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‘

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

1908, pp. 431-983.

(MAY—DECEMBER.)

ZALS SI

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,

AND SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE.

LONDCN:

MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO,

PATERNOSTER ROW.

1 tS) aL

OF THE

COUN Clin AN DO F isl Cis

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

1908.

COUNCIL.

His Grace THe Duke or Beprorp, K.G., President.

Grorce A. BovuLencer, Esq.,

FE.R.S., Vice-President.

Prof. J. Rose Braprorp, M.D.,

D.Sc., F.R.S., Vice-President.

ALFRED H. Cocks, Esq., M.A.

THe Rr. Hon. THe Hart oF

Cromer, P.C., G.C.B.

CHARLES DRUMMOND,

Treasurer.

Str Epwarp Duranp, Br., C.B.

FREDERICK GILLETT, Esq., Vice-

President.

fF, Du Cane Gopman, Esoq.,

D.C.L., F.R.S., Vice-Presi-

dent.

Tae Marquis or Hamrnron,

Ksq.,

K. G. B. Mnape-Watpo, Esq.

Pror. Epwarp A. MIncHIn,

M.A., Vice-President.

P. CHatmers MitcHEnu, Esq.,

MAS DSc. De aheees

Secretary.

Tue Lorp Newron.

W. R. Ocitvie-Grant, Esq.

ALBERT Pam, Hsa.

Tur Hon. N. Cuartes Rora-

SCHILD, M.A.

Davin Seru-Suira, Esq.

OLDFIELD THomas, EsqQ.,

1D RAS.

A. Trevor-Batrys, Esq., M.A.

Henry Woopwarp, Hsq., LL.D.

F.R.S., Vice-President.

PRINCIPAL OFFICERS.

P, CHAtMers MurcHett, WE Nos IDSC,

Secretary.

LL.D, RSE

Frank E. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S., Prosector.

R. I. Pocock, F.L.S.

Henry G.

JouN Barrow, Accountant.

W. H. Coun, Chief Clerk.

, Superintendent of the Gardens.

Purr, M.R.CS., Pathologist.

F. H. Watzurnovss, Librarian.

ARTHUR THOMSON, Assistant Superintendent of the Gardens.

LIST OF CONTENTS.

1908, pp. 431-983.

May 12, 1908.

Page

The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s

Menagerie during the month of April 1908 ............... 431

Mr. W. Woodland, F.Z.8. Exhibition of, and remarks

upon, preparations of a new gland in certain Teleostean

BTSs i era eA? Yeates bag de Si wag 2 Ya wanes ot 43]

Mr. T. A. Coward, F.Z.S. Exhibition of a specimen of

Estrelata neglecta Schleg., from Tarporley in Cheshire . 433

Mr. C. Davies Sherborn, F.Z.8. Exhibition of a specimen

of chert from the Middle Culm-measures of Christow

WowareWevomshiree Leys ssc Nate cles wtiaaels s actedtslannereer 433

Mr. R. Lydekker. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a skin

Olea Witla @att trom Sze-ChUCM Si, .aceadc.. weet «arene 433

Mr. J. T. Cunningham, M.A., F.Z.8. Abstract of a paper

entitled ‘‘ The Heredity of Secondary Sexual Characters

* in Relation to Hormones, a Contribution to the Theory

DIMAS Dyas toes see se retin. Geta one ve oe ccleten.s waisisatgienieerste icy 434

1. The Marine Fauna of Zanzibar and British Hast Africa,

from Collections made by Cyril Crossland, M.A., in the

Years 1901 and 1902.—The Caleareous Sponges. By

OTE “TSIEN Gece OB BEAR RAB RR Ore OR conri.a <utUbdncorwnnes Manet ead 434

Notes on the Australian Fossorial Wasps of the Family

Sphegide, with Descriptions of new Species. By Row-

LAND E. Turner, F.Z.S. (Plate XXVI.) .....------+-

May 26, 1908.

. The Rudd Exploration of 8. Africa.—X. List of Mammals

collected by Mr. Grant near Tette, Zambesia. By OLp-

FIELD Tuomas, F.R.S., F.Z.S., and R. C. WroucHton,

TEVA ie inc: Nee ee eas SON EEE iia Ga BO eee Rag GoOCD 0

Zoological Results of the Third Tanganyika Expedition,

conducted by Dr. W. A. Cunnington, 1904-1905.—

Report on the Isopoda terrestria. By the Rev. THomas

R. R. Sreppine, M.A., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.S. (Plate

DOG Yl ke) ss eR BE REE pr Asee ere BBA auninnatrcAee oon cudcin0

. On the Anatomy of Antechinomys and some other Mar-

supials, with special reference to the Intestinal Tract

and Mesenteries of these and other Mammals. By

BRAN TEE EO EDDARDS ViicAte (HE Sos Ano 50 re eee eee

. The Armour of the Extinct Reptiles of the Genus Pareia-

saurus. By H. G. Sernny, F.R.S., F.Z.8., King’s

College, London

Cee eee ee eee eee te twee eer eee e emer eseseesesesseeee

. Additional Evidence as to the Dentition and Structure of

the Skull in the South African Fossil Reptile Genus

Diademodon. By H. G. Surrey, F.R.S., F.Z.S., King’s

College, London

Sisisiele/stelvisysls)s\e/a2s\els|sivlelols)sie/elelelslalsinicjslsistersleietalslateterd

. New Siphonaptera. By the Hon. N. Cuartes Rors-

SCHILD, M.A., F.Z.S. (Plates XX VITI.-XXXI_)

June 16, 1908.

The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s

Menagerie during the month of May 1908

Dr. A. Smith Woodward, F.R.8., F.Z.8. Exhibition of

photographs and fragments of skin and bone of a

Mammoth and a Rhinoceros from Starunia, Galicia

Page-

AD7

5D4

561

611

629

... 630

Dr. C. I. Forsyth Major, F.R.S., F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and

remarks upon, the lower jaw of a young Canadian

BEAMCR Mee eater todas. Lith Et. CO Teetnh Ae Dae eR

Dr. C. I. Forsyth Major, F.R.S., F.Z.8. Exhibition of draw-

ings of, and remarks upon, some remains of two species

of Castor from the East Runton Forest-bed ...............

Dr. C. I. Forsyth Major, F.R.S., F.Z.8. Exhibition of photo-

graphs of Phocene Bovine in the Florence Museum

1. The Duke of Bedford’s Zoological Exploration in Eastern

Asia.—X. List of Mammals from the Provinces of

Chih-li and Shan-si, N. China. By Oxprreitp THomas,

sbos Ses0 Eee Shy (bm laGe: SONOS ie eae i eadacee snceher soeeen

. Ona Case of Impertect Development in Hehinus escu-

lentus. By James Rrrconiz, M.A., B.Sc., the Royal

Scottish Museum, and D. C. McInrosu, M.A., B.Sc.,

SEs ee Sys vac (Eslatties SMONO CUTE ica tna Aiea. oe cetera) oa

3. Observations on the Minute Structure of the Spicules of

Calcareous Sponges. By H. A. Mincutn, M.A., V.P.Z.S.,

Professor of Protozoology, University of London, and

D. J. Rew, M.B., C.M., F.Z.S. (Plates XXXIV.—

DE CSOT EL ot crantesSte cies Armee ne ee eee aa at em

4, Two New Genera (anda New Species) of Indian Lycenids.

By T. A. Coapman, M.D., F.Z.S. (Plate XX XVIII.) .

. A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Batrachian

Rhinoderma darwint. By Frank E. Bepparp, M.A.,

Esa Ske al Sle ot Me Ree pie tM oe OR ae

6. Some Notes upon the Anatomy of Chiromys madagas-

cariensis, with references to other Lemurs. By Franx

He repppanos MBA. BRS WAS: Wo.) Ste a

7. Leucocytozoon musculi, sp. n., a Parasitic Protozoén from

the Blood of White Mice. By Anniz Porter, B.Sc.

Lond., Zoological Research Laboratory, University

Wollece. bondonn), “(Plate XX XIX.) eerie.

8. Deseriptions of African Micro-Lepidoptera. By E.

JVTTERY SCZ A TB fe eal eS] seal ley Sah ea Se) ea a

Page

630

. 635

646

661

676

678

694

Page:

_ On Collections of the Cape Verde Islands Fauna made by

: Bie Crossland, A (ania. B.Sc. (Lond.), BLS.

(late of the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews

University), from July to September US Vie= = line

Caleareous Sponges. By A. G. THACKER, fee

(Lond.), Research Scholar in Zoology at the Roya ia

College of Science. (Plate XLL.).........::::----:sre 5

November 3, 1908.

The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s

Menagerie during the months of June, July, August, 2

and September, 1908 ........-..--.---..50+++ De ee See 5 cs 783

Prof. E. A. Minchin, M.A., V.P.Z:S. Exhibition of some

drawings of trypanosomes and trypanoplasms of some

fo) v Pie

BASSI OSUSIOSS yo dod cogpeanoeuassonpoooosscnacouncenansa boss he 785

The Secretary. Exhibition of a photograph of a young

Mellay amy Da pit cscs ecuesees Jugeds ocaaste dae eek eee 786.

1. Description of a new Species of Toad from Sumatra. By

Grorrrey Mrape-Watpo, B.A. (Plate XLI.) ......... 786.

+. On Mammals from Inkerman, North Queensland, presented

to the National Museum by Sir William Ingram, Bt.,

and the Hon. John Forrest. By Otprrenp THomas,

F.R.S., F.Z.8., and Guy Dotiman, B.A. (Platé XLII:). 788:

3. The Sze-chuen and Bhutan Takins. By R. LypreKKer.

(Een D.C EE) aa See ee Ee eM aR EIA ae ic 795.

4, On an Indian Dolphin and Porpoise. By R. LypEKKER.

(Plates XLIV. & XLV.)

November 17, 1908.

The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s

Menagerie during the month of October 1908

Vil

Page

My. HK. E. Austen, F.Z.S. Exhibition of living specimens of a ;

Fly, Hermetia illucens L., caught in Manchester ......... 809

Notice of the Reports on the Ruwenzori Expedition Collec-

IsLOT Seah ek WM Eel Mohd. chin. aelsers's 3 oe SBME aie s gat 809

1. Contributions to the Morphology of the Group Neritacea

of Aspidobranch Gastropods.—Part I. The Weritide.

By Prof. Gitpert C. Bourne, D.Sc., F.Z.8. (Plates

SCL AV el DBO) one ce Ban en ae Rete Teton tan a a meee? ee 810

2. An unknown Lemur from the Lushai Hills, Assam. By

N. Annanvate, D.Sc., C.M.Z.S., Superintendent, Indian

Vn enumar ers AM en a ee eel creme cen ten arhietad a sc wes hacen 888

December 15, 1908.

The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s

Menagerie during the month of November 1908 ......... 890

Mr. Frederick Gillett, V.P.Z.S. Note on a Hunting Trip

Ome eed Uiitearae Sia Tes Sak neeee eee cs. 5.0 sue aisle ot ie claves &90

Mr. R. 1. Pocock, F.L.S., F.Z.S. Exhibition of photographs

of a Sumatran Tiger, and remarks upon this animal and

upon other Tigers living in the Society’s Gardens ...... 890

1. Some Notes on the Muscular and Visceral Anatomy of the

Batrachian Genus Hemisus, with Notes on the Lymph-

Hearts of this and other Genera. By Frank E.

TS roto), INT, Aad hI ele ios al ey AS), 1 cee ee) 894

2. Description of a new Species of Lacerta from Persia. B

G. A. Boutencer, F.R.S., V.P.Z.8. (Plate LXVII.)... 934

3. Remarks on some Wart-Hog Skulls in the British

Museum. By Dr. Eryar Lonnpere, C.M.ZS. &e. ...,.. 936

4, On Two Chinese Serow-Skulls. By R. LyppkKer......... 940

vil

Page

5, Warning Coloration in the Musteline Carnivora. By R.

I. Pocock, F.L.S., F.Z.8., Superintendent of the Zoolo- .

gical oclebys" Gardens: tartan aie ays en. «oe ace eee

944

6. On a new River-Crab of the Genus Gecarcinucus from

New Guinea. By W. T. Catan, D.Sc., F.Z.S., British

Museum (Natural History). (Plate LX VIII.) ......... 960

7. The Duke of Bedford’s Zoological Exploration in Eastern

Asia.—XI. On Mammals from the’ Provinces of Shan-si

and Shen-si, Northern China. By OxprreLp THomas,

FEARS GE Zi Si ie ieealen. 2. eh one ces 0 ae er 963

ALPHABETICAL LIST

OF TIE

COME WO Rs,

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

(1908, pp. 431-983.)

ANNANDALE, Netson, D.Sc., C.M.Z.S8., Superintendent,

Indian Museum.

An unknown Lemur from the Lushai Hills, Assam ...

Austen, Ernest H., F.Z.8.

Exhibition of living specimens of a Fly, Hermetia

diaccosmbereruciat, 1m Wiamehester, ss62.2....0:444-0.++55se- 00

BepDDARD, Frank E., M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.8., Prosector to the

Society.

Y On the Anatomy of <dAntechinomys and some other

Marsupials, with special reference to the Intestinal Tract

and Mesenteries of these and other Mammals ............

A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Batrachian

DR UOUCTATUGN COMPU UIDO, sors ao ioe oss es 1 sa Sis s ager oleet emia

VY Some Notes upon the Anatomy of Chiromys madagas-

cariensis, with reference to other Lemurs ..................

Page

888

561

Page

BEDDARD, Frank E. (Continwed.)

Some Notes on the Muscular and Visceral Anatomy of

the Batrachian Genus Hemisus, with Notes on the

Lymph-Hearts of this and other Genera.............-.-.++-- 894

Boutencer, Grorce ALBert, F.R.S., V.P.Z.8.

Description of a new Species of Lacerta from Persia.

(leit e MAX AINE Weenie oe a: saved. cde Sa eae arate eee 934

Bourne, Prof. Gitpert C., D.Sc., F.Z.8.

Contributions to the Morphology of the Group

Neritacea of Aspidobranch Gastropods.—Part I. The

mvenitid oasis ((Plaibes eXeI Vil Tak Vel) see ete eee eee 810

Cauman, WiuuiamM T., D.Sc., F.Z.8., British Museum

(Natural History).

On a new River-Crab of the Genus Gecarcinucus from

NewaG umes: ) (Plate ix Vell) 2. nberseee ee eae eee 960;

CHapman, Tuomas A., M.D., F.Z.8.

Two New Genera (and a New Species) of Indian

iliyceemid s(t e XeXOX VALI |i2)a se oye oe 676:

Cowarb, Tuomas ALFRED, F.Z.S.

Exhibition of a specimen of Wstrelata neglecta Schleg.

mom elar non eyaual Oheshiceueee asa) ae i eee 433,

CunnincHAM, JoszrH T., M.A., F.Z.S.

Abstract of a paper entitled “The Heredity of

Secondary Sexual Characters in Relation to Hormones, a

Contribution to the ilteony oiellereditiy Jae cans eee A434

Dotiman, Guy, B.A., and Tuomas, Ouprrecp, F.R.S., F.Z.S.

On Mammals from Inkerman, North Queensland,

presented to the National Museum by Sir William

Ingram, Bt., and the Hon. John Forrest, (Plate XLIL.) 788

; Page

GILLert, FREDERICK, V.P.Z.S.

Note on a Hunting Trip to the Thian Shan ............ 890

JENKIN, C. F.

The Marine Fauna of Zanzibar and British East

Africa, from Collections made by Cyril Crossland, M.A.,

in the Years 1901 and 1902.—The Calcarecus Sponges... 434.

’ Lénnpere, Dr. Exar, C.M.ZS. ce.

Remarks on some Wart-Hog Skulls in the British

TTR STF Ean O° SOR ae SUSE ees eee Renee ona hk re Serch ce ee oe eee 956.

LyDEKKER, RICHARD.

Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a skin of a Wild Cat

EROUMBS ZS. CHUCIIN pesca cre Nace ass eMac leseicin'sisle cceteigsetaielein s niaioceles 433.

” The Sze-chuen and Bhutan Takins. (Plate XLIIT.)... 795

¥ On an Indian Dolphin and Porpoise. (Plates X LIV.

Ay DECILNT 3) 0g helco Ba aac TORR C nats SeRtC NEARS glen See Ronee ee 802.

¥ On UworChinese Serow-=Skulls Hes. es... 940

McInrosu, D. C., M.A., B.Sc., F.R.S.E., and Ruircuiz,

James, M.A., B.Sc., The Royal Scottish Museum.

On a Case of Imperfect Development of Hchinus

CSCUNCHULUS:) (Es ATEN ONC TI P2Fe ia Fee oie ne an 2 duis 646.

* Masor, Dr. C. I. Forsyru, F.R.S., F.Z.S.

* Exhibition of, and remarks upon, the lower jaw of a

poume, Canadian Beavercs........$.0c2-.. 2... Je sseeee evecneeeent 630°

Exhibition of drawings of, and remarks upon, some

remains of two species of Castor from the Kast Runton

TNGIASSES) OPER aa ane eer not 1S 8 On Men DMR PELE na ton Anant ty 630:

Exhibition of photographs of Phocene Bovine in

tnemEornemeer MAIS UIN jbtysxh crak sores ae ea ee is Seis 635.

Page

Muapre-WAtbo, Grorrrey, B.A.

Description of a new Species of Toad from Sumatra.

(Blois XCLL) onarecomcczeacce ceo tac ncemmmgara gee ees: 786

Meyrick, Epwarp, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.8.

Descriptions of African Micro-Lepidoptera............--- 716

Mixcuty, Prof. Epwarp A., M.A., V.P.Z.8.

Exhibition of drawings of trypanosomes and trypano-

plasms of some freshwater fishes ...........-+::01esssesereeee 785

Mincury, Prof. Epwarp A., M.A., V.P.Z.S., and Ren,

Duncan J., M.B., C.M., F.Z.8.

Observations on Minute Structure of the Spicules of

Caleareous Sponges. (Plates MX XIV =X XM VILL) ee 661

Mircuent, P. Caatmers, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.RS.,

Secretary to the Society.

Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie

durins the monthyot April 90821. ca saas-e cee eee 431

Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie

dun ssthe months or May, W008 enn. enero eee 629

Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie

during the months of June, July, August, and September

1908

Exhibition of a photograph of a young Malayan Tapir. 786

Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie

during the month of October 1908 ...2.....2.2cecheseeseseeee 809

teport on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie

during the month of November 1908

xill

Pocock, Rueinaw I., F.L.8., F.Z.8., Superintendent of the

Gardens.

‘Exhibition of photographs of a Sumatran Tiger, and

remarks upon this animal and upon other Tigers living

inh thersieerenysteerdemst 0.04. 0). Bie... Ne eee

‘ Warning Coloration in the Musteline Carnivora ......

Porter, AnnizE, B.Sc.Lond., Zoological Research Laboratory,

University College, London.

Leucocytozoon musculi, sp. n., a Parasitic Protozoén

from the Blood of White Mice. (Plate XX XIX.) ......

Rem, Duncan J.. M.B., C.M., F.Z.S., and Muncuin,

Prof. Epwarp A., M.A., V.P.Z.S.

Observations on the Minute Structure of the Spicules .

of Calcareous Sponges. (Plates XXXIV.-XXXVIL.)...

Rircuiz, James, M.A., B.Sc., The Royal Scottish Museum, |

and McInrosu, D. C., M.A., B.Sc., F.R.S.E.

On a Case of Imperfect Development in Hchinus escu-

Weiicismare Ge labor XOXCNGW TNs sos eae aes oes oSNswu ake ceSainsode <5 c=

Roruscuitp, The Hen. N. Cuaruzs, M.A., F.Z.S.

New Siphonaptera. (Plates XX VIII.-XXXI.) ......

SEELEY, Prof. Harry G., F.R.S., F.Z.8., King’s College,

London.

The Armour of the Extinct Reptiles of the Genus

eGo MiG Same ne se rnrNer tae att ae shove sont/au cy seennetntes he

Additional Evidence as to the Dentition and Structure

of the Skull in the South African Fcssil Reptile Genus

ID GUT DECT AEE SESE Ee A Ae Sele eck elena

Page-

890.

944

703.

661

646.

X1V

‘Suerporn, C. Davigs, F.Z.8.

Exhibition of a specimen of chert from the Middle

Gulm-measures of Christow Down, Devonshire .......-.-.-

Srepprne, The Rev. Toomas R. R., M.A, ERS ahaa Ss

¥.ZS.

Zoological Results of the Third Tanganyika Expedition,

conducted by Dr. W. A. Cunnington, 1904-1905.—

Report on the Isopoda terrestria. (Plate XXVII.)......

Tuacker, A. G., A.R.C.S.(Lond.), Research Scholar in

Zoology at the Royal College of Science.

On Collections of the Cape Verde Islands Fauna made

by Cyril Crossland, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Se.(Lond.), F.Z.8.

(late of the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews Uni-

The Calcareous

versity), from July to September 1904.

Sponges. (Plate XL.)

i ii i i i iC ii i i iii i iri eric nna)

Tuomas, OLDFIELD, F.R.S., F.Z.8.

The Duke of Bedford’s Zoological Exploration in

Kastern Asia.

X. List of Mammals from the Provinces

of Chih-li and Shan-si, N. China. (Plate XXXII.)......

Vv The Duke of Bedford’s Zoological Exploration in

HKastern Asia.—XI. On Mammals from the Provinces

of Shan-si and Shen-si, Northern China

eee eee meres eves esevns

Tuomas, OnpFIeLD, F.R.S., F.Z.8., and Dotimay, IUY,

B.A.

On Mammals from Inkerman, North Queensland,

presented to the National Museum by Sir William

Ingram, Bt.,and the Hon. John Forrest. (Plate X LIT.)

rT ) f af t KB ; |

Pi0MAS, OLDETELD, F.R.S., F.Z.S., and Wrovueuton, Roper

Cy Lag

The Rudd Exploration of 8. Africa.—X. List of

Mammals collected by Mr. Grant near Tette, Zambesia .

Page

433

DD4

635

963

535

’ Page

Turner, Rownann E., F.Z.8.

Notes on the Australian Fossorial Wasps of the

Family Sphegide, with Descriptions of new Species.

(CEs ibe NORGE) etre ce tle esac endo pneu evs a ata de ease gee ADT

Watpo, G. Mzuape-. See MeapE-WALDo, G.

WoopiLaANn, WiLuiAM, F.Z.S8.

Exhibition of, and remarks upon, preparations of a new

alamd wa, certam Leleostean Wishes) 2. 2.........:0..cceeeseuss 431

Woopwarp, ArtHuR SuitH, LL.D., F.R.S., F.Z.8.

Exhibition of photographs and fragments of skin and

bone of a Mammoth and a Rhinoceros from Starunia,

(Cin MCLED A ee CEN, SN Se tel ear 630

WrovucHton, Ropert C., F.Z.8., and THomas, OLpDFrreLp,

E.R.S., F.Z.8.

The Rudd Exploration of §$. Africa.—xX. List of

Mammals collected by Mr. Grant near Tette, Zambesia . 535

LIST OF PLATES.

1908, pp. 431-983.

Plate Page

OXI or Au strains pieaides 2a ot ooh, vgn sos solos 457

XXVII. A. Anchiphiloscia karonge, sp. n. ‘B. A, cunningtoni,

sp.n. C, Periseyphis convexus (Budde-Lund) .... 554

XXVIII. }

XXIX,

XXX. New Siphonap beta. soe temre ate ee ccsiy we tad as: 617

XXXL J

ONONG EC opredius Oedfondd. Oe shes see ome o sc nend ein: 635

DOXOMPU. Abnormal Bekins esculentus 00.0 d pec e hese ss 646

XXXIV. 1

ae rSpicules of Calcareous Sponges. 225.4455 .46 1--.- 661

XKXVILJ

XXXVIII. eee appendages of: 1. Bothria chennellit, x 45;

i a Notarthrimus buighani, 40 ove nce sc es ee 676

XXXIX. pao UEOROORRINUSCUUDN ma ey Gis a, pce ess 6 de ae es 703

Mle CapesVerde islands Caleared V5 055 cc te... es oe wots 757

XLI. Bufo valhalle, sp. nov. 1. Upper surface of head.

De Wmidersides Ol fOOtm saat css clsgs. s0's + es eee oe as 786

OWL SVG CropusiuMlaVOlUs MOTOR oo ve ued ve eosin 788

XLII. The Chinese Takin (Budorcas tibetanus), 1.3,2.2. 795

XLIV. 1. Tursiops dawsont. 2. Neophocena sp. .......... | 802

PROG iod SOLANGE TLEGUOSMee. Ger co ok oa is vz ome teaaenn eae (ear

POU Mee SCLCELG GOT UOMICO® a isin vss: sia = aa 4 Mie whale alesis, overeat =

XLVII. Ccelom and oviduco-ccelomic funnel of Septaria ....

XLVIII. : ve 2 scams

XLLX. Genital complex of Septaria bougammvilleti 9 ........ (810

L. Female ducts and osphradium of Septaria ........

Witaekidney of Septaria depiessd. wesw ew rede ds eee - |

Mee Gull-lamelleseteiof Septaria, svev. disci. eee ni cw J

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1908. b

XVIll

Plate Page

LIT. Histology of genital ducts of Septaria......++....+: )

LIV. Anatomy of Nerita, Paranerita, and Neritina ...... |

LV. Alimentary tract and nervous system of Paranerita. . |

LVI. Anatomy and Histology of Neritide .............- |

ILI, JARRE GOLUES ~oo amo acovooooondnnDOOKeOOOOCS

LVIIiI.| P 5 ;

LIX. { aranerita vartegata and gagates..........e scenes

: 810

LX. Male ducts of Nerita and Paranerita ............++

ID, Wine GhiGis CE IRURAIGRIEG Oboonacsepbadononen todo:

LXII. Anatomy and Histology of Neritiede ...........5-. |

LXIII. Reproductive organs of ParanerttaQ ..........+-

MIs Hemalevorganslof Ean onenia c\.w. «lr acer el iereeete |

ee Reproductive organs of Nerita plicata Q .......... i)

LWA, LGMearses COUMPOGUSIGP “Sac udocvuodxcoodeodoonaboGK0$ 954

LXV, GIRTON (MRED. aodacoonsaboaonoasoondaane 960

LIST OF TEX'T-FIGURES.

1908, pp. 431-983.

79. Diagrain of the construction of the gas-oland rete mirabile .. ye

80, Cells of the new gland situated round and in contact with

2 WED RAE SBOE AANA RS Sie STORE en ere en 432

SMMC LUMMUTLNAUNUUNUD enc Nt wha oie et MLteak eeu Pile Ginn ane Et ok ae can, 436

82, Clatlaina darwin, spicules oo... eee cee ees es ne 436

SRR UIUD: COMULORUG «ik strutece steie os SSR hecinee Wiehe ass é xe kw Ss 437

84. Clathrina contorta var. spinosa, spicules .................. 438

2D Coho OUGH ALOT UL OUI ELAT Ws OR eer ota CR EaP DA ei =A a a 459

COLAO OLANGALSPICUICS 5. seer nai ais yall ata. «sect oie cs. 440

MeN UICOSGICHICL UNL ECQLULUTIS'. = nivd cia siacieate erases) setae oss, soo 44]

89. Leucosolenia wrregularis, skeleton of dermis ................ 44]

OWneieucocolenianncquidmis, SMICUIES| &2 64.5 ye. se ete tensa. . 4492

MIB OS COU, MOVIE, SIV. Ws SPICULES > (a-actss aicpe pes ap ceo eae + cw wae 443

PICCOLO TA y MMOS SPUCULCS ac Fre irene Sete ayrc aghivgs 6 oat nk me 445

Sen Gr ORULCS SCUUSUNUILCES S Deplcge ay elo cust Crate tues fycia t cae asy cin ke & Whe 446

94, Girantessa simplex, skeleton of body-wall .................. 447

OjGnannessm sumpler. SkelevOM OL GEYMIIS . cts ceases setae A447

96, Girantessa simplex, sastral skeleton 00... 0. ee cee ew om 448

AG ROMECSSO SUNPICD ISPICULES ccs retin: 6 fas «60 6 ces 2 woh ee 448

MI SemM GOTLLCSSO EO Me QDONIS. SPre Maa cuctaysia) sy s\¢.r cots e vk # tees ode en ee 449

99. Grantessa zanzibaris, skeleton of body-wall ................ 450

100. Grantessa zanzibaris, skeleton of dermis .................. 451

101. Grantessa zanzibaris, gastral skeleton..................+.0. 451

OZ GROMUCSSO, 2ONMOATIS, SPICULES . 2.2... ee ens acts cues son ess ADD

103. Heteropegma nodus gordi, spicules .............0..0+.++-.. 453

NGATAMPLEUEUIARLUSINCRS?S; SPICULES). eiccse nqnt uct eu cee. oe o% 454

VOLES LOG weOsinensts, SPICULES wc. 5 js cewitae ee ice sy sc5 455

Page

105. Neuration of fore wing of Stigmus queenslandensis, Tachysphex

pilosulus, Zoyphium kohli, Gorytes tcarioides, Nitela kurande,

Pison (Parapison) aberrans .. 111+ reserve reeeces er eee 458

106. 1. Harpactophilus sulcatus (head). 2. H. steindachneri Kohl:

@ OV@ADS fee ees deen eee eee oe tlhe carck Stoic Neen ONG o 2-0" 46]

107. Cerceris: pygidial area of Q. 1. C. anexpectata. 2. C. labe-

culata. 8. C. predura. 4. C. multiguttatd ...-eerreeeee- 469

108. Antenna, Maxilla and palpus, Labial palpus, and Mandible of

Zoyphium rufontgrum, So vvrvecerccaceeeccrecrrereceees 495

109. Bembex, 3: second ventral segment of B. furcata, B. tubercul-

ventris, B. littoralis, B. palmatd .......+ esse eeee cece eee 503

110. Pison (Aulacophilus) difficile. .......44+ Rh een PRE Gio 520

111. Alimentary tract of Antechinomys laniger .....+0.sss000es 562

112. Liver of Antechinomys laniger, abdominal aspect .......... 563

113. “Umbilical cord” and adjacent viscera of Phascologale

PILLCAONCLLONSIS Lote nso) sys oie nuns Sete in Tole isbore ae wich nA em LE

114. Cxcum, colic spiral, &e. of Galago garnetti ............ Be Sy ic)

115. Alimentary tract of Hyrax capensis ........... Procoanel eae 582

116. Part of alimentary tract of Scrwrus cinereus ...... Sir ciap elena 585

i bart oialimentanytrach Or Avlacodes wer ann ieairee ieee 586

118. Part of alimentary tract of Hydrocherus capybara ...... Ph lo,

119. Part of alimentary canal of Dasyprocta punctata ....... a DOS

120. Diagrams of primitive Mammalian gut.............,...... 591

il, IDieyeren Or Miami Mth ~ Soopecondoocesacotadebensan- 592

122 Wepre OF lemme eG Ghooooossnooobssosencacduccs 593

123. Disoram of Mammalian intestine ................-+..s.0, 594

124. Suprarenal veins in various Mammals..... Se Oe 0S ches a a 601

125. Dorsal armour of Pareiasauwrus steenkampensis ..........0... 606

126. Dorsal seute of Pareiasaurus steenkampensis.......... ala 608

127-129. Anterior, posterior, and lateral views of caudal ee

OLeParelasaurus Steenisampensis) yo. ss) see ee 609

a See 2 Me skull of Diademodon entomophonus ...... 615

Q 3 ‘ of right lower jaw of Castor canadensis ........ 630

182. Castor plicidens Maj. East Runton Forest-bed.

of right lower molar series

ae Castor sp. East Runton Forest-bed. Upper view of left m, . 631

134, Castor fiber L. Peat deposit, England. Upper view of ri ‘nt

lower true molars ;

Upper view

135. Castor fiber L. Lower view of right upper se santien mee: an

ae Castor Jiber L. Lower view of right upper true molars . . y. 633

a : es Fae Side view of anterior portion of skull .... 634

He : Sher in Ambulacral Areas of Echinus esculentus 650

- 4 He pnormalities in Ambulacral Areas of Echinus esculentus . 651

0, 141. Abnormalities in Ambulacral Areas of Echinus esculentus, 652

nee = OE

Xxi

Page

148.. Alimentary tract of Rhinoderma darwini partly opened to

Shows Lold spore kimin ome my PTATS: 5). s: 5: 2h0seacerovenoh a nave dea eet 680

144. Alimentary tract of Rhinoderma darwini, to illustrate the

shortness of that of the male and the greater leneth of that

Ol Mepemalempn eka Gh oa so Se ea Mae os on ooo es 681

145. A portion of the musculature of the ventral surface of

SPU ULOM CRULOMLAMCUELID ogee AS GN torch ee etch ech io) hc oe Le, 685

146. Musculature of floor of mouth of Rkinoderma darwint........ 686

147. Dorsal musculature of Rhinoderma darwint ...........0405. 689

148. Thigh-muscles of Rhinoderma darwini exposed from the inside. 691

149, Thigh-muscles of Rhinoderma darwint exposed from the

OUUSIOC Meet a Asda Nite edad a ao Syme na kas oy ROD MES: 692

150. A portion of the intestinal tract of Chiromys................ 695

151. A portion of the intestinal tract of Lemur rufifrons.......... 697

152. The commencement of the aorta of Chiromys cut open to

show origin of intercostals. Azygos of Chiromys.......... 699

153. Postcaval vein of male and female Chiromys................ 701

154) Living Leucocytozodn muscult 0.50000 ec el eee acne 708

loos spicules) trom Leucosolenta panis yen)... ae 759

156. Spicules from Leucosolenta atlantica 1.0.0.6. cc ee ee 761

157-160. Spicules from four specimens of Leucosolenia canariensis,

showing variation in the size of the spicules in different

SIEGE TIS a MOEN. th cheers! ASIN. cE RNIIRINED, OPEL LLC RONN Paty 765

Holerspicules trom sSycon.camimatum: 1... cee es oes hs wae he. 769

162 opicules from Grantiaintermedia yee ee ee de. 2 771

iGs, Spicules from. Leweandra.verdensis. ....202510000.15 00000 ess 772

G4 spicules from: Leucandra rudujera ees. th ee, 774.

165. Spicules from Leucandra crosslandi ........ boo. 50. 778

166. Spicules from Leucandra gemimipara ..... 0. cc cee 780

NGA Mouse Malavane la pire a.£ yesh oR OW OOo Baloo 786

168. Imperfect skull and horns of adult male of the Mishmi

alsin nye eter iy, ee ee ee ke oe ol. oy wees 796

169. Skull and horns of old male of the Sze- oieen ALO ci memes 798

170. Skull and horns of old male of the Bhutan Takin .......... 799

ie skulllos very, youne Sze-chuen Takin ..5.5.......<.:0.e.0- 801

172. A dissection of Nerita plexa, showing the course and distri-

bution of the visceral nerves and the visceral, branchial, and

osphradial ganglia: semidiagrammatic .................. 855

178, An unknown Lemur from Assam ............. a MRE estes 888

Poe SO GL MeN is teehee sdk a bedded de od nab Aue ene BAN: 891

Em ep ULES OMAN OTS TI eae nies s,'ote «soe as's.'s) 2 6 Sane eae tte aed nara. 892

176. Ventral musculature of Hemisus guttatum ............44.. 899

177. Ventral musculature of Hemisus guttatum ............0... 901

178, Ventral musculature of neck-region in Hemisus guttatum .... 906

179. Hyoid of Hemisus guttatum. A. Ventral surface partly cleared

of muscle. B, Longitudinai section

XXil

Page

180. Hyoid of Hemisus guttatum and its musculature. Ventral

PRHIGOO Mo odopeneesocoooe noon Hooo dno hombeaccgocc.0 0.0 ¢ 909

181. Alimentary tract of Hemisus guttatum, opened to show the

varying characters of the lining membrane in different

TMERMONS gun mead se se nnnd goo or eos ero OmmmODNOA BORO: 914

182. Dorsal view of Hemisus guttatum, with the skin of the back

partly removed .....+..-eceee scent tees nett eee ee tees 917

183. Saccus iliacus of Hemisus guttatwm «1... 0. renee reese reees 919

184, Saccus iliacus of Hemisus guttatum ..- +... eee cece e ee eee 920

185. Saccus iliacus of Rana guppyt opened ....-- cece ee eee e ees 921

186. Lymph-heart (posterior) of Hemisus guttatum and associated

SAGER “Go og nee od me DOO REO GD OOM oc eccoOrc C6568 925

187. Hinder part of body of one side of Xenopus levis .......... 924

188. Hinder part of body of another individual of Xenopus levis .. 925

189. Iliac fat-body of Xenopus levis dissected to show three

IN piN IEA “ho aos ese op onbOesSoooOCacoDdeaDeEnoasl 5 927

190. Iliac fat-body of Xenopus levis, cut longitudinally into two

halves to show cavities of lymph-hearts.................. 928

191. Female skulls of Nemorhedus sumatrensis milne-edwardsi and

IN MGR GYOCK@ECS, TEOMN S26 -ClUeT) 2) 41ehisey ile eet ate 941

192. A female of the Sze-chuen race of the Serow, Nemorhadus

SUMGAUTENSIS) MUNC-COWANOSY a xra)iele) «shee ells) cles elie life et ela 942

193. Cape Zorilla (Ictonyx capensis) and Cape Weasel (Pecilogale

CUDUNUCH ON Hale ees oR a a ¥ 6 Gl ONSEN Oot 947

194. Teledu (Mydaus javanensis) and Ferret-Badger (Helictis

ORUETUAUS) 0 Teva sracaiaiere ts a scsetehe a < covey ata vtelitc as eset, See 949

195. White-backed Ratel (Mellivora ratel) .......00.... ce eeeee 950

196. Grison (Grison furav) and Patagonian Weasel (Lyncodon

A WPALAGONICUS)) ” Nialiince k assis eae tiahaur lace ecuenee eso ee 952

197. Bush-Dog (Speothos venaticus) and Tayra (Galera barbara) .. 954

93 Hinelish- Bad oers(Melestneles)) aes sates eee ee eee 956

LIST OF NEW GENERIC

TERMS

PROPOSED IN THE PRESENT VOLUME (pp. 431-983).

Page

Anchiphiloscia (Crustacea) ... 555

Bothria (Lepidopt.) .......0..0 677

Dragmatucha (Lepidopt.)...... 726

Ephysteris (Lepidopt.) ......... 724

Epiphractis (Lepidopt.) ...... 732

Eporycta (Lepidopt.) ......... 728

Hyoprora (Lepidopt.) ......... 758

Page

Hyostola (Lepidopt.)............ 730

Triothyrsa (Lepidopt.) ......... 736

Malacyntis (Lepidopt.) ...... 738

Notarthrinus (Lepidopt.)...... 677

Pitharcha (Lepidopt.) ......... 751

Pseudurgis (Lepidopt.) ...... 741

Thranitica (Lepidopt.) ......... 743

Acanthogenys

rufigularis, 783.

Acanthorbynchus

tenuirostris, 783.

Accipiter

melanoleucus, 809.

Acrocercops

dasmophora, 735.

Actzeon, 881.

/Bpyceros

melampus, SOI.

/ipypryimnus

rufescens, 591, 794.

Alcadia, 823.

Allactaga

mongolica, 979.

Amblysomus

corre, 5d2.

Ammopbhila |

ardens, 465, 466.

argentea, 466.

aurifera, 464, 535.

basalis, 464.

clavus, 463.

eyrensis, 460.

timpatiens, 466.

instabilis, 464, 466. |

suspiciosa, 466.

Amphibolurus

decresit, 784.

Ampulex, 457.

Amydria

leontopa, 752. |

opifica, 752. |

optania, 752.

percastis, 753.

trophias, 753.

Anchiphiloscia, gen. nov., |

5a5. |

cunningtoni, 557, 5d8,

560.

karonge, 556, 560.

-simont, 55d.

INDEX.

Antechinomys, 561-695,

697.

Antechinus, 561.

Anthropopithecus

troglodytes, 629.

Aphroceras

sericatum, 776.

Apodemus

agrarius, 642.

— coree, 642.

— pallidior, 973.

speciosus, 641, 973,

978.

— chevrieri, 642.

— draco, 642.

— peninsule, 641.

Arbacia

punctulata, 657.

Arctomys

marmotta, d85.

Arctonyx, 944.

collaris, 95d.

Argyroploce

orthacta, 718.

Avistotelia

acrena, 724.

peltosema, 724.

strota, 724.

Arvicanthis,

596, 604.

dorsalis, 545.

— calidior, 545.

pumilio, 583, 589.

Ascaltis

canariensis,

766.

compacta, 762, 763.

coriacea, 762, 766.

darwintti, 436.

Ascandra

contorta, 456.

falcata, 666, 670, 673,

676.

572, 581,

762, 763,

Ascandra

panis, 799.

Ascetia

blanca, 438.

coriacea, 762, 766.

primordialis, 436.

spinesa, +56.

Astata

migerrima, 491.

Ateles

melanochir, 577.

Aulacodus, 595, 604.

swindernianus, 586.

Aulacophilus

vespoides, 522.

Bembex

atrifrons, 503.

crabrontformis, 502.

flavifrons, 505.

flavipes, 502.

Surcata, 502.

littoralis, 502, 503.

museca, 503, 504.

palmata, 503, 504.

pectinipes, 504, 505.

raptor, \02.

saussurei, 504, 505-

tridentifera, 504.

tuberculwentris,

503.

variabilis, 502.

Bettongia

ogilbyt, 601, 603.

Borkhausenia

galacteéa, 732.

Bos

indicus, 629.

Bothria, gen.

677.

chennelliz, 677, 678.

Box, 432. -

902,

noy.,

XXV1

Brachinia

musicopa,

serialis, 727.

sterictis, 727.

Bradypus, 571.

Breviceps, 679, 681, 682,

683, 684, 688-694, |

(706

894, 903, 904, 907,

909-913, 916, 917,

922° 933, 934.

verrucosus, 683, 687

916, 918.

Bucapra

daviesi, 800.

Buceulatrix

porthnis, 737.

Budoreas

sinensis, 799, 798.

taxicolor, 795, 796,

797, 800.

— mitchell, 79.

— tibetanus, 790,

796.

— whitet, 798.

tibetanus, 797, 798,

802.

Bufo

andersonii, 787.

calamita, 788, 929,

olivaceus, 787.

stomaticus, 787.

sumatranus, 787.

valhalle, 786,

788.

787,

Cacoecia

adustana, 723.

hedrastis, 722.

Callula, 911.

Canis

dingo, 789.

lupus tschiliensis, 967.

Capra

Meyaceros

Capreolus

bed fordi, 645.

capreolus, 645.

pygargus, 645,

tianshanicus, 645.

Capromys

thoracatus, 784.

783.

> 2

Capulus, 848. |

Castor, 54, |

sp., G31.

albicus, 632

halticus, 632. 634.

canadensis, 680, 699,

europaeus, 632,

fiher

65:

Gol, 683,

682,

INDEX.

Castor

galhe, 632.

plicidens,

632.

vistulanus, 632.

Casuarius

CUSANES,

Cebus, 573.

Cemoria, 874, 880.

Centetes, 592, 593, 597.

ecaudatus, 569, 570,

BYE.

Cephalophus

grimmi, dd1,

melanorheus, (85.

Ceratophrys, 898.

Ceratophyllus

andersoni, 628, 629.

anisus, 627.

argus, 627,

629.

hirundinis, 617.

imdages, 628, 629.

melis, 027.

scturorum, 627.

Cerceris

antipodes, 471.

australis, 473.

eneapecta, 469, 535. »

laheculata, 469, 470.

multiguttata, 469,

AML

predura, 472.

venusta, 473.

Cercocytonus

converus, 559.

Cercoleptes

caudivolvulus, 571.

Cercopithecus

denti, 783.

flavidus, 53

630, 631,

431.

pygerythrus. “537,

— rufoviridis, 537.

rufoviridis, 537.

Ceromitia

amphichroa, 755.

qlandularis, 756.

libropis, 750.

palyntis, 755.

spulodesma, Ta4.,

sporea, Td6.

strathnodes, T54.

tyrochtora, 756.

Cervus

duvaucelli,

pygargus

Cus, 645.

Cheetopsylla

globiceps, 628.

Chalinolobus

729,

gouldi, 729

784.

mantschuri-

Cheirogaleus, 696.

coquereli, 17

Chinehilla, 585.

lanigera, 699.

Chiromys

madagascariensis, 694—

702, 78d

Chodsigoa

hypstbia, 639.

Clicerephon

limbatus, 541.

Chry sothrix, aoe 598.

sciureus, O12, dT,

604.

Citellus

alaschanicus, 971.

mongolicus, 970, 971.

— wmbratus, 970.

obscurus, 971.

umbratus, 971.

Clathrina

blanca, 435, 488, 489,.

440.

clathrus, 666, 670,

671, 676.

contorta, 435, 662, 666,.

667, 671-676.

— spinosa, 437, 438

coriacea, 437, 665,

670.

darwinti, 435, 436,

437.

primordialis, 435, 436,.

440.

Climacteris

scandens, 783.

Coceuthraustes

robustus, 783.

Ccelogenys

paca, O87.

Coendu, 946.

Coesyra

balantias, 731.

Coleophora, 736.

Collyriocincla

harmonica, 783.

Columba

albiqularis,

Conchylis

africana, 722.

Conepatus, 946,

780..

eConothoa, 982.

Cosmopteryx

bactrophora, 733..

tabellaria, 733.

Crabro

bivittatus, 534.

cinctus, 531, 535..

conglohatus, 533.

doddit, 529.

hebetescens, 530.

INDEX. XXV11

‘Crabro | Dasyprocta, 583. | Elachista

mackayensis, 532. aguti, 588, 589. crocogastra, 733.

ordinarius, 532. | punctata. 588, 589. Enarmonia

palitans, 534. Dasypus, 570, 592, 593. batrachopa, 718.

perlucidus, 529, 535, vellerosus, 591, 604. Engystoma

proscpoides, 528. | Dasyurus carolinense, 911,

tricolor, 524. | hallucatus, 794. Ephysteris, gen. nov.,

(Rhopalum) agilis, macrourus, 568. (2.

528. | amaculatus, 568, 569. chersea, 725

(—) conater, 526. | maugei, 569, 600, 601, | Epicephala

(—) frenchii, 526. | 602, 700. pyrrhogastra, 734.

(—) tdoneus, 527. | wrsinus, 568. Epimactis

(—) inilitaris, 523. | -viverrinus, 569, 601. | metazona, 730.

(—) tenuiventris, 524. | Dawsoniella, 812, 813, Epiphractis, gen. noyv.,

(—) transiens, 525. | 817. 732.

(—) tricolor, 524. Deianira, 812. phenicis, 732.

‘Craseomys Dendrolagus, 563. Epomophorus

regulus, 643, 644. | bennetti, 567. erypturus, 38.

rufocanus, O44, | tnustus, 567, 568. Eporyeta, gen. nov., 728.

shanseius, 643, 978. | Deshayesia, 811, S12. tarbalea, 729.

‘Cricetulus | Diademodon | Equus

andersoni, 642, 974. | brachytiara, 611. grevyi, 629, 784.

bed fordie, 974. | brownt, 611, 612, 613, hemionws, 784.

dichrootis, 648. : 614, 616, 617. Erinaceus

griseus, 642, 974. entomophonus, 615, dealbatus, 965, 966.

longicaudatus, 642, | 617. hanensis, 966.

643. mastacus, 611, 616. hughi, 966, 967.

obscurus, 643. tetragonus, 611. miodon, 965, 966.

roborovuskit, 975. Didelphys, 592, 593, orientalis, 966.

triton, 975, 974. 604. tschifuensis, 966.

— incanus, 973. virginiana, 569, 575. | Erithizon, 946.

‘Crocidosema | Diphyllodes Ethmia

plebeiana, 720. | _ hunsteini, 809. ballistis, 732.

‘Crocidnra, 541. | Diplopelma | Eucosma

core@, 639. | berdimoret. 911. leucoptera, 719.

‘Crossarchus ornatum, 911. | Hutamias

fasciatus, 542. | Dipus, 963. | astaticus, 968.

Cryptolechia, 732. | sowerbyi. 979. | — intercessor, 969.

‘Ctenophthalmus | Dorocidaris | — ordinalis, 968, 970.

agyrtes, 624. palpillata, 659, 660. —— senescens, 963, 968.

rettigt, 624, 629. | Dragmatucha, gen. nov., | Zineatus, 968.

‘Ctenopsyllus 726. | ortentalis, 968, 969,

allophylus, 625, 629. proaula, 726. 970. .

Cyaniris Dromiciops senescens, 640, 968,

chennellit, 676, 677. australis, 626. 969, 970.

678. Dysopes k uthensis, 968, 970.

‘Cyanocephalus limbatus, 541. Everes, 677.

porcarius, 576. Exeirus, 457.

Cyclophorus, 881. Kccopsis

‘Cyclorhamphus acrocosma, 717 Felis

marmoratus, 910. Echidna, 574, 575, 596. aurata, 433.

Cyclostoma, 881. acanthion, 794. caligata, 553.

‘Cydia setosa, 783. catus, 967.

isogramma, 720. | Hchinobrissus | chrysothrix, 433.

psammacta, 721. orbicularis, 657. cottont, 434.

tumulata, 720. Hehinus dominicanorum, 433.

Cynictis esculentus, 646, 650, Tco, 431.

selousi, 553. 651, 652, 635, 657, longipilis, 893.

‘Cynomys | 660, 661. ocreata, 553,

ludovicianus, 584, | melo, 657. onca, 785.

589. ' Eira, 944. pardus, 431.

XXV111

Felis

serval, O41.

sondaica, 893.

temminckt, 435.

-— dominicanoruin,

43-4.

— milchelli, 430.

tigris, 893.

— mongolicd, 893.

nigra, 891.

sondaica,

virgata, 89

virgata, 893.

Fierasfer, 432.

Fissurella, 844, 848.

Funambulus

pennantii, 713.

Funisciurus

cepapt, 543, 544.

— sindi, 543, b44.

= 785.

Galago, 604, 702.

cr assicaudata, 578.

garnetti, 578, 702.

granti, O37.

moholi, 537, 538, 579

mossambicus, 537.

Galera, 944.

barbara, 952,

957.

Galictis, 700.

barbara, 9)2.

vittata, 952.

Gecareinucus

ingran,

963.

Jacquemontii,

962.

Gelada

ruecppelli, 576.

Gelechia

arotrias,

trisiqnis, F20.

Genetta

Jelina, 542.

lelabe, 542.

ludia, 542.

pardina, 890.

ruliginosa, 641,

O71.

senegalensis, 42.

tigrina, 42.

zambesiana, 542.

Genioglossus, 905.

Gerbillus

namaquensis, DAS.

Glyeiphila

Julvifrons, 784.

tobius, 452.

Gomphognathus,

615,616.

954, 95d,

960; 962,

960, 961,

542,

Giz;

{

INDEX.

Gomphognathus

mastacus, 611.

polyphagus, O14.

Gorytes

cygnorum, 590.

decoratus, 500,

duboulayi, 496.

frenchii, 501.

icarioides, 458, 499.

lucidulus, 498, 585.

ornatus, 500.

sanguinolentis,

499, 535.

thoracicus, 498.

Grantessa

intusarticulata, 450.

simplex, 435, 446, 447,

448, 452.

497,

canzibaris, 435, 449,

440, 451, 402

Grantia

ciliata, 62.

CES Ta, eno,

771. 182.

a OSM, 757.

Graucalis

mentalis, 783.

Grison, 953.

furax, 951, 952.

Guancha

blancha, 438.

xymnodactylus

nuliust, 784.

Heematopinus

spinulosus,

eb ilGe

Heemogregarina,

joe, TUL,

703,

hal fouri. 715.

jaculi, T14.

Haliotis, 816, 827, 874

tuberculata, 883.

Hapale, 595, 598.

albicollis, 697.

penicillata, 577, 697.

Hapalemur, 696.

Hapsifera

glebata, 751.

meliceris, 750.

ochroptila, 749.

pardalea, 749.

septica, 750.

Harpactophilus, 457.

arator, 460, 461, 535.

bicolor, 459.

kohlvi, 459, 461.

steindachneri, 459, 460,

461, 462, 463.

sulcatus. 460, 461.

tricolor, 462, 535.

Hatteria, 597.

Helicina

japonica, 822, 823.

Helictis

orientalis, 949.

personata, TOU.

Helix, 815.

Hemiaster

hatnensis, 657, 658.

Hemisus, 894-934.

guttatum, 894, 899,

901, $06, 908, 909,

Gay Oia, Bus), S20)

923.

Hermetia

illucens, 809.

Herpestes

gracilis, DO.

— rufescens, 543.

ornatus, DAS.

ruddi, 552.

Heteropeema

nodus gordii, 435, 458,.

666, 671, 676.

Hippopotamus

amphibius, 551.

Hipposiderus

caffer, 53%,

Hydra, 851.

Hydrocena, 812.

Hydrocheerus, 604.

capybara, 887.

Hydromys

chrysogaster, 789, 790.

— regine, (88, 789.

Fulvolavatus, 790.

Sulvo-venter, (90.

irma, 790.

leucogaster, 790.

lutrilla, 790.

Hylobates

aguis, 629.

Hylocheerus, 940.

5o2.

Hyoprora, gen. nov.,

753.

erymodes, 754.

Hyostola, subgen. nov.,

730.

Hypsiprymnus, 593

cuniculus, 56S.

gainardt, 568.

Hyrax, 573, 574, 596,.

605.

capensis 576, 579, 581,

582, 584, 604.

Hystrix, 946.

cristata, 574, 698.

Tetonyx, 948, 951, 933.

capensis, D7 rae 947

954.

Tetonyx

libyca, 947, 956.

Indris, 579, 596, 889.

Triothyrsa, gen. nov., 736.

melanogma, 730.

Tsoodon

macrourus, T94.

obesulus, 788.

dorosus, 788, 794.

Jaculus, 979.

714.

Karyolysus,

Lacerta

chlorogaster, 934-936.

praticola, 9305.

taurica, 939.

Lagomys

ogotona, 982.

Lagopus

scoticus, 715.

Lagorchestes

conspicillatus

ardti, 793.

— pallidior. 793.

Lagostomus, 574.

trichodactylus,

585, 604.

Lama

vicugna, 809.

Larra

australis, 474.

chrysonota, 475.

crassipes, 475.

Jemorata, 475

mansucta, 473

mendax. 473.

nigripes, 473, 474.

pacificalrix, 474.

rupfipes, 473.

scelesta, 474.

Lasiopodomys, 976,

Laspeyresia

delineana,

isacma, 721.

tricentra, 721.

Lecithocera.

cholopis, 726.

Lemur, 577, 696, 697.

albifrons, 578, 697.

brunneus, 697, 698.

flavifrons, 578.

macaco, 978.

mongoz, 78.

— nigrifrons, 57

rujifrons, 697.

selatert, 578.

Lepidosiren

paradoxra, 785.

leich-

576,

Gene

“

INDEX.

| Leptodactylus

| lovati, 713.

ocellatus, 713,

Lepus

jilchneri, 980,

980.

monticularis, 93.

sechuenensis, 980.

stegmanni, 980.

swinhoci, 644,

kozlovi,

Leucaltis

subluteus,

714.

980.

979.

floridiana, 453, 454.

solida, 664.

Leucandra

alcicornis, 664.

435,

ananas,

445,

aspera,

676,

664, 665,

444,

776, 78l.

79.

cra AT

crosslandi,

778, 781, 782.

fistulosa, 445.

gemmipara,

757,

780, 781, 782

panis, 758.

rudifera, 737,75

774, 782.

sericata, TdT,

776.

typica, 157, 758. 776.

— massa, 777.

— tuba, 716, TTT.

verdens

772,

(WP

Meaiviee

as,

(

782.

Horidiana, 435, 4

wasinensis,

AAD,

tee

Leucoeytozoon

canis,

714.

705,

LOT

funambuli, 713.

Jelis, 713.

nuris, 714.

musculi,

ranarum,

Leuconia

rudifera,

sericatum,

aon

Frias

-— MASSA, § 4

1ypica,

— tuba, 776,

THER eGnOe: 637.

