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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

PART XVIII.

1850,

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY;

SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE,

AND BY MESSRS. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS,

PATERNOSTER ROW.

LIST

OF

CONTRIBUTORS,

Adams, Arthur, Esq., R.N., F.L.S. &c. page

Monograph of the Species of Myochama , including the

descriptions of two New Species from the Collection of H.

Cuming, Esq . 22

Description of New Species of the Genus Cumingia , with

some additional generic characters . 24

An Arrangement of Stomatellidce , including the characters

of a New Genus and of several New Species . 29

Monograph of the Genus Anatinella . 40

Monographs of Cyclostrema , Marryat, and Separatista ,

Gray, two genera of Gasteropodous Mollusks . 41

On the Animal of Liotia , with descriptions of New Species

of Delphinula and Liotia , from the Cumingian Collection . 50

Monograph of Sphcenia , a genus of Lamellibranchiate

Mollusca . 86

Monograph of Scarabus , a genus of air-breathing Gaste¬

ropodous Mollusca, from specimens in the Cumingian Col¬

lection . 147

Monograph of Phos, a genus of Gasteropodous Mollusca 152

Monograph of Macrochisma, a genus of Gasteropodous

Mollusca, belonging to the Family Fissurellidae .... 202

Monograph of Modulus , a genus of Gasteropodous Mol¬

lusca, of the Family Littorinidae . 203

Monograph of Cyllene , a genus of Gasteropodous Mol¬

lusca . . . 204

IV

Baird, Dr., F.L.S. &c. Pa9e

Description of a New Crustacean . 102

Description of several New Species of Entomostraca . . 254

Bartlett, Mr. A. D.

On the Genus Apteryx . 2 / 4

Bonaparte, Prince Charles Lucien.

On the Trichoglossine Genus of Parrots, Eos , with the

description of two New Species . 26

On the Garruline Birds or Jays, with descriptions of New

Species . . '9

Description of two New Species of Oriole . 2/9

Buist, Dr., LL.D., F.R.S. &c.

On Shark-fishing at Kurrachee (communicated by Colonel

Sykes) . 100

Forbes, Prof. Edward, F.R.S. &c.

On the Species of Mollusca collected during the Survey¬

ing Voyages of the Herald and Pandora, by Capt. Kellett,

R.N., C.B., and Lieut. Wood, R.N . 53, 270

Fraser, Mr. Louis.

On New Birds in the Collection at Knowslev .... 245

Fry, Edward, Esq.

Remarks on the Morphology of the Vertebrate Skeleton . 15

Gaskoin, J. S., Esq.

On the Habits of Helix lactea . 243

Gould, John, Esq., F.R.S. &c.

Descriptions of New Birds . 91

On six New Species of Humming Birds . 162

On New Species of Birds from Australia . 200

Remarks on Notornis Mantelli . 212

On New Australian Birds in the Collection of the Zoolo¬

gical Society of London . 276

Gray, J. E., Esq., F.R.S. &c.

Description of a New Species of Chi'ysodomus, from the

mouth of the Mackenzie River . 14

On a Leech new to the British Fauna . 52

On the occurrence of Regalecus Glesne at Redcar, ork-

shire, in 1850 .

52

Gray, J. E., Esq., F.R.S. &c. Va9e

On the Characters of the Genera Pusionella and Clavatula 56

Description of a New Species of Monkey, recently living

in the Society’s Menagerie . 77

Synopsis of the Species of Antelopes and Strepsiceres,

with descriptions of some New Species . Ill

Synopsis of the Species of Deer ( Cervina ), with the de¬

scription of a New Species in the Gardens of the Society . 222

Griffith, R. C., Esq.

Exhibition of some specimens of the “ Tstetze ” . ... 78

Gunn, Ronald C., Esq.

Letter relating to two living specimens of Thylacinus

cynocephalus , presented to the Society by himself and Dr.

James Grant of Launceston . 90

Hardy, Lieut.

Note upon Buceros Ginginianus (communicated by Colonel

Sykes) . 276

Hartlaub, Dr.

Note upon Turdns Vulpinus . 276

Kelaart, Dr., F.L.S., Corr. Mem.

Catalogue of the Mammalia of Ceylon . 155

Lea, Isaac, Esq.

Description of five New Species of Anodontce , collected

by H. Cuming, Esq., in the East Indies . 197

Lea, Isaac and Henry C., Esqs.

Description of a New Genus of the Family Melaniana,

and of many New Species of the Genus Melania , chiefly

collected by Hugh Cuming, Esq., during his Zoological

Voyage in the East, and now’ first described . .179

Lowe, Rev. R. T., M.A,

An account of Fishes discovered or observed in Madeira

since the year 1842 . 247

Mantell, Dr., F.R.S. &c.

Notice of the Discovery by Mr. Walter Mantell in the

Middle Island of New Zealand of a living specimen of the

Notornis, a Bird of the Rail family allied to Brachypteryx,

and hitherto unknown to Naturalists, except in a fossil state. 209

VI

Newman, Edward, Esq., F.L.S. &c. p<*ge

First Thoughts on a Physiological Arrangement of Birds. 46

Owen, Professor, F.R.S. &c. &c.

On the Gigantic Wingless Birds of New Zealand, in con¬

tinuation (which will be published in the Transactions,

vol. iv. pt. 1, as Dinornis, Part 4) ......... 45

On the Cranium of the large species of Dinornis called

giganteus and ingens (which will be published in the Trans¬

actions, vol. iv. pt. 2, as Dinornis , Part 5) . 208

Pfeiffer, Dr. L.

Description of a New Pupina and two New Helicinas,

from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq . 97

Proudfoot, Mr.

Note on Tragelaphus Angasii . 199

Reeve, Lovell, Esq., F.L.S. &c.

On a New Species of Lymncea from Thibet . 49

Richardson, Sir John, M.D., F.R.S. &c.

Notices of Australian Fish . 58

Schlegel, Dr. H., Curator of the Royal Zoological Museum,

Leyden.

Description of a New Genus of Batrachians from Swan

River. (Extracted from a Letter to J. E. Gray, Esq.) . . 9

Smith, J. P. G., Esq.

Note on Callichthys and Anableps . 53

Strickland, FI. E., Esq., M.A.

List of Birds procured in Kordofan by Mr. J. Petherick,

with Notes . 214

Tomes, John, Esq., F.R.S. &c.

On the Blood-coloured Exudation from the Skin of the

Hippopotamus . 160

Turner, H. N., Jun., Esq.

Contributions to the Anatomy of the Tapir . 102

On the Generic Subdivision of the Bovidae, or Hollow¬

horned Ruminants . 164

Tyler, Lieut. R. E.

On the Iguana of Santa Lucia . 106

Vll

Van der Hoeven, J., Esq. page

Contributions to the knowledge of the Animal of Nautilus

Pompilius . 1

Wallace, A. R., Esq.

On the Umbrella Bird ( Cephalopterus ornatus ); commu¬

nicated by Mr. S. Stevens . 206

Westwood, J. O., Esq., F.L.S. &c.

Observations on the destructive species of Dipterous In¬

sects known in Africa under the names of the Tsetse, Zimb,

and Tsaltsalya, and on their supposed connection with the

fourth plague of Egypt . 258

White, Adam, Esq., F.L.S. &c.

Descriptions of some apparently New Species of Longi -

corn Coleoptera , in the Collection of the British Museum . 10

Descriptions of two Species of Crustacea in the British

Museum . 95

'

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 8, 1850.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following papers were read : —

1. Contributions to the knowledge of the animal of

Nautilus Pompilius. By J. Van der Hoeven.

There are hitherto but three original figures of the animal of Nau¬

tilus Pompilius. The first is that of Rumphius, in his c Amboinsche

Rariteitkamer ’ (No. xvii. at p. 62); the second that of Prof. R.

Owen in his accomplished ‘ Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus ’ (London,

1832, pi. 1) ; the third, drawn by Mr. Laurillard, was given by Prof.

Valenciennes in the ‘Archives du Museum d’Hist. natur.,’ ii. 1841,

pi. 8.

The figure of Rumphius could only be deciphered after the disco¬

very of a new specimen. As Prof. Owen has observed, the animal is

represented in that figure in an inverse position. Guided by that

observation, it is possible to explain some parts in that enigmatical

figure, but many obscurities still remain, and the whole gives the im¬

pression ot a drawing made by recollection, and after the doubtful sug¬

gestions of a discomposed memory. This seems still more probable,

because the text informs us (p. 61) that the figures to which the in¬

dications of the description allude, have been lost.

The animals represented by Prof. Owen and Valenciennes were de¬

tached from the shells before they were presented to those distin¬

guished cultivators of comparative anatomy and structural zoology.

This circumstance explains some imperfections in the figures given by

both. Prof. Owen, for instance, gives an incorrect form to that pro¬

duction of the mantle which covers the convex part of the shell’s cir¬

cumvolution projecting in the aperture, or to the part which the

author calls “the dorsal fold” (see his pi. 1 5); the superior free

N°. CCI. —Proceedings of the Zoological Society.

2

margin of the mantle is lower than it ought to be, as it conceals in

the natural state a great part of the funnel and the inferior half of

the eyes. In regard to the last circumstance, the drawing of Lauril-

lard given in M. Valenciennes’ paper is more correct ; but in other

particulars it is deficient, chiefly because the soft part of the integu¬

ments wrhich forms the visceral sac was torn off and wholly want¬

ing. It ought to be observed also, that those two figures represent

the animal replaced in a shell of the same species indeed, but not

its own.

I suppose then that it may be perhaps of some interest to publish

some drawings * I made, chiefly after two specimens, one of which was

kindly presented to me in 1848 by Prof. Reinwardt ; the other I re¬

ceived lately from our settlements in the East, by the kind exertions

of His Excellency Mr. T. C. Baud, formerly His Majesty the King of

the Netherlands’ Minister for the Colonial Department.

The first figure (1) represents the animal from the left side in its

own shell, which has been opened with a file at such a height, that

the whole last chamber was visible, together wdth a part of the three

following compartments. The hood (a), composed according to Prof.

Owen by the conjunction in the mesial line of the two superior, ex¬

cessively large digitations, covers with its projecting margin the supe¬

rior surface of the pedunculated eye (5). The inferior half of the eye

is concealed by the superior margin of the mantle, which covers also

the greatest part of the digitations or lateral processes of the head (c, c ).

The extremity of the funnel ( d ) is visible and uncovered, the rest

being contained in the anterior part of the mantle. Ihere is no per¬

foration or excision at this part of the mantle j% but the margin of it

is entire and slightly convex.

The mantle (/, /, /', i) has its anterior part of a more thick and

fibrose texture and a yellowish colour ; the posterior part (i) forms a

thin and nearly transparent membranous sac, containing the different

viscera. The free superior margin of the mantle ascends behind the

hood (/') and forms the dorsal fold of Prof. Owen’s memoir; but at

the side view only a small portion of this fold is visible. Beneath the

posterior part of the hood, the mantle offers on each side a large apo¬

neurotic flat piece ( g ), of a bluish white colour and a kidney -like shape,

being convex at its anterior side and somewhat concave at the poste¬

rior border. This plate is the posterior insertion of a strong muscular

mass — the great muscle of the shell — which goes from this attach¬

ment in an oblique course, converging with that of the opposite side,

to its anterior termination at the cartilage of the head. From this

oblong patch arises a narrow aponeurotic stripe, both at the superior

and at the inferior extremity of it. The oblong plate may be con¬

sidered as an expansion and development of this band, which, encir¬

cling the whole mantle, separates its posterior soft part or the visceral

* The drawings, being on too large a scale for this work, will be published in

the Transactions of the Society, vol. iv. PI. 5, 6, 7, 8. The references are to those

plates. — D. W. M.

t Professor Owen speaks of a large aperture through which the funnel passes.

(Memoir on the Nautilus, p. 9.)

3

sac (i) from its free and thicker anterior part. The thin and mem¬

branous posterior part of the mantle is of a bluish white colour, but

being imperfectly transparent, it seems to be dark at all places where

it covers the bulky liver, whose colour is a dark red-brown, or choco¬

late-like purple. At the inferior part of the free portion of the mantle

is a convexity ( A ), where lies a glandular laminated organ, secreting,

as it seems, a covering to the eggs, and which projects at this place,

being partly visible through the integuments. This glandular mass

connected with the female generative system is situated behind the

gills, at the inner surface of the mantle.

A more complete idea of the external form of the animal may be

had by comparing the two following figures. Fig. 2 represents the

animal taken out of the shell from a dorsal aspect. The circumference

appears oblong, and of an irregular oval form. The whole is divided

into two chief parts ; the first is the hood, exactly filling up the shell’s

aperture * ; the second part was concealed in the lower and posterior

part of the terminating chamber of the shell. The dorsal fold (/')

appears now wholly visible ; it forms a thin lamellar production of

the mantle, and ascends to the protuberant internal labium or anfrac-

tus of the revoluted shell. Hence the upper surface of this fold is

excavated, forming the exact counterpart of the shell’s protuberance.

Under that fold is a smaller plate of nearly the same form, but adhe¬

rent to the posterior declivous surface of the hood, and only free at

its circumference. This plate is of an aponeurotic texture and a white

colour : at both sides it is united to the dorsal fold, and below it seems

to have an intimate connexion with the two side parts of the funnel,

and indeed to be a continuation of those parts. The dorsal or superior

part of the aponeurotic band, which forms, as we have said already,

the continuation of the oblong side-plate (fig. 1 g), is here visible at

g , g • Three small longitudinal bands or tendinous inscriptions (A, A, A)

seem to give some firmness to the dorsal part of the abdominal por¬

tion of the mantle. Near the posterior end of this visceral sac, nearer

however to the superior surface of it, is the beginning of the siphon

(j) ; it seems nearly superfluous to say that this siphon is a tubular

production of the visceral part of the mantle, protected by a calcareous

covering, and penetrating by the central perforation of the several

septa in all the following compartments of the shell.

At the inferior surface (fig. 3) a part of the funnel is visible in

the middle of the digitations of the head. The inferior face of those

digitations is o'f a white colour, contrasting with the brown and dark

colour of the hood and of the superior surface of the digitations which

are nearest to it. The free inferior and anterior margin of the mantle

appears rounded and somewhat convex ; it conceals the basal part of

the funnel and of the appendages of the head.

More instructive is an inferior view of the animal if the mantle has

* It may be allowed to hazard here the opinion, that the two juxtaposed fossil

shells, known by palfeontographs as Aptychus, were two shelly supports of the

hood of Ammonites, extinct Cephalopods not very different in structure from the

Nautilus, and belonging, like that genus, to Prof. Owen’s tetrabranchiate group.

4

been removed or reflected backwards ; in this manner the branchial

cavity is visible (tig. 4).

The two overlapping sides of the funnel form a striking particularity

of the structure of the Nautilus. It is interesting that the embryo

in the dibranchiate group, as we learn from Dr. Kolliker’s observa¬

tions*, shows the funnel composed in the beginning of two lateral

separate parts. The embryonic condition in the dibranchiate Ce-

phalopods proves thus to be a persistent structure in the tetrabran-

chiate group.

Between the basal part of the second pair of gills the anal aperture

is visible. This part has been misrepresented by Prof. Valenciennes.

It seems that a longitudinal fold connecting the integuments of the

viscera with the two large shell-muscles was disrupted in his specimen,

and that the author believed this to be the rectum. The oviduct in

this supine position is situated at the left side, before the anus, and

terminates with a transverse bilabiated and protuberant aperture or

vulva. [Consequently, when the animal is in its natural position in

the shell, the termination of the oviduct lies at the right side.]

There are three little slits on each side at the roots of the branchiae.

The first pair of those apertures is situated at the anterior surface of

the first branchia, near the posterior margin of the large shell-muscle.

Between the first and second branchiae are the two other slits, very

near to each other, and at the outward side of them is a little de¬

pressed papilla, affixed to the posterior surface of the root of the first

branchia. The first and the last slits are the exterior openings of

two lateral blind sacs, containing the follicular appendages of the

branchial arteries ; the second slit communicates with the pericar¬

dium f. At the first slit I once found a calcareous reddish- white and

friable concrement ; I believed it to contain uric acid, but the chemical

inquiry of my friend Prof. Van der Boonchesch has not confirmed my

supposition.

Behind the anus there are on each side two small and depressed

caruncles, very similar to that mammillary eminence or papilla we

have seen at the root of the first branchia. External to those carun¬

cles and behind them is a series of small orifices, not unlike to the

openings of the Meybomian follicles on the human eyelids. These

are the emunctories of the glandular organ, for the secretion ot the

covering matter of the ova.

* Entwickelungsgesehiclite der Cephalopoden. Von Dr. A. *Kolliker ; Zurich,

1843, 4to, p. 41 etc.

f The three pairs of openings have been first observed by Prof. Valenciennes.

This point of the anatomy of the Nautilus has been chiefly elucidated by the ob¬

servations of my friend Prof. W. Vrolik (Tijdschrift voor de natuurkundige Weten-

schappen, uitgegeven door de Eerste Klasse van bet Koninklijk-Nederlandsche In-

stituut, ii. 1849, p. 312-315). Prof. Owen describes in his memoir but one of those

openings, and it is therefore questionable what opening he speaks of. It seems

however to me to be the second, because Prof. Owen describes the mammillary

eminence which is nearest to this slit, and chiefly because the author observes

that the orifice “ conducts from the branchial cavity to the pericardium.” (Memoir

on the Nautilus, p. 27.)

5

The head still requires some further description. In order to give

a more correct idea of the mutual superposition of the numerous

digitations and processes which exist in the Nautilus, instead of the

eight or ten arms of the dibranchiate Cephalopods *, I have represented

them from the left side, in three comparative figures, so as they follow

each other from the exterior surface of the head to the interior cover¬

ing of the mandible (see fig. 5-7).

In the first place (fig. 5), the mantle /being reflected, the hood

(a), the different digitations (c, c), and the funnel ( d ), are 'visible.

The large pedunculated and perforated eye (6) has two tentacles

(ophthalmic tentacles, Owen), one before its anterior margin, the

other behind, which are however not distinctly seen without reclining

the surrounding parts, and bending the eye-peduncle*. Only a few

tentacles are protruded from their sheaths, and partly visible. I never

saw them protruded to such an extent as in M. Laurillard’s figures.

The number of these digitations seems not to be exactly the same in

all specimens. Instead of nineteen digitations on each side, as in

Prof. Owen’s specimen, I twice found only eighteen. M. Valenciennes

found only seventeen in his specimen. That the hood is formed ac¬

cording to the ingenious supposition of Prof. Owen, by two large di¬

gitations conjoined along the mesial line, has been mentioned above.

The hood indeed contains two tentacles, and in this manner the whole

number of exterior or digital tentacles varies from eighteen to twenty

on each side.

The second layer of tentacular processes is brought into view by

cutting off the hood and the external digitations. Fig. 6 gives a

view of this dissection. In this figure b is the eye, d the funnel, as in

the foregoing figure ; c, c are the cut parts of the tentacles contained

in the digital processes. The layer now visible is formed by that set

of tentacular sheaths which Prof. Owen calls the external or superior

labial processes (fig. 6 k, k ). For a reason explained in the fol¬

lowing part of my paper, I would be disposed to prefer the name of

external labial process to that of superior. The membrane cover¬

ing the mandibles and the muscular mass of the mouth, and termi¬

nating in the fringed lip encircling those parts, is to be seen at a little

distance above this layer (at m ), and shows numerous circular folds.

Beneath this layer a small part of the third layer (/) is visible.

This third layer is brought into view by removing the second (see

fig. 7). In this figure k, k are the cut parts of the tentacles of

the external labial process, and l is the internal or inferior labial

jirocess of the left side. The folded membrane m is now almost

wholly visible. The internal labial processus consists of a flattened

stalk, which ascending expands in a compressed paddle, whose supe¬

rior margin is straight and perforated for the exsertion of the tenta¬

cles. There is some likeness to a glove whose fingers are cut off.

The description of Rumphius mentions all the digitations and pro-

* Under the eye is a part, first noticed by Valenciennes, a little hollow caruncle,

with bilabiated aperture, which seems to be the true organ of smell (see fig. 8).

It is only visible by bending the eye behind and above, and adheres to the root

of its stalk.

6

cesses as superimposed flaps, each in shape of a child’s hand*. This

comparison answers chiefly to the internal labial processes.

The number of tentacles in those two pair of labial processes is not

exactly the same in different specimens, nor even in the same speci¬

men at both sides. The description of Piumphius gives sixteen ten¬

tacles to the external labial processes, but does not mention their

number in the internal processes. Prof. Owen found twelve tentacles,

Prof. Valenciennes thirteen in each of those four processes. In the

external processes Prof. W. Yrolik observed twelve tentacles on each

side, as was observed also by me. The internal processes seem to

have in general a somewhat larger number ; Prof. Yrolik observed in

this layer fourteen on each side ; I found also fourteen at the left and

sixteen at the right side. The external labial processes are united in

the mesial line at the ventral side above the funnel by a membrane

with numerous fine folds on the inside ; the internal approach here

nearer to each other and are united in a similar manner ; the commis¬

sure presents on the inside, towards the dorsal surface, seventeen or

eighteen eminent, compressed, longitudinal folds, like the parallel

ridges in the olfactory cavity of Fishes. This part is, according to

Prof. Owen’s opinion, the organ of smell ; but I believe that those

folds are only rudimental digitations completing the circle of the in¬

ternal labial processes, and similar to the more numerous and smaller

folds of the external circle, or even to the fringed margin of the lip

round the mandibles.

In respect to the observation of Valenciennes concerning the man¬

dibles, it is perhaps not unnecessary to note that I saw them in differ¬

ent specimens always covered with a calcareous white matter, as has

been observed in the first accurate description of the animal by my

eminent friend Prof. Owen.

The sexual difference of the Nautilus requires still further elucida¬

tion. Prof. Owen’s description was relative to a female, and also all

the other specimens observed by subsequent authors, or preserved

hitherto in the museums, seem to be of female specimens. Hence it

seems to follow that males are rarer ; a similar circumstance of un¬

equal number has been noted in many other animals of several classes.

The recent observations of Kolliker and some other authors haring

elucidated the true nature of that abnormal animal form, not unlike

to separated arms of Cephalopods, found in the shell of the (always

female) Argonaut a, and formerly described as a genus of worm under

the name of Hectocotyle by Cuvier, would lead us to expect similar

males of the Nautilus living like parasites with the female in her shell.

There exists however not the least indication in the different memoirs

of Owen, Valenciennes and Yrolik, that such parasites were present.

I can say that in Nautilus the sexual difference is not so great, and

that the male lives in a shell like the female. I was fortunate enough

to observe one specimen of a male, which was kindly presented to me

by my colleague at the Faculty of Sciences of the Leyden University,

the Professor of Botany, W. H. de Vriese. The differences it showed

* “ Zijnde ieder lap gefatzoeneerd als een hand van een kind.” (Amboinsche

Rariteitkamer, p. 60.)

7

in the conformation of the head may be ascribed either to sexual dif¬

ference or to monstrosity. This must remain unsettled till another

male can be observed ; but I incline to the first opinion, a similar

aberration of structure not having been observed in any of the hitherto

dissected females.

I have already described this male in a former paper*, but I be¬

lieve it will not be superfluous to give here the translation of the chief

matter of my Dutch memoir on this specimen, together with some

additional remarks and corrections.

At the inner surface of the circle of digitations, which were eighteen

at each side, without the hood, there was a prolongation of the inte¬

guments rising up to another more internal circle. This prolongation

unites at the ventral side by a free and thin margin to the connecting

basal part of the digitations. At the inner surface of this connexion

of the external digitations, there are many transverse dimples parallel

to the transverse margin of this commissure : many little holes give

a reticulated appearance to this part. The prolongation becomes

thicker and expands on each side in a processus divided in eight digi¬

tations of different size, including each a tentacle, similar to those

contained in the external digitations of the head, but smaller, as usual

in other specimens. On account of their place, those processes

seemed first to me to be analogous to the superior labial processes of

Prof. Owen’s memoir, because they are situated at the dorsal side, and

consequently I described them under that name in my former publi¬

cation ; but as they are internal or nearer to the mandibles than the

other pair of similar processes, I now believe them to be analogous to

the inferior labial processes in the female, notwithstanding their supe¬

rior position. The fold of the integuments connecting those pro¬

cesses at the central side to another in the mesial line divides in two

plates ; the exterior adhering to the commissure of the external digi¬

tations already described ; the interior miited to the covering of the

mandibles. Between those two plates a pair of depressed cushion¬

like parts is placed, coming in contact to another in the middle, and

nearly wholly adherent at their inferior surface to the inner plate.

They have nearly 8 lines in length and 4\ in breadth. Their free,

superior and internal margin is divided by incisions hi ten or eleven

small tetragonal parts ; the right part having eleven, the left ten of

those digitations. The relative position seems to prove them to be

analogous to the folds between the internal labial processes, which are

considered as the olfactory apparatus by Prof. Owen. I believe they

afford an additional argument against this opinion, because they are

doubtless only rudimental digitations.

Beneath those internal labial processes there is at each side out¬

wards to them a fold in the inner surface of the external circle of di¬

gitations. At the right side a processus is exserted from this fold ;

* Tijdschrift voor de natuurkundige Wetenschappen, uitgegev. door de eerste

Kl. v. h. Koninkl.-Nederh Instit. i. 1848, p. 67-75. A short abstract of this de¬

scription was communicated by me at the Oxford Meeting (1847) of the British

Association, and is inserted in the Report of the Seventeenth Meeting of the

British Association; London, 1848 ; Transactions of the Sections, p. 77.

8

it consists of the conjunction of the sheaths of four tentacles ; three

of those tentacles are placed on a common flat expansion ; the fourth

is contained in a separate slip, placed beneath the three other tenta¬

cles. At the left side, instead of this external labial processus, there

was a great conoid body, the length of which was nearly 2\ inches; this

part was laterally compressed ; at the basis its measure from the dor¬

sal to the ventral side was found to be 1 inch 10 hues ; from the right

to the left side only 1 inch. This part was proved to me by dissect¬

ing it to be formed by the union of four unusually developed tenta¬

cular slips, one of which was shorter and more free, the three other

chiefly composing the singular body. This part occupied a great

space in the interior of the circle, which was formed by the external

tentaculiferous digitations of the head, and perhaps its great deve¬

lopment may have been the cause of the more imperfect condition of

the other three labial processes.

I regret that this specimen was in a bad state of preservation ; its

abdominal sac being dilacerated and the viscera destroyed by mace¬

ration. Hence I am not able to give a description of the male organs

of generation, but that the specimen was a male seems to me unques¬

tionable. At the same place where in other specimens the vulva ad¬

heres to the ground of the branchial cavity, was a short conic part,

evidently the penis, somewhat bent at the basis towards the ventral

side, having an obtuse and perforated top. A very narrow canal was

found to go from this aperture to the root of the penis, and to expand

there in a pouch, of a firm parchment-like texture. This bladder

contained a conglobate tube of a browm colour, having a little more

than 1 line in diameter. The length of this tube could not be deter¬

mined, because, by any attempt to unravel it, it broke into pieces.

Microscopic investigation proved that this tube was formed by two

membranes, the external transparent, the inner thicker, coloured,

brittle, and offering circular stripes or fibres. In the interior of the

tube there was a thread or band, coiled up in a spire with close cir¬

cumvolutions, like the spiral fibre of the trachece of insects. This

fibre was not of exactly equal broadness in its whole extent ; its

broadest parts had a diameter of nearly l-48th of a line. This fibre

seemed composed of an external transparent membrane, including an

internal part of a yellowish brown colour. Between the fibre and the

tube containing it were observed several free microscopic parts ; some

greater, of a brown colour, oblong or navicular ; some smaller, unco¬

loured, and still of different size. How different this conglobated

tube, contained in the spermatic vesicle, may be from the Needham-

machines or spermatopliores of other Cephalopods, I still believe that

we ought to consider it as a similar sperma-containing apparatus. It

seems highly desirable that a travelling naturalist may have the op¬

portunity of observing the male Nautilus in a recent state.

Imperfect as they are, I trust those last observations to be still of

some interest for comparative anatomy, as giving the first account of

that which seems now to be the chief desideratum in our knowledge of

the Nautilus, the disposition and structure of the male generative ap¬

paratus.

9

EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES.

(Published in the Transactions Z. S. vol. iv. PI. 5-8.)

Fig. 1 — 8 belong to the female Nautilus ; fig. 9 — 1.4 to the male specimen, which

is described at the end of my memoir.

Fig. 1. A female Nautilus in its shell, from the left side.

Fig. 2. The same specimen seen from above, and taken out of the shell.

Fig. 3. The same, from below.

The following letters indicate the same parts in those three figures : a , the

hood ; b, the eye ; c c , the digitations ; d, the funnel \fff i, the mantle ;

i', its visceral part ; /', the dorsal fold of the mantle ; g, the aponeurotic

insertion of the shell-muscle.

In figs. 1 and 3, h indicates the place where the laminated gland is situated.

In fig. 2 , hhh are three aponeurotic inscriptions on the visceral sac ; j is

the sipho.

Fig. 4. Branchial cavity and funnel of the same, f, funnel ; g, mantle, reflected ;

e e, shell -muscles ; h h, first pair ; b! h', second pair of branchiae ; a, anus ;

b, vulva ; c, caruncle at the root of the first branchia ; d, two pair of

similar papillae at the bottom of the branchial cavity. 1, 2, 3, three pair

of slits (at the left side of the figure the first is to be seen ; the two others

are represented on the right side of the figure).

Fig. 5. Side view of the head, the mantle /being reflected : a , hood ; b, eye ; c c,

digitations ; d d, funnel.

Fig. 6. The same, after removing the digitations ; c c, transverse sections of their

tentacles ; k k, external labial processes ; l, internal ditto ; m, membrane

covering the mandibles.

Fig. 7. The same, after removing the external labial processes, cut off at k k.

Fig. 8. Caruncle at the peduncle of the eye ; organ of smell, a.

Fig. 9. Head of a male Nautilus seen from above ; the hood has been divided by a

longitudinal section ; g g are the internal labial processes ; below them,

at the right side, is placed and partly visible at i, the external labial pro¬

cessus. The place of it occupies at the left side a large conoid body, a ;

mm is the fringed lip inclosing the mandibles.

Fig. 10. The conoid body of the foregoing figure, separately seen from the inner

surface, together with the incumbent internal labial processus of the left

side.

Fig. II. Lateral view of the internal labial processus of the right side, with the

mandibles and the surrounding lip.

Fig. 12. View of the inferior surface of the muscular mass of the mouth, with the

two cushion-like incised bodies, representing here the folds between the

internal labial processes.

Fig. 13. Penis. B, a longitudinal section of it.

Fig. 14. A portion of the circumvoluted spermatophore or tube contained in the

bladder at the basis of the penis.

Leyden, 8 Dec. 1849.

*

2. Description of a new genus of Batrachians from Swan

River. By Dr. H. Schlegel, Curator of the Royal

Zoological Museum, Leyden. (Extracted from a Let¬

ter to J. E. Gray, Esq.)

“ The following notice I hope is sufficient to give an idea of a new

Toad which was discovered at Swan River by Dr. Pries : —

“ Myobatrachus, n. g.

“ Tongue small ; no teeth except two small horizontal fangs in the

intermaxillary bone ; eustachian tubes separated, opening behind the

eyes. Legs short, enveloped at the base in a duplicature of the skin

10

of the sides of the body. Fingers 4, the second longest ; toes 5, cy¬

lindrical, tapering, not armed. Eyes lateral, middle-sized.

“ Myobatrachus paradoxus.

Above brownish grey, beneath greyish.

Hab. Australia ; Swan River. Mus. Leyden.

The Prince of Canino has made for this animal a family, which he

has named Myobatrachid^e.”

Mr. Gray observed, that a toad which he described and figured in

Capt. Grey’s Travels in Australia, under the name of Breviceps

Gouldii, agrees with the animal described by Dr. Schlegel in all par¬

ticulars, and especially in possessing the two horizontal horny appen¬

dages on the intermaxillary, which Dr. Schlegel described as hori¬

zontal fangs ; they are partly sunk into the integument of the palate.

Admitting the propriety of the proposed generic distinction, the

animal will therefore now stand in the catalogues as Myobatrachus

Gouldii.

The presence of the teeth in the intermaxillary separates this animal

from the Breviceps of South Africa.

3. Descriptions of some apparently new species of Longi-

CORN COLEOPTERA IN THE COLLECTION OF THE BRITISH

Museum. By Adam White, F.L.S., Assistant in the

Zool. Dept. Brit. Mus.

(Annulosa, PI. XIII.)

Prionacalus Atys. PI. XIII. fig. 4.

In the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ vol. xv. p. 108,

I have described under the name of Prionacalus Cacicus, a curious

genus from Mexico, allied to Psalidoynathus, G. R. Gray. I re¬

garded the two specimens as male and female of the same species,

but it would seem that they are both males, and as they are con¬

siderably different, must be different species ; what was deemed the

male may retain the name Prionacalus Cacicus ; it is figured on

plate 8. fig. 1. of the above volume. The other specimen may be

named Prionacalus Iphis ; it is figured on plate 8. f. 2. Since the

above we have received a third species from the Andes of Peru, where

it was found by Prof. Jameson of Quito ; the following short specific

characters may distinguish the three : —

P. Cacicus.

Head behind the eyes without a prominent spine, the lateral mar¬

gin behind, produced into a slight process directed backwards ; a

strong crested ridge over each eye, at the end directed outwards ;

antennae, palpi and legs rufous, antennae blackish at the base ; jaws,

excepting at the end and on the edges (where they are smooth) roughly

punctured : head, thorax and elytra, at the base, somewhat roughly

punctured, the elytra more delicately punctured towards the end.

Hab. Mexico.

LLAMIAfCERO STERNA) TRIFASCIELLA. 2. BIMIA BICOLOR 5.COLOCOMUS MOROSUS.

4.PRIONACALUS ATYS. 5.PYRODES TENUICORNIS. 6.CALL0CTENUS PULCHER.

mg . ctei -t. lLta

r’cra & George Liti-agra.-plers, 54, Bax* on Garden

.

■

-

is

.

11

P. Atys.

Head midway between the eyes and the hind margin, with a small

wide spine ; a slight, crested, straight ridge over each eye, the space

between slightly grooved ; antennae thickish. In colour it is of a

dark pitchy brown ; the apex of the elytra somewhat ferruginous ;

legs pitchy brown ; tarsi and tips of tibiae ferruginous ; palpi of a

clear ferruginous : sculpture much as in last.

Hab. Andes of Peru.

P. Iphis.

Deep black, coarsely punctured and rugose ; antennae at the ends,

palpi, tibiae at apex and tarsi reddish ; head midway between the eyes

and hind margin, with a strong wide spine on each side ; head with

the two keels over the eyes short and straight, the space between

them deeply grooved.

Hab. Mexico.

Calocomus morostjs. PI. XIII. fig. 3.

Antennae ferruginous, black at the base ; 13-jointed, very strongly

serrated on the outside, the terminal joint deeply notched, nine at

least of the terminal joints with the outer edge elongated at the tip :

head, thorax, scutellum, abdomen and legs pitchy black ; head, tho¬

rax and scutellum thickly punctured ; elytra thickly and finely punc¬

tured, the punctures of the base coarser ; elytra wide, shorter than

the abdomen, ferruginous, in some places darkish brown.

Hab. Bolivia. From the Collection of Mr. Bridges.

This makes the fourth species of Calocomus , a genus which seems,

like some of the other Prionidcc, to be very variable in the number of

joints in the antennae ; the type C. Des?narestii has eleven joints ; this

species has thirteen ; while the Calocomus Lycius , and C. Kreuckelyi ,

described by M. Buquet, have no less than twenty-two.

Pyrodes tenuicornis. PL XIII. fig. 5.

Head and thorax deeply, coarsely and irregularly punctured, washed

with golden green, in some lights tinged with a deep purplish rufous ;

jaws golden green, tips and edges pitchy ; antennae with the first joint

flattened above, golden green except at the end, which is bluish

green ; third joint much elongated, as long as the fourth and fifth

taken together ; the first six joints punctured, base of the seventh

punctured, tip of the seventh joint and the whole surface of the ter¬

minal four grooved. Elytra varied with green and purplish red,

much depressed, the margin and shoulders lively green ; scutellum

notched at the end, slightly grooved down the middle, and with a

patch of coarse punctures on each side of the groove. Under parts

green with aeneous reflections.

Femora green and covered with minute crowded warts ; tibiae and

tarsi light rufous, the tibiae with elongated papillae and short hairs.

Hab. Mexico.

Of this species there are two examples in the Museum ; in the one

figured a purplish red tint pervades all the joints of the antennae but

12

the first, and extends over the whole elytra excepting on the basal

margin and the extreme edge, which are green.

This species seems to link the three genera Pyrodes, Mallaspis ,

and Solenoptera ; it agrees in most particulars with Pyrodes.

Pyrodes Smithianus.

Scutellum considerably elongated at the point and notched at the

base, the shoulder and the elytra close to the scutellum are produced,

and near the shoulder there is a deep groove. The head and thorax

are rather smooth and closely punctured ; the front margin of the

thorax is slightly notched in the middle ; the scutellum is quite smooth

on the edges, down the middle, and at the tip ; the elytra are roughly

punctured, the punctures often running together and forming cha¬

racters like letters ; there are four longitudinal ribs down each, which

are branched at the end.

This Pyrodes is of a bronzy copper colour, the tibiae and most of

the joints of the antennae being tinged with purple.

Hab. Brazil.

A specimen was found by J. P. George Smith, Esq., of Liverpool,

on Caripi, an island thirty miles from Para : he presented it, with

numerous other fine insects, to the British Museum.

Calloctenus, n. g.

Body small, the elytra extending over its side and considerably be¬

yond its extremity. Head much excavated in front. Eyes large and

prominent. Thorax with a distinct tooth on the sides a little beyond

the middle. Scutellum of an elongated triangular form, pointed at

the end. Elytra spined at the suture and at the end of the lateral

margin.

Antennae in the male pectinated from the fourth joint, in the fe¬

male serrated from the fifth : in the male the first joint is of the same

length as the fourth exclusive of the appendage ; the third is consi¬

derably elongated and writh a protuberance at the end ; from the

fourth to the eighth the end is furnished with a compressed appen¬

dage narrow at the base, dilated afterwards and blunt at the tip (the

ninth and other joints broken off). Antennae in the female with the

terminal joints depressed, oblique at the end, so that the inner edge is

serrated. Legs moderate, simple, without serratures. Elytra spined

at the suture and at the end of the lateral margin.

This genus comes between Pcecilosoma and Anacolus.

Calloctenus pulcher. PI. XIII. fig. 6.

Hab. Venezuela.

Head, thorax, scutellum and under side of body of a dark coppery

green, the head and thorax rather thickly covered with soft greyish

yellow hairs ; elytra with three longitudinal, considerably raised keels,

between each of which is a slighter keel ; in the male these latter are

abbreviated, between the keels the elytra are closely punctured ; the

elytra in the male are of a brownish yellow, the punctured parts, ex¬

cept at the base, being darker in colour ; in the female the elytra are

13

of a clear ochre yellow ; in the male the antennae are of a dull ferru¬

ginous, the base of the joints paler ; the legs are ferruginous in the

male, while in the female they are of the same dark coppery green as

the head and thorax.

In a female specimen the elytra are of a very dark olive-green ; the

specimen is rather larger than the other.

Sent from Venezuela by Mr. David Dyson of Manchester.

Bimia, n. g.

Head as wide as the thorax in front, somewhat narrowed behind,

in front square and nearly perpendicular, grooved down the middle ;

jaws short and strong ; eyes deeply notched for the insertion of the

antennae, the hinder margin widely sinuated.

Antennae 11 -jointed, shorter than the body; first joint clavate,

cylindrical, slightly longer than the third ; second joint small, moni-

liform ; third, fourth and fifth joints straight, compressed, and nearly

of the same length ; the sixth slightly bent and compressed ; the five

last joints compressed and gradually smaller, the last blunt at the tip.

Thorax wider than long, with a strong spine on each side about the

middle, its disc depressed and slightly unequal. Scutellum largeish,

hollowed slightly in the middle. Elytra rather narrow, not so long as

the abdomen, soft, not meeting except at the base ; the shoulders

prominent, the sides nearly parallel, the ends slightly pointed ; the

wings large, and extending beyond the elytra and abdomen. Legs

strong, slightly compressed ; femora somewhat thickened ; hind legs,

if extended, would reach a little beyond the abdomen. Tarsi scarcely

wider than the tibiae ; penultimate joint deeply cut ; soles densely

covered with short hairs.

This genus would seem to be placed not far from Molorchus, and

may he allied to Agapete , Newman, Zoologist, iii. p. 1017: it is not

unlikely that the other sex is very different in form and colour ; there

is only one specimen in the Museum.

Bimia bicolor. PI. XIII. fig. 2.

Hah. Australia (Perth) . From the Collection of Mr. George Clifton.

The body is of a very deep shining black, closely punctured, and

furnished with short hairs ; head below and in front yellow, the yel¬

low colour extending triangularly between the antennae ; eyes, an¬

tennae, cheeks and vertex black ; thorax yellow, with a black band

down the middle, contracted behind ; scutellum black ; legs of same

deep black as the abdomen, a wide yellow ring on the front tibiae

near the top ; elytra pale ochre yellow, with three or four longitu¬

dinal veins which branch towards the tip ; wings long and black.

Lamia (Cerosterna) trifasciella. PI. XIII. fig. 1.

Densely covered with short yellow and black hairs ; head yellow7,

an impressed line along the middle free from hairs ; antennae with

the two first and four last joints black, the other joints yellow at the

base and black at the tip ; thorax yellow ; spines and a band connect¬

ing them black, the band crenated in front ; legs yellow7, joints, tarsi

14

and posterior side of second and third pairs of femora black ; scutel-

lum at the end covered with yellow hairs ; elytra of a clear ochre

yellow, the base from the shoulder to the suture edged narrowly with

black ; a transverse black band before the middle, nearly but not

quite touching the edge and the suture, widest toward the suture ;

another transverse black band just behind the middle, and neither

touching the edge nor the suture, narrower than the first band, and,

like it, waved both in front and behind.

Hah. China (Hong Kong). John Bowring, Esq.

This seems allied to the L. Assamensis, Hope. In the present

unsettled state of the Longicorn Coleoptera it would be rash to found

genera on mere isolated species ; but it is difficult to refer the pre¬

sent to any of the modern genera ; it comes perhaps nearest to Cero-

sterna.

The figures represent the insects of the size of nature.

January 22, 1850.

Matthew Truman, Esq., M.D., in the Chair.

The following papers were read : —

1. Description of a new species of Chrysodomus,

FROM THE MOUTH OF THE MACKENZIE RlVER.

By J. E. Gray, Esq., F.R.S. etc.

(Mollusca, PI. VII.)

Sir John Richardson, M.D., on his return from the Arctic search¬

ing expedition, kindly presented to the Museum a series of shells

which he had collected between the mouth of the Mackenzie River

and Cape Parry : several of them were broken by the extreme cold

during the wintering of the expedition at Great Bear Lake.

The collections consisted of the new Chrysodomus here described,

and the following species, which are exactly similar to the species

brought home by Ross, Parry, and the other arctic voyagers from

Baffin’s Bay, and are interesting as showing that these species are

found more than half-way towards the Northern Pacific Ocean ; viz.

Saxicava arctica. Very like S. rugosa, but larger.

Hiatella arctica. Very large size, with the liinge-teeth almost

entirely obliterated.

My a truncata.

Glycimeris siliqua. All young.

Cardium Groenlandicum. On the shores.

Crassina semisulcata, Leach, not Muller. In the mouth of the

river : eaten by the birds.

Buccinum glaciate.

The egg of a large species of Natica was abundant on the sands,

probably N. ampullar ia, Lamk.?

Proc. Z-S.Moliusca. PL VII

r.i.^de..- ■

CHRYSODOMUS HEROS. Gray

F( -'d&West Imp. 64 Hatton Garden

15

Chrysodomus Heros. (Mollusca, PL VII.)

Shell elongate ; spire conical, longer than the mouth ; whorls con¬

vex, two or three upper with a strong central keel, rest with irregularly

placed distant rounder tubercles, the last rounded, not keeled ; throat

white.

Var. 1. Whorls as with a strong, central, continuous keel ; the last

slightly nodulose.

Egg-cases ovate-oblong, erect, on an expanded base, contracted

beneath ; surface deeply punctated, granular.

Inhab. Arctic Ocean.

This shell is very like Chrysodomus despectus , but differs from

that species in the form and surface of the egg-cases, as well as by

the greater convexity of the whorls, and the strength and angularity

of the keel on the upper whorls.

Like the other species of the genus, the white, opake, outer coat

of the shell is very much inclined to separate from the inner or cen¬

tral coat, which presents, where the outer coat is removed, a smooth

surface of yellowish or brown colour.

Dr. Richardson observed several specimens of this shell in the

sand-hills which edge the coast, some distance from the sea.

I have named this species Heros, as being finest of the genus, and

in commemoration of the enterprise and heroic conduct under great

hardship of its discoverer.

2. Remarks on the Morphology of the Vertebrate

Skeleton. By Edward Fry.

The objects of the present paper are, — 1st, the brief statement of

the probability that there are laws which govern animal form, in ad¬

dition to the law of final causes ; and 2nd, the a priori discussion of

certain propositions about the vertebrate skeleton ; being an attempt

to illustrate the vertebrate by some invertebrate forms, and thus to

show their unity of plan.

Section I.

The existence of laws governing animal form is rendered probable

by the discovery of such laws as regards the forms of plants, all

whose parts may be referred to a leaf as the fundamental archetype,

as is shown not only by the correspondency in many normal condi¬

tions, but also by the transmutations of parts, and the monstrosities

to which the petals, sepals, stamens, &c. are liable. Though the

greater simplicity of plants, and the more numerous monstrosities to

which they are liable by nature or art, render the existence of laws

of the kind spoken of more readily apparent in them than in animals,

the nature of the proofs and of the conclusions are alike in both

cases.

It may, secondly, be remarked, by way of showing a general pro¬

bability for such a scheme, that there exist unities of structure both

in different animals and in different stages of development of the

same animal, which are independent, so far as we know, of unity of

end ; or, in other words, that final causes do not explain all the affi¬

nities and resemblances which we are able to trace*.

And again, it must be observed, that those remarkable likenesses,

which are observable in many or all animals, between their various

forms and conditions up to maturity, on the one side, and the various

members of the animal kingdom up to their own position in the

scale, on the other hand (so that, for instance, man passes through

forms resembling, but not identical with, those of many animals from

the lowest monad up to his own position in the scale), are inexpli¬

cable on the theory that the forms of animals are regulated by final

causes only ; but are in perfect accordance with that other which

holds that there is expressed in the structure of animals some abstract

idea, which running through all the frame, and modified to all pur¬

poses of need, and manifested in all variety of conditions, is yet one

and the same.

It must be admitted that the force of these arguments may, to

some extent, be barred by an assertion which it is difficult fully to

answer, viz. that our ignorance of final causes is so great as to allow

us no room to argue on the existence of other causes from their ap¬

parent inadequacy ; nevertheless as the other supposition seems to

have in it no improbability, but as I think the contrary, it may be

admitted as at least what best suits our present knowledge.

The belief in the existence of other laws of organization besides

that of final causes does in no wise lessen or obscure the argument of

natural religion derived from it, which was advanced with great per¬

tinency by the ancient Stoical philosophers, and has been amplified

by Derham, Paley and others in our own country.

I now proceed to the second portion of my paper.

Section II.

There are reasons derived from the structure of animals below

the V ertebrata which might induce us to expect that the vertebrate

skeleton should be composed of elements of a common character.

1 • So soon as the nervous system assumes the form of a line or

chain down the body of the animal, the whole structure puts on a

segmental or annular arrangement. Thus in the Annelida the body

consists of numerous segments, similar one to the other, with the

exception of the anterior one or head, which is sometimes slightly

different in form, but in other instances only distinguishable by the

presence of a mouth. Each segment has its proper nervous ganglion,

connected by two fibrous commissures with those of the neighbouring

division.

2. But these segments are subject to change. Thus the Polg-

desmidaz, a family of the Myriapoda, exhibit the posterior part of

the body composed of segments similar to those above described,

whilst in the anterior part each segment is the result of the coales¬

cence of two original ones. In the Cliilipoda, the same process has

* This part of the subject has been fully illustrated by Prof. Owen in his

various writings.

17

gone on further ; so that all the apparent segments are thus com¬

posed by the anchylosis of two original ones at an early period of

growth, as proved by the two pair of legs which each one bears, and

the double nervous ganglia which they contain, the nervous centres

of the original elements having approximated to one another without

coalescence (Newport on Myriapoda, Phil. Trans. 1843).

3. But not only does the progression from lower to higher forms

in the scale of the animal kingdom teach us how segments of the

body originally similar may be changed — the progression of indivi¬

duals does the same thing. The larval condition of insects undoubt¬

edly corresponds very nearly with the Annelida ; the arrangement of

the body and the relation of each segment to the nervous system are

similar. But the perfect state shows a very great modification in the

form ; many segments have disappeared by coalescence, whilst the

equality of size originally existing between them has been lost by

reason of the centralization of functions ; the nervous centres have

often been removed from their respective segments, yet the number

remains the same ; for although only nine centres appear in the abdo¬

men (Blanchard sur les Coleopteres, Annales des Sciences Naturelles,

1846, part i.), yet the last has been shown in the Lepidoptera (New¬

port on Sphinx, Phil. Trans. 1832) to consist of two which have

united.

4. The same segmental arrangement of the body, and the same

ganglionic condition of the nervous centres in accordance with the

rings of the body, obtain throughout many members of the class of

the Articulata.

We now descend to two more particular propositions, resulting

from and embraced in the foregoing, but which we nevertheless pre¬

fer to illustrate separately.

There are reasons to expect that the head of the Vertebrata should

be composed of segments similar to those of the body.

1 . We have already noticed the close resemblance between the

anterior segment or head and the following ones hi the Polydesmidce.

