July 4, 1879.]

Les deux males du dernier envoi de M. Stolzmann, placés dans

ma derniére liste sous le nom de S. frontalis(P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 230),

sont bien différents de cette espéce, et me paraissent appartenir 4

une forme inédite, 4 la quelle je propose un nom et une diagnose

comme il suit.

SYNALLAXIS FRUTICICOLA, Sp. nov.

Fusca ; pileo cinnamomeo, fronte fusca, striga postoculari flavicanti-

cervina; alis extus cinnamomeis, cauda rufa; subtus cineracea ;

gula albida, ventre medio latissime albo, hypochondriis et crisso

Susco lavatis. Longit. tota 187-190 mill. (Stolzmann), enver-

gure 190 (Stolzmann), ale 60, caudé 95, rostri a commissura 19,

tarsi 22, digiti medi 13.

Cette forme est trés-voisine du Synallavis frontalis, Pelz., mais

parfaitement distincte. La couleur du dos est plus olive que dans

Pespéce citée. Le dessus de la téte présente plusieurs différences :

le gris foncé occupe également le front sur l’espace un peu moins

long, le roux de la partie postérieure de Ja téte est d’une nuance

beaucoup plus claire, plus largement disposé et bordé dans sa partie

postoculaire d’une large bande fauve roussatre, bien distincte. II y

a aussi comme dans le S. frontalis une raie blanchatre entre la

naissance du bec et le bord supérieur de l’ceil. La face dorsale de

Vaile est & peu prés comme dans l’espéce citée. Tout le dessous du

corps est en général plus clair; la gorge un peu plus blanche; le

milieu du ventre largement occupé de blanc ; le gris de la poitrine et

des cétés du cou est beaucoup moins foncé; les cétés du ventre

également lavés d’olivatre.

Le bec est beaucoup plus faible, 4 aréte moins arquée al’extrémité,

d’une couleur cornée noiratre ; les pattes moins robustes, un peu plus

longues, gris-olivatres. La queue sensiblement plus longue. Iris

gris-brunatre.

Ce Synallaxe ressemble aussi au S. ruficapilla, Vieill., du Brésil,

mais il en différe principalement par le couleur du front.

Deux males tués 4 Tambillo le 7 janvier 1878.

2. Description d’un nouveau Tyrannide péruvien.

Par L. Taczanowsk1, C.M.Z.S.

[Received August 18, 1879.]

Plusieurs exemplaires fournis par M. Jelski de Paltaypampa et

de Ropaybamba, en 1572 et 1873, et ensuite par M. Stolzmann de

Tambillo paraissent appartenir 4 une espéce inédite, tant plus que

MM. Jelski et Stolzmann ont trouvé de grandes différences dans

les habitudes de cet oiseau de celles du Myiarchus nigriceps, avec le-

quel il se trouve dans les mémes localités. Je lui propose donc le

1879.] M. TACZANOWSKI ON A NEW TYRANNINE BIRD. 671

nom sous lequel il m’a été dernigrement envoyé, et la diagnose

suivante,

Myrarcuvus CEPHALOTES, Stolzm. MS.

M. tyrannulo simillimus, sed rostro valde breviore ; dorso et capite

supra olivaceis ; gula pallide cinerea; pectore, abdomine, sub-

caudalibus subalaribusque flavis ; alis nigricantibus albido trans-

Sasciatis ; tertiariorum limbo lato albido ; cauda nigricante, rec-

tricibus lateralibus albido marginatis.

Cette forme est la plus voisine du M. tyrannulus (Vieill.), mais

elle différe par le bec beaucoup moins long, moins large et d’une

autre forme, en ce que ses lignes latérales sont presque droites,

tandis que dans l’espéce brésilienne elles sont légérement convéxes

dans les deux tiers de leur partie basale, ensuite concaves. En

coloration elles se ressemblent beaucoup, mais la couleur du dos est

dans cette forme péruvienne sensiblement plus olive, bien distincte

de la nuance brunatre foncée du dessus de la téte, tandis que le dos de

lespéce brésilienne est d’une nuance plus brunatre, moins distincte

de la couleur de la calotte, quiest un peu plus brune que celle de

cette nouvelle espéce. Le cendré clair de la gorge s’étend moins sur

la poitrine; cette dernitre et le ventre sont @un jaune pale,

analogue a celui du M. tyrannulus, les cdtés cependant du ventre

sout beaucoup moins colorés d’olivatre que dans l’espéce citée. Les

ailes sont noiratres, traversées de deux larges bandes blanchatres,

formées par les bordures des tectrices, qui dans le MZ. tyrannulus sont

aussi distinctes mais beaucoup plus foncées; les bordures des

rémiges tertiaires sont blanches et assez larges, celles des secondaires

fines, verdatres ou rousses; la queue est 4 peu prés comme dans le

MM. tyrannulus. Elle différe aussi de ce dernier oiseau par l’aile

sensiblement plus longue et plus aigué,

Du XM. nigriceps il se distingue par le bec un peu plus court, et

par beaucoup de détails de la coloration, comme Ja nuance du

sommet de la téte et du dos, le gris cendré moins -étendu sur la

poitrine, le jaune des parties inférieures plus pale, les bandes alaires,

les bordures des tertiaires, ete.

Le bec est noir; les pattes noiratres ; iris brun foncé.

3. Longueur totale 218 mill., envergure 304, aile 87, queue 87,

tarse 21; bec depuis la commissure 22, depuis la narine 12.

2. Longueur totale 204 mill., envergure 304, aile 90, queue 92,

tarse 21; bee depuis la commissure 22, depuis la narine 12.

M. Stolzmann dit dans sa lettre 5 avril que cet oiseau, qui habite

les mémes localités avec le M. nigriceps, se tient constamment,

comme le Tyrannus melancholicus sur le sommet des arbres élevés,

tandis que le AZ. nigriceps reste toujours dans les buissons épais, et

seulement par hasard il s’éléve plus haut. Le M. cephalotes se

distingue au premier coup d’ceil par sa téte énorme, qui dans les

peaux desséchées perd en grande partie ce caractére. Le I. cepha-

lotes est plus grand ; les dimensions prises sur beaucoup d’exem plaires

ont donné sa différence de 21 mill. sur la longueur totale et de 41 sur

Penvergure, ce qui est considérable dans un oiseau dune taille pareille.

672 M. TACZANOWSKI ON BIRDS FROM TURKESTAN. [Noyv. 18,

3. Notice sur quelques Oiseaux du Turkestan.

Par L. Taczanowsk1, C.M.Z.S.

[Received July 4, 1879.]

Une paire de chardonnerets que M. le capitaine Garlinski vient

de fournir du Turkestan au Musée de Varsovie, differe d’une

maniére aussi remarquable du chardonneret d’Europe, Carduelis

elegans, Steph., que cet oiseau mérite d’étre distingué comme une

race locale.

Cet chardonneret est beaucoup plus grand, il a a peu prés une

taille d’un moineau, le bee est plus long et plus robuste. La colora-

tion est en général plus claire. Lebrun du dos est beaucoup moins

foncé et pas aussi uniforme que dans les oiseaux européens, mais

nuancé par les bordures plus piles. Les deux grosses taches pec-

torales brunes sont beaucoup plus pales et pas aussi nettement

dessinées. Dans le male la nuance jaune accompagnant ces taches,

qui est unique caractére superficiel distinctif parmi les deux séxes,

est dans cette forme asiatique bien visible a l’extérieur, car elle

s’etend beaucoup plus loin vers le bout des plumes, et se trouve

méme sur des plumes qui n’ont rien de brun,—tandis que dans le

chardonneret commun elle est strictement reduite ala base de ces

plumes, et complétement cachée par la couleur brune. La bande

brune devant ces deux grosses taches pectorales, bien prononcée dans

le chardonneret européen, manque complétement dans le male du

Turkestan, et est a peine dessinée dans la femelle. Les cétés du

ventre sont blanes, 4 peine colorés de brunatre. Du reste ils res-

semblent en tout aux oiseaux d’Europe, si ce n’est que comme

Poiseau est plus grand, plusieurs espaces blancs sont plus volu-

mineux, comme la bande postoculaire, la tache nuchale, ete. Le

noir du sommet de la téte est dans la femelle remplacé par la

couleur brunatre pale; dans le male il n’y a que quelques traces de

cette nuance (dans le chardonneret d’Europe je n’ai jamais vus de

pareille coloration de cette partie). Je propose le nom pour cette

forme de Carduelis major et la diagnose suivante :—

C. eleganti simillima, sed valde major, rostro longiore et robustiore,

coloribus dilutioribus. 3. Leng. ale 87, caude 58, rostri a

Sronte 15, altit. rostri 9 mill. 2. Long. ale 86, caude 58, rostri

a fronte 14, altit. rostri 9 mill.

Dans le méme envoi du capitaine Garlinski il y a encore plusieurs

oiseaux d’un intérét scientifique. Une femelle d’Accentor alpinus

(Gm.), identique aux oiseaux d’ Europe et ne présentant qu’une petite

différence dans la coloration génerale un peu plus pale, et une légére

teinte isabelle sur la partie postérieure du dos, du croupion, des

scapulaires et du ventre. Les dimensions un peu plus petites (l’aile

pliée mesure 94 mill.). Dans la liste des oiseaux du Turkestan,

publiée par M. Sewertzow, dans le Journal f. Ornithologie, 1875,

p- 177, cette espéce n’est pas comprise, il est done intéressant de la

retrouver dans la partie orientale du Turkestan (district Fergan),

1879.] ON BIRDS OF THE COMORO ISLANDS. 673

ou est probablement la limite orientale de sa distribution geogra-

phique. Dans la Sibérie orientale l’espéce est representée par une

forme voisine, 4. erythropygius, Cab.

Parmi les Buteo feror (Gm.), il y a un exemplaire tout brun

comme cela arrive quelquefois dans le B. vulgaris, plus souvent

dans la petite race orientale, B. martini, Hardy, et dans plusieurs

autres espéces. La queue de cet individu est cendrée, barrée de

7 raies. étroites brunes complétes et d’une large bande terminale

presque noire; ces raies sont pales mais distinctes sur le cété in-

férieur de la queue. La partie basale de la page externe des primaires

est impregnée de cendré; le cédté interne de toutes les rémiges est

d’un blane grisatre, barré de brunatre.

Il y a deux formes de pigeons, C. livia, L., et C. rupestris, Bp.

Ces derniers sont tout-a-fait comme ceux de Ja Daourie et du Baical

méridional, mais pas comme ceux de la eéte de la mer du Japon.

Quant aux premiers, ils sont beaucoup plus forts que les oiseaux de

Triest et de l Algérie, avec lesquels-je les ai comparés: ils ont le

bee beaucoup plus fort, ainsi que les pattes et toutes les dimen-

sions ; l’aile pli¢ée du male dépasse de 15 mill. cette du male de

PAlgérie et de 20 l’aile du male de Triest. Dans la coloration il y

a quelques petits détails différentiels ; et. principalement dans les

oiseaux du Turkestan la nuance rouge est beaucoup plus forte et

plus repandue antour de la gorge, le cendré bleudtre du dos plus

clair, et le blanc du bord de la reetrice externe beaucoup plus pur.

4. On a Collection of Birds from the Comoro Islands.

By Captain G. E. Suextey.

[Received August 9, 1879. ]

Dr. Kirk, H.B.M. Consul-General of Zanzibar, has most kindly

forwarded to me a collection of birds from the Comoro Islands,

consisting of 186 specimens: 83 were collected in the island of

Grand Comoro, and belong to 25 species. Of these, 17 are known to

inhabit the coast of Madagascar, 9 the continent of Africa, and 17

are common to the two islands of Grand Comoro and Anjuan

(Johanna).

One species of Zosterops appears to be new; and I therefore name

it Z. kirki, in acknowledgment of the assistance rendered to orni-

thology by Dr. Kirk. The remaining 103 specimens were obtained

on the island of Anjuan: these belong to 23 species, three of which

are new to that island—Psittacula cana, Tringa subarquata, and

Eurystomus glaucurus.

Mr. E. Newton, in a valuable communication to this Society

(P. Z. 8. 1877, pp. 295-302), on a collection of birds from the

Island of Anjuan made by Mr. C. E. Bewsher, appends a most

useful table showing the distribution of the species then known to

inhabit the islands of the Comoro group and remarks :—“ From this

674 CAPT. G. E, SHELLEY ON BIRDS [Nov. 18,

it will be seen that we absolutely know nothing of the avifauna of

the Great Comoro.”

It is most interesting, therefore, to have received a collection from

Grand Comoro, and once more to couple Dr. Kirk’s name with the

ornithology of this group of islands, which he was one of the first

to explore scientifically, an account of his former investigations

having been published by Dr. Sclater (Ibis, 1864, p. 292).

In order to render this short communication as serviceable as

possible, I have followed Mr. E. Newton’s arrangement (P. Z. 8S.

1877, p. 295), and prefixed a dagger (T) to those species which are

here recorded for the first time from a new locality, and a star (*)

to the species new to this group of islands.

*], Crrcus MACROsCELIS, E. Newton.

Circus macroscelis, Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1875, p. 71.

Circus macroscelus, Hartl. Vég. Madag. p. 38 (1877).

?Circus maillardi, E. Newton, P. Z. 8S. 1877, p. 302.

A single specimen from Grand Comoro agrees perfectly with the

description of the type of C. macroscelis, as given by Mr. R. B.

Sharpe (J. c.), in the measurements of the tarsus and in the number

of bands on the tail. The specimen unfortunately not having been

sexed, I am unable to say for certain whether this is the female of

C. maillardi or not ; but I incline to Mr. Sharpe’s opinion that it is

only the hen of that bird.

+2. AsTuR PusILLUs (Gurney).

Scelospizias pusillus, Hartl. Vig. Madag. p. 31.

Accipiter pusillus, E. Newton, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 296.

Two immature specimens, Grand Comoro.

Adult male and female and an immature bird, Anjuan.

3g ad. Total length 9°7 inches, wing 5:6, tail 4°8, tarsus 1°95.

2 ad, 3 11°5 93 4G Ay! 55, LOTS 7 sah 208:

+3. Mitvus aeyprius (Gm.).

Milvus egyptius, Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 8320 (1874); Hartl. Vog.

Madag. p. 27; E. Newton, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 296.

One adult specimen, Grand Comoro.

+4, Srrtx FLAMMEA, Linn.

Strix flammea, Sharpe, Cat. B. ii. p. 291 (1875); Hartl. Vog.

Madag. p. 52.

Aluco flammea, BK. Newton, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 296.

One specimen, Grand Comoro.

+5. CoRACOPSIS COMORENSIS, Peters.

Coracopsis comorensis, Hartl. Vig. Madag. p. 230; E. Newton,

P.Z.S. 1877, p. 296.

Four specimens, Grand Comoro, and seven from Anjuan.

1879.] FROM THE COMORO ISLANDS. 675

+6. Coracopsis BARKLYI, E. Newton.

Coracopsis barklyi, E, Newton, P. Z.S. 1867, p. 346, pl. 22,

1877, p. 296; Hartl. Vig. Madag. p. 231.

One specimen from Grand Comoro and one from Anjuan.

Compared with a specimen of C. barklyi from the Seychelles, I

find the Comoro birds slightly darker and the greyish green on the

primary coverts and quills almost absent.

Mr. E. Newton was led to the belief that this species had been

introduced as a cage-bird from the Seychelles islands, owing to

Mr. Bewsher having only met with a single specimen; but now that

we know of three examples and from two of the islands, I think

that this Parrot should be looked upon as indigenous to the Comoro

group.

*7. PsrracuLa CANA (Gm.).

Psittacula cana, Hartl. Vig. Madag. p. 234.

Seven specimens, Anjuan.

Mr. C. E. Bewsher heard of this species from the natives; but as

he did not obtain a specimen, it is here recorded for the first time as

a native of the Comoro Islands. Hitherto this Love-bird has only

been met with in Madagascar, and by Baron von der Decken on the

small island of Mafia, south of Zanzibar, where, I presume, it was

only an escaped cage-bird.

*8. Leprosoma piscotor (Hermm.).

Leptosoma discolor, Sharpe, Ibis, 1871, p. 285; Hartl. Vog.

Madag. p. 255.

a, 6. Adult males, and e, d, female, Grand Comoro.

e. Immature male, Anjuan.

These agree in their colouring with Madagascar birds ; but the

specimens from Grand Comoro are remarkably small, as the following

measurements will show, but should not in my opinion be separated

as specifically distinct.

Entire length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.

in. in. in. in.

gd ad. Madagascar...... 18°5 10-0 8-0 1°30

go juv. Madagascar .... 16-0 Lai! 80 1:20

g juv. Anjuan ........ 16-2 9-0 dee 1°25

a. g ad. Grand Comoro .. 15°7 9°5 Vhs) 1-15

6. g ad. Grand Comoro .. 15:0 8-9 is 1:10

ce. 9. Grand Comoro .... 14°6 8-8 73 1°15

d. 2. Grand Comoro .... 15:0 8°5 68 Toa ess

*9. Eurysromus eiaucurts (P. L. 8. Miill.).

Eurystomus glaucurus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1871, p- 271.

Eurystomus madagascariensis, Hartl. Vig. Madag. p. 67.

One adult specimen from Anjuan. It agrees perfectly with the

Madagascar bird.

676 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON BIRDS [Nov. 18,

10. CoryrHornis cristata (Linn.).

Corythornis vintsioides, Sharpe, Monogr. Alced. p. 33 (1867);

E. Newton, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 297.

Corythornis cristata, Sharpe, Monogr. Alced. p. vi (1871):

Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 78.

Seven specimens, Anjuan.

+11. Merrors suprrciziosus, Linn.

Merops superciliosus, Hartl. Vég. Madag. p. 81; E. Newton,

P.Z: 8. 1877,p2297.

Two specimens from Grand Comoro, and five from Anjuan.

I feel no doubt as to the forms inhabiting the Comoro Islands,

Madagascar, and East and South Africa being identical. They are

the true M. superciliosus, Linn., and are distinet from the Egyptian

and more northern form M. egyptius, Forsk.

*12. Cinnyris notata (P. L. 8. Miill.).

Cinnyris notatus, Shelley, Monogr. Sun-birds, pt. ii. (1876).

Nectarinia angladiana, Hart]. Vog. Madag. p. 89.

Five adult males, Grand Comoro.

This species, hitherto only known from Madagascar, appears to

be not uncommon in Grand Comoro. Compared with the Mada-

gascar bird I can find no specific difference, though in the specimens

before me there is a slight but variable tendency to a blue gloss on

the throat and mantle.

13. CINNYRIS COMORENSIS, Peters.

Cinnyris comorensis, Shelley, Monogr. Sun-birds, pt. ix. (1879).

Three specimens, Anjuan.

+14. ZosTEROPS ANJUANENsIs, E. Newton.

Zosterops anjuanensis, E. Newton, P. Z.S8. 1877, p. 297, pl. 33.

fig. 1. ,

One specimen from Grand Comoro, and six from Anjuan.

*15. ZosTEROPS KIRKI, N. sp.

a, 6. Two specimens, Grand Comoro.

Similis Z. mayottensi sed multo minor et subtus omnino flava,

hypochondriis quoque flavis distinguenda.

a. Upper parts, as well as the wing-coverts, olive-yellow, with a

rather yellower shade on the upper tail-coverts ; sides of the forehead

and an eyebrow gamboge-yellow; remainder of the wings dark

brown, the feathers margined on the outer webs with olive-yellow

and on their inner webs with white ; tail dark brown, with the outer

webs of the feathers edged with olive-yellow; entire underparts

uniform gamboge-yellow. Total length 3°7 inches, culmen 0°35,

wing 2:1, tail 1°5, tarsus 0°65.

I believe the specimen I have here described to be a male, because

it is slightly the brighter bird. In 4 the sides of the crop and the

flanks are faintly tinted with olive.

1879.] FROM THE COMORO ISLANDS. 677

*16. ARTAMIA BICOLOR (Linn.).

4rtamia bicolor, Schl. & Poll. Faun. Madag.

Cyanolanius bicolor, Hartl. Vog. Madag. p.

One specimen, Grand Comoro.

This is the first occurrence of this species out of Madagascar.

The specimen is an adult in most perfect plumage, and gives me no

reason to believe that it had been a caged bird.

p- 85, pl. 24 (1868).

157 (1877).

T17. TerpstpHone vuurrna (E. Newton).

Tchitrea vulpina, E. Newton, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 298, pl. 33. fig. 2.

Terpsiphone vulpina, Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p- 353 (1879).

Two specimens from Grand Comoro, and two from Anjuan.

These specimens are darker than some from Madagascar ; and the

character of the elongated crest alluded to by Mr. Sharpe does not

seem very strongly pronounced. I do not at present unite the bird

to 7. mutata, as all the specimens sent home have white wings and

red tails, whereas in the apparently corresponding stage of the

Madagascar bird the long tail-feathers are already white.

18. Epourus rorricatus (Linn.).

Dicrurus forficatus, Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 148; E. Newton,

P. Z. S. 1877, p. 297.

Edolius forficatus, Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p- 254 (1878).

Eleven specimens, Anjuan.

T19. HypsteeTEes ovROVANG (Gm.).

Hypsipetes ourovang, Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 136; E. Newton,

P. Z.8. 1877, p. 299.

Nine specimens from Grand Comoro, and ten from Anjuan.

20. Turpus BewsHeErt, E. Newton.

Turdus bewsheri, E. Newton, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 299, pl. 34.

One specimen, Anjuan.

21. Corvus scaputatus, Daud.

Corvus scapulatus, Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p- 22 (1877) ; Hartl. Vog.

Madag. p. 201.

Corvus madagascariensis, E. Newton, P. Z.S. 1877, p- 299.

Three specimens, Anjuan.

722. SpERMESTES CUCULLATUS, Swains.

Spermestes cucullatus, E. Newton, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 299.

Seven specimens from Grand Comoro, and two from Anjuan.

723. Foupra aconp (Poll.).

Ploceus algonda, Schl. & Poll. Faun. Madag. p. 109, pl. 34 (1868).

Foudia algonde, Hartl. Vig. Madag. p. 216; E. Newton, P. Z.S.

1877, p. 300.

Foudia comorensis, Hartl. tom. cit. p. 217.

Seven specimens from Grand Comoro, and nine from Anjuan.

678 ON BIRDS FROM THE COMORO ISLANDS. __[Nov. 18,

+24. Passer pomesticus (Linn.).

Passer domesticus, Hartl. Vig. Madag. p. 401.

Three specimens, Grand Comoro.

25. CoLUMBA POLLENI, Schl.

Columba polleni, Schl. & Poll. Faun. Madag. p. 112, pl. 35; Hartl.

Vog. Madag. p. 267; E. Newton, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 300.

Three specimens, Anjuan.

+26. CHALCOPYTERA TYMPANISTRIA (Temm.).

Peristera tympanistria, Finsch & Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 558

(1870) ; Hartl. Voz. Madag. p. 271.

Three specimens, Grand Comoro.

27. TurtuRr comorensis, EK. Newton.

? Turtur aldabranus, Sclat. P. Z.S. 1871, p. 300; Hartl. Vog.

Madag. p. 270.

Turtur comorensis, E. Newton, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 300.

Two specimens, Anjuan.

The measurements agree perfectly with those given by Mr. E.

Newton for J’. comorensis, and not with those of T. aldabranus,

Sclat.; otherwise the two species appear to be remarkably similar.

728. Turtur capricoxa (Sundev.).

Turtur capicola, Finsch & Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 548.

? Turtur semitorquatus, Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 271; E. Newton,

P. Z.S. 1877, p. 300.

Five specimens, Grand Comoro.

29. ALECTRG@NAS SGANZINI (Verr.).

Alectrenas sganzini, Hartl. Vg. Madag. p. 260; E. Newton,

P. Z. S. 1877, p. 300.

A fine series from both Grand Comoro and Anjuan.

+30. Numipa TIARATA (Bp.).

Numida mitrata (part.), Elliot, Monogr. Phasianidee, ii. pl. xli. ;

Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 275.

Numida tiarata, E. Newton, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 301.

One specimen, Grand Comoro.

731. ARDEA GuLaRIS, Bose.

Ardea gularis, Finsch & Hartl. Vig. Ost-Afr. p. 691; Hartl. Vog.

Madag. p. 289; E. Newton, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 302.

A wing and back of an immature Heron, Grand Comoro, probably

belonging to this species.

32. Busutcus 1nI1s (Linn.).

Ardea bubulcus, Finsch & Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 694; Hartl.

Vog. Madag. p. 302.

Ardea ibis, E. Newton, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 301.

Three specimens, Anjuan.

dur

qreuWwe Y

"STUY TlOotmwv Tah xAODODOSAAH:

A APS

1879.] CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON NEW AFRICAN BIRDS. 679

733. ARDETTA ATRICAPILLA (Afzel.).

Ardea atricapilla, Finsch & Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 701 ; Hartl.

Vog. Madag. p. 308.

Butoroides atricapilla, E. Newton, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 301.

One specimen from Grand Comoro and eight from Anjuan. °

+34, Numentus pHmopus (Linn.).

Numenius pheopus, Finsch & Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 739; Hartl.

Vog. Madag. p. 322.

One specimen, Grand Comoro.

+35. TRINGA suBARQUATA (Giild.).

Tringa subarquata, Finsch & Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 761 ; Hartl.

Vog. Madag. p. 330.

Two specimens, Anjuan.

736. SreERNA MEDIA, Horsf.

Sterna media, Finsch & Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 830; H. Saunders,

P. Z. S. 1876, p. 655.

Sterna affinis, Ripp. (nec Horsf.), Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 382.

Two specimens, Grand Comoro.

5. Descriptions of two new Species of African Birds.

By Captain G. E. Suetiey.

[Received August 19, 1879.]

(Plate L.)

CHRYSOCOCCYX FLAVIGULARIS, n. sp. (Plate L.)

Entire upper parts, as well as the sides of the head and neck,

golden green, with a very strong shade of copper or lilac-bronze ;

two centre tail-feathers uniform fiery copper, the next pair of feathers

dark brown glossed with fiery copper, with white ends and a broad

white outer margin to the basal three quarters of the outer webs,

-the remaining three pairs of outer tail-feathers white, with a broad

subterminal bar of blackish bronze ; quills dark brown, glossed with

fiery copper, most strongly so on the outer webs; the inner webs of

the quills for about three quarters of their length buff, this colour

forming partial bars or notches in the brown of the quills; chin and

throat bright yellow, with the sides and a few feathers on the middle

of the crop golden green; remainder of the under surface of the

body, the thighs, and the under tail-coverts brownish buff, each

feather with some four or five wavy narrow bars of bronze; under

wing-coverts buff, similarly marked ; bill yellow, shaded with horn-

colour towards the base ; legs apparently dark olive, with the soles

of the feet yellow. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0°7, wing 3:8,

tail 2°8, tarsus 0°6.

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1879, No. XLIV. 44

680 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON NEW AFRICAN BIRDS. [Noyv. 18,

The fiery copper shading of the upper surface may not be a con-

stant character, as we meet with it, although barely to so great an

extent, in some specimens of C. cupreus and C. klaasi. In my

opinion the specimen before me is fully adult: this I infer from the

total absence of bars on the upper parts and from the small extent

of the barring of the quills. The yellow bill and the barring of the

breast not being mere signs of immaturity, are good characters ; and

the yellow throat, from which I have named the bird, is not met with

in any other member of the genus Chrysococcyx. The colouring of

the tail is also a well-marked character in this species. In its

nearest ally C. Alaasi, in which there is no white on the four centre

tail-feathers, the three outer pairs of tail-feathers are white with five

or six partial narrow dark bars.

In C. flavigularis only the two centre tail-feathers show no white

on them, the next pair of feathers having white tips and a large

white patch on their outer webs, and the three outer pairs being

white with a dark base and a single dark broad subterminal bar.

Tam indebted to the kindness of Dr. Krauss for being able here

to describe and figure this beautiful species, which was collected for

the Stuttgart Museum at Elmina in Fantee.

The synonymy given by Mr. R. B. Sharpe (P. Z. 8. 1873, pp. 588,

593), and his conclusion that only three species of Golden Cuckoo

had then been described from Africa, I perfectly agree with; but

as regards a portion of the key to the species given by him (P. Z. 8.

1873, p. 580) I would propose the following alterations, so as to

include the present new species :—

“B, Plumage beautifully metallic.”

a. With no portion of the underparts yellow. Throat

white.

a’. Sides of the crop white. Less white on the tail ... cupreus,

b'. Sides of the crop golden green. More white on the

tail.

6. Portion of the underparts yellow. Throat not white ... Alaasi.

ie TP boatyy HOW. tes. eseeasee <ceevahbagocch eek ees fo oebone Res 04 flavigularis.

b'. Throat metallic emerald-green.......s.seccseeeeseeeeesecees smaragdineus,

PoOGONORHYNCHUS AFFINIS, 0. sp.

In size and colouring this species resembles P. leucomelas, ex-

cepting that the entire forehead and crown are black as in P. mela-

nocephalus. in the bill and rictal bristles it resembles P. Jeucomelas,

but the tooth on the upper mandible is barely indicated and the

culmen between the nostrils is not quite so wide. ‘Total length 6-2

inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3°15, tail 2°1, tarsus 0°8.

Notwithstanding the almost entire absence of a tooth on the upper

mandible, I cannot conceive this species to be generically distinct

from P. leucomelas. ‘The type specimen was collected by Mr. Arnold

at Weenen in Natal, and is labelled ‘‘ Female: iris brown.” It is

now in my own collection. There isa second specimen in the British

Museum from the same locality.

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Hanhart 1mp

JSmit hth

LOPHOPHORUS SCLATERI, ?

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BCater hh. = :

» New Zealand Spiders.

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. New Zealand Spiders.

1879.] ON NEW SPIDERS FROM NEW ZEALAND. 681

6. Note on the Female of Lophophorus sclateri, Jerdon, from

Eastern Assam, By Lt.-Colonel H. H. Gopwin-AvsrEn,

F.Z.S. &e.

[Received September 12, 1879.]

(Plate LI.)

As I believe the female of Zophophorus sclateri has never yet

been described, I have much pleasure in exhibiting a specimen re-

ceived lately from Sadya, Eastern Assam, and very kindly sent to me

by Capt. C. R. Macgregor, who has thus again aided us to complete

our knowledge of another fine species of Pheasant, which Dr. Jerdon

was the first to identify as new in 1869. In the Proceedings of the

Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1870, p. 61, the description of Lophopho-

rus sclateri appeared ; and the discovery was referred to by Mr.

Sclater in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society for March of the same

year, where a figure of the male by Mr. Keulemans is given (P. Z.S.

1870, p. 162, pl. xiv.).

It will at once be seen how very distinct the female of this species

is from that of the Monal of the N.W. Himalayas, L. impeyanus,

in the pale-coloured rump, white termination of the tail-feathers, and

the very different style of coloration of the breast, and it appears

somewhat smaller in size.

Descr. ead and back very rich dark umber-brown, each feather

of the former with a V-shaped pale ochre mark ; each of the latter

has a centre line of a richer brown finely mottled towards the mar-

gins. A broad extent of the rump and upper tail-coverts are pale

ochraceous white, very finely, delicately mottled with dark brown.

Tail above rich black, with six or seven narrow whitish bars, and

tipped with the same (the countercolouring of male). Shoulder

of wing very rich dark chestnut-brown, the shafts pale ochraceous.

Primaries rich dark umber ; secondaries slightly mottled with

brown. Cheeks and throat dark umber, markings like those on the

head ; chin white; breast, abdomen, and thighs dull umber, most

delicately and finely mottled with pale ochre. Underside of tail

black, with narrow white bars. The legs appear to have been of a

pale grey and the bill whitish.

Wing 11°5 inches, tail about 8, tarsus 3, bill at front 1°75,

7. On some new and rare Spiders from New Zealand, with

Characters of four new Genera. By the Rev. O. P.

Campriper, M.A., C.M.Z.S., Hon. Memb. New-Zea-

land Institute.

[Received September 24, 1879.]

(Plates LII. & LITI.)

The Spiders described in the following pages are a portion of va-

rious small collections sent to me at different times during the last

44*

682 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW [Nov. 18,

few years from New Zealand by Captain F. W. Hutton, and of another

collection brought to me from the same region of the world, in 1878,

by Mr. A §S. Atkinson. Those selected for present record are, I

believe, all new to science, excepting two species—Rodbsonia marina

(Hector), remarkable for its submarine habits, and Walckenaéra cris-

tata, B). The occurrence of this latter Spider is very interesting, as

being the first species of an extensive European, North-American, and

North-Asiatic group as yet found in any part of Australasia. Another

Spider now recorded (Episinus antipodianus, sp.n., p. 701) appears

to me to indicate the true systematic position of the genus to which it

belongs. The genus Zpisinus, Walck., represented at present by five

or six species only (and those mostly European), has hitherto been

included in the family Theridiides ; it has always, however, seemed to

me to have little real affinity with the typical Spiders of that group,

but to be more nearly allied to the Thomisides, as connected with

them through the peculiarly Australasian genus Stephanopis, Cambr.

An undoubted species of Episinus having now occurred in New

Zealand (where Stephanopis is also found), I have ventured to

place the former near to the latter, though (owing to a difference in

the number of the tarsal claws, and for other reasons) in a distinct

family, Episinides.

Fam. THERAPHOSIDES.

Genus Arpanitis, L. Koch.

ARBANITIS HUTTONII, sp-n, (Plate LII. fig. 1.)

Adult male, length rather less than 43 lines.

This Spider is nearly allied to Nemesia gilliesii, Cambr. (Trans.

N. Zeal. Instit. x. p. 281, pl. x.), resembling it in general appear-

ance, colours, and markings. It may, however, be easily distin-

guished by its much smaller size. The cephalothorax is darker-

coloured. The legs of the first pair are darker, being of a reddish

yellow-brown hue, the tibiz distinctly darker than the rest; the

metatarsi also of the first pair are straight, instead of sinuously

curved, and shorter than in J. gi/liesiti, When looked at in profile

the occiput is more gibbous, as also is the posterior margin of the

thoracic indentation. The radial joint of the palpus is very large

and of a similarly tumid form, but the external edges of the large

chasm (or cleft) on the outer side are not nearly so thickly studded

with short spines or denticulations ; in fact the denticulze on the upper

edge form only an imperfect single row, whereas those on the corre-

sponding part in J. gilliesii are smaller, but much more numerous ;

on the lower edge they are short, strong, and conical, forming two

irregular rows only, and numbering only 18 to 20, whereas in JV. gil-

liesti they are smaller, but densely grouped, and quite past counting.

The digital joint has on the upperside numerous, rather obtuse,

straight, not very loug spines, but all of equal length, with a few on

the fore part of the upperside of the radial jomt; whereas on the

radial joint of N.gilliesit there are no spines, and but very few, mingled

with numerous hairs and some bristles, on the digital joint. The

1879.] SPIDERS FROM NEW ZEALAND. 683

palpal organs consist of a bulbous base, produced into an irregular,

tapering, somewhat twisted stem, ending in a rather obtuse point,

while in WV. gilliesii the stem is much longer, curved, and drawn out

into a much finer point.

A single example of this very interesting and distinct species was

received in 1879, from Capt. Hutton, by whom it was found at

Dunedin, New Zealand. Although the male cannot be mistaken

for that of WV. gilliesii, if the above differences be carefully noted, it

is probable that considerable difficulty may be experienced in distin-

guishing the females, excepting by the size, if, indeed, this character

should prove a constant one. It is more than probable, however,

that the trap-door nest, which will certainly be found to belong to

it, will prove distinct in some portion or detail of its structure. It

is with great pleasure that I confer the name of Capt. Hutton upon

this Spider, being indebted to him for a large amount of materials

for a Monograph on New-Zealand Spiders, and of which materials

I hope to make full use before the expiration of any great length of

time.

Genus Mieas, L. Koch.

MiGas DIsTINCTUS, sp-n. (Plate LIT. fig. 2.)

Length of an immature female 43 lines.

Cephalothoraz short, oblong-oval, a little longer than broad ; an-

terior extremity broad and truncated, lateral marginal constrictions

at the caput very slight; profile of caput rounded, and running off

in a straight line from the thoracic fovea or indentation to the

hinder extremity of the thorax ; the fovea curved, but not very long,

the convexity of the curve being directed forwards. The other in-

dentations are strong; on the upper part of the caput and on the

ocular area and clypeus are a few strong bristly hairs of different

lengths. The height of the clypeus is about equal to the length

of the line formed by the fore-central pair of eyes. The eyes

form a rather narrow area, whose transverse diameter is more

than three times the length of the longitudinal diameter. All are

small, the fore-laterals distinctly the largest, and each is separated

from the fore-central on its side by an interval a little exceeding its

diameter ; the fore-centrals are separated from each other by a dia-

meter’s interval, and are placed on a largish oval, black, slightly

tuberculate spot. Each hind-lateral eye is separated from the fore-

lateral on its side by an interval exceeding the diameter of the

former ; and each hind-central eye is flattened, of a shining pearly

lustre, subtriangular, and contiguous to the lateral eye next to it.

Taken in two transverse lines, the eyes form two curved rows, of

which the anterior has its curve directed backwards and the posterior

forwards.

The legs are short, strong, paler than the cephalothorax, fur-

nished with hairs, bristles, and spines; the most noteworthy of

the latter form a double row beneath each side of the tibize and

metatarsi of the first and second pairs; the superior terminal claws

684 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW [Nov. 18,

are long, strong, and hooked, with two or three denticulations under-

* neath ; the inferior claw has no denticulation, nor is there any scopula

beneath the tarsi.

The falces are powerful, nearly vertical, but rather prominent in

front ; the fore extremities have no spines; the fang is short, but

very powerful.

The mazille are very divergent but straight, with parallel sides,

and a short subconical point at the extremity on the inner side. The

labium is short-oblong, rounded at its apex, and (with the maxillee)

studded with very short, strong, tooth-like spines ; these parts (with

the basal joints of the legs) are of a pale dull yellowish hue.

The abdomen is oval, hairy, and projects well over the base of

the cephalothorax ; it is of a dark, somewhat warm maroon-brown

colour, minutely speckled with pale spots, and with several pairs of

distinct elongate-oval, oblique spots along the upperside, forming

two longitudinal rows, which converge as they run backwards;

between these rows the surface is darker than the rest. The spinners

(four in number) are dull yellowish, those of the superior pair

pointed; the last two joints very short ; inferior spinners much the

smallest. The sides and underpart of the abdomen are paler than

the upperside.

A single example of this Spider was received from Dunedin, New

Zealand, where it was found by Captain F. W. Hutton. It may be

distinguished readily from Migas paradocxus, L. Koch, by its much

smaller and more widely separated eyes, and by the very different

colour and pattern of the abdomen.

Fam. ENYOIDES.

Hurronia, gen. nov.

Cephalothorax much longer than broad, roundly truncated at the

fore extremity ; profile strongly arched, the highest part being at

the occiput ; normal grooves and indentations, as well as the con-

strictions on the lateral margins of the caput, very slight.

Eyes subequal, rather closely grouped, in two very nearly concen-

tric curved rows, whose convexity is directed backwards, and of

which the anterior row is a little the shortest and least curved; the

fore-centrals are the largest of the eight, and are seated on a slight

tubercular prominence.

Legs not very long, moderately strong, 4,1, 2,3. The femora

of the first and second pairs stronger than the rest, and particularly

so at the posterior extremity on the upperside. Femoral joints

rather unusually long, and of a clavate form. Clothed with hairs

and bristles only. Tarsal claws three; those of the third and fourth

pairs placed on a small supernumerary articulation or claw-joint.

Scopula slight, and only beneath the tarsi and metatarsi of the first

and second pairs. Palpi (of the female) without any terminal claw.

Maxille tolerably long, somewhat tapering, and blunt, pointed at

their extremities, gibbous at the base, slightly impressed beyond the

middle, and greatly inclined to each other, their points meeting over

1879.] SPIDERS FROM NEW ZEALAND. 685

the /abium, which is long, of a diamond shape, sharp-pointed at the

apex and truncated at the base, the apex fitting up close beneath

the extremities of the maxilla; sternum oyal.

Abdomen of asomewhat cylindric-oval form. Close in front of

the spinners, on the underside, is a short transverse dark fold in

the epidermis, which has every appearance of being the external

aperture of a special breathing-apparatus; not far in front of this

is a much more extensive fold, which, if I mistake not, contains one

or two other such apertures; but, in the absence of other examples,

I can only speak hesitatingly on this point. Spinners six, short,

the superior pair strongest, the inferior pair two-jointed, the terminal

joint very short.

HUTronrA PALPIMANOIDES, sp. n. (Plate LII. fig. 3.)

The length of the adult female is rather over 2 lines.

The cephalothorax and falces are of a bright brownish-red colour,

The legs dull orange-yellow, tinged with red-brown,

The upper part of the caput is furnished with numerous strong

hairs, and the height of the clypeus is equal to the diameter of one

of the fore-central eyes.

The eyes of the posterior row are separated by equal intervals of

about the diameter of one of the centrals of that row; the interval

between those of the fore-central pair is rather less than a diameter,

and each is separated from the fore-lateral eye on its side by a very

slight interval. The transverse diameter of the ocular area is about

double the length of the longitudinal one.

The superior tarsal claws have a very few denticulations, those on

the fourth pair of legs are but three in number. I was unable to

see the rest accurately.

The palpi are like the legs in colour ; the digital joints are long,

densely clothed on the outer side with numerous black bristly hairs

of uniform length, and on the inner side with some longer coarse

bristles, some of which are of a spiny nature.

The falces are strong, straight, prominent in front, the profile

strongly arched; towards their fore extremity on the inner side is a

small group of longish but not very strong teeth, between which and

the insertion of the fang are numerous smaller and shorter denticula-

tions. The fang is small and curves closely over the obtuse extremity

of the falx.

The mavzille, labium, and sternum are similar in colour to the

cephalothorax.

The abdomen is of a yellow-brown hue, clothed with darker hairs.

There are faint traces of a short, oblong marking (pointed behind)

at the middle of the fore extremity of the upperside, followed to

the spinners by a series of several, similarly indistinct, transverse

angular lines.

The genital aperture is of a simple, elongated, pointed, transyerse-

oval form, placed at the posterior extremity of a rather considerable

enlargement or prominence.

A single example, found at Dunedin, New Zealand, was received

686 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW [Nov. 18,

in 1879 from Captain Hutton. In general appearance and colours

it reminds one strongly of Spiders of the family Palpimanides, from

which, however, it is clearly distinct, and its true position is, as it

appears to me, among the Enyoides, near the genus Cefo, Sim., to

which it seems to be tolerably nearly allied, though differing in the

relative length and breadth of the cephalothorax, as well as in the

form of the maxillze and labium, and in other structural points.

Fam. AGELENIDES.

Rosson, gen. nov.

Cephalothorax short, broad, truncated before, not very convex

above ; the fore extremity of the caput scarcely narrower than the

thorax; lateral marginal constrictions at the caput very slight.

Eyes small, subequal, in two transverse subparallel rows, the

anterior of which is the shortest and very close to the fore margin

of the caput, rendering the clypeus almost obsolete. The posterior

row of eyes is slightly curved, the convexity of the curve directed

forwards ; the four central eyes are the smallest.

Legs moderate in length, slender, 1, 4, 2, 3, furnished with very

fine prominent hairs, some of which, on the undersides, are very

long. On the tarsi and metatarsi of the third and fourth pairs are

a very few short spines. Tarsal claws three in number ; the superior

pair strong, slightly curved, and furnished with about ten fine denti-

culations or pectinations ; the inferior claw very abruptly bent down-

wards close to its base. The hairs are strongest and most numerous

beneath the fore extremities of the metatarsi and tarsi of the second,

third, and fourth pairs, but do not constitute either a scopula or

claw-tuft properly so-called.

Falces very long, strong, straight, prominent, and almost cylin-

drical ; the fang, when at rest, directed backwards, slightly obliquely,

but approaching nearly to the position characteristic of the Thera-

phosides. Each falx is furnished with a row of teeth almost

throughout its whole length on the inner side of the fang as it lies

at rest, and two others form a short row on the opposite side of the

base of the fang.

Mazille long, straight, greatly enlarged at the hinder part where

the palpi are inserted, and constricted immediately above that point ;

their outline is rounded to the extremity, where they are obliquely

truncated in a slightly hollow line inwards.

Labium long, about two thirds the length of the maxille, of a

broadish oblong-oval form, truncated both at the base and apex.

Sternum heart-shaped.

Abdomen oviform: spinners six, rather short, but all of equal

length, the two middle ones being of unusual size, almost equal, in

fact, to the rest.

The affinities of this genus are rather puzzling. Were it not for

the three terminal tarsal claws, it would seem to come easily into the

family Drassides. The form of the maxille and labium point toa _

relationship with the Dysderides, It must, however, I think, be

1879.] SPIDERS FROM NEW ZEALAND. 687

included in the family Agelenides, where it would appear to come

somewhere before the genus Argyroneéa. It is allied to Desis,

Walck.; but the eyes differ both in relative size and position, the legs

are more slender, and the maxilla are not divergent. These dif-

ferences seem to me to separate it decidedly from that genus.

Dr. L. Koch (Die Arachn. Austr. pp. 345-351, pl. xxix. figs.

1, 2) describes two Australian Spiders which he places in the genus

Desis, Walck. One of these (Desis mertensii) appears to be aquatic

in its habits, very much like the Spider here described, and to which

it bears considerable general resemblance. I have mentioned above

some reasons for considering that the present Spider is not a Desis;

and for similar reasons I do not think it belongs to the same genus

as the Spiders described by Dr. Koch—more especially as in Dr.

Koch’s two species there are spines on the femora, tibiae, metatarsi,

and tarsi of the third and fourth pairs of legs, as well as on the

femora of the first and second pairs, whereas in the present Spider

there are a very few short spines on the metatarsi and tarsi only of

the third and fourth pairs.

RogpsonrA MARINA. (Plate LII. fig. 4.)

Argyroneta marina, Hector, Trans. & Proc. N. Zeal. Instit. x.

p- 300 (1877), and C. H. Robson, 7. c. p. 299.

Robsonia submarina, Cambr. MS. 1877.

Adult male, length, exclusive of the falces, from 4 to 44 lines;

adult female, rather over 6 lines.

The cephalothorax and falces are of a dark reddish yellow-brown

colour; the normal grooves and indentations very slightly defined.

The maxille, labium, and sternum are of a rather lighter hue than

the falces. The legs are pale dull brownish-yellow, the two basal

joints nearly as dark as the sternum.

The palpi are rather long, slender, furnished with hairs only, and

similar in colour to the legs; those of the male bear a very strong

general resemblance to those of Drassus lapidicolens, Walck. The

humeral joint is curved, the cubital and radial joints together equalling

it in length ; the radial is more than double the length of the cubital

joint, and has at its fore extremity on the outer side a broadish,

but not very long, bifid apophysis, whose lower limb is broad, obtuse,

and much larger than the upper; the latter, as well as the superior

margin of the former, are of a deep blackish colour. The digital joint

‘is long, narrow, and tapers to a blunt point at its anterior extremity,

where there are several short spines. The palpal organs are simple

in structure, and not very prominent.

The abdomen is of a pale dull yellowish-brown colour, tinged (when

alive) with greenish, and pretty well clothed with fine hairs of a

darker hue.

The falces are porrected almost straight forwards, and are equal

in length to that of the cephalothorax.

The female resembles the male in colours and general structure,

but is larger, and the falces are slightly shorter. The legs also are

shorter, particularly those of the first pair.

688 REY. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW [Nov. 18,

Examples of both sexes of this exceedingly interesting Spider were

kindly sent to me in 1877 by Capt. F. W. Hutton, having been

captured by Mr. C. H. Robson in tidal pools at Cape Campbell, in

New Zealand. On a careful examination, it appeared to me that a

new genus must be established to receive it. I therefore prepared a

description of it under the name Robsonia submarina, dedicating the

genus to its finder, and conferring its specific name on account of

its submarine habits. Subsequently I find that Mr. Robson has

published (/. ¢. cié. supra) an account of this Spider; and Dr. Hector

(the Editor of ‘Tr. N. Z. Inst.’) has, in a footnote to Mr. Robson's

paper, proposed for it the specific name marina, including it in the

genus Argyroneta.

The habits of this Spider are so abnormal, that I cannot refrain

from giving almost verbatim the following extracts from Mr. Rob-

son’s very graphic account :—

“This Spider is found in the tidal pools at Cape Campbell, and is

quite at home under water, forming its nest in an old Lithodomus-

hole, of which the rocks are full. All the Spiders of this kind which

we have found have had nests in these holes, and always under water

at all times of the tide. Over the mouth of the hole the Spider spins

a close web, which, when finished, looks like a thin film of isinglass,

and is water-proof; behind this film is the nest and egg-sac, which

last is of various shapes and contains a large number of eggs. When

the Spider is disturbed, it goes to the bottom of the pool; and if a

small stick or straw is extended to it, it at once gets ready fora

fight, advancing its long and powerful falces for that purpose. When

a small fish is placed in a bottle of water with one of these Spiders,

the latter will attack it at once, driving its long sharp fangs into the

fish near the head, and killing it instantly.”

Excepting in its aquatic habits, concerning which, however, more

detail is very desirable, there is but very slight affinity between this

Spider and Arygroneta aquatica. It is the first instance, however,

on record of a Spider inhabiting the sea’.

Fam. THERIDIIDES.

Genus ArGyropes, Linn.

ARGYRODES LEPIDA, sp. n. (Plate LII. fig. 5.)

Length of the adult female 1+ line.

Cephalothoraz oval, truncated in front; lateral marginal constric-

tions at caput very slight ; the profile line forms a regular and con-

tinuous curve, only interrupted by a slight notch immediately behind

the eyes. The ocular area is a little prominent at its fore part, and

the height of the clypeus is nearly about equal to half that of the

1 Since the above description was written, I have received Dr. Llewellyn

Powell’s paper on this Spider, which is there described under the name of

Desis robsoni (Trans. & Proc. N.-Zeal. Instit. vol. xi. p. 268, pl. xii., 1879). Dr.

Powell considers that it isa Desis, and identical in genws with the Spiders de-

scribed (Die Arachn. Austr. J. c.) by Dr. L. Koch. I still doubt this, for the

reasons given above. There appears, however, to be no reason to supersede the

specific name given to this Spider by Dr. Hector (J. ¢. swprd@).

1879.] SPIDERS FROM NEW ZEALAND. 689

facial space. The colour of the cephalothorax is a deep reddish

pore ; the surface is finely rugulose, and furnished with a few coarse

airs.

The eyes are placed in two transverse and about equally curved

rows, forming a long narrow oval figure, occupying the whole

width of the fore part of the caput; those of the fore-central pair

are the largest, and are seated on a tubercular prominence, being also.

very nearly contiguous to each other; those of each lateral pair (which

are rather widely removed from the four central eyes) are seated

on a strongish tubercle; those of the hind-central pair form a line

rather longer than the fore-centrals, and are separated from each

other by a little more than a diameter’s interval, an interval of

about 13 diameter also separating each from the hind-lateral eye on

its side.

The legs are very slender; their relative length 1, 2, 4, 3; those

of the first pair very long, of the second pair rather shorter; those

of the third and fourth pairs very much shorter. They are fur-

nished with fine hairs, and each has three slender spine-like bristles.

Those of the two first pairs are of a reddish yellow-brown colour,

the two hinder pairs being pale dull yellowish, broadly annulated

with dark brown.

The palpi are slender, of a pale whitish-yellow hue, excepting the

fore part of the radial and the digital joint, which are reddish

brown.

The falces are strong, rather lighter-coloured than the cephalo-

thorax, a little divergent at their extremities, prominent at their

base in front, and furnished with very fine tubercles or granulations

on their outer sides.

The mawzille are of normal form, and of a dark-brown colour ;

the Jabium is rather darker; and the sternum is similar in colour to

the falces.

The abdomen, looked at from above, is of an oval form, broadest

in front, and obtuse behind: in profile it is triangular. On the

upperside it is black, with a central longitudinal yellowish-white

stripe; terminating short of the extremity in a triangular form, on

each side of this, but shorter than it, is a narrower longitudinal

curved stripe of the same hue; and following each curved stripe are

two other short oblique stripes of the same colour and in the same

longitudinal line. The sides are reddish, marked obscurely with

several oblique pale stripes ; the underside between the spinners and

the extreme point of the abdomen is black, with a short longitudinal

pale stripe just beneath the point. Spinners short, of a pale whitish-

brown hue, and deeply imbedded in a circular kind of cavity at the

lower angle of the abdomen. The genital aperture has a small

slender, cylindrical, pale prominent process connected with it.

A single example of this pretty species was contained in Mr.

Atkinson’s New-Zealand collection,

690 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW [Nov. 18,

Genus LiraypHantes, Thor.

LITHYPHANTES LEPIDUS, sp. n. (Plate LIII. fig. 9.)

Length of the adult male rather less than 13 line.

The cephalothoraz is of a broadish-oval form, moderately convex

above, and the profile line ascends gradually from the hinder extre-

mity in a very nearly even straight line to the ocular area; the fore

part of this area, containing the fore-central pair of eyes, is very pro-

minent, causing a deep indentation in the profile of the clypeus, whose

height, otherwise, exceeds half that of the facial space. The lateral

marginal constrictions are slight, as are also the normal indentations.

The colour of the cephalothorax is deep blackish brown.

The eyes are of moderate size ; those of the hind-central pair are

nearer together than each is to the hind-lateral eye on its side,

being separated by less than a diameter’s interval ; those of the fore-

central pair are smallest of the eight, and are seated in front of a

largish somewhat roundish protuberance ; they are wider apart than

the hind-centrals, though forming a line scarcely as long. The fore-

‘and hind-central eyes form a trapezoid whose length is greater than

its breadth ; those of each lateral pair are placed slightly obliquely

on a strong tubercle.

The legs are not very long, moderately strong (1, 4, 2, 3). They

are of a dull yellowish-brown colour tinged with olive. The femora

are much darker than the other joints, being of a dark blackish-

brown hue; the fore extremities also of the tibize and metatarsi are

tinged with the same colour. The armature consists of hairs only.

The palpi are short, and of a dark brownish colour ; the radial

is stronger than the cubital joint, and enlarges to its extremity,

where it joins in closely with the digital joint : the digital joint is of

tolerable size and of an oval form ; the palpal organs are rather com-

plex, though compact ; and, though showing several prominent points

and processes, there is not one of any remarkable character.

The falces are long, strong, prominent at their base in front, and

project a little forwards. ‘The fang is long, strong, somewhat si-

nuous ; and instead of lying (when at rest) along the inner edge of

the falces, appears to stretch and remain across it at right angles

towards the extremity of the opposite falx. Their colour is paler

than that of the cephalothorax.

The mazille are strong, slightly curved, inclined to the labium,

their colour being like that of the falces.

The labium is short, semicircular, and with the sternum (which is

oval, somewhat truncated before) similar in colour to the cephalo-

thorax.

The abdomen is oviform, not very convex above, and projects but

slightly over the base of the cephalothorax. The upper part and

sides are black, with three longitudinal white bands broken into

more or less distinct separate patches; the central band is the

strongest, the others forming a margin on each side of the upper

part of the abdomen: all these bands unite at the fore extremity.

The underpart is of a browner tinge, and has an indistinct marginal

1879.] SPIDERS FROM NEW ZEALAND. 691

whitish broken line on eaeh side, with a central spot of the same

hue. The surface of the abdomen is thinly clothed with short stout

fine hairs.

An example of this small, but very distinct, Spider was con-

site among others sent to me from New Zealand by Capt. F. W.

utton.

ATKINSONIA, gen, nov.

Cephalothoraz short, considerably convex above ; caput large, level

on upperside. Ocular area slopes rather downwards and forwards,

and is prominent ; hinder slope steep; clypeus rather high and com-

pressed.

Eyes as in Euryopis, Menge; four form a square in the middle, and

on each side is a pair placed rather obliquely.

Legs short, slender; 4,1, 2,3; furnished with longish coarse hairs

and slender bristles only.

Falces very small. Mavxille small, strongly inclined to the labium,

which is very short, rather wide, and with a curved apex. Sternum

distinctly heart-shaped.

. Abdomen flattened oviform, projecting well over the base of the

cephalothorax; cuticle somewhat coriaceous, thickly covered with

small pock-like markings, and clothed thinly with longish coarse hairs.

Allied to Euryopis, but the form of the cephalothorax is quite

different.

ATKINSONIA NANA, sp. n. (Plate LIII. fig. 10.)

Adult male, length 4, of an inch.

The cephalothorax is of a brownish-red hue, with a small dark

blackish patch at the occiput continued forwards by a line of the

same colour.

The eyes of each row respectively are equidistant from each other.

The legs are of the same colour as the cephalothorax ; the anterior

extremities of the femora and the undersides of the tibiee somewhat

suffused with dark brown.

The palpi are short ; the radial is stronger than the cubital joint ;

‘the digital joint is large, oval, and has a small sharp-pointed black-

tipped projection at the fore extremity. The convex sides of these

joints are not (as in Zuryopis and some other genera) turned inwards

towards each other. The palpal organs are simple, with a rather

prominent, sharp-pointed process at their extremity.

The mazille, labium, and sternum are similar in colour to the

legs, and the latter is covered with small pock-like markings.

The abdomen is of a rather lighter hue than the cephalothorax,

thickly studded both above and below with minute dark red-brown

pock-like markings, and thinly clothed with longish coarse hairs ;

the upperside has three longitudinal black, and rather irregular,

bands, a central and two marginal ones ; these leave a large, somewhat

leaf-shaped reddish marking, bisected longitudinally by the central

black band, and dentated on its margins. The spinners are short,

compact, and enclosed within a kind of sheathi-like circular border.

692 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW [ Noy, 18,

The female differs from the male in having the black abdominal

bands broader and more distinctly marked, and the leaf-shaped reddish

marking, consequently, narrower and more distinct ; the black patch

at the occiput is also larger.

Received from Mr. Atkinson, by whom they were kindly brought

to me, with other Spiders, from New Zealand.

Puycosoma, gen. nov.

Allied to Atkinsonia, but differs in the still shorter and almost

round cephalothorax, the much narrower and oviform sternum, the

longer legs (4, 1, 2, 3), and the form of the abdomen, which last pro

jects over the cephalothorax so as to conceal the greater portion of it.

The cuticle of the abdomen is not coriaceous, nor covered with pock-

marks.

The eyes and ocular area are very nearly like those of Atkinsonia.

The whole Spider bears considerable resemblance to the genus

Phycus, Cambr,

PHYCOSOMA GCOBIOIDES, sp. nu. (Plate LII. fig. 6.)

Adult female, length ;4 of an inch.

The ocular area is large and prominent, with a strongly impressed

clypeus ; the fore side of the square formed by the four central eyes

is longer than the posterior side, and the interval between the hind-

central pair of eyes is slightly less than that between each and the

hind-lateral eye next to it. The colour of the cephalothorax is dull

brownish yellow, with a distinct black marginal line; the upper part

of the caput, excepting a patch surrounding the hind-central eyes, is

brown-black.

The legs are of tolerable length, yellow-brown tinged with reddish,

and are furnished with hairs and slender bristles only.

The palpi are similar in colour and armature to the legs.

The maxille and labium were almost concealed by the folding over

them of the anterior legs, which could not be removed without

serious damage to the specimen ; but they appeared to be very similar

in form and size to those of Athinsonia nana,

Falces very small, and similar in colour to the cephalothorax,

suffused with blackish at the extremities.

Sternum dull brownish yellow, with a broadish dusky black margin.

Abdomen large, oval, and greatly projecting over the cephalo-

thorax ; it is of a blackish-brown hue; ou the upperside is a large,

rather obscure, yellow-brown, tapering, somewhat dagger-shaped,

interrupted, longitudinal central marking, mostly covered with white

cretaceous spots and patches ; the sides also have each a longitudinal

yellow-brown marking, similarly covered with white, The central

marking on the upperside appears to consist of the ordinary angular

bars exaggerated, especially the anterior one, which is preceded by

two large, nearly parallel longitudinal patches of the same colour.

Spinners exceedingly short.

This minute Spider, which has a great general resemblance to some

species of Ccobius, was received from Mr. Atkinson, by whom it

was found in New Zealand.

1879.] SPIDERS FROM NEW ZEALAND. 693

Genus Watcxenaira, Bl,

Watckenaira cristata, Bl.

Examples of both sexes of this Spider were contained among others

kindly brought to me from New Zealand by Mr. A. S. Atkinson, in

1878. Ihave carefully compared them with types of the species

found both in England and in various parts of the continent of

Europe, and (excepting in being a little larger) can find no structural

difference whatever.

The occurrence of this species in New Zealand, where it can have

had bat slight chance of being introduced from Europe, is very in-

teresting, especially as it is the first Spider of this large group as

yet recorded from the Antipodes. I should now confidently expect

that many more species of Walckenaéra will be found in New

Zealand, when its Microaraneze come to receive due attention.

Genus Linyputa.

Linypuia suppor, sp.n. (Plate LIII. fig. 11.)

Length of an adult female 2 lines, and of an adult male 12

line.

The cephalothoraz of the female is of a dark yellow-brown colour;

the lateral marginal constrictions at the caput are moderate, the other

normal indentations well marked. The profile forms a slight, but

tolerably even curve to the eyes, though slightly fuller near the

occiput ; the height of the clypeus exceeds half that of the facial

space, and its direction is nearly vertical.

The eyes are rather closely grouped in the usual four pairs ; those

of the lateral and hind-central pairs are of fair size, very nearly equal,

and seated on black tubercular spots; the interval between those of

the hind-central pair is equal to nearly about half of an eye’s diameter,

and each is separated by a diameter’s distance from the hind-lateral

eye on its side, and by a slightly greater interval from the fore-

central eye next to it. he fore-centrals are very small, indistinct,

and contiguous to each other.

The legs are rather slender, moderately long, of a yellowish or

brownish-yellow hue, furnished with fine hairs and a very few slender

bristle-like spines. Their relative length appears to be 1, 4, 2, 3.

The palpi of the female are slender, and similar in colour to the

legs; in those of the male, the cubital and radial joints are very

short ; the latter is longest and much the strongest, being enlarged

gradually from the posterior to the anterior extremity, and furnished

on the sides with numerous strong bristly hairs. he digital joint

is long, and tapers regularly to-a point. The palpal organs are

tolerably complex ; at their base on the outer side is a small, curved,

obtusely-ended, corneous process; and on the inner side, opposite to

it, is a curved spine, whose attenuated point has a circular form.

The falces are tolerably long, rather strong, a little prominent at

their base in front, divergent at the extremities, and slightly directed

backwards ; on their inner sides are four longish sharp teeth. The

colour of the falces is like that of the cephalothorax.

694 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW [Nov. 18,

The mavzille are moderately long and straight, rather broadest

at their extremities, which are somewhat obliquely truncated on the

outer side, but a little inclined to the labium, and similar in colour

to the falces.

The labium is short, of a semicircular form, and rather darker in

colour than the maxillze.

The sternum is heart-shaped, and like the falces and maxille in

colour.

The abdomen is oval, tolerably convex above, and projects a little

over the base of the cephalothorax ; it is of a pale dull brownish hue

on the upperside, and marked with two irregularly dentated longitu-

dinal black bands, leaving a central longitudinal pale brownish band,

more or less regularly dentated at its hinder half, where it often takes

the ordinary form of a series of triangular markings or angular bars.