Leucosole

nia

atlantica,

461, 782

be i

canariensis, 75

762;

763,

766, 782

(>)

776.7

777

(

64,

703-716.

71s.

a7, 77

666,

XX1IX

Leucosolenia

canariensis tenuipilosa,.

764, 766.

complicata, 666.

contorta, 456.

coriacea, 762, 764, 766.

— ceylonensis, 764.

wrregularis, 485, 440,

441, 442.

laxa, 761.

lieher hithnit, 666.

nansent, TAT, T62, 763,.

764, 765, 766.

panis, T57, 758, 759

papillata, 763.

tenuipilosu, TO8, 762,

764,

(Ascaltis) canariensis,.

762.

Limneecia

ichnographa, 734.

Liris

hemorrhoidatis, 473.

magnifica, 473.

Lissochilus, 811.

Littorina, 881.

Lobe-ia

acolopa, 716.

Loris, S89.

gracilis, 5T9

Lozotznia

dorsiplagana,

Lupus

tschiliensis, 967.

Lutra

vulgaris, 702.

Lycopsylla, 618.

Lyncodon

patayonicus, 052, 953:.

O92

123.

Macarostola_

onychota, 7

Maclurea, 819,

Macropus, 592, 929.

agilis, 601, 788, 793..

bennettii, 573.

billardieri, 568.

brachyurus, 56S.

dorsalis, 601, 602.

giganteus, 568, 792,

hagenbecki, 575.

melanops, 568, 575.

parryi, 568, 795.

robustus eruhescens,7 92.

ualabatus, 602, 793.

-— apicalis, 792, 793.

— ingrami, 788, 792.

woodwardi, 575.

Macroscelides

Juscus, 541.

a0),

XXX

Malacyntis, gen. nov., |

738.

stibarodes, 738.

Malurus

cyaneus, 783.

Martes ;

flavigula borealis, 967.

— huatunensis, 987.

Megalophrys, 898, 908.

nasuta, 686, 689.

Melasina

abacodes, 749.

edifica, 744.

amica, 748.

cyclatma, TAG.

dissoluta, 747.

halieutis, 743.

zmmanis, 746, T47.

inimica, 747.

isospila, 746.

liochra, 748.

morbida, T44.

mylica, 748.

paraphrictis, 744.

sauropa, 7405.

stahularia, 745.

steélitis, 743.

systolea, 747.

Meles, 944.

anakuma, 627, 628.

hanensis, 967.

leptorhynchus, 967.

meles. 9d), YDG.

siningensis, 967.

Melipbaga

noveé-hollandie, 784.

Mellivora, 949.

capensis, 950, 951.

cottoni, C57.

indica, 951.

Melursus

ursinus, 957.

Mephitis, 946.

mephitica, 947, 954.

Meriones, 963.

auceps, 640, 971, 972.

erythrurus, SAO.

leucogaster, S45.

psammophilus.

64), Wel; 972:

640,

unguiculatus, 640, 641, |

One,

Mesocricetus

newton, 625.

Metoponorthus

prumosus, 554.

Microcebus, 592, 604,

696, 701.

smithit, 577, 700.

Microtus

brandti, 976.

INDEX.

Microtus

inez, O77.

mandarinus, 976.

nelanagaster, 977.

podomys, 976.

(Kothenomys)

964, 976.

| (—) melanogaster, 976,

977.

Miniopterus, 637.

| australis, 789.

chinensis, 638.

Japonie, 638.

schreibersi, 798.

— chinensis, 638.

| — fuscus, 639.

— japonie, 638.

Miscothyris, 497, 498.

Monopis

megalodelta, 737.

Mungos

auratus, 543.

cauut, 543.

melanurus lastti, 548.

ratlamuchi, 543.

Mus

sp., 791.

arborarius, O48.

assimilis, 620, 790, 791.

auricomis, 548.

— centralis, 548.

avarillus, 547.

chrysophilus, 546, 547,

548.

— acticola, 547.

— ineptus, 546, 547.

confucianus, 641, 972.

— luticolor, 972.

— sacer, 641, 972.

coucha, 545.

— culuensis, 546.

culnorum, 790.

decumanus, 567, 589,

704, 713.

delicatulus, 791, 792.

Jforresti, 791, 792.

greyt, 790, 791.

hermannsburgensis,7 91,

792.

lehocla, 548.

microdon, )45, 546.

| mordax, 621, 622.

| musculus, 703, 792.

namaquensis, 547, 548.

| — auricomis, 548.

— centralis, 548.

— lehocla, 548.

nove-hollandie, 792.

patrius, 791.

rattus, 589, 704, 713,

| 714, 790.

inez,

Mus

sacer, 972.

terre-regie,

791.

tunneyt, 790, 791.

wagneri mongolium,

641, 972. ‘

(Leggada) gansuensis,

641.

Mydaus, 948.

javanensis, J49.

Myospalax

cansus, 978.

fontanieri, 978.

psilurus, 978.

Myotalpa

cansus, 978.

Myotis

sp. 964. ‘

mystacinus, 964.

ricketti, 637.

(Leuconoe) capaccinit,

638.

(—) pequinius, 637.

Myoxus, 572, 590.

Myrmecophaga

jubata, 570, 592, 784.

Myzantha

Hlaviguia, 784.

Nandinia

binotata, 571.

Nardoa

canariensis, 762.

rubra, 762.

spongiosa, 662.

sulphurea, 7&2.

Nasilio

brachyrhynchus, 541.

Nasua

rufa, 601, GO2.

Natica, 811.

Naticopsis,

817.

Navicella, 816, 825.

porcellana, 882.

Nemophora, 754.

Nemorhcedus

argyrochetes, 940, 941,

944.

milne-edwardsi, 943.

sumatrensis, 940, 942,

943.

— inilne-edwardsi, 941.

942, 944,

Neophocena

sp., 806, 808.

phocenotdes, 806.

Nephautis

«ystopala, 729.

Neridomus, 812.

812, 813,

Nerita, 811-818, 820,

825, 828, 835, 837,

839, 840, 8438, 845,

849, 853, 861, 862,

863, 864, 872, 873,

874, 876, 877.

gagates, 847, 864, 885,

886.

lineata, 813, &46, 850,

865, 868, 870.

longispina, 847, 885,

387.

melanotraga, 847, 850,

865, 868, 870, 871,

875, 885, 886.

ornata, 821, 822, 829,

836, 852.

peloronta, 819, 820,

833, 846, 850, 860.

pica, $22. 823, 82%,

869, 870, 871.

plexa, 846, 850, 855,

870.

plicata, 832, 847, 850,

860, 868, 870, 871,

872, 887.

polita, 820, 882.

variegata, 832, 847,

885.

Neritella

(Neritina) pudlligera,

820.

Neritina, 811, 828, 835,

839, 877, 878.

aculeata, 815.

auriculata, 814, 815.

bicanaliculata, 815.

cariosa, 819, 849.

cornea, 815.

crepidularia, 815.

dilatata, 815.

fluviatilis, 810, 814—

818. 820, 823, 825,

827, 829, 851-841,

845-848, 850, 852-

857, 860, 861, 863,

865, 867, 868, 872-

876, 882, 883, 885.

gagates, 832, 834, 885,

886.

granosa, 815.

intermedia, 815.

latissima, 815.

longis 832.

morio, 815.

owent, 820.

oweniana, 816.

peloronta, 832.

picea, 815.

picta, 814.

plexa, 852.

INDEX.

| Neritina

polita, 815.

pulligera, 820.

recluziana, 815.

subsulcata, 815.

tahitensis, 815.

waluensis, 814.

virginea, 814.

— listeri, 814.

viridis, 814, 876.

Neritodonta, 812.

| Neritoma, 812.

Neritopsis

radula, 812.

Nesotragus

livingstonianus, 551.

Nitela

kurande, 458, 508.

reticulata, 508.

Notarthrinus, gen. nov.,

Mie

binghami, 677, 678.

Notogonia

abbreviata, 481.

agitata, 477.

basilissa, 476.

chrysonota, 475.

commiata, 480.

obliquetruncata, 479.

regina, 475, 539.

retiaria, 479.

serena, 478.

Nycteris

fuliginosa, 538.

Nyeticebus, 589,

888, 889.

604,

tardigradus, 579, 702,

889.

Nyeticejus

plamrostris, 538.

viridis, 539.

Nyctinomus

nor folcensis, 789.

planiceps, 789.

Nyctotherus, 710.

Nysson

(Acanthostethus) pane-

tatissimus, 505, 535.

(—) spiniger, 507.

| Ochotona, 9638.

alpina, 982.

bedfordi, 981.

cansa, 982, 983.

dauuwrica, 981, 982.

huangensis, 981.

ladacensis, 981.

ogotona, 981.

pallasi, 982.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1908, No. LXIIT.

| Ornithorhynchus,

XXX1

Ochotona

pusilla, 985.

roylei, 982.

sorella, 982.

Odites

citrantha, 729.

procellosa, 729.

Odobzenus

rosmarus, 890.

Cistrelata

neglecta, 433.

Ogotoma, 982.

Onehochilus, 812.

Oniscus

muscorum, DDD.

sylvestris, 5d5.

Opogona

chlorophanes, 737.

pheochalea, 737.

596,

Orycteropus, Nis, Biseh

592, 605.

| Oryctolagus

crassicaudatus, 553.

Otolienus

mossambicus, 537.

Otomys, 553, 604.

bisulcaius, 589.

irroratus, 539.

unisulcatus, 589.

Otostoma, 811, 877.

Ovis

aries, 629.

Oxybelus, 457.

Paltodora

psacasta, 723.

Paludina, 838, 863, 873,

_ 880 881.

vivipara, 882.

| Pamplusia

sardonia, 718.

Paradisea

raggiana, 809.

| Paradisornis

rudolphi, 809.

| Paranerita, 847, 849, 853,

862, 867, 870, 871,

873, 874. 876, 878.

cornea, 877.

gagates, 850, 852, 855,

860, 863, 865, 866,

868, 869.

longispina, 852,

£68, 869.

variegata,

868, 869.

Paraphiloscia

stenosona. 556.

865,

852, 865,

XXXil

Pareiasaurus

baini, 605, 606, 607,

609, 610.

steenkampensis,

607, 608, 609.

Pariodontis, 618.

Parotia

lawesi, 809.

Patella, 848.

Pelea

capreolus, 431.

Pelobates, 898, 909.

punctatus, 907.

Pelodytes, 907, 909, 910,

Peragale

lagotis, 601, 602.

Perameles

nasuta, 568, 783.

torosus, 794.

Periscyphis

albescens, 559.

converus, 559, 5H0.

trivialis, 559. 560.

Perodicticus, 579, 889.

Petalia

capensis, 538.

Petaurista

leucogenys, 627.

Petaurus

breviceps, 567.

Petrogale, 563.

assimilis, 798.

penicillata, 602, 793.

Phacochcerus

eliani, 936, 937, 940.

ethiopicus, 939, 940.

606,

africanus, 936, 937,

940.

delamerei, 940.

massaicus, 937, 9038,

940.

sundevalliz, 937, 938,

940.

Phaiomys, 976.

Phalangista

vulpina, 570.

Phascolarctos

cinereus, 567, 794.

Phascologale, 561, 564.

calura, 564.

Hlavipes, 783.

macdonellensis,

566, 567, 603.

penicillata, 564, 566,

567, 601, 603.

swainsoni, 564, 624.

Phascolomys

penicillata, 566.

Philanthus, 457.

Philoscia, 554.

annulicornis, 558.

565,

INDEX.

Philoscia

muscorwunn,

558.

suarezi, 556, 557.

Phonygama

purpureo-violacea, 809.

Phryniscus, 911.

Phthorimea

operculella, 726.

Pika, 982.

Pileolus, 812.

Pipa, 895, 900, 902,

Pison, 457.

auriventre, 512.

erythrocerum, O17.

fuscipenne, 510.

icarioides, 521.

ignavum, 511.

infumatum, 510.

insulare, 510.

iridipennis, 512.

marginatum, 513.

melanocephalun,

530.

nitidum, 510.

pallidipalpe, 512.

pelletier?, O14,

priscum, 510.

punctulatum, O12.

ruficorne, H14.

scabrum, 509.

simillimum, 513.

spinole, 509.

viroswm, O15.

westwoodi, 512.

(Aulacophilus) défficile,

520.

555, 556,

515,

(—) icarioides, 521,

535.

(Parapison) aberranus,

458, 519.

(—) caliginoswn, 518.

(—) noctulum, 516.

(— » pertinax, 517.

(—) tenebrosum, 518.

Pitharcha, gen. nov., 751.

chalinea, 751.

Pitymys, 976.

Pleurotomaria, 831, 845,

874, 880.

beyrichii, 884.

Plutella, 736.

Peecilogale, 953.

albinucha, 947, 948.

Polychrosis

harmonia, 716.

scorptodes, 717.

Polyhymno

tropea, 728.

Poreellio

pr winosus, 554

Potamon

(Parathelphusa)

dentatum, 963.

(Potamonautes) cunt

cularis, 963.

Potorous

platyops, 783.

Procavia

syriaca, 784.

Procolophon, 616.

Procometis

acharma, 731.

acutipennis, 730.

oxypora, 730.

terrend, 731.

trochala, 731.

Psenulus

interstitialis, 468, 535.

lutescens, 463.

tri-

| Pseudelaps

_ Pseudochirus

diadema, (84.

peregrinus, 572, 590,

698.

Pseudurgis,

TAL.

tectonica, TAL.

Pteropus

gouldi, 789.

scapulatus, 789.

Ptilorhis

intercedens, 809.

gen. Nov.,

| Ptilothyris

purpurea, 726.

Ptilotis

chrysops, 784.

chrysotis, 784.

leucotis, 784.

penicillatus, 784.

Pulex

globiceps, 628.

melis, 627.

Pupa, 812.

Putorius

desertorum, 625.

itatsi, 628.

sarmaticus, 956.

Pygiopsylla

afer, 618, 629.

ahale, 617, 621.

colossus, 617, 619, 620,

621.

echidne. 617, 618.

ferinus, 622, 629.

gravis, 620, 629.

hilli, 617.

laciniosus, 620, 629.

mordax, 621, 629.

nove-guinee, 617.

rainbowi, 619,

629.

620,

Pygiopsylla

robinsoni, 617, 619.

torvus, 617.

woodwardi, 617.

Pyrina

ovulum, 657.

Pyxicephalus

rufescens, 911.

Rana, 679, 680, 681, 684,

686, 687, 690, 692,

693, 694, 898, 904,

905, 907, 912, 918,

916, 922, 929.

breviceps, 911.

esculenta, 682, 686,

688, 691, 895, 896,

897, 915, 919-922,

930, 931.

guppy?, 688, 691, 894—

897, 900, 902, 915,

921, 926, 930, 931,

933, 954.

rufescens, 911.

temporaria, 929.

Raphiceros

sharpei colonicus, 551.

Rappia

sp., 910

Rhinoceros

sondaicus, 5716.

Rhinoderma, 894, 899,

903, 906, 907. 912,

913, 915, 933, 934.

darwini, 678-694, 905,

916.

Rhinolophus

hildebrandti, 538.

lobatus, 538.

ferrum-equinum

pon, 637.

Rhipidura

tricolor, 785.

ip-

Saccostomus

campestris, 900.

mashone, 590.

Salamandra

maculosa, 930.

Seardia

paracosma, 753.

Sciurotamias

davidianus, 639, 967.

Sciurus

cinereus, 584, 585.

macrurus, 584.

maximus, 5T4, 584.

tennanti, 584.

vulgaris, 585.

— orientis, 628.

INDEX.

Seoteinus |

greyt, 789.

minimus, 039, S41.

schlieflent, 539, 540. |

— albiventer, 540. |

— australis, 539, 540,

541.

— bedowin, 540.

Scotophilus

borbonicus, 538.

damarensis, 539.

dingant, 538.

nigrita, 538. 539.

— dingani, 588, Dabghe

— herero, 539.

viridis, 538, 589.

— damarensis, 539.

Scutellina

cinnamomea, 822, 823.

Semnopithecus, 577.

melalophus, 576, 604.

Septaria, 812, 815, 816,

818, 820, 821, 827,

829, 831-836, 842-

848, 853, 857, 860,

861, 862, 868-877.

borbonica, 825, 841,

875, 885.

hougainville?, 816, 825,

837, 838, 841, 875,

876, 885.

depressa, 825, 838, 863,

885.

parva, 822, 823, 838,

875.

suborbicularis, 822,

838.

(Navicella) porcelland,

| Sericophorus, ADT.

bicolor, 494.

Serpentarius

reptilivorus, +31.

Siredon

pisciformis, 930.

Sminthopsis, 603.

crassicaudata, 566.

larapinta, 566.

_ Sorex

sp., 622.

Soriculus |

hypsibius, 639.

(Chodsigoa) heresowsht,

639.

| Sotalia

ferqusont, 808. |

lentiginosa, 808.

Spalax

typhlus, 625.

Spatula

rhynchotus, 784.

XXx1il

Spectotheres

australis, 783.

Speothos

venaticus, 954, 955.

Sphex

clavus, 468.

diabolicus, 469.

gilberti, 468.

nigella, 467.

nitidiventris, 467, 468.

obscurella, 467.

prastinius, 467.

rufipennis, 469.

ustulatus, 407.

wallacei, 467.

(Isodontia) albohirtus,

466.

(—) nigellus, 407.

(—) obscurellus, AGT.

Sphodrotes, 457.

Spilogale, 946.

Spizaéfus

bellicosus, 785.

Spongia

(Grantia) compressa,

602.

(Leuconia) nived, 662.

Stagmatophora

semnostola, 734.

Stathmopoda

xanthoplitis, 733.

Steatomys

pratensis, 551.

Steganoptycha

obscura, 720.

Steno

lentiginosus, 808.

Stenops, 572, 579.

Stephanoeircus

dasyurt, 623, 624.

jarvisi, 628, 629.

mars, 629.

simsoni, 623, 624.

Stigmus

queenslandensts, 457,

458.

Struthio

molybdophanes, 783.

Struthisea

arcata, 742.

hormotris, 742.

omichlodes, 742.

Sulcus

lateralis, 930.

Suricata, 700.

Syeandra

ainpulla, 243.

ciliata, 435, 442.

quadrangulata, 767.

(Sycon) helleri, 769,

770.

XXX1V

Sycon

ampulluin, 435, 445.

caminatum, 757, 767,

769, 770, 782.

ciliatum, 435, 442, 443,

666, 676.

munitum, 435, 448.

quadrangulatum, 757,

766, 767.

raphanus, 443.

Syconella

quadrangulata, 766.

Sycortis

quadrangulata, 766,

767.

Syngnathus, 432.

Tachyglossus

aculeatus, {9A.

Tachysphex

debilis, 484, 486, 490.

JSortior, 484, 486, 487.

hypoleius, 484, 492.

imbellis, 484, 485.

mackayensis, 484, 487.

nigerrimus, 484, 491,

492.

pacificus, 484, 491.

pilostlus, 458, 484,

488.

pugnator, 484, 491,

rufo-niger, 485.

tenuis, 484, 489.

truncatifrons, 484.

walkeri, 484, 487.

Tachytes

approxtmatus, 483.

australis, 474.

Semoratus, 473.

fervida, 483.

formosissimus,

535.

migerrimus, 491.

rubellus, 482.

482,

Tamandua, 604.

tetradactyla, 570, 592.

Tamias

striata, 585, 584.

Tarroma

canariensis, 762.

rubrum, 762.

sulphureum, 762.

Tarsius, 570, 597, 889.

Tatera, 553.

lobengule, 544.

— bechuane, 544,

— mashone, 544.

INDEX.

Taxidea, 944.

emericana, 955.

Teras

capensana, "723.

meridionana, 723.

_ reciprocana, 723.

Thamnomys

cometes, 549, 550.

ruddi, 549, 550.

rutilans, 550.

surdaster, 550.

Theodoxus, 846.

Theropitbecus

gelada, 576, 604.

Thranitica, gen. nov.,

743.

hemicopa, 743.

Thylacinus, 601, 603.

Tigris

sondaica, 891.

Tierisoma

brasiliense, 785.

Tinea

homestia, 741.

enopis, 740.

othello, 741.

paraxena, 740,

tanystis, 741.

Tineola

chloristis, 740.

holopsamma, 739.

leucastis, 738.

marcescens, 739.

melanostoma, 739.

meretrix, 739.

ochropsamm«a, 739.

phocina, 740.

xanthastis, 738.

Titiscania, 816, 820.

Yomopterna

breviceps, 911.

Tortrix

africana, 722.

agroeca, "723.

capensana, 723.

cedrota, 722.

Zocoma, 723.

Trachydomia, 812, 813,

817.

Tragulus, 701.

Trichosurus, 595, 604,

605.

vulpecula, 568, 572,

573, 575, GOL, 602,

605, 794.

Trigonoporus, 87+.

Trochus, 856. 874.

Trypanosoma

raje, T\0.

Trypoxylon, 457.

connexum, 22.

pileatum, 523.

placidum, 523.

Tursiops

abusulam, 804, 805.

catalania, 804, 805.

dawsont, 806, 80°.

fergusoni, 804. 805.

gephyreus, 805, 806.

gilli, B04, 805, 806.

parvimanus, 804.

tursio, 802, 804, 805.

Urocricetus

kamensis, 648.

Ursus

arctos, 572.

malayanus, 957.

syriacus, 571, 574.

torquatus, 957.

Velates, 812.

Vespertilio

capensis, 538,

Viverra

tangalunga, 890.

Vulpes

vulpes, 639, 967.

Xenophrys, 60.

Xenopus, 894, 9O7, 922,

SAG, Sli), Beil, Osis.

934.

levis, 924,

928, 929.

Xerus

capensis, 585.

925,

Yponomeuta

glaphyropis, 736.

Zizera, 676, 677.

Zoyphium, 457.

erythrosoma. 493.

JSrontale, 496.

kohtit. 457, 495.

rufonigrum, 494, 495,

535.

Printed by Tayztor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.

927,

OF LONDON.

1908.

Pages 431-782.

Part III]. conTAINING PAPERS READ IN

MAY anv JUNE.

OCTOBER 1908.

Sia PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,

= oe ar THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE.

- LONDON:

es, MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND co.,

4 PATERNOSTER ROW.

ss [Price Twelve Shillings. | ,

Peay

List OF, CONTENDS. 3

1908, pp. 431-782.

May 12, 1908.

May 12, Page

The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of

April 1908 .....-+ he, Clee ee eR tigi SARIN 2.2 481

My. W. Woodland, F.Z.S. Exhibition of preparations of, and remarks upon, a new gland

in certain Peleostean Hishes ..- +. .+- sje: cote e cieee sc eee - > 40+ ne = -l/t ieee . 431

Mr. T. A. Coward, F.Z.8. Exhibition of a specimen of Gstrelata neglecta Schleg. from

(Olicshhire. ccs cpio vels dng sale Gob seme cone ode sips Beis giatnin eg.” nae ee 433

Mr. C. Davies Sherborn, F.Z.S. Exhibition of a specimen of chert from the Middle

Culm-measures of Christow Down .. ..--- eee cece etre reece terete ee re nee .. 483

Mr. B. Lydekker, F.R.S., F.Z.8. Exhibition of the skin of a Wild Cat from Sze-chuen ... 433

Mr. J. 1. Cunningham, M.A., F.Z.8. Abstract of a paper entitled ‘‘The Heredity of

Secondary Sexual Characters in Belvtion to Hormones, a Contribution to the Theory of

Heredity? (i. 2 ese ede lucene coil ce ered cee hiss dla scjr ace 0M <leir age 434

1. The Marine Fauna of Zanzibar and British East Africa, from Collections made by

Cyril Crossland, M.A., in the Years 1901 and 1902. —The Calcareous Sponges. By

C. FB. Jenkin Re ana gr rat ort ace isco arabe hore intel a edcter avails a eaten

2. Notes on the Australian Fossorial Wasps of the Family Sphegide, with Descriptions of

new Species. By Rowzanp E. Turwmr, F.Z.S. (Plate XXVI.) .....-- 2.2.12 0000s 457

May 26, 1908.

1. The Rudd Exploration of 8. Africa.—X. List of Mammals collected by Mr, Grant near

Tette, Zambesia. By Oxprierp Tomas, F.R.S., F.Z.S., and BR. C. Wroveurton, F.Z.8. 538

. Zoological Results of the Third Tanganyika Expedition, conducted by Dr. W. A.

Cunnington, 1904-1905.—Report on the Isopoda terrestria. By the Rey. Tuomas R.R.

Srespine, M-A., F.RS., F.L.S., F-Z.8. (Plate XXVII.)..--.- -- 1.0 jee 554

3. On the Anatomy of Antechinomys and some other Marsupials, with special reference to

the Intestinal Tract and Mesenteries of these and other Mammals. By Frank H.

Brpparp, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.8. .. -

4. The Armour of the Extinct Reptiles of the Genus Parciasawrus. By H. G. SnEney, a

ELR.S., F.Z.8., King’s College, London: ... 0... .s2..5 aces 2 oe ene | ee al

. Additional Evidence as to the Dentition and Structure of the Skull in the South African |

Fossil Reptile Genus Diademodon. By H. G. Suntuy, F.RB.S., F.Z.S., a Colle

London ec iifea th any aon aire COs eae

i, New Siphonaptera. By the Hon. N. Cuartes Roruscutty, MA, E.Z8. “(Plates

XXVITI.-XXXTI.) ..... :

COVES H ee ee ne td ce vere

oe 0) 00 81h a 0 ole ve 018 10/0 666 ec8 6 oe) ee (pe, ae #8) Wein e/iei hard uisliere

Contents continued. on nage 3 of Wra

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(May to December, 1908.)

May 12, 1908.

F. Du Cane Gopman, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S., Vice-President,

in the Chair.

The Secretary read the following report on the additions made

to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of April 1908 :—

The number of registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie

during the month of April was 135. Of these 75 were acquired

by presentation and 15 purchased, 43 were received on deposit,

and 2 were born in the Gardens.

The number of departures during the same period, by death

and removals, was 145.

Among the additions special attention may be directed to :—

A hybrid between a male Lion (felis leo) and a female Jaguar-

Leopard (Felis onca x Felis pardus), bred in the United States;

deposited on April 14th.

A Vaal Rehbok (Pelea capreolus) from the Drakensberg

Mountains, presented by Frederick Burgoyne, Esq., F.Z.8., on

April 3rd.

Two Secretary Vultures (Serpentarius reptilivorus) from South

Africa, purchased on April 21st.

Two Australian Cassowaries (Casuarius wustralis), presented by

Sir William Ingram, Bt., on April 24th.

Mr. W. Woodland, F.Z.S., exhibited preparations of a new

gland he had found in certain teleostean fishes, and made the

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1908, No. XXVIII. 28

432 oN A NEW GLAND IN TELEOSTEAN FISHES. [May 12,

following remarks ._“This new gland is diffuse in form and is

intermingled with the veins and arteries which subdivide to form

the numerous parallel capillaries of the rete mirabile (text-fig. 79)

found in connection with all teleost ‘red bodies.’ It is quite

distinct from the gas-gland, and consists of rows of large columnar

cells, situated in close connection with the venous blood-vessels,

possessing large nuclei and nucleoli and packed with numerous

large spherical granules derived from the red-corpuscle dis-

integration concerned in the generation of the oxygen found in the

*e, a

"2goa582 9,

oF *,

R.M.

G.E.

Diagram of the construction of the gas-gland rete mirabile (“red body Ha)

R.M., rete mirabile; G.E., gas-gland epithelium. The new gland now described is

situated round the veins at the proximal pole (pole remote from the glandular

epithelium) of the rete mirabile.

Text-fig. 80.

D.L. Cc.B.G.

C.B.G., cells > new gl 1 1

Gees os eee nee gue suet round and in contact with a vem; D.L

longitudinal section of a duct of the new gl sontaining s i ranules

Pee een eet new gland containing spherical granules

om the gland-cells; D.7., a duct 1m transverse section

ee cae These granules, thus abstracted by the gland-cells

aoe a blood, are carried away by special ducts appertaining to

i ou (eee 2 ; The discovery of this important gland

several genera—G'obi Syngn 7H) ¢ :

g robius, Syngnathus, Pierasfer, B

others—confirms Jzeger’s view as ‘ a ee

: S e’s view as to the mode of g: i

oe 2 yas 1 de of generation of the

b xygen. The rete mirak raAS-2

g mirabile of the gas-gland apparatus is

1908. ] ON A WILD CAT FROM SZE-CHUEN. 433

to be explained as a mechanism for bringing the toxin secreted by

the gas-gland cells (Jeger) into contact with the erythrocytes before

these reach the region of the gas epithelium, so that when the

blood does reach this region, the oxygen, liberated by the action

of the toxin on the erythrocytes, has become freely mixed with the

plasma and is therefore in a condition to be abstracted by the gas-

gland cells.”

Mr. T. A. Coward, F.Z.8., exhibited a specimen of a Petrel,

“strelata neglecta Schleg., the property of Mr. Arthur Newstead,

of Cheshire, which had been picked up dead, yet in a quite

fresh condition, at Tarporley in Cheshire, on April Ist, 1908.

This bird is a native of the Southern Pacific, and has almost

certainly never been recorded from the northern hemisphere,

and certainly never from Europe before.

Mr. C. Davies Sherborn, F.Z.S., exhibited a specimen of chert

from the Middle Culm-measures (Carboniferous) of Christow

Down, near Doddiscombe Leigh, Devonshire, showing numerous

large and well-preserved Radiolaria.

On behalf of Mr. R. Lydekker, the Secretary exhibited the

tanned skin (without the legs and part of the tail) of a Wild Cat

obtained by the Hon. Mason Mitchell, of the American Consular

Service, in Sze-chuen, and sent by that gentleman to Mr. Rowland

Ward. Compared with a light-coloured skin of Felis temmincki

from Sikhim (B.M. No, 91.10.7.10), the Sze-chuen specimen differs

by the much lighter colour of the upper parts, which are golden

tawny, with a comparatively narrow dorsal streak of light rufous

(in place of a broad one of mahogany rufous)—the tail being

golden rufous above, different in tint from both the middle

and sides. The under parts are white with a few brown spots,

instead of pale buff with similar spots. The specimen is of

interest as extending the range of the Bay Cat into Sze-chuen ;

and may be regarded as representing a local race, for which

Mr. Lydekker suggested the name /. temmincki mitchelli.

It was likewise pointed out that the Bay Cat presents striking

resemblances to the African Tiger-Cat (2. chrysothrix, or

fF. aurata), from which it is distinguished by the broad white

band between a pair of darker ones on each cheek, and a some-

what similar mark onthe forehead. Sikhim and Nepal specimens

exbibit both a bright rufous phase with pale and spotted under

parts, and a wholly dark reddish-brown phase. <A grey phase is

represented by a skin (B.M. No. 0.6.30.1) from Upper Burma,

presented by Mr. C. W. A. Bruce, and by the Cat from Foochow

_ figured in plate i. of the Society’s ‘Proceedings’ for 1898 by

Dr. P. L. Sclater as a new species under the name of F. domini-

canorum. This phase corresponds with the one of F. chrysothrix

28*

434 MR. C. F JENKIN ON [May 12,

to which Mr. Lydekker gave the racial name cottoni. Whether the

name F. temmincki dominicanorum can be used for the Foochow-

Burma Bay Cat, or whether, as in the case of cottoni, it refers

merely to a colour-phase, remains to be proved.

Mr. J. T. Cunningham, M.A., F.Z.S., read a paper entitled

“The Heredity of Secondary Sexual Characters in Relation

to Hormones, a Contribution to the Theory of Heredity.” The

paper contained an examination and criticism of the most

important recent investigations and theories on the subject by

evolutionists of various schools, namely, the theory which attributes

such characters to constitutional causes such as male katabolism,

Prof Karl Pearson’s biometrical investigation of sexual selection

in man, Castle’s Mendelian theory of the heredity of sex, and

Geoffrey Smith’s views on dimorphism of males and _ parasitic

castration in Crustacea. The author maintained that all these

contributions were more or less inconsistent with the known facts

concerning the connection between the development of secondary

sexual characters and the functional activity of the primary

gonads. He drew attention to the recent discovery and experi-

mental proof on the part of physiologists that the development of

the characters was due to the stimulus of a chemical substance or

hormone produced by the testis or ovary, and passed into the

blood, and suggested that conversely hormones from parts of

the soma might affect the gametes in the gonads. In this way

the hypertrophy of a part of the body due to external stimulation

might modifiy the corresponding determinants in the gametes so

as to produce some hereditary effect in succeeding generations.

Mr. Cunningham added that his theory was an interpretation in

terms of modern physiology of Darwin’s theory of pangenesis.

The following papers were read :—

1. The Marine Fauna of Zanzibar and British East Africa,

from Collections made by Cyril Crossland, M.A., in

the Years 1901 & 1902.—The Caleareous Sponges. By

C. F. JENKIN *, ‘

[Received April 1, 1908. ]

(Text-figures 81-104.)

The Collection, made by Mr. Cyril Crossland at Wasin and

Zanzibar in 1901-2, passed through several hands and was finally

entrusted to the writer in the autumn of 1907.

* Communicated by Professor ARTHUR Denpy, D.Sc., F.L.S., F.Z.S.

1908. | AFRICAN CALCAREOUS SPONGES. 435

The collection consists of 25 specimens belonging to 14 species,

5 of which are new, as shown in the following list :—

Grade. | Family. Genus. Species. sg eae

| \pecimens.

| | |

Homocela ...| Clathrinide ...... Clathrina ..., primordialis (H.). 2

| 3 darwinii (H.). 3

. contorta (DMin.). 3

| x blanca (Mik.). 1

| Leucosoleniide | Leucosolenia | irregularis, sp. n. 1

Heterocceela .... Sycettide ......| Sycon .........| ciliatum Fabr. 2

|e ampullum (H.). 1

Werstye | munitum, sp. 1. 3

| Grantiide ......! Leucandra ... ananas (H.). 1

| Heteropide ...... Grantessa .... simplex, sp.n. 2

s | zanzibaris, sp. 0. 1

Amphoriscidx ...| Heteropegma | nodus gordii (Pol.). 3

| Leucilla ...... _ floridiana (#.). 1

| 39 | wasinensis, sp. 1. 1

Total specimens ...... 25

The classification 1s that proposed by Poléjaeff (2) for the

Homocela, and by Dendy (8) for the Heteroceela, with slight

modifications by Minchin (4).

The identification of calcareous sponges is very difficult and

unsatisfactory in the present state of our knowledge. Haeckel

in his great work (1) laid down hard and fast definitions of the

different species, which if they accorded with the facts would

make identification very easy, but unfortunately actual specimens

very seldom fall within his definitions, This has led to a useless

multiplication of species, since each specimen which did not

exactly comply with Haeckel’s definition has been called by a

new name. Haeckel has also omitted to mention many striking

features of his species, such as the subgastral quadriradiates in

many of the Sycandra, the characteristic dermal spicules of some

species, and the hair-spicules in most of the species in which they

occur (e.g. in Sycandra ciliata). He has also made numerous

wrong identifications (see Minchin 5). Under these circumstances

no identification can be considered as certain and nothing very

satisfactory can be done till Haeckel’s work has been revised.

The specimens in the Crossland Collection are unfortunately

not in a good state of preservation. It therefore seemed better

to place the specimens among existing species, even if the iden-

tification was doubtful, rather than to make new species based on

single specimens in a poor state of preservation. This has been

done as far as possible, but there remained six specimens belong-

ing to five species which could not be classed in this way; to

these new names have been given.

436 MR. C. F. JENKIN ON [May 12,

Description of the Specimens.

CLATHRINA PRIMORDIALIS.

Ascetta primordialis H.

Two specimens of this sponge were dredged in 6 to 8 fathoms

at Wasin. ‘The dimensions of the spicules agree with those given

by Haeckel of specimens from Australia. Most of the spicules

have rays from 160-180 p long x 16-20 p thick.

CLATHRINA DARWINII. (Text-figs. 81, 82.)

Ascaltis darwintt H.

Three specimens of this sponge were dredged in 3 fathoms in

Chwaka Bay, Zanzibar. The largest specimen is shown, twice

Text-fig. 81.

Clathrina darwinii (H.). X 2.

Text-fig. 82.

Clathrina darwinii (H.), spicules. X 130.

ap., apical ray.

oe size, in text-fig. 81. They were bright lemon-yellow

colour when alive, and are buff-white in spirits. All three

1908. ] AFRICAN CALCAREOUS SPONGES. 437

specimens consist of solid lumps of the anastomosing tubes

typical of the genus Clathrina. They are firm to the touch and

similar in appearance to C. coriacea as it grows in the Channel

Islands.

The facial rays of the tri- and quadriradiates (text-fig. 82) vary

from 60-120 long x 12-16» thick, the commonest size being

110x15p. The apical rays of the quadriradiates are nearly

straight, about the same length as the facial rays and about 8 pu

thick.

The spicules are considerably thicker than in Clathrina con-

torta var. spinosa (Min.), and agree better with Haeckel’s Clathrina

darwin.

CLATHRINA CONTORTA var. SPINOSA. (Text-figs. 83, 84.)

Clathrina contorta var. spinosa Minchin (6).

Three specimens of this sponge were dredged in 3 fathoms

in Chwaka Bay, Zanzibar. They were pure white when alive and

are translucent white in spirits. They are very delicate in texture,

and readily fall to pieces. The largest specimen is a solid lump

shown twice natural size in text-fig. 83; the others appear to

be fragments only. They differ considerably in appearance from

the specimens of Clathrina darwinit which were collected at the

same time.

Text-fig. 83.

Clathrina contorta (Min.). 2.

The spicules (text-fig.{84) agree fairly well with Minchin’s (6)

and von Lendenfeld’s (7) descriptions of Clathrina contorta var.

spinosa. No oxea were found.

438 MR. C. F. JENKIN ON [May 12,

The rays of the triradiates vary from 100-130 » long x 10-12 pz

thick, the commonest size being 125 x 11 p. i .

The facial rays of the quadriradiates vary from 80-150 p long

x 10-12 p thick, the commonest size being the same as of the

triradiates 125 x 11 mu.

Text-fig. 84.

Be gl

Clathrina contorta var. spinosa, spicules. 180.

ap., apical ray.

The apical rays are 50-65 p long x 5-7 p thick; they are thicker

than those in Minchin’s or von Lendenfeld’s specimens.

CLATHRINA BLANCA. (Text-figs, 85-87.)

Guancha blancha Miklucho.

Ascetta blanca Hi.

One specimen of this sponge was dredged in 10 fathoms at

Wasin. Its colour in spirits is pure white. Its shape is shown

(natural size) in text-fig. 85. The sponge is formed of flat fan-

shaped heads on the ends of a branching stalk. The largest head

is shown (x5) in text-fig. 86. It consists of a flat mass of

anastomosing tubes with several oscules on the outer edge ;

sections show that the head is about three tubes thick, and that

the tubes are so arranged that the spaces in the meshwork never.

extend right through it. The stalk is somewhat flattened and

1908. | . AFRICAN CALCAREOUS SPONGES. 439

Text-fig. 85.

Clathrina blanca (Mik.). Nat. size.

Text-fig. 86.

Clathrina blanca (Mik.). 5.

440 MR. C. F. JENKIN ON [May 12,

is solid, The flat shape of the specimen is remarkable ; the

ordinary shape of the heads of Clathrina blanca 18 more or less

spherical. Ree

Phe skeleton consists of regular and sagittal triradiates (text-

fig. 87). The spicules agree fairly well with the descriptions

given by Haeckel (1) and von Lendenfeld (7).

Text-fig. 87.

Clathrina blanca, spicules. X 220.

The body-spicules are mostly regular, but some have the basal

rays slightly the longest. Paired rays 65-70 4x4-6p. Basal

ray 70-110 px 4-6°5 p.

The stalk-spicules are almost all sagittal, the smaller ones on

the outside and the larger ones inside, all arranged with the

basal ray downwards. Paired rays 60-80 ux 5-9 p. Basal ray

100-160 p» x 70-110 p.

LEUCOSOLENIA IRREGULARIS, sp. n. (Text-figs. 88-90.)

One small specimen of this new species was found among the

Clathrina primordialis dredged in 6-8 fathoms at Wasin. It

consists of two erect tubes with a short rooting tube (text-fig. 88).

The skeleton (text-fig. 89) is rather remarkable. It contains no

triradiates but is made up of two types of equiangular quadri-

radiates, lying without orientation, together with a few large

oxea which project in all directions.

1908. | AFRICAN CALCAREOUS SPONGES. 44)

Most species of Zewcosolenia contain triradiates as well as

quadriradiates, and the facial rays of both sorts of spicule are

usually alate and regularly placed with the basal ray downwards.

Text-fig. 88

Leucosolenia irregularis. X.

Text-fig. 89.

Leucosolenia irregularis, skeleton of dermis. X 150.

All the spicules in the new species are large, two or three

times the size of those in the British species of Leucosolenia.

The facial rays of the larger quadriradiates are usually of the

442 MR, C. F. JENKIN ON [May 12,

p riradiates are often of

ame length, but those of the smaller quadriradiates are 0

ee val oie The oscules of both tubes are too much damaged

to furnish any indication of their structure.

Text-fig. 90.

Leucosolenia irregularis, spicules. X 110.

(For explanation of the letters see text below.)

Spicules (text-fig. 90).

The oxea are of one sort :—

(a) Nearly straight oxea sharply pointed at both ends, 300-

800 » long x 16-28 p thick ; the usual thickness is 21-24 p.

The quadriradiates are of two sorts :—

(6) Large quadriradiates. Facial rays approximately regular,

150-220 p long x 20 » thick. Apical rays usually slightly bent

near the point, 210-260 p long x 16—20 p thick.

ally of unequal lengths, 100-200 p long x 10-16 p thick. Apical

rays very slender and sharply pointed, always bent near the point,

120-150 p long x7 p thick.

SYCON cILiaTuMm Fab.

Sycandra ciliata H.

Two small specimens of this species were dredged in 7 fathoms

in the Zanzibar Channel. Their dimensions are 8x 2 mm. and

5x 1z7 mm.

1908. AFRICAN CALCAREOUS SPONGES. 443

SYCON AMPULLUM,

Sycandra ampulla H.

One small specimen of this species was dredged in 6-8 fathoms

at Wasin. It is 11 mm. longx5 mm. diameter. Its structure

is typical of the genus. The spicules are too small for Sycon

raphanus, and there are none of the thin subgastral tri- and

quadriradiates which are the most characteristic features of that

species. Comparing it with Sycon ampullwm the spicules are

rather thicker than the dimensions given by Haeckel and the

oxea are also rather longer, but on the whole it agrees fairly well.

SYCON MUNITUM, sp.n. (Text-fig. 91.)

Three specimens of this new species were dredged in 7 fathoms

in the Zanzibar Channel. In external appearance they resemble

small specimens of Sycon ciliatum. Their dimensions are

7x3mm.,5x3 mm., and 3x1 mm.

The peculiarity of the species is the presence of quadriradiates

in the articulated tubar skeleton. Only a fewspecies of Sycon are

known with quadriradiates in this position; from these the new

species is differentiated by having two sorts of gastral quadri-

radiates, viz., small quadriradiates with short apical rays and

larger ones with very large apical rays.

Text-fig. 91.

Sycon munitum, sp. n., spicules. X 110.

(For explanation of the letters see text p. 444.)

Skeleton.—The gastral skeleton is a dense felt of small tri- and

quadriradiates, fairly regularly arranged round the apopyles, with

the basal rays aborally directed and the small apical rays pro-

444 MR. C. F. JENKIN ON [May 12,

jecting into the gastral cavity. The apical rays being short, many

of them hardly reach further than just through the thick gastral

layer. Among these spicules, every here and there, lies one of

the large quadriradiates, with its large apical ray projecting far

into the gastral cavity.

The articulated tubar skeleton is built up of tri- and quadri-

radiates. The short apical rays of the quadriradiates project

into the flagellated chambers. The tops of the chambers are

crowned with tufts of small oxea.

The oscule has a thick fringe of thin straight oxea. The

flagellated chambers get shorter near the oscule and there is no

collar. There are remains of a diaphragm across the oscule.

Spicules (text-fig. 91).

The oxea are of one sort :—

(a) Oxea from the ends of the flagellated chambers, nearly

straight, pointed at both ends, 170-400 p long x 8 » thick. Some

of these are more refringent than others. The refringent spicules

are quite straight.

The triradiates are of three sorts :—

(6) Alate triradiates from the tubar skeleton. Basal rays

straight, 110-170 » long x 5-6 4 thick. Paired rays bent upwards,

60-100 » long x 5-7 p thick. Oral angle about 140°.

long x6» thick. Paired rays bent downwards, 80-100 p long x

4-6 pw thick.

(d) Alate triradiates from the gastral layer. Basal rays straight,

80-210 » long x 6-8 thick. Paired rays bending upwards,

sometimes unequal in length, 70-130 pw long x 6-8 p» thick.

The quadriradiates are of three sorts :—

(ec) Alate quadriradiates from the tubar skeleton. The facial

rays are similar to (4) but larger. Basal rays 140-220 p long.

Paired rays 70-100» long. Apical rays slender, slightly bent

near the point, 50 uw long x 3 pw thick.

(f) Small alate quadrivadiates from the gastral layer, similar

to (d) with the addition of an apical ray 60 p» long x 6 p. thick.

(g) Large alate quadriradiates from the gastral layer. Basal

rays straight, over 200» long x10, thick. Paired rays nearly

straight, 180 longx 9-10, thick. Apical ray slightly bent

orally, 320-380 » long, oval in section 16 pw deep x 8 ps thick.

Leucanpra ANANAS H. (Text-fig. 92.)

Leucandra ananas H.

One specimen of this species was dredged in 3 fathoms in

Chwaka Bay, Zanzibar. It is flask-shaped, 20 mm. long x

13 mm. diameter, with an oscule 5 mm. diameter. It was dirty

white in colour when alive. The body-wall is about 3 mm. thick

near the middle and surrounds a gastral cavity about 7 mm.

diameter.

1908. ] AFRICAN CALCAREOUS SPONGES. 445

Canal-system.—There are large incurrent chambers under the

dermis from which the large incurrent canals run radially

inwards. The excurrent canals are also large and run radially

between the others; they communicate with the gastral cavity

through large ports.

Text-fig. 92.

Leucandra ananas, spicules. X 56.

(For explanation of the letters see text below.)

Skeleton.—The dermal skeleton consists of a thin layer of

delicate triradiates lying without orientation. Tufts of large

oxea project radially from slightly raised papille on the dermis.

The body skeleton consists of irregularly placed large triradiates.

The excurrent canals are lined with quadriradiates, the apical

rays projecting into the canals. The gastral skeleton consists

of a dense layer of quadriradiates with the apical rays projecting

into the gastral cavity.

The specimen agrees fairly well with Haeckel’s description of

Leucandra ananas, though the spicules are rather larger, and the

dermal skeleton differs from the body skeleton, which is not men-

tioned by Haeckel. Haeckel, however, makes a similar omission

in other cases, e.g. in his description of Leucandra fistulosa.

Spicules (text-fig. 92).

The oxea are of one sort :—

(a) Nearly straight sharply-pointed oxea, 700-3000 p» long x

28-46 yw thick.

446 ON AFRICAN CALCAREOUS SPONGES, [May 12.

The triradiates are of two sorts :—

(6) Slender dermal trivadiates, subregular. Rays 160-280 p

long x 5-10 w thick.

120-400 » long x 20-32 » thick. Paired rays almost straight,

140-550 pw long x 16-26 pw thick.

The quadriradiates are of two sorts :—

(d) Subregular quadriradiates lining the excurrent canals.—

Basal rays straight, 180-250 p long x 10-20 » thick. Paired rays

nearly straight, 200-280 w long x 6-17 » thick. Oral angle 120°.

Apical rays 170 x 6-8 p thick.

(ec) Alate quadriradiates from the gastral skeleton, similar

to (2) but with a larger oral angle, about 135°. Apical ray

50 p long x 6-8 pw thick.

GRANTESSA SIMPLEX, sp. n. (Text-figs. 93-97.)

One specimen of this new species was dredged in 6-8 fathoms

at Wasin, and one specimen was collected on the shore of Chwaka

Bay, Zanzibar.

They both consist of a confused mass of anastomosing tubes

(see text-fig. 93). The oscules are at the free ends. The tubes,

as preserved, are a good deal flattened and vary in size from

2-5 mm. in diameter. Both external and internal surfaces are

smooth.

Text-fig. 93.

Grantessa simplex, sp.n. Nat. size.

The structure of the body-wall is very regular and typical of

the genus Grantessa (see text-fig. 94).

The skeleton is formed entirely of triradiates. The dermal

skeleton (text-fig. 95) consists of alate triradiates lying tangen-

tially, without orientation. The subdermal triradiates (c, text-

fig. 97) are modified dermal spicules; the centripetal ray is one

of the paired rays, not the basal ray*; it is considerably longer

* Of, Poléjaeff (2).

Text-fig. 94,

simplex, skeleton of body-wall. X 100.

Grantessa

Text-fig. 95.

simplex, skeleton of dermis. X 160.

Proc. Zoot, Soc.—1908, No. XXIX.

Grantessa

_ Text-fig. 96.

ex, gastral skeleton. XX 150.

impl

mtessa s

Gra

Text-fig. 97.

spicules. > 100.

simplex,

ntessa

Gra

(For explanation of the letters

see text p. 449).

1908. ] ON AFRICAN CALCAREOUS SPONGES. 449

than the other paired ray. The basal ray is bent sharply near the

root; but for this bend the point would project beyond the dermal

layer. A few spicules of a similar form are found lying tan-

gentially among the dermal triradiates. The subgastral triradiates

are alate, with equal paired rays and an oral angle of 155°. The

gastral skeleton (text-fig. 96) is a thick layer of alate triradiates

similar to those in the dermis, but slightly smaller and rather

more regularly placed. The oscule has no special skeleton. The

body-wall ends abruptly, and there is hardly a trace of a collar.

Spicules (text-fig. 97).

The triradiates are of four sorts :—

a) Alate triradiates from the dermis. Basal rays straight,

210-250 » long x 10-12 » thick. Paired rays straight, except for

a slight curvature near the junction of the basal ray, which

rounds the oral angle smoothly, 200 » long x 8-10 » thick. Oral

angle 110°. iY

(0) Alate triradiates from the gastral layer, similar to (a) but

smaller. Basal ray 180, (occasionally much shorter). Paired

rays 140-150 long. Oral angle 115°-120°.

straight, except for an angular bend near the root, 130-190 «

long x 14 » thick. Centripetal paired ray straight, 240-420 w

long x 11-13 w thick. Dermal paired ray considerably bent near

the root, 160-190 » long x 10-124 thick. Oral angle 100°.

(d) Subgastral triradiates. Basal ray straight, 360-390 pw long

x 13-16 » thick. Paired rays, equal, bent downwards near the

root, 180-240 » long x 10-124 thick. Oral angle 155°.

GRANTESSA ZANZIBARIS, Sp. n. (Text-figs. 98-102.)

One specimen of this new species was dredged in 6-8 fathoms

Text-fig. 98.

Grantessa zanzibaris, sp.u. Nat. size.

at Zanzibar. It consists of a mass of branching tubes of various

29*

450 ON AFRICAN CALCAREOUS SPONGES. [May 12.

sizes; there is no anastomosis between the branches ee pe

fig. 98). The tubes, as preserved, are flattened so - at He

opposite sides touch ; they vary in size from 1-3 mm. wide. 1

external surface is smooth; the internal surface is lined wit

quadriradiates with the apical rays projecting inwards.

Text-fig. 99.

—S——————

Grantessa zanzibaris, skeleton of body-wall. X 200.

The structure of the body-wall is shown in text-fig. 99. The

opposite rays of the subdermal and subgastral triradiates lie

beside each other, forming a typical non-articulated skeleton ;

in addition there are two or three intermediate rows of tri-

radiates, apparently the remains of an articulated skeleton. The

structure agrees closely with that of Grantessa intusarticulata

described and figured by Dendy (8).

452 MR. C. F, JENKIN ON [May 12,

Skeleton.—The dermal skeleton (text-fig. 100) consists of a thin

layer of alate triradiates lying tangentially, without orientation.

The subdermal triradiates are modified dermal spicules, as In

G. simplex. The subgastral triradiates are alate, with equal paired

rays and an oral angle of 165°. The gastral skeleton (text-

fig. 101) consists of a thin layer of sub-regular alate quadri-

radiates, lying without orientation.

Text-fig. 102.

Grantessa zanzibaris, spicules. X 120.

(For explanation of letters see text below.)

Spicules (text-fig. 102).

The triradiates are of four sorts :—

(a) Alate triradiates from the dermis. Basal rays straight,

65-190 w long x 8-10 thick. Paired rays nearly straight,

except for a slight curvature near the junction of the basal ray,

rounding the oral angle, 60-130, long x 8-9 thick. Oral

angle 110° to 125°. :

(6) Alate triradiates from the body similar to (a) but with

es curved paired rays considerably folded. Oral angle 125°

to .

straight, except for an angular bend near the root, 90-140 pw long

x 8-9 pw thick. Centripetal paired ray straight, 120-200» long

1908. | AFRICAN CALCAREOUS SPONGES. 453.

x 6-8 thick. Dermal paired ray considerably bent near the

root, 80-130 w long x 6-8 » thick. Oral angle 95° to 110°.

(d@) Subgastral triradiates. Basal ray straight, 100-260 yw long

x 7-9» thick. Paired rays equal, bent downwards near the root,

80-140 » long x 7-8 p thick. Oral angle 165°.

The quadriradiates are of one sort :—

(e) Quadriradiates from the gastral layer. Basal rays straight,,

130-150 » long x9 » thick. Paired rays straight, 90-130 » long

x 8-10 thick. Apical rays 80-130 » long x 4 p» thick.

HETEROPEGMA NODUS GoRDII Pol. (Text-fig. 103.)

Three specimens of this sponge were dredged in 6-10 fathoms

at Wasin. In form and size they agree closely with Poléjaeff’s

description and figures (2). The spicules (text-fig. 103) also agree

with his description with the following slight differences. The

minute tri- and quadriradiates in the Wasin specimens are about

4 thick, whereas Poléjaeff gives 2. There are none of the

intermediate forms mentioned by Poléjaeff between the remark-

able alate tri- and quadriradiates which line the gastral cavity

and the regular tri- and quadriradiates which are scattered

through the body.

Text-fig. 103.

Heteropegma nodus gordii, spicules. X 40.

LEUCILLA FLORIDIANA.

Leucaltis floridiana H.

One specimen of this sponge was dredged in 10 fathoms at

Wasin. It is irregular in shape, 10x75 mm., and has an

454 MR. C. F. JENKIN ON [May 12,.

oscule 3 mm. diameter flush with the surface; there is no collar:

or fringe.

The spicules agree very well with Haeckel’s description of

Leucaltis foridiana. The apical rays of the large quadriradiates.

in the dermis point inwards, the species must therefore be placed

in the genus Leucilla. The small quadriradiates line the excurrent.

canals, with their apical rays projecting into them.

LEUCILLA WASINENSIS, Sp. n. (Text-fig. 104.)

One specimen of this new species was dredged in 6-8 fathoms

at Wasin. It is ovoid in form, 16 mm. long x7 mm. diameter,

with a fringed oscule, 2 mm. in diameter. It is white, as pre-

served in spirit. The body-walls are about 2 mm. thick, leaving

a gastral cavity 3 mm. diameter in the centre. Externally it is

rough with the stumps of large projecting oxea. The oscule is

protected by a dense fringe of thin oxea, surrounded by a few

thick ones like those projecting from the dermis.

Text-fig. 104 A.

Leucilla wasinensis, spicules. X 40.

(For explanation of the letters see text p. 455.)

Canal-system.—There are large subdermal chambers from which

branch the incurrent canals. The excurrent canals are also

branched. The canal-system is similar to that most usual in the

genus Leucandra.