2. In the larval insects the similarity is great ; but in the perfect

one a number of the other segments "become anchylosed, and enter

into the composition of the head, in accordance with the law, that the

more perfect an animal is, the more complex and individualized are

its parts, and consequently the more is its abstract nature hidden

under its teleological manifestation. The divisions between the seg¬

ments entering into the composition of the head sometimes remain

permanently recognizable in the external skeleton. The number of

these segments has been a much-vexed question among entomolo¬

gists, the numbers advocated by different naturalists having been two,

three, four, five and seven.’ I am inclined to believe the real number

of these segments to be four 1st, because of the very slight evidence

for the presence of any other, the fifth segment being considered as

entirely atrophied, and no corresponding manducatory organ ap¬

pearing ; 2nd, from four being the only number at all discoverable in

some insects, as in the Hydrous piceus (see Newport on Insecta in

Todd’s Cyclopaedia) ; 3rd, because the brain (i. e. the coalesced

No. CCII. — Proceedings of the Zoological Society.

18

ganglia of the cranial segments) of the Necrophlugeeophus longicornis

has been discovered by Newport, at the period of its bursting its

shell, to consist of four double ganglia (Newport in Phil. Trans.

1843).

We next consider the reasons for supposing that the organs com¬

posing the mouth of the T ertebr at a should he the homologv.es of

those of locomotion. It must be remarked, that everything now to

be said assists most strictly in support of the preceding proposition,

and would have been introduced under that head but for the sake ot

conveniency in illustrating the vertebrate skeleton.

1. In the Crustaceans the jaws differ in scarcely any other cha¬

racter than size from the true legs used in locomotion.

2. In the Myriapoda the members of the basilar segments of the

head are jointed and retain the form of true legs, but are used for

prehension (Newport in Todd’s Cyclopaedia).

3. In Insects the tarsal joints of the cranial legs are undeveloped ;

the femur and coxa are small or confluent with the under side ol the

segment, whilst the tibiae are alone enormously enlarged, and thus

become elements in the complex mouth of Insects ; their muscles,

however, being attached to the basilar and posterior lateral parts ot

the head, just as if they still subserved the purposes of locomotion

(idem) .

4. All the parts of the complex mouth of Insects are thus referable

to the segments of the head. In the Great W ater Beetle this is

clearly shown ; the manducatory organs visibly resemble the proper

organs of locomotion, and are articulated to the distinct segments

(idem) .

5. We must remark intermediate normal conditions between the

true locomotive and manducatory form of leg ; as in the genus Onitis,

where the prothoracic legs are without tarsi, and the tibiae are termi¬

nated by sharp hooks ; and in the Bubos bison, a species ot a neigh¬

bouring genus, wdiere the tibiae strongly approach in form the proper

mandibles of the head : also,

6. A monstrous condition in a specimen of Geotrupes stercora-

rius, where the prothoracic legs were arrested in development and the

tarsi were absent, so that they very closely resembled the form ot the

mandibles (idem).

Section III.

The spinal cord of the Vertebrata is homologous with the gan¬

glionic cord of the Articulata.

1. The elements of the systems are alike, being in both cases

cellular nervous matter and commissural fibres.

2 . The experiments and investigations of recent physiologists have

proved the real independence of the segments of the cord contained

in each vertebra, insomuch as each performs separately from the

others its own reflex actions, just as is the case in the ganglionic cord

of the Articulata ; so that, as far as its reflex actions are concerned,

the cellular or dynamic element of the spinal cord is not one organ

or centre, but a series of independent organs or centres, as is seen m

19

the Insects, the external longitudinal fibres serving only as commis¬

sural or communicating portions.

3. Those ganglia of the Insects which are perfectly separate in the

larval condition often exhibit a tendency to fusion in the perfect con¬

dition (Blanchard ut anted). Thus in the Coleoptera the last abdo¬

minal ganglion is always formed by a fusion of several original ones ;

the first and second abdominal often form a single mass with the

metathoracic, whilst in the Chafer this last is united with the meso-

thoracic {idem). In like manner the fourth and fifth segments in

the perfect insect are fused together. In the Polydesmidce, the two

first segments which bear legs unite their nervous centres with the

first subcesophageal, so as to form a short cord similar to that of the

Ostracion and some other fish (Newport on Myriapoda, Phil. Trans.

1843). In the Scorpion the fusion has gone so far as to form a sort

of medulla oblongata, giving rise to eight pairs of nerves (idem). In

Nitidula cenea all the abdominal ganglia have united to form a short

cord (Blanchard ut antea, plates) ; and in Calandra palmarum the

ganglia of the whole body have approximated so as to form a conti¬

nuous moniliform cord (so far ganglionic in appearance as that the

distinction between the segments has not been obliterated), which is

placed in the anterior portion of the body (idem, plates).

4. The ganglionic cord of Insects undergoes the same alteration at

its posterior extremity that the spinal cord of the Yertebrata does by

its withdrawal from the caudal vertebrae and the formation of a cauda

equina, as may be clearly seen in Blanchard’s plates (ut antea , e.g.

in the Nitidula cenea , the Calandra palmarum, and the Dyticus mar-

ginalis) .

5. In the Chilognatha, or higher order of the Myriapoda, the

ganglia coalesce so as to form a uniform spinal cord, the commissural

fibres no longer occupying intervening spaces as in the Chilipoda,

but forming the external layer of the nervous cord (Newport on My¬

riapoda, Phil. Trans. 1843):

6. Whilst the true vertebrate fish Orthag orisons mola exhibits

exactly an opposite character in the ganglionic condition of its myelon

(Owen’s Lectures, ii. 173, on the authority of Arsaki).

Section IV.

A vertebra is the correlative in the osseous of a centre in the

nervous system.

This appears to me to be the most general possible definition of

a vertebra, and therefore the most philosophical. The general idea

of the relation of the osseous and nervous centres involved in it,

though not the relation of the segments of each one to the other,

was thus expressed by Oken : “ Bones are the earthy, hardened,

nervous system ; nerves are the spiritual, soft, osseous system — Con-

tinens et contentum ” (quoted by Owen, Report of Brit. Assoc,

p. 242).

1. The number of vertebrae constituting the spinal cord always

corresponds with the number of segments in the cord as indicated by

20

the number of pairs of nerves given off. When more than one pair

perforate one piece of bone, it results from an anchylosis of several

vertebrae, as in the sacrum ; and the coccygeal vertebrae, which ap¬

pear to be an exception to the definition, are not so in reality, the

spinal cord passing into them in the foetal condition, and being gra¬

dually withdrawn just in the same manner as is the case in some of

the Coleoptera. As is clearly seen in them, too, the cauda equina

represents the nerves of the vertebrae from which the cord has been

withdrawn. Some Yertebrata, as e. g. the Python, retain the original

relation of the vertebrae and centres throughout the whole of the

spinal cord (Owen, Report ut antea , 221).

2. The same dependence of the vertebrae on the nervous centres

is shown by the fact, that the tail which is reproduced by Lizards,

in the case of the loss of that member, is a single bone, because

although bone may be reproduced, the spinal cord cannot be (Owen

ut antea, 254).

3. In accordance with this definition may also be cited the very

long vertebra which is formed on that part of the spinal cord of the

Anourous Batrachians which does not give off nerves, and which is

not the result of anchylosis of several elements, but arises from one

point of ossification (Martin St. Ange, Recherches anatomiques et

physiologiques sur les Organes transitoires et la Metamorphose des

Batraciens, Ann. des Sci. Nat. No. xviii. p. 401) ; and also the

invariableness of the number of the vertebrse in the Mammalian’s

neck, resulting from the presence of the same number of nerves, and

irrespective of the length of the vertebrae.

Section Y.

A segment is the representative in the Articulata of a vertebra in

the Yertebrata.

This view has been advocated by Geoffroy St. Hilaire, both in his

“ Memoire sur la Vertebre,” in the ninth volume of the s Memoires du

Museum d’Histoire Naturelle,’ and previously in a memoir read by

him before the Academy in 1820. Nevertheless, the argument on

which I would mainly rest it, is not yet universally admitted, for we

find M. Emile Blanchard very recently asserting that nothing really

indicates the analogy between the spinal cord of the Yertebrata and

the ganglia of the Articulata.

1. We have seen what a close relation of correspondence exists in

the Articulata between the segments and the ganglionic nervous

centres ; and we have endeavoured to prove that in the Yertebrata a

vertebra is the correlative of one of the spinal nervous centres ; and

also that the spinal cord of the one class is the representative of the

ganglionic cord of the other ; whence it appears, that a segment of

the Articulata and a vertebra of the Yertebrata must be homologous.

2. The ossification of the centrum of a true vertebra is first peri¬

pheral, and subsequently fills up the interior with osseous matter

(Owen ut antea , 256). Thus if we suppose a vertebra stopped in

the first stage, and forming the external instead of the internal sup-

21

port of the body, we have a segment of an articulate creature, with

only an histiological difference, which must by no means be allowed

to conceal from us the true nature of a part (Geoffroy St. Hilaire,

Sur la Vertebre, ut antea , p. 92).

3. If to this view it should be objected, that the including in the

one case what is excluded in the other dispels all semblance of homo¬

logy, it must be answered —

a. That notwithstanding this difficulty, the general homology of

the vertebrate and articulate skeletons as wholes has long been ad¬

mitted, though this more particular one of their parts has not been.

(3. That the hsemal arch of the Vertebrata, whose normal office it

is to enclose the main blood-vessels of the body, and which office it

exclusively performs in many cases, is yet in others so developed as

to enclose a mass of viscera, viz. in the thorax.

y. In the Testudina we have an example of those vertebral ele¬

ments which are usually internal, becoming external, and including

not only all the viscera, but having the whole muscular system at¬

tached internally, as in the Articulata, and even the limbs arising

from the inside instead of the outside of the thorax.

4. It presents no difficulty that the segments of the Articulata

have no superior or inferior arches like vertebrae, because both the

spinal cord and circulatory organs which those arches are respectively

designed to protect are included within the body (St. Hilaire ut

antea , p. 102).

5. To the order of development of a vertebra in the lateral pro¬

cesses for locomotion being produced subsequently to the body, we

have an analogous case in that the Myriapoda are at birth and for

some time afterwards apodal, and subsequently acquire their nume¬

rous legs (Newport on Myriapoda, Phil. Trans. 1841). This is also

the case with some other articulate animals.

Section VI.

The brain of the Vertebrata is a modification of a series of four

ganglia homologous with those of the spinal cord.

1 . In the Amphioxus that part of the cord which must be regarded

as the homologue of the brain, because it gives off five pair of ce¬

phalic nerves, is only distinguished from the other part of the cord

by its pointed anterior extremity, its posterior part being entirely

like the other ganglia ; even its greatest vertical diameter is not

greater (De Quatrefages on Amphioxus , Annales des Scien. Nat.,

third series, vol. iv.).

2. We have already noticed that the two large cephalic ganglia of

the Centipede are the result of the coalescence of a series of four

ganglia, as they appear in the foetal condition, each of these nervous

centres supplying nerves to the senses. Closely corresponding with

this arrangement is that displayed by many of the fish, as e. g. the

Eel, where the brain is only a series of four closely arranged ganglia.

And this same original scheme seems to me traceable throughout all

the Vertebrata to man himself. There are, however, as the great

22

centralization and individuality of the organ would lead us to expect,

many variations and modifications, which tend at first sight to con¬

ceal its real nature, as e. g. the removal of the olfactory ganglia to a

great distance from the other elements of the brain, with which they

only maintain their connexion by means of filiform crura, as in the

Whiting and many fish ; the amplification of the segments of the

encephalon by the addition of supplementary ganglia, as the hypo-

aria, hypophysis, &c. as they occur in many fish, and some of which

are retained in the higher orders, or the cerebrum in the cartilagi¬

nous fishes, and in all animals upwards to man, and which compara¬

tive anatomy teaches us is only to be considered as a special appen¬

dage to or development of the prosencephalic ganglia ; or the ex¬

treme development of one pair of ganglia so as to obscure the others,

as the cerebellum in the Sharks, Sawfish, &c. (Owen’s Lectures, ii.

1 75) ; or the very diminutive size of a segment, as the cerebellum in

many reptiles ; or the coalescence of the pair, and consequent obli¬

teration of the mesial division, just as is equally the case between the

two halves of the spinal cord, as in the cerebellum.

3. Embryonic anatomy, too, comes in to strengthen the conclusion

of comparative anatomy, that a series of four ganglia is the essential

element of the brain, and that all the other parts of which it consists

in adult life of the higher Vertebrata, including of course the cere¬

brum, are superadded.

The argument of the preceding sections, exclusive of Section I., and

the conclusion to which it is intended to lead, may thus be stated : —

Considering that the head of the Insecta, Myriapoda, &c. is com¬

posed of a series of segments serially homologous with those of the

body, as its brain is of ganglia serially homologous with those ot the

cord ; that a vertebra is the general homologue of a segment as the

spinal cord is of the ganglionic cord ; and that the brain ot the \ er-

tebrata consists of a series of four segments ; there appears a strong

probability that its head in like manner shall consist of a series of

four vertebree.

3. Monograph of the species of Myochama, including

THE DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES FROM THE COL¬

LECTION of H. Cuming, Esq. By Arthur Adams, R.N.,

F.L.S. ETC.

(Mollusca, PI. VIII.)

Myochama, Stutchbury.

Testa incequivalvis, adhcerens ; valva affix a dentibus duobus mar-

ginalibus, divaricatis, ad umbonem disjunctis , foveold trigond

intermedid alteram testacece appendicis extremitatem , car f ima¬

gine corned connexam, excipiente ; valva libera dentibus duobus

incequalibus, parvis, divaricatis, altera appendicis ext remit ate

foveolce inter rnedice insertd ; umbones valvce liberce interne, a/te-

rins ext erne, recurvi ; impressiones musculares duce orbiculares ,

Proc Z. S Mollusca VIH

H|: 6. Cixmmgia. srnuata.

7. C. fragffji

S. 2 .10 1112. Microtis tuierculata,

15.l4.l5'." Stomada duplicate..

*5. S L.omatia noia .a

dig 1 ' G-ena. ornaia

i8.19.20.liou a Peronii.

21. L. pulcderrirna

2 2 . Cjcio str em a spirula

!

23

distantes, laterales ; impressio muscularis pallii sinu brevi lato ;

ligamentum tenue externum.

Shell inequivalve, adhering ; the attached valve with two unequal

diverging marginal teeth, separated at the umbo by a triangular pit

in which one end of a testaceous appendage is inserted and connected

by a homy cartilage ; the free valve with two unequal, small, diverging

teeth, close under the umbo, in which is inserted the other end of

the testaceous appendage ; the umbo of the free valve is curved in¬

wards, that of the fixed valve outwards ; muscular impressions two,

nearly orbicular, distant, lateral ; palleal impression with a short broad

sinus.

Myochama anomioides, Stutchbury. M. testa rosed , tenui,

fragili, costis prominentibus radiantibus dichotomis ; v alv d li¬

bera valde convexd ; umbone extra apicem valvce alterius pro¬

duct o ; epidermide tenui pellucidd.

Long. || ; lat. ; alt.

Hab.

Shell rose-coloured, thin, fragile, ornamented by prominent radia¬

ting dichotomous ribs ; free valye extremely convex, the umbo pro¬

jecting beyond the apex of the other ; epidermis thin and transparent.

Hab.

This species is always regularly radiately ribbed, but when found

attached to smooth shells the ribs'are smooth, but if fixed to Trigo-

nia pectinat a they are crossed by tubercles.

Myochama transversa, A. Adams. M. testa incequilaterali

transversd fused, subquadratd , antice longiore postice breviore

subtruncatd, radiatim costatd, costis subnodosis interdum di¬

chotomis, concentrice minutissime striata, valvd libera subcon-

vexd, umbone extra apicem valvce alterius producto.

(Mollusca, PI. VIII. fig. 1.)

Shell inequivalve, transverse, light brown, subquadrate, anteriorly

longer, posteriorly shorter and rather truncated, radiately ribbed, ribs

rather nodulous, sometimes divided in two, very minutely concentric¬

ally striated, the free valve rather convex, with the umbo produced

beyond the apex of the other valve.

Hab. Cape Upstart, 8 fathoms ; Mr. Jukes. (Mus. Cuming.)

Myochama Strangei, A. Adams. M. testa luted, tenui, fragili,

cor rug at d, costis nodosis, non distinctis, concentrice striata,

lineis radiantibus asperis ad marginem ventralem distinctiori-

bus ; valvd liberd depressd umbone piano cinerascente non extra

apicem valvce alterius producto.

Hab. in Australasia. (Mollusca, PI. VIII. fig. 2.)

Shell yellow, thin, fragile, corrugated, ribs nodulous, not distinct,

concentrically striated, with rough radiating lines more distinct to¬

wards the ventral margin; the free valve depressed, ash-coloured,

flattened, not projecting beyond the apex of the other valve.

Hab. Port Jackson; Mr. Strange. (Mus. Cuming.)

24

4. Description of new species of the genus Cumingia,

WITH SOME ADDITIONAL GENERIC CHARACTERS.

By Arthur Adams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.

(Mollusca, PI. VIII.)

Cumingia, G. B. Sowerby.

Testa bivalvis, incequilateralis, cequivalvis, latere antico rotund at o ,

postico hiante subacuminato ; dentibus, cardinally in utrdque

valvd unico, parvo antico , lateralibus in alterd valva ad utrum-

que latus uno, valido , in alterd nullo ; ligamento interno foveolce

subcochleariformi affixo ; impressionibus muscularibus duabus

lateralibus distantibus, anticd irregulari oblongdy posticd sub-

rotundatd ; impressione musculari pallii sinu maximo.

Shell ovate, inequilateral, equivalve ; a shallow spoon-shaped car¬

dinal tooth and a single small tooth by its side in each valve, a strong

lateral tooth on both sides in one valve only ; palleal impression with

a large sinus, posteriorly gaping.

All the species of this genus gape more or less posteriorly, are

more or less lamellose, and the cavity for the cartilage is spoon¬

shaped and projects into the cavity of the valves, differing in this re¬

spect from Amphidesma or Semele.

Cumingia similis, A. Adams. C. testd subtrigonali-ovatd de¬

cussate striatd, lineis transversis concentricis, lamelld unicd

prope marginem ventralem antice latiore rotundato supra angu-

lato postice angustiore subrostratd, ared posticd clausd, lunula

lanceolato-ovatd, margine ventrali postice coarctatd.

Hab. in Borea-Occidentali Ora Americae. (Mollusca, PI. VIII.

tig. 4.)

Shell triangularly ovate, decussately striated, lines of growth trans¬

verse and concentric, rather strongly marked, a single lamella near

the ventral margin, anterior side the widest, rounded in front and

angulated above, posterior side narrower, somewhat beaked poste¬

riorly, area closed, lunule lanceolately oval, ventral margin posteriorly

contracted.

Hab. N.W. coast of America. (Mus. Cuming.)

Cumingia Clerii, A. Adams. C. testd ovatd compressd subce-

quilaterali, albd, opacd, sublcevi, nitidd, striis transversis con¬

centricis alveolisque irregularibus, latere antico angustiore ro¬

tundato, postico latiore, margine ventrali integro arcuato.

Hab. ad Talcuhano, Chili. (Mollusca, PI. VIII. fig. 3.)

Shell ovate, compressed, subequilateral, white, opake, rather smooth

and shining, marked with faint transverse concentric striae, and nu¬

merous pits irregularly disposed, anterior side narrower and rounded,

posterior side wider ; ventral margin entire, arcuated.

Hab. Found at Talcuhano, Chili, by Capt. Clery, French Marine,

attached to fuci in shallow water. (Mus. Cum.)

Cumingia antillarum, A. Adams. C. testd ovato-trigonali,

concentnce lamellosd ; l amellis sub distantibus, interstitiis valde

25

longitudinaliter striatis, latere antico breviore latiore rotun¬

dato, postico longiore, angustiore subrostrato , valde hiante ,

margine ventrali postice subsinuato.

Hab. In India Occidentali.

Shell ovately triangular, concentrically lamellose, lamellae rather

wide apart, the interstices with distinct longitudinal striae, anterior

side shorter, wider, and rounded, posterior side longer, narrower and

somewhat beaked, widely gaping, ventral margin posteriorly rather

sinuated.

Hab. West Indies. (Mus. Cuming.)

Cumingia fragilis, A. Adams. C. testd transversd ovali albd

fragili subpellucidd concentrice lamellosd ; lamellis elevatiuscu-

lis , sub dist antibus, interstitiis tenuissime longitudinaliter stria¬

tis, latere antico latiore margine sinuato, postico angustiore ro-

tundato subflexuoso, margine ventrali integro arcuato.

Hab. in Guadaloupia. (Mollusca, PL VIII. fig. 7.)

Shell transverse, oval, white, fragile, semipellucid, concentrically

lamellose, lamellae rather elevated and wide apart, interstices very

finely longitudinally striated, anterior side wider, the margin sinuated,

posterior side narrower, rounded, subflexuous, ventral margin entire

and arcuated.

Hab. Guadaloupe ; Governor Admiral Tourb eyre. (Mus. Cuming.)

Cumingia striata, A. Adams. C. testd ovato-trigonali sub-

ventricosa albd tenui fragili; striis transversis concentricis ele-

vatis confertis, interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis, latere an¬

tico latiore rotundato , postico subacuminato, margine ventrali

postice coarctato.

(Mollusca, PI. VIII. fig. 5.)

Shell ovately trigonal, somewhat ventricose, white, thin, fragile,

with transverse concentric crowded elevated striae, the interstices

longitudinally very finely striated, anterior side wider and rounded,

posterior side rather acuminated, ventral margin posteriorly con¬

tracted.

Hab. Conception ; seven fathoms, sandy mud ; H. C. (Mus. Cu¬

ming.)

Cumingia sinuosa, A. Adams. C. testd subtrigonali albd semi-

pellucidd subcequilaterali concentrice lamellosd, insterstitiis lon¬

gitudinaliter substriatis, latere antico sublatiore rotundato,

postico angustiore , margine ventrali postice valde sinuato.

Hab. in India Occidentali. (Mollusca, PI. VIII. fig. G.)

Shell subtrigonal, white, semipellucid, subequilateral, concentrically

lamellose, interstices longitudinally substriated, anterior side rather

wider and rounded, posterior side narrower, ventral margin posteriorly

deeply sinuated.

Hab. West Indies. (Mus Cuming.)

26

February 12, 1850.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following papers were read : —

1. On the Trichoglossine genus of Parrots, Eos, with

THE DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES. By CHARLES

Lucian, Prince Bonaparte, Member of the principal

ACADEMIES OF EUROPE AND AMERICA.

The genus Eos is, like Eclectus, a new instance of the impropriety

of that middling course (as disgusting in science as it is in politics),

of uniting together by two and two, four and four, &c., small

groups (or States), which, natural by themselves, have no stronger

relation to each other than to any other member of their family.

Take for example (comparing them to Naples and Sicily !) Spiza and

Paroaria, Bon., united by G. R. Gray under his Spiza ! amongst the

FringillidrB, and amongst the Parrots Psittacodis* and Eclectus

confounded together by the same process !

The genus Eos is intermediate between the two subfamilies Tri-

choglossince and Loriince. Although it may astonish some natural¬

ists that I do not consider it as one of the latter, still, on account of

its tail, its anatomy and its habits, I keep it within the boundaries

of the former, in close relation with my new genus Chalcopsitta f,

* Since I speak of Psittacodis (the only green Genus of Lorine Parrots, which

forms the same beautiful passage from Loriince to Psittacince that Eos does from

Trichoglossince to Loriince), let me submit to the Society the phrases of two new

species that make the whole number hitherto known five : they come as near

Psittacodis magnus or sinensis (with which I for that reason compare them) as

the three Eclecti do to each other : —

1. Psittacus magnus et sinensis, Gm. ( viridis , Lath.; lateralis, Shaw;

Mascarinus prasinus, Less.; Psittacodis magnus, Wagl. ; Eclectus! polychlo-

ros! Gy. ex Scopoli) PI. Enl. 514 ; Edw. B. t. 231 ; Lev. Perr. 1. 132.

Major : iliis rubris : margine alarum cyaneo : cauda apice subconcolori.

2. Psittacodis intermedius, Bp. Mus. Lugd.

Minor : iliis rubris : margine alarum rubro : cauda apice subconcolori.

3. Psittacodis Westermanni, Bp. Zool. Soc. Amst.

Minor : iliis concoloribus : margine alarum cceruleo : cauda apice subconcolori.

Dedicated to the able and modest Director of the Zoological Society of Am¬

sterdam, where this new Parrot is living.

t This new genus of mine, though composed of decided Trichoglossine Parrots,

shows a strong affinity, not only to the Lorine but also to the Platycercine. It is

composed in fact of

1. Platycercus ater, Gr. {Psittacus novce guinece, Gm.; Ch.vovce guinece, Bp.);

and of

2. Eos scintillata, Gr. (Psittacus scintillatus, Temm. ; Ch. scintillans. Bp.);

to wdiich I have added a third new species, also from the Moluccas : —

3. Chalcopsitta rubiginosa, Bp. Mus. Lugd. ex Ins. Barabav et Guebe.

(Aves, PI. XYI.)

E. purpureo-badia, capite obscuriore ; subtus fasciolata, plumis singulis lunuld

mediand et apicali nigricante : remigibus rectricibusque virescentibus cauda ;

apicem versus gradatim lutescente.

Rostrum rubrum : pedes nigri : irides albce. Magnitud. Turdi.

Proc:7.S. Aves.XV I

Trirvted by BuHmaridel ^•’WalioT-' .

OHALGOPSITTA. B.UBIG-INOSA. Bcmap

Wolt uth

EOS C Y A N Q & E NT A . B o n ap

Proc Z S Aves _A

27

which connects it with Trichoglossus , the type and centre of the sub¬

family ; as on the other side Lathamus and Charmosina connect the

same Trichoglossus through Coriphilus (and especially by means of

Lathamus ) with the subfamily Platycercince.

It may be characterized by its elegant form, small stature, com¬

pact, red plumage with more or less blue ; compressed, moderate,

red bill, with the cere apparent (not concealed as in Eclectus) ; short

feet, with robust toes and powerful, arched, very acute nails ; and

longisli, not very broad, wedged tail.

It is composed, to my knowledge, of only seven species ; — five

already described (and some of them too many times) in the systems,

and two new ones, wdiich form the subject of the present paper, and

of which I subjoin the faithful portraits drawn by an anonymous

hand, which has no merit in keeping the transparent veil upon an

additional claim to our admiration and gratitude, since it is . so far

beneath its others ! And when I say that only five are the hitherto

known species of Eos, it is because I do not count Eos variegata and

Eos Isidorii of Wagler, since, the first is evidently nothing but a va¬

riegated or pied bird, and the other, named, described and figured

by Swainson, appears identical with Eos riciniata, for which the false

name of cochinchinensis cannot be retained. Of the other three (out

of the ten admitted by our friend G. R. Gray, in his ‘ Genera of

Birds’), E. scintillata is a Chalcopsitta, and E. cervicalis and ornata

are Trichoglossi !

1. Eos cyanogenia, Bp. (Aves, PI. XIV.)

E. rubra ; macula magnd periophthalmicd cyanea: humeris ex toto,

remigibus elongatis rectricibusque magnd ex parte nigris.

Long. 9 poll. ; alse, 6^ poll. ; caudse, 4 poll.

Close to Eos indica or coccinea, but having no blue on the head,

back or breast ; and instead, a large blue patch, including the eye and

covering the cheek, which Eos indica has red ; the black also is more

predominant on the wings, and the red tinge duller. The phrase in

English may be :

" Brownish red ; the whole of the shoulder and great part of the

wing- and tail-feathers black ; a large azure patch on each side of the

head.”

I found the specimen upon which I did not hesitate to establish

my species among the endless treasures of the Leyden Museum.

2. Eos semilarvata, Bp. (Aves, PL XV.)

E. coccinea ; vittd a guld ultra ocidos, macula utrinque scapu-

lari, crissoque, cyaneis : remigibus brenibus rectricibusque apice

tantum nigris.

Long. 9 poll. ; alee, 5| poll. ; cauda, 4 poll.

Resembling Eos rubra, but much smaller and half-masked !

“ Entirely red, even on the shoulders ; the tips only of the quills

and tail-feathers black ; two symmetrical spots on the scapularies,

under tail-coverts and semi-mask extending from the throat behind

the eyes, rich blue.”

28

I picked up this beautiful species in the rising Museum annexed

to the Zoological Gardens of Amsterdam ; and as soon as he became

aware of the value of his bird, Mr. Westermann, as a compliment to

Dr. Schlegel and myself, with a liberality of which few men even of

science are capable, made a present of it to the Leyden Museum ;

where, duly greeted by Mr. Temminck, the typical specimen is safelv

deposited.

To complete the monography of the genus, I add the comparative

phrases of the five other species, all of which have several beautiful

representatives in the Leyden Museum.

1. Eos indica, Wagl.

E. coccinea ; fascia verticis latissima , cervice , dorso , pectore, ti-

biisque, cyaneis : tectricibus alarum internis et remiyibus apice

nigris.

Synonyms .

Psittacus indicus, Gm.

Psittacus variegatus, Gm ., Lath, ex Buff. PI. Enl. 143.

Psittacus coccineus, Lath.

Eos indica, Gr.

Eos variegata, Gr.

Perruche des Indes orientales, Buff. PI. Enl. 143, accidental var. !

Le Lori-Perruche violet et rouge, Levaill. Perr. t. 53.

Hab. In Insulis Moluccis.

2. Eos rubra, Wagl.

E. rubra ; crisso, scapularibusque cyaneis ; tectricum majorum

margine apicali , remigibusque primariis externe nigris.

Synonyms.

Psittacus ruber, Gm.

Psittacus borneus? Gm., Lath. jun.

Psittacus cseruleatus, Shaw.

Psittacus cyanonotus, Vieill.

Eos rubra, Gr.

Lory de la Chine, Buff PI. Enl. 519.

Le Perroquet Lori a franges bleues, Levaill. Perr. t. 93.

La Perruche ecarlate, Lev. Perr. t. 44.

Hab. In Insulis Moluccis ; Amboina.

3. Eos guebiensis, Wagl.

E. coccinea , scepius tamquam squamata ; plumis pilei , colli, pec¬

toris et laterum margine nigro-virescentibus : alarum fascia du-

plici remigibusque apice nigris.

Synonyms.

Psittacus guebiensis, Auct.

Psittacus squameus, Shaw.

Eos squamata, Gr. ex Scopoli.

Lory de Gueby, Buff. PI. Enl. 684.

Le Lori ecaille, Levaill. Perr. t. 51.

Hab. In Insulis Gueby, Buron et Ceram.

29

4. EOS RICINIATA, Bp.

E . rubra ; vertice, collo et macula abdominali magna, cyaneis :

tectricibus alarum remigibusque ad apicem late nigris.

Synonyms .

Psittacus cochinchinensis, Lath.

Psittacus riciniatus, Bechst.

Psittacus cucullatus, Shaw.

Lorius Isidorii, Sw. Zool. III. n. s. t.

Lorius riciniatus, Mull.

Eos cochinchinensis, Wagl., Gr.

Perruche a chaperon bleu, Levaill. Perr. t. 54.

Hab. In Insulis Moluccis. Gilolo et Ternate, Forsten, Muller ;

nec in Cochinchina !

5. Eos CYAN OSTRI ATA, Gr.

E. rubra , alls cauddque , nigro variis ; macula postoculari nigro-

cceruled : dorso striis cceruleis.

Lorius borneus ! Less. Traite d’Orn. p. 192, nec Lath.

Eos cyanostriata, Gray and Mitchell , Gen. of Birds , t. 103.

Hab. In Insulis Moluccis, minime in Borneo !

2. An Arrangement of Stomatellid^e, including the cha¬

racters OF A NEW GENUS, AND OF SEVERAL NEW SPECIES.

By Arthur Adams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.

Stomatellid^e.

Head broad, proboscidiform ; tentacles subulate, with a fimbriated

lobe at their inner bases ; eyes on peduncles at their outer bases ;

mantle with the front edge entire ; muscle of attachment crescentic,

open in front ; foot with a lateral membrane. Operculum rudimen¬

tary or none. Shell imperforate, with a crescentic muscular impres¬

sion, open in front.

The family Stomatellidce differs from that of Haliotidce in the

mantle not being fissured anteriorly, in the muscle of attachment

being in the form of a horseshoe round the sides and posterior part of

the mantle, instead of being oval and central, and in the shell not

being perforated. In their habits they are littoral, living on coral

reefs and attached to stones near the shore. Some of the genera, as

Gena , Stomatella and Stomatia, have considerable locomotive powers,

and glide, especially Gena, with some degree of celerity. The latter

genus and Stomatia possess the faculty, common to some other kinds

of mollusca, of spontaneously detaching a considerable portion of the

hind part of the foot when disturbed or irritated.

Stomatella, Lamarck.

Animal spiral, retractile within the shell ; tentacular lobes trian¬

gular, with the front edge fringed ; foot small, not tubercular, not

30

produced posteriorly, operculigerous, lateral membrane very wide,

the circumference regularly fimbriated. Operculum orbicular, thin,

horny, multispiral. Shell spiral, suborbicular, depressed, transversely

ribbed or sulciferous ; spire more or less elevated, whorls rounded ;

aperture large, wider than long, pearly within.

Stomatella imbricata, Lamarck.

Hab. Torres Straits ; Jukes. (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatella imbricata, Lamk. Ency. Mcth. p. 450. f. 2 ; Hist. Nat.

An. s. Vert. vol. vi. p. 209.

Stomatella cancellata, Krauss.

Hab. Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope. (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatella cancellata, Krauss, Sudafrican Moll. tab. 5. fig. 26.

Stomatella costellata, Adams. S. testa suborbiculatd, con-

vexo-depressa, albidd , imp erf or at d, costellis transversis obtusis

striisque elevatis lonyitudinalibus decussatd ; spird subpromi-

nuld ; aperturd magnd, obliqud, oblongd.

Hab. - ?

Shell suborbicular, convexly depressed, whitish, imperforate, with

obtuse transverse ribs and decussating longitudinal elevated stride ;

spire rather prominent ; aperture large, oblique, oblong.

Hab. - ? (Mus. Metcalf.)

Stomatella articulata, Adams. S. testa sub orbicular i, im-

perforatd, convexd , tenui, grised , costidis transversis nigro-arti-

culatis , interstitiis lineis longitudinalibus elevatis ornatd ; spird

prominuld , anfractibus rotundatis ; aperturd oblong o-ovali, lon-

giore quam latiore.

Hab. In insulis Pacificis.

Shell suborbicular, imperforate, convex, thin, grey, ornamented

with transverse ribs articulated with black, the interstices with longi¬

tudinal elevated lines ; spire rather prominent, whorls rounded ; aper¬

ture oblong-oval.

Hab. Australia ; Lord Hood’s Island, South Seas, on the pearl

oyster ; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatella sulcifera, Lamarck.

Hab. Philippines, Catbalonga ; island of Samar, under stones ; isle

of Ticao, on the reefs, low wrater ; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatella sulcifera, Lamk. Hist. Nat. An. s. Vert. p. 210.

Stomatella mace lata, Quoy and Gaimard.

Hab. Catanuan, province of Tayabas, island of Luzon, under stones,

low water ; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatella monilifera, Adams. S. testa suborbiculari, eon-

vexo-depressd, imperforatd , albidd, rufo-punctatd, costellis moni-

liferis confertis transversis ornatd ; aperturd obliqud , subcir-

culari.

Hab. - ?

31

Shell suborbicular, convexly depressed, imperforate, whitish, with

rufous spots, ornamented with small, close-set, beaded, transverse

ribs ; aperture oblique, subcircular.

Hab. - ? (Mus. Metcalf.)

Stomatella decolorata, Gould.

Hab. Mangsi Island; Gould.

Species unknown to me. “Allied to S. metadata, Quoy, but the

spire is less elevated, aperture more round, and a plain white lunate

area adjacent to the columella.”

Stomatella decolorata, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 51.

Stomatella papyracea, Chemnitz.

Hab. China Sea and Sooloo Archipelago. (Mus. Cuming.)

Turbo papyraceus, Chemnitz. Stomatella tumida, Gould, Expedi¬

tion, Shells, p. 51.

Stomatella malukana, Adams. S. testa suborbiculatd, con-

vexd, imperforatd, transversim sulcata, longitudinaliter striata,

costulis transversis striatis cinctd, mustelind rufo-fusco varie-

gata, subtiis costis albo rufoque articulatis ; spira prominuld ;

aperturd ovali, longiore quam laiiore.

Hab. in insulis Moluccis.

Shell suborbicular, convex, imperforate, transversely sulcated, longi¬

tudinally striated, encircled with transversely striated ribs, yellowish

brown variegated with red brown, inferiorly the ribs articulated with

white and fuscous ; spire rather prominent ; aperture oval, longer

than wide.

Hab. Molluccas.

Stomatella orbiculata, Adams. S. testa suborbiculari, con-

vexd, virescenti, castaneo variegatd, transversim sulcata, longi¬

tudinaliter striata, costis confertis rotundatis ; spira promi¬

nuld, anfractibus rotundatis ; aperturd subcircidari, intus viri-

descenti.

Hab. in freto Mosambico.

Shell suborbicular, convex, greenish, variegated with chestnut,

transversely sulcated, longitudinally striated, with numerous round,

close-set, transverse ribs ; spire prominent, whorls rounded ; aperture

nearly circular, pearly and green internally.

Hab. Mosambique, under stones, low water ; Rev. W. V. Henner.

(Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatella japonica, Adams. S. testa suborbiculari, imper¬

foratd, convexd , fused, transversim costulatd, costulis confertis

nodidosis, interstitiis tenuissime longitudinaliter striatis; spird

prominuld, anfractibus costatis rotundatis ; aperturd subcircu-

lari, intus margaritaced.

Hab. in insulis Japonicis.

Shell suborbicular, imperforate, convex, fuscous, transversely

ribbed ; ribs small, nodulous, close together ; interstices with smaller

32

ribs, and very finely longitudinally striated ; spire somewhat promi¬

nent ; whorls ribbed and rounded ; aperture subcircular, pearly and

green within.

Hab. Japan. (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatella haliotidea, Sowerby.

Hab. Philippines, Oalaguete ; Loon, isle of Bohol, under stones,

low water ; San Estevan, prov. South Ilocos ; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatella haliotidea, Sowerby , Genera.

Stomatella fulgurans, Adams. S. testd suborbiculari, sub-

perforatd , convexd ; spira acuminatd , apice acuto rosed, trans¬

versim sulcatd, carinulis transversis albo maculatis, longitudi-

naliter striatis, striis subtus obsolelis, albidd lineis fascis undu-

latis variegatd ; aperturd ovali, obliqud, intus margaritaced,

valde sulcosd.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell suborbicular, subperforate, convex ; spire acuminated, apex

acute, rosy, transversely sulcated, wdth small transverse keels marked

with white, longitudinally striated, striae obsolete inferiorly, whitish

variegated with brown undulating lines ; aperture oval, oblique,

pearly within and strongly sulcated.

Hab. Bais, island of Negros, under stones, low water; H. C. (Mus.

Cuming.)

Stomatella sanguinea, Adams. S. testd orbiculatd, depressa ;

spira prominuld , acutd, coccined, transversim tenuissime sulcatd,

longitudinaliter oblique striatd, carinulis transversis subdist an¬

tibus nodidosis ; aperturd ovali, obliqud ; columella subcallosd,

ared umbilical i albd, intus margaritaced sulcosd.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell orbicular, depressed ; spire rather prominent, acute, blood-

red, transversely very finely sulcated, longitudinally obliquely stri¬

ated, with nodulous, transverse, rather distant carinae ; aperture oval,

oblique ; columella somewhat callous, with a white umbilical area,

pearly and sulcated internally.

Hab. Island of Ticao, under stones, low water ; H. C. (Mus.

Cuming.)

Stomatella speciosa, Adams. S', testd orbiculato-conicd, albd

sanguineo macidatd, transversim carinatd, longitudinaliter valde

striatd, carinis obtusis prominentibus carinulis intermediis ;

spira prominuld, anfractibus tricarinatis ; aperturd ovali, intus

margaritaced.

Hab. ad insulam Grimwoodianam.

Shell orbiculately conical, white marked with crimson blotches,

transversely carinated, longitudinally strongly striated, keels obtuse,

rather prominent, with small intermediate keels ; spire rather pro¬

minent, whorls tricarinated ; aperture oval, pearly within.

Hab. Grimwood’s Island ; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

33

Stomatella coccineAj Adams. S. testa orbiculato-conica,

subperforata, coccinea, maculis albis seriatim dispositis in an-

fractu ultimo ornata, transversim tenuiter sulcata , anfractu

ultimo subangulato; spir a prominent e, anfractibus bicarinatis ;

aperturd subcirculari, labio postice rejlexo , calloso.

Hab. in insulis Occidentalibus.

Shell orbiculately conic, subperforate, scarlet, adorned with white

spots arranged in a row on the last whorl, transversely very finety sul-

cated, last whorl somewhat angulated ; spire prominent, whorls bi-

carinated ; aperture subcircular, inner lip posteriorly reflexed and

callous.

Hab. St. John’s; Mr. Hartweg.

Stomatella tigrina, Adams. S. testa orbiculato-conica, per¬

forata, albida, fasciis rufis radiatim dispositis ornatd, bicari-

natd , carinis elevatiusculis, obtusis, transversim striata, striis

regularibus ; spir a prominent e, anfractibus angulat is ; aperturd

subcirculari, labio subreflexo, calloso ; umbilico distincto, sub-

obtecto.

Hab. - ?

Shell orbiculately conical, umbilicated, whitish adorned with red

bands radiately disposed, bicarinated, keels rather elevated, obtuse,

transversely striated, striae regular ; spire prominent, whorls angu¬

lated ; aperture subcircular, inner lip somewhat reflexed and callous ;

umbilicus distinct, partly covered.

Hab. - - ?

Stomatella margaritana, Adams. S. testa turbinatd, spird

elevatd, anfractibus rotundatis , rubra longitudinaliter sub-

striata, transversim costulatd, costulis subnodulosis incequali-

bus ; aperturd suborbiculari, intus margaritaced, labro semicir-

culari ; umbilico callo, obtecto.

Hab. in littoribus Australiae. (Mus. Cuming.)

A small, red, transversely ribbed species, having very much the

appearance of a Margarita.

■ Stomatella biporcata, Adams. S. testa turbinatd, subde-

pressa, rubra, albo obscure variegata, transversim sulcata; spird

acuminata, anfractibus quatuor, anfractu ultimo porcis duabus

prominentibus instruct d ; aperturd subquadratd, intus marga¬

ritaced, labio subrecto, labro in medio biangulato, umbilico colic,

obtecto.

Hab. in littoribus Australiae. (Mus. Cuming.)

A small red species with two rounded ridges on the last wdiorl and

a subquadrate, aperture.

Stomatia, Helbling.

Animal spiral, too large to entirely enter the shell, tentacular lobes

digitated. Foot large, tubercular, greatly produced behind ; lateral

membrane fringed, ending anteriorly on the left side in a fimbriated

No. CCIII. — Proceedings of the Zoological Society.

34

crest under the eye-peduncle, and on the right in a slightly projecting

fold or gutter leading to the respiratory cavity. Operculum none.

Shell subspiral, oblong, or suborbicular, carinated or tuberculated ;

spire prominent ; aperture wider than long, pearlaceous within.

Stomatia phymotis, Lamarck.

Hab. Philippine Islands, Matnag, province of Albay, Luzon, on

the reefs ; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatia australis, Adams. S. testa haliotided, ovato-ob-

longd, sublatd, olivaced, dorso laevigata, transversim tenue stri¬

ata, carinis duabus rotundatis, inferiori tuberculatd ; aperturd

antice dilatatd , labro supra ultimum anfractum ascendente.

Hab. in littoribus Australia.

Shell rather broad, olivaceous, back nearly plain, transversely finely

striated, with two rounded keels, the lower one tuberculated ; aper¬

ture dilated anteriorly, outer lip ascending on the body whorl.

Hab. Darnley’s Island, Torres Straits, under stones ; Jukes.

(Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatia duplicata, Sowerby.

(P. Z. S. Mollusca, PI. VIII. fig. 13, 14, 15.)

Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao, under

stones, low water ; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatia angulata, Adams. S. testa orbiculato-convexd , sub-

depressd, viriduld, transversim valde costulatd , interstitiis lon~

gitudinaliter striatis , carinis duabus elevatis simplicibus angu-

latis ; aperturd transversd, subcirculari, labro in medio biangu-

lato.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell orbicular, rather depressed, olive-green, transversely coarsely

costulated, interstices longitudinally striated, with two elevated, simple,

angulated ridges ; aperture transverse, suborbicular, outer lip biangu-

lated in the middle.

Hab. San Estevan, province of South Ilocos, island of Luzon and

island of Ticao, under stones, low water ; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatia decussata, Adams. S. testa ovato-oblonga, longitu-

dinaliter et transversim decussate striata, carinis duabus sim-

plicibus aut subtuberculatis angulatis prominent ibus , pallida

maculis fuscis variegatd ; spird elevatd ; aperturd obliqud, fere

orbiculari, labro biangulato in medio.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell decussately transversely and longitudinally striated with two

acute simple or subtuberculated prominent keels, pale marked with

light brown blotches and fine puncta ; spire elevated ; aperture ob¬

lique, nearly orbicular, outer lip biangulated in the middle.

1 lab. Sorsogon, province of Albay, island of Luzon, on smooth

stones, 6 fathoms ; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

35

Stomatia acuminata, Adams. S. testa haliotidea, suborbicu-

latd , subfused , cancellatd, transversim costatd, costis tribus pro-

minentibus , media valde prominuld tuberculatd , valde plicatd

prope suturam , longitudinaliter elevate striata ; spira promi¬

nuld, acuminata, anfractibus quatuor angulatis, labro in medio

triangulato.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell reddish brown, cancellated, transversely ribbed, three ribs

very prominent, the middle one more so than the others and strongly

tuberculated, strongly plicated near the suture, longitudinally ele-

vately striated ; spire prominent, acuminated, whorls four, angled ;

aperture suborbicular, obliquely transverse, outer lip triangulated in

the middle.

Hab. Philippine Islands. (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatia lirata, Adams. S. testd orbiculato-convexd , liris trans-

versis subeequalibus elevatis vix nodulosis, interstitiis valde lon¬

gitudinaliter striatis, prope suturam subplicatd, pallida, fusco

radiatimmarmoratd; spira subprominuld, anfractibus rotunda-

tis ; aperturd obliqud, oblong o-ovali, labro convexo, rotundato .

Hab. - ?

Shell orbicular, convex, with nearly equal transverse raised ridges,

ridges slightly nodulous, interstices strongly longitudinally striated,

plicated near the spire, pallid, radiately marbled with brown ; spire

rather elevated, whorls rounded ; aperture oblique, oblong-oval, outer

lip convex, rounded.

Hab. - ? (Mus, Cuming.)

Stomatia rubra, Lamarck.

Hab. Philippine and Corean Archipelago. (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatia notata, Adams. $. testd suborbiculari, depressd,

pallide rosed, maculis purpureis valde distinctis ornata, trans¬

versim carinatd , carinis acutis prominentibus subdistantioribus,

longitudinaliter valde oblique striata ; spira subprominuld, an¬

fractibus carinatis, apice acuto ; aperturd subcirculari, intus

margaritaced et transversim sulcata.

Hab . - -? (Mollusca, PI. VIII. fig. 16.)

Shell suborbicular, depressed, pale rose-colour, adorned with very

defined dark purple spots, transversely keeled ; keels acute, rather

prominent, somewhat wide apart, longitudinally strongly obliquely

striated ; spire rather prominent, whorls carinated, apex acute ; aper¬

ture subcircular, transversely sulcated and pearly within.

Hob. - ? (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatia Candida, Adams. S. testd suborbiculatd, depressd,

Candida, transversim tota carinatd, carinulis parvis confertis

permultis elevatiusculis subnodulosis, interstitiis longitudinali¬

ter tenuissime striata ; spil'd depressiuscidd, anfractibus rotun-

datis ; aperturd obliqud, subcirculari, longiore quam latiore.

Hab. in insulis Koreanicis.

36

Shell orbicular, depressed, white, transversely entirely carinated ;

keels very small, close together and very numerous, suhnodulous

and slightly elevated ; interstices longitudinally very finely striated ;

spire somewhat depressed, whorls rounded ; aperture oblique, sub-

circular, longer than wide.

Hab. Korean Archipelago, coral reefs ; A. H. (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatia pallida, Adams. S. testd suborbiculari ; spird acu-

minatd , albd, radiis pallidis longitudinalibus pictd , transversim

liratd , interstitiis decussate striatis ; aperturd transversd , sub-

ovali, intus porcelland, labio subrecto, calloso.

Hab. ad Insulam Lord Hood, dedicav. (Mus. Cuming.)

A species somewhat resembling in colouring the striped variety of

S. notata , but which differs materially in form and sculpture.

Microtis, new genus.

Animal as in Stomatia, but the foot with a deep anterior fissure

for the head, and the front edge bilobed. Operculum none. Shell

spiral, suborbicular, depressed, with two tuberculated ridges ; spire

slightly prominent ; aperture very large, wider than long, pearly

within, columellar margin spiral, visible as far as the apex of the

spire.

Microtis tuberculata, Adams. M. testd suborbiculari , halio-

tided, valde depressd, viride variegatd , transversim striatd, bi-

carinatd , carinis tuberculatis , prope suturam nodulosim plicatd;

spird vix elevatd, anfractibus carinatis ; aperturd magnd, ovali,

intus bisulcatd margaritaced.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis. (Mollusca, PI. VIII. fig. 8-12.)

Shell suborbicular, ear-shaped, greatly depressed, variegated with

green, transversely striated, bicarinated ; keels tuberculated, no-

dosely plicated near the suture ; spire scarcely elevated, whorls cari¬

nated ; aperture large, oval, pearly within, with two concentric parallel

grooves.

Hab. Island of Capul, on the sands, high water ; H. C. (Mus.

Cuming.)

Gena, Gray.

Animal subspiral, oval, depressed, too large to enter the shell ;

tentacular lobes plumose. Foot very large, tubercular, posteriorly pro¬

duced ; lateral membrane not fimbriated, more or less extended, and

covering the shell. Operculum none. Shell subspiral, oblong, ear¬

shaped, depressed, smooth or striated ; spire flattened, nearly obso¬

lete ; aperture large, pearly within.