The pale brown portions are more or less covered with bright white

fleck-like spots; the sides are blackish, and the underside dull

yellowish brown. The genital aperture is small, of a somewhat oval

form, and is divided by a short, obtusely pointed process. The

spinners are small, short, and of a dull yellowish hue.

The male resembles the female in colours and markings, but is

smaller, and its legs are longer.

I have received examples of both sexes of this Spider from several

parts of New Zealand, kindly sent to me by Mr. Faraday, Mr. A. S.

Atkinson, Dr. Llewellyn Powell, and Captain F. W. Hutton.

LINYPHIA PERAMGENA, sp. n. (Plate LIII. fig. 12.)

Length of an adult male 14 line, and of an adult female the same.

The cephalothoraz is of a broad-oval form behind, the anterior part

much narrower, the marginal constrictions on each side of the caput

being moderate. Its colour is a dark reddish black-brown, getting

paler on the fore part of the caput and towards the lateral margins,

and leaving a well-defined, narrow, longitudinal, slightly tapering

orange-yellow band along the middle, from the eyes to the posterior

margin. The profile line from the eyes backwards forms a slight

but even curve; the ocular area is rather prominent, owing to the

strong tubercles on which the eyes are placed, and the height of the

clypeus is nearly about half that of the facial space, or perhaps

rather less. The caput is furnished on the upperside with a few

hairs, directed forwards.

The eyes are of a dark grey hue, of tolerable and nearly equal size,

excepting those of the fore-central pair, which are much the smallest;

all are on black tubercular spots ; those of the hind-central pair are

rather further from each other than each is from the hind-lateral eye

on its side, the interval being no more (if as much) than halt a

diameter. The auterior row, looked at from in front, is straight,

though, from the much larger size of the lateral eyes, it looks as though

a little curved, with the convexity of the curve directed backwards.

The eyes of each lateral pair are placed contiguously to each other on a

strong rounded tubercle, their direction being straight (that is, not

oblique, as is commonly the case). The general position of the eyes

1879. ] SPIDERS FROM NEW ZEALAND. 695

reminds one greatly of that of Spiders of the genus Enyo, being also

more closely grouped together than those of the typical Linyphia.

I think, however, without much doubt, that it belongs to Linyphia,

resembling, most nearly, species of the ‘‘circumspecta’”’ group.

Those of the fore-central pair are separated by a small but distinct

interval.

The legs are long and very slender, 1, 2, 4, 3; they are of a

bright, rather orange-yellow colour, furnished with fine hairs and

a very few fine spines, none of the latter, however, being on the

metatarsi.

The palpi are short, similar in colour to the legs, excepting the

digital joint, which is brownish yellow ; the radial is much stronger

than the cubital joint ; each of these joints has on its fore side, directed

forwards, among other shorter and less strong ones, a long, strong,

curved, tapering bristle, the two spines running parallel to each other,

that on the cubital joint being rather the longest. The digital joint is

large, with a large lobe towards the base on the outer side. The

palpal organs are prominent, complex, and directed outwards ; at their

base on the outer side is a strongish, somewhat crescent-shaped

process, whose exact shape is not easily made out, though very cha-

racteristic ; there are also other strong, bold processes underneath

and at their extremity.

The falces are long, moderately strong, divergent at their ex-

tremities, and a little inclined backward tothe labium. Their colour

is dark yellow-brown, and they are armed with a few sharp, but not

particularly strong, teeth on their inner sides towards the extremity.

The mawzille and labium are of normal form, and similar in colour

to the falces, while the sternum is darker-coloured, being as dark as

the cephalothorax, excepting in the centre, which is rather paler than

the rest.

The abdomen is oviform, nearly black, bordered on the upperside

by a somewhat broken, dentated, narrow white band, with a longi-

tudinal central series of strongish, well-defined, angular, dull yellow-

brown markings, the two anterior ones being much the largest and

confluent. The foremost, in fact, represents, both in its form and

position, the normal marking, usually found in most Spiders, along

the middle of the fore part on the upperside of the abdomen. The

underside has also a narrow, marginal, slightly curved border on each

side, of a dull colour flecked with white spots.

_ The female resembles the male in colour and markings. The

genital aperture is of very characteristic form, and has three parallel,

longitudinal, narrow processes running backwards in close proximity

to the under surface of the abdomen; the central process is the

longest and narrowest, and is placed between the others and the

abdomen.

This Spider is allied to Linyphia subdola, and resembles it a good

deal in the abdominal portion ; but it is smaller, and the markings

of the cephalothorax, as well as the palpi of the male and genital

processes of the female, will serve to distinguish it readily.

Received from Capt. F. W. Hutton, from Wellington, N. Z.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No. XLV. 45

696 REY. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW [Nov. 18,

LinyeHIA MELANOPYGIA, sp. n. (Plate LIII. fig. 13.)

Adult male, length 14 line.

The cephalothoraz is of a yellow-brown colour, rather the darkest

on the caput, the lateral marginal constrictions of which are slight.

The profile line forms a slight but even curve from the eyes back-

wards. The clypeus rather exceeds in height half that of the facial

space, and there are a few short bristly hairs on the upperside of the

fore part of the caput, towards and in the ocular area.

The eyes are of tolerable and nearly equal size, and (excepting

the fore-centrals) of a pearl-grey hue ; those of the posterior row are

separated by very nearly equal intervals of less than a diameter of

one of the hind-central pair, each of which last is separated by a

diameter’s distance from the fore-central opposite to it; those of

each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a strongish tubercle. The

fore-centrals are the smallest, and each of them is separated from the

fore-lateral eye next to it by rather less than a diameter’s interval.

The legs are moderately long and not very slender (1, 4, 2, 3 or

1, 2, 4, 3); some of the joints being lost, made it difficult to decide

their relative length with accuracy. They are furnished with hairs

and a few fine spines (none of the last being on the metatarsi) ; their

colour is a uniform bright and rather orange-yellow.

The palpi are moderately long, similar in colour to the legs, ex-

cepting the digital joint, which is yellow-brown. The radial joint is

somewhat shorter but stronger than the cubital ; it is rather produced

on its outer side a little in front, terminating in a bifid form, not

very easy to make out clearly, excepting from certain points of view ;

but the upper portion of this part is tipped with blackish, and is

the most prominent of the two. The digital joint is rather small,

with a lobe on the outer side. The palpal organs are complex, with,

among others, a long, strongish, curved, black-tipped, obtusely pointed

spine-like process on their inner side, directed forwards and rather

outwards.

The falces are similar in colour to the cephalothcrax, strong, con-

siderably prominent at their base in front, divergent, rather attenuated

at their extremities, towards which is a strong sharp tooth on the

inner side in front, with two or three much smaller, sharp denticu-

lations behind it.

The mawille are strong, inclined to the labium, gibbous in front,

and have one or two angular points or prominences, each sur-

mounted by a bristle, on the gibbous portion. These angular pro-

minences are peculiar and characteristic, but it is very probable that

they are only sexual characters.

The maaille and labium are rather lighter-coloured than the falces,

the sternum being of a similar hue to that of the cephalothorax,

glossy, and furnished with a few strongish prominent bristles.

The abdomen is of a pale bright red colour, obscurely streaked

(when in spirit of wine) with yellowish, and clothed thinly with coarse

dark hairs, the posterior extremity, in the form of a strong ring

round the spinners, being jet-black ; the spinners are pale yellowish

brown.

1879.] SPIDERS FROM NEW ZEALAND. 697

A single example of this distinct species (which appears to be

allied to Neriene rubripes, Bl.), was contained in the collection from

New Zealand given to me by Mr. A. S. Atkinson.

Genus Mimetus, Hentz (Ctenophora, Bl.).

MIMETUS MENDICUS, sp. n. (Plate LIII. fig. 14.)

Adult female, length rather more than 23 lines.

The cephalothoraw of this Spider is small, of a rather elongate-oval

form, and slightly constricted on the lateral margins at the caput ;

the profile line forms a slight curve, sloping a little from the thoracic

junction to the ocular area, which is broad, prominent on the middle

and at the sides; the height of the clypeus is rather less than half

that of the facial space.

The eyes are of tolerable and nearly equal size, distributed in three

well separated groups, and seated on tubercles; the central group

(consisting of the fore- and hind-central pairs) forms very nearly a

square, and the fore-centrals are placed on a very strong projecting

tubercular prominence ; those of each lateral pair are contiguous to

each other, oblique, and placed on a strong tubercle quite on the side

of the caput. The interval between those of the hind central pair is

rather less than an eye’s diameter, being no more than half that

which separates each from the hind-lateral eye on its side.

The colour of the cephalothorax is pale yellow, the caput, and

some broken, oblique, converging lines on the thorax, being of a dark

yellow-brown.

The legs are long and slender, 1, 2, 4, 3, those of the first and

second pairs greatly the longest ; they are similar in colour to the

cephalothorax, spotted with dull yellow-brown and with a few darker

annuli. The spiny armature of the first and second pairs is like

that of the typical species, consisting of a row of very long pro-

minent, strongish, slightly curved spines along the inner sides of the

metatarsi and tibize, with three to five shorter and more curved ones

between each two of them ; the first of these is very short, the rest

increasing gradually in length and strength.

The palpi are slender, moderately long, pale yellow, with a dark

yellowish-brown annulus at the base of the digital joint.

The falces are long, rather slender, vertical, divergent, the basal

half of a pale yellow colour, the rest deep yellowish brown.

The mawille are rather long, not very strong, straight, parallel to

each other, of a dark brownish hue, paler at the extremities.

The Jabium is of a short oblong form, rounded at the apex, and

similar in colour to the maxille.

The sternum is oval, truncated before, of a yellow colour, marked

broadly round the margins with deep reddish yellow-brown oblique

markings.

The abdomen is large, very convex above, with a bluntish sub-

conical eminence on each of the highest parts. It was in bad con-

dition, but appeared to be of an almost uniform whitish hue, with a

large, dark, somewhat cruciform pattern on the hinder slope.

45*

698 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW [Nov. 18,

Received among other New-Zealand Spiders from Capt. F. W.

Hutton.

?Genus Srecosoma, Cambr.

?STEGOSOMA QUADRATUM, sp.n. (Plate LIII. fig. 15.)

Adult female, length slightly over 1 line.

The cephalothorax is yellow-brown, darkest on the sides of the

thoracic portion, which is also depressed, while the caput is elevated

and its fore extremity produced and prominent; its slope at the

occiput is abrupt and the clypeus is greatly impressed. The surface

has the appearance of being thickly covered with minute shallow,

but not very well-defined, pock-like marks, and the caput is clothed

with coarse hairs.

The eyes occupy the whole of the fore part of the prominence of

the caput ; they are rather unequal in size; the four centrals form a

largish square figure, the anterior (or fore-central) pair being much

the largest ; those of each lateral pair are contiguous to each other,

and placed on the side of the prominence and rather far back, so

that the hind-laterals come in a straight line with the hind-centrals,

even if not a little further back still, and the intervals between those

of the posterior row are nearly about equal.

The legs are short, rather strong, 4, 1, 2, 3. They are of a

brownish-yellow colour, broadly, but not very distinctly annulated

with deep brown, and are clothed with coarse hairs and slender

bristles only. :

The palpi are short and similar in colour and armature to the legs.

The falces are small, straight, parallel, and of a dull yellowish-

brown hue.

The mawill@ are small and greatly inclined over the /abium, which

is of an oval form, somewhat blunt-pointed at the apex; these parts

are of a paler hue than the falces.

The sternum is of a subtriangular heart-shape, dark brown, thickly

covered with shallow pock-marks and clothed with coarse hairs.

The abdomen is very large, of a somewhat quadrate form, flattish

on the upperside and with a steep hinder slope; the latter marked

with several distinct transverse folds in the cuticle towards the

spinners. Qn each side of the hinder extremity above is a large

blunt-pointed subconical prominence, directed outwards and back-

wards. At each corner of the fore extremity is a very much smaller

somewhat angular prominence, and about halfway between each of

these and the large posterior one is another of the same size. The

whole of the surface of the abdomen is thickly covered with minute

circular, somewhat shining pock-like marks; but in the absence

of a high magnifying-power I could not satisfactorily determine

whether they are actually depressed or not; the abdominal surface

is also clothed with very short hairs.

The colours and markings of the abdomen appear to vary con-

siderably in different examples. In the one figured the whole of the

underside and the greater part (forwards) of the upperside is of a

deep brownish-black hue, marked with three spots, in the form of a

1879.] SPIDERS FROM NEW ZEALAND. 699

triangle, on the middle of the fore part, and two large, somewhat tri-

angular patches, one on each side, between the two anterior angular

prominences, of a cream-yellow colour; the hinder part of the

abdomen is of pale yellow-brown hue, mottled with blackish brown

near the darker surface of the fore part. Another example was

somewhat similarly marked on the abdomen, but had an altogether

yellowish hue, the cephalothorax, palpi, and legs being yellow,

without any markings or annulation whatever. A third example has

the abdomen of a shorter form, more convex above, and the posterior

conical eminences very much smaller and shorter, scarcely larger

than the anterior ones. The whole of the upper surface and sides

are of a dull cream-colour, with four dark reddish-brown spots

in the form of a trapezium in the middle, and a few veiny lines of

the same hue: also at the fore extremity is a dull reddish-brown

transverse band, and a few irregular markings of the same colour on

the sides; the legs and palpi are annulated. I am more than half

inclined to think this example may be of a different species; but at

present it will be best to leave it where it is.

An adult. male accompanying the above three examples is rather

smaller, the abdomen much more flattened, of a uniform deep

reddish black-brown, with a few obscure yellowish spots and markings

on the upperside, and the posterior prominences intermediate in

length and strength between those of the first and second of the

females above described ; the caput is more elevated and prominent,

and the cephalothorax is of a uniform dark red-brown colour. The

palpi are rather long and strong; the cubital joint is short and bent,

the radial shorter but prominent behind; the digital joint is very large

and of ordinary form, its convex sides are directed inwards; and

the palpal organs are rather complex and encircled by a strongish

spine.

the examples above described of this interesting little Spider were

sent to me by Capt. F. W. Hutton, from the west coast of Otago,

New Zealand. I am not satisfied with respect to the generic position

here given to this Spider, which has a close affinity to Phoroncidia,

Westw., as well as to Stegosoma, Cambr.

Fam. THLAOSOMIDES.

Genus THiaosoma, Cambr.

THLAOSOMA ATKINSONH, sp.n. (Plate LIT. fig. 7.)

Adult female, length 3 lines, breadth of abdomen at the widest

part 33 lines.

The general form of this Spider resembles very nearly that of

others of this curious genus, but it may be readily distinguished by its

colours and markings as well as by the special form of the abdominal

protuberances. : ant

The fore part of the caput is upturned, ending in a subconical

point, and bearing the four pairs of minute eyes, in the usual position.

The colour of the cephalothorax is of a whitish-yellow or pale

cream hue, marked on the sides with dusky yellowish brown, leaving

700 REY. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW [Noy. 18,

a broad central longitudinal band marked with yellowish brown just

behind the eyes.

The region of the thoracic junction is a little raised and divided

into two subconical points by a longitudinal cleft.

The /egs are rather short, their relative length 1, 2,4, 3; those of

the first and second pairs are much the longest and nearly equal in

length; the femoral joints strong, and armed along the outer side

with two rows of very minute spinous tubercles. The colour of the

legs is similar to that of the cephalothorax, obscurely annulated with

pale yellowish brown and marked irregularly with red-brown. The

tarsi terminate with three claws, each one differing from the rest in

strength and curvature.

The palpi are short and similar to the legs in colour and

markings.

The abdomen is very large, and irregularly humped or protuberant

on its surface; the two leading protuberances are on each side towards

the fore part of the upper side, very divergent, and rather directed

backwards, the most prominent outer part of each being slightly

pointed. The ground-colour of the abdomen is similar to that of

the legs, broadly mottled aud marked with a greyish yellow-brown

hue, chiefly in a transverse direction, just in front of and including

the two main protuberances, as well as on the sides, where a bold and

obliquely striped appearance is given ; in the middle of the hollow of

the fore extremity (which projects partly over the base of the cepha-

lothorax) is a largish oblong dark reddish-brown patch. ‘The

spinners are short, compact, and of a dark reddish-brown hue.

A single example of this Spider (the first I have seen of the genus

from New Zealand) was contained in the collection kindly brought

to me by Mr. Atkinson in 1878.

THLAOSOMA HECTORI, sp. n. (Plate LII. fig. 8.)

Adult female, length very slightly over 2 lines; breadth of abdomen

at the widest part 33 lines.

This species may be distinguished from Thlaosoma atkinsonii not

only by its smaller size, but by the greater proportionate breadth of

the abdomen, which, while bearing a somewhat similar general re-

semblance, is much more shrunken and pinched, giving it a still more

boldly protuberant appearance. The outer sides of the posterior

extremity of the abdomen are also very prominent. The cephalo-

thorax and legs are of a dull, somewhat olive-tinged yellowish hue ;

the sides of the caput are rather darker, and the legs, which are

considerably longer than those of T. atkinsonii, have a very faint

appearance of clouding, or annulation, with dull yellowish brown,

The abdomen is of a dull yellowish colour, clouded with dark

yellow-brown, and strongly tinged on the fore part with dark rusty

brown.

A single specimen was received in 1879 from Captain F. W.

Hutton, by whom it was found at Dunedin, New Zealand.

1879.] SPIDERS FROM NEW ZEALAND. 701

Fam, EpIsinipEs.

Genus Episinvs.

EPIsiNUS ANTIPODIANUS, sp.n. (Plate LIII. fig. 16.)

The length of the adult female is 21 lines.

This Spider is nearly allied to Episinus truncatus, Walck., but

may easily be distinguished by its shorter and distinctly annulated legs,

and by a difference of pattern on the cephalothorax and abdomen.

The form of those parts is, however, very similar in both species,

as also are the relative size and position of the eyes. The ocular area,

however, is a little more projecting in the present Spider.

The colour of the cephalothoraz is dark yellow-brown, the margins

and a patch on each side, near the junctional line of the caput, being

pale dull yellowish.

The Zegs are dull yellowish, distinctly annulated with dark brown,

the broadest and darkest annuli being at the extremities of the

femora and tibiz. Their relative length is 4, 1, 2,3; and they are

furnished with hairs, a slender spine on the genua, and two on each

of the tibiz.

The sternum is dark blackish brown, with a small, pale, dull-

coloured patch at the middle of the anterior extremity.

The abdomen is yellow-brown, mottled and marked with darker

brown, blackish, dull yellowish, and white points. A tolerably re-

gular pattern may be traced, formed by slender angular whitish lines,

the vertices of the angles directed forwards ; the two longest of these

lines start from the conically-prominent posterior angles of the upper-

side of the abdomen, and meet in an acute angle towards the fore

extremity ; two shorter ones also proceed from the same parts, and

meet much further back in a more obtuse angle, within which is a

black triangular patch enclosed by a whitish basal line ; the four lines

above mentioned form a large triangular figure, within which, in a

transverse line, are two impressed red-brown spots margined with pale

yellowish. Along the middle of the underside is a broad brownish

band, marked along the middle with pale yellowish brown, and mar

gined on the sides and behind with a pale continuous stripe; and the

sides, beneath the angular prominences, are strongly and conspi-

cuously marked with black.

The form of the genital aperture is characteristic and quite dif-

ferent from that of Zpisinus truncatus.

Received from the west coast of Otago, where it was found by

Captain F. W. Hutton.

The occurrence of an undoubted Episinus in New Zealand is very

interesting, and appears to me to give us a pretty certain clue to the

true affinities of this genus. In ‘Spiders of Dorset,’ p. 80, I have

alluded to the resemblance of Episinus to some species of the

Australian genus Stephanopis, Cambr., and observed that though in

South America Hpisinus occurs in company with Spiders intermediate

between it and Stephanopis, it had not yet been recorded from

Australia. The occurrence now, however, of Episinus in a region

702 ON NEW SPIDERS FROM NEW ZEALAND. _ [Nov. 18,

where Stephanopis also occurs leads me to remove the former from

Theridiides, where its position has always appeared to be very

anomalous, and to form a distinct family of it, next to Stephanopides.

List of Spiders above described and recorded, with references to

page, plate, and figures.

Arbanitis huttonii, sp. n., p. 682, Pl. LIT. fig. 1.

Migas distinctus, sp. n., p. 683, Pl. LIT. fig. 2.

Huttonia (g. n.) palpimanoides, sp. n., p. 685, Pl. LIT. fig. 3.

Robsonia (g. n.) marina, Hector, p. 687, Pl. LIT. fig. 4.

Argyrodes lepida, sp. n., p. 688, Pl. LIT. fig. 5.

Lithyphantes lepidus, sp u., p. 690, Pl. LIIT. fig. 9.

Atkinsonia (g. un.) nana, sp. n., p. 691, Pl. LIIT. fig. 10.

Phycosoma (g. un.) ecobioides, sp. u., p. 692, Pl. LIL. fig. 6.

Walckenaéra cristata, Bl., p. 693.

Linyphia subdola, sp. n., p. 693, Pl. LITT. fig. 11.

peramend, sp. n., p. 694, Pl. LITT. fig. 12.

melanopygia, sp. n., p. 696, Pl. LILI. fig. 13.

Mimetus mendicus, sp. n., p. 697, Pl. LILI. fig. 14.

? Stegosoma quadratum, sp. u., p. 698, Pl. LIII. fig. 15,

Thiaosoma atkinsonti, sp. n., p. 699, Pl, LIL, fig. 7.

hectori, sp. n., p. 700, Pl. LIT. fig. 8,

Episinus antipodianus, sp. u., p. 701, Pl. LITT. fig. 16.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Puate LIT.

Fig. 1. Arbanitis huttonii, sp. n., 3.

a, profile, with legs and palpi truncated ; 4, right palpus on outer

side, and rather behind ; ¢, natural length of Spider.

2. Migas distinctus, sp. n., 2.

a, eyes from above and behind; 4, natural length of Spider.

3. Huttonia (g. n.) palpimanoides, sp. n., Q.

a, Spider in profile, with legs and palpi truncated; 0, front view

of eyes and falces; ¢, underside of cephalothorax, with legs and palpi

removed, showing the form of the maxille, labium, and sternum ;

d, left palpus from in front; e, genital aperture; f, underside of

posterior extremity of abdomen ; g, natural length of Spider.

4. Robsonia (g. n.) marina, Hector, ¢.

a, profile, without legs and palpi; 2, eyes from above and behind;

¢, maxille, labium, and sternum; d, right palpus from outer side and

rather behind; e, spinners; f, natural length of Spider, the dotted

portion showing the length of the falces.

5. Argyrodes lepida, sp. n., Q.

a, Spider in profile; 6, natural length.

6. Phycosoma (g. un.) ecobioides, sp. n., 2.

a, profile; , natural length of Spider.

7. Thlaosoma atkinsonii, sp. n., Q.

b, profile ; c, eyes from in front and rather underneath ; d, abdomen

from behind; ¢, natural length and breadth.

8. Thiaosoma hectori, sp. u., Q.

a, natural length and breadth.

Puatse LITT.

Fig. 9. Lithyphantes lepidus, sp.n., ¢.

a, profile ; 6, eyes from in front ; ¢c, natural length of Spider.

10. Atkinsonia (g.n.) nana, sp. n., go.

a, profile; b, eyes from in front; ¢, maxille, labium, and sternum;

d, natural length of Spider.

D. LOWS Tele

Sons

Hanhart 1m

PIDOPTERA

ICAN

ALT

NEW

——

1879.] MR. W.L. DISTANT ON AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 703

Fig. 11. Linyphia subdola, sp. n., 9.

a, profile; 6, eyes from in front; ¢, g, without legs or palpi;

d, left palpus of male; e, genital aperture of 9 ; f, natural length of

3; 9, ditto of 9.

12. Linyphia peramena, sp. n., 3.

a, profile; 4, eyes from in front; ¢, right palpus on outer side ;

d, genital aperture ; e, natural length of Spider.

13. Linyphia melanopygia, sp. n., 3.

a, profile; a', falces and maxille in profile, more enlarged ; 3, fore

part of cephalothorax and falces from in front; ¢, right palpus in

front, looking upwards; d, left palpus (wanting digital joint) on outer

side, from underneath in front; ¢, natural length of Spider.

14, Mimetus mendicus, sp. n., 2.

a, profile ; b, porticn of metatarsus, enlarged; c, genital aperture ;

d, natural length of Spider.

15. Stegosoma quadratum, sp. n., Q.

a, profile; 6, natural length of Spider.

16. Episinus antipodianus, sp.n., Q.

a, profile ; 6, eyes from in front; c, genital aperture; d, natural

length of Spider,

8. On some African Species of Lepidoptera belonging to the

Subfamily Nymphaline. By W. L. Distanr.

[Received November 11, 1879.]

(Plate LIV.)

The Butterflies referred to and described in this paper are prin-

cipally (including all the types) in the collection of Mr. F. J.

Horniman, and are from the same region as the Papiliones described

in a previous paper (supra, p. 647), viz. the Calabar district (Isubu,

Mongo-ma-lobah, Calabar). They formed portion of probably the

largest number of West-African specimens ever gathered together at

one time, and consequently an unusual opportunity has been afforded

of testing the constancy and variability of many described forms.

DIADEMA ANTEVORTA, 2. Sp.

@. Above bluish black. Fore wings with a curved blue fascia,

commencing somewhat faintly, and extending transversely across

cell about midway, and continued broadly between the two lower

median nervules for about half their length, when it is suddenly and

abruptly carried downwards and terminates near anal angle ; a white

transverse band commencing a little beyond end of cell, and ter-

minating a little below centre of upper median nervule; a submar-

ginal row of eight white spots, divided by the nervules (upper two

situated close together, fourth smallest), and a marginal row of white

streaks situated on each side of the nervules, but obliterated near

apex. Lower wing crossed by a central blue fascia, which commences

near anterior angle and terminates at about centre of abdominal

margin; a marginal row of white streaks divided by the nervules as

in upper wings, but becoming bluish towards anal angle. Underside

pale browish; markings as above, but blue fascia of upper wings pale

704 MR. W. L. DISTANT ON AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA. [Nov. 18,

bluish white and abbreviated ; the transverse blue fascia of lower

wings much narrowed and white.

Exp. wings 4 inches.

Hab. Magila, East Africa.

In structure resembling the 9 of D. salmacis, Dr.

D1IADEMA DINARBA, Hew. Ex. Butt. iii. Diad. t. 2. f. 7 (1865).

This species seems subject to extreme variation, and, as far as I

have been able to examine specimens, appears under the following

forms :—

Var. a. Typical. Hew. ib.

Var. b. Fore wings with transverse spots much enlarged, almost

reaching row of submarginal spots. Hind wings with basal white

portion enlarged, and almost occupying half of wing.

Var. c. Fore wings with transverse spots enlarged and fused, oc-

cupying the whole discal portion of the wing, and merging with

submarginal row of spots, some of which are absorbed. Hind wings

with the basal white portion now increased till it occupies all the

wings but a broad outer margin.

Var. d. Both wings almost wholly white. The dark portions of

the previous varieties only indicated, and the submarginal row of

spots almost obliterated.

Hab. Vars. a, 6, d, Calabar; var. c, Sierra Leone.

It will be thus seen that variation extends from the melanic form,

a, through gradually increasing albinism, till the extreme form, d,

is reached; or, of course, vice versd from d to a. Besides which,

though these typical varieties are indicated, there are numerous inter-

mediate forms which destroy their value as to constancy. Similar

variation may be seen in another African species of the genus,

D. dubium, Beauv., some of the forms of which are regarded by

competent lepidopterists as specific.

PARADIADEMA, gen. nov.

Allied to Diadema, from which it differs in the hind margin of

the fore wings being scarcely excavated, and the apical angle of the

same, which is only faintly prominent; lower subcostal nervules

emitted nearer apical margin; costa of hind wings more arched,

precostal nervure curved outwardly.

PARADIADEMA HORA, 0. sp. (Plate LIV. fig. 1.)

3. Above ferruginous. Fore wings crossed by a transverse

white fascia, commencing near costa a little beyond end of cell,

and terminating a little below centre of hind margin; this fascia

is straightened outwardly, but inwardly, near end of cell, deeply

toothed; interior of cell bluish black, with four or five white spots,

outer one somewhat linear and perpendicular. Hind wings crossed

by a broad yellowish-white fascia toothed outwardly, and widened

towards inner margin. Underside much paler in colour, fascize as

above; cell of fore wings with the white spots bordered with black,

a black spot near base, and two irregularly waved black lines, situated

1879.] MR. W.L. DISTANT ON AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 705

some distance apart near the centre; beneath cell, and a little below

base of lower median nervule, is situated a black ring. Hind wings

with two black spots near base, between costal nervure and first sub-

costal nervule, and an 8-shaped black mark on basal half of cell.

Exp. wings 332; inches.

Hab. Camaroons.

The © resembles the ¢, but is larger.

RoMALEOSOMA EDWARDsI, Hoev.

Nymphalis (Aterica) edwardsii, Tijd. Nat. Ges. xii. p. 252, t. 4.

f.1 a, 6 (1845); Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 248. 12 (1871).

Romaleosoma pratinas, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. D. L. t. 38. f. 3(1850);

Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 247. 5 (1871).

These two described forms are certainly synonymic, as may be at

once seen by a comparison of the figures. The mistake originated

in the arrangement of the species of this genus by Doubleday and

Hewitson in the Gen. D. L. p. 284. 2. pratinas is included in

the Sect., ‘‘body extremely robust, and marked on the upperside

with large pale spots;”? whilst 2. edwerdsi is placed in another

Sect., ‘‘body less robust, not marked with pale spots,” which is

clearly erroneous, and seems to show that the figure of the last

species was not consulted.

RoMALEOSOMA LOSINGA, Hew. Ex. Butt. iil, Rom. t. i. f, 5

(1864).

Romaleosoma wardi, Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 286. n. 5 (1874).

Mr. Hewitson described this species as having on underside of fore

wings “three black spots (forming a triangle) within the cell,” and

posterior wings as having “a single black spot within the cell.”” Only

one specimen which I have examined in the collection has a single

spot only in cell of hind wing, and that specimen differs in only

having two spots in cell of fore wing. Some specimens possess two

spots in cell of hind wings, and some three; others have three in

cells of fore and hind wings, and a transverse black fascia across end

of cell. One specimen has a fourth spot on hind wing situated out-

side cell. In most specimens there is also a well-marked violet

reflexion on upperside of hind wing near inner and hind margins,

particularly the last.

It will thus be seen that some of these forms agree with R. wardi,

Druce; others, on the underside, with &. losinga, Hew. The

cellular markings are evidently most inconstant, the violet reflexions

above more pronounced in some species than others, and therefore

I have been unable to separate the two species without adding

varieties which would destroy the value of each.

RomaLeosoma LakumA, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 123;

Lep. Ex. i. t. 21. f. 2 (1871).

This form is most inconstant in markings: in some male specimens

the blue strize on anterior wings is absent; in some female specimens

the discal blue streak extends at its base from abdominal margin to

706 MR. W. L. DISTANT ON AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA. [Nov. 18,

hind margin, as in R. harpalyce. Again, there is another variety

which differs from 2. lakuma in the greater width of the narrow

oblique subapical ochreous band, and in the total absence of bluish

markings above ; underside agreeing perfectly with that of 2. lakuma.

This has been recently described by M. Mabille (Bull. Soc. Zool. de

France, 1876, p. 278) under the name of R. spatiosum. In some

specimens of this form there are faint pale violet indications of the

blue strize in 2. lakuma.

Mr. Butler, in Lep. Ex. p. 52, writes, R. lakuma “‘is allied to

R. eupalus and R. harpalyce, which have been considered by some

lepidopterists to be varieties of the same species ; but I am convinced,

from a careful examination of many examples of both sexes of the

two forms, that they are perfectly distinct. R. losinga is a third

species of the same little group, and &. lakuma will make a

fourth.” Since this was written, R. wardi and R. spatiosum have

been described, which bring the number of described forms of this

group to six.

They seem to be thus differentiated :—

Wings generally marked with blue above.

Apex of fore wings without or with yery obscure yellow band.

White markings on underside faint and obscure ............ R. harpalyce.

White markings on underside very distinct ..........0....00: R. eupalus.

Apex of fore wings crossed with yellow band ...............00 R. lakuma.

Wings without or with faint blue markings aboye.

Apex of fore wings crossed with yellow band.

: : : ae R. losinga.

White markings on underside very distinct .........cece0ee0 FO

White markings on underside faint and obscure ...........- R. spatiosum.

Having examined the large number of duplicates that were in the

possession of Mr. Horniman, and finding the above characters very

inconstant, I much more incline to the opinion that we are dealing

with the varietal forms of a protean species. The remarks of

Smeatham, communicated to Drury, as to his own personal obser-

vations, may well be reproduced :—‘There are several Papiliones

nearly of this colour, that is to say, with the upperside of the wings

having a changeable purple, and the undersides being inclinable to

green, &c. The differences between them arise so gradually that I

think them varieties of the same species, some, apparently very dif-

ferent, being found coupled together.” Much of the same kind of

variation may also be seen in Luryphene phantasia, Hew., from the

same region.

RoMALEOsOMA INANUM, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 158 (1873).

Three specimens of this form were in the collection. The first

perfectly agrees with the description ; the second is without the black

spot in cell of hind wings; and the third specimen has the sub-

marginal row and other spots beneath as in R. ceres, Fab.

Hara tucasi, Doum. (Nymphalis) Rey. Zool. 1859, p. 262,

t. x. f. 2, 9 ¢.. (Plate LIV. fig. 2.)

I am glad to be able for the first time to describe the male of

1879.] MR. W. L. DISTANT ON AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 707

this fine species; it seems to have been a difficult insect to procure.

Doumet described and figured the female only.

3. Wings above bright orange, narrowly edged with black on

outer margins and along costa of fore wings, excepting basal half,

where it is almost concolorous. A large triangular black space, the

apex of which commences on the fore wings about centre of inner

margin and a little above submedian nervure, extending through

lower wing, on outer side to anal angle, and on inner side to abdo-

minal margin about one third from base. Underside pale ochreous ;

lower wings greyish for about two thirds their expanse from base ;

both wings crossed by a straight, oblique chocolate-brown band,

which commences on costa of fore wing a little beyond cell, and is

continued to anal angle of lower wings. Cell of foré wings with two

waved black lines some distance apart, the first of which is situated

about midway, and a waved black line beyond end of cell, which

also terminates in a black line; a black line, enclosing a small

rounded space, situated just below cell between submedian nervure

and lower median nervule. Cell of lower wings with three transverse

-black lines, the first of which is somewhat waved. The black band

along underside of fore wings is somewhat reflected on upperside.

Exp. wings 2,9, inches.

fab. Isubu, Camaroons.

HarMA FREDERICA, n. sp. (Plate LIV. fig. 3.)

2. Above like H. emilius, Doum., but the two submarginal rows

‘of spots united with each other and also with the discal band, which

is broken, and thus forms a series of eight ray-like streaks occupying

outer half of fore wings, of which the upper is very small and obscure ;

sixth and seventh largest, eighth situated on inner margin and

shortened outwardly. The number of these streaks on lower wings

is seven; the first almost hidden by inner margin of anterior wings ;

the base of the fourth occupies apical third of cell; the last is situated

between submedian nervure and lower median nervule. Underside

agrees with H. emilius in general coloration, but markings as on

upperside. Cells without markings,

Exp. wings 4,1, inches.

Hab, Calabar district, but not precisely localized.

HarMaA BECKER], Herr.-Schff. (Diadema) Ex. Schmett. f. 81

(1852, 1858).

Aphidema beckeri, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lepid. p. 229 (1871).

Harma theodota, Hew. Ex. Butt. iii. Har. t. 1. f. 3, 4 (1864).

Mr. Hewitson, 2d. (text), stated his conviction that the Diadema

beckeri, H.-S., was really a species of the genus Harma. Mr.

Rutherford, some time ago, told me he considered it was really the

female of H. theodota, Hew., and I think he was doubtless right in

so placing it. The name proposed by Herrich-Schaffer therefore

takes precedence.

708 MR. W. L. DISTANT ON AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA. [Noyv. 18,

HarMA THEOBANE, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. D. L. t. 40. f. 3 (1850) ;

Hopff. Pet. Reise, Zool. v. p. 389, t. 24. f. 1-4 (1862).

Both sexes of this species are extremely variable. The male varies

much in colour beneath ; in some specimens the oblique discal line

crossing both wings is bordered outwardly and broadly by a dark

fuscous, waved, and irregular fascia. In some specimens of the female

above the white markings are almost absent, and the wings are of an

almost uniform smoky hue.

CHARAXES AGABO, n. sp. (Plate LIV. fig. 4.)

@. Above bluish black, both wings crossed by a wide yellowish-

white discal fascia, commencing where it is narrowest on fore wings,

immediately beneath upper median nervule, and extending through

hind wings, where it is broadest and almost reaches base, to abdo-

minal margin; this fascia is outwardly sinuated on fore wings, but

regularly curved on hind wings. On fore wings two spots situated

transversely rather more than halfway between end of cell and apex;

one smaller subapical one and eight small marginal spots, of which

the lowest are the largest, yellowish white. Hind wings with a tri-

angular yellowish-white spot on abdominal margin below central

fascia ; a submarginal row of eight blue spots, becoming larger and

more rounded towards apical angle, and a marginal row of blue sub-

crescentic narrow fasciz, bordered outwardly with black, and be-

coming ochreous between inner tail and anal angle.

Underside: front wings black, with the following silvery-white

markings:—A basal costal streak ; three parallel cellular spots, gra-

dually increasing in size from base, and preceded by two small bluish

ones; immediately beneath cell a basal streak, followed by a small

spot; beyond cell a subcostal boot-shaped spot, divided midway

by a nervule, followed by a large suboblong spot, divided into three

parts by nervules. A submarginal row of seven spots, of which the

first five are silvery white, and sixth and seventh ochreous; the first

three only divided by nervules ; fourth and fifth much the smallest ;

and a marginal row of eight small spots, the lower two being largest,

slightly bluish and crescentic inwardly. Hiud wings silvery white,

having two broad inwardly-curved black fascize, both commencing —

on costa, first terminating on centre of abdominal margin, second

passing through end of cell, and terminating along lower median

nervule at commencement of posterior marginal band. These two

fasciz are counected transversely, narrowly on costa and broadly

near anal angle, and have also a connecting fascia of the same colour

which commences about centre of the first, and is forked posteriorly

where it joins second near base. A wide black marginal band, con-

taining, first, a row of six narrow transvers - ochreous lines, followed

by six large silvery spots and a series of »luish-grey marginal lines ;

between lower median nervule and anal angle the band is represented

by a large ochreous spot, margined with black, and containing two

black spots ocellated with blue. Body streaked with silvery white.

Exp. wings 4,4, inches.

Hab, Calabar district ; but not precisely localized.

1879.] LIeurT. R. G. WARDLAW RAMSAY ON A NEW ORIOLE. 709

P.S. (Dec. 15th, 1879).—I had in this paper described a species

of Charazes from West Africa under the name of C. galba, which,

in a memoir since published by Herr Dewitz, has been described by

that gentleman under the name of (. hildebrandti. Its nearest

allies are C. andara, Ward, from Madagascar, and the Indian species

C. fabius, Linn.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIY,

Fig. 1. Paradiadema hora, p- 704. Fig. 3. Harma frederica, p. 707.

2. Harma lueasii, p. 706. 4, Charaxes agabo, p. 708.

9. Description of a new Oriole from Borneo, By R. G.

Warpiaw Ramsay, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Lieutenant 67th

Regiment.

[Received October 30, 1879.]

OrtoLvus CONSOBRINUS, Sp. nl.

Q. Allied to Oriolus xanthonotus, but differs in having the head,

sides of the face, and ear-coverts smoky cinereous. The yellowish-

brown edgings to the wing-coverts are also wanting ; but this is not

a constant character even in O. xanthonotus 2, for some examples

do not possess it in the smallest degree. The third, fourth, fifth,

and sixth primaries are margined and tipped with pale greenish

yellow. The rump has an appearance of being tinged with reddish

brown, many of the feathers being of that colour. The lower sur-

face is of a much purer white, with a cinereous tinge on the throat.

The lower tail-coverts and tail are as in O. wvanthonotus.

Length (2, dry skin) 6:5 inches; tarsus ‘75; wing 4; tail

2°75 ; bill from gape -85.

It is more than probable that the male will be found to resemble

that of O. wanthonotus, but possibly with the upper tail-coverts

reddish or rusty brown.

The comparative measurements I do not consider of much im-

portance, inasmuch as examples of O. xanthonotus from Malacca,

Sumatra, S.E. Borneo, Sarawak, and the Philippines, although ap-

parently identical with the typical Javan species, vary much in size

inter se.

The specimen from which my description is taken was in a col-

lection, labelled N.E. Borneo, in the museum of the late Lord

Tweeddale.

Iam indebted to Mr..R. B. Sharpe, of the British Museum, for

informing me that this collection was made in the district of

Sandakan, in Northern Borneo,

710 REV. DR. GOODACRE ON THE CHINESE Goose. [Nov. 18,

10. On the Question of the Identity of Species of the

Common Domestic and the Chinese Goose. By F. B.

Goopacrz, M.D., F.Z.S.

[Received September 16, 1879.]

Having read long ago, in ‘The Origin of Species’ (p. 275), about

the fertility inter se of “hybrids” between the Common Domestic

and Chinese Geese, I was induced, when the opportunity occurred

some few years ago, to commence a series of experiments to verify

this alleged fertility, several gentlemen very kindly consenting to

assist me in the investigation. The following crosses have been

obtained by one or another of us, and some of them in more than

one case :—Chinese ¢ with Common @ produced several Goslings ;

a pair of these, out of the same nest, have produced young last

year and again this; half-bred ¢ with both Common Q and Chi-

nese 9; one quarter Chinese and three quarters Common ¢ with

both Common @ and Chinese @.

The number of the Goslings in proportion to that of the eggs

has been small in many, but not in all cases, and is, I think, to

be attributed to some accident in our arrangements, and not to

any lurking sterility between the two forms. In fact I suspect

the two forms themselves, and cross-bred birds of them in any pro-

portions, to be quite as fertile inter se as either of the pure forms

by itself.

Now the chief interest in the results of these experiments seems

to be that half-bred birds of the same nest produced voung; for,

as a consequence of their doing so, we seem compelled to believe

one of two things, either that hybrid birds can be fertile inter se,

or that the half-bred birds above mentioned were not hybrids

at all, but only mongrels; in other words, that the two forms of

Domestic Goose are specifically identical. Most naturalists have

hitherto considered them specifically distinct; it is certain they

either are or are not; and how is the case to be decided? The de-

claration of the most learned naturalists either way cannot settle the

point, nor do I see any way of doing so beyond all doubt if we give

up that rule, so generally received, that hybrids are infertile inter se,

and, of course, we cannot quote that rule as a proof against an ap-

parent exception to itself. Yet the fertility of these cross-bred birds

may be taken as good presumptive evidence in favour of identity of *

species in their parent forms, and is quite sufficient to make us

inquire more curiously into the matter, to see what other evidence can

be found to incline us to believe in such identity. The advocates

of their non-identity would very naturally call our attention to the

great difference between them as to general form, colour, and voice,

to the peculiar knob on the Chinese bird’s head, and to its prolonged

season of incubation. The existence of the last of these differences

(except in books) I have good reason to deny ; the other differences

must be admitted, and something said with reference to each to show

1879.] REV. DR. GOODACRE ON THE CHINESE GOOSE. 711

that they do not absolutely render identity of species improbable.

Great as may be the difference of general form, is it greater than

that between a Carrier and a Tumbler Pigeon, or between a Grey-

hound and a Pug among Dogs? As to voice, the Call Duck, Trum-

peter Pigeon, and Common Dog all afford instances of modification

of voice in a greater or less degree, from the normal voice of the

Wild Duck and Rock-Dove in the first two cases, while the bark of

the Dog is said to be a domestic accomplishment altogether, but is

never supposed to divide Dogs into two species, those that bark and

those that cannot ; for the young of the latter learn to bark in this

country. As to colour, it should be borne in mind that sandy-

coloured Geese are not infrequent in some parts. The stripe down

the back of the neck of the Chinese Goose is a very distinctive

marking ; but it may well be asked if it is necessarily of greater

value as a specific distinction than the spinal stripe in certain Horses,

especially those of a dun colour. The knob on the base of the bill

of the Chinese bird is doubtless the greatest distinguishing mark

between the two forms.

In the opinion of most naturalists, the Grey-lag Goose is the wild

original of our common domestic bird; and from Yarrell we learn

that its range extends to China and Japan. The same author also

points out its clear grey shoulder as a characteristic of the Grey-lag,

distinguishing it from the most nearly allied British wild Geese ;

and, curiously enough, this is very evident in the Chinese bird.

The trachea of the male in most Swans, Geese, Ducks, and Mer-

gansers is a most trustworthy guide as to specific difference: but in

the case under consideration it appears to be of little use ; for there is

good ground for suspecting that the form of the trachea in the

Grey-lag is not constant. Yarrell says:—“ In the wild Grey-legged

Goose the tube of the windpipe is nearly cylindrical ; and this form

of trachea I have frequently found on examination of domestic

Geese intended for the table; but I have frequently also found the

tube flattened at the lower portion”? (Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, vol. iii.

p- 55). The tracheze of two Chinese Ganders which I have myself

examined were very slightly swelled and flattened at the lower por-

tion. Ihave not had the opportunity yet of examining that of a

Chinese Goose; the windpipes taken from cross-bred birds con-

demned for the kitchen, without regard to sex, have all had a very

decided swelling and flattening of the lower portion of the tube. In

Chinese Geese there is generally a small rim of white feathers at the

base of the bill; and a broader band is far from uncommon in the

ordinary Domestic Goose. This and the swelled and flattened

trachea have been rightly looked upon as analogous variations ; but

perhaps the cause of their occurrence has been too readily accounted

for by Yarrell and others by supposing an admixture of blood from

the “‘ White-faced Goose” in the building-up of the domestic form

in remote times. May it not be that there is a tendency in the

Grey-lag to vary in these directions, and that hence such a tendency

reveals itself also in the Chinese form ?

It may, I know, be asked, If the Chinese form was modified out

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No. XLVI. 46

712 REV. DR. GOODACRE ON THE CHINESE GoosE. [Nov. 18,

of the Grey-lag, how came there to be wild Chinese birds? To which

it may be replied, Is it certain that there are any? may not the sup-

posed wild specimens be only feral? If so, it would be a somewhat

similar case to feral ‘‘ chequered” Rock-Doves, as far as regards

breeding for generations without reverting to the original type.

The fertility between these two forms of Domestic Geese reminds

me forcibly of the same thing between divers so-called species of

wild Pheasants, as shown by Mr. Tegetmeier; and I am inclined to

accept his solution of the mystery as applicable to Geese also.

Of course I do not pretend to be able to prove the specific iden-

tity of the Common and the Chinese Goose ; but I think what I have

said may be taken as evidence that such a theory is really not so

absurd as it may at first sight appear to be.

The doctrine of specific identity of certain very diverse forms of

animals appears to me one deserving of careful study ; and every

case that may be supposed to illustrate it in a marked way seems of

importance towards attaining what we ought all to be seeking—the

truth. Hence the fertility of the offspring of Common and Chinese

Geese may teach us lessons of general interest and importance in

zoology.

Great variations of a species are chiefly to be observed in domestic

animals; but we err if we suppose they do not occur among wild

ones, although doubtless many are masked from our observation by

their receiving specific names when in reality they are nothing more

than varieties or geographical races.

In conclusion I will briefly state that there are three points, in the

cross-bred Geese themselves which we have been considering, which

incline me to look on them as mongrels. According to the laws of

hybridity one would have expected the trachea to be intermediate

between the parent forms (as it is in hybrids of the Musk-Drake

with the Common Duck), and the knob on the bill and the stripe on

the neck to be quite suppressed ; now none of these things happen.

I shall be glad to hear that any zoologist is willing to turn his

attention towards solving the mystery that certain so-called hybrids

produce fertile offspring (which most do not); for this seems always

to happen in cases in which the right to specific distinction is ques-

tioned by some naturalists.

Wilby Rectory, Norfolk,

September 1879.

1879.] MR. R. B. WHITE ON ATTA CEPHALOTES. 713

December 2, 1879.

Prof. A. Newton, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Secretary made the following report on the additions to the

Society’s Menagerie during October 1879 :—

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of October was 133, of which 2 were by

birth, 93 by presentation, 30 by purchase, 4 were received in ex-

change, and 4 on deposit. The total number of departures during

the same period, by death and removals, was 119.

The most noticeable addition during the month was

An example of Elliot’s Guinea-fowl (Numida ellioti), purchased

October 2nd. This is the first living example we have yet acquired

of this peculiar Guinea-fowl, which was first described in the Society’s

Proceedings for 1877, p. 652, by Mr. Bartlett. It was transmitted

from Zanzibar, along with other examples of the same species and

examples of the Vulturine Guinea-fowl (Numida vulturina) and of

the Mitred Guinea-fowl (Numida mitrata), and is from some part

of the East-African coast.

A letter was read addressed to the Secretary by Mr. E. L. Layard,

F.Z.S., urging the desirability of the adoption by naturalists of a

fixed seale of colour in describing animals.

Mr. Tegetmeier exhibited the head of a Deer (Cervus dama) from

which the antlers had been sawn off close to the burr. The animal

had escaped shortly after this operation, and had been shot subse-

quently. It was then found that a new pair of antlers had grown, each

one taking its origin in a ring surrounding the base of the previous

cut antler, which remained attached to the skull. The new antlers

were imperfectly developed, very irregular, and unsymmetrical.

The following letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Mr.

Robert B. White, C.M.Z.S., H.B.M. Acting Consul at Medellin,

U. S. of Colombia.

Medellin,

U. S. of Colombia, S. A.

August 24th, 1879.

Str,—I beg to communicate to you the following observations

upon the habits of a species of Ant (Aéta cephalotes), and upon a

method of defence against the ravages of this insect.

There are two varieties of this ant recognized by the people here :—

a large insect which attacks and carries off indiscriminately all

classes of foliage ; and an insect one third smaller, which in a similar

manner attacks grasses and minor vegetation. The habits of both

ants are identical ; but the large kind is that which causes most

injury to plantations.

Having observed that no vegetation comes amiss to this ant, that,

46*

714 MR. R. B. WHITE ON ATTA CEPHALOTES, [Dee. 2,

whether bitter, sweet, pungent, caustic, tender or tough, every thing

is attacked by it, I was led to remark carefully the use to which the

ant puts the enormous quantity of foliage which it carries to its nest.

After watching the various foraging parties narrowly, I saw that

some of them were engaged in carrying food, principally fruits or

portions of fruit, sweet buds and blossoms, maize, rice, ete. Others,

again, carry only portions of leaves, showing no selection in the

quality, as also bits of straw, stick, and similar things. I then

further remarked that the ants only employ this vegetable matter

to make beds, upon which the eggs are deposited and hatched by

the heat produced by the fermentation of the mass of leaves. The

ants do not eat these portions of leaf; and the larvee are fed upon

selected food. When a brood has been hatched, the ants clean up

their nest and carry out all the decomposed vegetable matter from

the egg-beds. This they do periodically ; and the half-rotten frag-

ments of leaves may always be distinguished from the pellets of

earth &c. which the ants ordinarily bring out of their excavations.

This hotbed matter is also always thrown out in heaps apart, and in

large ant-hills often amounts to ten bushels and upwards.

The only efficacious remedy which the farmer has hitherto used

against these enemies is the extermination of the ant-colony, which

is effected by digging out the nest, flooding it with water or poisoning

its inmates with sulphur or acid. But it is often impossible to put

this plan in practice—where a clearing or plantation is surrounded by

forests or uncultivated ground, in which hundreds and thousands of

ant-hills are to be found. I have tried, as many people before me,

all sorts of schemes, including the use of all the abominable-smelling

and tasting compounds which can be used without killing the plants

which one wishes to protect, and have found all inefficacious.

But it seems that the real remedy is near at hand; and it was

shown to me by a negro.

When a plantation or garden is attacked, all one has to do is to

procure a bushel or so of the decayed leaf beds thrown out of an

ant-hill entirely unconnected with that from which the invading

ants proceed, and scatter this matter on the ant-roads and about

the plantation.

The effect is miraculous. A panic siezes the ants. They drop

their burdens instantly ; the word is passed along the roads; and

empty-handed the whole army hurries off to the nest. They will

not return to the same plantation for many weeks ; and even then

they avoid all spots in which traces of this (to them) offensive

matter may remain. The smallest dose suffices ; and a bushel of

rotten bedding will defend acres of ground. But care must be taken,

as remarked, to procure this matter from a distinct ant-hill. If it

be from the same nest, the ants take no notice of it.

T have seen this plan tried repeatedly during the last few months,

and it has never failed. The biggest army of ants, engineers,

pioneers, directors-general and all, is utterly discomfited by this

simple means of defence. What the ants see in it I cannot say ; but

I fancy that they imagine themselves to be in danger of being

1879.] DR. DOBSON ON CHIROPTERA FROM ZANZIBAR. 715

attacked by another set of ants, and hurry off to protect their nest.

By repeatedly applying the same matter to a nest, the ants at last

become so annoyed that they emigrate, carrying their females and

eggs to a distance and forming a new colony.

This plan is not generally known, even here in the State of An-

tioquia; and I have thought that our colonists might profitably be

made acquainted with it. By its use we may ward off an unex-

pected attack by the invader until an opportunity offers of exter-

minating the brood ; and when this cannot be done, it may constitute

the only means of defence for crops.

The vegetable matter spoken of is naturally an excellent manure,

as I have observed in the case of rose-bushes which I have protected

by its use.

Should you consider the above observations to be useful, I trust

that you will be so good as to make them known to the Society.

I am, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

Roserr B. Wuire.

The following papers were read :—

1. Notes on some Species of Chiroptera from Zanzibar, with

Descriptions of new and rare Species. By AG. oh:

Dosson, M.A.

[Received October 6, 1879.]

To the kindness of Dr. Robb, H.M. Indian Army, I owe the

material which has furnished the following notes. Seven species are

represented in the collections; and all the specimens are well preserved

in alcohol.

1. EpomoPHoRUs MINOR, 0. sp.

With the exception of Ep. pusillus, this is the smallest species of

Epomophorus yet discovered. In the form of the palate-ridges it

certainly very closely resembles £. macrocephalus, the ridges being

similarly shaped, the fifth ridge! having, in most specimens, the

same peculiar lozenge-shaped depression in the centre, hitherto con-

sidered by me to be characteristic of that species. The head,

however, is of very different proportions, being comparatively much

smaller ; and there is less difference between the males and females

in the length of the muzzle; the width of the palate is also greater

in proportion to its length.

Tail rudimentary, but distinct, about quarter of an inch in

length.

Far greyish-brown, with a slightly yellowish tinge both above

and beneath ; paler beneath, but no white patch on the abdomen of

* See Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus. 1878, pl. ii. fig. 2.

716 DR. DOBSON ON CHIROPTERA FROM ZANZIBAR. [ Dec. 2,

either males or females. The usual white tuft at the base of the

ears is distinct ; and, in males, the long hairs lining the shoulder-

pouches project conspicuously.

The following Table exhibits the measurements of two adult speci-

mens, a male and a female with fetus in utero; also, for comparison,

the measurements of an adult male and female of EH. macroce-

phalus :—

E. minor. E. macrocephalus,

ad. gd ad. 2 ad. dad. 2

Length, head and body........ 4:0... 4:1 6:3 5°

peter PCR stwke «pore 9 Meeistauns Sr 165.4 138 2°6 2°3

» eye from tip of nostril... 0°65 0°55 1:2 1:0

eel. qGBE “oe We thea Rin toueae siete 0-72 0:7 0°9 0-9

Bed ROLGAT IA raat ye: clel a etetaels 2°5 2°4 3°5 3°3

», third finger, metacarpal 1°7 1°65 2°5

- ee ee chsbtameM eke Peli 15 $ 57

ry dintont ead phe: 1°65 1°65 2°0

» fifth finger, metacarpal 1°55 1:5 2°25

a5 +f ae Jol eteph. as. 208: 0°8 1:0 4:3

»” 9 ” 2nd. ph 0'8 0'8 11

at (btibigwiensck Shee arhcne 0:96 0:9 173 25

Aciedipoti tastuioavidah aie Mees 0°6 0°6 0°85 0°85

2. EPOMOPHORUS LABIATUS.

Pteropus labiatus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 83, pl. 39.

Epomophorus labiatus, Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus. p. 11.

Two specimens in the collection are referable to this species,

hitherto known only from dried and badly preserved skins. The

type in the Leyden Museum consists of a skin of an immature male

individual ; but there is another skin in the same collection similarly

labelled, which evidently belongs to a full-grown female of the same

species, and with this the specimens from Zanzibar very closely

agree in measurements, as may be seen from the table below. I

have therefore referred them to EF. labiatus, which, however, as

I have already surmised’, may turn out to be (when a sufficient

number of specimens are available for examination) a local variety

only of L. gambianus.

The palate-ridges closely resemble those of EZ. gambianus (see op.

cit. pl. ii. fig. 3a) ; but the fifth ridge is marked by a slight groove

only.

is above yellowish brown, with ashy extremities ; beneath much

paler; on the interfemoral membrane and legs extending much

less densely than in LZ. gambianus ; a very few hairs only appear on

the backs of the feet. In the females there are distinct, though

rudimentary, shoulder-pouches.

The following Table exhibits the measurements cf an adult female

of this species with well-worn teeth, and of an adult female of

1 Op. cit. p. 12.

1879.] DR. DOBSON ON CHIROPTERA FROM ZANZIBAR. 717

E. gambianus; and it may be seen that considerable differences

exist :—

E, labiatus, E. gambianus.

Length, head and body .........++.. 5:0 5:5

a, Dead Wey. .sesetsatecsces¢ 1°95 2.0

» eye from tip of nostril ...... 0°8 0°7

Bb PAGAN, cate shel Seat ee lestem Oe ie ese ee 0:8 0°85

ae AOTERTMD =). Ss anraeeousrad suevathaici 2°85 3°'3

mM Chumiol sees Coe tee ae 1:2 1°4

» third finger, metacarpal 1°95 2°25

bs at! ie, ODE Palaapiey atk Bet 1:3 15

se . Sy EG De ores olen is 2°U 2°25

» fifth finger, metacarpal...... 1°9 215

a ) FE 1 ieetaeewens see ore 0-9 1:2

5, Jnhgndih, eet 0°95 1°15

Fe Ora. eit cfepatss clears elets aeere wee Los 1:2

ot SOO. FRG ei ee 0°75 0°7

3. TRLENOPS PERSICUS, Var. AFER.

Trienops persicus, Dobson, J. A. S. B. 1871, p. 455, pl. xxviii. ;

id. Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus. (1878), p. 124, pl. vill. fig. 1.

Trienops afer, Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Berl. 1876, p. 913.

After a most careful comparison of the specimens in the collection

(which must be referred to the same species as that indicated by

Prof. Peters under the name of 7’. afer) with others of 7. persicus

from Shiraz, I am unable to find any differences of importance. I

find that the characters enumerated as distinctive of 7. afer, such

as the form of the emarginations on the inner side of the ear-conch

and the shape of the central lanceolate process of the nose-leaf, are

variable to the extent described in the different specimens, while the

darker colour of the fur observable in the African form is probably

the normal shade in this species, the type specimens from Persia

having fur of a paler colour in conformity with that of other species

of animals inhabiting the sandy districts about Shiraz’.

The following Table shows how very closely the measurements of

the Zanzibar specimens agree with those of one of the specimens

from Persia, from among which the type of this species was taken :—

Shiraz. Zanzibar.

Length, head and body .............. 2°3 2°4

Me USM ne se crate, see cust encten wie Stet m erected (pe ie 2

Bo CGE) CoRR ater ae hatickor cenit AE easic 0°45 0:4

Pe me OVOUE My ts chy crcte cfeveceie sai cites anc 2:0 2°0

», third finger, metacarpal ...... 1°6 1°45

“ igh ea peg a Fook eee 0-5 0°55

= BS Ma, Ce eck sens ca 0:7 0°65

» fourth finger, metacarpal ...... 1°45 1°35

Ps s reagent: ay 1 ripe 04 0°45

= “p 5 NG nes tees 0°35 0°35

™m

1 See note on the colour of the fur in Vesperugo pipistrellus and other

pecies,

in Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus. p. 225.

718 DR. DOBSON ON CHIROPTERA FROM ZANZIBAR. [ Dec. 2,

Shiraz. Zanzibar.

Length, fifth finger, metacarpal........ i 1:05

= a Me MME [lls tes aioe se Sart 0°55 0°55

i ns ee ENE Pie. caer, wa acats 0:4 0°4

BE LDIA copie ce So ateto ee ares 0°65 0°6

ay euOOGY (cette es cares a yd Sueseye hie 0°35 0°35

4, RHINOLOPHUS ZTHIOPS.

Rhinolophus ethiops, Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Berl. 1868, p. 637 ;

Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus. p. 122, pl. vii. fig. 12.

Specimens not differing in any respect from the type.

5. NYCTERIS HISPIDA.

Vespertilio hispidus, Sclreber, Saugeth. i. p. 169 (1775).

Nycteris hispida, Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus. p. 162,

pl. xi. fig. 1 (teeth).

An adult female, agreeing with typical examples in the form and

relative development of the teeth, in the colour of the fur, and in

the shape of the tragus, but differing in the longer ears and slightly

greater size throughout.

6. NycTERIS GRANDIS.

Nycteris grandis, Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 358;

Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus. p. 164.

Two perfectly adult specimens of this species, which, by their

much greater size, show that the type in the Leyden Museum, and

the larger specimen in the British Museum, are both examples of

immature individuals. In these specimens, owing evidently to the

growth of the adjoining teeth, the small second premolar is much

smaller proportionally, and is crushed in between the first premolar

and the first molar.

The following are the measurements of one of these specimens, an

adult male :—

Length, head and body 3”; tail3'’; head 1°15; ear 1'*35, tragus

0"°3x0'"1; forearm 2”°5; thumb 0°65; third finger—metacarp.

1'°8, Ist ph. 1'"2, 2nd ph. 1'°5; fifth finger—metacarp. 22, Ist

ph. 0°7, 2nd ph. 0°65; tibia 1!/"2; calcaneum 1":0; foot 055.

7. NYCTERIS ZTHIOPICA.

Nycteris ethiopica, Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus. p. 165,

pl. xi. fig. 3 (tragus).

The collection includes the first obtained specimens of this species,

preserved in alcohol. These show how difficult it is to correctly

describe species from dried skins; for the tragus, instead of being

narrower than in JN. javanica, as originally stated by me, is really

broader and altogether larger. The drawing of the tragus (referred

to above) which accompanies my description, however, is quite

correct. The specimens agree very closely in size ; and the following

are the measurements of the largest :—

Length, head and body 2'°35; tail 2’°25; head 09; ear 1°15,

P Z.5.1879. P1.LY.

§B.Sowerby hth Hanhart mp

NEW SHELLS FROM PERU.

P20. 1871S Pi ae

GBSowerby hth Hanhart imp.

NEW SHELLS FROM PERU.

1879.] | PRINCE LUBOMIRSKI ON SHELLS FROM PERU. 719

tragus 0'°3x0'"15; forearm 1°95; thumb 0°55; third finger—

metacarp. 1'':4, 1st ph. 1’:0, 2nd ph. 1°2; fifth finger—metacarp.