1908. | AFRICAN CALCAREOUS SPONGES. 455

Skeleton.—The dermal skeleton consists of a thin layer of alate

triradiates lying tangentially without orientation ; amongst them

are a few quadriradiates, with the apical rays directed inwards,

some of very large size. The gastral skeleton consists of a thick

layer of large alate quadriradiates, regularly placed with the

basal rays directed aborally and the apical rays projecting into

the gastral cavity. The skeleton of the central mass of the body-

wall between the dermal and gastral layers is a closely packed

mass of irregularly placed tri- and quadriradiates. The quadri-

radiates, some of which are very large, are mostly arranged round

the mouths of the excurrent canals, with the apical rays projecting

into the canals. The large projecting oxea are bunched into

little tufts. The inner ends usually pierce nearly through the

wall, and occasionally right through into the gastral cavity.

But for the presence of the large dermal quadriradiates this

sponge would be a typical Leucandra.

Text-fig. 104 B.

Lasav l U

Leucilla wasinensis, spicules. X 110.

(For explanation of the letters see text below.)

Spicules (text-fig. 104 A & B).

The oxea are of one sort :—

(a) Nearly straight oxea, sharply pointed at the inner end,

outer end snake-headed. The largest fragment is 2°8 mm. long

x 45 pw thick.

456 ON AFRICAN CALCAREOUS SPONGES. [May 12, |

The triradiates are of two sorts :—

(6) Alate trivadiates from the dermis. Basal rays straight,

150-240 p long x 10-13 w thick. Paired rays, curving slightly .

upwards, 160-320 p long x 9-13 p thick. Oral angle 110°.

pointed, 600-950 pw long x 35-40 p thick. Individual spicules

often have their three rays of different lengths, but the angles,

are always approximately 120°.

The quadriradiates are of three sorts :—

(2) Subdermal quadriradiates. These spicules vary enormously

in size, and are of peculiar form as shown in the drawing. The

facial rays are folded inwards, 7. e. towards the side from which’

the apical ray projects. The maximum facial ray found is

700 » long x 26 thick. The maximum apical ray is 500 p long

x26 pw thick.

(e) Alate quadriradiates from the lining of the excurrent canals.

Basal rays straight, 280-480 ». long x 20-28 w thick. Paired rays

nearly straight, 340-420 long x 14-24 thick. Oral angle

130°.

(f) Alate quadriradiates from the gastral layer. Basal rays

straight, 300-560 « long x 10-12 thick. Paired rays, bending

upwards, slightly irregularly bent, 240-450 w long x 8-10 pw thick.

Apical ray, curved orally, 180-260» long x 8» thick. Oral

angle 110° to 120°. ae

List of Literature referred to in the paper.

(1) Haxcken.—Die Kalkschwimme. Berlin, 1872.

(2) PottsaErr.—Challenger Report, Monogr. vii., 1883.

(3) Denpy, A.—“ Studies on the Comparative Anatomy of

Sponges. V. Observations on the Structure and Classifi-

cation of the Calcarea Heterocela.” Q.J.M.S. vol. xxxv.

(1893) pp. 159-257, pls. x.—xiv.

(4) Mivcury, E. A.—A Treatise on Zoology. Edited by EH. Ray

Lankester. Part II. The Portfera and Coelenterata.

Chap. III. Sponges, by KE. A. Minchin, M.A., 1900.

(5) Mincuin, E. A.—‘‘The Characters and Synonymy of the

British Species of Sponges of the Genus Lewcosolenia.”

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904, vol. ii. pp. 349-396.

(6) Mincuin, E. A.—‘“‘On the Sponge Leucosolenia cortorta

Bowerbank, Ascandra contorta H., and Ascetta spinosa

von Lendenfeld.” Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1905, vol. ii.

pp. 3-20.

(7) LenpenreLp, R. voy.—“‘ Die Spongien der Adria: I. Die

Kalkschwimme.” Zeitsch. wiss. Zool., lili. Bd., 2 u. 3

Heft., 1891, : ye

PZ.S. 1908. Pl xem

West, Newman chr.

H. Knight ad nat.del.

SPHEGIDA.

AUSTRALIAN

1908. ] ON AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 457

2. Notes on the Australian Fossorial Wasps of the Family

Sphegide, with Descriptions of new Species. By

Row Land EH. Turner, F.Z.S.

[Received April 6, 1908.]

(Plate XX VI.* and Text-figures 105-110.)

The Sphegide of Australia have attracted very little notice

since the time of F. Smith ; the cnly works in which any number

of species have been dealt with being Kohl’s Monograph of the

genus Sphex and various papers by Handlirsch on Bembex and

the allied groups. In consequence, it has been impossible to get

any reliable idea as to the characteristic points which might

attract notice as to the peculiarities of Australia in this group.

The present paper, although necessarily very incomplete from want

of sufficient material, is based upon the large collection formed

by the late Gilbert Turner in North Queensland together with

smaller additions from other sources. Considering the sandy

nature of much of the continent, usually so favourable to fossorial

wasps, Australia is rather poor in Sphegide, and several wide-

ranging genera represented in almost every other region seem to

be entirely absent. The most notable instances are the genera

Philanthus and Oxybelus, but Ampulex, so conspicuous in the

Indian and African regions, is also absent. Nor is it likely that

the absence of these genera in collections is due to insufficient

field-work, for North Queensland is the most likely part of the

continent for these wide-ranging genera to occur in, the line of

migration having been through New Guinea. Thus I am able to

record two species of Zrypoxylon closely allied to Indian and

Malayan forms, no species of the genus having yet been discovered

in the southern or western districts. On the contrary, genera

peculiar to Australia are not numerous and seem to be poor in

species, though probably more exhaustive collecting in Western

Australia would add to the number. Most characteristic of the

country are Sericophorus and the allied genera Zoyphiwm and

Sphodrotes, also the large Hueirus; but the worldwide genus

Pison is much richer in ‘species in Australia than elsewhere.

Harpactophiius is apparently a tropical genus, and will probably

be found to have its headquarters in New Guinea. The small

amount of material available from Central Australia seems to

point to the plentiful occurrence of a few wide-ranging species,

mostly identical with those of Western Australia.

STIGMUS QUEENSLANDENSIS, Sp. 0.

Q. Clypeus strongly convex, raised in the middle into a broad

carina, which is more narrowly continued on the front to the

anterior ocellus. Clypeus and vertex almost smooth, front finely

* For explanation of the Plate see p. 535.

458 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

and closely punctured-rugose, slightly concave, with a depressed

row of large punctures, bordered within by a carina, along the

inner margin of the eyes. Eyes large, reaching the base of the

mandibles and slightly convergent towards the vertex, the

posterior ocelli rather farther from each other than from the eyes.

Antenne inserted nearer to the eyes than to each other, the

flagellum three times as long as the scape. Pronotum very short,

much narrower than the head, the anterior margin raised and with

prominent angles, a transverse row of large, deep punctures

behind it; the propleure obliquely striated, the mesopleure

rugose. Mesonotum and scutellum closely and very finely punc-

tured. The median segment as long as the thorax, vertically

Text-fig. 105.

Neuration of fore wing.

1. Stigmus queenslandensis. 2. Tachysphex pilosulus. 3. Zoyphiwm kohlii.

4. Gorytes icarioides. 5. Nitela kurande. 6. Pison (Parapison) aberrans.

truncated posteriorly, coarsely transversely striated; a triangular

space reaching from the base to the apex bordered by raised

carine, with two parallel longitudinal carine close to the middle

reaching from the base to the apex. Abdomen subsessile, not

petiolate, smooth and shining, about as long as the thorax and

median segment combined. The second cubital cell is very small,

triangular, and almost petiolate, the recurrent nervure is received

at about one-third from the apex of the first cubital cell, which is

longer than is usual in the genus.

Black; the mandibles pale yellow ; antenne, legs, and tegule

1908. | AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 459

pale ferruginous. Wings hyaline, slightly iridescent ; nervures

pale ferruginous.

Length 5 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Z'urner); April.

Differs from typical Stigmus in the non-petiolate abdomen.

HARPACTOPHILUS STEINDACHNERI Kohl.

Q. The posterior ocelli are nearer to the posterior margin of

the head than to each other.

dg. The mandibles, antennz, and legs are ferruginous; the

front, cheeks, head beneath, and prosternum golden. The front is

much more closely and finely punctured than in the female. The

apical dorsal segment of the abdomen is strongly emarginate.

As in all the species of the genus, there is a semicircular depression

at the base of the second ventral segment.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland ; October to May. Also from Cairns

and Cooktown.

HARPACTOPHILUS BICOLOR Sm.

@. Very near H. steindachnert, from which it differs in the

greater breadth of the thorax, which is almost as wide as the head,

the more prominent angles of the pronotum, and the fuscous

colour of the wings.

Hab. Mysole.

HARPACTOPHILUS KOHLII, sp. n.

9. Mandibles bidentate at the apex, the teeth short and feeble,

the imner tooth a little the longest. Clypeus convex, with a

longitudinal carina from the base almost reaching the apex, at the

extreme apex there isa small, smooth, triangular truncation ; the

sides of the clypeus are punctured. Above the clypeus is a very

prominent, narrow, longitudinal carina, on each side of which are

short curved strie. The front between the eyes and the base of

the antenne is very closely punctured and covered with short,

thin, greyish pubescence. Antenne inserted very low down on

the sides of the clypeus, far apart, as far from each other as from

the eyes, the scape as long as the first five joints of the flagellum

and equal in length to a little more than two-fifths of the distance

between the eyes at the base of the antenne. Vertex very

coarsely rugose-striate, the cheeks very broad and coarsely striated.

The ocelli situated in an almost equilateral triangle, the posterior

ocelli almost in a straight line with the summit of the eyes,

half as far again from the eyes as from each other, and more

than twice as far from the posterior margin of the head as

from each other. Kyes surrounded by a narrow sulcus, which

is coarsely and closely punctured. The posterior margin of the

head broadly emarginate, and about one-third broader than

the mesonotum. Pronotum depressed below the level of the

mesonotum and invisible from above. Mesonotum punctured-

rugose, more than half as broad again as long; the scutellum

460 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [ May 12,

almost smooth. Mesopleure rather finely rugose-striate. Median

segment much broader than long, narrowed towards the apex and

vertically truncate posteriorly, shorter than the mesonotum; a

large triangular space occupying almost the whole of the dorsal

surface very coarsely reticulate and enclosed by carinee ; the sides

of the segment striated, the surface of the posterior truncation

coarsely rugose. Abdomen smooth and shining, shorter than the

thorax and median segment combined. Legs not spinose.

Black; the mandibles (except the extreme apex), the scape of the

antenne, the apical half of the femora, the tibie above, and the

tegule yellow; the apex of the mandibles, the flagellum, the

abdomen, the base of the femora, the tibize beneath, and the tarsi

ferruginous. Wings hyaline, nervures pale ferruginous.

The second cubital cell is more pointed on the radial nervure

than in H. steindachneri Kohl, from which it may also be dis-

tinguished by the small triangular truncation at the apex of the

clypeus, the larger head, which is much more produced posteriorly,

and the absence of a visible pronotum above. It is somewhat

intermediate between H. steindachneri and H. arator, but is

nearer to the former.

Length 7-8 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Z'wrner).

HARPACTOPHILUS SULCATUS, Sp. n.

Q. Clypeus triangular, convex, with a longitudinal carina from

the base not quite reaching the apex, where there is a very small

oblique triangular truncation. Mandibles feebly bidentate at the

apex, the outer tooth a little thelongest. Antenne a little longer

than the head, the length of the scape equal to nearly half the

distance between the eyes at the insertion of the antenne ; the

first four joints of the flagellum much longer than broad, the

second joint twice as long as the first and more than half as long

again as the second. Head very large, coarsely longitudinally

striated, the strie curving round the summit of the eyes, a narrow

depressed line divided by deep punctures round the margin of the

eyes, the small space between the eyes and the base of the

mandibles smooth. The posterior ocelli nearly twice as far from

the eyes as from each other and about the same distance from the

posterior margin of the head as from the eyes. The posterior

margin of the head depressed and broadly emarginate. Pronotum

depressed below the mesonotum ; the mesonotum about one-third

narrower than the head, about half as broad again as long,

coarsely longitudinally striated in the middle, coarsely rugose on

the sides. Mesopleurz obliquely striated; scutellum almost

smooth. Median segment a little shorter than the mesonotum, |

the large enclosed triangular area on the dorsal surface very

coarsely rugose, the segment strongly narrowed to the apex and

vertically truncate posteriorly, the sides coarsely striated.

Abdomen shining and almost smooth. The carina on the front

of the head, between the grooves for the scape, is less strongly

developed than in the allied species.

1908. ] AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 461

Black ; the base of the scape yellow in front; the mandibles

(except the extreme apex), the antenne, abdomen, tibia, tarsi, and

the apex of the femora ferruginous. Wings fusco-hyaline,

nervures dark ferruginous.

The second cubital cell on the radial nervure is about one-third

of the length on the cubital nervure, the radial cell is longer than

in the allied species, and the nervures both on the fore and hind

wings are produced, reaching much nearer to the margin. The

recurrent nervure is received just before the apex of the first

cubital cell.

Length 8 mm.

Text-fig. 106.

1. Harpactophilus sulcatus (head). 2. H. steindachneri Kohl: ¢ organs.

Hab. Kuranda, near Cairns, Queensland (Zurner); January.

Most nearly allied to H. arator and H. kohlii, but the head is

much shorter and broader than in the former species ; the antennze

are longer than in other species of the genus and the proportions

of the basal joints of the flagellum very different.

HARPACTOPHILUS ARATOR, sp. n. (Plate XX VI. fig. 1.)

©. Mandibles bidentate at the apex, the teeth short and feeble.

Clypeus very slightly advanced, obliquely triangularly truncate

from the centre to the apex. Head very large, subquadrate,

emarginate posteriorly, half as broad again as the mesonotum,

exceedingly coarsely striated, the striz longitudinal, curving

round the summit of the eyes; a very strong longitudinal carina

starting just’ below the anterior ocellus and produced in the shape

of a ploughshare prominently overhanging the base of the clypeus.

Eyes not quite reaching the base of the mandibles; the posterior

ocelli nearly twice as far from the eyes as from each other

and more than half as far again from the posterior margin of the

head as from theeyes. Antennz inserted lower than the base of

the clypeus, far apart, as far from each other as from the

eyes. Pronotum depressed below the mesonotum, which is

coarsely longitudinally striated; the scutellum short, almost

smooth, with a feebly impressed median line. Median segment

462 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

shorter than the mesonotum, narrowed and truncate posteriorly,

the dorsal surface exceedingly coarsely reticulate, the sides of

the segment and the mesopleure coarsely obliquely striated.

Mesosternum transversely striated. Abdomen hardly as long as

the thorax and median segment combined, smooth and shining,

only four segments visible from above, the fifth segment beneath

very deeply emarginate, the sides almost encircling the apical

segment. ‘Tibie and tarsi not spinose. Black; the mandibles,

antenne, tibie, tarsi, posterior femora, and abdomen ferruginous.

Wings hyaline, the basal half tinted with fulvous, nervures

ferruginous. The stigma is larger than in the common H. stew-

dachneri Kohl, and the recurrent nervure is received just before

the apex of the first cubital cell.

Length 8 mm.

Hab. Cairns, Queensland (Dodd).

Described from three specimens in the British Museum.

HARPACTOPHILUS TRICOLOR, sp. n. (Plate XX VI. fig. 2.)

Q. Mandibles slender, bidentate, the innertooth short. Clypeus

smooth and shining, triangular, convex in the middle at the base,

with a small triangular truncation anteriorly. Front very broad,

with a short prominent carina above the base of the clypeus.

Antenne shorter than the head, the scape stout and nearly half as

longas the flagellum and less than half aslongas the distance between

the eyes at the base of the clypeus, the antenne at the base as far

from each other as from the eyes. The posterior ocelli nearer to

each other than to the eyes, situated on the vertex a little behind

the summit of the eyes and fully half as far again from the

posterior margin of the head as from each other. Front finely

longitudinally striated, most strongly just below the ocelli; vertex

almost smooth, very finely striated behind the eyes. Eyes not

quite reaching the base of the mandibles. The posterior margin

of the head strongly emarginate. Pronotum transverse, very

short, narrower than the head by about one-third, the anterior

angles acuteand prominent. Mesonotum punctured, shorter than

the median segment and a little longer than broad ; scutellum

short and broad, almost smooth. Median segment rectangular,

longer than broad, vertically truncate posteriorly, as broad as the

mesonotum, rugose; with a triangular space enclosed by carine

and divided by a longitudinal carina from the base to the apex,

the surface of the truncation coarsely transversely striated.

Abdomen smooth and shining, as long as the thorax and median

segment combined, the six dorsal segments all well defined.

Mesopleurz almost smooth. Legs without spines, except the

apical spines of the tibie. :

Black; the mandibles, clypeus, front, antenne, cheeks, the

head beneath, the tegule, and the anterior and intermediate legs

yellow; the abdomen and the posterior legs light ferruginous.

Wings hyaline, iridescent ; nervures testaceous.

The neuration is similar to that of H. steindachneri Kohl, but

1908. ] AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 463

the second cubital cell is not pointed on the radial nervure, being

about one-third as long on the radial as on the cubital nervure.

Length 5-6 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Zwrner); September—December.

Described from two specimens.

This isa much slenderer species than /. steindachneri and is

much less coarsely sculptured. The pronotum is less depressed

and has the anterior angles strongly prominent, in these characters

showing an approach to the genus Spilomena.

PSENULUS INTERSTITIALIS Cam. (Plate X XVI. fig. 4.)

Psenulus interstitialis Cam. Tijdsch. v. Ent. xlix. p. 222, 1906.

Psen. luiescens Turner, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. p. 273,

1907.

Hab. Etna Bay, New Guinea ; Mackay and Cairns, Queensland.

I have not seen Cameron’s type, but his description is quite

sufficient.

AMMOPHILA CLAVUS Fab.

Sphex clavus Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 348. n. 12, 1775.

@. Mandibles quadridentate; clypeus shining, very sparsely

punctured, with a few coarse black hairs, a broadly triangular,

oblique truncation at the apex, the apical margin very feebly and

rather broadly emarginate in the middle. Second joint of the

flagellum half as long again as the first and third combined.

Eyes parallel on the inner margins; the posterior ocelli nearly

half as far again from the eyesas from each other. Head opaque,

finely punctured ; a fine, impressed and slightly curved, transverse

line behind the posterior ocelli ; the front concave, with a delicate

sulcus from the anterior ocellus, clothed with rather sparse greyish

pubescence. Pronotum and mesonotum coarsely transversely

striated, the posterior half of the mesonotum with oblique strize

converging towards the middle of the posterior margin. Scutellum

longitudinally striated ; the mesopleurz and metapleure vertically

striate-rugose. Median segment transversely striated, the striz

somewhat oblique, the middle of the segment coarsely reticulate

and rather strongly convex at the base; the extreme apex of the

segment with a little short, pale, fulvous pubescence. Abdomen

shining, the four apical segmenis pruinose ; the petiole two-jointed,

equal in length to the posterior tibia and basal joint of the tarsus

combined. Tarsal ungues simple, without a pad; the comb of

the anterior tarsi with four slender spines on the outer margin of

the basal joint, excluding those on the apical process.

Black; the mandibles in the middle fusco-ferruginous; the

scape and two basal joints of the flagellum, the tegulz, the legs

(except the coxee and spines of the tarsi), the petiole and the first

following segment of the abdomen bright ferruginous; the base

of the second joint of the petiole black ; the four apical segments

steel-blue. Wings pale flavo-hyaline, lighter at the apex, nervures

testaceous.

Proc. Zoo, Soc.—1908, No. XXX. 30

464 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

¢. Mandibles bidentate ; clypeus and front clothed with fine,

short, silvery pubescence ; the clypeus as long as the breadth at the

middle, broadly emarginate on the apical margin. Second joint

of the flagellum only slightly longer than the first and third com-

bined. Eyes rather strongly convergent towards the clypeus.

The whole of the mesonotum transversely striated ; mesopleure

and metapleure rugose. Petiole very long, equal in length to the

posterior tibia and three basal joints of the tarsus combined.

Black ; the tegule, the second joint of the petiole beneath, and

the first following segment of the abdemen at the base above and

beneath ferruginous ; the abdomen beyond the petiole pruinose,

dark steel-blue. Wings hyaline, clouded on the outer margin ;

nervures black.

Length, 2 23 mm., ¢ 22 mm.

Hab. Mackay to Cape York, Queensland (Zwurner); November

to May.

Very near A. instabilis Sm. in the female sex, but differs inthe

form of the clypeus and in the proportionate length of the joints

of the flagellum. The petiole isalsolonger. Also near A. basalis

Sm. from India.

A common species throughout the coastal districts of North

Queensland. The male is very different from those of other Aus-

tralian species, and allied to Indian forms.

AMMOPHILA AURIFERA, sp.n. (Plate XX VI. fig. 3.)

@. Mandibles with a very long acute apical tooth, the imner

margin with three teeth, the one nearest the apex very short and

broadiy truncate, the second broad and rounded, the basal one

very small and acute. Clypeus very slightly convex, depressed at

the apex and subtruncate, very sparsely punctured, the punctures

very large. Antenne inserted about two and a half times as far

from the eyes as from each other, about one-third further from

the anterior ocellus than from the apex of the clypeus; the second

joint of the flagellum about five times as long as the first and

twice as long as the third. Posterior ocelli about one-quarter

further from the eyes than from each other. Head opaque,

almost smooth, with a longitudinal sulcus from the anterior ocellus

to between the antenne; the front round the base of the antennee

slightly concave. Pronotum coarsely transversely striated ;

mesonotum very obscurely transversely striated, the strize almost

obsolete on the disc, a deep and broad longitudinal suleus from the

anterior margin not reaching the posterior margin, a raised curved

carina above the tegule. Mesopleure rugose; mesosternum

transversely striated. Scutellum longitudinally striated; median.

segment transversely striated, the striz arched in the middle and

rather obscure, as long as the mesonotum and pronotum combined.

Abdomen coriaceous, the petiole two-jointed and as long as the

posterior tibia and first tarsal joint combined ; the apical segment

with long black hairs on the sides. Tarsal ungues simple, not

bidentate, and without a pad.

1908. } AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 465

Bright golden ferruginous ; the head (except the basal half of the

mandibles), the scape, and five basal joints of the flagellum black ;

the mesosternum, the four apical abdominal segments, a spot on

the middle of the petiole, and part of the ventral surface of the

petiole and the next segment black. Wings pale flavo-hyaline,

very faintly tinged with fuscous at the apex ; nervures ferruginous.

Length 28 mm., exp. 29mm. Breadth of mesonotum between

the tegule 3 mm.

Hab. Port Darwin (Turner) ; December.

Allied to A. ardens Sm., but is a much less robust species and

less strongly sculptured.

The male has the mandibles bidentate, the clypeus longer than

broad, the second joint of the flagellum less than twice as long as

the third, the eyes convergent towards the clypeus, not parallel on

the inner margins as in the female, the mesonotum and median

segment much more strongly striated. The antenne are almost

wholly black, as are also the disc of the mesonotum and the sides

of the median segment; the apical joints of the posterior tarsi

are fuscous.

Length 24 mm.

AMMOPHILA EYRENSIS, Sp. n.

@. Mandibles quadridentate, the outer tooth very long and

acute. Clypeus short and broad, the apical margin depressed,

very shallowly emarginate in the middle; sparsely punctured and

with a few long black hairs. Antenne inserted close together ;

the second joint of the flagellum more than twice as long as the

third, which is twice:as long as the first. Eyes parallel on the

inner margin, the posterior ocelli a little further from the eyes

than from each other. Head subopaque, almost smooth, a very

fine transverse sulcus behind the posterior ocelli and not extending

beyond them, a longitudinal frontal sulcus from the anterior

ocellus, the front between the base of the antenne and the

eyes clothed with short, thin, cinereous pubescence. Pronotum

coarsely, mesonotum more finely transversely striated ; a longi-

tudinal median sulcus on the anterior half of the mesonotum, in

which lies a short longitudinal carina. Scutellum longitudinally

striated ; the mesopleure and metapleure rugose-striate, the

mesopleure with a short, fine and shallow, vertical sulcus below

the anterior wings. Median segment transversely striated, the

strie slightly oblique, coarsely reticulate along the middle, broadly

at the base and narrowly at the apex. Abdomen shining and

almost smooth, the apical segments not pruinose; the petiole two-

jointed, the first joint seen from above very slightly longer than

the second, the twe combined a little longer than the posterior

tibia and the basal joint of the tarsus combined. Tarsal ungues

simple, without pads, the comb of the anterior tarsi rather long,

with four spines on the basal joint, excluding those on the apical

process.

Light ferruginous; the head black; the mandibles except at

the apex, the basal half of the antenne and the mouth-parts

30*

466 MR, R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

ferruginous ; the posterior half of the mesonotum, a median

longitudinal line on the anterior half, and the spines and ungues

of the tarsi black; the three apical abdominal segments shining

steel-blue; a spot at the base of the second joint of the petiole

black. Wings hyaline, the base of the anterior pair pale flavo-

hyaline; nervures testaceous.

The second and third cubital cells are equal in length on the

radial nervure.

Length 18 mm.

Hab. Killalpanima, 8. Australia, 100 miles east of Lake Eyre

(H. J. Hillier).

Type in British Museum. Described from two specimens.

Near A. instabilis Sm., but is a smaller and more slender

insect; the second joint of the flagellum is longer in, proportion,

and the dorsal surface of the median segment is not sharply

raised towards the median line as in typical instabilis.

AMMOPHILA INSTABILIS Sm.

Ammophila instabilis Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 214. n. 36,

1856, 2.

Ammophila impatiens Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 247.

n. 1, 1868, ¢ (as 2).

These are without much doubt the sexes of one species.

Hab. Champion Bay, W. Australia.

AMMOPHILA ARDENS Sm.

Ammophila ardens Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 247. n. 2,

1868.

Hab. Swan River (Du Boulay), Mackay, Queensland (7'urner).

AMMOPHILA SUSPICIOSA Sm,

Ammophila suspiciosa Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 214. n. 38,

1856. |

_ This is the only Australian species known in which the petiole

is one-jointed. It is, as Smith points out, scarcely distinct from

the N.-African species 4. argentea Brulle.

Hab. Melbourne; Lake Eyre district; Perth ; Tasmania.

SpuEx (IsoDONTIA) ALBOHIRTUS, sp. 0.

2. Mandibles broad and tridentate. Clypeus rather sparsel

punctured, clothed with very short, close pubescence which hee

as silver in some lights, with sparse, long, brown hairs; slightl

convex at the base and subcarinate, very broadly and ‘halle

emarginate at the apex, with a small and narrow etinngenente

in the middle of the apical margin, the angles of the emargination

produced into minute spines. Second joint of the flagellum as

long as the third and half of the fourth. Eyes slightly con-

vergent towards the clypeus, separated on the vertex by A ace

equal to the length of the third and fourth joints of the fla sien

combined, and by nearly the same distance on the biyadeet the

1908. | AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 467

posterior ocelli a little nearer to each other than to the eyes.

Head shining, finely and rather sparsely punctured, the front

with very short silvery pubescence, the sparse long hairs on the

vertex brownish grey. Pronotum transverse and vertically

depressed ; the mesonotum sparsely, the mesopleure closely punc-

tured ; scutellum flat. Median segment punctured-rugose, with a

short longitudinal sulcus near the apex, without a sulcus from the

stigma. Petiole as long as the basal joint of the posterior tarsus ;

the pubescence on the petiole and the sides of the median segment

long and whitish, on the dorsal surface of the median segment

very pale brown and very sparse. Abdomen shining and almost

smooth, the first segment as long as the second, the apical segment

finely punctured and subopaque. The first recurrent nervure is

received near the apex of the second cubital cell, the second near

the base of the third cubital cell; the second cubital cell is very

large, subrectangular, more than half as long again on the cubital

nervure as high.

Black; the abdomen with obscure blue reflections. Wings

dark fusco-hyaline flushed with purple, nervures black. A patch

of short fulvous pubescence at the apex of the posterior tibie.

¢. Similar to the female, but the emargination on the middle

of the apical margin of the clypeus is very faintly indicated; the

abdomen is pruinose.

Length, 9 21 mm., ¢ 19 mm.

Hab. Mackay and Cairns, Queensland (Zurner); December to

March.

The wings are rather paler in Cairns specimens.

Allied to S. ustulatus Kohl, from Timor, also to S. morosus

Sm. and S. praslinius Guér. The last two may prove to refer

to one species. The emargination of the clypeus and the pale colour

of the pubescence will serve to distinguish the present species.

SpHEX (IsoponTIA) NIGELLUS Sm.

Sphex nigella Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 255, 1856.

Hab. Mackay and Cairns, Queensland (Z'urner).

This species seems to occur throughout Southern Asia and also

in W. Australia.

SpPHEX (IsoDONTIA) OBSCURELLUS Sm.

Sphex obscurella Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 251, 1856.

Hab. Tasmania.

Very near S. nigellus, from which it may be distinguished by

the much shorter petiole and by the shape of the third cubital

cell, which is as long as the second on the radial nervure; the

elvypeus is also rather longer.

SPHEX WALLACEI, nom. nov.

Sphex nitidiventris Sm. Proc. Linn. Soc., Zool. ii. p. 158, 1859

(nec Spinola).

Kohl states that nitidiventris Spin. also occurs in Java and

468 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

Luzon, though a 8.-American species. The species in the British

Museum which is identified as nitidiventris Spin., rightly in my

opinion, though somewhat resembling Smith’s species, has the

petiole much longer and the clypeus different.

Hab. Ayu (Wallace); Mackay to Cape York (Turner).

A common species in North Queensland.

SPHEX GILBERTI, sp. n.

2. Clypeus convex, triangularly flattened from the middle to

the apex, the apical margin very feebly and narrowly emarginate

in the middle, the length equal to about three-quarters of the

breadth at the apex; sparsely and rather coarsely punctured, with

a feeble longitudinal carina from the base not reaching the middle,

very sparsely clad with long, stiff, black hairs, the sides in some

lights showing silvery reflections on very short, fine pubescence.

Front clothed with very short, fine pubescence, silvery below the

base of the antenne, golden above, with very sparse, long black

hairs above the base of the clypeus ; the vertex bare, opaque, and

almost smooth. Antenne twice as far from the eyes as from

each other; the first joint of the flagellum very short, the second

and first together about equal in length to the third and fourth.

The inner margins of the eyes almost parallel, converging slightly

on the vertex ; the posterior ocelli are nearer to each other than

to the eyes. Pronotum slightly depressed below the level of the

mesonotum, very steeply sloped anteriorly, opaque and smooth,

the posterior margin with very short silvery pubescence. Thorax

opaque, very finely and closely punctured ; the mesonotum slightly

depressed anteriorly in the middle and with an obscure longi-

tudinal suleus on each side above the tegule; the scutellum flat,

with a very faint longitudinal line in the middle; postscutellum

transversely depressed at the base; the mesopleure subopaque

and very shallowly punctured. Median segment opaque, sparsely

punctured, with sparse, stiff, blackish hairs; an obscure longitu-

dinal sulcus from the base to the apex, the dorsal surface bordered

by a very narrow shallow sulcus ; a deeper and broader sulcus, in

which are regular transverse striz, on the metapleure from the

stigma to the posterior angle. Abdomen shining, sparsely and

very finely punctured ; the epipygium coarsely punctured, with

sparse and very long black hairs, and convex; the petiole not

quite equal in length to the third joint of the posterior tarsi.

Tarsal ungues with two small teeth near the base ; the spines of

the anterior tarsus long. The length of the third cubital cell on

the radial nervure is about equal to the distance of the first

transverse cubital nervure from the stigma; the first recurrent

nervure is received at about one-fifth from the apex of the second

cubital cell, the second at two-fifths from the base of the third

cubital cell,

Black; the abdomen steel-blue. Wings flavo-hyaline, broadly

pale fusco-hyaline at the apex; nervures ferruginous.

Length 26-28 mm.

1908. | AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 469

Hab, Mackay, Queensland (Z'urner); February.

Very near S. diabolicus Sm., the Oriental form of rufipennis

Fab., but differs in the postscutellum, which is not longitudinally

divided or raised into a small tubercle on each side near the

middle ; the petiole also is rather shorter, and the abdomen is

shining instead of opaque.

CERCERIS INEXPECTATA, sp.n. (Plate XXVI. fig. 5.)

2. Mandibles blunt at the apex, with a large triangular tooth

on the inner margin nearer to the base than to the apex. Clypeus

sparsely punctured, broadly truncate at the apex, the central lobe

slightly convex, bluntly produced on the apical margin at the

junction of the lateral lobes, nearly twice as broad at the apex as

at the base. The antenne are inserted above the clypeus, at a

distance from its base equal to three-quarters of the greatest

length of the clypeus; the second joint of the flagellum is at

least twice as long as the first and half as long again as the third ;

at the base the antenne are separated from the eyes bya distance

equal to the length of the scape, and from each other by about

two-thirds of that distance. The eyes are slightly convergent

Text-fig. 107.

Cerceris: pygidial area of 9.

1. C. inexpectata. 2. C. labeculata. 3. C. predura. 4. C. multiguttata.

towards the vertex; the posterior ocelli are about one-third

further from the eyes than from each other, and as far from the

posterior margin of the head as from the eyes. Head very broad,

at least one-third broader than the mesonotum, the vertex coarsely

punctured-rugose, the front sparsely and shallowly punctured,

with an elevated carina between the antenne. Pronotum very

short, strongly rounded at the angles; mesonotum rather sparsely

punctured, with a very shallow sulcus from the anterior margin

not reaching the centre; mesopleure very coarsely punctured ;

seutellum short, very broadly truncate at the apex. Median

segment strongly but not very closely punctured at the sides, with

a suleus from the base to the apex; the triangular space at the

base smooth. Abdomen coarsely punctured, most closely on the

third and fourth segments ; the first segment rectangular, a little

broader than long, nearly half as broad as the apex of the second

segment ; the dorsal pygidial area rugose, truncate at the apex,

where it is half as broad as at the base.

47() MR. R. E.“TURNER ON [May 12,

Black ; the base of the mandibles, clypeus, front as high as the

base of the antenne, the frontal carina, the sides of the pronotum,

the postscutellum, a large spot on each side occupying the whole

length of the median segment, the sides and apex of the first

abdominal segment, the second segment except a triangular mark

at the base, the apex of the fifth segment very broadly, and the

two basal ventral segments yellow; the antenne, the outer orbits

of the eyes connected with a broad band on the posterior margin

of the head, a large spot on each side occupying the greater

part of the mesonotum, the scutellum, the apex of the fifth ventral

segment, and the legs dull ferruginous; the coxe above black.

Wings pale flavo-hyaline, nervures light testaceous, a faint clouc

in the radial cell.

Length 14 mm., exp. 24 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Turner); November.

CERCERIS LABECULATA, Sp. 0.

¢. Mandibles simple, blunt at the apex. The central lobe of

the clypeus slightly convex and feebly porrected at the apex,

narrowly emarginate anteriorly, the angles of the emargination

produced into short teeth, narrowly truncate at the base, the

length almost as great as the greatest breadth. Antenne inserted

high up on the front, nearer to each other than to the eyes, from

which they are separated by a distance less than the length of the

scape, which is short ; the second and third joints of the flagellum

nearly equal in length. The antenne are separated from the

base of the clypeus by a distance equal to two-thirds of the length

of the clypeus. Inner margin of the eyes parallel; the posterior

ocelli nearly as far from each other as from the eyes and nearer

to the posterior margin of the head than to each other. Front

sparsely and shallowly punctured, the carina between the antennse

not very strongly raised; vertex, mesonotum, mesopleure, and

sides of the median segment coarsely punctured-rugose. Pro-

notum strongly rounded at the angles; the triangular space at

the base of the median segment finely obliquely striated. First

abdominal segment longer than broad, depressed at the base; the

abdomen deeply and closely punctured ; the pygidial area finely

punctured, narrowly truncate at the apex, where it is only half

S wide as at the base, rather broader in the middle than at the

ase.

Black; the mandibles at the base, the clypeus except the base

and the extreme apical margin, the apex of the interantennal

carina, the inner orbits of the eyes as high as the base of the

antenn very broadly, and the scape of the antennse pale yellow ;

the posterior margin of the pronotum interrupted in the middle,

the postscutellum, the apical margin of the first, second, and

fourth abdominal segments, and a short vertical streak on the

mesopleuree, orange-yellow ; the flagellum, tegule, scutellum, first

abdominal segment, the middle of the second, the apex of the

fifth, the pygidium, and the legs (except the coxee, trochanters,

1908.} AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 471

and base of the femora) ferruginous. Wings hyaline, stained

with fuscous along the costa, nervures black.

3. As in the female, but the clypeus is rather longer and not

porrect at the apex, and the apical half of the fifth abdominal

segment is yellow.

Length, 2 9mm., ¢ 8 mm.

Hab. Cairns, Queensland (Zurner) ; December and January.

Somewhat related to C. antipodes Sm., but the head is much

narrower and it isa much smaller species. The clypeus is also

very different.

CERCERIS MULTIGUTTATA, Sp. Nn.

©. Clypeus more than twice as broad as long on the central

lobe, short, shghtly porrect at the apex, the apical margin very

slightly and broadly emarginate, with four minute teeth. Antenne

inserted nearer to each other than to the eyes, separated from the

eyes by a distance equal to three-quarters of the length of the

scape and about the same distance from the base of the clypeus;

the second joint of the flagellum twice as long as the first and

half as long again as the third. The inner orbits of the eyes

very nearly parallel; the posterior ocelli a little further from the

eyes than from each other, and about the same distance from the

posterior margin of the head as from each other. Head, thorax,

and median segment coarsely and closely punctured, the frontal

carina strongly raised between the antenne. Pronotum broadly

rounded anteriorly ; scutellum very broadly truncate at the apex.

Median segment with a shallow sulcus from the base to the apex,

the triangular space at the base smooth and shining. Abdomen

coarsely punctured, the fourth and fifth more shallowly than the

basal segments; the first segment broader in the middle than

long, slightly narrowed to the base and apex and obliquely de-

pressed at the base, not as long as the second segment. Pygidial

area finely rugose, twice as long as broad, the sides nearly parallel,

broad]y rounded at the apex.

Black ; the mandibles at the base, clypeus, outer orbits of the

eyes, the inner orbits broadly to a little above the base of the

antenne, a narrow line from the anterior ocellus to the base of

the clypeus, an oblique spot on each side of the vertex, the pro-

notum narrowly interrupted in the middle, the tegule, a spot on

the mesopleure, a large round spot on each side of the scutellum,

the postscutellum, a small spot on each side on the triangular

space at the base of the median segment, a large spot on each side

at the apex extending on to the sides, the first abdominal segment

except at the base, the apical half of the second segment, the

three apical abdominal segments (narrowly black at the base), the

tibie, tarsi, and the apex of the femora all dull brownish yellow.

Wings hyaline, tinged with fulvous, darker on the costa; nervures

ferruginous.

Length 14 mm.

472 MR. R. E, TURNER ON [May 12,

The male is similar to the female, but the central lobe of the

clypeus is nearly as long as broad, truncate at the apex, and the

yellow spots on the vertex are smaller.

Length 9 mm,

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Zurner); October.

CERCERIS PREDURA, Sp. 0.

Q. Clypeus depressed on the anterior margin, widely and

shallowly emarginate, the central lobe twice as broad at the apex

as long. Antenne inserted half as far again from the eyes as

from each other, the distance between them and the eyes equal to

a little less than the length of the scape, the distance from the

base of the clypeus nearly equal to the length of the scape and

the first joint of the flagellum combined ; the second joint of the

flagellum is twice as long as the first and not quite half as long

again as the third. The inner orbits of the eyes nearly parallel ;

the posterior ocelli about one-third further from the eyes than

from each other, but as far from each other as from the posterior

margin of the head. Clypeus and front shallowly punctured, the

rest of the insect, except the scutellum, postscutellum, base of

the median segment, and pygidium, very coarsely and deeply

punctured. Pronotum very broadly and feebly rounded ante-

riorly, less deeply punctured than the mesonotum; scutellum

transverse, shallowly punctured; postscutellum smooth. The

triangular space at the base of the median segment is divided by

a suleus and is deeply but rather sparsely punctured. First

abdominal segment about half as long again as broad, not as long

as the second segment; pygidial area granulate, elongate-oval,

and very narrowly truncate at the apex.

Black ; the mandibles (except at the apex), the clypeus, front

below the base of the antenne, scape, the carina between the

antenne, the pronotum broadly interrupted in the middle, the

tegule, scutellum, postscutellum, the base of the second abdo-

minal segment broadly, the third segment (with the base broadly

black in the middle), the fifth segment above, and the legs (except

the base of the coxe) yellow; the flagellum, the apex of the first

abdominal segment, the pygidium, and the posterior femora

ferruginous. Wings hyaline, the radial cell and the apex beyond

it clouded with fuscous ; nervures fusco-ferruginous.

3. Asin the female, but the clypeus is longer, being as long

as the breadth of the central lobe at the apex and without the

shallow emargination, the base a little nearer to the antenne

than in the female. The scutellum is black; the first abdominal

segment ferruginous; the apex of the fifth and the whole of the

sixth yellow; the femora and the apex of the posterior tibiz

ferruginous.

Length, 2 7mm., ¢ 6 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Zwrner); April and May.

Allied to O. predator Sm. from Celebes, but the sculpture is

different, also the shape of the pygidial area.

1908. | AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 473

CERCERIS VENUSTA Sm.

Cerceris venusta Sm, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, (4) xii. p. 413,

1873.

Hab. Mackay and Cairns, Queensland (Zwrner).

A species very variable in colour. In specimens from Cairns

the yellow markings are much reduced in size.

In the male the yellow marks on the median segment are

sometimes wholly absent. The posterior ocelli in this species

are very near together, about twice as far from the eyes as from

each other.

CERGERIS AUSTRALIS Sauss.

Cerceris australis Sauss. Mém. Soc. Phys. & Hist. Nat. Geneva,

xiv. p. 1, 1854.

Hab. Tasmania (Saussure); Melbourne to Mackay (Z%rner).

LIRIS HHMORRHOIDALIS Fab.

Liris magnifica Kohl, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxiii. p. 356,

1883.

Though the colour of the pile on the female is more brilliant

and the sculpture on the median segment rather stronger in

females from Australia, I cannot detect any appreciable difference

in the male.

Hab. Mackay to Cape York, Queensland (Zurner).

LARRA NIGRIPES Sauss.

Larrada nigripes Sauss. Reise d. Novara, Zool. 11. p. 1, Hym.

p. 74, n. 3, 1867.

Larra psilocera Kohl, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxili, p. 355,

1883.

Hab. Tasmania (Saussure) ; Adelaide, 8. Australia; Mackay,

Queensland ; Adelaide River, Northern Territory.

Saussure’s description seems to have been taken from a head-

less specimen, but I think there is little doubt that it is identical

with Kohl's species. It is allied to Z. mansueta Sm. from New

Guinea.

LARRA FEMORATA Sauss.

Tachytes femoratus Sauss. Mém. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat.

Geneva, xiv. p. 1, p. 20, n. 9, 1854.

Hab. Sydney, N.S.W.; Mackay and Cairns, Queensland.

North Queensland specimens differ a little from southern ones

in the shape of the pygidium, pronotum, and third cubital cell ;

the antenne also are a little stouter. But the differences are

very slight and do not seem sufficient to merit specific rank.

L. rujipes Sm. from Celebes and Z. mendax Sm. from Halmaheira

are slight geographical variations of the same species.

A774 MR. R. E, TURNER ON [May 12,

LarRA SCELESTA, Sp. 0.

@. Clypeus very finely and closely punctured, the anterior

margin shining and very slightly and broadly rounded. Mandibles

strongly notched on the outer margin, very blunt at the apex,

with a fringe of short stiff hairs on the outer margin. Antenne

inserted nearly as far from each other as from the eyes; the

second joint of the flagellum only a little more than half as long

again as the first, the third intermediate in length between the

first and second, Eyes separated on the vertex by a distance not

quite half as great again as the length of the second joint of the

flagellum. Labrum bilobed. Front smooth and shining, with a

longitudinal furrow on each side, the anterior ocellus lymg in a

broad and shallow transverse depression ; the posterior ocelli very

indistinct, with an irregular, shining, transverse depression behind

them; the vertex minutely punctured, Thorax very finely and

closely punctured, the pronotum longer and less abruptly depressed

than in LZ. nigripes Sauss. Median segment much longer than

the mesonotum, longer than in ZL. nigripes, finely rugose, with a

carina from the base to the apex, most strongly marked at the

base, vertically truncate posteriorly, the face of the truncation

finely rugulose, with a median suleus. Abdomen shining, very

shallowly and minutely punctured, the three basal segments with

a band of white pubescence on the sides; the pygidial area

broadly triangular, rather sparsely but deeply punctured. Anterior

tibiz without spines. The second cubital cell is as long as the

third on the radial nervure; the third is nearly three times as

long on the cubital as on the radial nervure, the third transverse

cubital is oblique and almost straight.

Black ; the mandibles and the spines of the tibie fusco-ferru-

ginous ; tegul testaceous. Wings fusco-hyaline, faintly iridescent;

nervures black.

Length 14 mm.

Hab, Mackay, Queensland (Zurner); Adelaide River, Northern

Territory (J.J. Watker). ..

Differs from L. nigripes in the shorter antennz with differently

proportioned joints, in the much closer approach of the eyes on

the vertex, the longer pronotum and median segment, and the

broader pygidium. The pronotum and abdomen differ markedly

from those of Z. australis, with which it agrees in the smooth

anterior tibie, which are heavily spined in ZL. nigripes.

LARRA AUSTRALIS Sauss.

_Tachytes australis Sauss. Mém. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat. Geneva,

xlv. p. 19, 1854.

If my identification of this species is correct it is a Larra.

flab. 8. Australia; W. Australia.

LARRA PACIFICATRIX, sp. n.

2. Clypeus very broadly truncate at the apex, opaque and

almost smooth, with a row of large punctures before the apical

1908. ] AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 475

margin. Second joint of the flagellum more than half as long

again as the first, the second and third subequal and rather

shorter than the fourth. Head subopaque, almost smooth, the

. front shining, the margins of the eyes broadly bordered with

briliant golden pubescence ; the eyes separated on the vertex by

a distance equal to three-quarters of the length of the second

joint of the flagellum. Pronotum depressed below the level

of the mesonotum, much higher in the middle than at the sides,

almost vertical. Mesonotum and scutellum shining and almost

smooth, only microscopically but very closely punctured ; a large

patch of short golden pubescence on the mesopleure below the

base of the anterior wings. Median segment longer than broad,

opaque, rather indistinctly transversely striated, the strie more

obscure towards the apex, a median carina from the base reaching

beyond the middle, vertically truncate posteriorly, the face of the

truncation coarsely transversely striated, with a deep median

suleus. Abdomen smooth and shining, highly polished, the

pygidial area closely punctured; the second ventral segment

strongly convex, flattened on the sides at the base and with

a longitudinal carina from the base not reaching the middle,

the apex of the first segment narrowly obliquely striated. The

second cubital cell is pointed on the radial nervure, and about

equal to the third in length on the cubital nervure; the two

recurrent nervures are received before the middle of the second

cubital cell, the first much further from the base of the cell than

from the second. The tarsal ungues are long.

Black ; the clypeus, scape, first joint of the flagellum, mandibles,

and legs ferruginous; tegule testaceous. Wings fusco-hyaline,

with a slight purple gloss and tinted with yellow; nervures

black.

Length 17 mm., exp. 28 mm.

Hab. New Hebrides.

Type in Oxford University Museum ex coll. Saunders.

This species is very near Votcgonia.

NovroGONIA CHRYSONOTA Sm.

Larrada chrysonota Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 304,

1869.

Larrada crassipes Sm. Ann. & Mag, Nat. Hist. (4) xii. p. 294,

1873.

Larra chrysonota Kohl, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxiv

p. 242, 1884.

Hab. Champion Bay, W. Australia ; Adelaide, 8. Australia.

NOTOGONIA REGINA, sp.n. (Plate X XVI. fig. 7.)

2. Clypeus opaque, shining on the apical margin, which is

slightly depressed, almost straight, very narrowly and shallowly

emarginate in the middle; a carina from the base not reaching

the apex. Head and thorax opaque, the front strongly raised on

476 MR. R. E. TURNER ON | May 12,

the inner orbits of the eyes, with a longitudinal median suleus ;

the anterior ocellus lying in a broad depression which almost

reaches the eyes; on the vertex the eyes are separated by a

distance less than twice as great as the length of the first joint

of the flagellum. The second joint of the flagellum is more than

twice as ‘long as the first and nearly half as long again as the

third: the fourth and fifth joints about equal to the third.

Pronotum depressed very much below the mesonotum, very

steeply sloped anteriorly ; mesonotum with a rather broad median

depression from the anterior margin to the middle. Median

segment a little longer than the mesonotum, nearly half as long

again as broad, obscurely transversely striated, the striz almost

obsolete at the apex, vertically truncate posteriorly, the face of

the truncation more strongly transversely striated, the sides

of the segment indistinctly striated. Abdomen subopaque, the

apical margins of the segments broadly depressed. Pygidial area

pubescent, with an obscure median carina, the lateral carinz

strongly raised, separated at the apex by a distance not quite

equal to the length of the first joint of the flagellum. Anterior

tibizee smooth, intermediate and posterior tibie with a double row

of three or four widely separated and feeble spines ; tarsi spinose,

the ungues simple and very long.

Black; the antenne orange; the pile on the head and abdomen

silvery, the abdominal segments with broad bands of pile on the

apical margin ; a pale golden sheen on the pile on the front and

a small patch of golden pubescence at the apex of the posterior

tibie. Wings fusco-hyaline, the apex of the anterior wings and

a broad band across beyond the middle fuscous, the apex of the

posterior wings broadly pale fuscous. Nervures black; testaceous

at the apex of the radial and third cubital cells.

The recurrent nervures are both received before the middle of

the second cubital cell, the distance between them not exceeding

one-sixth of the length of the cell on the cubital nervure. The

third cubital cell is about four times as long on the cubital as on

the radial nervure.

Length 19 mm., exp. 27 mm.

Hab. Cairns, Queensland (Zurner); December to March.

Mackay, Queensland ; October. Cape York, Queensland; May.

The specimen from Cape York has the wings fuscous from the

base, with a large hyaline patch near the apex of the anterior

wings; the four apical joints of the flagellum are black and the

spines on the tibiz stronger.

The specimens from Mackay are smaller, measuring only 12—

14 mm., the strie on the median segment are almost entirely

absent, except on the face of the truncation, and there is a delicate

longitudinal carina from the base almost reaching the apex. The

six apical joints of the flagellum are black.

NOTOGONTA BASILISSA, Sp. N.

2. Mandibles notched rather deeply on the outer margin; the

1908. | AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. ATT

clypeus opaque, very minutely punctured, clothed with rather

coarse silvery pubescence, the apical margin transverse, very

feebly emarginate in the middle and broadly smooth and shining.

The second joint of the flagellum is a little less than twice as long

as the first, a little longer than the third, and a little shorter than

the fourth. Head opaque, the front clothed with rather coarse

silvery pubescence; the eyes separated on the vertex by a distance

rather less than the third joint of the flagellum. Pronotum

steeply, but not nearly vertically sloped, higher in the middle

than at the sides; the mesonotum broadly but shallowly de-

pressed anteriorly, with sparse pubescence of a dull silver colour

on the sides and in thedepression. Median segment opaque, with

a short longitudinal carina from the base not reaching the middle,

very finely and closely punctured and very sparsely covered with

short grey pubescence, a few short transverse striz near the apical

angles, the face of the posterior truncation very shallowly and

irregularly transversely striated, with a deep and broad median

sulcus, the sides of the segment almost smooth, delicately obliquely

striated at the base; the segment much longer than broad. The

four basal abdominal segments with broad bands of rather dull

silvery pubescence on the apical margin ; the pygidial area rounded

at the apex, rather broad, and clothed with shining whitish

pubescence; the second and third ventral segments convex, the

second subcarinate at the base. The distance between the two

recurrent nervures is less by about one-third than that between

the first recurrent nervure and the base of the second cubital cell;

the third cubital cell is more than half as long again as the second

on the cubital nervure.

Black ; the five or six apical joints of the flagellum, the apex of

the joints of the tarsi, and the whole of the apical joint beneath

fulvous ; tegule testaceous. Wings subhyaline, nervures fusco-

ferruginous.

Length 13 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Zwurner); March.

NOTOGONIA AGITATA, Sp. 0.

Q@. Clypeus opaque, clothed with silvery pubescence, the apical

margin broadly smooth and shining, transverse. Second joint of

the flagellum a little more than half as long again as the first, the

second and third subequal, shorter than the fourth. Head opaque,

the front clothed with short silvery pubescence; the eyes separated

on the vertex by a distance equal to three-quarters of the length

of the second joint of the flagellum. Mesonotum closely and

microscopically punctured, longitudinally and rather broadly

depressed in the middle anteriorly, with a short and fine longi-

tudinal sulcus in the depression, the disc with sparse and very

short cinereous pubescence, the sides with closer pubescence of a

silvery colour slightly tinged with pale golden. Median segment

opaque, very finely granulated, much longer than broad; the

surface of the posterior truncation strongly transversely striated,

478 MR. R. E. TURNER ON | May 12,

with a deep median sulcus; a very obscure longitudinal carina

from the base of the segment not reaching the middle. Abdomen

subopaque; the four basal segments with broad apical bands

of silvery pubescence ; the pygidial area narrowly truncate at the

apex, clothed with silvery pubescence ; the second ventral segment

smooth and convex, with a longitudinal carina on the basal third.

The third cubital cell is half as long again as the second on the

radial nervure and as long as the second on the cubital nervure ;

the two recurrent nervures are received by the second cubital

cell before the middle, the first more than twice as far from the

base of the cell as from the second.

Black; the scape beneath fusco-ferruginous; the tegule and

the apical margin of the fifth abdominal segment testaceous, the

tarsi beneath, the apical joint of the tarsi above, and the tarsal

ungues ferruginous. Wings hyaline, the outer margin bordered

with pale fuscous, iridescent ; nervures fusco-ferruginous.

Length 10-11 mm.

Hab. Mackay and Cairns, Queensland (Zurner) ; December to

May.

NOTOGONIA SERENA, Sp. 0.

2. Mandibles very feebly notched on the outer margin; the

clypeus very broadly rounded at the apex, clothed densely with

rather coarse silver-grey pubescence, almost flat. Scape clothed

with short, shining pubescence, the apex beneath smooth and

shining ; the first joint of the flagellum half as long as the second,

the fourth a little longer than the third and about equal in length

to the second. Hyes separated on the vertex by a distance equal

to the length of the third joint of the flagellum. Head opaque ;

the pubescence on the front silver-grey and rather coarse, that on

the broad depressed space round the anterior ocellus pale golden-

brown. Pronotum very sharply sloped, almost vertical, much

higher in the middle than at the sides; mesonotum very minutely

punctured-rugulose ; clothed with pubescence, which is rather

coarse and silver-grey flushed with pale golden on the sides,

darker and shorter on the middle ; longitudinally depressed from

the middle to the anterior margin. Median segment longer than

broad, with a delicate longitudinal carina from the base to the

middle, rather obscurely transversely striated, the striz most

distinct at the base and the sides, more opaque than the thorax,

vertically truncated posteriorly, the face of the truncation in-

distinctly transversely striated, with a low carina from the base

not quite reaching the apex, the apical margin of the segment at

the base of the truncation slightly raised. Abdomen opaque,

pruinose, the apical margins of the four basal segments with broad

bands of silvery pubescence, which is coarser on the sides than in

the middle; the pygidial area more than twice as long as the

breadth at the base, about half as wide at the broadly rounded

apex as at the base, clothed with rather coarse golden pubescence.

The two recurrent nervures are received very close together before

the middle of the second cubital cell, the first is shghtly curved

1908. ] AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 479

outwardly near its apex, the second very strongly curved out-

wardly near its base; the second cubital cell is half as long on

the radial nervure as the third.