Gena planulata, Lamarck.

Hab. Isle of Camaguin, under smooth stones, low water ; Gindul-

man, isle of Bohol, under stones ; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatella planulata, Lamarck , Hist. An. s. Vert. vol. vi. p. 210 ;

Encyclop. Meth. pi. 40. f. 4 a, b.

Gena auricula, Lamarck.

Hab. Eastern Seas ; Red Sea ; Celebes. (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatella auricula, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert.wi. p. 210. Patella

lutea, Linn.

Gena nigra, Quoy and Gaimard.

Hah. Eastern Seas. (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatella nigra, Quoy fy Gaimard , Voy. de V Astr. v. 3. pi. 66 bis,

fig. 10-12.

Gena plumbea, Adams. G. testd haliotided, ovato-oblongd ,

dorso latere dextro gibbosd, sinistro planulatd, plumbed, decus¬

sate totd striatd ; spird prominuld , anfractibus rotundatis ,

anfractu ultimo ad suturam gibboso ; aperturd postice subcana-

liculatd , labro in medio flexuoso.

Hab. Java.

Shell gibbous on the right side, flattened on the left, lead-coloured,

decussately striated over the back ; spire rather prominent, the

whorls rounded, last whorl gibbous at the suture ; aperture slightly

channeled posteriorly, outer lip flexuous in the middle.

Hab. Java. (Mus. Cuming.)

Gena strigosa, Adams. G. testd haliotided, ovato-oblongd ,

dorso subplanatd , totd striatd , striis irregularibus sub confer tis,

olivaced lilaceo alboque varia, /asciis subfuscis, pallidis alter-

nantibus longitudinaliter ornatd , labro hand sinuoso.

Hab. - ?

Shell rather depressed, the back equally convex, striated all over,

olivaceous varied with white and lilac, marked with alternate light

and dark bands, the light bands sometimes articulated; spire de¬

pressed, outer lip slightly sinuous.

Hab. - ? (Mus. Cuming.)

Gena striatula, Adams. G. testd haliotided , ovato-oblongd ,

dorso planiuscula, totd striatd , striis profundis sub dist antibus,

rubra, flaveolo aurantiaco fuscoque varie pictd ; spird prominuld,

nunquam subdistortd ; labro valde flexuoso.

Hab. Australia; et in insulis Philippinis.

Shell very elongated, slightly convex, strongly striated all over the

back, red varied with orange, light yellow and brown ; spire elevated,

often distorted ; outer lip very flexuous.

Hab. Calapan, island of Mindoro, on small stones, 9 fathoms; H. C.

Swan River, Lieut. Preston ; Australia. (Mus. Cuming.)

Gena varia, Adams. G. testd haliotided , ovato-oblongd, politd,

dorso cequaliter convexd, latere sinistro striatd ; luteo , rubro

alboque variegata ; spird prominuld, erectd, acuminata.

Hab. Australia ; et in insulis Philippinis.

Shell smooth, polished, back equally rounded, striated on the left

side, varied with yellow, red and white ; spire rather elevated, lateral,

upright and pointed.

Hab. Calapan, island of Mindoro, on small stones, 9 fathoms; H. C.

38

Acapulco, on the sands. Col. Moffat ; Australia. A pretty little spe¬

cies usually confounded with G. auricula. (Mus. Cuming.)

Gena concinna, Gould.

Hob. Sandy Island.

Gena minima, Dufo.

Hob. Seychelles, dredged from 6 fathoms ; Dufo.

Stomatella minima, Dufo, Ann. Sc. Nat. Oct. 1840, p. 202. Spe¬

cies unknown to me.

Gena irasata, Dufo.

Hab. Seychelles.

Stomatella irasata, Dufo, Ann. Sc. Nat. Oct. 1840. Species un¬

known to me.

Gena pulchella, Adams. G. testd convexo-depressd, ovali, albd,

rufo maculata , dorso convexd, totd striatd ; spird prominuld,

anfractibus rotundatis ; aperturd magnd, ovali, intus margari-

taced, iridescente.

Hab. - ?

Shell convexly depressed, oval, white, with large rufous spots ;

back convex, striated all over ; spire rather prominent, whorls round¬

ed ; aperture large, oval, pearly within.

Hab. - ? (Mus. Metcalf.)

Gena lintricula, Adams. G. testd haliotided, oblongd, dorso

convexd, totd tenuissime striatd, tenui, fragili, carneold, rubro

macidatd ; spird sub terminali, minimd, ad latus decumbente ;

aperturd apertd, valde elongatd.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell elongated, regularly convex, entirely striated, thin, fragile,

pink, with darker spotted and articulated lines ; spire nearly poste¬

rior, slightly elevated ; aperture elongated anteriorly, dilated.

Hab. Calapan, island of Mindoro, on smooth stones, 9 fathoms ;

H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Gena asperulata, Adams. G. testd haliotided, dorso convexd,

rufo-fuscd cinguld albd latd longitudinali ornatd, lineis elevatis

subconfertis , striisque longitudinalibus obliquis decussatd; spird

posticd, subprominuld, albd; aperturd elongatd, ovali.

Hab. - - ?

Shell ear-shaped, back convex, red-brown with a broad white lon¬

gitudinal band, decussated with transverse raised lines and oblique

longitudinal elevated strise ; spire posterior, slightly prominent ; aper¬

ture elongated, oval.

Hab. - ? (Mus. Metcalf.)

Gena nebtjlosa, Adams. G. testd haliotided, ovato-oblongd ,

dorso totd striatd, albd rufo-fusco nebulosd ; spird prominuld ,

anfractibus angulatis ; aperturd elongatd, ovali; columella caf/o

crasso rimam umbilicalem obtegente.

Hab. Australia.

39

Shell flat, depressed, entirely striated, white clouded with red-

brown ; spire rather prominent, the whorls angulated ; aperture elon¬

gated, oval ; columella with a thickened callus covering the umbilical

fissure.

Hab. Australia. (Mus. Cuming.)

Gena ornata, Adams, G. testd subturbinaced, ovali, laevi , po-

litd , dorso convexa , fusco-rubrd, lineis nigris albo-articidatis

longitudinalibus ; spird prominuld, rosed ; aperturd ovali ; co-

lumelld curvatd, simplici ; labro rejlexo , postice subjlexuoso.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis. (Mollusca, PL VIII. fig. 17.)

Shell oval, smooth, polished, convex, red-brown, with regular di¬

stinct black longitudinal lines articulated with white ; spire rosy,

rather prominent ; aperture oval ; columella curved, simple ; outer

lip convex, slightly indexed posteriorly.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines, on the reefs, low water ; H. C.

(Mus. Cuming.)

Gena lineata, Adams. G. testd subturbinaced , solidd, Icevi,

politd , convexd, ovali , carneold lineis rubris longitudinalibus

ornatd ; spird prominuld, anfractibus rotund atis ; aperturd sub-

rotundatd ; columella planulata, callosd , labro simplice.

Hab. - ?

Shell thick, smooth, polished, convex, oval, light pink, with regu¬

lar parallel continuous red lines arranged longitudinally ; spire pro¬

minent, whorls rounded ; aperture nearly circular ; columella flat¬

tened, with a callous deposit, outer lip simple.

Hab. - — — ? (Mus. Cuming.)

Broderipia, Gray.

Animal unknown. Operculum ? Shell ancyliform, nonspiral, ob¬

long-ovate, flattened, apex posterior, involute ; aperture very large,

ovate, pearlaceous internally.

Scutella, Broderip (pars).

Broderipia iridescens, Broderip, sp.

Hab. Pacific Ocean, Grimwood’s Island. (Mus. Cuming.)

Scutella iridescens, Broderip , Proc. Zool. Soc. June 1834.

Broderipia rosea, Broderip, sp.

Hab. Pacific Ocean, Grimwood’s Island. (Mus. Cuming.)

Scutella rosea, Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. June 1834.

Broderipia Cumingii, A. Adams. B. testd ovatd, depresso-

convexd, subpellucidd, pallida, radiis rubris picta, concentrice

corrugato-striatd, striis granulosis, vertice postico excentrico-

submarginali ; aperturd patuld, intus margaritacea, margine

albo limbo maculis rufis picto ; margine columellari acute angu -

lato prominente , postice subrecto.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis (Capul). (Mus. Cuming.)

Distinguished from B. iridescens by its prominent angulated colu-

mellar margin and granulato-corrugose surface.

40

Scissurella, D’Orbigny.

Animal unknown. Operculum none. Shell very small or minute

heliciform ; spire depressed ; aperture suborbicular, effuse ; outer lip

with a narrow fissure or slit ; umbilicus open.

? Anatomus, Montfort.

SciSSURELLA ANGULATA, Loven.

Hab. Scandinavia.

Scissurella angulata, Loven , Index Moll. Scand. p. 20.

SciSSURELLA PLICATA, Philippi.

Hab. Shores of the Peninsula of Thapsi.

Scissurella plicata, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 187, vol. ii.

tab. 25. fig. 18.

Scissurella d’Orbignyi, Scacchi.

SciSSURELLLA STRIATULA, Philippi.

Hab. Peninsula of Magnisi.

Scissurella striatula, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 160.

Scissurella decussata, D’Orbigny.

Scissurella decussata, D’ Orbigny, Mdm. Soc. d’ Hist. Nat. de Par. i.

p. 340.

Scissurella crispata, Fleming.

Scissurella crispata, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 361-366.

3. Monograph of the Genus Anatinella.

By Arthur Adams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.

Anatinella, Sowerby.

Testa ovata cequivalvis, subcequilateralis , latere antico rotundato,

postico subrostrato, subtruncato ; ligamento interno , processui

cochleariformi affixo, dentibus duobus cardinalibus in utrdque

, valva ante processum positis ; impressionibus muscularibus dua-

bus, anticd oblongd, irregulari, posticd subcirculari ; impres-

sione musculari pallii integra ; appendice cardinali interna

nulla.

Shell ovate equivalve, nearly equilateral, anterior side rounded,

posterior slightly beaked and subtruncated. Ligament internal, fixed

to a spoonshaped process in each valve, on the anterior side of which

are placed two rather elongated cardinal teeth. Muscular impres¬

sions two, lateral, distant, the anterior oblong and irregular, the poste¬

rior nearly circular. Palleal impression entire, without any sinus.

No testaceous appendage within the hinge.

Anatinella Sibbaldii, Sowerby. A. testa solidiori, subopacd,

IcEvi, valde concentrice corrugatd, longitudinaliter obsolete sub-

striata ; latere postico, acuminato , subtruncato ; margine dor-

sali postice declivi ; processu cochleariformi crasso lato ; mar¬

gine ventrali valde arcuato.

Hab. - ?

*

41

Shell rather solid, subopake, smooth, strongly concentrically

wrinkled, longitudinally obsoletelv substriated ; posterior side acu¬

minated, subtruncated ; dorsal margin posteriorly sloping ; spoon¬

shaped process thick and wide ; ventral margin strongly arcuated.

Hab. Ceylon, on the sands. (Mus. Cuming.)

Anatinella dilatata, Adams. A . testa tenui, fragili, concen-

trice corrugatd, long itudinaliter striata, latere postico dilatato ,

oblique valde tvuncato, margine dorsali postice horizontali recto ,

processu cochleariformi parvo tenui , dentibus cardinalibus valde

diver gentibns ; margine ventrali arcuato.

Hab. - ?

Shell thin, fragile, concentrically wrinkled, longitudinally striated ;

posterior side dilated, obliquely strongly truncated ; dorsal margin

posteriorly horizontal and straight ; spoonshaped process small, thin ;

cardinal teeth greatly diverging, ventral margin arcuated.

Hab. Puteao, Philippines, on sand-banks, at low water ; H. C.

(Mus. Cuming.)

Anatinella ventricosa, Adams. A. testa tenui , ventricosa,

semipellucidd, concentrice corrugatd , longitudinaliter conspicue

striata ', striis elevatiusculis, latere postico rotundato ; margine

dorsali postice declivi ; processu cochleariformi tenui , angusto ;

margine ventrali leviter arcuato.

Hab. - ?

Shell thin, ventricose, semipellucid, concentrically wrinkled, lon¬

gitudinally conspicuously striated, striae rather elevated, posterior

side rounded, dorsal margin posteriorly sloping ; spoonshaped process

thin, narrow, ventral margin slightly arcuated.

Hab. Puteao, Philippines, on sand-banks, at low water ; H. C.

(Mus. Cuming.)

February 26, 1850.

W. Spence, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following paper was read

1. Monographs of Cyclostrema, Marryat, and Separatista,

Gray ; two genera of Gasteropodous Mollusks. By

Arthur Adams, B.N., F.L.S. etc.

Cyclostrema, Marryat.

Animal ignotum. Operculum - ? Testa depressa, perspectivo-

umbilicata ; apertura circularis.

Shell depressed ; aperture circular ; umbilicus very large, with the

volutions of the whorls visible within it.

Cyclostrema cancellata, Marryat. C. testd albcl, lineis lon-

gitudinalibus et transversis elevatis clecussantibus hide cancel -

42

latd ; aperturd labiis cancell atis ; cancellis transversim stri-

atis.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell white, cancellated, with elevated, decussating transverse and

longitudinal lines ; aperture with the lips cancellated ; cancelli trans¬

versely striated.

Hab. Baszay, island of Samar, 6 fathoms, coral sand; H. C.

(Mus. Cuming.)

Cyclostrema cancellata, Marry at, Trans. Linn. Soc. 1818, vol. xii.

p. 338.

Cyclostrema nivea, Chemnitz. C. testd orbiculari , nivea, pel-

lucidd; spird depressd , anfractibus transversim costellatis, cos-

tellis reyularibus, superis distantioribus ; interstitiis leviter con-

cavis ; suturis profundis subcanaliculatis ; labro simplici ; um-

bilico peramplo .

Hab. in maribus Occidentalibus.

Shell orbicular, snowy white, transparent ; spire depressed, whorls

transversely ribbed, ribs regular, the upper fewer and wider apart ;

interstices slightly concave ; sutures deep, slightly channeled ; lip

simple ; umbilicus very large.

Hab. Seas of India. (Mus. Cuming.)

Turbo niveus, Chemnitz , Conch. Cab. vol. x. pi. 165. f. 158/ and

1588. Delphinula nivea, Reeve. Delphinula lsevis, Kiener.

Cyclostrema Reeviana, Hinds. C. testd orbiculari , subdis-

coided , muticd ; spird depressiusculd, anfractibus convexis, lon-

gitudinaliter carinulatis , carinulis numerosis , superis distanti¬

oribus ; interstitiis liris obliqiiis corrugato-clathratis ; labro

simplici ; umbilico peramplo.

Hab. - ?

Shell orbicular, somewhat discoid ; spire rather depressed, longi¬

tudinally keeled, keels numerous, upper ones wider apart ; interstices

latticed in a wrinkled manner, with oblique ridges ; inner lip simple ;

umbilicus very large.

Hab. Straits of Malacca, 17 fathoms. (Mus. Cuming.)

Delphinula Reeviana, Hinds, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843.

Cyclostrema Cobijensis, Reeve. C. testd turbinatd, minutd,

anfractibus convexis, carinulis transversis et longitudinalibus

cequidist antibus regulariter clathratis ; umbilico mediocri; labro

simplici.

Hab. Cobija, Peru.

Shell turbinated, very small ; whorls convex, regularly latticed, with

equidistant, transverse and longitudinal ribs ; umbilicus moderate ;

lips simple.

Hab. Port of Cobija, Peru, under stones in rocky places, low water ;

H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Delphinula Cobijensis, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843.

Cyclostrema spirula, Adams. C. testa orbiculari, discoided ,

evolutd; spird depresso-concavd , anfractibus rotundatis , primis

43

contiguis, ultimd distinctd, transversim costulatis, costellis sub-

confertis, cequidist antibus ; interstitiis tenuissime longitudina-

liter striatd ; aperturd circulari ; peritremate continuo.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 22.)

Shell orbicular, discoid, evolute ; spire depressly concave ; wliorls

rounded, the first contiguous, the last separate, transversely ribbed,

ribs equidistant, close together ; interstices very finely longitudinally

striated ; aperture circular ; peritreme continuous.

Hab. Philippine Islands. (Mus. Cuming.)

Cyclostrema cingulifera, Adams. C. testd orbiculari , ni-

tida ; spird depressd, anfractibus rotundatis, carinulis trans-

versis, acutis , cequidist antibus ; interstitiis ( sub lente ) tenuis¬

sime longitudinaliter striatis ; aperturd subcirculari , supra

subangulatd ; umbilico mediocri.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell orbicular, shining ; spire depressed ; whorls rounded, with

equidistant, small, acute, transverse keels ; interstices (under the

lens) very finely longitudinally striated ; aperture subcircular, angu¬

lated above ; umbilicus moderate.

Hab. Dumaguete, island of Zebu, 4 fathoms ; H. C. (Mus.

Cuming.)

Cyclostrema nitida, Adams. C. testd orbiculari , Icevi, tenui ,

nitida; spird elevatiuscula , anfractibus prope suturam suban-

gulatis ; suturis profundis, subcanaliculatis ; aperturd subcir¬

culari, supra angulatd ; umbilico mag no , peromphalo angulato,

acuto.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell orbicular, smooth, shining ; spire rather elevated ; whorls

somewhat angulated near the suture ; suture deep, subcanaliculated ;

aperture subcircular, angulated above ; umbilicus large, peromphalus

acutely angulated.

Hab. Catanuan and Sual, island of Luzon, 10 fathoms, sandy mud ;

H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Cyclostrema planorbula, Adams. C. testd orbiculari, plan-

orbula ; spird depressd, anfractibus Icevibus, rotundatis, suturis

distinctis ; aperturd subcirculari , supra angulatd; umbilico

permagno, patulo.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell orbicular, planorbular ; spue depressed, whorls smooth,

rounded, suture distinct ; aperture subcircular, angulated above ;

umbilicus very large and open.

Hab. Sual, island of Luzon, 10 fathoms, sandy mud ; H. C. (Mus.

Cuming.)

Cyclostrema plana, Adams. C. testd orbiculari, dorso plano-

convexd ; spird depressd, anfractibus planis, supra transversim

striatis, infra Icevibus ; aperturd subcirculari , supra angulatd ;

umbilico peramplo, anfractibus intus conspicuis.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell orbicular, back plano-convex ; spire depressed, whorls flat-

44

tened, above transversely striated, below smooth ; aperture subcircular,

angulated above ; umbilicus very wide, the whorls visible 'within it.

Hab. Dumaguete, island of Negros ; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Cyclostrema micans, Adams. C. testd turbinatd , minutd , albd,

nitida, anfractibus convexis, longitudinaliter oblique cost ell at is,

transversim carinulatis, cavinulis nodulosis ; umbilico rnediocri;

aperturd circulari ; peristomate continuo , incrassato.

Hab. Australia.

Shell turbinated, small, white, shining, whorls convex, longitudinally

obliquely ribbed, transversely carinated, keels nodulous ; umbilicus

moderate ; aperture circular ; peristome continuous, thickened.

Hab. Port Lincoln ; Metcalf. (Mus. Cuming & Metcalf.)

Cyclostrema elegans, Adams. C. testd orbiculari , discoided,

tenui, semipellucidd ; spird depressd, anfractibus rotundatis,

transversim omnino striatis ; suturis distinctis ; aperturd sub-

circulari , supra angulatd ; umbilico per amplo.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell orbicular, discoid, thin, semipellucid ; spire depressed, whorls

rounded, entirely transversely striated ; suture distinct ; aperture sub-

circular, angulated above ; umbilicus very wide and open.

Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, 10 fathoms, sandy mud; H. C.

(Mus. Cuming.)

Cyclostrema sulcata, Adams. C. testd orbiculari, discoided ;

spird planiusculd, anfractibus convexis, costellis transversis

confertis regularibus, interstitiis profunde sulcosis ; suturis

profundis canaliculatis ; umbilico patulo ; peromphalo Icevi.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell orbicular, discoid ; spire rather flattened, whorls convex,

with regular, transverse, small ribs, numerous and close together, in¬

terstices deeply grooved ; suture canaliculated ; umbilicus open ; um¬

bilical area smooth.

Hab. Tambay, island of Negros, coarse sand, 6 fathoms ; H. C.

(Mus. Cuming.)

Cyclostrema angulata, Adams. C. testd orbiculari, discoided ;

spird depressd, anfractibus transversim costellatis, costellis

regularibus, cequidist antibus, interstitiis tenuissime striatis ;

anfractu ultimo biangulato, supra costellato, in media piano, *

infra costellato ; aperturd subangulatd ; peritremate inter-

rupto ; umbilico permagno.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell orbicular, discoid ; spire depressed, whorls transversely cos-

tellated ; ribs small, equal, equidistant, interstices very finely striated ;

last whorl biangulated, costellated above, smooth in the middle, and

ribbed beneath ; aperture somewhat angulated ; peritreme not con¬

tinuous ; umbilicus very large.

Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, 10 fathoms, sandy mud; II. C.

(Mus. Cuming.)

45

Separatista, Gray.

Animal ignotum. Operculum - ? Testa orbicularis , subdiscoi-

dea, anfractibus primis contiguis, ultimo distincto ; aperturd

patuld, effusd, angulis subcanaliculatis ; umbilicus magnus, in-

fundibuliformis , usque ad apicem.

Shell orbicular, somewhat discoid, the first whorls contiguous, the

last disunited ; aperture wide-spreading, angulated ; umbilicus large,

infundibuliform, the whorls visible within as far as the apex.

The Cornu of Schumacher and the Lippistes of Montfort, founded

upon the Argonauta cornu of Fichtel, appear to belong to Carinaria

of Lamarck. Steira of Eschscholtz would seem by the figure given in

Oken’s c Isis’ to be an Atlanta badly drawn in an inverted position,

and indeed is founded upon the “ Corne d’ Ammon vivant ” of Le-

sueur, Atlanta Peronii.

Separatista, Gray (not described).

Separatista Grayii, Adams. S. testa spird depressd, anfrac¬

tibus carinulis quinque transversis ; aperturd oblong o-trans-

versd ; labio reflexo , antice rotundato.

Hab. apud Promontorium Bonse Spei.

Shell with the spire depressed, whorls with five transverse keels ;

aperture transversely oblong ; inner lip reflexed, anteriorly rounded.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope. (Mus. Cuming.)

Separatista Chemnitzii, Adams. S. testd spird elevatd, an¬

fractibus carinulis tribus transversis ; aperturd subcirculari ;

labio subrefexo , antice producto, angulato.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell with the spire elevated, whorls with three transverse keels ;

aperture subcircular ; inner lip somewhat reflexed, anteriorly pro¬

duced and angulated.

Hab. Island of Bureas, Philippines ; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Turbo separatista, Chemnitz.

Professor Owen communicated a Memoir *, in continuation of

his previous papers published in the Transactions (vol. iii. pp. 243,

307, 345), on the Gigantic Wingless Birds of New Zealand.

Having in the previous Memoirs determined and referred to their

genera and species the different bones of the leg, he made those of

the foot the subject of the present communication, which was illus¬

trated by the exhibition of an extensive series of remains from both

the North and South (or Middle) islands of New Zealand; com¬

prising the entire series of phalanges of one and the same foot of the

Palapteryx robustus, a gigantic species from Waikawaite ; a similarly

complete series of the Dinornis rheides ; and series more or less in¬

complete of the phalanges of the Dinornis giganteus , Palapteryx in¬

gens, and other genera and species of the singular extinct wingless

birds of New Zealand. The characteristics of the different phalanges

* This paper will be printed in the Transactions, vol. iv. Part 1.

46

were minutely detailed, and the different proportions of the toes cha¬

racteristic of different species, especially of the two most gigantic,

viz. the Dinornis giganteus of the North island, and the Palapte-

ryx robustus of the turbary deposits of the Middle island. The

adaptation of the claw-bones for scratching up the soil was obvious

from their shape and strength. The generic distinction of Palapteryx

had previously been indicated by a slight depression on the metatar¬

sus, supposed bv the author to be for the articulation of a small back-

toe, as in the Apteryx ; and he had since received a specimen of the

principal bone of that toe, which was exhibited and described. A

nearly entire sternum, a portion of a minute humerus, and a cranium

of one of the smaller species of Dinornis , were also exhibited and

described.

This magnificent series of remains of great New Zealand birds had

been collected chiefly by the late Colonel Wakefield, and had been

transmitted to the author through the kind interest of J. R. Gowen,

Esq., a Director of the New Zealand Company.

March 12, 1850.

W. Spence, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read : —

1. First Thoughts on a Physiological Arrangement of

Birds. By Edward Newman, F.L.S., F.Z.S. etc.

The systematic arrangement of the Class Aves is more unsettled

than that of any other portion of the animal kingdom, a circumstance

that may fairly be attributed to our attaching too high a value to

characters purely structural or admensural, while we neglect others

more intimately connected with reproduction ; in a word, to the sub¬

stitution of physical for physiological characters. In mammals, rep¬

tiles and fishes, we have a primary division based entirely on physio¬

logy : thus mammals are placental or marsupial ; reptiles are ovipa¬

rous or spawning ; fishes are viviparous or spawning ; and this primary

division of these classes is admitted by all physiologists to be strictly

natural. Notwithstanding, however, the purely physiological charac¬

ter, on which these primary divisions depend, it is found that physi¬

cal characters harmonise with physiological, and that intimate struc¬

ture in each instance hears out physiological difference. It were not

wise altogether to discard structural differences even in the outset of

an inquiry into system, but it is necessary to use them rather as cor¬

roborative than as indicative ; and above all to draw a distinct and

permanent line between such as are truly intimate and such as are

purely adaptive. It has always appeared to me that one of the chief

advantages of an extensive Vivarium like that possessed by our Society

is the opportunity it affords for studying animated nature in an ani-

47

mated state, for ascertaining physiological as well as physical charac¬

ters. If then we avail ourselves of the opportunities which are or

ought to be thus afforded us, we shall find that in the very outset of

life a physiological character of the most obvious kind will divide birds

into groups as distinct as are the placental and marsupial mammals,

or the cartilaginous and bony fishes. Prior to the extrusion of the

egg, observed facts bearing on this subject are so few and so uncon¬

nected that they cannot he rendered available as affording evidence

on the question to be considered ; it is therefore compulsory that our

comparisons begin at that moment when the condition of the young

becomes patent by the breaking of the shell. Commencing the inquiry

at this point, which may safely he regarded as analogous to the birth

of a placental animal, we have this obvious grand division of the

class : — -

1 . Hesthogenous Birds. — In these, immediately the shell is broken

the chick makes its appearance in a state of adolescence rather than

infancy : it is completely clothed, not with such feathers as it after¬

wards wears, hut still with a close, compact, and warm covering: it pos¬

sesses the senses of sight, hearing, smelling, &c. in perfection : it runs

with ease and activity, moving from place to place at will : it perfectly

understands the signals or sounds uttered by its parent, approaching

her with alacrity when invited to partake of food she has discovered,

or hiding itself under hushes, grass, or stones, when warned of danger;

in either case exhibiting a perfect and immediate appreciation of its

parent’s meaning : it feeds itself, pecking its food from the surface of

the earth or water, and not receiving it from the beak of its parent :

although entering on life in this advanced state, it grows very slowly,

and is long in arriving at maturity. When full-grown it uses its feet

rather than its wings : it trusts much to its legs for means of escape :

when it flies, it moves through the air by a series of rapid, powerful,

laboured strokes of the wing, and invariably takes the earliest oppor¬

tunity of settling on the land or water, not on trees ; it never takes

wing for recreation or food, but simply as a means of moving from

place to place : it is polygamous in its habits ; the number of females

predominating over the males : the males are pugnacious, they accom¬

pany the females only until incubation has commenced, and abandon

the duties of incubation and the care of the young solely to the

females : the females make little or no nest, a depression scratched on

the surface of the soil generally sufficing : the eggs are large in com¬

parison to the size of the bird : neither sex sings, or attempts to imi¬

tate the voice of men or animals. Birds included in this division

approach more nearly to mammals than do those which it excludes :

for instance, the habitual use of land or water for progression, the

swiftness of foot, the strength and muscular development of the legs,

the polygamous habits, the want of the extraordinary instinct of nest¬

making, are characters which, while they seem to degrade these birds

as birds, certainly raise them in the list of animals, because they are

thus brought nearer those animals which suckle their young, and which

are always placed at the head of the animal kingdom. In an econo-

48

mical point of view, and considered in reference to man, the flesh of

these birds is wholesome, nutritious, and is generally considered highly

palatable. The division comprises the following orders, in each of

which partial exceptions to one or other of these general characters

occur : —

1 . Gallinse, or the Poultry order.

2. Brevipennes (Cuvier), or the Ostriches.

3. Pressirostres (Cuvier), or the Plovers.

4. Longirostres (Cuvier), or the Snipes.

5. Macrodactyli (Cuvier), or the Rails.

6. Plongeurs (Cuvier), or the Divers.

7. Lamellirostres (Cuvier), or the Ducks.

2. Gymnogenous Birds. — In these, when the shell is broken, the

chick makes its appearance in a state of helpless infancy : it is naked,

blind, and incapable of locomotion : it cannot distinguish its parent

by means of its senses : it gapes for food, but does not distinguish

between proper food offered by its parent, and a stick or a finger held

over it : it cannot feed itself, and would die were not food placed in

its mouth : it rapidly attains its full size, often before leaving the

nest. When full-grown it uses its wings rather than its feet : it flies

with a succession of deliberate and easy strokes : it takes wing for

recreation and for food, and not merely for the purpose of moving

from place to place : it is strictly monogamous ; the sexes being

equal in number : males share with females the cares of incubation

and feeding the young until these are able to shift for themselves.

Birds possessing these characters build elaborate nests in trees, and

perch in trees rather than on the ground : many of them sing melo¬

diously ; others imitate, with wonderful facility, the voice of man or

of animals. As an economical character in connexion with man, their

flesh is bitter and unpalatable, often offensive and disgusting ; hence

man has never domesticated them for purposes of food. These are

birds par excellence : they possess in perfection the essential charac¬

ters of birds : in the habitual use of air for progression and of trees

for resting, in the want of abilities for terrestrial progression, in

strength and bulk of pectoral muscle, in monogamous habits, in the

fabrication of nests, in powrer of song, they are raised as birds, but

degraded as animals, since in all these characters they recede from

those animals which suckle their young. The division comprises the

following groups, in each of which exceptions to one or other of the

general characters occur : —

1. Totipalmes (Cuvier), or the Pelicans.

2. Longipennes (Cuvier), or the Gulls.

3. Accipitres, or the Birds of Prey.

4. Cultrirostres (Cuvier), or the Herons.

5. Passeres, or the Sparrow^ order.

6. Grimpeurs (Cuvier), or the Climbing birds ; and

7. Columbee, or the Pigeons.

49

2. On a new species of Lymnjea from Thibet.

By Lovell Reeve, F.L.S., F.Z.S. etc.

Lymncea Hookeri. hymn, testd ova-

td, tenuiculd , conspicue umbilicatd ,

anfractibus quatuor ad quinque, con-

vexis, superne depresso-rotundatis ,

suturis subimpressis, aperturd orbicu-

lari-ovatd, marginibus lamind latius-

culd subverticali conjunctis ; sordide

olivaceo -fused.

The above-described freshwater mollusk,

collected by Dr. Hooker on the Thibetian

or north side of Sikkim Himalaya, at 18,000

feet elevation, belongs to the same type as our well-known Lymncea

peregra , and affords an interesting addition to the evidence which

has been in part collected touching the wide geographical distribu¬

tion of corresponding forms of plants and animals over those parts of

Europe and Asia where there are no extensive mountain-barriers.

The European Lymncea stagnalis has been collected as far east as

Affghanistan, and the typical form of Lymncea peregra is very cha¬

racteristic in this species from Thibet. A depression of the whorls

next the sutures, which gives a more orbicular form to the aperture,

and a conspicuous umbilicus, which is not in any degree covered by

the columellar lamina, prove it to be specifically distinct from L.

peregra ; and these characters do not appear in the various modifica¬

tions of that species arising out of its more or less ventricose growth,

or more or less attenuated convolution. South of the Himalava

«/

range, where Dr. Hooker reckons the snow-line to be 5000 feet

lower than on the north side, and 3000 feet lowTer than the locality

inhabited by this species, the Lymncece are of quite a different type,

more especially in the plains of Bengal, where the shell, owing to its

being formed in so much warmer a temperature, is of stouter growth,

and characterized by some design of colouring. The European types

of Lymncea, ranging over Russia and Siberia, appear abundantly in

the stagnant waters of North America ; and some are identical in spe¬

cies. L. elodes of Say, inhabiting Pennsylvania, is doubtless the

same species as the European L. palustris ; L. truncatula of the

same author appears to be identical with L. desidiosa ; and the L.

peregra, represented by L. Hookeri in Thibet, is represented in Penn¬

sylvania by Say’s L. catascopium. The Lymncece of Australia are of

a remarkable and very distinct type from either of those mentioned

above.

I have much pleasure in naming this Thibetian Lymncea after the

indefatigable traveller, whose researches into the natural and phy¬

sical history of that remote country into which few have penetrated,

are likely to be attended with such important results. I have placed

the specimens in the British Museum.

The figure in outline is of the natural size.

No. CCIY. — Proceedings of the Zoological Society.

3. On the Animal of Liotia ; with descriptions of new

SPECIES OF DeLPHINULA AND LlOTIA, FROM THE CuMING-

ian Collection. By Arthur Adams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.

(Mollusca, PI. VIII. fig. 18, 19, 20.)

An examination of the animal of Liotia Peronii tends to confirm

the generic importance of a small group hitherto confounded with

Cyclostrema and Delphinula , but which had been justly recognised

by Mr. Gray under the name of Liotia. The shell is known by its

thickened peritreme ; the operculum is peculiar, and the habits are

peculiar in living at considerable depths, while Delphinula proper are

chiefly littoral. In Liotia the head is proboscidiform, the tentacles

subulate, the eyes on conspicuous peduncles at their outer bases ;

there are no intertentacular lobes, hut a conical lobe on each side of

the head external to the eye-peduncles ; the lateral membrane of the

foot is undulated, and furnished posteriorly with three cirrlii.

The operculum is arctispiral, the volutions being very narrow, nu¬

merous, and covered with a calcareous deposit, which is articulated

at regular intervals, giving the upper surface of the operculum a tes¬

sellated appearance ; the periphery is ornamented with radiating,

horny fibres.

Liotia pulcherrima, Adams. L. testd subdiscoided ; sjrird ele-

vatiusculd , anfractihus rotundatis , Ur is transversis et longitu-

dinalibus elegantissime cancellatd , liris transversis muricatis ;

labro expanso, duplicati, radiatim fimbriato ; umbilico per-

amplo, crenulato.

Hab. apud Promontorium Bonae Spei. (Mollusca, PI. VIII. % 21.)

Shell subdiscoid ; spire slightly elevated, whorls rounded, very ele¬

gantly cancellated with transverse and longitudinal raised ridges, the

transverse being muricated ; outer lip expanded, with a double peri¬

treme, each being radiately fimbriated ; umbilicus very large, the

margins crenulated.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope. (Mus. Cuming.)

Liotia affinis, Adams. L. testd globosd ; spird subpromhiuld,

anfractibus rotundatis , transversim elevato-striatis, costis vari-

ciformibus longitudinalibus, distantibus, angulatis, mucronatis ;

anfractuum parte inferiori serie unicd foraminum ; labro ex¬

panso ; umbilico patido , crenulato.

Hab. in littoribus Australise.

Shell globose ; spire rather prominent, whorls rounded, transversely

elevately striated, with variciform longitudinal ribs, wide apart, angu-

lated, and with the angles furnished with sharp points ; lower part of

the whorls with a single row of holes ; outer lip expanded ; umbilicus

wide, crenulated.

Hab. Australia. (Mus. Cuming.)

A species partaking of the characters of L. scalarioides and L. va-

ricosa of Reeve, but which can be referred to neither.

51

Liotia duplicata, Adams. L. testd orbiculari ; spird de-

pressd , anfractibus transversim et longitudinaliter costatis ;

costis transversis duabus , tubercidatis ; anfractuum parte in-

feriori pland ; umbilico arnplo, perspective), crenulato.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell orbicular ; spire depressed, whorls transversely and longitu¬

dinally ribbed ; transverse ribs two, tuberculated ; the lower part of

the whorls smooth ; umbilicus very large, the other whorls visible

within, margin crenulated.

Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, Isle of Mindanao, Philip¬

pines. (Mus. Cuming.)

Liotia nodtjlosa, A. Adams. L. testd orbiculato-depressd ;

spird complanatd, transversim striata, ultimo anfractu costis

transversis duabus in medio puncto sulcatis et nodulis magnis

sub dist antibus instructis, infra serie punctorum circa regionem

umbilical em ; aperturd orbiculari, peristomate reflexo puncto

fimbriato, umbilico patulo margine crenulato.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis. (Mus. Cuming.)

Delphinula coronata, Adams. _D. testd subdiscoided, alba,

nigro lineatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, supra, spinis squamce -

f omnibus subramosis nigricantibus sursum curvatis coronatd ;

anfractuum parte alterd spinis brevioribus nigris in seriebus

disposiiis ; spird plano-convexa.

Hab. in littoribus Australia.

Shell subdiscoid, white, with black lines ; whorls rounded, coro¬

nated above with blackish subramose scale-like spines curved up¬

wards, the other part of the whorls with shorter black spines arranged

in parallel rows ; spire plano-convex.

Hab. Cape Upstart, North Australia, in crevices of rocks at low

water ; Jukes. (Mus. Cuming.)

DelphinulX euracantha, Adams. D. testd subdiscoided, al-

bidd fusco rubroque variegatd, anfractibus supra Icevigatis, su-

perne angulatis, angulo spinis scpuamceformibus grcindibus latis

decurvatis ornato ; anfractuum parte inferiori serie unied spi-

narum et squamarum in seriebus parallelis disposiiis ornatd ;

umbilico arnplo, squamis muricatis armato, peromphalo nodoso.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell subdiscoid, whitish varied with red and brown ; whorls

smooth above, angulated superiorly, the angle ornamented with large

wide decurved scale-like spines ; lower part of the whorl with a single

series of spines and numerous parallel rows of scales ; umbilicus wide,

armed with m.uricated spines, margin nodose.

Hab. Isle of Mindora, Philippine Islands; H. C. (Mus. Cum.)

Like D. aculeata. Reeve ; but the spinose processes are broad and

deflexed, and there is a single row of large spines on the under part.

Delphinula calcar, Adams. D. testd orbiculari, discoided ;

spird depressd, albd, anfractibus angulatis acutis, peripherid

serie unied spinarum radiatim stellatd, spinis triangularibus

52

compressis prominentibus ; anfractuum parte inferiore plana ;

umbilico patulo , crenulato.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell orbicular, discoid; spire depressed, white, whorls sharply

angulated, periphery with a single series of prominent broad trian¬

gular compressed spines radiatelv disposed ; lower part of whorls

smooth ; umbilicus wide, crenulated.

Hab. Catanuan, province of Tayabas, island of Luzon, sandy mud,

10 fathoms; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

A small species, partaking somewhat of the characters of D. stella-

ris, Adams and Reeve, but much more depressed, and the lower part

of the whorls simple.

March 26, 1850.

W. Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

The following papers were read: —

1. On a Leech new to the British Fauna.

By J. E. Gray, Esq., F.R.S.

Mr. Hoffmann lately sent to the Zoological Gardens a living spe¬

cimen of a very large leech which he had found near his house in

the Regent’s Park. It has been preserved in fluid, and now forms

part of the Collection of British Animals in the British Museum.

It proved to be an adult specimen of Trochetia subviridis, Dutro-

chet (. Lamk . Hist. A. s. V. v. 523), well-figured in the 2nd edition

of Moquin-Tandon’s ‘Monograph of Hirudines,’ t. 4. It is a very

interesting addition to the fauna. It is the giant of the family, this

specimen being more than 7 inches long.

*

2. On the Occurrence of Regalecus glesne at Redcar,

Yorkshire, in 1850. By J. E. Gray, Esq., F.R.S.

A specimen of this fish was cast ashore on Redcar Sands, York¬

shire, on Thursday, the 3rd of January 1850. “The fish was alive

when found. Length without the tail-fin, which is wanting, about 1 1

feet ; width at the broadest part, 12 inches ; weight, 4 stone 10 lbs.”

It was salted and exhibited at Redcar. During the exhibition the

rays of the dorsal and ventral fins were almost entirely destroyed, and

it broke transversely into three nearly equal lengths on being moved

from the sand.

It was eventually sent to London, and now forms part of the Col¬

lection of British Animals in the British Museum. The specimen,

when it arrived in London, agreed in general appearance and in all

essential characters with the specimen from Cullercoats which was

exhibited in London last year. Mr. Wrightson, who had the care of

it at Redcar, considered, because it had no expanded forked tail,

that the tail was wanting.

ProuZ.S Mollusc 3l IX

"W. H Baity.

Fig 1. a.F.c. Helix. vellicata. rorbes.

2. a.t H. Kelletii.

3. a i>. H. Fandorse

4. at. II. l?-byrmtTms. var.

5. a. i. Bulimiis achat, nellinus Fortes.

muted. J'V riu

Fig: 6. a.b.

7. a.b

S a.t

9. a.t

10.

Brlirrras chernrA's:--

F . iimbnaius.

Succinea cmgulata.

Cydostomapuruxn

Fu.sus Kelletii

aes.

: ernes.

53

3. Note on Callichthys and Anableps.

By J. P. Gr. Smith, Esq.

The flesh of Callichthys, when cooked, is of a fine deep yellow

colour, and in substance is somewhat cheesy or buttery on the tongue ;

it is very rich in flavour : no cleaning of the intestines appears to be

necessary before preparation for the table.

In the creeks by which the island of Mexianna is intersected, these

fish literally swarm and keep the waters alive and in a state of con¬

stant disturbance. I have witnessed them crossing a log of wood,

which was hung in the water and intercepted the passage, in such

numbers that they quite concealed it from view ; and the people, when

they wanted a dish, were in the habit of going down to a favourable

spot and picking them out with their hands, without going into the

water.

Anableps swims in small shoals with the eyes above the surface of

the water, generally close to the shore, and so near together that I

have shot twenty to thirty at a time by firing a gun among them ;

then* flesh is very sweet, and not unlike a smelt in taste.

4. On the species of Mollusca collected during the

Surveying Voyages of the Herald and Pandora, by

Capt. Kellett, R.N., C.B., and Lieut. Wood, B.N. By

Professor Edward Forbes, F.R.S.

1 . On the Land-Shells collected during the Expedition.

(Mollusca, PI. IX.)

Officers employed on a hydrographical survey have seldom time or

opportunity for making an extensive collection of land-shells. In the

assemblage of mollusks collected by Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood,

there are twenty-eight species, of which eight are undescribed forms.

These have been collected at various points between the coast of the

Equador to the south and Vancouver Island to the north, the Gele-

pagos Islands, Pitcairn’s Island, and the Sandwich Isles. Unfortu¬

nately, in consequence of the mixing of unlabeled specimens, the pre¬

cise locality of several of the species cannot now be determined.

Of the genus Helix there are nine species. Of these, H. Toivns-

endiana , Nuttalliana and Columbiana are certainly from the neigh¬

bourhood of the Columbia river. Helix Kellettii and Pandora, both

new, are probably from the same country, though the box in which

they were contained was marked “ Santa Barbara.” Helix areolata

bears no indication of its locality. Helix labyrinthus, variety sipun-

culata , is a very curious modification of H. labyrinthus, and, like its

known near relations, comes from Panama. Helix ornatella (known

also as H. Adamsi) was collected in Pitcairn’s Island, where it had

originally been observed. A single specimen of the common Euro¬

pean Helix aspersa is marked “ Santa Barbara,” and probably owed

its presence, wherever it was found, to transport by Europeans.

Of the genus Bulimus fourteen species were collected. Among the

most interesting of these are seven species, two of them new, from

54

Chatham Island, one of the Gelepagos group. Five, viz. nux, cal-

vus, eschariferus , unifasciatus , and rugidosus, are described forms ;

two, to wdiich I have applied the names chemnitzioides and acha-

tellinus , are new, and very curious. Of these latter, the first is

singularly isolated in many of its features, though bearing a resem¬

blance sufficient to indicate an affinity with certain elongated and

turreted Bulimi , natives of South America. The other is equally

distinct from any known members of this genus ; but, moreover,

instead of linking, as the majority of the Gelepagos land-shells do,

the fauna of those singular islands with the American continent,

rather points, as it w^ere, in the opposite direction, and distantly

indicates affinity with the fauna of the Sandwich Isles.

Unfortunately less certain as to exact locality, though contained

in a box labeled “ Panama,” is a curious small elongated Bulimus,

to which I have given the name fimbrialus. A form such as this,

suggests, when we bear in mind the varied characters of its congeners,

considerable doubts as to the value of the generic sections at present

generally received among the Pulmoniferous Mollusca. We speak

of Bulimus, Helix, Pupa, Achatina, and Balea, as if they were so

many marked groups, the species in each assimilating to ideal generic

types, whereas the difference between certain forms of so-called Bulimi

and others placed under the same generic name is greater than be¬

tween many Bulimi and Helices or Pitpce. Without assenting to

the viewTs of Ferussac, which would have amalgamated the genera

into one, on account of the similarity in external characters of the

soft parts of the animal, and fully admitting that in certain tribes

the shell alone may become a most important source of generic cha¬

racter — in other words, granting that in certain groups the sources

of generic distinction may lie in the pneumo-skeleton — I do think

that we have not yet attained a natural arrangement of the Pulmo¬

niferous Mollusks, and until we have solved that problem, wre shall

be seriously impeded in the study of the laws of their distribution

as well as of their organization.

Besides the Bulimi already named, there are specimens of Bulimus

iostomus, B. Harlwegii , and a beautiful new species lately described

and figured by Mr. Pieeve under the name of Bulimus KelleUii, all

probably from the Equador ; Bulimus alternatus, from Panama ;

and Bulimus millecheilus, marked from the Sandwich Islands, though

this curious and beautiful shell is not known to inhabit that locality ;

nor have we evidence sufficient that the specimen brought home by

Lieut. Wood was gathered there. Hitherto it is only known from

“ San Christoval, south-eastern island of Solomon’s Group, north¬

east coast of New Holland” (Pieeve), from which locality the speci¬

mens in Mr. Cuming’s collection were obtained, and the single ex¬

ample now referred to may have possibly been brought away from

the same place.

Of the curious genus Achatinella, two species, livida and alba, are

in the collection, both procured at the Sandwich Islands.

Of Succinea there is a new species, marked from Mazatlan ; T

have named it Succinea cingulata.

00

There are two species of Cyclostoma, the fine C. grande (no lo¬

cality is attached to it), and an equally beautiful one -which I have

named C. purum.

The following diagnoses of the new species in the collection have

been modeled on those of Dr. L. Pfeiffer, wdiose admirable ‘ Mono-

graphia Heliceorum Viventium ’ is one of the most valuable contri¬

butions to Malacology that have been published for many years.

Helix Pandoras. H. testd obtecte perforatd, depresso-globosd,

tenui, rugulosd, concentrice minutissime striatd, anfractibus supra

peripheriam fuscis, infra et prope peripheriam albidis fusco cin-

gulatd, basi albidis ; aperturd rotundatd intus fused albido-fasci-

ata, margine interno incrassato albo ; peristomate reflexiusculo,

extus albo-labiato, margine columellari dilatato, reflexo, umbili-

cum occultante.

Diam. max. 17, min. 16, alt. 14 mill. (PI. IX. fig. 3 a, b.)

Collected near the Straits of Juan del Fuaco ; allied to the last

species, but very distinct.

Helix Kellettii. H. testd anguste umbilicatd, depresso-globosd,

tenui, rugulosd, granulatd, fulvd, spird subturbinatd, sordide flavo

conspersd, rufo-unifasciatd, anfractibus 6, convexiusculis, ultimo

ad peripheriam fascia pallida cincto, basi subinflato ; aperturd

lunato-rotundata, intus pallide fused, unifasciatd ; peristomate

reflexiusculo, margine columellari dilatato, reflexo, umbilicum oc¬

cult ante.

Diam. max. 22, min. 19, alt. 19 mill. (PI. IX. fig. 2 a, h.)

This species is nearly allied to Helix Calif 'or niensis, Lea. It dif¬

fers in the more pyramidal contour of the spire, in the less tumid

body-whorl, and consequently differently shaped, more lunate, slightly

elongated mouth. The margin of the mouth is more reflected.

Helix vellicata. H. testd aperte umbilicatd, tenui, convexo-

depressd, subnitidd, sulcato-striata, striis minutissimis spiralibus

decussatd, Icete viridibus ; spird convexiusculd , anfractibus 6, ulti¬

mo rotundato magno, antice dilatato, subdescendente ; aperturd

perobliqud, lunato- oblong d ; faux alba, peristomate margine sub-

reflexo, superne deflexo-sinuato .

Diam. max. 22, min. 18, alt. 8 mill.

From Panama ? (PI. IX. fig. 1 a, b, c.)

Distinguished from its near allies by the peculiar deflexion of the

upper portion of the lip-margin.

Bulimtjs chemnitzioides. Bui. testd subperforatd, turrito-

subulata, regulariter costatd, costis numerosis, nitidulis, flavidula,

fascia spirali fusco-purpurea cincta ; anfractibus 14, ultimo 4

longitudinis subeequante, basi fusco-purpureo ; columella subreetd,

albidd ; peristoma simplex, acutum ; margine externo superne arcu-

ato ; aperturd ovali-oblongd.

Long. 19, diam. 4 mill. ; apert. 3 mill, longa, 2 lata.

Chatham Island, Gelepagos. (PI. IX. fig. 6 a, b.)

This beautiful species strikingly resembles a marine Chemnitzia.

56

It is very distinct from any known Bulimus, but has affinities with

B. terebralis, B. columellaris , and B. clausilioides.

Bulimus fimbriatus. Bui. testa imperforatd, subuliformi, tenui,

costis longitudinalibus subarcuatis, lineis confertis parallelis in

interstitiis costarum sculptd, rufo-fuscd, suturd impressd ; an -

fractus 7-8, tumidi, ultimus ^ longitudinis vix superans , infra

medium obsolete carinatus ; columella subsimplex, ad basim aper¬

tures angulum for mans ; apertura subovalis ; peristoma simplex.