1°65, 1st ph. 0°55, 2nd ph. 0°55; tibia 0°95; calcaneum 0''*7 ;

foot 0”°45.

2. Notice sur quelques Coquilles du Pérou.

Par le Prince Lapistas Lusomirsk1.

[Received October 7, 1879.]

(Plates LV. & LVI.)

Les deux naturalistes polonais, MM. Jelski et Stolzmann, qui ont

fait exploration du Haut-Pérou, lun depuis 1870 jusqu’a 1874,

Pautre depuis 1875 jusqu’a 1878, ont envoyé de riches collections

au Musée de Varsovie; entre autres objets zoologiques, ils nous ont

procuré de ces contrées différentes espéces de coquilles terres-

tres, les unes déja connues, d’autres encore inédites, que je me pro-

pose de publier dans ces notices. La description détaillée des localités

qu ils ont parcourues, a été déja mainte fois consignée dans les Listes

des Oiseaux du Pérou, par le Conservateur du Musée de Varsovie,

M. Taczanowski, et publiée dans les ‘ Proceedings’ de la Société. .

1. SuccINEA PERUVIANA, Phil.

Succinea peruviana, Phil., Monogr. Helic. viv. Pfr. t. v. p. 38.

Lima, envoyée par M. Jelski en 1871.

2. Heirx (AMMONOCERAS) TROCHILIONEIDES, D’Orb.

Helix (Ammonoceras) trochilioneides, D’Orb., Monogr. Helic. viv.

Pir. tip. 113.

Lima, enyoyée par M. Jelski en 1871.

3. Hexix (Powira) sanTAaNnaénsis, Pfr.

Helix (Polita) santanaénsis, Pfr., Monogr. Helic. viv. Pfr. t. iv.

p- 82.

Tambillo, envoyée par M. Stolzmann en 1878.

4. Hexrx (SysTRopPHIA) PSEUDO-PLANORBIS, n. sp. (Plate LV.

figs. 1, 2, 3.)

Species Helici gyrelle, Mor., afinis. Testa latissime umbilicata,

planorboidea, oblique confertim striata, albida, epidermide lutes-

cente obtecta; spira fere plana, sutura profunda; anfr. 6-7,

ulttmus vix depressus, non descendens; apert. diagonalis sub-

oblique rotundata ; perist. simplex, margine columellari regulari-

ter arcuato.

Diam. maj. 163, min. 8, alt. 3 mill.

Pujupé, entre Hualguayoc et Chota, & 10,000 pieds d’altitude,

trouvée sous un tronc d’arbre mort, envoyée par M. Stolzmann au

nombre d’une cinquantaine d’exemplaires en 1878.

720 PRINCE LADISLAS LUBOMIRSKI ON [Dec. 2,

Différe del’ Helix gyrella, Mor., par sa dimension, par sa contexture

plus ferme, par sa couleur, qui est blanchatre, et par son épiderme

jaunatre qui le recouvre, par sa spire, qui est tant soit peu bombée,

et par le nombre des tours.

Différe de l’ Helix tortilis, Mor., par sa dimension, par ses stries,

qui dans le nétre sont réparties régulitrement sur tous les tours, par

sa hauteur et par le manque du sinus au bord supérieur de l’ouver-

ture.

5. Herx (Lystno) ausopnia, Phil.

Helix (Lysinoé) alsophila, Phil., Monogr. Helic. viv. Pfr. t. v.

p- 303.

Chota, envoyée par M. Stolzmann en 1878.

6. Heurx (IsoMERIA) sTOLZMANNI, n. sp. (Plate LV. figs. 4,

5;'6.)

Testa semiobtecta, umbilicata, depressa, solida, striata, striis ob-

liquis minutissime granulatis ; saturate castanea ; spira convexi-

uscula, vie elevata; anfractus regulariter accrescentes, ultimus

carinatus, antice deflewus, basi versus aperturam infiatus ; apert.

perobliqua, parva, securiformis ; perist. purpureo-fulvescens, in-

crassatum, reflecum, ad carinam angulatum, marginibus callo

albo funiculato junctis, dente unico coniformi infra carinam posito.

Diam. maj. 40, min. 33, alt. 17 mill,

Montafia de Palto, prés de Tambillo, district de Chota, trouvées

par M. Stolzmann au mois de Mai 1877, un exemplaire vivant,

ayant toutes ses couleurs, et 4 exemplaires morts.

Coquille ombiliquée, 4 moitié ouverte, déprimée, solide, marquée

de stries obliques et granuleuses, granulations punctiformes, petites,

parsemées par groupes. Sur la partie basale du dernier tour les

granulations sont isolées et presque invisibles 4 lceil nu; couleur

marron; spire peu élevée; tours de spire au nombre de 5, trés-peu

convexes, le dernier muni d’une caréne et briévement descendant,

enflé en dessous et comprimé vers la bouche. Bouche oblique, petite,

trapéziforme. Peristome épaissi, couleur pourpre-fauve, un peu

canaliculé sur le bord droit, 4 bords joints par une couche de callus

blanc, les bords supérieur et inférieur légérement étalés et renversés, le

columellaire oblique et arrondi. Une dent coniforme au-dessous de

la caréne.

Je dédie cette espéce a ]’infatigable explorateur du Pérou, M.

Stolzmann, qui a enrichi le Musée de Varsovie d’un grand nombre

d’objets concernant toutes les branches d'histoire naturelle.

7. Buuimus (Borvs) POPELAIRIANUS, Nyst.

Bulimus (Borus) popelairianus, Nyst, Monog. Helic. viv. Pfr.

t. ii. p. 20; Martens in Pfr, Novit. Conch. t. v. p. 3.

Palmal, envoyé par M. Stolzmann en une dizaine d’exemplaires,

avec deux ceufs de la grandeur d’un ceuf de Colombe, fourni aussi

en 1870 par M. Jelski en deux exemplaires de Montérico.

1879.] SHELLS FROM PERU. 721

8. Buximus (Borvs) sancrz-crucis, d’Orb.

Bulimus (Borus) sanete-crucis, d’Orb., Monogr. Helic. viv. Pfr.

t. il. p. 23; Mart. in Pfr. Novit. Conch. t. v. p. 6.

Amable Maria, envoyé par M. Jelski en 1871.

9. Butimus (Borvs) ticuTensternt, Alb.

Bulimus (Borus) lichtensteinii, Alb., Monogr. Helic. viv. Pfr. t. iv.

p- 366; Mart. in Pfr. Novit. Conch. t. v. p- 20.

Guajango, envoyé par M. Stolzmann en 1878.

10. Buximus (Borus) morirzranvus, Pfr.

Bulimus (Borus) moritzianus, Pfr., Monogr. Helic. viv. Pfr. t. ii,

p- 23.

Punamarca, envoyé par M. Jelski en 1872.

11. Buxtimus (Dryprus) sanco#, Tschudi.

Bulimus (Dryptus) sangoe, Tschudi, Monogr. Helic. viv. Pfr.

tm, p.ST7.

Amable Maria, envoyé par M. Jelski en 1872, en 2 exemplaires.

12. Butimus (PorPpHyROBAPHE) I0sToMUS, Sow.

Bulimus (Porphyrobaphe) iostomus, Sow., Monogr. Helic. viv. Pfr,

t. li. p. 29.

Lechugal, prés de Tumbez, envoyé par M. Stolzmann en une tren-

taine d’exemplaires.

13. Butimus (PORPHYROBAPHE) WRZESNIOWSKII, n. sp. (Plate

LV. figs. 7, 8.)

Testa imperforata, ovato-elongata, solida, nitida, longitudinaliter

striata et minutissime decussata, carneo-fulvescens, strigis longi-

tudinalibus fuscis punctisque sordide liliaceis ornata; spira conica,

obtusa; anfractibus convexiusculis, ultimus spiram equans, basi

attenuatus ; columella callosa plicato-torta ; apert. auriformis,

basi angulata, intus alba; perist. album, crassum et expansum,

marginibus callo nitidissimo albo junctis, columellari plicata ad~

nato.

Long. 78, diam. 37 mill. Apert. cum perist. 42 mill. longa, intus

16 mill. lata, perist. 4 mill. latum.

Tambillo, envoyé par Mr. Stolzmann en 1878, en un seul exem-

plaire.

Coquille imperforée, solide, de forme ovoide-allongée, luisante, spire

conique 4 sommet obtus. Tours de spire au nombre de six, peu

convexes, les deux premiers tours, de couleur carnée, sont réguliére-

ment granulés, les deux suivants, fauves, ont des stries distantes et

trés-marquées, et les deux derniers sont superficiellement striés et

croisés par d’autres stries presque invisibles 4 l’ceil nu; la couleur

de la coquille a, en général, une teinte carnée, le dernier tour seule-

ment est jaune-verditre. Les quatre derniers tours sont marqués

longitudinalement de flammes brunes et de ponctuations lilas sales.

722 PRINCE LADISLAS LUBOMIRSKI ON [Dee. 2,

Columelle blanche, calleuse, munie d’un pli et tordue. Ouverture

inclinée vers |’axe, anguleuse a sa base, blanche 4 l’intérieur, en forme

d’oreille. Peristome blanc, luisant, épaissi et étalé, 4 bords joints

par un callus se continuant a l’intérieur, bord columellaire 4 pli, affixe.

Je dédie ce Bulime 4 M. Wrzesniowski, professeur de Zoologie de

l'Université de Varsovie, qui par sa science, ses travaux sur les infi-

niment petits, et par ses découvertes de nouveaux Crustacées, nom-

mément de l’ordre des Amphipodes, s’est acquis une réputation dans

la science. son obligeance je dois aussi les dessins des coquilles

que je joins a ces notes.

14. Butrmus (OrPHNUS) FOVEOLATUS, Reeve.

Bulimus (Orphnus) foveolatus, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 97 ;

Monog. Helic. viv. Pfr. t. ii. p. 24. '

Amable Maria, envoyé par M. Jelski en 1871.

15. Butimus (OrPHNUS) BiFAsciATus, Phil.

Bulimus (Orphnus) bifasciatus, Phil., Monogr. Helic. viv. Pfr. t. ii.

p- 199.

Junin, envoyé par M. Jelski en une dizaine d’exemplaires en

1872.

16. Butimus (OrPHNUS) BREPHOIDES, d’Orb.

Bulimus (Orphnus) brephoides, d’Orb., Monogr. Helic. viv. Pfr.

t. ii. p. 143,

Amable Maria, envoyé par M. Jelski en 1872,

17. Buttmus (OrPHNUS) PORPHYREUS, Pfr.

Bulimus (Orphnus) porphyreus, Pfr., Monogr. Helic. viv. Pfr. t. ii.

p. 199.

Chota, envoyé par M. Stolzmann en une vingtaine d’exemplaires

en 1877, assez commun dans cette localité.

18. Butimus (OrPHNUS) TSERNI, Phil.

Bulimus (Orphnus) tserni, Phil., Monogr. Helic. viv. Pfr. t. vi.

p. 121.

Amable Maria, envoyé par M. Jelski en deux exemplaires en

1872.

19. Butimus (ORPHNUs) JELSKII, n.sp. (Plate LVI. figs. 1, 2.)

Testa subperforata, elongato-ovata, apice obtusa, striata, translucens,

saturate fulva, quadrifasciata, fasciis brunneis, superior et basalis

late, mediana et suturalis angustissime ; sutura irregulariter

crenulato-plicata; anfractibus 6, convexiusculis, ultimo spiram

subequante ; columella vix plicata, subtorta ; apert. ovalis, ob-

longa, intus albescens ; perist. simplex, marginibus callo tenuis-

sime junctis, dextro recto, columellari dilatato rimam formante,

livido.

Long. 35, diam. 15 mill. Apert. 17 mill. longa, 8 lata.

1879.] SHELLS FROM PERU. 723

Amable Maria, prés de Tarma, envoyé en 1873 par M. Jelski, en

un seul exemplaire.

La coquille de ce Bulime est presque close, de forme ovale-ob-

longue, transparente, assez solide, striée irréguliérement, de couleur

jaune-olivatre, munie de 4 bandes brunes, dont deux plus étroites et

deux plus larges. Sa spire est conique, 4 tours convexes et a som-

met obtus ; la suture est crénelée et munie de plis courts. Tours de

spire au nombre de six, le dernier égalant presque la spire. La

columelle ayant un pli obsoléte est légérement tordue. Ouverture

ovale-oblongue, couverte a l’intérieur d’une légére couche de callus

blanc, laissant apercevoir par transparence les bandes brunes. _ Peri-

stome simple, émoussé; les bords sont joints par un callus trés-

mince, le bord columellaire, de couleur livide, est un peu élargi, cou-

vrant la perforation.

Je dédie ce Bulime au savant explorateur M. Jelski, qui dans les

localités qu’il a visitées, l’ile de Madére, la Guyane, la Martinique,

et enfin le Pérou, a laissé des traces ineffacables de son activité et

de l’attachement 4 sa patrie, qu'il a enrichi de ses collections, recuellies

avec tant de peines et de discernement.

20. Butimus (GontosToMA) CHANCHAMAYENSIS, Hidalg.

Bulimus (Goniostoma) chanchamayensis, Hidalg., Monogr. Helic.

viv. Pfr. t. vill. p. 111.

Tarma, envoyé par M. Jelski en 1872, en trois exemplaires.

21. Butimus (Drym us) inTEeRPIctTus, Mart.

Bulimus (Drymeus) interpictus, Mart., Monogr. Helic. viv. Pfr.

t. vi. p. 21.

Junin, envoyé par M. Jelski en deux exemplaires en 1872.

22. Butimus (DRYMZUS) ALTO-PERUVIANUS, Reeve.

Bulimus (Drymeus) alto-peruvianus, Reeve, Monogr. Helic. viv.

Pfr. t. iii. p. 366.

Tambillo, envoyé par M. Stolzmann en 1878, en une dixaine d’ex-

emplaires.

23. Butimus (Drymzus) cantatus, Reeve.

Bulimus (Drymeus) cantatus, Reeve, Monogr. Helic. viv. Pfr.

{.,i..p: 373.

Tarma, un seul exemplaire fourni par M. Jelski en 1872.

24, Butimus (DrymMzvus) orTHOsToMA, E. A. Smith.

Bulimus (Drymeus) orthostoma, KE. A. Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc.

1877, p. 364.

Tambillo, envoyé par M. Stolzmann en 1878, en huit exemplaires.

25. Butimus (SCUTALUS) NIGROPILEATUS, Reeve.

Bulimus (Scutalus) nigropileatus, Reeve, Monogr. Helic. viv. Pfr.

t. iii. p. 427.

Chota, envoyé par M. Stolzmann en 1878, en une dizaine d’ex-

emplaires.

724 PRINCE LADISLAS LUBOMIRSKI ON [Dec. 2,

26. Buxirmus (ScuTauus) proteus, Brod.

Bulimus (Scutalus) proteus, Brod., Monogr. Helic. viv. Pfr. t. ii.

p- 61.

Bulimus sordidus (Desh.), Reeve.

Tarma, envoyé par M. Jelski en 1872, et par M. Stolzmann de

Chota en 1878, en grand nombre et beaucoup de variétés.

27. Butimus (ScuTauus) ALUTACEUS, Reeve.

Bulimus (Seutalus) alutaceus, Reeve, Monogr. Helic. viv. Pfr.

t., iby ps 324,

Amable Maria, envoyé par M. Jelski en 1872, environ vingt ex-

emplaires.

28. Burimus (Scuratvus) BAptus, Sow.

Bulimus (Scutalus) badius, Sow., Monogr. Helic. viv. Pfr. t. ii.

p- 189.

Tarma, envoyé par M. Jelski en 1872, une dizaine d’exemplaires

environ.

29. Buiimus (Scuratus) versicouor, Brod.

Bulimus (Scutalus) versicolor, Brod., Monogr. Helie. viv. Pfr. t. ii.

p- 61.

Truxillo, procuré par M. Jelski en 1871, en beaucoup d’exem-

plaires.

30. Butimus (THAuMAsTUS) CHRYSOMELAS, Mart.

Bulimus (Thaumastus) chrysomelas, Mart., Monogr. Helic.viv. Pfr.

t. vi. p. 133.

Tunin, envoyé par M. Jelski en trois exemplaires en 1872.

31. Butimus (OBELiscus) HAPLOSTYLUs, Pfr.

Bulimus (Obeliscus) haplostylus, Pfr., Monogr. Helic. viv. Pfr. t. ii.

p.- 152.

Tambillo, trouvés sous les feuilles par M. Stolzmann, en grand

nombre, et envoyé en 1878.

32. Butimus (PLectostyLus) Kocut, Pfr.

Bulimus (Plectostylus) kochii, Pfr., Monogr. Helie. viv. Pfr. t. ii.

p- 148.

Amable Maria, envoyé en 1872 par M. Jelski, en trois exemplaires.

33. Butimus (MESEMBRINUS) TRUJILLENSIs, Phil.

Bulimus (Mesembrinus) trujillensis, Phil., Monogr. Helic. viv. Pfr.

t. vie p. 129.

Trujillo, envoyé par M. Stolzmann en 1877, environ une renee

d’exemplaires.

1879.] SHELLS FROM PERU. 725

34, Burtimus (MresemBRINUS) SACHSEI, Alb.

Bulimus (Mesembrinus) sachsei, Alb., Monog. Helic. viv. Pfr. t. iv.

p. 454.

Tambillo, envoyé par M. Stolzmann en 1878. Dix exemplaires

environ.

35. Butimus (MEsEmBRINUS) PacILus, d’Orb. (?)

Bulimus (Mesembrinus) pecilus, d’Orb., Monog. Helic. viv. Pfr.

t. ii. p. 200.

La description de M. d’Orbigny semble s’accorder avec l’espéce

envoyée par M. Stolzmann; mais elle différe dans quelques traits

particuliers aux 25 exemplaires que je posséde; par le sommet de

la coquille, qui n’est aucunement noir, la disposition des bandes est

autre et le nombre de celles-ci est moindre, n’arrivant jamais 4 7 ou

8, et par le péristome qui est simple.

Le sommet et la coloration des bandes présentent les différences

suivantes :

1. Var. sommet rose, a 6 bandes noires bordées d’orange, 1 ex-

emplaire.

2. Var. sommet jaunatre, 4 6 bandes interrompues noires, 7 exem-

plaires.

3. Var. sommet corné a3 bandes jaune-paille dans la partie supé-

ricure de la coquille, et 3 bandes noires dans la partie basale.

4. Var. sommet blanchatre a 3 bandes noires autour de la perfora-

tion.

5. Var. sommet doré 4 3 bandes noires autour de la perforation, la

coquille étant jaune.

6. Var. sommet rose, coquille blanchitre, 4 une bande étroite

blanche au milieu du dernier tour, celui-ci étant ornée de flamme

longitudinale jaune-paille.

Chota, envoyé par M. Stolzmann en 1878.

36. Buximus (LEPTOMERUS) MOLECILLUs, Reeve.

Bulimus (Leptomerus) molecillus, Reeve, Monogr. Helic, viv. Pfr.

t. iii. p. 183.

Tarma, envoyé par M. Jelski en 1872.

37. PERIDERIS FLAMMIGERA, Ferr.

Perideris flammigera, Ferr., Monogr. Helic. viv. Pfr. t. ii. p. 245.

Chota, envoyée par M. Stolzmann en une trentaine d’exemplaires,

en 1878.

38. Pura paREDESI, d’Orbigny.

Pupa paredesii, d’ Orbigny, Monogr. Helic. viv. Pfr. t. ii. p. 309.

Chorillos, trouvée par M. Stolzmann en 1877, sous les pierres.

39. CLAUSILIA PERUANA, Tschudi.

Clausilia peruana, Tschudi, Monogr. Helie. viv. Pfr. t. ii. p. 483.

Mes trois exemplaires, quoique décollés, different de la descrip-

726 PRINCE LADISLAS LUBOMIRSKI ON [Dec. 2,

tion faite par M. Troschel dans le ‘Zeitschrift fiir Malacologie,’

1841, p. 51, en ce que deux de ceux-ci ont 9 tours de spire, et 1 seul

est de 7 tours.

Tarma, envoyée par M. Jelski en 1872.

40. CLAUSILIA TACZANOWSKII, 0. sp. (Plate LVI. figs. 3, 4.)

Testa non rimata, cylindracea, ventricosiuscula, decollata, fuliginosa,

striata et costata, costis lamelliformibus distantioribus albidis un-

dulatis et interdum irregulariter sculptis; anfr. 6-8 parum

convezi, ultimus paulo angustior, fere angulatus; apert. sub-

quadrato-ovata, fusca. Lamella supera marginalis, flexuosa ;

infera profundior, obliqua ; subcolumellaris arcuata, subemersa ;

lunella valida; plica palatali unica. Perist. incrassatum, undique

liberum, reflecum, fulvescens. Clausilium ovato-elongatum, apice

acuminatum.

Long. 22-25‘ diam. 6 mill. Apert. 6 mill. longa, 43 lata.

Bambamarca, recueillies par M. Stolzmann, le 2 mars 1878.

Coquille non rimée, cylindrique, tant soit peu ventrue, décollée,

grise, munie de stries assez élevées, particuliérement vers la suture,

et de cétes lamelliformes, distantes, anguleuses, ressemblant a des

lettres hébraiques, de couleur blanchatre; tours de spire 6-8 peu

convexes, le dernier tour un peu comprimé et presque anguleux a sa

base. Ouverture presque carrée, un peu plus étroite vers le bas, de

couleur brune. Lamelle supérieure flexueuse, atteignant le bord,

linférieure oblique, plus profonde, Jamelle columellaire arquée ;

lunelle forte; pli palatale allongé. Péristome réfléchi, sale.

Je dédie cette nouvelle Clausilie 4 Mons. Ladislas Taczanowski,

ornithologiste et arachnéologue d’un grand mérite, comme homage

de mon amitié et comme preuve de ma réconnaissance 4 homme,

qui a bien voulu me guider de ses conseils dans mes travaux conchy-

lologiques.

41. CLAUSILIA SLOSARSKIT, n. sp. (Plate LVI. figs. 5, 6, 7.)

Testa non rimata, cylindraceo-fusiformis, decollata, violaceo-brunnea;

sericea, subtiliter et undulatim striata; anfr. 6—7, ultimus breviter

solutus; cervix rotundata; apert. rotunduto-ovata, fuscescens ;

lamella supera marginalis, elevata; infera obliqua; spiralis

flexuosa, et subcolumellaris continua; lunella subarcuata ; plica

palatalis unica, elongata; perist. undique liberum, late reflecum,

sordidum. Clausilium ovato-oblongum.

Long. 22-26, diam. 5-53 mill. Apert. 5-5} mill. longa, 5 lata.

Pumamarca, recueillies par M. Stolzmann en 1878.

Coquille non rimée, fusiforme, décollée, de couleur brune-violacée,

soyeuse, finement striée; les stries sont longitudinalement ondulées,

les stries transversales sont distantes et obsolétes, se laissant aperce-

voir sur les premiers tours de quelques exemplaires. Tours de spire

au nombre de 6—7, le dernier détaché en avant et arrondi A sa base.

Lamelle supérieure elevée ; l’inférieure oblique ; lamelle spirale flex-

ueuse, et la columellaire non interrompue. Lunelle distincte, peu

1879.] SHELLS FROM PERU. 727

arquée. Pli palatal unique allongé. Péristome réfléchi, de couleur

blanc-sale.

Je dédie cette Clausilie 4 l’adjoint de la chaire d’anatomie com-

parée, Mons. Antoine Sldsarski, qui s’est occupé particuli¢rement

de la faune conchyliologique du Royaume de Pologne, et qui par ses

travaux anatomiques sur les Mollusques s’est acquis une réputation

dans le pays.

42. CLausiLia FILOCosTULATA, n. sp. (Plate LVI. figs. 8, 9,

10, 11.)

Testa non rimata, cylindraceo-turrita, decollata, fulvescens, tenuis,

translucens, irregulariter capillaceo-lamellosa ; anfr. 8, conveai-

usculi, ultimus solutus, breviter descendens, supra aperturam

suleatus ; cervix vix rotundata ; lamella supera marginalis com-

pressa, infera vix elevata, subcolumellaris immersa ; lunella

brevis, arcuata ; plica palatalis unica, distincta. Perist. albidum,

continuum, subexpansum. Clausilium ovato-lanceolatum.

Long. 17, diam. 4 mill. Apert. 3 mill. longa, 2 lata.

Dans la localité, nommée Escalon, entre Tunin et Obrajillo, trouvées

par M. Jelski, en 1872 au mois de novembre, dans les roches cal-

caires.

Coquille non rimée, cylindrique et turriculée, gréle, un peu trans-

parente, jaunatre, munie de lamelles filiformes, les unes en groupes,

les autres distantes, plus pales que le fond; tours de spire au nom-

bre de 8, peu convexes, le dernier arrondi. Ouverture presque carrée,

arrondie vers sa base. Lamelle supérieure marginale, comprimée ;

Vinférieure élevée, la columellaire gréle. Lunelle arquée, courte.

Pli palatal unique et distinct. Péristome blanchatre, continu et

briévement réfiéchi.

43. Cuausitia cHACAENSIS, n. sp. (Plate LVI. figs. 12, 13, 14,

15.)

Testa non rimata, fusiformis, solidula, cornea, oblique striatula ;

anfr. 9, convewi, ultimus breviter solutus, angustior, basi vir

compressus, oblique elongatus ; apert. trapezoideo-ovalis, laterali-

ter compressa ; lamella supera marginalis ; infera obliqua, valida,

atro-fulva; subcolumellaris immersa; lunella semicircularis,

distincta; plica palatalis unica, elongata. Perist. albidum et

via incrassatum. Clausilium pyriforme.

Long. 14, diam. 23 mill. Apert. 4 mill. longa, 2 lata.

Des environs de Chaca, 4 une heure de distance de Huanta, en-

voyée par M. Jelski en 1873.

Coquille non rimée, fusiforme, assez solide, stri¢e obliquement,

cornée; dans quelques exemplaires on remarque vers la suture des

taches plus foncées alternant avec de plus claires ; tours de spire 9,

convexes, le dernier rétréci, peu prolongé et arrondi a sa base. Ouver-

ture trapézoidale et allongée. Lamelle supérieure marginale ; l’in-

férieure oblique, plus forte et de couleur brune; la columellaire

immergée ; lunelle arrondie et distincte; pli palatal allongé. Péri-

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No. XLVII. 47

728 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON NEW HELICES. [ Dee. 2,

stome grisatre, réflechi et épaissi. Je donne le nom 4 cette Clau-

silie de la localité ot cette espéce a été trouvée.

44, GUESTERIA BRANICKII, 0. sp.

Envoyée par M. Stolzmann en 1878 de Tambillo, dont la descrip-

tion va incessamment paraitre dans le ‘Bulletin’ de la Société Zoolo-

gique de France.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Puate LY.

Figs. 1-3. Helix (Systrophia) pseudo-planorbis, p. 719.

4-6. (Lsomera) stolemanni, p. 720,

7,8. Bulimus (Porphyrobaphe) wrzesniowskii, p. 721.

Puate LVI.

Figs.1,2. Bulimus (Orphnus) jelskii, p. 722.

3,4. Clausilia taczanowskvi, p. 726.

5-7. -—— slosarskii, p. 726.

8-11. —— /filocostulata, p. 727.

12-15. chacdénsis, p. 727.

8. Descriptions of two new Species of Helix (Eurycratera)

from S.E. Betsileo, Madagascar. By Guorce FrEencH

Aneas, C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., &e.

[Received October 27, 1879.]

(Plate LVII.)

Heirx (EuryCRATERA) BETSILEOENSIS, n. sp. (Plate LVII.

figs. 1, 2.)

Shell broadly umbilicated, depressedly ovate, rather solid, somewhat

shining, irregularly transversely rugosely striated on the last whorl,

the upper whorls finely and distinctly granulated, the last faintly

keeled at the periphery, dark-olive brown, spotted here and there

with greenish yellow, darker below the keel, with very indistinct

indications of bands above it, upper whorls greenish yellow, spire

flatly convex, apex depressed ; whorls 33, rapidly increasing ; base

tumid and convex around the wide umbilicus ; aperture very oblique,

quadrately ovate, interior pearly grey, under the lens very minutely

shagreened ; peritreme thickened and slightly reflexed, columella a

little expanded over the umbilicus, coarsely granulated along the

entire inner surface, margins united by a callus.

Diam. maj. 3 poll. 3 lin., min. 2 poll. 6 lin., alt. 1 poll. 6 lin.

Hab. 8.E. Betsileo, Madagascar.

Larger and more elongated than H. guesteriana, Crosse, with a

tumid base and a wide umbilicus ; this species wants the malleated

sculpture so remarkable in H. guesteriana, as well as the second

dark raised ridge above the periphery. It differs also from H. cornu-

giganteum in shape, the latter being rounder with a flattened base and

a small umbilicus.

P Z.5.1879.P1.LVI

GBSowerby kth Hanhart imp.

NEW HELICES FROM MADAGASCAR

P.Z. 8.1879. Pl. LVI.

Edwin Wilson. del et lith. Mintern Bros, imp.

NEW AND RARE, ARACHNIDA.

1879. ] ON ARACHNIDA FROM THE MASCARENE ISLANDS. 729

Heirx (EurYCRATERA) IBARAOENSIS, un. sp. (Plate LVII.

figs. 3, 4.)

Shell imperforate, globosely ovate, moderately solid, shining, trans-

versely irregularly rugosely striated in front and very finely granu-

lated on the upper whorls, the granules descending to the base

behind, yellowish olive, encircled with numerous narrow dark brown

bands that lose themselves and become darker towards the aperture

and base; spire flatly convex, apex depressed ; whorls 33, rapidly

increasing, the last very large and inflated; aperture oblique, large,

roundly ovate, pearly bluish violet within ; peristome slightly thick-

ened, the margins united by a thick callus; columella smooth.

Diam. maj. 3 poll. 6 lin., min. 2 poll. 8 lin., alt. 2 poll. 4 lin.

Hab. §.E. Betsileo, Madagascar.

This fine shell somewhat approaches H. magnifica, Fér., but is

much more globular and compact, with the position of the spire

less remote ; and it has also a different style of coloration.

Examples of this and the preceding species have lately been

received from S.E. Betsileo, Madagascar, by Mr. Edward Bartlett,

of Maidstone, who has kindly placed them in my hands for descrip-

tion.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LYII.

Figs. 1,2. Helix (Eurycratera) betsileoensis, p. 728.

3,4. —— ( ) ibaracensis, p. 729.

4, On Arachnida from the Mascarene Islands and Madagascar.

By Artuur G. Butter, F.L.S. &c., Assistant Keeper,

Zoological Department, British Museum.

[Received November 1, 1879.]

(Plate LVIII.)

Last year a small series of Spiders was obtained through Mr. H.

H. Slater from Réunion and Mauritius, of which the following is a

list.

1. ScyropEs MAJOR, Simon.

Plaine des Palmistes, Réunion.

2. ULOBORUS BORBONICUS, Vinson.

Mauritius.

3. Ox1os LEUCosius, Walckenaer.

Mauritius.

The identification of these three species, however, is a little doubt-

ful, owing to the imperfection of the figures in Vinson’s ‘ Araneides

des iles de la Réunion ’ &c.

47*

730 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON [Dec. 2

‘4, PHoxicus BORBONICUS, Vinson.

Plaine des Palmistes. ; het:

Although the specimen is somewhat injured, there is no mistaking

this remarkable species.

5. Mera? sANCTI-BENEDICTI, Vinson.

There is also a Spider (somewhat damaged) which seems allied to

the above, from Mauritius.

6. NEPHILA LABILLARDIERI, Thorell ?

Plaine des Palmistes.

Although it seems scarcely possible that the species of Réunion

can be identical with that from New Caledonia, I have failed to dis-

cover any difference by which to distinguish it from Dr. Thorell’s

figures.

7. EPEIRA ISABELLA, Vinson.

Plaine des Palmistes.

8. EpErRA SLATERI, n. sp. (Plate LVIII. figs. 1, la, 16.)

Q. Ferruginous ; sides of the cephalothorax blackish; a central

irregular longitudinal abdominal band represented by yellow spots

and by four blackish depressed spots in the form of a square ; falces

piceous ; labium and maxillz, pectoral shield, and ventral surface

of abdomen testaceous.

Cephalothorax subquadrate in front, almost circular behind the

caput, with slightly concave posterior margin, the sutural margins

.of the caput well defined and terminating in a depression at the

second third of the dorsal surface; a central Y-shaped line upon

‘the posterior half of the caput and ending in the same depression ;

caput hairy, convex; central oculiferous tubercle prominent and X-

shaped, the anterior pair of eyes rather further apart than the pos-

terior pair; lateral eyes small, and placed upon little, oblique, less

prominent tubercles at the anterior angle on each side; abdomen

_short, almost cordiform ; epigyne linguiform ; pectoral shield ovoid,

truncated in front ; coxee short, widening towards the culmen ; relative

length of legs 1, 2,4, 3. Falces quadridentate on lower margins.

Length of cephalothorax and abdomen together 10 millimetres.

Plaine des Palmistes, Réunion.

There is a series of what I take to be a Holothyrus near H. coc-

cinelloides, but differing from Walckenaer’s figures in the number of

joints in the antennee and the absence of the linguiform plate on the

under surface of the body.

The following Spiders have been received this year from Mada-

gascar :— ‘

1. Drassus MALAGASSICUS, n. sp. (Plate LVIII. figs. 3, 3 a, 3 6.)

3. Mahogany-red; the cephalothorax with a broad ill-defined

blackish longitudinal band on each side; the caput and a stripe on

1879.] ARACHNIDA FROM MADAGASCAR. 731

each side beyond the blackish bands clothed with depressed

whitish pile ; palpi, excepting the bulbus and under surface of body,

horn-yellow; bulbus castancous, clothed with pale brown hair above,

black below; falces castaneous, clothed with pale hair ; legs sparsely

clothed with pale hair and with black spines; abdomen above brown,

densely clothed with short pale greyish-brown hair.

Cephalothorax ovoid, truncated in front, very slightly indented

in the middle behind, shelving at the sides, but flattened along the

dorsal or central longitudinal region; sutural outline of the caput

feebly indicated ; margins of cephalothorax behind the caput regu-

larly convex ; abdomen oval, flattened or truncated in front, posterior

extremity obtusely pointed; pectoral shield oval and indistinctly

nine-sided ; cox barrel-shaped, those of the two anterior pairs of

legs with straight anterior and convex posterior margins. Relative

length of the legs 1 and 4, 2, 3; relative length of joints as follows:—

femoral joints—first pair 83 millimetres, second pair 7, third6, fourth

8 ; tibial (including basitibial or knee-joint)—first pair 11, second 9,

third 7, fourth 11; tarsal joints or tarsus—first 134, second Lid,

third 9, fourth 14. Falces large, with three conical denticles on the

inferior margins, and with a powerful curved movable fang; palpi

about 9 millimetres in length, with the bulbus large, pyriform, and

incurved. Length of cephalothorax and abdomen together (exclusive

of falces) 17 millimetres.

Antananarivo (Kingdon).

2. GASTERACANTHA BORBONICA, Vinson.

Antananarivo (Kingdon).

3. GASTERACANTHA ACROSOMOIDES, Cambridge.

Antananarivo (Kingdon).

4. Ca@RostRIs TUBERCULOSA, Vinson.

Fianarantsoa (Shuw).

Unfortunately these specimens were allowed by the collector to get

nearly dry and were injured by mould.

5. CaRosTRIS MITRALIS, Vinson.

Antananarivo (Kingdon).

One specimen, agreeing well with the figures.

6. Ca@rostTRIs STYGIANA, n. sp. (Plate LVIII. figs. 4, 4a, 46.)

@. Cephalothorax black, covered when dry with golden pile,

posterior portion castaneous ; legs above black, banded at base of

tibize and tarsi with white ; coxee and femora below castaneous ; falces

black, fringed above with golden hair; maxille orange above, dark

castaneous, fringed with dull lake-red hair, below; labium and

pectoral shield blackish ; abdomen above testaceous, below black.

Cephalothorax nearly square, but convex at the sides, almost per-

pendicular behind the caput ; the latter more than twice as wide as

long, with six projecting horizontal processes or prominent tubercles,

732 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON [Dec. 2,

two on each side and two behind, the anterior lateral processes bifid,

owing to their confluence with the lateral oculiferous tubercles; a

prominent, nearly circular, central oculiferous tubercle bearing the

four central eyes; the anterior pair of eyes larger than the posterior

pair, nearer together, but separated from each other by a longer

distance than from the posterior pair; abdomen scutiform, the

anterior margin truncated; the anterior surface oblique, longitu-

dinally sulcated and with a transverse series of six mammiform

tubercles upon the ridges between the sulci; a large humeral

process on each side, its length six millimetres, its form cylin-

drical, expanding laterally towards the culmen, which bears three

well-developed and slightly incurved conical projections, the central

projection forming the apex of the process and therefore considerably

more prominent than the two lateral ones; a short distance behind

each process is a small impression followed by a small conical process ;

lateral margins of the abdomen arched and indistinctly transversely

suleated, posterior extremity obtusely pointed ; pectoral shield scu-

tiform, truncated in front; coxee short, rugose; relative length of

legs 1, 2, 4, 3,; tibiee and tarsi flattened and longitudinally sulcated ;

falces large, rugose, with four well-developed teeth on each internal

margin and with a very powerful curved movable fang; palpi flat-

tened, hairy, the two terminal joints expanded and longitudinally

suleated. Length of cephalothorax and abdomen together 17 milli-

metres.

Antananarivo (Kingdon); Fianarantsoa (Shaw).

I have compared three specimens of this singular species. It is

allied to C. paradoxa of Java (Plate LVIII. figs. 5, 5a, 56) and

C. avernalis.

7. C@ROSTRIS AVERNALIS, Butler.

Fianarantsoa (Shaw).

I was pleased to find even an injured example of this species among

Mr. Shaw’s Spiders, as, although of little value as a specimen, it is

in a sufficiently recognizable condition to prove the constancy of the

specific characters.

8. EPEIRA LOCUPLES, n. sp. (Plate LVIII. figs. 2, 2a, 2.)

@. Cephalothorax black ; caput clothed with whitish hair ; legs

castaneous, the tarsi orange-yellow, tarsal claws black; tibize and

tarsi of third and fourth pairs of legs broadly banded with black ;

palpi castaneous ; maxillze and labium blackish, with whitish borders;

pectoral shield yellowish, with black border; abdomen sordid whitish

(probably bright chrome-yellow in life), two or three transverse lines

across the anterior margin and six central impressed dots in pairs

black ; ventral surface black, with a triangular basal marking, a semi-

circular patch on each side, and two transverse ellipsoidal spots a

short distance in front of the spinnerets, sordid whitish (probably

yellow in life).

Cephalothorax of the usual form, almost circular behind the caput,

its posterior area deeply depressed and with two lateral diverging sulci

1879.] ARACHNIDA FROM MADAGASCAR. 733

from the commencement of the depression on each side; caput

covered sparsely with long depressed hair, directed forward and pro-

jecting beyond the anterior margin ; a central shallow rounded de-

pression ; oculiferous tubercles prominent, the central one X-shaped,

the anterior’ pair of eyes much larger and wider apart than the posterior

pair ; the lateral tubercles slightly oblique, the anterior eyes upon

them being larger than the posterior ; abdomen broad, oval, hairy

in front ; epigyne linguiform, with a well-defined marginal ridge ; pec-

toral shield pentagonal ; falces acutely quadridentate on each interior

margin, the third denticle from the proximal extremity being largest,

movable fang curved and tolerably powerful; palpi hairy; legs

rather hairy, their relative length being 1, 2, 4, 3, the second and

fourth pairs nearly equal. Length of cephalothorax and abdomen

together 10 millimetres.

Antananarivo (Kingdon).

PyreEsTHEsIs, n. gen. (Thomiside)’.

Apparently nearest to Loxobates, Thorell.

Length of cephalothorax rather greater than the width behind,

and half as wide again as, the caput ; dorsal surface to a little beyond

the middle nearly flat, slightly sloping forwards, behind the middle

abruptly sloping backwards; height just behind the middle equal

to width at widest part; eyes occupying the whole anterior por-

tion of the caput, oculiferous tubercles only indicated by little

connecting ridges between the eyes; eyes arranged in two arched

series, the anterior lateral eyes being the largest and the posterior

lateral the smallest ; central eyes forming a nearly perfect quadrangle ;

front margin of caput rounded, unarmed; external margin of

falces with a smooth longitudinal ridge; legs very slightly compressed,

nearly cylindrical, short, with a few scattered bristles but no di-

stinct spines ; abdomen globular, very slightly longer than broad,

very slightly convex below,

Type P. cambridgii.

9. PyRESTHESIS CAMBRIDGH, n. sp. (Plate LVIII. figs. 6, 6a,

6b, 6c.)

@. Cephalothorax black, tibize banded with yellow; ccxe oliva-

ceous ; abdomen above yellow, with scarlet border; the yellow area

crossed by three transverse broad black bands, the first and second of

which are connected in the centre by a short longitudinal band, and

the second and third at their extremities; the first of these bands is

arched, and the two others are slightly angulated and clavate at

their extremities; a fourth very abbreviate and disconnected trans-

verse band followed by a rounded black spot upon the posterior area ;

under surface dark olivaceous.

Cephalothorax smooth, with scattered hairs upon the caput, the

central oculiferous tubercle indicated by a slight swelling of the sur-

1 The Rev. O. P, Cambridge, to whom I sent a sketch of this Spider, writes

that it “would seem to be near Syurma, Simon ; but the thoracic region is ap-

parently too much eleyated for that genus.”

734 LIEUT.-COL. GODWIN-AUSTEN AND MR. NEVILL ON [Dec. 2,

face and by indications of connecting ridges between the eyes, pos-

terior pair of eyes slightly wider apart than the anterior pair, of about

equal size; lateral eyes placed obliquely, the anterior eyes fully

twice the size of the central ones and four times as large as the pos-

terior lateral ones ; pectoral shield cordiform; falces smooth, with

wavy external margins and hairy internal surfaces; maxillze long, in-

arched, smooth; abdomen rounded, slightly pointed behind, and almost

flat below. Legs very short, their relative length 2, 1,4,3; the anterior

pair as follows—femur 2 millimetres, tibia including knee-joint 22,

tarsi 2; second pair—femur 23, tibia 24, tarsi 2; third pair—femur

14, tibia 14, tarsi 14 ; fourth patr—femur 2, tibia 14, tarsi 13 ; the legs

entire therefore being—first pair 63 millimetres, second 62, third 43,

fourth 54. Length of cephalothorax and abdomen together 8 milli-

metres, of abdomen alone 53.

Antananarivo (Kingdon).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVIII.

Fig.1. Zpeira slateri, Butl., p. 730.

: , profile view.

16, —— —, falx.

locuples, Butl., p. 732.

2a, —— , profile view.

2b , falx.

3. Drassus malagassicus, Butl., p. 730.

, profile view.

; , palpus.

4. Cerostris stygiana, Butl., p. 731.

4a, , profile view.

4b, —— , view of abdomen from behind.

5. paradoxa, Dolesch, p. 732.

5a, —— , profile view.

5b -——., view of abdomen from behind.

6. Pyresthesis cambridgit, Butl., p. 733.

6a. , profile view.

66, —— ——, caput with eyes.

6e. —, falx.

5. Descriptions of Shells from Perak and the Nicobar

Islands. By Lieut.-Col. H. H. Gopwin-Ausren, F.Z.8.,

and G, Nrvitu, C.M.Z.S.

[Received November 6, 1879.]

(Plates LIX. & LX.)

The shells from Perak described in this paper were collected by

Surgeon-Major E. Townsend, then with H.M. 3rd Regt. Buffs, on

the expedition against the rebellious Malays in 1875-76. Some of

the smallest were found in the caves of Buket Punong or Pondong,

an isolated conical limestone hill about 1000 feet high. The col-

lection brought to Calcutta was a very extensive and most interesting

one, proving the richness of the land-molluscan fauna of that portion

of the Malay peninsula, and how much more still remains to be

P40 1879 Peuy

PERAK anp NICOBAR SHELLS

mw Gad AA oR Ie

{'Godwin-Austen del et lith Maclure &Macdonald, Imp

Goss TOE UL

NEW PERAK SHELLS

ae del etlith (DIPLOMMATINA..) Maclure & Macdonald Iny

1879.] SHELLS FROM PERAK AND THE NICOBAR ISLANDS. 735

found by future naturalists who may visit the country with more

leisure than Dr. Townsend could give during the progress of a

military expedition.

The thanks of all interested in malacology must be given him for

the interesting new forms he has made us acquainted with.

The Nicobarese shells were collected by Dr. Ferdinand Stoliczka,

and were among the large and valuable collections which he bequeathed

to the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

ENNEA PERAKENSIS, n. sp. (Plate LIX. fig. 2.)

Testa parva, viridescenti-crystallina, nitida, solida ; spira paululum

elevata, trochiformis, profunde et aperte umbilicata in modo

“solariformi” dicto, apice obtuso atque levi ; superne elegantissime

regulariterque transversim sulcata, sulcis pervalidis, planiusculis

subrectisque (viv flexuosis); anfractu tertio sulcis confertis,

ultimis duobus sulcis equalibus atque distantibus ornatis ; subtus

ad basin subplana, circa umbilicum subcarinata, prope periphe-

riam sulcis validis subito fere evanidis, in umbilico rursus con-

spicue patentibus ; anfract. 5, converiusculi, ultimo basi plano ;

apertura perfecte quadrangularis, dentibus 4 coarctatis, dente

parietali percrasso, oblique contorto, conspicue prominente ; perist.

album, incrassatum, marginibus subparallelis, fere rectis, margine

externo inferne dente parvo munito et ad basin abrupte angulato,

margine basali cum dente, paululum majore, in medio munito,

margine columellari superne callositate levi ad dentem parietalem

Juncto, reflewo et paululum obliquo, inferne acute angulato et dente

valido munito.

Alt. 13, diam. 2 mill. The other specimen measures, alt. 12,

diam. 13 mill. (G. W.).

I obtained two fine specimens of this remarkable new species, by

washing the larger shells obtained by Dr. Townsend in the Buket

Pondong cave. I know of no shell which surpasses it in interest, as

regards sculpture: the apical two whorls are smooth, the next

closely, transversely suleated, and the last two very conspicuously

distantly so; the “sulci” are almost upright, only slightly flexuous,

with their interstices about twice as broad as themselves; under-

neath, the base appears beautifully fimbriated near the margin,

owing to these sulcations apparently suddenly stopping a short

distance from the periphery, though in reality one can trace them

across the base ; but to do so requires thelensanda good light. To

all appearance the middle of the base is smooth, polished and shining.

These sulcations appear again within the deep, open, and solariform

umbilicus, as conspicuous as ever. The characters of the aperture

&c. are so excellently represented in Colonel Austen’s figure, that it

would be a waste of time to further describe them (G@. N.).

From the peculiar form of this shell, Mr. Nevill considered it a

new subgenus of Hnnea ; and following his description of it he says :—

‘It is of interest to note that, in the very extensive collection made

by my friend Dr. Townsend in these caves, there was not so much

as a broken piece of any species of Streptaxis or Ennea, both so

736 LIEUT.-COL. GODWIN-AUSTEN AND MR. NEVILL ON [Dec. 2,

common in similar ground in the nearest known countries, Tenasserim

and Penang.”

I have deemed it best, considering that only two specimens were

found, and that they are so similar in general form to immature spe-

cimens of Ennea stenopylis, Bs., from the Khasi hills, not to found

this new subgenus until further examples are obtained proving that

the shell as given in the Plate is a mature form; and I trust Mr.

Nevill will pardon this caution on my part (G.-A.).

cia (MicrocysTINA) TOWNSENDIANA, n. sp. (Plate LIX.

fig. 1.

Testa minutissima, N. minime (H. Adams, P. Z.S. 1869), a me

detecta, affinis ; vix rimata, planiuscula, vitrea, nitida et levis ;

anfract. 43, perlente crescentes, sutura impressa sejuncti, ultimo

majore, prope aperturam vix dilatato, ad peripheriam rotundato,

basi convexiusculo; apertura minima, angusta, margine columellari

perobliquo via descendente.

Alt. + (prox.), diam. 1 (prox.) mill. (G. N.)

A small and almost microscopic form, which I obtained by washing

larger shells found by Dr. Townsend in the Buket Pondong Cave.

It belongs to a group which appears to me to abound nearly every-

where in the Indo-Malay Province, but which has hitherto been

almost universally neglected, on account of the small size, and ab-

sence of marked sculpture and coloration, which characterize these

shells. Species have nevertheless been described by MM. Issel

(from Borneo), Martens, Semper, and Morch (Eastern Archipelago),

Benson (India and Burma), Morelet and H. Adams (Mascarene I.),

&c. I have not any books by me for reference; but I am almost

confident that it was for a species of this group that Mirch, Journ.

de Conchyl. for 1872, formed a new subgenus “‘ Microcystina”’ (as

distinct from the sculptured Microcystis, of Beck), with N. rinkit,

Morch, from the Nicobar Islands, as his type! Microcystina seems

to me to bear somewhat the same relationship to the larger and closely

allied mollusks known as Macrochlamys, that the European species

of Vitrea (of Fitzinger) do to Hyalina (G. N.).

M. Crosse has described’ a new form from the same locality, J.

(Geotrochus) perakensis.

Cuausinia? juv. (Plate LIX. fig. 8.)

Another young shell figured, which I doubtfully refer to the

above genus (G.-2.).

Perak. (Indian Museum, Calcutta.)

Purisoma? sp. juv. (Plate LIX. fig. 7.)

This shell I have figured although young, it being often of impor-

tance to know the immature forms, which so puzzle a conchologist

when sorting out a collection. It probably belongs to the above

subgenus of Stoliczka (J. A. S. B. 1873, p. 32).

Alt. °045 inch. (G.-A.)

Perak. (Indian Museum, Calcutta.)

1 Journ, de Conchyl. t. xix. p. 199, pl. viii. f. 4.

1879.] SHELLS FROM PERAK AND THE NICOBAR ISLANDS. 737

ACMELLA MORELETIANA, Nevill (Handl. Moll. Ind. Mus. 1878,

p- 251, Batti Malve). (Plate LIX. fig. 4.)

Testa minima, subaperte umbilicata, conico-turrita, hyalina, per-

lucida, polita atque nitida ; circa regionem umbilicalem confertim

plicata, plicis validis, regulariter incisis, prope suturam [sub

“‘lente”’| minutissime striatula, striis sepe haud videndis ;

anfract. 53, convewiusculi, gradati, sutura excavata sejuncti,

ultimo globuloso, inferne convexo ; apertura perfecte rotundata,

marginibus approximatis, sed haud continuis ; peristomate paulu-

lum incrassato, margine columellari sensim rotundato, umbilicum

haud tegente.

Long. 2, diam. 1} mil. (G.N.)

The late Dr. Stoliczka found this species in abundance on the little

island of Batti Malve, twenty miles south of Car Nicobar. The regular

distinct plications of the central portion of the base, which crowd the

interior of the umbilicus, are a peculiar characteristic; in some of

the scarcely mature specimens, under a strong lens, I can just detect

near the suture, here and there, traces of a most minute striation ;

otherwise the shell is of a perfectly smooth, polished, and translucent

texture ; the whorls are more convex than those of A. roepstorfiana,

the aperture higher in proportion to its breadth, with the columellar

margin not bent abruptly back over the umbilicus, but evenly and

gently rounded. Colonel Austen’s figures of both these species are

excellent, scarcely to be surpassed. The only possible criticism is

that the margins of the aperture of this species, in especial, may to

some appear continuous, which is not the case (G. N.).

ACMELLA ROEPSTORFFIANA, Nevill (Handl. Moll. Ind. Mus. 1878,

p- 25, Katchall, Nicobar Islands). (Plate LIX. fig. 5.)

Testa minima, peranguste umbilicata, conico-turrita, nitida, sub-

translucida, sericina, omnino distincte, subconfertim et regulariter

striata, striis acute filiformibus, obliquis, ad basin flecuosis, prope

regionem umbilicalem paululum magis conspicuis ; anfract. 5,

gradati, vie convexiusculi, sutura excavata sejuncti, ultimo sub-

cylindrico, ad peripheriam paululum compresso ; apertura minima,

subcircularis, peristomate incrassato, haud continuo, subobsolete

duplici, margine externo perconvexo, margine columellari valide

retrorsum arcuato plus minusve umbilicum tegente.

Long. 14, diam. 1 mill. (G. WV.)

This small species, a few specimens only of which were found by

the late Dr. Stoliczka at Katchall, one of the Nicobar Islands, is

distinguished from all the other described species of the genus by

its being throughout regularly, rather strongly striated, the stric

being acute and “‘thread-like ;”’ the shell is of a silky, translucent

and shining texture, with 5 almost cylindrically turreted whorls,

the last a trifle compressed at the periphery ; the umbilicus is ex-

ceedingly narrow and partially overlapped by the thickened peristome,

which here and there, under the lens, clearly shows a duplex cha-

racter ; the aperture is very small, unusually broad in proportion ta

738 LIEUT.-COL. GODWIN-AUSTEN AND MR. NEVILL ON [Dec. 2,

its height, and almost circular, with the margins almost but ‘not

quite continuous, the columellar one being abruptly bent back over

the umbilicus, and then beautifully and boldly rounded. I named

this interesting little species after my friend Mr. F. A. de Roepstorff,

Dep. Sup. Andaman-I. Commission, to whom both the Museum at

Copenhagen and myself are indebted for many interesting Mollusca

and Coleoptera from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (G. N.).

OPiIsTHOSTOMA PERAKENSIS, n. sp. (Plate LX, figs. 1, la, 18.)

Shell dextral, much depressed, ovate, the last whorl reflected half

a turn back and rising to a level with the penultimate suture ; colour

ruddy brown; sculpture fine ribbing, wide apart and regular to the

apex. Spire depressed, sides parallel, apex flat, suture deep.

Whorls 4, sides convex ; penultimate and antepenultimate equal, the

last reversed. Aperture circular, vertical; peristome double, inner

lip circular, continuous ; the outer lip angular below.

Size, alt. 0°30, major diam. 0°33 in.

Perak. (Indian Museum, Calcutta.)

Two examples of this very curious extremely minute shell were

discovered by Mr. G. Nevill when washing out some of the larger

specimens of the sbells from the limestone caves, showing how

often such delicate small species must be overlooked and lost by

collectors (H. H. G,-A.).

OpisTHOSTOMA PAULUCCI®, Crosse and Nevill, Journ. de

Conchyliologie, t. xix. pp. 197 & 205 (1879), pl. viii. fig. 1.

(Plate LX. figs. 2, 2a, 2.)

Shell dextral, very depressed, ovate, the last whorl reflected more

than a half turn backwards and rising to the top of the antepenulti-

mate whorl; colour ruddy brown; the ribbing strong and wide on

the last two whorls, very close and fine on those above. Spire

depressed, sides parallel to axis, apex flat, suture moderately im-

pressed. Whorls 4, penultimate and antepenultimate equal, their

sides flat, the last whorl rounded and reversed. Aperture triangular,

subyertical. Peristome double, both inner and outer lips.

Size, alt. 0°30, major diam. 0°33 in.

Perak. (Indian Museum, Calcutta.)

This shell, a close ally in size and form of O. perakensis, presents

a few characters by which it can be easily distinguished. I have,

however, only seen one specimen, which was found in a similar way

to that above described. Mr. Nevill informed me, before leaving for

India, that this shell had been described by M. H. Crosse from a

specimen he had sent him (G.-4.).

DirLoMMATINA CROSSEANA, 1. sp. (Plate LX. figs. 3, 3a.)

Shell dextral, elongately fusiform, sculpture widely and regularly

costulate, colour pale sienna-brown ; spire gradually decreasing,

suture moderately impressed. Whorls7; antepenultimate the largest

and most swollen ; penultimate short, from the last rising rapidly on

it; constriction behind the aperture. Aperture rectangular, sub-

1879.] SHELLS FROM PERAK AND THE NICOBAR ISLANDS. 739

vertical ; the columellar margin perpendicular, with usual tooth.

Peristome double, slightly sinuate on the outer margin, viewed from

side.

Size, alt. 0°054, diam. 0°03 in. (G.-4.).

Perak. (Indian Museum, Calcutta.)

DrpLomMaATINA (PALAINA) MIRABILIS, 0. sp. (Plate LX. figs. 4,

4a, 46.)

Shell dextral, solid, elongately pyramidal; colour pale umber-

brown ; sculpture regular ribbing in high relief: this costulation on

the basal side is not continuous up to the columellar margin, but the

epidermal layer terminates on a defined line level with the upper

angle of the aperture and encloses thus a lunular smooth area very

characteristic of this species. Spire rapidly decreasing, sides flat,

apex pointed, suture well impressed. Whorls 7, the penultimate

the largest, sides convex. Aperture subvertical, straight on the outer

margin, broadly ovate; columellar margin straight, the tooth of flat-

tened form, Peristome continuous, closely double.

Size, alt. 0°07 inch, maj. diam. 0°04 in. (G.-A.)

Perak.

Of this very distinct and beautifully formed shell only one speci-

men was found. It presents characters which show a decided departure

from the subgenus Palaina; and no doubt other allied species will

eventually be found in this area,

DreLoMMATINA (PALAINA) SUPERBA, n. sp. (Plate LX. figs. 5,

5a.)

Shell sinistral, elongately pyramidal, very solid; colour ruddy

ochre; sculpture fine close costulation, waved on the periphery of

the last whorls, the apical whorls smooth. - Spire very pointed,

suture deep. Whorls 7:3, last very angular, almost keeled ; the ante-

penultimate the broadest ; the penultimate the most swollen. Aperture

Jarge, circular, very oblique. Peristome much thickened, widely

double ; the inner lip continuous; the outer angular on the outer

margin, rounded below.

Size, alt. 0°094, maj. diam. 0°06 in. (G. A.)

Perak.

This is a very beautiful small species of Palaina; only one speci-

men was obtained.

(Indian Museum, Calcutta.)

Diplommatina (Palaina) nevilli (Crosse, Journ. Conch. t. xix.

p- 205, pl. viii. f. 2), Lagocheilus townsendi (Crosse, l. c. p. 200,

pl. viii. f. 3), and Alyceus perakensis (Crosse, J. c. p 206, pl. viii.

f. 7) were also obtained by Dr. Townsend.

GEORISSA MONTEROSATIANA, 0. sp. (Plate LIX. fig. 6.)

Testa parva, sat tenuis, imperforata, fulva ; apice levi, corneo at-

que conspicue prominente ; anfract. 5, convexi, celeriter crescentes,

concentrice confertimque sulcati, sulcis minutis et regularibus,

740 ON SHELLS FROM PERAK AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. [Dec. 2,

ultimo maximo, rotundato, bast vix convexo; apertura superne

contracta, inferne late dilatata, margine columellari callose in-

crassato, retrorsum paululum deflexo, margine externo convexe

rotundato.

Long. 24 (vix), diam. 1% mill.

Another shell found in the same locality by Dr. Townsend. The

sculpture and characters of the aperture are admirably represented

by the figure ; the last whorl but one, however, should be consider-

ably more convex and consequently less turreted and less conspicuous ;

the base of the last whorl is a shade too convex, giving the shell an

umbilicate appearance, which it does not possess (G. N.).

GEroRISSA SEMISCULPTA, n. sp. (Plate LIX. figs. 3, 3a.)

Testa parva, solida, viridescens, imperforata ; anfractu ante-

penultimo valide sulcato, sulcis concentricis atque approximatis,

ultimo subcompresso, basi planiusculo, superne concentrice valideque

sulcato, inferne levi ; apertura superne perangusta, inferne late

dilatata, maryine columellari incrassato, abrupte retrorsum deflexo

ac callositate validissima regionem umbilicalem tegente instructo,

margine externo inferne subangulato.

Diam. (ult. anfract.) 2 mill. ; alt. apert. 0°05 inch.

A single mature specimen, with the spire unfortunately broken,

was found by Dr. Townsend in the Buket Pondong cave in Perak.

It differs so conspicuously from every other known species, and would

be so easily recognized again, that I have not hesitated to describe

it, though I do not usually do so when I possess only a unique

specimen. The figure is perfect (G. N.).

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES,

Puate LIX.

. la, 1b. Microcystina townsendiana, n. sp., X 20, p. 736.

. Ennea perakensis, n. sp., X8, p. 7385.

8a. Georissa semisculpta, nu. sp., X12, p. 740.

Aemella moreletiana, n. sp., X24, p. 737.

roepstorfiana, n. sp., X24, p. 737.

. Georissa monterosatiana, n. sp., X12, p. 739.

. Pupisoma?, young, x 24, p. 786,

. Clausilia ?, young, X24, p. 736.

Fig.

MAID Tub oo bor

Puats LX.

1, la, 18. Opisthostoma perakensis, n. sp., X24, p. 738.

2, 2a, 20. pauluccieg, X24, p, 738.

3, 8a. Diplommatina crosseana, n. sp., X24, p. 738.

, 4a, 48. mirabilis, n. sp., X24, p. 739.

, 5a, Palaina superba, nu. sp. X8, p. 739.

1879.] ON MAMMALS AND REPTILES FROM CYPRUS. 741

6. Notice of a Collection of Mammals and Reptiles from

Cyprus. By Dr. A. Gtnruer, F.R.S.

[Received November 12, 1879.]

Lord Lilford has recently received from one of his collectors a

small collection from the island of Cyprus, and has kindly submitted

the Mammals and Reptiles to me for examination. The species

are the following, those new to the fauna of Cyprus being marked

with an asterisk.

1. CYNONYCTERIS COLLARIS.

In the list of Cyprian animals compiled by Kotschy and published

in Unger and Kotschy’s ‘Die Insel Cypern,’ Pteropus egyptiacus

(Cynonycteris egyptiaca) is enumerated as one of the two Bats! then

known from the island; and, indeed, from the occurrence of this

species in Egypt and in Syria, the fruit-eating Bat of Cyprus might

have been expected to be that species. However, singularly enough,

the Cyprian specimens (of which thirty-eight are in the collection)

exhibit the distinctive character (a somewhat shorter thumb) on

account of which C. collaris has been separated from C. egyptiaca?.

C. collaris has been found hitherto only in South Africa and on the

Gaboon ; and before we admit so singular a distribution of two repre-

sentative species we must feel disposed to question the specific value

of the character by which the two forms have been separated.

*2. VESPERUGO KUHLII, Two specimens.

*3. Mus ALEXANDRINUS. Two specimens.

*4. ACANTHODACTYLUS BOSKIANUS. One specimen.

5. Opuiops ELEGANS. Eight specimens.

6. SreLLio corpyLInA. Numerous specimens.

7. CHAMELEON VULGARIS. One specimen.

8. ZAMENIS ATROVIRENS, Var. CARBONARIA. ‘Two specimens.

9. TRopIpONOTUS NATRIX. One specimen.

10. Ca@LOPELTIS LACERTINA. One specimen.

1]. (? Virera tesetina, L.)=Virera EvPHRATICA, Martin, =

Vipera mauritanica, Dum. & Bibr. Two specimens*,

*12. Hyta arsorea. Four specimens.