Black; the apex of the fifth abdominal segment and of the

pygidium testaceous, the tegule testaceous brown. Wings hyaline,

the apex very faintly tinged with fuscous; nervures fusco-

ferruginous.

Length 15 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Zurner); April.

NOTOGONIA OBLIQUETRUNCATA, Sp. n.

2. Mandibles rather deeply incised on the outer margin ; the

clypeus opaque at the base, with a carina from the base to the

middle, clothed with short, fine, silvery pubescence, very broadly

rounded or almost truncate at the apex, the apical margin broadly

smooth and shining. The second joint of the flagellum equal in

length to the third and more than twice as long as the first.

Hyes separated on the vertex by a distance equal to the length of

the second and half of the first jomts of the flagellum. Head

opaque, the front clothed with very short silvery pubescence.

Pronotum very steeply sloped, much higher in the middle than at

the sides; the mesonotum microscopically punctured, depressed

in the middle anteriorly, the sides and posterior margin clothed

with very pale golden pubescence. Median segment opaque, with

short transverse striz at the apical angles, vertically truncated

posteriorly, the face of the truncation transversely striated, with

a longitudinal sulcus from the base to the apex. Abdomen sub-

opaque, the apical margins of the four basal segments with bands

of silver-grey pubescence, broadly interrupted in the middle on

the fourth; the pygidial area almost pointed at the apex, long

and narrow, shining and sparsely punctured at the base, finely

punctured and clothed with short, pale, fulvous pubescence at the

apex. The first recurrent nervure is received almost as far from

the second as from the base of the second cubital cell; the second

is moderately rounded outwardly. The second cubital cellis much

longer than the third on the cubital nervure and equal to it in

length on the radial nervure, the third transverse cubital nervure

oblique and scarcely curved, the radial cell short and broad,

obliquely truncate at the apex.

Black; the mandibles, the scape beneath, and the anterior

femora and tibize beneath fusco-ferruginous, the apical margin of

the abdominal segments narrowly testaceous. Wings hyaline,

faintly tinted with fuscous at the apex, most strongly in the

radial cell; nervures black, the stigma fusco-ferruginous.

Length 10 mm.

Hab. Port Darwin (Turner); November.

NOoOTOGONIA RETIARIA, sp. n.

2. Mandibles shining, deeply notched on the outer margin.

Clypeus transverse, clothed with silvery pubescence, almost flat,

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1908, No. XX XT. 31

480 MR. R. E, TURNER ON [May 12,

the centre very slightly convex, the anterior margin bare and

shining, feebly produced in the middle, and narrowly and shallowly

emareginate. Antenne inserted at the base of the clypeus, a little

nearer to each other than to the eyes; the second joint of the

flagellum fully twice as long as the first, slightly longer than the

third, about equal in length to the fourth, but a little shorter than

the fifth. Eyes separated on the vertex by a distance equal to

the length of the fifth joint of the flagellum. Head subopaque,

very minutely and closely punctured; the front with a longi-

tudinal depression on each side, the orbit of the eyes elevated,

the anterior ocellus lying in a broad depression, the posterior

ocelli indistinct, with a triangular depression behind them. Pro-

notum higher in the middle of the posterior margin than at the

sides, the middle on a level with the mesonotum, steeply but not

vertically sloped anteriorly. Mesonotum microscopically and

very closely punctured and opaque, the mesopleuree and scutellum

subopaque, the former more distinctly punctured. Median segment

scarcely longer than the mesonotum, a little longer than broad,

coarsely reticulate, with an ill-defined carina from the base to the

apex, sharply but not quite vertically truncate posteriorly, the face

of the truncation transversely striated, with a median carina.

Abdomen shining, microscopically punctured, the three basal

segments with a band of white pubescence on the apical margin,

interrupted on the basal segment ; the pygidial area elongate tri-

angular, narrowly truncate at the apex. The sides of the median

segment are finely obliquely striated. The legs are slender, the

anterior tibize unarmed, and the tarsal ungues long. The two re-

current nervures are received very close together, before the middle

of the second cubital cell. The second cubital cell is at least half

as long again on the radial nervure as the third, the second trans-

verse cubital nervure is shghtly curved inwards, the third is

oblique and straight.

Black; the mandibles fuscous ; the pubescence on the pygidial

area very pale fulvous. Wings light fusco-hyaline, nervures

black, the tegulee fuscous.

Length 9 mm.

Hab. Perth, W. Australia.

Type in British Museum.

NoroGoNIA COMMIXTA, sp. N.

2. Clypeus opaque and very finely punctured at the base, with

a delicate carina not reaching the apex, the apex broadly smooth

and shining, the margin very broadly rounded, with a very narrow

and shallow emargination in the middle. Antenne rather stout,

the second joint of the flagellum twice as long as the first and

about one-quarter longer than the third. Head opaque, the

front and the base of the clypeus clothed with short fine silver

pubescence, which is only visible in certain lights; the eyes

separated on the vertex by a distance equal to one-third more

than the length of the first joint of the flagellum. Pronotum very

1908. } AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 48]

steeply sloped, not very strongly raised in the middle; the meso-

notum and scutellum subopaque, very closely and microscopically

punctured, a very short, impressed, longitudinal line on each side

of the mesonotum twice as far from the middle as from the

tegule. Median segment a little longer than broad, rather

indistinctly transversely striated, the strie more distinct at the

base than at the apex, with an obscure carina from the base

to the apex; the posterior truncation finely transversely striated,

with a deep median suleus. Abdomen subopaque, the three basal

segments with bands of dull silvery pubescence on the apical

margin; the pygidial area rather broad at the base, narrowly

rounded at the apex, clothed with pale fulvous pubescence; the

apex of the first ventral segment finely obliquely striated, the

second and third sparsely clothed with very short, fine, grey

pubescence. The third cubital cell is nearly twice as long as

the second on the radial nervure and a little longer than the

second on the cubital nervure; both recurrent nervures are

received before the middle of the second cubital cell, the first

more than twice as far from the base of the cell as from the

second.

Black; the tarsal ungues fusco-ferruginous. Wings fusco-

hyaline, faintly flushed with opalescent blue; nervures black.

Length 13 mm.

Hab. Cairns, Queensland (Zurner); February to May.

The mesonotum is only very slightly depressed in the middle on

the anterior margin.

NoToGONIA ABBREVIATA, Sp. Nn.

@. Mandibles very shallowly notched on the outer margin ;

the clypeus opaque, very finely and closely punctured, the apical

margin transverse and strongly depressed in the middle, the base

bare, the middle with rather long, sparse, silvery pubescence e

changing to fulvous at the apex. Scape with a little short white

pubescence beneath ; the first joint of the flagellum half as long

as the second, the fourth slightly longer than the second or third,

which are nearly equal in length to each other. Head opaque,

the front clothed with silvery ‘pubescence ; the eyes separated on

the vertex by a distance equal to three-quarters of the length of

the second joint of the flagellum. Pronotum almost vertical,

much higher in the middle than at the sides; mesonotum very

broadly and shallowly depressed in the middle anteriorly, opaque

and very minutely punctured; the pubescence short, sparse and

cinereous, that on the mesopleure also cinereous, with a patch of

silver-white pubescence below the base of the anterior wings.

Median segment more opaque than the mesonotum, very shallowly

and obscurely transversely striated, the striz only visible in a

strong light, with a rather shallow suleus from the base to the

apex, vertically truncate posteriorly, with a deep longitudinal

suleus on the face of the truncation, the segment is as broad at the

base as long, narrowed posteriorly. Abdomen opaque, with broad

31*

482 MR. R, E. TURNER ON [May 12,

bands of silvery pubescence on the apical margins of the three basal

segments; the pygidial area rather broadly rounded at the apex,

more than twice as broad at the base as at the apex, clothed with

sparse, stiff, black pubescence. The second ventral segment has a

a longitudinal carina from the base to the middle. The two

recurrent nervures are received very near together, just beyond

one-third from the base of the second cubital cell; the third

cubital cell is longer by one-third than the second on the radial

nervure.

Black. Wings light fusco-hyaline, nervures black.

Length 16 mm.

Hab. Cairns, Queenslaud (Zurner); February.

The median segment is shorter and broader than in most

species of Votogonia, but otherwise it shows all the characteristic

points of the genus.

TACHYTES RUBELLUS, sp. n.

3. Clypeus closely punctured, depressed and shining at the

apex, the margin slightly recurved. Head closely and very

minutely punctured; the front covered with shining white

pubescence, a deep longitudinal sulcus on the vertex broadened

just behind the posterior ocelli into a small triangular depression.

Eyes convergent above, separated on the vertex by a distance about

equal to the length of the first and second joints of the flagellum

combined ; the third joint of the flagellum of almost the same

length as the second. Thorax very minutely and closely punc-

tured, the sides thinly clothed with white pubescence ; the meso-

notum depressed in the middle anteriorly; the median segment

about one-fourth shorter than the mesonotum, narrowed and

truncate posteriorly, a deep longitudinal sulcus on the surface of

the truncation. Abdomen shining, minutely punctured; the apical

margin of the segments with interrupted bands of white

pubescence. The mesopleure, the sides of the median segment,

and the femora beneath with silvery pubescence.

Black; the mandibles, the anterior tibie beneath, the anterior

tarsi, the three orfour apical joints of the intermediateand posterior

tarsi, the spines of the tibie, and a spot at the apex of the inter-

mediate and posterior tibie ferruginous; the tegule testaceous ;

the abdomen entirely ferruginous red, paler on the apical margin

of the segments.

Length 7 mm.

Hab, Port Darwin (Turner); December.

TACHYTES FORMOSISSIMUS, Sp. n. (Plate XXVI. fig. 6.)

Q. Head, thorax, and median segment densely covered with

shining golden pubescence; the clypeus transverse and finely

punctured, the anterior margin shining and without pubescence.

A longitudinal sulcus on the vertex behind the ocelli; the eyes

convergent above, separated on the vertex by a distance slightly

1908. ] AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 483

exceeding the length of the two basal joints of the flagellum.

Pronotum depressed below the mesonotum, which is depressed in

the middle of the anterior margin; scutellum short, broadly

truncate at the apex. Median segment about one-third shorter

than the mesonotum, narrowed posteriorly and truncate, a deep

median sulcus starting from just above the base of the truncation

and continued along its surface to the apex. Abdomen extremely

minutely punctured, without pile.

Head and thorax black; the apex of the clypeus, the mandibles,

and the scape of the antenne ferruginous brown; the scutellum

and median segment fusco-ferruginous ; abdomen and legs light

testaceous red, the apical margin of the abdominal segments

paler; pubescence golden. Wings hyaline; nervures black,

testaceous red at the base and on the costa.

Length 10 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Turner); February.

This beautiful species is allied to fervida Sm., but is much

smaller and less stoutly built.

TACHYTES APPROXIMATUS, Sp. n.

Q. Clypeus closely punctured, transversely depressed and

truncate on the apical margin ; the clypeus and front clothed with

pale shining pubescence, with a faint golden sheen. Antenne

inserted nearer to each other than to the eyes; the second joint of

the flagellum about three times as long as the first and equal in

length to the first and third combined, the fourth, fifth, and sixth

equal in length to each other, each slightly shorter than the third.

Hyes separated on the vertex by a distance about equal to the

length of the third joint of the flagellum; the vertex very

minutely punctured, with a fine longitudinal suleus from the

posterior ocelli to the posterior margin of the head. Pronotum

very much depressed and very small; the thorax and median

segment very minutely punctured; a broad line of short, pale

golden pubescence on the sides of the mesonotum, very narrowly

continued on the posterior margin, with a quadrate, narrowly

divided patch on each side of the middle of the anterior margin ;

the pubescence on the postscutellum and the sides of the median

segment pale and shining, the segment only a little more than

half as long as the mesonotum, steeply but not quite vertically

sloped posteriorly, with a median sulcus on the posterior face.

Abdomen shining, finely punctured and pubescent, the pubescence

short, thin, and dark, the apical margins of the four basal dorsal

segments with a broad band of pale and somewhat obscure goiden

pubescence ; the pygidial area long and not very narrow, narrowly

rounded at the apex and clothed with brilliant golden pubescence.

The basal joint of the anterior tarsus with five spines on the outer

margin. The third cubital cell is a little longer than the second

on the radial nervure, and about as long as the second on the

cubital nervure, narrow and much curved.

Black; the mandibles fusco-ferruginous; the tegule, tibie,

ABA MR. R, E. TURNER ON [May 12

tarsi, the apex of the femora, and the apical margin’ of the fifth

abdominal segment very narrowly ferruginous. Wings hyaline,

nervures ferrugimous.

3. As in the female, but the pubescence on the head and

thorax is longer and duller, the anterior margin of the clypeus is

more rounded, the apical margin of the abdominal segments 1s

broadly dull ferruginous with the band of pubescence as in the

female on the four basal segments, the pubescence on the apical

segment is whitish, and the posterior femora are black at the base

only. The abdomen is more closely punctured than in the female.

The eyes are yellowish green in both sexes in life.

Length, 9 14mm., g 13 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Zurner); February and March.

Key to the Australian Species of Tachysphex.

A. Abdomen wholly black.

a. Tibie and tarsi light ferruginous ..... ji dieehinaed bonen tn LERUMOCLUESs

6. Tibie and tarsi almost entirely black

a, Abdomen opaque, covered with very short pubescence.

a, Mesonotum not visibly punctured; abdomen szb-

CO) UN [ON cT eames dreeaeiee aoe, ORME eS ecormerareterduacse ce mgt lio MO AEXOURe

63, Mesonotum very distinctly punctured ; abdomen

ODAGWO cooose sesee T. mackayensis.

62, Abdomen more or less shining, pubescent on the

apical margin of the segments only.

a, Dorsal surface of the median segment longitudinally

FSET (oT Uae Rtas eae emer ABR Gere bor Mas Aeeecilen Lo URGIINAZI

63, Dorsal surface of the median segment not striated.

a+. Thorax and median segment strongly pubescent . 7. pilosulus.

64, Thorax and median segment not pubescent.

a. Median segment longer than the mesonotum... 1. tenwis.

6°, Median segment not longer than the meso-

notum.

a®, Mesonotum subopaque ........................... 2. debilis.

6°, Mesonotum shining.

a’, Pronotum sharply sloped.

a8, Second joint of the flagellum much

longer than the third. Length 8mm.. 7. pacificus.

68. Second joint of flagellum shorter than

the third. Length 13mm................ LZ. nigerrimus Sm.

67, Pronotum gradually sloped.

a°. Head shining, almost smooth. Wines

and antennz short ............:............. 2. pugnator.

68. Head opaque, finely punctured. Wings

and antenne of moderate length ......... T. hypoleius Sm.

B. Two basal segments of abdomen ferruginous red ............_ T. truncatifrons.

TACHYSPHEX TRUNCATIFRONS, Sp. Nl.

2. Mandibles very strongly incised on the outer margin.

Clypeus broadly truncate on the apical margin, slightly convex in

the middle, obliquely and broadly triangularly truncate from the

middle to the apex, the base opaque and indistinctly punctured,

the surface of the truncation shining, with a few scattered

punctures. Antenne inserted as far from each other as from the

eyes; the second, third, and fourth joints of the flagellum about

equal in length, each at least three times as long as the first joint

1908. ] AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 485

Hyes separated on the vertex by a distance equal to the length of

the first two joints of the flagellum ; the posterior ocelli situated

on a convexity, divided by a fine longitudinal sulcus, with a rather

large, shallow, subtriangular depression on the vertex behind

them. Head opaque, the vertex very finely and closely punctured,

the depression behind the ocelli smooth and shining, the front

very delicately rugulose, slightly raised in the middle above the

base of the antenne, where it is divided by a longitudinal sulcus ;

the front almost flat. Thorax subopaque, very closely and deli-

eately punctured ; the pronotum not very much below the level

of the mesonotum, and very gradually sloped anteriorly. Median

segment opaque, a little shorter than the mesonotum, very finely

rugulose, truncate posteriorly, with a deep median sulcus on the

face of the truncation. Abdomen shining and almost smooth, the

three basal segments depressed on the apical margin, narrowly at

the sides, broadly in the middle; the pygidial area elongate and

pointed, shining, with scattered punctures. The tibie are very

feebly spined ; the comb of the anterior tarsi is long, but thin.

The third transverse cubital nervure is rather feebly curved.

Black ; the apical joint of the tarsi fusco-ferruginous; the two

basal abdominal segments above and beneath bright ferruginous

red. Wings hyaline stained with fuscous, nervures fuscous.

Length 9 mm.

Hab. Queensland.

Type in Oxford University Museum ex coll. Saunders.

Allied to 7’. rufo-niger Bingh. from India.

TACHYSPHEX IMBELLIS, Sp. Nn.

2. Mandibles incised on the outer margin; clypeus shining,

very sparsely punctured, the punctures large, feebly convex, the

apical margin subtruncate. Head, thorax, and abdomen shining

and almost smooth; a very delicate longitudinal sulcus reaching

from the anterior ocellus nearly to the base of the clypeus; the

posterior ocelli subovate, situated on a very slight elevation, with

a small and fairly deep depression on the vertex behind them ;

the eyes separated on the vertex by a distance about equal to the

length of the first two joints of the flagellum. Antenne inserted

nearer to each other than to the eyes; the second, third, and fifth

joints of the flagellum nearly equal in length, each less than twice

as long as the first, the fourth joint very slightly longer than the

others. Pronotum depressed below the mesonotum, a little more

than half as wideas the head. Median segment at the base a little

more than half as broad again as long, at the apex only as broad

as long, opaque and finely shagreened, almost vertically truncate

posteriorly, the face of the truncation finely and obscurely trans-

versely striated with a deep rounded depression at the base. The

apical segment of the abdomen shining, finely and very sparsely

punctured, pointed at the apex. The comb of the anterior tarsi

is very poorly developed, the sete being very few and far apart.

The third cubital cell is not much extended on the cubital nervure,

486 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

being more than half as long on the radial as on the cubital

nervure; the radial cell is short, not more than equal to the length

of the second cubital cell on the cubital nervure. ts

Black; the mandibles except at the apex, the tegule, tibie,

tarsi, and the apex of the femora light ferruginous, the scape of

the antenne beneath fuscous. Wings hyaline, nervures fuscous.

A little grey pubescence on the sides of the abdominal segments,

otherwise bare.

Length 6 mm., exp. 10 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Turner); November.

TACHYSPHEX FORTIOR, sp. nh.

@. Clypeus shining, strongly but sparsely punctured at the

apex, moderately convex at the base, then almost vertically

depressed, and subtruncate on the apical margin. Antenne

inserted as far from each other as from the eyes ; the second joint

of the flagellum twice as long as the first, a little shorter than the

third or fourth and about equal to the fifth. Eyes separated on

the vertex by a distance scarcely greater than the length of the

third joint of the flagellum. Head opaque, very minutely

punctured ; the front very feebly convex, divided by a rather

strong longitudinal sulcus which reaches the anterior ocellus and

is continued behind it to the posterior margin of the head.

Posterior ocelli subovate, situated on a convexity, with a small

deep depression behind them. Pronotum depressed below the

mesonotum, the slope almost vertical; mesonotum subopaque,

nearly twice as broad as long. Median segment opaque, shorter

than the mesonotum, finely shagreened, vertically truncate

posteriorly, the face of the truncation rather finely transversely

striated, with a median sulcus. Abdomen subopaque ; the apical

margin of the segments feebly depressed, very broadly in the

middle, and thinly clothed with grey pubescence; the apical

segment smooth, with a few scattered punctures near the hase,

subcarinate longitudinally in the middle and pointed at the apex.

Tarsi strongly spinose, the comb of the anterior tarsi well

developed; the legs stout. The first recurrent nervure is received

almost as far from the second as from the base of the second

cubital cell; the third cubital cell is strongly curved on the outer

“margin and reaches on the cubital nervure nearly two-thirds of

the way from the apex of the second cubital cell to the outer

margin of the wing.

Black; the pubescence greyish white; the tegule, the anterior

tarsi, the two apical joints of the posterior and intermediate

tarsi, and the extreme base of the tibie ferruginous.

Length 10 mm.

Hab. S.W. Australia (Du Boulay).

Type in British Museum.

_ Allied to 7. debilis described in this paper, but is a much more

stoutly built insect and the legs are stronger and much more

splnose.

1908. | AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 487

TACHYSPHEX MACKAYENSIS, Sp. nh.

@. Clypeus finely punctured at the base, very coarsely and

closely punctured, the apical margin very narrowly depressed and

shining, very narrowly emarginate in the middle. Antenne

inserted a little further from the eyes than from each other; the

second joint of the flagellum twice as long as the first, but a little

shorter than the third or fourth. Eyes separated on the vertex

by a distance slightly greater than the length of the third joint

of the flagellum ; the posterior ocelli situated on a convexity with

a small depression behind them. Head opaque, very finely and

shallowly punctured ; the clypeus at the base and the front below

the base of the antenne closely, the front above the base of

the antenne very sparsely, clothed with moderately long white

pubescence. Thorax very closely punctured; the pronotum

strongly depressed below the level of the mesonotum, almost

vertical, a little higher in the middle than at the sides.

Median segment almost as long as the mesonotum, narrowed

towards the apex and vertically truncate posteriorly, opaque and

finely punctured-rugose, with a little scattered pubescence; the

face of the truncation finely transversely striated, with a deep

median sulcus not reaching the apex. Abdomen opaque, covered

with extremely short grey pubescence, which is rather longer and

whiter on the depressed apical margin of the segments; the

pygidial area shining, with large and ccaiiaaad punctures, almost

pointed and rather narrow; the ventral segments smooth and

shining. The posterior tibie are rather stro ongly spined, the comb

of the anterior tarsi is long but rather thin. The third cubital

cell is very long on the cubital nervure, reaching nearly two-thirds

of the way from the apex of the second cubital cell to the margin

of the wing; the third transverse cubital nervure is much curved ;

the second cubital cell is longer than the third on the radial

nervure, but scarcely as long on the cubital.

Black ; the tegulz and the comb of the anterior tarsi testaceous.

Length 12 mm., exp. 19 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (7wrner).

Allied to 7. fortior described above, but the eyes are further

apart on the vertex, and the sulcus on the vertex is absent, the

mesonotum is punctured, the median segment longer and more

strongly narrowed posteriorly, the pygidium narrower, and the

posterior tibize more strongly armed.

TACHYSPHEX WALKERI, Sp. 0.

@. Clypeus shining, sparsely punctured, very finely at the base,

more coarsely at the apex, obliquely depressed from the middle to

the apex, where it is broadly truncate. Antenne long and slender,

nearly as long as the head, thorax, and median segment combined,

inserted further from the eyes than from each other; the second

joint of the flagellum more than twice as long as the first and

about one-quarter shorter than the third. Eyes separated on the

vertex by a distance not quite equal to the length of the second

488 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

joint of the flagellum ; the posterior ocelli subovate, situated on a

convexity, with a small triangular depression on the vertex

behind them. Head opaque, the vertex smooth, the front slightly

convex, finely shagreened, with a delicate, longitudinal, median

sulcus; the space round the base of the antenne clothed with short

silver pubescence. Thorax subopaque, the scutellum shining; the

pronotum much depressed below the mesonotum, gradually sloped

anteriorly. Median segment as long as the mesonotum, narrowed

posteriorly, opaque and rather irregularly longitudinally striated,

the sides finely obliquely striated, vertically truncate posteriorly,

the face of the truncation transversely striated, with a median

suleus. Abdomen microscopically punctured, the apical margin of

the three basal segments slightly depressed, with a band of short,

rather thin, silver pubescence ; the pygidial area polished, with a

few fine and scattered punctures, elongate triangular. The

posterior tibize very feebly spined, the comb of the anterior tarsi

only feebly developed. Third cubital cell narrow, the third trans-

verse cubital nervure rather strongly curved inward ; the second

cubital cell much shorter than the third on the radial nervure,

the radial nervure strongly continued, the appendiculate cel! being

clearly defined and reaching nearer to the outer margin than the

cubital nervure.

Black; the scape beneath fusco-ferruginous ; the apex of the

tegule and the comb of the anterior tarsi testaceous.

Length 7 mm.

Hab. Sand Islet, Long Reef, N.W. Australia (Walker); June.

Type in British Museum.

TACHYSPHEX PILOSULUS, Sp. 0.

2. Clypeus very broadly rounded anteriorly, clothed with dark

grey pubescence, changing to silver in some lights, the apical

margin bare and recurved, with a shining transverse depression

before it. Antennz inserted about half as far again from the

eyes as from each other; the second joint of the flagellum twice as

long as the first and about equal in length to the third and the

fourth singly. Eyes separated on the vertex by a distance

scarcely exceeding the length of the second joint of the flagellum ;

the posterior ocelli oblong and oblique, situated on a convexity,

with no depression or sulcus on the vertex behind them. Front

rather strongly convex, clothed with long and rather close silver-

grey pubescence, a very fine longitudinal sulcus below the anterior

ocellus. The whole head opaque, very minutely punctured. Pro-

notum very much depressed below the level of the mesonotum,

very steeply stoped anteriorly. Thorax and median segment

finely shagreened, opaque, with sparse and rather long cinereous

pubescence ; the mesonotum large, about half as lon g again as the

median segment, which is scarcely narrowed posteriorly, and ver-

tically truncate, the surface of the truncation indistinctly trans-

versely striate-rugulose, with an almost obsolete median sulcus.

Abdomen subopaque, the two apical segments and the whole

1908. ] AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 489

ventral surface shining, the basal segment with sparse and rather

long grey pubescence at the base, the three basal segments with a

broad band of shining silvery pubescence faintly flushed with

golden on the apical margin, the fourth segment with a similar

band on the sides only. Pygidial area elongate-triangular, very

narrowly truncate at the apex, microscopically punctured and less

polished than the fifth segment. The comb on the anterior tarsi

is very long. ‘The first recurrent nervure is received at the same

distance from the base of the second cubital cell as from the

second recurrent nervure, which is received just beyond the middle

of the cell, The second cubital cell is about half as long again as

the third on the radial nervure; the third is much produced on

the cubital nervure, reaching two-thirds of the way from the apex

of the second to the margin of the wing; the second and third

transverse cubital nervures are both strongly curved. The cubital

nervure of the posterior wings branches off immediately beyond

the apex of the anal cell.

Black; the spines of the tibiz and tarsi whitish; the tegule

and the comb of the anterior tarsi testaceous. Wings hyaline ;

nervures ferruginous at the base, fuscous at the apex. Anterior

tarsi fusco-ferruginous.

g. Similar, but slenderer, the head and thorax less strongly

pubescent, the eyes a little nearer together on the vertex, and the

apical abdominal segments more opaque. The eyes in life are

bright green.

Length, 2 11 mm., ¢ 10 mm.

Hab. 9, Cape York, Queensland; ¢, Cairns and Mackay,

Queensland (Zurner); November to April.

TACHYSPHEX TENUIS, Sp. n.

2. Clypeus shining, almost smooth at the base, punctured near

the apex, moderately convex, the apical margin transversely

depressed and shallowly emarginate in the middle. Antenne

inserted nearer to each other than to the eyes; the second joint of

the flagellum less than twice the length of the first and distinctly

shorter than the third or fourth. Eyes separated on the vertex

by a distance equal to the length of the first and third joints of

the flagellum combined; the posterior ocelli ovate and oblique,

placed on a convexity, with a small, deep, triangular depression on

the vertex behind them. Head opaque, very minutely punctured,

the front slightly convex, with an obscure longitudinal sulcus from

the anterior ocellus; the space round the base of the antenne

clothed with short white pubescence. Pronotum moderately de-

pressed below the mesonotum, not very steeply sloped. Thorax

slightly shining and almost smooth ; the median segment opaque,

a little longer than the mesonotum and longer than broad, ver-

tically truncate posteriorly, the face of the truncation finely

transversely striated, with a deep median sulcus. Abdomen

slender, slightly shining, and very minutely punctured ; the apical

margin of the three basal segments depressed, most broadly in the

490 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

middle, with a little short grey pubescence on the sides. Pygidial

area shining and sparsely punctured, narrow and almost pointed

at the apex. The comb on the anterior tarsi is not very strongly

developed. The second cubital cell is very short on the radial

nervure, only half as long as the third; the first recurrent ner-

vure isreceived at the same distance from the base of the cell as from

the second recurrent nervure, which is received close to the middle

of the cell. The third cubital cell is not much prolonged on the

cubital nervure, reaching only about two-fifths of the way from

the apex of the second cell to the margin of the wing. The

second and third transverse cubital nervures are scarcely curved.

Black ; the apical half of the flagellum and the apical joint of

the tarsi fuscous; the tegule testaceous. Wings hyaline,

nervures ferruginous.

Length 6 mm.

Hab. Port Darwin (Turner) ; December.

TACHYSPHEX DEBILIS, Sp. N.

@. Mandibles strongly incised on the outer margin; clypeus

short and broad, strongly transversely depressed on the apical

margin and feebly emarginate in the middle, opaque at the base,

shining at the apex, and sparsely punctured. Front round the

base of the antenne clothed with very short silvery pubescence,

with a shallow longitudinal sulcus reaching very obscurely to the

anterior ocellus. Head opaque, the front slightly convex; the

posterior ocelli subovate, situated on an elevation, with a small

and rather deep rounded depression behind them. Antenne

inserted much nearer to each other than to the eyes; the second

joint of the flagellum a little shorter than the third, the third

and fourth equal in length, the fifth equal to the second. EHyes

strongly convergent, separated on the vertex by a distance equal

to the length of the first two joints of the flagellum combined.

Pronotum scarcely more than half as broad as the head, depressed

below the level of the mesonotum, which is opaque and micro-

scopically punctured; the scutellum shining, very minutely

punctured. Median segment very opaque, finely shagreened,

nearly twice as broad at the base as long, almost vertically

truncate posteriorly; the face of the truncation indistinctly

transversely striated, with a median sulcus. Abdomen shining,

minutely punctured, the apical margin of the segments with

broadly interrupted bands of obscure silver pubescence; the

apical segment pointed, shining, and very sparsely punctured.

The tibize are very feebly spined, the anterior tibie smooth; the

tarsi more feebly spined than is usual in the genus, the comb of

the anterior tarsi only moderately developed.

Black, the tegule fuscous. Wings hyaline, nervures fuscous.

The third cubital cell is narrow and strongly extended along

the cubital nervure towards the margin of the wing.

Length 7 mm.

Vs Sarees ey VRS 4

Hab. Cairns, Queensland (Turner); February.

1908. | AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 49]

TACHYSPHEX PACIFICUS, sp. n.

2. Clypeus very broadly truncate at the apex, strongly and

closely punctured at the apex, sparsely and more finely at the

base. Antenne inserted as far from each other as from the eyes;

the second joint of the flagellum three times as long as the first

and about one-third longer than the third, the fourth and fifth

almost equal in length to the third; the distance between the

eyes on the vertex equal to the length of the second joint of the

flagellum ; the posterior ocelli elongate-ovate, situated on a very

feeble elevation, a small depression on the vertex behind them.

Head subopaque, closely and finely punctured, with a delicate

longitudinal sulcus on the front. Thorax shining, very closely

and minutely punctured ; scutellum smooth and shining. Median

segment opaque, very finely shagreened, the apex shining, almost

vertically truncate posteriorly ; the face of the truncation finely

transversely striated, with a delicate median sulcus. Abdomen

smooth and shining, the apical margin of the segments broadly

and feebly depressed, the apical segment triangular, the sides

longer than the base, sparsely punctured. The comb on the

anterior tarsi 1s composed of very few sete. The third cubital

cell is strongly produced towards the margin of the wing, being

nearly four times as long on the cubital as on the radial nervure.

The sides of the median segment are obliquely striated.

Black; the mandibles and tegule fuscous. Wings hyaline,

faintly tinted with fuscous ; nervures black.

Length 8 mm.

Hab. Melbourne.

Type in British Museum ex coll. Smith.

Near 7’. debilis described above, but the proportion of the joints

of the antenne is very different, and the thorax and abdomen are

more polished, and the sculpture, especially on the sides of the

median segment, is different.

TACHYSPHEX NIGERRIMUS Sim.

Tachytes mgerrimus Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 302. n. 26,

1856.

Astata nigerrima White; Butler, Zool. Voy. Ereb. & Terror, ii.

pl. 7. fig. 14, 1875.

Hab. New Zealand.

I have received a specimen said to be from Victoria, but the

locality may be a mistake.

Smith took the name from White’s MS. referring to the above

work, of which the portion containing the Hymenoptera was not

published till many years later.

TACHYSPHEX PUGNATOR, Sp. n.

2. Clypeus shining and sparsely punctured, convex, strongly

depressed, and bent inwards on the apical margin, giving the

appearance of a wide and shallow emargination. Antenne

492 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

inserted almost as far from each other as from the eyes, short and

rather stout; the second joint of the flagellum not much more

than twice as long as the first, and about equal to the third in

length but not quite as thick, the fourth and fifth joints as long

as the third. Eyes separated on the vertex by a distance about

equal to the length of the third and fourth joints of the flagellum

combined. Head shining and almost smooth, a very delicate sulcus

reaching from the anterior ocellus almost to the base of the clypeus.

Posterior ocelli ovate, with a small deep depression behind them,

from which a rather deep sulcus runs to the posterior margin of

the head. Thorax narrower than the head, smooth and shining ;

the pronotum depressed below the mesonotum, gradually but not

very steeply sloped ; the mesonotum with a longitudinal suleus on

each side, and a very short longitudinal sulcus from the middle of

the anterior margin. Median segment opaque, shorter than the

mesonotum, abruptly but not quite vertically truncate posteriorly,

the face of the truncation finely transversely striated, with a deep

median sulcus not reaching the apex. Abdomen almost smooth,

the ventral surface highly polished; the segments depressed on

the apical margin, the three basal segments very strongly so and

much more broadly on the middle than on the sides, the second

segment obscurely transversely furrowed before the depression ;

the margins of the three basal segments with scant white

pubescence (probably thicker in fresh specimens); the pygidial

area shining and sparsely punctured, very long and narrow,

almost pointed at the apex. The comb on the anterior tarsi well

developed. The radial nervure reaches nearer to the outer margin

of the wing than the cubital; the first recurrent nervure is

received nearer to the second than to the base of the second

cubital cell.

Black; the flagellum fuscous, the apex of the scape beneath

fusco-ferruginous; tarsi fuscous at the base, the apical joints

fusco-ferruginous; the comb of the anterior tarsi ferruginous.

Wings hyaline, tinged with fuscous ; nervures black.

Length 11 mm.

Hab. Adelaide, 8. Australia.

Type in British Museum.

Somewhat allied to 7. nigerrimus from New Zealand, but the

thorax is narrower in proportion to the head, and the antenne

are very different.

TACHYSPHEX HYPOLEIUS Sm.

2. Clypeus slightly convex, depressed towards the anterior

margin, which is broadly subtruncate, very minutely punctured.

Antenne inserted further from each other than from the eyes,

the space between them shining and almost smooth, above the

shining space is a very short longitudinal carina with a very small

tubercular prominence on each side of it. The first joint of the

flagellum very short, not more than one-quarter of the length of

the second, the second and third about equal in length, the fourth

1908. | AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 493

a little shorter. Mandibles notched on the outer margin. Eyes

separated on the vertex by a distance equal to the length of the

second joint of the flagellum. Front slightly convex, subopaque,

finely and shallowly punctured ; the front below the base of the

antennee, the inner margin of the eyes as high as the ocelli and

the outer margin clothed with short silvery pubescence. Posterior

ocelli elongate- -ovate, situated on a slight convexity, with a shallow

depression on the vertex behind them. Thorax smooth and

shining, mesopleuree subopaque ; mesosternum shining, with a few

scattered punctures; the pronotum depressed below the meso-

notum, very gradually sloped. Median segment distinctly longer

than the mesonotum, opaque and shagreened, with a very shallow

longitudinal depression near the apex, vertically truncate pos-

teriorly ; the face of the truncation transversely striated, with a

deep median sulcus. Abdomen shining and almost smooth, the

apical margin of the segments depressed, with a band of short

silver pubescence broadly interrupted in the middle; the first

segment rounded towards the base; the pygidial area very

sparsely punctured, very slightly convex in the middle, elongate,

blunt at the apex. Intermediate coxe very widely separated ;

the comb of the anterior tarsi very strongly developed. The first

recurrent nervure is received rather nearer to the base of the

second cubital cell than to the second recurrent nervure, which is

received close to the middle of the cell; the third cubital cell

is produced, reaching on the cubital nervure much more than

halfway from the apex of the second cell to the margin of the

wing.

Entirely black, Wings hyaline, tinted with fuscous, nervures

black.

Length 14 mm., exp. 22 mm.

Hab. 8. Australia; W. Australia.

Type in British Museum.

The median segment, although broader than long, is longer

than is usual in the genus.

ZOYPHIUM ERYTHROSOMA, sp. li.

2. Mandibles very deeply notched on the outer margin.

Clypeus broad, slightly convex in the middle, the anterior margin

depressed transversely, with two minute teeth on each side,

almost smooth, with thin and very fine silvery pubescence on the

sides. Antenne inserted about half as far again from each other

as from the eyes, scarcely longer than the head, gradually

thickened to the apex, the length of the scape no greater than

the distance between the antenne; the first joint of the flagellum

globose, a little shorter than the second, the third half as long

again as the second, the fourth a little longer than the third, the

apical joint very large and massive, as long as the first and

second combined. stihvesk inner margin of the eyes almost straight,

the distance between the eyes on the vertex slightly exceeding

two-thirds of the length of the flagellum. The posterior ocelli

rather more than foie as far again ‘from each other as from the

494 MR. R. BE. TURNER ON [May 12, ©

eyes. Front depressed round the base of the antenne; head

a little broader than the mesonotum. Head and thorax opaque,

very closely and microscopically punctured. Pronotum depressed,

seen from above linear and transverse, sharply obliquely de-

pressed anteriorly. Mesonotum much longer than the median

segment, the punctures on the mesopleure a little more distinct

than on the mesonotum. Median segment rounded, with a

median longitudinal sulcus from the base to the apex, a short

earina lying in the sulcus at the base; along the base of the

segment are a number of short oblique strie. Abdomen a little

longer than the thorax and median segment combined, closely

and minutely punctured, the apical margin of the segments

broadly depressed and smooth. The pygidial area is triangular,

much more strongly punctured, with short, stiff hairs springing

from the punctures. The first recurrent nervure is received at

one-quarter before the apex of the first cubital cell, otherwise the

neuration is as in Kohl’s figure.

Obscure blackish blue; the clypeus, the base of the mandibles,

the scape of the antenne, the apex of the femora, the tibiz, and

the tarsi yellow ; the flagellum, the abdomen, and stains on the

tibie and tarsi light ferruginous; the tegule fuscous. Wings

hyaline, faintly iridescent, nervures ferruginous.

Length 8-9 mm.

¢. Clypeus blue-black ; hypopygium pointed, with a spine on

each side close to the apex. Otherwise as in the female.

Length 7 mm.

Hab. Townsville, Queensland (Dodd); Mackay, Queensland

(Lurner); February and March.

Described from two males and two females.

Near Sericophorus bicolor Sm., from W. Australia, but the

radial cell in that species is appendiculate and the head much

broader.

ZoYPHIUM RUFONIGRUM, sp.n. (Plate XXVI. fig. 8.)

3. Mandibles deeply notched on the outer margin, acute at

the apex, not bidentate. Clypeus very broadly rounded at the

apex, the apical margin depressed, without minute lateral teeth.

Antenne about one-third as far again from each other at the

base as from the eyes, the first joint of the flagellum shorter than

the second, globular, the second shorter than the third, the apical

joint massive and longer than the others, the antenne are a little

longer than head and are gradually thickened to the apex. The

inner orbits of the eyes are nearly parallel, very slightly con-

vergent towards the vertex. The eyes on the vertex separated

by a distance scarcely equal to two-thirds of the length of the

flagellum ; the posterior ocelli twice as far from each other as

from the eyes. Head and thorax minutely and closely punctured

the front clothed with short, silvery pubescence. Head broader

than the thorax; the pronotum short but not linear, strongly

depressed anteriorly. Mesopleure rather more strongly punctured

1908. ] AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 495,

than the mesonotum. The median segment rounded at the apex,

with a deep median sulcus ; the sides of the segment and the meso-

pleure clothed with silvery pubescence. Abdomen minutely

punctured, the apical margins of the segments rather broadly

depressed and smooth; the hypopygium subtruncate, with a

minute apical spine.

Text-fig. 108.

Zoyphium rufonigrum, 3.

1. Antenna. 2. Maxilla and palpus. 3. Labial palpus. 4. Mandible.

Black; the mandibles, clypeus, pro- and mesothorax, and

median segment ferruginous red; the tibiz, tarsi, scape of the

antenne, the first and part of the apical joint of the flagellum

testaceous yellow. Wings hyaline, iridescent, nervures fuscous.

Length 4 mm.

Hab. Port Darwin (Zurner); December.

Described from two specimens.

ZOYPHIUM KOHLII, sp. n.

©. Mandibles acute at the apex, deeply notched on the outer

margin at one-third from the base, with two small teeth narrowly

divided from each other on the inner margin also at one-third

from the base. Clypeus short and broad, opaque and smooth, the

anterior margin transversely depressed, with a tooth on each side

opposite the two small teeth on the mandibles. Antenne nearly

half as far again from each other at the base as from the eyes,

gradually thickened to the apex; the first jot of the flagellum

globular, shorter and stouter than the second, the second a little

longer than the third, the apical joint large and longer than any

two of the others combined. Eyes moderately convergent towards

the vertex, where they are separated by a distance equal to about

half the length of the flagellum ; the posterior ocelli nearly twice

as far from each other as from the eyes. Head and thorax

opaque, almost smooth, the front covered with very short golden

pubescence. Pronotum much narrower than the head, depressed

slightly below the level of the mesonotum and strongly depressed

anteriorly. Median segment shorter than the mesonotum,

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1908, No. XXXII. ay

496 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

rounded posteriorly, with a median carina lying in a shallow

depression reaching from the base almost to the apex, with very

short oblique strie at the base, shining at the apex, the inter-

mediate space opaque. Abdomen elongate-ovate, minutely and

rather sparsely punctured, the apical margin of the segments

narrowly depressed, the pygidial area triangular with sparse

pubescence.

Black; the mandibles, antenne, tegule, and legs pale ferru-

ginous brown. Wings hyaline, iridescent ; nervures fuscous.

Length 6 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Turner); January.

ZOYPHIUM FRONTALE, sp. 1.

@. Clypeus very broad, truncate at the apex; the antenne

inserted at the base of the clypeus, twice as far from each other

as from the eyes, thickened to the apex and no longer than the

head. Eyes very slightly convergent towards the vertex; the

posterior ocelli more than twice as far from each other as from

the eyes. Front very broad, slightly concave at the sides, a little

elevated inthe middle. Head, thorax, and abdomen very minutely

punctured, the abdomen shining. Pronotum short, narrower

than the head, and depressed below the mesonotum. Mesonotum

large, as broad as long and as broad as the head. Median segment

rounded at the sides, abruptly truncate posteriorly, much shorter

than the mesonotum, delicately obliquely striated, with a median

carina from the base situated in a depressed suleus. Abdomen

subconical, the second segment a little broader than the first.

Black ; the clypeus, the front and the scape of the antennz

yellow ; the mandibles, flagellum, tegule, and legs ferruginous ;

the apex of the scutellum and the postscutellum fusco-ferruginous.

Wings hyaline, iridescent ; nervures fusco-ferruginous.

There are only two cubital cells, the second transverse cubital

nervure being obsolete; the second cubital cell nearly twice as

long on the cubital as on the radial nervure, the length on the

radial about equal to the length of the first transverse cubital

nervure.

Length 5 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Turner); March.

GORYTES DUBOULAYT, Sp. n.

2. Clypeus short and broad, closely and minutely punctured.

Head very minutely punctured, the front almost smooth, concave,

with a longitudinal suleus from the anterior ocellus to the base of

the clypeus. Hyes very large, diverging towards the clypeus and

the vertex; the posterior ocelli twice as far from each other as

from the eyes. Antenne inserted further from each other than

from the eyes, thickened to the apex; the second joint of the

flagellum half as long again as the third. Pronotum linear,

transverse, nearly as broad as the head. Thorax very minutely

and shallowly punctured ; the mesonotum half as broad again as

1908. ] AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 497

long. Median segment with a smooth, shining triangular space

at the base ; from the apex of the triangle a deep sulcus ruus to the

apex of the segment, the remainder of the segment shining, with

microscopic punctures. Abdomen oval, as long as the thorax and

median segment combined; the first segment narrow at the base,

no longer than the second segment which is very broad ; all the

segments finely and very closely punctured ; the pygidium elon-

gate-triangular, with sparse, short pubescence.

Black; the mandibles at the base, clypeus, scape of the an-

tenn, pronotum, tegule, a spot on the mesopleure beneath the

anterior wings, a short transverse line at the apex of the scutellum,

the postscutellum, a large spot on each side of the second abdo-

minal segment, a transverse band very narrowly interrupted in

the middle at the apex of the fourth segment, the apex of the

anterior femora, and a line on all the tibiz above, pale yellow ;

the flagellum, the apex of the mandibles, the legs, the first

abdominal segment (except at the base), and the two apical

segments ferruginous.

The first recurrent nervure is received near the apex of the

first cubital cell, the second close to the apex of the second. The

first cubital cell is longer on the cubital nervure than the second

and third combined ; the second as long as the third, but much

shorter on the radial nervure.

Length 7 mm. .

Hab. Australia, N.W. Coast (Du Boulay).

Type in British Museum.

This and the two following species form a group of allied forms

approaching the subgenus Miscothyris Sm., from which they may

be distinguished by the shorter and more oval abdomen and the

very large and broad second abdominal segment.

GORYTES SANGUINOLENTUS, Sp. n. (Plate XX VI. fig. 10.)

2. Clypeus broad, slightly convex, about two and a half times

as broad on the apical margin as long, truncate at the apex, the

labrum slightly prominent; minutely punctured. Eyes large,

strongly divergent towards the clypeus and towards the vertex,

separated on the front by a distance rather less than one and

a half times the length of the scape. The posterior ocelli twice

as far from each other as from the eyes, separated from the eyes

by a distance about equal to the length of the third joint of the

flagellum. Antenne inserted on the front, above the base of

the clypeus, about equal in length to the head, nearer to the eyes

than to each other; the scape as long as the first three joints of

the flagellum combined ; the second joint of the flagellum longer

than the third, the apical joints thickened. Head opaque, very

minutely punctured, vertex flattened. Pronotuin linear and

transverse, nearly two-thirds of the breadth of the head; meso-

notum more than half as broad again as long, finely punctured ;

scutellum large and broad, truncate at the apex. Median

segment of about the same length as the scutellum, rounded

32*

498 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

and steeply sloped posteriorly, the sides finely and not very

closely punctured ; a smooth, shining, triangular area at the base,

produced at the apex of the triangle into a narrow shining median

line on the posterior slope. Abdomen ovate, closely and finely

punctured, the second segment the broadest and half as long

again as the third; the first segment steeply sloped anteriorly,

not truncate, about half as long as the second; the apical

segment small and pointed, with a fine longitudinal carina.

Black ; the base of the mandibles, the clypeus, the scape of the

antenne, pronotum, a spot on the mesopleuree near the base of

the anterior wings, the base of the tegule, the tibie above, and an

obscure spot on each side near the apical angles of the second

abdominal segment, pale yellow ; the flagellum, the tibize beneath,

the tarsi, and the abdomen ferruginous. Wings hyaline, iridescent ;

nervures ferruginous at the base and on the costa, black at the apex.

The first recurrent nervure is received near the apex of the

first cubital cell, the second at the apex of the second cubital cell,

almost interstitial with the second transverse cubital nervure.

The second cubital cell is of about the same length as the third

on the cubital nervure, less than half as long on the radial as on

the cubital nervure. The cubital nervure on the hind wing

originates far beyond the apex of the submedian cell.

Length 7 mm., exp. 12 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Zurner); March.

This is nearer to Miscothyris than to any other section of

Gorytes, but differs much from thoracicus Sm., the antenne being

shorter, the second joint of the flagellum not unusually elongate ;

the eyes much more strongly divergent; the first abdominal

segment narrower and not truncate, the second segment much

larger and the apical segment pointed, not broadly subtruncate as

in thoracicus. Smith describes thoracicus as a male, but the type,

the only specimen I have seen, is a female and has the antenne

twelve-jointed, not thirteen-jointed as in Smith’s figure.

GoRYTES LUCIDULUS, sp.n. (Plate XXVI. fig. 11.)

2. Clypeus very broad, truncate anteriorly, finely and closely

punctured. Antenne inserted above the base of the clypeus,

nearer to the eyes than to each other, about as long as the thorax ;

the scape as long as the first two joints of the flagellum combined,

the second joint of the flagellum much longer than the third.

HKyes diverging towards the clypeus and towards the vertex; the

posterior ocelli further from each other than from the anterior

ocellus and twice as far from each other as from the eyes. Head

shining, almost smooth, with a delicate sulcus from between the

antenne to the anterior ocellus. Pronotum almost vertically

depressed, the posterior margin nearly on a level with the meso-

notum. Mesonotum half as broad again as long, finely and

closely punctured; scutellum short and transverse. Median

segment very short, steeply sloped, with a deep median sulcus

posteriorly, shining with a smooth triangular space at the base,

1908. | AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 499

the sides and apex very finely punctured. Abdomen subovate,

searcely longer than the thorax and median segment combined,

the second segment the broadest, the apical segment lanceolate.

The first recurrent nervure is received by the first cubital cell a

little before the apex, the second is interstitial with the second

transverse cubital nervure. The second cubital cell is scarcely

more than half the length of the third, the first is longer than the

second and third combined. The second on the radial nervure is

a littie more than half as long as on the cubital.

Black; the clypeus, the scape of the antenne, a large spot on

the mesopleurz beneath the anterior wings, the scutellum, post-

scutellum, and a spot on each side near the apical angles of the

second abdominal segment yellow. The tarsi and anterior tibiz

fuscous. Wings hyaline, nervures fusco-ferruginous.

Length 8 mm., exp. 15 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Turner); October.

The intermediate tibize have two spines at the apex ; the tarsal

ungues are long, curved, and simple. The form is very similar to

sanguinolentus, but the scutellum is shorter and the whole insect

less robust.

A colour variety from Cairns is without the yellow spot on the

second abdominal segment and has the apical half of the clypeus

dark brown.

GORYTES ICARIOIDES, sp. 1.

2. Clypeus broadly truncate at the apex, subtriangular, but

truncate at the base, almost smooth. Eyes very large, diverging

towards the vertex, approaching each other most closely at the

base of the clypeus, where they are separated by a distance about

equal to the length of the scape of the antenna. Antenne

inserted rather high up on the front, as near to the eyes as to

each other ; the second joint of the flagellum nearly half as long

again as the third and quite as long as the scape, the four or five

apical joints forming a strong club, the jomts broader than long.

The posterior oceili far apart, two and a half times as far from

each other as from the eyes, from which they are separated by a

distance equal to the length of the first joint of the flagellum.

Head opaque, the space round the ocelli rather coarsely punctured.

Thorax and median segment closely punctured; the pronotum

depressed below the level of the mesonotum, the posterior angles

widely separated from the tegule. Median segment as long as

the mesonotum, truncate at the apex, with a longitudinal carina

on the surface of the truncation, the triangular area at the base

of the segment rather obscurely defined and very finely rugose.

Abdomen petiolate, the first segment half as broad again at the

apex as at the base, and nearly twice as long as the breadth at

the apex; second and third segments large and broad; the whole

abdomen rather closely punctured and opaque ; the apical margin

of the first segment smooth and shining, with sparse punctures.

Pygidial area triangular, with the margins slightly raised, covered

500 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

with short, stiff pubescence. Both recurrent nervures are

received by the second cubital cell beyond the middle, the second

near the apex. The radial cell is narrow and pointed ; the first

cubital cell incompletely divided by a branch from the first trans-

verse cubital nervure, the second three times as long on the

cubital as on the radial nervure, the third nearly as long as the

first on the cubital and more than half as long again on the cubital

as on the radial nervure. The cubital nervure of the posterior

wing originates before the apex of the submedian cell. The

posterior tarsi are nearly twice as long as the tibie.

Black ; the clypeus, the front below the base of the antenne,

the scape of the antennz, and the posterior angles of the pronotum

yellow ; the mandibles, the four basal joints of the flagellum, the

tegule and a curved line above them, a transverse spot on the

postscutellum, the apex of the first and third abdominal segments

rather broadly and of the fourth and fifth more narrowly, and

the legs (except the cox and the posterior femora) ferruginous.

Wings hyaline; nervures black, ferruginous at the base.

Length 10 mm., exp. 19 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (7urner).

Nearest to G. decoratus Handl. (ornatus Sm.), from West

Australia.

GoRYTES CYGNORUM, sp. 0.

3. Clypeus broadly subtruncate at the apex, clothed with

silvery pubescence. Head finely and rather sparsely punctured,

with a delicate sulcus from the anterior ocellus nearly reaching the

base of the clypeus. Eyes strongly divergent towards the vertex,

less strongly towards the clypeus, separated from each other on

the front at the nearest pomt by a distance about equal to the

length of the scape and the first joint of the flagellum combined ;

the posterior ocelli about half as far again from each other as

from the eyes. Antenne shorter than the thorax and median

segment combined, moderately and very gradually thickened to

the apex, much nearer to the eyes than to each other. Pronotum

transverse and linear, slightly raised, and as broad as the head.

Thorax rather sparsely punctured; the postscutellum coarsely

longitudinally striated. Median segment much shorter than the

mesonotum, almost vertically truncate posteriorly, rugose, with a

median sulcus on the truncation, the area at the base coarsely

longitudinally striated. Abdomen elongate-ovate, very finely

and closely punctured; the first segment of about the same

length as the second, broadened to the apex, where it is more than

half as broad as the second segment. Both recurrent nervures

received by the second cubital cell, the distance between them

nearly two-thirds of the length of the cell. The second cubital

cell is as long on the cubital nervure as the third, but is much

narrowed on the radial nervure; the cubital nervure is sharply

bent before the reception of the first recurrent nervure and has

from that point the appearance of being continuous with the

1908. | AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 501

recurrent rather than with the cubital nervure. The cubital

nervure of the posterior wing originates far beyond the apex

of the submedian cell.

Black; the clypeus pale yellow; the mandibles, the scape of the

antenne, the two basal joints of the flagellum, the pronotum,

tegule, scutellum, legs, the apical half of the first and second

abdominal segments, the apical margins of the remaining seg-

ments (most broadly on the fifth), the second ventral segment

(except the extreme base), and the apical margin of the remaining

segments (except the first) orange. Wings hyaline, iridescent,

slightly tinged with fuscous ; nervures fusco-ferruginous.

Length 7 mm.

Hab. Swan River (Du Boulay).

Type in British Museum.

GORYTES FRENCHII, sp. n.

3. Clypeus slightly emarginate in the middle of the apical

margin, about twice as broad at the apex as long, minutely

punctured and thinly clothed with silver-grey pubescence. Head

delicately and closely punctured, with a fine suleus from the

anterior ocellus nearly reaching the base of the clypeus. Eyes

strongly divergent towards the vertex and less strongly towards

the clypeus, separated at the base of the clypeus by a distance not

exceeding the length of the scape; the posterior ocelli rather

more than half as far again from each other as from the eyes.

Antenne rather shorter than the thorax and median segment

combined, slightly thickened towards the apex ; the second joint

of the flagellum twice as long as the first, and half as long again

as the third. Pronotum transverse and linear; thorax as broad

as the head, sparsely punctured ; scutellum transverse. Median

segment short and rounded, the sides coarsely obliquely striated,

the triangular dorsal area coarsely longitudinally striated.

Abdomen subopaque, very minutely and closely punctured, more

than half as long again as the thorax and median segment com-

bined, the first segment half as broad at the apex as the second

segment and slightly constricted, the third segment nearly as

long as the second; the hypopygium pointed. Both recurrent

nervures received by the second cubital cell, separated from each

other by nearly two-thirds of the length of the cell; the first

transverse cubital nervure sends out a short obscure branch into

_ the first cubital cell; the second cubital cell is longer than the

third on the cubital nervure and is incompletely separated from

it, the second transverse cubital nervure only reaching a little

more than halfway to the radial nervure. The cubital nervure of

the posterior wing originates beyond the apex of the submedian

cell.