Long. 9, diam. 2 mill. ; apert. 2 mill, longa, 1 lata.

(PL IX. fig. 7 a, b.)

In a box of shells labeled “ Panama.” The nearest ally of this

very curious shell is the Bulimus gracillimus of Pfeiffer, from Cuba.

Bulimus achatellinus. Bui. testd perforata, umbilico parvo,

conicd, obsolete striatd, nitiduld, flavidd, fusco-fasciatd; suturd

cingulatd, crenulatd, albida ; anfractibus 7—8 convexiusculis, ulti¬

mo vix \ longitudinis cequante ; apertura semiovalis, peristoma

rectum, simplex, acutum ; columella obsolete contorta, margine

columellari reflexo, perforationem semitegente.

Long. 19, diam. 10 mill. ; apert. 5 mill, longa, 4 lata.

(PI. IX. fig. 5 a, b.)

This shell is from Chatham Island, Gelepagos ; it is unlike any

other known Bulimus, and its characters distinctly indicate affinity

with the Achatinellince.

Succinea cingulata. S. testa oblongo-ovatd, vix obliqud, soli-

duld, striatd, nitiduld, fulvo-succinea, scepe spiraliter albo-lineatd ;

spira exserta, obtusd ; anfractus 4, convexiusculi, ultimus longi¬

tudinis cequans ; aperturd elongato-ovata, superne acuta, basi ob¬

lique pone axin recedente ; columella arcuatd.

Long. 12, lat. 6 mill. ; apert. 7 mill, longa, medio 3 lata.

(PI. IX. fig. 8 a, b.)

This Succinea is distinct from any recorded by Pfeiffer. It is said

to come from Mazatlan. The very fine white spiral lines are not

always clearly marked in colour ; they correspond with lines of deeper

depression at intervals of the striae of growih.

Cyclostoma purum. C. testd orbiculari, depressd, albd, niti¬

duld, spird elevatiusculd, luteola ; anfractibus sex, rotundatis,

spiraliter sulcaiis, sulcis numerosis, transverse striatis ; aper¬

turd subcirculari, obliqud, peritremate simplici ; umbilico maxitno ;

operculo - ?

Diam. 48, alt. 17 mill. (PI. IX. fig. 9 a, b.)

Very near C. Cumingii, a species described by Mr. G. Sowerbv

from the island of Tumaco.

5. On the Characters of the Genera Pusionella and

Clavatula. By J. E. Gray, F.B.S. etc.

In the List of Genera of Mollusca published in the Proceedings for

1848, I gave the name of Pusionella to a genus of shell, referring to

the Nefal of Adanson and the Mur ex pusio of Born as the type.

This genus is easily characterized by the smooth thin periostraea,

and the sharp-edged oblique plait which crosses the lower part of the

canal. At the time I formed the genus, which contains several spe¬

cies in my collection, all coming from Africa, I was convinced that it

was separate from the other zoophagous mollusca, from the characters

assigned to it above, though I am aware that several zoologists were

inclined to consider that they were scarcely sufficient for the forma¬

tion of a generic group.

The examination of the operculum of the shells arranged in this

group has shown that it affords a most excellent character, which

separates it at once from all the other genera of the family. The

operculum is formed of concentric laminae, wTith the nucleus or first-

formed lamina placed on the straight front or inner side of the oper¬

culum, which is situated next to the pillar of the shell. With this

peculiarity the genus must now be regarded as firmly established.

This form of operculum had only before been observed in the genus

Bezoardica.

The discovery of this character in shells which had been regarded

by most authors as Fusi, induced me to examine the opercula of

some other allied genera, and I wTas rewarded by the discovery that

Pleurotoma bicarinata, which is very nearly allied in form to P. coro-

nata , the type of the genus Clavatida of Lamarck’s ‘ System,’ has

the operculum of the same shape and formed nearly in the same man¬

ner as that of the genus Pusionella ; while Pleurotoma Babylonica ,

P. Virgo, and P. oxytrophis, which may be regarded as the typical

Pleurotomce, have the ovate lanceolate operculum with the nucleus on

the acute apex, like the typical Fusi.

This being the case, it appears to me desirable that the genus Cla-

vatula should be re-established, and restored to the species which has

the operculum of this kind. Should it he considered necessary to

separate from Pleurotoma the species which have a very short ante¬

rior canal, which have hitherto been regarded as Clavatiilce, they may

be called Drillire, as that was the name which was first applied to

them before they were confounded with the true Clavatulce.

These observations showr the importance of studying the opercula

of the different genera ; and I may add, that the attention which I

have been able to bestow on the subject has convinced me that they

form quite as important a character for the distinction of the genera,

and the arrangement of the genera into natural groups, as the struc¬

ture and form of the shelly valve, or of the external form of the ani¬

mals themselves ; and this may well be believed, when we consider

them, as I am inclined to do, as an imperfectly developed valve, and

as homologous to the second valve of the bivalve shell.

58

April 9, 1850.

Prof. Owen, V.P., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read : —

1. Notices of Australian Fish. By Sir John Richardson,

M.D., F.R.S. etc.

(Pisces, PI. I. II. III.)

In the third volume of the ‘ Zoological Transactions / the * Maga¬

zine and Annals of Natural History/ vol. ix.; a report on the “Fish

of New Zealand,” made to the British Association in 1842; the

Ichthyology of the Voyage of the Sulphur, and especially in the

Ichthyology of the Antarctic Voyage of the Erebus and Terror, com¬

pleted in February 1848, I have described various species of Austra¬

lian fish. Among other sources of information to which I had re¬

course, a collection of drawings, made by Deputy Assistant Commis¬

sary General Neill, in 1841, at King George’s Sound, is particularly

valuable on account of the notices it contains of the habits and qua¬

lities of the fish. The drawings are so characteristic, that most of

the species are easily recognised, but some novel forms could not be

systematically described without specimens, and the opportunity now

afforded me by Mr. Gray of inspecting a number of dried skins pre¬

pared on the spot by Mr. Neill, has given occasion to the present

paper.

Apistes panduratus, Richardson.

Radii. — B. 7 ; D. 1 7|7 ; A. 3|6 ; C. 12f ; P.14; V. 1|5, spec.

(Pisces, PI. I. fig. 3, 4.)

Among the various forms that the genus Apistes presents, the

present one is remarkable for the elevation of the orbit, which rises

in a semicircular protuberance, so high above the occiput as to give

the hinder part of the head a relative depression like a Turkish saddle,

and to render the snout and forehead almost vertical.

The mouth is terminal and small, and both jaws, with the chevron

of the vomer and a round patch on each palatine bone, are furnished

with minute, short villiform teeth. The intermaxillaries are mode¬

rately protractile, and the maxillary, whose dilated lower end drops

below the corner of the mouth, has its posterior edge turned out¬

wards producing a ridge. The nasal spines are thick, but acute, and

are bent to the curve of the forehead. There is a narrow deep groove

between them. This groove widens on the top of the head, where it is

bounded by smooth ridges continued from the nasal spines, and in con¬

junction with them the raised edges of the orbits form an exterior fur¬

row on each side. These four furrows and ridges end in obtuse emi¬

nences which cross from the superior-posterior angle of one orbit to the

other. Behind them the skull sinks perpendicularly to the level of

the nearly flat, depressed occiput, on which however the middle ridges

are still visible. The preorbitar is small, very uneven, and emits a

Proc:Z.S. Pisces. U

Wl Lj-aeL ie. etiitli Tnnted ly Tfullmandel fc Walton

1- 2.THR.EPTERIUS MACULOSUS.

3.4. CHEILOLACTYLUS GIBBOSUS

Printed Ly Hu] Lm an cl el dc 1/VaJton

■

strong spine whose acute point reaches back to the middle of the orbit.

The second suborhitar in crossing the cheek to the hollow of the

preoperculum forms a stout ridge of oblique, somewhat twisted and

striated eminences, none of them spinous. The preoperculum has a

smooth vertical upper limb, which shows as a narrow, slightly ele¬

vated ridge. At its curve or angle there is a strong spine, longer

than the preorbitar one, hut not reaching quite to the gill-opening.

A short thick spine is adnate to its base above, and a little way below

it there is an acute spine half as long, which is followed by three

other angular or spinous points on the lower limb of the bone*. Two

prominent but smooth ridges exist on the gill-plate without any spi¬

nous points. On the suprascapular region there are two ridges, the

upper one having three thick, striated eminences with acute points,

and the lower one has two such eminences, with two small points

more posteriorly.

There are no scales on any part of the head, and there is a smooth

space along the base of the dorsal, which is widest towards the shoul¬

der ; the space between the ventrals and the breast anterior to them,

with the base of the pectorals and their axils, are scaleless ; the rest

of the body, including the belly and integuments adjoining the anal,

is densely covered with small scales. The lateral line is marked by

a series of small eminences and is straight.

Judging from the numbers given in the c Histoire des Poissons,’ and

also from the examination of several species not described in that

work, the branchiostegous rays seem to vary in the Apistes from five

to seven. In the species now under consideration there are seven

rays, but the lowest one is very slender, and so closely applied to the

following one that it can be detected only by dissection.

The dorsal commences between the second points of the supra¬

scapular ridges and extends to near the caudal. Its spinous portion

is much arched ; the spines are strong and acute, and the seventh one

is the tallest, being equal to two-thirds of the greatest height of the

body ; the other spines are slightly graduated, but the foremost three

diminish more abruptly. The last spine is rather more than one-half

as long as the soft rays or than the tallest spine. The last soft ray is

bound at its base to the back by membrane, but this membrane does

not reach to the base of the caudal. The anal terminates rather further

from the latter fin, and has three strong spines, the second being the

stoutest and as long as the third one ; the soft rays surpass them by

about a fourth part. The pectorals are large and obliquely semi¬

oval, the lower rays being the shortest. Their rays are forked, which

is a characteristic mark of the genus, and is not common in the Cot-

toid family. The ventrals are also rather large, exceeding the anal a

little in length and in spread. Their spine stands behind the pecto¬

ral axil and under the fourth dorsal spine.

The length of the head exceeds the height of the body, and is

contained thrice and one-half in the whole length of the fish, caudal

included. Length of specimen 5-^ inches.

* In the figure, the angle of the mandible being strongly represented, looks

like a fourth angular point.

60

Aploactis milesii, Richardson.

Radii. — Br. 5 ; D. 14|14 ; A. 12 ; C. 13 ; P. 1 1 j V. 1|2, spec.

(Pisces, PI. I. fig. 1, 2.)

This fish has the fins of a Synanceia with the lateral eyes and

head of a Scorpcena, but instead of the ridges of the cranium, face

and gill-covers ending in spinous points, they produce only obtuse

knobs. Its teeth in character and position resemble those of R te¬

rms > and its dermal spine-like scales are similar to those of Centri-

dermichthys (Zool. of Yoy. of Sulphur, p. 73). I am not quite sure

that it corresponds in all its general characters with the Aploactis

aspera of the ‘Fauna Japonica’ (pi. 22), but it comes sufficiently

near to be included in the same generic group.

The form of the fish is rather elongated, the height of the body,

which is a little less than the length of the head, being nearly one-

fourth of the total length of the fish, caudal included. The com¬

pression of the head is moderate, its thickness being only one-third

less than its height, and equal to about half its length. The mouth

is terminal, cleft only a very short way backwards, but having a mo¬

derately large gape. The intermaxillaries are slightly protractile,

and their edges and those of the mandible are covered with very

short and minute, densely crowded teeth. The chevron of the vomer

is similarly armed, but there are no teeth on the very narrow edges of

the palate-bones, and the tongue, which is not in the least free at the

tip, appears to be quite smooth. The premaxillaries are but slightly

protractile, the tips of their pedicles when retracted not reaching halt¬

way to the eye. The maxillaries have a protuberance in the centre

of their lower dilated ends, and only their more slender upper halves

glide under the preorbitar. When the head is viewed in front, two

short parallel ridges are seen covering the pedicles of the premaxil¬

laries, above which, on the forehead, there is a deep oblong depression

bounded by an elevated bony ridge, from which a side ridge formed

by the prefrontals proceeds to each orbit. The margins of the orbits

themselves are elevated and uneven, and there is a prominent bend

upwards on the edge of each postfrontal bone ; the rest of the top of

the head is occupied by the front rays of the dorsal fin. The preorbitar

sends one obtuse ridge forwards over the middle of the maxillary, and

another and a larger one backwards in the situation of the spine ot an

Apistes ; this one is knobbed at the end and curved upwards. The

suborbitar chain is elevated and very uneven throughout, particularly

the ridge which traverses the cheek to the hollow of the preopercu¬

lum. There is a blunt process from the angle of the latter bone,

representing the spine common in this family, and three smaller

knobs below it, the edge of the bone being also raised in a slighter

degree. Two slightly diverging ridges, ending bluntly, cross the

operculum ; there is a small blunt point on the interoperculum, and

four obtuse eminences between the eye and shoulder, representing the

two ridges shown in that part in the Scorpcence. The parts between

the bony eminences on the head are covered with small spines like

those of the body, and the whole, in the recent state, seems to have

61

been enveloped in soft skin, which in the dried specimen has left

traces of a short skinny fringe on the lower jaw and of filamentous

points elsewhere. There are several open pores on the limbs of the

mandible. The gill-membrane is smooth and is sustained by five curved

rays. The gill-openings are closed above the gill-plate, but extend

from the point of the operculum downwards and forwards to opposite

the articulation of the mandible, being sufficiently ample.

The whole skin of the body and the lower parts of all the fins are

studded with straight acute spines, each enveloped in a skinny sheath.

The lateral line is nearly straight, having merely a slight rise over the

pectoral. It is marked by a smooth farrow and a series of ten or

twelve skinny processes.

The dorsal extends from between the eyes the whole length of the

back, but is not actually connected to the caudal fin. It is highest

anteriorly, lowest over the pectoral, and of medium height and nearly

even posteriorly, its end being rounded off. The second spine, which

stands over the middle of the orbit, is the tallest, its height being but

a little less than that of the head ; the first and third rays are only a

little shorter, while the fifth and sixth are much lower, producing a

deep notch in the fin. The eighth and following spines are very

slightly graduated, and from thence to its rounded extremity the

outline of the fin is even. The membrane is notched between the

rays, and the tips of the jointed rays curve backwards. The first

seven or eight spines are pungent, but the six following ones are

less so, and are not easily distinguishable in the dried specimen from

articulated rays in which the joints have become obsolete. The

fore-part of the dorsal shows some small membranous points on the

spines. The anal is similar to the soft dorsal, but terminates further

from the caudal, and if it be furnished with a spine it is concealed at

the base of the first soft ray, there being no appearance of one ex¬

ternally. The caudal when fully spread is almost circular in outline.

Its rays are simple, with the tips projecting beyond the membrane,

especially those of the extreme pairs above and below. The pectoral

has the oblique semi-oval form of that fin in Synanceia, but is less

adnate to the side. Its rays are simple, with projecting tips. The

ventrals, formed of one spine and two unbranched rays, stand exactly

under the base of the lowest pectoral rays, and are small.

The only vestiges of colour remaining in the dried specimen are

brown and purple bands and blotches on the dorsal, caudal and pec¬

torals, with one or two rows of white spots on the two latter fins.

Cheilodactylus carponemus, Cuv. et Val. v. p. 362. pi. 128.

Radii.— Br. 6; D. 1 7|31 ; A. 3|19 ; C. 14f ; P. 8 et VII. ; V. 1|5,

spec.

This fish is the “ Chettong,” No. 39, of Neill’s drawings, and the

“ Jew-fish” of the sealers who frequent King George’s Sound. Mr.

Neill informs us that it is an inhabitant of rocky shores, and that

individuals are often taken which weigh more than 16 lbs. It is

readily captured by the hook.

The specimen described and figured in the c Histoire des Poissons’

62

was obtained by Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard in the same locality with

Mr. Neill’s, and the latter accords perfectly with it; but I am per¬

suaded that the references in that work referring to Solander and For¬

ster’s accounts of a New Zealand species ought to he struck out.

Some notices of the discrepancies between the memoranda of these

authors and the history of Ch. carponemus in the 4 Histoire des Pois¬

sons’ have been given in the ‘Zoological Transactions,’ vol. ii. p. 101,

and since the date of that publication the examination of various

Australian specimens has strengthened the reasons I had for coming

to that conclusion.

The Cheilodactyli do not accord well with the typical Scicenidce,

and the evidences of the ptenoid structure of their scales are often

deficient, the teeth on the disks becoming perfectly obsolete, and none

existing on the margins of the scales of any species we have examined.

In Mr. Neill’s specimen the length of the head is contained four and

a half times in the total length of the fish, in which the caudal is

included. The height of the preorbitar equals the diameter of the

orbit ; and its length is considerably greater, being about equal to one-

third of the length of the head. The teeth on the jaws are needle-

shaped, small, and arranged in a narrow, not crowded band. The

vomer is smooth. The dorsal fin is low, the sixth and tallest spine

being only equal to a quarter of the height of the body, and the fifth

and seventh spines are scarcely shorter. The spines lower a little

towards the soft rays, but there is no decided notch. None of the

spines are stout. The second anal spine is as long as the third one

and is thicker. The tenth or long pectoral ray reaches beyond the

first third of the anal ; the caudal is deeply forked. The transverse

diameter of the scales generally exceeds the longitudinal one.

Mr. Neill’s drawing represents five yellowish lines on each side of

the face, reaching backwards to the occiput, the three lower ones

crossing the upper part of the preorbitar and being interrupted by the

eye. The under and fore edge of the preorbitar is marked by a blue

line, which is prolonged to the temples, and there is also a short blue

streak immediately under the orbit, the iris itself being likewise of

that colour. Two blue lines traverse the summit of the back close

to the dorsal, disappearing under the middle of the soft portion of

that fin. The same colour exists on the membrane joining the first

three dorsal spines, on the spines of the anal, the ventrals, the long

pectoral ray, and the upper and under edges of the caudal, the tint

in all these cases being a pure indigo. The rest of the fins are of a

paler colour, approaching to mountain-blue.

Cheilodactylus macropterus, Forster.

Scisenoides abdominalis, Solander MSS. Pisces Australia, p. 11.

Scisena abdominalis. Idem , op.citat. p.29 ; fig. pict. Parkins. 2-40.

Scieena macroptera, Forster, Descrip. Anim. p. 136. fig. 206.

Georgio Forst. picta.

Radii.— Br. 6; D.17|26; A. 3|14; C. 17; P. 15 ; V.l|5, Soland.

Br.6; D. 17|26; A. 3|14 ; C. 30 ; P. 9etVI. ; V.l|5, Forst.

63

Of this species I have seen no example, and it is known to me only

by the descriptions and figures above referred to. It inhabits the

bays of the middle island of New Zealand, and was taken on Cook’s

first and second voyage in Queen Charlotte’s Sound and Dusky Bay.

At the latter place its native appellation was ascertained to be “ Ta-

raghee,” but the seamen called it “ Cole-fish.” That it is different

from the Ch. carponemus of the ‘ Histoire des Poissons ’ I am inclined

to believe, from the dissimilarity of the figure in the latter work with

those drawn by Parkinson and George Forster, and from the more

notched dorsal and stouter dorsal and anal spines than we find in

authentic specimens of Ch. carponemus from King George’s Sound.

These discrepancies, and the smaller number of dorsal and anal rays,

authorise us to keep it distinct until an opportunity occurs of exami¬

ning the New Zealand fish. The broad black band which descends

from the shoulder not quite as far as the pectoral is a good distinctive

mark. The reader is referred to the ‘ Zoological Transactions,’ vol. iii.

p. 101, for extracts from Solander’s notes, which may be compared

with Forster’s description in the ‘Historia Animalium,’ &c. p. 136.

Some specimens of Cheilodactyli from Sydney which I have seen

point at a species nearly allied to the two preceding ones as existing

in that part of Australia, but the materials I possess are not suffi¬

cient for the elaboration of its distinctive characters.

Cheilodactylus nigricans, Richardson.

Radii.— Br. — ; D. 15|26 ; A. 3jl0 ; C. 15f ; P. 9 et V. ; V. 1|5,

spec.

Toorjenung, Neill’s drawings, No. 42.

This fish is the “Toorjenung” of the natives of King George’s

Sound, and the “Black Jew-fish” of the sealers. Mr. Neill says

that it grows to a large size, feeds grossly, and that its flesh is dry

and dark-coloured. It is much prized by the aborigines, and forms

a principal article of food among the native families, who are expert

in spearing fish. The head of a large fish is said to make good soup.

It is an inhabitant of rocky points that project from sandy bays, and

moves sluggishly along the bottom, ploughing the sand with its soft

fleshy lips ; hence it falls a ready sacrifice to the native spear.

In shape this fish approaches to carponemus , but is rather more

elongated in the body, and has a more arched spinous dorsal. Its

eye is more remote from the gill-opening, being nearer to the middle

of the head, and the preorbitar is shorter, its length not exceeding

the diameter of the orbit. The most striking dissimilarity to the

preceding species is in the longest pectoral ray, which projects only

about one-sixth of its length beyond the membrane. It is the upper¬

most of the simple rays, and the four others are graduated and also

project beyond the membrane as far in proportion. The disk of the

preoperculum is broad, that of the interoperculum fully equal to it,

and both these bones and the cheek are scaleless in the specimen,

which has sustained some damage in the head, but not apparently in

these places. Ch. carponemus and aspersus have interopereular

bones rather narrower than the disk of the preorbitar, and both these

64

bones, with the cheek, are covered with small scales which do not

extend to the preorbitar. In aspersus a small part of the cheek next

the preorbitar is scaleless. In all these species the operculum and

suboperculum are densely scaly. The integuments of the cheek of

nigricans are full of pores, and the lips are large and fleshy. About

forty-eight scales occur in a row between the gill-opening and caudal,

wflth three or four rows in addition on the base of that fin. About

seventeen compose a vertical row at the shoulder. The scales of the

lateral line are, as in the other species, smaller than those above and

below, which also overlap them. The exposed disk of a scale is rough,

writh minute points, but the exterior margin is thin and membranous.

The base is faintly marked by a dozen or more slightly divergent fur¬

rows, which do not produce marginal crenatures. The sixth and

tallest dorsal spine equals one-third of the height of the body and is

higher than the soft rays, which rise considerably above the posterior

spines. The third anal spine is more slender and considerably longer

than the second one. None of them are strong. The caudal is

forked to half its depth, and has acute lobes.

In Mr. Neill’s drawing this fish is represented as having a dark

greyish-black colour on the back, head and fins, and as being pale on

the belly. The lips are flesh-coloured. Length of the specimen 2 1

inches. The drawing is two feet long.

Cheilodactylus aspersus, Richardson.

Cheilodactylus carponemus, Richardson, Zool. Trans, vol. iii. p. 99,

exclus. synon.

Radii.— Br. 6; D. 17|27 ; A. 3|11; C. 13f; P.8etVII.; A. 1|5,

specimens.

This fish frequents Port Arthur in Van Diemen’s Land, and Dr.

Lhotzky says that it is never taken at Sydney. In the c Zoological

Transactions’ for 1841 (vol. iii. p. 99) there is a notice of it, to which

the reader is referred ; but it is necessary to state that the number

of fin rays there given are those of Ch. carponemus, as expressed in

the ‘ Histoire des Poissons.’ I there pointed out some of the discre¬

pancies between the examples of this fish I had then before me and

the description and figure of carponemus in the work just referred

to ; but being at that time very imperfectly aware of the number and

variety of the Cheilodactyli existing in the Australian seas, I did not

venture to indicate it as a proper species. This I am now' enabled to

do, after a careful comparison of the specimens then commented upon

with Mr. Neill’s example of carponemus from King George's Sound,

the exact locality of the specimen of the latter described by Cuvier

and Valenciennes.

Ch. aspersus is a higher fish than carponemus, the greatest height

of the body being contained only three times and one-third in the

total length, caudal included. It is much compressed, with an acute

back and a deeply-forked caudal. The more arched form of the

spinous part of the dorsal fin, and the much stouter dorsal and anal

spines, afford a ready means of distinguishing the dried specimens.

The different colours and markings of the recent fish are very appa-

65

rent. The first and last dorsal spines are much shorter than the cor¬

responding ones of carponemus , and the notch of the fin is conspi¬

cuous from the greater height of the soft rays. The second anal

spine is very stout, and it rather exceeds the third one in length. The

pi eoi bitar is smaller than in that species, and its length does not ex¬

ceed the diameter of the orbit. The face is therefore shorter, and the

profile rises more steeply to the dorsal, owing to the greater height

of the fish. The elongated pectoral ray, which is the tenth, reaches

no faithei back than the beginning of the anal. The scales are rather

large and much tiled. About fifty-two exist on the lateral line, besides

six or seven rows on the base of the caudal, and there are twenty-

two rows in the height of the fish.

Mr. Lempriere, from whom we had the specimens, says that the

fish is known at Port Arthur under the name of “the Perch,” and

has_ a bright silvery hue with dark spots. The specimens still ex¬

hibit many daik biown spots scattered thickly on the back and more

sparingly on the sides, most of them being rather smaller than the

exposed disk ol a scale. The vertical fins, particularly the caudal,

are more minutely spotted. The top of the gill-cover is blackish, and

there is a dark mark on the humeral bone. As is usual in the genus,

the inside of the mouth and lining of the gill-opening are purplish-

black. Length \2\ inches. Greatest height 3f inches.

The Cheilodactylus carmichaelis (Hist, des Poiss. v. 360) ( Chceto -

don monodactylus, Carmichael, Linn. Trans, vol. xii. p. 500. pi. 24)

approaches aspersus in shape, in the length of its long pectoral rays,

and in the number of fin rays generally, but it is distinguished bv

six short, broad dark bars on the back. ‘ The formula of" its ravs is

as follows : Radii. — Br. 6 ; D. 1/124 ; A. 3,12; P. 9etVI.; V. 1*5

Carmichael.

. The Cheilodactylus fasciatus (Cuv. et Yal. v. 357) of the Cape is

distinguished by four or five vertical dark bands and five transverse

lines on each lobe of the caudal. Its ravs are stated to be : —

Radii.— Bv. 5; D. 19|23 ; A. 3|11 ; C. 17; P. 10 et Y.; V. 1|5.

Hist, des Poiss.

Cheilodactylus gibbosus, Solander. ( Chcetodon .)

Cheetodon gibbosus. Banks , Icon. Parkins, ined. t. 23.

Cheilodactylus gibbosus, Richardson, Zool. Trans, vol. iii. p 10?

Radii. — D. 17|36; A. 3|8 ; C. 14f ; P. 8 et VI.; V. 1|5, spec.

(Pisces, PI. II. fig. 3, 4.)

This fish inhabits the seas of Van Diemen’s Land and the east

coast of New Holland, as well as King George’s Sound. A full de¬

scription of it is contained in the ‘ Zoological Transactions 5 opioted

above. It has the highest spinous dorsal of any described species of

Cheilodactylus , and in the distribution of its black bands it bears a

considerable resemblance to Eques americanus.

Mr. Neill gives a drawing of it (No. 24), and states that it is

known to the aborigines of King George’s Sound by the name of

No. CC^ . Proceedings of the Zoological Society.

66

“ Knelvek.” The natives spear it on sandy banks, but say that it is

rare. Its scales are smooth, and the second and third anal spines are

moderately long and equal to each other. The suboperculum is nar¬

row, and together with the other opercular bones and cheek is scaly.

The figure is one-third of the size of the specimen. The scale is

magnified. A considerable part of its disk retains the small asperi¬

ties or ptenoid teeth, which do not however extend to the margin of

the scale, that being, as is usual in the genus, thin and membranous.

Cheilodactylus nigripes, Richardson.

Radii.— Br. 6 ; D. 18|26 ; A. 3|10; C. 13$; P. 7 etV.; V. 1|5,

spec.

The aborigines of King George’s Sound had no name for this spe¬

cies, and no drawing of it was made by Mr. Neill. The only speci¬

men of it obtained was speared by a native named Murrianne, and

measures 13 inches in length. It has a conical eminence on the pre¬

frontal bone, like that existing in Ch. gibbosus ; its face is short, with

the profile ascending almost as much as in the species just named.

The length of the preorbitar is rather less than the diameter of the

orbit, the eye is placed midway between the gill-opening and mouth,

and the interop erculum is only about half as wide as the disk of the pre¬

operculum. The cheek and all the pieces of the gill-cover are densely

scaly. The second of the simple pectoral rays is the longest and it

falls short of the anus, while only about one-third of its length pro¬

jects beyond the membrane. The spinous part of the dorsal is arched

anteriorly. Its fifth and longest spine rather exceeds one-third of

the height of the body. The preceding ones are graduated to the

first, whose height is only a fifth part of the fifth one, but the de¬

crease of the posterior spines is much less rapid, the last one having

half the length of the fifth. The soft rays rise to nearly twice the

height of the posterior spines, rendering the fin notched. The third

anal spine is somewhat longer than the second one, which is stouter,

but the spines generally are of moderate thickness, and are com¬

pressed. The caudal is forked to half its depth. The ventral spine

is long and slender. The scales are without asperities, and the ex¬

posed part of their disk exhibits the concentric rings of structure

distinctly. About sixty-one exist in a row between the gill-opening

and caudal, exclusive of three or four on that fin. The teeth on the

jaws are slender and closely set.

In the dried specimen the ventrals are pitch-black, and the other

fins are nearly equally dark. The body is also dark, but in the

absence of drawings or descriptions of the recent fish we cannot state

its proper tints.

Cheilodactylus zonatus, Cuv. et Yal.

Cheilodactylus zonatus, Cuv. et Yal. vol. v. p. 365 ; Rick. Rep.

Brit. Assoc. *1845, p. 239.

Radii. — D. 17|31 ; A. 3|8 ; C. 14J-; P. 8 et VI. spec.

This fish, which is common to the China and Australian seas,

appears to be called the “Zebra-fish” by the sealers who frequent

67

King George’s Sound, though that name is most generally appro¬

priated by them to the Crenidens zebra. Its prefrontal hone pro¬

jects behind the nostril, but not so acutely as in Ch. nigripes or

gibbosus. There is however a difference in this respect in different

individuals. The width of the interoperculum is about half that of

the preopercular disk, and these bones and the cheek are densely

scaly. The scales of the cheek however are imbedded in spongy

porous skin. The length of the preorbitar equals the diameter of

the orbit. In the relative sizes of the opercular bones and preorbitar,

and in the form of the dorsal, zonatus and nigripes closely resemble

each other, hut there is a difference in the anal spines, in the rays of

the pectoral, in the shape of the caudals, that of zonatus being only

sparingly excavated, and a striking one in the colours.

The dried specimen of zonatus shows very distinctly eight dark

oblique bars on the body, the first crossing the nape and the last the

base of the caudal, the intermediate pale spaces being equal to the

bars in breadth. The entire head, including the preorbitar, is thickly

marked by round dark spots of the size of duck shot. There are

large spots on the caudal, which are so crowded on the margin of the

fin as almost to form a continuous bar. Two or in some parts more

rows traverse the dorsal, and there are dark marks on the tips of the

anal and ventrals. The simple rays of the pectoral are orange. Mr.

Reeves’s drawing of the Chinese fish represents it as dressed in very

lively colours during the breeding season.

The dorsal is highest at the fifth spine, as in zonatus , and is in

other respects similar in form ; but the anal spines are shorter, espe¬

cially the second, which is also stouter in proportion. Rather less

than one-third of the longest pectoral ray projects beyond the mem¬

brane, and the membrane is less deeply notched between the other

simple rays than in nigripes. The scales differ from those of the last-

named species, being finely granulated on the disk, as in nigricans.

The rays are somewhat differently enumerated in the ‘ Histoire

des Poissons,’ from a Japanese specimen. Radii. — Br. 6; D. 1/|29;

A. 3|8 ; P. 9 et V.; V. 1 [5, Cuv. et Valene.

The Cheilodactylus brachydactylus (Hist, des Poiss. p. 361) of

the Cape approaches more nearly to our examples of zonatus in the

numbers of the rays, but it does not appear to possess the prefrontal

prominence, and has no other markings than a triangular black mark

behind the eye. Radii. — Br. 5; D. 1 7|3 1 ; A. 3|9; C. 17; P. 8 et V. ;

V. 1|5, Cuv. et Valene.

Cheilodactylus ciliaris, Richardson, Zool. of the Voy. of the Ere¬

bus and Terror, p. 37. pi. 26. fig. 6, 7 (Latris; Scicena ciliaris ,

Forster, &c.), is a species which is allied to the following ones, in the

shortness of its simple pectoral rays.

Cheilodactylus hecateius, Richardson.

Latris hecateia, Richardson, Zool. Trans, p. 106. tab. 6. f. 1.

Radii. — Br. 6 ; D. 18|36 ; A. 3|27; C. 16f; P. 9etIX.; V. 1|5,

spec.

68

In the account of this species quoted above, I expressed doubts of

the rank of Latris as a subdivision of the Cheilodactyli ; but now that

I have had an opportunity of examining a more complete gradation

of specific forms, I am not disposed to think that it merits to be con¬

sidered even a subgenus, though the non-prolongation of one of the

pectoral rays (usually the tenth) makes it a convenient division of the

Cheilodactyli , now known to be numerous.

This species inhabits the seas of Van Diemen’s Land.

Cheilodactylus lineatus, Forster (Scicena).

Cichla lineata, Schneider.

Sciaena lineata, T. R. Forsteri Descr. Anim. p. 134. An. 1844 ;

Fig. j)ict. Georg. Forsteri in Bibl. Banks, servata.

Radii. — Br. 6; D. 18|36; A. 1|26; C. 30; P. 17; V. 1|5, Forst. l.c.

This species agrees nearly with the preceding in the numbers of its

fin rays, except that Forster says expressly that it has only one anal

spine. It has also four dark dorsal stripes, with three intervening

silvery ones ; but it differs from liecateius in the yellowish colour of

its fins, and particularly of its caudal, which obtained for it the appel¬

lation of “ Yellow-tail ” from the sailors. It frequents, like the other

Cheilodactyli , rocky places, was captured by Cook’s sailors with the

hook, and was much approved as an article of food. It is a native of

the seas washing the southern island of New Zealand. Length of

specimen described by Forster, 24 inches.

Having seen no specimens we cannot institute a correct comparison

with hecateius.

Threpterius, Richardson.

(' Open-r/pios , ad alendum idoneus.)

Genus piscium acanthopterygiorum Cheilodactylis affine. Corpus

catheto-plateum, ovato-oblongum, squamosum. Caput aliquantulum

parvum, cute porosa tectum, absque spinis, angulis vel aciebus ser-

ratis osseis. Os ut in Cheilodactylis extensibile. Dentes in pre-

maxillaribus, mandibuia trigonioque vomeris una serie instructi, bre-

vissimi, parvi, subconici. Ossa palatis laevia. Genae craniumque

esquamosae. Os preorbitale angustum. Operculum subtriangulare

squamis tectum. Membrana branchiostega radiis sex curvis, satis

validis sustentata. Squamae laeves nec dentatae ; linea lateralis recta.

Radii pinnarum pectoralium inferiores simplices. Pinna dorsi e

nucha fere usque ad caudae pinnam regnans, squamulis apud radios

instructa, membrana inter spinas profunde emarginata ; lobulo tamen

membranaceo e summis spinis pendente. Pinnae ventrales thoracicae

sed a gula paulo remotae.

The characters are deduced from dried specimens, and the pharyn¬

geal teeth and structure of the intestinal canal are unknown. The

jaw teeth are not strictly disposed in a single row, since a few minute

ones form a row behind the others in front of the premaxillaries ;

but these can scarcely be visible in the recent fish. The chevron of

69

the vomer is acute and projects a little. The orifice of the mouth is

rather larger than in the Cheilodactyli, but the jaws are extensible in

about the same degree. The maxillary bone wants the flat thin plate

near its head which exists in the Cheilodactyli and glides beneath

the preorbitar. The latter bone is narrow, its width not being ecpial

to one-third of the diameter of the orbit. The eye is comparatively

large, three diameters and a half of the orbit being equal to the entire

length of the head, and two of these diameters measure the distance

between the hinder edge of the orbit and the tip of the gill-cover.

The position of the eye is high enough to encroach upon the profile.

The cheek equals the diameter of the orbit in breadth ; the disk of

the preoperculum is also wide, and the inter operculum moderately so.

The operculum and suboperculum conjointly have a triangular form ;

the former is notched, and the latter is prolonged by a membranous

tip, which forms the apex of the gill-cover. Both these bones are

densely scaly ; there is also a row of scales on the interoperculum,

partially overlaid by the thin edge of the preoperculum, and the tem¬

ples are also scaly. The rest of the head is without scales, but the

mucous skin, full of canals and pores, which envelopes the head, pre¬

vents us from ascertaining the exact extent of the scales, at least in

the dried specimens. The top of the head is destitute of scales to the

occiput, but in the Cheilodactyli , dense, small scales extend forward

on the skull to before the eyes. In the absence of thick fleshy lips,

the genus differs from Cheilodactylus. The preorbitar is neither wide

enough nor long enough to conceal the maxillary, which however

enters partially beneath its edge. The thin crescentic border of the

preoperculum is striated, but not crenated. The same kind of streaks

or furrows may be discerned, though not so readily, in some Cheilo¬

dactyli. The head forms a fourth of the total length. The height

of the body is also equal to a fourth of the length of the fish, caudal

included. The belly is prominent, and the tail, posterior to the ver¬

tical fins, is slender. The lateral line is straight, and each of its scales

is marked by a short straight tube, which is placed somewhat obliquely

to the general direction of the line. About fifty-two scales compose

a row between the gill-opening and caudal, the base of whose rays are

also scaly, and the lateral line is prolonged as far as the scales extend

on that fin.

The dorsal commences over the upper angle of the gill-opening and

reaches to within an inch of the caudal. Its seventh spine, which is

the tallest, is nearly equal to half the height of the body ; the others

are graduated very slightly posteriorly and more rapidly anteriorly.

None of them are stout, and all of them are traversed on each side

by a deep furrow. The membrane between them is deeply notched,

as in the genus Pelors , and a slender process running up the back of

each spine surmounts it in form of a small free lobe. The soft rays

surpass the tallest spine a little, and are more than twice the height

of the last one. The anal commences opposite to the beginning of

the soft portion of the dorsal and ends beneath its tenth branched

ray, or, in the specimens before us, about two inches and a half from

the caudal. The spines are like the dorsal ones, grooved and slender,

70

and the second one, which is scarcely shorter than the third, is not

quite twice as long as the first one. The seven inferior simple rays

of the pectoral have free tips, their membrane being deeply notched

as in the dorsal. The ventrals are attached under the middle of the

pectorals, or opposite to the sixth dorsal spine. Their spine is slen¬

der, and about two-thirds of the length of the soft rays. The caudal

is rounded, with the tips of the rays projecting beyond the mem¬

brane.

Threpterius maculostjs, Richardson.

(Pisces, PI. II. fig. 1, 2.)

This fish approaches the division Latris of the Cheilodactyli in the

form of its pectoral fin and other characters, but differs so much in

its general aspect, which reminds one of a cottoid fish, that it is well

that we can find a structural difference which enables us to place it

in a separate genus. This exists in the vomerine teeth, the vomer

being smooth in the Cheilodactyli , but in this fish it is armed like

the jaws by a single row of teeth, which, instead of being setiform

and crowded, as in the Cheilodactyli, are short, somewhat conical,

and confined nearly to a single row on the jaws as well as on the

vomer.

The native name of the fish at King George’s Sound is “ Cum-

beiik,” and it frequents rocky places, having apparently the same

habits with the Cheilodactyli. The simple projecting rays of the

pectoral would appear to perform the functions of an organ of touch,

and are furnished to many fish that, like the Triglce, swim close to

the sandy bottom, which they touch with these simple rays, whether

they are wholly or partially free. The Cumbeuk is prized as an

article of food, whence the generic name.

Mr. Neill’s figure represents the fish as having a pale brown colour,

much lighter on the belly, and thickly studded with irregular dark

liver-brown spots, most crowded along the back and becoming much

smaller and more scattered on the belly. The fins are rather of a

redder brown, and the soft dorsal, ventral and caudal are minutely

spotted. Length 9 inches.

Tautoga parila, Richardson.

Paril and “ Common Rock-fish,” Neill’s drawings, No. 9 ; Richard¬

son, Ichth. Erebus and Terror, p. 127, sub Labro fucicola.

Radii.— Br. 6; D. 9|11; A. 3|10; C. 13f; P. 13; V. 1|5, spe¬

cimens.

This species of Labrus or Tautoga approaches Labrus tetricus

(Ichth. of Erebus and Terror, pi. 55. f. 1) in general form, but there

is only a single row of scales on the temples, and they do not descend

lower than the middle of the upper limb of the preoperculum. The

scales covering the operculum and suboperculum are, as in the allied

species, large. The cheek, preoperculum and the broad thin inter¬

operculum show no scales, but, in common with the top of the head,

are covered with a thick skin full of mucous canals and open pores.

The diameter of the orbit is less than the length of the preorbital.

7 1

and is contained five times and a half in the length of the head when

the jaws are retracted. The preorbitar lips are only slightly de¬

veloped, hut the intermaxillary and mandibular ones are thick and

plaited. Teeth arranged in each jawT in a series gradually decreasing

towards the angle of the month, the anterior pair above and below

being considerably larger and more curved. In the upper jaw there

is a complete interior series of small rounded teeth which are on a

level with the soft parts. On the mandible the interior row is con¬

fined to the fore-part of the jaw, and is less regular. The tubular

ramifications on the scales of the lateral line are more numerous and

crowded than in L. tetricus, or any of the other Australian species

figured in the c Ichthyology of the Erebus and Terror/ There are

twenty-four scales on the lateral line having these clusters of tubes,

and the clusters do not diminish in size towards the tail, though one

or two less bushy occur under the soft dorsal. The line is as usual

suddenly bent downwards under the end of that fin.

In the dried skins dark brown lines radiate from the orbit over the

temples, cheek, and preorbitar, and there are dark spots on the jaws,

top of the head and gill-plates. There are also some white blotches

and bars on the cheek, preoperculum, interop erculum and lower jaw.

The body is variegated with brown spots, crowded along the back,

more scattered on the sides, and mixed with small round dots of the

same tint. The dark marks extend to all the vertical fins. These

spots have an umber-brown colour in Mr. Neill’s drawing.

No. 37 of the same drawings represents the “ Black-fish of the

sealers” and the “ Paril” or “ Knhoul” of the natives, which is con¬

sidered to be a variety of the preceding. There is no specimen of it

in the collection, but it has the back and upper part of the sides

thickly sprinkled with reddish-brown dots without any larger spots.

This variety or species is said to grow to the size of 15 or 20 lbs.

Cossyphus YULPiNUs, Richardson.

Radii. — Br. 4 ; D. 1 2 1 1 1 ; A. 3|12 ; C. 14f; P. 16 ; V. 1|5, spec.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length of the fish,

caudal included, and is about equal to the length of the head.

The profile rises in a slightly concave line from the acute snout to

opposite the back part of the orbit at an angle of 30°. From thence

to the beginning of the dorsal, which stands as far back as the axil of

the ventrals, the line is almost horizontal, and judging from the dried

specimen the dorsal ridge there is acute. When the jaws are pro¬

tracted the face has a hollow profile, and the strong series of teeth

give it a sinister look. There are two pairs of canines at the extre¬

mities of the upper and under jaws, the upper ones being inclined

forwards, and also a canine at the corner of the mouth, which is bent

outwards. The smaller teeth are rather widely set, and there are six

of them on each maxillary and fourteen on each limb of the lower

jaw ; and of the latter the middle ones are somewhat longer than those

towards each end of the jaw. Within the front teeth on both jaws

there is a flat naked surface of bone fitted for grinding or crushing,

and more interiorly a few minute granular teeth scarcely protruding

from the bone. The cleft of the mouth extends backwards to the

front of the preorbitar bone, and is equal to the distance between the

corner of the mouth and the eye.

The preorbitar is covered with smooth skin, presenting an even

surface in the recent fish, but in the skeleton it presents three deep

notches anteriorly, separated by linear processes. The rest of the

suborbitar chain is narrow. The upper limb of the preoperculum is

finely serrated, the serratures disappearing on the rounded angle.

The disk of that bone, the other opercular pieces, the cheeks,

temples and suprascapulars are scaly, but there are no scales on the

limbs of the lower jaw, in which respect the species differs from the

Cossyphus maldat of the ‘ Ilistoire des Poissons,’ to wrhich it has

some resemblance in general form. There are six rows of scales on

the cheek and as many on the interoperculum ; the scales on the disk

of the preoperculum are smaller than these, and those covering the

operculum and suboperculum are considerably larger. The naked

part of the scales exhibits little pits rather than granulations. There

are thirty scales on the lateral line, each carrying a simple tube with

its point turned upwards. The tube is more branched in C. maldat.

There is no sudden bend in the lateral line, but it descends gradually

under the soft dorsal rays to the middle height of the tail, on which

there are eight rows of scales.

The anal and dorsal fins move in scaly sheaths, which are broadest

on the soft rays. The spinous rays are strong, tapering, and acute.

The first dorsal spine stands over the axil of the ventrals ; and the

ventral spine, which is as tall as the last and longest dorsal one, stands

beneath the base of the lowest pectoral ray. The soft parts of the anal

and dorsal are somewhat peaked, and rise above the spines. These two

fins end exactly opposite to each other, and leave a considerable space

of naked tail behind them. The angles of the caudal project a little

beyond the straight intermediate border. The colours of the speci¬

men have faded. Length 16 inches.

Cossyphus gouldii, Richardson.

Labrus gouldii, Rich. Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 353.

Cossyphus, vel Lachnolaimus gouldii. Idem , Ichth. of Voy. of

Erebus and Terror , p. 132.

Radii. — D . 1 1 1 1 0 vel 11; A. 3| 10 vel 11; C. 14f; P. 1/ vel 16;

V. 1 1 5, spec.

(Pisces, PI. III. fig. 3, 4.)

Mr. Neill’s collection contains a young specimen of this fish, which

was previously known to me only by an example of considerably

greater size, brought from Western Australia by Mr. Gould. Neither

specimen retained the pharyngeal bones, and I still remain in doubt

as to which of the dismemberments of the Linnsean genus Labrus it

ought to be referred.

It has the general form of Labrus, with the scaly dorsal and anal

sheaths of Cossyphus, and a peculiarity in the very compressed form

of the spinous rays which I have not as yet seen in any other La-

broid. It has the four anterior canines in each jawr which exist in

73

some Cossyphi , and on the mandibles these canines are inclined for¬

ward like the corresponding teeth in Anampses. There are no ca¬

nines at the angle of the mouth. The lateral teeth are incorporated

with the hone, and are small and uniform, not decreasing in succes¬

sion, as in the Labri. In the young specimen the bone of both jaws

is thin, and the forms of the lateral teeth are distinctly seen, cemented

laterally to each other, with a few very minute granular teeth scattered

on the interior surface of the bones ; but in the older specimen the

premaxillaries have swollen behind the canines and acquired a smooth

surface by friction, and the edges of the jaws having worn down the

forms of the teeth composing them, are obscured — their rounded

points alone being visible. On the other hand the granular teeth on

the sides of the jaws have become more conspicuous in consequence

of their growth.

The cleft of the mouth is small, not exceeding the diameter of

the eye. The length of the preorbitar is greater. The latter bone

and the suborbitar chain, with the lower jaw and top of the head,

are scaleless. The edge of the preoperculum is quite smooth, and its

disk appears to be scaleless, but there are nine rows of small scales

on the cheek, and the other gill-pieces are scaly, those on the oper¬

culum and suboperculum being larger than the rest. The uncovered

disks of the scales of the body are rough, with small round points,

the edges being thin, membranous, and striated or wrinkled. The

descending curve of the lateral line under the soft dorsal is the gra¬

dual one of a Cossyphus, not the more sudden deflection of a Labrus.

Each of the scales composing it has a loose arbuscle of sparingly

branched tubes.

The dorsal spines are strong and comparatively short, and the an¬

terior ones are compressed so as to render their front edges acute.

The compression diminishes in the posterior spines, and the last and

tallest one is subulate, grooved and pointed. The foremost two anal

spines are even more conspicuously compressed, and the third one is

subulate. The ventrals are rounded, and have a compressed spine

which stands under the second and third dorsal spines and base of the

pectoral — being farther forward than in Cossyphus vulpinus.

This fish is represented as having a dark purplish colour, and is

said by Mr. Neill to bear the names of “ Koojenuck,” “ Quejuinuck,”

or “ Knowl,” among the aborigines of King George’s Sound. It

attains the weight of 28 or 30 lbs. It is described more at length in

the ‘ Ichthyology of the Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,’ quoted

above.

4

Julis cyanogramma, Richardson.

Radii. — D. 9 i 1 3 ; A.

o .

O

, . 1 1 3 ; C. 12f ; P. 13 ; V. 1 1 5, spec.

This species is the “Knelmick” or “Kielnmick” of the aborigines

frequenting King George’s Sound, and the “ Common Rock-Cod” of

the sealers. It is also an inhabitant of New South Wales, specimens

of it having been sent to the Museum at Haslar by Mr. Miles. Its

flesh is little prized.

In the numbers of its fin rays it comes near Julis dussimieri , but

74

differs from it in having smaller scales, in form and in colours ; nor

have I been able to refer it to any described species. Its body is

elongated ; its height, which is not equal to the length of the head,

being contained five times and a half in the total length of the fish,

caudal included. The compression of the head is considerable, its

thickness not exceeding half its height, and the occiput and nape are

acute. The length of the preorbitar is considerably greater than the

diameter of the eye, and the cheek and interoperculum are both high.

There are no scales on the temples or any other part of the head.

There are fifty scales on the lateral line, each marked by six or

seven short, simple, diverging tubes. The lateral line is bent down¬

wards under the ninth, tenth and eleventh soft rays of the dorsal ; it

is otherwise straight, and runs near the back. The dorsal commences

far forward, over the top of the gill-cover, and runs back with an even

outline ; its tip, which is acute, though not prolonged, reaching, when

laid back, to the base of the caudal. Its spines, as well as those of

the anal and ventrals, are flexible and very slender. The pectorals

are not large, and the ventrals have tapering, acute, but not filament¬

ous tips. They stand under the base of the lowest pectoral ray.