13. Rana EscuLenTA. One specimen.

? The second is Vespertilio murinus. 2

2 Mr. Dobson, who has examined the specimens, agrees with us in considering

them to be C. collaris.

* The larger of these specimens had in its stomach the remains of a species of

Sazicola(?). This is a very rare instance of a viperine snake swallowing a bird.

742 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES [Dec. 2,

7. On the Fishes of Weston-super-Mare.

By F. Day, F.Z.S.

_ [Received November 18, 1879.]

(Plates LXI. & LXII.)

Having visited Weston-super-Mare in July this year, and re-

mained there throughout most of August, I directed my attention

to the sea-fishes of that place, which, situated on the estuary of the

Severn and the Wye as it enters the British Channel, is a locality

too well known to call for any description: for the same reason I

have deemed it unnecessary to allude to the remarkably high

spring tides which occur. The amount of fishing going on was

inconsiderable, boating apparently being a more profitable occupa-

tion. The shrimpers were daily at work; while stakes in narrow

passes permitted the erection of stationary nets, into which small

fishes and Crustacea were swept by an ebbing tide. Here I obtained

most of my specimens ; but the place so swarms with crabs (Carci-

nus menas, Linn.), that numerous little fishes were found partially de-

voured when the tide had ebbed sufficiently to permit the nets being

examined. During the end of the first week in August, enclosures

of a semicircular form were erected on the sands for the purpose of

capturing flat fish (Pleuronectids). The one that appeared to be

most successful was about 200 yards in length, the stakes raised to

about three feet above the ground; and to these a long net was

affixed.

I daily went to the stake- and shrimp-nets, as well as to the en-

closures on the sands already referred to.

In drawing up this paper I took as my groundwork Mr. W.

Baker’s (of Bridgewater) ‘Fishes of Somersetshire,’! including

Mr. Higgins’s* Remarks upon the Fishes of Weston-super-Mare,

which he collected between the end of June and November 27,

1860. I likewise examined the specimens in the Taunton Museum,

and the more extensive collection in that of Weston °,

The fishermen complained that the season had been an unprece-

dently bad one, but that at times fishes had appeared most unex-

pectedly, This they could not account for, nor even propose any

solution. Later on (September) large numbers of Soles were found to

be present in the Channel, which had not been suspected; and many

that were taken weighed as much as four pounds each.

Reports from various sources lead one to the conclusion that

* Somersetshire Archeological and Natural History Society, 1851.

2 ‘ Zoologist,’ 1861.

° This Museum is under Mr. Mable, to whom belongs most of the credit

for its ever having been instituted. Commencing life as a shoemaker, he first

set up a school for the poorest class. He also collected the materials from

which the Museum has sprung, of which he is now Curator, as well as Principal

of the Institution attached to it.

‘SOLVONOTS SHLOENOUNAId

“Gur ‘soag Lus.Uuiyy

“U2 TeP SeTTYPY'O

= ee) > . << “ 2

“SOLLVEdS WadNID'S ‘SNAYVHOTId VadNID I

‘duar 'sougy waqut yy “URL 1 TPP 'SeTT PW"

IXIA B48 SZ 'd

1879.] OF WESTON-SUPER-MARE. 743

the migration of marine and littoral species of fish this year has

been rather peculiar. Along the coast of France some forms have

almost forsaken their usual haunts, but appeared in other stations,

from which they had in former seasons been almost absent. Cap-

tain Salmond, of the ‘ Charlotte and Jane,’ observes, respecting his

fishing-voyages to the North Sea this year:—“ It turns out, up to

the time I write (June 2nd), that it is a failure in regard to Soles ;

also the offal is not so plentiful as in other summers. At Heligo-

land the fishermen have had a bad time, some being on the brink

of starvation.” It was stated in the papers during October that

‘* astern Siberia has been suffering from famine, no whales or fish

having visited those waters this summer.”

Temperature is well known to exert a great influence on the mi-

gration of fishes, while we are aware of having experienced a long and

severe winter, followed by a very cold spring and a comparatively

colder summer. This may to a considerable extent account for the

abnormal manner in which the distribution (not general supply) of

marine forms has occurred throughout the last season. I therefore

deem it advisable to give the temperature of the air as observed at

the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and for which I am indebted to

W. Elhs, Esq.

Deviation of Mean Temperature from Average of 20 Years.

November 18/8" .2...4.... ~3-0

December _,, en te ete a0 |

JARUALY WOU Mies oc cce a —6°9

Reupmaey! ,, e00S. ors oe —1:5

March sat MA e toon —0°3

April Pht ooLc oer —4:3

May yk. os Cena es —4°7

June > efetaler dea euefs —2°9

July ip See ke eee —4°5

August 3 Pee eee een — 20

The above figures show that the temperature of the air has been

below the average of that experienced during the last twenty years

in every month referred to.

While engaged on this paper, by the kindness of the Earl of Ducie,

F.R.S., 1 have been permitted to examine and make use of the diary

kept by his lordship while on the yachting-tours which he has for

several successive seasons made to Ballinskellig Bay, in Ireland, situ-

ated on the same latitude as Greenwich and Weston-super-Mare. The

notes are so complete and interesting that I cannot but regret merely

giving a summary, for such accurate data are probably unattainable

elsewhere. During the last four years fishing has been done from

a 30-ton cutter, but in 1873 and 1874 from yacht-boats. The takes

have been as follows :—

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No. XLVIII. 48

744 MR. F, DAY ON THE FISHES [Dec. 2,

etree eeeee rs

Sapphirine Gurnard...............

Grey Gurnard .........sss+2-090-

12h) oe) eee Ae NeBeCUnOaee, aaee coe ae 3a ee 4 1

Mackerel ..........0.00e00e tuaeaen 222 | 118 | 110 2

UD Gry OS. it cct turbecueemesscsese se 1 4 5 4

Cod, over 5 Ib. ....... ud. re 14 4

Wihiting sj cvdsups exces waeasaseeaorses 84 | 124 | 170 | 306

Whiting Pout ..........000s-008e-s 95 10 32 6

Pollacks over’4:lD:sscersescnesse-e se fog as 33 19

HaKGrin sce cttet ee annitrseccceseestss nee ae a8

Dine Vee Re AU ee races ie evans cae 9 13 22 23

Diario brine dee eeks sae cadets. Joshs codes i 4 15 | 115

Brille te: aston Gana deeeeaeeaetabeten 4 ase 16 29

Wath 5 cssesvecacessrtasnace ccosoees ay as 7

Plaicolonmccstocett as coeauete cree tienss 51 | 147 | 199 | 582

iy eee ee Are sean Pah 56 77

Lemon wDab ek citi teeveasccocdees ER ae 13 8

Mound er ndecaguis. of cedexeceonsseaee- aye Ete 19 43

Solas srescsesdncens sweets caceswsewns 51 147 | 250 | 289

Lemon Sole . nan Se 7 9

Conger. -arccrcscnereesetesesaons2 86 56 22 29

If we divide the fishes captured in the years 1878 and 1879 into

families, we find as follows :—

1878. 1879.

Mullide ........ 1 Y

Spice. vats se” OY 1

Trighde <:.tsy-s 249 265

Carangide ...... 113 28

Gadide. Socee e oS 348

Pleuronectidee .... 977 1954

Mureenide ...... 43 6

One cause which has great bearing upon the presence or absence

of certain kinds of fish is, as already observed, the temperature of

the sea. The following figures from Lord Ducie’s notes show what

was the average temperature at the surface daily at 7 a.m. :—

1878, July.... 63 August.. 61°8

<7 eg a, Sai

Consequently in July 1879 we find the temperature of the air was

4°-5 lower than the average of the mean temperature for the last

twenty years, and of the surface-water of the sea 9°5 less than in

1878; while in August the mean temperature of the air was 2°-0

less than the average for the last twenty years, and of the surface-

water of the sea 5° lower than in 1878.

On July 21, 1878, at 12.30 a.m., the temperature of the sea is thus

recorded :—At surface, 71°; at 1 fathom, 67°°5; 2 fathoms, 66° ;

1879.] OF WESTON-SUPER-MARE. 745

3 fathoms, 65°; 4 fathoms, 63°; 5 fathoms, 61°; 6 fathoms, 60° ;

7 fathoms (at bottom), 59°.

If I now confine my figures to the temperature and species of fishes

taken by trawling solely in Ballinskellig Bay in 1878 and 1879, I

find as follows :—Trawling was only employed on four days in July

1878, in from 3 to 5 fathoms of water, with the surface-temperature

at 7 A.M. 60° to 62°, or having an average of 61°: the total cap-

tures were:—7 Sapphirine Gurnards; 1 Dory; 18 Turbot; 11

Brill; 99 Plaice; 11 Dabs ; 11 Flounders; 157 Soles; 2 Lemon

Soles. In August 1878 trawling was employed on 15 days, with

the surface-temperature at 7 a.m. 60° to 64°, giving an average of

62°. It was remarked on August 7th that four scrapes were taken

with a 16-foot beam-trawl, and that the Plaice captured nearly

doubled the Soles in number, probably due to the speed at which

the boat was driven, and to the elevation of the ‘‘head-rope”’ above

the ground, as effected by the trawl-beam. Two of the scrapes were

in 3 fathoms and two in 5 fathoms of water; but there was no

very marked difference in the result. The total captures in the 15

days of August were as follows :—1 Bass; 2 Sea-~Bream ; 31 Sap-

phirine Gurnards; 3 Grey Gurnards; 4 Dory; 18 Mackerel; 34

Turbot ; 28 Brill; 194 Plaice; 25 Dabs; 23 Flounders ; 246 Soles ;

1 Lemon Sole.

In the year 1879, trawling was employed for 12 days in July,

with the surface-temperature at 7 a.m. 50° to 56°, having an average

of 53°9. The total captures were :—1 Sea-Bream ; 2 Sapphirine

Gurnards; 2 Grey Gurnards; 8 Dory; 2Angler; 2 Ling ; 25

Turbot; 32 Brill; 393 Plaice; 117 Dabs; 4 Lemon Dabs; 2

Flounders ; 229 Soles; 1 Lemon Sole; 4 Whiffs. During August

trawling was carried on 11 days, with the surface-temperature at

7 a.m. 54° to 58°, having a mean of 56°5. The total captures

were :—9 Sapphirine Gurnards; 5 Grey Gurnards; 4 Piper; 12

Dory; 1 Angler; 19 Turbot; 45 Brill; 448 Plaice; 137 Dabs ;

5 Lemon Dabs; 4 Flounders; 269 Soles. We find, therefore, that

the fishes captured in the two years were about as follows :—

a] a :

cs z e od =

|e] é sl/e|3|s

Edita Bless PS

AlalSIAIS lal

July 1878, 4 days, mean temp. 7 a.m. 61 ..| ... Thert

SOU ONG aa ar eC at ol rye! 7 tia ae

Aug. 1878, 15 days, __,, FA as G2. lel a, | othe |S

» 1879, 9 days}, ,, % se OG ones |) ee 1 4/8 2) 2

1 Trawling was resorted to on eleven days, but only on nine of them haye I

the numbers of each species captured.

48*

Pleuronec-

toids

746 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES (Dee. 2,

There appear to have been less Gurnards taken in the 21 days’

trawling in 1879 than in the 19 days in 1878; more Dory (9 in-

stead of 5); no Mackerel (in place of 18 in 1878); but a very

much larger number of Pleuronectoids, 1614 in place of 860 in 1878.

Still one must not attribute the increase of Soles caught entirely to

a local augmentation in the number of fish in the sea, as, in the

first place, the “sweep” of the trawl was as 5 to 4, being 50 feet

“spread” in 1879 instead of 40 feet in 1878. The bridles, ¢. e. the

ropes to the ‘‘ Otter heads,” or weighted wooden kites, which run

along the bottom, were rather better adjusted in 1879; while the

weather for working the trawl was more propitious, consequently it

was more frequently employed. A depth of about 5 fathoms was

found to be most favourable in 1879, whereas in warmer seasons

3 to 34 fathoms have been found to yield the best captures. The

facilities for the different kinds of fishing varied with the weather :

thus the takes of Whiting show fine weather, when line-fishing

could be attempted outside the Bay. :

Although many deductions might be drawn from Lord Ducie’s

notes, I propose deferring them for the present, in the hope of ob-

taining the general returns of the sea-fisheries of the United King-

dom. It would, however, appear that among the Soles and flat fishes

generally, striking anomalies in distribution have occurred during the

past season. They would seem to have more or less forsaken (for

a time, at least) the North Sea, and to have appeared in augmented

numbers on the S.W. coast of Ireland and the Bristol Channel.

Whether the temperature of the sea in certain localities has been so

low as to cause the migration of the food of these fishes, or the fishes

themselves have been acted on by cold, through the medium of the

water, or both causes have combined, are questions worth investi-

gating, but which I propose to defer for the present.

Passing on to the fishes themselves, I have added remarks to many

species, frequently made, as will be observed, in other localities than

at Weston.

Lasrax Lupus, Lacép. The Bass.

I obtained several small examples, none of which exceeded a pound

in weight. All were from the stationary shrimp-nets. It is ob-

served, in Lord Ducie’s diary, on August 10, 1878, that “in the

North Bay the Bass were hunting the Sprats to the surface, the

Gulls assisting. This went on all day, along the strand up to the

embouchure of the Jung River.”

POLYPRION CERNIUM, Val. Stone-Bass.

Somersetshire (Baker).

MULLUS sURMULETUS, Linn.

M. barbatus, De La Roche.

Somersetshire (Baker).

Lord Ducie took two examples on August 2nd this year ina

trammel set in Ballinskellig Bay ; while one was likewise similarly

captured July 26, 1878.

1879.] OF WESTON-SUPER-MARE. 747

Pagrus vuuearis, Cuv. & Val.

Somersetshire (Baker).

PaGELLUS CENTRODONTUS, De La Roche. Sea-Bream.

Somersetshire (Baker).

Corttvus scorptus, Bloch. Sting-fish or Sea-Scorpion.

This fish is taken at Weston during the winter. I have received

several examples, captured at Southend, at the mouth of the Thames,

from Mr. Carrington, naturalist to the Royal Westminster Aquarium.

The spines at the preopercular angle are occasionally reduced from

three to two, while the usual number of the dorsal spines is 10, and

of the anal rays 10 instead of 11 or 12.

Cotrus BuBatis, Euphr. Father Lasher or Long-spined Sea-

Scorpion.

C. grenlandicus, Cuv. & Val.; C. labradoricus, Girard ; C. ocel-

Zatus, Storer.

The American form or variety is said to have “ the ridges of the

bones of the head tubercular, not covered with skin” (Giinther,

Catal. ii. p. 165). I find the same appearances in some examples

received from Southend. The variety of Cottus scorpius mentioned

by Couch as having a “ row of tendrils hanging from the skin above

the eyes” was probably an example of this species, which usually

has a few short tentacles about the head and above the eyes, while

there is frequently rather a large one at the outer end of the maxilla.

Tricia cucuuus, Linn. Elleck or Red Gurnard.

T. pini, Bloch.

Occasionally taken at Weston.

TRIGLA LINEATA, Gmel.; Linn. Streaked Gurnard.

This, as well as the next two, are occasionally captured. This fish

is said to be very seldom takenby a bait. Mr. Cornish (‘ Zoologist,’

1878, p. 423) observes that it is never taken on a hook. At the

Westminster Aquarium I observe that these fishes become quite as

tame as the other forms, taking pieces of mussel or shrimps as well

as any other fish, and apparently with as little fear.

Tricia HIRUNDO, Bloch. Sapphirine Gurnard.

T. peciloptera, Cuv. & Val.

TRIGLA GURNARDUS, Linn. Grey Gurnard.

T. cuculus, Bloch ; T. blochii, Yarrell.

I received one example from Mr. Carrington, captured at South-

end, in which the white spots have run into narrow and sinuous

lines, while a black blotch, surrounded by a light ring, exists on the

first dorsal fin. The colours in this species vary exceedingly: in

some there are no white spots, the upper half of the body being of

a slate-grey, conjoined with which a black blotch usually exists on

748 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES [Dec. 2

the first dorsal fin (7. blochii). This dorsal blotch, however, as a

rule, is present in all specimens, although in some it is faint, or

merges into the colour of the remainder of the fin, while it fre-

quently becomes lost in examples kept long in spirit. Occasionally

the dorsal blotch instead of being round is semicircular.

This is said to be the most common form of Gurnard at Weston;

but none of the genus were captured when I was there. Although

Couch observes that 7. gurnardus is less sensible to variations in

temperature than any other form of British Gurnard, it is found to

be the most difficult to keep alive in the Westminster Aquarium.

Tricia Lyra, Linn. The Piper.

Somersetshire (Baker).

Scouler (Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. 1833, p. 529) states this fish not to

be rare at Glasgow, where it sometimes attains to 7 lb. weight. Lord

Ducie found it this year more abundant than usual in Ballinskellig

Bay, where in August he obtained nine with the trawl, in 1878

none, in 1877 one, in 1876 four.

Aconus caTaruractvus, Linn. The Pogge.

A local example exists in the Weston Museum.

TRACHINUS DRACO, Linn. Great Weever.

A single local example in the Weston Museum.

TRACHINUS VIPERA, Cuy. & Val. Little Weever.

I obtained a single specimen from the stationary fish-nets. The

fishermen professed to regard these fish as very rare.

ScoMBER scomBER, Linn, The Mackerel.

A few (adult) are occasionally taken near Weston. Mr. Dunn, of

Megavissey, observes (MS.) that ‘‘many have the fins of the belly

red. Our fishermen carefully note them, as when they appear

quantities of fish are always off the coast. * * * Their ova float on

the surface of the sea. * * * During the month of September this

year some hundreds of a fish-louse (Rocinela dannoniensis') have

been found on the Mackerel at Megavissey ; all I have noticed or

heard of have, except in one instance, been taken from near the

pectoral fins ; the one excepted was imbedded in a wound near the

vent of the fish. These ‘Lice,’ as our fishermen call them, visit our

coasts in countless millions in the spring months of the year; they

seldom come nearer than 3 miles from the shore, and remain on the

sea-bottom. Sea-Bream eat them readily.”

In the ‘ Field’ (August 9th) is an account of another Isopod,

Aga tridens, and its carnivorous propensities. It is there stated,

by both Mr. Tudor and Mr. Anderson, that in Shetland they attack

the fish caught on the long lines, when laid on certain sandy bottoms

or grounds, and, getting in through the gills, it is supposed, eat up

the inside of the fish without destroying the skin or bone, so that

* Mr. Miers has kindly identified the species.

1879.] OF WESTON-SUPER-MARE. 749

when the fish is hauled up it looks as plump and round as a live

fish, but when opened is found full of these parasites.

Mr. Dunn subsequently (Sept. 29th) observes, “ the statement in

the ‘ Field’ is quite in keeping with our knowledge of these fish-

lice. We have no deep-sea long lines in use here ; our deep-sea

fishing is done with hand-lines ; consequently we have no opportu-

nity of testing the habits of the ‘lice’ in a like manner with the

northern fishermen. But it often happens when a half Mackerel

is used as a bait that the lice will in a few minutes scoop out all the

fish, leaving nothing but the skeleton and the skin. Toa novice,

the bait will appear as round and full as when first cast into the sea,

so closely packed are the lice in the body, but a hard rap against

the side of the boat reveals the secret. They give out a ticking sound

when crawling.”

ZEUS FABER, Linn. John Dory or Doree.

I obtained two from the stationary shrimp-nets. This fish has

numerous yellow lines taking an irregular horizontal direction along

the body, a very light edging to the black lateral blotch, and two

darkish lines along both dorsal and anal fins. At the Westminster

Aquarium these fish are fed upon Sand-Smelts; and one day, being

perhaps more hungry than usual, a Dory was observed to seize a

young Bass, which it subsequently devoured. Mr. Saville Kent

drew attention to the peculiar manner in which this fish uses its fins,

which he, with great justice, likens to that of the dorsal fin in the

Pipe-fish, a movement that Dr. J. E. Gray considered resembled the

action of the Archimedean screw. This rapid motion affects the

soft rays and interradial membrane of the dorsal, anal, and pectoral

fins, all, or merely some, of which may be in motion at the same time.

This may be perceived both when they are ascending or descending,

or even when lying over on one side; but they are likewise able to

move their fins more slowly, as we generally perceive in fishes.

The Dory appears to have been more common this year than

usual. Turning to Lord Ducie’s captures, I find them in Ballins-

kellig Bay as follows :—1873, one ; 1874, four; 1876, five; 1877,

four; 1878, five; 1879, twenty-seven.

Capros Aper, Linn. The Boar-fish.

An example, 54 inches in length, is in the Weston Museum nt

was brought there alive. Large numbers have been captured this

year off the English coast ; and Mr. Carrington observes that he has

received notices, during June 1679, of their having been taken in

various parts of the south and south-east coast of England. At

Weymouth and Bournemouth they were not infrequently found

dead on theshore. At Sheernessa shrimp-trawler took a dozen at one

draught ; off Harwich a pair were similarly captured. The Essex

fishermen term them ‘Red Dorees,’ but do not remember observing

them in previous years. In the commencement of September, about

a dozen were captured in one day on the south coast. Mr. Dunn sent

me a fine example from Megavissey, November this year. On

750 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES [Dec. 2;

examining it, I found three cecal appendages, whereas this fish is

usually stated only to possess two.

XrruHiAs GLADIvs, Linn. The Sword-fish.

The cast of an example exists in the Weston Museum, taken by

Mr. Mable from a specimen 9 feet long, which was captured near

the town, at Burnham, in the summer of 1873. Its snout and

fins are likewise preserved. On its left side, opposite the hind

edge of the first anal fin, existed a large cicatrix, evidently due to a

wound, which had nearly transfixed the fish, there being a spot on

the opposite side showing to where the injury had extended. It does

not seem improbable that this wound may have been inflicted by

another individual of the same species. In the daily newspapers

the capture of one of these fish in the Wye, on October 9th, is an-

nounced. It strayed up during the night, and was left stranded at

Chepstow on the ebb making. Length 8 feet 6 inches; snout

3 feet long; weight 200 lb.

I was particularly desirous of examining the Gobies of Weston,

as Couch has figured and described several supposed new species

or Mediterranean forms from that locality. very ichthyologist

will admit the difficulty of solving questions of species, especially

among Gobies, when the author omits to mention the number of the

fin-rays, makes no remarks on the scales or teeth, while the size

of the published figures does not accord with that of the speci-

men as described in the text. Finding myself completely at a

loss, I determined to collect these fishes at Weston, whence the

Yellow Goby, the One-spotted Goby, the Speckled Goby, the Trans-

parent Goby, and the Slender Goby had been obtained. While

demurring to the value of some of these species, it must not be over-

looked that in the following identifications of Couch’s text and plates

I have had to be guided very considerably by colour and form, while,

on the other hand, our examples came from the same locality.

Gosius MINutTUusS, Gmel., Linn. ; Donovan, pl. xxxviii.; Yarrell ;

Parneil.

This species was very numerous; some examples agreed with G.

unipunctatus, Parnell, and One-spotted Goby, Couch, and probably

G. gracilis, Jenyns ; while the Tail-spotted Goby of Couch is perhaps

the young.

GoBIUS RUTHENSPARRI, Euph.

Not uncommon. Couch’s Two-spotted Gody is this species, while

his Broad-finned Goby may be the male.

GoBIUS RHODOPTERUS, Giinther.

Not rare. It is identical with G. minutus, Couch, and G. gracilis,

Parnell and Yarrell (not Jenyns). The female differs considerably in

colour from the male, while its fins are lower. It appears to be the

Yellow Goby of Couch, not of Risso.

1879.] OF WESTON-SUPER-MARE. 751

Couch gives a Transparent Goby and a Slender Goby, which may

be examples of Latrunculus albus, a fish he considered “as the young

of some better known species.”

CaLitionymus Lyra, Linn. (C. dracunculus, Linn. (female).

The Dragonet, Gemmous and Sordid Dragonets.

This fish is taken off Weston, but only the male exists in the

Museum. Mr. Sandford, to whom I am indebted for assistance in

my investigations at the excellent Taunton Museum, informs me

that the Skulpin is very good eating.

CycLopTerus Lumpvs, Linn. Lump-sucker.

This fish is said to arrive in the cold months, and commits con-

siderable havoc among the sprats.

**Watching a Lump-sucker firmly attached to the glass of the

tank, the idea occurred to me that the sucker may have been

developed by natural selection, as a useful adjunct to the breathing

movements of the fish. When fixed, the fish appears to be per-

fectly at ease, and to breathe more fully and strongly than when

swimming. The movements of the opercles or gill-covers, when

the fish was attached, were specially strong, as compared with their

motion in the act of swimming. In a large-headed and heavy-bodied

fish, like Cyclopterus, any aid given to the respiratory movements

would be a clear gain to the animal; and from a habit of simply

resting on a object, so as to afford leverage and play to the gills,

the comparatively useless ventral fins may have become specially

modified as a disk of attachment ; the development of the sucking-

disk, and enlargement of the branchial cavity, would thus proceed

pari passu, and by natural selection the present exaggerated features

of both organs would be attained.” (A. Wilson, ‘ Nature, June 26,

1879, p. 197.) I would suggest that this modification of the

ventral fins into a sucker (as we observe the first dorsal similarly

modified in Echeneis) is principally for adhesion, either to prevent

their being carried away by the tide, or to attach themselves to

their prey. A heavy body, as a Lump-sucker, violently rolled over

by a strong wave, would be liable to suffer considerable injury. As

a proof of this I would refer to Dr. McIntosh, who observes that after

storms these fishes are found on the west sands of St. Andrews.

Liraris vutGARts, Flem. Sea-Snail.

Small examples I found exceedingly common at Weston, several

being almost invariably present in every shrimp-net, while the crabs

appeared to be uncommonly fond of them, few being uninjured. In

none could I see any blue lines. Large examples are said to be

common in the winter.

Liparis MONTAGUI, Donovan.

Has been recorded from Somersetshire.

Lorutvs piscatortius, Linn. Angler; Fishing-Frog.

Every two or three years a large one is taken at Weston. The

752 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES [Dec. 2,

cast of one 4 feet long is in the Museum, as well as the jaws of two

or three adults.

CEPOLA RUBESCENS, Linn. The Band-fish.

Somersetshire (Baker).

A specimen from Exmouth, captured this year and given me by

Frank Buckland, Esq., was infested with worms, which Mr.

Cobbold found to be examples of Rudolphi’s so-called Nematoideum

cepole-rubescentis. Six different internal parasites have been des-

cribed from this fish.

BLENNIUS GATTORUGINE, Bloch.

Local examples of this Blenny are in the Museum.

ATHERINA PRESBYTER, Cuv. Sand-Smelt.

Muait capito, Cuv. The Grey Mullet.

I saw an example nearly three feet long, taken out of the flounder-

stakes, they are said not to be commonly seen, but occasionally

small schools of them are captured in the stationary shrimp-nets. At

the Westminster Aquarium, those in the same tank as the Sturgeon

greedily devoured lob-worms; their food is chopped mussels.

MuGIL SEPTENTRIONALIS, Giinther. MM. chelo, Yarrell.

Has been recorded from Somersetshire.

GASTEROSTEUS ACULEATUS, Will. The Tinker.

I obtained an example from the stationary shrimp-nets, others

likewise exist in the Museum. Baker records the following

varieties as found in the county :—G. trachurus, C. & V.; G. semiar-

matus, C. & V.; G. leturus, C. & V., or G. gymnurus, Cuv. Although

these Sticklebacks (or Pricklebacks, as they were formerly called)

are taken in both fresh and sea water, Mr. Mable found that in

an aquarium they rarely lived in salt water upwards of six weeks,

and even then they did not thrive. Having obtained upwards of a

score, he placed them in a freshwater aquarium, which was

apparently tco small for all to live in together with comfort ; con-

sequently some of the weaker were eaten by the stronger and larger

ones. ‘This could not have been due to want of food, as they had

as much as they wished for ; what they especially seemed to relish

was butter, to obtain which they would even spring out of the water.

They became exceedingly tame, and were fed with dried beef shredded,

which they would take from the hand, but preferred Mrs. Mable to

any one else ; in fact she had only to hold a finger over the aquarium,

and they would at once come and follow it as she moved it along.

Some of the most brilliant males took and retained particular stations,

and from which they drove away interlopers. They constructed

nests of small bits of twigs, which they carried in their mouth like

birds to the place where they desired to form their domicile, which

was invariably laid on a sandy foundation. As soon as a piece of

stick or other substance had been deposited, the fish carried some

1879.] OF WESTON-SUPER-MARE. 753

sand in its mouth and strewed it above; then taking in some more

sand, it went a short distance off and blew it over the structure, thus

causing it to be diffused in a shower of bubbles. The nest when

completed had its entrance on one side and its exit on the other, as

has been described by Dr. Ransom and other observers ; this nest, if

lifted out of the aquarium, appeared to be glued together by a jelly-

like substance. Mr. Warrington (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1855,

(2) xvi. p. 330) remarks that the adult die when they have pro-

pagated their species.

Some Roach, Leuciscus rutilus, were added to the inmates of the

aquarium, with which invasion the Sticklebacks did not appear to be

pleased ; still they were not frightened, but forthwith attacked the in-

truders, biting at them anywhere and everywhere, until they became

thoroughly cowed. Then these little tyrants were observed to place

themselves in front of the Roach, steady themselves by their tail, and

then suddenly dart straight at the lips of their intended prey, from

which they bit pieces out. These attacks were continued until the

Roach had been killed, when they were eaten by their conquerors.

GATEROSTEUS sPINACHIA, Linn. Fifteen-spined Stickleback.

A local specimen exists in the Weston Museum.

Lasrus mMAcuuatus, Bloch. The Ballan Wrasse.

Two local examples exist in the Weston Museum; they were

received alive.

Lasrvus mrxtus, Fries, the Cook; Lasrus comger, Pennant ;

CRENILABRUS MELOPS, Linn., the Corkwing; GyMNELIS IM-

BERBIS, Linn., the Beardless Ophidium. Have all been taken in

Somersetshire.

AMMODYTES LANCEOLATUS, Le Sauvage. The Greater Sand- Eel

or Sand-Launce.

Baker reports this species from Somersetshire. In examining a

very fine example received from Mr. Dunn, I find the cesophagus

enters abruptly into a pyriform stomach, which has a very narrow

prolongation irom its posterior or larger end, longer than the

remainder of the organ ; the pylorus is also very narrow, and where

it enters the small intestines that canal is prolonged upwards into a

czcal sac, while the length of the remainder of the tube scarcely

exceeds half the length of the stomach.

AMMODYTES TOBIANUS, Linn. Lesser Sand-Eel.

Found at Weston.

Morruva vuuGaris, Flem. Codfish.

Taken during the winter months on lines; as is also Morruva

AGLEFINUS, or the Haddock; M. meriancus, Linn., or the

Whiting, numbers of the young of which are captured in the shrimp-

nets; and Morruva tusca, Linn., or the Bib. :

754 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES [ Dec. 2,

Gapus pPoLEAcuius, Linn., the Pollack, and Merrxiuccrus

VULGARIS, or the Hake, are also occasionally taken in the Trammel

during the winter months.

Puycis BLENNOIDES, Briinn., or the Forked Hake ; Motva

vuuLGaris, Flem., or the Ling; Moretia musTe.a, Linn., Five-

bearded Rockling; M. rricrrrata, Bl., Three-bearded Rockling ;

RANICEPS TRIFURCATUS, Flem., Trifurcated Hake. Have all been

captured in Somersetshire.

RuomsBvus Maximus, Linn. The Turbot.

A few are captured off Weston ; one weighed 16 lb. The following

memoranda from Lord Ducie’s observations on this fish, as taken in

Ballinskellig Bay, are very suggestive as to the growth of the

Turbot :—

In the year 1877 the average weight (excluding the three largest

fish, as was done also in 1878 and 1879) was 2 lb., a few were an ounce

or two above or below that weight. In the two succeeding years,

captured at the same place and time, they were as follows :—

1878. 1879.

Weight. Weight.

No. of fish. lb. OZ. No. of fish. lb. OZ.

aa sea ez 1 1 s8

4 1 8 Ais ose

aes ae $i 3 1 4

ats ie sae 2 1 8

2 1 12 1 1 12

2 2 we 7 2 _

He wen nee 1 2 8

1 2 10 sp br Abe

i 2 12 ah I Leh

18 3 Ae 9 3 ie

2 3 4 2 3 4

9 3 8 1 3 8

sat ean eee 3 3 12

1 3 14 ax Bee one

1 4 ves 3 4 xe

1 + 4 3 4 sf

ae ses see 2 4 8

ss fo 1 4 12

: ; 3 5 ees

re 3 5 4

: ts 1 5 8

ae : 2 5 12

: 2 6 eas

1 6 4

ts ee 1 6 12

1 7 2 ia ace

If we analyze the foregoing figures we find the captures in the

three years as follows :—

Weight:— 1-2lb. 2-31b. 3-41]b. 4-5]b. 5-61b. 6-7 Ib.

L377 vi: 11] 4 n. at Ly or 115 fish.

1878 .. 8 20 12 2 at Ihnor 433;

1879 .. 6 8 18 9 8 Aiforbi534,5

1879.] OF WESTON-SUPER-MARE. 755

The general average of the weight of the captures increased from

2 Ib. in 1877, to 3 lb. in 1878, and 3 lb. 11 oz. in 1879; and an

examination of the figures leads to the belief that the broods were

much more numerous in the first than in the second or third year;

while the small size of those taken in 1877 would also seem to infer

the absence of large Turbot in Ballinskellig Bay at that time. In

1878 the figures apparently show that the increase in weight of the

fish had been from 3 to 23 Ib. each fish, the highest numbers being

among examples from 2 to 4 lb., instead of from 1 to21b. But in 1879

we again find a change, the highest numbers captured being among

those weighing from 3 to 5 lb. each, which would seem to confirm the

conclusions demonstrable from the figures in the preceding years.

Ruomsus t&yis, Linn. The Brill.

Is occasionally taken at Weston.

Ruomsus mMEGAstomA, Donoy. The Whiff, or Mary Sole.

Ruomsus punctatus, Bloch. “ Muller’s Topknot.”

These fishes are both found in Devonshire ; the latter frequently in

the spring months. In Ballinskellig Bay this year Lord Ducie took

Whiffs between the middle and end of July, but none in the

succeeding month.

ARNOGLOSSUS LATERNA, Walb. The Scald-fish.

Somersetshire (Baker).

PLEURONECTES PLATESSA, Linn. The Plaice. P. rrManpa,

Linn. The Dab. PLEURONECTES MICROCEPHALUS, Donovan. The

Smear Dab.

PLEURONECTES ELONGATUS, Yarrell. (Plate LXI.)

The talented author of the ‘British Fishes’ received an example

from Stolford in Somersetshire, where Mr. Baker obtained two

specimens ; and Mr. Higgins (Zoologist, 1861, p. 7317) records

two more from Weston, which he gave to Mr. Couch. It is with

much pleasure that I have to record my thanks to that excellent

observer Mr. Matthias Dunn, of Megavissey, in Cornwall, for a fine

example, about 9 inches long, taken in 30 fathoms water by a trawler,

almost two miles from the Deadman, Cornwall, November 6th, 1879,

and which I received on the 10th.

Biv., 9. VS) Po WVG; A S72 CASE tis!

Length of head 63, of caudal fin 6}, height of body 31 in the

total length. Hyes on the right side, and separated from each other

by avery narrow scaleless ridge, which is continued almost to the origin

of the lateral line ; lower eye one third in advance of the upper.

Lower jaw slightly the longer anteriorly, and has a tubercle below

the symphysis. Maxilla two thirds as long as the orbit, and extend-

ing to beneath the front edge of the lower eye. Body very thin,

its greatest thickness equallmg one sixth of its greatest height,

excluding the vertical fins. Teeth in a single row, compressed, with

756 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES [ Dec. 2,

their crowns somewhat obtuse; teeth most developed on the blind

side. Jins. Dorsal commences over the middle of the upper eye, its

longest rays being in its middle, where they are three fifths of the

length of the head; posteriorly the fin terminates almost close to

the root of the caudal fin, which latter is wedge-shaped. Anal

similar to dorsal, but its middle rays not so elongated. Both

pectorals with twelve rays, the left half as long as the head, the right

one fourth longer than the left. Ventrals each with six rays, and

one half as long as the pectoral. Scales cycloid on left, feebly ctenoid

on the right side, none over the fin-rays except on the caudal. Lateral

line with very slightly oblique descent above the pectoral fin,

whence it proceeds direct to centre of the caudal. (ill-rakers short,

spinate, and widely separated. Cecal appendages two, moderately

developed. Colours: right side brown, with a slaty tinge, darkest

about the head ; a black blotch on the upper half of the pectoral fin ;

vertical fins of a greyish slate-colour, the anterior dorsal rays being

tipped with white ; left side white.

Habitat. A single example 9 inches long, from Megavissey,

Cornwall, obtained and recoguized by Mr. Matthias Dunn. Yarrell’s

example, a dried skin, had probably shrunk, causing it to appear

more elongated than is natural. It is more closely allied to P.

cynoglossus.

PLEURONECTES FLESUS, Linn. The Flounder.

Reversed examples were exceedingly numerous, and in one instance

I saw a Flounder coloured on both sides. I would here draw

especial attention to four abnormally coloured Plaice and Flounders

in the Westminster Aquarium, all of which are white on the under-

side; the eyes are normal; while the albinism I am about to de-

scribe has existed from the time they were received, neither in-

creasing nor diminishing. In one (1) the dorsal and anal fins

are white to a great extent, but in rather an irregular manner; (2)

the dorsal and anal fins are similar to no. 1, but the white has ex-

tended onto the sides of the body; (3) the white is rather more

spread than in no. 2; (4) the caudal fin and most of the posterior

half of the body are nearly white, whereas the anterior portion of

the body is mottled. If, as suggested by A. Agassiz, the colours

of these fish are affected owing to the eye, on what will eventually

be the uncoloured side, passing over to the upper surface, leaving the

eyeless side colourless, due to the controlling power of the nerve

having become unable to act over the colour-cells, how, one would

suggest, can this albinism be present in examples wherein both

eyes are present on the dark side thus affected ?

SoLEA VULGARIS, Quensel. The Sole.

Small ones were common in the shrimp-nets at Weston ; and Mr.

Mable writes me word from Weston (Sept. 13) that, ‘‘ during the last

few days, a large quantity of very fine Soles have been taken here. On

inquiry I find they were caught about 30 miles down the Channel by

two trawls from Cardiff ; the gross weight was 10 tons, and the heaviest

1879.] OF WESTON-SUPER-MARE. 757

pair 8 lbs. This is a new fishing-ground, having only been tried

about 6 months. Numbers of other fish have been taken, and recently

a Sturgeon. The waters close here cannot be trawled, because cod-

lines have been in use for about the last hundred years, and every

time one is sunk a large stone or two is let down with it ; consequently

the sea-bottom is studded with this kind of thing.”

Sota varrecata, Donov., Variegated Sole; Sonera vuLearis,

Giinther, the Lemon Sole; Souea MINUTA, Parnell, the Little Sole.

Tlave all been recorded from Somersetshire.

Mavroticus Boreauis, Nilss. The Argentine.

Seven examples taken at Weston by Higgins.

Satmo sauar, Linn. The Salmon.

Occasionally an example gets into one of the stationary shrimp-

nets in passing from the sea to the rivers or vice versd. It may be

observed in this place that the authorities of the Brighton Aquarium

have now conclusively demonstrated, what has long been known to

every ichthyologist, that the Parr is the young Salmon. Mr. Francis

Francis observes in the ‘ Field’ (August 2, 1879) that Mr. Berrington

sent from the Usk ‘a beautiful consignment of small Parr, to the

number of about twenty, about six or eight months ago, more than

three fourths of which are still alive. ‘They were placed in fresh

water, and soon began to feed and take to their tank. From that

time not one has died; towards May, most of them began to assume

the Smolt stage. I think there were only four which failed to do

so, all the rest became veritable Smolts; the four remained definite

Parr. Then arose the question what were we do; should we take

out the Parr and leave the Smolts; and then introduce salt water

gradually ? * * We therefore thought we would sacrifice the four Parr,

if it were necessary, as the belief formerly prevailed that to introduce

Parr into salt water before they assumed the Smolt stage was certain

death to them.” He continued that salt water was gradually

introduced ; the Smolts became rampant with pleasure while the Parr

did not die. At last no fresh water remained in the tank; it was

entirely marine. “Then the Parrs which had remained Parrs up to

that time began to assume the Smolt stage, and now every one

are brilliant active Smolt, miniature Salmon in fact, and as different

fish from the duller and more inactive Parr as one could conceive.”

BrLone vuwearis, Flemm. The Gar-fish or Gar-pike.

Is occasionally taken off Weston.

ScoMBERESOX SAURUS, Walb.

The Skipper has been taken in Somersetshire. Mr. Dunn sent

me a good example, 11 inches long, in September this year, which he

observes “sprang into a fisherman’s boat at midnight. I have

known nearly a dozen similar instances.”

758 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES [Dec. 2,

Exocetus Evouans, Linn. The Flying Fish.

Somersetshire.

ENGRAULIS ENCRASICHOLUS, Linn. The Anchovy.

Occasionally taken in the shrimp-nets. Those at the mouth of

the Parret are said to be very superior.

Ciupea HARENGUS, Linn. The Herring ; Whitebait (in part).

I obtained several small examples of this fish from the stationary

shrimp-nets ; but ‘‘ Whitebait” is not taken to such an extent as to

be an article of consequence as food. I will here refer to some

investigations which I made during the last two seasons, respecting

what Whitebaitis. In May 1878 I commenced collecting examples,

excluding other fishes as Gobies and Sticklebacks, a very few of

which accidentally or fraudulently are found mixed with the true

forms, restricting my observations to what are the species known by

this name in London, to the trade, and to epicures. My collections

were continued until the end of October, all the examples coming

from the Thames. Mr. Charles, the Belgravian fishmonger, kindly

procured me examples from the Medway during January and March

this year, and subsequently I have reverted to Billingsgate for my

supply. Lexamined 138 of these fish taken during May and June

1878, the longest of which was 2°5 inches: about 1 in 10 were Sprats,

the remainder the young of the Herring. In August, out of 46

examples, from 2 to 3°5 inches in length, 24 (from 2 to 2:7 inches

long) were Sprats, and 21 (from 2°8 to 3°5 inches long) were young

Herrings. In October, out of 41, from 2°5 to 3°5 inches long, all

were Herrings. It thus appears that both Sprats and young Herrings

find their way into the London market as Whitebait. Out of 31

examples of winter Whitebait received from Mr. Charles, 26 varied

from 2 to 4°5 inches in length, the larger ones having well developed

roe, all were Sprats; the remaining 5 were young Herrings from 5

to 7°5 inches long, the largest possessing slightly developed roe.

That Pennant’s drawing was the Whitebait of the present time

there can be but little doubt, as well as that his examples were young

Herrings. It is also certain that Donovan’s figure is that of a young

Shad, the immature of which, if sufficiently numerous, would do as

well as those of the Herring or of the Sprat ; while I certainly possess

the young of these last two forms which I have received as White-

bait.

CLUPEA ALOSA, Cuv. The Shad or Allis Shad.

Cuupra FINTA, Cuv. The Twaite Shad.

A good local example exists in the Weston Museum. At the

commencement of June these fish were common in the Severn near

Gloucester, while their ova wasripe. They used to ascend far above

Shrewsbury, and many were captured on the fords in the river Severn;

but for years none have been seen, probably owing to the weirs on that

river and their being unable to ascend the fish-passes ; while for the

1879.] OF WESTON-SUPER-MARE. 759

last few seasons I understand that they have greatly decreased in

numbers in the Wye. As the floods at the earlier part of this year

entirely precluded their capture at the mouth of the latter river, it

is to be presumed that there will be an augmented supply in May

and June 1880, should the season be favourable for fishing.

CLUPEA PILCHARDUs, Walb. The Pilchard. (Plate LXII.

fig. 1.)

A few stragglers are said occasionally to be taken off Weston.

Observing a great diversity in the various descriptions of this fish,

I applied to Mr. Dunn of Megavissey, who kindly forwarded me

about a dozen, one half of which were spotted along the sides, the

remainder being spotless. The following are the various formularies

given for this fish :—

Donovan. D. 18, P.16, V.8, A. 17, C.32. (L.1. shown as

distinct in figure, with about 31 scales.)

Yarrell. B. vii. D. 18, P.16, V. 8, A. 18, C. 19. Seales

“very large.”

Cuvier Val. DH17) 2. 17,. V..6;, As 21, C218; Leak 29. >Cre,

pyl. innumerable.

Couch. D. 18, P. 16, V. 8, C. 22,-L. 1. (about 37 in figure).

Giinther. B. vi. D. 17-18, V. 6, A. 18-19, L. 1. 47-48.

Cee. pyl. 7.

Thus the number of scales along the body in this fish vary accor-

ding to different authors from 29 to 48; the ventral fin rays from

6 to 8, and the cecal appendages between ‘‘ seven” and ‘‘in-

numerable.”’ Taking some fine examples of Pilchards sent to me

by Mr. Matthias Dunn, I found them as follows :—

D. 18, P.19, V.8, A. 17-18, C. 19, L.1. 29-30, L. tr. 9.

Cec. py]. numerous. From 17 to 19 scutes before the base of the ven-

tral fin, and 14 posterior to it. The proportions being shown in the

figure (Plate LXII.), it is unnecessary to advert tothem. The czecal

appendages were very numerous, and much shorter in some examples

than in others. The sole British Olupea that I have met with having

only 7 appendages is C. sprattus, which, however, has 47—48 scales

along the lateral line. Therefore I cannot think that Clupea sagaz,

Jenyns, from the Pacific coast of America, Japan, and New Zealand,

is ‘‘so closely allied to the European Pilchard that it might be more

properly described as a climatal variety’? (Giinther, Catal. vii.

p- 444); for though the number of dorsal and anal fin-rays is the

same, instead of having L. 1. 29-30, L. tr. 9, it has L. 1. 50—54, L. tr.

13—a conclusive proof that the two ought not to be classed as

varieties of one species. However, I think I am now in a position

to explain this remarkable discrepancy in the number of scales as

given by various authors. I received a scaleless (but otherwise

beautiful) example of Pilchard, 8°3 inches in length, from Mr, Dunn,

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No. XLIX. 49

760 MR. F, DAY ON THE FISHES [Dec. 2,

which apparently had L.1. 53; and I have since examined at the

British Museum similar specimens giving the appearance of having

had from 48 to 51 scales along the body. I therefore scaled a

specimen haying L. 1. 29; and to my surprise I found marks of the

adhesion of what appeared to have been 53 scales. In fact, when the

fishes have been denuded of their covering, they give the remarkable

phenomenon of appearing to have had about twice the number of

scales which they really possessed.

Some of these Pilchards had spots along the sides, others had none,

the marks being largest in those destitute of scales. Mr. Dunn

observed that ‘‘ often one in five among thousands are thus spotted.

The great difference I have found in the varieties is that the scales

are less firm in the spotted fish than in the plain ones * * * I think

there can be no doubt that strong and healthy Pilchards spawn

twice in the year, in December and June; their roe floats on the

surface of thesea. Ihave seen the roe passing from these fishes when

alive, and have allowed it to drop in a bucket of water, and observed

each globule separate and start along the water, and finally hang

just beneath the surface. Pilchards seldom spawn nearer than 10

miles from land, usually from 20 to 30 miles off; they are more

plentiful in the English Channel than most people are aware of.

My brother was on board of a fishing boat in 1877, midway between

Ramsgate and France, fishing for Mackerel. About the 20th Sept.

the sea appeared full of fish ; on the nets being employed, they turned

out to be Pilchards of a very fine size. Besides the spotted variety,

there is one with a white ring in its eye, another black-eyed; but

this may be due to age.”

CLupPEA sprattus, Linn. The Sprat. (Plate LXII. fig. 2.)

This fish comes into Weston in large numbers about October,

when it is followed by many predaceous forms. I rarely, however,

visited the fishing-stakes in July or August without finding a few

examples. Baker observes that these fish ‘‘suspended in lines in

cottage-kitchens are seen for months after the fishing-season is

over.”

ANGUILLA VULGARIS, Turton. Common Eel.

Both A. acutirostris, Risso, and A. latirostris, Risso, have been

recorded from Somersetshire. These and several other fishes are said

to have largely decreased in numbers of late years—attributed by

some to the increased impurity of the water, by others to the de-

struction of the Elvers or young Eels. I obtained several Eels from

the stationary fishing-nets: they were termed “ Silver Eels,” owing

to their colour and in contradistinction to the ‘‘ Golden Eels,” or

those from the muddy waters of the Severn or Avon. Without

discussing the question of how to distinguish the various British Eels,

I must here refer to Hastings (Illust. Nat. Hist. of Worcestershire,

1834, p. 135), who observes ‘‘ there are two distinct kinds of Eel

in the Avon, the silver and the yellow Eel; there is likewise another

1879.] OF WESTON-SUPER-MARE. 761

description, but which I have never scen, called frog-mouthed Eel

by the fishermen, from the extraordinary width of its mouth.’ In

August I received two Eels, each 3 feet long, from the Severn, taken

on the same day: the head of one is most curiously flattened, pro-

bably due to some injury received in its early development; but the

fishermen asserted that this example is one of the third variety, pro-

bably identical with that termed frog-mouthed Eel by Hastings. Its

snout is very broad, lips comparatively thin, and the angle of the

mouth below the hind margin of the eye.

ConGER vuLearis, Cuvier. The Conger Eel.

Small ones are common at Weston ; and many are captured by lads

from under stones, where they have sought shelter as the tide

ebbed.

SIPHONOSTOMA TYPHLE, Linn. The Broad-nosed Pipefish.

SynenaTuus acus. The Great Pipefish.

Neroruis quorevus. The Ocean Pipefish.

These fishes have all been recorded from Somersetshire.

TETRODON LAGOCEPHALUS, Linn., or T. PENNANTII, Yarrell.

Rather a fine stuffed example, 15 inches long, exists in the

Weston Museum. It was purchased from a local bird- and animal-

preserver, so is probably a local specimen; but no history is obtainable.

If we turn to the records of where this fish has been taken in

Great Britain, we find that the British Museum possesses an example

from Charmouth in Dorsetshire; one is recorded from Waterford in

Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, a second in the ‘ Zoologist’ for 1853, and a

third Irish example at Wexford in 1850; two are recorded from

the Orkneys in the ‘ Zoologist ’ for 1853, while many have been

taken in Cornwal]. Consequently the capture of one in Somersetshire

would be no peculiar circumstance.

OrTHAGORISCUS TRUNCATUS, Linn. Oblong Diodon.

Has been captured in Somersetshire.

OrtTHAGORISCUS MoLA, BI. Schneider. The Sunfish.

This is said to have been seen off Somersetshire. During the last

season, Lord Ducie (August 13th) saw one of these fish in Ballinskellig

Bay. I give the following summary from some interesting obser-

yations which his Lordship made during a previous season.

There is no locality in the United Kingdom where the Shorter

Sunfish, Orthagoriscus mola, is more frequently seen than off the

south-west coast of Ireland; and Lord Ducie remarks that he has

frequently fallen in with them all along the coast from Dungarvan

to Valencia. August 1877, a boat’s crew from his lordship’s yacht

returning from long lining fell in with a large one lying on the surface

in its usual lazy fashion, the projecting caudal fin describing the

segment of a circle in the air, as the unwieldly body ee every

762 MR. F. DAY ON THE FISHES [Dec. 2,

heave of the sea. Having rowed up to the fish, they found his

skin too tough to permit them to fix the conger-gaff in him; and

their attempts seemed to occasion him neither discomfort nor alarm.

Next they succeeded in introducing the gaff into his mouth; he

struggled violently for a few minutes, got his head down, and with one

wrench escaped, bearing the gaff away with him.

Thinking that a similar opportunity might again occur, a large

hook was fastened to a stick, a lanyard being securely affixed to the

hook, and “ stopped” along the stick ; to a hook at the end of the

lanyard a strong line could be attached when necessary. No

opportunity occurred of testing this implement until July 31st,

1878, when, just as Lord Ducie was about to shoot an Otter-trawl

from his fishing-cutter (a boat of 30 tons), a Sunfish was seen close

alongside in about 6 fathoms of water. Going up to it na dinghy

rowed by one man, this fish allowed them to approach quite close. It

lay on one side, blowing a stream of water out of its mouth, and

vacuously rolling its eyes without showing alarm, although only

about one yard distant. Now the hook was fixed into its mouth:

for three or two seconds it remained motionless, and then with one

plunge dived down. Some few fathoms of line from the 50-fathom

reel had fortunately been uncoiled ; yet for a few moments it appeared

as if the fish would prove the more powerful, and carry away reel

and all. One turn of the line was got round the stern of the boat,

which the fish now dragged through the water for some 200 yards ;

but from time to time striking the sandy bottom of the shallow bay,

it came to the surface, plunging down again with gradually failing

strength. It was secured after about half an hour’s chase, and took

six men to haul it above high-water mark. Length 6 feet 3 inches ;

depth 3 feet 2 inches; distance from fin to fin, taking the extreme

points, 7 feet 5 inches. Two more were subsequently captured in a

similar way.

AcIPENSER sTuRIO, Linn. The Sturgeon,

Baker records both the common form and likewise the broad-

snouted variety from Somersetshire. In the Weston Museum

exist the remains of one which was taken in the stationary shrimp-

nets. An example in my collection was kindly sent to me by Mr.

Carrington ; it lived inthe Aquarium from May 1878 to July 1879.

Originally captured off Margate, the fishermen fastened a line round

its tail, and towed it thus at the stern of their vessel to the Thames.

On arrival the rope was found to have cut almost to the back-

bone; so great was the injury, that the fish was at first refused.

However, it so entirely recovered that scarcely a trace of the scar

remains. While in the Aquarium it was fed on lob-worms.

Gaeus CANIS, Bonap. The Tope.

Weston.

Lamna cornusica. The Porbeagle or Beaumaris Shark.

An example 4 feet 3 inches in length was captured in the mid-

1879.] OF WESTON-SUPER-MARE. 763

channel off Weston in 1871, while apparently lying asleep on the

surface of the water, the fishermen being able to row up to it. A

east was taken by Mr. Mable. ‘The skull was also preserved; the

teeth are large, lanceolate, and have a well-developed cusp on either

side of their base.

Scytirum canicut, Linn. The Lesser Spotted Dogfish.

ACANTHIAS VULGARIS, Risso.

These fishes are neither uncommon, especially during the Sprat

season.

Rasa cuAvaATA, Linn. The Thornback

Rasa BATis, Linn. The Common Skate.

These are both found at Weston, but usually as immature

examples.

PETROMYZON MARINUS, Linn. The Lamprey or Sea Lamprey.

P. rLuviaTitis. The River-Lamprey or Lampern,

Both are taken at Weston.

P. BRANcHIALIs, Linn. Small Lamprey.

Has likewise been recorded from Somersetshire by Baker.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES,

Prats LXI.

Pleuronectes elongatus, p. 755.

Prate LXII.

Fig. 1. Clupea pilchardus, p. 759.

la. Stomach and cxcal appendages of ditto.

2. Clupea sprattus, p. 760.

24a, Air-bladder, stomach, and cecal appendages of ditto.

December 16, 1879.

Prof. Flower, LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the

Society’s Menagerie during the month of November 1879 :—

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the. month of November was 63, of which 4 were by

birth, 16 by presentation, 22 by purchase, 13 were received on

deposit, aud 8 by exchange. The total number of departures during

the same period, by death and removals, was 74.

The most noticeable addition during the month of November was

as follows :—

A fine example of the King Penguin (Aptenodytes pennanti),

764 ON BIRDS FROM THE ATRECK VALLEY. [ Dec. 16,

purchased November 14th. This bird was in the uniform brown

down plumage of the first year when it arrived, but has now nearly

thrown off that dress, and attained the ordinary feathering. It is

said to have been captured at Staten Island, Tierra del Fuego.

Mr. T. Jeffery Parker read a paper on the Intestinal Spiral Valve

in the genus Raia. Mr. Parker showed that there were four types

of valves exhibited in individuals of that genus, differing from one

another in morphological characters, in the extent of absorption-

surface presented to the food, and in the resistance offered to the

passage of food. : :

This paper will be printed entire in the Society’s ‘Transactions.’

Mr. Seebohm exhibited a small collection of birds made by Capt.

the Hon. G. C. Napier in the valley of the Atreck river which flows

into the Caspian Sea not far north of Asterabad, and forms the

boundary line between Russia and Persia. The species were as

follows :—

Falco cenchris, Cuv.

Coracias garrulus, Linn.

Pratincola caprata, Lim. [This species has not hitherto been

found further west than Baluchistan, though it ranges eastward as

far as the islands of the Malay archipelago.—H. S. |

Emberiza luteola, Lath. [Not hitherto found west of Turke-

stan. |

Emberiza hortulana, Linn. ( ¢ ).

Hypolais caligata, Licht.

Cypselus melba (Linn.). Shot on 12th April, flying in company

with the Common Swift, at 3000 feet elevation.

Pterocles alchata (Linn.) Shot near Teheran, 26th September,

at 4800 feet elevation.

Glareola pratincola (Linn.). Shot 10th May.

Botaurus stellaris (Linn.).

Gidicnemus scolopax (Gmel.). Shot 26th April at 3000 feet

elevation.

Plegadis falcinellus (Linn.). Shot 26th May.

Phalaropus hyperboreus, Linn. Shot 25th May. [Doubtless on

migration towards its breeding-grounds in the valley of the Petchora,

where it arrives during the first or second week of June.—H. S. ]

Mr. Sclater exhibited a small collection of birds from the island

of Montserrat, West Indies, which had been prepared and kindly

sent to him for examination by Mr. J. E. Sturge, of Plymouth,

Montserrat.

As nothing was yet known of the ornithology of Montserrat,

Mr. Sclater thought it desirable to record the names of the species.

1879.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM MONTSERRAT. 765

Local Name, as given by Mr. Sturge. Scientific Name.

iD ge OBHL? PSE tae cdstec acto ndoke des de Margarops densirostris.

2. “Yellow-breasted Sparrow ”......... Certhiola dominicana.

oe IDPALLOMW ca sence cesasteneseserestass Phonipara bicolor.

4. Wingtisher ? 29025. 4-2-ssac ceeno ott <t0 Ceryle aleyon.

9:55" Quakersbird i. <cecscacexcaeescacsene Coceyzus minor.

G58 Kale-Ha wks tet. .agdeceeseacs cece ies Tinnunculus sparverius.

deuepOrab: Gaulin 2s 5,28. ceneekecuscses Ardea herodias.

Soe WV Nite, Gaull» tyarcccaccceccataene Ardea candidissima.

Oe UN aberwatehl ssc. aesecdestsessucoeorn Butorides virescens.

10. “Blue Pigeon” or ‘‘Ramier” ...... Columba corensis.

11.“ Mountain-Dove” ..2:..c2s.0.po-0ds508 Zenaida martinicana,

12.» Partridge: Dove” d.e<ccacssscoassarsee Geotrygon mystacea.

USS OOO S banka. ascoweestie ues iee tea seanen Gallinula galeata.

PAE DLVER? j.23¢ sec. veces vassieccosstncaerates Podilymbus podiceps.

Mr. Sclater observed that all these birds also occurred in the

neighbouring islands of Barbuda, Antigua, and Guadeloupe, or one

of them, as recorded by Mr. Lawrence in his articles on Mr. Ober’s

collections from these localities lately published in the ‘ Proceedings

of the United-States National Museum.’ At the same time it was

highly desirable that further collections should be made in Mont-

serrat, where it was quite possible that peculiar species would still

be found amongst the Passeres.

[P.S. Jan. 30th, 1880.—Mr. Sturge has since sent me examples

of three other species of birds from Montserrat—namely, Lovigilla

noctis, Hlainea martinica, and Puffinus obscurus,—and has kindly

promised to continue his collections.—P. L. 8. ]

Mr. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay exhibited a specimen of Pericrocotus

Jlammeus in an abnormal state of plumage, and made the following

remarks :—

‘**T have the pleasure of exhibiting a rather interesting specimen

of Pericrocotus jlammeus, which I obtained some years ago on the

Neilgherry Mountains, in Southern India.

‘* Briefly speaking, the normal plumage of the adults of this species

is red and black in the male, and yellow and grey in the female. The

plumage of the young male is much like that of the adult female ; and

speciméns are to be found in museums exhibiting every stage of the

transition from the grey-and-yellow to the black-and-red dress. The

peculiarity in this particular specimen, which is a male, is that it has

entirely assumed the black plumage of the adult male without any

attempt having been made to change the yellow into red; so that we

have here a specimen, to all appearances adult, which is partly

clothed in the dress of the male and partly in that of the female.

The following papers were read :—

766 ON THE C£CUM OF THE RED WOLT. [Dec. 16,

1. On the Cecum of the Red Wolf (Canis jubatus, Desm.).

By W. H. Fuowsr, LL.D., F.R.S., P.Z.8.

[Received November 11, 1879.]

A simple cylindrical caecum, closely folded several times upon

itself, was formerly supposed to be a characteristic of the Canide,

as all the species which had been dissected up to 1873 agreed

generally in the form of this organ. The numerous opportunities

of dissecting members of the group which have occurred at the

Society’s Gardens, have, however, afforded our late Prosector the

means of demonstrating that the generalization had been made upon

too narrow a basis.

Czecum of the Red Wolf (Canis jubatus); half the size of nature,

Cm. Cecum, C. Colon, %. Ilium,

The first exception discovered was the South-American Canis

eancrivorus (P.Z.S. 1873, p. 748), which has a comparatively

short czecum with only a slight curve; and in communicating the

observation, Mr. Garrod remarked that it would be interesting to

know whether the other South-American Canidz agree with C. can-

erivorus in the simplicity and shortness of their czeca.

In a subsequent communication (P. Z. S. 1878, p. 373) Mr. Garrod

reverted to the subject, and showed that, of the various species he

had dissected, Nyctereutes procyonides (from North-east Asia) alone

agreed with Canis cancrivorus in having a nearly straight czecum,

while C. laniger, C. lagopus, C. anthus, C. fulvus, C. antarcticus, C.

azare, Otocyon lalandi, and Lycaon pictus conform with the type

of Canis familiaris, and C. aureus and C. famelicus have the organ

Kenlemans

lit

WATERSI

Hanhart

1879.] ON MAMMALS AND BIRDS FROM MADAGASCAR. 767

somewhat shortened, wanting the terminal twist. From the exami-

nation of other specimens preserved by Mr. Garrod, and now in the

Museum of the College of Surgeons, I may add that Canis rutilans,

C. primevus, C. cerdo, C. chama, and C. magellanicus have all folded

czeca ; but differences can be observed in the length and mode of

folding, both in them and in the species stated by Mr. Garrod to

resemble C. familiaris, though without a larger series it is impos-

sible to say whether some of these differences may not be due to indi-

vidual peculiarity.

It is, however, clear that the form of the czcum has nothing to

do with a geographical division of Canidz ; nor is it, as far as is yet

known, correlated with any other structural modification.

The female example of the very handsome and rare Red Wolf or

Fox (Canis jubatus) from Buenos Ayres, which died lately, after a

residence of two years in the Gardens, has enabled me to give a

figure of the smallest (relatively to the size of the animal) and simplest

form of czecum yet observed in the group. It lies by the side of

the ileum, without the slightest inclination to a curve in either

direction. Its length is slightly less than three inches, and its

greatest diameter one inch. From a contracted base it expands

gradually to the middle, and continues of a cylindrical form to the

termination in a conical apex.