Black; the extreme apex of the scape of the antenne, the

pronotum, a rather narrow band at the apex of the first, second,

fourth, fifth, and sixth dorsal abdominal segments, very narrowly

interrupted on the first and fourth, yellow; the tegule, tibie,

502 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

tarsi, and the extreme apex of the femora ferruginous. Wings

hyaline, nervures black.

Length 10 mm.

Hab. Victoria (french).

Type in British Museum.

Belongs to the mystacews group.

BEMBEX VARIABILIS Sm.

Bembex variabilis Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 325, n. 39,1 856, 2.

Bembex crabroniformis Sm. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xu. p. 296,

Woes Gc

Var. Bembex raptor Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 326. n. 40,

1856, 3.

T have not been able to dissect a male of 5. raptor, but cannot

find any perceptible difference in structure between it and

variabilis. The colour-differences are not reliable, though to

a certain extent, at all events, local. The variety raptor occurs

at Roeburne, W. Australia, and in various localities in Central

Australia; the abdominal fascize are continuous, not interrupted

as in the typical form, which occurs along the Eastern Coast and

at Port Darwin. The second joint of the flagellum in the male is

a little shorter in var. raptor than in the typical form.

BEMBEX FLAVIPES Sm.

3. Colour as in the female, the clypeus white, black at the

base. Clypeus very prominent from the base, then vertically and

broadly semicircularly truncate and subconcave. The penultimate

joint of the flagellum is strongly produced beneath at the apex,

the apical joint strongly hooked and pointed. Anterior tarsi

normal, intermediate femora not serrate. Second ventral seg-

ment carinate longitudinally, the carina produced into a large

compressed tubercle, truncate broadly at the apex; the sixth

segment with a black triangular plate, poimted at the apex.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Turner).

BEMBEX LITTORALIS, sp. .

3. Clypeus moderately convex, clothed with very short pubes-

cence, which only shows in strong lights, in which it is silver ;

shining and finely punctured. Mandibles tridentate, the two

inner teeth very small, the labrum normal. Antenne inserted a

little further from each other than from the eyes, the front

between them slightly raised; the last joint of the flagellum

slightly curved, the second joint fully half as long again as the

third. Cheeks very narrow; the head finely punctured, with

sparse, long, grey pubescence. Thorax and abdomen finely and

closely punctured; the apical dorsal segment of the abdomen

broadly rounded and more sparsely punctured; the second ventral

segment rather coarsely punctured, with a prominent, compressed,

curved tubercle, pointed at the apex; the sixth segment with a

1908. | AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 503

raised triangular plate, pointed at the apex, the seventh with

a longitudinal median carina; the eighth segment terminating

in a short spine. Anterior tarsi simple, the basal joint with six

slender spines on the outer margin; the intermediate tibiz not

serrate.

Black; the mandibles (except at the apex), the labrum, the

extreme base of the scape, the flagellum beneath, a spot on each

side on the front below the anterior ocellus, the posterior margin

of the pronotum very narrowly, the tegule, the tibie and tarsi

beneath, and the femora beneath at the apex, testaceous brown ;

a narrow transverse band, broadly interrupted in the middle, on

abdominal segments 2-5 pale olivaceous grey. Wings hyaline,

nervures black.

Length 13 mm.

Hab. Port Darwin (Zurner); December.

Allied to B. museca Handl., and also to B. atrifrons Sm., of

which it may possibly prove to be the male, but the species in the

group are very closely allied, and atrifrons will probably prove to

be distinct.

BEMBEX TUBERCULIVENTRIS, Sp. Nl.

3. Eyes slightly divergent towards the clypeus. The clypeus

strongly convex at the base, very prominent at about one-third

from the base, thence almost vertically depressed to the apex,

shining and very sparsely punctured. Antenne inserted as far

from each other as from the eyes, the front between them with a

low longitudinal carina; the seventh joint of the flagellum very

Text-fig. 109.

Bembex, § : second ventral segment.

1. B.furcata Erichs. 2. B. tuberculiventris. 3. B. littoralis.

4, B. palmata Sm.

feebly prominent at the base beneath. Mandibles tridentate, the

intermediate tooth very small and short. Head finely punctured

and clothed with long grey pubescence. Thorax and abdomen

very finely and closely punctured, the punctures on the ventral

segments larger and shallow ; second ventral segment longi-

tudinally carinate, the carina produced downwards into a large,

compressed prominence, curved anteriorly and truncate broadly at

the apex; the sixth segment with a flattened triangular plate,

prominent and bluntly pointed at the apex; the seventh segment

504 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

tricarinate longitudinally, broadened towards the apex; the

eighth segment very small and pointed. Anterior tarsi normal,

the basal joint with eight long and rather slender spines on the

outer margin; the intermediate tibie not serrate. Third cubital

cell broader at the apex than at the base, longer than the second.

The apical dorsal segment of the abdomen is broadly rounded at

the apex.

Black ; the mandibles (except at the apex), the labrum, the

clypeus (except a broad transverse mark at the base), the outer

orbits of the eyes narrowing to nearly the summit, the inner

orbits more broadly, not reaching to the summit, a median line

on the front broadening between and round the base of the

antenne, with a spot on each side of it at its base, the posterior

margin and the sides of the pronotum, with a large black spot

close to the posterior angles and a smaller one before it, a spot on

the mesopleuree below the anterior wings with a large curved

mark below it, the ventral segments of the abdomen (except the

base of the fifth and sixth segments and a black spot on each side

of the first and of the second at the base), the prosternum, the legs

(except the tarsal ungues, a black line at the base of all the tibize

and on the anterior and posterior femora), pale yellow. A narrow

transverse band interrupted in the middle and on the sides on the

first abdominal segment, a broader band (curved and narrowly

interrupted in the middle) on segments 2-6, and the sides of the

apical segment narrowly pale, dull, greenish grey. Wings

hyaline; nervures black, ferruginous at the base. Antenne

yellow beneath.

Length 13 mm., exp. 22 mm.

Hab. Cooktown, Queensland (Zurner) ; October.

Allied to B. museca Handl., but has the clypeus more prominent

and more spines on the anterior tarsi.

BEMBEX PALMATA Sm.

Bembex palmata Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 325. n. 38, 1856, 3;

Handlirsch, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, cii. p. 751, n. 28,1893, ¢ @.

Bembea tridentifera Sm. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. p. 298,

ISB, OQ

Hab. Mackay and Cairns, Queensland (Zurner).

BEMBEX PECTINIPES Handl.

Bembex pectinipes Handl. Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, cii. p. 875.

n. 108, 1893, ?.

Bembex palmata Sm. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. p. 298,

1873, 3 (nec Smith, 1856).

This is not identical with B. sausswrei Handl., in my opinion.

As in true palmata, the labrum has no median longitudinal sulcus

at the base, but the anterior tarsi of the female have twelve

spines on the outer sides of the first joints and the mandibles are

tridentate. In the male the basal joints of the anterior tarsi are

1908. | AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 505

very broad, with eighteen long spines on the outer margins, the

second joints produced into a broad lobe on the outer margins,

but the third and fourth not so. The sixth joint of the

flagellum is produced beneath at the apex and the seventh at

the base, the latter very gradually narrowed towards the apex

with an emargination in the middle. The second ventral segment

is longitudinally carinate with a tubercle at the apex, less strongly

produced than in flavifrons Sm. The intermediate femora are

not toothed, and the epipygium is truncate at the apex.

Hab. Port Darwin (Walker).

BEMBEX FLAVIFRONS Sm.

Bembex flavifrons Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 324. n. 36,

1856, ©.

Bembex saussuret Handl. Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, cil. p. 873.

n. 107, 1893, 9.

This may be distinguished from pectinipes Handl. by the

longitudinal grooves on the sides of the clypeus, feebly continued

on the labrum, and by a short median longitudinal sulcus at the

base of the labrum.

3g. The clypeus is very deeply longitudinally grooved on the

sides, the grooves strongly continued on the labrum, which also

has a deep, median, longitudinal sulcus near the base. The

antenne have the sixth joint of the flagellum strongly produced

beneath at the apex and the seventh at the base. The anterior

tarsi have the first joints strongl? broadened and flattened, with

sixteen long spines on the outer margin, the following joints are

not strongly lobed. The intermediate femora are distinctly

serrated. The second ventral segment is very strongly longi-

tudinally carinated beneath, the carina produced at the apex into

a very prominent tubercle, more strongly developed than in

pectinipes. The markings on the disc of the thorax are almost

obsolete, the band on the first abdominal segment very broadly,

on the other segments very narrowly interrupted. Epipygium

narrowly truncate at the apex.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Zurner).

Nysson (ACANTHOSTETHUS) PUNCTATISSIMUS, Sp. Ne (Plate XX VI.

fig. 9.)

@. Clypeus broadly truncate at the apex, the apical margin

narrowly transversely depressed, the angles very feebly produced ;

sparsely and rather deeply punctured, without carine, short and

broad. Antenne inserted nearly half as far again from the eyes

as from each other; the scape as long as the first two joints of

the flagellum combined, the second joint half as long again as the

first and about the same length as the third, the fourth joint longer

and thicker, the apical joint nearly twice as long as the second.

Eyes separated at the base of the clypeus by a distance equal

to about one-third of the length of the antenne, strongly diver-

gent towards the vertex and broadly and shallowly emarginate on

506 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

the inner margin near the summit. The posterior ocelli a little

further from the eyes than from each other, and half as far again

from each other as from the anterior ocellus. Head rather closely,

but not very deeply punctured, the punctures large. A short

longitudinal carina on the front reaching from between the base

of the antenne much less than halfway to the anterior ocellus,

forked above, the branches reaching nearly halfway to the eyes.

Thorax coarsely punctured; the pronotum short and steeply

sloped anteriorly, very broadly emarginate posteriorly ; pro-

sternum produced posteriorly into two broad projections pointed

at the extremity and overlying the anterior coxe ; mesosternum

punctured, mesopleure coarsely punctured-rugose, the inter-

mediate coxze broadly, the posterior coxee narrowly separated.

Scutellum subrectangular, laterally produced at the anterior

angles, half as broad again as long ; postscutellum very short and

divided at distant intervals by longitudinal carine. Median

segment a little shorter than the scutellum, strongly produced at

the posterior angles into stout spines, strongly punctured; the

enclosed space bordered by strongly raised carine, converging

towards the apex, marked with about six rather lower longi-

tudinal carine; vertically truncate posteriorly, the face of the

truncation with several longitudinal carine. First abdominal

segment rather longer than the second, rounded broadly anteriorly

and strongly punctured, the second segment less deeply punc-

tured, the punctures on the remaining segments finer and very

shallow. Pygidial area granulated, broadly subtriangular, rather

narrowly truncate at the apex. First ventral segment with a

strong median carina, broadly emarginate at the apex and much

shorter than the second segment, which is coarsely but sparsely

punctured, the remaining segments finely punctured. The

posterior tibie are serrate from near the base, emarginate on

the outer margin, and smooth near the apex.

Black; the clypeus covered with very short silvery pubescence ;

the front and orbits of the eyes, pronotum, mesopleure, and

scutellum with very short pale golden pubescence ; the mesonotum

with silvery pubescence ; the sides of the median segment outside

the enclosed space with very pale golden pubescence ; the vertex,

mesonotum, and median segment dark blackish brown; the apical

margins of the abdominal segments above, most broadly at the

sides, luteous yellow, the base of the first segment with a large

rounded spot of very short golden pubescence on each side; the

legs, mandibles, antenne, tegule, and the apex of the pygidium

ferruginous. Wings hyaline, slightly iridescent; nervures black.

There are only two cubital cells; the second is pointed on the

radial nervure ; the first recurrent nervure is received at about

one-sixth from the apex of the first cubital cell, the second close

to the apex, almost interstitial with the first transverse cubital

nervure. ‘The angles of the ventral segments are not spined.

Length 9 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Turner); February.

1908. ] AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 507

Nysson (ACANTHOSTHETHUS) SPINIGER, sp. 0.

@. Clypeus depressed to the apex, and broadly but shallowly

emarginate anteriorly, clothed with very short silvery pubescence.

Antenne inserted a little further from each other than from the

eyes; the three apical joints of the flagellum much thickened, the

apical joint twice as long as the second, which is longer than

the third. Eyes separated from each other at the base of the

elypeus by a distance equal to about two-fifths of the length of

the antenne, strongly divergent towards the vertex, but not

emarginate; the posterior ocelli half as far again from the eyes

as from each other. Head strongly and very closely punctured ;

an indistinct, very short, longitudinal carina between the

antenne; the front and pronotum with very short and sparse

white pubescence. Thorax punctured-rugose; the pronotum

short, gradually sloped, the anterior angles prominent ; the meso-

pleurz strongly and closely, the mesosternum feebly and sparsely

punctured. Scutellum subrectangular, very little broader than

long. Median segment very short, in the middle only about

half as long as the scutellum; the posterior angles strongly

produced, ending in an acute spine directed outwards and back-

wards, the enclosed space with convergent lateral carinze and

marked with about six longitudinal carine ; vertically truncate

posteriorly, with several longitudinal carine on the surface of

the truncation; the sides of the segment finely and sparsely

punctured, the dorsal surface outside the enclosed area clothed

with silvery pubescence. Abdomen closely punctured ; the first

segment longer than the second, subtruncate at the base, and

more strongly punctured than the second segment; the pygidial

area granulate, subtriangular, and narrowly truncate at the apex.

The first ventral segment with a very strong median carina and

a long spine on each side at the apical angles; the second

segment much longer than the first and strongly punctured.

Posterior tibize almost unarmed, slightly emarginate near the

apex.

Black; the mandibles, the basal third of the antenne, the

tegule, the legs, the basal segment of the abdomen, the apical

margin of the remaining segments obscurely, and the sides and

ventral surface of the pygidium, dark ferruginous; a short,

obscure, transverse band on the sides of the first and second

abdominal segments yellow. Wings hyaline, nervures black.

The second cubital cell is almost petiolate, the first recurrent

nervure is received by the first cubital cell at about one-fifth from

the apex, the second close to the apex, almost interstitial with

the first transverse cubital nervure. The anal cell of the hind

wing is short.

3. As in the female, but without the spine at the angles of

the first ventral segment, and the apical segment is widely

emarginate at the apex.

Length 5 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Z'urner) ; October.

508 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

NITELA KURAND4, Sp. 0.

@. Clypeus strongly convex, with an elevated carina from the

base to the apex finely continued on the front, and reaching

halfway from the base of the clypeus to the anterior ocellus.

Byes more strongly convergent towards the vertex than in other

species of the genus ; the posterior ocelli very close to the eyes,

fully twice as far from each other as from the eyes. Head

opaque, the vertex almost smooth, the front very minutely and

closely punctured-striate. Pronotum | much narrower than the

head, the anterior and posterior margins raised, the short space

between indistinctly transversely striated, the tubercles at the

posterior angles reach back to the tegule. Mesonotum and

scutellum opaque. Median segment longer than the mesonotum,

narrowed towards the apex and vertically truncate posteriorly,

coarsely reticulate, with a faint median carina; the face ot the

truncation transversely striated. Abdomen smooth and shining,

the second segment slightly transversely depressed at the base, the

apical segment compressed and pointed.

Black ; the scape of the antenne, the basal half of the flagellum,

the mandibles, the tegulz, and the legs pale ferruginous. Wings

hyaline, iridescent ; nervures testaceous. The recurrent nervure

is almost interstitial with the transverse cubital nervure.

Length 5 mm.

Hab. Cairns, Queensland (Zurner) ; January.

NITELA RETICULATA, Sp. 0.

@. Clypeus strongly convex, with an elevated carina from the

base to the apex, shining and very minutely punctured. Front

rugose, vertex almost smooth with a few indistinct transverse

strie ; the eyes moderately convergent towards the vertex, the

posterior ocelli about half as far again from each other as from

the eyes; a delicate carina from the anterior ocellus not reaching

the base of the clypeus. Pronotum short and transverse, much

narrower than the head, the anterior and posterior margins

strongly raised, the short intervening space strongly rugose and

divided in the middle by a carina. Mesonotum coarsely rugose,

irregularly transversely striated anteriorly, with an indistinct

carina from the middle to the posterior margin. Median segment

longer than the mesonotum, narrowed towards the apex and

vertically truncate posteriorly, longitudinally striated, the space

between the strize very coarsely punctured, giving an appearance

of coarse reticulation. Abdomen smooth and shining, shorter

than the thorax and median segment combined ; the first segment

long, truncate at the base, the second segment strongly depressed

at the base, the apical segment pointed.

Black; the mandibles, the antennz, except the four apical

joints which are fuscous, the tegule and the legs ferruginous.

Wings hyaline, nervures pale ferruginous. The recurrent nervure

is interstitial with the transverse cubital nervure.

1908. ] AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 509

Length 5 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Zurner) ; May.

The antenne are inserted very low down close to the sides of

the clypeus. The tubercles at the posterior angles of the pro-

notum do not reach the tegul, differing in this point from

typical Vitela.

PISON SCABRUM, sp. n.

2. Clypeus rather more than twice as broad as long; the

anterior margin broadly rounded, narrowly and bluntly produced

in the middle, closely punctured and clothed with long greyish

pubescence, changing to silver in strong lights. Antenne inserted

about as far from each other as from the eyes, as long as the

thorax and median segment combined, very slightly thickened to

the seventh joint of the flagellum; the second joint of the

flagellum three times as long as the first and one-third longer

than the third. Eyes deeply emarginate, the distance between

them on the vertex slightly exceeding the length of the two basal

joints of the flagellum combined, the distance between them at

the base of the mandibles nearly half as great again as on the

vertex. Posterior ocelli nearly half as far again from the eyes

as from each other, a little nearer to each other than to the

anterior ocellus. Head closely and rather finely punctured, thinly

clothed with cinereous pubescence ; a short, longitudinal, median

carina on the front above the base of the antenne. Pronotum

very short, depressed below the level of the mesonotum. Thorax

shining, closely punctured, with an obscure longitudinal carina

on the scutellum. Median segment not more than two-thirds

of the length of the mesonotum, punctured-rugose, without a

median carina, with a small shining spot at the apex, truncate

posteriorly, with a median sulcus not reaching the apex, and with

a few transverse striz at the apex. Abdomen very minutely and

closely punctured, the third segment as long as the second, the

apical margin of the segments depressed, with a band of silvery

pubescence, the apical segment elongate and very sharply

pointed.

Black; the tegule, the apical margin of the fifth abdominal

segment, and the spines of the posterior tibize fusco-ferruginous.

Wings hyaline, faintly tinged with fuscous, a little darker at the

apex ; nervures black.

The recurrent nervures are interstitial with the first and

second transverse cubital nervures; the second cubital cell reaches

halfway from the cubital to the radial nervure; the third cubital

cell is more than half as long on the radial as on the cubital

nervure.

Length 15 mm., exp. 25 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Zune).

This is allied to P. spinole, but differs in the sculpture of the

median segment, in the stronger punctures on the head and

thorax, and the greater breadth between the eyes. The clypeus

510 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

is also broader. Also allied to P. fuscipenne Sm. from W. Aus-

tralia and P. nitidwm Sm. from Mysole, but the distance between

the eyes is much greater than in either species, and the antenne

are much longer than in Suscipenne.

PISON INSULARE Sm. st. PRISCUM, n. st.

2. Clypeus nearly twice as broad as long, bluntly produced in

the middle of the anterior margin. Antenne as long as the

thorax and median segment combined, inserted a little further

from each other than from the eyes ; the second joint of the

flagellum a little longer than the third, and about two and a halt

times as long as the first. HKyes narrowly and deeply emarginate,

fully half as far again from each other at the base of the

mandibles as on the vertex, the distance between them on the

vertex exceeding the length of the second joint of the flagellum.

The posterior ocelli as far from the eyes as from each other.

Head opaque, the clypeus and the front round the base of the

antenne clothed with shining white pubescence. Thorax shining,

minutely punctured. Median segment shorter than the meso-

notum, almost vertically truncate posteriorly, very finely and

sparsely punctured, shining, with an almost obsolete median

sulcus; the face of the truncation with a deep depression at the

base, finely punctured at the base, with a few indistinct trans-

verse strize at the apex. Abdomen shining, minutely punctured,

the first segment oblique and slender at the base, much longer

than the second, the second segment not depressed at the base ;

the apical margin of the segments feebly depressed, with a little

greyish-white pubescence on the sides.

Entirely black. Wings hyaline, faintly tinted with fuscous,

especially at the apex, and slightly iridescent ; nervures black.

The first recurrent nervure is received close to the apex of the

first cubital cell, the second is interstitial with the second trans-

verse cubital nervure. The second cubital cell does not reach

halfway from the cubital to the radial nervure; the third is

about half as long on the radial as on the cubital nervure.

Length 12 mm., exp. 20 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Zurner); November.

The eyes on the vertex of typical P. insulare, from the New

Hebrides, are nearer together than the length of the second joint

of the flagellum; the clypeus is not bluntly produced in the

middle of the apical margin ; the median segment is less abruptly

truncate posteriorly, and the median sulcus on it is well defined.

The wings are also more hyaline.

These “differences hardly seem of full specific importance, though

quite sufficient to constitute a good geographical race.

PISON INFUMATUM, sp. 0.

2. Clypeus twice as broad as long, bluntly produced on the

middle of the apical margin, thinly covered with short grey

pubescence, Head opaque, with a very obscure longitudinal sulcus

1908. | AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 511

on the front. Hyes deeply emarginate, separated on the vertex

by a distance equal to the length of the two basal joints of the

flagellum, more than half as far again from each other at the base

of the mandibles; the posterior ocelli very near the eyes, nearly

twice as far from each other, but much nearer to each other than

to the anterior ocellus. Antenne inserted a little nearer to each

other than to the eyes; the second joint of the flagellum more

than twice as long as the first and about one-third longer than

the third. Pronotum not much more than half as broad as the

head, steeply depressed anteriorly, the posterior margin straight.

Thorax subopaque. Median segment almost smooth, very minutely

punctured, with very short striz at the base, and a very obscure

median carina from the base to theapex. Abdomen very minutely

punctured, the apical margin of the segments broadly depressed,

the second segment not depressed at the base.

Entirely black ; the tegule testaceous brown; the pubescence

white on the inner margin of the eyes below the emargination,

on the sides of the postscutellum, on the sides of the median

segment near the apex, and very sparsely on the sides of the

abdominal segments. Wings hyaline at the base, the apical two-

thirds fusco-hyaline ; nervures black.

The recurrent nervures are almost interstitial with the first

and second transverse cubital nervures. The second cubital cell

extends more than halfway from the cubital to the radial

nervure ; the third is about three times as long on the cubital as

on the radial nervure.

Length 7 mm., exp. 10 mm.

Hab. Port Darwin (Turner); December.

PISON IGNAVUM, sp. n.

@. Clypeus broadly rounded anteriorly, about twice as broad

at the apex as long, clothed with shining white pubescence.

Antenne inserted about the same distance from each other as

from the eyes, about twice as long as the mesonotum, thickened

to the eighth joint of the flagellum; the second joint of the

flagellum a little shorter than the scape, fully twice as long as

the first joint of the flagellum and very slightly longer than tne

third. Eyes deeply emarginate, about one-third further from

each other at the base of the mandibles than on the vertex, the

distance between them on the vertex equal to about twice the

length of the second joint of the flagellum; the posterior ocelli

nearer to each other than to the anterior ocellus, a little further

from each other than from the eyes, with a depressed transverse

line on the vertex behind them. Head opaque, a very faint

longitudinal suleus below the anterior ocellus, the front round the

base of the antenne and the inner orbits of the eyes as high as

the emargination clothed with shining white pubescence. Thorax

minutely punctured ; the pronotum transverse, with white pubes-

cence ; the mesonotum more than half as broad again as long.

Median segment a little shorter than the mesonotum, broader at

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1908, No. XX XITI. 33

512 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

the base than long, the sides steeply sloped, truncate posteriorly,

obliquely striated, with a longitudinal median carima: the face

of the truncation rather coarsely transversely striated, with a

median sulcus, the sides of the segment raised, forming carine, a

little white pubescence at the apex. Abdomen ovate, closely and

minutely punctured, the second segment transversely depressed

at the base; the apical margin of all the segments feebly depressed,

most broadly in the middle, with interrupted bands of silvery

pubescence.

Black; the spines of the tibie testaceous ; tegule fuscous.

Wings hyaline, faintly clouded at the apex, nervures black.

First recurrent nervure received near the apex of the first

cubital cell, second at the middle of the second cubital cell.

The second cubital cell reaches more than halfway from the

cubital to the radial nervure; the third is extremely short on the

radial nervure.

3. Similar in all respects to the female.

Length, 9 9mm., ¢ 7 mm.; exp., 9 14 mm., ¢ 12 mm.

Hab. Mackay and Cairns, Queensland (7wrner); March. Also

from Melbourne.

Near P. westwoodi Shuck. from Tasmania, but differs in the

presence of a carina on the median segment and in the position

of the recurrent nervures. I have not seen the type of P. west-

woodi, nor any specimen quite answering to the description.

The present species is also near P. dridipennis Sm. from Hawaii,

but the antenne are longer and the eyes further apart on the

vertex, the clypeus is also different. P. pallidipalpe Sm., from

Ceram, is a larger species, and has the clypeus very different.

PISON IRIDIPENNE Sm.

Described by Smith from Honolulu.

Hab. Mackay and Cairns, Queensland (7'urner).

In the female the posterior ocelli almost touch the eyes, which

are very close together on the vertex.

Pison puNCTULATUM Kohl.

Pison punctulatum Kohl, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxiii.

p. 336, 1883, nee Cameron.

Hab. Peak Downs, Queensland (Xoh/); Mackay, Queensland

ib hers my

(Turner).

PIsON AURIVENTRE, sp. Nn.

Q@. Clypeus very short, at least three times as broad as long,

convex, clothed with golden pubescence, changing to silver at the

angles. Antenne nearer to the eyes than to each other; the

second joint of the flagellum scarcely longer than the third, about

twice as long as the first. Eyes shallowly and rather broadly

emarginate, the depth of the emargination about equal to the

length of the first joint of the flagellum ; about half as far again’

from each other at the base of the mandibles as on the vertex.

1908. ] AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. iB:

Posterior ocelli as far from the anterior ocellus as from each

other, nearly half as far again from each other as from the eyes.

Head opaque, the front closely covered with golden pubescence.

Pronotum about two-thirds of the breadth of the head, the

posterior margin straight, the angles not rounded, covered with

pale shining pubescence. Thorax opaque. Median segment as

long as the mesonotum, with sparse golden pubescence, silvery on

the sides, obscurely obliquely striated, with a median carina; the

posterior truncation irregularly transversely striated, with a

median sulcus, the sides closely and finely punctured. Abdomen

ovate, very minutely and closely punctured, the sides and apical

margins of the segments covered with short golden pubescence,

the pubescence at the apical angles of the basal segment silvery.

The first segment is subtruncate at the base, the second is the

longest and broadest.

Black; the mandibles ferruginous; the spines of the tibie, the

tarsal ungues, and the apical margin of the abdominal segments

very narrowly fusco-ferruginous. Wings hyaline, iridescent,

clouded with fuscous at the apex ; the nervures black.

The first recurrent nervure is received by the first cubital cell

very near the apex, the second is interstitial with the second

transverse cubital nervure. The third cubital cell is three times

as long on the cubital as on the radial nervure.

Length 8 mm.

Hab. Victoria (French).

Aled to P. marginatum Sm., from which it may be dis-

tinguished by the more shallow emargination of the eyes, the

front is also much narrower. As in marginatum the two or

three apical joints of the antenne are slenderer than the pre-

ceding ones. The allied West-Australian species ¢ibiale is a much

stouter built insect with a much shorter median segment. The

median segment is also longer than in P. simillimum Sm., in

which species the eyes are deeply emarginate as in P. marginatum.

PISON VIROSUM, sp. n.

Q@. Clypeus large, not more than twice as broad as long at the

broadest point, narrowed towards the apex, where it is sub-

truncate, feebly convex, clothed with dull golden pubescence.

Head and thorax opaque; the front broad, with a shallow, longi-

tudinal, median sulcus above the base of the clypeus, not nearly

reaching the anterior ocellus. Eyes separated at the base of the

clypeus by a distance half as great again as that separating them

on the vertex; the emargination shallow and rather broad, not

equal in depth to the length of the first joint of the flagellum.

Posterior ocelli a little further from each other than from the

eyes, with a delicately impressed transverse line above and

touching them. Antenne as long as the thorax and median

segment combined, inserted near together, twice as far from the

eyes as from each other, very slightly thickened to the apex;

the second joint of the flagellum as long as the scape, twice as

514 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

long as the first joint and nearly half as long again as the third.

Pronotum straight, strongly depressed anteriorly, about two-

thirds of the width of the head. Median segment not quite as

long as the mesonotum, narrowed and almost vertically truncate

posteriorly, closely obliquely striated, with a median cara from

the base to the apex; the face of the truncation transversely

striated, with a deep median sulcus. Abdomen very minutely

punctured, the apical margin of the segments rather broadly

depressed, the second segment a little longer than the first or

third, the first subtruncate at the base.

Black; the front covered with fine golden pubescence, the

posterior margin of the pronotum with fine silvery pubescence ;

the antenne (except the apical joint), the mandibles, tegule, tarsi,

tibie, the apex of the femora, and the abdomen (except the base

of the first segment) ferruginous. Wings hyaline, faintly iridescent ;

nervures fuscous.

The first recurrent nervure is received close to the apex of the

first cubital cell, the second at the middle of the second cubital

cell. The third cubital cell is twice as long on the cubital as on

the radial nervure, and the second cubital cell reaches a little

more than halfway from the cubital to the radial nervure.

3. The clypeus produced into a pomt on the middle of the

apical margin, the pubescence on the front paler than in the

female, and the apical abdominal segment narrowly emarginate at

the apex. Otherwise as in the female.

Length, 2 9 mm., ¢ 7 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Turner); September to February.

This seems to be near P. pelletiert Le Guillou, but is a smaller

species and the sculpture of the median segment is very different.

I have not seen P. pelletieri.

PISON RUFICORNE Sm.

2. Clypeus large, not more than half as broad again as long,

truncate at the apex, clothed with short silvery pubescence, very

slightly convex. Head and thorax opaque, the front above the

base of the antenne and the inner margin of the eyes below

the emargination clothed with silvery pubescence. Eyes more

strongly convergent towards the clypeus than towards the vertex,

separated on the vertex by a distance about one-third greater

than the distance separating them at the base of the elypeus, the

emargination narrow and exceeding in depth the length of the

first joint of the flagellum by about one-half. Antenne inserted

a little nearer to the eyes than to each other; the second joint of

the flagellum as long as the scape, twice as long as the first joint

but only slightly longer than the third, the apical joints

moderately thickened. Pronotum very short, the posterior

margin straight, depressed below the level of the mesonotum,

about one-quarter narrower than the head,.and thinly clothed

with short white pubescence. Median segment rather shorter

than the mesonotum, narrowed and vertically truncate posteriorly.

neti ain att ale

1908. | AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 515

rather coarsely obliquely striated, with a rather ill-defined median

carina from the base to the apex; the surface of the posterior

truncation transversely striated, with a deep median sulcus.

Abdomen not quite as long as the thorax and median segment

combined, almost smooth, the apical margin of the segments de-

pressed, with a little fine pubescence on the sides; the first

segment subtruncate at the base, the second a little longer than

the first or third, transversely depressed at the base.

Black ; the mandibles, palpi, antenne (except at the extreme

apex), tegule, tibize, tarsi, the apex of the femora, and the abdo-

men (except the basal half of the first segment and the extreme

base of the second) ferruginous. Wings hyaline, nervures black.

The first recurrent nervure is received by the first cubital cell

about one-fifth before the apex, the second at the middle of the

second cubital cell. The second cubital cell does not reach quite

halfway to the radial nervure from the cubital nervure ; the third

cubital cell is a little less than twice as long on the cubital as

on the radial nervure.

Length 8 mm.

Hab. Victoria (french).

In another specimen the second, third, and fourth abdominal

segments are strongly stained with black. The type was from

the Macintyre River, Queensland, and has much more black on the

abdomen. ‘The specimen in the British Museum collection is from

that locality and is probably the type, though not marked. I have

taken the description from a Victorian specimen. Jn Queensland

specimens the eyes are nearly, if not quite, as far apart on the

clypeus as on the vertex. In specimens from Mackay the median

segment is much more finely striated and the abdomen is brighter

in colour and entirely ferruginous. These differences, although

apparently constant, do not seem to me suflicient to deserve even

subspecific rank; it is probable that connecting forms will be

found to occur in intermediate localities.

PisON MELANOCEPHALUM, sp.n. (Plate X XVI. fig. 12.)

Q. Clypeus subtriangular, truncate at the base, convex,

obliquely triangularly depressed from the centre to the apex.

Head opaque, almost smooth, with a shallow longitudinal sulcus

reaching from the anterior ocellus to near the base of the clypeus.

Eyes deeply and narrowly emarginate, convergent towards the

base of the antenne, where they are separated by a distance about

equal to the length of the scape of the antenne, separated on the

vertex by a distance nearly twice as great; the posterior ocelli

nearly twice as far from each other as from the eyes. Antenne

inserted at the base of the clypeus, very close to the eves; the

scape short, about equal in length to the two basal joints of the

flagellum ; the second and third joints of the flagellum about equal

to each other in length, each more than half as long again as the

first joint, the apical joints slightly thickened. The eyes reach to

the posterior margin of the head. Pronotum about two-thirds of

516 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

the width of the head, strongly depressed anteriorly. Thorax and

median segment impunctate, subopaque; the median segment

slender, half as long again as broad at the base, narrowed pos-

teriorly and oblique, with a median sulcus from the base not

reaching the apex. First abdominal segment slender at the base,

with a longitudinal sulcus not reaching the apex, nearly as long

as the second segment; the second and third segments strongly

transversely depressed at the base. The tarsi are without spines.

Light ferruginous brown ; the head black ; the antennz (except

the two apical joints) castaneous. Wings hyaline, nervures pale

ferruginous.

The second cubital cell is very small, only extending along the

transverse cubital nervure for less than one-third of its length,

the second recurrent nervure is received close to the base of the

cell; the first cubital cell more than three times as long as the

third on the cubital nervure, receiving the first recurrent nervure

beyond two-thirds from the base.

Length 5 mm.

Hab. Cairns, Queensland (Zurner); February.

This is closely allied to some of the species of the Parapison

section in which the second cubital cell is wholly absent. The

strong convergence of the eyes towards the base of the clypeus is

remarkable.

Prison (PARAPISON) NOCTULUM, Sp. Nn.

2. Clypeus narrowly convex in the middle, nearly twice as

bread as long, the apical margin very. broadly rounded, clothed

with very short silvery pubescence. Antennz as long as the head,

thickened towards the apex, inserted a little further from each

ether than from the eyes; the second joint of the flagellum twice

as long as the first and half as long again as the third. Eyes

rather deeply emarginate, half as far again from each other at the

base of the mandibles as on the vertex, separated on the vertex

by a distance about equal to the length of the two basal joints of

the flagellum. Head opaque, with a delicate longitudinal sulcus

below the anterior ocellus. Posterior ocelli half as far again from

each other as from the eyes, and as far from each other as from

the anterior ocellus. Thorax opaque, very minutely punctured ;

pronotum narrowed anteriorly and oblique, longer than in most

of the species of the genus, the posterior margin as broad as the

head and on a level with the mesonotum. Median segment

shorter than the mesonotum, narrowed and truncate posteriorly,

very delicately transversely striated, with a small smooth tri-

angular mark at the apex, from the apex of the triangle a carina

reaches almost to the apex of the segment; the surface of the

truncation is almost smooth, with a broad median suleus. Abdo-

men almost smooth, the apical margin of the segments depressed,

with sparse grey pubescence on the sides; the second segment

feebly transversely depressed at the base, equal in length to the

third. The mesopleure are opaque, very minutely punctured,

] 908. | AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 517

with the longitudinal sulcus below the base of the wings much

more feebly marked than in P. erythrocerwm Kohl.

Black ; the tegule fuscous. Wings hyaline, faintly clouded at

the apex ; nervures fuscous.

Length 7 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Zwirner) ; February.

The pronotum is shaped as in erythrocerwm Kohl, but more

strongly narrowed anteriorly, and much less depressed than in

other species,

PIsoN (PARAPISON) PERTINAX, sp. n.

Q. Head and thorax opaque, not visibly punctured, a short and

obscure longitudinal sulcus below the anterior ocellus. Clypeus

short, fully twice as broad as long, convex, very broadly rounded

anteriorly, and covered with short silvery pubescence. Antenne

a little longer than the head, inserted at the base of the clypeus,

nearly half as far again from each other as from the eyes; the

scape short, scarcely longer than the second joint of the flagellum,

which is about half as long again as the first or third; the first

joint is stout and equal in length to the third. Eyes narrowly

emarginate, the depth of the emargination about equal to the

length of the first joint of the flagellum; the distance between the

eyes on the vertex equal to about three-quarters of the distance

between them at the base of the clypeus. The posterior ocelli a

little nearer to the eyes than to each other, situated very near to

the posterior margin of the head, which is slightly transversely

raised behind them. Pronotum short and strongly depressed

anteriorly, the posterior margin straight; scutellum broadly

truncate at the apex. Median segment rather slender, much

longer than broad, a little longer than the mesonotum, delicately

obliquely striated, a carina from the base to the apex lying in a

depressed sulcus, the lateral margins of the segment marked by a

carina; narrowed posteriorly and abruptly truncated, the surface

of the truncation transversely striated, with a deep median sulcus.

Abdomen as long as the thorax and median segment combined,

shining; the apical margins of the segments depressed, most broadly

in the middle, the second segment constricted at the base, longer

and broader than the first or third.

Black; the mandibles, antenne (except the two apical joints),

tibie, tarsi, and abdomen (except the middle of the third segment)

ferruginous. Wings hyaline, iridescent; nervures black.

The first recurrent nervure is received by the first cubital cell

beyond two-thirds from the base, the second at the extreme base

of the second cubital cell, which is almost pointed on the radial

nervure, being less than a quarter of the length of the cell on the

cubital nervure.

Length 7 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Zurner); January to May.

In some specimens the abdomen is wholly ferruginous.

518 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

Pigon (PARAPISON) TENEBROSUM, Sp. 0.

@. Mandibles acute at the apex ; clypeus short, more than

twice as broad as long, narrowly convex or subcarinate in the

middle, with a small blunt tubercle just before the apex, sub-

truncate at the apex, clothed with short silvery pubescence. Head,

thorax, and abdomen opaque; the eyes narrowly and shallowly

emarginate, separated on the clypeus by a distance about one-

quarter greater than that separating them on the vertex. Antenne

scarcely longer than the head, inserted a little further from. each

other than from the eyes, the scape as long as the first two joints

of the flagellum combined; the first joint of the flagellum two-

thirds of the length of the second, the second and third almost.

equal. Posterior ocelli twice as far from each other as from the

eyes. Pronotum almost straight, transverse, about three-quarters

of the breadth of the head; mesonotum with a broad, shallow,

longitudinal, median depression not reaching the posterior margin.

Median segment a little shorter than the mesonotum, narrowed

from the base, obliquely truncate posteriorly, with a longitudinal

carina from the base lying in a shallow depression and not

reaching the apex, obscurely obliquely striated ; the face of the

truncation minutely and very closely punctured, with a deep

median sulcus. The sides and apical margin of the abdominal

segments with sparse grey pubescence. The first segment sub-

truncate at the base, nearly as long and broad as the second.

Black; the mandibles dark ferruginous; the spines of the tibie

testaceous; the tegule, the anterior tibie, and the tarsi fuscous.

Wings hyaline, nervures fusco-ferruginous.

The second cubital cell is small, triangular, pointed on the

radial nervure, less than one-third of the length of the first on

the cubital nervure, receiving the second recurrent nervure near

the base. The first cubital cell receives the first recurrent nervure

beyond two-thirds from the base.

Length 5 mm., exp. 8 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Zurner); January.

Pison (PARAPISON) CALIGINOSUM, Sp. .

@. Mandibles short and very broad, shallowly and widely

emarginate at the apex. Clypeus half as broad again as long,

very feebly convex, strongly rounded at the apex. Head and

thorax opaque, very minutely and closely punctured ; the antennze

inserted almost as near to each other as to the eyes, the scape about.

equal in length to the first two joints of the flagellum, the second

joint of the flagellum more than half as long again as the first and

a little longer than the third. The emargination of the eyes

exceeding in depth the length of the first joint of the flagellum ;

the eyes at the base of the clypeus nearly half as far again from

each other as on the vertex. Posterior ocelli nearer to each other

than to the anterior ocellus, but nearer to the eyes than to each

other. Pronotum not more than two-thirds of the breadth of the

1908. ] AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 519

head, very short, the posterior margin straight. Median segment

as long as the mesonotum, narrowed str ongly and ab: uptly

truncate posteriorly, with a median carina lying in a narrow

depression not quite reaching the base of the truncation, delicately

obliquely striated, punctured between the striz ; the surface of the

truncation with a deep depression at the base, finely punctured at:

the sides, finely transversely striated near the apex. Abdomen

shining, very minutely punctured, the first segment slender at the

base, as long as the second, and at the apex about two-thirds of the

breadth of the second; the second segment transversely depressed

at the base and longer than the third.

Entirely black, with a little sparse silvery pubescence on the

orbits of the eyes and the sides of the median segment and

abdomen ; a little fulvous pubescence on the sides of the two 0 apical

segments ; the silvery pubescence very short and fine, the fulvous

coarser. Wings hyaline, iridescent, faintly clouded at the extreme

apex ; nervures black.

The second cubital cell is very short on the radial nervure, but.

half as long as the first on the cubital nervure, receiving the

second recurrent nervure before the middle. The first cubital cell

receives the first recurrent nervure at about one-sixth from the

apex.

Length 7 mm., exp. 11 mm.

Hab. Kuranda near Cairns, Queensland (Zwrner) ; February.

Pison (PARAPISON) ABERRANS, Sp. 0.

6. Antenne no longer than the head, moderately thickened to

the apex, about the same distance from each other at the base

as from the eyes; the second joint of the flagellum scarcely longer

than the first, the scape longer than the first three joints of the

flagellum combined. Clypeus nearly three times as broad at the

apex as long, the apical margin almost straight, clothed with

shining silvery pubescence. Head and thorax opaque; an obscure,

impressed, longitudinal line on the front below the anterior

ocellus; the front round the base of the antenne and the inner

orbits of the eyes below the emargination clothed with silvery

pubescence. Eyes narrowly and rather shallowly emarginate, the

emargination hardly equalling in depth the length ‘of the first

joint of the flagellum; the distance between the eyes at the base

of the clypeus exceeding by more than one-third the distance

between them on the vertex; the posterior ocelli nearly twice

as far from each other as from the eyes. Pronotum strongly

depressed anteriorly, the posterior margin very broadly arched.

Scutellum smooth and shining, broadly truncate at the apex.

Median segment longer than broad, finely obliquely striated,

longitudinally depressed in the middle, with a carina in the

depression, truncate posteriorly; the surface of the truncation

transversely striated, with a median sulcus. Abdomen shining,

microscopically punctured, the segments feebly but broadly

depressed on the apical margin; the second segment transversely

520 MR, R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

depressed at the base, broader but hardly longer than the first and

third.

Black; the mandibles and the tarsi ferruginous brown. Wings

hyaline, iridescent ; nervures black.

The first recurrent nervure is received by the first cubital cella

little before two-thirds from the base, the second at the extreme

base of the second cubital cell. The second cubital cell is extremely

small, almost pointed on the radial nervure, and not more than

one-sixth of the length of the first cubital cell on the cubital

nervure. On one side of the type specimen the second transverse

cubital nervure is absent, leaving the cell open.

Length 4 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (7urner); January.

Pison (AULACOPHILUS) DIFFICILE, sp. n.

@. Clypeus slightly produced and pointed in the middle of the

apical margin, nearly twice as broad at the apex as long, thinly

clothed with pale fulvous pubescence. Antenne inserted just

above the base of the clypeus, a little further from each other than

from the eyes, as long as the thorax and median segment

combined; the apical jomts not at ail thickened ; the second joint

of the flagellum longer than the third joint or than the scape.

Eyes rather deeply emarginate, convergent towards the vertex,

where they are separated by a distance equal to the length

of the second joint of the flagellum; the posterior ocelli nearer to

Text-fig. 110.

Pison (Aulacophilus) difficile.

the eyes than to each other. Head opaque, about equal in breadth

to the mesonotum, the front thinly clothed with short, pale,

golden pubescence. Pronotum short, strongly depressed and

clothed with pale golden pubescence. Thorax and median

segment very delicately punctured. The median segment longer

than the mesonotum, strongly narrowed and depressed to the

apex, with a deep sulcus from the apex nearly reaching the middle,

the sides with thin greyish pubescence. Abdomen petiolate,

pubescent ; the first segment twice as broad at the apex as at the

base, half as long again as the second segment, the third segment

1908. | AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 521

a little broader than the second; the apical margin of segments

1-4 with a band of pale golden pubescence interrupted in the

middle.

Black; the mandibles at the base, the antenne (except the two

apical joints), the tegule, the base and apex of the first abdominal

segment broadly, the apical margin of the remaining segments, the

tarsi, tibie, and the apex of the femora rufo-testaceous. Wings

hyaline, nervures dull rufo-testaceous.

The first cubital cell very long, receiving the first recurrent

nervure very near the apex; the second cubital cell very short

on the radial nervure, receiving the second recurrent nervure near

the base, less than three times as long on. the cubital as on the

radial nervure.

Length 11 mm., exp. 19 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Zwrner).

This species resembles the following one P. icarioides in shape,

but the antenne are much longer and are not thickened at the

apex, and the shape of the second cubital cell is very different. It

does not approach so nearly to 4 ulacophilus, forming a connecting

link with true Pisoz.

Prison (AULACOPHILUS) ICARIOIDES, sp.n. (Plate XX VI. fig. 13.)

2. Clypeus broadly rounded at the apex, more than twice as

broad as long, clothed with rather long, shining, very pale

golden pubescence. Front round the base of the antenne, and

the inner orbits of the eyes as high as the emargination, clothed

with short silvery pubescence; a short, obscure, median carina

above and between the base of the antenne; the vertex opaque.

HKyes rather shallowly and broadly emarginate, the distance between

them at the base of the mandibles about one-third greater than on

the vertex ; the posterior ocelli almost as far from each other as

from the eyes. Antenne inserted a little further from each other

than from the eyes, scarcely longer than the head, much thickened

to the apex ; the second joint of the flagellum less than twice as long

as the first and one-third longer than the third. Thorax, median

segment, and abdomen opaque, very minutely and closely punc-

tured; the pronotum nearly as broad as the head, very gradually

depressed anteriorly; scutellum short and transverse. The median

segment rather slender, longer than the mesonotum, much

narrowed and rounded to the apex, not truncate, with a median

sulcus from the base tothe apex. First abdominal segment slender,

nearly twice as long as it is broad at the apex, about three times as

broad at the apex as at the base, with a deep sulcus from the base

to beyond the middle, the apical margin strongly depressed ;

second segment very large, nearly three times as broad at the

apex as the first, strongly convex; the apical margin of all the

segments depressed.

Black; the mandibles (except at the apex), the antenne at the

base, the apex of the clypeus, the tegule, the first segment of the

abdomen, the apical margins of the other segments, the tibia, tarsi,

and the apex of the femora dull ferruginous. The pubescence on

522 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12;

the posterior margin of the pronotum, the postscutellum, the apex

of the median segment, the apical margin of all the abdominal

segments, and the whole of the third golden yellow, short and

dense. Wings very pale flavo-hyaline, slightly clouded on the

costa and at the apex; nervures ferruginous.

The first recurrent nervure is received by the first cubital cell

just beyond three-quarters from the base, the second by the second

cubital cell close to the base. The second cubital cell is extremely

short on the radial nervure, both transverse cubital nervures being

strongly curved and convergent. As in Parapison, the true

second cubital cell is obsolete.

Length 11 mm., exp. 18 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Z'urner).

This species differs from <Azlacophilus vespoides Sm. in the

shape of the first abdominal segment, which is much shorter and

broader, and also in the shape of the second cubital cell and the

position of the recurrent nervures. I do not consider Aulaco-

philus of more than subgeneric value. The occurrence of species

in Australia is another instance of therelationship of the Hymeno-

pterous fauna of 8. America and Australia. The present species

shows most relationship to Pisom in the auratus group.

TRYPOXYLON CONNEXUM, sp. 0.

@. Clypeus broadly rounded anteriorly, broad and_ short,

densely clothed with short silvery pubescence. Antenne inserted

very near together, nearer to each other than to the eyes; the

second joint of the flagellum nearly half as long again as the

third, the apical joint conical, scarcely longer than the penultimate

joint. Eyes separated on the vertex by a distance about one-

third greater than that separating them at the base of the

clypeus; the posterior ocelli nearly twice as far from each other

as from the eyes, and further from the anterior ocellus than from

each other. The inner orbits of the eyes are clothed with silvery

pubescence as high as the deep and narrow emargination. The

anterior ocellus is surmounted by an elevated semicircular carina,

which is narrowly separated from the inner margin of the eyes and

reaches as low as the emargination, whence it is continued as a

V-shaped carina, much elevated at the apex and almost reaching

the base of the antennz ; from the apex it is continued as a very

high carina between the antenne, terminating abruptly at the

base of the clypeus; the space enclosed by the carinz is concave

and opaque; the vertex subopaque, with an obscure longitudinal

carina between the posterior ocelli. Pronotum on a level with

the mesonotum, short and broadly, but slightly, emarginate

anteriorly, the anterior margin raised and thickened. Mesonotum

opaque and finely, but not very closely punctured; the mesopleurz

with sparse silvery pubescence. Median segment slender, obliquely

truncate posteriorly, transversely striated, the posterior surface

with a deep median sulcus; the triangular space at the base

slightly convex. transversely striated, and divided by a longi-

1908. ] AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 523

tudinal sulcus. Abdomen shining, very minutely punctured and

feebly pubescent; the first segment very slender, slightly

thickened at the apex, longer than the second and third segments

combined.

Black; the posterior margin of the pronotum pale testaceous ;

tegule and the spines of the tibie testaceous. Wings hyaline,

nervures fusco-ferruginous.

¢. As in the female, but the apical joint of the antenne is

longer and slightly curved near the apex, fully twice as long as

the second joint of the flagellum.

Length, 2 10-12 mm., ¢ 9 mm.

fab. Mackay, Queensland (Zwrner); February and March.

Very near 7’. pileatum Sm. from India, but the frontal carinz

are much more strongly developed and the first abdominal segment

longer; the sculpture of the median segment is also coarser.

TRYPOXYLON PLACIDUM Sm.

Trypoxylon placidum Sm. Proce. Linn. Soc., Zool. vii. p. 35. n. 1,

63.

Hab. Mysole (Smith); Cairns, Queensland (Zwrner), April.

CrABrRo (RHOPALUM) MILITARIS, Sp. n.

3. Clypeus small, subtriangular, without a carina, without

spines on the anterior margin. Mandibles bidentate at the apex,

the inner tooth the longest. Head and thorax shining, minutely

punctured, the front smooth, the groove for the scape deep and

very narrowly separated from the eyes. Eyes almost touching

the base of the antennz, where they are separated from each other

by a distance equal to half the length of the scape. The second

joint of the flagellum half as long again as the first. Pronotum

not more than half as wide as the head, narrowed anteriorly, the

angles obtuse. Mesonotum broadly and very shallowly depressed

on the middle of the anterior half, with a very obscure longi-

tudinal carina in the depression; the scutellum divided by an

obscure longitudinal carina. Mesopleure shining, a little more

strongly punctured than the mesonotum. Median segment steeply

sloped posteriorly, smooth and shining; the longitudinal sulcus

dividing the triangular space at the base very shallow and obscure,

well-defined and deep on the posterior slope. Abdomen petiolate,

longer than the head and thorax combined, and slender; the first

segment very narrow and flat, swollen at the apex, longer than the

second segment, which is long and gradually broadened to the

apex, the fourth segment the broadest. Epipygium shining, very

narrowly truncate at the apex.

Black; the scape of the antenne, the anterior and intermediate

tibiee and tarsi, and the apex of the femora yellow; the apex of

the first abdominal segment, the second and third (except on the

apical margin), the posterior tibie and tarsi, and the apex of the

femora ferruginous. Wings hyaline iridescent, nervures black.

524 MR. R. E. TURNER ON | May 12,

The recurrent nervure is received by the cubital cell at two-

thirds from the base. The posterior tibize are much swollen

towards the apex.

Length 12 mm., exp. 17 mm.

Hab. Victoria (French); Tasmania.

The specimen from Tasmania has the wings fusco-hyaline.

CraBro (RHOPALUM) TRICOLOR Sm.

Orabro tricolor Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 394. n. 14, 1855, 3.

2. Mandibles bidentate at the apex, the outer tooth very small.

Clypeus convex in the middle and subcarinate, produced in the

middle of the apical margin and emarginate, the angles of the

emargination forming strong blunt teeth, a small tooth on each

side; the whole clypeus clothed with shining silvery pubescence.

Antenne inserted close to the eyes, the distance between the eyes

at their base about equal to the length of the second joint of the

flagellum; the first joint of the flagellum about half as long as

the third, and a little more than half as long as the second. The

posterior ocelli nearer to each other than to the eyes and nearer

to the anterior ocellus than to each other, with a feeble longi-

tudinal carina between them. Head and thorax opaque, very

closely and minutely punctured, the front smooth and shining,

the groove for the scape occupying the entire breadth, the

posterior margin of the head broadly emarginate. Pronotum

short, strongly narrowed anteriorly ; the mesopleurz less opaque

than the mesonotum. Median segment steeply sloped posteriorly

and rounded, the space at the base opaque, very finely rugose,

with a sulcus from the base to the apex and a few very short striz

from the base. Abdomen petiolate, opaque, very minutely punc-

tured; the first segment long and slender, swollen at the apex,

a little longer than the second, the second and third gradually

widened, the fourth the broadest; the fifth dorsal segment clothed

with short, close, fulvous pubescence. The epipygium is tri-

angular, opaque, the sides slightly raised. The posterior tibiz

strongly swollen to the apex. The recurrent nervure is received

by the cubital cell just before three-quarters from the base.

Black; the scape of the antenne, the apex of the tegule, the

tarsi, the anterior and intermediate tibiz, and the apex of all the

femora and of the posterior coxe yellow; the base and apex of the

second abdominal segment and the base of the third ferruginous ;

the tarsal ungues black. Wings hyaline, faintly tinged with

fuscous ; nervures fuscous.

3. As in the female.

Length, 9 13 mm., ¢ 11 mm.

Hab. Woodford, Blue Mts, N. 8. Wales (G. A. Waterhouse) ;

Victoria (french) ; Tasmania (Smith).

CraBro (RHOPALUM) TENUIVENTRIS, sp. n.

9. Mandibles feebly bidentate at the apex. Clypeus clothed

1908. ] AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 525

with shining white pubescence, truncate on the apical margin,

convex at the base, with an oblique semicircular truncation at the

apex, the truncation smooth and shining, without pubescence.

Antenne inserted close together, touching the eyes; the second

joint of the flagellum longer than the first. Eyes just above the

base of the antenne separated by a distance about equal to the

length of the second joint of the flagellum; the posterior ocelli a

little further from the eyes than from each other and about the

same distance from the posterior margin of the head as from each

other. Head smooth and shining, the posterior margin broadly

emarginate. Thorax smooth and shining, the pronotum narrowed

anteriorly ; the median segment rounded posteriorly, shining and

very minutely punctured, with a median sulcus from the base.

Abdomen elongate, shining and minutely punctured; the first

segment very long and slender, of almost even thickness through-

out, the second and third gradually broadened, the fourth the

broadest. The recurrent nervure is received at the middle of the

cubital cell, the transverse cubital at about one-third from the

base of the radial cell.