The caudal is moderately rounded, and it is scaly between the rays

for more than one-third of its length.

When the open mouth is viewed in front, its teeth form a rhomb ;

the front pair of teeth above and below are comparatively large and

are curved. There is also a small curved tooth standing forwards

from the angle of the mouth.

Mr. Neill’s drawing represents this fish as having an aurora-red

ground colour on the head, back, dorsal and anal fins, the fins being

of the deepest tint. The head is ornamented by deep blue lines,

which are distinctly visible on the dried specimen. These all form

curves more or less bold, with the convexity forwards. The anterior

one begins on the nose, runs forward to the lips, and inclines backwards

again on the lower jaw ; the next descends from the nostrils over the

disk of the maxillary and posterior part of the lower jaw. Two de¬

scend from the orbit over the interoperculum, and there are some

finer intermediate ones which vanish on the cheek. There are also

about six slender lines on the gill-cover, wdiich are thickened on the

suprascapular region. The body is traversed by seven or eight rows

of short blue lines, which on the tail are superseded in part by dots.

The dorsal and anal have about three row’s of these short lines, and

the caudal, which is reddish-orange, is streaked longitudinally with

blue. The pectoral and ventrals are flesh-coloured.

Length of specimen 12^- inches.

Olisthops, Richardson.

( Olisthops , ex oXicrdrjpos , lubricus , et uj\p, vultus.)

Genus generis Odacis affine. Caput totum cute lubrica, esqua-

mosa tectum (squamulse quatuor tantum inconspicuis regioni supra-

scapulari utrinque insidentes). Labia simplicia cum cute faciei con-

tinua, labia preorbitalia nulla. Dentes cum ossibus lunatis pre-

maxillaribus mandibulisque, modo Scarorum ferruminati. [Ossa pha-

ryngea ab exemplaribus nostris excisa, hinc nobis ignota.] Squamae

cyloidese. Linea lateralis simplex, e tubulis rectis facta, con tinua ;

antice arcuata, postice recta. Pinna dorsi unica, prope humerum

incipiens, in parte spinosa, modo proprio, emarginata ; radiis spino-

sis apicibus flexilibus. Pinnae ventrales sub axillis pectoralium po-

sitae. Membrana branchiostega in gutture continua, utrinque radiis

quatuor sustentata.

The general form of this fish has been known to me for some years

by the accurate drawing of Mr. Neill. It is an inhabitant of King

George’s Sound in Australia, where it is recognised by the natives

under the name of “ Toobitoet,” or “ Toobitooit,” and it is said to

inhabit rocky places and to be rarely captured. In the construction

of its jaws and in general form it approaches most nearly to Odax ,

but it differs from that genus, and still more from Scarus, in the want

of scales on the head, the single lips, and in the unusual form of the

dorsal. The subjoined description is drawn up from a specimen pre¬

pared by Mr. Neill, which I have lately had an opportunity of in¬

specting.

In the shape of the jaws Olisthops resembles several species of Odax

which inhabit the i\.ustralian seas, but does not agree altogether with

the account of the dentition of that genus as given in the c Histoire

des Poissons’ (xiv. p. 299), nor with the drawing of the jaws of Odax

pullus {op. cit. pi. 408. f. 2).

The jaws of Odax, says M. Valenciennes, are composed, as in Sca¬

rus, of an assemblage of small teeth arranged in a quincuncial order

and intimately soldered together, forming on each side a single bodv,

whose cutting edge is crenulated ; but these jaws are neither so broad

nor so convex as in Scarus, and are entirely covered by the lips. They

differ from those of Scarus in that the teeth form two spoon-bowls at

the end of the mouth in front of the spinous points which crown the

teeth of the jaw. Olisthops and several Odaces want these poste¬

rior marginal toothlets, the spoon-shaped masses constituting the en¬

tire dental process of the jaw, and showing their origin merely by the

reflections of the incorporated, minute pearly quincuncial teeth, so

densely crowded as to form nearly the whole of their smooth exterior

surfaces.

Olisthops cyanomelas, Richardson.

Radii.— Br. 4; D. 18|10 ; A. 3|10 ; C. 12f; V. 1|5 ; P.12.

(PI. III. fig. 1, 2.)

Form elongated, the greatest height of the body, which occurs just

behind the ventrals, being contained five times and a half in the total

length of the fish, caudal included. The bluffness of the head, pro¬

duced by the form of the jaws, is intermediate between that of Scarus

and Odax, and the profile, from the nostrils to the dorsal, is mode¬

rately ascending and but slightly convex. The jaws have the usual

76

structure of those of Scarus, being composed of a multitude of mi¬

nute teeth, arranged in a quincuncial order in many rows, and so in¬

corporated with the bone that they produce no inequality of surface,

but reflect the light in certain positions so as to reveal their struc¬

ture. The two premaxillaries conjointly, and the two halves of the

mandible, resemble half the bowl of a spoon with straight cutting edges,

which under a lens appear to be striated and minutely crenulated.

At the symphysis of the mandible, the cutting edge rises slightly, so

as to seem very slightly peaked. The orifice of the mouth is com¬

paratively small, and the small maxillaries are concealed under the

skin at its corners. Interiorly there is a conspicuous velum in both

jaws. The small nostrils lie in a membranous space above the pre-

orbitar.

The entire head is covered with smooth integument, which has no

inflexed folds at the edges of the opercular pieces or preorbitar, but

is continuous with single lips, that are capable of covering the jaws.

The gill-membrane is continuous with the edges of the interopercula,

and passes over the isthmus to which it is partially adherent, leaving

a small flap posteriorly. It is sustained by four flat thin rays on each

side. In length the head is equal to five diameters and a half of the

circular orbit, and the space between the eye and the tip of the gill-

flap equals three of these diameters. The eye is near, but does not

touch the upper profile of the head. A triangular preorbitar, having

a length equal to the diameter of the orbit, is so concealed by the in¬

tegument that it is scarcely discernible in the recent fish, but in the

dried specimen it shows a slightly raised disk bounded in a somewhat

radiated manner by slightly prominent mucous canals. The rest of

the suborbitar chain goes round more than half the orbit in form of

a slender line of simple mucous tubes. The two limbs of the pre¬

operculum, equal to each other in length, meet at a right angle and

inclose a broad and perfectly smooth cheek. In the dried fish the

disk of the bone appears raised, and is edged irregularly with mucous

prominences, but the under border of the bone is thin, and is scarcely

distinguishable from the very thin, flexible interoperculum. At the

temporal angle of the gill-plate there originates a bushy cluster of

prominent ramifications, which disappear about the middle of the

disk, and are most probably not visible at all in the recent fish. The

rather narrow, very thin suboperculum is lengthened into the tip of

the gill-cover, in which the flexible bone is scarcely to be distinguished

from the membrane. The gill-opening is restricted above, the whole

upper edge of the operculum being attached to the side of the head

by membrane. Posteriorly and above the pectoral the gill-membrane

is vertically truncated, and the gill-opening slopes from the level of

the upper ray of that .fin downwards and forwards till it terminates

opposite to the angle of the preoperculum. A row of small scales

exists on the suprascapular region, but there are no other scales,

nor any bony or spinous points on the head.

The scales are cycloid and of smaller size than those of Scarus,

there being forty-eight in a longitudinal row between the gill-opening

Wolf del ct Kth

Printed bv HuVlmiuidel lk> Walton

FRESBYTES ALBIC-ENA Gray

*■» ^

//

and caudal ; seven rows above the lateral line anteriorly, and fourteen

below it.

The scales are oblong, with parallel or converging sides, a truncated

or rounded base and a rounded or conical free end. Fine striae, from

twelve to twenty in number, diverge from the centre towards the base,

but do not produce lobes or crenatures on the margin ; there are some

fainter diverging striae anteriorly. The lateral line is arched over the

pectoral, and afterwards descends gradually, till opposite the three

last dorsal spines, from whence it holds a straight course down the

middle of the tail and runs out to the middle of the caudal membrane.

It is formed of a series of single straight tubes, and is nearly perfectly

continuous, especially posteriorly.

The dorsal spines are slender, and end in soft flexible tips. The

first spine stands over the base of the lowest pectoral ray, and is the

tallest * ; the others gradually diminish in height to the penultimate

one, which is a little shorter than the last one ; the soft rays are forked,

and rise abruptly to nearly twice the height of the posterior spines.

The anal, of similar height and shape to the soft dorsal, has its com¬

mencement and end a little posterior to those of the latter. The

rather small ventrals are attached opposite to the third dorsal spine.

The caudal is rather large, and is crescentic at the end with project¬

ing points, of which the upper one is the longest.

In general colour the fish appears from Mr. Neill’s figure to be

blackish-green, deepening nearly to black on the back and dorsal fin.

A deep prussian-blue streak covers the second pectoral ray, and there

are two broader, interrupted ones on the caudal, viz. between the

longest rays of the caudal above and below and the ray immediatelv

interior to them. The iris is likewise blue, and there is a blue spot

on the nostrils. These streaks are to be traced on the specimen, but

have changed to green. The female differs in being much paler (a

dull leek-green in the dried specimen), and in wanting the blue streaks.

The lobes of its caudal also are less prolonged.

2. Description of a new species of Monkey, recently

LIVING IN THE SOCIETY’S MENAGERIE. By JOHN EDWARD

Gray, Esq., F.R.S. etc.

(Mammalia, PI. XYI.)

Presbytis albigena. Grey-cheeked Presbytis.

Black ; throat, sides of the neck and front of the chest greyish ;

face black, nearly bald, with a few short, rigid, black hairs on the

lips ; a tuft of elongated rigid hairs over each eye ; the cheeks are

covered with short, adpressecl, greyish hairs. The hairs of the body

are uniform black to the base, rather elongated and flaccid, forming

a fringe along each side, and a compressed crest on the crown and

* The artist has inadvertently drawn the first dorsal ray a little shorter than

the second one, not having noticed that its tip was bent backwards in the speci¬

men put into his hands.

78

nape. The hands and feet are short ; the fore-thumb is small, the

hinder one rather large and broad.

Hab. West Africa?

This species is very like Presbytis obscurus, but it is blacker, and

has no pale spot on the nape, and the hair of the body is much

longer, more silky, and forms a compressed crest on the nape, which

is quite wanting in P. obscurus.

It is more like P. melalophus, but differs from it in being black,

and can scarcely be a black variety of that species.

Sir Roderick Murchison exhibited the head of a fish belong¬

ing to the genus Clarias, from the river Limpopo, and a portion of

the skull of Phacochoerus cethiopicus, which had been collected by

Capt. Vardon, during his recent travels in South Africa. The Clarias

had been seen by Mr. Oswell, and identified by him as being a species

also found in the river Zonga, which flows out of the newly discovered

Lake. In directing the attention of the meeting to what may be re¬

garded as the first indication which has reached us of the zoology of

that most interesting region, Sir Roderick Murchison gave a summary

of the knowledge already obtained by African explorers of the cha¬

racter of the country surrounding the Lake, and of the speculations in

physical geography to which their discoveries have given rise.

Mr. R. C. Griffith exhibited some specimens of the “Tstetze,”

which had been entrusted to him for that purpose by Capt. Vardon.

Sir Roderick Murchison having given some account of the supposed

effects of the sting of this fly, Mr. Westwood undertook to describe

the insect more particularly, as it appeared to be new to science, at a

future meeting of the Society.

The Secretary exhibited some cocoons of a species of Saturnia,

si the famous wild silk-worm from Leotang in Mantchouria,” which

had been transmitted to this country by Mr. Rutherford x\lcock, Her

Majesty’s Vice-Consul at Slianghae, and obligingly presented to the

Society by Dr. Lindley.

April 23, 1850.

R. H. Solly, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The Secretary reported that he had received a letter from Lord

Harris, Governor of Trinidad, announcing his Excellency’s intention

of presenting some living animals from that island, and from Venezuela,

to the Society.

The Secretary also stated that he had succeeded in purchasing for

the Menagerie two healthy young specimens of Phacochoenis cethio-

picus, the Vlack Vark, from Port Natal. They are stated by the im¬

porter to be about fifteen months old. (Mammalia, PI. XVII.)

rimed, by IlrilimaTid.e] & Wall

froc.Z .S.Aves.XVII.

iHian smnHU'vo

79

The following papers were read : —

1. On the Garruline Birds, or Jays; with Descriptions

of NEW species. By Charles Lucien, Prince Bona¬

parte.

(Aves, PI. XVII.)

Haying elevated the Garruline Crows to the rank of a full family,

the fifty-third of my Natural Classification ot Birds, I now consider

the family Garndidce , (including, besides the Crypsirhinince, Bari-

tivKBj and the Jays, also the Hopping Magpies, notwithstanding their

stronger bill and closer relation to the Corvid ce,) as formed of five

different groups (subfamilies or great genera as you may call them,

according to your notions, and you admit or not subgenera) . And I

say five, although I do not separate the Magpies from the Jays, hut

consider them as Garruline , because to the three old subfamilies,

Baritime , Crypsirhinince and Garrulince , I now add a fourth ( Garru -

laxime), for the reception of a good many birds hitherto scattered in

diffeient families, 'whose affinity to the Jays, taken for mere analogy,

is now clear and manifest to my eye. Garrulax, Actinodura, Oriolia \

Turnagra, or rather O tag on, distinct from the much more Garruline

Keropia, with those Kittle which are not Coraciince , are all members

of this my new group, to which (however enlarged) cannot be well

united a fifth, Ptilorhynchince, including the genera Chlamydera and

P tilor hynchus, which in Sturnidce were out of their place. But the

object of the present paper is merely the enumeration of the genera

and species of my Garruline subfamily.

The first that we meet, ending the Garrulaxince with Keropia,

which may as well be the first of Garrulinee, is the genus Platy tophus,

Sw ., judiciously changed by G . B. Gray, 1 840, into Lophocitta, hitherto

composed of but one species from Java, to which I now add a second

from Sumatra, introducing to you the bird called Garrulus histrioni-

cus by Solomon Muller, struck in the native woods where he dis¬

covered it by its mimic gestures, whilst the skins he sent to the Lev-

den Museum suggested the name of Garrulus rufulus , Temminck,

than which theie can be no better tor closet-naturalists. I introduce

it thus in the Sy sterna Nature.

Lophocitta histrionica, Bp. Minor : fusco-f erruginea ; collari

nigro ; macula utrinque colli magnd, supraoculari part'd, alba.

Synonyms.

Garrulus histrionicus, Mull.

Garrula rufula, Temm. Fig. nulla.

Hab. Sumatra ; Borneo.

The old species will stand as follows :

Lophocitta GALERicuLATA, Gr. Major : nigra; collari nullo ;

macula utrinque colli magnd, supraoculari part'd, albd.

Synonyms.

Corvus galericulatus. Cur.

Lanius scapulatus, Licht.

80

Lanius coronatus ? Raffles.

Levaill. Hist. Nat. Par ad. t. 42.

II ah. Java.

The second genus of the family will be my Perisoreus or the Dys-

ornithia of Swainson, a northern group composed also of two spe¬

cies only, both well known, the European and Asiatic Perisoreus in -

faustus and the American Per. canadensis ; for brachyrhynchus , Sw.,

is the young of the latter ; and as to Garrulus ferrugineus , Beclistein,

we cannot think of admitting it as distinct, although sustained by

Wagler ; plate 48 of Levaillant, on which alone it is based, being much

more like Perisoreus infaustus than the very plate 47 constantly

quoted under that name.

Third comes the true Garrulus , peculiar to the Old World, com¬

posed of our common Jay with its five closely-allied (or mere races),

and two other more distinct, though hardly less typical, species. One

of these, chief object of the present paper, is certainly by far the hand¬

somest, if not at the same time the largest, resembling most, especially

by the small, lanceolate, white-shafted feathers of its throat, with barbs

still more disjuncted, Garrulus lanceolatus of Central Asia, so well

figured by Gould in his ‘ Century of Himalayan Birds.’ This bird

may be appreciated also in its adult state under the name of Garrulus

gularis, and in immature plumage under that of Garrulus Vigorsi

among the ‘Illustrations of Indian Zoology.’ Our new species, not¬

withstanding its stouter and longer feet, its higher and much more

compressed bill, and elongated square tail, can by no means be called

aberrant.

(Aves, PI. XVII.)

Garrulus Lidthi, Bp. Rufo-vinaceus ; capite colloque ex totis,

alis, cauddque , saturate azureis ; fronte lorisque nigric antibus ;

plumis gulce lanceolatis , barbulis disjunct is, rachiclibus albis :

tectricibus alarum nigro-fasciolatis : remigibus, rectricibusque

apicem versus nigricantibus , apice ipso albo.

Long. 13 poll.; rostr. 1 i poll. ; alse 7 poll.; caudse 5|- ; tars.

Typicus ; quamvis ad Acting du ram accedens simul et ad Cyano-

PICAS !

Rostrum albidum, altum, valde compressum : cauda elongata,

eequalis.

Color azureus capitis et colli sensim in rufo-vinaceum dorsi et ab¬

dominis transiens.

Hab. The precise country of this Jay is not known; but Asiatic

as it shows, and all circumstances induce us to believe, it must live

in some very remote and unexplored occidental spot of China or Indo-

China. The specimen described formed part of Baron van der Ca-

pellen’s collection, purchased after the death of that Dutch governor

of Malasia by Prof, van Lidtli de Jeude of Utrecht. 1 detected it last

week during a visit I paid to that most splendid perhaps ot private

collections with my learned friend Schlegel * .

* We bad a double object in view in visiting Utreclit and the munificent Pro¬

fessor, to whom it is more justice than compliment to dedicate his new Jay: 1.

Of admiring the only adult bird in collections of the Japanese Sea-Eagle ( Ilaliae -

81

The tail alone, strongly rounded, would be sufficient to distinguish

from our new species, and indeed from all others,

Garrultjs lanceolatus, Yig. Cano-vinaceus : pileo geniscjue

nigris : gida juguloque nigricantibus plumis lanceolatis, rachi-

dibus albis : tectricum alarum minorum exterioribus candidis,

corpori proximioribus nigerrimis absque fasciis : remigibus rec-

tricibusque cceruleis nigro fasciolatis : cauda valde rotund at a ,

apice alba.

Synonyms .

Garrulus gularis, J. Gr. adult.

Garrulus Vigorsi, J. Gr. juv.

III. Ind. Zool. i. t. 10 & t. 9.

Hab. in Asia centrali, Himalaja.

N.B. The small coverts which in all other Jays are blue banded, in

this are plain black and white (bipartite) ; which latter colour on the

contrary is wanting on the quills, beautifully striated blue and black

as are the small coverts of the others.

The comparison with this last species was the only one necessary

to establish ; but, considering that no little difficulty is met with in

discriminating the different European and Asiatic Jays, and what a

confusion prevails among the synonyms of the remaining, which may

be considered as six races of the same great species, I shall try to take

advantage of my long experience, peculiar fancy for the group, and

especially of the rich collection I now have at my command, in order

to point out their discrepancies.

1. Garrulus glandarius, Yieill. Cinereo-vinaceus, dorso or-

bitisque concoloribus : pileo albo-cinereo , plumis elongatis medio

nigris : genis rufescentibus : gula juguloque albis : remigibus

primariis extus basi albis ; secundariis obsolete cceruleo-fascio-

latis : rectricibus nigris subfasciolatis. Major : rostrum vali-

dum.

Synonym.

Corvus glandarius, L. fyc.

PL Enl. 481 ; Levaill. Par ad. t. 40, 41 ; Gould, Eur. t. 214.

Hab. Europ. s. occ. et m. ab Hispania ad Graeciam.

fits pelagieus, leucopterus aut imp er at or), whose monstrously powerful bill must

really be thunderstri/cing ! 2. Of ascertaining tlie supposed new species of Micro-

glossus, of which you may have read in the * Comptes Rendus ’ of the French Aca¬

demy, and which I am delighted to say proves to he a specimen of the oldest

known, more likely to get the second abolished than a third established. Sehle-

gel (whose observations I shall always be happy to collect and profit by) de¬

clared that the two species of Microglossi will henceforth stand in precisely the

same relation as the two Coracopsis (which he of course called Vasa) to each other.

But even not considering that result of our investigation, our chief object would

have become the least important, from the great variety of valuable and new ani¬

mals we saw on all sides in the newly -built galleries and well-kept museum, espe¬

cially among reptiles ! And what can I say of the unique collection of foetuses ?

Even Englishmen could not help being amazed at seeing’ in the midst of other

wonders, the Elephant and Hippopotamus bottled up in spirits !

No. CCYI. — Proceedings of the Zoological Society.

82

2. Garrulus japonicus, Schlegel. Fusco-vinaceus, dorso con-

colore : pileo albo-cinereo, plumis elongatis maculis nigris ex-

pansis : orbitis, l oris, remigibusque primariis basi externe ni¬

gris : secundariis cceruleo nigroque distincte fasciatis : rectri-

cibus subunicoloribus.

Synonym.

Garrulus glandarius, var. an nov. sp.? Patriae ignotse, De Filippi,

Cat. Mus. Mediolanens. 1847, sp. 18 ; Faun. Japonic. Av. t. 43.

Hab. in Japan.

3. Garrulus Krynickii, Kaleniczenko. Cinereo-vinaceus, dorso

orbitisque concoloribus : pileo nigro , plumis elongatis : cervice

rufa : gula, genis, juguloque rufo-cinereis : remigibus secunda¬

riis unicoloribus : rectricibus mediis tantum fasciatis ccerules-

centibus ad basim. Major : rostrum robustum.

Synonyms.

Corvus glandarius, var. pileo nigro, Hohenacker , Enumeratio Anim.

Schirwan, in Bullet. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1837, p. 141.

Garrulus Krynickii, Kalenicz. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1839, p. 319.

t. 14.

Garrulus iliceti, Mus. Bug dun.

Garrulus glandarius melanoceplialus, Sclileg. Rev. Critiq. Ois. Eur.

et Faun. Japon., et G. melanocephalus, Auct. quoad Av. Europ.! nec

Bonelli ; Susemihl, Eur. Fog. 11. t. 6.

Hab. in Europa magis orientali et Asia occid. in Regionibus Cau-

casicis et transcaucasicis, Persia boreali, Crimea, Ukrania, Daouria.

4. Garrulus melanocephalus, Bonelli. Cano-vinaceus, dorso

orbitisque concoloribus ; pileo nigro , plumis vix elongatis : cer¬

vice rufo-castanea : gula , genisque albis : subtus albido-cinereus :

cceruleo alarum dilutiore, minus extenso : remigibus secundariis

unicoloribus : rectricibus mediis omnino cceruleo -fasciolatis.

Minor : rostrum gracilius.

Synonyms.

Garrulus atricapillus, Geoff r. 1832.

Garrulus iliceti, Mus. Berolin.

Pica stridens, Ehrenb.; Gene , Mem. Acad. Taur. xxxvii. t. 1 ; Be-

vaill. jun. Exp. Alger. Av. t. 6.

Blab, in Africa s. Syria, Arabia.

5. Garrulus Brandti, Eversm. Vinaceo-rufus, dorso cano ; or¬

bitis nigris : abdomine cinnamomeo canescente : pileo rufo-cinna-

momeo , plumis elongatis, vix maculato : remigibus secundariis ex¬

terne candidis : rectricibus ad basin tantum obsolete fasciatis.

Synonym.

Garrulus Brandti, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1845 ; Schleg. in Faun. Japon.

p. 83 ; Brandt, Enum. Anim. Vert. Sib. Occ. p. 25. sp. 104.

Hab. in Sibiria occid. et centr. Mont. Altai.

6. Garrulus bispecularis, Yig. Cinereo-cinnamomeus, dorso

83

orbitisque concoloribus : pileo immaculato , plumis vix elongatis:

remigibus secundariis ( uti tectrices minores) nigro cceruleoque

fasciolatis.

Synonyms .

Garrulus ornatus, J. Gr. III. Ind. Zool. t. 10.

Garrulus bispecularis, Gould , Cent. Himal. B. t. 38.

Hab. in Asia Centrali, Nepal. Mont. Himalay.

N.B. — I do not know Garrulus albifrons, figured by J. Gray on

plate 12 of the second volume of Hardwicke, Ind. Zool. Ill., but not¬

withstanding the authority of Hartlaub, judging as he does from the

figure, I have no hesitation in declaring it is not a Jay.

The fourth genus of my Garruline subfamily is Cyanogarridus, Bp.,

a North American group, dismembered from Cyanocorax , Boie, for

the distinction of the Blue true Jays with shorter bills, short-tailed

and crested, much more allied to the European Garruli than to the

South American Cyanocoraces. Three species are known : cristatus,

L., Stelleri, Pall., and coronatus, Sw.

Not professing Mr. Strickland’s principles as to the appropriation

of names, we borrow from him the classical one Cyanocitta for a fifth

group, still composed of a dozen species of both Americas, such as

fiavidanus, ultramarinus, &c., of which genus we shall say no more

on this occasion, in hopes that such elegant birds tinged with blue

will shortly make their appearance in a peculiar monograph published

in the same style and with the same joint authorship as the mono¬

graph of those birds tinged with red , the Loxiince , just ready to appear

by the exertions of Dr. Schlegel and myself.

A sixth genus will necessarily be the one to which I restrict Boie’s

name of Cyanocorax , because even by their size and less brilliant

colours they are really Blue Crows , such as C. azureus and violaceus ,

which latter, even by its nuchal ornament (beautiful ornamental spot),

shows a passage on one side to C. ornatus, (which with the other

smaller elegant species, such as armillatus, have again a tendency to

the Jays ;) and on the other, by C. cay anus, to the white-tailed spe¬

cies, much more crow-like, and which five, as they are, might consti¬

tute the group TJroleuca.

Then comes seventh, with its yellow tail, my new genus Xanthura,

composed of three South American birds formed and coloured as

Corvus peruvianus, one of which exhibits also the elegant nuchal spot

which so much contributes to show the South American birds con¬

nected. The last of Cyanocorax must be the Sanblasiana, so ab¬

normal as to deserve perhaps the generic appellation of Cissilopha.

More than ever convinced of the propriety of using old names for

modified groups, I persist of course in retaining that of Cyanurus,

Swainsonian synonym of Cyanocorax, but recalling attention to the

tail, for the long-tailed Blue Jays with black bills : of these, two

undescribed species appear to live in the far east of Asia, quite as

beautiful as the two celebrated ones of occidental America, upon which

so many names have been lavished :

84

1. Cyanurus bullocki, Bp. Cyaneus , subtus albus : gula, ge-

nis, pectoreque nigris : crista frontali parva : rectricibus dua-

bus mediis mirifice elongatis , lateralibus apice latissime albis.

Synonyms .

Pica Bullocki, Wagl. 182 7.

Pica miles, Licht.

Pica formosa, Sw.

Garrula gubernatrix, Temm. PI. Col. 436.

Psilorhinus gubernatrix, Gr.

Hab. in Mexico.

2. Cyan u urs colliei, Bp. Cyaneus , subtus cum genis albus ;

torque jugulari nigro : crista sincipitali magna : rectricibus

mediis modice elongatis ; lateralibus apice latissimis albis.

Synonyms.

Garrulus bullocki, Aud. nec Wagl.

Psilorhinus bullocki, Gr.

Pica Colliei, Vig. Zool. Beechey s Voy. f. 7.

Garrulus Burned (err. bernetti, berneti and bennetti), J. Gr.

Garrulus ultramarinus, Aud. nec Bp. Am. B. t. 96.

Hab. in California.

3. Cyantjrtjs dairi, Bp. Cyaneus , subtus omnino albus : crista

occipitali long a ; rectricibus mediis valde elongatis; omnibus

apice nigris.

Hab. in Asia magis orientaii, Corea.

4. Cyanurus ctjbo, Bp. Cyaneus , subtus antice niger : crista

nulla : rectricibus mediis valde elongatis ; omnibus apice albis.

Synonym.

San-zjak, Japonens. (which name applies also to the red-billed Calo-

citta sinensis).

Hab. in Asia magis orientaii, Corea .

Naturalists acquainted with the two American species will see, in¬

dependently of these phrases, how much more strongly the characters

contrast between my two new Asiatic species than between the old

American ones, although in some aspects they may be considered to

bear to each other the same relations. At all events that I should

be excused, if not justified, my Chinese Black-billed Cyanuri must on

every account be followed and supported by Schlegel’s own genus

Biophorus and by its only species Biophorus paradisiacus of the

Fauna Japonica, Av. Suppl. tab. B. Of this splendid bird also the

portrait only has yet reached Europe, taken by a Japanese artist from

the living bird under the eye of the celebrated Siebold, who is war¬

rant of its correctness.

The next genus will be that of the red-billed, long-tailed, Blue

Magpies, to which I give the name of Calocitta, not being able to

apply to the group any older than that given to it by my friend Gray

85

in 1 840, though since withdrawn when he had the untoward idea of

making the most unnatural amalgamation of Garrulhue under his

arrangement of Psilorhinus'. Those who call it Cissa are evidently

wrong. I know three Indian species, nor do I believe in many more,

at least among the described. Psilorhinus morio , fuliginosus or rnexi-

canits , therefore, would have to stand alone, as Riippel probably in¬

tended it when he instituted the genus (excellent if not adulterated),

if we had not from Chili a smaller new species as typical as the old

one ( Psilorhinus chilensis, Bp.).

Still less than the other intruders can Gyrnnorhinus cyanocephalus,

TCied, be forced into it, as the name alone ought to have taught. That

name, however, was preoccupied, when, in 1840, the Prince of Xeu-

wied proposed it for his new genus : and it was very reluctantly, and

after recpiesting in vain the author to change it himself, that I was

compelled in 1842 to make it C yanoceph al us, calling the bird Cyano-

cephalus TTiedi, as a small compensation and a testimony of personal

regard to the author, with whom I have long corresponded and pro¬

secuted all kinds of satisfactory scientific affairs. Now, in 1850, he

requests me to take his new name of Gymnokitta, and I most willingly

adopt it, hoping that all ornithologists will make an exception to the

rule of priority in this very peculiar case, in which, after all, the

Prince of TYied claims his own genus with a better name.

Intermediate between Gamut us and Pica , we come now to mv

Cyanopica, a genus of Blue Magpies about which some English

journalists have chattered like pied (or rather paid ) Magpies ! I sub¬

join here the phrases of its three species, that of Yaillant, Pallas, and

Capt. Cook, now TViddrington (so closely allied as to be taken for

three races of but one species), to show they are really distinct,

although the characters hitherto assigned to them bv the most clever

and accurate naturalists may have proved inconstant and fallacious.

1. Cyanopica melanocephala. Bp. Capite subcristato, ex

toto cum gula nigro : dorso ccerulescenti : rectricibus omnibus

albo tenninatis.

Synonyms.

Corvus cyaneus. Lath., Vieill.

Pica melanocephalos, JFagl.

Cyanopica Yafflanti, Bp. in lift. ; Levaillant , Ois. Afr. t. 58.

Hab. in China.

2. Cyanopica cyanea, Bp. Capite Icevi, supra tantum nigro-

chalybceo : dorso cinereo-vinaceo, nucha vice canescenfe : rectri¬

cibus lateralibus apice tantum albis, rnediis valde elongatis late

albo terminatis .

Synonyms.

Corvus evaneus, Pall.

Pica cyanea, Tf^agl., Schleg.

Cyanopica Pallasi, Bp. in lift. ; Faun. Japon. t. 42.

Hab. in Asia oriental!, Daouria, Japan.

86

3. Cyanopica cooki, Bp. Capite Icevi , supra tanturn nigro-

chalybceo : dorso cano-rubello, nucha albicante : rectricibus

lateralibus late albo terminatis , rnediis modice elongatis vix

apice albis.

Synonyms .

Pica cyanea, Cook.

Pie bleue d’ Europe, Schlegel (Cyanopica europ sea).

Cyanopolius Cooki, Bp. Brit. Assoc. Birmingh. 1849 ; Gould, Eur.

t. 217; Susemihl, Eur. Vog. t.

Hab. in Eur. mer. Hispania.

AVe are thus arrived to the genus Pica , Br., or true Magpie ( the

pied long-tailed'), which, as we observed from the beginning, must

close the Garruline series, which it connects with the Corvidce, show¬

ing as much affinity to those larger Crows as the first of the Jays do

to the smaller Shrikes or Laniidce. Of such Magpies we know eight

species perfectly typical and quite close to each other, whilst two

birds still allowed to remain in it are abnormal, each deserving of a

genus by itself : to both these birds, however different in form and

colour, the name of Corvus caledonicus has been applied, one of which

is the slender-billed, more jay-like Pica albicollis, Yieill., Garrula

torquata of the 4 PI. Col.’ of Temminck, to which the generic name of

Streptocitta might be applied ; whilst I propose that the name of

Gazola (so congenial in this our family), applied to the legitimate

Corvus caledonicus, should honour the person and perpetuate the

martyrdom of a highly refined and scientific ecclesiastical friend of

humanity, the lost victim of clerical machinations !

2. Monograph of Sphcenia, a genus of lamellibranchiate

Mollusca. By ..Arthur Adams, B.N., F.L.S. etc.

(Mollusca, PI. X.)

In the unrivalled Collection of Mr. Cuming is a group of Bivalve

shells, which appear to be neither My a nor Corbula, but partaking of

the characters of each. The animal, which is also preserved in spi¬

rits, resembles that of Corbula in having short united siphons, a small

compressed foot, and in the mantle being closed, with the exception

of an anterior elliptic opening ; the shells, however, have the hinge of

Mya, but do not gape at both extremities. The only genus, there¬

fore, into which they resolve themselves is Sphcenia of Turton, which,

with the hinge of Mya, gapes only at one end, and which moreover

is deprived of a long coriaceous siphon. Mr. Hanley has published

one species in the ‘ Zoological Proceedings,’ under the name of Mya

semistriata, and M. Deshaves another, under that of Corbula decus-

sata, in the ‘ Magazin de Zoologie,’ 1844, and I had described a

third, under the name of Sphcenia Mindorensis , in the ‘ Zoology of

the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang;’ and to these I now add several

other large exotic species collected by Mr. Cuming.

VAdam e.TTWiog deL'W.'Wmg "hOi.

Tinted i>y HullinmcLel it "Wsiron .

As A A ie; rio.s tom a. pojitiirn. AAdam s . tig. A? optimaia philippinarum . A Adams

4- 5. Rmdsia. nivea., Pfeiffer

6.H. 1) it db er.cul ar is. A- A dam s .

uppi

IQ. P s eiidoliva -zebrma.

11. P. Kelletii

inazia Coronal

A./'

i.iris.

1

i

i

I

87

Sph^enia, Turton.

Animal ovatum ; pallium antice clausum , prceter aperturam pro

pede parvo digitiformi sidco byssali instructo ; siphones con-

nati usque ad extremitates , orificia cirrata ; sipho analis val¬

vuld tubulari membranaced extra orificium product d.

Testa oblonga, incequivalva, incequilateralis, magis minusve postice

Mans ; Icevis, vel rugosa, epidermide tecta ; umbones incurvati ;

cardo dente laminari dilatato erecto in valvuld sinistra , alveo

convenienti in valvuld dextra; lig amentum internum; impres-

siones pallii sinu parvo.

Animal ovate ; mantle closed in front, except an opening for the

passage of a small digitiform foot furnished with a byssal groove ;

siphons united to their extremities, their orifices cirrated ; anal siphon

with a tubular membranous valve projecting beyond the orifice.

Shell oblong, inequivalve, inequilateral, more or less gaping poste¬

riorly ; surface of the valves smooth or rugose, covered with an epi¬

dermis ; beaks incurved ; hinge composed of an erect, dilated, laminar

tooth in one valve, with a corresponding pit in the other ; ligament

internal ; pallial impression with a slight sinuation.

Sph.enia Binghami, Turton. S. testa incequivalva , incequila-

terali , ovato-trigonali , transversim concentrice sulcata , epider¬

mide olivaceo tecta ; latere antico breviore , rotundato , postico

longiore , Mante, subtruncato ; impressione pallii sinu subpro-

fundo , rotundato ; dente cardinis valvulce sinistrce postice sub-

sinuato.

Hab. in littoribus Britannicis.

Shell inequivalve, inequilateral, ovately trigonal, transversely con¬

centrically sulcated, covered with an olivaceous epidermis ; anterior

side shortest, rounded, posterior side longest, gaping, subtruncate ;

sinus of pallial impression rather deep and rounded ; tooth of left valve

posteriorly sinuated.

Hab. British islands.

Sph^nia decussata, Deshayes, sp. S. testa ovato-oblongd , sub-

cequilateralii postice truncatd, subrostratd, rostro basique ob¬

lique carinatd , alba , striis longitudinalibus , transversisque

tenuissime decussata ; umbonibus magnis, oppositis ; dente car-

dinali magno , obliquo, compresso in valva sinistra , in valvdi

dextra foveola profunda , marginatd.

Hab. in Sumatrse maribus.

Shell ovately-oblong, subequilateral, posteriorly truncated, sub-

rostrate, beak and base obliquely carinated, white, very finely decus¬

sated with longitudinal and transverse striae ; umbones large, oppo¬

site ; cardinal tooth large, oblique, compressed in the left valve, in

the right valve a deep marginated pit.

Hab. Seas of Sumatra.

Sph^enia semistriata, Hanley, sp. S. testa albdi, transversd

ovali, inequilaterali , concentrice striata ; latere antico breviore ,

88

valde convexo, Icevi ; postico longiore , angustiore , truncaio , ra-

diatim striato ; margine ventrali in medio sinuoso, postice an-

gidato, antice rotundato.

Hah. - ?

Shell white, transverse, oval, inequilateral, concentrically striated ;

anterior side shortest, very convex, smooth ; posterior side the longest,

narrower, truncated and radiately striated ; ventral margin sinuated

in the middle, angulated posteriorly, rounded anteriorly.

Hab. - ?

This species have sculpture similar to Sp. princeps , but the valves

are more gibbous, especially at the anterior part ; the shell is much

thinner, and the general outline different.

Mya semistriata, Hanley, Zool. Proc. 1843.

Sphjenia princeps, Adams. S. testa magnd, alba, transversd,

ovali, inequilaterali, concent rice striata ; latere antico, longiore,

rotundato, Icevi; postico breviore, angustato, subtruncato, radia -

tim sulcata; margine ventrali arcuato, integro ; impressione

palliali vix sinuatd ; dente cardinis emarginato.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell large, white, transverse, oval, inequilateral, concentrically

transversely striated ; anterior side longest, rounded and smooth ;

posterior side shortest, narrow, subtruncated and radiately sulcated ;

ventral margin arcuated and entire ; pallial impression with a slight

sinus ; hinge with the edge of the cardinal tooth of the left valve

emarginate.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

SpHiENiA elliptica, Adams. S. testa transversd, ovali, sub-

cequilaterali, alba, fragili, utrinque rotundatd, epidermide tenui

partim obtectd, concentrice striata; latere antico Icevi, postico

radiatim striato ; impressione pallii vix sinuatd; dente cardi¬

nis scepe valde antice fisso.

Hab. in Australasia.

Shell transverse, oval, suhequilateral, white, fragile, rounded at

both ends, partially covered with a slight epidermis, concentrically

striated ; anterior side smooth, posterior side radiately sulcated ;

sinus of pallial impression very shallow ; hinge with the tooth of the

left valve often deeply fissured anteriorly so as to exhibit an apparent

distinct anterior tooth.

Hab. Sydney, 4 fathoms, mud ; Mr. F. Strange. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mus. Hanley.

Sph^enia dectjrtata, Adams. S. testa transversd, ovali, sub-

cequilaterali, alba, concentrice transversim sulcata; longitudina-

liter tenuissime radiatim striata; antice latiore , rotundatd,

postice angustatd, angulatd, abrupte truncate ; margine ventrali

arcuato, integro ; impressione pallii sinu parvo ; dente cardinis

antice valde Jisso.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell transverse, oval, suhequilateral, white, transversely concentri-

Pro c : Z S . Mammalia. XVIII .

89

cally sulcated ; longitudinally very finely radiately striated ; anteriorly

rounded and wider, posteriorly narrower, angulated and abruptly

truncated ; ventral margin arched, entire ; pallial impression with a

small, sinus ; hinge with the tooth of the left valve deeply fissured

anteriorly.

Hab. Catanuan, province of Tayabas, island of Luzon, in sand at

low water ; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Spieenia philippinarum, Adams. S. testa ovali , transverse i,

subineequivalvd, alba , tenui, ventricosa, incequilaterali ; latere

antico longiore, rotundato , Icevi ; postico breviore , radiatim

striato , vix truncate) ; epidermide fusco tenui tecta ; margine

ventrali interdum subsinuato ; impressione palliali sinu parvo ;

dente cardinis valvulce sinistree trilobate).

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell oval, transverse, slightly inequivalve, thin, white, ventricose,

inequilateral ; anterior side longest, rounded, smooth ; posterior side

shortest, radiately striated, slightly truncated and covered with a very

thin brown epidermis ; ventral margin sometimes slightly sinuated*;

pallial impression with a small sinus ; hinge with the cardinal tooth

of the left valve trilobate. (Mollusca, PI. X. fig. 7 — 9.)

Hab. Sibunga, island of Zebu, fine sand, 30 fathoms ; H. C. Bay

of Manila, clayey sand, 6 fathoms ; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Sphjsnia Ruppellii, Adams. S. testa transverso-elongatd , trans¬

verse striata , epidermide fusco tecta ; latere antico breviore ,

rotundato , gibboso, obsolete radiatim striato ; postico longiore ,

angustiore, subrostrato , truncato ; dente cardinis valvulce

sinistree subsinuato .

Hab. in Mari Rubro.

Shell transversely elongated, covered with a reddish-brown epider¬

mis, transversely striated ; anterior side the shortest, rounded, gib-

hose, obsoletely radiately striated; posterior side narrower, rather

beaked, widely gaping and truncate; tooth of left valve slightly

sinuated.

Hab. Red Sea ; Dr. Riippell.

Sph^nia mindorensis, Adams and Reeve.

Voy. Zool. Samarang , t. . f .

May 14, 1850.

William Yarrell, Esq., Y.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary stated that, through the liberality of Ronald Gunn,

Esq., and Dr. Grant, of Launceston, the Menagerie had been en¬

riched by the safe arrival of two living specimens of Thylacinus cyno-

cephalus (Mammalia, PI. XVIII.) : and he read the following letter

in reference to this most valuable and interesting gift, which has

90

added one of the rarest and most difficult forms to the series of

Marsupials which have hitherto been exhibited in the Gardens : —

“ Launceston, Van Diemen’s Land, 29th December, 1849.

“ Sir, — 1 have shipped on board the barque Stirlingshire, Chris’".

Gwatkin, master, two living Thylacines (male and female) for the

Zoological Society of London, and which I trust will reach you

alive and well. Captain Gwatkin, whom I have known for some years,

has promised his utmost personal care and attention to them during

the passage home. I have put on board twelve fat sheep (together

with hay for their sustenance) as sea-stores for the Thylacines, and

have made every arrangement I could think of to ensure their safe

arrival in London.

“ I have had the female in confinement for upwards of six months,

and it has become sufficiently tame to permit its head to be scratched,

or to be otherwise touched through the bars of its prison, without

showing any anger or irritation. The male, for which the Society is

indebted to my friend Dr. James Grant of Launceston, was only

caught a month ago. We placed it at once with the female, with

which it seems upon the best of terms, but it is not yet so familiar

with the presence of man. I have purposely kept their cage close to

the side of a path where many of my servants pass daily, and where my

children are in the habit of playing, and I find that beyond a hissing

noise made by the male , they do not seem at all disturbed by any one

going close to them.

“ I have fed them exclusively upon mutton. They prefer the

parts containing bones, and do not seem to relish the liver, heart,

lights, &c.

“ Both these animals have been caught in snares upon the upper

part of the St. Patrick’s River, about thirty miles N.E. of Laun¬

ceston.

" The female, which was first caught, was placed for some time in

a small unfinished house at the St. Patrick’s until I could devise means

of getting her down here ; and when I sent a trustworthy person up

for her, he assured me that she was excessively agile — springing from

the floor to the top of the walls, 6 to 8 feet, and from joist to joist near

the roof with the activity of a cat. He also informed me that the

Thylacine will not eat the Wombat, an animal exceedingly abundant

on the St. Patrick’s River, and with which they attempted to feed it

during the month it was there, previous to my having it brought down

to my residence. Otherwise I have not had any great opportunity

of observing any peculiar habits.

“ Both Dr. Grant and I continue to offer high rewards for living

specimens, and you shall have all the benefit of our success, whatever

it may be. The great increase of sheep in all directions obliges the

shepherds to destroy them by every possible means, and they are

rarely caught alive, or if so caught, are killed whilst in the snares.

I am therefore more than usually anxious that these should reach

you safely, and I have offered the Captain a proportionate reward for

their delivery alive.

3/VV 'Q 7 OO

Proc.

Richter del et"bth .

framed, by Hallman del it Walton

CE P HAL 0 P TE RU S GL AB RI C OL ! I S Gould

91

“ An observation of mine, contained in a letter to Sir W. Hooker,

and which was not meant for publication, has been misunderstood,

and has led to the propagation of error — for which I am very sorry.

In it I said the Thylacine’s tail was not compressed — in reference to

an observation of Mr. Swainson’s in the c Encyclopaedia of Geography’

(then recently published), that the tail of the Thylacine was com¬

pressed, which suggested the supposition that it was used in swimming ,

&c. It was to the latter part of this observation that my remarks

were particularly applied (vide Annals of Nat. Hist. vol. i. p. 101-2),

and I meant that the tail was not compressed to such an extent as to

have justified the inference that it was useful in swimming ; and thus

that the animal obtained its food principally from the sea, which the

paragraph in the ‘ Encyclopaedia of Geography’ implied. The tail is

obviously slightly compressed, but not, I think, more so than the

tails of the Dasyures, to which aquatic habits are not attributed. In

writing hurriedly — and not for publication — I did not express myself

with the precision I ought to have done. I mainly wished to point

out that the tail would not justify the inference of Mr. Swainson

(which I thought very far strained), that the animal was aquatic in

its habits and piscivorous. Pray set me right whenever you have an

opportunity.

“ I beg to remain. Sir, yours very faithfully,

“ Ronald C. Gunn.”

“ D. W. Mitchell , Esq., Secretary Zoological Society

The Secretary then called the attention of the meeting to three

eggs of the Wedge-tailed Eagle of Australia, Aquila audax, Lath.,

which had been recently laid in the Menagerie (Aves, PI. XIX.),

and which were probably the only perfect specimens yet known.

The same female had produced two eggs in the spring of 1849, but

they were immediately destroyed either by herself or the male, as

fragments only were discovered by the keeper.

The following papers were read : —

1. Descriptions of new Birds. By J. Gould, F.R.S. &c. &c.

(Aves, PI. XX.)

It is no less interesting than true, that during the past two years we

have had accessions in ornithology of no ordinary value ; comprising

as they do additional species of several anomalous forms, of each of

which only one was previously known ; for instance, we have a second

species of the genera Apteryx, Menura, and Ptiloris. On the present

occasion I have the good fortune to offer to the notice of this Meet¬

ing new species of two forms, equal in interest to those above referred

to, viz. that of Cephalopterus, a form known to all as being American,

and of which the type is the remarkable species Cephalopterus orna-

tus, commonly called the Umbrella Bird. The discovery of a second

species of this form is due to the researches of M. Warzewickz, a

gentleman who has just returned from Central America, after travel’-

92

sing parts of that country hitherto untrodden by Europeans : it was

in the high Cordilliera of Chirique in Veragua, at an elevation of

8000 feet, that this bird was found, and of which the individual now

exhibited was the only one procured.

Cephalopterus glabricollis. (Aves, PL XX.)

This new species differs in many particulars from its congener, par¬

ticularly in its smaller size, in the lesser development of its umbrella¬

like hood, and in its denuded fore-neck’ and chest, and in the ab¬

sence of feathers on the base of the tab or appendage at the basal

part of the neck. M. Warzewickz describes the bare part of the

neck to be reddish orange, and the bare base of the tab as bright red.

This fine bird forms part of the collection of T. B. Wilson, Esq., of

Philadelphia.

Independently of the novelty just described, M. Warzewickz brought

me six species of Humming Birds entirely new to science ; these, with

some other new species of the same group, I propose to characterize

at a future meeting.

By Lord Gifford, who has recently returned from a journey in

Thibet, ornithology has been enriched by the discovery of a new

species of Syrrhaptes, a form as extraordinary in its way as that of

any of those above noticed ; the new species is finer both in size and

colouring than the Syrrhaptes paradoxus ; it was shot on the banks

of the Stumerrerri Lake, where two examples were seen, but un¬

fortunately only one was procured ; it appears to be an adult male,

for which I propose the name of

Syrrhaptes tibetanus.

Face hoary ; front and sides of the neck ochreous yellow ; feathers

of the head and nape brown at the base, and alternately barred at

the tip with black and white ; upper part of the back, front and

sides of the breast buffy white, crossed by narrow irregular bars of

blackish brown ; all the upper surface and wings buff, pencilled all

over with dark brown, the pencillings being conspicuous on the back,

and so minute on the wings as to be almost imperceptible ; scapularies

largely blotched on their inner webs with black ; primaries and

secondaries slaty black, the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth

primaries with an oblique mark of brownish white at the tip ; basal

half of the two centre tail-feathers buff, pencilled with brown, their

apical half narrow, filamentous and black ; lateral tail feathers sandy

red, crossed by three widely placed irregular bands of black, and

tipped with buffy white ; under surface buffy white, minutely pen¬

cilled on the breast with brown ; legs of the same hue, but the

feathers banded with faint bars of brown ; bill and nails black.

Total length, 15-j inches; bill, ; wing, 10; tail, 7\ ; tarsi, 1.

Hah. Ladakh in Thibet.

Remark. Distinguished from the *8. paradoxus by its much larger

size, by the primaries not being extended into the filamentous form

so remarkable in that species, and by the absence of any black colour¬

ing on the breast.