There was no striking deviation from the ordinary canine type in

any of the remaining viscera of this animal which were forwarded for

my examination. The lobes and fissures of the liver agreed in all

essentials with those of the common Dog. In the tongue the

lytta (the absence of which in Lycaon pictus is noted by Garrod)

was well developed’.

2. Second List of Mammals and Birds collected by Mr.

Thomas Waters in Madagascar. By Epwarp Barter,

Curator of the Museum and Public Library, Maidstone.

[Received November 15, 1879.]

(Plate LXIII.)

Since my first paper* on the Mammals and Birds of Madagascar, I

have received several small collections from Mr. T. Waters (who still

continues his labours, and is now in South-east Betsileo country) ;

and it affords me much pleasure to bring before the Society a list

of those species which are not included in my former list.

Among the species I find one new and interesting Mammal be-

longing to the genus Nesomys, and two new species of birds of the

following genera, viz. Cypselus and Zapornia, a description of which

will be found under the genera which they represent.

1 Since this note was communicated to the Society, Mr. Ockenden, the Pro-

sector’s assistant, has shown me the cxecum of the type specimen of Canis rudis,

Ginther, from Demerara, which died in the Gardens in April last. Though not

quite so small proportionally as in C. jubatus, it is also straight,

2 P.Z.8. 1875, p. 62.

765 MR. E. BARTLETT ON MAMMALS AND [Dec. 16,

Up to the present I may mention that I have noticed 41 species

of Mammals and 81 species of Birds, from Mr. Waters’s collection

in this district.

MamMALs.

1. Lemur catra, Linn.

Ekongo, S.W. coast of Madagascar.

Several specimens of males, females, and young.

They do not appear to vary much, except in the colour of the

back, which is in some examples grey, and in others of a beautiful

pinkish brown.

2. Lemur RUFIFRONS, Geoffr.

Ekongo, S.W. coast of Madagascar.

One example.

3. Lemur moncoz, Linn.

S.W. coast of Madagascar.

Examples of this species vary much in the colour of the tail, some

having the tail bright reddish brown with whitish tips, while others

have it of a pale yellowish brown.

4, LEMUR NIGRIFRONS, Geoffr.

S.W. coast of Madagascar.

5. Lemur XANTHOMYSTAX, Gray.

S.W. coast of Madagascar.

6. HapaLtemur simus, Schl. & Pollen.

Ekongo and §.E. Betsileo, Madagascar.

Several examples of males and females. They vary very little in

colour; and all those I have examined have the yellowish brown

patch on the rump.

‘They live in the bamboo forests, and feed on the young shoots

of the bamboo.” —T. Waters.

7. HAPALEMUR OLIVACEUS, Geoffr.

S.W. coast of Madagascar.

Called by the natives ‘‘ Coaline.”

8. CHIROGALEUS MILII, Geoffr.

Ekongo, Madagascar.

9. LePILEMUR MUSTELINUS, Geoffr.

S.E. Betsileo, Madagascar.

Four specimens are in the present collection, which vary very

much in colour :—

(1) Adult male: iron-grey, with yellowish brown tinge ; tail uni-

form greyish brown.

(2) Adult female: crown pale grey; shoulders, back, and fore-

1879. ] BIRDS FROM MADAGASCAR. 769

arms dark reddish brown ; rump and hind legs pale greyish brown ;

tail blackish for half its length.

(3) Adult female: very bright rufous brown on all the upper

parts, large dirty brown patch at base of tail or rump ; tail brown

for half its length, paler at the base.

(4) Young male, half-grown: colour the same as No. 2; the only

important difference is a blackish patch behind the ear.

All the above specimens have a very characteristic yellowish white

stripe, which runs from the cheek down the side of the neck, and

nearly unites at the lower part of the back of the neck,

10. MicRoRHYNCHUS LANIGER, Illiger.

S.W. coast of Madagascar.

Female and young, called by the natives “ Ovandroo.”

11. PropirHEecus VERREAUXII, Grand.

S.E. Betsileo, Madagascar.

A young male: crown brownish black, which does not extend to

the nape.

12. ProriruEcus HOLOMELAS, Giinth.

Ekongo, S.W. coast of Madagascar.

13. Propiraecus rpwarpst, Grand.

Ekongo, S.W. coast of Madagascar.

In a former collection (from the above locality) I received a male,

female, and young of this species. The young one appeared about

three or four days old: the fur is long and rough ; and the yellowish

brown band across the loins (as in the adult) is very distinct.

14. CyNonycTERis sTRAMINEA, Geoff, var. C. dupreana, Poll

S.E. coast of Madagascar.

15. Minioprerus SCHREIBERSI, Natt.

S.E. Betsileo, Madagascar.

16. Mrnioprerus scotinus, Sund.

Ekongo, Madagascar.

Called by the natives «« Hepate.”

17. VESPERTILIO GOUDOTI, Smith, var.

V. madagascariensis, Tomes.

S.W. coast of Madagascar.

18. Paytioruina COMMERSONI, Geoffr.

S.E. Betsileo, Madagascar.

Mr. G. E. Dobson has kindly determined the above-mentioned

species of Bats for me.

19. Fossa D’AUBENTONI, Schreb.

S.W. coast of Madagascar.

Called by the natives « Tambosading.””

770 MR. E, BARTLETT ON MAMMALS AND [ Dec. 16,

20. Gaxipictis srriata, Geoffr,

S.W. coast of Madagascar.

This species is described as having seven or nine longitudinal black

streaks on the back ; the specimens which I have received have only

six streaks.

21. EvpLeres coupori, Doyere.

S.E. coast of Madagascar.

22. NESOMYS BETSILEOENSIS, Sp. nov.

S.E. Betsileo, Madagascar.

Called by the natives ‘‘ Volane andrivo.”

Fur soft, abundant, and shining, reddish brown, tipped with black,

base nearly black; underparts of body rufous, paler on the chin

and throat; feet and tail sparingly covered with short pale-coloured

hairs.

Length 7 inches; tail 3 inches.

This interesting Rodent closely resembles in general appearance our

common Water-Vole (Arvicola amphibius), differing in being much

smaller, in its richer tone of colour, the fur nearly black at the

base, and the tail shorter.

Birps,

1. Scors rutiuus, Puch.

S.W.. coast, and S.E. Betsileo, Madagascar.

Called by the natives ‘‘ Forey-Foreeg.”

Egg creamy white.

2. CYPSELUS BALSTONI, Sp. nov.

S.W. interior Betsileo country, Madagascar.

Called by the natives ‘‘ Fearilsandro.”

Beak black; back, primaries, scapulars, tail, and belly very dark

bronze-green, inclining to black, each feather more or less tipped

with pale buff, these white tips being more distinct on the belly ;

top of head, throat, tertials, and secondaries pale dirty buff, palest

on throat, tinged with pale bronze-green; under the chin a series of

small elongated shaft-spots ; under wing-coverts pale greyish buff,

with very distinct elongated shaft-spots, tips nearly white; under-

side of primaries and tail nearly black ; under tail-coverts brownish,

quills black ; legs, toes, and claws blackish brown.

Length 6 inches; wing 6} inches, wing beyond tail 12 inch.

Having carefully compared this Swift with a number of skins of

Cypselus apus, I feel convinced that it is distinct from that species,

and I have no hesitation in describing it under the above name. It

differs in size and colour, by having the small elongated spots on the

throat and on the under wing-coverts. I have much pleasure in

naming this species after Mr. R. J. Balston.

3. ATELORNIS PITTOIDES, Lafr.

S.E. Betsileo, Madagascar,

Eggs creamy white, with a smooth surface, but not so highly

polished as the egg of Coracias garrulus.

1879. ] BIRDS FROM MADAGASCAR. 771

4, CoryYTHORNIS VINTSIOIDES, Eyd. et Gerv.

S.W. coast of Madagascar.

Egg pure white and polished.

5. UpupA MARGINATA, Peters.

Upupa madagascariensis, Bp.

S.W. coast of Madagascar.

Eggs pale greyish blue, resembling those of Upupa epops, but

rather larger.

6. CossyPHA SHARPII,

S.E. Betsileo, Madagascar.

7. LEPTOPTERUS ViRIDIS, Mill.

S.E. Madagascar.

8. PHILEPITTA CASTANEA, Mill.

S.E. Betsileo, Madagascar.

9. NELICURVIUS NELICOUVI, Scop.

Hyphantornis pensilis, Gm.

S.E. Betsileo, Madagascar.

Eggs pale blue, about the same size as the egg of Accentor modu-

laris.

10. SERICOsOMUS SERRIANUS, Puch.

S.E. interior of Madagascar.

Called by the natives “‘ Fandaklanan.”

11. SERICOsoMuUs, sp. inc.

Ekongo, S.E. Madagascar.

Called by the natives ‘‘ Fandaklanan.”

6. Upper mandible brownish black, tip reddish; base of lower

mandible yellowish, tip red ; crown of head, neck, centre of back,

scapulars, upper wing-coverts, tertials, upper tail-coverts, and two

centre tail-feathers light metallic bronze-green with a rich rufous

tinge, each feather broadly tipped with darker rufous brown; rump,

chin, neck, breast, belly, flanks, and vent slaty grey, slightly tinged

with metallic-green and narrowly tipped with rufous, the rufous

being most conspicuous on the breast ; primaries and the remaining

eight tail-feathers rich metallic-green with a slight rufous tinge,

and tipped with the same colour; legs black. Length 15} inches,

wing 5, tarsus 13.

This is a young bird, probably of Coua reynaudi.

12. Cucuuvus rocut, Hartl.

S.W. coast, and S.E. Betsileo, Madagascar.

Called by the natives ‘“‘ Kang-kappena.”

13. FUNINGUS MADAGASCARIENSIS, L.

S.E. Madagascar.

Called by the natives ‘ Firniga-muigu.”’

14. Gina capensis, L..

S.E. coast of Madagascar.

15. Mesires vARIEGATUS, Geoffr.

S.E. coast of Madagascar.

See remarks on the affinities of this genus, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877,

p- 291.

16. ANASTOMUS LAMELLIGERUS, Temm.

S.W. coast of Madagascar. .

17. GALLINAGO BERNIERI, Puch.

S.E. Betsileo, Madagascar.

Male, female, and eggs are in the collection.

Egg pale brown, spotted and blotched with various tints of dark

brown, principally at the large end, about the same size as the egg

of Gallinago mqor.

18. Brensis MADAGASCARIENSIS, Verr.

S.E. Betsileo, Madagascar.

Male and female of this interesting Rail are in the collection.

This bird appears to me to belong to the genus Rallus ; it re-

sembles closely 2. aquaticus and its allies.

19. ZaporNniA pyGM#A, Naum.

Zapornia baillonii, V.

S.E. Betsileo, Madagascar.

Specimens of this species, with the eggs, are in the collection.

20. ZAPORNIA WATERSI, sp. nov. (Plate LXIII.)

S.E. Betsileo, Madagascar.

$+ Beak dark brown; top of head, neck, throat, and breast

chestnut-brown, darker on top of the head, paler on the chin;

centre of back, scapulars, and upper wing-coverts dark brown, each

feather having an elongated black centre; primaries and secondaries

dusky brown; upper tail-coverts, tail, and under tail-coverts dark

chestnut-brown, tipped with black; belly, thighs, and vent dark

slaty brown; legs, toes, and claws pale brown.

Length 53 inches, wing 22.

@. Beak dark brown; crown of head and neck dark brown,

tinged with rufous, with very pale indistinct bars near the tips of

each feather ; back, scapulars, tertials, and upper wing-coverts dark

brown, the centre of each feather blackish, with from four to six

whitish spots and bars on the outer edges of the webs of each feather ;

ptimaries dusky black, with two or three very indistinct whitish spots

on the outer web of the first and second quill-feathers ; upper tail-

coverts, tail, and lower tail-coverts chestnut-brown, barred with black

1879.] ON NEW PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 773

and white ; throat, cheeks, breast, and belly dirty white, tipped with

very pale brown ; sides, flanks, and vent greyish brown, barred and

spotted with white ; legs, toes, and claws pale brown.

Length 5} inches, wing 23.

This interesting little Rail I submitted to Mr. R. B. Sharpe, who

kindly pronounced it to be a new species; therefore I have much

pleasure in naming it after the collector, Mr. T. Waters.

21. PopicEers PELZELNI, Hartl.

S.W. interior of Madagascar.

22. Futmarus Gicantrvus, Gm.

S.W. coast of Madagascar.

23. PLotus LEVAILLANTH, Licht.

S.E. Madagascar.

3. Descriptions of new Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera.

By Martin Jacosy.

[Received November 24, 1879.]

Genus Lema.

1, LemMA CHAMPIONI, sp. nov.

Elongate, subparallel, fulvous. Head and breast black; antennze

piceous, their base and apex fulvous; elytra punctate-striate, dark

violaceous blue, shining, a slightly curved median transverse band

and the apex fulvous.

Length 32 lines.

Hab. Zapote, Guatemala.

Head not constricted behind the eyes, impunctate ; lateral grooves

very deep; eyes deeply emarginate, large, the space surrounding

them distinctly punctured; epistome impunctate, shining black ;

antenne rather robust, of half the length of the body, the second

joint very short, third joint double the length, the basal as well as

the fourth to the seventh joints piceous, or black, the rest light

fulvous ; thorax slightly longer than broad, moderately constricted

in the middle at each side, base scarcely perceptibly impressed,

surface impunctate, fulvous. Scutellum black. Elytra much broader

than the thorax, rather convex and parallel, narrowly transversely

depressed below the base, deeply punctate-striate at their anterior

half, the punctuation gradually diminishing, and almost obsolete

towards the apex, where the interstices are slightly convex, the latter

also minutely punctate, of a dark violaceous blue, the middle is

occupied by a slightly convex fulvous band extending to the lateral

margins, while the entire apex is of the same colour. Abdomen and

legs also fulvous.

Collected by Mr. Champion.

774 MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW [ Dec. 16,

This species may be distinguished from Z. bicincta, Lac., and

others similarly marked, by the colour of the antenne and the

distinct basal depression of the elytra.

2. LEMA NICARAGUENSIS, Sp. Nov.

Elongate, parallel. Head and thorax ferruginous; antennz

(base excepted), breast, tibice, and tarsi black ; elytra bluish black,

the lateral margins, a transverse median band, and the apex flavous ;

femora and abdomen testaceous.

Length 3 lines.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua.

Head not constricted behind the eyes, with a transverse and a

median groove at the vertex, entirely impunctate, shining ferruginous,

epistome black; palpi and the two basal joints of the antenne

ferruginous, the other joints piceous, the apex of each joint fulvous.

Thorax subquadrate, the sides moderately constricted behind the

middle ; surface distinctly transversely grooved near the base, with

two rows of small punctures placed longitudinally on the disk, rest

of the surface smooth, shining ferruginous. Elytra deeply punctate-

striate anteriorly, the punctuation gradually diminishing, but remain-

ing distinct to the apex, the interspaces near the latter slightly

costate ; a rather obsolete transverse depression is placed below the

base ; the colour is a dark bluish black, the lateral margins, a trans-

verse median band not quite touching the suture, and the apex

flavous. Abdomen and the femora testaceous; breast, tibia, and

tarsi black.

This species bears a close resemblance to several others described

by Lacordaire and Clark, from all of which, however, it differs in the

coloration of one or other parts. It is most nearly allied to L. placida,

Lac., and L. violaceo-fasciata, Clark. The colour of the femora and

of the apex of the elytra distinguishes it from the first species,

while it differs from the last by the red head and the colour of the

antennz ; it may, however, turn out to be a variety of one or the

other.

3. LEMA ANTENNALIS, sp. nov.

Elongate, parallel ; chestnut-coloured, variegated with piceous.

Antenne short, the joints transverse, black ; elytra piceous, margined

with brown, punctate-striate, intervals finely rugose.

Length 3 lines.

Hab. Zapote, Guatemala.

Head impunctate, lower part of face sparingly fulvous-pubescent ;

eyes deeply emarginate: antennz short and robust, only reaching

to the base of the elytra; three basal joints brown, shining ; the rest

black, closely pubescent ; first joint swollen, round; second of the

same shape, shorter ; third half as long again as the second ; the

following joints gradually widened, transverse, broader than long.

Thorax without transverse basal depression, subquadrate, brown,

shining, obsoletely streaked with piceous, surface minutely punctured.

Elytra deeply punctate-striate anteriorly, the punctuation diminishing

1879.] PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 775

in depth towards the apex, interspaces also minutely punctate, and

from below the base to the apex closely and finely transversely

wrinkled ; there is also an indistinct transverse depression below the

base ; the ground-colour is a dark chestnut- brown ; the disk, however,

is almost entirely occupied by a broad piceous band, commencing

below the base and extending to the apex, leaving only the sutural

and lateral margins brown. Underside and legs of the same colour,

abdominal segments margined with piceous, claws entirely of that

colour. The hinder femora very short.

This interesting Lema, of which I have at present only one speci-

men before me, will be easily recognized by the curiously shaped

antennz and the sculpture of the elytra, although it is doubtless

subject to variation in colouring.

Genus Uropera, Lac.

4. URODERA GODMANI, sp. nov.

Oblong-ovate, black, shining, beneath closely pubescent. Head

and thorax finely punctured. Elytra finely punctate-striate, black,

a transverse band at the base, not touching the suture and the apex,

rufous.

Length 3—4 lines.

Hab. Dueiias, Capetillo (Guatemala).

Head with an obsolete transverse semicrescent groove between the

eyes, distinctly but finely punctured. Antenne short, black, the

second and third joints rufous, dentate from the commencement of

the fourth joint. Thorax transversely convex, about twice as broad

as long, its sides moderately rounded and greatly deflexed anteriorly,

the lateral margins flattened and divided from the convex part by

an oblique depression; the flattened portion distinctly punctured

and subrugose, rest of the surface very finely punctate, posterior

margin oblique at each side, its middle lobe straight. Scutellum

with a few extremely minute punctures. Elytra not wider at the

base than the thorax ; each elytron with nine rows of punctures and

a short double row near the suture black ; a transverse band, sinuate

below the humeral callus and interrupted at a little distance from

the suture, and an oblong apical spot rufous; the latter spot does

not quite touch the lateral margin or the suture. Underside

closely covered with greyish pubescence ; anterior legs longitudinally

sulcate at their inside ; prosternum very narrow.

The punctured head and thorax will distinguish this speecis from

others similarly marked, while the design of the elytra Separates it

from U. chevrolatii, to which it bears some resemblance ; the thorax

is also much more transverse than in the latter species. None of

the specimens before me differ except in size from each other.

Genus Cutamys, Knoch.

5. CHLAMYS SEX-TUBERCULATA, Sp. nov.

Quadrate-ovate. Head, body below, and legs fulvous, spotted with

violaceous; above violaceous blue, clothed with white pubescence,

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1879, No. L. 50

776 MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW [Dec. 16,

thorax finely. Elytra strongly punctured, each elytron with three

small tubercles placed triangularly.

Length 14 line.

Hab. Capetillo, Duenas, Guatemala.

Head flat, distinctly punctured, fulvous, eyes deeply emarginate.

Antenne as long as the thorax ; the joints from the fifth to the apex

transverse, broader than long ; the four basal joints fulvous, the rest

black. Thorax regularly narrowed from base to apex, its sides

straight, surface regularly convex, finely punctate and pubescent,

violaceous blue. Scutellum large, darker blue, opaque. Elytra

narrowed posteriorly, their apex broadly rounded, closely covered

with deep oblong punctures, their sutural margins denticulate through

their entire length, each elytron with a short transverse tubercle

placed in the middle near the sutural margin, while another small

round tubercle is situated above and one below it, the three forming

together a triangle. Pygidium fulvous, with a central blue patch.

Underside violaceous blue, broadly bordered with fulvous. Legs

fulvous, the middle and posterior tibiee, as well as the posterior

femora, with a blue spot.

This species ought to follow C. cinerea, Lac., to which it bears

a close resemblance ; it may, however, be distinguished by the coarser

punctuation of the elytra and the three tubercles on the latter.

Genus Lamprosoma, Kirby.

6. LAMPROSOMA NICARAGUENSE, SP. nov.

Broadly ovate ,very convex. Above dark violaceous ; body beneath,

the head, sides of the thorax, and a short lateral stripe near the

apex of the elytra cupreo-aureous.

Length 33 lines.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua.

Head finely granulose, distinctly but not closely punctured ;

middle impressed with a small round fovea; anterior margin of

clypeus concave; labrum and apex of mandibule black ; first joimt

of the antenne cupreous, second joint fulvous, the rest more or less

metallic greenish black. Thorax twice as broad as long, sides rounded,

moderately converging from base to apex; posterior margin rather

deeply sinuate on either side, and obsoletely depressed on each side of

the middle lobe; surface transversely convex, impunctate at the

sides, distinctly but not closely punctured on the disk, more deeply to-

wards the base, violaceous blue with a distinct tint of greenish olive,

and a broad band of bright reddish copper-colour parallel with

the lateral margins. Elytra very convex at the base, thence to the

apex greatly deflexed, slightly longer than broad, each elytron

covered with ten rows of very deep punctures, the interstices smooth

and impunctate, of the same colour as the thorax, with a short

lateral band of bright aureous near the apex. Entire underside and

legs metallic aureous.

From L. pretiosum, Lac., distinguished by the punctures of the

thorax and the colour of the antenne and the elytra. From ZL. dives,

1879.] PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 777

Lac., equally different by its coloration and the deep punctures of

the elytra; while L. hypochryseum, Baly, is devoid of the metallic

elytral band.

Genus Cuatcopxacis, Chevr.

7. CHALCOPLACIS INSTABILIS, sp. nov.

Subrotundate-ovate. Above cupreous or dark blue, shining, head

cupreous or violaceous blue; antennz black, their six basal joints ful-

vous; thorax finely, elytra more deeply punctate; below and the

legs black.

Length 2 lines.

Hab. Zapote, Guatemala.

Head rather deeply punctured, lower part of face more closely

punctate than the vertex, clypeus not separated ; jaws very promi-

nent ; antennze subfiliform, third and fourth joints of equal length,

seventh and the following joints thickened, black, six basal joints

fulvous, the first stained with piceous above. Thorax transversely

convex, narrowed from base to apex, anterior angles acute ; surface

minutely punctured. Scutellum broad, impunctate. LElytra slightly

wider at the base than the thorax, convex, the extreme apex rather

acutely produced, surface much more strongly punctured than the

thorax, the puncturing arranged in irregular rows, the sutural margin

accompanied at its posterior third by an impressed line. The colour

varying from purplish cupreous to dark greenish blue. All the

latter-coloured specimens have the head igneous or cupreous, while

the reverse is the case with the cupreous ones, whose head is viola-

ceous. Underside black, legs with a coppery hue.

Genus Nona, Chapuis.

8. NoDA TASMANICA, sp. nov.

Oblong-ovate. Aineous ; antennz piceous, their base and the legs

entirely fulvous; head and thorax coarsely punctate, elytra each

with four smooth longitudinal costz, their interstices deeply punc-

tate.

Length 2 lines.

Hab. Tasmania.

Head with a deep longitudinal groove in middle, deeply and closely

punctured ; labrum fulvous, its base piceous ; palpi testaceous, their

apex as well as the mandibles piceous; antennz about half the

length of the body, second and third joints short, of nearly equal

length, the seventh to the eleventh joint thickened and cylindrical,

piceous or black, five or six basal joints fulvous. Thorax transversely

convex, its sides rounded and widened in the middle, posterior margin

broadly produced in middle, surface deeply and closely punctured,

interrupted here and there by some smooth semielevated spaces,

brownish or greenish zeneous. Scutellum as broad as long, in one

specimen broader than long, impunctate. Elytra scarcely wider at

the base than the thorax, about three times as long, punctured like the

thorax, the punctures sometimes confluent and interrupted by four

50*

778 MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW [Dec. 16,

longitudinal smooth costee which unite near the apex, the outer

one being placed close to a longitudinal sulcation which runs parallel

with the lateral margin ; the interstices are more or less distinctly

transversely rugose. Underside closely silvery pubescent, legs ful-

vous, last joint of tarsi piceous.

Genus PrionopEra, Chapuis.

9. PRIONODERA GODMANI, Sp. nov.

Elongate. Testaceous ; antenne with joints 5-7 and 10-12 black ;

elytra coarsely punctate and subrugulose, each elytron with a spot

at the base and one near the apex metallic green.

Length 43 lines.

Hab. Zapote, Guatemala.

Head deeply but not closely punctured, with a shallow fovea be-

tween the eyes ; antenne two thirds the length of the body, testaceous,

from the fifth to the seventh and the three apical joints black.

Thorax nearly twice as broad as long, its sides tridentate, the poste-

rior tooth obsolete and more rounded, the anterior ones acute and di-

stinct ; surface rather convex, closely but not more deeply punctured

than the head. Scutellum smooth. Elytra wider at the base than

the thorax, deeply and coarsely but irregularly punctured, the

puncturing near the suture, however, more regularly striate; the

interstices coarsely rugose and transversely wrinkled at the base and

near the apex, the latter also distinctly costate, each elytron with

two large metallic green patches, one of which, situated at the base,

is of a semitriangular shape with its inner margin obliquely cut ;

the other patch is placed below the middle, of a more rounded shape;

neither of them extends to either the lateral or sutural margin. The

entire underside and the legs testaceous.

Several similarly coloured species have been described, from all of

which the present one is distinguished by the colour of the antenna,

which is constant in all the specimens before me, as well as by the

shape and margination of the thorax and the colour of the elytral

spots.

Collected by Mr. G. Champion.

Genus Fip1a, Baly.

10. Frp1A GUATEMALENSIS, sp. nov.

Subeylindric, elongate. Bronze-coloured, closely covered with

white pubescence ; thorax deeply punctate; elytra coarsely punc-

tate-striate, the interstices costate.

Length 2-3 lines.

Hab. Dueias, Capetillo (Guatemala).

Head strongly punctate, with a short longitudinal groove in the

middle; eyes entire, convex; antennze longer than half the body,

black, with a greenish hue on the surface of the basal joints, the

latter fulvous below; the first six joints (with the exception of

the short second joint) slender, filiform, and of nearly equal length,

the rest much thicker. Thorax cylindric, slightly contracted at the

1879.] PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 779

base and apex; surface rather more deeply punctured than the head.

Scutellum elongate, pubescent. Elytra much wider than the thorax,

parallel, convex, the space below the base very slightly transversely

depressed ; humeral callus prominent, smooth ; surface very deeply

punctate-striate, the interstices costate and partly, especially towards

the sides, transversely wrinkled, here and there covered with more

minute punctures, and covered with leng whitish stiff hairs. Base

of the femora and tibize fulvous, apex of latter and the tarsi

piceous.

This species, which was sent over by Mr. Champion in numerous

Specimens, may be readily known from others by its metallic bronze

colour and the deep punctured striz on the elytra.

Genus Coxasporpes, Castlenau.

11. CoLAsPoIDES BATESI, sp. nov.

Broadly ovate, convex ; shining metallic green, base of antennz

and palpi fulvous ; head and thorax obsoletely punctured, elytra

distinctly punctate-striate.

Length 24-3 lines.

Hab. Costa Rica.

Head impunctate on the vertex, with a distinct fovea in the mid-

dle, clypeus bounded on either side by a deep depression, punctured

and obsoletely transversely wrinkled; labrum zneous ; antenne

longer than half the length of the body, the four basal joints fulvous,

the rest black ; apical joint of palpi piceous. Thorax transverse,

nearly three times as broad as long, narrowly margined, surface

convex, obsoletely punctured. Scutellum large, oblong, impunctate.

Elytra slightly wider at the base than the thorax, convex, and obso-

letely obliquely depressed below the humeral callus ; surface covered

with numerous irregular rows of distinct but not deep punctures;

interspaces smooth, impunctate. Underside, legs, and tarsi metallic

green, the latter rather darker.

To be distinguished from C. smaragdula, Lefév., and other allied

species by its uniform coloration of the legs and tarsi and the obso-

lete punctuation of the thorax, as well as by the colour of the

labrum.

12. CoLASPOIDES PERUANA, Sp. Nov.

Oblong, convex. Dark violaceous blue, shining; palpi, base

of antennz, and the legs fulvous; thorax distantly, elytra closely

punctate-striate.

Length 4 lines.

Hab, Chanchomayo, Peru.

Head deeply but distantly punctate, front impressed in the mid-

dle with a longitudinal groove ; labrum fulvous ; mandibule black :

antennee rather more than half the length of the body, filiform ; the

third and fifth joints of equal length ; second joint small, ovate ; the

four basal joints fulvous, the rest black. Thorax more than three

times as broad as long, very convex, the sides and the posterior mar-

780 MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW [ Dec. 16,

gin much rounded, the latter broadly produced in the middle, all

the angles acute, the anterior ones slightly produced; surface remotely

but distinctly punctured. Elytra broadly oblong, rather convex

posteriorly, rather closely and regularly punctate-striate, more dis-

tinctly near the base than towards the apex, where the punctures

diminish greatly in size. Entirely dark violaceous blue ; underside

of the same colour, the legs and tarsi fulvous. Thighs unarmed.

Distinguished from C. aleyonea, Erichs., by its greater size, the

colour of the antenne and the underside; from C. éiézalis, Lefév., by

the uniform coloration of its legs.

13. CoLASPOIDES AUSTRALIS, Sp. Nov.

Oblong-ovate, broad. - Bluish eeneous beneath, cupreous or viola-

ceous above; base of antenne, labrum, and legs fulvous; thorax

coarsely, elytra substriate-punctate.

Length 3 lines.

Hab. Australia, Queensland.

Upper portion of the head finely, lower portion coarsely punctate ;

the apex of the clypeus, labrum, and palpi fulvo-testaceous ; antennz

filiform, the first six or seven joints fulvous, the rest black. Thorax

twice as broad as long, sidesnearly straight at the base, rounded and

narrowed towards the apex, the posterior margin being in consequence

double as wide as the anterior one; surface convex, not very closely

impressed with deep oblong punctures, which are more crowded at the

sides than on the disk. Scutellum very broad, smooth, metallic

green or cupreous. Elytra slightly depressed below the basilar space,

the depression not quite extending to the suture, rather deeply and

regularly punctate-striate, the interspaces smooth, but transversely

wrinkled below the base near the lateral margins ; the latter are also

impressed through their entire length with deep punctures ; the first

two rows of punctures unite before the middle and form one row of

closely approached punctures which runs parallel with the suture

to the apex, the latter obsoletely costate. Underside piceous with a

metallic bluish gloss, legs piceous or dark fulvous, thighs not armed

with a tooth.

14, CoLAsPoIDES UNICOLOR, sp. nov.

Ovate, very convex. Dark violaceous, base of antenne and palpi

testaceous ; head and thorax distantly, elytra closely punctured.

Length 3 lines.

Hab. Choutales, Nicaragua.

Head deeply but not closely punctured, witha longitudinal groove

in the middle of the vertex ; clypeus more closely punctured, labrum

metallic green ; basal joints of palpi fulvous, the apical joint piceous ;

antenne filiform, the third joint very slender and the longest, the

fourth half the length, the three or four basal joints testaceous, the

rest black with a greenish gloss. Thorax very narrow, at least three

times as wide as long, sides evenly rounded, posterior margin much

produced towards the middle, anterior one much deflected towards

the sides, surface very distinctly punctured on the disk, more closely

1879.] PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 781

towards the sides. Scutellum broad, oblong, impunctate. Elytra

convex, the humeral callus but slightly produced, surface very

distinctly punctate, the puncturing arranged in irregular rows, dark

violaceous blue, shining ; innerside of the same colour but with a

metallic green tint, particularly visible on the tibi and tarsi.

I add here the diagnosis of two well-marked species contained in

my collection, but whose habitat is not known to me at present :—

15. CoLasporpes DECEMMACULATA, sp. nov.

Oblong-ovate. Ferruginous ; head closely puuctate, substrigose

at the vertex; thorax less closely, moderately strongly punctate,

with four transversely placed small black spots ; elytra wider than

the thorax at the base, minutely granulate, closely and irregularly

punctured, each elytron with five large yellow spots margined with

piceous, of which two are placed transversely at the base, two at the

middle, and one near the apex.

Length 4 lines.

16. CotasporpEs VARIABILIS, Sp. nov.

Ovate, convex. Fulvous; lower part of head sparingly punctate,

the anterior margin with two or three piceous spots; thorax obso-

letely punctured, four transversely placed patches and the margins

piceous ; elytra closely and distinctly semipunctate-striate, each

elytron with two longitudinal spots at the base, two other larger

ones at the middle, transversely placed, and a large transverse patch

near the apex, as well as the suture, ferruginous.

Var. a. Thorax and underside black.

Var. b. Thorax unspotted, elytra with black spots, the basal ones

united or normal.

Var. ec. The patches on the elytra reduced to five or six small

black spots, underside piceous, base of thighs and the tibix ful-

vous.

Genus ZyGocramma, Chevr.

17, ZYGOGRAMMA CHAMPIONI.

Oblong-ovate. Dark zneous, shining, antennz and tarsi fulvous =

elytra irregularly punctured, their lateral margins light flavous.

Length 3 lines.

Hab. Capetillo, Guatemala.

Head deeply but not closely punctured ; labrum, palpi, and an-

tennze fulvous, the latter with their Joints gradually thickened and

reaching to the base of the thorax, the third joint about double as

long as the second. ‘Thorax narrowly transverse, the anterior margins

but little concave behind the eyes and almost straight, sides widened

and rounded before the middle, parallel thence to the base; sur-

face rather deeply punctured on the disk, intermixed with smaller

punctures, very strongly and deeply punctate at the sides ; there igs

also a deep irregular-shaped fovea at each side near the anterior

margin. Scutellum large, impunctate. Elytra narrowed towards the

apex, deeply and irregularly punctured, with the exception of a regu-

782 MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW [Dec. 16

lar row accompanying the sutural margin ; dark eeneous, their lateral

margins broadly flavous ; this band is slightly narrowed and sinuate_

below the shoulders. There is also in one specimen before me a

short stripe of flavous between the margin and the scutellum at the

base of each elytron. Underside and legs greenish zeneous, extreme

apex of tibize and the tarsi fulvous.

Collected by Mr. G. Champion.

Genus Srizopes, Chevr.

18. STILODES BELTI, sp. nov.

Ovate-rotundate. Obscure brownish neous, submetallic ; elytra

geminate-punctate-striate, flavous, the suture (widened before and

behind the middle) and three longitudinal rows of elongate spots

dark brown.

Length 43-5 lines.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua.

Head distinctly and moderately closely punctured, labrum brown, ~

apex of mandibles and the antenne obscure piceous ; the latter gra-

dually thickened, with their apical joints longer than broad. Thorax

transverse, anterior margin straight in middle, posterior one produced,

sides rounded, the anterior angles slightly produced; surface coarsely

punctured near the sides, more finely on the disk, with a small but

deep round fovea at each side, of the same brownish zeneous colour,

asthe head. Scutellum smooth. Elytra convex, geminate-punctate-

striate on the disk, more irregularly punctured near the sides, the

first sutural stria very short, flavous, with three parallel rows of

irregular-shaped dark brown spots placed as follows—the first row

on the disk (consisting of four spots of increasing size), the second

and third row (of three spots each) placed towards the lateral margin

without, however, touching the latter, their two anterior spots joined

at the shoulder into an elongate A-shaped mark: two other short

stripes are connected with the suture anteriorly and posteriorly.

Outer limb, underside, and legs brownish zeneous.

19. STILODES FLAVO-MARGINATA, Sp. nov.

Ovate, convex. Dark violaceous blue ; elytra punctate-striate, each

elytron margined with a broad crescent-shaped yellow band from the

base towards the apex.

Length 4 lines.

Hab. Brazil.

Vertex rather convex, with an indistinct middle line; head rather

sparingly but distinctly punctured ; three lower joints of the antennz

light brown, the rest piceous and gradually increasing in width.

Thorax transverse, its sides parallel at the base, rounded towards the

apex and finely margined ; surface sparingly impressed with punc-

tures like those of the head, almost impunctate towards the sides.

Scutellum smooth, trigonate. Elytra slightly wider at the base than

the thorax, narrowed and rounded towards the apex ; surface of each

elytron impressed with ten rows of rather deep punctures, the first

1879.] PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 783

of which is very short, their interstices also extremely minutely

punctate, dark violaceous blue, with’a bright yellow band of crescent-

shape, which, commencing at the base and running parallel with the

lateral margin (without, however, quite touching it), turns inwards

at a little distance from the apex, towards the suture, which, in the

one specimen before me, it does not quite reach. Underside and

legs rather darker blue than the upperside.

HALtTicin&.

20. CRIMISSA NIGRO-ORNATA, sp. nov.

Broadly oblong-ovate. Black, base of antenne and the femora

fulvous; above testaceous. Thorax with three transversely placed

black spots. Elytra irregularly punctured, each elytron with a black

longitudinal spot on the shoulder.

Length 53-6 lines.

Hab. Columbia.

Head swollen, impunctate, with an elongate triangular black spot

at the vertex; the space immediately above the insertion of the

antenne but slightly raised and divided by a broad triangular groove,

black ; apex of jaws and palpi black; antenne shorter than half

the length of the body, with the basal joint slender, curved, and the

longest, the fifth jot slightly longer than the rest, first joint

entirely testaceous, the second to the fifth spotted with piceous on

each side, the remaining joints black with only the extreme base

testaceous. Thorax transverse, about three times as broad as long,

the anterior and posterior margins produced in the middle, sides

nearly straight and widened towards the base ; all the angles acute,

the anterior ones much produced and pointed; surface slightly con-

vex, smooth, shining, and impunctate, with a round spot at each

side and a short longitudinal streak in the middle near the base

black. Scutellum pentagonal, obsoletely edged with piceous. Elytra

convex, scarcely broader at the base than the thorax, distinctly and

rather closely punctured, of the same colour as the thorax, or a

little lighter testaceous, with a longitudinal black spot on the humeral

callus. Underside black, the femora fulvous, the posterior ones

‘with a black spot ; the tibize and tarsi also more or less stained with

black.

In one specimen, which may prove to be the female, of rather

larger size, the black colour predominates beneath, the spots on the

thorax are much enlarged, especially the middle one, and the elytral

spots extend in the shape of longitudinal pointed vittee from the

shoulder to nearly the apex.

21. HoMAMMATUS CLARKI, Sp. nov.

Oval, convex, robust. Dark chestnut-coloured, subpubescent.

Antenne dilated towards the apex, fulvous, the sixth to the ninth

joint black ; elytra with a small black spot before the middle.

Length 23 lines.

784 MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW [Dec. 16,

Head with the usual transverse depression, light brown, deeply

punctate at the base, leaving, however, a space in the middle of the

vertex smooth; anterior part testaceous; maxillary palpi filiform ;

antennee reaching to about one third of the length of the elytra, the

first joimt much thickened, as long as the third, the second short,

rounded, joints sixth to ninth thickened and widened, the rest a little

more elongate, closely pubescent. ‘Thorax about twice as broad as

long; the anterior angles pointed and slightly produced outwards ;

sides sinuate near the base, but not angulate ; surface with a shallow

depression on each side, and a short, raised, longitudinal, smooth

space in the middle, not touching either the anterior or posterior

margin ; the disk covered with punctures as deep as those of the

head, more curved near the base and sides than at the anterior

portion, and covered sparingly with golden-yellow hair ; an obscure

spot of fuscous is visible at each side and on the disk. Elytra much

wider than the thorax, convex and subcylindrical, finely punctate

striate, more obsolete near the apex, covered also sparingly with

silky yellow pubescence; they are slightly depressed before the

middle, of a dark chestnut colour, rather shining, and have each an

obscure, round black spot placed in the hollow of the depression.

Underside and legs lighter- colcured, the posterior thigh with a

rather large black patch on the outside; posterior tibiz near the

apex with comb-like teeth and one spur ; claws appendiculate.

Hab. Amazons.

The dilated antennze, antemedian depression of the elytra, together

with the spur at the posterior tibiz, show this species to belong to

Clark’s genus Homammatus, although it might perhaps have been

placed, with equal right, amongst the genus Homotyphus or allied

genera. Von Harold, in the ‘Coleopt. Hefte,’ has already pointed

out the artificial construction of many of Clark’s genera, founded

very often on doubtful and variable structures of different organs ;

and it is very possible that the student may often be puzzled as to

the genus to which an insect of this family belongs.

22. ALLOCHROMA BIMACULATA, Sp. NOV.

Oblong, ovate, robust. Light fulvous, glabrous; antennz, the four

anterior legs, and a spot on each elytron before the middle black.

Length 3 lines.

Head with a few fine punctures, a round fovea in the middle of

the vertex, and a transverse groove between the eyes; another deep

longitudinal fovea is situated between the antennz ; the latter are

short and robust, entirely black, the first joint is claviform, the

second short and rounded, the third nearly as long as the first, the

fourth and fifth joints shorter and of equal length, the sixth joint

dilated and much more robust than the others, the rest rather short

and slightly widened ; maxillary palpi robust, the penultimate joint

transverse, the last joint conical and pointed. Thorax transverse,

all the angles acute and rather produced, the sides distinctly angu-

lated before the middle, thence to the base concave, not straight ;

surface rather convex, with two shallow foveze at each side near

1879.] PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 785

the base, the space between them also obsoletely depressed; the

entire disk very distinctly but widely punctured, uniformly ful-

vous. Scutellum impunetate. Elytra wider than the thorax at

the base, gradually narrowed posteriorly, with a distinct transverse

depression below the base; each elytron with ten rows of deep

punctures, which diminish in depth towards the apex; they are

of the same colour as the other parts, and have a black round spot

exactly at the end of the basilar depression, between the margin and

the suture. Underside of a little deeper tint than the upper one.

The four anterior legs black; the claws, however, and the posterior

ones fulvous. Posterior thighs reaching beyond the apex of the

elytra; claws appendiculate ; posterior tibize with two distinct spurs.

One specimen in my collection from Nicaragua.

The glabrous elytra, shape of the palpi, as well as the organization

of the hinder tibiz, which are armed with two spurs, place this

insect in the genus Adlochroma as defined by Clark, while the colo-

ration will distinguish it from the other species of this genus.

GALERUCING,

Genus CaLomera,

23. C@&LOMERA NIGRICOLLIS, sp. nov.

Elongate, subparallel. Flavous; head and thorax piceous or black,

finely pubescent; elytra dark purplish-red, finely punctate and

pubescent.

Length 6 lines.

Hab. Mountain of Irazu, Costa Rica.

Head deeply foveolate in the middle, obsoletely punctured, black

clypeus flavous; antenne black, covered with yellowish hairs,

Thorax deeply transversely depressed in the middle, with a few

other smaller depressions near the sides and base; surface covered

with minute punctures and thin yellowish hairs, piceous or black,

the margins narrowly fulvous. Scutellum piceous. Elytra convex,

widened from the middle to the apex, very closely and minutely

punctured, covered thinly with yellowish pubescence of a reddish-

purple colour. Underside flavous ; tibize and tarsi black.

Nearly allied to C. submetallica, Clark, but separated from that

species by the black thorax and the fine punctuation of the elytra,

as well as by the almost entirely black head. I have more than half a

dozen specimens before me, all of which agree exactly with each other.

Collected by Mr. Rogers.

24, C@LOMERA GODMANI, sp. nov.

Elongate, parallel. Flavyous; head and thorax with two large

spots ; elytra finely punctate and pubescent, fuscous ; tibize, tarsi,

and antenne black.

Length 6 lines.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua.

Head very minutely punctured, with an indistinct median and a

786 MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW [ Dec. 16,

more distinct transverse groove between the eyes; apex of the man-

dibulz piceous ; base of the head occupied at each side by a large

elongate black spot; antennze short, black, pubescent. Thorax

nearly three times as broad as long, transversely impressed across

the entire disk, minutely punctured, flavous or rufous, with a large

round black patch at each side near the posterior margin, where the

puncturing is a little more distinct. Scutellum flavous, pubescent.

Elytra a little wider than the thorax, parallel or very little widened

posteriorly, exceedingly close and minutely punctured, of a dark

fuscous colour, and covered with thin whitish pubescence. Under-

side and the femora flavous ; knees, tibize, and tarsi black.

To be distinguished from C. maculicollis, Clark, by the larger

size, the two-spotted thorax, and by the minute punctuation of the

latter and of the elytra, while it differs from C. binotata, Dej., in

the coloration as well as the sculpture of the elytra.

Genus Cutuonets, Baly.

25. CHTHONEIS JANSONI, Sp. nov.

Elongate, parallel. Black; head and thorax flavous ; four apical

joints of the antennze testaceous ; elytra violaceous, closely punctured,

and transversely rugose.

Length 3 lines.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua.

Head impunctate, deeply transversely grooved between the eyes ;

labrum and palpi piceous; antennz as long as the body, closely

pubescent, with the exception of the first joint, second and third

joints short, black, the last four joints testaceous or flavous. Thorax

transverse, about twice as broad as long, anterior margin slightly

concave in the middle, sides narrowed at the base; surface moderately

convex, impunctate, shining flavous. Scutellum black. Elytra wider

at the base than the thorax, closely and distinctly punctured ; the

interstices transversely wrinkled or semireticulate; entirely dark

violaceous, semiopaque. Underside and legs black, covered with

whitish pubescence.

The colour of the head and thorax principally distinguishes this

species from C. apicicornis, Baly.

Collected by Mr. Janson.

26. CHTHONEIS SMARAGDIPENNIS, Sp. Nov.

Elongate, parallel. Flavous; antennee, tibiee, and tarsi black ;

thorax transversely foveolate; elytra bright metallic green, closely

rugose punctate.

Length 3-33 lines.

Hab. Capetillo, Guatemala.

Head not longer than broad, vertex with a few minute punctures,

carina and encarpee ill-defined ; antenne as long as the body in the

male, shorter in the female, second and third joint very small,

moniliform, fourth joint longer than the first three joints together.

Thorax subquadrate, its sides widened in the middle and contracted

1879. ] PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 787

near the base; surface impunctate, very shining, flavous, the disk

near the base deeply but irregularly transversely foveolate. Scutellum

flavous. Elytra wider than the thorax, very bright metallic green,

closely and rather coarsely rugose-punctate ; tibize and tarsi black,

first joint of latter longer than the following joints together. Claws

appendiculate.

This species seems to form a connecting link between the genus

Scelida of Chapuis and the present one; it may with equal right

be classed amongst the first on account of the unarmed ‘tibiee and

other characters ; but as in Scelida the third joint of the antenne is

much longer than the second, while here it is as short, I have

included it in the present genus, although it differs from the typical

species in not having the joints of the antennze dilated.

Genus Scexipa, Chapuis.

27. SCELIDA VIRIDIS, Sp. nov.

Elongate, parallel. Metallic green, pubescent below; head, thorax,

antennze, and legs flavous ; elytra closely rugose-punctate, metallic

green.

Length 6 lines.

Hab. Mexico. '

Head elongate, vertex swollen, with a deep fovea in the middle,

apex of jaws piceous; antennze half the length of the body, the

second joint short, the fourth slightly longer than the third. Thorax

nearly square, its sides, from the middle to the base, nearly parallel ;

surface impunctate, with a deep oblique fovea at either side. Scu-

tellum flavous. Elytra much wider than the thorax, parallel, closely

rugose-punctate. Underside metallic green, the sides of the breast

and the posterior margins of the abdominal segments closely covered

with long white hairs. Legs entirely flavous.

Of the two other described species, S. elegans, Chapuis, and S. balyi,

Jacoby, the present one will be easily recognized by its green under-

side and the entirely flavous antenne and legs.

Genus Monor1a, Le Conte.

28. Mownor!A VIRIDIS, sp. nov.

Oblong-ovate, convex. Obscure flavous beneath ; above dark olive-

green, opaque, finely punctate and pubescent.

Length 4 lines.

Hab. Zapote, Guatemala.

Head with a longitudinal middle groove, rather deeply and closely

punctured, clypeus narrow, transverse; labrum obscure piceous :

antenne about half the length of the body, the basal joint olive-

green, the following joints testaceous, the last three piceous or

black ; the first and fourth joints are of equal length, the second

half the size of the third. Thorax transverse, sides slightly an-

gulate before the middle; surface obsoletely impressed near the

anterior and lateral margins, finely and not distinctly punctured.

788 MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW [Dec. 16,

Scutellum large, its apex rounded, flavous, impunctate. LElytra

slightly widened posteriorly, convex, minutely punctured, and covered

with yellowish pubescence, which, however, is only visible in a certain

light ; the dark green colour is like that of the thorax, here and

there stained with purplish patches, but without possessing any

gloss. Underside, as well as the inside of the posterior femora,

flavous ; legs olive-green, shining ; tibize simple, unarmed, claws bifid.

Collected by Mr. Champion.

Genus O1prEs, Weber.

29. OIDES ALBERTISI.

Oblong-ovate, convex. Testaceous; elytra closely punctate, ful-

vous, a large square patch at the base and another semitriangular one

near the apex black.

Length 5 lines.

Hab. Somerset, Australia.

Vertex convex, smooth, with a fine longitudinal groove, and a deep

transverse depression in front of the antenne ; the latter entirely

testaceous, the second joint half the size of the first, third and fifth

of equal length, fourth longer than either. Thorax nearly three times

as broad as long, surface obsoletely punctured, with two or three

obscure shallow depressions, testaceous, shining. Scutellum testaceous.

Elytra slightly widened behind the middle, closely and distinctly

punctured, fulvous, shining; each elytron with a large square patch

at the base, neither reaching the sutural nor lateral margin, and

another equally broad but more triangularly-shaped patch near the

apex, black ; the latter spot is also interrupted narrowly by the suture,

and more broadly by the lateral margin. Entire underside and the

legs testaceous.

This species is closely allied to O. rubrum and O. ornatum, Baly,

but differs from the first in the colour of the antenne and the basal

markings of the elytra (which in the present insect do not reach to

the lateral margin), and from the second by the pale coloration of the

underside and also of the antennz.

Collected by M. D’Albertis.

Genus AGEToceRA, Hope.

30. AGETOCERA FLAVIVENTRIS, sp. nov.

Elongate, robust, convex. Black, shining ; antenne flavous, their

apex piceous ; elytra violaceous, abdomen flavous.

Length 5 lines.

Hab. India.

Head elongate, with a deep groove between the eyes; base and

apex of labrum fulvous ; antennz (@) filiform, basal joint thick-

ened, second short, third to the seventh joints equal, the eighth and

following the longest, the joints increasing in thickness from the

fourth to the ninth. Thorax transversely subquadrate, sides nar-

rowly margined, dilated anteriorly; surface smooth, impunctate,

deeply impressed behind the middle with a transverse short groove,

1879. ] PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 789

black, shining. Scutellum black, trigonate. Elytra dilated poste-

riorly, with a shallow depression below the basilar space, and several

others near the lateral margins ; another longitudinal sulcation runs

parallel with the latter, but finishes at some distance before the

apex; surface minutely and closely punctate, dark violaceous blue.

Underside and legs black ; abdomen flavous.

I unfortunately possess only one specimen, and that a female, of

this distinctly-coloured species ; the antennze in the male will pro-

bably show the same dilatation as in the other species belonging to

this genus.

Genus Nestinus, Clark.

31. NesTINUS FLAVO-MARGINATUS, Sp. NOY.

Elongate, parallel, rugose-punctate; finely pubescent. Flavous ;

base of the head, three transversely-placed spots on the thorax, an-

tenne, tibize, and tarsi black ; elytra metallic cupreous, the margin

flavous.

Length 5-53 lines.

flab. Mexico.

Head rugose-punctate, with a fine longitudinal median groove at

the vertex extending to the clypeus, flavous, with an elongate black

spot from the middle of the base to almost the anterior margin of

the eyes; apex of labrum and the palpi black ; antennz about half

the length of the body, black, basal joint thickened, robust, second

short, third of double the length, fourth joint longer than the third

and the longest. Thorax transverse, sides nearly parallel, all the

angles slightly thickened, the posterior ones oblique; surface ob-

liquely depressed at each side, longitudinally grooved in the middle,

irregularly rugose-punctate, flavous, a spot at each side near the

lateral margin, and another in the middle, a little distance from the

base, black. Scutellum black, finely punctate and pubescent. Elytra

closely rugose-punctate, finely flavous-pubescent near the margin,

metallic cupreous, the lateral margins and ener flavous. Tibize and

tarsi black. Claws bifid.

The flavous margination of the elytra ail distinguish this species

from those described by Clark.

Genus D1ABROTICA.

32. DIABROTICA MARGINELLA, Sp. NOV.

Subelongate, widened behind. Flavous; antenne (joints seventh

and eighth excepted), base of head, and two spots on the thorax

greenish black. LElytra strongly punctate, broadly margined, me-

tallic green, lateral and sutural margins, as well as the apex,

flavous. Upper surface of femora and the tibize and tarsi black.

Length 3-43 lines.

Hab. Costa Rica.

Head longer than broad, swollen, impunctate, front impressed with

a small fovea; encarpz obsolete; carina not visible ; lower part of

face flavous, labrum and vertex blackish green; antenne two thirds

the length of the body, filiform, the second joint short, the rest of

790 MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW [ Dec. 16,

nearly equal length, black, the seventh and eighth joints light flavous.

Thorax transverse, sinuate bebind the middle, anterior angles slightly

prominent ; surface impunctate, flavous, with a large black spot at

either side. Scutellum black. Elytra dilated posteriorly, broadly

margined at the middle; surface strongly and closely punctured,

metallic green, the margins and suture narrowly, the apex broadly

flavous.

33. DIABROTICA FOVEIPENNIS, Sp. nov.

Oblong. Flavous; thorax bifoveolate, minutely punctate ; elytra

finely but distinctly punctured, flavous, the suture (narrowly) and

four very obsolete spots on the disk ferruginous, lateral margins

interrupted in the middle by a deep fovea.

Length 33 lines.

Hab. Duefias, Guatemala.

Head very finely punctured, as long as broad ; front with a small

fovea; encarpe and carina distinct; antenne filiform, longer than

half the body, second joint short, third of double the length,

entirely flavous. Thorax transverse, subquadrate, sides finely mar-

gined, strongly contracted behind the middle, anterior angles not

pointed, posterior ones slightly thickened, surface minutely punc-

tured, bifoveolate on the disk, the foveee closely approached.

Scutellum smooth. Elytra slightly widened at the middle, closely

and more deeply punctured than the thorax, each elytron with a

deep fovea, situated immediately before the middle of the lateral

margin, the latter itself being produced at that place into a tri-

angular tooth, while the interior of the fovea contains another still

more pointed triangular elevation ; two indistinct spots, one before

the other behind the middle, on the disk of each elytron, as well as

the suture narrowly, ferruginous. Underside and legs entirely

flavous. Claws appendiculate.

Collected by Mr. Champion.

This and the following species I rather reluctantly describe

under the generic name of Diadrotica, on account of their appendi-

culated claws and the curious elytral foveee. The latter character,

I think, is peculiar to the male insect; but as in all other par-

ticulars the species agree with Diabrotica, I have placed them

there for the present.

34. DIABROTICA TRIPUNCTATA, Sp. Nov.

Elongate. Obscure fulvous, base of femora and the antennez black;

vertex ferruginous; above yellowish or light testaceous, opaque.

Scutellum, tiree triangularly placed spots on each elytron, and the

suture black.

3 (2). Elytra with a deep fovea near the lateral margin, before

the middle.

Length 4 lines.

Hab. Capetillo, Duefas (Guatemala).

Head not longer than broad, longitudinally and transversely

grooved between the eyes; vertex ferruginous, lower part of face

light testaceous ; antennee of the same shape and length as the pre-

1879.] PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 791

ceding species, black. Thorax transverse, widened in the middle,

the base contracted ; surface minutely punctured, yellowish white,

with an indistinct longitudinal fuscous line in the middle, sometimes

entirely absent. Elytra rather convex, almost subcylindrical, scarcely

more distinctly punctured than the thorax ; two small spots, one of

which is placed before, the other behind the middle, near the sutural,

and a third spot between the two, near the lateral margin of each

elytron, black. Underside fuscous or dark ferruginous, more or

less stained with black. Legs flavous, base of the femora as well as

the apex of the tibie and tarsi more or less black. In the specimens

which I take to be male, there is the same deep fovea near the

lateral margin ; but the latter itself is not interrupted as in the pre-

ceding species, and the internal tooth is not isolated, but connected

with the sides of the fovea in the shape of a convex ridge. Claws

appendiculate.

35. DIABROTICA IMITANS, Sp. nov.

Oblong-ovate, dilated posteriorly. Black, base of head and the

thorax fulvous ; antennz (their apex excepted), legs, and elytra bright

flavous, the latter with four basal spots and two broad transverse bands

black.

Var. The basal spots on the elytra united in the form of a third

transverse band.

Length 3 lines,

Hab. Venezuela.

Lower part of face deeply excavated (3), shining black, vertex

and sides of face fulvous, the former with a few small punctures ;

basal joint of the antennz very long and slender, as long as the

fourth, second joint less than half the size of the third, first five or

six joints flavous, the rest piceous. Thorax subquadrate, the hinder

angles oblique, sides armed with a small tubercle at each side below

the anterior angles ; surface obsoletely transversely depressed,

minutely punctured. Scutellum black. Elytra wider than the thorax,

much dilated behind the middle, convex, deeply punctured, the inter-

stices obsoletely rugose; flavous, two elongate spots at the base of

each elytron (in the variety united into a band), a transverse regular

band at the middle not touching the lateral margin, and another

wider one near the apex black.

In the female the deep excavation of the head is wanting, and the

fulvous colour extends much lower down, ‘This species is at once

distinguished from D. ventricosa, Jacoby (to which it is nearly allied

in colouring), by the flavous margination of the elytra.

86. D1aBROTICA FENESTRALIS, Sp. nov.

Elongate, subparallel. Flavous ; head, legs, and breast black ;

elytra flavous or testaceous, with the lateral and sutural margins and

three transverse narrow bands, the first of which is connected with

the second by a short lateral stripe, piceous.

Length 3 lines.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.

roc. ZooL. Soc.— 1879, No. LI. 51

792 ON NEW PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. [ Dec. 16,

Head impunctate, with a fovea between the eyes, black, the latter

very convex and large; antennze two thirds the length of the body,

second and third joints very short, light piceous, two basal joints and

the ninth and tenth light flavous. Thorax a little broader than long,

the sides narrowly margined, the angles not produced, surface

smooth, slightly convex, impunctate, light flavous, shining. Scutellum

black. Elytra very closely and distinctly punctate, the margins and

apex, as well as the base, a narrow transverse band immediately

before and a second behind the middle, piceous ; an oblique thin

streak commencing at the humeral callus connects the basal with

the first band; all these bands are sometimes more or less inter-

rupted. Legs and breast black, abdomen flavous.

Genus Cerotoma, Erichs.

37. CEROTOMA ATRO-FASCIATA, Sp. Nov.

Elongate. Black; thorax flavous, impunctate; elytra pale tes-

taceous, a narrow transverse band at the base, dilated at the suture,

and two small spots near the apex, black.

Length 2—23 lines.

Hab. Guatemala.

Head black, shining, vertex distinctly but finely punctured, with

a fovea in the middle; epistome coarsely punctured, its anterior

margin concave ; antennze black or dark piceous, the base of the

second and third joints paler, joints first and third long, of equal

length, the rest short, pubescent. Thorax transversely quadrate,

its sides narrowly margined; surface slightly convex, impunctate,

flavous, this colour, however, often broken and obscure along the

anterior and posterior margin. Scutellum black. Elytra gradually

widened posteriorly, rather closely and distinctly punctate-striate, of

a pale testaceous colour, with a more or less distinct longitudinal

patch of fascous on the disk below the middle; a narrow transverse

black band, common to both elytra, is placed at the base, it com-

mences at the shoulder, and is triangularly dilated below the scutellum

at the sutural margin, where its point reaches to about one third of

the length of the elytra; a small black spot is also placed near the

apex of each elytron, at a little distance from the sutural angle.

Underside black ; femora and the anterior tibize flavous, each with

a black dorsal streak ; rest of the tibiee and tarsi and the apex of

the posterior femora black.

Collected by Mr. O. Salvin.

Genus Ainipga, Baly.

38. AENIDEA BIPARTITA, Sp. Nov.

Elongate. Flavous; antennz with the second to the fifth joint

black, the third excavated near the apex; thorax transversely de-

pressed. Elytra minutely punctured, the basal half black, the

posterior one fulvous.

Length 45 lines.

Hab. Sumatra.

1879.] PROF. J. R. GREENE ON A RARE MEDUSA. 793

Head very wide, vertex impunctate, encarpz divided by a deep

groove ; face deeply excavated immediately below the antennz, the

anterior part of which is bounded at either side by a rounded lobe,

while the latter are covered at their outer edge with long bristle-

like hairs; penultimate joint of the maxillary palpi greatly swollen

and dilated, the apical joint being almost buried in it ; antennze as

long as the body, the first joint very slender and curved, the second

very short, third joint as long as the first, dilated at the apex and

deeply excavated, fourth and fifth joints nearly equal in length and

as long as the first, covered, as well as the rest of the joints, with

fringes of short hairs. Thorax transverse, sides greatly diverging

from the base to the middle, from there to the apex produced and

rounded; surface foveolate, either side near the base impunctate.

Scutellum flavous, broad. Elytra convex, transversely depressed below

the base, scarcely visibly punctured, from base to middle black,

thence to the apex fulvous. Tibize and tarsi black.

Only a single specimen, a male, is known to me.

4. Note on a Specimen of Charybdea haplonema.

By Prof. J. Rray Greene, B.A., M.D., F.LS., F.Z.S., &.

[Received November 29, 1879.]

Dr. Pye-Smith, now Assistant Physician to Guy’s Hospital, found,

some years since, in the Museum of that institution, a nameless Me-

dusa of strange appearance, from an unknown locality. Noting its

exceptional form, he made a drawing of it, and at the same time

observed such of its structural peculiarities as could be studied with

due regard to the conservation of the single sample at his disposal.

He also took the trouble of bringing the specimen to the meeting of

the British Association at Belfast; but no one there could tell him

to what group of jelly-fishes it should be referred. Hearing of this

failure, 1 applied during the spring of the present year to Dr. Pye-

Smith, who most kindly gave me every opportunity of eXamining

this remarkable Medusa at my leisure.

T soon found that I had not to deal with an undiscovered species,

but with none other than the Zamoya haplonema of Fritz Miiller.

It belongs to Gegenbaur’s Charybdeide, a group not represented

among the Medusz of the British coasts.

Tamoya haplonema was described and figured twenty years ago by

its discoverer, who found it on the shores of Santa Catharina (Brazil)

—‘‘am Strande der Praia de fora bei Desterro.”? It was not un-

common, more than a dozen specimens being sometimes procurable

during one day. Occasionally it was accompanied by the much

rarer 7’. quadrumana. No other naturalist appears to have met with

these acalephs.