Black; the mandibles and a mark on each side of the third

abdominal segment rufo-testaceous; the scape of the antenne, the

apex of the tegule, the tubercles at the posterior angles of the

prothorax, and the anterior and intermediate tibiz and tarsi pale

yellow; the four apical ventral segments testaceous. Wings

hyaline, nervures black.

Length 4 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Turner); May.

CRABRO (RHOPALUM) TRANSIENS, Sp. 0.

3g. Clypeus broadly rounded at the apex, without a carina,

very feebly convex, and clothed with short silvery pubescence.

Hyes separated from each other at the base of the antenne by a

distance nearly half as great again as the length of the scape ; the

first joint of the flagellum longer than the second, which is equal

to the third. Posterior ocelli a little further from each other

than from the eyes and as far from the eyes as from the posterior

margin of the head. Headand thorax subopaque, microscopically

punctured ; the pronotum less than half as broad as the head and

narrowed anteriorly, mesopleure minutely punctured, the groove

rather shallow. Median segment smooth, rounded and steep

posteriorly, with a transverse row of coarse punctures at the base

and a short longitudinal sulcus at the extreme apex. Abdomen

shining, microscopically punctured, petiolate; the first segment.

very narrow, swollen at the apex, a little longer than the second

segment, the third and fourth segments the broadest. The re-

current nervure is received by the cubital cell at about three-fifths

from the base.

Black ; the scape of the antenne and the posterior angles of the

pronotum yellow; the first joint of the flagellum, the following

four joints beneath, the mandibles, tegule, first joint of the

526 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

abdomen, the base of the second joint, the tibie, tarsi, trochan-

ters, and femora (except at the base) ferruginous. Wings hyaline,

brilliantly iridescent ; nervures fusco-ferruginous.

Length 5 mm.

Hab. Victoria (french).

CrABRO (RHOPALUM) FRENCHII, Sp. n.

2. Mandibles bidentate at the apex, the teeth short and feeble.

Clypeus short, slightly convex, without a carina, and clothed with

short silvery pubescence. Eyes separated from each other at the

base of the antennz by a distance equal to about three-quarters

of the length of the scape; the first joint of the flagellum longer

than the second. Posterior ocelli as far from the eyes as from

each other and a little nearer to the posterior margin of the head.

Head and thorax shining, microscopically punctured ; the pro-

notum short and transverse, about two-thirds of the width of the

head, theangles not prominent. Median segment shining, with

a median sulcus from the base to the apex. Abdomen petiolate,

as long as the head, thorax, and median segment combined, shining;

the three basal segments smooth, the fourth and fifth very closely

and minutely punctured; the first segment narrow, very slightly

swollen at the apex, more than twice as long as broad, about one-

third shorter than the second segment; the second gradually

widened to the apex ; the third and fourth segments the broadest.

Pygidium elongate, triangular. The posterior tibie are swollen

towards the apex. ‘The recurrent nervure is received close to the

middle of the cubital cell.

Black; the mandibles (except at the apex), the scape of the

antenne, the posterior angles of the pronotum, the trochanters,

and the anterior and intermediate tibie and tarsi pale yellow ;

the tegule, pygidium, and the posterior tibiz and tarsi fusco-

ferruginous. Wings hyaline, iridescent ; nervures fusco-ferru-

gimous.

Length 5 mm.

Hab. Victoria (French) ; November.

CrABRO (RHOPALUM) CONAYOR, Sp. n.

g. Mandibles bidentate at the apex, the teeth of about equal

length. Clypeus clothed with silvery pubescence, broadly rounded

anteriorly, with a delicate median carina. Hyes separated from

each other at the base of the antennez by about half the length of

the scape, diverging very broadly towards the vertex. Second

joint of the flagellum half as long again as the first and a little

longer than the third. Posterior ocelli a little further from each

other than from the eyes and more than: half as far again from

the posterior margin of the head as from each other. Head large,

subquadrate, broadly emarginate posteriorly, finely rugulose

behind the ocelli, rugose in front of the ocelli, with very thin

erect pubescence. Pronotum short, broadly and shallowly emar-

ginate anteriorly, the anterior angles slightly produced, narrower

than the head. Mesonotum shallowly punctured; mesopleure

1908. | AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 527

opaque, almost smooth, the groove narrow and punctured. The

enclosed space at the base of the median segment coarsely longi-

tudinally rugose, the sides and apex of the segment obliquely

striate-rugose. Abdomen opaque, petiolate; the first segment

very slender, twice as long as the second, a little swollen at the

apex, the second segment nearly as broad as the third.

Black; the scape of the antennez, a spot on each side of the

apex of the first abdominal segment, a broad band across each of

the remaining segments and the whole of the seventh, the tibiz,

tarsi, and the apex of the femora ochraceous yellow. Wings

hyaline, iridescent ; nervures fusco-ferruginous.

The recurrent nervure is received by the cubital cell beyond

two-thirds trom the base.

Length 7 mm.

Hab. Cooktown, Queensland (Zurner) ; November.

CraBro (RHOPALUM) IDONEUS, Sp. n.

9. Head and thorax opaque, very delicately punctured-rugu-

lose; mandibles bidentate at the apex, the teeth short, the inner

tooth the longest ; maxillary palpi five-jointed, labial palpi three-

jointed. Clypeus transverse, slightly produced in the middle of

the anterior margin. Front concave, the antenne inserted nearer

to the eyes than to each other. Pronotum transverse, rounded

at the angles; mesonotum with a depression from the middle of

the anterior margin to the centre ; the scutellum half as long as

broad. Median segment very short, rounded, and truncate

posteriorly ; the space at the base longitudinally striated at the

base, almost smooth and opaque at the apex, with a median carina

extending on to the surface of the truncation to the apex. Abdo-

men petiolate, very minutely punctured; the petiole about half

as broad as long, of even length throughout, nearly as long as

the second segment, which is slightly narrower than the third.

Epipygium deeply punctured, lanceolate.

Black; the clypeus, cheeks, the truncation of the median seg-

ment, and the fourth and fifth abdominal segments clothed with

pale golden pubescence; the mandibles fusco-ferruginous; the

flagellum (except the basal joint), the tegul, the first abdominal

segment, the pygidium, the apical margins of the other abdominal

segments, the posterior tibiz and tarsi, and the posterior femora

above ferruginous ; the scape of the antenne, the basal joint of

the flagellum, the pronotum very narrowly interrupted in the

middle and on the sides, the scutellum (except the apical margin),

a transverse line on the postscutellum, the anterior and inter-

mediate legs, and the posterior tibize beneath yellow. Wings

hyaline, iridescent, clouded in the radial cell; nervures ferruginous.

The recurrent nervure is received by the cubital cell at three-

fifths from the base. The radial cell is very broadly truneate at

the apex, the radial nervure indistinctly produced beyond the cell.

The eyes are separated at the Base of the antenne by a distance

equal to about three-quarters of the length of the scape; the

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1908, No. XX XTV. 34

528 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

first two joints of the flagellum are about equal in length. The

posterior ocelli are a little further from the eyes than from each

other and alittle further from the posterior margin of the head

than from the eyes.

3. Asin the female, but more slender; the head and thorax

shining, almost smooth; the second abdominal segment narrow,

about. one-third longer than the first, very little more than halt

as wide at the apex as the third segment; the fourth segment

the widest ; the posterior tibie more dilated than in the female ;

the scutellum wholly black, the second abdominal segment

ferruginous with a large black spot in the middle. The eyes are

only separated at the base of the antenne by about half of the

length of the scape and diverge towards the vertex less strongly

than in the female.

Length, ¢ 6 mm., @ 7 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Turner) ; May.

Crapro (RHOPALUM) AGILIS Sin.

Crabro (Rhopalum) agilis Sm. Proc. Linn. Soc., Zool. 11. p. 18,

1858, 9. .

Hab. Celebes (Wallace); Mackay, Queensland (Turner).

CRABRO PROSOPOIDES, Sp. 0.

2. Clypeus slightly produced, with a median carina from the

base not reaching the apex, clothed with silvery pubescence. Eyes

separated at the base of the antenne by a distance scarcely

exceeding one-quarter of the length of the scape; the first jomt

of the flagellum fully as long as the second. Mandibles bidentate

at the apex, the teeth short; maxillary palpi six-jointed, labial

palpi four-jointed. The posterior ocelli about one-third further

from each other than from the eyes and about as far from the

posterior margin of the head as from each other. Head very

closely and finely punctured, the front smooth and concave.

Pronotum transverse and linear, the angles not prominent ; meso-

notum finely and closely punctured, the groove on the meso-

pleure well marked. Median segment steeply, but not vertically,

sloped posteriorly, the triangular space at the base smooth and

shining, with a shallow median sulcus, and a transverse row of

deep punctures at the extreme base; the pesterior slope with a

large, deep depression at the base, very delicately and closely

transversely striated. Abdomen very finely and closely punctured

the first segment one-third longer than the second, very narrow

at the base, the apex half as wide as that of the second segment

the second segment narrower than the third, the second and third

segments moderately constricted at the base, the apical segment

triangular. The recurrent nervure is received at the middle of

the cubital cell.

Black; the scape of the antenne, pronotum, tegule, scutellum,

postscutellum, tibize, tarsi, and the apex of the femora yellow ;

the flagellum light ferruginous. Wings hyaline, nervures fuscous,

1908. | AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS, 529

' 6. Asin the 2. The apical segment of the abdomen is

rounded.

Length, 2 8mm., 3 6 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Zurier); March to May. Towns-

ville, Queensland (Dodd).

CRABRO PERLUCIDUS, sp.n. (Plate XX VI. fig. 15.)

@. Mandibles bidentate at the apex, the inner tooth a little

the longest. Clypeus strongly convex at the base, clothed with

silvery pubescence, with an obliquely depressed smooth truncation

to the middle of the apical margin. Antenne inserted nearly

twice as far from each other as from the eyes, the first joint of

the flagellum longer than the second; the eyes separated from

each other at the base of the antenne by a distance exceeding

half the length of the scape. Posterior ocelli a little nearer to

each other than to the eyes, half as far again from the posterior

margin of the head as from each other. Head and thorax smooth

and shining; the pronotum slightly depressed, rounded at the

anterior angles; scutellum very finely punctured. Median seg-

ment very short, steeply sloped posteriorly, the enclosed space at

the base irregularly obliquely striated, with a depressed, transverse,

coarsely punctured sulcus at the base; a median sulcus from the

base to the apex. Abdomen shining, very minutely punctured,

nearly as long as the head and thorax united; the first segment

as long as the second, twice as broad at the apex as at the base

and half as broad as the apex of the second segment. Pygidium

elongate triangular.

Black; the scape of the antenne and the anterior and inter-

mediate legs yellow, the intermediate legs stained with ferruginous;

the flagellum, posterior legs, and abdomen bright ferruginous ;

the tegule testaceous. Wings hyaline, nervures black.

The cubital cell receives the recurrent nervure at two-thirds

from the base; the radial cell receives the transverse cubital

nervure before the middle.

Length 7 mm., exp. 10 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Turner); May.

CRABRO DODDII, sp. n.

@. Clypeus a little produced and truncate at the apex, with a

median carina, clothed with silvery pubescence. Antenne inserted

twice as far from each other as from the eyes ; the second joint of

the flagellum small, shorter than the first. Eyes separated from

each other at the base of the antenne by a distance equal to two-

thirds of the length of the scape, strongly divergent towards the

vertex. Posterior ocellia iittle further from each other than from

the eyes, but nearer to each other than to the posterior margin of

the head. Head finely punctured-rugose; the front opaque, with

sparse silvery pubescence. ‘Thorax rugose, the pronotum trans+

verse, almost as broad as the head, the anterior angles prominent.

Mesopleurz without a groove for the femora. The enclosed space

34*

530 MR. R, E, TURNER ON [May 12,

at the base of the median segment coarsely rugose with a deep

median sulcus. Abdomen short, not petiolate ; the first segment

subtruncate at the base, depressed on the apical margin, the

second segment the longest, All the segments opaque, very

closely and finely punctured, The recurrent nervure 1s received

near the apex of the cubital cell.

Black; the mandibles (except at the apex), the scape of the

antenne, the anterior and posterior angles of the pronotum, the

postscutellum, the tibize, and the apex of the femora yellow ; the

flagellum, the tegule, the base of the femora, the tarsi, and the

abdomen light ferruginous, the first abdominal segment with an

obscure yellow band at theapex. Wings hyaline, nervures fusco-

ferruginous.

¢. As in the female, but the pronotum is entirely yellow and

the postscutellum black.

Length, 9 8mm., 3 6 mm.

Hab. Townsville, Queensland (Dodd); February.

CRABRO HEBETESCENS, Sp. 0.

@. Mandibles tridentate at the apex, the inner tooth the

shortest, a strong acute tooth just before the middle of the inner

margin. Maxillary palpi six-jointed, labial palpi four-jointed.

Clypeus clothed with shining white pubescence, with a carina.

from the base to the apex, truncate at the apex, with two short

teeth on each side. Head large, finely and closely punctured,

the cheeks clothed with silvery pubescence. Antenne inserted

very close to the eyes, the second joint of the flagellum about half

as long again as the first or third. Eyes at the base of the

antenne separated by a distance about equal to the length of the

two basal joints of the flagellum; front very narrow, the groove

for the scape reaching the eyes; the facets of the eyes larger near

the base of the antennz than elsewhere. Posterior ocelli very far

apart, as far from the eyes as from each other, but nearer to each

other than to the posterior margin of the head, which is straight.

Pronotum more than two-thirds of the breadth of the head, very

short and transverse, the anterior margin raised. Thorax punc-

tured, the mesopleure strongly grooved for the anterior femora.

Median segment short, subtruncate posteriorly, the enclosed space:

at the base very broadly rounded and rugose; the face of the

truncation finely transversely striated, with a delicate longitudinal

carina. Abdomen ovate, shining and finely punctured, the apical

segment lanceolate.

Black ; the mandibles at the base, the scape of the antenne,

the anterior margin of the pronotum, interrupted narrowly in the

middle, the tubercles at the posterior angles of the pronotum, a

small spot on each side at the base of the scutellum, a spot on

each side of abdominal segments 1-5, the tibie above, and the

basal joint of the tarsi creamy white. Wings hyaline, nervures.

black, the tegule fuscous. The recurrent nervure is received by

the cubital cell at about three-quarters from the base, the cubital

1908. | AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. Fyoil

nervure is sharply bent at the point of junction, the apical portion

appearing almost more like a part of the transverse cubital than

of the cubital nervure.

Length 9 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Zurner) ; January.

CRABRO CINCTUS, sp.n. (Plate XX VI. fig. 14.)

@. Head very large, almost square, slightly rounded at the

posterior angles, extremely finely and closely punctured. Man-

dibles broad at the apex and tridentate, the inner tooth very short,

the middle tooth the longest. Clypeus slightly porrected, almost

vertically truncate at the extreme apex, the surface of the trun-

cation semicircular and slightly concave. Cheeks depressed along

the outer orbits of the eyes, the margins of the face and the

depressions on the cheeks clothed with short silvery pubescence.

A longitudinal suleus below the anterior ocellus and a longitudinal

carina above it, a shallow depression on each side of the carina

behind the posterior ocelli, the front clothed with short golden

pubescence, the inner orbits of the eyes slightly depressed.

Thorax narrower than the head; the anterior and posterior

margins of the pronotum raised and with the angles slightly

prominent, a deep transverse sulcus interrupted in the middle

separating the raised margins. Mesonotum and scutellum very

finely and closely punctured, the disc of the mesonotum with a

broad and shallow depression. Median segment short, truncate

posteriorly, with a deep, longitudinal, median sulcus from the base

to the apex; the enclosed space at the base clesely punctured

with a few very short striz at the base, broadly rounded at the

apex. Abdomen subpetiolate, coriaceous, pygidium narrow and

lanceolate.

Black ; the mandibles at the base testaceous yellow; the clypeus,

the scape of the antenne, the two basal joints of the flagellum,

and a spot on each side at the anterior angles of the mesonotum

yellow; the pronotum, a large mark on the scutellum, the post-

scutellum, a spot on the mesopleure, a short longitudinal line on

the middle of the basal abdominal segment, a broad transverse

band at the base of the second segment, and the three apical

segments above orange; the tegule and the apical ventral seg-

ment of the abdomen ferruginous brown. Legs yellow, stamed

with ferruginous brown. Wings hyaline, tinged with fuscous ;

nervures dark fuscous.

Length 12 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Zwrner) ; April.

The posterior ocelli are two and a half times as far from the

posterior margin of the head as from each other; further from

each other than from the eyes. The antennz are inserted close

to the eyes, the second joint of the flagellum nearly twice as long

as the first and as long as the third; the distance between the

eyes at the base of the antenne equal to half the length of the

scape. The mesopleure are rugose, the depression for the femora

532 MR. R. E. TURNER ON [May 12,

not developed. The recurrent nervure is received by the cubital

cell beyond three-quarters from the base ; the radial nervure is

not continued beyond the end of the radial cell.

CRABRO MACKAYENSIS, Sp. n.

2. Mandibles tridentate at the apex, the inner tooth much the

shortest, the central tooth longer than the outer one. Clypeus

slightly advanced, truncate at the apex, with a longitudinal carina

from the base, clothed with short silvery pubescence. The pubes-

cence on the cheeks pale golden. Head finely and very closely

punctured ; eyes very large, the front between them narrow and

concave; a very shallowly depressed, longitudinal, and almost.

smooth mark on the inner margin of the eye near the summit ;

a short longitudinal suleus below the anterior ocellus and another

on the vertex almost reaching the anterior ocellus ; the posterior

ocelli as far from each other as from the eyes. Pronotum very

short, transverse, raised and thickened, not prominent at the

angles; mesonotum finely rugose. Median segment short, the

space at the base enclosed by carinz, longitudinally striated, with

an obscure median carina, broadly rounded at the apex; the

posterior truncation very obscurely transversely striated, with a

median suleus. Abdomen subovate, very minutely and closely

punctured; the first segment narrow at the base, the apex about

two-thirds of the breadth of the second segment, only a little

longer than the second segment; the apex of the fifth segment

clothed with pale golden pubescence ; the apical segment lanceo-

late, smooth and recurved at the sides, with a tuft of long golden

pubescence on each side.

Black; the mandibles (except at the apex), the scape of the

antenne, the pronotum (very narrowly interrupted in the middle

and more broadly on the sides), a spot on each side near the base

of the scutellum, a transverse line on the postscutellum, a spot

near the middle of the enclosed space on the median segment, a

broad transverse band near the apex of the first abdominal seg-

ment, a small spot on the sides of the second and fourth segments,

and a transverse band narrowly interrupted in the middle on the

fifth segment, yellow; the four basal joints of the flagellum, the

tegule, the apical margins of the abdominal segments, the tibie,

tarsi, and extreme apex of the femora and coxe ferruginous brown.

Wings pale flavo-hyaline, nervures pale ferruginous.

Length 10 mm., exp. 17 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Z’urner); April.

The second joint of the flagellum is about one-third longer than

either the first or third, and nearly equal in length to two-thirds

of the distance between the eyes at the base of the antennz.

CRABRO ORDINARIUS, sp. n.

Q. Mandibles bidentate at the apex, the teeth long and of

about equal length. Clypeus densely clothed with silvery pubes-

cence, with a carina from the base to beyond the centre, with a

1908. | AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. 533

smooth and shining, oblique, triangular truncation at the apex.

Head and thorax very closely and finely punctured, the front and

cheeks clothed with pale golden pubescence; the posterior ocelli

far apart, further from each other than from the eyes. The

anterior margin of the pronotum raised, with a transverse groove

behind it on the sides. A faint and broad depression from the

anterior margin of the mesonotum to the middle; the scutellum

faintly depressed in the middle. Median segment short, truncate

posteriorly, the enclosed space at the base broadly rounded at the

apex, obliquely striate rugose, with a very broad median sulcus in

which lie several transverse strie; the face of the truncation

pubescent, very finely rugose, with a strong median sulcus. Abdo-

men very closely and minutely punctured, not petiolate, the apical

segment lanceolate.

Black; a spot at the base of the mandibles, the scape of the

antenne, the first jomt of the flagellum, the anterior margin of

the pronotum narrowly interrupted, the posterior angles of the

pronotum, a spot on each side at the basal angles of the scutellum,

a transverse line on the postscutellum,a trilobed mark at the

base of the first abdominal segment, a transverse band at the base of

the third and fourth segments, a line on the anterior tibie, and a

spot near the apex of the posterior tibiz, yellow; the tegule and

the legs (except the coxze) ferruginous. Wings hyaline, nervures

ferruginous.

¢. Asin the female, but without the yellow mark on the first

abdominal segment, and there is a dull yellow transverse band on

each side of the fifth and sixth segments.

Length, 9 9-11 mm., ¢ 9 mm.; exp., ¢ 12 mm., 9 1/ mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Zurner); February—May.

The second joint of the flagellum is longer than the third in

both sexes and more than twice as long as the first. The eyesare

separated at the base of the antenne by a distance rather ex-

ceeding one-third of the length of the scape in the female and by

a little less in the male. The groove on the mesopleure is not

well-developed.

CRABRO CONGLOBATUS, Sp. Nl.

@. Mandibles broad and bidentate at the apex, the teeth of

about equai length. Clypeus small, advanced in the middle,

strongly emarginate at the sides, slightly convex, without a carina,

and clothed with pale shining pubescence. Eyes separated at the

base of the antenne by a space equal to one-third of the length of

the scape; the second joint of the flagellum about three times as

long as the first and half as long again as the third. Posterior

ocelli a little nearer to each other than to the eyes, and more than

half as far again from the posterior margin of the head as from

each other. Head and thorax very closely and finely punctured ;

the cheeks clothed with very pale golden pubescence. Pronotum

narrower than the head, transverse, the angles not prominent ;

mesopleure smooth and shining, with a well-marked groove.

534 ON AUSTRALIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. [May 12,

Mesonotum half as broad again as long, with a broad shallow

depression from the anterior margin to the centre, in the de-

pression is a very delicate longitudinal carma. Median segment

very short, the posterior slope vertical, the space at the base

coarsely obliquely striated, with a median sulcus; the posterior

surface transversely rugose, with a deep median suleus. Abdomen

subovate, shining, very minutely punctured ; the first segment

about one-third longer than the second, very narrow at the base,

rather more than half as wide at the apex as the apex of the

second segment, the apical segment lanceolate. The radial

nervure is received not far from the apex of the cubital cell.

Black; the scape of the antenne, pronotum very narrowly

interrupted in the middle, the scutellum (except at the base), a

transverse line on the postscutellum and a transverse band on

each side of abdominal segments 2-4, least broadly separated in

the middle on the second segment, yellow; the tegule, legs,

mandibles, and the apical margins of ventral segments 2-5 ferru-

ginous. Wings fusco-hyaline, nervures black. A small spot on

the mesopleurze below the anterior wings yellow.

3g. Asin the 9, but the distance between the eyes at the

base of the antenne is equal to half the length of the scape, the

median segment is more coarsely striated and the apical abdo-

minal segment is rounded ; the yellow spot on the mesopleure is

absent.

Length, ¢ 9mm., exp. 14mm.; 9 10mm., exp. 17 mm.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Zwirner); April and May.

Nearly allied to C. palitans Bingh. from India.

CRABRO BIVITTATUS, Sp. Nn.

@. Mandibles bidentate at the apex. Clypeus small, clothed

with silvery pubescence, with a median carina, slightly porrect at

the apex, with a minute tooth on the apical margin on each side

of the carina. Head subquadrate, slightly emarginate posteriorly,

very finely and closely punctured, the front smooth in the middle,

clothed with silvery pubescence on the sides. The posterior ocelli

further from each other than from the eyes and at least

one-half further from the posterior margin of the head than

from each other. Pronotum narrowed anteriorly, the anterior

margin straight and a little raised with a slight groove

behind it; the mesonotum slightly depressed in the middle

anteriorly, minutely punctured. Median segment steeply sloped

posteriorly ; the space at the base divided by a very broad median

sulcus in which are a few transverse strie, with short longitudinal

strie at the base, the apex finely punctured ; the posterior slope

of the segment transversely and very finely striated, with a

median sulcus. Abdomen very closely and minutely punctured.

The recurrent nervure is received a little before the apex of the

cubital cell.

Black ; the scape of the antenne yellow ; the anterior margin

of the pronotum narrowly interrupted, a broad transverse band at

535

1908. ] ON MAMMALS FROM ZAMBESIA.

the base of the second and fourth abdominal segments and a

narrow band on each side of the fifth segment, orange; the tibiz,

tarsi, and the apex of the femora dark ferruginous, the tegul

rufo-testaceous. Wings hyaline, tinted with fuscous; nervures

black.

Length 9 mm.

Hab. Victoria (French).

Type in British Museum.

The eyes are separated at the base of the antenne by a distance

equal to about one-third of the length of the scape, the second

joint of the flagellum is nearly three times as long as the first and

fully half as long again as the third. The first abdominal

segment is narrowed to the base.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI.

Fig. Fig.

1. Harpactophilus arator, sp. nu.. | 9. Nysson (Acanthostethus) punctatis-

p-461. | simus, Sp. N., p. 505.

2, Harpactophilus tricolor, sp. n., | 10. Gorytes sanguinolentus, sp.n.,p. 497.

p. 462. | 11. Gorytes lucidulus, sp. n., p. 498.

. Ammophila aurifera, sp. 0., p. 464.

. Psenulus interstitialis Cam., p. 463.

Cerceris inexpectata, sp. n., p. 469.

Notogonia regina, sp. n., p. 475.

. Tachytes formosissimus, sp. n.,p.482. |

. Pisonmelanocephalum,sp.n., p. 515.

3. Pison

(Aulacophilus)

sp. n., p. 521.

icarioides,

. Crabro cinctus, sp. ., p. 531.

. Crabro perlucidus, sp. n., p. 529.

. Zoyphiun rufonigrum, sp. n.,p. 494. |

May 26, 1908.

Prof. E. A. Mincutn, M.A., Vice-President,

in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. The Rudd Exploration of 8. Africa. —X. List of Mammals

collected by Mr. Grant near Tette, Zambesia. By

Orprrmnpy Proms, HRS. “RUZIS.” and’ Ra".

WrovgutTon, F.Z.S8.

[Received April 14, 1908.]

We now come to the final collection of the Rudd Exploration,

for after making it Mr. Grant had a severe attack of fever, and

by arrangement with Mr. Rudd he has now come home, so that

this magnificent exploration, which has been going on for the last

five years, thus comes to an end.

Further details of the papers written on the different collections

are appended to the present account, but we may here say that

536 MESSRS. THOMAS AND WROUGHTON ON [May 26,

the results of Mr. Rudd’s splendid generosity have far surpassed,

in their great and permanent value, our most sanguine expecta-

tions—a fact for which the fullest credit must also be given to the

collector, Mr. C. H. B. Grant, who has risen in the ablest manner

to the great opportunity afforded him by Mr, Rudd.

The total results: form the largest collection of Mammals ever

received by the National Museum from any one source, the

nearest approaches to it being the products of the Simons and

Robert expeditions to 8. America, and the Duke of Bedford’s

Exploration of Eastern Asia, the last-named being still in

progress.

In all 1541 mammals, exclusive of duplicates, have been

registered as presented to the National Museum by Mr. Rudd,

while duplicates have been presented to the Royal Scottish

Museum, Edinburgh, and the South African Museum, Cape

Town.

A considerable and quite unexpected number of new species

and subspecies have been discovered, and, what is quite as

important, most of the old species, insufficiently or imexactly

described on specimens now deteriorated, have heen definitely

identified by topotypes, and are represented by good modern

material, which may be made the basis of further progress.

In this connection the Tette series, of which we give an account

in the present paper, is of especial importance ; for every worker

on South African zoology has been hampered by the difficulty -

of making out with exactitude the species obtained during

Dr. Peters’s famous expedition to Zambesia, and described by him

in his ‘Reise nach Mossambique, of which the ‘ Siiugethiere ’

was published in 1852.

In order, therefore, to get a series of the species described by

Peters, Mr. Grant went to Tette, Peters’s chief collecting-place,

and formed the series enumerated below.

While we were working out this series, the definite determination

of Peters’s species has enabled us to sort out a number of the groups,

with the result that many forms hitherto assigned, in our papers

and elsewhere, to Peters’s species, now prove to need description.

Mr. Grant’s notes on the Tette district are as follows :—

“Tt was the driest time of the year when I reached Tetite, and,

except in the main rivers, there was practically no water any-

where, and as, on the Zambesi near Tette, there were too many

natives present for it to be possible to collect, I moved south-

wards and pitched my camp at the junction of the Luenya and

Mazoe Rivers, which is some 20 miles due south of Tette.

“The country there is exactly similar to that along the

Zambesi, being hilly, and in places somewhat mountainous ;

the soil is sandy and very stony, especially on the hill-sides, but

snee are no krantzes that would harbour dassies or red hares.

All the vegetation, except along the rivers, was dried and dead

and the trees leafless, the course of the rivers being plainly shown

from a distance by the verdure of the trees on their banks.

1908. | MAMMALS FROM ZAMBESIA. 537

“ Everywhere the veldt is well bushed, amounting to thickets

in most parts, with a fair amount of larger timber, mainly mopani

and ‘ cream-of-tartar,’ the latter being very plentiful and growing

to an enormous size.

‘“‘ Except in favourable situations, grass does not seem to grow

freely, and the cereal crops of the natives are not nearly so good

as In many districts to the southward, although tomatoes, onions,

&e. are grown freely on the banks and in the beds of the rivers.

“The natives are mixed local tribes variously known as

Nyungwis, Tongas, Barués, &. When not too lazy they give

much of their time to the capture of small buck, cats, squirrels,

rats, &c., the majority of which they utilize for food.

“The climate cannot be considered healthy, even in the dry

season, and the temperature is generally high during the day and

makes good collecting difficult.

“In the five weeks I spent in the Mazoe camp the average

temperature was 95°, 104° being the highest recorded; no rain

fell.”

1. CERCOPITHECUS PYGERYTHRUS RUFOVIRIDIS Is. Geoff.

2. 2003.

This specimen, a young female, is undoubtedly the same form

as those from Gorongoza mentioned in our last paper, and both

are almost certainly Cercopithecus flavidus of Peters. We follow

Mr. Pocock * in holding that that species isa synonym of C. rufo-

viridis, and accordingly adopt this name for the specimens from

Gorongoza and Tette. Mr. Pocock has pointed out (/.¢.) that the

Specimens obtained by Mr. Grant in the Knysna, Zululand, and

E. Transvaal are all typical C. pygerythrus Cuv., and to these we

may add the specimens received from Inhambane and Beira

since the date of Mr. Pocock’s paper. All former identifications

in the present series of papers must be modified accordingly.

““ Native name, ‘ Pusi.’

“Only two troops of this monkey were seen and they were

exceedingly wild.

“Generally frequenting the trees along the river-banks and

observed drinking in the middle of the afternoon.”—C. H. B.G.

2. GALAGO MossAMBICUS Pet.

3S. 2042. ©. 2028, 2029, 2030, 2031, 2043.

Topotypes of species.

These specimens, which represent “ Ofolicnus mossambicus,”

confirm what we have stated in describing G. granti in a former

paper 7, namely, that this latter species is readily recognizable

on account of its long muzzle.

From G. moholi Sm., to which it is no doubt closely allied,

G. mossambicus is > es by its smaller size (greatest length

* P. Z.S. 1907, p. 737.

+P Z. 8. 1907, p. 286.

538 MESSRS. THOMAS AND WROUGHTON ON [May 26,

of skull 38 mm., of upper tooth-row from front of canine to back

of last molar 13°7 mm., against 41 and 15 mm. mm moholt) and

proportionally much longer tail.

3. EPoMOPHORUS CRYPTURUS Pet.

Or So

A young specimen. Topotype of species.

‘Native name, ‘ Demanyundo.’

“Said to be common, but only the one specimen was seen, and

that was put up and shot in the daytime in a thicket on the bank

of the Mazoe.”—C. H. B.G.

4, RHINOLOPHUS LOBATUS Pet.

go. 2018. ©. 2013, 2014, 2019, 2021, 2025.

These are practically topotypes of Peters’s species, the technical

type-locality being Sena.

“Native name, ‘ Nyagelingwelingwe’; it is the same for all

insectivorous bats.”—C. H. B. G.

5. RHINOLOPHUS HILDEBRANDTI Pet.

®. 2009.

6. H1rprosIDERUS CAFFER Sund.

J. 2024. @. 2015, 2016, 2020, 2022, 2023.

“Both species of Rhinolophus (vide supra), these, and Petalia

(vide infra) were all taken out of one tree.”—C. H. B. G.

7. PETALIA* CAPENSIS Sm.

Ge 20M 2OI2 QOL. nO ZOO:

These specimens represent the Vycteris fuliginosa of Peters, the

type-locality of which was Boror.

8. VESPERTILIO CAPENSIS Sin.

fg. 2004.

An exceptionally large individual, but not, we think, separable

from V. capensis.

9. ScOTOPHILUS NIGRITA DINGANI Sm.

fo. 1994.

The various forms included by Dobson under Scotophilus

borbonicus = nigrita, in his ‘Catalogue of the Chiroptera,’ may

apparently be separated into two groups by their size—a larger,

represented by S. nigrita Schreb., and a smaller, the oldest name

for which is S. viridis Peters.

The present specimen is a topotype of Peters’s WVycticejus

planirostris, but we ave unable to separate it from S. dingand.

*« = Nycteris auctorum.

1908. ] MAMMALS FROM ZAMBESIA. 539

The forms of 8. African Scotophilus (including those noticed

below) may be arranged in a key as follows :—

A. Size larger (forearm 52-57 mm.; skull length

20-21 ; “maxillary tooth-row 7-7" 5) Mata: .. nigrita-group.

a. A strong suffusion of yellow in the colouring

making upper surface olive-green, belly bright

SUD chishacbos 55 son aee niece eee Hee odes eee eee S. nigrita dingant Sm.

b. No tinge of yellow in the color ations. S. nigrita herero Thos.

B. Size smaller (forearm 45-51 mm. > skull leneth

17-18 ; maxillary tooth-row 6°3-6° ) Slascae ns viridis-zroup.

a. A strong suffusion of yellow in the colouring,

making upper surface olive-green, belly bright

yellow ......... soreconeosioas Se GURAGIIS Tai,

b. No tinge of yellow i in the coloration ............ S.viridis damarensis Thos.

“Two species of this genus were secured, neither being

common.

“They appear early in the evening and their flight is strong ;

they hawk the country in wide and regular circuits.” —-C. H. B.G.

10. ScoroPHILUS VIRIDIS DAMARENSIsS Thos.

g. 1955, 1956, 2027, 2032.

Reference was made in the paper on the Inhambane Collection *

to the presence in the series of Scotophilus of certain specimens

smaller in size than the rest; as these smaller specimens possess

all the essential characters attributed by Peters to his Nycticejus

viridis, we accept them as representing that species, the type

locality of which is the island of Mozambique.

The present specimens are indistinguishable from S. damarensis

Thos., and as they also closely resemble the Inhambane specimens

except in coloration we rank them as a western race of S. viridis.

11. SCOTEINUS SCHLIEFFENI AUSTRALIS, subsp. n.

6. 1967, 1975, 1993, 2000, 2005, 2007. 2. 1995, 2001.

On laying out all the specimens of this species in connection

with the identification of the present series, it became evident

that there are several well-marked geographical races separable

on colour characters.

Typical S. schlieffent was based by Peters on a specimen from

Cairo. He described it as “supra rufescens, subtus ex albo

rufescens.” A second species, S. minimus, based on a 2 from

Tanganyika was described by Noack as “ oben olivengelbbraun

unten weissgelb. Seiten hell umbra.... ” Unfortunately we

have no undoubted specimen of either of these for comparison,

but we consider that we are justified in describing three forms

as certainly distinct from either typical S. schlieffeni or WS.

nunimus (which latter is at most a local race of the former).

These are: (1) a pale desert form from the Aden Hinterland ;

(2) a white-bellied desert form from Upper Egypt; and (3) the

present series from 8. Africa.

* P. Z, S. 1907, p. 285.

540 MESSRS. THOMAS AND WROUGHTON ON [May 26,

The following are descriptions of these three forms :—

ScCoTEINUS SCHLIEFFENI BEDOUIN, subsp. n.

Rather smaller in size than typical S. schlieffent.

Colour above nearest to “ wood-brown,” but a much paler shade

than that given by Ridgway ; below still paler, 7. ¢., the colour

containing more white.

Dimensions of type :—

Head and body 41:8 mm. ; tail 28°8 ; forearm 30; ear 9°).

Skull—ereatest length 12-2 ; interorbital breadth 3:3; brain-

case breadth 6:3; breadth across upper jaw at level of m®° 5:6;

post-canine tooth-row 3°5.

Hab. Lahej, near Aden.

Type. Adult. B.M. no. 95.6.1.53. Collected on_ the 12th

March, 1895, and presented to the Museum by Col. J. W.

Yerbury.

A second specimen taken at the same time only differs in being

slightly smaller. The difference in coloration between these

specimens and a series of four taken by Mr. W.’ Dodson, 18th Sept.,

1899, at Sheik Othman, only 10 or 12 miles distant—nearer the

coast—is most marked. These latter do not differ materially

from specimens from the south coast of the Red Sea, which we

provisionally refer to typical schlieffent.

SCOLPEINUS SCHLIEFFENI ALBIVENTER.

Size as in typical S. schlieffent.

Colour above “ ecru-drab,” below pure white.

Dimensions of type :—

Head and body 50 mm.; tail 30; forearm 32; ear 9.

Skull—greatest length 12°6; interorbital breadth 4; brain-

case breadth 7:3; breadth across upper jaw at level of m* 5°9:

post-canine tooth-row 3°8.

Hab. Naikhala, Upper Egypt.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no, 4.11.3.4. Original number 73.

Collected 13 Feb. 1904, and presented to the Museum by the

Hon. N. C. Rothschild.

SCOTEINUS SCHLIEFFENI AUSTRALIS.

Size about as in typical S. schlieffeni.

Colour above near ‘‘ mummy brown,” below the same colour but

aler.

‘i Dimensions of type :—

Head and body 50 mm.; tail 28; forearm 31; ear 12.

Skull—ereatest length 13; interorbital breadth 4; brain-

case breadth 7; breadth across upper jaw at level of m°* 6;

post-canine tooth-row 3°8.

Hab. South Africa (type from Inhambane).

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 6.11.8.19. Original number

1595. Collected 5 Aug. 1906, by Mr. C. H. B. Grant (Rudd

Exploration).

1908. | MAMMALS FROM ZAMBESIA. 541

Mr. Grant took two specimens at Inhambane and the present

series of eight individuals at Tette. There is but little variation

throughout the series, the greatest difference being in size, the,

forearms ranging from 28 to 31 mm. There is absolutely no sign

of the green or olivaceous tinge implied by Noack’s description

of the colour of S. minimus, viz. ‘“ olivengelbbraun,” and the

underside of S. schlieffent australis could by no possibility be

characterised as ‘‘ weissgelb.”

It is worthy of record that in one specimen (2005) of the Tette

series there is present a well-developed second incisor on the left

side of the upper jaw, between the normal incisor and the

canine.

12. CH@REPHON LIMBATUS Pet.

So LB Qe Uae aS)

The type locality of Peters’s Dysopes limbatus was the island of

Mozambique, but he also records it from Sena.

13. NaAsILIO BRACHYRHYNCHUS Sm.

Q. 1974.

“ Native name, ‘ Nyumdundo.’

‘“ According to native report, common, although I was unable

to obtain more than the one specimen.

‘“‘ Inhabiting the more stony parts of the veldt.”—C..H. B. G.

It has been already suggested by Thomas* that Peters’s

Macroscelides fuscus, from Boror, was based on an abnormal

melanistic example of this species.

14. CrociDuRA sp.

@. 1960.

‘“‘ Native name, ‘ Sutsutsu.’

“¢ Apparently very scarce.

“ Frequenting the vegetation and reeds on the river-banks.”—

CV Ho BG.

15. FELIS sERVAL Erxl.

2. 2002.

“ Native name, ‘ Njanjanji.’

“Said to be plentiful, and certainly the spoor was frequently

seen.

‘““ Nocturnal only, often visiting the kraals at night.”—

CE. B..G.

16. GENETTA RUBIGINOSA Puch.

dg. 1968, 1982, 2035.

On collating all the 8. African Genets in the Museum

* Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) xiii. p. 70, 1894.

D42 MESSRS. THOMAS AND WROUGHTON ON [May 26,

Collection we find that they may be arranged in three well-

marked groups, as follows :—

A. Fore feet black.

a. Hairs of dorsal crest and tail long (at least 50 mm. near

base of tail); dorsal spots relatively small with a

distinct tendency to coalesce into longitudinal stripes ;

TMU EDE®) GSMAVINE on ogg ancroocasaasdor nes pooseppaeoan ~ > senos9eccdesnoe

}. Hairs of dorsal crest and tail short (not more than

35 mm. near base of tail); dorsal spots large, always

Gistinchemtanletipn lac kaeereeteeeeereer eee te ts Ceeee terete enn

B. Fore feet pale; hairs of dorsal crest and tail short (not

more than 35 mm. near base of tail); dorsal spots of

medium size, not coalescing; tail-tip black .................. rubiginosa-group.

felina-group.—In his ‘ Mammals of South Africa’ (p. 52, 1900),

Mr. Sclater records a species under the name of Genetta sene-

galensis, from Lake Ngami. The animal he described is probably

the same as Genetta ludia Thos. & Schwann* and is certainly a

member of our jelina-group. The distribution of this group

is thus the central plateau from Namaqualand to the Transvaal,

north of 30°S. lat.; within this area, it is represented in the

south by typical G. felina, and in the north by G. ludia.

tigrina-group.—Occupies the extreme south of Africa below

30° lat., scarcely varying at all, so far as we know, throughout its

range.

rubiginosa-group.—G. letabe Thos. & Schw., belongs to this

group, and it now seems doubtful whether it can be distinguished

specifically from typical G. rubiginosa.

In his unfinished monograph of the Genets + Prof. Matschie,

when establishing G. zambesiana, gives the habitat of G. rubi-

ginosa as “Caconda u. Kiiste von Deutsch Siid-West Afrika,”

but Pucheran distinctly states in the original description that it

was from the Cape of Good Hope. We have compared repre-

sentatives of this group from Natal, Inhambane, N. and E.

Transvaal, Beira, Gorongoza, Tette, and Angoniland, and can

find no essential variation, so that if Natal be taken as the type-

locality, both letabw and zambesiana may have to be considered as

synonyms of Pucheran’s species. The distribution of the group

is therefore all South Africa north of 30° lat. and east of

28° long., extending at least to Angoniland, in 16° S. lat.

“ Native names, ‘ Mpiswi’ and ‘ Mwilt.’

‘“¢Common, especially near kraals, where they cause considerable

annoyance by stealing fowls.

“ Strictly nocturnal, never observed in the daytime.”—

Can BG,

Felina-group.

tigrina-group.

17. CROSSARCHUS FASCIATUS Schreb.

‘“‘ Native name, ‘ Ndembo.’

‘“‘ Not common; found in small troops.

e ees the thickest parts of the bush as at Gorongoza.”—

Ee EB AG:

* P.Z.S. 1906, p. 579.

+ Verhandl. Internat. Zool. Congr. Berl. 1901, p. 1138, &c.

1908. ] MAMMALS FROM ZAMBESIA. 543

18. MtncGos AURATUS, sp. n.

Os LOKG, 9 96:

A brilliantly fulvous Mungoose about the size of WV. ratlamuchi,

but differing in having the hairs of the back annulated.

Size about as in WW. ratlamuchi. General colour above

“ochraceous buff,” darker on the back and tail; below “ ochra-

ceous buff.” Individual hairs of the rump and back, as far

forward as the shoulders, basally “‘ drab-grey,” then “ ochraceous,”

paling to “ buff” at the tip, with a subterminal black ring ; those

of the crown and face ringed buff, black, buff and tawny; those

of the nape, sides of the throat, shoulders, flanks, limbs, and belly

‘ochraceous buff” almost to their bases, which are “ mouse-grey.”

Tail coloured like the back for two-thirds its length, then dark

“tawny,” with a black tip 60-70 mm. long.

Skull as in WZ, ratlamuchi.

Dimensions of type :—

Head and body 324 mm.; tail 290; hind foot 62; ear 26.

Skull—condylo-basal length 62; basilar length 57 ; zygomatic

breadth 33; palate breadth across p* 21; length c—m' 21°5.

Hab. Tette, Portuguese Zambesia.

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 8.4.3.46. Original number

1976. Collected August 26th, 1907.

A second specimen, a younger female, is quite like the type, and

Mr. Grant assures us he saw several more.

This beautiful new Mungoose is an unexpected discovery, as

Tette is the type-locality of Peters’s Herpestes ornatus, which

Mr. Grant supposed he had secured. But ornatus, as shown by

Peters’s figure and descriptions, is allied to and probably identical

with the much darker coloured J/. cawui Smith *, of which the

Museum possesses specimens from both north and south of

Tette.

‘* Native name, ‘ Runkoe.’

“Several of this species were observed, but were difficult to

trap.

“ Found everywhere, especially near kraals.

“ Certainly diurnal, perhaps nocturnal also.” —C. H. B. G.

19. FUNISCIURUS CEPAPI SINDI, subsp. n.

6. 1961, 2006, 2026. 9. 1941, 1969, 1985.

On laying out the avaiable specimens of J”. cepapi it becomes

evident that there are two well-marked geographical races, a

northern and a southern, separable on their coloration. The

type-locality is given by Smith as “the banks of the Marikwa R..,”

i. é., the upper basin of the Limpopo River, in the southern part of

* of Wroughton, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xx. p. 120, 1907. It may be noted here

that the subspecies from Zanzibar described by Wroughton in this paper as Wwngos

melanurus lasti is antedated by Herpestes ornatus rufescens Lorenz (Abh. Senck.

nat. Ges. xxi. Heft iii. p. 462, 1898), a name of which no indication is given in the

title to the article, and which has therefore been missed by all recorders and

bibliographers since.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1908, No. XXX V, 35

544 MESSRS. THOMAS AND WROUGHTON ON [| May 26,

the combined range, and we therefore separate the present series

as a northern subspecies under the name of /. cepapt sindi.

Size as in typical /’. cepapi. Fur rather shorter (5-7 mm. on the

back). Colour-pattern above asin true /’. cepapi; below pure white

all over instead of the white being limited to (at most) the chin,

throat, and chest as is the case in /’. cepapi, which has the belly

washed with clay-colour. Back of thighs and midrib of tail

beneath bright ochraceous. Individual hairs of tail ochraceous

with two black rings, so that when the hairs are spread out at

right angles to the midrib there are two black longitudinal bands

running the whole length of the tail (as seen from below) parallel

to the midrib; in typical 7. cepapi the ground-colour of the tail-

hairs is dull “clay-colour” with three black rings, and con-

sequently the resultant black longitudinal stripes are three in

number. ‘Tail equal in length to head and body, proportionally

somewhat shorter than in typical J’. cepapi.

Skull slightly smaller, brain-case broader and fuller.

Dimensions of type :—

Head and body 170 mm. ; tail 168; hind foot 39; ear 20.

Skull—greatest length 43; basilar length 33; interorbital

breadth 12; length of upper molar tooth-row (exclusive of

; Mab Lower Basin of Zambesi (type from Tette).

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 8.4.3.51. Original number

1941. Collected 18th August, 1907.

The specimens from Gorongoza mentioned in our last paper on

the Rudd Exploration (P. Z. 8. 1908, p. 169) must be included in

this subspecies, though they show the distinctive characters less

markedly than the Tette series.

‘“‘ Native name, ‘ Sindi.’

‘‘Common, generally observed in pairs.

‘‘ Living on the berries, &c., of the trees and shrubs, for which

they may often be seen hunting on the ground.

“When alarmed they quickly make for some large tree and

disappear into a hole or cavity.

“Diurnal, active in the early morning and late afternoon,

resting during the heat of the day.”—-C. H. B. G.

20. TATERA LOBENGULH de Wint.

3. 1947, 1951, 1952, 1953. 2. 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946,

1954.

Externally these specimens cannot be separated from those from

Beira and the Limpopo Valley, 7. e. from 7. lobengule bechuane,

but while having the same narrow skull as that subspecies they

pproximate to 7’. lobengule mashone in having rather smaller

bulle than the Limpopo form.

“Native name, ‘ Mpynya.’

“Common and found everywhere, especially in clearings and

native lands.”—-C. H. B. G.

1908. ] MAMMALS FROM ZAMBESIA. 5A5

Peters’s ‘‘ Meriones leucogaster” (type-locality Mesuril) is a

member of the short-tailed group, of which most of the species

are found north of the Zambesi.

21. ARVICANTHIS DORSALIS CALIDIOR, subsp. n.

O. 1962,

Comparison of the series from the Zambesi Basin with those

from the Transvaal and Zululand, which, as the type shows,

represent the true Arvicanthis dorsalis of Smith, establishes the

fact that individuals of the former are easily separable by their

darker, warmer colouring, and we propose to separate them as a

geographical race under the name of Arvicanthis dorsalis calidior,

Size and fur as in typical A. dorsalis.

Colour-pattern richer and darker than in the southern form.

General colour “‘ chestnut” above, individual hairs dark slate with

“‘ vinaceous cinnamon ” band and black tip; in true 4. dorsalis the

general aspect is near “clay-colour” and the pale rings of the

individual hairs are the palest buff.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 1385 mm.; tail 146; hind foot 27; ear 17.

Skull—greatest length 34; basilar length 27; zygomatic

breadth 16; diastema 8°5; upper molar series 6.

Hab. Zambesi Basin (type from Tambarara, Gorongoza

Mountains).

Type. Old male. B.M. no. 8.1.1.72. Original number 1817.

Collected 13th March, 1907.

The present specimen from Tette, though immature, is identi-

fiable as belonging to this subspecies, in which also should be

included the specimens dealt with in our paper on the collection

from Beira (P. Z.S. 1907, p. 779), a series in the Museum

Collection from Mashonaland, collected by Mr. J. ff. Darling,

others presented by Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton from Chirinda, &e.

‘« Native name, ‘ Mhoni.’

““ Rare in this district, the specimen sent being the only one

taken or observed.”—C. H. B. G.

22. Mus micropon Peters.

3. 1964, 1965, 1966, 1972, 1973, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1988,

2008, 2. 1979, 1981, 1990, 1991, 1992.

Topotypes of species.

The characters of these specimens prove that the group of

South African multimammate mice is divisible into two species.

The present one, with a tail equal in length to the head and body

combined, extends, so far as we can judge from the specimens

available, from Natal and Zululand northwards along the coast

and throughout the Northern Transvaal and Rhodesia to the

Zambesi. The second species, Mus coucha, recognisable by its

proportionally much shorter tail, is represented in the Museum

35*

546 MESSRS. THOMAS AND WROUGHTON ON [May 26,

Collection from the South-West Transvaal, Bechuanaland, Orange

River Colony, Basutoland, and as far south as Deelfontein and

King William’s Town, in Cape Colony (i. ¢., about 33° S. lat.).

Mr. Sclater in his ‘Mammals of South Africa’ records it from

the Cape and Namaqualand, but Mr. Grant failed to obtain it

in either of these localities.

We are doubtful if Mus coucha zuluensis Thos. & Schw.* can

be retained as a subspecies distinct from true J/. microdon, with

which its describers had not an opportunity of comparing it.

‘“¢ Native name, ‘ Ntisha.’

“¢ Abundant everywhere ; habits similar to those of JZ, coucha

zuluensis.”—C. H. B. G.

93, Mus CHRYSOPHILUS INEPTUS, subsp. n.

g. 1949, 1950, 1963, 1971. 2. 1978, 1989.

Like true chrysophilus, but with lower skull and narrower

brain-case.

Size as in the typical form, but hind foot on the average shorter

and tail proportionally longer. Colour also as in chrysophilus but

paler, the slaty bases of the hairs markedly paler both above and

below.

Skull about the same length as in the type form, but markedly

narrower and flatter; the brain-case much smaller; the whole

skull lower, height from alveolus of m* to crown 9 mm. against

10 in true IW. chrysophilus. .

Dimensions of type :—

Head and body 148 mm. ; tail 182; hind foot of ear ie

Skull—greatest length 37; basilar length 29; zygomatic

breadth 17; brain-case breadth 13; nasals length 16; diastema

9-5; molars 5:7.

Hab. Tette, Portuguese East Africa.

Type. Old male. B.M. no. 8.4.3.73. Original number 1949.

Collected 22nd August, 1907.

Tn the series of 7 specimens obtained by Mr. Grant several have

broken tails, but in those which are complete, the head and body

varying between 145 and 150 mm., the tail reaches 180, whereas

in typical I. chrysophilus specimens of the same size have a tail-

length of about 170. The greatest breadth and brain-case breadth

in the type skull of the species are recorded by Mr. de Winton as

18 and 15 mm. respectively; a comparison with the similar

measurements given for this local race shows how markedly

narrow its skull is; moreover, in true J/. chrysophilus the

greatest breadth is at the posterior end of the zygomatic arch

while in W/. c. ineptus it is across its anterior end. The type is

distinctly older than the individual described by Mr. de Winton

‘‘ Native name, ‘ Kwisikwisi.’

eee de 2 aA

fs ee) y conn ane inhabiting both the bush and the native

% P Z.S. 1905, 1. p. 268;

1908. | MAMMALS FROM ZAMBESIA. 547

We take this opportunity of describing a second local race of

M, chrysophilus :-—

MUS CHRYSOPHILUS ACTICOLA, subsp. n.

A large coast form of JW. chrysophilus, the hind foot always

markedly longer than in that animal.

Size somewhat larger than in true J/. chrysophilus.

General colour as in the type form, but the slaty bases of the

hairs of the under surface markedly shorter and very much paler

than in the true chrysophilus, in which the slaty bases of the hairs

of the lower surface of the body do not differ materially in shade

from those of the back.

Skull larger than im the typical subspecies, but the bulle

slightly smaller. Height at m°’ 10 mm.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 155 mm.; tail 202; hind foot 34; ear 23.

Skull— greatest length (c.) 39; basilar length 30:5; zygo-

matic breadth 19; brain-case breadth 15; nasals length (c.) 15;

diastema 10; molars 6:2.

Hab. Coast between Limpopo and Zambesi Rivers (type from

Beira).

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 7.6.2.59. Original number 1752.

Collected 25th December, 1906, by C. H. B. Grant (Rudd Ex-

ploration).

The type of J. c. acticola is of about the same age as that of

true VW. chrysophilus. Ina long series of adult specimens from

Inhambane and Beira the hind foot is recorded as low as 30 mm.

in only three specimens, whereas in a large number of typical

M. chrysophilus it never exceeds 29. The tail would seem to be

proportionally quite as long as, or even longer than, in J/. c.

ineptus.

24, Mus AVARILLUS, sp. n.

2. 1980.

A mouse outwardly resembling J/. namaquensis, but with the

teeth of J. chrysophilus, of which it is probably a dwarf relative.

Size rather smaller than in I. namaquensis. Fur soft and

silky, but rather short (8-9 mm. on the back, 5-6 on the belly).

Colour as in I. namaquensis, but the shorter coat allowing the

basal slaty portion of the hairs to show through gives the upper

side a duller general colour and makes the belly greyish white

instead of the apparently pure white of namaquensis.

Skull a copy in miniature of W. chrysophilus. Teeth as in that

species.

Dimensions :—

Head and body 105 mm. ; tail 143; hind foot 26; ear 21.

Skull—greatest length 31; basilar length 23; greatest breadth

14; brain-case breadth 12°5; interorbital breadth 4°9; nasals

11°6; diastema 7°6; upper molar series 6; bullee 5:3.

548 MESSRS. THOMAS AND WROUGHTON ON [May 26,

Hab. Tette, Portuguese Zambesia. oh

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 8.4.3.79. Original number

1980. Collected 27th August, 1907.

Outwardly this species has a most striking resemblance to

WM. namaquensis, but its skull and teeth characters separate it.

readily from any member of that group. The shape of the skull

and large size of the teeth point conclusively to its close affinity

to M. chrysophilus, of which it is no doubt a dwarf form.