93

The only example which has come under my notice is in the posses¬

sion of the Rt. Hon. the Lord Gifford, to whom I am indebted for per¬

mission to include a figure of it in my work on the ‘ Birds of Asia.’

Extraordinary as have been the new species discovered during the

last few years, of that remarkable group the Ramphastidce, no one is

more singular than the bird which I now submit to the notice of the

Meeting ; it may be regarded as an evidence that all the members

of the group are not yet known to us, and that the productions of

the rich forests of the Cordillerian Andes appear to be inexhaustible.

It had long been my intention to propose a generic name for the

Andean group of Toucans, characterized by the dense villose clothing

of the under surface, the colouring of wdiich is of a uniform tint, in¬

stead of being crossed by bars of black, red and yellow as in the

typical Pteroglossi ; and at no moment could such a step be more

appropriately taken than at the present, when characterizing a new

species of this section, for which, indicative of the country in which

the members are found, I propose the generic term of Andigena, and

for the new species, A. laminirostris ; the other species pertaining to

this genus are A. hypoglaucus, A. nigrirostris , A. cucullatus , and

A. Baillonii. The new species A. laminirostris , which is distin¬

guished by the yellow laminee near the base of the upper mandible,

is the property of Dr. T. B. Wilson of Philadelphia, to whom and to

his brother, E. Wilson, Esq., I am indebted for permission to de¬

scribe this fine bird ; the native habitat of which is the forests at the

base of Pichincha, a high mountain of Ecuador.

Genus Andigena.

Gen. Char. — Bill stout, swollen, and moderately large when com¬

pared with the bill of the true Pteroglossi ; wings and tail very

similar to those of Aulacorhynchus. General plumage long, loose,

and hair-like.

The species belonging to this genus are —

Andigena hypoglaucus { Pteroglossus hypoglaucus , Gould).

- - cucullatus {Pteroglossus cucullatus , Gould).

- nigrirostris ( Pteroglossus nigrirostris, Waterh.).

- - laminirostris, Gould.

- Bailloni {Pteroglossus Bailloni , Wagl.).

All are characterized by a uniform wash of colour on the under sur¬

face, in lieu of the bars of rich red and black so conspicuous in the

true Pteroglossi.

Andigena laminirostris.

Crown of the head and back of the neck deep black ; upper sur¬

face golden brown ; primaries black ; rump pale sulphur-yellow ;

upper tail-coverts very dark green ; tail dark slaty grey, four central

feathers largely tipped with chestnut-red ; under surface ashy blue ;

on either flank a large patch of rich yellow ; thighs deep chestnut ;

under tail-coverts blood-red ; orbits apparently orange ; culmen and

apical half of both mandibles black ; a broad band on the base of

94

the upper mandible and the basal half of the lower mandible deep

blood-red ; on either side of the upper mandible, immediately in front

of the blood-red basal band, is a large buff-coloured plate or lamina,

continuous with the structure of the bill at its base, but separate and

detached in front, thin on its upper edge, but thicker and projecting

beyond the edge of the mandible below ; feet slaty blue.

Total length, 18 inches; bill, 3|- ; wing, 6^; tail, 6^ ; tarsi, l-V

Hab. Neighbourhood of Quito.

Remark. The only example I have seen belongs to the collection

of T. B. Wilson, Esq., of Philadelphia, and which has been kindly

lent to me bv his brother Edward M ilson, Esq., to enrich my Mono¬

graph of the Ramphastidce.

Equally inexhaustible appear to be the Odontophorinae or Par¬

tridges of America, for in the rich Museum of Leyden. I lately found

a species which was previously unknown to me ; it pertains to the

genus Odontophorus, and I propose for it the name of Odontophorus

Columbianus.

Odontophorus columbianus.

Crown of the head brown, minutely freckled with black ; back of

the neck washed with rufous ; over each eye an indistinct mottled

stripe ; throat white, irregularly spotted, especially on the sides, with

black ; upper surface brown, washed with grey on the centre of the

feathers, each of which is delicately pencilled with black, and has a

narrow stripe of buff, bounded on each side by a narrower one of

black, down the centre ; those of the scapularies and wing-coverts

have moreover a large patch of rich dark brown on the inner web

near the tip, bounded above by two narrow lines, one of buff, the

other of dark brown ; primaries brown ; secondaries brown, freckled

and barred with dark brown, and washed with rufous ; tertiaries

brown, washed with grev and rufous, freckled with black, having a

broad V-shaped mark of black near the tip, and broadly margined

and tipped internally with deep buff ; under surface reddish brown,

each feather with a large irregularly-shaped mark of white margined

with black near the tip ; under tail-coverts, and vent mottled reddish

brown and sandy buff ; bill black ; feet lead-colour.

Total length, 11 inches; bill, 1; wing, 5-| ; tail, 2f ; tarsi, 2;

middle toe and nail, 2^-.

Hab. Caraccas.

Remark. — The fine specimen gracing the Museum at Leyden was

transmitted bv M. Landsberger. Netherlands Consul at Caraccas.

There is also another specimen, from, I believe, the same locality,

which differs in having the under surface of a nearly uniform grevish

brown, with here and there a few of the white marks so conspicuous

in the bird above described ; it is also of a somewhat smaller size,

but notwithstanding these differences, the two birds appear to be one

and the same species.

The 0. Columbianus has a stouter bill, and is of a larger size than

0. dentatus , but is smaller than O. Balliviani , to which it is most

nearly allied.

Pr o c . Z . S Annulo s a. XV

POTAMOBIUS SERRATUS

95

Leaving America and India, and proceeding to Australia, I return

to a country which has so long engaged my attention, to characterize

a new genus of small creeping Insessorial Birds, nearly allied to the

genera Hylacola and Dasyornis, under the name of Pycnoptilus, of

which at present only a single specimen is known, and to which I

beg to assign the specific name of floccosa ; it is from New South

Wales and the country towards the river Darling.

Genus Pycnoptilus.

Gen. Char. — Bill much shorter than the head ; gonys and culmen

gradually descending ; upper mandible notched at the tip ; nostrils

covered with a distinct operculum ; base of the bill beset with very

fine feeble hairs ; wings very short, round and concave, the sixth

primary the longest ; tail short, rounded, feathers very broad and of

a soft texture ; tarsi strong, and somewhat lengthened compared with

the size of the bird ; hind-toe strong, and armed with a rather long

claw ; fore toes and nails rather feeble, the outer and inner toes of

equal length ; plumage dense, lengthened and silky, especially on the

flanks.

Pycnoptilus floccosus.

All the upper surface, wings and tail rich brown ; throat and

breast sandy buff, the feathers of the latter with a crescent of brown

near the tip ; remainder of the under surface brown, approaching to

white on the centre of the abdomen ; under tail-coverts rusty red ;

bill and feet dark brown.

Total length, 6f inches ; bill, f ; wing, 2f; tail, 2J-; tarsi, 1^.

Hab. New South Wales.

Remark. — Received in a collection made on the upper part of the

river Morumbidgee.

This form is somewhat allied to Atrichia , Hylacola and Dasyornis,

but differs from all those genera in several particulars.

I cannot conclude this paper descriptive of several new and im¬

portant birds, without congratulating the Society upon the means

they possess of making known to the scientific world through their

Proceedings and Transactions, spread far and wide as they are, not

only over our own country, but I may say over the world, the many

interesting objects which from time to time are brought before their

Meetings ; neither must I omit to bear testimony to the high estima¬

tion in which they are held by all the continental naturalists and

every true lover of scientific research.

2. Descriptions of two species of Crustacea in the

British Museum. By Adam White, Assistant Zool.

Dep. Brit. Mus.

Potamobius ser^atus. (Annulosa, PI. XV.)

Cancer serratus, Shaw, Zoology of New Holland, t. 8.

Beak shorter than the peduncle of the outer antennse, with three

teeth on the outside, above hollowed and slightly grooved down the

96

middle, edges over the eyes considerably thickened. Hands, outside

with a double row of serratures extending to near the end of the fixed

claw ; inside edge serrated with four teeth and one tooth at the end ;

moveable claw with six or seven teeth placed irregularly but chiefly

on the ridge ; claws elongated, inner edge with a few bluntish teeth,

the end somewhat hooked. Wrist with each of the lateral edges

furnished with two strong teeth or spines. Carapace smooth along

the back ; the sides of the front portion with a few spines, which on

the lower part are almost reduced to tubercles ; hinder part of the

carapace separated from the front portion by a very deep groove, each

of the sides in front with two spines ; the sides of this portion are

thickly covered with tubercles, which increase in size as they approach

the back. Abdomen smooth on the dorsal line, the sides spined ;

the first segment with a large prominent spine on each side of the

first segment ; second segment with twelve or thirteen spines, four or

five on each edge of the dilated part, the other two larger and situated

on the sides ; the spines are more or less conical and sharp, the one

on each side nearest the back blunt ; the third, fourth and fifth seg¬

ments with eight spines each, placed transversely, the two inner

bluntest ; the sixth segment with ten or eleven small spines or

tubercles ; the seventh or terminal segment with seventeen or eighteen

small sharp spines arranged in a crescent-like figure, the convexity

being outwards. The two posterior pairs of legs with the penultimate

joint on the outside furnished with two rows of serratures.

Carapace and legs in the dead specimen of a dirty yellowish brown

hue, tinged on the carapace with red. In Dr. Shaw’s figure, which

slightly differs from PL XV., this crayfish is coloured of a bright red,

the sides of the claws, carapace and abdomen, are tinged with blue ;

the specimens, however, were preserved in spirits. Dr. Shaw does

not mention from what part of New Holland the specimens described

by him were received ; I cannot find any trace of them, neither does

any author that I am aware of refer to his figure or description.

The species comes closest to the Potamobius ( Astacus ) Franklinii ,

described with three other Australian species of the same genus by

Mr. Gray, in the Appendix to Eyre’s Discoveries in Central Austra¬

lia, vol. i. p. 409, t. 3. f. 1.

The specimen in the British Museum was found by Mr. Strange

in freshwater creeks, Brisbane Water. Mr. Leicester informs me

that the species is not uncommon also in the Richmond River.

Gonodactylus cultrifer, n. sp.

(Annulosa, PI. XVI. fig. 1, 2.)

In a Chinese collection, part of which was acquired by the British

Museum, there occurs a Gonodactylus quite distinct from any of the

species of this genus which have been described. This species enters

into the second section of Prof. Milne-Edwards, in which the rostral

plate is rounded, or scarcely pointed, in front. From the elevated

compressed process on the seventh abdominal ring, this species may

be called G. cultrifer.

The sides of the carapace are very thin and membranaceous. The

rostral plate is wider than long, but not so wide as in the G. scyl-

Proc. Z . S Anunlo sa aV 1

1-2. GONODACTYLUS CULTRIFER

5-5. ACANTHONOTUS TESTUDO

/T YTmf , del et lith .

"VT. West imp

97

lams, neither is the tip so much deflexed as in that species. The

raptorial legs are rather slender, and are considerably compressed, the

base of the terminal joint is very slightly thickened, the terminal part

elongated and knife-shaped, the inner edge with two teeth ; tarsi of

the three last pair of legs styliform ; abdomen with the lateral mar¬

gins of the first five segments thin and membranaceous, the fifth with

a notch at the hind angle ; the sixth segment with six slight crests

terminating in short spines, the two middle approximating ; the seventh

segment with a sharp crest which rises nearly as high above its dor¬

sal surface, as the space between its base and the edge of the segment ;

the end of this crest is pointed ; the marginal teeth of the seventh

segment are long and sharp, and have a slight ridge behind; the

penultimate joint of the outer branch of the appendages to the sixth

ring long, and furnished on the outer edge with a series of nine spines,

which are depressed, and cover each other at the base. In the G .

scyllarus there are twelve of these spines.

This species is about four inches long ; in its dry state the greater

part of the upper surface is tinged with a reddish hue, and along the

middle of the back there is a pale line.

The species of the genus Gonodactylus are,— 1. G. chiragra ;

2. G. scyllarus ; 3. G. Edwardsii, Berthold, Act. Gottingen. 1845,

t. 3. f . 6 ; 4. G. cultrifer ; 5. G. styliferus ; 6. G. grapkurus ; 7. G.

trispinosus. The G. Edwardsii is the species met with in nearly

every box of insects and fish imported from China.

On the same plate with the G. cultrifer is figured an Amphipod,

which may be the species figured by Colonel Montagu in the ninth

volume of the ‘Linnean Transactions,’ t. 5. f. 5, under the name of

Oniscus Testudo. I have named this on the plate Acanthonotus Tes-

tudo : it belongs to Prof. Owen’s genus Acanthonotus : in the British

Museum it bears Dr. Leach’s manuscript name, Vertumnus Cranchii.

The head is produced and pointed between the antennae, and instead

of the small number of segments assigned by Colonel Montagu to his

Oniscus , there is the normal number of the various genera of Amphi-

poda.

3. Description of a new Pupina and two new Helicinas,

from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esa. By Dr. L.

Pfeiffer.

1. Pupina bilinguis, Pfr. P. testa oblong o-ov at d, tenui, pellu-

cidd , nitidd , corned; spird sensim attenuata, obtusiusculd ;

suturd impressd, vix callosa ; anfractibus 6, supremis 3 convexis ,

confertim striatis, sequentibus subplanis, Icevigatis, ultimo i- lon-

gitudinis paulo superante ; aperturd vertical i, subcirculari , bi-

canaliculatd , canali utroque aperto, ascendente, supero lamina

validd, linguiformi, triangulari formato; peristomate subincras-

sato, breviter expanso, margine columellari piano , linguiformi ,

acuto.

Long. 10, diam. 5 millim.

Hab. in Australia orientali.

No. CCVIL — Proceedings of the Zoological Society.

98

2. Helicina intusplicata, Pfr. H. testa depresso-globosd,

tenuiusculd, Icevigatd , nitidd , earned ; spird hreviter conoided,

vix acuminata ; anfractibus fere 5 convexiusculis , celeriter ac-

crescentibus, ultimo rotundato, basi planiusculo ; columella rece¬

de nte , plana, retrorsum in callum tenuem dilatatd ; aperturd

parum obliqud, semiovali-subtriangulari, altiore quam lata, ad

columellam angulatd et pAicd intusfere ad marginem decurrente

munitd ; peristomate simplice, hreviter expanso , margine basali

ad columellam subangulato .

Diam. 10, alt. 7\ millim.

Locality unkown.

3. Helicina diaphana, Pfr. H. testa subconoideo-depressd,

tenui, oblique striatuld, diaphana, nitiduld, fulvo-lutescente ;

spird subelevatd, apice obtusd ; anfractibus 4 planiusculis, ul¬

timo obsolete subangulato ; columella brevissimd, basi sub-

nodosd, in callum circumscriptum, sub lente granulatum retror¬

sum dilatatd; aperturd subobliqud, sernilunari ; peristomate

simplice, hreviter expanso, margine basali leviter arcuato, in

nodulum columellarem sensim transiente.

Diam. 5, altit. 3^- mill.

Hah. Plonduras ; Mr. Dyson.

May 28, 1850.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Secretary reported, that on the morning of the 25th of May

he had the gratification of finding, on the arrival of the Peninsular

and Oriental Company’s steamer “Ripon” at Southampton, that the

preparations which had been made in that vessel, and the precautions

which had been taken by the Hon. C. A. Murray, for the safe trans¬

port of the Hippopotamus, had been eminently successful.

The animal had been assiduously attended during the voyage by

Hamet Saafi Canana, to whom he had been entrusted since his arrival

in Cairo on the 14th of November 1849, and towards whom he ex¬

hibits a very marked attachment. Mr. Murray, having returned to

England in the “Ripon,” had continued to direct this interesting

undertaking to its final success. Captain Moresby and the officers of

the “ Ripon” had given every facility and assistance in their power

throughout the voyage ; and, owing to the liberal provision which

had been made both in Egypt and at Malta, the supply of fresh water

required for the animal’s bath had been constant and abundant.

The Hippopotamus was shut into his house with Hamet about

10 o’clock a.m. The house was then hoisted by a tackle from the

main deck, and safely lowered to a railway truck on the quay at the

New Dock. As soon as the other animals were landed, and arranged

for the journey to London, they were conveyed by special train to

Nine Elms, and ultimately reached the Garden at 10 p.m.

Proc. Z. S. Mammalia. XIX

Wolf. Lift. M.A.N Honharl Imp

99

The house in which the Hippopotamus and Hamet were inclosed

having been taken from the waggon, the animal readily followed

Hamet, on the door being opened, to the building which had been

prepared for him. He had now been twelve hours out of the water ;

and as soon as he discovered the bath, which had been filled in

anticipation of his arrival, he plunged into it with the most evi¬

dent enjoyment. (Mammalia, PJ. XIX.) After this he fed freely

on warm milk and meal, without exhibiting the slightest symptoms

of fatigue, or of discomposure at the new situation in which he was

placed.

The remainder of the collection, which had been gathered together

by the unceasing energy of Mr. Murray, included —

Felis leo , $ .

,, jubatus , cf •

„ chans.

Genetta pallida , Gray.

Viverra civetta.

Her pest es ichneumon .

Canis niloticus.

Capra nubiana.

Gazella dorcas ,

Sus aper, $ .

Bipus cegyptius.

Gerbillus melanura.

,, tenuis.

Gyps fulvus.

Otogyps auricularis.

Casarca rutila.

Pelecanus crispus.

99 onocrotalus.

Psa?nmosaurus griseus.

Gongylus ocellatus.

Scincus vulgaris.

Cerastes Hasselquistii .

Naia haje.

Coluber Cliff or dii ,

Eryx jaculus.

Of these, the Lioness, the Chetah, the Ibex and the Wild Hoo- were

gifts to the Society from H.H. the Viceroy, in addition to the Hip¬

popotamus. ' 1

As if to make the 25th a still more memorable day in the annals of

the Menagerie, another collection arrived within an hour of that which

has been thus briefly mentioned. Lord Harris, Governor of Trinidad,

desirous of making the opportunities of his important station available

foi the advancement of science at home, transmitted under the care

of a trustworthy agent, and as a gift to the Society, a box of skins,

which will be exhibited at a future meeting, and some beautiful living

animals, among which there have arrived remarkable examples of the

following species : — -

100

Lagothrix Humboldtii.

Chiropotes satanas.

Penelope pipile.

,, crist at a.

Boa constrictor.

The imperfect knowledge which we possess of the zoology of Trinidad,

and the proximity of that island to the Spanish Main, where so many

interesting forms abound, render the support of Lord Harris a most

valuable addition to the strength of the Society ; and it is to be

earnestly hoped that the liberal and unhesitating manner in which

his Lordship, as wTell as the Governor of Singapore, have acceded to

the applications which were made to them for assistance in promoting

scientific objects, will be rivalled by the governors of our other colo¬

nies, who have necessarily effectual means of conferring the most im¬

portant aid towards the progress of zoological inquiry.

The following papers were read : —

1. On Shark Fishing at Kurrachee. In a Letter from

Dr. Buist, LL.D., F.R.S. etc., of Bombay, to Colonel

Sykes. (Communicated by Colonel Sykes*.)

There are thirteen large boats, with crews

of twelve men each, constantly employed in

the shark fishery at Kurrachee ; the value of

the fins sent to market varying from 15,000

to 18,000 rupees, or 1000 to 1200 rupees for

each boat, after allowing the Banian or factor

his profit. One boat will sometimes capture

at a draught as many as one hundred sharks

of different sizes. The fishermen are very

averse to revealing the amount of their cap¬

tures. Inquiries of this sort are supposed

by them to be made exclusively for the pur¬

pose of taxation. The average capture of

each boat probably amounts to about 3000,

so as to give the whole sharks captured at not

less than 40,000 a year. The Great Basking

Shark, or Mhor, is always harpooned : it is

found floating or asleep near the surface of

the water ; it is then stuck with a harpoon

of the size and form indicated in the annexed

woodcut.

The fish, once struck, is allowed to run

till tired ; it is then pulled in, and beaten with clubs till stunned. A

large hook is now hooked into its eyes or nostrils, or nliere^ei it

* Dr. Buist’s informant wrote from Kurrachee, in Scinde, to Dr. Buist in Bom¬

bay ; who sent the analysis of the letter to Colonel Sykes; and Dr. Buist added

the export of sharks’ fins from Bombay. — W. H. S.

fl

Line, 600 fathoms.

Cane shaft, 8 feet.

Iron shaft, 1 foot 6 inches.

Barb, 5 inches.

101

can be got most easily attached, and by this the shark is towed on

shore ; several boats are requisite for towing. The Mhor is often

40, sometimes 60 feet in length ; the mouth is occasionally 4 feet

wide.

All other varieties of shark are caught in nets, in somewhat like

the way in which herrings are caught at home. The net is made of

strong English whip-cord ; the meshes about six inches ; they are

generally 6 feet wide, and from 600 to 800 fathoms, or from three-

quarters to nearly a mile, in length. On the one side are floats of

wood about 4 feet in length, at intervals of 6 feet ; on the other,

pieces of stone. The nets are sunk in deep water, from 80 to 150

feet, well out at sea. They are put in one day and taken out the

next ; so that they are down two or three times a week, according to

the state of the weather and success of the fishing. The lesser sharks

are commonly found dead, the larger ones much exhausted. On

being taken home, the back fins, the only ones used, are cut off, and

dried on the sands in the sun ; the flesh is cut off in long strips, and

salted for food ; the liver is taken out, and boiled down for oil ; the

head, bones and intestines left on the shore to rot, or thrown into the

sea, where numberless little sharks are generally on the watch to eat

up the remains of their kindred.

The fishermen themselves are only concerned in the capture of the

Sharks. So soon as they are landed, they are purchased up by

Banians, on whose account all the other operations are performed.

The Banians collect them in quantities, and transmit them to agents

in Bombay, by whom they are sold for shipment to China.

Not only are the fins of all the ordinary varieties of Shark pre¬

pared for the market, but those of the SawT-fish, of the Cat-fish, and

of some varieties of Ray or Skate : the latter indeed acquires almost

the size, aspect, and the form of the shark. The Cat-fish, known

here by the same name as at home, has a head very like that of its

European congener, from which it differs in all other respects most

remarkably. The skin is of a tawny yellowish-brown, shading from

dark brown on the back to dirty yellow on the belly. It is beauti¬

fully covered all over with spots of the shape and size of those of the

leopard, similarly arranged.

The fishermen along these coasts are divided into four great castes,

over each of which a head man or Jemadar presides : 1. Koolies ;

2. Bundarries ; 3. Sarras ; 4. - . One great Jemadar, or chief,

rules supreme in the craft over all these fisher castes. Our informers

at Kurrachee were a chief of one of the castes and his brother, two

of the finest men I ever saw. They were 6 feet 3 inches each, pro¬

perly made, and muscular in proportion, but not overgrown. They

had brown beards, long black hair and bushy eyebrows, with fine

white teeth, a singular openness of countenance and pleasingness of

expression. They seemed greatly flattered by our inquiries, and

most willing to give information on every point but one, that of

the amount of sharks caught. They were quite delighted with the

sketches I made of their boats and implements.

102

Sharks' Fins exported from Bombay , chiefly to China, 1845-46.

Weight, 8771 cwt. 50 lbs. Value, 182,316 rupees.

The following are some of the entries of imports of sharks’ fins

into Bombay in 1845-46 : —

2. Description of a new Crustacean.

By W. Baird, M.D., F.L.S. etc.

Cypridina Zealandica. (Annulosa, PI. XVII.)

The valves of the carapace are of an oval form, somewhat flattened,

but convex in the centre, and concentrically striated. The striae are

numerous, close-set, and of a waved appearance. The surface of the

valves is covered with minute punctations, which probably give origin

in the fresh state to short hairs, though they are not visible in the

dried specimens. The anterior extremity is slightly narrower than

the posterior. The whole carapace is of a uniform white colour.

The natural size is about one-fourth of an inch in length and one-

fifth of an inch in breadth.

Two specimens were sent to the British Museum by the Rev. R.

Taylor of Waimati, New Zealand, along with a collection of marine

and freshwater shells, but without any history attached to them.

3. Contributions to the Anatomy of the Tapir.

By H. N. Turner, Jun.

A young American Tapir having unfortunately died in the Society’s

establishment, I have been enabled, through the kindness of Mr.

Mitchell, to make some interesting observations on the structure of

that animal ; and I now propose to notice a few points, which I be¬

lieve to be hitherto unrecorded, calling attention at the same time to

certain interesting resemblances, both external and internal, existing

between this form and those to which the more philosophic principles

of modern zoology have proved that it is most nearly allied. Per¬

haps I may be permitted to recall the fact, that it was through the

preference formerly given to those accounts which assigned to the

Tapir a complex stomach, that Cuvier wras led to abandon that me¬

thod of subdividing the Ungulata, which Professor Owen has since

shown to be the true one, and which, in the paper that I last had the

honour to communicate, I have endeavoured still further to support.

It is very possible that Cuvier, had no accounts of the anatomy of

the Tapir been extant, might have followed up and established his

original idea ; for on external examination alone, characters fully suf-

5 6 7 CgpgJJDfNA MARIA. 8. 9,10. GYPRIDINA INTERPUNC TA.

31.12 ,13, CYPPJDINA ZEALAND IC A

103

ficient are presented to indicate the group to which it should be re¬

ferred. The fore-foot, although from its having four toes it is appa¬

rently an exception to the Perissodactyle type, yet shows at a glance

that the medius is the digit on which the body most immediately

rests, instead of its being supported equally upon that and the annu¬

laris, which is the constantly prevailing character in the even-toed

division. In the Tapir the annularis shares with the index a second-

rate part in the function of support ; and the little finger seems quite

pushed aside, so that its presence is no more a true exception than is

the absence of the corresponding toe in the hind-foot of the Peccary,

where the even number is destroyed by being reduced to three. As

in the other Perissodactyla, the Tapir has the prepuce short and

wide, not reaching, as in the Artiodactyla, to the middle of the abdo¬

men ; and the penis (which is described by Professor Owen) resem¬

bles that of the Horse in being short, thick, and truncated. Another

interesting external resemblance to the Horse is the elevated crest

upon the neck, remarked upon by naturalists for its greater develop¬

ment in this, the common species, as a point of distinction from that

discovered by M. Poulin in the mountainous districts of their habitat.

This appendage, which adds greatly, in our domestic animal, to his

characteristic majesty of form, has precisely the same structure in

the Tapir, presenting, when cut into, the same hard fibrous substance

well interspersed with fat.

With regard to the organs of digestion, I have scarcely anything

to add to the observations already published. The small intestines

in this specimen were about 1 2 yards long ; and the fine villi, which

clothe their internal surface, were, in the duodenal portion, tipped

with a dark pigment. The caecum was more than a foot long, and

the fold of the colon 2 feet ; the caecum contained, like the stomach,

large quantities of undigested food, while in the small intestines was

little else but fluid chyle. The salivary organs, as usual in the Un-

gulata, are very largely developed ; the parotids being of great extent,

joining each other beneath, in front of the neck, and reaching up on

each side to surround the base of the auricle. The molar glands,

situated between the buccinator muscle and the mucous lining of the

mouth, form a conglomerate mass, opening between two elevated

ridges by a series of pores.

The generative organs, internally as well as externally, present a

general conformity to the type usual in the Perissodactyla ; but as the

individual was young, it is perhaps as well to defer the publication of

any details until they can be confirmed by the dissection of a fully-

developed specimen.

A remarkable anatomical character, which I find the Tapir to

possess in common with the Horse, is the singular membranous sac

communicating with the Eustachian tube*. It is placed beneath the

ear, between the stylohyal bone and the base of the sphenoid, and

is of an irregular form, being accommodated to the parts adjacent ;

the tube itself runs as a groove along part of the upper surface of the

sac, and opens into the posterior nares.

* They are called “ guttural pouches ” by veterinary anatomists.

104

Nasal bones and cartilages of the American Tapir.

The dissection of the proboscis

has afforded some points of inter¬

est. A brief description of its gene¬

ral structure, derived only from the

dissection of a foetus, is given by

Cuvier in the e Le9ons d’ Anatomie

.Comparee,’ but some remarkable

details seem not as yet to have

been noticed. The deep notch on

each side of the base of the pro¬

jecting nasal bones, which forms

so striking a characteristic in the

skull, may be very readily, and

probably always has been, pre¬

sumed to be intended for muscu¬

lar attachment ; but its real office

is to lodge the posterior termina¬

tion of the lateral cartilage of the

nose. These lateral cartilages,

arising from that of the septum

immediately beneath the ossa nasi,

proceed outwards as usual, but the

edge curls inwards, forming one

entire convolution, of which the

outer part forms posteriorly a flat¬

tened tube with a blind extremity,

curved upwards, and its termina¬

tion lodged in the notch alluded

to. From the edge, which is of

course concealed, a thickened li¬

near prominence is continued up¬

wards within the commencement

of the blind tube, but, instead of

following its curve, terminates in a

trace whatever of the alar cartilage

being entirely of a soft substance.

Fig. 1.

Superior aspect.

rounded extremity. There is no

, the remainder of the proboscis

With the addition of the pair of

Fig. 2.

Lateral aspect. — A portion of the outer wall of the cartilage cut away to show the

internal convolution.

105

special levator muscles, noticed both by Cuvier and by Professor

Owen, in the possession of which the Tapir again resembles the

Horse, the muscles of this organ are arranged upon the usual type.

Iheir fibres radiate from a point just before the eye, some running

backwards to form the orbicularis palpebrarum ; others spreading

upwards to the top of the proboscis, forming the compressor nasi ;

others proceeding downwards and forwards, to constitute the levator

labii superioris alseque nasi. The depressor of the proboscis, and the

orbicularis oris, are well developed, the latter muscle being very thick,

especially in the under lip.

I have yet seen nothing to shake my opinion, that the structure of

the larynx will one day become of great importance to the zoologist,

although at present my opportunities have been far from sufficient to

enable me to point out which peculiarities in its formation are truly

characteristic of certain groups. In this case, therefore, I limit myself

to the comparison of it with such as my collection possesses, namely

with that of the Horse, as a near ally, and with those of the Peccary

and the Sheep, as members of the other great Ungulate division.

The os hyoides has the characters usual in the order ; its stylohyal

pieces agree with those of the Horse in being very narrow at their

j miction with the lesser cornua, and gradually widening, the reverse

being the case in the Peccary and the Sheep. The latter animal,

however, like most ruminants, has an intermediate piece at the junc¬

tion of the stylohyal and the lesser cornu. The Tapir wants the

sudden expansion of the upper end of the stylohyal, which is common

in the Ungulata, and differs remarkably from the Horse in the small

development of the true basihyal, and in the total absence of the

strong epihyal process. The thyroid cartilage, however, agrees pre¬

cisely with that of the Horse in the great obliquity of its alee, in its

median portion being much thickened above, and very deeply emar-

ginated below ; the Peccary and the Sheep presenting the reverse of

each of these characters. The cricoid and arytenoid cartilages do not

present . any essential points of difference; but in the Peccary the

cricoid is very peculiar in having its anterior part drawn down, so as

to encroach upon four of the tracheal rings, and deeply emarginated

above. In the interior of the larynx the Tapir has the superior and

inferior ligaments well-marked, though not very prominent ; the

latter, or chordae vocales, are slight, but sharp, folds in the mucous

membrane ; the former are thickened anteriorly. Just at the base

of the epiglottis is a pair of arched openings, each leading into a small

sinus, which extends upwards beneath the base of the epiglottis and

inward thickening of the thyroid cartilage, and downwards in front

of the anterior attachments of the superior ligaments. The Horse

has, like the Tapir, a fossa excavated in the thickened upper part of

the thyroid cartilage ; and it would appear from Cuvier’s remarks

(wdio, however, had but a drawing to inspect), that the Rhinoceros

has something similar. The Tapir entirely wants the lateral sacs

observable in the Horse.

The muscles of this organ are arranged as usual. The homologues

of the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles arise, as in some other

106

animals, from the first pair of ribs and their cartilages ; the latter

muscles are but narrow. There is no separate stylohyoideus, the

digastricus giving some fibres to the os hyoides. The Tapir also pos¬

sesses the muscle whose fibres (to use the words of Cuvier) fill a por¬

tion of the interval of the two cornua of the same side. There is a

double pair of thyro-arytenoid muscles, the upper being partly con¬

tinuous with the transverse arytenoid muscle, and forming a powerful

constrictor of the glottis.

The muscles of the limbs formed also a portion of my investiga¬

tions ; but to pmnt out all their peculiarities would involve the repe¬

tition of many that are known to be common to the Ungulata. A

peculiar muscle arises near the top of the scapula, and covering the

supraspinatus, joins the complex muscle formed by the union of the

cleidomastoideus with portions of the trapezius and deltoid, called by

the French anatomists “muscle commun de la tete, de l’encolure, et

du bras.” The levator scapulae and pectoralis minor are wanting, as

in the Horse. The coracobrachialis is a long slender muscle, reaching

nearly to the inner condyle of the humerus. The brachialis anticus

arises from the whole of the rounded posterior side of the humerus,

immediately below its head ; it consequently embraces and twists

round this bone, to proceed to its usual insertion. The anconeus

seems to be wanting, or confounded with the triceps. In the fore¬

arm, we find the pronator teres represented by a small bundle of fibres

closely adherent to a tendinous ligament, which extends from the

inner condyle of the humerus all down the sharp edge of the radius.

In the hand, the special muscles of the outer toe are all well-deve¬

loped. In the posterior extremity, the soleus is wanting, and the

tibialis posticus is wanting also. The flexor longus pollicis is here,

as in all the lower animals, the principal flexor of the toes, arising

principally from the fibula, which is here well-developed, and receiving

the small tendon of the flexor longus digitorum, after both have passed

the ankle in their usual places.

All the organs were perfectly healthy, but the large veins were full

of very dark blood, and considerable clots of fibrine were found, not

only in the veins and heart, but even in the aorta. Numerous bruises,

received in its journey from Liverpool, disfigured the exterior of the

animal, and probably assisted, with the unusual coldness of the

weather, in causing its premature demise.

4. On the Iguana of Sta Lucia, Metopoceros cornutus

of Wagler. By Lieut. Tyler, R.E.

(Reptilia, PI. III.)

This species attains a length of five, and sometimes even of six feet,

the tail being about twice and three-quarters the length of the bodv.

When first hatched it measures four inches. The tail is thick at its

commencement, and is so connected with the body that it becomes

difficult to define precisely their respective limits. The fore and

hind legs are thick and muscular, with five toes on each, armed with

strong hooked talons, by any one of which the animal can support

Ford & Woat ,Imp. b4‘, HaUun Gear den.

o

Tj

3

fij

k

*

Proc . Z. S PeptiliSL. Ill

107

itself. Of the fore-legs the third and fourth toes are the longest ;

and of the hind-legs the fourth toe is of an enormous length, and has

five joints. Under the toes the scales form a double row of denticu-

lations. The nostrils are large, oval, and not mobile, and above them

are tw o horns, with five or six tuberculous excrescences between them

and the nostrils, and surrounding the horns. The mouth is large,

and armed with two rows of maxillary and two of palatal teeth, which

appear simply to be intended to crop leaves and to provide the sto¬

mach with vegetable food. Each maxillary tooth is a little double-

edged saw, and they are so lapped over each other that the reptile,

in closing its mouth upon a leaf, cuts through it completely. The

tongue is divided at the point, is very wide, and can be extended out

of the mouth, although it is fastened to the interior of the lower jaw

near its extremity. The tongue is curiously used by the animal to

draw food into the mouth, and to forward it down the gullet, or to

repel it at will, and the only use of the palatal teeth appears to he to

secure the food while the tongue moves forward to afford fresh assist¬

ance in its journey down the throat*. Between the lower jaw and

the chest is a pouch, which the animal draws in or extends simulta¬

neously with the compression or swelling out of the body when en¬

raged or excited. The portion of the gular pouch attached to the

jaw is inflatable, and food is sometimes retained in it for a consider¬

able period, but the lower part is merely extensible. On the anterior

part of this pouch or dewlap, and immediately below the jaw, are

from five to seven denticulations similar in substance and colour to

the dorsal crest, but not so long.

This crest or mane commences behind the head, with three or four

excrescences of different sizes, then suddenly becomes, in larger Igua¬

nas, an inch and a half or two inches in length, and runs uninter¬

ruptedly down the back and tail, gradually diminishing, excepting

above the commencement of the tail, where a slight increase again

takes place, until, at the extremity of the tail, it is undistinguishable.

The dorsal crest consists of about fifty protuberances, and the caudal

crest of about 218, each of the latter becoming gradually harder as

they decrease in height, and so altering their shape as to resemble,

down the greater part of the tail, the edge of a saw.

The ear is covered by a thin scale, which gives to the touch, but

does not seem sensitive. There is no external opening, nor does the

sense of hearing appear to be very acute or much used by the animal,

who trusts more to the eye to discover both his food and his enemies.

The eye is bright and prominent, and is protected by an inner

cuticle as well as the lower eyelid ; the upper lid not moving to aid

in covering it, but only when the direction of sight is altered in a

perpendicular direction. There are soft brows over the eyes of a

spherical shape, and projecting above the remainder of the upper part

of the head.

The general colour is bright green in the young and dirty grey

in the old Iguanas, with about six black streaks across the body and

* The tongue is always covered by a glutinous secretion, which is perceptibly

appended to the jaws when the mouth is open.

108

fifteen across the tail, each streak being darker towards the head, and

gradually shaded off towards the tail. These streaks extend over the

dorsal and caudal crests, which partake entirely of the variegations

of the body in the younger, but, in the older individuals, are tipped

with red and yellowish brown at their bases and extremities. These

black streaks do not unite under the belly or under the anterior part

of the tail, hut towards the extremity of the tail they gradually elon¬

gate and become more dull, encircling the tail, and at last becoming

hardly discernible, mixing with the green or grey into one dull tint.

The dewlap, as well as the folding skin in front of the shoulder,

connected noth it, is interspersed with black and yellowish brown, of

which colours the denticulations of the dewlap also partake. The

upper part of the head is of a darker and richer green in the young,

fading as the animal advances in years, and becomes weather-beaten,

as is the case with the human species, and with all animal and vege¬

table life. The whole of the under part of the body is of a lighter

colour in both old and young. The female has a more delicate colour

and general appearance than the male.

Whilst always retaining the same colours, this Iguana has the power

of considerably changing his hues, but these changes are gradually

performed. The colours become more dull as the period of the

change of skin approaches, which is not, however, frequent. Each

scale has its own tint, and the colours being thus irregularly blended,

an appearance is given, particularly to the younger reptiles, very much

like that of worsted-work. The colour of the eye is dark brown, the

pupil being surrounded by a golden rim.

Every part of this curious reptile is covered with scales, and these

are of every variety of shape and size. Those on the top of the head

are large, smooth, and unequal ; between them and the mouth rims

a row of smaller scales, while the mouth itself is surrounded, both in

the upper and lower jaw, by large scales terminated at the extremity

between the nostrils, by one large brownish and softer scale in the

upper jaw, and a similar though smaller scale meeting it in the lower

jaw. From this latter, and below those immediately7 surrounding the

mouth, is a range of scales or rather plates, each larger than its pre¬

decessor, terminated on either side by7 a very7 large plate under the

auricle. Below this row of scales is the gular pouch (Fanon) covered

by small, smooth scales. The eye is protected above by7 small, smooth,

unequal scales, which also form part of the covering of the top of the

head. The scales of the lower eyelid are peculiarly small and deli¬

cate ; and a row of semispherical scales, resembling somewhat a string

of small pearls on each lid, surrounds the eye. At the back of the

head the scales become tuberculous, and a few on each side of the

neck assume a pyramidal or rather a conical form. The scales of

the neck and back are almost circular, but nearer the tail they become

rhomboidal and carinated, their posterior points elongating, and their

centres projecting more and more, both above and below, as they' reach

the extremity of the tail, so as to give it the form of a many -edged

saw, the most severe edge being that presented by7 the caudal crest.

The scales above the fore-legs are equal, carinated, and imbricated.

109

assuming, at the foot and along the toes, a convex and smooth ap¬

pearance. Under the fore-legs they are smaller, and peculiarly so at

the joints and under the feet ; the most delicate, however, are those

under the leg, and connecting it with the body. The hind-legs are

similarly clothed to the fore-legs, excepting that they are provided

with a single row of femoral pores, fourteen or fifteen in number, and

which increase in size with the growth of the reptile. These pores

are large and fully developed in the male, but small and sometimes

even hardly perceptible in the female.

The scales of the belly are very different from those of the back,

being larger, equal, and carinated, although generally worn almost

smooth in the old individuals. They are divided by a distinct line

from the termination of the dewlap to the vent.

The Iguanas live principally in trees, and near the windward coast

of the island. They are not much seen excepting in the months of

February, March, and April, when they quit their hiding-places, and

repair to the sea-shore or other sandy places to lay their eggs in the

sand. The older females lay a great number of eggs ; I have known

an instance of one in confinement laying five in one day ; and thirty-

two, within the space of ten minutes, five days afterwards, making

thirty-seven in all. I have taken the eggs from the bellies of small

females in less numbers, such as eight, fourteen, and seventeen. They

are not found in successive stages of advancement as in the hen, the

tortoise, and many other animals, but all of the same size, and arrived

at the same degree of maturity. Nor are the eggs always disposed,

as I have seen it stated, in two rows, one on each side of the belly of

the female. When very small, they are arranged in a long irregular

cluster, closely packed together, and they seem to retain the same

relative position as they increase in size. The eggs are very liable

to destruction from ants, which fact probably accounts for their being

usually deposited in sea sand. They are also hunted for and eaten

by the Pilori ( Mas pilorides ), or cc Rat Musque,” and by a bird

called the <f Trembler.’5 They are soft and without any white, and

their shell resembles the most beautiful kid used for French gloves,

of a very light straw-colour. They are about the size of those of a

pigeon, but rather longer ; they vary however in dimensions, accord¬

ing to the age and size of the Iguana.

This Iguana is not averse to water, when not too cold, taking to it

only when the sun is shining ; in fact, not moving about much at any

other time. Its mode of swimming differs from that of other lizards,

inasmuch as it places its four legs close by the side of its body, and

swims entirely with its tail. It dives with great facility, and remains

sometimes for a considerable time under water. I believe that the

Iguana never ventures into the sea. The tail is a veiy valuable limb ;

for besides being the sole means of swimming possessed by the ani¬

mal, it is of great use in climbing trees, although not prehensile ; and

it is a most important weapon of defence, a blow from it being fre¬

quently sufficient to inflict a severe wound. In fact, this reptile is

rather formidable when brought to bay in the woods. It is hunted

110

by the natives with dogs trained for the purpose. The dog imme¬

diately upon scenting it gives tongue, and if on the ground, the dog

seizes it by the back, and either kills it or maims it, which makes its

capture easy ; if in a tree, the Iguana is either shaken down, a matter

ordinarily of no small difficulty, or the branch is cut off. It is almost

useless to attempt to find these reptiles without dogs, as the resem¬

blance of their colour to that of the trees they inhabit prevents them

from being easily seen. Few dogs but those accustomed to the sport

will touch them, as, in addition to the blows which they inflict with

their tails, they bite and scratch furiously ; and when once they lay

hold of anything with their teeth, they can only be made to let go by

an inducement to bite, some other attractive object being offered to

them. They run into holes when chased, if an opportunity offers,

and when their eyes are hidden from view, they fancy that their whole

body is safely covered. The flesh, particularly of the female, is a

great delicacy ; it is cooked in various ways, sometimes in a fricassee,

with the eggs whole, sometimes roasted or stewed. The eggs have a

very glutinous taste. The flesh is said to disagree with some con¬

stitutions, although it does not, I believe, as has been asserted, dis¬

agree peculiarly with those persons who have been affected with vene¬

real diseases.

This Iguana is said by some of the natives to eat lizards and in¬

sects, but I have opened several, and I have never succeeded in find¬

ing any but vegetable matter in the stomach, sometimes, however,

covered with innumerable small worms, the eggs of which must

doubtless have been swallowed with the leaves, fruit, or bark of

trees, upon which, I conceive, it feeds entirely.

Unless caught young, it is very difficult to induce these reptiles to

feed in confinement, and particularly when watched. Their dispo¬

sition is sulky and savage, and I have known some of them die in

confinement from starvation rather than feed. This has caused me

to try the following plan, which I find very successful, of affording

them nourishment. I hold them by the lower part of the body with

one hand, and with the other I irritate them, until they open their

mouths and attempt to bite, when I insert food ; and by annoying

them in this way, I have not only made them eat their natural food,

but I have killed some of them by forcing them to eat corn, and

leaves which appear to have disagreed with them.

This Iguana has a small rounded heart, reddish lungs, an oblong

gall-bladder, a large dark-coloured flat liver, and a white, and very ex¬

tensible oblong stomach.

/

?roc. Z . S . Mammalia.XX .

Ill

June 11, 1850.

W. Spence, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read : —

1. Synopsis of the species of Antelopes and Strepsiceres,

■WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES. By J. E.

Gray, Esq., F.R.S., P.B.S. etc.

(Mammalia, PI. XX.)

The genera in this Synopsis are arranged after the plan, first sug¬

gested in a paper on the genera of the Hollow-horned Ruminants

( Bovidce ) in the ‘Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ xviii. 22 7.

ANTELOPES.

The xlntelopes contain a large number of species separated into

several genera, which may be arranged in the following sections : — -

I. The Antelopes of the Fields have a tapering nose, with

the nostrils bald within.

1 . The True Antelopes are light-bodied and limbed, and small-

hoofed, with a short or moderate tail covered with elongated hair to

the base ; horns lyrate or conical.

2. The Cervine Antelopes are large-sized, rather heavy-bodied and

large-hoofed, and have an elongated tail with short hair at the base

and tufted at the end ; horns lyrate or conical. (See p. 128.)

3. The Caprine Antelopes are heavy-bodied and limbed, and large-

hoofed, with a very short, depressed tail covered with hair to the

base; horns conical. (See p. 135.)

II. The Antelopes of the Sandy Deserts have a broad nose,

and the nostrils lined with bristles within.

4. The Equine Antelopes have the nose very broad, soft, spongy,

and bristly. (See p. 138.)

5. The Bovine Antelopes have the nose moderately broad, with a

black, moist muffle. (See p. 139.)

I. The Antelopes of the Fields. Nose tapering, the nostrils

bald within, close together in front and diverging behind.

1. The True Antelopes. Body moderate-sized, elegant; legs

slender ; tail moderately elongate, hairy ; horns placed over the eye¬

brows.

112

a. Horns lyrate (or rarely cylindrical , subspiral h strongly ringed

at the base ; nose ovine, without any naked muffle ; deep in¬

guinal pouches ; and tear-bag generally well-developed.

1. Saiga.

Horns short, strong, annulated, lyrate, white; nose very high,

compressed, rounded ; nostrils very close together ; tear-bag distinct ;

fur soft.

1. Saiga Tatarica. The Colus or Saiga.

Pale yellowish, crown and back greyish washed ; belly and anal

region beneath the tail white ; young, crown greyer.

Capra Tatarica, Linn. S. N. 97. — Antilope Saiga, Pallas. — Ibex

imberbis, Gmelin. — Antilope Colus, H. Smith. — Colus Strabonis,

Gesner. — Colus Tar tarica, Wagner. — Cervicapra, sp. Blainv. — Saiga

tatarica, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 3.

Inhabits Siberia. Cab. Brit. Mus.

2. Kemas.

Horns elongated, rather lyrate ; nose with a dilated pouch on each

side ; tear-bag distinct ? hair close, erect, spreading ; nose-hole of

skull very large ; females hornless.

1. Kemas Hodgsonii. The Chirij.

Pale brown ; chest, belly and inside of the limbs white ; front of

face and front of legs blackish.

Antilope Hodgsonii, Abel. — A. Kemas, H. Smith (not horns,

t. 181. f. 6). — A. Chiru, Lesson,-— -Kemas Hodgsonii, Gray, Knows¬

ley Menag. 3.

Inhabits Thibet. Cab. Brit. Mus.

3. Gazella, H. Smith.

Horns strong, lyrate, black ; face tapering ; nose simple ; tear-bag

distinct ; fur short, close-pressed. Females with smaller horns ; teats

four.

* Knees with tufts ; back and rump brown , vent white.

f Lower part of side with a dark oblique streak ; feet with a tuft

of black hair beneath.

1. Gazella Dorcas. The Gazelle.

Fur rather elongate and harsh, grey brown ; outside of fore legs,

broad oblique streak along the side, edge of anal disc, front of face

and face-streak, dark brown ; face-streak, throat, chest, belly, inside

of thigh and anal disc, white ; tuft at under side of feet and end of tail

black ; knee-tufts blackish ; young, back and side-streak rather paler.

Capra Dorcas, Linn.- — Antilope Dorcas, Pallas ; Liclit. 3. t. 5. —

A. Gazella, Pallas. — Gazella Kevella, H. Smith, $ . — G. Corinna,

H. Smith, ? . — Gazelle, Buffon, II. N. xii. t. 22-25. f . — Kevel, Buf-

fon, H. N. xii. t. 26. f . not F. Cuvier. — Corinne , Buffon, H. N. xii.

t. 27. $ . t. 30 (not F. Cuvier) ; Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. . — Kevel

gris, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. 3. — Antilope Cora, H. Smith. —

113

A. Arabiea, Hemprich and Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. t. 5 ; Licbt. Saugth.

t. 6. — A. Cuvieri, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, 35; Frazer. Zool.

JLypica, t.

V ar. Nose with a dark spot or streak.

V ar. Larger, legs thicker.

Gazella Boreas, var. Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. 3.

Inhabits N. Africa; shore of Red Sea; Mogador ( Wiltshire ).

The Earl of Derby has specimens which he calls Gazella vera,

figured Knowsley Menag. t. 3 ; they are rather larger, greyer, and

the legs are much thicker and heavier than the specimens from the

shore of the Red Sea. The fur is similar, but not quite so long on

the under side of the neck. The Kevel gris (F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith.)

well represents this variety.

The A. Cuvieri of Ogilby, from Morocco, is a much larger animal

than the common G. Boreas, but agrees with it in other characters,

except, it is said, in having longer ears.

M. F. Cuvier (Mam. Lithog. vii. t. 8. ? .) has figured and described

an Antelope from Sennaar under the name A. leptoceros, which he

says is very like A. Boreas, but has larger horns, those of the males

being twice and of the females half as long again as the head. The

horns vary greatly in length in our specimens.

ft Upper part of sides with a pale streak.