Our Medusa, however, is very closely allied to Charybdea marsu-

pialis, the common marsupial Medusa of the Mediterranean. This

species, the first discovered and best-known member of its group, is

ale

794 PROF. J. R. GREENE ON A RARE MEDUSA. [ Dec. 16,

the only charybdeid' which has been reinvestigated by several

observers. In particular Claus has just given us a monograph

describing and illustrating, with great minuteness of detail, the form

and structure of this common Mediterranean Medusa. His essay

may justly rank as the most thorough analysis, hitherto published,

of the anatomy of any Medusa whatsoever.

The affinity here noted was perceived by Fritz Miiller, who at once

referred his Medusze to Gegenbaur’s Charybdeida, in the definition

of which family he proposed some modifications, to adapt it for the

reception of the two species of the new genus Tamoya. The characters

of the latter he contrasted with those of Charybdea (=C. marsupi-

alis only) ia parallel columns. But writing in 1859, at a distance

from Europe, Fritz Miller needed the data we now possess for such

a comparison. Claus, with his better knowledge of the Mediterra-

nean species, has shown that the differences on which his predecessor

relied do not in fact exist. We cannot estimate as of generic value

the characters which separate C. marsupialis from 1’. haplonema.

These Meduse are therefore now placed in one genus (Charybdea

of Claus, not Péron and Lesueur). They are very like one another,

though both are obviously distinct from the rarer Brazilian species,

T. quadrumana, for which the genus founded by Fritz Miller may

still be retained.

The Brazilian is indeed much larger than the Mediterranean Cha-

rybdea, and in this respect resembles one of the unnamed Charyé-

deide (from the Philippine seas) provisionally described and figured

in outline by Semper, who doubts the specific identity of any of his

own forms with either of those discovered by Fritz Miller.

The Charybdeide are, unquestionably, of the greatest interest to

any person wishing to understand the classificatiou of the Hydrozoa.

They occupy an intermediate position between the lower and the

higher Medusz, although, arbitrarily, they may be placed with the

latter. Their (1) external morphology, (2) curiously modified

celenteric system, (3) genitalia quite distinct from the central region

of the bell, with its four accessory cavities for the gastric tentacles,

(4) muscular apparatus, and (5), above all, their very distinct nervous

ring and wonderfully complicated sensory organs display a number

of characters, the study of which must amply reward every earnest

student of the lower animals. The whole of this subject, to which,

sixteen years ago, I endeavoured to direct attention, is now, at length,

admirably presented in the work of Claus.

No English zoologist has written on the Charybdeide ; nor, so far

as I am aware, has any paper on the Meduse been read before our

Society since Edward Forbes, in 1851, made a communication on

4iquorea. But the study of the Charybdeide is so important that

I have thought it desirable to append to the present note a brief

history of the literature of these animals.

Plancus (1739) was the first to describe and figure one of the

Charybdeide. His ‘‘urtica soluta marsupium referens” is the

1879. ] PROF. J. R. GREENE ON A RARE MEDUSA. 795

common Mediterranean species. The rude, scarcely recognizable,

figure is spoken of as “a very miserable representation” by Edward

Forbes’.

Risso’, in 1826, gave a very imperfect account of the species of

Plancus, under the name proposed for it by Péron.

Milne-Edwards (1833) took the lead among modern naturalists in

adequately redescribing this singular acaleph, whose marginal bodies

were more fully analyzed by Gegenbaur in 1856. Gegenbaur again

directed attention to C. marsupialis in his systematic essay on the

Medusze, based chiefly on Mediterranean studies. Graffe (1858)

also described it, noticing more especially its marginal bodies and

bunches of gastric tentacles. Costa (1836) must be added to the list

of original observers of the same species. Kdlliker (1866), using the

results of his own studies, briefly compared the minute structure of

its gelatinous disk with that of other Meduse. Finally (1878)

appeared the crowning work of Claus.

Of the other Charybdeide much less is known. Each species

named in the annexed list appears to have been seen by one observer

only. None is described in a manner at all satisfactory, if we except

the two species of Fritz Miiller.

Cuaryspra, Pér. § Le 83

periphylla, Pér. f Le S3......... Equatorial Atlantic.

bicolor, Quoy & Gaim ......... Cape-Verd Islands.

bitentaculata, Quoy & Gaim.® ... Amboina.

campanella, Fiess.S 02. 5......c.see- African Seas.

AREA CALEY TIOUM sa w.ctovess+sceatees Atlantic Ocean.

Tamora, £. Miiil.8

haplonema, F. Mil8 .........4.. Santa Catharina.

quadrumana, Ff. MiillS............ Santa Catharina.

Marsvpratis, Less.9

Hlagellata, Hess.10 ............s.ceee New Guinea.

Bursarivs, Less."

CY LBL Cre eiCsS a wdestecaesnet Roche. New Guinea.

Thus Charybdeide have been found along the western shores of

the equatorial Pacific and the adjacent parts of the Indian Ocean, in

1 ‘British Naked-eyed Medusex,’ p.91. Thesupposed copy (wde Eschscholtz)

of this figure by Bruguiére represented, according to Forbes, another species of

Medusa.

2 Op. cit. (infra, p. 802). Little more than a record of the occurrence of this

species near Nice.

8 Op. cit. p. 332; Milne-Edwards (Cuvier), pl. 55. fig. 2.

4 Op. cit. p. 293, and pl. 265. figs. 1-3.

5 Op. cit. p. 295, and pl. 25, figs. 4, 5.

6 Prodr. 23; Acaléphes, p. 267, and pl. 6. fig. 6.

7 Lesson, Cent. zool. p. 93, and pl. 33; Marsupialis alata, Prodr. 26; Aca-

léphes, p. 278.

8 Op. cit. (1859), p. 3, and Taf. i., ii. § Prodr. 10; Acaléphes, p. 268.

10 Prodr. 27; Acaléphes, p. 278. Not figured.

1 Voy. de la Coquille, Zoophytes, p. 108; Prodr. 11; Acaléphes, 278.

12 Coquille, Zoophytes, p. 108, and pl. 14. fig.1; Acaléphes, p.279. ‘ Beroe

gargantua, Less. Zool. Cog. pl. 15. fig. 1, seems to be only a large decayed

specimen of the same species” (Agassiz, Contr. yol. ivy. p. 174).

796 PROF. J. R. GREENE ON A RARE MEDUSA. __ [Dec. 16

the tropical and subtropical regions of the Atlantic, and in the Medi-

terranean ; while in latitude they extend from Nice and the Adriatic

(C. marsupialis) to Santa Cathariua.

According to Agassiz’, “ Charybdea bitentaculata, Q. and G., isa

Campanella* ; Ch. bicolor, Q. and G., constitutes a distinct genus,

Quoya, Ag.; Ch. campanella, Less., may also constitute a distinct

genus.”—“ It remains doubtful to what genus Lesson’s Marsupialis

flagellata, from New Guinea, ought to be referred. It constitutes,

probably, a distinct genus, on account of its tentacles.”

Semper has given us precursory notices of some half-dozen species

of Charybdeide from the Philippine shores. The full details of his

researches on these and other acalephs are looked forward to by many

naturalists with great interest®*.

1 «Contributions, vol. iv. p. 174.

2 To which genus Agassiz also refers Charybdea capitulum, Q. & G. MS.,

De Bl. auct. See his explanatory note in ‘ Contr.’ vol. iy. p. 169.

3 Semper found three species round the Pelew Islands. The first was more

than 7" high, scarcely 3! across. Wall of disk extraordinarily thick, almost

cartilaginous, quite colourless and transparent. The four tentacles were torn

_ off just beyond their broad cartilaginous basal portions. A wide depending

veil. Margin weakly lobed: just above it, in as many depressions capable of

being closed, were the four marginal bodies. Manubrium dependent, not lobed.

Central cavity of disk small. Lateral pouches very broad from their origin :

between two contiguous pouches the umbrellar and subumbrellar walls were in

contact, giving rise to the false appearance of a canal. Gastric tentacles in four

double groups about the central cavity. But one (not-sexual) example

(Taf. xxxix. f. 9).

The disk of the second species was only 13” high, 3" across. Tentacles ex-

tensile to about twice the length of disk, with narrow basal lobes. Veil more

complicated than in last species, always elevated, and held in this position by

four subumbrellar septa, each springing from the mid line of a swelling, on the

umbrellar aspect of which is the depressed cavity, opening outwards, whence

the marginal body arises: septa perpendicular to subumbrella, and extending

across the veil, which by them is hindered from assuming a horizontal position.

Into each of the four broad lateral pouches freely project two sexual lamine,

of which one arises on either side of the partition between two adjacent pouches.

Sexual products discharged through a single series of small openings, which

run close beside the attached border of each genital plate and lead into the

lateral pouches. Manubrium short, four-lobed. Central cavity wide, with

four double groups of gastric tentacles (Taf. xxxix. f. 8).

A conspicuous nerve-ring exists in this and the preceding species. It pursues

a-zig-zag course (with eight octants), ascending slightly on either side of each

marginal body, then descending and reaching its lowest point near the outer

margin of the disk in the mid line of a tentacular lobe.

The third species, scarcely 4" high, differs in many points essentially from

the two others. Tentacles four, ringed with brown and yellow, destitute of

basal lobes. Of a beautiful yellow tint were likewise the sexual lamine and

four groups of gastrictentacles. Noveil. Margin strongly eight-lobed, bearing

a shorter rudimentary tentacle between every two principal tentacles. The

four yery broad lateral pouches interrupted in their inferior third by thickenings

of the substance of the disk, constituting the floors of the small cavities for the

four marginal bodies, Each of the eight sexual lamine much indented about

the middle of its free margin. Only two examples were secured; so that some

structural features could not be clearly determined (Reisebericht, 1863).

A fourth species, fished up in May during a voyage from Manila to Komblon,

was very like one of the forms just noticed. From July to September Semper

1879.] PROF. J. R. GREENE ON A RARE MEDUSA. 797

We may now trace the attempts of successive zoologists to inter-

pret Charybdeide. Linnzus records the species of Plancus in the

Systema Nature (ed. xii. p. 1097)! as Medusa marsupialis. He ig

followed by Gmelin? and Modeer®.

In 1809 Péron and Lesueur found the genus Caryédea. It in-

cludes their new species (C. periphylia) together with that of Plancus.

Lamarck‘, Cuvier’, Goldfuss®, Schweigzer’, the editors of the Ency-

clopédie Méthodique® and Latreille’, accept the new genus.

Eschscholtz does not cite Péron’s new species or genus. He refers

the species of Plancus to Oceania as O. marsupialis”,

Milne-Edwards suggests the affinity of C. marsupialis to C. alata,

Reynaud, and Bursarius cytheree, Lesson.

De Blainville" retains the genus of Péron, and gives in his Atlas

the first copy of Lesueur’s previously unpublished figure of C. peri-

phylia. Coloured figures of this species (likewise copied from

Lesueur’s drawing) and of C. marsupialis (original) are added by

Milne-Edwards to the large illustrated edition of « Le Régne Animal.’

Lesson” is the first to break up the genus of Péron. His Carybdea

includes C. periphylla, while the species of Plancus is referred (as

M. planci) to the new genus Marsupialis. This procedure is sub-

sequently sanctioned by Agassiz. Lesson proposes the two tribes of

found at Komblon a fifth species with very peculiar genitalia. Each of these

does not, as in other Charybdeid, form a continuous lamina freely projecting

into its lateral pouch. The genitalia are constituted rather by the modified

walls of diverticula from the pouches. They form, when mature, branched

arbuscules, reaching far into the interior of the disk itself and splinted by

processes of its gelatinons substance. In the lumen between these processes and

their investing inner membrane [endoderm] the sexual products are developed.

Semper further notes a small acaleph, likewise velate and probably charyb-

deoid, with very complex marginal bodies. In this connexion he declares it

unnatural to insist on establishing two primary groups of discoid Medusex after

the manner of Eschscholtz and his successors. Such divisions, based on single

characters, arise from the delusive desire to thrust a straight-jacket of man’s

device upon the free creations of nature (Reisebericht, 1864).

? Tom. i. pars ii. (1767). Also ed. x. tom. i, p- 660 (1760).

2 Syst. Nat. p. 3154,

° Whose work I have not seen. I take this reference from Hschscholtz.

4 Hist. nat. des animaux sans yertébres, tome ii. p- £96 (1816).

* Le Régne animal, tome iy. p.59. ‘ Lorsque ces animaux si simples prennent

plus de concavité, leur surface inférieure devient intérieure, et peut étre regardée

comme un véritable estomac. Ce sont les Caryppéers, Pér. Ceux ot l’on ne

voit 4 lintérieur aucunes traces de vaisseaux, ne différent proprement des hydres

que par la grandeur.” 1817.

§ Handbuch der Zoologie, erste Abtheilung, p. 111 (1820).

7 Handbuch der Naturgeschichte der skelettlosen ungegliederten Thiere,

p- 500 (1820),

® Histoire naturelle des Zoophytes ou Animaux Rayonnés, faisant suite 4

VHistoire naturelle des Vers de Bruguiére ; par MM. Lamouroux, Bory de Saint-

Vincent et Eud. Deslongchamps, tome ii. p- 165 (1824).

® Familles naturelles du régne animal, p- 940 (1825).

*° System der Acalephen, p. 101 (1829). De Blainyille carelessly states that

Eschscholtz places this species in Aiquorea.

1. Manuel d’Actinologie, p. 275, and Atlas, pl. xxxi. f. 1 (1834).

™ Prodrome (1837); Histoire naturelle des Zoophytes—Acaléphes (1848).

798 PROF. J. R. GREENE ON A RARE MEDUSA. _ [Dec. 16,

Caryspex (Carybdea, Obelia) and MarsurtaLex (Marsupialis,

Bursarius, Mitra, Eurybia, Cyteis, Campanella, Scyphis). He has

‘‘associated with both of them several species which have not the

remotest affinity with the type,”

Litken’, in a critical revision of the lower Meduse, places Ca-

rybdea at the head of his family Zginee. Burmeister* follows him.

Gegenbaur® differs both from Lesson and Liitken. He establishes

the family Charybdeide, placing it with the higher Medusz (his

Acraspeda).

Fritz Miiller* discusses the structure and classificatory value of the

peculiar gastric tentacles of the higher Medusee. In a later essay®

he proposes the following arrangement.

Aiainowa (Aiginer, Luth.).

a. Lower, Cunina (Aigina rosea, Eschsch.); Aigineta; Polyxenia; Mgi-

nopsis bitentaculata.

b, Higher: Charybdeide. ginopsis laurentii (?); Agina(citrea) ; Charybdea

(marsupialis); Tamoya; Periphylla (Ch. periphylla, Pér.).

The Zyinoida here constitute an order of Hydromeduse, equiva-

lent to the orders Siphonophora, Hydroida, and Acalephe (R.

Leuckart, = Phanerocarpe, Eschsch.). Fritz Miiller has conscien-

tiously endeavoured to group the results of his own investigations

with every regard to the labours of his predecessors.

Agassiz (1862) more fully expresses somewhat similar opinions in

the annexed tabular view (here condensed)’.

Order DISCOPHOR &.

Suborder 1. Ru1zosTOMESR.

Suborder 2. SemmoOSTOMESR.

Suborder 3. HarpLosTOMES,

Ist Family. THanassantuEn, Lesson (= Aginide).

2nd Family. Branptip#, Agass.

Dodecabostrycha, Brandt.

Quoyia, Agass. (=Carybdea bicolor, Q. & G.).

drd Family. CoaryBperrip 4a, Less.

Charybdea, Less., after P. g ZL. (=O. periphylla only).

4th Family. Marsupranipa, Less,

Marsupialis, Less. (=M. planci).

Tamoya, Fritz Miller.

T. haplonema.

T. alata (=Carybdea alata, Reynaud).

Bursarius, Less, 1836 (A misprint for 1830).

Chiropsalmus, Agass. (=Tamoya quadrumana).

5th Family. LucurNARIAD &, Johnst.

* Nogle Bemerkninger om Medusernes systematiske Inddeling, naynlig med

Hensyn sil Forbes’s History of Brittish naked-eyed Meduse. Kjébenhayn

Vidensk. Medd. 1850, pp. 15-85. See p. 27.

* Zoonomische Briefe, erster Theil, p. 168 (1856).

3 Op. cit. (‘ Versuch’). 4 Op. cit. (1859).

5 Op. cit. (1862).

§ From vol. iv. of his ‘Contributions to the Natural History of the United

States of North America.’ ‘The ‘Second Monograph’ (vols. iii. & iv.) is devoted

to the Acalephs. Seeing the value and beauty of this admirably illustrated

work, facile princeps among treatises on the Hydrozoa, one regrets that no

living Charybdeidz were studied by the author in person,

1879.] PROF. J. R. GREENE ON A RARE MEDUSA, 799

One cannot but regard the family of Brandtidee as doubtful.

Was not Brandt right in constituting his Dodecabostrycha’ a sub-

genus of Ohrysaora? It differs from the latter, and resembles the

Charybdeide, chiefly in so far as it is quadripartite. The genus

Quoyia’ is very obscure. As to the two other families of Agassiz, it

seems inconvenient to revive Lesson’s nomenclature. Fritz Miiller

is certainly right in retaining the generic name Charybdea for the

first-discovered species of the group. In this he has the support of

his predecessors (including Péron himself) as well as of most later

writers, such as Gegenbaur, Graffe, Kélliker and Claus. It may be

true that Péron regarded his own species’, and not that of Plancus,

as the type of his genus. In so doubtful a case the free action of

the law of priority in nomenclature is certainly impeded. Agassiz

and Haeckel are the only two zoologists who have given their

Sanction to Lesson’s innovations. They have by so doing tended to

promote confusion, and unnecessarily opposed themselves to a large

working majority of their brethren. "As to the genus Chiropsalmus,

since Claus has shown T. haplonema to be a true Charybdea, it

becomes a synonym of Tamoya proper.

Gegenbaur’s family is adopted by myself‘, by Victor Carus’, and

at a later period by Schmarda’.

Fritz Miiller, in a letter to Alexander Agassiz’, considers it highly

probable that Trachynema may be the young of T’amoya. Subsequent

researches of Mecznikow® show this view not to be tenable.

Haeckel, in 1866°, adopted Lesson’s two families, Charybdeide

and Marsupialide, as revised by Agassiz. He associated them in

one order, Hlasmorchida, under his subclass of Trachymeduse”.

Haeckel is about to issue a great work on the Medusz in the (post-

poned) first volume of the new ‘Jenaische Denkschriften.’ Mean-

while he has published his ‘ System of the Medusze”’ ". Of this group

he recognizes two primary divisions, the second of which includes

Gegenbaur’s Acraspeda together with the Lucernarie. These last

make one order (Scyphomeduse), while the Phanerocarpe of Esch-

scholtz constitute another (Discomeduse). Between Scypho- and

* See Brandt, in ‘Mémoires de l’Acad. Imp. des Se. de St.-Pétersbourg,’ be-

sonders abgedruckt, p. 384, and Taf. Xxix., xxx, (1838).

* Compare the remarks of Agassiz (Contr, iy. p- 178), and consult the original

ure.

This singular and but little understood form undoubtedly constitutes a di-

stinct genus, for which Fritz Miiller’s name is the best. The species might

henceforth be cited as Periphylia péronti (or P. charybdeoides),

* Natural-History Review, July, 1863, p. 350 and context.

5 Handbuch der Zoologie, ii, p. 548 (1868).

6 Zoologie, i. p. 232 (1871).

7 Illustrated Catalogue of the North-American Acalepha, p. 55 (1865).

8 Whose Russian memoir I have not seen. I refer, theretore, to Leuckart’s

‘Bericht’ for 1870-71, p. 163 (1874).

® Generelle Morphologie der Organismen, Bad. ii. p. lix.

10 Equivalent to Haplostomex with Trachynemidz of Alex. Agassiz,

4. Sitzungsberichte der Jenaischen Gesellschaft fur Medicin und Naturwissen-

schaft, fiir das Jahr 1878. Published in 1879, Haeckel’s “ System” was com-

municated on 26th July (pp. lxxyiii-Lxxx),

800 PROF. J. R. GREENE ON A RARE MEDUSA. _ [Dee. 16,

Discomeduse Haeckel places the Charybdeide, arranged under two

orders and five families, as follows :—

ConoMEDUSE.

Charybdeide.

Bursaridez.

Chiropsalmidz.

PEROMEDUSE.

Periphyllidx.

Pericryptide.

Haeckel, therefore, as touching the genera Charybdea and Peri-

phylla, would seem to have reverted to the nomenclature of Fritz

Miller. His work is impatiently expected, since his opportunities

of studying the Medusz have been varied and extensive. The deep-

sea forms obtained during the voyage of the ‘Challenger’ have also

been intrusted to him. We do not know what new Charybdeide

he has investigated, or whether he is justified in his apparently

extreme subdivision of this group. So copious and diversified an

assemblage as the Phanerocarpe will probably by most zoologists

continue to be regarded as of higher rank than either of the two

moieties of Gegenbaur’s single family, notwithstanding that the

Charybdeide of the latter are structurally more modified and more

numerous than Gegenbaur, writing in 1856, could have supposed.

Before instituting his own researches on Charybdea, Claus’ re-

viewed with care what had been done by others. While pointing

out a number of discrepancies, he shows the true significance of the

structure of these Medusze, and demonstrates their affinities with

great clearness. His results, critical and original, are well epitomized

in his ‘ Zoologie’”. He neglects many ill-defined species, and thus

arranges the few which have hitherto been properly described and

figured.

Suborder LOBOPHORA s. MARSUPIALIDA.

Family CHARYBDEID.

Genus Charybdea, Peér.

Ch. marsupialis, Pér. & Le 8.

Ch. haplonema, Fr. Miill.

Genus Zamoya, Fr. Mill.

ZT. quadrumana, Fr. Mil.

Literature of the Charybdeide.

Cxiaus, C.—Untersuchungen iiber Charybdea mursupialis. _Ar-

beiten a. d. zoolog. Institute der Universitit Wien, 2tes Heft,

1878, pp. 221-276, mit Tafel xviii.—xxil.

! Studien tiber Polypen und Quallen der Adria. I. Acalephen (Discome

dusen), 1877. Reprinted from ‘ Wiener Denkschriften,’ Band xxxviii. See

pp: 53-60. c

2 Grundziige der Zoologie, 4te Auflage, Band i. erste Lieferung, pp. 287-289

(1879, but issued in 1878).

1879.] PROF. J, R. GREENE ON A RARE MEDUSA. 801

Cosra, O. G.—Fauna del Regno di Napoli. Animali invertebrati

acefali. Medusari. 1836. Genere Cariddea, pp. 1-14, & tav. i.

Mitne-Epwarps, H.—Observations sur la structure de la Méduse

marsupiale ou Charybdée marsupiale de Péron et LeSueur.

Ann. d. Sc. Nat. tom. xxviii. pp. 248-266, pl.11 &12. 1833.

Mixnze-Epwarps, H.—Le Régne Animal; édition accompagnée de

planches gravées, par une réunion de disciples de Cuvier. Les

Zoophytes. See pl. 55.

GreGenBaAvuR, C.—Bemerkungen iiber die Randkirper der Medusen.

Miiller’s Archiv, 1856, pp. 230-250, Taf. ix. Translated by

Buskt in Quart. Journ. of Mier. Sc. vol. vi. pp. 103-106 (1858).

Gegenbaur also gives his own figures of the marginal bodies of

Charybdea marsupialis in the ‘Icones Zootomice’ of Victor

Carus (Taf. ii. fig. 20, 21).

GrecEnBaur, C.—Versuch eines Systemes der Medusen. Zeitschr.

f. wiss. Zool. Bd. viii. (1857) pp. 202-273, mit Taf. vii—x.

(Published 1856.) See pp. 214-217. No figure of Charybdea.

Grirre, E.—Beobachtungen iiber Radiaten und Wiirmer in Nizza.

Abdruck aus dem xvii Bande der Denkschriften der schweize-

rischen naturf. Gesellsch. Ziirich, 1858. (See Leuckart’s ‘ Be-

richt’ for 1858, p. 201.)

Koétuixer, A.—Icones Histiologice. Zweite Abtheilung. Erstes

Heft. 1866. See p. 99.

Lesson, R. P.—Voyage autour du monde de la Coquille. Zoologie,

tome ii. 1830; part 2, 2° division—Zoophytes. See pp. 107-

109, and Atlas in-fol. pls. 14, 15.

Lesson, R. P.—Centurie Zoologique, 1830. See p. 95 & pl. 33.

Lesson, R. P.—Prodrome d’une monographie des Méduses. In-4to

de 62 pages; Rochefort, juin 1837. I have not seen this

‘ Prodrome,’ which has now but an historical interest, since its

conteuts are dispersed throughout the author’s ‘Acaléphes.’ See

the latter (p. 50) and a note by Agassiz (‘Contr.’ vol. iii. p. 24.)

Lesson, R.-P.—Histoire naturelle des Zoophytes—Acaléphes ;

et Atlas de 12 planches. 1843. See pp. 265-279, & pl. 6.

fig. 6.

~ ace C. A.—Atlas. See Lesson, Acaléphes, p. 40, and Milne-

Edwards (Cuvier).

Mituer, Frirz,—Die Magenfaden der Quallen. Zeitschr. f. wiss.

Zool. Bd. ix. (1858) pp. 542-543. Translated in Ann. & Mag.

of Nat. Hist. vol. iii. (1859) pp. 446, 447.

Miter, F'rirz.—Zwei neue Quallen von Santa Catharina (Brasilien),

pp- 12, mit 3 Taf. Abgedruckt a. d. Sten Bande der Abhand.

d. naturf. Gesellsch. in Halle, 1859.

Mixurr, Frirz.—veber die systematische Stellung der Charyb-

deiden. Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, 1861. Translated in Ann.

& Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. x. (1862) pp. 6-12.

* Busk was the first English naturalist to give a more accurate and critical

account of the marginal bodies of the Meduse. See his “ Observations on certain

points in the Anatomy ofa species of Thawmantias,” in Trans .Micr. Soc. London,

yol. iii. p. 22 (1852),

802 MR. E.R. ALSTON ON A FOUR-HORNED CHAMors. [Dee. 16,

Péron, Fr., et Lesurur, CO. A.—Tableau des caractéres génériques

et spécifiques de toutes les espéces de Médnses connues jusqu’a

ce jour. Annales du Muséum, tome xiv. 1809. See pp. 332,

333.

Piancus, J.—De conchis minus notis liber. Venetiis, 1739. See

pp. 41-42.

Quoy et Garmarp.—Voyage de |’ Astrolabe (sous d’Urville). Les

Zoophytes. Tome iv. de la partie zoologique, et Atlas zoophy-

tologique. 1833. See pp. 293-296, and pl. 25. figs. 1-5.

Rreynaup.—See Lesson (Centurie Zoologique).

Russo, A.—Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l’ Europe

méridionale. Tome v. 1826. See p. 294.

Semper, C.—Reisebericht. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. xiii. (1863)

ee and Bd. xiv. (1864) pp. 417-426. See pp. 561

and 421.

5. On a Four-horned Chamois.

By Epwarp R. Anston, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e.

[Received December 10, 1879.]

Mr. Sclater has asked me to describe the monstrous horns of

Rupicapra tragus (Gray) which he exhibited at the meeting of the

18th November on behalf of Mr. Rowland Ward’.

This interesting specimen has been a good deal injured and care-

fully repaired ; but fortunately the frontal sinuses and bases of the

horn-cores are uninjured, so that there can be no doubt as to the

genuineness of the deformity. The four horns are all perfectly well-

formed and symmetrical, the normal pair measuring about 8°75 inches

along their anterior curve, and indicating that the animal was an

adult male, at least five years old. The abnormal horns grow from

close to the bases of the usual pair, on the outside and a little to the

rear; they are equally well formed, but are less curved and much

shorter, measuring 5 and 5°25 inches respectively. The cores of the

normal and abnormal horns are continuous at their bases, separating

a little above the level of the frontal bone; and the air-sinuses extend

into both of them; so that the deformity really consists in a bifurca-

tion of the core, each duplication being covered by a distinct horn-

sheath.

I have not been able to find any record of a similar abnormity in

the Chamois in the works of Swiss or German zoologists; nor have I

ever seen any exactly similar monstrosity in any other animal. In

the “‘ Many-horned Sheep” of the Hebrides the attachment of the

supplementary horns is usually very irregular, and does not seem to

be due to duplication of the cores. Colonel Godwin-Austen, however,

informs me that in Kishtwar (a district south-east of Kashmir) the

natives carefully preserve a breed of four-horned sheep, in which

1 Cf. supra, p. 666.

”) al | 4

7 i

TUR

NTT

Li’

Hanhart

imp

1879.] MR. H. SEEBOHM ON SOME ASIATIC THRUSHES. 803

the horns are very symmetrical, as a rule, and are set somewhat as

in the present specimen.

Unfortunately nothing can be learned of the history of these

Abnormal horns of Chamois.

curious horns, excepting that they were bought by Captain Towneley

Parker at Niirenberg. Probably the animal was killed in the Bava-

rian highlands, where Chamois are still tolerably numerous *.

6. On certain obscure Species of Siberian, Indian, and

Chinese Thrushes. By Henry Srrzoum,

[Received December 16, 1879.]

(Plate LXIV.)

In the year 1833 Tickell described (J. A. S. Beng. ii. p. 577) a

Thrush from India under the name of Turdus unicolor. In 1837

Gould described the same species (P. Z. S. vy. p. 136), and, curiously

enough, gave it the same name. In 1842 Blyth, apparently thinking

it impossible that an accidental coincidence of name could be accom-

1 Konig-Warthausen, Jahresb. Ver. Naturk. Wirtt. 1875, p. 314

804 MR. H. SEEBOHM ON SOME ASIATIC THRUSHES. [Dec. 16,

panied by a real coincidence of species, proposed (J. A. S. Beng. xi.

p. 460) the name of Turdus modestus as a substitute for Turdus

unicolor, “Gould, nec Tickell’’ apud Blyth. In 1847 Blyth discovered

that he had fallen into precisely the same blunder that he had tried

to correct in Gould; for the name 7’. modestus had already been ap-

plied by Eyton, in 1839 (P. Z.S. vii. p. 103), to a different species of

Thrush. Blyth accordingly proceeded (J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 144) to

give athird name, Geocichla dissimilis, to this species. In doing so,

however, he further complicated the question by adding to his new

name the description of the immature male or female of a new species

which he erroneously imagined to be the adult male of 7’. unicolor,

Gould.

In 1850 Bonaparte described what he considered to be a new

species of ‘Thrush from a skin in the Leyden Museum labelled

Central Asia.” He gave it (Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 273) the name of

Turdus pelios, but afterwards, in 1854 (Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 5),

carelessly identified an Abyssinian Thrush (Zurdus icterorhynchus,

Pr. Wiirt.) with his description of P. pelios, and needlessly threw

doubt on the correctness of the Leyden locality. The skin in the

Leyden Museum is undistinguishable from the female or immature

male which Blyth described as 7. dissimilis.

After a lapse of twelve years Jerdon, in his ‘ Birds of India,’ further

complicated matters by erroneously identifying 7’. dissimilis (Blyth)

with 7. cardis, Temm., including it in his work (i. p. 521) as Tur-

dulus cardis (Temm.).

The following year Sclater described (Ibis, 1863, p. 196) a new

species of Thrush from Amoy as Turdus hortulorum, the male

(doubtless immature) and female of which are undistinguishable from

T’. dissimilis (Blyth).

Seven years later Cabanis received a Thrush from Dr. Dybowsky,

collected in the valley of the Amoor (likewise undistinguishable from

T. dissimilis (Blyth), and identified it with 7. pelios, Bonap., point-

ing out (Journ. Orn. 1870, p. 238) the error into which Bonaparte

afterwards fell.

Further complications now followed thick and fast. In 1871

Hume described a new Thrush from Assam (Ibis, p. 411) as Geo-

cichla tricolor. In 1873 Swinhoe described a new Thrush from

Cheefoo (Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xii. p. 374) as Turdus camp-

belli. In the following year, forgetting that he had described it in

the ‘Annals,’ he redescribed the same skin in ‘The Ibis’ (1874,

p- 444, pl. xiv.) as Turdus chrysopleurus.

My first attempt to unravel this complicated tangle of facts was

to draw the inference that whereas in the nearly allied species

T. cardis, Temm., J. obscurus, Gmel., 7’. pallidus, Gimnel., and

T'. unicolor, Tick., the females and immature males have streaks or

spots on the throat, which disappear in the fully adult male, it was

highly probable that the fully adult male of 7’. dissimilis, Blyth,

would also have an unspotted throat. Having arrived at this con-

clusion, it was an easy step to identify 7. campbelli, Swinh., or

ZL’. tricolor (Hume), as the fully adult male. Hume’s description

1879.] MR. H. SEEBOHM ON SOME ASIATIC THRUSHES. 805

was that of a somewhat darker bird than Swinhoe’s type ; but finding

in the Museum at Philadelphia a second skin agreeing precisely with

the latter (obtained, I was informed, by the Perry Expedition to

Japan), I cut the Gordian knot by assuming Swinhoe’s bird to be the

normal adult male and Hume’s to be a partially melanistic form not

uncommon among Thrushes. Since then the return of Mr. Wardlaw

Ramsay from Afghanistan has placed the Tweeddale collection within

reach ; and I find in it the skin of a Thrush from Assam (which I pro-

pose to be figured as an illustration to this paper) which apparently

agrees with Hume’s deseription of G. tricolor ; and I also hear that

Captain Elwes possesses two skins from the same locality. These facts

have obliged me to alter my opinion as to the identity of the Indian

with the Chinese specimen. I am now inclined to identify Hume’s bird

as the fully adult male of 7 dissimilis (Blyth). Both Hume’s type

and the skins in the Tweeddale collection were shot in Assam; and

in ‘The Ibis’ for 1872 (p. 136, pl. vii.) is an excellent figure of the

immature male or female of 7. dissimilis (Blyth), the original of

which was shot by Colonel Godwin-Austen in the same locality.

The two species will therefore stand as follows :—

TuRDUS DIssIMILIs (Blyth). (Plate LXIV.)

Geocichla dissimilis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. 1847, p. 144.

Lurdulus cardis (Temm.), apud Jerdon, B. India, i. p. 521 (1862).

Geocichla tricolor, Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 411.

Adult male with the entire head, neck, and throat dark slate-grey,

nearly black, shading into paler Slate-grey on the rest of the upper

parts. Avxillaries, under wing-coverts, sides of the breast, and upper

portion of the flanks brilliant orange-chestnut, shading into brown

on the lower portion of the flanks, and into white on the centre of

the breast, belly, and under tail-coverts.

Female and immature male. Upper parts differing from the adult

male in being pale slate-grey suffused with russet-brown on the

forehead, and with olive-brown on the centre of the back. Throat

nearly white in the centre, the feathers on the sides of throat and

chest having dark-brown fan-shaped terminal spots. Rest of the

plumage similar to that of the adult male.

Hab. Assam, occasionally straying westward as far as Calcutta.

Turpvus HORTULORUM, Sclater.

ae pelios, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p- 273 (1850, nec plur.

auct.)?.

Lurdus hortulorum, Sclater, Ibis, 1863, p. 196.

Turdus campbelli, Swinhoe, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1873, xii. p. 374,

Lurdus chrysopleurus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 444,

Until a fully adult male has been obtained from Southern Siberia,

we can never be absolutely sure to which of the two species Bona-

parte’s name properly belongs; but the bird from the Amoor ig

more likely to be identical with one from China than with one from

Assam. According to the new-fashioned system adopted by the

806 THE MARQUIS DE FOLIN ON THE [Dec. 16,

extreme Ritualist party in ornithology, who attempt to carry out

the Stricklandian code regardless of consequences, Bonaparte’s name

would hang in terrorem over Sclater’s, to be substituted for it as

soon as it could be proved that it certainly referred to the same

species; or, following the practice of the blindest followers of

this unfortunate innovation, Bonaparte’s name would at once be

given the benefit of the doubt, regardless of the fact that it

had been extensively applied to a different species. I cannot for a

moment lend myself to such ornithological immorality, and must

look upon Bonaparte’s name as one tainted for ever, and debarred

for the future from being used for any species of Thrush.

In the fully adult male of 7. hortulorum, Sclater, the general

colour of the upper parts is a dull slate-grey, shading on the sides

of the neck into a very pale slate-grey on the throat and chest. The

axillaries, under wing-coverts, and flanks are brilliant orange-chest-

nut, shading into white on the centre of the belly and under tail-

coverts.

The female and immature male are undistinguishable from those

of 7. dissimilis (Blyth).

7. On the Mollusca of H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ Expedition.—

The Caci1p#, comprising the genera Parastrophia, Wat-

sonia, and Cecum. By the Mareuis pp Foun. With

a Prefatory Note by the Rev. Roserr- Booc Warson,

B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., &ce. (Published by permission

of the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury.)

[Received November 25, 1879.]

[The Ceecide are a group of shallow-water Mollusca, enormously

numerous in individuals but hitherto poor in species. As was

natural, very few indeed presented themselves in the ‘ Challenger’

dredgings; and these I had great pleasure in intrusting to one who

has so specially made the group his study as the Marquis de Folin.

His acquaintance with the subject in general, and his own vast

collection of specimens gathered from every quarter of the globe,

are the pledges that in what he has now produced nothing known

on the subject has been overlooked ; and even those who may

hesitate to accept in full his classification will recognize both the

general value of this monograph, and the extraordinary perfection

with which he has delineated the specimens.

Rosert Booe Watson. ]

1. PARASTROPHIA CHALLENGER], 0. Sp.

St. 186. Sept. 8, 1874. Lat. 10° 30! S., long. 142° 18! E.

Wednesday Island, Cape York. 8 fms. Coral-sand. Temperature

of sea at the surface 77°°2 F. One specimen.

Testa minuta, tubularis, tricurvata, subopaca, alba, nitida, minu-

1879.] c&CIDZ OF THE ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 807

tissime et irregulariter transversim striata; apicem versus

paululo tumidula. Apertura obliqua, haud marginata.

Length 2°3 mm. Breadth 0:2 mm.

The apex of this specimen has been broken and restored; so that

its original form is somewhat obliterated. The species presents the

usual slight swelling at the beginning of the curve, a little way from

the apex. It has three curvatures. The aperture isoblique. From P.

asturiana (see ‘Les Fonds de la Mer,’ vol.i. pp. 174 and 218, pl. xxix.

fig. 7) it differs in that the shell here is shorter, the curves stronger,

while the annular striations are much finer and are differently ar-

ranged. Its form distinguishes it from P. cornucopia (‘ Les Fonds,’ &e.

vol.i. pp. 122,174, 218. pl. xv. figs. 7-9). The absence of the charac-

teristic apex is a feature noticeable here, as well as in some specimens

of P. asturiana which yet present all the other characteristics of

the genus. In a shell so sharp at the point a fractured apex is not

wonderful ; it doubtless occurs through accident; and the injury is

repaired, and the ,traces of it concealed, by deposition of shelly

matter.

ad 65% 2. STREBLOCERAS SUBANNULATUM, 0. sp.

mye July 1875. Reefs off Honolulu. 40 fms. Three specimens,

Testa minuta, bicurvata, vitrea, diaphana, nitida ; nucleo spirali,

obliquo ; anfractibus duobus ; postea testa tubularia, latitudine

accrescens, curvam duplicem sequens, transversim subannulata,

annulis latis, minutissime expressis, subacutis, late separatis.

Apertura obliqua.

Length 3 mm. Breadth 0°5 mm.

These three specimens are the first living representatives of the

genus ; and that they really belong to it is obvious, since the nucleus

exhibits two or two and a half whorls and is placed at the side,

not in the central plane of the shell—the position occupied by the

nucleus in Cecum with as many whorls, and in Parastrophia with

only half a whorl; and this is a distinction of great importance.

Below the nucleus the shell increases steadily in breadth, and as it

lengthens takes a curve in two planes. The shell is vitreous, trans-

lucent, glossy, and thin, ornamented by broad, remote, transverse

slightly sharp undulations, which can hardly be reckoned rings,

‘being so faint as only to be visible under the microscope. This

ornamentation, slight as it is, is very characteristic. The mouth is

oblique, with the obliquity turned towards the plane of the apex of

the nucleus. This is a feature of some importance in the family of

Czcidz, the direction of the oblique mouth being constant in the

well-known genera Caecum and Meioceras; and the same may be

affirmed of Parastrophia.

WarSONIA, nov. gen.

Testa probabiliter primum nucleosa, postea tubularia, decollata, vir

bicurvata, conica; apertura orbicularis, valde obliqua, valide

circumdata.

The three specimens here under consideration have all the

Proc. Zoou. Sec.—1879, No. LII. 52

* 3\

808 THE MARQUIS DE FOLIN ON THE [Dec. 16,

appearances of belonging to the family of the Czcide. Their

form is very peculiar: obviously they have lost the embryonic

shell, and the opening thus made has been closed by a septum ; but,

unlike the case in Cecum, only a single decollation has taken place

here, leaving the shell acutely conical. On this feature the new

genus is founded, which I have dedicated to the Reverend Robert

Boog Watson.

3. WATSONIA ELEGANS, 0. Sp.

St. 186. Sept. 8, 1874. Lat. 10° 30’ S., long. 142° 18! E.,

Wednesday Island, Cape York. 8 fms. Coral-sand. Surface

temperature 77°°2 F. Three specimens.

Testa adulta, tubularis, conica, leviter biarcuata, subflava, nitida,

annulis regularibus, rotundatis, valde obliquis, minimis, paulo

expressis, crebris, elegantissime cincta ; apertura valde obliqua,

annulo lato crasso valde prominente circumdata.

Length 2°5 mm. Breadth 0°5 mm.

This very remarkable and elegant form is extremely conical. It starts

with a rather regular curve, and towards the mouth bends suddenly

in the same direction as the very oblique aperture. It is yellowish

glossy and very beautifully ornamented with numerous small, trans-

verse, oblique rings slightly expressed, but well rounded, and though

close-set yet well defined. The very oblique mouth is strengthened

by a large and very prominent riag, which indicates the adult condition

of the shell. This fact of the shells being full-grown implies that

no further decollation was to take place, while the fineness of the

pointed apex indicates that only one has occurred already. The

septum of the apex is smooth, with a minute, scarce visible mamil-

lation in one specimen, which is even less marked onthe second. The

third is broken.

All appearances point to the Ceecide as the true position of this

beautiful and interesting little shell; but even should this prove a

mistake, it will still constitute in any case a remarkable genus.

4, CzcUM LINEICINCTUM, 0. sp.

St. 24. March 25, 1873. Lat. 18° 38’ 30" N., long. 65° 5’ 30"

W. Off Culebra Island, St. Thomas, Danish West Indies. 390 fms.

Coral-mud. One specimen.

Testa subcylindrica, parum arcuata, albida, subopaca, sublevis, nitida,

aperturam versus lineis transversis cincta. Apertura? Septo

mucronato, leviter circumdato.

Length 2°5 mm. Breadth 0°7 mm.

The solitary specimen of this species is in bad condition; but the

shell is obviously glossy, nearly opaque, whitish and almost smooth,

with a few strong transverse lines like minute rings towards the

mouth, which is broken. The mucronated septum has possibly

been much larger; for it seems eroded. Like all dac{yliform septa

it is surrounded by a portion of the tube which pro,ects so as to

protect it. It is the first smooth or nearly smooth - Cecum T have

Tye 1S

1879.] CHCIDH OF THE ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 809

seen with a septum of this character ; and, misled by this feature, I

at first considered it to be a specimen of C. reversum, Carp.; but that

species belongs to his group Fartulum, with which the specimen in

hand has nothing to do. I believe it to be a new species,

3,, 5. CCUM ATTENUATUM, 0. Sp.

Sept. 8, 1874. Flinders Passage, Cape York. 7 fms. Nine

specimens.

Testa, quoad genus, mediocris, conica, arcuata, elongata, alba, parum

nitida, subopaca, annulis numerosis crebris, haud seu vix expres-

sis, cincta, aperturam versus paululo latior vel dilatata. Aper-

tura vie obliqua, haud marginata, parum contracta, septo valido

mamillato-ungulato, margine laterali bicurvato, dorsali gibboso.

Length 18mm. Breadth 0°4 mm.

A very curious species, very small, conical, curved, long in pro-

portion to its breadth, slightly glossy, opaque. It looks smooth ; but

under a lens it appears ornamented with numerous close-set, scarcely

projecting rings. Towards the mouth the shell broadens a little and

then contracts, thus forming a peristome which is slightly oblique and

has no ledge. The septum is enormous, and in form is at once

mamillated and ungulated. Its dorsal protuberance or hump, when

looked at from behind, rises in an equable curve from either side.

6. CacuUM SEPIMENTUM, de Folin.

July 1875. Reefs off Honolulu, 40 fathoms. Many specimens.

Var. ARCUATA, de Folin.

St. 172. July 22, 1874. Lat. 20° 58’ S., long. 175° 9’ E.

Tongatabu. 18 fms. Coral. Surf. temp. 75° F. One specimen.

Sept. 28, 1875. Tahiti Harbour. 20 fms. Two specimens.

De Folin, Les fonds de la mer, vol. i. p. 84, pl. vi. fig. 7.

A species described from specimens dredged at Mauritius. The

numerous specimens from Honolulu are quite of the typical form. The

var. arcuata is shorter and more bent. The specimen from Tonga-

tabu is somewhat broader and has thicker rings than those from

Tahiti.

7. CxCUM, 0. sp.

July 1875. Reefsoff Honolulu. 40 fms. One broken specimen.

Probably a third of the shell is broken away. It is ornamented

with strong and pretty regular rounded transverse rings, which are

parted by hollows equally broad and rounded with the rings. The

septum is regularly and hemispherically mamillated with a coarsely

tubercled surface. It seems to be a new species.

8. CacuM CHINENSE, de Folin.

St.186. Sept. 8, 1874. Lat. 10° 30’S., long. 142° 18' E. Wed-

nesday Islend, Cape York. 8 fms. Coral-sand. Surf. temp.

77° 2 F. wo specimens.

De Folin, ‘Les Fonds de la Mer,’ vol. i. p. 80, pl. ix. figs. 3, 4.

£4

810 THE MARQUIS DE FOLIN ON THE (Dec. 16,

Compared with the original types, the ‘Challenger’ specimens have

the transverse striations stronger, more regular, and more prominent,

but they certainly belong to this species.

9. C&cUM SUBFLAVUM, 0. sp. -

St. 186. Sept. 8, 1874. Flinders Passage, Cape York. 7 fms.

One specimen.

Testa minuta, subcylindrica, paulo arcuata, primum albida, dein

subflava, nitida, strigis irregularibus plus minusve expressis,

transversim cincta, aperturam versus tumida ; inflatio rotun-

data, transversim sulcata. Apertura leviter obliqua, tumore cir-

cumdata; septo haud elevato, bimamillato, seu mamillato-

ungulato; margine laterali undulato, paululo convexo, fere

plano decollationis parallelo.

Length of entire shell 2°5 mm., length of the adult part 1‘8 mm.

Breadth 0:4 mm.

In this specimen the adolescent shell is still united to the full-

grown adult, whose septum can be recognized within, through the

thin walls of the younger shell. A slight contraction of the tube

indicates the place where decollation was about to take place. Such

specimens are occasionally to be met with, and are very interesting.

Tke species belongs to the pretty numerous group of smooth

Ceca, all more or less nearly connected.

Among these may be mentioned in particular C. auriculatum,

C. bimamillatum, C. circumvolutum, C. massiliense, C. modestum,

C. strigosum (see ‘Les Fonds de la Mer’); but from them all this

species differs in the mouth or in the septum.

In colour it is whitish near the apex and slightly yellowish towards

the mouth. Itis strongly but irregularly striated transversely. Near

the mouth, which is little oblique, there is a rounded transversely

furrowed varix bevelled off toa thin inner edge. The septum is

bimamillated, having a slightly larger and higher swelling on the

side which lies near the concave curve of the shell.

10. Cacum SUCCINEUM, 2. sp,

St. 186. Sept. 8, 1874. Flinders Passage, Cape York. 7 fms.

Nine specimens.

Testa minuta, subcylindrica, parum elongata, arcuata, flava vel

albida, subopaca, nitidissima, levis sed subannulata, aperturam

versus dilatata, annulo lato, rotundato, prominente terminata.

Apertura paululo obliqua, haud contracta, septo subplanato,

parum expresso, vie conspicuo.

Length 1:9 mm. to2 mm. Breadth 0-4 mm.

This species is nearly cylindrical, a good deal curved, rather long,

amber-coloured or whitish or yellowish, very glossy, nearly opaque.

In some lights it looks as if girt by a series of very small rings; but

there is no real swelling nor grooving, and the appearance of rings is

probably only some effect of reflection in connexion with the texture

of the shell. There is a broad and high ring round the mouth.

1879.] Ca&cIDzZ OF THE ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 811

The septum is nearly flat, and projects so slightly as to be barely

visible from the side.

This species may possibly be only a variety of C. subfavum; but

the difference in the septum seems to individualize it.

Tope f3,.. 11. Cacum microcycLos, n. sp.

St. 186. Sept. 8, 1874. Flinders Passage, Cape York. 7 fms.

Fourteen specimens.

Testa subconica, elongata, arcuata, flavescens, nitidissima, sub-

opaca, annulis multis parum expressis cincta, aperturum versus

paulo dilatata. Apertura haud obliqua, nec contracta, haud

marginata ; septo subangulato, submucronato, aliquando bimu-

cronato.

Length 2mm. Breadth 0°3 mm.

This beautiful species is long in proportion to its breadth; it is

conical, rather bent, yellowish, very glossy and nearly opaque. The

sculpture consists of numerous small rings, very close-set and slightly

prominent. It is sometimes as smooth as C. succineum, from

which it differs in its greater length, its more conical form, and the

shape of its septum. The mouth is normal in its relation to the

axis; it has no marginal ring; and the shell expands towards it

regularly without any contraction. The septum is somewhat pointedly

subangulated, presenting occasionally two or three very similar pro-

tuberances.

12. Ca&cUM ELEGANTISSIMUM, Carp.

Feb. 10, 1873. Off Tenerife. 70 fms. Six specimens.

These specimens present slight differences, but belong unques-

tionably to this somewhat variable species.

13. CzcumM REGULARE, Carp.

St. 122. Sept. 10, 1873. Lat. 9° 5'S., long. 34° 50! W. Off

Pernambuco. 350fms. Mud. One specimen.

This specimen differs a little from Carpenter’s description of C.

regulare, but not enough to justify its erection into a separate species.

rafle £3.) 14. CxcuM EXILE, 0. sp.

St.172. July 22, 1874. Lat. 20° 58! S., long. 175° 9! W.

Tongatabu. 18 fms. Coral. One specimen.

Testa minima, paululo subconica, arcuata, vitrea, diaphana, tenuis,

nitida, primum annulata, dein transversim striata, annulis

minimis vix expressis, aperturam versus paululo inflata. Aper-

tura parum contracta, vir obliqua, marginata, septo vix

elevato, submamillato, apice in medio sito.

Length 1:5 mm. Breadth 0-3 mm.

This pretty little species is somewhat broken at the mouth, but is

otherwise perfect. It is slightly conical, crystalline, translucent,

glossy and very thin. Onthe upper part there are rings, which

though scarcely expressed are quite distinct under a magnifying

812 CEHCID& OF THE ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. [Dec. 16.

glass. At about one third from the apex they are replaced by

irregularly disposed striations. Towards the mouth the shell is

slightly dilated; but just at the edge it is faintly constricted and then

even more faintly reflected. The septum is minute and very slightly

elevated in the form of a centrally mamillated button.

The species differs from C. bipartitum (‘ Les Fonds de la Mer,’ vol. i.

p. 185, pl. xxv. figs. 9, 10) from Mexico, in size, thinness of shell, form

of mouth and septum, and in sculpture. From C. semicinctum (Les

_ Meleaginicoles, p. 42; Les Fonds de la Mer, p. 8) it differs in size,

thinness, arrangement and form of the rings, and in the form of its

septum.

15. CacuM CRYSTALLINUM, 0. Sp.

July, 1875. Reefs off Honolulu. 40 fms. One specimen.

Length ? Breadth 0:3 mm.

An imperfect specimen, the upper part being broken off. It is

evidently a new species, though nearly related to C. striatum (Fonds

de la Mer, vol. i. pp. 49, 170, pl. v. fig. 3), from which it differs in that

the shell towards the mouth expands and is thereafter contracted so

as to form a minute gorge, with a slightly reflected lip. At first sight

it resembles C. glabriforme, Carp. (Brochina); but it is straighter,

and the texture of the shell is different, exhibiting under the micro-

scope fine longitudinal striations. Though unable, from its imperfect

condition, to offer a full description, the specimen is so clearly a new

species that I venture to attach to it the name I have given above.

APPENDIX,

LIST OF ADDITIONS TO THE SOCIETY’S MENAGERIE

Jan. 1.

16.

21.

23.

DURING THE YEAR

1879.

2 Californian Quails (Callipepla californica), g and 2. Pre-

sented by Mr. W. Turquand.

. 1 Bar-winged Rail (Rallina peciloptera). Purchased. See

P.Z.S. 1879, p. 108.

. 1 Great Eagle-Owl (Bubo maximus). Deposited.

. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 9. Presented by

Mr. W. Trent.

. 1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus), 2. Presented by

Mr. Carroll.

1 Common Marmoset (Hapale jacchus). Presented by Mrs.

Currey.

Bil ee ar Spotted Dove (Columba guinea). Presented by

Col. F. C. Hassard, C.B.

. 2 Cuming’s Octodons ( Octodon cwmingt). Born in the Menagerie.

. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus). 2. Presented by

D’Orpen, Esq.

. 1 Black-faced Spider Monkey (Afeles ater). Presented by the

Earl Brownlow, F.Z.S.

1 Common Seal (Phoca vitulina). Presented by the Earl of

Hopetoun.

1 Dufresne’s Amazon (Chrysotis dufresniana). Presented by

Mrs. T. Smith.

1 Yellow-fronted Amazon (Chrysotis ochrocephala). Presented

by Mas. T. Smith.

1 Tuberculated Lizard (Iguana tuberculata). Presented by Dr.

A. Stradling.

3 Merrem’s Snakes (Liophis merrenn). Purchased.

1 Darwin’s Amphisbzena (Amphisbena darwini). Purchased,

See P. Z.S. 1879, p. 146.

1 Superb Tanager ( Calliste fastuosa). Purchased.

1 Blue Creeper (Cereba cyanea). Purchased.

1 Noddy Tern (Anous stolidus). Presented by Morris H. Smyth,

Esq., R.N. From Ascension. 5

2 Cuming’s Octodons (Octodon cumingi). Deposited.

1 Entellus Monkey (Semnopithecus entellus). Presented by J.

Mills, Esq., R.H.A.

2 Prairie-Marmots (Cynomys ludovicianus), g and 2. Pre«

sented Las Miss Agneta B, Dykes.

4 Common Gulls (Larus canus), Presented by F, Cresswell, Esq.

814

Jan, 23,

24,

27.

28,

29,

30.

3l.

APPENDIX.

1 Common Wigeon (Mareca penelope), 2. Presented by F.

Cresswell, Esq.

4 Grey Plovers (Squatarola helvetica). Presented by F. Cress-

well, Esq.

3 Knots ( Tinga canutus). Presented by F. Cresswell, Esq.

1 Dunlin (Tringa cinclus). Presented by F. Cresswell, Esq.

2 Coypu Rats (Myopotamus coypus). Purchased. From Buenos

Ayres.

1 es Coati (Nasua nasica). Purchased. From Buenos

Ayres.

2 a eelows Night-Herons (Nycticorax violaceus). Purchased.

From Bahia. i

1 Great Frigate-bird (Fregata aquila). Purchased. From

Pernambuco.

1 Chilian Sea-Eagle (Geranoaétus melanoleucus). Purchased.

From Buenos Ayres.

1 Diuea Finch (Diuca grisea). Purchased. From Buenos Ayres.

1 Brazilian Blue Grosbeak (Gucraca cyanea). Purchased. From

Mexico. }

1 White-faced Tree-Duck (Dendrocygna viduata). Purchased.

From Rio de Janeiro.

2 Saira Tanagers (Pyranga saira). Purchased. From Buenos

Ayres.

2 Dark Green Maize-eaters (Pseudoleistes virescens). Purchased.

From Buenos Ayres.

1 White-bellied Thrush ( Turdus albitentris). Purchased. From

Bahia.

2 Pileated Jays (Cyanocorax pileatus). Purchased. From

Buenos Ayres.

1 Ariel Toucan (Ramphastos ariel). Purchased. From Bahia.

1 Blue-and-yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna). Presented by F,

G. J. Lillingston, Esq., R.N.

1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), ¢. Presented by

E. E. Barclay, Esq.

1 Grey Ichneumon (Herpestes griseus). Presented by B,

Baverstock, Esq.

2 Goldfinches (Carduelis elegans), Presented by H. A. Mac-

pherson, Esq.

1 Giraffe (Camelopardus giraffa), $. Purchased. From Nubia.

See P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 108.

1 Golden-naped Amazon (Chrysotis auripalliata). Presented

by Mrs. H. A. Hopkins.

4 River Jack Vipers (Vipera rhinoceros). Received in ex-

change.

1 Golden-fronted Parrakeet (Brotogerys twpara). Received in

exchange.

1 American Tantalus ( Tantalus loculator). Received in exchange.

1 Rough Terrapin ( Clemmys punctularia). Received in exchange.

2 Northern Buzzards (Buteo borealis). Received in exchange.

1 Weeper Capuchin (Cebus capucinus). Presented by W. Frid-

rick, Esq. ;

3 Canada Gee (Bernicla canadensis). Presented by W. Bonor-

ton, Esq.

1 Macdiue Monier (Macacus cynomolgus), 2. Presented by

Mrs. Eardley Holt.

2 White-throated Capuchins (Cebus hypoleucus). Presented by

Jas, Backhouse, Esq.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 815

. Feb. 1. 1 Short-tailed Wallaby (Halmaturus brachyurus), Presented

by G. Bowen, Esq.

1 Black-winged Peafowl (Pavo nigripennis). Presented by

the Hon, A. S. G. Canning.

2, 1 Common Gannet (Sula bassana), Presented by Edgar T,

Adams, Esq.

3. 1 Geottroy’s Dove (Peristera geoffroit). Bred in the Gardens.

4, 1 Purple-crested Touracou (Corythaix porphyreolopha). Pre-

sented by the Rey. J. A. Gould, F.Z.S. See P. Z.S, 1879,

. 218.

5,2 Blenaet Loris (Loris gracilis), Presented by Leith Bonhéte,

Sq.

7. 1 Common Rhea (Rhea americana), Presented by Major

Venables.

10, 2 Yellow-billed Sheathbills (Chionis alba). Purchased.

11. 1 Ring-tailed Lemur (Lemur catta), 9. Presented by Thos. G.

Mann, Esq.

12. 1 Cape-Hyrax (Hyrax capensis), Presented by Mr, A. H,

Jamrach.

1 Yellow-footed Rock-Kangaroo (Petrogale xanthopus). Born

in the Menagerie.

1 Garnett’s Galago (Galago garnetti). Purchased.

13, 1 Wood-Owl (Syrniwm aluco). Presented by Mrs. George

14,

18.

19,

20.

21.

22.

25,

Blagden.

1 Common Gull (Larus canus). Presented by Harry W.

Preston, Esq.

2 Black-headed Gulls (Larus ridibundus), Presented by Harry

W. Preston, Esq.

2 Indian Barred Doves (Geopelia striata). Presented by Capt.

H. Braddick.

1 Chinese Turtle Dove (Turtur chinensis), Presented by Capt.

H. Braddick.

1 Common Hare (Lepus ewropeus). Presented by Mr. Alfred

Withers.

1 Tayra (Galictis barbatus). Purchased.

2 Prairie-Marmots ( Cynomysludovicianus). Received in exchange.

1 Wizlizenus’s Lizard (Crotaphytus wislhizent). Presented by

Lieut.-Col. Ralph Vivian, F.Z.S. See P. Z. 8, 1879, p. 218.

2 Cardinal Grosbeaks (Cardinalis virginianus). Purchased.

3 Australian Wild Ducks (Anas superciliosa). Purchased.

3 Golden Tree-Frogs (Hyla aurea). Purchased.

2 White’s Tree-Frogs (Pelodryas cerulea). Purchased.

-1 Blue-cheeked Amazon (Chrysotis ceeligena). Purchased. See

P. Z.S. Feb. 17, 1880.

1 Spotted Eagle Owl (Bubo maculosus). Purchased.

1 Many-zoned Hawk (Melierax polyzunus). Purchased.

1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus), Presented by J.

Douglas Murray, Esq.

1 Bennett’s Wallaby (Halmaturus bennettit). Preseuted by W.

E. Windus, Esq.

1 Russian Bullfinch (Pyrrhula rubicilla), Purchased.

2 Grand Galagos (Galago crassicaudatus). Purchased.

1 Impeyan Pheasant (Lophophorus impeyanus), 2. Received

in exchange.

2 Cheer Pheasants (Phasianus wallichii), 6 9. Received in

exchange.

1 Common Nuthatch (Sitta cesta), Purchased.

816

Feb. 27.

Mar. 1

14.

16.

18.

20.

APPENDIX.

1 Sambur Deer (Cervus aristotelis), §. Born in the Menagerie.

. 1Common Hare (Lepus ewropeus). Presented by Mrs. F.

Buckland.

1 Syrian Bear (Ursus syriacus). Presented by Dr. J. Huntley,

C.M.Z.S., Bushire, Persian Gulf.

1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus). Presented by Miss

E. A. B. Payton.

3 Japanese Deer (Cervus sika), 3, 2, Q. Presented by the

Viscount Powerscourt, F.Z.S.

2 Lanceolated Jays (Garrulus lanceolatus). Purchased.

2 Chilian Skunks (Conepatus mapurito). Deposited.

. 1 Pig-tailed Monkey (Macacus nemestrinus), 2. Presented by

Mrs. J. E. Fenton.

1 Coati (Nasua rufa). Purchased.

2 Acouchys (Dasyprocta acouchy). Purchased.

. 2 Mountain-Finches (Fringilla montifringilla). Purchased.

. 1 Indian Fruit-Bat (Pteropus medius). Presented by Capt.

F. P. Millett.

3 Common Badgers (Meles tarus). Born in the Menagerie.

. 1 Brant Goose (Bernicla brenta). Presented by H. A. Dom-

brain, Esq.

2, 1 Mitred Monkey (Semnopithecus mitratus). Received in ex-

change.

1 Black-faced Spider Monkey (Ateles ater). Received in ex-

change.

1 Black-handed Spider Monkey (Ateles geoffroyt). Received

in exchange. ;

1 Mule Deer (Cervus macrotis), g. Presented by Judge Caton.

See P. Z.S. 1879, p. 308.

2 Gaimard’s Rat Kangaroos (Hypsiprymnus gaimard:), 3, Q.

Presented by Ernest E. Harrold, Esq.

1 Spotted Ichneumon (Herpestes auropunctatus), Presented by

Liss H. Boteler.

1 Black-necked Stilt Plover (Aimantopus nigricollis). Pur-

chased.

1 Tabuan Parrakeet (Pyrrhulopsis tabuensis). Deposited.

1 Stair’s Dove (Phlogenas stairi). Purchased.

1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), 3. Presented by George

Eggar, Esq.

1 Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera). Presented by Sir Charles

Smith.

1 Sumatran Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sumatrensis). Deposited.

See P. Z. S. 1879, p. 308.