[Mus arsorarius Peters.

As this species was based on specimens from Tette we have

given special attention to its identification. Peters in his

description * mentions two specimens, but as he quotes the

dimensions of the female in the diagnosis and figures its skull

(that of the male being still in the stuffed specimen 7) we adopt it

as the type. He gives an excellent figure of the skull (J. ¢.

pl. xxxv. fig. 7), and this agrees in all essential characters with

that of a specimen from Salisbury, Rhodesia, belonging to a

widely-spread species, of which we have been able to recognise at

least four local races, as follows :—

1. Mus wamaquensis Sm. Hab. Namaqualand. (= Mus

auricomis de Wint.,” Thos. & Schw. P. Z.8. 1904, p. 179.)

2. Mus NAMAQUENSIS CENTRALIS Schw. Hab. Deelfontein, C.C.

(= Mus auriconis centralis Schw. P. Z. 8. 1906, p. 107.)

3. Mus NAMAQuENsIS LEHocLA Sm. Hab. Kuruman. (= Jus

lehocla Sm. Type locality “ Latakoo.”)

4, Mus NAMAQUENSIS AURICOMIS de Wint. Hab. Mashonaland.

(= Mus auricomis de Wint. P. Z. 8. 1896, p. 802.)

We have unfortunately no material to enable us to judge

whether arborarius is identical with the Mashonaland race or

whether, as seems to us more probable, it forms a fifth geo-

graphical subspecies.

This identification altogether removes arborarius from the

Thamnomys group, to which it has been usually referred, perhaps

on the evidence of the stufted male, which may possibly prove to

be an example of the next species.

The skull of Mus namaquensis has, as Peters’s figure of

“ arborarius” shows, evenly divergent supraorbital ridges, cut:

back anterior zygomatic plate, small bullz, and comparatively broad

parapterygoid fossee, all these characters being in contrast with

those shown by the Tette Thamnomys next to be described.

The definite determination of the old types of Smith’s Gerbillus

namaquensis and Mus lehocla is one of the many advantages.

gained from the study of the Rudd Collection. ]

* Reis. Mossamb. p. 152, 1852.

+ At least when Thomas examined it in Berlin in 1887.

Wo}

1908. ] MAMMALS FROM ZAMBESIA. 54

25. THAMNOMYS RUDDI, sp. n.

3.1970. @. 2033, 2036.

A Thamnomys, belonging to the group in which the charac-

teristic third inner cusps of the upper molars are reduced to a

ridge, and with the mammary formula 1—2=6.

Size about as in Mus namaquensis auricomis. Fur soft and

fairly long (12 mm. on the back). General colour above near

“ clay-colour ”; below pure white. Individual hairs of the back

basally slate-colour for two-thirds their length, then buff; a small

proportion of black hairs scattered through the coat; belly-hairs

white to their bases. Hands and feet white.

Skull with a marked interval (2 mm. or more) between the

henselion and the commencement of the palatal foramina.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 124 mm.; tail 160; hind foot 22; ear 20.

Skull—greatest length 32°5; basilar length 26; greatest

breadth 15°5; brain-case breadth 13:2; interorbital breadth 5;

nasals length 12; palatal foramina 7; diastema 8°5; upper molar

series 5; bullee 7.

Hab. Tette, Portuguese Hast Africa.

Type. Old female. B.M. no, 8.4.3.81. Original number 2033.

Collected 14th Sept., 1907. Three specimens examined.

“ Native name, ‘ Nsunto.’

“This species, although undoubtedly common, is difficult to

secure owing to its arboreal habits.

“Tt inhabits the hollows of decayed and dead trees, in which it

makes warm nests of leaves, &c., of no particular shape, merely

filling up the cavities with débris.

“ Strictly nocturnal; one specimen was shot at night whilst

climbing among the branches of a small tree when I was sitting

up for Galago.”—C. H. B. G.

In working out this Thamnomys we have found that the two

following forms also require description :—

THAMNOMYS COMETES, Sp. n.

A Thamnomys belonging to the same group and about the

same size as the last, but with a markedly longer tail.

Size as in 7’. ruddi, but tail one-third longer. Fur soft, shorter

than in 7’. ruddi (9-10 mm. on the back). Colour almost exactly

as in 7’. ruddi. Hands and feet white.

Skull with bulla and teeth smaller, and palatal foramina pro-

duced more forward than in 7’. ruddt.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 124 mm.; tail 195; hind foot 24; ear 20.

Skull—greatest length 33:2; basilar length 26; greatest

breadth 15:8; brain-case breadth 13:6; interorbital breadth 5 ;

nasals length 12°5; palatal foramina 8; diastema 8-5; upper

molar series 4°5; bulle 6.

Hab. Inhambane, Portuguese East Africa.

950 MESSRS. THOMAS AND WROUGHTON ON [ May 26,

Type. Old female. B.M. no. 6.11.8.115. Original number

1644. Collected by Mr. C. H. B. Grant, 18th August, 1906 (Rudd

Exploration).

Three specimens examined. The proportionally very long tail,

the smaller teeth and bullae, and the extension forward of the

palatal foramina almost to the henselion serve to distinguish

cometes at once from ruddi, which in colour it so _ closely

resembles.

THAMNOMYS SURDASTER, Sp. 0.

A smaller Thamnomys belonging to the same group as the two

described above, but with smaller skull, teeth, and bulle, and

colour-pattern as in the rutilans-group.

Size somewhat smaller than in 7. ruddi. Fur soft, short

(7-8 mm. on the back). General ground-colour above “ clay-

colour,” with strong tawny suffusion on rump and lower back,

often extending forward even to the crown; below pure white.

Hands and feet buff, fingers and toes white.

Skull small, teeth and bulle very small.

Dimensions :—

Head and body (c.) 110 mm.; tail 160; hind foot 22; ear 18.

Skull—ereatest length 29; basilar length 22; greatest

breadth 14; brain-case breadth 12; interorbital breadth 4:5;

nasals length 10°6; palatal foramina 5:8; diastema 7:2; upper

molar series 4; bullee 5.

Hab. Nyasaland and North-East Rhodesia. (Type from

Zomba. )

Type. Adult. B.M. no. 93.5.2.27. Collected by Mr. A. Whyte

in October 1892 and presented by Sir H. H. Johnston.

Three specimens from Zomba examined. The Museum has an

example from Angoniland and one from the East Loangwa

District (collected by Mr. 8. A. Neave), which also appear to

belong to this species.

26. SACCOSTOMUS CAMPESTRIS Peters.

3. 1948, 1977.

Topotypes of species *.

These specimens confirm our opinion that in South Africa

there are two forms in this genus, the smaller ones represented

by S. campestris, and a larger, for which the oldest name is

S. mashone de Wint.

‘““ Native name, ‘ Psuku.’

‘Apparently rather scarce and usually taken in native culti-

vation along the banks of the rivers.

‘The cheek-pouches of the specimens sent contained sweet

potato.”—C. H. B. G.

* Reis. Mossamb. 1852, p. 167, pl. xxxiv. fig. 3 & pl. xxxv. fig. 12.

1908. ] MAMMALS FROM ZAMBESIA. 551

27. STEATOMYS PRATENSIS Peters.

6. 2038, 2040, 2041. 9. 2039.

Topotypes of species.

‘‘ Native name, ‘ Nsana.’

‘“‘ Not found nearer Tette than the southern side of the Luenya

and Mazoe Rivers, and even there not plentifully.

“Lying dormant in small burrows throughout the winter. The

specimens sent were dug out and were excessively fat and lazy.”—

CHEE Ie es

98. HippoporaAMUS AMPHIBIUS L.

3. Luenya River.

‘“‘ Native name, ‘ Umvu.’”—C. H. B. G.

29. CEPHALOPHUS GRIMMI L,

3. 1997.

‘‘ Native name, ‘ Mhemwi.’

“ Fairly common, but as it generally inhabits the thickets it is

not easy to shoot.

“ Feeding in the early morning and late afternoon and probably

throughout the night.

“Observed going to water just before sundown.”—C. H. B. G.

30. RAPHICEROS SHARPEI CoLONICUS Thos. & Schw.

@. 2034 (juv.).

‘“‘ Native names, ‘ Kesenyi’ and ‘ Gagoro.’

“Several of this species were seen, but always in such thick

country that it was impossible to get a shot.

“Tnhabiting broken and hilly country, thickly bushed.”—

Cor. BAG:

31, NESOTRAGUS LIVINGSTONIANUS Kirk.

, o- 2037 (juv.).

“« Native name, ‘ Mrumsa.’

“ Decidedly scarce, owing principally to the natives driving and

catching them in nets and also to there not being a great deal of

country suitable to their habits.

“Only found in the thickest bush.

“The Livingstone Buck is found near Beira, but is not found

in Gorongoza, where it is quite unknown to the natives.”—

CHE. B.G.

32. ANpyYcEROS MELAMPUS Licht.

3. 1940.

‘“‘ Native name, ‘ Impala.’

‘Only seen in small herds, seldom exceeding six in number,

they having been much shot out, and no old rams were seen.

“ Out feeding on the short grass in the open glades in the early

5d2 MESSRS. THOMAS AND WROUGHTON ON [May 26,

morning, where they can sometimes be approached within shot,

retiring soon after sunset to the thickest and more inaccessible

parts of the bush.

“ The alarm-call is a loud snort.”—C. H. B. G.

The following is a list of the papers which have been published

on the mammals presented by Mr. Rudd, and we have supple-

mented it by mentioning such other papers as have been

published both here (also largely based on Mr. Rudd’s specimens)

and in 8. Africa during the same period, thus making this a

bibliography of 8. African Mammalogy subsequent to the

publication of Sclater’s ‘ Mammals of 8. Africa.’

The Rudd papers are arranged chronologically under the

headings of the localities dealt with :—

J. British Namaqualand.

O. Thomas & H. Schwann, P. Z. 8. 1904, i. pp. 171-

183, pl. vi. (28 species.)

II. $.#. Transvaal—Wakkerstroom.

lid. P.Z.S. 1905, i. pp. 129-138. (26 spp.)

I. Zululand.

id. P. Z.8. 1905, i. pp. 254-276, pl. xvi. (49 spp.)

IV. Knysna.

lid. P.Z.8. 1906, 1. pp. 159-168. (31 spp.)

V. N.E. Transvaal—Klein Letaba and Woodbush.

lid. P. Z. 8. 1906, pp. 575-591. (51 spp.)

VI. E. Transvaal—Legogot.

Nid. P. Z. 8. 1906, pp. 779-782. (25 spp.)

VII. Inhambane—Coguno.

O. Thomas & R. C. Wroughton, P. Z. 8. 1907,

pp. 285-299. (39 spp.)

VIII. Beira.

lid. P.Z.8. 1907, pp. 774-782. (29 spp.)

IX. Gorongoza Mts.

id. P.Z.8. 1907, pp. 164-173. (32 spp.)

X. Tette, Zambesia (as above).

Tid. P.Z.8. 1908, pp. 535-552. (32 spp.)

Other papers based wholly or in large part on Rudd

material :—

Andersen, K. Five new Rhinolophi from Africa. Ann, Mag.

INSEE) xiv pape el OAs

— On Hipposiderus caffer Sund. and its closest allies. Ann.

Mag. N. H. (7) xvii. p. 269, 1906.

Thomas, O. A new Mungoose (Herpestes ruddi) from Namaqua-

land. Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xii. p. 465, 1903.

—— A new Golden Mole (Amblysomus corre) from Knysna.

P.Z. 8. 1905, ii. p. 57. }

1908. | MAMMALS FROM ZAMBESIA. 5D3

Wroughton, R. C. On the various forms of Arvicanthis pumilio

Sparrm. Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. p. 629,

1905.

—— Notes onthe Genus Zatera, with descriptions of new species.

Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvii. p. 474, 1906.

— Notes on the Genus Otomys. Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xviii.

p. 264, 1906.

-—— On three new Mammals from 8. Africa. Ann. Mag. N. H.

(7) xx. p.-31, 1907.

— On the African Mungooses usually referred to the

FHerpestes gracilis group. Ann. Mag. N. H. (7)

x DOs MOT.

Other papers bearing on 8. African mammalogy that have been

published during the last few years are :—

Broom, R. On some new species of Chrysochloris. Ann. Mag.

IN. EE. (7) sax. p.. 262, 1907.

— A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Cape Golden

Moles. Trans. 8. Afr. Phil. Soc. xvi. p. 283,

1907.

— Further Observations on the Chrysochloride. Ann. Trans-

vaal Mus. i. p. 14, 1908.

De Winton, W. E. On Cynictis selousi de Wint. P.Z.8. 1901,

[Seen Olle la

Gough, L.H. Ona new Species of Rhinolophus from Pondoland.

Ann, Transyaal Mus. i. p. 71, 1908.

Jameson, H. L. On a new Hare from the Transvaal. Ann.

Mag. N. H. (7) xx. p. 404, 1907.

Matschie, P. Ueber die Abinderungen der Ginsterkatzen

(Genetta). Verh. V. Internat. Zool. Congress,

Berlin, p. 1128, 1902.

Schwann, H. List of Mammals obtained? by Messrs. R. B.

Woosnam and R. E. Dent in Bechuanaland.

PZ. S, 1906, 1.9, 101. (25 spp.)

—— On Felis ocreata, better known as Felis caligata, and its

subspecies. Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xii. p. 421,

1904.

Thomas, O. On two new Hares allied to Oryctolagus crassi-

caudatus. Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) x. p. 244,

1902.

— Onsome new forms of Otomys. Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) x.

p- 311, 1902.

—— The common Hare of Central Cape Colony. Ann. Mag.

N. H. (7) xii. p. 343, 1903.

—— On a remarkable new Hare (Lepus monticularis) from

Cape Colony. Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xi. p. 78,

1903.

ddA THE REY. T. R. R. STEBBING ON [May 26,

2. Zoological Results of the Third Tanganyika Expedition,

conducted by Dr. W. A. Cunnington, 1904-1905.—

Report on the Isopoda terrestria. By the Rev. THomas

R. R. Srepsine, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.8.*

[Received April 23, 1908. }

(Plate XX VIL. +

The small collection of African Land-Isopoda which Dr. Cun-

nington has asked me to examine includes only four species. ‘Two

of these are already known. ‘The other two appear to require the

institution of a new genus. Whether the species for which it is

instituted are themselves new may be more open to question.

It is with much reluctance that I accept the responsibility of

offering a decision. In the balance of uncertainties one has at

last to make up one’s mind. At present there are a bewildering

number of species in the genus Philoscia, many of them very

incompletely described, and few, if any of them, completely illus-

trated. A remedy for this state of affairs will not be easily

found. The creatures themselves put difficulties in the way of

the student. Their readiness to wander about the world under-

mines any systematic structure built on geographical distribution.

Their variability seems to separate forms which are specifically

identical. On the other hand, general resemblance seems to

unite forms which, on closer examination, are found to be

distinct. Among the appendages the antenne and uropods afford

especially useful characters, and these appendages are particularly

lable to be detached or broken. The structure of the pleopods,

especially those of the male, is more and more acquiring

systematic importance, but male specimens are not always avail-

able. Fortunately there are naturalists to whom difficulties are

not discouragements so much as incentives to action. This paper

will serve at least some useful purpose if it should induce any

such investigator to deal effectively with the genus Philoscia and

its immediate allies.

Fam. ONISCID 2.

Gen. Metorponortuus Budde-Lund.

1885. Metoponorthus Budde-Lund, Isopoda terrestria, p. 161.

METOPONORTHUS PRUINOSUS (Brandt),

1833. Porcellio pruinosus Brandt, Conspectus Crust. Oniscod.

pp. 19, 26 (Budde-Lund).

* [The complete account of the new genus diagnosed in this communication

appears here, but since the name and the preliminary diagnosis were published in

the ‘Abstract,’ the genus is distinguished hy being underlined.—Epr1rTor. |

; + For explanation of the Plate, see p. 560.

deayAersyeallecs OG) ea elegy OG All,

a “Stebbing. J. TRennie Reid Eth Edin?

A. ANCHIPHILOSCIA KARONGAE,n sp B.A CUNNINGTONLnsp.

; Sean iS cyPats CONVEXUS (BuddeLund).

1908. | TERRESTRIAL ISOPODS FROM TANGANYIKA. DDD

1879. Metoponorthus pruinosus Budde-Lund, Prospectus Crust.

Isop. terrest. 4.

1885. Metoponorthus pruinosus Budde- Lund, Isopoda terrestria,

Pp. Loo:

Of this well-known and widely distributed species there is a

single specimen in the collection, found under stones on beach,

Island Camp, Birket el Qurun.

ANCHIPHILOSCIA Stebbing.

Abstr. P. Z.S. 1908, p. 28 (May 26).

Mandibles with setulose lobe adjoining the inner cutting-plate,

and with two to three plumose sete between this lobe and the

unjointed plumose lash which represents the molar. First maxille

with eight spines at the apex, and the strongly sinuous distal part

of the outer margin fringed with fine setules, which are much

longer proximally and a little longer distally than those in the

middle of the series. Second maxille with a small, clearly defined,

finely setulose inner plate, not longer than broad; the outer part

of the maxilla much broader, pellucid, almost unarmed, without

apical cleft. Maxillipeds with terminal joint of palp distinguish-

able from the second. Telsonic segment triangular.

The genus Philoscia was established by Latreille in 1804.

Both in French and Latin the name is on that occasion printed

Philoscie, but it has always been presumed that the Latin form

was due toa printer’s error. Oniscus sylvestris Fabricius, which

is the same as the earlier O. muscoruwm Scopoli, is the only species

mentioned im connection with the genus at its institution. In

any re-arrangement, therefore, of the very numerous forms which

are at present united under Latreille’s generic name, it is clear

that Scopoli’s species must be the standard for those to be

retained under Philoscia.

The new genus characterised above agrees in general with the

definition of Philoscia given by Budde-Lund in 1885 (Isopoda

terrestria, p. 207), A. Dollfus in 1897 (Feuille des Jeunes Natu-

ralistes, No. 317, p. 1), and Sars in 1898 (Crustacea of Norway,

vol. 1. p. 172). Thus, it has the body cval or elongate, scarcely

contractile. The lateral lobes of the head are sharply deflexed.

The first segment of the pereeon has the hind margin regularly

curved. The pleon is more or less abruptly narrower than the

pereon. The second antenne are slender, with three-jointed

flagellum. The rami of the uropods extend beyond the telsonic

segment, and the inner ramus is articulated to the peduncle not

far in front of the outer.

On the other hand, in the mandibles, where P. muscoruwm has

only one penicil or plumose seta, the new genus has three penicils

on the left and two on the right mandible. In this respect

it agrees with the minutely described and carefully illustrated

Anaphiloscia simoni Racovitza (Arch. zool. expérimentale, vol. vii.

556 THE REY. T. R. R. STEBBING ON [May 26,

p. 185, 1907), but it has the setulose lobe with which in

Racovitza’s genus the mandible is not equipped. The first maxille

have eight spines on the outer plate, whereas in Paraphaloscia

stenosoma Stebbing (Willey’s Zoological Results, part v. p. 648,

1900) they have only three apical spines on that plate. The

outer margin of that plate is more strongly simuous and less

uniformly fringed than in P. muscorwm. The second maxille

have the inner setulose lobe distinctly defined and the much

broader outer lobe undivided; while in P. muscorwm the outer

lobe is longitudinally cleft and the setulose lobe has no distinct

lower margin, nor is this margin mentioned by Racovitza, in

whose species the second maxilla otherwise resembles that of

Anchiphiloscia. Tn the maxillipeds the articulation between the

second and third joints of the palp is in this genus discernible

under high magnification. Racovitza declares this palp to be

clearly only two-jointed in A. simoni. In the latter species the

telson is almost semicircular, in the species referred to the present

genus it is triangular. The two species in question are in many

respects in close agreement, but one of them has the pleon

abruptly narrower than the person, with the lateral apices of the

pleon segments inconspicuous from above, while in the other

the narrowing of the pleon is far less abrupt, and the apices of

the third, fourth, and fifth segments as seen from above are well

separated and conspicuously displayed.

The generic name is compounded of dyye, near, and Philoscia.

ANCHIPHILOSCIA KARONGA, sp.n. (Plate XXVIL., A.)

This species shows a close resemblance to Philoscia swarext

Dollfus, from Diego Suarez in North Madagascar (Mém. Soe.

Zool. de France, vol. vill. p. 185, fig. 7 in text, 1895), of which,

however, the mouth-organs are not described. Independently of

these, other features seem to make the identification inadmissible.

These affect the second antennz, the uropods, and the telson.

The body is rather narrowly oval, the head not broad, the last

pereon segment strongly arched over the pleon and then turning

obliquely outwards on either side, not forming acute apices. The

pleon is brusquely narrower than the perzeon, and the adpressed

lateral angles of the third, fourth, and fifth segments are not

discernible from above. The telsonic segment is broader than

long, with the sides straight, but the point not blunted as in

P. swarezt.

The sides of the head curve in towards the front, with the eyes

situated at the angles so formed. The small first antenne have

the second joint intermediate in thickness between the stout first

and tapering third, the latter being scarcely longer than the

-second, and a little shorter than the first. The second antennz

are longer than half the body, the second joint a little longer

than the third but much shorter than the fourth, the fifth nearly

as long as the third and fourth combined and as long as the

flagellum; in this the first joint is longer than the second, but

1908. | TERRESTRIAL ISOPODS FROM TANGANYIKA. 557

searcely longer than the third (without reckoning the brush-like

setiform apical process), therefore not as in P. swarezi nearly

equalling in length the two together. In the example figured,

however, the third joint is a little shorter than the second.

The upper lip has its distal margin evenly rounded. The

cutting-edge of the mandible is divided into four horny-looking

blunt teeth. The secondary plate on the left mandible has the

same horny appearance, but that on the right is pellucid. The

other features have been already discussed. The first maxillee

have the two plumose sete seated on the inner part of the apex ;

of the spines on the outer plate the outermost is, as usual, the

strongest; of the three following the intermediate is short; to

these simple spines succeed four, each with a subapical tooth.

The second maxille have been already discussed. The maxillipeds

have the plate of the large and long second joint extending to the

apex of the palp’s second joint, notched at the inner distal angle,

where it has one minute spine-tooth, a little behind which a

regular spine rises from a little surface-lobe, and at the outer

distal angle the apical margin has two more spine-teeth, also of

very small size. he second joint of the palp is furnished with

one or two setiform spines, and the slender, faintly separated

third joint has setules on the outer margin and apex.

The first gnathopods have the third, fourth, and fifth joints

much broader than the sixth; the fourth and fifth subequal in

length, strongly spmed on the hind margin, the fourth with a

row of tiny denticles on the proximal part of its front margin,

the fifth with oblique rows of spinules on the inner surface, the

distal series projecting beyond the obliquely truncate distal

margin; the sixth jomt has the hind margin proximally furred

with spinules.

The fifth pereopods are, as usual in the allied forms, the

longest of the limbs. They have the fourth joint shorter than

the third or fifth, and the fifth shorter than the sixth. In the

young, taken from the mother’s pouch, with eyes and other parts

well developed, no trace of these limbs could be discerned.

Uropods with inner ramus attached on a level with the outer,

compared with which it is not exceptionally narrow as in

P. swarexi, and it is more than half as long. Each ramus is

tipped with a tuft of sete. Telson in young rounded.

Dimensions about 6 mm. in length by 2°75 mm. in breadth.

Locality. On damp decaying wood close to swamp, Kambwe,

near Karonga.

For the colouring comment will conveniently be made in

comparison with the next species.

ANCHIPHILOSCIA CUNNINGTONI, sp. n. (Plate XX VIL, B.)

This species is in striking agreement with the preceding in

regard to the antenne and all the minute details of the mouth-

organs, but the head is wider and the hinder segments of the

pereon have their postero-lateral angles more acute, the hind

558 THE REY. T. R. R. STEBBING ON [May 26,

margin of the seventh segment being uniformly arcuate and

strongly produced over the pleon; the third, fourth, and fifth

leon segments are not adpressed, but have their postero-lateral

angles well displayed; the convergent sides of the telson are

slightly incurved. The first gnathopods have the sixth joint a

little less widened distally than in the other species, but the

difference is slight. The uropods have the inner ramus attached

slightly in advance of the outer, which is fully double its length,

therefore relatively much longer than in P. annulicorms Budde-

Lund, as shown in the figure by Dollfus (Mém. Soe. Zool. de

France, vol. viii. p. 184, 1895), from Diego Suarez.

In the general colouring of brown, variegated with lighter

markings, on the back, this species agrees with Philoscia mus-

corum and several allied species. It has a thin light stripe

extending from the back of the head nearly to the tip of the

telson. In the pereon this is flanked on either side by a broad

piece of variegated pattern, while the side-plates are dark, each

with one conspicuous light patch, but not, as in P. annulicornis,

having the postero-lateral angles pellucid. In the pleon the first

two segments and the telsonic segment have each three lght

patches—one belonging to the medio-dorsal stripe, the others

separated from it by dark patches. The second antenne have the

long fifth joint proximally dark and distally light. The uropods

have the peduncles generally light and also the proximal part of

the outer ramus; but this is variable, as one specimen shows one

of these rami light to the apex, though the other is dark except

close to the base.

In A. karonge the colour is similar, but rather more dusky, the

medio-dorsal stripe being also less continuous, and in one specimen

the hinder segments of the perzeon have their apices clear instead

of dark.

Dollfus (loc. cié.) remarks of P. annulicornis: “This species is

variable; the specimens of the type (coming from Mount Ambre)

are all of great size (12 mm. by 6:5mm.). Generally, above all in

the plain, the length does not exceed 7 to 8 mm.; sometimes the

joints of the flagellum of the second antenne are subequal; but

above all there are varieties ew colore: the clear spaces at the

angles of the pereeon may be lost, or instead of them there may

be marblings or patches [such as those] situated in the median

region; the antenne are often either entirely light or entirely

dark.” The original says, ‘les taches claires des angles du

pereion peuvent s’effacer, ou étre remplacées par des marbrures

ou taches situées dans ja région médiane,” where a word or two

seems to be missing from the second clause.

Specimens of A. cunningtont measured 7 mm. by 3°5 mm., or

6 mm. by 3 mm., the antennz and uropods in each case not

included.

Locality. Under stones, near Niamkolo Bay, Lake Tanganyika.

1908. ] TERRESTRIAL ISOPODS FROM TANGANYIKA, 5d9

Fam. ARMADILLIDIIDG.

Gen. PreriscyPutis Gerstaecker,

1873. Periscyphis Gerstaecker, Die Gliederthier-Fauna des

Sansibar-Gebietes, van der Decken Exp., p. 526 (Budde-

Lund).

1885. Cercocytonus Budde-Lund, Isopoda terrestria, p. 42.

1885. Peryscyphis Budde-Lund, Isopoda terrestria, p. 293.

1898. Periscyphis Budde-Lund, Die Land-Isopoden Ost-Afrikas,

Vic Oi

1908. Periscyphis Budde-Lund, Swedish Zool. Exp. in Egypt,

No. 264, p. 10.

Tn his latest work Budde-Lund gives a new description of this

genus, having recognised that several of the species from German

East Africa which he allotted to it in 1898 require a different

systematic position. He gives some valuable illustrations of

details in his own two species, P. convexus and P. albescens, but

the typical species, P. trivialis Gerstaecker, remains unfigured,

It is obvious that under the new definition those species which

have the apex of the telsonic segment quadrate are excluded.

PeRISCYPHIS convExuS Budde-Lund. (Plate XX VIT., C.)

1885. Cercocytonus convexus Budde-Lund, Isopoda terrestria,

p. 44.

1885. Peryscyphis convexus Budde-Lund, Isopoda terrestria,

e203.

1908. Periscyphis conveaus Budde-Lund, Swedish Zool. Exp. in

Egypt, No. 264, pp. 2, 9, pl. 1. figs. 20-25.

Head with frontal line evanescent in the middle. The side-

plates or raised lateral borders of the first perzeon segment

broadest where flanking the eyes, narrowing downwards without

quite reaching the hind margin of the segment ; the second and

third segments narrowly rounded at the lower corners, the

following segments more squared, the seventh having the hind

margin very concave in the middle but rather flattened at either

side. The pleon short, with the segments in position successively

shorter in the middle till the telsonic segment, which has a

linguiform termination.

The eyes in our specimens do not appear to have more than

20 ocelli. Budde-Lund gives the genus about 25 to 30.

In the second antenne the joints of the peduncle in order of

length are the Ist, 3rd, 2nd, 4th, 5th, the last decidedly the

largest, and longer than the flagellum, of which the first joint is

longer than the second.

The mandibles have a trifid cutting-edge.

The lobes of the lower lip appear to be almost circular.

The first maxille agree closely with Budde-Lund’s figures, the

inner plate having 2 setze or penicils, of which the inner is longer

Proc. Zoou. Soc,— 1908, No, XXXVI. 36

560 ON TERRESTRIAL ISOPODS FROM TANGANYIKA. | May 26,

and stronger than the outer. Of the 9 spines on the outer plate,

the two outermost are the stoutest, and then the next but one.

I do not find any of them bifid at the tip. The subapical

incurvation of the outer margin is finely setulose, as shown by

Budde-Lund.

The second maxille have the inner plate very small, as broad

as long, and strongly furred with very little setules; the outer

plate membranaceous, broadly rounded, almost unarmed.

The maxillipeds seem to agree well with Budde-Lund’s figure.

The epipod, which he does not show, is large, reaching to the

distal end of the principal joint, or nearly so.

That which appears to be the most characteristic feature of

the species (unless it be shared with P. ¢rivialis) is found in the

uropods. Here the peduncle is large and quadrate, obliquely

rounded off at the distal outer angle, but having its minute outer

ramus inserted in and not protruding beyond a little notch near

the distal inner angle. The inner ramus depending from an

upper arm of the peduncle does not reach its extremity or the

apex of the telson.

The length about 7 mm.

Locality. Under stones on beach, Birket el Qurun.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII.

A. Anchiphiloscia karonge, n. g. et sp.

n.s. Lines indicating natural size of specimen eae in dorsal view.

a.t. Second antenna, with further enlargement of setiform terminal portion

and its armature.

me.1, ma.2, map. First and second maxille and maxilliped, with further enlarge-

ment of terminal portions.

gu. 1. First gnathopod.

urp., T. Uropod, and telsonic segment.

B. Anchiphiloscia cunningtoni, n. g. et sp.

ws. Lines indicating natural size of specimen fie ured in dorsal view.

m.m., me. 1, map. Mandibles, first maxilla, and maxilliped.

gn. 1. First gnathopod.

urp. Uropod.

C. Periscyphis converus (Budde-Lund).

Specimen in the centre figured in three-quarter dorsal view, without appendages.

a.i. Second antenna.

max.2. Second maxilla.

urp. Uropod.

T. Telsonic segment, with left uropod and part of fifth pleon segment.

The mouth-organs throughout are figured on a higher scale than the

other appendages.

1908. ] ON THE ANATOMY OF ANTECHINOMYS ETC. 561

3. On the Anatomy of Antechinomys and some other Mar-

supials, with special reference to the Intestinal Tract and

Mesenteries of these and other: Mammals. By Frank

E. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S8.

[Received April 28, 1908. ]

(Text-figures 111-124.)

ContTENTS.

I. On some Points in the Anatomy of Antechinomys, p. 561.

II. On some Points in the Anatomy cf Phascologale, p. 564.

III. On the Intestinal Tract in some Marsupials, compared with that of

other Mammals, p. 567.

IV. On the Existence of a Siprarenal Portal System in Marsupials,

p. 600.

YV. Resumé of new facts, p. 608.

I. On some Points in the Anatomy of Antechinomys laniger.

An example of this rare Marsupial was kindly placed in my

hands some time since by Mr. Beck of this Society, with the

request that I would examine its anatomy. The specimen

consisted of the carcase after the skin had been removed, and

was therefore incomplete as regards many of the muscles. But

the viscera were intact, and J am able theretore to contribute

something towards a fuller knowledge of this small Polyprotodont

Marsupial. The only memoir known to me which deals with its

anatomy is one by the late Mr. Alston in the ‘ Proceedings’ *

of this Society, written nearly thirty years ago. In this paper

a number of facts is given relating to the internal organs of the

body and there is also an account of its osteology. The viscera.

are somewhat summarily described by My. Alston; and there is

thus some scope for a fuller account of certain organs in the

hight of later work upon the anatomy of mammals.

The stomach of this Marsupial has been figured by Alston,

who has compared it with that of Antechinust. He has, more-

over, divided other related genera by the more globular or more

transversely elongate form of that organ. I submit herewith

(text-fig. 111) a drawing of the stomach of the specimen of

Antechinomys which I have myself dissected and which I hope

is accurate. It will be seen that it agrees more nearly with

Antechinus as represented by Mr. Alston than with Antechinomys

as figured by that naturalist. In particular [ would call attention

to the considerable calibre of the duodenum where it leaves the

stomach, and to the fact that the cardiac half of that organ is

considerably prolonged beyond and to the left of the entrance of

the esophagus. I am led, therefore, to doubt the value of the

* P.Z.S. 1880, p. 454. :

+ Now referred to Phascologale (Thomas, Cat. Marsupials Brit. Mus. 1885).

36*

562 MR. F, E, BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY OF [ May 26,

characters of that organ in discriminating between these allied

genera.

Text-fig. 111.

Alimentary tract of Antechinomys laniger.

O. Omentum. O'. Splenic omentum. S¢. Stomach.

The intestine presents a number of features of interest. 1% is

in the first place very short, as Mr. Alston has pointed out.

Furthermore, there is no external differentiation into sections.

The tube has the same bore throughout, and the absence of any

trace of a cecum renders it impossible to fix the delimitation

between ileum and colon. The alimentary tract is not only

short but, comparatively speaking, rather wide. There is no

duodenal loop to be distinguished from the rest of the tube.

The interesting fact about the intestine is that the whole tube

is suspended from the middle line of the dorsal parietes by a

single continuous mesentery. This is absolutely uncomplicated

by any secondary attachments of any sections of the gut to each

other, or to the parietes. In other mammals there is at least (in

the majority of cases at any rate) one folding of the gut upon

itself. That is, in the region of the stomach the transverse colon

lies above the duodenum just after it issues from the stomach,

and there is in this region a more or less direct mesenteric

secondary connection between the duodenum and the colon or

mesocolon. ‘There is nothing of the kind in Antechinomys.

Another point of importance to be noted in relation to the

intestine is that the loops into which it is thrown are not fixed.

The whole intestine can be straightened, or rather of course

thrown into a continuous curve, and thus differs markedly from

many forms where the foldings of the intestine are permanent

foldings and cannot be straightened out without tearing the

supporting mesentery. Indeed, it is not too much to say that

the alimentary tract of this mammal is as simple as that of

any Lizard.

1908. ] ANTECHINOMYS AND OTHER MARSUPIALS. 563

Mr. Alston’s figure of the liver of Antechinomys does not agree

entirely with the appearances which I have observed, and the

description which he gives is very brief. I find (text-fig. 112) no

Spigelian lobe, but the caudate lobe is deeply bifid and largely covers

the right kidney. The gall-bladder, which Alston has correctly

stated to be present, appears to me to occupy an unusual position.

Instead of lying in a cleft in the middle of the right central

lobe, as is at any rate often the case among mammals, it lies, as in

some other Marsupials*, to the median side of the right central

lobe almost between it and the left central. I did not find the

right lateral lobe quite so large as Alston has figured it. It is

closely fitted to the caudate. The liver “formula” of this

Marsupial seems to me to be fairly accurately expressible as

follows :—viz., LL > LC = RC > RL = Ca.

Text-fig. 112.

Liver of Antechinomys laniger, abdominal aspect.

Ca. Caudate lobe. g.b. Gall-bladder. 2Z.C. Left central lobe. Z.L. Left lateral

lobe. #&.C. Right central lobe. R.Z. Right lateral lobe.

The spleen is of large size and shows no indication of a

triradiate form ; it is wider at the duodenal end and narrower

at the opposite extremity. The wide extremity of the spleen is

marked by two parallel longitudinal furrows which divide up

this extremity into several finger-shaped lobes not detached from

each other.

The pancreas is very diffuse and scattered, consisting of

numerous small lobules; it forms a more or less continuous

mass which lies partly in the mesoduodenum and partly in the

splenic omentum. It reaches also to the other side of the

stomach and a piece of it lies to the left of the cystic duct between

that duct and the duodenal end of the stomach.

The omentum (text-fig. 111, O) is very short and ends in

pulled out ragged edges as is shown in the drawing. It is

* B.g. Dendrolagus and Petrogale, Beddard, P. Z.S. 1895, p. 131.

564 MR. F. E, BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY OF [May 26,

nowhere attached to the alimentary canal. The splenic omentum

(text-fig. 111, O') extends a little beyond the left kidney in its

insertion on to the median dorsal line.

The left Lidney is well below the right, and in fact its anterior

end is only just a trifle above the level of the posterior end of

the right kidney. The kidneys are rather large, about 10 mm.

long.

The organs of reproduction are not widely different from those

of other Marsupials. The example of Antechinomys dissected by

myself was a female and apparently fully formed im the organs

of sex. Iam able to fill upa lacuna in our knowledge of those

organs in the Marsupialia. The uterus of each side was swollen

into an almost spherical dilatation near to the origin of the

Fallopian tube into which it abruptly contracted. At the other

extremity this dilatation lessened more gradually, though at the

same time with some abruptness, into the rest of the uterus.

At the junction of the two uteri in the middle line the common

chamber thus formed is of greater calibre than is either of

the uteri just before the junction. There seemed to be a

yudiment of a median cul-de-sac. The two vagine are about

the same calibre as the thinner part of each uterus and are

not specially dilated anywhere. The funnel forms the usual

fimbriated expansion which is attached to the ovary for a very

short space. It and the Fallopian tube are supported by the

anterior ligament of the uteri which is attached to the parietes

in front of the ovary, and thus forms a pocket into which the

ovary can be pushed.

II. On some Points in the Anatomy of Phascologale

macdonellensis.

I also owe to the kindness of Mr. Beck a complete example

of this recently described species of Phascologale, which pre-

sents several features of interest in its anatomy. The genus

itself is not well known anatomically. So far as I have been

able to ascertain, there are only two recent memoirs extant

which deal with the visceral structures of species of Phascologale.

The first of these is in a paper upon Antechinomys laniger by

the late Mr. Alston to which reference has already been made,

and in which the stomach of Antechinus (= Phascologale)

swainsont and Phascologale penicillata ave described, and in the

case of the former figured, as well as some other viscera. In

the second paper—Dr. D. J. Cunningham’s Report upon the

Marsupials collected during the voyage of H.M.S. ‘ Challenger,’ *

some notes are given upon the thoracic viscera (not the abdominal)

of Phascologale calura and concerning the azygos vein.

The example which I dissected was a fully adult female with

no signs of immaturity The teats (3 on each side) were large,

* Vol. v. of the Reports.

1908. | ANTECHINOMYS AND OTHER MARSUPIALS. 565

indeed so large as to suggest that the animal had recently borne

young. Neither were there any signs of immaturity about the

organs of reproduction. Nevertheless, there was a large per-

sistent urachus or umbilical cord. There is no question here of

mere traces or of a minute rudiment of this structure. It was

large and conspicuous, as is plainly shown in the accompanying

figure (text-fig. 113). Whether this umbilical cord does or does

not contain any functional blood-vessels I cannot say. All

vestiges of blood-vessels were invisible on dissection. More-

over, although I have used the term “cord” to express this

structure, it is by no means an exactly descriptive word. When

the animal was dissected under water the membrane forming

the umbilical cord floated out loosely, being merely gathered

together at the point where it perforates the rectus abdominis

muscle to be attached to the skin.

Text-fig. 115.

“Umbilical cord” and adjacent viscera of Phascologale macdonellensis.

int. Intestine. O. Omentum. R. Rectus muscle perforated by umbilical

cord. S¢. Stomach.

The attachment of this membrane to the intestine fixes that

tube, as is natural, in a definite position; if it were not for this

persistent umbilical cord the intestine could be, as I imagine,

laid out in a continuous curve as in Antechinomys. The point

where the umbilical membrane is attached to the gut represents,

566 MR. F, E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY OF [May 26,

I presume, the position of Meckel’s diverticulum. In this case

the greater part of the intestine will be referable to the small

intestine and the colon will be short. The umbilical membrane,

however, is not limited to that portion of it which is attached

to the intestine. In spreads out and is continuous with the

omenta both great and small ; there is absolute continuity between

the umbilical membrane and the stomach and spleen. It would

appear therefore, that Phascologale macdonellensis, like the majority

of Marsupials, has an umbilical placenta. In relation to this I may

say that there was no connection whatever between this umbilical

cord and the bladder. The umbilicus itself lies rather in front

of the last rib, and is situated 10 mm. from the end of the

sternum ; it is, on the other hand, 28 mm. from the anus.

One cannot but think that the case described here is ex-

ceptional, and that the genus or species generally is not

characterised by this persistent umbilical cord. It will be,

however, interesting to enquire how far the omentum is really

connected with the membranes of the feetus in development.

The intestine, as already mentioned, is held in position by the

ligament derived from the persistent umbilical vesicle. It has

a simple course like that of many Lizards, and forms only one

loop upon itself as is shown in the drawing (text-fig.113). It is

not without interest to notice that this single loop is rather like

the single loop thrown over the duodenal region during the

development of the human alimentary canal.

The liver of this Marsupial differs in a few points from that

of Antechinonys. There is in the first place a considerable

Spigelian lobe; the caudate is not so extensively prolonged over

the right kidney as it is in Antechinomys. Otherwise the liver

does not differ much. An examination of an example of the

larger species Phascolomys penicillata (for which I am also

indebted to Mr. Beck) shows the same characters. The liver of

Sminthopsis (of the species S. crassicaudata and S. larapinta)

agrees more with that of Phascologale than of Antechinomys.

In the former at any rate the Spigelian lobe was obvious.

The spleen of Phascologale is unlike that of Antechinomys in

that the Marsupial triradiate form was obvious, particularly in

P. penicillata. In the smaller species described here the bifurcate

end of the spleen, that turned towards the left side of the body,

was rather in the form of a triangular expansion of the end

of the spleen, the base of the triangle lying towards the right.

In Sminthopsis the spleen is more like that of Antechinomys, the

right expansion being little marked.

As in Antechinomys the right kidney is much above the left,

and the same asymmetry is seen in Sminthopsis. T examined

the female generative organs of P. penicillata as well as of the

species which forms the subject of the present notes. The same

very strong dilatation of the distal end of each uterus that I

have described in Antechinomys was to be seen in both of these

species. It was very marked indeed in both. In the larger

1908. | ANTECHINOMYS AND OTHER MARSUPIALS. 567

Phascologale penicillata there was also a considerable dilatation

at about the middle of each vagina. The two vagine and the

bladder open into the common external canal at about the same

level. I did not notice any trace of a median cul-de-sac of the

uterl in the larger species, whose genitalia appeared to be

rather more mature and were in any case larger than those of

P. macdonellensis.

III. On the Intestinal Tract in some Marsupials, compared

with that of other Mammals.

Some of the general features of the intestinal tract in many

Marsupials are already well known. It is well known through

the investigations of many (e.g., Owen*, Forbes 7, Beddard £,

Parsons §, Lonnberg ||, Klaatsch J, Mitchell a &e.) that the

large intestine of the Diprotodont Marsupials is as a rule ty very

long relatively, even—it may be—much longer than file small

intestine. In those Polyprotodontia in which a cecum 1s

present to mark the junction of the two regions of the gut, it

is plain that the large intestine is relatively shorter, but not

so short as in the Carnivora. These facts are shown graphically

for six species of Marsupials by Dr. Mitchell. Though doubtless

it is not asserted that the figures referred to exhibit with

absolute accuracy the relative lengths of the large and small

gut, it is clear that they make a very fair approximation to

accuracy.

Furthermore, it is at least highly probable that more accurate

figures could not have been compiled. For it is well known

that the relative lengths of the two sections of the gut are apt

to vary. For example it has been asserted by Brants (quoted by

Tullberg ft) that in 30 examples of Jus decwmanus the relative

lengths of the small and large intestine fluctuated between a

small intestine ten times the length of the large, and a large

intestine which was only one third of the length of the small

intestine. Tullberg himself, in a series of very careful measure-

ments of eight examples of the common rat, made upon specimens

prepared in exactly the same fashion, found not so ereat but

yet a considerable fluctuation. The extremes in two rats of

equal size were in one example a small intestine of 808 mm. and

a large intestine 201 mm., in the other the small intestine

835 mm. and the large intestine 186 mm. It is therefore

* Dendrolagus inustus, P. Z.S. 1852, p. 103.

v Phascolarctos cinereus, P. Z.S. 1881, p. 180.

t Dendrolagus bennetti, P.Z.S. 1895, p. 131.

§ P.Z.S. 1896, p. 683.

|| Several species, P. Z. S. 1902, i. p. 12.

§| Morph. JB. 1892.

** Several species, Tr. Z. S. 1905, vol. xvii. p. 437.

++ To which at any rate Petawrus breviceps, an insect-eating Diprotodont, is

an exception. See Lénnberg, loc. cit. p. 14.

tf “ Ueber das System der Nagethiere,” Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Upsala, ser. 11. 1899.

568 MR. F. E, BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY OF [May 26,

impossible, as it would appear, to suggest any improvement Im

the figures of Dr. Mitchell from this side of the question.

Small Int. Large Int. Cecum.

Dendrolagus wiustus 2 ......... Ay: 73 4

Trichosurus vulpecula S ...... 702 81 153

Macropus melanops SB ......++ 156 162 18

Me GUpaMieUs: OO ease 172 54 ik

Pe brachyurus 2 ...... 52 21 24

= BullamOncrea) Meese. /ta- 146 3 24

Hypsiprymnus cuniculus Q.... 24 10 Ie

- gaimardi 3 ... 40 28 2

Apart from the relative lengths of the small and large intestines

and the form of the cecum, or its absence, upon which I have

no new facts of my own to record in the present paper, but

concerning which I take the opportunity of utilising a series of

measurements recorded by my predecessor Mr. W. A. Forbes (see

list above), the intestinal tract of mammals exhibits a series of

modifications in different groups and in members of those groups,

which may be considered under the following headings, viz. :—

(1) The relationship of the various coils of the intestine to

each other. (2) The fixity or freedom of the loops of the small

intestine. (3) The permanent loops of the colon.

Under all of these headings I have a few new facts to record

with respect to the Marsupials and to certain other mammals.

(1) Lhe relations of the coils of the intestine to each other.—lt

is clear from the descriptions given by Owen*, that as a rule

at any ratet the intestinal tract in the Marsupials is a freely

movable tract throughout, having no mesenteric connections

between the colon and other regions. As Sir Richard Owen was

particular to describe such folds and connections when they

occur in other mammals (as for example Rodents), the absence of

any such statements in his papers upon Marsupials leads to the

inference that such do not exist in those mammals; a statement

which I am able to confirm from my own dissections. Other

observers have noted a similar series of facts. Prof. Grant in

describing the anatomy of Perameles nasutat has noted the

dimensions of the several tracts of the intestine but has made

no comment upon any folds of the gut, which would certainly

have been mentioned (one assumes) had they been present, since

the same observer almost at the same time § carefully described

such folds in the Paca. Vvolik, in describing the anatomy |} of

Dasyurus ursiius, does not appear to have said anything about

* On Dasyurus macrourus (=D. maculatus), P.Z.S. 1835, p.7; on Macropus

parryi, ibid. 1834, p. 152; on Dendrolagus inustus, ibid. 1852, p. 103.

y This does not, however, seem to apply to the Wombat (see Owen, P. Z.S. 1836,

p. 49) which requires re-examination from this point of view.

{ Mem. Wernerian Soc. vi. 1832, p. 184. .

§ Loc. cit. & t. cit. p. 183.

|| Tijdschr. wis- en natuurk. Wetensch. 1851, p. 153; briefly abstracted in Ann.

Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 1852, p. 245.

1908. | ANTECHINOMYS AND OTHER MARSUPIALS. 569

the presence of any folds in the gut, but gives measurements of

the lengths of the several parts of the gut.

The late Sir William Flower * by implication makes the same

statement; for he remarks of the alimentary tract of the Opossum

(Didelphys virginiana) that “the colon forms a single arch and

then passes directly down to the pelvis; but being very loosely

attached by mesentery it is very movable.”

None of these writers, however +, with the exception of

Sir Richard Owen, refers to the fact that among the Marsupialia

there are two grades in the complication of the alimentary tract

to be met with. That author says of Dasywrus niaculatus—< The

mesentery was one continuous duplicature of the peritoneum

extending from the pylorus to the end of the colon as in the

Reptilia.”

It appears to me that by this phraseology is indicated an

intestine like that of <Aztechinomys described in the present

paper £, comparable to an early stage in the development of the

alimentary tract of man before the hinder part of the gut has

been folded over the anterior part. In his Treatise on Com-

parative Anatomy the “reptilian” condition of the gut in

certain Marsupials is more plainly stated.

These two stages in the development of the intestine are

figured in Flower’s Lectures on the organs of digestion in the

Mammalia already referred to and in any textbook of human

anatomy. It is obvious that the conditions obtaining in Antechi-

nomys represent the first stage persistently retained. There

are not many positive facts which lead to the supposition that

any other Marsupial shows the same. The only figures of the

entire alimentary tract of a series of Marsupials known to me

are those of Mitchell already referred to, and of Klaatsch§. But

there is no indication here of differentiation between the lower

and higher types in the direction referred to. Klaatsch, indeed,

figures Dasyurus viverrinus as not possessing the “reptilian ”

form of gut, since it possesses the cavo-duodenal ligament. I can

quite confirm him from an examination of D. maugei.

That this simple form of gut is not due merely to its shortness

and to the mechanical difficulty implied by a folding over, is

proved by the occurrence of the same type in animals belonging

to other orders of mammals. In Centetes ecaudatus, for example,

among the Insectivora, there is precisely the same type. The

continuous mesentery of the gut is nowhere folded over, and the

whole intestine is arranged exactly on the plan of that of

Antechinomys, though it is much longer. Dr. Mitchell’s figure

of Centetes might at first sight appear to bear out my statement.

But if this figure be compared, e.g., with that of Phalangista

* In his Lectures on the Alimentary System of Mammals reported in Med.

Times and Gazette, 1872. .

+ Nor is the fact adverted to by Cunningham in his description of the gut ef the

‘Thylacine, &c., Rep. Zool. Challenger, vol. v.

{t Supra, p. 562. Ak

§ Morph. Jahrb. xviii. 1899, p. 622, fig. 2, p. 664, fig. 10, pl. xxii. fig. ie

570 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY OF | May 26,

vulpina, no difference in this particular between the two forms

is there discernible. Now in Phalangista there is the typical

folding over of the hinder part of the alimentary tube upon the

anterior. The two figures, therefore, which have been referred

to, only hide the essential differences between the two types,

informing us merely of the existence in one and the absence in

the other of a cecum—a fact already well known. It is interesting

to note that Centetes has not always this simple arrangement of

the gut. I found it in one example but not in another, where

there was one folding over, but no further specialisation. This

is also interesting not merely from the point of view of fixity of

characters, but because in the Hedgehog the gut is folded over

upon itself as in most mammals, and is not a simple coil on a

continuous mesentery *.

Tam not quite clear from his description and interpretation

of Zoerner’s 7 results, whether Klaatsch places the Hdentate

Myrmecophaga in the same category as Antechinomys. But I

imagine not, since Z'arsius is described as showing “die einfachsten

Mesenterialverhiiltnisse ” among the Mammalia. In any case,

T can assert that some of the American Edentata also show a

very simple gut, comparable to that of Tarsius and Antechinomys.

In Myrmecophaga jubata and Tamandua tetradactyla the gut

can be laid out without removal from the body in a continuous

loop, precisely like the figure given of the same by Mitchellt. In

this feature the genera mentioned are to be contrasted with

Dasypus and other Armadillos. There is, however, no indication

of the differences in the figures of Mitchell excepting, indeed,

that the mesocolon is drawn on one side of the colon in

one form, and on the other in the other types. This cannot,

however, imply any such difference as is here recorded, since, as

already referred to, the different conditions obtaining in Centetes

and Phalangista are indicated by a diagram which would

imply complete similarity, while Phalangista and Macropus are

* It is possible, however, that Dr. Mitchell (Tr. Z. S. 1905, vol. xvii. p. 532) may

have forestalled me and have met with the same variation in this rather important

feature which I have noted above. In his “Summary of Systematic Inferences” he

writes that “in most .... Insectivora.... the intestinal tract .... (is) suspended by

a continuous mesentery.” ‘This would seem to imply the condition which I have

described above. On the other hand, he does not in the same section say the same.

of the American Anteaters, which in this respect resemble Centetes, so far as one of

the specimens of the latter which I dissected is concerned. And again in the

special section dealing with mammals individually, Dr. Mitchell makes no mention

of a continuous mesentery, but remarks that Hrinaceus is practically identical with

Centetes. It may well be that the recollection of more than one example led to

these two not precisely contradictory, but not altogether concordant statements.

I may recall the fact that some years ago I described (Novit. Zool. vol. viii. 1901,

p- 91) acontinuous mesentery in two other examples of Centetes ecaudatus, and did

not meet with the important variation recorded here.

y “‘Bau und Entwickelung des Peritoneum &c. von einiger Edentaten,” Inaug.-

Diss. Halle, 1881. Not seen by me.

= It is important to settle this matter definitely, for Flower is not conclusive in

his statements. On an early page of the “Lectures,” already quoted, he remarks

that the reptilian character of the gut is “only found among Mammals in some

Insectivora and insectivorous Marsupials.” Later, however, he refers to it as also

existing in Whales and in Myrmecophaga.

1908. | ANTECHINOMYS AND OTHER MARSUPIALS, 571

represented as different. I am disposed to believe from its

shortness that the gut of Bradypus will be found also to conform

to this plan*. The simple colon of all these forms of moderate

length, neither excessively long nor excessively reduced, is, as I

think, in agreement with Dr. Mitchell, a mark of low position

in the series, especially since no modification traceable to different

feeding-habits is recognisable.

On a superficial inspection the intestinal tract of many

Carnivora appears to be constituted on the same simple plan

as that of Antechinomys, Myrmecophaga, Centetes, &c. That is

to say, the gut can be laid out in one continuous coil without

removing it from the body or cutting any mesentery. There are,

however, variations in the degree of freedom of the gut. In

Cercoleptes caudivolvulus for example, the gut can be readily laid

out either to the left or to the right, and then forms a continuous

coil apparently with a continuous mesentery throughout. It

would seem in fact to have retained the primitive arrangement

altogether. In /ctonyx capensis, on the other hand, this spreading

out into a continuous fold is only possible on the left side; the

gut cannot be thus spread out on the right side. So too with

Nandinia binotata. In Ursus syriacus the gut can be readily

laid out on the left side; but I have unfortunately no note as

to whether it can be also spread out to the right so as to present

the appearance of a continuous mesentery like that of the simplest

mammals. In Genetia rubiginosa, however, the gut can, as in

Cercoleptes, be laid out on either side of the middle line without

tearing or unduly stretching any mesenteries. The disposition

of the gut, however, in these animals, though superficially as

has been said that of the simplest forms in the order, is in reality

different. It will be seen that where the end of the duodenal

loop comes near to the middle dorsal line, it is actually fastened

to the mesocolon by a short mesentery, as is shown in the

accompanying figure (text-fig. 120 B on p. 591). The comparative

freedom which the whole intestinal tract enjoys is clearly due to the

partial disappearance of this particular mesentery, the ligamentum

cavo-duodenale. If more extensive, the arrangement of the

intestine in a continuous coiled line from stomach to rectum

would be impossible. If, on the other hand, the mesentery

disappeared altogether, there would be actually a continuous

mesentery from end to end of the gut. I am inclined, therefore,

to believe that the intestine has in these forms undergone a

simplification approximating to the primitive state of the

gut with its mesentery. And indeed it may well be that even

the apparently simple forms lke Amtechinomys are in reality

the terminal stage in such a reduction, and not evidence of the

persistence of a primitive state of affairs. I believe, however,

that the coincidence of this apparently primitive state in such

widely removed types as Centetes and Tamandua is evidence in

* As to Cholcepus, however, Klaatsch observes that “das Lig. hepatocavoduodenale

ist schwach entwickelt.”