2. Gazella Isabella. The Isabella Gazelle.

Fur short, very soft ; pale yellowish brown, with a broad, rather

paler oblique streak on the upper part of the side ; knee-tufts, front

of face and lower face-streak, darker yellow brown ; upper face-streak,

chest, back edge of tarsus, under side of feet, inside of limbs, belly

and vent, white ; tail black. Female, horns very slender, longer than

the head. Young, paler, the lower part of the sides rather darker.

Gazella Isabella, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846. — Anti¬

lope Iridis ( Bie Iris Antelope), Licht. — A. Boreas, Licht. Darstell.

t. 5. — A. Boreas, var. a. Sundevall.

Inhabits N. Africa ; Egypt (J. Burton, Esq.), Kordofan ( Sundev .).

This species is easily known from the foregoing by the softness and

fineness of the fur, and the lower side-streak being of the same colour

as the back, and from it and the following by having no dark edge to

the anal disc.

3. Gazella subgutturosa. The Jairon.

Pale brown ; upper part of sides with a broad, rather paler streak ;

erown and knee-tufts greyer ; face-streak indistinct ; nose, lower part

ot sides, belly, hinder side of fore and front side of hinder limbs and

anal disc white ; streak on haunches dark brown ; end of tail blackish.

Antilope subgutturosa, Guldenst. ; Pallas ; FI. Smith, Griff. A. K.

t. 183. f. 5, horns. — Capra Ahu, Kcemp. — A. Boreas, var. persica ,

Riippell. — Gazella subgutturosa, Gray, K. Men. 4.

Inhabits Tartary, Armenia and North Persia. Cab. Brit. Mus.

Larger than the Chikara.

No. CCVIII. — Proceedings of the Zoological Society,

114

*** Knees with tufts ; rump mark and throat-spots white : no dark

side-streak ; tail slender, compressed, only hairy above ( Dama ,

Bennett) .

4. Gazella Soemmeringii. The Abyssinian Mohr.

Pale brown ; nose, forehead and lower edge of face-streak and end

of tail blackish ; chest and belly, angular mark on rump above the

tail, face-streak and spot on the throat white ; limbs pale. Female,

forehead paler in the centre.

Antilope Soemmeringii, Cretzchm. in Riippell, Zool. Atlas, t. 19 $ .

— Gazella Soemmeringii, Gray, K. M. 5.

Inhabits Lower Abyssinia ; Sennaar. Brit. Mus.

5. Gazella Mohr. The Mohr.

Bay ; chin, spot on throat, chest, belly, edge and inside of limbs

and angular spot on rump above the tail white ; spot on side of face

and end of tail black.

Antilope Mohr, Bennett, Trans. Zool. Soc. i. t. 8 ; Knight,

M. A. N. f. . — A. Dama, var. occidentalis, Sundevall. — Gazella

Mohr, Gray, K. M. 5.

Inhabits* Morocco. Mus. Zool. Soc. Portendic. There called

Seni-ci ( Mr . Whitfield). Mus. Brit.

The specimen in the Frankfort Museum, which was received from

the Zoological Society, is one-third smaller than the Andra. It is

brown, rump mark, lower part of the sides, belly, inside and edge of

legs white, face iron-grey with longer hair at the base of the horns ;

horns large, thick, the face-streak indistinct from the pale colour of

the head.

There is a fine specimen of this species living at Knowsley, and a

female which died on the passage in the British Museum.

6. Gazella Dama. The Nangeur.

Bay ; chin, spot on throat, belly, lower part of sides and hinder

part of the back, inside of the limbs white ; no spot on side of the

face.

Antilope Dama, Pallas. — Gazella Dama, Gray, K. M. 5. — A. ru¬

bra, Afzelius. — Nangeur, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 32. f. 3. t. 34.

Inhabits W. Africa ; Senegal.

Not seen since Buffon’ s time ; may be a bad figure of the former.

7. Gazella ruficollis. The Andra.

Whitish ; neck and front part of the middle of the back reddish ;

no face-streak.

Antilope ruficollis, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 205. — A. Andra, Ben¬

nett. — A. Dama, Licht. Saugth. t. 3, 4 ; Riippell, Zool. Atlas, t. 14,

16 ; Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys. t. 6. — A. Dama, var. orientalis, Sun-

devall. — Gazella ruficollis, Gray, K. M. 5.

Var. Young? with an indistinct narrow brown streak across the

outside of the thighs, and the forehead iron-grey, with longer hair at

the base of the horns ; horns small. Mus. Frankfort.

115

Inhabits North Africa ; Kordofan. Brit. Mus. $ .

These species differ in size as well as markings. The Mohr and

Andra differ from G. Soemmeringii in being of much larger size, and

in wanting the black face and streaks. Bennett’s Mohr has only an

angular white spot on the rump, like G. Soemmeringii ; Buffon’s

Nangeur is smaller, and has more white on the rump, thighs and

sides ; and the Andra , which agrees with the figures cited, is almost

all white, with a reddish neck and withers.

**** Knees without tufts ( hut with rather longer hair , forming a

linear heel in front ) ; bach and rump brown ; sides with

darh streah.

8. Gazella rufifrons. The Korin.

Bay brown ; sides above paler, with broad dark streak below ; tail

black ; chest, belly, inside of legs, back edge of tarsus, and under side

of feet and anal disc white ; face bright bay, side-streak broad white.

Gazella rufifrons , Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. — Kevel , male,

F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. 3. — Corine , F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog,

t. . young $ . — A. Icevipes, Sundevall. — Gazella rufifrons , Grav,

K. M. 5. t. 4.

Var. Nose blackish above (adult $ ).

Young ; pale yellowish, side-streak brownish.

Inhabits W. Africa ; Senegal. Mus. Paris. Gambia (Mr. Whit¬

field ), called Seni. Brit. Mus. Sennaar (Sundevall).

Buffon mentions a Corine as coming from Senegal, but he says it

is smaller than the Kevel , and Daubenton says that it has knee-tufts,

so that it cannot be this species. Indeed the Gazelle , Corine and

Kevel of Buffon are clearly all A. Dorcas of this memoir.

The Kevel figured by M. F. Cuvier well represents this species.

He says it was sent from Senegal, and probably it has not knee-tufts,

for they are not indicated in the figure or mentioned in the text ; for,

like other descriptions of this author, though it occupies more than

two pages, all the peculiarities of the species are left out. The Corine

of the same author, also from Senegal, well represents the young.

M. F. Cuvier says the Kevel and Corine and A. Dorcas form one

species, but afterwards, under Kevel gris, he thinks they may be two.

4. Procapra, Hodgson.

Horns strong, elongate, lyrate, black ; face tapering, nose simple ;

tear-bag none ; knee-tufts none ; tail very short : female hornless ;

teats two. Asia ; not gregarious.

1. Procapra gutturosa. The Dseren.

Pale yellowish ; hair long, soft, of anal region short, white ; tail

black.

Antilope gutturosa , Pallas, Spic. xii. 45. t. 2 ; H. Smith. — -

Gazella gutturosa , Gray, Knows. Menag. 3.

Inhabits Mongolia, Siberia. Cab. Brit. Mus., male and female.

Thibet. Mus. Ind. Comp.

116

2. Procapra picticauda. The Ragoa or Goa.

Hair sordid, brown with pale rufous tips ; under side, inside ot

ears, limbs and anal disc, reddish white ; tail black.

Procapra picticauda, Hodgson, J. A.S. Bengal, 1846, 173. 334. t.

Inhabits Thibet; in the plains. Brit. Mus., skulls. Perhaps

same as former in summer fur.

5. Tragops, Hodgson.

Horns lyrate, short, black ; face tapering, nose simple ; c( tear-bag

none teats twro : females with small horns. India ; not gregarious.

1. Tragops Bennettii. The Chikara.

Bay brown ; sides uniformly coloured ; knee-tufts, end of nose and

tail black ; streak on haunches blackish ; face-streak, chest, belly and

inside of limbs white.

Antilope Bennettii, Sykes. — A. Christii, Gray. — A. Bharatensis ,

Hodgson. — A. Hazenna, I. Geoff., Voy. Jacq. Mam. t. 6, bad?--

A. Dorcas, var. E., Sundevall. — Tragops Bennettii , Hodgson, 1847.

Inhabits India. Cab. Brit. Mus.

The feet are generally blackish, but sometimes browm like the back.

6. Antidorcas, Sundevall.

Horns lyrate, short, black ; face tapering, nose simple ; tear-bag

not remarkably distinct ; back with an expansile white streak or fold ;

hair close-pressed ; knees not tufted : females with small horns.

1. Antidorcas Euchore. The Springboc or Tsebe.

Pale brown ; face, throat, chest, belly, broad expansile streak on

back to base of tail, edge and inner side of limbs white ; face-streak

and middle part of forehead pale brown, side-streak oblique, dark

brown : young paler ; side-streak paler, back-streak distinct.

Antilope Euchore, Forster, Licht. t. 7; H. Smith ; Harris, W. A. A.

t. 3. — A. saltatrix, Link. — A. marsupialis, Zimm. — A. Pygarga,

Blumenb. — A. dorsata and A. saliens, Lacep. — A. Ibex, Afzelius,

1810. — Gazella Euchore , Gray, Know. Men. 6.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.

7. .ZEpyceros, Sundev. MSS.; Antilope, Gray.

Horns elongate, wide-spreading, lyrate, black ; face tapering, nose

simple ; knees not tufted, feet with tuft of (black) hair near pastern ;

teats two ; no trace of suborbital sinus ( Harris ) .

1. .ZEpyceros Melampus. The Pallah or Rooye Boc.

Bay, sides paler beneath ; belly, anal disc and lower side of tail

white ; crown, anal streak and tip of tail blackish ; tuft above feet

and back of feet black.

Antilope Melampus, Licht. ; H. Smith, t. 181. t. 7; Harris, W .

A. Africa, t. 15.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.

117

8. Antilope, H. Smith; Cervicapra , Gray.

Horns elongate, subspiral, erect, diverging ; face tapering, nose

simple ; tear-bag large. India ; gregarious.

1. Antilope bezoartica. The Antelope.

Grey brown ; lips, orbits, chest, lower part of sides and belly, edge

and inside of limbs white ; nose, front of shoulder and outside of

thigh, end of tail and front of feet blackish ; neck redder.

Capra bezoartica , Aldrov. — C. Cervicapra , Linn., ? H. Smith. —

A. Cervicapra , Pallas, Gray, Illust. Tnd. Zool. t. . — Antilope, F.

Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. . ? . — Cervicapra bezoartica , Gray, Knowsley

Men. 6.

Var. and young. A narrow pale streak on the upper part of each

side.

Antilope bilineata, Temm., Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. t.

Inhabits India. Brit. Mus.

b. Horns small, slender, straight, conical, tapering, more or less

diverging and often bent forward at the tip ; the muffle is

generally large and moist.

f Tear-bag large ; muffle generally large.

9. Tetracerus, Leach.

Muffle large ; tear-bag large, longitudinal ; horns, two pair very

short, conical, straight ; knee-tufts none : female hornless.

1. Tetracerus quadricornis. The Chouka.

Front pair of horns conical, distinct.

T. quadricornis, H. Smith, G. A. K. t. 181. f. 3. t. 186. — Antilope

quadricornis, Blainv. — A. striaticornis, Leach. — A. tetracornis ,

Hodgson. — A. Chickara, Hardw. ; H. Smith. — T. Chicara, F. Cuv.

Mam. t. . f . — Cervus albipes, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. . female.

Inhabits India, Himalaya. Brit. Mus. Thibet. Mus. Ind. Comp.

M. De Blainville in describing this animal has read Moorshada-

bad, the habitat, for Hoornadabad, and thought it the name of the

animal.

2. Tetracerus subquadricornutus. The Junglibukra.

Front pair of horns rudimentary, tubercular ; hinder horns conical,

subcylindrical ; pale brown ; side rather paler ; chest, belly, inside

and front of legs whitish ; feet paler, varied.

Var. Female, front of legs blackish.

Antilope subquadricornutus, Elliot, Madras Journ. 35. t. 4. f. 2. —

Brown Antelope, Sykes.

Inhabits Madras. Brit. Mus. Larger than the former.

Mr. Hodgson, in MacClelland’s Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. 1847,

notices and figures five species of this genus : 1 . T. lodes (rusty-red),

t. 4. f. 3, and 2. T. paccerois (full-horned), t. 4. f. 1, 2, from skull.

118

10. Calotragus, (part) Sundevall ; Oreotragus , (part) Gray; Re-

dunca, (part) H. Smith; Tragulus , H. Smith; Cervicapra , sp.

Blainv.

Muffle large ; tear-bag arched, transverse ; horns subulate, elon¬

gate, erect ; hoofs triangular, flattish beneath, acute in front ; crown

smooth ; tail very short ; groin and orbit nakedish : females horn¬

less ; teats four ; the knees not tufted ; inguinal pore none ; ear elon¬

gate ; false hoof small or none.

* False hoofs none.

1. Calotragus Tragulus. The Steinboc.

Fulvous, ashy ; hair uniform ; small spot on nose, and two diver¬

ging streaks on crown to nape blacker ; upper part of throat, chest

and abdomen white ; ears three-fourths the length of the head ; false

hoofs none.

Antilope Tragulus , Forster, Licht. t. 14. — A. rupestris , H. Smith ;

Harris, W. A. A. t. 25. f. 2. — A. campestris , Thunb. 1811 ; Afzelius,

1815. — A. pallida, H. Smith. — A. Pediotragus, Afzelius. — A.fulvo-

rubescens, Desmoul. — A. rufescens, H. Smith, G. A. K. t. 188.—

Calotragus tragulus , Gray, Knowsley Menag. 7.

Far. Without the black crown-streaks, throat whiter.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.

This species varies much in colour, perhaps according to the season :

sometimes the hairs are whitish at the tip, giving the fur a glaceous

appearance ; the black streaks are as distinct in the young as in the

adult.

** False hoofs small.

2. Calotragus melanotis. The Grys Boc.

Red bay, with intermixed white hairs, crown with two dark streaks ;

ears two-thirds the length of head ; false hoofs small.

Antilope Melanotis, Thunb. 181 1 ; Afzelius; Licht. S. 1. 1 2 ; Harris,

W. A. A. t. 26. — A. grisea, Cuvier, D. S. N. ii. 244, 1816; H. Smith.

— A. rubro-albescens , Desmoul. — Calotragus melanotis , Gray, Knows¬

ley Menag. 7.

Yar. pallida. Pale ashy white, hairs some white, others lead-

coloured with grey tips. Brit. Mus.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.

11. Scopophorus, Gray ; Calotragus, part Sundevall.

Muffle small, bald ; tear-bag transverse ; horns subulate, elongate,

acute, slightly recurved at the tip ; knees largely tufted ; inguinal

pores distinct and bearded ; ears moderate, with a naked spot on the

outside of their base ; hoofs triangular, false hoof distinct.

1. Scopophorus Ourebi. The Ourebi.

Temple-spot small, indistinct ; fur red-brown ; cheeks paler ;

crown darker red brown ; orbits, chest, belly, and middle of upper

119

part of inner side of legs white ; end of tail, arched line before the

eye and spot between the ears black.

Var. End of nose blackish.

Antilope Scopai'ius , Schreb. Licht. S. t. 13. — A. Ourebi , Shaw;

Lesson. — Ourebi , Buffon, not F. Cuvier. — A . melanura , Bechst.

Inhabits S. Africa, Cape of Good Hope. Brit. Mus.

2. Scopophortjs montanus. The Gibari.

Temple-spot large, deep (more than half an inch over), naked ;

fur greyish brown ; cheeks paler ; crown red brown ; orbits, chest,

belly, under side of tail and middle of the inner side of the upper parts

of the legs white ; end of tail and arched line before the eye black.

Antilope montanus, Ruppell, Zool. t. . — Scopophorus montanus,

Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. 5.

Inhabits W. and E. Africa ; Abyssinia ( Ruppell ); Gambia. Called

Gebari, or Mahomet’s Antelope ( Earl of Derby). Brit. Mus.

Very like the former, but grey brown, and the temporal spot much

larger, deeper, more distinct and bald, both when alive and in the

skin, so that it does not depend on the stuffing.

12. Oreotragus, Gray, Sundevall ; Tragulus, H. Smith, not Pallas.

Muffle large ; tear-bag arched, transverse ; horns subulate, elon¬

gate ; hoofs squareish, high, compressed, much- contracted, concave

beneath ; false hoofs large, blunt ; crown smooth ; tail very short ;

hair thick, quill-like, spread out : female hornless ; teats two.

1. Oreotragus saltatrix. The Kiansi or Klippspringer.

Dark brown, yellow grisled ; hair grey, hrown at the end, with a

short yellow tip ; beneath whitish ; edge of ears and feet above the

hoofs hlack.

Antilope Oreotragus, Forster ; H. Smith ; Licht. Saugth. t. 15.—-

A. saltatrix , Bodd. ; Harris, W. A. A. t. 24. — Oreotragus saltatrix,

Sundev.; Gray, Knowsley Men. 8.

Inhabits S. Africa; Abyssinia {Ruppell). Brit. Mus.

Varies in brightness and depth of colour according to the season.

13. Nesotragus, Von Duben, Sundev. MSS.

" Muffle large, bald ; lachrymal sinus deep, large ; face and fore¬

head not crested ; ears large ; horns in males large ; false hoofs none ;

tail very short.

Very like Neotragus in form and character.

1. Nesotragus moschatus. The Nesotragus.

Reddish grey ; belly white ; feet pale red ; hair of back brown,

with a pale subterminal band and black tip.

Nesotragus moschatus, Von Duben ; Sundev. Vet. Ac. Oefversigt,

1846, 221 ; Pecora, 134; Gray, Knowsley Menag. 8.

Inhabits Zanzebar, east coast of Africa. Male and female in the

Stockholm Museum.”

120

14. Neotragus, H. Smith ; Madoqua , Ogilby.

Muffle none ; nose ovine ; nostrils close together ; false hoofs very

small ; tear-bag roundish ; tail very short ; crown crested.

1. Neotragus Saltiana. The Madoqua.

Antilope Saltiana, Blainv. — A. Hemprichianus, Ehrenb. S. P. t. 7;

Licht. Saugth. t. 16. — Neotragus madoka, H. Smith. — A. Grimmia,

Rupp ell. — A. Ilemprichii, Ruppell, Abyss. 25. — N. Saltiana, Gray,

Knowsley Menag. 8. — N. Hemprichianus, Sundev.

Inhabits Abyssinia. Brit. Mus.

■j-j* A glandular line on the side of the face, in the place of the

tear-hag ; and the muffle large and bald.

15. Cephalophus, H. Smith ; Sylvicapra, Ogilby, Sundev.

Muffle large ; tear-bag none, but a naked, glandular line, formed

of two series of pores, on the side of the cheek ; crown crested, end¬

ing in a tuft between the horns.

* “Knees and hind legs tufted ; ears and horns elongate ; tear-hag

small, under the eye, and a narrow naked streak on cheek.”

1. Cephalophus? quadriscopa. The Four-tufted Ante¬

lope.

“ Buff, paler on the sides ; tail, knee-tufts, front of nose, narrow

inferior lateral and anal streak and streaks across legs blackish ; lips,

breast, belly, inside of limbs, vent and houghs white/’

Antilope quadriscopa, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 261. t. 188. — Cepha-

lophusl quadriscopa. Gray, Knowsley Menag. 8.

“Inhabits Senegal.”

This species is only known from Colonel H. Smith’s description

and figure.

** Knees not tufted ; ears elongate acute ; horns slender, elongated.

2. Cephalophus Grimmia. The Impoon or Duyker or

Duyker Boc.

Yellowish brown, greyish in winter ; hair yellowish, with blackish

tip ; forehead yellowish bay ; inside of ears, chin, throat, abdomen

and under side of tail white ; feet, streak on the nose, up the legs, and

upper part of tail black ; ears elongate, nearly as long as head, acute ;

horns black, elongate, slender, base rugose and subangular in front.

Capra Grimmia, Linn. S. N. (ed. 10) 70. — Moschus Grimmia, Linn.

S. N. (ed. 12). — Antilope mergens, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1817;

H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 264 ; Licht. Saugth. t. 1 1 ; Harris, W. A. A.

t. 15. — A. nictitans, Thunb. Mem. Petersb. 1811, iii. 312. — A. Bur-

chellii, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 262. adult in summer? — A. Ptoox,

H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 265? jun.? — A. Platous, H. Smith, G. A. K.

v. 266. — Ceph. Grimmia, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 1. 1. f. 1, t. 2. f. 1, 2.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.

This species varies greatly in the intensity of the colours and in the

extent of the black on the feet and nose. In one young specimen in

the British Museum the black on the nose is quite deficient ; though

it has the bright colouring of the breeding-season, and is bright bay

on the crown.

The specimen in the Museum of the London Missionary Society

(No. 8 Blomfield Street, Moorfields, formerly in Austin Friars),

Case 5, described by Colonel H. Smith under the name of A. Platons,

is the size and has the horns and ears of an adult C. Grimmia, but

differs in being paler, and having no dark colour on the nose or feet ;

but it is evidentlv much bleached. It has certainly no relation to

* *

the C. sylvicultrix, with which Colonel Smith was afterwards inclined

to place it as a variety (Griff. A. K. Syn. v. 344).

There are three species which have been called Antilope Grimmia : —

1. The Capra sylvestris africana of N. Grimm, Misc. Cur. No-

rimb. 1705, 131 . 1. 13, the authority for Capra Grimmii , Bay, Syn. 80,

and Linn. S. N. (ed. 10) 70. Moschus Grimmia, Linn. S. N. ed. 12,

from the Cape, of a dull grey colour. Probably the Duyker.

2. Le Grimme of Buffon, H. N. xii. 307. 329. t. 41. *f. 2, 3, from

a head sent from Senegal by Adanson ; the Antilope Grimmia of Des-

marest, F. Cuvier, and H. Smith, &c.; the Cephalopkus rufilatus.

3. The A. Grimmia of Pallas, with large ears and a black streak

to the horns, like C. Campbellice, but is from Guinea. I know of no

species common to the W. and S. coast of Africa, so that it is pro¬

bably yet to be distinguished.

t V C

The “Fito?nba” or “Philantomba’> appears to be the generic name

of all the AT. African Cephalophi or Bush Antelopes.

3. Cephalophus Campbellije. The Black-faced Philan-

tomba.

Grey and black grisled, beneath white ; cheeks, neck and chest yel¬

lowish ; forehead yellow, with a black streak on the nose widening on

the forehead and ending in a tuft behind the horns ; feet and front of

fore-legs reddish black ; fur soft ; hair grey, with black ring and tip ;

ears elongate acute.

Antilope Grimmia, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xii. 18. t. 1 ? — C. Burchellii,

var. (C. Campbellice'), Gray, Cat. B. M. 162. — C. Campbellice, Gray,

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846, 164 ; Knowsley Menag. 9. t. 2. f. 3.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.

This species is at once known from the Duyker by being much

darker and distinctly grisled or dotted, and the under side being much

whiter.

M e liaye an adult female of this species sent us as A. mergens, yar.

Burchellii, by M. Sundeyall (the other specimen of the same name

being a true Duyker), and a young specimen which has been in the

British Museum for several years, sent from Africa, under the generic

name of Philantomba, by Mrs. Campbell.

The A. Grimmia of Pallas, Spic. Zool. i. 18. t. 3, which he de¬

scribes as grey grisled, becoming brownish ash on the buttocks ;

throat, chest and beneath the body white ; head and neck yellowish

122

grey ; a black streak between the horns, forming a fascia on the fore¬

head and broader on the nose ; fur softer than the Deer, but rough,

of lower part of the neck rougher and more lax ; feet and line on fore¬

legs blackish ; tail black above ; ears rather acute : inhabits Guinea ;

agrees in most respects with this species, but most probably is yet to

be procured from W. Africa.

*** Knees not tufted ; ears moderate , acute ; horns short , conical,

thick .

4. Cephalophus Madoqua. The Abyssinian Bush Buck.

Yellowish brown, slightly punctulated with black ; neck yellowish ;

limbs blacker ; face-streak and feet black ; hair rather rigid, close-

pressed, reddish grey at the base, end polished yellow brown, with

dark tips ; forehead reddish.

Antitope Madoqua, Rupp. Abyss, t. 7. f. 2 ; Sundev. — Madoqua ,

Bruce’s Travels, vii. 360. t. 56. — C. Madoqua, Gray, Knows. Men. 9.

Inhabits Abyssinia. Mus. Frankfort.

This species is very distinct from C. coronatus, being darker, and

the fur more rigid and close-pressed.

5. Cephalophus coronatus. The Red-crowned Bush Buck.

Pale yellowish brown ; middle of back and front of fore-legs varied

with a few scattered black hairs ; crown bright bay ; crest blackish

brown, bay in front ; feet and streak up the nose blackish ; inside of

ears, chin, throat, chest, belly and inner side of legs whitish ; horns

short, conical ; ears about half as long as the head, acute.

Cephalophus coronatus. Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. x. 1842,

266. 1846, 164; Knowsley Menag. 9. t. 6. f. 1, 2.

Inhabits W. Africa ; Gambia, Macarthy’s Island. Mr. "Whitfield

called it The Coquetoon. Brit. Mus.

**** Knees not tufted ; ears moderate, rounded; horns conical,

thick ; without any streak over the eyes.

6. Cephalophus sylvicultrix. The "White-backed Bush

Buck.

Blackish brown, minutely grisled ; hair brown, with whitish tips ;

back with a large yellowish white spot, narrow in front ; throat, chest

and belly redder ; crown, nape and legs darker ; horns - ?

Antilope sylvicultrix, Afzelius, N. Act. Upsal. vii. 1238; H. Smith,

G. A. K. 1. 187. — C. sylvicultrix. Gray, Knowsley Menag. 10. t. 8. f. 1 .

Inhabits Sierra Leone, in swampy places. Brit. Mus.

Varies in the size of the dorsal spot.

In the British Museum is a young male : length 29 inches ; height

18 ; tarsus 6*9.

7. Cephalophus Ogilbii. The Black-striped Bush Buck.

Pale bay brown, with a deep black dorsal streak ; beneath pale ;

crown and haunches brighter bay ; neck and withers, and sides of the

123

dorsal line varied with deep brown hairs ; streak up the fore-leg,

upper part of hock, feet (above the hoof) and end of tail blackish ;

horns short, thick, conical, very rugose on the inner front edges of

the base.

Cephalophus Ogilbii, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842 ; Knows-

ley Menag. 10. t. 8. f. 2 ; Frazer, Zool. Typ. t. . — Antilope Ogilbii ,

Waterh. P. Z. S. 1838, 60. 1842, 129.

Inhabits Fernando Po ( J . Thompson , Esq.). Brit. Mus. Not half

the size of the preceding.

8. Cephalophus dorsalis. The Bay Bush Goat.

Dark bay ; shoulders and legs darker ; hair brown, a few on the

haunches white-tipped ; crown and nape, broad streak along the back

to end of tail black ; spot over each eye ; lips, sides of chin, front of

chest, under side of tail and inside of thighs pale brown.

Cephalophus dorsalis , Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846, 165;

Knowsley Menag. 10. t. 7. f. 1.

Inhabits Sierra Leone : called Bush Goat. Brit. Mus. The head

is very large, the skull short, broad, forehead rounded.

9. Cephalophus Niger. The Black Bush Buck.

Sooty black, greyer in the front half of the body ; chin, throat,

abdomen and inside of thighs grey ; forehead and crown dark bay and

black mixed : cheeks pale brown and black varied ; tail, end whitish.

Antilope niger , Mus. Leyden. — Cephalophus niger , Gray, Ann. and

Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846, 165 ; Knowsley Menag. 10. t. 7. f. 2.

Inhabits Guinea. British Museum. Sierra Leone (Mr. Whitfield) .

Knowsley Museum.

In the British Museum there is a male from the Leyden Museum,

nearly as large as the former.

10. Cephalophus Natalensis. The Natal Bush Buck.

Bright red bay ; nape, withers and feet varied with dark grey hairs ;

nose-streak short, blackish ; lips, chin, upper part of throat and end

of tail white ; lower part of cheeks, throat and abdomen pale yellow¬

ish ; crown and tuft bright red ; horns short, conical.

Antilope natalensis , A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ. 217 ; Illust.

Z. S. A. t. 32. — Cephalophus natalensis , Gray, Knowsley Menag. 10.

Inhabits S. Africa. Port Natal. Brit. Mus. Five specimens of

different ages. Resembles C. Ogilbii in size and colouring, but wants

the dorsal streak. The females are horned.

11. Cephalophus rufilatus. The Coouetoon.

Deep reddish bay ; legs, nape, streak on the nose to the crown and

broad streak on the hack blackish grey ; ears blackish ; crest and

upper part of tail black ; cheeks rather paler ; chin and abdomen

pale yellowish ; inside of ears whitish, with a brown spot on the outer

side ; horns conical, rather elongate, obscurely annulated, slightly

recurved .

124

Cephalophus rujilatus , Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846, 166;

Knowsley Menag. 10. t. 9. — Antilope Grimmia , H. Smith, G. A. K.

y. 266. — Le Grimme , Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 41. f. 2, 3?

Var. 1. Sides paler, greyish red; forehead rough.

Le Grimme , F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithog. t. . not good.

Inhabits Sierra Leone, called Coquetoon. Brit. Mus.

The hair is rather paler at the base, of the dorsal streak grey, with

a blackish tip.

M. F. Cuvier’s (Mamm. Lithog. t. .) figure is the pale variety,

which Mr. Whitfield regards as distinct ; he says it is called Grimme

by the natives : the separate head of Cuvier’s plate appears to have

been taken from the Guevei.

**** Knees not tufted ; ears moderate, rounded; horns short, thick ,

conical ; head with a pale streak on each side over the eyes to

the base of the horns.

12. Cephalophus Maxwellii. The Guevei.

Grey brown or sooty brown ; sides of head and body greyer ; chin,

throat, chest and belly whitish grey ; abdomen and front of thigh

white ; broad streak over each eye to the base of the horns yellowish

white ; feet and end of nose rather darker ; fur rather rigid ; hair

uniform.

Antilope Maxwellii, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 2 §7 —A. pygmea, Pal¬

las, Spic. xii. 18? — The Guevei, Buffon, H. N. — A.pygmea (Guevei),

F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithog. t. . good. — A. Frederici, Laur. ; Sundev.

— A. Philantomba, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 121 ; 1839, 27 .—Cepha¬

lophus Maxwellii, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 11. t. 12.

Inhabits W. Africa. Brit. Mus.

The adult male in the British Museum is bright sooty brown,

darker near the rump ; the female is nearly uniform pale grey brown.

It is well figured by M. F. Cuvier. It is known from C. monticola

by being larger, by the whiteness of the eye-streak, and of the front

of the thigh and chest.

13. Cephalophus monticola. The Noumetge or Cape

Guevei.

Grey brown ; streak over the eyes, legs and outer part of thighs

rufous ; feet grey brown ; chin, chest, abdomen, and under side of tail

and inside of ears white ; fur soft, grey, with intermixed rather rigid

black hairs.

Antilope monticola, Thunb. Stockh. N. II. xxxii. t. 5. — A. ccerulea,

H. Smith, G.A.K. v.855 ; Darnell’s Afr. Seen. t. ; Harris, W. A. A.

t. 26. — A. perpusilla, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 854. — A.pygmea, Licht.

Saugth. t. 16 ; Sundevall. — Cephalophus monticola. Gray, Knowsley

Menag. 11.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.

The colours vary in intensity ; in a female in the British Museum,

the rufous colour of the thighs and the white of the chest are more

distinct than in the male, but this may depend on the season when

125

they were killed. A very young fawn (perhaps hardly born), which

was brought home from the Cape by M. Yerreaux, is darker, and the

reddish tint extends over nearly the whole body.

Thunberg described the South African species, but says that there

is a specimen in the Stockholm Museum, brought by Afzelius from

Sierra Leone, which agrees with his animal ; so he evidently did not

observe the difference between the two species.

14. Cephalophtjs melanorheus. The Black-rumped

Guevei.

Grey brown ; throat and sides paler ; rump and upper part of tail

black ; chin, chest, abdomen, back and front edge of thighs and under

part of tail white ; narrow streak over the eyes whitish ; feet like the

back ; fur soft, pale grey, with intermixed rather rigid black hairs.

Cephalophus melanorheus , Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846 ;

Knowsley Menag. 11. t. 10. — C. Philantomba , Gray, Cat. Mamm. B.

M. 163 (not H. Smith).

Inhabits Fernando Po ( J . Thompson , Esq.). Brit. Mus.

This species is coloured like the Guevei from W. Africa, but smaller,

and have the soft fur and interspersed black hair of the Cape Guevei ,

C. monticola , but they are easily known by the black mark on the

rump.

15. Cephalophus punctulatus. The Grisled Guevei.

Dark fulvous brown ; sides and legs rather paler ; narrow streak

over the eyes and inside of ears pale brown ; chin, throat, chest, belly

and front of thighs and under part of tail white ; hair grey at the base,

with brown ends and yellow subterminal rings ; crown and upper part

of tail darker ; feet pale, varied.

Cephalophus punctulatus , Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846 ;

Knowsley Menag. 1 1 . t. 1 1 . f. 1 .

Inhabits Sierra Leone. Brit. Mus. A young specimen presented

by Colonel Sabine, B.E.

It is at once known from the other Gueveis by the fulvous colour

which is produced by the yellow sub terminal rings of the hairs.

Colonel H. Smith indicates a species under the name of C. Philan¬

tomha, but so indistinctly, that it is impossible to know for what it is

intended.

16. Cephalophus Whitfieldii. The White-footed Gue¬

vei.

Yellowish ash ; shoulders, outside of limbs and hinder parts of back

rather darker ; ears and crown pale yellowish brown ; streak over the

eyes, cheeks, throat, belly, inside of the limbs and ring round the feet

above the hoof ashy white ; hair ashy grey ; of the back brown at the

end, with a yellow tip.

Cephalophus Whitfieldii , Gray, Knowsley Menag. 12. t. 11. f. 2.

Inhabits Gambia {Mr. Whitfield ). Mus. Brit. Young.

Smaller than the Grisled Guevei , and much paler and yellower.

126

***** No tear-bag nor glandular streak on the face , and the

muffle large and moist; crown smooth.

16. Nanotragus, Sundev.; Neotragus , part H. Smith.

Horns very short, conical ; legs slender ; tail subpectinate ; hoofs

small, triangular, false hoofs none ; crown not crested ; ears small,

rounded.

1. Nanotragus perpusillus. The Royal Antelope.

Fulvous ; throat, belly and edge of thighs and tip of tail white.

Capra perpusilla, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fred. i. 12. — Moschus pygmeus,

Linn. S. N. (ed. 12) 92. — Antilope pygmea, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xii. 18;

Cuv. D. S. N. ii. 241 ; FI. Smith. — A. regia , Erxleben, 278. — A. spi-

niger , Temm. Monog. — Nanotragus regius, Gray, Knowsley Menag.

12. — Royal Antelope , Penn.

Inhabits W. Africa ; Guinea. Brit. Mus.

The smallest-hoofed animal. The feet were formerly often used

as tobacco-stoppers, and are figured mounted by Seba, t. 43. f . a, b ;

Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 42, 43.

1 7. Eleotragus, Gray ; Redunca , IF. Smith ; Cervicapra,

Blainv., Sundev.; Nagor, Laur.; Sylvicapra, Ogilby.

Horns conical, bent back and then forward at the top ; hoofs and

false hoofs rather large ; tear-bag none ; teats four ; inguinal pores

distinct.

•f Horns erect, slender , and face narrow ; nose swollen ; muffle large,

extended far behind the nostrils ; fur woolly hair. Pelea.

S. Africa.

1. Eleotragus Capreolus. The Rehbock or Peele.

« Temple-spot none ; head slender, compressed ; horns erect, scarcely

diverging, very slender ; fur short, woolly, grey brown ; back redder ;

throat and beneath white ; end of nose and chin blackish ; feet darker.

Antilope Capreolus, Thunb.; Afzelius, N. Act.Upsal.vii.251. 1818;

Licht. Saugth. t. 8; Harris, W. A. A. t. 25. f. 1 . — A. villosa, Burcliell,

1822; H. Smith. — A. lanata, Desmoul. — Eleotragus Capreolus, Gray,

Knowsley Menag. t. 12. from life.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus. Knowsley, living.

■f"t Horns diverging, thick, conical ; head broad ; nose not swollen.

* Muffle large, extended far behind nostrils; fur grisled, harsh,

straight, with a subterminal pale band, and often whorled ;

a naked spot on the temple. South Africa.

2. Eleotragus arundtnaceus. The Inghalla or Reit Bock.

Head broad ; temple-spot naked ; horns diverging, conical, taper¬

ing. Brown, yellow grisled; hair pale brown, with a subterminal

yellow band ; cheeks and neck yellower ; base of ears, chest, belly

and insides of the legs and under side of bushy tail white ; front of

legs black.

12 7

Antilope arunclinacea, Shaw, Zool. — A. Eleotragvs , Schreb. Licht.

t. 9 ; H. Smith; Harris, W. A. A. t. 26. — A. redunca , H. Smith;

Gray, Cat. B. M. — zL cinerea, Afzelius, 1815. — A, Lalandii, Desm.;

Fischer. — A. Lalandiana, Desm. — Eleotragus amndinaceus, Gray,

Knowslev Menag. 12.

Ear. Larger.

A. Isabellina , Afzelius, N. Act. L:psal. 1815, vii. 244; Licht. t. 10;

H. Smith ; Sunder.

Ear. With a large black rhombic spot on the back of the head be¬

hind the ears. Female in Brit. Mus.

Inhabits S. Africa, in marshy places. Brit. Mus.

iVfzelius, Lichtenstein, H. Smith and Sundevall have described two

species of this genus as coming from South Africa ; the smaller they

call A. Eleotragvs , and the larger A. Isabellina. The latter author

has given a comparative character between the two kinds, but he has

only seen two specimens of the former (a male at Berlin and a female

at Stockholm), and several specimens of the larger kind. I have ex¬

amined with care a series consisting of four males and five females

from different parts of South Africa, and can find no distinction be¬

tween them, except a slight difference in the length of the fur and in

its colour. Two specimens in the British Museum are larger than

the rest, and have the tarsus one-fourth longer than the others ; they

have a shorter fur and are of a rather brighter colour, and the front

of the leg is blacker ; but the fur and colour probably depend on the

season when they were killed. In these respects they agree with

Sundevalfs description of A. Isabellina, but they both have the tem¬

poral spot large and quite naked, while Prof. Sundevall described the

spot on this species as pubescent. The female of the larger specimen

that has the black spot on the back of the head ; some of the smaller

ones have the temple-spot much smaller and less naked than the

others. The two larger specimens have a single whorl of hair in the

middle of the back ; the others, with longer hair, show the whorls

more distinctly, and have the hair from the central whorls to the

shoulders forming a more or less diverging line. After examining

these specimens and those in other collections, I conclude that they

form only a single species. M. Sundevall, in a note just received,

observes, " Mr. Wahlberg considers A. Isabellina and A. Eleotragvs

as very distinct, and our specimens seem to show a difference, though

not very well expressed. Also I have committed a mistake, for the

young female described in my Synopsis as y. under A. Isabellina , is

really A. Eleotragvs.”

** The muffle smaller, scarcely extending beyond the nostrils ; fur

fulvous, not grisled; hair grey, with yellow tips; tail less bushy.

W. and E. Africa.

3. Eleotragus reduncus. The Wonto or Nagor, or Red

Antelope.

Head broad ; horns conical, thick at the base, diverging ; fulvous

brown, rather pale on the sides ; hair soft, yellow tipped, all in regu-

128

lar order ; chin, throat, spot under ears and over eyes, inside of limbs,

under side of tail and lower side of body white ; front of leg some¬

times blackish.

Antilope redunca, Pallas?; Riippell, Abyss, t. 7, good. — A. rufa ,

Afzelius, 250, from Buffon. — A. reversa, Pallas ? — A agor, Buffon, xii.

t. 46 ? — Oureby, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithog. t. $ . — A. Isabellina, Gray,

Cat. Mamm. Brit. Mus. — Eleotragus reduncus , Gray, Knowsley Ale-

nag. 13. t. 13.

Inhabits “Senegal.” Alus. Frankfort and Alus. Leyden. Gambia

( , Whitfield ), where it is called Wonto. Alale and fawn, British AIu-

seum, and a young male living at Knowsley, from the Gambia.

Var. Larger, colour brighter.

A . Bohor, Riippell, Abyss, t. 7 ; Sundev.

Inhabits Abyssinia. Alus. Frankfort.

Pallas and Afzelius’ s account of this species is derived from Buf-

fon’s description ; both he and Adanson (Hist. Nat. xii. 326) say that

it is “all pale red,” and Buffon further observes that it has not the

white on the belly of the Gazelles. This does not agree with our ani¬

mal, which is white in several parts, but certainly not so white as the

Gazelle, and has black on the legs ; but as yet no other animal has

been brought from West Africa, which better agrees with their account

or figure.

AI. Sundevall considers specimens of the Nagor of Senegal and the

Bohor of Abyssinia, in the Frankfort Aluseum, as distinct, the former

having the hair of the back whorled, the fore-leg with a dark stripe,

and the latter having the hair not whorled and the legs pale. Our

specimens, from Gambia, have the hair not whorled, and more or less

distinct streaks on the fore-legs ; hence I am inclined to believe tbe

Nagor and the Bohor to be alike. Sundevall’ s animal may be the

Kob, but that has only one whorl on each end of the back, a nearly

cervine muffle, and tbe end of the tail black.

When in Frankfort, I observed that the male Antilope Bohor , from

Abyssinia, was rather larger than the male of “A. redunca ,” from

Senegal, in the same collection, and much brighter, and the horns

more slender ; the female was darker and browner than the male ;

both sexes have more black on the carpus and tarsus than in the spe¬

cimen of A. redunca in the same museum.

Colonel Hamilton Smith formed a genus for two pairs of horns on

part of the frontal bones in the College of Surgeons belonging to this

group of Antelopes, which he called Raphicerus acuticornis and R.

subulata (Griffith, A. K. t. 181. f. 2, 1). The figures are not suffi¬

cient to identify the species, and we now know that the horns of the

same species differ greatly in individuals of the same species, and

during the growth of the same specimen. R. acuticornis may be the

horns of the Buy her Boc, Ceph. Grimmia ?

2. The Cervine Antelopes have an elongated tail, cylindrical at

the base, and with long hair at the end, often forming a compressed

ridge ; the body heavy and the limbs strong. They are of a large

size.

129

a. Neck not maned.

18. Adenota.

Muffle cordate, moderate, cervine ; nose hairy between the back of

the nostrils ; horns sublyrate, ringed, when young rather recurved ;

place of tear-bag covered with a tuft of hair ; hair of the back whorled,

of dorsal line and back of head reversed ; tail elongate, hairy.

This genus is very like Eleotragus, but has a smaller, more cervine

muzzle and lyrated horns ; it differs from Cobus in the form of the

tail, and wanting the mane, and from both in having a tuft of hair

in the front of the orbit.

* Horns sublyrate ; tail hairy .

1 . Adenota Kob. The ^Equitqon.

Pale brown ; end of nose, inside of ears, chest, belly, inside of legs

and thighs, tip of tail, and band above hoofs white ; front of fore and

hind legs, and end of ears and tail black ; hair of the dorsal line re¬

versed, with a whorl on the shoulders and loins.

Antilope Kob , Erxl. from Kob, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 32. f . 1 ?

— Kobus Adansonii, A. Smith, from Buffon. — Gambian Antelope ,

Penn. Syn. 39, from Buffon. — A. adenota , H. Smith, G. A. K. iv.

224. t. 184. and t. 183. f. 3, 4. horns?

A. Kob , Ogilby, P.Z.S. 1836. — A. annulipes , Gray, Ann. and Mag.

Nat. Hist. 1843. — Adenota Kob , Gray, Knows. Menag. 14. 1. 14, 15.

Var. Female, hair longer, sides of face whitish.

A. sing-sing, Gray, Cat. Mamm. Brit. Mus. 159, not Bennett.

Inhabits W. Africa ; Gambia. Called AEquitoon by the Joliffs,

and Kob by the Mandingoes.

A fine pair has been at Knowsley some years. Thinking them

new, I described them as A. annulipes. Mr. Ogilby has called it the

Nag or, but it is scarcely the Nag or of Buffon. An adult male no¬

ticed by Mr. Ogilby as the Kob is now in the Museum of the Zoological

Society ; its horns, like the male at Knowsley, are much worn down.

They whistle like a stag.

Buffon (H. N. xii. 219. 267. t. 32. f. 1) figures a skull with horns,

brought from Senegal by Adanson, under the name of Kob, which is

also called the Petit vache brune. Erxleben gave this figure the name

of A. kob, and Pennant called it the Gambian Aiitelope , Syn. i. 39.

The figures somewhat resemble the head of a half-grown male of this

species, but the horns are longer, and have more rings than the spe¬

cimen in the British Museum ; but I am inclined to agree with Mr.

Ogilby in believing that it was intended for this species. In the Jar-

din des Plantes they called the Sing-Sing the Kob of Senegal ; this

may be a mistake for the Kob a. I may remark that the horns of

the Koba in the same plate of Buffon are represented with more rings

than are mentioned in the description.

Colonel Hamilton Smith describes and figures a male and female

specimen which were alive in Exeter Change, and figures the male

and its skull and horns under the name of A. adenota, which well

No. CCXX. — Proceedings of the Zoological Society.

130

agrees with this species, and has the peculiar distribution of its hair ;

hence its name : hut he says, it has “ a long open suborbital slit, and

small black brushes on the knees;” but this I suspect must be a

mistake, as he himself observes no lachrymal cavity was found in the

skull. He might have mistaken the tuft of hair for the gland at the

distance at which he saw the specimens. He also (G. A. K. iv. 221)

described a specimen which was in Exeter Change, which he regarded

as the Gambian Antelope of Pennant, and calls A. forfex. His cha¬

racters agree in most particulars with this species, but he says it had

“a long lachrymal sinus, and had small brushes on the knees.” If

there was not some mistake in transcribing these descriptions, both

these animals should be Gazellas, but I have never seen any which

agreed with them.

The young male in the British Museum shows the development of

the horns of these animals. The upper rings of the growing horn fall

olf in large thick flakes as the horn increases in size beneath : this

explains how the extent of the smooth tapering part of the horns in¬

creases in length as the horn grows, and how the number of rings are

found to be nearly the same in the various ages, and different indi¬

viduals of the various species. Mr. Whitfield informs me that the

scrotum is rarely developed or dependent externally in different kinds

of Antelopes before they have completed their first year.

** Horns elongate , recurved at the tip ; tail slender , end tufted.

2. Adenota Leche. The Leche. (Mammalia, PI. XX.)

Pale brown ; orbits, chest and beneath white ; front of legs dark

brown ; fur short, adpressed, upper part of nape and withers with a

small wiiorl of hair ; tail slender at the base.

Lechee, Oswell, Journ. Roy. Geog. Soc. xx. 150, 1850. — Kobus

Leche , Gray, Knowsley Menag. 23.

Inhabits S. Africa ; bank of river Zouga, lat. 22° S. ( Capt . Frank

Vardon). Oswell, 1. c. 150, Brit. Mus.

This animal is nearly as large as the Water Buck. The horns are

very like those of that animal ; the neck is covered with short ad¬

pressed hair, and has no appearance of a mane.

b. Neck maned on the sides.

19. Kobus, H. Smith; Cervicapra, § Sundev. ; JEgocerus , Harris;

Kolus, Gesner, Gray.

Horns elongate, sublyrate, bent back and then forward at the top ;

muzzle cervine ; tear-bag none ; inguinal pores none ; hair rough,

elongate ; neck covered with longer, diverging and drooping hair ;

tail rather elongated, depressed, hairy on the sides and below : females

hornless ; teats four ; animal very large.

1. Kobus Ellipsiprymnus. The Photomok or Waterbuck.

Rump with a whitish elliptical ring near the base of the tail,

brownish ; horns converging at the tip.

131

Antilope Ellipsiprymna, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1833, 47 ; Harris, W. A.

Africa, t. 14. — Kobus Ellipsiprymnus , A. Smith, Illus. Z. S. A. t. 28,

29. — Gray, Knows. Menag, 15.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.

The horns figured as A. Kemasl (H. Smith, G. A. K. t. 181. f. 6)

appear to belong to this species.

2. Kobus Sing-Sing. The Sing-Sing.

Anal ring none. Reddish or yellowish grey brown, rather greyer

on the shoulders ; nose, lips and hinder part of the thighs, under the

neck, from the ears to the gullet, a streak over each eye, and ring

above the hoofs and false hoofs white ; belly and legs blacker ; end

of tail, and legs from shoulder to hough black. Female greyer ; belly

and upper part of legs paler.

Antilope Sing-Sing, Bennett, Waterhouse, Cat. Zool. Soc. Mus.

41. n. 3/8. — A. defassa, Riippell, Abyss, t. 3. — A. unctnosa, Laur.,

D’Orbig. Diet. Univ. H. N. i. t. 622. $ . good. — A. Kola, Ogilby,

Penny Cyclop, ii. 79. fig. ?; P. Z. S. 1836, not Erxleben. — Koba ,

Buffon, H. N. xii. 210, 267. t. 32. f. 2, horns? — Senegal Antelope,

Pennant, Syn. 38 (part from Buffon only). — Kobus Sing-Sing, Gray,

Knows. Menag. 15.

Inhabits N. and W. Africa; Senegal; Gambia, where it is called

Kassimause and Kob ( Whitfield ). Brit. Mus. Abyssinia (Riippell).

Mus. Frankfort.

This species varies much in the tint of the colouring, and in the

length of the hair in the different seasons. In summer they are

covered with very short, closely pressed fur, letting the skin be seen

between the hairs. In the cold weather, and in England, the fur is

longer and more abundant. The hair of the chin and neck is long

and rigid in all seasons, and even in the young animals. The tail of

the adult specimen is cylindrical and nearly bald, ending in a tuft of

black hair ; in the young specimens, especially in the winter fur, the

base of the tail is fringed with hair on each side. The male is much

brighter coloured, and the chest and belly are nearly black like the

legs. The hinder parts of the rump of the young animals are greyish

white ; in the older specimens it becomes pure white and broader in

extent.