1 Greater Spotted Woodpecker (Pieus major). Presented by

H. Laver, Esq.

. 1 Mona Monkey (Cercopithecus mona), 2. Presented by Miss

Sandford.

1 Pied Wagtail (Motacilla yarrelli). Purchased.

1 Reed-Bunting (Emberiza scheniclus). Purchased.

. 1 Cape Ant-Bear (Orycteropus capensis), Purchased.

5 European Geckoes (Phyllodactylus europeus). Presented by

Dr. H. H. Giglioli, C.M.Z.S.

. 1 Grey-breasted Parrot (Bolborhynchus monachus). Presented

by Miss Hilhouse.

. 1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus), §. Presented by

J. N. Tiedeman Marthege, Esq.

Mar. 28.

29,

30.

31,

April 1,

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 817

1 Globose Curassow (Crax globicera), 2. Presented by the

Rey. Ralph Cooper.

1 Common Peafowl (Pavo cristatus), g. Presented by T. B.

Hopkinson, Esq.

1 Peba Armadillo (Tatusia peba). Purchased.

1 Long-haired Armadillo (Dasypus vellerosus). Purchased.

1 Brazilian Hare (Lepus brasiliensis). Purchased.

1 Laughing Kingfisher (Dacelo gigantea). Presented by F,

Belcher, Esq.

1 Reed-Bunting (Emberiza scheniclus). Purchased.

8 Indian Jerboa Rats (Gerbillus indicus). Purchased.

2 New-Zealand Parakeets (Cyanorhampus nove zealandi).

Purchased.

1 Black-backed Jackal (Canis mesomelas). Presented by E. J.

Redman, Esq.

1 Red-and-yellow Macaw (Ara chloroptera). Presented by

Mrs. Kelly.

2 Yellow-fronted Amazons (Chrysotis ochrocephala). Presented

by Mrs. Kelly.

2 Silver Pheasants (EZuplocamus nyctemerus), 3, 2. Presented

by W. Soper, Esq.

2 Lanceolated Jays (Garrulus lanceolatus). Received in ex-

change. See P.Z.S. 1879, p. 384.

1 Tuberculated Lizard (Iguana tuberculata). Presented by

Dr. J. F. Chittenden, C.M.Z.S. From Trinidad.

1 Broad-snouted Cayman (Alligator latirostris). Presented by

Dr. A. Stradling.

2 Common Boas (Boa constrictor). Deposited.

1 Chequered Elaps (laps lemniscatus). Deposited.

1 Anaconda (Lunectes murinus). Received in exchange.

. 2 White-rumped Roe Deer (Capreolus pygargus). Received in

exchange. See P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 384,

1 Chinese Water-Deer (Hydropotes inermis), Received in

exchange.

1 Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita). De-

osited.

2 Miccieaip i Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Presented

by Tort Francis Conyngham, M.P., F.Z.S.

. 4Canada Geese (Bernicla canadensis). Presented by R. J.

Balston, Esq., F.Z.S.

2 Bernicle Geese (Bernicla leucopsis). Presented by R. J.

Balston, Esq., F.Z.S.

2 Brant Geese (Bernicla brenta). Presented by R. J. Balston,

Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Wild Goose (Anser ferus). Presented by R. J. Balston, Esq.,

F.Z.8.

1 Bean-Goose (Anser segetum). Presented by R. J. Balston,

Ksq., F.Z. 8.

2 Common Geese (Anser domesticus), 3, 9. Presented by

R. J. Balston, Esq., F.Z.S.

3 Common Ducks (Anas boschas),2 g andl 9. Presented by

R. J. Balston, Esq., F.Z.S.

3 Australian Wild Ducks (Anas superciliosa). Presented by

R. J. Balston, Esy., F. Z. 8S.

2 Ruddy Sheldrakes (Tadorna rutila), g and 2, Presented

by KR. J. Balston, Esq., F, Z. 8,

818

APPENDIX.

April 4. 2 Common Pintails (Dafila acuta), § and Q. Presented by

CO o> Or

10.

12.

14,

18,

19.

20.

21.

23.

24,

R. J. Balston, Esq., F. Z.S.

2 Gadwalls (Anas strepera), g and 9. Presented by R. J.

Balston, Esq., F.Z.5.

4 Chiloe Wigeon (Mareca chiloensis),2 g and2 9. Presented

by R. J. Balston, Esq., F.Z.5.

2 Masdasn Ducks (Aix galericulata), g and 9. Presented by

R. J. Balston, Esq., F.Z. 8.

1 Summer Duck (Azx sponsa), ¢. Presented by R. J. Balston,

Esq., F.Z

2 Glosturesi Teal (Quer Lest erecca), and 9. Presented by

R. J. Balston, Esq., F. Z.S.

2 Garganey Teal (Querquedula circia), ¢ and Q. Presented

by. R. J. Balston, Esq., F. Z.S.

2 Chilian Pintails (Dajila spinicauda), § and 2. Presented by

k. J. Balston, Esq., F.Z.S.

2 Common Wigeon (Mareca aceong ¢ and 2. Presented

by R. J. Balston, Ksq., F. Z.5.

Be aL Nedtanathad Snake (Geopty yas collaris). Purchased.

. 1 Rude Fox (Canis rudis). From Demerara. Deposited.

. 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus erythreus). Presented by Mr. J.

Roberts.

1 Grivet Monkey (Cercopithecus griseo-viridis), Presented by

W. B. Greenfield, Esq.

1 Common Seal (Phoca vitulina). Presented by Capt. Charles

Rawle.

1 Red-throated Diver (Colymbus septentrionalis). Presented by

J.S. Thompson, Esq.

1 Yak (Bison grunniens), 6. From Bhootan. Presented

by the Hon, Sir Ashley Eden, K.C.S.1.

1 Long-tailed Marmot (Arctomys caudatus). Presented by

the Hon. Sir Ashley Eden, K.C.S.I.

1 Masked Parrakeet ( Pyrrhalopsis personata). Purchased.

1 Entellus Monkey (Semnopithecus entellus), 2. Received in

exchange.

1 Japanese > Goat Antelope (Capricornus crispus). Presented by

Harry Pryer, Esq., C.M.Z.8. See P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 384.

1 Blue-faced Green Amazon (Chrysotis bouqueti). Presented

by Neville Holland, Esq.

1 Yellow-fronted Amazon (Chrysotis ochrocephala). Presented

by Neville Holland, Esq.

3 Red Brockets (Cervus rufus), 6 and 9 and young. Pre-

sented by W. H. Lacy, Esq.

1 Upland one (Bernishe magellanica), 3. Purchased.

: Black-faced Kangaroo (Mucropus melanops), 3. Purchased.

1 Skate (Raia batis). Presented by Harold Russell, Esq.

1 Reeves’s Muntjac (Cervulus reevest), 2. Born in the Mena-

erie.

1 Puff- Adder (Vipera arietans). Purchased.

3 Prairie-Marmots (Cynomys ludovicianus). Presented by W.

G. Marshall, Esq.

1 Lineated Boodon (Boodon lineatus). Purchased.

1 Spotted Slowworm (Acontias meleagris). Purchased.

1 Crossed Snake (Psammophis crucifer). Purchased.

1 Coppery Snake (2thinostoma cupreum). Purchased.

1 Black-handed Spider Monkey (Ateles geoffroyi), 3. Pre-

sented by D, R. Comyn, Esq.

Apr. 24,

25,

26,

28.

29.

May 1.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 819

1 Three-toed Amphiuma (Amphiwna means). Presented by

A. C. Cole, Esq.

1 Long-eared Bat (Pleeotus auritus). Presented by Mr. J. Ward.

1 Podargus (Podargus cuvieri). Presented by R. S.C. Baber,

sq.

1 Guilding’s Amazon (Chrysotis guiding). From St. Vincent,

West Indies. Presented by G. Dundas, Esq.

5 Water-Ouzels (Cinelus aquaticus). Presented by F. Swabey,

1 aie Muntjac (Cervulus reevest), 2. Born in the

Gardens.

1 Silver Pheasant (Euplocamus nyctemerus), 3. Presented

by Mrs. E. J. Beagle.

. 1 Crab-eating Raceoon (Procyon cancrivorus), 2. Presented by

R. Bridgett, Esq.

1 Small Hill-Mynah (Gracula religiosa). Presented by J. W.

Woodler, Esq.

1 Alpine Accentor (Accentor alpinus). In exchange. See

P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 384.

1 Leopard Tortoise (Testudo pardalis). Purchased.

1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), 3. Presented by Mr.

E, Brett.

1 Ocelot (Felis pardalis). Presented by B. H. Jones, Esq.

1 Anaconda (Eunectes murinus). Presented by G. H. Haw-

tayne, Esq., C.M.Z.S.

1 Common Teguexin (TZeius teguexin). Purchased.

. 1 Pig-tailed Monkey (Macacus nemestrinus), 9. Presented by

E. M. Clissold, Esq.

1 Long-tailed Marmot (Aretomys caudatus). Presented by

Capt. Greenstreet, R. E. From Bhotan.

1 Undulated Grass-Parrakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus), 3.

Presented by Miss Balls.

1 Black-faced Spider Monkey (Ateles ater), 3. Presented by

Capt. H. King. From Carthagena.

2 Tovi Parrakeets (Brotogerys tov). Presented by Capt. H

King. From Porto Cabello.

2 Passerine Ground-Doyes (Chamepelia passerina), Presented

by Capt. H. King.

1 South-American Flamingo ( Phenicopterus ignipalliatus).

Purchased.

1 White Ibis (Ibis alba). Purchased.

1 Scarlet Ibis (Jbis rubra). Purchased.

8 Red-billed Tree-Ducks (Dendrocygna autumnalis), Pur-

chased.

. 1 Tamandua Ant-eater (Tamandua tetradactyla). Purchased.

1 Great American Egret (Ardea egretta). Purchased.

1 Common Boa (Boa constrictor). Purchased.

» 1 Madagascar Boa (Pelophilus madagascariensis), Presented by

the Rey. Canon G. Ogilvy.

- 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 3. Presented by

C. A. Thomson, Esq.

1 Maeaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus) Q. Presented by

F, V. Goddard, Esq.

» 1Common Ocelot (Felis pardalis). Presented by P. Leckie,

. Esq.

1 Indian Kite (Ihilvus govinda). Presented by Capt. Murray.

820

May 6.

10.

13.

14.

16.

17.

19.

APPENDIX.

1 Common Chameleon (Chameleon vulgaris). Presented by

G. A. Dodd, Esq.

12 Common Teal ( Querguedula crecca),6$ and69. Purchased.

12 Garganey Teal (Querquedula circa), 6 g and 6 2. Pur-

chased.

12 Red-headed Pochards (Fuligula ferina), 6 g and 6 Q.

Purchased.

6 Tufted Ducks (Fuligula cristata), 3 $ and 3 9. Purchased.

4 Shovellers (Spatula clypeata),2 $ and2 9. Purchased.

2 Common Pintails (Dajila acuta), g and 2. Purchased.

2 Common Wigeon (Mareca penelope), ¢ and Q. Purchased.

. 2 Horned Parrakeets (Nymphicus cornutus). Purchased. From

New Caledonia. See P, Z.S. 1879, p. 550, pl. xliv.

1 Diana Monkey (Cercopithecus diana), Q. Received in ex-

change.

1 Subcylindrical Hornbill (Buceros subcylindricus). Received

in exchange. See P. Z.S8. 1879, p. 550.

. 6 Seven-banded Snakes (Zropidonotus leberis). Born in the

Menagerie.

1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus). Deposited.

1 Pig-tailed Monkey (Macacus nemestrinus), 9. Presented by

Capt. A. W. Shean.

1 Hybrid Markhoor (Capra megaceros), 3. Born in the Mena-

erie.

5 Ponsick Pheasants (Polyplectron chinguis), 3 $ and 2 Q.

Purchased.

A collection of Young Common Eels (Anguilla vulgaris).

Presented by F. Buckland, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Herring-Gull (Zarus argentatus). Presented by Miss J.

Windsor.

. 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus erythreus). Presented by H. Winsor,

sq.

2 Geaitroy’s Doves (Peristera geoffroi). Bred in the Gardens.

1 Puma (Felis concolor), 3. Purchased.

1 Vulpine Phalanger (Phalangista vulpina), 2. Presented by

A. Elder, Esq.

1 Ring-necked Parrakeet (Paleornis torquatus), Presented by

F. 8. Prince, Esq,

1 Guianan Tree-Partridge (Odontophorus guianensis). Presented

by E. L. Marshall, Esq.

1 Herring-Gull (Larus argentatus), Presented by C. H. C, de

Loecker, Esq.

. 1 Zebu (Bos indicus), §. Born in the Menagerie.

1 Rough Terrapin (Clemmys punctularia). Presented by Sur-

geon-Major C. J. Weir.

1 Adorned Terrapin (Clemmys ornata). Presented by Surgeon-

Major C. J. Weir.

1 Stair’s Ground-Dove (Phlogenas start). Purchased.

2 Squirrel Monkeys (Chrysothrix sciurea), §. Purchased.

2 Plantain-Squirrels (Scwwrus plantani), g and 9. Purchased.

1 Ariel Toucan (Ramphastos ariel). Purchased.

1 Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata). Purchased.

1 Sclater’s Curassow (Crax sclaterv). Purchased.

1 Yellow-legeed Herring-Gull (Larus leucopheus), Bred in the

Gardens.

2 Bactrian Camels (Camelus bactrianus), 2. Deposited.

1 Javan Fish-Owl (Ketupa javanensis), Purchased.

May 19,

20.

24,

26.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 821

2 Black-tailed Godwits (Limosa melanura). Purchased.

2 Black Swans (Cygnus atratus), 3 and 2. Received in exchange.

5 Prussian Carp (Carassius vulgaris). Presented by G. H. J ones,

Esq., F.Z.S.

iL Gececkocid Monkey (Cercocebus albigena), 2. Presented

by Robt. Surry, Esq.

1 Patagonian Sea-lion ( Otaria Jubata). Presented by F. E. Cobb,

Esq. From the Falkland Islands. See P. Z, 8. 1879, p. 551,

1 Ceram Lory (Lorius garrulus). Purchased.

. 2 Chinchillas ( Chinchilla lanigera). Born in the Menagerie.

1 Common Lobster (Astacus vulgaris). Presented by Mr. J.

Ward.

. 3 Abyssinian Guinea-fowls (Numida ptilorhyncha). Purchased.

1 Nicobar Pigeon (Calenas nicobarica). Purchased.

2 Golden headed Conures (Conurus auricapiilas). Purchased.

2 Javan Parrakeets (Paleornis Javanicus). Purchased.

- 1 Roseate Cockatoo (Cacatua roseicapilla). Presented by Mr.

Head.

1 Blue-Winged Green Bulbul (Phyllornis hardwickii), Pre-

sented by Mr. A. Jamrach.

1 Black-necked Swan ( Cygnus nigricollis). Bred in the Gardens,

2 Horned Lizards (Phrynosoma cornutum). Presented by E.

Loder, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Red-faced Saki (Brachyurus rubicundus), Purchased. See

P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 551.

2 Green-necked Peafowls (Pavo spicifer), Purchased.

1 Cheetah (Felis jubata). Purchased.

12 Common Wigeon (Mareca penelope), 6 g and6 2. Pur-

chased.

. 1 Victoria Crowned Pigeon (Goura victorie). Purchased.

1 Mace’s Sea-Eagle (Haliaétus leucoryphus), Purchased.

4 Common Sheldrakes (Zadorna vulpanser), 2 § and 2 9,

Purchased.

1 Geoffroy’s Dove (Peristera geoffroiw). Bred in the Gardens,

1 Argus Pheasant (Argus giganteus), 3. Purchased.

1 Puff-Adder (Vipera arietans). Presented by Surgeon F, Speer.

2 Silky Marmosets (Midas rosalia). Presented by Mrs. Hector.

. 1 Michie’s Tufted Deer (Elaphodus michianus,) Deposited.

1 White-thighed Colobus (Colobus bicolor), “Presented by Dr.

W. H. Hart.

» 1 Brown Hyzna (Hyena brunnea). Purchased.

1 Axis Deer (Cervus axis) $. Born in the Menagerie.

- 1 Capybara (Hydrocherus capybara). Presented by H. B,

Whitmarsh, Esq.

» 1 Great Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), 3. Born in the Me-

nagerie.

1 Red Kangaroo (Macropus rufus), $. Born inthe Menagerie.

1 Bennett’s Wallaby (Halmaturus bennettii), 2. Born in the

Menagerie.

- 1 Rhesus Moakey (Macacus erythveus). Presented by J. Beech,

Esq.

1 Eland (Oreas canna), $. Born in the Menagerie.

. 1 Golden Eagle ee chrysaétos). Presented by The Earl

of Dunmore, F.Z:S.

3 Crossbred Parakeets (between Euphema elegans § and E. pul-

chella, 2). Bred in the Gardens,

822

June 4.

coOOONT

APPENDIX.

3 Egyptian Geese (Chenalopex egyptiaca). Bred in the Gardens.

. 3 Green-necked Peafowls (Pavo spicifer). Deposited by Col.

C. P. Hildebrand.

2 Common Kingfishers (Alcedo ispida). Presented by W. W.

Cobb, Esq.

1 Red-and-yellow Macaw (Ara chloroptera). Presented by

Miss C. Cattlin. ,

3 Maned Geese (Bernicla jubata), 1g and 29. Purchased.

4 Amherst Pheasants (Zhaumalea amherstie). Bred in the

Gardens.

. 1 Common Seal (Phoca vitulina). Purchased.

. 1 Canadian Beaver (Castor canadensis). Born in the Menagerie.

. 2 Yellow-legged Herring-Gulls (Larus leucopheus). Bred in

the Gardens.

2 Orinoco Geese (Chenalopex jubata). Purchased.

1 Green-winged Trumpeter (Psophia viridis). Purchased.

2 Black Hornbills (Buceros atratus). Purchased.

1 Back-marked Snake (hinechis scalaris). Purchased.

1 Common Crowned Pigeon (Gouwra coronata). Purchased.

_ 8 White-bellied Shore-Larks (Eremophila chrysolema). Pur-

10.

13.

14,

chased.

6 Melodious Finches (Phonipara canora). Purchased.

1 White-whiskered Paradoxure (Paradoxurus leucomystax).

Presented by Mr. Carl Bock.

2 Undulated Grass-Parakeets (Melopsittacus undulatus). Pur-

chased.

5 Climbing Fishes (Anabas scandens). Presented by Dr. G. E.

Dobson, C.M.Z.S.

. 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus erythreus), 2. Deposited.

2Common Paradoxures (Paradoxurus typus). Presented by

G. K. Loyd, Esq.

2 Geoffroy’s Doves (Peristera geoffroit). Bred in the Gardens.

1 Common Magpie (Pica caudata). Presented by J. L. Baldwin,

Esq., F.Z.8.

. 1 Black Bear (Ursus americanus). Received in exchange.

1 Globose Curassow (Crax globicera). Purchased.

1 Red-and-yellow Macaw (Ara chloroptera). Purchased.

1 Indian Antelope (Antilope cervicapra), 3. Presented by

Hon, A. Greville. -

1 Laughing Kingfisher (Dacelo gigantea). Presented by Mr.

E. Hawkins.

1 West-African Python (Python sebe), Presented by G. H.

Garrett, Esq.

1 Tamandua Ant-eater (Tamandua tetradactyla). Purchased.

From Pernambuco.

1 Brazilian Cariama (Cariama cristata). Purchased.

1 Crested Screamer (Chauna chavaria). Purchased.

1 Great American Egret (Ardea egretta). Purchased.

1 Tuberculated Lizard (Iguana tuberculata). Presented by Dr.

A. Stradling.

1 Taraguira Lizard (Taraguira smithi). Presented by Dr. A.

Stradling. From Bahia.

1 Black-eared Marmoset (Hapale penicillata). Purchased.

1 Negro Tamarin (Midas wrsulus). Purchased. From Para.

1 Sun-Bittern (Zurypyga helias). Purchased,

1 Spotted-billed Toucanet (Selenidera maculirostris). Purchased.

From Rio de Janeiro. See P. Z.S. 1879, p. 663.

June 14,

15.

16.

avi

18,

19.

20,

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 823

8 Violet Tanagers (Euphonia violacea). Purchased.

2 Saffron Finches (Sycalis flaveola). Purchased. From Pere

nambuco.

1 Pileated Song-Sparrow (Zonotrichia pileata). Purchased.

From Pernambuco.

1 Pileated Finch ( Coryphosphingus pileatus), Purchased.. From

Pernambuco. °

2 Bluish Finches (Spermophila cerulescens). Purchased. From

Pernambuco,

2 Chiloe Wigeons (Mareca chiloensis). Bred in the Gardens.

i Caspian Ouaran (Psammosaurus caspicus). Presented by

Commander J. Pratt. From Persia.

1 Lacertine Snake (Cclopeltis lacertina). Presented by Com-

mander J. Pratt.

1 Common Badger (Meles taxus). Presented by Mr. G. Smith.

20 Spotted Salamanders (Salamandra maculosa). Purchased.

2 Egyptian Gazelles (Gazella doreas), Presented by Com-

mander J. Pratt.

1 Ring-necked Parrakeet (Palzornis torquatus). Presented by

H. F. Carey, Esq.

1 Beech-Marten (Mr tes foina). Purchased. From Russia.

1 Allied Goshawk (Astur approximans). Purchased.

1 Martinique Water-hen (Porphyrio martinicus). Purchased.

4 Australian Wild Ducks (Anas superciliosa). Presented by

Messrs. A. H. Jamrach and C. Rice.

1 Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita). Pre-

sented by J. W. Taylor, Esq.

1 American Robin opt te migratorius). Deposited.

2 Pied Wagtails (Motacilla yarrellii), g and 2. Presented

by A. F. Wiener, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Wigner Finch (Pytelia wieneri). Presented by A. F. Wiener,

Esq., F.Z.8.

11 Spotted Salamanders (Salamandra maculosa). Purchased.

1 Brazilian Tanager (Ramphoceelus brasilius). Purchased.

1 Slender-billed Cockatoo (Licmetis tenuirostris), Presented by

George Wood, Esq.

1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), ¢. Presented by

Mr. G. T. Close. From Chittagong.

1 Hybrid Deer (between Cervus mexicanus § and C. virginianus

1 Persian Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa), ¢. Presented by C.

H. Watts, Esq.

2 Eeyptian Kites (Milvus egyptius). Presented by A. Bells,

3 Green-backed ee (Porphyrio madagascariensis). Pre=

sented by A. Bells, Esq.

1 Ceram Lory (Lorius garrulus). Deposited.

2 Jameson’s Gulls (Larus jamesont). ae in the Gardens.

1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus). Presented by Miss

E. Cattlin.

1 Kinkajou (Cercoleptes caudivolvulus), 2. Presented by M. B.

Salmon, Esq. From Demerara.

2 African Civet Cats (Viverra civetta), Presented by M. B.

Salmon, Esq.

A Collection of Salmon Fry (Salmo salar), Presented by T. J.

Mann, Esq.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No. LIII. 53

824

June 21

23.

24,

27.

30.

July 1.

APPENDIX.

a Gamattis Galago (Galago garnetti), §. Presented by F. W.

Ba: Sq.

1 Collared Fruit-Bat (Cynonycteris collaris). Born in the

Menagerie.

1 West African-Python (Python sebe), Deposited.

8 Black Rats (Mus rattus). Born in the Menagerie.

1 Crested Pigeon (Ocyphaps lophotes). Presented by Rev. A.

H. Glennie. ;

3 Spotted-billed Ducks (Anas pecilorhyncha). Bred in the

Gardens. é

8 Australian Wild Ducks (Anas superciliosa). Bred in the

Gardens.

2 Chilian Pintails (Dafila spinicauda). Bred in the Gardens.

2 Lesser Redpoles (Linota rufescens), ¢ and 9. Presented by

Dr. Bree, F.Z.S.

2 Black-tailed Godwits (Limosa melanura). Purchased.

2 Tuatera Lizards (Sphenodon punctatus). Purchased. See

P.Z.S. 1879, p. 663.

2 Beautiful Parrakeets (Psephotus pulcherrimus). Purchased.

2 Geoffroy’s Doves (Peristera geoffroit). Bred in the Gardens.

4 White Storks (Ctconia alba). Purchased.

1 Black-faced Spider Monkey (Ateles ater). Purchased.

8 Red-billed Tree-Ducks (Dendrocygna autumnalis). Purchased.

1 Grand Galago (Galago crassicaudata). Presented by Mr. W.

Jenkins.

1 Puma (Felis concolor), §. Presented by Lord Lilford, F.Z.S.

From Buenos Ayres.

1 Reticulated Python (Python reticulatus). Purchased.

1 Grivet Monkey (Cercopithecus griseo-viridis), ¢. Presented

by R. M. Courage, Esq.

1 Common Boa (Boa constrictor). Presented by Dr, A.

Stradling.

2 White Storks (Ciconia alba). Purchased.

1 Axis Deer (Cervus axis), 2. Born in the Menagerie.

. 4 Land-Crabs. Received in exchange.

1 Common Whimbrel (Numenius pheopus). Received in ex-

change.

. 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus erythreus),2. Presented by James

Bartle, Esq. eth

1 Blue-eyed Cockatoo (Cacatua: ophthalmica). Presented by

Lieut.-Col. Arbuthnot, 14th Hussars.

1 Collared Fruit-Bat (Cynonycteris collaris). Purchased. Cap-

tured in the Red Sea.

. 1 Japanese Deer (Cervus sika), $. Born in the Menagerie.

1 bo Python (Python molurus). Presented by Mr. George

illett.

1 South-American Rat-Snake (Spilotes variabilis), Presented

by Mr. George Billett.

. 1 Yellow-footed Rock-Kangaroo (Petrogale xanthopus), &.

Purchased.

2 Balearic Crowned Cranes (Balearica pavonina). Purchased.

2 Siamese Pheasants (Zxplocamus prelatus), 3 2. Purchased.

1 Darwin’s Pucras Pheasant (Pucrasia darwint),$. Purchased.

4 Rose-ringed Parrakeets (Paleornis docilis),. Purchased.

1 Black-winged Peafowl (Pavo nigripennis), 2. Presented by

The Hon, A. 8S. G, Canning.

July 8.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 825

2 Common Barn-Owls (Strix Jlammea). Presented by R.A.

Baldwin, Esq.

. 2 Crested Porcupines (Hystrir cristata). Presented by Moses

S. Boyle, Esq.

11. 3 Australian Wild Ducks (Anas superciliosa), Bred in the

Gardens,

1 Yellow-billed Duck (Anas sxanthorhyncha). Bred in the

Gardens.

6 Rosy-billed Ducks (Metopiana peposaca). Bred in the Gar-

dens,

12. 1 Striped Hyena (Hyena striata). Purchased.

4 Black Swans (Cygnus atratus). Purchased.

.2 Elliot’s Guinea-fowls (Numida elliott). Deposited.

4 Vulturine Guinea-fowls (Numida vulturina). Deposited.

1 Buff-backed Egret (Ardea russata). Presented by Capt. Burke,

S.S. ‘Arcot.’

6 Small-scaled Mastigures (Uromastix microlepis). Presented

by Capt. Burke, 8.8. ‘ Arcot. From the Persian Gulf.

1 Hey’s Patines (Ammoperdix hey’). Presented by Capt.

Burke, S.S. ‘Arcot.’ From the Persian Gulf.

1 Gold Pheasant (Thaumalea picta), 3. Presented by J. E.

Liardet, Esq.

14, 3 Globose Curassows (Crax globicera),1 3 and 2 2. Presented

by Major F, Hime,

1 European Bearded Vulture (Gypaétus barbatus). Presented

by Lord Lilford, F.Z.S.

1 American Kestrel (Tinnunculus sparverius), Purchased,

From San Domingo.

15. 1 Lesser White-nosed Monkey (Cercopithecus petaurista), 3.

Presented by Robert F, Clothier, Esq.

2 Ring-tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta), $ and 2. Presented by

Hugh McOubbin, Esq.

1 Common Ocelot (Felis pardalis), 3. Purchased.

16. 1 Funereal Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus funereus). Purchased.

See P. Z.S. 1879, p. 663.

1 Smooth Snake (Coronella levis). Purchased.

17. 1 White-tailed Gnu (Catoblepas gnu), 3. Purchased.

2 apley belied Parrakeets (Platycercus JSlaviventris), Pur-

chased.

4 Common Crowned Pigeons (Gowra coronata), Purchased.

18. 1 Mule Deer (Cervus macrotis), 3. Presented by Herbert H.

Carter, Esq. From Wyoming Territory, U.S. A. See

P.Z .S. 1879, p. 664.

1 Mule Deer (Cervus macrotis), 2. Presented by E. N. Carter,

Esq. See P. Z.8. 1879, p. 664,

1 Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea). Pre-

sented by Miss Langley.

1 Red-and-yellow Macaw (Ara chloroptera), Deposited.

22, 1 Geoffroy’s Marmoset (Midas geoffroti),3.° Purchased. Fyrom

Panama,

2 Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaétos), Presented by Mrs. A. H.

Browne.

1 Stanley Crane (Tetrapteryx paradisea), Received in exchange,

23. 1 Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron chinguis), Bred in the Gar-

dens,

2 Black-crested Cardinals (Gubernatrix ertstatella), Bred in the

Gardens, :

826

July 23.

24,

26.

28.

29,

31.

Aug. 1.

APPENDIX.

2 Red-and-yellow Macaws (Ara chloroptera) Presented by

Charles Fricker, Esq.

1 Red-and-blue Macaw (Ara macao), Presented by Charles

Fricker, Esq.

1 Blue-and-yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna). Presented by

Charles Fricker. Esq.

1 Common Trumpeter (Psophia crepitans). Presented by

Charles Fricker, Esq.

1 Coquetoon Antelope (Cephalophus rufilatus). Purchased.

2 Geoffroy’s Doves (Peristera geoffroit). Bred in the Gardens.

3 ony aeiete (Mugil capito), Presented by G. H. Jones, Esq.

1 Common Sole (Solea vulgaris). Presented by G. H. Jones,

Esq., F. Z.S.

1 Weeper Cre (Cebus capucinus), 3. Presented by Capt.

R. Bond.

2 White-faced Tree-Ducks (Dendrocygna viduata). Purchased.

1 Red-bill Tree-Duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis). Purchased.

1 Central American Agouti (Dasyprocta isthmica). Purchased.

2 Common Crossbills (Loxia curvirostra), Gg and 2. Presented

by H. A. Macpherson, Esq.

1 Allen’s Porphyrio (Porphyrio alleni). Captured at sea off

Sierra Leone, 5° N., 14° W. Presented by W. B. Brown, Esq.

1 Bateleur Eagle (Helotarsus ecaudatus). From Sierra Leone.

Presented by Alex. Sinclair, Esq.

1 Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). Presented by Miss C,

Bealey,

. 1 Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalberti). Presented by the

farquis de la Granja, F. Z.S.

1 Brown Bear (Ursus actos). Presented by J. R. Boyce, Esq.

. 1 Lanner Falcon (Falco lanartus). Deposited.

1 Red-fronted Lemur (Lemur rujfifrons), g. Received in ex-

change.

4 Specious Pigeons (Columba speciosa). Received in ex-

change.

1 Banded Tinamou (Cryptwrus noctivagus). Received in ex-

change.

1 Black Hornbill (Buceros atratus). Received in exchange.

1 Tamandua Ant-eater (Tamandua tetradactyla). Received in

exchange.

. | Rude Fox (Canis rudis). Presented by G. H. Hawtayne,

Esq., C.M.Z.S. See Ann. N. H. ser. 5, vol. iv. p. 316, et p. 400.

1 Cobella Snake (Lzophis cobella), Presented by G. H. Haw-

tayne, Esq., C.M.Z.S. :

1 Coral Snake (Tortrix scytale), Presented by G. H. Haw-

tayne, Esq., C.M.Z.S.

3 North-American Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo),1 g and 2 9.

Presented by R. Wynne Roberts, Esq.

3 Common Kestrels (Zinnunculus alaudarius). Presented by the

Rey. J. E. Campbell Colquhoun.

. 1 Hybrid Deer (between Cervus elaphus and C. barbarus), 3.

Born in the Menagerie.

1 White-whiskered Swine (Sus lewcomystar), 3. Presented by

Theodore Hance, Esq., C.M.Z.S.

2 Vociferous Sea-Eagles (Haliaétus vocifer). Presented by

Dr. J. Kirk, C.M.Z.S,

Aug. 6,

“as

13.

14,

165.

16.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 827

1 Vulturine Guinea-fowl (Numida vulturina). Deposited.

4 Elliot's Guinéa-fowls (Numida elliot’). Deposited.

3 Mitred Guinea-fowls (Mwnida mitrata). Deposited.

1 Wood-Owl (Syrnium aluco). Presented by Capt. F, Lloyd.

1 Pileated Jay (Cyanocorax pileatus), Purchased.

1 Vulturine Guinea-fowl (Numida vulturina). Deposited.

1 Amherst’s Pheasant (Thawmalea amherstie), red in the

Gardens, -

3 Fork-tail Jungle-fowls (Gallus furcatus), Bred in the Gar-

dens.

1 Australian Wild Duck (Anas superciliosa), Bred in the Gar-

dens.

3 Chilian Pintails (Dajfila spinicauda). Bred in the Gardens,

v Hessian Teal (Quergueduia brasiliensis). Bred in the Gar-

ens.

1 Grey Flying Squirrel (Sciuropterus fimbriatus), 2. Presented

pie Edwards. - a

1 Black-faced Ibis (Theristicus caudatus). Presented by C. H.

Whaley, Esq.

2 Black Storks (Ciconia nigra). Purchased.

1 Black Stork (Ciconia nugra). Presented by Prof. J. Reinhardt,

F.M.ZS.

2 Diana Monkeys ( Cercopithecus diana), 2. Presented by F. J.

Crocker, Esq.

2 Crested Pigeons ( Ocyphaps lophotes). Bred in the Gardens,

2 Geoffroy’s Doves (Peristera geoffrow). Bred in the Gardens,

2 Black-footed Penguins (Spheniscus demersus). Purchased,

1 Golden Tench (Tinca vulgaris, var). Presented by the Lord

Walsingham, F.Z.S.

1 Malbrouck Monkey (Cercopithecus cynosurus), 2. Presented

by Miss Agnes Barker.

1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus), Presented by C,

F.S. Day, Esq.

1 Rose-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis). Presented by

Miss Foster.

1 Common Buzzard (Buteo vulgaris). Deposited.

13 Golden Tench (Tinca vulgaris, var). Presented by the Lord

18,

19,

20.

21.

22,

23.

25.

Walsingham, F.Z.S.

1 Chacma Baboon (Cynocephalus porcarius). Deposited.

1 Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). Presented by Mr. J. Shap-

land.

1 Guinea Baboon (Cynocephalus sphinr) 3. Presented by P.

Lembery, Esq.

1 Bush-Dog (Letecyon venaticus). From British Guiana. Presen-

sented by J. Ernest Tinné, Esq. See P. Z. S. 1879, p. 664.

1 Common Barn-Owl (Strix flammea). Presented by My. H.

Norris.

1 Cape-Buffalo (Bubalus caffer). Born in the Menagerie.

1 Smooth Snake (Coronella levis). Presented by — Dart, Esq.

1 Ring-necked Parrakeet (Paleornis torguatus), Presented by

Mrs. Watson.

4 Common Spoonbills (Platalea leucorodia). Purchased.

18 Chesnut-breasted Ducks (Anas castanea). Purchased.

1 Adelaide Broadtail (Platycercus adelaide). Purchased.

1 Vervet Monkey (Cercopithecus lalandii), 3. Presented by

W. T. Millar, Esq.

1 ae (Alauda arvensis). Presented by F, Buckland, Esq.

ZS.

828

Aug. 26,

27,

30,

Sept. 2.

APPENDIX.

1 Squirrel-like Phalanger (Belideus seuwreus). Born in the

Menagerie. ij

1 Common Kestrel (Zinnunculus alaudarius), Presented by Mr.

R. Moon.

1 Annulated Snake (Leptodira annulata). Presented by R.

T. Davis, Esq.

2 Electric Silurus (Malapterwrus beninensis). Purchased.

1 Radiated Tortoise (Zestudo radiata). Purchased.

1 Sulphur-breasted Toucan (Ramphastos carinatus). Pur-

chased.

2 Slow Loris (Wycticebus tardigradus). Purchased.

1 Indian Otter (Lutra nair). Purchased. See P. Z. 8. 1879,

. 664.

3 Black-necked Stilts (Himantopus nigricollis}. Purchased.

2 Cayenne Lapwings ( Vanellus cayennensis). Purchased.

1 Chequered Elaps (laps lemnisecatus). Presented by Dr. A.

Stradling.

1 Rose-Hill Broadtail (Platycercus eximius). Presented by

Arthur Stirling, Esq.

1 Red-winged Parrakeet (Aprosmictus erythropterus). Depo-

sited.

3 Horned Lizards (Phrynosoma cornutum). Presented by Ernest

E. Sable, Esq., F.R.G.S.

2 Great Bustards (Otis tarda), ¢ and 2. Presented by J.C.

Forster, Esq.

. 1 European Bearded Vulture (Gypaétus barbatus). Deposited

by Lord Lilford, F.Z.8.

1 Rock-Cavy (Cerodon rupestris). Purchased.

1 Crab-eating Opossum (Didelphys cancrivora). Purchased.

1 Superb Tanager (Calliste fastuosa). Purchased.

1 Black-shouldered Tanager (Calliste melanonota). Purchased.

1 Crowned Tanager (Tachyphonus coronatus), 3. Purchased.

1 Palm-Tanager (Tanagra palmarum), 2. Purchased.

1 Thick-billed Tanager (Huphonia crassirostris). Purchased.

1 Brazilian Blue Grosheak (Gutraca cyanea). Purchased.

2 Horrid Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus),juy. Purchased.

2 Tuberculated Iguanas (Iguana tuberculata). Purchased.

. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), gd. Presented by

Mrs. James Raves.

1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), 2. Presented by Mrs,

James Raves.

1 Tiger (Felis tigris), 2. Presented by His Excellency the

Rt. Hon. Lord Lytton, G.C.B., G.M.S.1.

2 Indian Leopards (Felis pardus). Presented by his Excellency

the Rt. Hon. Lord Lytton, G.C B., G.M.S.I.

. 2 Common Chameleons (Chameleon vulgaris). Presented by

Alfred Ely, Esq. From Cyprus.

1 Scemmerring’s Gazelle ( Gazella semmerringi), 9. Purchased.

1 Ashy-headed Goose (Bernicla poliocephala). Purchased.

1 Upiand Goose (Bernicla magellanica), 2. Purchased.

2 All-green Parrakeets (Brotogerys tiriacula). Presented by

Dr. A. Stradling.

2 Elegant Parrakeets (Euphema elegans). Purchased.

1 Chilian Pintail (Dajila spinicauda). Presented by Mr. W.

Petty.

it Ce Teal (Querquedula creccoides), Presented by Mr. W.

etty.

Sept. 8.

10.

16.

18.

19.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 829

1 Common Jackal (Canis aureus). Presented by Thomas

Thursfield, Esq., M.R.C.V.S.

2 Martinican Doves (Zenaida martinicana). Presented by Capt.

Henry King.

1 Black-faced Spider Monkey (Afeles ater). Presented by Capt.

Henry King.

2 Black Tortoises (Testudo carbonaria). Presented by Capt.

Henry King.

1 Vulpine Squirrel (Seiurus vulpinus, var. capistrata). Pur-

chased.

1 African Brush-tailed Porcupine (Atherura africana). Purchased.

. 2 Hybrid Pale-headed Tree-Boas (between Epicrates angulifer,

¢o and Chilobothrus inornatus, 2). Born in the Gardens.

1 Plantain-Squirrel (Sciwrus plantani). Presented by Miss

Lizzie Casey.

1 Demeraran Cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola crocea), 3. Pre-

sented by R. 8. Fraser, Esq.

1 King Parrakeet (Aprosmictus scapulatus), g. Presented by

George Wood, Esq.

. 1 Red-and-blue Macaw (4ra macao). Deposited.

1 Red-and-yellow Macaw (Ara chloroptera). Deposited.

. 1 Guinea Baboon (Cynocephalus sphinx), 3. Presented by F.

Naylor, Esq.

. 1 White-fronted Capuchin (Cebus albifrons). Presented by

Major H. L. Gleig.

. 2 Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries), g. Presented by R. B. N,

Walker, Esq., C.M.Z.S.

1 Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). Presented by Mrs.

Bolton.

1 Square-spotted Snake (Oxyrrhopus doliatus). Presented by

H. Colgate, Esq.

1 Turquoisine Grass-Parrakeet (Euphema pulchella), 9. Pre-

sented by J. Fraser, Esq.

1 Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). Presented by Miss C.

Bealey.

1 Rine-ieuled Coati (Wasua rufa), 3. Presented by Charles S.

Barnes, Esq.

1 Chacma Baboon ( Cynocephalus porcarius). Deposited.

1 Yellow Baboon (Cynocephalus babouin). Deposited.

1 Mitred Pelican (Pelecanus mitratus). Presented by Dr. Holub.

1 Caracal (Fels caracal). Presented by Dr. Holub.

1 Secretary Vulture (Serpentarius reptilivorus). Presented by

Dr. Holub.

1 Sociable Vulture (Vultur auricularis). Deposited.

1 Isabelline Antelope (Cervicapra isabellina). Deposited.

2 Tawny Eagles (Aguila nevioides). Presented by Dr. Holub.

2 Cape Crowned Cranes (Balearica reyulorum). Deposited.

1 Stanley Crane (Tetrapteryx paradisea). Deposited.

1 ges ae (Nasua rufa). Presented by Percy Brewis,

Esq., F'.Z.S.

1 Conte Fox (Canis vulpes). Presented by James Wheatley,

Esq.

2 Dunks (Tringa cinclus). Presented by E. A. F. Elliot, Esq.

1 Turnstone (Strepsilas interpres). Presented by H. A. F, Elliot,

Esq.

1 Ringed Plover (Ayialitis hiaticula), Presented by E, A. F.

Elliot, Esq.

830

Sept, 22.

23,

24,

25.

27.

29,

APPENDIX.

1 Silky Marmoset (Midas rosalia), . Deposited. — .

1 King Parrakeet (Aprosmictus scapulatus), Q. Presented by

Gen. Blake.

1 Brown Bear (Ursus arctos), 6. Received in exchange.

1 Malbrouck Monkey (Cercopithecus cynosurus), 3. Purchased,

1 Red-billed Tree-Duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis), Purchased.

1 White-backed Piping Crow (Gymnorhina leuconota), Pre-

sented by Mrs. Buchanan.

1 Norwegian Lemming (Myodes lemmus). Presented by James

Shuter, Esq.

1 Vervet Monkey (Cercopithecus lalandii), 9. Presented by E.

Meyerstein, Esq.

1 Black Rat (Mus rattus). Presented by R. M. Middleton, Esq.

From Rangoon.

1 Bonelli’s Eagle (Nisaetus fasciatus). Presented by Capt. W.

P. Forwood. From Mogador.

2 Comsun Buntings (Emberiza miliaria). Presented by J.

oun

, Esq. .

2 Malan Meats (Sturnia malabarica), Presented by A. F.

Wiener, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Chinese Mynah (Acridotheres cristatellus), Presented by A.

F, Wiener, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Waxwing (Ampelis garrula). Presented by A. F. Wiener,

Esq., F.Z.8.

. 1 Anaconda (Eunectes murinus). Presented by Capt. E. Ball.

. 1 Elliot’s Guinea-fowl (Nwmida ellioti). Purchased. See

P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 713.

1 Vulturine Guinea-fowl (Nwmida vulturina). Purchased.

83 Mitred Guinea-fowls (Numida mitrata). Purchased.

3 Vulturine Guinea-fowls (Numida vulturina). Presented by

Vice-Admiral John Corbett, C.B.

1 Crested Guinea-fowl (Numida cristata). Presented by Vice-

Admiral John Corbett, C.B.

7 a ae Tree-Frogs (Hylaarborea). Presented by the Rey.

S. R. Wilkinson, F.Z.8.

1 Green Lizard (Lacerta viridis). Presented by the Rey. 8. R.

Wilkinson, F.Z.8.

8 Spotted Salamanders (Salamandra maculosa). Presented by

the Rey. 8S. R. Wilkinson, F.Z.S.

. 1 Vervet Monkey (Cercopithecus lalandii), §. Presented by

Sir Arthur Scott, Bart.

1 White-cheeked Capuchin (Cebus lunatus), 3. Presented by

Adrian Hope, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Red Fox (Canis fulvus). Presented by Lord Hobart. From

Labrador.

1 Rough-legged Buzzard (Archibuteo lagopus). Presented by

Lord Hobart.

. 5 Fat Dormice (Myoxus glis). Presented by Edwin Liot, Esq.

From Serrach, near Esslingen, Wiirtemburg.

1 Booted Eagle (Nisaetus pennatus). Purchased.

. 5 Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus). Presented by Sir

Mathew W. Ridley, Bart., M.P.

4 European Tree-Frogs (Hyla arborea). Presented by H. A.

Macpherson, Esq.

1 Fire-bellied Toad (Bombinator igneus), Presented by H. A.

Macpherson, Esq.

Oct. 6,

13,

14,

16,

17.

18,

20.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 831

1 Natterjack Toad (Bufo calamita), Presented by H. A. Mac-

pherson, Esq.

2 Rendall’s Guinea-fowls (Numida rendalli), Purchased.

1 Chacma Baboon (Cynocephalus porcarius), 3. Deposited.

1 Masse Monies (Macacus cynomolgus), 2. Presented by

. Leckie.

2 Saffron Finches (Sycalis flaveola). Bred in the Gardens,

1 Lacertine Snake (Celopeltis lacertina). Purchased.

- 6 European Tree-Frogs (Hyla arborea). Presented by A.

Leipner, Esq,, F.Z.S.

3 Royal Pythons (Python regius). Received in exchange.

. 1 Javan Peafowl (Pavo spicifer). Received in exchange,

1 European Scops Owl (Scops giv). Purchased.

2 Arabian Gazelles (Gazella arabica), 2. Presented by

Capt. W. Bowden Smith, R.N. ;

1 Common Waxbill (Estrelda cimerea), Presented by J. C.

Thorowgood, Esq.

1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), Presented by T.

Hobbs, Esq.

2 Chinese Tree-Pies (Dendrocitta sinensis). Presented by Mr.

Charles Rice.

1 Bosman’s Potto (Perodicticus potto). Purchased. From

Sulymah, 8.W. coast of Africa.

2 Crested Colins (Zupsychortyx cristatus), G and 9. Pur-

chased.

1 Sun-Bittern (Europyga helias). Deposited.

1 Great Bustard (Otis tarda), Q. Presented by George G.

Sandeman, Esq.

1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus erythreus), 2. Presented by Dr.

Douglas.

1 Bhesag Monkey (Macacus erythreus), 2. Presented by R.C.

Bonsfield, Esq.

2 Common Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Presented by Fred. J.

Barry, Esq.

2 Songe amshes (Turdus musicus), Presented by Fred. J.

Barry, Esq.

2 Gulifinnies (Carduelis elegans), 3 and Q. Presented by

Fred. J. Barry, Esq.

3 Common Chaftinches (Fringilla celebs),2 3 19. Presented

by Fred. J. Barry, Esq.

2 Lesser Redpoles (Linota rufescens). Presented by Fred. J.

Barry, Esq.

1 Geen Tanne (Linota cannabina). Presented by Fred. J.

Barry, Esq.

2 Common Greenfinches (Liguwrinus chloris). Presented by

Fred. J. Barry, Esq.

1 Yellow Bunting (Zimberiza citrinella), Presented by Fred. J,

Barry, Esq.

1 Sky-Lark (Alauda arvensis). Presented by Fred. J. Barry,

sq.

i hee (Macacus radiatus), 2. Presented by Mrs.

Bonamy Dobree.

1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus). Presented by S. E.

Phillips, Esq.

1 Scemmerring’s Antelope (Gazella semmerringt), 3. Pur-

chased.

2 Dufresne’s Amazons (Chrysotis dufresniana). Purchased.

832

Oct. 20.

14,

APPENDIX.

2 Yellow Buntings (Emberiza citrinella). Purchased.

2.Common Linnets (Linota cannabina). Purchased.

- 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), g. Presented by

Mrs. Franklin.

. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), 3. Presented by J. E.

Medley, fae

1 Lesser Black-backed Gull (Zarus fuscus). Presented by the

Rey. F. H. Addams.

. 1 Banded Ichneumon (Herpestes fasciatus). Purchased.

1 Garnett’s Galago (Galago garnetti). Purchased.

. 1 Mississippi Alligator (Alhgator muississippiensis). Presented

by Capt. J. H. Mortimer.

3 Land Hermit Crabs (Canobita diogenes). Presented by Capt.

J. H. Mortimer. From Bermuda.

2 American May-fishes (Fundulus majalis). Presented by Capt.

J. H. Mortimer.

. 1 Silver Pheasant (Huplocamus nyctemerus), 3. Presented by

Mr. R. Moon.

. 1 Weeper Capuchin (Cebus capucinus) 9. Presented by A.

Sargent, Esq.

4 Pied Wagtails (Motacilla yarrelliz). Purchased.

1 Bosman’s Potto (Perodicticus potto). Purchased.

. 1 Caffer Cat (Felis caffra). Presented by R. Southey, Esq.

3 Common Boas (Boa constrictor). Presented by W. Young,

Esq.

. 1 Common Weasel (Mustela vulgaris). Purchased.

. 1 Vervet Monkey (Cercopithecus lalandii), 8. Deposited.

1 Common Barn-Owl (Striz jlammea). Presented by F. Bag-

nall, Esq.

, 2 Black Bass (Huro nigricans). Purchased.

. 2 Variegated Bitterns (Ardetta involucris). Purchased.

2 White-spotted Rails (Rallus maculatus). Purchased.

1 Sooty Rail (Rallus rhytirhynchus). Purchased.

2 Boatbills (Caneroma cochlearia). Purchased.

2 Moustache-Monkeys (Cercopithecus cephus). Purchased.

1 Common Night-Heron (Nycticorax griseus). Purchased.

1 Axis Deer (Cervus axis), ¢. Purchased.

. 1 Mona Monkey (Cercopithecus mona), 2. Deposited.

1 Malbrouck Monkey (Cercopithecus cynosurus), Q. Depo-

sited.

. 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus erythreus). Presented by Thos.

G. Anderson, Esq.

1 Quebec Marmot (Arctomys monax). Purchased.

. 8 Silky Bower-birds (Ptilorhynchus violaceus), Received in

exchange.

1 Water-Rail (Rallus aquaticus). Purchased.

. 1 Pomatorhine Skua (Stercorarius pomatorhinus). Presented by

F. L. Smith, Esq.

1 Woodcock (Scolopax rusticula). Presented by Mr. J. Pollard.

1 Cinereous Vulture (Vultwr monachus). Deposited.

1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), 2. Presented by L. H.

Ruegg, Esq.

1 Mace’s Sea-Eagle (Haliaetus leucoryphus), Presented by

Capt. Butler.

1 King Penguin (Aptenodytes pennanti). Purchased. From

Staten Island, Cape Horn. See P, Z. 8. 1879, p. 763.

Noy. 15

17,

18.

20.

Dec. 1,

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 833

. 1 Banded Ichneumon (Herpestes fasciatus). Presented by H.

L. Cocksedge, Esq.

1 Downy Owl (Pudsatrix torquata). Presented by Dr. A.

Stradling.

1 Anaconda (Eunectes murinus). Purchased.

1 Gaimard’s Rat Kangaroo (Hypsiprymnus gumard), 3. Born

in the Menagerie.

2 Common Siskins (Chrysomitris spinus). Purchased.

1 Reed-Bunting (Emberiza scheniclus). Purchased,

1 Pied Wagtail (Motacilla yarrellit). Purchased.

1 Little Grebe (Podiceps minor). Presented by A. F, Buxton,

2 oe Falcons (Fualeo barbarus), Deposited,

1 Yellow Baboon Cynocephalus babowin), 2. Presented by

Cecil B. Hankey, Esq.

1 Common Curlew (Numenius arquata). Deposited.

1 Red-throated Diver ( Colymbus septentrionalis), Deposited.

1 South-American Rat-Snake (Spilotes variabilis). ae

by Thomas Horrod, Esq.

. 2 Geoffroy’s Cats (Felis geoffrow). Deposited,

2 Smooth Snakes (Coronella levis). Born in the Menagerie.

- 2 Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries), 2. Presented by H. Sand-

bach, Esq.

1 Collared Peccary (Dicotyles tajacu). Presented by H. Sand-

bach, Esq.

» 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 3. Deposited.

1 Common Wood-Owl (Syrniwm aluco). Presented by J.

Smith, Esq.

. 1 Torquoisine Parrakeet (Zuphema pulchella), 9. Presented by

A. Battescombe, Esq.

. 1 Barbary Falcon (Falco barbarus), 2. Deposited.

» 1 Reeves’s Muntjac (Cervulus reevesi), $. Born in the Mena-

gerie.

1 Laughing Falcon (Herpetotheres cachinnans), Purchased.

1 Slow Loris (Nycticebus tardigradus). Purchased.

1 Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica). Purchased.

1 Common Curlew (Numenius arquata). Purchased.

. 2 Pin-tailed Whydah-birds ( Vidua principals), 3. Presented

by Capt. T. H. Bowyer.

» 2 Pronghorn Antelopes (Antilocapra amerwana), $ and 9,

Purchased. See P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 22.

2 Red River-hogs (Potamocherus pemeillatus) 9. Depo-

sited.

1 Elephantine Tortoise (Testudo elephantina). Deposited.

. 2 Pomatorhine Skuas (Stercorarius pomatorhinus). Purchased.

2 Common Chameleons (Chameleon vulgaris). Presented by

Capt. Burke.

. 1 Mississippi Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Presented

by W. G. Marshall, Esq.

. 2 Elliot's Guinea-fowls (Numida ellioti). Deposited.

2 Slowworms (Anguis Frags). Presented by W. A. H. Bern-

hard Smith, Esq.

11. 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus erythreus), 2. Presented by F.

J. Lightfoot, Esq.

1 Black-headed Jay (Cyanocorax eyanomelas), Purchased,

Dec. 12. 2 Brent Geese (Bernicla brenta). Purchased,

834 APPENDIX.

Dec. 12. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), g. Presented by the

Rey. E. C. Ince.

1 Ring-tailed Lemur (Lemur catta), 9, Presented by F. E.

Colenso, Esq.

15. 1 Puff-Adder (Vipera arietans). Presented by the Rev. G. H.

R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S.

16. 1 Houbara Bustard (Houbara undulata). Purchased.

17. 1 Malbrouck Monkey (Cercopithecus cynosurus), g. Presented

by the Rev. J. L. Sabungie.

1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus). Presented by R. Mon-

stray Drury, Esq.

18. 1 Bodinus’s Amazon (Chrysotis bodini). Purchased. See

P. Z.S. 1880, p. 23.

1 Red-tailed Amazon (Chrysotis erythrura). Purchased. See

P. Z. S. 1880, p. 23, pl. il. .

1 Dufresne’s Amazon (Chrysotis dufresniana), Received in ex-

change.

21.1 wale Phalanger (Phalangista vulpina). Presented by W.

T. Lackey, Esq.

22. 1 Geoffroy’s Dove (Peristera geoffroii). Bred in the Gardens.

24, 1 American Charr (Salmo fontinalis). Presented by F. Buck-

land, Esq., F.R.S.

5 Salmon-Trout (Salmo trutta), Presented by F. Buckland,

Esq., F.R.S.

83 Golden Tench (Tinca vulgaris). Presented by F. Buckland,

Esq., F RS.

26. 1 Vulpine Phalanger (Phalangista vulpina). Bred in the Gar-

dens.

29, 2 Reed-Buntings (Emberiza scheniclus). Purchased.

30. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 2. Presented by

Mrs. L. C. Piggott.

1 Black-tailed Parrakeet (Polytelis melanwrus). Purchased.

31. 1 Common Ocelot (Felis pardalis), 3. Purchased.

1 Harpy Eagle (Thrasaetus harpyia). Purchased.

2 Naked-throated lBell-birds (€hasmorhynchus nudicollis),

Purchased.

1 Tamandua Ant-eater (Zamandua tetradactyla). Purchased.

Abisara

kausambi, 137.

prunosa, 137.

Aburria

carunculata, 248, 379,

544,

Acanthodactylus

boskianus, 741.

Acanthomys

leucopus, 645, 646.

Acanthopus

planissimus, 38.

Accentor

alpinus, 384, 672.

erythropygius, 673.

modularis, 771.

Accipiter

bicolor, 540.

erythrocnemis, 241.

poliogaster, 638.

pusillus, 674,

tinus, 541.

ventralis, 541, 637.

Acestrura

mulsanti, 237, 529, 628.

Achzeus

japonicus, 26.

lacertosus, 26.

spinosus, 19, 25.

tuberculatus, 19, 25.

(Inachus) lorina, 25.

Achatina

cylindracea, 482.

isabellina, 480.

lignaria, 479.

sowerbyana, 480.

Acipenser

sturio, 762.

Acmella

moreletiana, 737, 740.

roepstorffiana, 737,

740.

Acomus

erythrophthalmus, 651,

652.

INDEX.

Acomus

inornatus, 651,

Acrocephalus

orientalis, 388.

Acropternis

orthonyx, 528.

Actzea

affinis, 31.

granulata, 20, 30.

pura, 30.

tomentosa, 80, 31.

Actseodes

tomentosus, 20, 30.

Actitis

hypoleuca, 15.

incana, 15, 351.

Actiturus

bartramius, 547,

longicauda, 547.

Ada

nigerrima, 612.

perspicillata, 612.

Adelomyia

cervina, 529.

inornata, 629.

melanogenys, 238.

Adelpha

hypsenor, 151, 155.

lara, 151.

Adolias

annamita, 137.

evelina, 137.

Aiga

tridens, 748.

Aigialitis

dubia, 350, 447.

Sluviatilis, 244.

geoffroyi, 350.

peronit, 850.

vocifera, 244, 547,

Aigina

rosea, 798.

A®ginopsis

bitentaculata, 798.

Eginopsis

laurentii, 798.

Afnidia

bipartita, 792.

AKthopyga

eupogon, 342.

siparaja, 342.

Agalope

basalis, 391.

livida, 391.

Agape

analis, 161, 162.

chloropyga, 162.

cyanopyga, 161.

leonina, 161.

Agarista

privata, 160.

tyrianthina, 160.

Agathia

lycenaria, 416.

magnifica, 416.

Agetocera

Sflaviventris, 788.

Agleactis

pamela, 628.

Aglaia

eyaneicollis, 599.

cyanocephala, 600.

episcopus, 600.

gyrola, 599.

agniventris, 600.

mexicana, 599.

montana, 600.

olivascens, 600.

schranki, 598.

striata, 600.

yeni, 598.

Agonus

cataphractus, 748,

Agriornis

insolens, 610.

livida, 609.

maritima, 609.

Alcedo

amazona, 682.

836

Alcedo

americana, 632.

bengalensis, 329.

meningting, 329.

moluccensis, 10.

torquata, 632.

Alces

machlis, 298.

Alcidis

aurora, 165.

orontiaria, 165.

Aleyone

pusilla, 447, 450.

Alectorcenas

madagascarients, 4.

nitidissima, 2, 4.

pulcherrima, 4.

sganzini, 4, 678.

Alectrurus

leucocephalus, 611.

tricolor, 611.

yetapa, 611.

Allochroma

bimaculata, 784.

Aloa

biguttata, 396, 397.

dentata, 396.

integra, 396.

nigricans, 396.

sipahi, 396.

Alophonerpes

pulverulentus, 326.

Alpheus

avarus, 58.

bisincisus, 22, 53.

brevirostris, 538, 55.

gracilipes, 22, 55.

japonicus, 22, 53.

kingsleyi, 22, 54.

lobidens, 54, 55.

rapax, 55.

strenuus, 53.

uco

jflammea, 674.

Alycus

-perakensis, 739.

Amadina

sinensis, 344.

Amaurornis

moluccana, 447, 451.

olivacea, 451.

Amazilia

leucophea, 239.

riefferi, 530.

Amblypodia, sp., 158.

araxes, 158.

darana, 141.

narada, 141.

naradoides, 141.

quercetorum, 142,

vivarna, 142,

INDEX.

Ambulyx

auripennis, 388.

rhodoptera, 388.

Ammodytes

lanceolatus, 753.

tobianus, 753.

Ampelion

cinctus, 520.

rufaxilla, 520.

Ampelis

arcuata, 618.

cayana, 618.

cayennensis, 618.

rubrocristata, 618.

viridis, 618.

Amphidetes

gigas, 253.

Amphisbzena

darwini, 146.

Amussium, 587.

alaskensis, 562.

fenestratum, 561,

562.

has 555, 561,

lucidum, 562.

striata, 555, 562.

Amycla

varians, 210.

Anabates

gutturatus, 644.

ruber, 621.

ruficaudatus, 621.

rufifrons, 621.

squamiger, 622.

striaticeps, 644.

unirufus, 621.

Anabazenops

cabanisi, 231.

rufosuperciliatus, 621.

temporalis, 522, 622.

variegaticeps, 522.

Anachis

virginea, 209.

zonata, 209.

Aneretes

albicristatus, 233.

flavirostris, 589,

613.

parulus, 613.

cristata, 310.

Anastomus

lamelligerus, 772.

Ancillaria

inornata, 217, 218.

digena

cucullatus, 634.

nigrirostris, 537, 549.

spilorhynchus, 587,

549.

Androdon

@quatorialis, 528,

549.

Anguilla

acutirostris, 760.

latirostris, '760.

vulgaris, 760.

Anomia, 587.

aculeata, 554.

cylindrica, 554.

ephippium, 554.

glabra, 554.

patelliformis, 555.

squamula, 554.

Anops

stigmata, 138.

Anous

ceruleus, 129.

melanogenys, 304.

stolidus, 15, 310,

Anthothreptus

chlorogaster, 72.

Anthracoceros

converus, 329.

Anthreptes

malaccensis, 342.

phenicotis, 343,

Anthus

bogotensis, 593.

correndera, 309.

fulvus, 612.

furcatus, 593.

gustavi, 344,

rufescens, 593.

Antilope

crispa, 384.

Antrostomus

equicaudatus, 626

carolinensis, 531.

Anumbius

frontalis, 621.

ruber, 621.

scolopaceus, 592.

Aphantochroa

hyposticta, 627.

Aphidema

beckeri, 707.

Aphnzus

elima, 140.

éctis, 140.

taprobana, 143.

vacans, 143.

Aptenodytes

longirostris, 311,

pennanti, 763.

Ara

ararauna, 634,

auricollis, 634.

Ara

chloroptera, 634.

glauca, 551,

hyacinthina, 551.

leari, 551.

macao, 634,

militaris, 241, 538, 634.

rubrigenis, 634.

severa, 538, 634.

spixt, 300, BSL.

Arachnothera

chrysogenys, 348,

achotia

vespoides, 390.

Aramides

cayennensis, 545,

Arbacia

ee 660.

banitis

hutionii, 682, 702.

Arbela

quadrinotata, 411, 412.

tessellata, 411.

tetraonis, 411, 417.

Arboricola.

atrogularis, 361,

aurita, 585.

barbata, 570.

diluvii, 571.

fragilis, 575.

Srielei, 573, 588.

glacialis, 572.

glycymeris, 584.

grenophia, 573.

insubrica, 584.

interrupta, 575.

lactea, 570.

margaritacea, 584,

minuta, 574.

nitida, 584,

noe, 571.

nodulosa, 570.

nucleus, 583.

nummarius, 584,

obliqua, 572.

pectunculoides, 559,

572.

pella, 575.

pernula, 574,

polit, 571.

raridentata, 573.

seabra, 570.

septentrionalis, 573.

tenuis, 581.

tetragona, 571.

tortuosa, 571.

transversa, 572.

weinkauffi, 572.

INDEX,

Arcania

erinacea, 44.

globata, 21, 44.

granulosa, 44.

orientalis, 21, 44.

tuberculata, 44,

11-spinosa, 44,

Arctia

strigatula, 398.

suttadra, 895.

Arctictis

binturong, 306.

Ardea

atricapilla, 679.

bubulcus, 678.

candidissima, 542, 765.

Slavicollis, 14.

gouldi, 14.

gularis, 678.

herodias, 765.

2bis, 678.

Javanica, 353.

Jugularis, 352,

purpurea, 352.

sacra, 14,

Ardetta

atricapilla, 679.

cinnamomea, 353.

garzetta, 352.

Argiope

cuneata, 588.

Argus

giganteus, 115, 118, 358.

Argyrodes

lepida, 688.

Argyroneta

marina, 687.

Aristhala

stkkima, 406, 417.

Arnoglossus

laterna, '755.

Aroa

ochripicta, 399.

socrus, 899.

Arremon

affinis, 602.

dorbignii, 603,

erythrorhynchus, 505,

orbignit, 608.

rufinucha, 603.

silens, 603.

spectabilis, 505.

Artamus

leucogaster, 315, 344.

leucorhynchus, '70, 814,

Artaxa

brevivittata, 400, 417.

diagramma, 399,

erecta, 400, 416,

howra, 400.

837

Artaxa

leithiana, 399, 416.

unimaculata, 399.

tamia

bicolor, 677,

Artona

guadrimaculata, 390,

Arundicola

leucocephala, 611.

Aroa

oubstrigose, 399,

Arvicola

amphibius, 770.

sio

brachyotus, 636.

sphxra

amazonica, 442,

apicalis, 442,

balyi, 442,

nobilitata, 443.

pallida, 443,

Astur

etorques, 447,

magnirostris, 636.

nitida, 636.

pusillus, 674.

torquatus, 447,

unicincta, 637.

Asturina, 636.

leucorrhoa, 540.

magnirostris, 241, 540,

nitida, 636.

pucherani, 636.

saturata, 589.

Ateles

ater, 123.

melanochir, 123.

tella

egista, 652.

Atelornis

pittoides, 770.

Athene

Slorensis, 325.

Jacquinoti, 450.

teniata, 450.

variegata, 450,

Atherina

presbyter, 752,

Athesis

demylus, 150.

Atkinsonia

nana, 691, 692, 702.

Atta

cephalotes, 713.

ttacus

ee 164,

Tana 641,

Atticora

cyanoleuca, 224, 495,

595.

838

Atticora

Fasciata, 595.

tibialis, 495.

Attila

thamnophiloides, 644.

Aulacorhamphus

albivitta, 5387.

ceruleicinctus, 644.

derbianus, 634.

hematopygius, 537.

Aulia

rufescens, 519, 549.

Automolus

cervinigularis, 522.

holostictus, 487, 522.

ignobilis, 487, 522.

pallidigularis, 522,

549.

rufo-brunneus, 522,

striaticeps, 621.

Avicula, 587.

atlantica, 565.

hirundo, 565.

tarentina, 565.

Axinzea

bella, 418.

hanleyi, 418.

modesta, 418.

nova-caledoniensis,

417.

pulcherrima, 417.

Barsine

gratiosa, 394.

pretiosa, 394.

Basiana

bilineata, 388.

Basileuterus

bivittatus, 594.

castaneiceps, 223.

coronatus, 494,

diachlorus, 594.

euophrys, 589, 594.

mesoleucus, 594.

nigricristatus, 223,

494,

semicervinus, 494,

vermivorus, 594.

Batrachostomus

auritus, 332.

Javensis, 332.

Baza

reinwardti, 447, 450.

Belone

vulgaris, 757.

Bernicla

antarctica, 310.

Bethylus

picatus, 603.

Biensis

madagascariensis, 772.

INDEX.

Blennius

gattorugine, 752.

Bolborhynchus

aymara, 635.

luchsi, 635.

monachus, 635.

orbignesius, 635.

Bombyx

mori, 406.

quercus, 145.

Boradia

carneola, 892.

Botaurus

stellaris, 764.

Bourcieria

inca, 630.

torquata, 5380.

Brachygalba

goeringi, 535.

melanosterna, 633.

salmoni, 487, 535.

Brachylia

acronyctoides, 411, 417.

Brachypodius

immaculatus, 339.

melanocephalus, 339.

Brachypteryx

malaccensis, 340,

Brachyurus

rubicundus, 551.

Brissus

carinatus, 249, 251,252.

obesus, 249, 251,

ovatus, 252.

panis, 253.

sternalis, 254.

unicolor, 249, 252, 254,

Broderipus

acrorhynchus, 71, 315.

Bronchocela

moluccana, 76,

Brotogerys

chrysoptera, 300.

notata, 300.

tovi, 5388.

tuipara, 300.

Buarremon

assimilis, 504.

brunneinuchus,228, 504.

castaneiceps, 505, 549.

chrysopogon, 504.

eleoprorus, 487, 504.

Sulviceps, 603.

gutturalis, 504,

latinucha, 504.

latinuchus, 228, 229.

melanops, 589, 603.

rufinucha, 603.

rufinuchus, 603.

semirufus, 603.

specularis, 228,

Buarremon

torquatus, 602.

Bubo

magellanicus, 636.

orientalis,

sumatranus, 245.

Bubulcus

2bis, 678.

Buccinum

cassidarieformis, 205.

ferreum, 206.

Susoides, 205.

rubiginosum, 217.

spadicewm, 205.

Bucco

chacuru, 633.

pectoralis, 536, 549.

radiatus, 536.

striatipectus, 633.

subtectus, 5386, 549.

Buceros

converus, 329.

mindanensis, 70.

ruficollis, 17.

subcylindricus, 550.

Buchanga

cineracea, 247.

leucogenys, 247.

leucophea, 247.

stigmatops, 247,

Bucoryus

abyssinicus, 461.

Budytes

viridis, 343.

Bulimus

attenuatus, 478,

behrendti, 479.

citronellus, 479, 486,

corneus, 479.

costaricensis, 478.

excelsus, 478.

expansus, 478.

gabbi, 477, 486.

trazuensis, 477.

Josephus, 478.

lilacinus, 479.

maculatus, 479.

pallidior, 478.

princeps, 483.

rhodotrema, 478.

sordidus, 724.

tripictus, 478.

undulatus, 483.

zhorquinensis, 478, 479,

486.

zigzag, 483.

(Borus) lichtensteinz,

(5 moritzianus,7 21.

(——) popelairianus,

720.

Bulimus"

(Borus) sanete-crucis,

721.

(Drymeus) alto-peru-

~ gtanus, 723.

( ) cantatus, 723.

( ) interpictus, 723.

( ) orthostoma, 723.

(Dryptus) sangoe, 721.

(Goniostoma) chancha-

mayensis, 723.

(Leptomerus) molecil-

lus, 725.

(Mesembrinus) pecélus,

720.

( ) sachsei, 725.

( ) trujillensis, 724.

(Obeliscus) haplostylus,

724.

(Orphnus) 62fasciatus,

722.

(——) brephoides, 722

( ) foveolatus, 722.

Ge jelskii, "722,

728

(ay porphyreus, 722,

) tsernt, 722.

(Plectostylus) kochii,

724.

Gein cbephe) tosto-

mus, 721

) wrzesniowskii,

721, 728.

(Scutalus) alutaceus,

724.

(——) badius, 724,

Ce nigropileatus,

(esis proteus, 724,

) versicolor, 724,

(Thaumastus) ehryso-

melas, 724.

Bursada

basistriga, 163.

Bursarius

cytheree, 795, 797.

Butastur

indicus, 245, 322,

Buteo

albicaudatus, 540,

busarellus, 637.

erythronotus, 309, 637.

ferox, 673.

hypospodius, 487, 540.

martinii, 673

pennsylvanicus, 540,

rutilans, 637.

swainsoni, 540,

tricolor, 637.

unicolor, 637.

vulgaris, 673.

INDEX,

Buteogallus

nigricollis, 637.

Buteola

brachyura, 540, 687.

Buthraupis

cucullata, 500,

montana, 600.

Butorides

atricapilla, 679.

eyanura, 542.

javanica, 352, 353.

macrorhyncha, 353.

virescens, 243, 542,

765.

Buzura

multipunctaria, 416,

strigaria, 416,

Cacatua

hematuropygia, 318,

ophthalmica, 17,

sulphurea, 462,

Caccabis

chukar, 357.

rufa, 356, 858,

saxatilis, 358.

Cacicus

alfredi, 230.

Cacomantis, sp., 447.

merulinus, 69, 328,

Czcum, n. sp., 809,

arcuata, 809.

attenuatum, 809.

auriculatum, 810,

bimamillatum, 810.

bipartitum, 812.

chinense, 809.

circumvolutum, 810,

erystallinum, 812.

elegantissimum, 811.

exile, 811.

glabriforme, 812.

lineicinctum, 808.

massilense, 810.

microcyclos, 811.

modestum, 810.

regulare, 811.

reversum, 809.

semicinctum, 812,

sepimentum, 809.

striatum, 812.

strigosum, 810,

subflavum, 810, 811,

succineum, 810, 811,

Caica

pyrilia, 538.

zanthomera, 801,

Calamaria

gervaisit, 77.

(Typhlocalamus) gra-

cillima, 7,

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1879, No. LIV.

839

Callialeyon

coromanda, 331,

Callidryas

catilla, 653,

Callionymus

ras sae 751.

lyra, 751,

Calliste

argentea, 226.

argyrophenges, 579,

589.

atricapilla, 499,

atrocerulea, 599,

aurulenta, 498.

boliviana, 599.

cyaneicollis, 499, 599,

eyanescens, 499,

cyanotis, 599.

fulvicervix, 589, 599,

gyroloides, 499, 599.

acterocephala, 498, 549,

inornata, 499,

labradorides, 499,

lamprotis, 599.

larvata, 499, 549,

nigricincta, 599,

nigriviridis, 226, 499,

pulchra, 598

punctulata, 589, 598,

ruficervir, 499,

schranki, 598.

venusta, 499.

vitriolina, 498, 550,

wanthocephala, 227,

599.

yeni, 598,

Callolophus

malaccensis, 327,

puniceus, 327,

Calodromas

elegans, 311,

Calcenas

nicobarica, 14, 316,

348,

Calornis

chalybeus, 345,

nitida, 11,

panayensis, 72, 345,

viridescens, 11,

Caltura

alba, 401.

Calurus

pavoninus, 240,

Calyptorhynchus

fuicritie 663.

Camelopardalis

poe 108,

Campephilus

boiei, 631.

grayit, 532.

hematogaster, 582,

840

Campephilus

malherbii, 5382.

melanoleucus, 240.

pollens, 582.

trachelopyrus, 681.

Campias

ruficeps, 632.

Campylopterus

epconiites 627.

Campylorhynchus

unicolor, 592.

Cancellaria

japonica, 216, 218.

Cancer

callianassa, 33.

‘chetragonus, 36.

corruygatus, 33.

edwardsti, 35.

granulatus, 30.

planissimus, 38.

* raninus, 46.

savignyi, 30.

Cancroma

cochlearia, 542.

Canerkes

semiplena, 392.

Canis

antarcticus, 766.

‘anthus, 766.

aureus, '766.

azare, 766.

cancrivorus, 766.

cerdo, 767.

chama, 767.

famelicus, 766.

familiaris, 766, 767.

fulvus, 766.

jubatus, 766, 767.

lagopus, 766.

laniger, 766.

magellanicus, T67.

primevus, 767.

rudis, 767.

rutilans, 767.

Capito

auratus, 634,

bourcieri, 588.

maculicoronatus, 537,

versicolor, 634.

Capreolus

caprea, 296.

europeus, 296.

pygargus, 384,

Capricornus

crispus, 384,

sumatrensis, 308.

Caprimulgus

albicollis, 626.

macrurus, 832, 447.

manillensis, 69.

INDEX,

Caprimulgus

nacunda, 626.

psalurus, 644.

rupestris, 626.

salvadorit, 332.

Capros

aper, 749.

Carcinus

menas, 742.

Carduelis

atratus, 607.)

elegans, 672.

magellanicus, 607.

major, 672.

Cariacus

columbianus, 298.

macrotus, 308.

virginianus, 298.

Carpophaga

neh, 73, 316, 348.

bicolor, 348.

luctuosa, 348.

melanochroa, 451.

pacifica, 13.

pickering?, 316.

rhodinolema, 13, 218,

310

rubricera, 18, 451.

spilorrhoa, 17.

van-wicki, 218, 447,451.

Casiornis

rubra, 618.

Cassiculus

Jflavicrissus, 608.

Cassicus

atrovirens, 608.

chrysonotus, 608.

eristatus, 608.

flavicrissus, 509.

icteronotus, 608.

leucorhamphus, 509.

persicus, 608.

solitarius, 608.

wropygialis, 509.

yuracares, 608.

Cassidix

oryzivora, 510.

Casuarius

bennetti, 5.

Catamblyrhynchus

diadema, 507.

Catamenia

analis, 606.

atratus, 542, 6389.

aura, 809, 542, 639.

inornata, 229,

rufirostris, 229,

Cathartes

urubu, 639.

Catharus

| fuscater, 222,

Catharus

maculatus, 591.

mentalis, 589, 591.

pheopleurus, 487, 491.

Catophaga

alope, 142.

galene, 143,

lalage, 142.

lankapura, 142.

pseudolalage, 142.

Cebus

capucinus, 123.

hypoleucus, 123.

Celerena

cincta, 162.

funebris, 163.

leucomela, 416.

Celeus

loricatus, 533, 549.

mentalis, 534.

Centrites

oreas, 612,

Centrococcyx

eurycercus, 328.

philippensis, 328.

Centropelma

micropterum, 590, 641.

Centropus

ateralbus, 17.

eurycercus, 328.

Javanensis, 328.

Cephalopterus

ornatus, 618.

Cepola

rubescens, 752.

Ceratinia

Jjluonia, 151.

tegrina, 151.

Cerberus

rhynchops, 78.

Cerchneis

Japonicus, 323.

tinnunculus, 323.

Cercocebus

Suliginosus, 128, 125.

Cercomacra

nigricans, 526.

Cercopithecus

albigularis, 123, 125,

eallitrichus, 128, 125.

Ceriornis

' blythit, 457, 458.

satyra, 115, 117, 118,

373

temmincki, 117, 118,

372, 373.

Cerotoma

atro-fasciata, 792.

Certhia

australasie, 259,

dibapha, 259.,

Certhia

erythropygia, 259,

rubra, 259.

sanguinea, 257.

sanguinolenta, 256, 259.

Certhilauda

cunicularia, 619.

maritima, 644.

tenuirostris, 619.

Certhiola

sp., 225.

dominicana, 765.

flaveola, 597.

mexicana, 497, 597.

peruviana, 225.

Cervus

alfredi, 666.

aristotelis, 298.

dama, 713.

elaphus, 298.

macrotis, 664.

pudu, 307.

sika, 294.

Ceryle

alcyon, 765.

amazona, 534, 632.

americana, 632.

cabanisi, 240, 534.

torquata, 534, 632.

Cethosia

obscura, 157.

Ceyx

dillwynni, 330, 331.

tinnominata, 330.

rufidorsa, 330, 331.

sharpii, 330, 331.

tridactyla, 330, 331.

Cheetocercus

bombus, 237.

Chetura

coracina, 335.

gigantea, 335.

rutila, 531.

zonaris, 531, 626.

Chalcoparia

cingalensis, 343.

Chalcophaps

indica, '73, 346,

stephani, 13,

Chalcoplacis

instabilis, 777.

Chalcoptera

tympanistria, 678.

Chalcosia

. albata, 390.

bicolor, 390.

ideoides, 390.

Chalcostetha

insignis, 342.

bimaculata, 398.

INDEX.

Challa

discalis, 399, 416.

Chalybura

buffoni, 529.

Chamzleon

brevicornis, 148, 149,

cucullatus, 148.

globifer, 149.

gularis, 149.

malthe, 148.

monachus, 148.

pardalis, 149,

parsonii, 149,

vulgaris, 741,

Chameepelia

cruziana, 640.

rufipennis, 544.

Chamzpetes

goudoti, 544,

Chamzza

olivacea, 625,

Charadrius

alexandrinus, 350.

fulvus, 14, 350, 447.

virginicus, 350, 547.

Charaxes

agabo, 708, 709.

andara, 709.

fabius, 709.

galba, 709.

hildebrandti, 709.

Charybdea

alata, 795, 797.

bicolor, 795, 796, 798.

bitentaculata, 795, 796.

campanella, 795, 796.

haplonema, 793, 800.

marsupialis, 793, 794,

795, 796, 797, 798,

800.

periphylla, 795, 797,

798.

Charybdis

variegatus, 33.

Chaunornis

flammulata, 633.

Cheirogonus

acutidens, 36.

Chelura

basiflava, 391.

lifasciata, 391.

Chibia

bimaensis, 246.

borneensis, 246, 247.

pectoralis, 246, 247.

Chionis

minor, 310.

Chirogaleus

milii, 134, 768.

Chiromacheris

coronata, 178,

841

Chiromacheris

manacus, 517, 550.

vitellina, 517, 549, 550.

Chiroxiphia

pareola, 617.

Chlamys

cinerea, 776.

sex-tuberculata, 775.

Chloephaga

magellanica, 310.

Chlorochrysa

nitidissima, 487, 489,

498.

Chlorodius

exaratus, 31.

orcenas

albilinea, 639.

plumbea, 639.

Chloronerpes

canipileus, 244, 533.

cecilig, 533.

dignus, 487, 533.

JSumigatus, 240, 533,

631.

matherbii, 631.

rubiginosus, 533, 632.

ruficeps, 632,

xanthochlorus, 533.

Chlorophanes

atricapilla, 497, 597.

Chlorophonia

pretrii, 498.

viridis, 225, 598.

Chloropipo

flavicapilla, 516,

Chlorospingus

albitemporalis, 602.

atripileus, 504.

calophrys, 589, 602.

castaneicollis, 229,

602 ;

flavigularis, 602.

flavipectus, 503, 550.

ignobilis, 504.

oleagineus, 229.

rubrirostris, 504.

superciliaris, 229.

verticalis, 504,

Chlorostilbon

angustipennis, 531.

prasinus, 631.

splendidus, 631.

Chordeiles

rupestris, 626.

virginianus, 531.

Chorilia

longipes, 27.

Chotorea

versicolor, 245, 326.

Chrysobronchus

virescens, 629.

842

Chrysococcyx

cupreus, 680.

Alavigularis, 679, 680.

klaasi, 680.

lucidus, 447.

smaragdineus, 680.

santhorhynchus, 327.

Chrysomitris

atrata, 607.

barbata, 607.

capitalis, 230.

columbiana, 230, 508.

magellanica, 607.

xanthogastra, 508, 607.

Chrysoptilus

punetigularis, 533.

Chrysotis

bodini, 438.

Bougueti, 300.

diademata, 538.

erythrura, 438.

farinosa, 538, 635.

Jestiva, 438.

guildingi, 300.

mercenaria, 538, 635.

Chrysuronia

chrysura, 630.

josephine, 630.

Chthoneis

apicicornis, 786.

jansoni, '786.

smaragdipennis, 786.

Ciccaba

albogularis, 589,

virgata, 539.

Cidaris

angulosa, 657.

papillata, 554.

sardica, 657.

variegata, 657.

Cinclodes

Fuscus, 619.

nigrifumosus, 619.

patagonicus, 619,

Cinclosoma

ajax, 218,

Cinclus

leuconotus, 492.

Cinnicerthia

wnibrunnea, 492, 549.

unirufa, 549,

Cinnyris

comorensis, 676.

eques, 256, 267.

hasselti, 342,

notata, 676.

pectoralis, 341.

rubratra, 256.

Circus

cinereus, 686.

hudsonicus, 539.

INDEX.

Circus

macropterus, 636.

macroscelis, 674,

maillardi, 674.

spilonotus, 322.

Cissa

minor, 335.

Cissomela

nigra, 275.

Cissopis

minor, 603.

Cistothorus

polyglottus, 598.

Cittocincla

stricklandi, 340.

Clanis

bilineata, 388.

undulosa, 387.

Olausilia -

?juv., 736, 740.

chacaénsis, 727, 728.

Jilocostulata, 727, '728.

peruana, 725.

slosarskit, '726, 728.

taczanowskii, 726, '728.

Cleis

arctata, 162.

lunigera, 162.

posticalis, 162,

Clupea

alosa, 758.

Jinta, '758.

harengus, 758.

were, 759, 763.

sagax, 759.

sprattus, 759, 760, 763.

Cnipodectes

subbrunneus, 514, 549.

Cnipolegus

aterrimus, 611, 612.

cinereus, 460.

Coecyzus

americanus, 587.

a age 241,

537.

minor, 765.

Coelomera

binotata, 786.

godmant, 785.

maculicollis, 786.

nigricollis, 785.

submetallica, 785.

Ccelopeltis

lacertina, 741.

Ceereba

atricapilla, 597.

cerulea, 497, 597.

cyanea, 597.

Ceerostris

avernalis, 732,

mitralis, 731.

Ccerostris

paradoxa, 732, 734.

stygiana, 731, 734,

tuberculosa, 731.

Colaptes

rivolii, 533.

rupicola, 632.

Colaspoides

alcyonea, 780.

australis, 780.

batesi, 779.

decemmaculata, 781.

peruana, 779.

smaragdula, 779.

tibialis, '780.

unicolor, 780.

variabilis, 781.

Collocalia

sp., 447.

Columba

albilinea, 639.

albilineata, 543.

corensis, 765.

cyanovirens, 64.

francie, 3.

livia, 673.

magnifica, 66.

meloda, 245.

plumbea, 639.

pollent, 678.

porphyracea, 64,

rodericana, 4.

rufina, 543.

rupestris, 673.

speciosa, 543.

subvinacea, 543.

vinacea, 543,

virens, 64.

viridis, 64.

Columbella

alabastrum, 208.

bidentata, 207.

misera, 207.

sagend, 207.

seripta, 207.

undata, 207.

variegata, 207.

versicolor, 207

(Amycla) varians, 210,

218

(Atilia), sp., 208.

( ) lischket, 207,217.

—) ae ae

208, 2

(Zafra) pn 209,

218.

Columbula

cruziana, 243.

picui, 640.

Cometes

sparganurus, 628.

Oompsocoma

cyanoptera, 500,

froinnctt. 600.

swmptuosa, 500, 549.

wictorini, 549,

Conger

vulgaris, 761.

Oonirostrum

albifrons, 496, 597.

atrocyanewm, 225, 597,

cinereum, 225, 596,

cyaneum, 596.

Peruse anes: 596.

Conopophaga

ardesiaca, 625,

cucullata, 527,

nevia, 625.

nigro-cincta, 626.

Contopus

ardesiacus, 285, 515,

615.

richardsoni, 615.

Conurus

acuticaudatus, 635.

aymara, 635.

mitratus, 635.

moline, 635.

wagleri, 538.

weddelli, 635.

Copsychus

amenus, 340.

mindanensis, 72,

stricklandi, 340,

Copurus

leuconotus, 511.

Coracias

garrulus, 764, 770.

Coracopsis

barklyi, 300, 675.

comorensis, 674.

Coralliophila

Jeffreysii, 213, 218.

Coriphilus

Fringillaceus, 170.

se ae

tlippina, 5

ees 246, 335.

Corvus

enca, 16, 246, 335.

madagascariensis, 677.

philippinus, 72, 315.

scapulatus, 677.

tenuirostris, 246.

Coryphospingus

alates 230, 605.

griseo-cristatus, 460,

605.

Corythaix

porphyreolopha, 218.

Corythopis

mgro-cincta, 626.

INDEX.

Corythornis

cristata, 676.

vintsioides, 676, 771.

Ooscinocera

hercules, 164,

omphale, 164.

Cosmeteira

eques, 257, 267.

minima, 267.

ossa

nubecula, 894.

Cossus

quadrinotatus, 412,

tessellatus, 411.

Cossypha

sharpii, 771.

Cotinga

cayana, 618.

Cottus

bubalis, 747.

grenlandicus, 747,

labradoricus, 747.

ocellatus, 747.

scorpius, 747.

Coturniculus

peruanus, 606,

Coturnix

communis, 361, 362.

coromandelica, 361.

oua

reynaudt, 771.

Crassinella

martinicensis, 132.

pacifica, 132.

Crax

alector, 380.

carunculata, 379.

globicera, 379.

Crenella, 587

decussata, 569.

lateralis, 568.

Crenilabrus

melops, 753.

Creurgops

verticalis, 503, 549.

Crimissa

nigro-ornata, 783.

Criniger

gutturalis, 248.

ruficrissus, 248,

Crithagra

chloropsis, 607.

Crocidura

luzoniensis, '75.

Crocodilus

palustris, 75.

Crossoptilon

mantchuricum, 115,

118, 373, 374.

Crotophaga

ani, 536,

843

Orotophaga

major, 536.

suletrostris, 240.

Crotophytus

wislizeni, 218,

Cryptocnemus

holdsworthi, 43.

pentagonus, 21, 48,

Cryptodromia

sp., 21, 44.

tumida, 45.

Cryptolithodes

alta-fissura, 48.

brevifrons, 48.

expansus, 21, 47.

sitchensis, 48,

typicus, 48.

Oryptostrakon

gabbi, 475.

Crypturus

boucardi, 548, 549.

obsoletus, 642.

pileatus, 548.

radiatus, 642.

OCuculus

canorus, 9, 12.

Sucatus, 314.

himalayanus, 314, 327.

insperatus, 12.

rochii, 771.

sonnerati, 12.

strenuus, 327.

tenuirostris, 314,

Culicivora

bivittata, 592.

boliviana, 592.

budytoides, 613.

dumicola, 592.

parulus, 613,

Cuncuma

leucogaster, 323.

Cuora

amboinensis, 75.

Curetis

bulis, 188.

dentata, 137.

discalis, 138.

Cusuma

limbata, 415.

vilis, 415.

Oyanocitta

viridicyaned, 609.

Cyanocorax

affinis, 510.

chilensis, 609.

chrysops, 609.

eyanomelas, 609.

incas, 510, 609.

mystacalis, 244,

nigriceps, 609,

844

Cyanoderma .

bicolor, 339.

erythropterum, 339.

Cyanolanius

bicolor, 677.

Cyanomyia

Francie, 580.

Cyanoptila

cyanomelena, 337.

cyanomelanura, 337.

Cyanorhamphus

auriceps, 169.

nove-zealandie, 169.

Cyanotis

azare, 220, 233,

Cybernetes

yetapa, 611.

Cyclophorus

lutescens, 483.

wahilbergi, 483.

Cyclopsittacus

cervicalis, 218,

Cyclopterus

lumpus, 751.

Cyclorhis

contrerasi, 224,

Jlavipectus, 595.

nigrirostris, 495,

' virenticeps, 224,

viridis, 595.

Cyclorhynchus

planirostris, 55,

Cyclosia

papilionaria, 392.

subflava, 392.

Cyclotus

boucardi, 483.

dysoni, 483.

irregularis, 483.

translucidus, 483.

Cycnia

transversa, 398.

yllo

amabilis, 652.

Cymbilanius

lineatus, 524.

Cymbirhynchus

macrorhynchus,

Cymborhynchus

macrorhynchus, 71.

Cymindis

megarhynchus, 242,

uncinatus, 541.

Cymodocea

trilobata, 51.

Cynanthus

cyanurus, 549.

mocoa, 529, 549, 628,

Cynocephalus

porcarius, 123, 125.

Cynonycteris

egyptiaca, 'T41.

collaris, 741.

dupreana, '769.

straminea, 769.

Cynthia

arsinoé, 157.

insularis, 157.

Cyornis

banyumas, 337.

Cyphorinus

dichrous, 487, 492,

549.

modulator, 592.

pheocephalus, 492,

549

Cypselus

Vain, 333.

andicola, 626,

apus, 770.

balstoni, 770.

infumatus, 333, 334.

lowi, 333.

melba, 764.

montivagus, 644.

subfurcatus, 333.

'ypsnagra

ruficollis, 601.

Cyrestis

ademon, 158, 160.

Sratercula, 158.

menalis, 158.

Cyrtodactylus

philippinicus, 76.

Cyrtostomus

jugularis, 72.

pectoralis, 341.

Cyrtotes

maxillaris, 643.

Dacelo

coronata, 129,

Dacnis

angelica, 597.

cayana, 496, 597.

cerebicolor, 497.

cyanater, 597.

cyanocephalus, 597.

egregia, 497.

flaviventer, 597.

melanotis, 597.

venusta, 497, 549.

Dacrydium, 587.

hyalinum, 569.

vitreum, 569.

Dafila

bahamensis, 243.

Damalis

alciphron, 161.

Damophila

amabilis, 580.

Danais

archippus, 156.

australis, 156.

exprompta, 136.

grammica, 136.

Juventa, 136.

persimilis, 136.

plexippus, 156.

sobrina, 156.

Daphnella

rapes, 198.

Suscobalteata, 196.

interrupta, 198.

satwrata, 197.

subzonata, 197, 217.

Daption

capensis, 310.

Dasychira

horsfieldi, 402.

kausalia, 401.

strigata, 402.

Defrancia

gracilis, 196.

gracilispira, 196, 217.

texta, 195

Deilemera

artemis, 162.

Delphinapterus

leucas, 667.

Delphinus

delphis, 382, 383.

tursio, 386.

Demiegretta

sacra, 352.

Dendrochelidon

comata, 334.

coronata, 335.

longipennis, 246, 334.

mystacea, 10, 447.

Dendrocinela

atrirostris, 622.

tyrannina, 523.

Dendrocolaptes

albicollis, 622.

atrirostris, 622.

bivittatus, 623.

cayennensis, 622,

certhia, 622.

guttatus, 622.

lafresnayanus, 623.

major, 622.

procurvus, 623.

rectirostris, 644.

sylviellus, 622.

validus, 523.

Dendreeca

estiva, 494,

blackiurnie, 225, 494,

cerulea, 494, 594.

canadensis, 223,

castanea, 494.

Dendreeca

pharetra, 552.

virens, 552.

Dendrophis

caudolineata, 78.

philippinensis, 78.

Dendreesis

guttata, 622.

lacrymosa, 523, 549.

pardalotus, 622.

triangularis, 523, 622.

Desis

mertensiz, 687.

robsoni, 688.

Deudorix

grisea, 140.

lankana, 141.

lazulina, 140.

nissa, 141.

orseis, 140.

rectivitta, 141.

schistacea, 140, 141.

varuna, 140,

Diabrotica

Senestralis, 791.

foveipennis, 790.

imitans, 791.

marginella, 789.

tripunctata, 790.

ventricosa, 791.

Diadema

antevorta, 703.

auge, 652.

« beckeri, 707.

bolina, 157.

dinarba, 704.

dubium, 704.

imexpectata, 157.

salmacis, 704.

setosum, 252.

Diceum

coccinewm, 343.

croceoventer, 343.

hypoleucum, 72.

nigrimentum, 343.

trigonostigma, 343.

Dicrurus -

annectens, 246, 336.

forficatus, 677.

lemostictus, 447.

striatus, '70.

Diglossa

albilateralis, 224, 496.

aterrima, 224.

brunneiventris,225,496,

9, 596.

carbonaria, 596.

glauca, 589, 596.

mystacalis, 596.

personata, 496, 550,

596;

ENDEX.

Diglossa

sittotdes, 496, 596.

Diglossopis

cerulescens, 225, 496.

Diodon

bidentatus, 6388.

Diomedea

sp., 310.

exulans, 310.

melanophrys, 310.

Diphlogena

aurora, 630,

tris, 629,

Diplommatina

crosseana, 738, 740.

(Palaina) mirabilis,

739, 740.

(——) nevilli, 739.

(——) superba, 739,

740

Diplopterus

sais 537.

Dipsas

cynodon, '78.

dendrophila, 78.

Dircenna

dercyllidas, 150,

Discina

atlantica, 588.

Disonycha

erichsont, 439.

tristis, 440.

1uca

speculifera, 606.

iva

vassori, 226, 498.

Doclea

gracilipes, 29.

orientalis, 19, 28, 61.

Doleschallia

browni, 158.

Dolichonyx

oryzivorus, 509.

Domicella

hypenochroa, 17.

Donacicola

spectabilis, 447, 449.

Donacobius

albovittatus, 592.

lineatus, 592.

Donacola

Slaviprymna, 449,

Draco

bimaculatus, 77.

cornutus, 77.

ornatus, 77.

spilopterus, 'T7.

Drassus

lapidicolens, 687.

malagassicus, 730,

734.

845

Dreata

plumipes, 409,

Drepana

specularis, 407.

Drillia

candens, 192, 217.

flavonodulosa, 194, 217.

Sortilirata, 194, 217.

gracilenta, 195, 217.

humilis, 198, 217.

intermaculata,193, 217.

japonica, 191, 217.

longispira, 190, 217.

nagasakiensis, 190, 217.

obliquata, 191, 193.

peradmirabilis, 189,217,

raricostata, 192, 217.

subauriformis, 195,217.

subobliquata, 191, 217.

texta, 195, 217.

Dromzocercus

brunneus, 177.

seebohmi, 177.

Drusilla

anableps, 157.

Dryocopus

jeans 582.

lineatus, 532.

martius, 386.

richardsi, 386.

Dubusia

selysia, 500.

teniata, 500.

Dysauxes

indica, 390.

punctata, 390.

Dysithamnus

gutturalis, 624.

mentalis, 624.

schistaceus, 624.

semicinereus, 232, 525,

unicolor, 525, 550.

Dysporus

sula, 9, 16

Ebalia

bituberculata, 21, 438.

minor, 21, 43.

pennantit, 43.

rhomboidalis, 20, 42,43.

tuberosa, 48.

Echinocidaris

dufresnii, 436, 437.

grandinosa, 437.

nigra, 437.

pustulosa, 437.

stellata, 437.

Echinus

ventricosus, 657.

Eclectus

linne?, 12.

846

Eclectus

polychlorus, 12.

Edolius

forficatus, 677.

lainea

albiceps, 234, 614,

_ elegans, 614.

Sranizit, 513.

martinica, 765.

obscura, 235, 614,

pagana, 513.

pudica, 513.

Elanoides

furcatus, 541, 638.

Elanus

hypoleucus, 69, 314.

Elasmognathus

_ bairdit, 666.

_ dowii, 666.

Elephas

africanus, 420, 421,427,

428, 429, 435.

indicus, 426, 428, 429,

430, 481, 434, 435.

Emberiza

araguira, 605. .

atriceps, 606.

brasiliensis, 607.

fulviceps, 603.

gayi, 606.

grisco-cristata, 605.

guttata, 606.

hortulana, 764.

hypochondriaca, 605.

jacarini, 605.

luctuosa, 606.

lutea, 607.

luteocephala, 607,

luteola, 764.

manimbe, 606.

matutina, 606.

melanoleuca, 605,

obscura, 642.

olivascens, 6438.

speculifera, 606.

torquata, 605.

unicolor, 606.

uropygialis, 642.

Emberizoides

macrurus, 507.

sphenurus, 607.

Embernagra

olivascens, 606,

rufinucha, 603.

silens, 603.

torquata, 602.

Empidagra

suirir?, 614.

Empidochanes

sp., 615.

olivus, 615,

INDEX.

Empidochanes

pecilurus, 235, 515.

Empidonax

andinus, 235.

minimus, 235.

Empidonomus

varius, 615.

Engraulis

encrasicholus, ‘758.

perakensis, 735, 740,

stenopylis, 736,

Entomobia

pileata, 331.

Eos

rubra, 170, 173, 174.

peira

isabella, 730.

locuples, 732, 734.

slateri, 730, 734.

Episinus

antipodianus, 682, 701,

702, 703

truncatus, 701.

Epomophorus

gambianus, 716, 717.

labiatus, '716, 717.

macrocephalus, 715,716,

minor, 715, 716.

pusillus, 715,

Eresia

carme, 151.

laias, 151, 155.

Eriocnemis

aurelie, 580, 630.

glaucopoides, 630.

lugens, 530.

Eriphyla

umbonata, 182.

Eriphylopsis

gregaria, 132.

Erycides

matho, 154.

palemon, 154,

peleus, 154.

pyres, 154.

scython, 154.

wranta, 154.

Erythra

phenicura, 352.

Erythropitta

erythrogastra, 71.

Erythrosterna

erythaca, 336.

Hsacus

magnirostris, 9, 14,

Eucometis

albicollis, 601.

cassini, 508, 549.

Eudromias

modesta, 310.

Eudynamis

cyanocephala, 12.

malayana, 12, 328.

mindanensis, 70.

orientalis, 328.

picata, 12.

rufiventris, 12,

Eudyptes

chrysocome, 311,

chrysolophus, 311.

Euglandina

lignaria, 479.

Eupagurus

cavimanus, 21, 48, 49,

forceps, 49,

Euphema

pulchella, 166.

Euphonia

chlorotica, 598.

chrysopasta, 598.

crassirostris, 598.

fulvicrissa, 498, 549.

laniirostris, 598.

minuta, 226, 498.

nigricollis, 225, 498.

ruficeps, 598.

serrirostris, 598.

trinitatis, 498.

xanthogastra, 498.

Eupleres

goudotit, 770.

Euplocamus

albocristatus, 363, 364.

nychthemerus, 363.

prelatus, 363.

swinhoii, 363, 364.

vieilloti, 651.

Eupleea

brown?, 156.

duponcheli, 157.

erimas, 156, 160.

pasithea, 156.

treitschkii, 157.

unibrunnea, 156.

Euprepes

rufescens, 76.

Euproctis

auriflua, 400.

flavonigra, 400,

417.

postincisa, 400,

416.

subdita, 400.

subnigra, 400.

Eupsychortyx

leucotis, 544,

Eupterote

canaraica, 410,

fabia, 410.

ochripicta, 410,

Eurylemus

ochromelas, 344.

steeriz, 70.

Euryphene

phantasia, 706.

Eurypyga

major, 546.

Eurysoma

thorntoni, 293.

Eurystomus

afer, 332.

crassirostris, 10.

glaucurus, 673, 675.

gularis, 332.

madagascariensis,

675.

orientalis, 69, 332.

pacificus, 332.

Eurystopodus

sp., 447

Euscarthmus

granadensis, 512.

gularis, 612.

margaritaceiventris

612.

Euschema

bellissima, 414.

militaris, 415.

prunicolor, 414.

semiplena, 392,

subrepleta, 414.

vilis, 415.

Euspiza

americana, 508.

Euthria

Sferrea, 206, 217.

Eutresis

hyperia, 150.

hyspa, 150.

theope, 150.

Eutricha

cheela, 408.

pini, 408.

Excalfactoria

chinensis, 350, 447.

Excavata

fabricii, 564.

Exocetus

evolans, 758.

Falco

cenchris, 764.

communis, 323.

Semoralis, 638.

lunulatus, 447.

peregrinus, 323.

sparverius, 638.

‘elis

minuta, 75.

idia

guatemalensis, 778,

INDEX.

Florisuga

mellivora, 529.

Fluvicola

albiventris, 611.

bicolor, 611.

icterophrys, 611.

leucophrys, 610.

nigerrima, 611.

enanthoides, 610,

perspicillata, 612.

rufipectoralis, 611.

Formicarius

analis, 625.

hoffmanni, 526.

Formicivora

atra, 625.

caloptera, 233.

caudata, 525,

consobrina, 525.

domicella, 625.

lafresnayana, 644,

rufatra, 624.

Fossa

d@ aubentonii, 769.

Foudia

algonde, 677.

comorensis, 677.

Francolinus

vulgaris, 372, 373.

Fregata

aquila, 310.

egetta

albogularis, 130.

melanogastra, 130,

311.

mestissima, 130, 131.

tropica, 130.

Fritzia

muellerz, 120.

Fulica

ardesiaca, 641.

cornuta, 641.

leucoptera, 641.

Fulmarus

giganteus, 773.

Funingus

madagascariensis, ‘772.

Furnarius

commersoni, 619,

minor, 461.

tricolor, 461.

Fusus

coreanicus, 204, 217.

imbricatus, 205.

inconstans, 202.

nigrirostratus, 202,

217.

niponicus, 203, 217,

nodoso-plicatus, 202,

pachyrhaphe, 205, 217.

perplexus, 202.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1879, No. LV.

847

Fusus

simplex, 204, 217.

viridulus, 206,

Gadus

pollachius, 754,

athea

orientalis, 21, 51.

Galbula

ruficauda, 535.

rufoviridis, 633.

Galeopithecus

philippinensis, 74.

Galeus

canis, 762.

Galictis

vittata, 307.

Galidictis

striata, 770.

Gallinago

berniert, 772.

Srenata, 310.

Jamesoni, 641,

major, 772.

nobilis, 547.

stenura, 351.

wilsoni, 547.

Gallinula

galeata, 546, 765.

ruficrissa, 451.

phenicura, 352.

Gallus

bankiva, '73, 377, 378,

stramineicollis, 317.

Gambetta

flavipes, 547.

melanoleuca, 547.

Garrulus Ae

chrysops, 609.

quene alae 609.

lanceolatus, 384.

peruvianus, 609.

viridicyaneus, 609.

Gasteracantha

acrosomoides, 281, 289,

293, 731.

blackwalli, 288,

borbonica, 731.

callida, 284, 293.

cambridgit, 280.

canestrinii, 282, 293.

canningensis, 291.

cicatricosa, 291.

clavea, 289, 293.

erepidophora, 281, 287,

293.

crucigera, 289, 293.

curvispina, 279.

flebilis, 284, 293.

formosa, 279, 285, 286,

293,

848

Gasteracantha

fornicata, 283, 284,

286.

Frontata, 288, 285, 286,

293.

geminata, 282.

harpax, 284, 293.

helva, 287, 288, 293.

importuna, 286, 293.

lepelletieri, 288, 293.

madagascariensis, 283,

285, 2938.

malayensis, 281.

mammosa, 291.

mengit, 281.

milvoides, 285, 286.

molesta, 286, 298.

nana, 268.°

observatrix, 291, 298.

pallida, 282.

parvula, 293.

paves, 282, 293.

peccans, 283, 293.

pentagona, 290.

petersit, 285, 286.

proba, 291, 293.

propingua, 288, 298.

quadridens, 282.

quadrispinosa, 281,

293.

rimata, 282, 298.

rogersi, 281, 292.

roseolimbata, 291.

simoni, 289, 290, 293.

sororna, 288.

transversa, 285, 286.

varians, 285.

wealit, 290, 293.

(Plectana) clavatria,

289.

( ) mauricia, 284.

Gasterosteus

aculeatus, 752.

gymnurus, 752.

leturus, 752.

semiarmatus, 752.

spinachia, 753.

trachurus, 752.

Gebia

major, 21, 52.

Gecko

monarchus, 76.

verus, 76.

Gelada

rueppelli, 451, 456.

Gelasimus

forcipatus, 37.

lacteus, 20, 36, 37.

Geocichla

dissimtlis, 804, 805.

tricolor, 804, 805.

INDEX,

Geoffroius

cyaniceps, 12.

Georissa

monterosatiana, "39,

740.

semisculpta, 740.

Geositta

cuntcularia, 619.

peruviana, 230.

tenuirostris, 619,

Geothlypis

philadelphia, 494.

velata, 594,

Geotrygon

Srenata, 640.

linearis, 544.

montana, 640.

mystacea, "765.

Geranoaétus

melanoleucus, 540, 637.

Geranospizias

hemidactyla, 638.

Glandina

aurantiaca, 481, 486.

aurata, 480, 486.

conularis, 481.

isabellina, 480, 481.

lignaria, 479, 480.

obtusa, 481.

pseudo-turris, 481.

sowerbyana, 479, 480.

turris, 481, 482.

(Oleacina)

481, 486.

(——) mitriformis, 481,

486.

) strebeti, 482, 486.

(

Glareola

orientalis, 351.

pratincola, 764.

Glaucidium

jardinii, 539.

phalenoides, 241,

Glaucis

hirsuta, 528.

Glomus, 587.

nitens, 573, 588.

Gluphisia

a sinuata, 405.

lycymeris

T eiied. 584.

Glyphorhynchus

cuneatus, 528.

Gobius

gracilis, 750.

minutus, 750.

rhodopterus, 750.

ruthensparri, 750.

unipunctatus, 750.

Gomalia

albofasciata, 144.

anomala,

Gonatonotus

pentagonus, 19, 29.

Gonerda

perornata, 895, 416.

Goniosoma

callianassa, 83.

ornatwm, 20, 33.

variegatum, 20, 33.

Gouldia

mactracea, 182.

pacifica, 132.

Gracula

javanensis, 346:

kreffti, 17.

Grallaria

erythrotis, 589, 625.

flavo-tincta, 487,

526.

griseinucha, 5277.

nana, 527.

regulus, 232.

ruficapilla, 527, 550.

ruficeps, 487, 526,

550.

rufo-cinerea, 487,

526.

rufula, 526, 527.

squamegera, 625,

Grallaricula

cucullata, 527.

flavirostris, 527.

nana, 527.

Graucalus

lineatus, 448.

sclateri, 447.

striatus, 70.

sublineatus, 447, 448.

Graucopicoides

rafflesi, 327.

Gubernetes

yperu, 611.

Guesteria

branickii, 728.

Guiraca

cyanea, 604.

eyanoides, 506.

Gymnelis

imberbis, 753.

Gynautocera

macularia, 893.

Gypagus

papa, 542, 639.

Habrura

minima, 460.

Hadrostomus

homochrous, 517,

550.

minor, 617.

Hematopus

sp., 310,

Haleyon

albicilla, 10,

chloris, 246, 312,

332.

coromanda, 331.

lilacina, 331.

pealii, 129.

pileata, 331.

sacra, 129.

sanctus, 10, 447.

saurophagus, 10.

Haliaétus

leucogaster, 9, 10, 323,

324

melanoleucus, 637.

Haliastur

girrenera, 10.

indus, 323.

intermedius, 312, 323.

Hamadryas

equicineta, 157.

Hanisa

subnotata, 406.

Hapale

penicillata, 123, 126.

Hapalemur

olivaceus, 768.

simus, 2, 133, 768.

Hapalocercus

acutipennis, 512.

Hapalogaster

cavicauda, 47.

dentatus, 21, 47.

mertensit, 47.

Hapalura

minima, 460,

Harma

emilius, 707.

beckeri, 707.

Frederica, 707, 709.

lucasii, '706, 709.

theobane, 708.

theodota, 707.

Harpactes

diardi, 326.

duvauceli, 326.

Harpagus

bidentatus, 638.

Harpiprion

cayennensis, 543.

Harpyia

Tae 637.

Hedymeles

ludovicianus, 506.

Heliangelus

amethysticollis, 629.

apace t

typica, E

eee 629.

Helice

tridens, 20, 38.

INDEX.

Helicina

beatriz, 484, 486.

Sunki, 484.

heloise, 484.

lindeni, 484.

lyrata, 484.

Heliconius

pardalinus, 151.

Helictis

moschata, 305.

nipalensis, 305.

ortentalis, 305.

subaurantiaca, 305,

307

Heliochara

rubrocristata, 237, 520,

rufacilla, 237.

Heliodilus

soumagmit, 175, 176.

Heliodoxa

leadbeateri, 627.

otero, 627.

Heliomaster

longirostris, 530.

Heliornis

fulica, 546.

Heliothrix

barroti, 529, 549,

Heliotrypha

parzudakii, 529.

viola, 238.

Helix

@sopus, 476.

andicola, 477.

bifasciata, 476.

boucardi, 476.

cornu-giganteum, 728,

costaricensis, 476, 477.

guesteriana, 728.

gyrella, 720.

mac-neili, 476.

magnifica, 729.

tortilis, 720.

triplicata, 476.

(Ammonoceras) ¢rochi-

lioneides, 719.

(Eurycratera) betsileo-

ensis, 728, 7:

(——) tbaraoensis,

(Isomeria) stolzmannt,

(Lysinoé) alsophila,

720.

(Oxychona) zhorqui-

nensis, 475, 486.

(Polita) santanaénsis,

719. f

(Solaropsis) ¢iJoriensis,

849

Helix hia) *

Systrophia) pseudo-

( planorbis, 719, 728.

Helminthophaga

chrysoptera, 494.

peregrina, 494,

Hemilophus

leucogaster, 326.

Hemiprocne

zonaris, 531, 626.

Hemistephania

ludoviciea, 528, 627.

Hemithylaca

warszewiezi, 530.

Henicopernis

longicauda, 447, 450.

Henicorhina

leucophrys, 223, 493,

593.

Hepialus

murinus, 413.

sexnotatus, 413.

Herodias

nigripes, 352.

Herpestes

auropunctatus, 665.

Herpetotheres

cachinnans, 541, 688.

Herpsilochmus

pileatus, 624,

Hesperia

aurifer, 155.

polites, 154, 155.

sacrator, 154, 155.

saptine, 155.

syrna, 155.

Hesperomys

laeaps 645.

Heterocuma

granulata, 22, 58.

sarst, 22, 58, 61.

Heterograpsus

longitarsis, 20, 37, 61.

penicillatus, 37.

sanguineus, 37.

Heteroplax

nitidus, 20, 39, 61.

Hierococeyx

sparverioides, 327.

strenuus, 327.

Hinulia

acuta, 76.

variegata, 76.

Hippolyte

Lstarhati, 22, 56.

Hipponoé

depressa, 658.

esculenta, 658, 659.

variegata, 659,

Hippopotamus

pe 553.

850

Hippotragus

equinus, 438.

Hirundinapus

giganteus, 335.

Hirundinea

bellicosa, 615.

rupestris, 615.

Hirundo

albiventris, 595.

andicola, 595.

anoleuca, 595.

fanaa, 596.

fusca, 595.

gutturalis, 344,

javanica, 9, 10, 344, 345.

leucoptera, 595

pacifica, 344.

purpurea, 595.

rustica, 344.

urbica, 469.

Hologerrhum

philippinwn, 78.

Holothyrus

coccinelloides, 730.

Homammatus

clarki, 783.

Homopheeta

equatorialis, 440.

albofasciata, 441.

ansolita, 441.

octoguttata, 441,

signata, 441,

variabilis, 440.

Homorus

unirufus, 621.

Huttonia

palpimanoides, 685,

702.

Hyena

brunnea, 80, 82, 84, 85,

86, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93,

94, 95, 96, 97, 105.

crocuta, 79, 80, 81, 83,

84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89,

90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95,

96, 97, 99, 100, 101,

102, 103, 104, 105,

106, 107.

maculata, 79.

striata, 80, 81, 82, 83,

84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89,

91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96,

97, 98, 99, 100, 101,

102, 103, 104, 105.

Hyalina

(Geotrochus) peraken-

sis, 736.

Hyastenus

diacanthus, 19, 26.

oryx, 27.

verrucosipes, 27.

INDEX.

Hyastenus

(Chorilia) japonicus,

Hydrocissa

convexus, 329,

Hydropsalis

lyra, 532.

segmentata, 532, 626.

trifurcata, 626.

Hydrosaurus

cumingi, 76.

nuchalis, 76.

yla

arborea, 741.

Hylocharis

cyanea, 631.

Hylophilus

ruficeps, 602.

semibrunneus, 495.

Hyloterpe

griseola, 341.

Hypercompa

equitalis, 397.

flavicolor, 397.

similis, 397.

Hyphantornis

pensilis, T71.

Hypocnemis

nevia, 625.

Hypolais

caligata, 764.

Hypopyrrhus

pyrrhogaster, 510, 550.

Hypotenidia

striata, 352.

Hypothymis

aed 337.

occipitalis, 337.

superciliaris, 70.

Hypotriorchis

columbarius, 541.

Ffemoralis, 638.

rufigularis, 541.

Hypoxanthus

atriceps, 632.

brevirostris, 6382.

rivolii, 533.

Hypsa

Triee 161.

eusemioides, 161.

intacta, 161.

leuconeura, 161.

Hypsipetes

vita 677.

rufigularis, 72.

yrax

capensis, 94, 99.

Tanthocincla

mitrata, 248, 249,

treacheri, 248.

Tantheenas

albigularis, 316.

griseigularis, ‘73,

Ibycter

americanus, 541.

gymnocephalus, 645.

Icterus

badius, 608.

chrysopterus, 643.

croconotus, 608,

giraudi, 509.

jamaicensis, 608.

maxillaris, 643.

mesomelas, 509.

militaris, 608.

pyrrhopterus, 608.

Icticyon

venaticus, 664.

Ictinia

plumbea, 541, 638.

Ictonyx

zorilla, 307.

Tdas, 587.

argenteus, 570, 588.

Inachus

lorina, 25.

Tora

scapularis, 339.

viridissimna, 339.

Trena

crinigera, 338.

cyanea, 338.

cyanogastra, 71.

melanochlamys, 71.

puella, 338.

Tridornis

dubusia, 500.

Jelskii, 599.

porphyrocephala, 500,

549.

Ithaginis

geoffroit, 359.

Ixalus

natator, 79.

goiavier, 72.

Jacamerops

grandis, 586.

Juliamyia

typica, 530.

Junonia

iphita, 157.

Kalabana

albifera, 415.

leucomela, 416.

picaria, 415, 416.

Keneuxia

smaragdina, 76.

Ketupa

Javanensis, 324.

aboana

macularia, 393.

Kosala

sanguinea, 408, 417.

Labrax

lupus, 746.

Labrus

comber, 758.

maculatus, 753.

mixtus, 753.

Lachesis

Japonica, 198, 217.

Lafresnaya

gayi, 528,

Lagenorhynchus

albirostris, 311,

Lagocheilus

townsendi, 739.

opus

mutus, 368, 370.

scoticus, 367, 368, 370,

371.

Lagyra

ae 415, 416.

Lalage

dominica, 70.

Karu, 11.

terat, 336.

Lambrus

affinis, 30.

gracilis, 30.

intermedius, 19, 29,

lamellifrons, 30.

Lamna

cornubica, 762.

Lampornis

mango, 528.

violicauda,178,528,627.

Lampropygia

boliviana, 630.

ceeligena, 239, 530.

columbiana, 580,

Lamprosoma

dives, 776.

hypochryseum, 777,

nicaraguense, 776.

pretiosum, 776.

Lamprotreron

porphyrostictus, 62.

Laniagra

guyanensis, 595.

Lanio

versicolor, 601.

Lanius

lucionensis, 341.

Larus

sp., 310,

dominicanus, 310.

INDEX.

Larus

serranus, 641.

siocampa

bhira, 410, 417.

Lathamus

discolor, 168, 171, 174.

Lathria

fusco-cinerea, 518,

plumbea, 618.

unirufa, F18, 549.

wropygialis, 589, 617.

Latrunculus

albus, 751,

Leda, 587.

acuminata, 576.

acutalis, 578.

arctica, 575, 577.

caudata, 575.

declivis, 578.

expansa, 580, 588.

Sragilis, 575, 576.

Srigida, 576.

insculpta, 580, 588.

intermedia, 578.

Jeffreysi, 579, 580,

588.

lata, 579.

latior, 578.

lenticula, 577, 578.

lucida, 578.

messanensis, 576.

micrometrica, 580, 581.

microscopica, 581,

minima, 581.

minuta, 574,

obesa, 578.

oblonga, 580.

ovata, 579.

pella, 575.

pellucida, 578.

pernula, 574.

producta, 578.

pusilla, 580, 588.

pusio, 578, 579.

pustulosa, 576, 577.

pygmed, 577.

reticulata, 583.

semistriata, 579.

sericea, 579, 588.

solida, 587.

striolata, 578.

subequilatera, 579, 588.

subrotunda, 581.

tenuis, 577.

truncata, 578.

Legatus

albicollis, 614.

Leiolophus

planissimus, 20, 38.

Leistes

superciliaris, 608.

851

Lema

antennalis, 774.

bicineta, 774.

championi, 773.

nicaraguensts, 774,

placida, 774.

violaceo-fasciata, 774,

Lemur

catta, 132, 768.

mayottensis, 2,

mongoza, 768.

nigrifrons, 768,

rujifrons, 768.

xanthomystax, 768.

Lepilemur

mustelinus, 768.

Leptasthenura

egithaloides, 620,

Suliginiceps, 620,

Leptinaria

interstriata, 485.

Leptodius

exaratus, 20, 31.

Leptopogon

erythrops, 512,

minor, 233.

ophthalmicus, 234.

pecilotis, 234, 512.

superciliaris, 618.

tristis,. 589, 613.

Leptopterus

viridis, 771.

Leptoptila

megalura, 589, 640.

rufazxilla, 640.

verreauxi, 544,

Leptosoma

discolor, 675.

Lesbia

gracilis, 238,

nuna, 628,

Leucippus

chionogaster, 630.

Leuciscus

rutilus, 753.

Leucocerca

Javanica, 337.

nigritorquis, 70.

Leucochloris

albicollis, 680.

Leucolia

candida, 239.

pelzelni, 239.

Leucopternis

semiplumbea, 540,

549,

Leucosia

hematosticta, 20, 40,

perryt, Al.

Libidoclea

coccinea, 28.

852

Libinia

bidentata, 29.

emarginata, 28.

granaria, 28.

orientalis, 29.

rhomboidea, 29.

Lichenops

perspicillata, 612.

Licmetis

gymnopis, 300.

Lima, 587.

angustior, 563.

elliptica, 563.

elongata, 564.

excavata, 564, 565.

hians, 564, 569.

loscombii, 564.

nivea, 564.

sarsti, 562, 563.

solida, 565.

subauriculata, 564.

subcostata, 563.

subovata, 563, 588,

sulcata, 564.

sulculus, 564.

unicostata, 564.

(Limatula) era. a, 563.

(——) cuneata, 563.

imax

semitectus, 475.

Limopsis, 587.

abyssicola, 586.

angusta, 585, 586.

aurita, 585.

borealis, 585, 586.

cristata, 585, 588.

cumingit, 585.

inequidens, 586.

levigata, 585,

minuta, 585, 588.

obliqua, 585.

tenuis, 586.

Linaria

analis, 606.

inornata, 229.

Linyphia

melanopygia, 696, 702,

708.

peramena, 694, 702,

703.

subdola, 693, 695, 702,

703.

Liparis

montagui, T51.

vulgaris, 751.

Lipaugus

holerythrus, 519, 549,

rufescens, 519.

wnirufus, 518.

Lithodomus

semigranatus, 569.

INDEX.

Lithyphantes

lepidus, 690, 702.

Litocheira

bispinosa, 39.

Littorina

rudis, 565.

Lobiophasis

bulweri, 109.

castaneicaudatus, 109.

Lochmias

obscurata, 619.

sororia, 619.

Locustella

certhiola, 338.

ochotensis, 338.

Lomis

dentata, 47.

Lophius

piscatorius, 751.

Lophophorus

impeyanus,115,373,681.

sclateri, 458, 681.

Lophornis

regulus, 628

Lophortyx

californicus, 359, 360,

361

Lophospingus

pusillus, 460.|

Lophura

amboinensis, '76.

Loriculus

galgulus, 325,

hartlaubi, 68.

Lorius

domicella, 170.

garrulus, 170.

hypanochrous, 17, 447.

tricolor, 174.

Loxigilla

noctis, 765.

Lucia

epius, 137.

Lurocalis

nattereri, 240.

Lutra

nair, 664.

Lycena

sp., 158.

aratus, 158.

Lycaon

pictus, 766, 767.

Lycodes

pacificus, 381.

Lycodon

aulicus, 78.

miilleri, 78.

Lymantria

albolunulata, 403.

monacha, 402.

similis, 402.

Lymantria

sinica, 403.

sobrina, 402, 417.

superans, 402.

todara, 402, 417.

vinacea, 402.

Lyreideus

elongatus, 46.

tridentatus, 21, 46.

Macacus

inuus, 123, 125.

philippinensis, 74.

acagua

cachinnans, 688.

Macheropterus

striolatus, 517.

Machetornis

rizosa, 612.

Macronyx

ptilosus, 340,

Macropteryx

comatus, 334.

klecho, 334.

Macropygia

carteretia, 18, 447.

doreya, 9, 13.

emiliana, 317.

eurycerca, 73, 317.

nigrirostris, 13, 447.

tenuirostris, 317.

Macrorhamphus

griseus, 547.

Macroxus

philippinensis, 75.

Mera

truncatipes, 22.

Majaqueus

equinoctialis, 310.

Malacoptila

castanea, 536.

Sfulvogularis, 633.

panamensis, 536.

Malacothraupis

dentata, 589, 601.

Malletia, 587.

cuneata, 586, 588.

dilatata, 587.

excisa, 586, 587.

obtusa, 586.

Manatus

americanus, 552.

Mangilia

robusticostata,198, 217.

septangularis, 198,

Margarops

densirostris, 765.

Margarornis

brunnescens, 528.

perlata, 523.

sguamigera, 622.

Marsupialis

Sflagellata, 795, 796.

planci, 797, 798.

Martes

abietum, 468, 472, 473.

Sagorum, 468, 469, 472.

foina, 468, 469, 470,

71, 478.

sylvatica, 468, 469, 470,

471, 473, 474.

sylvestris, 468.

vulgaris, 468.

Masius

chrysopterus, 549.

coronulatus, 516, 549.

Maurolicus

borealis, 757.

Mecistura

caudata, 552.

Mecocerculus

diadema, 611.

Medusa

marsupialis, 797.

Magacrex

inepta, 218.

Megera

ornata, 79.

variegata, 79.

Megalema

versicolor, 245, 326.

Megalophrys

montana, 79.

Megaloprepia

assimilis, 67, 68.

formosa, 62.

magnifica, 67, 68.

poliura, 67

puella, 67,

Megalurus

ruficeps, 71.

Megapicus

grayii, 582,

Megapodius

cumingi, 349.

dillwynt, 78.

eremita, 14.

hueskeri, 14,

lowit, 349.

rubrifrons, 14.

Meiglyptes

loricatus, 533.

tristis, 327.

tukki, 327.

Melanerpes

cruentatus, 632.

flavigularis, 533.

puleher, 533.

Melanitis,

leda, 157.

Meleagris

gallopavo, 376.

INDEX.

Melinza

cydon, 151.

hicetas, 150.

maelus, 150, 151.

pardalis, 151.

Melittia

gigantea, 413,

Melopsittacus

undulatus, 166.

Menzthius

incisus, 23.

quadridens, 23.

Meoma

grandis, 252, 258,

255.

ventricosa, 252, 258,

255.

Merganetta

leucogenys, 243,

543.

Merluccius

vulgaris, 754.

Merops

egyptius, 676.

badius, 329.

bicolor, 329.

ornatus, 10.

sumatranus, 329.

superciliosus, 676.

Mesites

vartegatus, 772.

Messaras

wallacit, 157.

Messata

e@nescens, 409.

fraterna, 409, 417.

plumipes, 409.

quadrifasciata, 409.

vialis, 409.