This animal is called Sing-Sing by all the negroes. They do not

think their flocks of cattle will be healthy or fruitful unless they have

one of the Sing-Sings accompanying them, as some persons think a

Goat necessary to be in a stable in England. The English on the

Gambia call it the Jackass Deer from its appearance, and it is called

Koba and Kassimause by the negroes at Macarthy’s Island. Its flesh

is very strong, unpleasant, and scarcely palatable.

As far as I could judge by my recollection and description, the

adult specimen at Knowsley, the young male and adult female in the

British Museum, the male and female at Frankfort, and the adult

male in the Paris menageries, are the same species.

Buffon figured (Hist. Nat.- 210, 267. xii. t. 32. f. 2) under the

name of Koba a pair of horns which were in the library of St. Victor

132

at Paris. He described them as larger and more curved above than

those of the Kob, eighteen inches long and five inches in circumfer¬

ence at the base, and he refers them to an animal which Adanson

says is called Koba in Senegal, and the Great Brown Cow by the

French colonists. Pallas refers these horns to A. Pygargus, and the

figures and description agree in many particulars with the horns of

that species ; but they are rather longer, and have more rings. Pen¬

nant (Syn. Mam. 38) has given the name of Senegal Antelope to

Bufibn’s short account and figure, but has added to it the description

and the figure of the head of a skin which came from Amsterdam,

and appears to be A. Caama of South Africa. Cuvier (Diet. Sci.

Nat. ii. 235) has translated Pennant’s name to A. Senegalensis.

Erxleben (Syn. 293) and Zimmerman (Zool. 345) have translated

Pennant’s description of his skin of A. Caama, and called it A. Koba ,

referring to Buffon’s description and Daubenton’s figure. Fischer,

Hamilton Smith and M. Sundevall regard the Koba of Buffon the

same as the Korrigum of Denham and Clapperton, but the horns of

that species are considerably longer and much thicker at the base than

those described by Daubenton, and the annulations of the horns are

higher and more regular : but it may be remarked that Buffon

describes his horns as having eleven or twelve rings, but figures them

as having seventeen or eighteen. Mr. Ogilby (Penny Cyclopaedia

and the Proceedings of the Zoological Society) considers Buffon’s

Koba to be the Sing-Sing ; and in the length of the horns, and in the

number, disposition and form of the rings, his figure more nearly

agrees with the horns of that species than of that of the A. Pygarga,

to which Pallas first referred it ; but the horns are represented much

more lyrated than any horns of the Sing-Sing I have seen ; indeed,

not one of the specimens which have come under my observation have

had any inclination to assume that form : but as this is the only

Western- African species which in any way agrees with Buffon’s figure,

perhaps it is best to adopt Mr. Ogilby’ s suggestion. The name of

Koba or Kob appears to be common to many species. Schinz errone¬

ously considers Damalis Senegalensis, Antilope adenota and A. for -

fex (H. Smith) as synonyms of this species.

c. Nape with a linear, central, compressed , recurved mane.

20. Aigocerus, H. Smith ; Egocerus, Desm. ;

Hippotragus, Sundev.

Horns conical, elongate, rather compressed, ringed, recurved ; back

of the neck with a linear reversed mane ; tear-gland covered with a

tuft of hair ; teats two.

1. Aigocerus Equinus. The Etaak or Equine Antelope.

Spot above the eyes and pencil before the eyes fulvous grey ; nose

whitish ; face black ; nuchal mane distinct.

Aigoceros Equina, II. Smith ; Harris, W. A. A. t. 21. — A. glauca,

Forster. — A. Osanne, Geoff. — A. barb at a , H. Smith. — A. Truteri,

Fischer. — A . aurita, Burch. MSS. — Capra AEthiopica, Schinz. —

133

Tzeiran, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 31. f. 6, horn. — Aigocerus Equinus and

A. leucophceus, Gray, Knows. Men. 16.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus. W. Africa ; Gambia (Whitfield).

Horns. Brit. Mus.

VarA Smaller. “Fur glaucous grey; tuft before the eye short,

brown; nuchal crest none; hoofs small.” — Sundevall.

Antilope leucophceus , Pallas; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. t. 1/9. —

Aigocerus leucophceus , Gray, Knows. Menag. 16.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; now extinct. Mus. Stockholm,

Mus. Upsal and Mus. Paris.

The head of the female covered with the skin from Macarthy’s

Island, on the coast of Gambia, which Mr. Whitfield brought home,

did not appear to differ from the specimen from the Cape in the

British Museum. The species does not appear to be uncommon in

the locality, for Mr. Whitfield brought over several pairs of horns.

He states the flesh is very good venison. “ It is called Dacoi or

White Mouth by the Mandingoes, Kob and Koba by the Joliffs,

and Vache brune by the French at Senegal.” This is certainly not

the Kob of Buffon (xii. t. 32. f. 1, 2). The negroes at the Gambia

declare that this animal never bears more than one fawn ; for after

that period, the horns increase in length, and enter the loins and

destroy the animals !

Buffon (xii. 271. t. 31. f. 6) figures the horn of this species, which

had been made into a powder-flask, under the name of Tzeiran.

A. barbata of Daniels appears to be only a bad drawing of this

species.

The variety is the size of the Common Stag, Cervus Elaphus.

M. Sundevall observes that it is as different from A. Equina, as the

species of Eleotragi and Tragelaphi are from one another ; and he

observes, in a letter I have just received, “ I must tell you, that after

the inspection of a whole series of A. Equina, wThich Wahlberg brought

home, I am convinced that the A. leucophcea of Pallas is a very distinct

race. Our stuffed specimen, that must have been adult, has much

smaller hoofs than the very young A. Equina, male as wTell as female,

amongst Wahlberg’ s, and in the tuft over the lachrymal sinus, as I

have shortly expressed in the printed survey.”

When I examined the specimen at Paris I regarded it as a young

or rather dwarf specimen of A. Equina, and the absence of the nuchal

crest led to this belief ; and I am not satisfied that the number of

rings on the horns are a sufficient proof of its being adult.

2. Aigocerus niger. The Black Bok.

Black ; female and young brown ; face white, with a dark streak.

Antilope niger and A. Harrisii, Harris, Wild African Anim. t. 23. — -

Aigocerus niger, Gray, Knowrs. Menag. 17.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus. Males and female and young.

21. Oryx, Blainv., H. Smith.

Horns elongate, subulate, ringed at the base, straight, or slightly

arched, placed in a line with the face ; neck maned above and belowr ;

134

tear-bag none ; nose subcervine, with a marginal muffle ; hoofs nar¬

rowed in front, false hoofs large ; teats four (two, Harris ) . In the

skull there is a slight suborbital fissure, but no pit, and the grinders

have supplementary lobes.

* Horns straight.

1. Oryx Gazella. The Kookaam or Gemsboc.

Horns straight, shelving backwards ; throat with a bunch of black

hairs; black streak on the face, conjoined under the chin; rump,

face, spinal line, lateral streak, and very broad band on the thigh and

cubitus black in summer. Young pale brown ; hairs blackish at the

base.

Capra Gazella, Linn. —Antilope Oryx , Pallas ; H. Smith. — A. be-

zoartica , Pallas. — A. recticornis, Erxl. ; Pallas, Nov. Comm. Petrop.

xiii. t. 10. f. 6. — Oryx Capensis, Ogilby ; Harris, W. A. A. t. 9. —

O. Gazella, Gray, Knows. Menag. 17. t. 16. f. 2, young.

Inhabits S. Africa; Cape of Good Hope. Brit. Mus. Adult and

young.

2. Oryx Beisa. The Beisa.

Horns straight ; throat without any bunch of hairs ; black face-

streaks separate. <c Pale ; face, belly and limbs white ; front of face,

two streaks on cheek, narrow line along throat, dorsal streak, streak

on each side of abdomen, band round upper part, and streak in front

of lower part of fore-leg and end of tail black.”

Antilope Beisa, Riippell, Atlas, t. 5. — Oryx Beisa, Sundevall. —

A. JDammah, Riippell.

Inhabits Abyssinia. Mus. Frankfort.

There is a male and female in the Frankfort Museum ; they are

smaller than A. Gazella of the Cape, and both have the face-streaks

separate : there is a black streak on the throat, as in A. Gazella, but

no bunch, nor is there any in the Frankfort specimen of A. Gazella :

the mane of the nape of the male is small, indistinct, continued behind

in a broader dark streak to the middle of the loins. In the male the

mane is blackish, in the female like the back. They have no dark

mark on the rump, found in A. Gazella.

** Horns arched, recurved.

3. Oryx leucoryx. The Oryx.

Horns slender, slightly arched : white, reddish varied ; in winter

greyish.

Antilope leucoryx, Pallas ; Elirenb. S. P. t. 3 ; Licht. Saugth. t. 1.

— A. ensicornis, Ehrenb. — A. Algazella, Rupp. t. . — A. Gazella,

Pallas. — A. bezoartica, Erxl. ; II. Smith. — Algazelle, F. Cuv. Mam.

Lith. t. . — A. Eleotragus, Schreb. t. . (not descrip.) — Oryx

leucoryx, Gray, Knows. Menag. 17. t. 16. f. 1, young ; t. 17, adult.

Inhabits N. and W. Africa; Nubia; Sennaar; Senegal. Brit. Mus.

I have compared the Nubian and Senegal specimens, and cannot

discover any difference between them.

%j

135

d. Throat slightly maned , nech simple.

22. Addax ; Oryx , part Blainv. and others ; Gazella, part H. Smith.

Horns slender, elongate, ringed, slightly spirally twisted, nearly on

a line with the face ; neck with a slight gular, hut no nuchal mane ;

nose ovine,, hairy ; hoofs semicircular, edged ; tear-bag marked by a

tuft of hair ; forehead longly hairy.

1. Addax nasomaculatus. The Addax.

White ; forehead and front of face darker ; grey in winter.

Antilope nasomaculatus, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 78; H.

Smith. — A. Addax , Licht. Saugth. t. 2 ; Rupp, xltlas, t. 7 ; Mam.

Lith. t. . — A. suturosa, Otto, N. A. Nat. Cur. xii. t. 48 ; Griffith,

A. K. t. 180. — A. gihhosa, Savi. — A. Tao, H. Smith. — A. Mytilopes,

H. Smith, G. A. K. t. 182, 183. f. 6. — Strepsiceros, Cajus. — -Addax,

F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t. . (winter and summer) ; Ehrenberg, S.

Phys. t. 4, male and female. — Capra Cervicapra , Linn. S. N. ed. 10.

— Ant. Cervicapra, Children, Denham Trav. — Addax nasomaculatus,

Gray, Knows. Men. 17. t. 18.

Inhabits N. Africa. Brit. Mus.

3. The Goat-like Antelopes have a very short flat tail, hairy

above. They have heavy bodies, covered with rough, rigid or woolly

fur, strong legs, large hoofs and false hoofs. The horns are conical

and recurved.

a. Nose cervine, mufle moderate ; horns short, inclined, recurved.

23. Capricornis, Ogilby ; Nemorhedus , part H. Smith.

Horns short, strong, conical, ringed, inclined and recurved, arising

behind the orbits ; nose cervine, muffle moderate, bald ; tear-bag and

interdigital pores large ; skull with a more or less deep rounded pit,

and no suborbital fissure ; grinders without supplemental lobes. Asia.

1. Capricornis Sumatrensis. The Cambing Outan.

Black ; chin and linear nuchal mane yellowish, especially near the

withers ; inside of the ears white. Young like the adult.

Antilope Sumatrensis, Shaw ; H. Smith, G. A. K. t. 189 (cop.

from) ; F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. . — A. interscapularis, Licht.—

Capricornis Sumatrensis , Gray, Knows. Menag. 18.

Inhabits Sumatra. Mus. Leyden.

2. Capricornis Btjbalina. The Thaar or Thar.

Grey brown, blackish washed ; crown and dorsal line black ; tbigbs

and outside of legs rufous ; nose, chin, inside of ear, lower part of

mane and legs below the hocks whitish.

Antilope Bubalina, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1832, 12. — A. Thar, Hodg¬

son. — Nemorhedus proclivis, Hodgson. — Capricornis Bubalina, Gray,

Knows. Menag. 18.

Inhabits India ; Nepal. Mus. Brit,

136

A head was sent to the United Service Museum by Lieut. -Colonel

Childers, of the 1 1th Dragoons, in 1820, under the name of Serow or

Imo. “ It is not speedy, as might be inferred from its make. Its

flesh is very coarse and bad. It is usually killed with poisoned

arrows.” — Hodgson , 1. c. 14.

3. Capricornis? crispa. The Japanese Goat Antelope.

Fur very fine, elongate, rather woolly, crisp ; brown or brownish ;

feet and ears darker ; throat whitish : female paler ; tear-bag a naked

spot ?

Antilope crispa, Temm. Faun. Japan, t. 18, 19. — Capricornis

crispa, Gray, Knows. Menag. 18.

Inhabits Japan. Mus. Leyden.

** Nose ovine , hairy, without any muffle ; horns short, conical, re¬

curved, ringed.

24. Nemorhedtjs, part H. Smith; Kemas, Hodgson.

Horns short, conical, inclined and recurved, arising from behind

the orbits ; nose ovine, hairy ; muffle none ; tear-bag none ; inter¬

digital pores large ; fur short.

1. Nemorhedus Goral. The Goral.

Grey brown, black punctulated ; streak on lower part of back of

neck blackish ; cheeks, chin and upper part of throat white ; front

of foredegs blackish ; feet rufous. Young paler ; dorsal line rather

darker.

Antilojie Goral, Hardw. Linn. Trans, xiv. t. 14 ; Calcutta J. N. H.

i. 1. 12. f. 2, 3. — A. Goural , Hodgson. — Bouquetin du Nepaul, F. Cuv.

Mam. Lith. t. . (copy from Hardw.) — A. Duvaucellii, H. Smith.

— Nemorhedus Goral, H. Smith; Gray, Knows. Menag. 18.

Inhabits Nepal. Brit. Mus.

A. Duvaucellii (H. Smith) was described from a drawing traced

from one of General Hardwicke’s figures of this species, and badly

coloured, which Duvaucel sent to Paris without any notes. It has

no connection with C. Sumatrensis, to which many naturalists have

referred it. In the Bengal Journal two Antelopes, said to resemble

the Goral, are mentioned as found in Afghanistan, one called Suja

and the other Goomast.

25. Mazama, Rafinesque ; Aplocerus, H. Smith.

Horns small, conical, nearly erect, slightly inclined and recurved

at the tip, ringed at the base ; nose ovine, hairy ; muffle none ; tear-

bag none : fur short, under fur woolly, outer very long, hairy and

dependent.

1. Mazama Americana. The Mazama or Springbuck.

White ; horns, hoof and edge of nostrils black.

Rupicapra Americana, Blainv. — Antilope Americana, Desm. —

Capra Americana, Rich. F. B. A. 268. t. 22. — Ovis montana, Ord. —

Capra montana , Harlan. — A. lanigera , H. Smith. — Mazama dorsata

and ilf. sericea , Rafin. — A. Mazama and Apl. Femmamazama, H.

Smith. — Capra ? Columbiana , Desmoul.-— Mountain Sheep ,

Jameson, Mem. Wern. Soc. iii. 306. — Mazama Americana , Gray,

K. M. 19. J

Inhabits N. America ; Rocky Mountains. Mus. Linn. Soc. and

Zool. Soc.

26. Rupicapra, H. Smith; Capella , Keys. &Blas. ; Kemas, Ogilbv.

Horns elongate, slender, erect, recurved at the tip ; nose ovine,

hairy ; muffle none ; fur soft ; skull without any pit, and with a

minute suborbital fissure ; grinders without supplemental lobes,

cutting-teeth equal-sized, erect.

1. Rupicapra Tragus. The Chamoise or Gerus.

Brown yellowish, with a dark dorsal streak in summer, blackish in

winter.

Capra Rupicapra, Linn. — A. Rupicapra, Pallas ; H. Smith, G. A. K.

t. 90. — Rupicapra Tragus, Gray, K. M. 19. — R. Capella, Bonap.—

R. pyrenaica, Bonap. — Tragus Dorcas, Klein. — Chamoise, Buffon,

H. N. xii. t. 16 ; F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t.

Inhabits S. Europe ; Switzerland, Pyrenees, and Pindarus. Brit.

Mus.

I have compared the Swiss, Pyrenean and Greek specimens, and

cannot find any character to separate them.

2 \ Antilocapra, Ord ; Dicranocerus, H. Smith;

Oreammos, Rafin. ; Cervus, Blainv.

Horns erect, the base compressed with a flattened process in

front, the end conical, recurved ; nose ovine, hairy ; muffle none ;

fur very close ; hair stiff, coarse, flattened, wavy ; "tail very short ;

false hoofs none ; tear-bag none ; inguinal pores none ; legs rather

slenderer than the other Goat Antelopes ; skull without any sub¬

orbital depression, but with a lengthened fissure ; grinders without

supplemental lobes, cutting-teeth equal-sized and shelving.

1. Antilocapra Americana. The Cabrit or Pronghorn.

Pale fulvous ; upper part of rump white.

Antilope Americana, Ord, 1815. — A. furcifer, A. palmata, H.

Smith, Linn. Trans, xiv. t. 2, 3 ; G. A. K. t. 178. t. 199. f. 1-5 ;

Richards. Z. B. A. t. 21. — Cervus hamatus , Blainv. — C. bifurcatus ,

Rafin. — Antilocapra Americana, Ord; Gray, K. M. 19.

Inhabits N. America; in the plains in summer and in the moun¬

tains in winter. Called the Goat. Mexico {Coulter). Brit. Mus.

Dr. Coulter brought a head from Mexico which had the face dark

brown, and the horns large, wide-spreading and much hooked at the

tip, like the A. palmata of H. Smith (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1826, 121).

This is probably only a larger variety in the summer fur.

138

II. The Antelopes of the Desert. Nostrils bearded within

beneath, operculated, far apart ; horns on the frontal ridge ; nose sub-

cervine, with a small muffle ; legs rather stout ; tail elongate ; hoofs

rather large.

4. The Equine Antelopes have a very depressed, spongy and

bristly muzzle.

28. Catoblepas, Gray ; Connochcetes, Licht. ; Bos , Forster.

Horns bent down on the sides, recurved at the tip ; nose very

broad, dilated, spongy, bristly ; nostrils operculated ; tail elongate,

bushy, hairy from the base ; hoofs compressed in front ; teats

four.

This genus has been placed with the Oxen by Forster, and in the

Bovine group of genera by Sundevall, but it has all the characters of

the true Antelopes in the proportion of its leg-bone.

* Nose with a crest of reversed hair ; chest maned . Catoblepas.

1. Catoblepas Gnu. The Gnu or Kokoon.

Nose with a tuft of reversed hair ; chest maned. Brown or

blackish ; the lower part of the mane and tail often paler or white.

Young : pale fulvous ; nasal, gular, and nuchal mane black.

Antilope Gnu , Sparm. ; Zimmerm.- — Bos Connochcetes , Forster. —

Antilope taurina, Burchell. — C. Gnu, H. Smith. — C. taurina , H.

Smith, not A. Smith. — Gnu, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t. ; Harris,

AY. A. A. t. 1. — Catoblepas Gnu, Gray, Knows. Menag. 19. t. 19.

f. 1, young.

Var. Mane and tail black.

A. taurina, Burchell ; A. Smith.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.

The A. Gnu of Burchell, H. Smith, F. Cuvier and Harris, “ and

the Kokong of Lichtenstein,” has a white tail and mane. Burchell

and H. Smith have given the name of A. taurina to the specimens,

which have those parts black. When young they are fulvous, and

become black as they reach maturity. The specimen of the Kokoon

in the Museum of the London Missionary Society (Blomfield Street,

Moorfields), named by Colonel FI. Smith Kokoon ( Cat . taurina,

Griff. A. K. iv. 369, v. 368), is an adult common Gnu, C. Gnu

{Var. mane and tail white ; Kokong, Licht. Trav. Cape), and his

description of Dr. Burchell’ s specimen in the British Museum agrees

with the Gnu, in having the ridge of hair on the face. Indeed Dr.

Burchell (Travels, ii. 278) appears to consider the difference between

the Gnu and A. taurina , that the former has a white and the latter

a black tail. Dr. Andrew Smith (Illust. Zool. S. A.) has regarded

the C. taurina and C. Gorgon as the same species. Dr. Sundevall,

in his Synopsis, has, by mistake, given the name of C. taurina to the

Gorgon, or Brindled Gnu {C. Gorgon, H. Smith).

139

** Nose with smooth hair ; chest not maned. Gorgon.

2. Catoblepas Gorgon. The Gorgon.

Face convex, smooth, covered with hair, lying towards the nose ;

chest not maned ; black grey, varied and striped. Young : dark

grey ; face, gular and nuchal mane and end of tail black. Half-

grown : blackish ; crown grey.

Antilope Gorgon , H. Smith ; Harris, W. A. A. t. 4. — Cat. taurina ,

Sundev., not Burch, or Smith. — Catoblepas Gorgon or Gorgon fas-

ciatus, Gray, Knows. Menag. 20. t. 19. f. 2, young.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.

Colonel H. Smith has figured a pair of horns which were in Mr.

Brookes’s Museum under the name of C. Broohesii (t. 201. f. 1).

He thinks it is also probable that Bos Pegaseus (H. Smith, G. A. K.

t. 204, from a drawing of Prince Maurice’s) is a species of this genus

(H. Smith, Jard. Nat. Lib.).

5. The Bovine Antelopes have the nose moderately broad, with

a moderate or small, bald, moist muffle ; the grinders are rather small,

without supplemental lobes, the central cutting-teeth enlarged at the

end.

29. Boselaphus ; Bubalis , Licht., Ogilby; Acronotus , H. Smith;

Bubalus, A. Smith ; Alcelaphus , Blainv. ; Buselaphus, Ray.

Horns lyrate, end suddenly curved at a nearly right angle, thick

at base, on the upper edge of the frontal bones ; nose moderately

broad, cervine ; muffle moderate, bald, moist ; tear-bag covered with

a tuft of hair. Females : teats two.

1. Boselaphus Bubalis. The Bubale.

Pale brown in early uniform ; rump like back.

Antilope Bubalis, Pallas. — Capra Dorcas, Houttayn, t. 24. f. 3. —

Buselaphus Caji, Ray. — Bubalis Mauretanica, Ogilby ; Sundevall.

— Acronotus Bubalis , H. Smith. —Bubale, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t.

— Cervine Antelope, Penn. — Boselaphus Bubalis, Gray, K. M. 20.

t. 20. f. 1, young.

Inhabits N. Africa. Brit. Mus.

Var. 1 . Uniform pale brown ; with a dark brown streak down the

outer side of the front of the fore-legs, like the streak on the leg of

the Lecama or Harte beest from South Africa, which is not generally

found in this species. This skin, without a head or hoofs, was brought

by Mr. Frazer to the British Museum, from Tunis ; it probably indi¬

cates a third species, or perhaps this streak is only marked in the

very adult or fully-coloured specimens.

2. Boselaphus Caama. The Lecama or Harte beest.

Grey brown ; dorsal line, streak on face, outer side of limbs black ;

large triangular spot on the haunches whitish.

Antilope Caama, Cuv. D. S. N. ii. 242 (1816) ; Harris, W. A. A.

t. 7 ; A. Smith, Illust. Z. S. A. t. 31 ,—A. Bubalis, Licht. ; Erxleb.

140

291. — Acronotus Caama, H. Smith, G. A. K. t. 197. — A. Dorcas,

Thunb. ; Sparm. K. V. Hand. 1779, t. 5. — Bubale , BufFon, H. N.

xii. t. 38. f. 2; Supp. iv. t. 15. — Caama , Cuvier, Menag. t. . —

Senegal Antelope, Penn. Synn. 38. — A . Senegalensis, Cuvier, Diet.

Sci. Nat., from Pennant. — A. Koba, Erxleb. Syn. 293, from Pennant.

— Boselaphus Caama, Gray, Knows. Menag. 20. t. 20. f. 2, young.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.

Pennant figures the head and horns of this species under the name

of Senegal Antelope, and erroneously refers to Buffon’s figures of the

horns of the Koba as representing the species, which lead to some

confusion ; for the A. Senegalensis (Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. ii. 235)

is an abbreviation, and A. Koba (Erxleben, Syn. 293) is a translation,

of Pennant’s description of this species. Pennant’s specimen is said

to come from Senegal, but he describes the nuchal line and the knees

as black, and the figure indicates the dark colour on the face of the

Cape species.

30. Damalis ; Damalis acronotus, sp.H. Smith; Bubalis, sp. Sundev.

Horns lyrate, diverging, subcylindrical ; nose moderately broad,

cervine, with a small, bald, moist muffle between and below the

nostrils ; tear-bag exposed : females, teats two.

* Horns recurved above , diverging from the base ; face dark in

front.

1. Damalis lunatus. The Sassayby.

Rufous glaucous, outer sides of the limbs dark.

Antilope lunata, Burchell, Trav. ii. 334, 335. fig. .—Damalis

( acronotus ) lunatus, H. Smith, G. A. K. t. 198; A. Smith, Zoof.

S. Afr. t. 31; Harris, W. A. A. t. 8 .—Bubalis lunata , Sundev. —

Sassaybi, Daniel, Afr. Scenery, t. . — Damalis lunatus , Gray,

Knows. Menag. 21.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.

** Horns regularly lyrate, nearly parallel at the base, then diver¬

ging, and approaching at the tips ; face black marked ; tear-bag

moderate.

2. Damalis Senegalensis. The Korrigum.

Reddish grey ; front of face from nose to occiput, a small spot be¬

hind the eyes, a small streak above the angle of the mouth, and streak

on outside of the limbs above the knees, and tuft of the tail, black.

Very young : uniform pale brown, without any dark marks.

Antilope and Damalis ( acronotus ) Senegalensis, H. Smith, G.A.K.

v. t. 199. f. 3. — Antilope Koba, Children, in Denham and Clapper-

ton’s Travels, not Erxleben. — Bubalis Koba, Sundevall. — B. lunata,

Sundev. Act. Stockh. 1842, 201, 243, not Burchell. — A. Corrigum,

Ogilby. — Damalis Senegalensis, Gray, Knows. Menag. 21. t. 21.

Inhabits W. Africa ; Gambia River, Macarthy’s Island ; called

Tonga or Yongah by the Joliffs, and Tan Bong by the Mandingoes,

Mr. "Whitfield. Brit. Mus. Senegal? Sennaar. Mus. Stockholm.

141

Id Denham and Clapperton’s Travels I regarded this species as the

Koba of Buffon, and H. Smith and Dr. Sundevall are of the same

opinion : but on comparing the six pairs of horns of this species

which I have been able to examine with Buffon’ s figure and descrip¬

tions, I find them all longer and much thicker at the base than Buf¬

fon describes them ; the thinner (a female ?) being 7 and the others

9 or inches in circumference, while that which Buffon described is

only 5 inches. The rings are also more elevated, and reach nearer to

the top than in Buffon’ s figure. All the characters lead me to believe

that the horns figured as those of the Koba by Buffon belong to Da-

malis Pygarga. They afford very good venison.

Colonel Hamilton Smith, in c Griffith’s Animal Kingdom,’ de¬

scribed and figured the heads brought home by Messrs. Denham and

Clapperton as A. Senegalensis, but they are different from the one

so called by Cuvier. Mr. Ogilby, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoolo¬

gical Society (1826, 103), proposed to call these heads, A. Corrigum.

Under the name of Antilope Koba , Schinz (Syn. Mam. ii. 407)

combines the A. defassa, Riippell, Damalis Senegalensis and Antilope

adenota , H. Smith, the Koba of Buffon, and the Antilope Koba or

Caama of Erxleben.

Horns regularly lyrate , parallel at the base ; face of adult

white.

3. Damalis Pygarga. The Bonte Boc.

Purple red, outside of limb dark ; rump and face white : fawn pale

yellowish brown.

Antilope Pygarga , Pallas.— Bonte Boc or Pied Antelope , Gazella

Pygarga, Harris, W. A. A. t. 17. — Bubalis Pygarga , Sundev. —

A. Dorcas, Pallas. — Antilope {Gazella) Pygarga, H. Smith. — Da¬

malis Pygarga, Gray, Knows. Menag. 21. t. 20. f. 3, young; t. 22.

f. 2 & 3, adult.

Half-grown, face whitish.

A. personata , Wood, Zool. Journ. ii. t.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.

Male : bright purple red, face whitish, dark-edged, with a dark-

edged white streak to between the horns ; legs whitish, upper and

lower part brown varied ; temple and upper part of the throat

whitish ; rump to above the tail pure white ; tear-bag round, distinct,

moist. The female is similar, but the throat and under part of the

body are white. These animals are often brought to the Cape market

for food. ^

4. Damalis albifrons. The Bless Bock.

Purplish red ; face and back of thighs white ;* rump like back.

Bless bole or Antilope albifrons, Burchell, Trav. ii. 335 ? ; Harris,

W. A. A. t. 21. — Bubalis albifrons, Sundev. — Damalis albifrons.

Gray, Knows. Menag. 22. t. 22. f. 1, half-grown.

Inhabits S. Africa.

A half-grown specimen was darker, with a pale spot between the

horns, separated by a dark spot from the white on the face ; the

142

temple was white, with a white spot ; the legs had a brown stripe

down the outer side of the front ; and the throat and rump brown,

the latter without any white spot.

Dr. Burchell, when speaking of the Bless hock , proposed to call it

A. albifrons, as the name Pygarga has been used for both the

Springer and the Bless bock ; but it is not certain if he intended by

Bless bock this or the preceding species. Captain Harris’s figure

shows the distinction of the species.

**** Horn unknown.

5. Damalis ? Zebra. The Doria.

Bright golden brown, with numerous black cross bands narrowing

at the sides ; outer sides of fore and hind legs dark.

Antilope Zebra , Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1836. — A. Doria, Ogilby,

P. Z. S. 1836, 121 ; Frazer, Z. T. t. . — A. Zebrata, Robert. —

Viverra Zebra, Whitfield’s MSS. — Cephalophus ? zebra. Gray, Cat.

Mam. B. M. — Damalisl zebra, Gray, Knows. Menag. 22.

Inhabits W. Africa ; Gambia. Brit. Mus.

Skins without head and feet are alone known ; they are brought

down by the negroes. In the Catalogue of the Mammalia in the

British Museum I have referred this species with doubt to Ceplialo-

phus. Mr. Ogilby (P. Z. S. 1836, 121) thinks it should be referred

with the Harness Antelopes to Calliope. I am inclined, on account

of the dark mark on the outside of the limb, to think it belongs to

the genus Damalis. Mr. Whitfield believes it to be a species of

Viverra.

THE STREPSICERES.

The animals of this family are peculiar as being the only hollow¬

horned or Bovine Ruminants which are marked with white stripes

and spots. The bands are not very distinct in the Lnpoofo or Eland,

but they are easily to be observed in the female, if it is looked at ob¬

liquely, which was brought home by Burke, and presented to the

British Museum by the Earl of Derby. Their nostrils are near to¬

gether in front. They have four teats in a small udder. The horns

generally incline backwards from their base ; the skull, which some¬

what resembles that of the Deer, has a rather small nasal opening,

no suborbital pit, and only a small suborbital fissure.

Colonel H. Smith forms of the larger species three of his four sub¬

genera of Damalis : he places the smaller kinds as a subgenus ( Trag -

elaphus ) of Antelopes.

Prof. Sundevall placed the genera I have here brought together in

two different families ; the genus Portax with the Bovina, and the

others in the Sylvicaprina, or True Antelopes.

The African genera have large heavy horns, only the rudiments

of a tear-bag, and their limbs are nearly equal ; they have no sup¬

plementary lobes to the grinders, and the central cutting-teeth are

enlarged above.

143

a. The nose hairy , cervine , ow/y a small moist naked space be¬

tween the edges of the nostrils , a/zrf « narrow streak on the

upper lip ; the body is large , heavy ; the neck is maned.

1. Strepsiceros, H. Smitli ; Calliope , Ogilby ; Tragelaphus, sp.

Blainv.

Horns large, heavy, spirally twisted, keeled in front ; tear-bag a

naked space ; throat with a central, linear mane : female hornless.

1. Strepsiceros Kudu. The Eechlongole or Koodoo.

The horns diverge from the line of the forehead, and have two

twists ; the calf is marked like the adult.

Antilope Strepsiceros, Pallas. — Bamalis ( Strepsiceros ) Strepsice¬

ros, H. Smith, G. A. K. — A. Tendal, Riippell, Abyss. 22 ; Fischer,

Syn. 475. — Strepsiceros Kudu, Gray, Cat. B. M.; Knowsley Menag.

26. t. 24. f. 2, young. — S. Capensis, Harris, AV. A, A. t. 20. — S. ex-

celsus, Sundev. — Striped Antelope, Penn.— Comdoma, Buffon, H. N.

xii. t. 39 ; Supp. vi. t. 13.

Inhabits S. Africa. Mus. Brit.

Yar. Smaller.

Inhab. Abyssinia. Mus. E. India Company, adult. Mus. Frank¬

fort, adult and young.

2. Oreas, Desm.; Boselaphus, sp. Blainv., Gray; Bamalis

( Boselaphus ), sp. H. Smith; Bamalis, Sundev.

Horns large, erect, slightly curved, with a spiral keel ; throat with

a longitudinal, crested dewlap ; hoofs narrowed in front. Female

with smaller, thimier horns.

I formerly adopted the name of Boselaphus, which Blainville had

used for the genus, but Ray had previously applied this name to the

Bubale, and Desmarest has formed a subgenus specially for it under

the name of Oreas.

1. Oreas Canna. The Impoofo or Eland.

Pale brown ; throat and beneath whitish.

Antilope Oreas, Pallas .—Bamalis ( Boselaphus ) Oreas, H. Smith,

G. A. K. t. 200. — A. Oryx, Pallas, Misc. 9. — B. Boselaphus Canna,

H. Smith, G. A. K. 1. 181 . f. 5, horn £ . — Oreas Canna, Gray, Knows.

Menag. 27. t. 26, 27. — Coudou, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 46 b.- — Canna,

Buffon, Supp. iii. t. 12. — Bland, Kolbe, Sparmann, K. Yet. Handl.

1779, t. 8 ; Harris, W. A. A. t. 6 ; Daniel, Afr. Seen. t.

Inhabits S. Africa ; Cape of Good Hope {Sparmann) . Brit. Mus.

This Antelope has much the character of the Oxen, and Dr. Bur-

chell informs me that it is the best food of any of the genus at the

Cape, being the only one which is moist and has any fat intermixed

with the muscle ; the flesh of the others is dry and hard. At Knows¬

ley it breeds with the facility of domestic cattle, but they are ravenous

feeders, and appear liable to an epidemic.

It should be remarked that the skin of the specimen shot by Burke

144

at the Cape (the female especially) shows several pale whitish cross-

bands on the hinder half of the body, similar to the streaks on the

Koodoo , showing the affinity of this animal to that species ; but I

could not observe these bands in the living specimens at Knowsley

Park.

2. Oreas Derbianus. The Ging-e-Jonga.

Pale reddish brown ; front of the face, the neck, the front part of

the under side, a spot on the front and hinder side of the upper part

of the fore- leg, the dorsal streak, dark black ; the belly, the trout and

back edge of the upper part of the legs and under side of tail whitish ;

a broad half-collar in front of the shoulder, narrowed above ; fourteen

or fifteen narrow, waved, perpendicular streaks on each side of the

body white ; withers with intermixed black hairs : female, throat darx

brown ; crown reddish brown.

Boselaphus Derbianus , Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. Hist. xx. 286 ;

Silliman’s Amer. Journ. v. 2 79. — Oreas Derbianus, Gray, Knowsley

Menag. 27. t. 25.

Inhabits W. Africa ; river Casaman. Called Ging-e-jonga. Mr.

Whitfield. Brit. Mus. Imperfect skin of male and female, and horns.

b. The nose bovine , with a large coriaceous moist muffle , and a

narrow bald space on the upper lip. The animals have very

slender , elegant legs; small hoofs and false hoofs; conical,

subangular horns ; with an oblique, indistinct heel.

3. Tragelaphus; Antilope (Tragelaphus), Blainv., H. Smith.

Horns conical, subangular ; tear-bag distinct ; nape and back with

a more or less distinct inane : they are brown ; with spots on

haunches, crescent on chest, and inside of legs white, and a dark

dorsal stripe.

* Face with a curved band between the eyes ; horns large ;

bach cross-banded. Euryceros.

1. Tragelaphus Euryceros. The Euryceros.

Head pale brown ; broad band before the eyes, and two large spots

on cheeks, chin and front of upper lip white ; horns elongate, thick,

scarcely bent forward at the tip ; throat with long black hairs.

Antilope Fury cerus, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 120. — A., n. sp., Afze-

lius, N. Act. Upsal. vii. 269. t. 8. f. 3 ; PI. Smith, G. A. K. v. 361.

— Tragelaphus Euryceros, Gray, Knows. Menag. 27. t. 23. 1. 1, horns.

Inhabits W. Africa. Horns in Brit. Mus. and Zool. Soc.

2. Tragelaphus Angasii. The Inyala.

Black ; back with a dorsal streak and four or five bands on each

side ; head blackish ; narrow band before eyes, two small spots on

cheeks, front of upper lip and chin white ; forehead and teet bay ;

throat with a mane of long rigid blackish hair ; horns rather slender,

elongate, rather bent forward at the tip ; female bay, with many white

bands.

145

Tragelaphus Angasii, Gray, P, Z. S. 1848, 89. t. 4 & 5, male, fe¬

male and young; Knows. Menag. 27.

Inhabits S. Africa ; Port Natal. Brit. Mus. male, imperfect skin.

** Face without any frontal streak ; horns small.

t Back with transverse white stripes.

3. Tragelaphus scriptus. The Zalofes or Harness Ante¬

lope.

Pale bay ; back with four cross-bands and a central white streak ;

haunches white spotted ; cheek with two white spots ; spot on chest,

nose, feet, and spots on the legs blackish ; dorsal streak and end of

tail black. Adult : chest and outside of shoulder and haunches and

legs black : the male with a high ridge of long, coarse white hair ex¬

tending the whole length of the back to the tail.

Antilope script a, Pallas, Misc. 8. — Antilope ( Tragelaphus ) scripta,

H. Smith. — A. maculata , Thunb . — A. ( Tragelaphus ) Phalerata ,

H. Smith. — Tragelaphus scripta , Gray, Knows. Menag. 28. t. 28. —

The Harness Antelope , Pennant, Syn. 27. — Guih, Buff on, H. N. xii.

305, 307. t. 40. t. 41. f. 1 ; F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithog, t. ; Diet. Sci.

Nat. t.

Inhabits W. Africa ; Senegal and Gambia. Called Oualofes or

Zalofes.

The dark colour of the chest and outside of the limbs, and the

high crest of the male, are not developed until they are four or more

years old.

This species varies in some having seven and others nine white

cross-bands, and some are spotted and others not; but they breed

together, and the produce is often a different variety from the parent.

They breed constantly at Knowsley : in May 1845 they had a small

herd of two males and four females, three of which were expected to

bear young.

4. Tragelaphus Decula. The Decula.

Grey brown ; back with three or four indistinct cross-bands ; an

arched streak on upper part of side, a few spots forming an arch on

the haunches ; dorsal line, streak on nose, and in front of fore-legs

blackish.

Antilope Decula, Riippell, Abyss, t.4. — Tragelaphus Decula, Gray,

Knows. Menag. 28.

Far. Back without the cross-bands.

Inhabits Africa ; Abyssinia ( Riippell ) .

■ft Back without any cross-bands or lateral streak.

5. Tragelaphus sylvaticus. The Bosch Boc.

Blackish brown ; head pale brown ; back, across forehead, black ;

small spot on haunches, larger spot on insides of legs and on feet

white ; dorsal line longly crested, black, wdiite varied in. Female

paler brown. Young : pale bay.

No. CCX.- — Proceedings of the Zoological Society.

146

Antilope sylvatica , Sparmann, Act. Holm. iii. t. 7. — Tragelaphus

sylvatica , Harris, W. A. A. t. 26 ; Gray, Knowsley Menag. 28.—

Forest Antelope , Pennant.

Inhabits S. Africa ; Cape of Good Hope. Brit. Mus.

Far A Smaller horns, rather more erect.

Antelopus Ronleynei (the Serolomoot broque ), Ronaleyn ; G. Cum-

ming, Hunter’s Life S. A. ii. 1/8, 1/9.

Inhabits Limpopo.

The two pairs of horns, named by Colonel H. Smith Boselaphus

canna {a, b, in the List of Mamm. Brit. Mus. 155) ; one, presented

by Dr. W. Burchell, is certainly the horns of this species, and the

other appear to be those of a young male, Strepsiceros Kudu.

The Asiatic Strepsiceres have a bovine nose, with a large

coriaceous moist muffle extending over the whole front of the upper

lip ; small, short, angular horns ; a deep longitudinal tear-bag ; and

the hind-legs much shorter than the fore-ones ; the skull without any

suborbital pit, and only a minute fissure ; and with supplementary

lobes to the grinders.

4. Portax ; Oreas , sp. Fischer; Tragelaphus, Ogilby ;

Damalis (Portax), H. Smith.

Horns short, conical, angular, with an obscure oblique ridge ; tear-

bag deep, longitudinal ; shoulders higher than the rump.

1. Portax tragocameltjs. The Nylghau.

Grey ; under surface, rhombic spot on the forehead and above the

hoofs black and white ringed ; tail, end black. Female browner.

Young : dull reddish fawn ; lower part of foredegs brighter ; under

lip, spot on jaws, and line along belly on inside of legs and fore-part

of hock, white ; tip of tail, line on back of nose and on front of legs

black.

Antilope Trago-camelus, Pallas, Misc. 5.- — A. picta, Pallas, Spicil.

xiii. 54; Gray, Cat. B. M .—A. albipes, Erxl. 280.— A. leucopus,

Zimm. Zool. 541 . — - Damalis (Portax) Risia, H. Smith. — Portax picta,

Gray, Cat. B. M. — P. Tragocamelus, Gray, Knows. Menag. 28. t. 29.

— Tragelaphus Hippelaphus, Ogilby. — P. Tragelaphus, Sundev. —

Biggel, Mandelst. Beise (1658), p. 122. — Tragelaphus Caii, Raii Syn.

82?; Parsons, Phil. Trans. No. 476. p. 465. t. 3. f. 9. — A ylghau.

Hunter, Phil. Trans, lxi. 170. t. 5. — Nilghaut, Buff on, H. N. Supp.

v. t. 10, 11 ; F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithog. t. . — Indostan Antelope,

Penn. Syn. 29. — White-footed Antelope, Penn. Syn. 29. t. 6. f. 1, 2.

Inhabits India. The Roou of the Mahrattas, the Nylghau of the

Persians.

This species has bred at Knowsley. In December 1845 they had

two calves, both females, making a flock of one male and four fe¬

males; they are in the paddock with the Eland in summer. They

have also bred in the Gardens of the Zoological Society (See P. Z. S.

1831, 37), and in the Menagerie of Sir Robert Heron at Shibton.

147

2. A Monograph of Scarabus, a genus of air-br-eathing

Gasteropodous Mollusca ; FROM SPECIMENS in the

Cumingian Collection. By Arthur Adams, R.N.,

F.L.S. ETC.

Scarabus, Montfort.

Testa ovata, spira subobtusa, anfractibus compressis, varice utrin-

que instruct™ ; apertura ovali intus utrinque dent at a ; peristo-

mate non continuo, labro simplici, subexpanso .

The Scarabi have the eyes sessile on the inner bases of the ten¬

tacles, which are short and annulated ; they live like most of the

other genera of Auriculidce, in the damp woods and mangrove marshes.

None have been found in the African or American regions, hut all the

species at present known are from the East Indies.

Scarabus imbrium, Montfort, Conch. Syst. vol. i.; Ferussac,

Prodrome, p. 101 ; Chemnitz, Conch, vol. ix. pi. 136. fig. 1249

& 1250.

Helix scarabseus, Linn. — Helix pythia, Muller. — Bulimus scara-

baeus, Bruguiere. — Auricula scarab sens, Lamarck.

S. testa ovato-pyramidali , rufo-fusco variegatd, longitudinaliter

v aide striata ; spira acuminata • apertura subrotunda td, spiram

cequante; labro postice inflexo.

Shell ovately pyramidal, variegated with red-brown, longitudinally

strongly striated, spire acuminated ; aperture subrotundate, as long

as the spire ; outer lip posteriorly indexed.

Hab. Island of Bohol, Philippines ; in dry woods, under stones,

and in earth ; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

The large size, pyramidal form and strongly striated epidermis are

peculiar to this species : the upper tooth on the inner lip is more tri¬

angular, and the posterior part of the outer lip is more indexed than

in S. Lessoni.

Scarabus Lessoni, Blainville, Diet. Sci. Nat. pi. 48. fig. 32 ;

Lesson, Yoy. de la Coquille, vol. ii. p. 334. pi. 10. fig. 4.

Auricula Petiveriana, var. Deshayes.

S. testa ovata , longitudinaliter substriatd, rufo-castaneo varie-

gatd ; spira lateribus cone avis ; apei'tura oblong d, spira Ion -

giore ; labio subpiano , labro postice arcuato.

Shell ovate, longitudinally substriated, variegated with chestnut-

red ; spire with the sides convex ; inner lip rather flattened, outer

lip posteriorly arcuated.

Hah. New Ireland ; Hinds. (Mus. Cuming.)

The oval form and oblong mouth render this species easily distin¬

guished from S. imbrium : the upper tooth on the inner lip is longer,

and two of the five teeth in the outer lip are more prominent than

the others.

148

Scarabus Petiverianus, Ferussac, Prodrome, p. 101 ; Petiver,

Gazophylacia Naturae, pi. 4. fig. 10.

Cochlea Bengal ensis, Petiver. — Auricula Peteveriana, Desk.

S. testa ovato-oblongd, Iceviuscula , longitudinaliter tenuissime

striata , albida castaneo variegatd ; aperturd spiram cequante ;

labro arcuato.

Shell ovately obloug, rather smooth, longitudinally very finely

striated, whitish, variegated with chestnut-brown ; aperture as long

as the spire ; outer lip arcuated.

Hab. Borneo ; Cagayan, province of Misamis ; Mindanao ; in

damp woods, under decayed leaves ; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

This species is characterized by its smaller size, more ovate form,

smoother epidermis, the arcuated outer lip, and rotundate aperture.

Scarabus trigonus, Troschel, Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1840.

S. testa triangulari, rufo-fusco marmoratd , anfractu ultimo trans-

verso gibbo angulato , aperturd angustata, labro valde rejlexo.

Shell triangular, marbled with red-brown, last whorl transverse,

gibbpus, angulated ; aperture narrowed ; outer lip greatly reflected.

Hab. Sarsogon ; Luzon ; dense woods, damp places ; H. C. (Mus.

Cuming.)

The triangular form, approaching that of Tomogerus , at once di¬

stinguishes this species : the middle tooth on the inner lip is double,

the upper tooth prominent : there are five teeth in the outer lip, two

being more prominent than the others.

Scarabus plicatus, Ferussac, Prodrome, p.101 ; Chemn. Conch,

vol. ix. pi. 136. fig. 1252, 1253.

Helix scarabseus, var. Chemn. — Auricula plicata, Deshay es. —

Scarabus triangularis, Benson.

S. testa subtriangularis obliqud, gibbosd, spira brevi, acuminata,

lateribus concavis , anfractu ultimo postice gibboso antice sub-

angidato distorto, epidermide longitudinaliter oblique striata,

cast aned , f asciis pallidis confuse ornata ; aperturd angustd, la-

bio antice flexuoso, labro arcuato, antice valde dilatatd, reflexd,

rimd umbilicali longd transversa.

Ashy or chestnut-brown, with pale, rather indistinct bands ; much

larger and more triangular than S. Borneensis, until the outer lip regu ¬

larly arcuated.

Hab. India ; Benson. Jaffna, in saline marshes ; Dr. Gardner.

(Mus. Cuming.)

Sc arabus striatus, Reeve, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, vol.ix.

p. 220. fig. 9.

Auricula scarabaeus, Quoy, Voy. de V Astrolabe, Zool. vol. ii. p. 162.

pi. 13. f. 24.

S. testa ovato-trigonali, fusco variegatd, longitudinaliter valde

striata ; spira acuminata; labio antico subfexuoso.

149

Shell ovately trigonal, variegated with brown, longitudinally strongly

striated ; spire acuminated ; inner lip anteriorly subflexuose.

Hab. San Nicholas, island of Zebu ; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

The sharp-pointed spire, striated epidermis and flexuous inner lip,

distinguish this form : in the outer lip two of the teeth are more pro¬

minent than the others, the intermediate ones being more or less di¬

vided or bifid.

Scarabus Cecillii, Philippi, Zeitsch. fur Malacol. 1847, August.

S. testa ovato-oblongd , Iceviusculd , tenuissime in longurn rugatd,

corned ; anfractu ultimo interdum castaneo , super ins corneo

bifasciato ; epidermide lineis obscuris ziczac-formibus , punctis-

c[ue , marmoratd.

Shell ovately oblong, rather smooth, longitudinally very finely ru¬

gose, horn-coloured, last whorl chestnut-coloured, with two horn-

coloured bands superiorly ; epidermis ornamented with zigzag reticu¬

lated lines and punctures.

Hab. China. (Mus. Cuming.)

The reticulated epidermis, narrow ovoid form, and angulated outer

lip are peculiar to this species ; the aperture is oblong, equal to the

spire \ the outer lip below the angle is rectilinear, and but three teeth

are visible in the outer lip.

Scarabus undatus, Lesson, Yov. de la Coquille, Zool. vol. ii.

p. 336. pi. 10. f. 6.

Auricula scarabeeus, var. Desk.

S. testa ovatd, fused , longitudinaliter valde striata ; striis undu-

latis subdecussantibus ; anfractu ultimo postice gibboso ; labio

arcuato , valde reflexo.

Shell ovate, fuscous, longitudinally strongly striated ; striae undu¬