572 MR, F. E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY OF [May 26,

the contrary direction. The conditions obtaining in the Carnivora,

and as it would appear in the whole of that group, cannot be

looked upon as a reduction due to small size. For it will have

been noted that the large Bear is quite on a level with the small

Cercoleptes or Ictonyx. It is not only the Carnivora which show

this simplification of the gut. For I have already remarked that

the same state of the intestine and its mesentery is to be seen

alternatively in Centetes. Even among the Primates it exists;

for in Chrysothrix sciureus, as I point out later (p. 577), the

intestine can equally well be laid out along a comparatively

straight mesentery to either right or left side. It must be noted,

however, that in this animal and in the Carnivora the colon is

very short. It is, in the specimen which I dissected, only 63

inches in length, a measurement which agrees exactly with that.

of Martin *.

Although the above facts concerning the Carnivora are I

believe correct, and indeed quite bear out Klaatsch’s figure? of

the intestinal tract of the Cat, where the mesentery attached

to the duodenum and to the middle line is figured and termed

“ligamentum cavoduodenale,” and his statements concerning other

genera. Max Weber has, however, described and figured a

different state of affairs in the Beart. The species examined

was Ursus arctos, and the gut is figured as turned over to right

and left without a trace of this ligament, and described in the

following words :—“ Der ganze iibrige Darm an einer einiachen

Mesenterialplatte (Mesenterlum commune) die mit einfacher

radix mesenterii an der Wirbelsaiile wurzelt aufgehaingt ist.”

There may of course be this difference between the two species

of Ursus, or the case may be analogous to that which I have

described above in Centetes ecaudatus. In any case it is clear

that the majority of the Carnivora (whether Arctoid or Atluroid)

do not bear out the statement of Max Weber with reference

to Ursus arctos.

In more differentiated forms a further complexity is introduced

in the existence of a special ligament joining the commencing

duodenum with the proximal end of the colon. For this Klaatsch

adopts Krause’s term ligamentum colicoduodenale. It is figured

by Klaatsch in several forms, in JM/youxus, Stenops, and human

embryo. Nor has Tullberg neglected this connection between

the small and large intestine in his figures of certain Rodents.

This structure is so persistent in the Rodents that it even occurs

in the case of the small Arvicanthis, where the colic coils are

reduced to a rainimum ; as indeed they are according to Klaatsch’s

figures in Myoxus. It is very important to note that even the

Marsupials with their little specialised gut show traces of the

same; in Vrichosurus vulpecula and Pseudochirus peregrinus

* PZ. S. 1833, p. 89.

+ “Zur Morphologie der Mesenterialbildungen, &c. ii Theil,” Morph. Jahrb. xvii.

1892, p. 646, fig. 4.

{ Die Saugethiere, p. 212.

1908. | ANTECHINOMYS AND OTHER MARSUPIALS. 573

I found this membrane, and I may take this opportunity of

remarking that the omentum also is attached, though for a very

short space, to the colon as in the genus Macropus. Neither

of the facts is represented in Klaatsch’s figure of the gut

of Trichosurus vulpecula*. There remains, however, a sub-

stantial difference between Trichoswrus and Pseudochirus on

the one hand and Macropus on the other, in that in the latter

the connection between omentum and colon is extensive, as is

duly figured by Klaatsch for Macropus bennettii. I cannot

agree with Dr. Mitchell in finding no connection of this kind

between the duodenum and colon in Hyrax. In examples of

this ‘“Subungulate” which I dissected some time since, the

duodenum near to its exit from the stomach was adherent to

the colon in the neighbourhood of (distal to) the paired ceca by

a ligament of some length. Moreover, there was also a fixation

of the omentum upon the same region of the colon. I take

this opportunity of remarking that Hyrax shows a particular

point of likeness to the Perissodactyle Ungulates as I venture

to think. In the latter group without exception, as has been

shown by many anatomists, the cecum is immediately followed

by a single simple loop of the colon. The same occurs in Hyraz,

though it is in that animal not quite so well-marked. The

colon immediately after leaving the single cecum, which I regard

as the equivalent of the Perissodactyle cecum, is folded back

along the cecum and connected with it by a ligament; the distal

limb of this loop is not quite so well established as in the

Perissodactyle, however. I discuss these facts more in detail on

a subsequent page.7.

The attachment of the great omentum to the colon is well-

known as an anatomical fact. Klaatsch has figured this in

several forms. Later in this communication I direct attention

to the same attachments in various Rodents and Lemurs.

J have found no such attachment in Carnivora, nor in

American Edentates (in which I am in accord with Klaatsch).

In Orycteropus, however,—and this emphasises the distinctness of

that type from its alleged relatives in the New World—there is

a fixation of the omentum along two separated lines. The most

anterior is on to the cecum and the very commencement of the

colen. Then follows a considerable area of colon unattached to

the omentum which is again attached to it further along. This

state of affairs reminds us of the transitory condition in the

human foetus figured by Klaatsch (¢: loc. cit. p. 694, fig. 16),

which is, however, permanent in Cebus as he has pointed out.

For other facts relating to the attachment of the omentum and

of other ligaments reference may be made to subsequent pages,

where they are described in several animals.

* Loc. cit. pl. xxii. fig. 7. 7 See below, p. 579.

{ Except in one or two cases where it appeared to me to be distinctly pathological.

The non-attachment of the omentum in Carnivora is not, of course, put forward as

anew fact. I confirm it by fresh instances.

574 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY OF | May 26,

It is possible that the secondary attachment of the omentum

to the colon bears some relation to the formation of the permanent

loops of the colon. For this attachment at least offers a fixed

and more or less immovable area or length, which would permit

of unequal growth in this as compared with neighbouring tracts

of intestine. Further contractions of the omentum during its

growth would obviously tend to emphasise such loops and would

act in the direction of rendering them more permanent. In any

case it is important to notice that where there are no fixed anse

coli, there is at least frequently no secondary attachment of the

omentum to the colon. This is the case for example with

Carnivora, and with Carnivorous Marsupials, with Armadillos,

and Insectivora*. This rule, however, is not universal in its

application; for among the Apes, where there are no definite

anse coli, there is an attachment of the omentum to the colon.

On the other hand, where there are well-defined anse the

omentum is asa rule found to be inserted upon one of the ansz.

The more exact relations in a number of Mammals are as

follows:—Among the Lemurs where there is one colic fold,

whether simple or forming a spiral, the omentum is invariably

attached to the distal limb of the loop or spiral. Among

Rodents I found that in Lagostomus the omentum was attached

along the colon from the beginning of the distal limb of

the ansa paracecalis to the end of the proximal lmb of

the ansa coli dextra. In Hystrix cristata the omentum is

attached along one half of the distal limb of the ansa coli dextra,

the ansa coli sinistra having no such connection. In Sciurus

maximus, however, where the same two anse are present, there

is no such insertion of the omentum. These facts do not appear

to have been dealt with by Tullberg in the Rodents.

The lesser omentum of human anatomists is called by Klaatsch

ligamentum hepatogastro-duodenale. It is the ventral membrane

of the gut. This is universally represented among Mammals.

The posterior continuation of this, however, the ligamentum

hepato-cavoduodenale, is not universal. The cavo-duodenal part

of this has already been referred to in various mammals. The

ventral portion of the membrane, the hepatoduodenale, now

requires some consideration. This is described by Klaatsch in

Echidna, and sought for without finding it in certain Marsupials.

On the other hand, it is stated to be present in various Carnivora,

Rodents, and Lemurs. I found this as a distinct membrane

very plainly to be seen in Ursus syriacus. It is to be noted

that in this Carnivore the caudate lobe of the liver is prolonged

down to the level of the duodenal loop. And thus there was a

possibility, so to speak, of finding the membrane, which indeed

was slight though unmistakable and connected the extremity

* T do not, of course, put forward this non-attachment of the omentum as an

entirely new fact.

+ Klaatsch, Joc. cit. p. 667, fig. 11, would regard the omentum as occupying the

interspace of the loop also. J am not convinced of this.

1908. ] ANTECHINOMYS AND OTHER MARSUPIALS. 575

of the liver-lobe with the hgamentum cavoduodenale. The two

mesenteries were quite continuous. In Hechidna also and other

types in which this membrane exists, the liver descended to the

level of the recurrent duodenal loop, where it was attached by

the hgamentum cavoduodenale. In Hyrax, however, the extreme

end of the liver is distant from the end of the duodenal loop by

a space of fully three inches. There is thus an impossibility of

finding a state of affairs like that described above in Ursus. In

Hyrax the duodenum in the ascending limb courses over the

right kidney, to which it is firmly attached by membrane; the

same kidney is equally attached to the liver by an hepato-renal

ligament. Thus we have a series of membranes connecting

the liver with the ligamentum cavoduodenale. Klaatsch has

regarded this as the equivalent of the entire ligamentum hepato-

cavoduodenale, the arrangement of which with respect to its

several elements will evidently depend upon the relative positions

of the several viscera concerned.

(2) The Permanent Loops of the Colon.—As a rule, with but

few exceptions, the Marsupials possess none of those permanent

loops of the colon which have been termed by Tullberg “ ans

coli,” and by Klaatsch “ flexure coli.” This is evident from the

figures given by Klaatsch and Mitchell and from the descriptions

of others, to some of which I have referred above. Nevertheless,

the group is not absolutely to be characterised thus. I have

found in one example of Didelphys virginiana a distinct perma-

nent loop which was rather wide and lay at a considerable distance

behind the cecum. The specimen in which this occurred was a

male, and in a female of the same species there was no such loop.

I do not connect the variation with sex, but note its presence

as indicative of the commencing formation of these special loops

in the Marsupialia. I also observed something of the same kind

in an individual of Trichosurus vulpecula. Furthermore, in

several species of Macropus* (i.e. M. woodwardi, M. melanops,

and M. hagenbeckt) the colon shortly after it issues from the

cecum and just below the stomach is slightly flexed, and perma-

nently so, into a wavy outline of one or two undulations. This

again is perhaps to be looked upon as a commencement of the

anse coli of more highly differentiated forms.

The permanent loops of the colon have been described in a

great many mammals and by many zoologists. I have, however,

in the course of the past year accumulated a considerable number

of facts in this department of anatomy which partly confirm the

results obtained by others, are partly new (so far as I am aware),

and -in some cases enable me to distinguish between already

published descriptions that do not happen to be in entire

harmony. As to the latter section it must be borne in mind

* Quite possibly in others; but I have no notes on the point except of the species

mentioned above.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1908, No. XX XVII. 37

576 MR. F. E, BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY OF | May 26,

that there is apt to be some variation in these loops, as I point out

more particularly in the case of the Vizcacha (Lagostomus tricho-

dactylus) and the Cape Hyrax (Hyrax capensis). Of the latter

species I have examined an unusually large number of examples,

a fact which naturally gives me some confidence in detailing

the characteristics of the alimentary canal and mesenteries of

this interesting form. My notes reter to the Anthropoidea, the

Lemuroidea, the Hyracoidea, and the Rodentia, which I consider

in the order named.

ANTHROPOIDEA.

Of the Primates I only report upon two or three species,

which happen to be remarkable in various ways. In the Gelada

Baboon (Theropithecus gelada, sometimes called Gelada rueppellr)

the intestinal tract as well as other details in its anatomy have

been described by the late Mr. A. H. Garrod*. In a male

and female dissected by him, the proportions between the

small and large intestines differed greatly. In the male the

colon was 3 of the length of the small intestine, in the female

the proportion was much less, ¢.é., 7%; nearer to 3. The example

dissected by myself was also a female; but the proportions in

length of the two sections of the gut were much nearer equality,

though I have, I regret to say, no exact measurements. The

ascending colon from its very beginning (7. e., opposite to the

entrance of the ileum) and a large portion of the transverse

colon were attached to the great omentum. Moreover, the

greater part of the ascending colon was bound down by a

mesentery to the dorsal parietes. The colon had of course no

fixed loops, which indeed do not occur among the Anthropoidea.

In Semnopithecus melalophus (a species of which the Society

has possessed no previous examples) the small intestine was

thrown into few wide and more or less fixed coils owing to the

shortening of the mesentery. The colon was long, about double

the length relatively of a Cynocephalus porcarius examined for

purposes of comparison on the same day. Its arrangement was

remarkable. The ascending colon and a portion of the transverse

colon were sacculated in the usual way along three bands; and

the greater portion of the descending colon was similar in its

sacculation. Between the two, and corresponding to the greater

part of the transverse colon, was a tract of uniform and small

calibre entirely without sacculations. The omentum was attached

to the mesocolon of the anterior sacculated region of the colon,

but at a considerable distance from the colon.

The cessation followed after an interval by the resumption of

a sacculation in the course of the colon, recalls a quite similar

state of affairs in the colic loop of the Rhinoceros sondaicus,

figured some years ago by Sir Frederick Treves and myself in

that animal. Although the colon has not, as in Theropithecus,

* P.Z.S. 1879, p. 451.

+ Trans. Z.S. vol. xii. pl. xxxiv. figs. 1, 2.

1908. | ANTECHINOMYS AND OTHER MARSUPIALS. 577

a special mesentery not to be confused with the mesocolon, and

attaching it to the parietes of the right side of the body, there

is something of the same kind present. For the cecum of this

Semnopithecus, which is quite blunt at the apex, is fixed by a

membrane to the parietes in the inguinal region on the right

side. This had not the look of a former pathological adherence,

which would, I think, have presented a more irregular appearance.

There were of course no fixed loops in the colon. This special

attachment of the cecum is also found in some other Monkeys.

The general anatomy of the Squirrel Monkey, Chrysothrix

sciureus, has been described by Martin*, who pointed out the

existence of an extremely short colon, which he found to be

only 63 inches in length. I can confirm this and add some

details which bear upon the subject of the present investigation.

The colon, rectum, and short cecum presented almost exactly

the appearance of those viscera in a Viverrid, the large intestine

being slightly curved to the right, and thus showing as in many

Viverrids a rudimentary transverse colon. It is an exaggeration

of the condition observable in Ateles melanochir, where the whole

of the colon is disposed in one bold curve rather more than

semicircular and precisely like that of Armadillos. In Ateles,

in fact, there is a well developed transverse colon, but hardly

an ascending colon. The whole gut appears at first sight to be

suspended on a continuous mesentery, for it can be laid out in

a continuous curve either on the right or left side without

removing it from the body, just as in such types. A closer

imspection, however, shows the presence of a ligamentwm cavo-

duodenale, so that the conditions obtaining in this Monkey are

just like those which have been described above in the Carnivora.

This simplification can hardly be due to reduction in size. For

in the smaller Hapale penicillata the gut cannot be turned over

freely to right or left, and has the normal syphon shape.

LEMUROIDEA.

The ansa coli of the Lemurs offers some particularly interesting

modifications.

The simplest form of colon of those which I have examined

is shown in Microcebus smithti. Of this Lemur the general

anatomy has been described by Martin. The colon shows no

special ansa or anse, but is comparatively short and reaches

the terminal straight portion by a boldly curved tract in which

there are no permanent folds. This arrangement was identical

in two examples of the Lemur which I dissected. This is very

similar to the conditions figured in Cheirogaleus coquereli by

Dr. Mitchell, though I am not quite certain from his description

and figure taken together, whether there is or is not a well defined

colic loop such as occurs in the genus Lemur. Dr. Mitchell

speaks of “a colic loop... . relatively much shorter in Cheiro-

* P.7Z.S. 1833, p. 88. + P.Z.S. 1835, p. 126.

Bre

578 MR. F. E, BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY OF [May 26,

galeus,” but figures a state of affairs like, for instance, Dasypus

where there is no defined colic loop. It would be, as I think,

convenient to restrict the term colic loop to such a defined loop

as occurs in the genus Lemur, to which I shall now refer,

Sir W. Flower has figured the single ansa coli in the genus

Lemur (in L. flavifrons) and Dr. Klaatsch has figured an

identical loop in Hapalemur, and Dr. Mitchell (without referring

to Flower’s figure or to that of Klaatsch) has figured an identical

loop in LZ. mongoz, var. nigrifrons. They are indeed obviously

identical. J can confirm from my own dissections the existence

of this loop in Z. mongoz, which seems to me to correspond to

the ansa coli dextra of Tullbervg, but of which the constituent

limbs were closer together than is figured by Mitchell, agreeing

therefore more closely with the figure of Flower. In L. macaco

Text-fig. 114.

Caecum, colic spiral, &c. of Galago garnetti.

c.d. Ligamentum colico-duodenale, which lies opposite to a ligament binding,

extremity of colic spiral to commencement of colon. O.Omentum. sp. Colic

spiral. The cut ends of the small intestine are joined by dotted lines.

was the same ansa coli. In ZL. albifrons again the same: {but

the two limbs were a little further apart in both of two

examples. Lemur sclateri was the same. The genus Galago

shows an interesting further development of this simple ansa of

Lemur. I have ascertained that this loop has been fieured

previously in Galago crassicaudata by Flower ; but I cannot accept

the figure given by Dr. Mitchell as representing the facts in even

an approximate fashion. I have lately examined two examples of

Galago garnetti (the species described by Dr. Mitchell), and some

1908. | ANTECHINOMYS AND OTHER MARSUPIALS. 579

years ago a single specimen of G. maholi. In all of these the

ansa coli dextra (if I am right in so identifying the loop) is

coiled as is shown in the accompanying figure (text-fig. 114) into

a short spiral exactly like that of certain Rodents and most

if not all Artiodactyles, though much simpler than the spiral

of the vast majority of the latter. This characteristic spiral

arrangement is entirely lost in the figure given by Dr. Mitchell*,

to which I here refer, though accurately represented by

Flower. The matter is of special interest because the same

spiral arrangement of the ansa coli dextra is to be seen in the genus

Nyeticebus of the subfamily Lorisine, as is abundantly shown

in the figures and descriptions of Vrolik ft and Schroder van der

Kolkt, which I am able to confirm by the dissection of two

examples of Vycticebus tardigradus. The resemblance to Galago

is exact. J am disposed to think that Dr. Mitchell’s figure of

the Potto requires revision, in which animal he represents

two adjacent ans coli disposed like those of many Rodents.

Dr. Mitchell has not referred to the papers cited below.

The dissection of an example of /rdris enables me to confirm

the figures of Milne-Edwards§ as to the existence of a colic

spiral in the Indrisine which is more elaborate than in the

other types just dealt with. I may be permitted to point out

another relation between these Lemurs with a spirally twisted

ansa coli|| which has not been insisted upon. In the genera

where this occurs, 7. e., in Galago, Loris, Nycticebus, Indris, and,

I imagine, Perodicticus, the characteristic carpal vibrisse are

absent; they are present in the remaining Lemurs with no

ansa coli or only a simple one. Specialisation of structure has

occurred concurrently in two features of thelr organisation. It

is important to notice that in these Lemurs with a simple or a

spirally twisted ansa coli, the omentum is attached to the loop

or spiral. Furthermore, the opposite side of the spiral is

attached to the cecum, or to the colon just where it leaves the

cecum, by a ligament, and the duodenum is attached to the

colon just opposite to this latter ligament by a colico-duodenal

ligament.

HYRACOIDEAS

I have examined several examples of Hyrax capensis and have

more particularly studied two specimens of which one was

specially favourable for study. This example was not more

* Loe. cit. fig. 41, p. 506.

+ N. Verhandel. Nederlandsche Inst. Amsterdam, vol. x. 1844, p. 75. fe

ft Tijdschr. Natuurk. Gesch. Leiden, viii. 1841, p. 277, pl.v. figs. vi., vil.; and ajoint

paper by these two anatomists in Bijdragen tot de Dierk. i. 1848-1854, p. 29.

Gegenbaur also (Vergl. Anat. Wirbelth. ii. 1901, p. 178) figures the spiral in

Loris gracilis. So also does Klaatsch, though not, as I think, quite accurately

in Nycticebus.

§ Hist. Nat. Phys. et Polit. de Madagascar. :

|| I cannot understand Klaatsch’s statement that “die rechte Colonflexar ist . .

bei Lemur relativ noch miachtiger enttaltet als bei Stenops.”

580 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY OF [May 26,

than half grown, measuring not more than a foot in extreme

length. The alimentary tract of this animal has been described

at considerable length by Dr. Mitchell, but I find myself in

grave disagreement with him, the disagreement extending to

matters of fact as well as to interpretations of the value of

certain structures. JI furthermore deal with certain points

which are not dealt with by Dr. Mitchell.

When the body-wall is cut and the halves reflected, the intestinal

tract is seen to be represented by the large caecum which occupies

the greater portion of the left moiety, and by the paired ceca

and the immediately preceding and succeeding sections of the

colon which occupy the right moiety of the superficial part of

the abdominal cavity thus disclosed. Above, a few coils of the

small intestine are visible, but very few. As Dr. Mitchell has

correctly stated, the duodenal loop is longer than he has re-

presented in his figure *. It extends in the very general fashion

down to about the middle of the lumbar region below the kidneys,

and is there attached by the usual ligamentum cavoduodenale.

This loop of the duodenum shows on the opposite side another

remarkable mesenteric fold. When the single cecum is turned

forwards, it is seen that a mesentery with a free edge directed

forwards runs over the duodenal loop, being attached on the left

to the colon where it emerges from the single cecum, and on the

right to the colon where it passes towards the paired ceca. As

this fold has a free edge, a pocket is formed which appears to

be imperforate at the bottom. I have no facts to offer for the

purposes of a comparison of this mesenteric recess with possibly

similar structures in other mammals. The coils of the small

intestine, with the exception of the duodenal loop, are, as usual,

temporary coils, and the intestine can be straightened bit by

bit as it is passed through the fingers. The ileum opens inte

the single ceecum, the resemblance of which to the cecum of

the Perissodactyles is apparent from the descriptions of others

and from an inspection of this portion of the gut which has been

somewhat confused by Dr. Mitchell’s figure. He represents it as

a bilobed dilatation on the course of ‘‘ Meckel’s Intestine.” Jt is,

in fact, almost a facsimile of the cecum of a Rhinoceros, the chief

difference being that it has a much blunter termination than in the

Perissodactyle. It is moreover sacculated, and the relations to it of

the small and large intestines respectively are exactly as in the

Rhinoceros’ cecum. Moreover, the large intestine which emerges

from it is of greater calibre than the small intestine which enters it.

Finally Dr. Mitchell has taken no account of certain mesenteries

related to this cecum which unquestionably suggest its homology

with the usual unpaired cecum of mammals. That the paired

appendages of the gut which arise further down may be the

equivalents of the Edentate paired cecum is quite possible. But

if so, it is only in my opinion further evidence that the latter are

not the equivalents of the usual unpaired cecum of other

* Trans. Z. S. 1905, xvii. p. 461, fig. 14.

1908. ] ANTECHINOMYS AND OTHER MARSUPIALS. 581

mammals. The paired ceca of Hyrax have no mesenteries of any

kind attached to them. They hang perfectly free of peritoneum

folds into the body-cavity. I do not think that any true unpaired

cecum, even the small one of the Carnivora, is thus free of

mesentery.

The only other Mammals known to me in which the cecum

or ceca are thus entirely free of peritoneal folds, are the American

Edentates. On the other hand, the unpaired cecum of Hyrax

has peritoneal folds connected with it. These are not mentioned

by Dr. Mitchell, and they have a very important bearing upon the

nature of the unpaired cecum of Hyrax. It will be seen from the

accompanying figure (text-fig. 115, p. 582), which may be com-

pared with that given by Dr. Mitchell to which reference has

already been made, that the colon where it leaves the cecum is

bent sharply upon itself, and then forms a more or less L-shaped

curve. The whole of this part of the colon is attached to the

cecum by a mesentery which runs to the very tip of the cecum.

When the cecum is examined more closely, the czeco-colic igament

is seen to arise from the cecum along a straight line distant from,

but continuing the line of, the ileum where it enters the cecum.

This fixed loop of the colon is surely to be compared to the single

colic loop of the Perissodactyles, where indeed, as I myself * and

others have pointed out, the same ligament occurs but is much

shorter. The slightly twisted commencement of this ansa para-

cecalis, as I interpret it, is reminiscent of that of many Artio-

dactyles and Rodents (e. g. Arvicanthis: for which see below,

p. 589), but the length of the entire ansa is obviously more like

that of the Perissodactyles. This marked loop is not figured by

Dr. Mitchell, who only represents an alteration in the direction

of the “small intestine ” (as he regards it) where it leaves the

unpaired cecum. There is no mention in the text of any such

ansa coli; the author to whom I am referring contenting himself

with remarking that “the hind gut is subdivided into a distinct

colic loop (C.L.) and a long straight rectum.” The “loop” in

question is not comparable to the ansa coli described by myselt

in this paper, and by others. It is merely the wavy transverse

colon in which there are asaruleno anseatall. It is regrettable

that Dr. Mitchell has used indifferently the same term (‘colic

loop”) for the fixed ansz coli which are permanent structures,

and for alterations in the direction of the gut. The colon of

Hyraa in fact, after leaving the ansa paracecalis referred to, has

no further anse coli. It has an irregularly looped course owing

to its great length, and passes upwards giving off the paired czeca

in an ascending colon, then runs across the body-cavity as the

transverse colon, and descends in a series of wavy convolutions

as the descending colon into the rectum. As is the case in all

of the more specialised Mammalia, the omentum is attached

to the transverse colon. And the mode of its attachment is

* “The Anatomy of the American Tapir,” P. Z.S. 1889, p. 254.

582 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY OF | May 26,

very interesting. The colon where it leaves the region of the

two paired ceca is attached to the stomach by a fold of the

omentum. After this follows a section of the colon to which

there is no such omental attachment, and again at the com-

mencement of the descending colon the omentum is for a second

time inserted upon it. This arrangement of the omental

Text-fig. 115.

Al:mentary tract of Hyrax capensis.

Ce. Cxcum. C. Region of colon in which fixed loops occasionally occur. e.d.

Ligamentum colico-duodenale. 7. Ligament uniting cecum and commencement

of colon. O.Omentum. p.a. Ansa paracecalis.

attachments is precisely like that of Orycteropus as I have

described on p, 573. And, as I point out in describing this

feature in Orycteropus, there is a likeness with the fcetal condition

im man. There is furthermore, as the figure cited shows, a

well-marked colico-duodenal ligament attaching the duodenum

1908. | ANTECHINOMYS AND OTHER MARSUPIALS. 583

immediately after it has left the stomach to the colon opposite

to the attachment of the first part of the omentum. It may be

that the attachments respectively to the colon immediately after

it has left the paired ceca, is an argument in favour of regarding

those ceca as the equivalents of the unpaired ceca in other forms.

For in Rodents the attachments of the membranes in question

are sometimes to the colon immediately after it has emerged

from the cecum in those animals, and the same relations are to be

found in Lemurs. But against this resemblance may be placed

the facts of the attachment of the membranes in question in

Dasyprocta. In that Rodent, as I point out, the omentum and

the duodenum are inserted upon the ansa coli, which hes at

a considerable distance from the point of emergence of the colon

from the cecum. The evidence therefore cannot be regarded

as very strong. Whereas the evidence already dealt with against

the identification is very strong.

It will be clear from the foregoing that Dr. Mitchell’s statement

that “the hind gut divided into a simple colon and rectum merely

conforms to the fundamental mammalian plan” is not correct.

Nor can I agree with him in the further observation that “ the

general pattern of the intestinal tract in Hyrax, however, sug-

gests no affinity with the patterns exhibited by Rodents and

Ungulates.” It appears to me to resemble both. But this is

of course a matter of opinion. It is not without importance to

observe that Hyrax shows some variation in certain of the

features described above. Since writing the account which I

have just given of this Ungulate I have dissected three other

specimens, all of small size like that from which the above

account has been practically entirely drawn. In one of them,

the colon at the end of the transverse section at the further

attachment of the omentum is fixed into a short ansa coli which

is not very narrow, 7. e., the two limbs are not closely approxi-

mated. This corresponds in position to the splenic flexure of

human anatomy, and is very like the ansa coli sinistra of Zamias

striata described under my account of the anse coli of Rodents.

The two other specimens did not show this specialised loop.

Furthermore, the mesocoion undergoes some variations in its

region of attachment to the dorsal parietes. I did not observe

the exact arrangement in the first example dissected. But in

the three now under consideration there were three different

modes of attachment, thus clearly showing a great variation.

In the individual just referred to, this mesentery was attached

altogether outside of the left kidney. In a second individual, the

left kidney lay for the greater part to the left of, z. e. outside of, the

mesocolon, but the attachment of the latter was in part to the

kidney and cut off an angle of that viscus anteriorly and to the

right. In the third example, the line of attachment of the meso-

colon divided the kidney into two longitudinal areas, of which

the inner lay within the mesocolon area and the outer lay outside

of the mesocolon. The pocket of peritoneum referred to was

584 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY OF [May 26,

present in at least two of the subsequently dissected examples

of Hyrax capensis, but the actual excavation to form a pocket

was hardly at all marked. I may further remark that the

cavoduodenal ligament ended some little way in front of the

posterior angle of the duodenum*. In all the other points

treated of in the above description of the intestinal tract of

Hyrax, 1 found these three examples precisely like those

originally dissected. It will be observed that my account sub-

stantially bears out that of George f, though adding some details.

RODENTIA.

As I have dissected a considerable number of Rodents with

a view to the accurate mapping of their intestinal resemblances

and differences, I may be permitted the following remarks,

which, however, contain observations that are partly in accord

with those stated at first hand, or as a result of agreement with

others, by Tullberg. ;

Among the Sciuroidea I have examined the following species,

viz.: Cynomys ludovicianus, Tamias striatus, Sciurus maximus,

Sciurus macrurus, and Sciurus cinereus (text-fig. 116), of which

the second has been also examined by Tullberg as well as

the Common Squirrel and some genera which I have not

seen. Tullberg has not described or figured the ansze coli of

Oynomys. They are typically like those of other Squirrels.

That is, there are two permanent loops, of which the first

is very much the longer. In Zamias striata I find conditions

rather different from those described and figured by Tullberg.

He describes “nur ein rechte parallelschlinge,” but figures two

such loops of which the first, 7. e. that nearest to the cecum,

is the shorter, though both are not so marked as in his

figure of Sciwrus vulgaris. I find in an example of this species

two loops, the usual arrangement in Squirrels. Of these the

first, that nearest to the cecum, is of considerable length;

and the second is much shorter and also much wider, its

constituent tracts of colon being further away from each

other than is the case with the anterior ansa coli. Apart

from the shortness of both ansz, especially the second, the

colic loops of this Squirrel are like those of Sciurus maximus,

where there are two; the longer of these next to the cecum is

actually six inches in length, with the two lengths of intestine

closely approximated; the second loop is very much shorter but

much wider; thereafter the rectum is nearly straight. In

Sciurus macrurus the arrangement is nearly identical, but the

shorter loop is composed of more closely approximated limbs ;

so too with Sewwrus tennanti (W. A. Forbes MS.). In Sciwrus

* This state of affairs would seem to be impossible until it is recollected that

the ascending limb is tightly fastened down to the right kidney as it passes over

the viscus. (See above, p. 580.)

+ Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) i. 1874.

1908. | ANTECHINOMYS AND OTHER MARSUPIALS. 585

vulgaris Tullberg shows a somewhat different state of affairs;

there are two well developed and narrow loops close together

which are, however, of nearly the same length. This agrees

with a figure given by Mitchell of Xerws capensis, and by

Gegenbaur of Cynomys ludovicianus*, and W. A. Forbes (M8.)

of Arctomys marmotta.

Text-fig. 116.

Part of alimentary tract of Sciwrus cinereus.

a.c.d, Ansa coli dextra. a.c.s. Ansa coli sinistra. Co. Cecum. O. Omentum.

One of the Hystricomorph Rodents not figured by ‘Tullberg

is the Vizcacha, Lagostomus trichodactylus. It is stated,

however, to resemble Chinchilla in possessing an ansa coli deatra

and an ansa paracecalis, which however is more free from

the cecum than in Chinchilla.

In the two examples which ! have dissected there are

differences from each other, but I am not clear how far—if at

all—either of them differs from the example described by

Tullberg. In the one, a female, the ansa paracecalis was a very

short, but rather wide loop, totally unlike that figured by

Tullberg for Chinchilla. The ansa coli dextra was long and

* Verel, Anat. d. Wirbelthiere.

586 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY OF [May 26,

narrow, and beyond the colon and rectum lay in loosely coiled

folds which could of course be straightened out. In the other

example, a male, the ansa paracecalis was very large and wide

and commenced immediately after the ceecum, ending only with

the commencement of the ansa coli dextra; the latter was long

and narrow as usual, and the rest of the colon, instead of being

gathered into temporary folds in a comparatively limited space,

ranged, so to speak, throughout the entire colon in a series of

broad loops.

Text-fig. 117.

Part of alimentary tract of Aulacodus.

ed. Ligamentum colico-duodepale. O, O'. Omentum.

Aulacodus swindernianus is one of the types of Hystricomorphs

not dealt with by Tullberg as regards the points under discussion.

I may therefore record the results of a dissection of two examples

of this Rodent. Immediately after the cecum there is a single

enormous loop measuring quite a foot long, which is followed

by a nearly straight colon and rectum. IT am = uncertain

whether this fold is to be looked upon as the paracecalis or

one of the anse coli, dextra or sinistra. Garrod does not seem to

have mentioned it in his account of the viscera of this animal *.

_ I figure this loop of dwlacodus (text-fig. 117) since it differs

in various details from that of any other Rodent known to me.

It will be observed that the two limbs of the loop running

parallel to each other and at no great distance are fringed on

* P Z.S, 1873, p. 786.

1908. | ANTECHINOMYS AND OTHER MARSUPIALS. 587

both sides by a membrane with a free edge. On the one side,

the membrane has a clearly marked perfectly straight edge, and

traced up to the beginning of the loop this is seen to be

continuous with the great omentum. The omentum is thus

attached to the whole of the ansa coli. On the other side is an

equally free fold of membrane, but here the membrane has not

a clear cut edge. It ends raggedly and unequally as is shown

in the figure. I should say that the figure is made without

any cutting of the membranes, which preserve the condition

they showed while the gut lay undisturbed within the abdominal

cavity. I take it that the ragged edge is really the actual free

edge of the omentum, which does not therefore actually end upon

the ansa coli but is continued beyond it.

Text-fig. 118.

Part of alimentary tract of Hydrocherus capybara.

a.c.d. Ansi coli dextra. Cc. Caecum, cut through at about the middle of its

course. O. Omentum. S¢. Stomach.

Although Grant* and Martin? as well as Tullberg have

described the gut of the Paca, Cologenys paca, I think it worth

* Trans. Wern. Soc. loc. cit. + P.Z.S. 1888, p. 54.

588 MR. F, E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY OF [May 26,

while to record my own notes as a contribution towards possible

variations in the nature of the spirally coiled ansa paraczcalis.

The example which I dissected was coiled in a rather compli-

cated fashion. There are altogether eight limbs in the spiral,

and the figure given by Tullberg appears to me to represent rather

fewer. That is to say, the loop originally a straight loop has

been folded upon itself five times as will be seen from the

number of “ limbs.”

Text-fig. 119.

Part of alimentary canal of Dasyprocta punctata.

a.p. Ansa paracecalis. a.c.d. Ansa coli dextra. c.d. Colico-duodenal ligament.

With reference to this characteristic Hystricomorph spiral,

I may mention that in Hydrocherus it is apparently a late

growth. I have dissected two examples of about half the full

size to which the animal attains, and in both of them there

was no complete spiral but merely a loop with a slight twist

upon itself at the distal extremity (see text-fig. 118, p. 587).

Dasyprocta aguti possesses, according to Tullberg, a limited

spiral. I found the same state of affairs in a newly born spe-

cimen, where the spiral was only twisted upon itself once, the

1908. | ANTECHINOMYS AND OTHER MARSUPIALS. 589

condition being therefore much as in the half-grown Hydrocherus

just referred to.

Tullberg’s figure of the Agouti is not quite so satisfactory as

are the majority of his figures. It is so small that various details

are left out. I therefore venture to supplement him by another

figure of an allied species Dasyprocta punctata (text-fig. 119). In

this specimen the colic loop is, as shown, rather larger than in

D. aguti. It is precisely as in the Lemurs G'alago and NVycticebus

(see p. 578). The first part of the colon, as correctly shown by

Tullberg, runs parallel with and very close to the cecum, to which

it is attached by a mesentery. There is a kind of attempt—so to

speak—at its origin of an ansa paracecalis like that of the Murines.

The duodenum is attached both to the colic spiral and to the

commencement of the cecum, which bends back upon itself at

its free end as shown in the figure. The great omentum is

attached to the colon where it emerges from the spiral and also

to the contiguous part of the spiral itself. It is not, however,

attached to the whole left border of the spiral as in the Lemurs

mentioned. I should mention that the ceeco-colic ligament is

attached along one of the two muscular bands upon the cecum,

the other being on the opposite side.

The small Barbary Mouse, dArvicanthis pumilio, has the

simplest colon of any Rodent which I have had the opportunity

of examining *, and the conditions characterising this genus have

net been dealt with by Tullberg. The colon itself is relatively

short and thrown into no temporary folds. The cecum lies on

the right side of the body rather low down, and the colon ascends,

shows a transverse region, and then forms the descending colon.

There is only one ansa coli present, and that is just where the

colon emerges from the cecum. It is there twisted into a short

spiral. This ansa paracecalis is in principle like that of other

Rodents suchas Cricetus. But it is the only loop present in Arvi-

canthis. It is noticeable that it has the characteristically Murine

form. I could find no trace, at the angles formed by the bending

of the colon, between the transverse and descending regions,

of even so rudimentary a persistent loop as there is in Cricetus.

Tullberg has described various points in the anatomy of the two

species of Otomys, viz. O. wnisulcatus and O. bisulcatus, but has

not dealt with the gut except to give the proportions of the

several regions in the latter of those two species. Having had the

opportunity of dissecting O. irroratus, I am able to fill in that

lacuna in our knowledge of the Rodentia. In this Rodent we

find almost exactly the same characters as in Jus. That is, there

is only one colic loop and that is situated just at the commence-

ment of the colon where it emerges from the cecum. This ansa

coli is doubled upon itself once, and this forms an “ N ” which is

bound down to the cecum. There are no other anse along the

course of the colon. The great omentum seems to be not present

* Mus rattus is equally simple, and like MW. decumanus figured by Mitchell—with

perhaps even a less marked ansa coli. :

590 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY OF [May 26,

at all as a free fold or as attached to the colon. This is an

exaggeration of the characters to which Klaatsch has called

attention in Jus and Myorus. The splenic omentum (ligamentum

recto-lienale) is attached to the colon direct as in Jus, and not to

the mesorectum as is often the case in Mammals.

Although the loops of the colon in the Beaver have been figured

by Tullberg, I do not find myself entirely in agreement with that

figure. My own observations refer to the parts of the intestine

to be dealt with as seen from the ventral surface—the surface

exposed on dissection. I gather that the same view has been

taken by Dr. Tullberg, since he represents the rectum as lying

dorsally to those folds. If this be the case, the Beaver is another

example of a Rodent showing some variation from specimen to

specimen as is shown in the Vizcacha. The colon where it leaves

the ceecum bends to the left and runs forward in close proximity

to itself, being bound here bya mesentery. It then curves round

and passes back again parallel to the beginning of the cecum and

large intestine, but on the opposite, 7. e. the right, side, being here

also attached closely to the gut in question by mesentery. The

tube then bends upon itself and runs again parallel to itself for

a little distance, being still attached by mesentery. The colon

diverges to the right and forms the first of two ansz coli like

those of Sciwrus &c. The first of these is attached by its left-

hand limb to the ascending portion of the colon. This loop is

slightly twisted to the left, and is indeed a rudimentary spiral

like that of the Capybara &c. Immediately after the end of this

loop the colon is modified into a similar loop of about equal length.

Thereafter the colon runs in a broad curve to the rectum. It

will be observed that the direction of the colon according to my

observations is at first 1m the opposite direction as described by

Tullberg.

The duodenum has varied attachments to the neighbouring

regions of the colon and to the parietes, the latter of which I am

not able to describe accurately. It is, however, important to note

that the duodenum follows the curve of the first ansa coli and is

attached to it by mesentery; there is also the usual ligamentum

cavoduodenale.

(3) Coils of Small Intestine—As a general rule the festooned

coils of the small intestine are not at all permanent coils; the

intestine can be passed through the fingers ina perfectly straight

line without tearing or in any way distorting the mesenteron.

At the same time of course the entire gut cannot be laid out in a

circle or a portion of a circle owing to the shortness of its sup-

porting mesentery. One portion can thus be freed from the rest,

which in correspondence become closer and denser elsewhere.

There are, however, exceptions to this general rule which I have

observed among the Marsupials. In a specimen of Pseaudochirus

peregrinus it was impossible to straighten out the coils of the

small intestine which were quite fixed. This characteristic,

1908. ] ANTECHINOMYS AND OTHER MARSUPIALS. 591

however, appears to be individual and not to pertain to the

species or genus; for in another example the small intestine

was “normal.” In another Marsupial, “Zpyprymnus rufescens,

the small intestine, considerably shorter than that of Pseuwdochirus,

was also thrown into permanent coils. Here, however, I can only

report upon a single individual.

Among a considerable number of lower Mammals whose alimen-

tary tracts I have recently studied, only Dasypus vellerosus (of

which I have dissected a single example only) shows the same

fixation of the numerous coils of the small intestine.

It is evident that this phenomenon is not a common one among

the Mammalia, and it is at present doubtful how far it is charac-

teristic, in the rare cases where it does occur, of a given species or

genus.

General Considerations.

From the foregoing considerations it is clear that we can trace

a number of stages of evolution of the intestinal part of the

alimentary tract in the various groups of Mammalia which are

not shown in their complete entirety in any one group.

Text-fig. 120.

\\ \

A, Diagram of primitive Mammalian gut, Stage I—B, Stage II.

Ce. Cecum. Cav. Lig. cavoduodenale. m. Dorsal mesentery.

In Stage J. the intestine is suspended upon a continuous

mesentery and is not rotated upon itself to form the primary loop.

Proc. Zoou, Soc.—1908, No. XX XVIII. 38

592 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY OF [May 26,

This is met with as an exception in the Marsupialia (e. g.

Antechinomys); in the two Edentate American Anteaters,

Myrmecophaga jubata and Tamandua tetradactyla ; in Centetes

(occasionally), at any rate, as representing the Insectivora ;

in the Elephant, so far as can be gathered from Flower’s

description *, as representative of the Ungulates. In the Odon-

toceti (vide Max Weber 7) this arrangement of the intestine

would appear to be the rule; but not in other Whales. Tarsius

is the only Lemurine Mammal known to form an intestine slung

upon a continuous mesentery <. i

In Stage J/. we have an intestine showing only the single

rotation upon itself without any further specialisation, so far as

concerns the gut. The suspensory mesentery, however, has.

Vext-fig. 121.

Diagram of Mammalian gut, Stage II.

Lettering as in text-fig. 120.

naturally divided into two, the additional one being what Klaatsch

terms the “ligamentum cavo-(or recto-)duodenale.” We find

this state of affairs in Marsupials (e. g. Didelphys, Macropus), in

Edentates (e. g. Dasypus, Orycteropus), in Carnivora (2? without

exception), in Lemurs (e. g. Microcebus),in Primates (? without

* Med. Times & Gazette, loc. cit.

+ DieSiugethiere. See for a particular instance (Porpoise) Hepburn & Waterston,

Trans. R. Soc. Hd. xl. pt. 11. 1902.

{£ Klaatsch, loc. cit.

1908. ] ANTECHINOMYS AND OTHER MARSUPIALS. 593

exception *), A slight modification of this stage is seen in many

Carnivora and in the Primate Chrysothrix, where the intestine

can be laid out flat without tearing the mesenteries ; this is

achieved by the reduction of the hgamentum cavoduodenale, and

it is possible that the entire disappearance of this mesentery may

account for such cases as Centetes, which therefore show an unreal

primitiveness due to a reversion by degeneration.

This stage may be subdivided into two; of which one,

Stage IT. A, will include those formsin which the intestine is merely

folded over once without further specialisation, and will include

some Marsupials (e. g. Didelphys, Hypsiprymnus), Edentates (e. g.

Dasypus), Carnivora (? all genera), Lemurs (e. g. Wicrocebus) ; and

Stage IT. B, which will be characterised by the further specialisation

caused by the attachment to the colon of the omentum :' this

second group will contain many Marsupials (e. g. Macropus),

Edentata (Orycteropus), Primates (division of Anthropoidea

without exception).

Text-fig. 122.

Ply

Coe. ; =

Diagram of Mammalian gut, Stage IT. A.

O. Omentuz. Si. Small intestine. Other letters as in text-fig. 120.

In Stage I77. the essential difference from the two earlier

stages is the formation of fixed permanent loops of the colon,

termed ansc coli. Combined with this is always an intestine

* Kilaatsch’s figure (Joc. cit. fig. 12, p. 671) of the young Hapale with an ansa coli

absent in the adult (fig. 13, p. 672) suggests the possibility of the Primate simplicity

being due to reversion.

38%

594 MR. F, E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY OF [May 26,

with the usual rotation of Stage II., and there is also invariably

a connection of the omentum with the colon, and furthermore,

always a secondary connection of the duodenum with the colon at

its commencement. This stage is represented by Lemurs (the

majority), all of the Hyracoidea, Perissodactyla * and Artio-

dactyla T, and, finally, Rodents.

Text-fig. 123.

YH yy / | mT Was AWN O

GAMA Maa Tis K

20.2. NN

a.C.8.

Diagram of Mammalian intestine, Stage ILI.

a.c.d. Ansa coli dextra. a.c.s. Ansa coli sinistra. a.p. Ansa paraczcalis.

e.d, Colico-duodenal ligament. Other letters as in text-fig. 120.

This Stage is hardly divisible into different grades. There are,

it is true, simpler forms and more complexly convoluted colons.

It might perhaps be permissible to place at the base of the series

the Perissodactyla and Hyracoidea where there is but one ansa

coli, and that apparently the ansa paracecalis of other types. If

Klaatsch be right in regarding the coil of Ruminants and Swine

as an ansa paraceecalis, this group would be added. In this case

we arrive at the interesting conclusion that the colic spiral is not

strictly homologous through those groups which show it. For in

the Lemurs it cannot be doubted that the spiral is the ansa coli

dextra. It is only the Rodentia which show the maximum of

coiling of the colon, and in the more differentiated genera of that

order (e. g. Castor) there are three anse coli, though not more,

* T have not dealt above in detail with the single simple ansa coli of Horses, Tapir,

and Rhinoceroses, since it has been so often described.

+ See especially Lonnberg, Acta Ac. Upsala, 1903, K. Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1901, and

some other memoirs.

1908. ] ANTECHINOMYS AND OTHER MARSUPIALS. 595

But other genera, e. g. Mus and Arvicanthis, with one ansa

paracecalis, and Sciwrus with two anse, dextra and sinistra, and

Aulacodus with only the ansa coli dextra, render it impossible to

make hard and fast lines of division.

It will be noticed from the above account of the several stages

seen in the Mammalian gut, that the Lemurs are the only group

in which every stage but one is to be seen in a well-marked fashion.

This fact of itself is enough to negative any accurate classificatory

results to be deduced from the series of facts brought together in

the present communication, though I offer later (p. 596) some

observations upon the affinities of different groups as judged by

the varied modifications of the intestinal canal.

Furthermore, it will be gathered from what has been brought

forward in the present communication that the Marsupials,

although their intestinal tract shows in a well-developed fashion

only two stages, show indications as it were of the third stage.

Occasionally an ansa coli exists, while secondary connections

between the duodenum and commencement of the colon are found

in Trichosurus. Arising, as is now believed, from some early

Kutherian type, the Marsupials seem to have retained the poten-

tialities of intestinal development exhibited in the later Eutheria.

It is important moreover to note that the attachment of the

omentum to the colon in Trichosurus is to the extreme right of

the latter ; for it is on this side that the attachment commences

in Man (Johannes Miiller quoted by Klaatsch).

Simplification of structure does not always imply an archaic posi-

tion with reference to allied forms which show a less simple anatomy.

It has been again and again pointed out that size is an element

which is not to be left out of consideration in weighing such

apparently archaic structural conditions. For example, the smooth

brain of many small mammals is not to be interpreted as evidence

of the lowly position in the series of such smooth-brained types.

On the other hand, the simple organisation of a Naiid Oligochete

as compared with that of a large earthworm, may be at least

partly interpreted as simplicity not altogether due to reduced

size. It is important therefore to note that the simple intestine

of Antechinomys slung upon a single continuous mesentery is not

a feature confined only to such small mammals. In comparing

this form with Arvicanthis, which is even smaller, we find in the

latter the usual rotated intestine with even a fixed colic loop.

And other examples will be apparent from the foregoing pages as

well as from previous writings on the subject. Atthe same time it

is not to be forgotten that other instances may be due to simpli-

fication, and to belong therefore to a different category though

apparently quite similar. :

Although it is true that the specialised loops of the colon are

often associated with a colon of great length, there-is as 1t would

appear no necessary connection between length and complexity,

or even occurrence, of these special loops. The existence of such

coils is in fact a character of given orders of mammals. Amony

596 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY OF [ May 26,

those orders where they occur, that is to say the Rodentia,

Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, Hyracoidea, and Lemurs, there is no

relation between complexity of coils and length of gut. The

small Rodent Arvicanthis has a short colon not longer than that

of many mammals of other groups without any trace of coils.

And yet it possesses one ansa, the postcecalis. The existence of

three ansze in the Beaver does not argue a longer colon than in

the Agouti, where there is only one ansa, the ansa coli dextra.

The complex spiral of Zndris is not associated with a markedly

longer colon than that which bears the one loop of the genus

Hyrax. \t is therefore clear that we must seek for the origin of

these fixed loops of the colon in some other way than need for

packing away a large tract of gut in a limited space. And it has

been already suggested that this may be found in the attachment

of the omentum.

Value of Intestinal modifications in Classification.

Apart from certain facts given by Weber and others as dis-

tinctive of various groups of Mammals, Dr. Mitchell seems to be

the only person who has attempted to discuss in detail the’

classificatory results to be obtained from a consideration of the

varying characters of the intestinal tract. In a preliminary

criticism of resemblances—an attempt to differentiate those upon

which weight should be laid from those which cannot be admitted

as of classificatory importance, this author has committed himself

to a statement that will not receive the agreement of zoologists.

“« Likenesses ” he writes (on p. 528) “ which are due to the common

possession of primitive features cannot be regarded as evidence

of near relationship; that certain members of a group have

retained what was once the property of all the members of that

group can be no reason for placing such creatures close together

in a system if that system is to be based on blood-relationship.”

It is, I imagine, by absolutely universal consent that Hehidna

and Ornithorhynchus ave placed together in one order, Mono-

tremata, and mainly by virtue of the facts that in both there

is a large coracoid and a generally “ primitive ” shoulder-girdle :

that in both the egg is large-yolked and meroblastic with a

follicle of at most two layers of cells: that in both the anterior

abdominal vein is either present or indicated by a large ventral

mesentery: that in both the heart valve of the right auriculo-

ventricular ostium has retained the partly muscular structure of

that of lower types; and by other features all of which are

prinitive.

One can of course accede to Dr. Mitchell’s assertion that the loss

of a particular character in two groups is no reason for placing them

in proximity, and that a new structural acquisition is evidence of

relationship in proportion to the anatomical complexity of that

structure ; this latter is a perfectly correct restatement of Sir E.

Ray Lankester’s use of the Molluscan Odontophore as a test for

1908. | ANTECHINOMYS AND OTHER MARSUPIALS, 597

the inclusion of a particular type in that phylum. Dr. Mitchell’s

sketch of the “ archecentric ” condition of the mammalian gut

agrees absolutely with the figures given in any text-book of

Human Anatomy * of the early human gut, and any mammalian

gut.

There is in fact no doubt whatever that the primitive

Mammalian gut was in all essentials a gut like that of the Reptilia,

i. e., a tube of no great length, and therefore with but few

convolutions suspended by a contmmuous mesentery and with no

permanent folds of any part. I leave undecided whether a cecum

or ceca are necessary adjuncts of this archetypal intestine, or

whether they or it should lie about halfway down the intestinal

tube.

Greater or less length is clearly of no importance inasmuch as

that feature has been shown to vary in individuals (see above

p. 585). Viewing the matter from this point of vantage, we ought

to regard as most primitive in position any groups or group in

which the alimentary tract has retained this Reptilian character

throughout ; which in fact are so far not one generation removed

from the entire group of Lacertilia (including Hatteria), where no

other conditions are, so far as anatomical investigation has gone,

to be found.

So far as I can say from my own knowledge and from reliable

statements published upon the matter, the only groups in which

this primitive gut exists obviously are the Polyprotodontia

(excluding the American forms), the Xenarthra (excluding

Armadillos), the Proboscidea, the Odontoceti, and the Insectivora.

But with regard to the latter the case of Centetes described above

rather suggests a reversion. The Lemurs can hardly be added,

since Zarsius is the only form which shows this straight

mesentery unfolded anywhere; and as that genus is so minute in

size the feature may be the result of degeneration.

Why Dr. Mitchell should remove from such an assemblage T

the Insectivora, Proboscidea, and Odontoceti, and add to it the

Tubulidentata and Diprotodont Marsupials, is not altogether

easy to understand. His arrangement appears to me to be

so far purely capricious, and to be based upon no facts. More-

over, I would point out that very nearly all zoologists would agree

in regarding the groups which I have thus placed in juxtaposition

as being ancient groups.

Dr. Mitchell, however, appears to me to be perfectly right in

asserting that the Carnivora have not moved far from the common

centre; though why this statement should be qualified by the

suggestion that the reduction of the hind gut is a specialisation

is notso apparent. As Dr. Loénnberg has well pointed out in the

case of certain Marsupials ¢ (and others have pointed out im other

* Of. e.g. D. J. Cunningham’s Text-book. ee

+ According to him the “ancestral group” contains Marsupialia, Xenarthyra,

Tubulidentata, and Galeopithecide. -477 Marsupials, I presume, are included.

ft P. Z. S. 1902, vol. i. p. 12.

598 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY OF [May 26,

groups), there is a close association between the relative lengths of

the regions of the gut and the food, a relation which is by no

means ignored by Mitchell, though he does not quote any previous

memoirs in discussing this matter.

Surely the American monkey Chrysothrix (see above p. 577),

with a very short straight intestine, cannot be considered to

differ importantly by this character from e. g. Hapale with the

usual three-sided Primate large intestinal loop. On the eontrary,

T should be disposed to assert that the short colon of the Carnivora,

persisting as it does through the whole order, differing as they do

widely in their food, is rather evidence of an ancient state of

affairs.

Moreover, a glance at the earliest Mammalia known would seem

to suggest that a carnivorous, insectivorous, or at most omnivorous

way of life was the primitive mammalian mode of life, a view

which is strengthened by reflections upon the origin of the group,

whether from Reptilian or Amphibian like forms. Otherwise it

might be pointed out that on the whole the simple form of gut

was associated with a shortness of gut associated in its turn

with a carnivorous habit. The Elephant however (if I rightly

interpret the investigations and statements of others) seems to

possess a simple gut supported upon a continuous mesentery.

This, however, is by no means saying the same thing as to

assert that the five groups mentioned are to be combined into a

superorder and contrasted with the remaining Mammalia which

stand in various relations to them. On the contrary, it appears

to be totally impossible to classify the mammals by the form of

their intestine, the chief reason for this being that so many

grades are seen in the same group. On the other hand, it may be

confidently said that the Ungulates and Rodents are some way

removed from the base of the mammalian series; for in none of

them are primitive conditions to be seen. These have, it would

appear, become entirely lost.

It is particularly noteworthy that the Anthropoidea (under-

standing by this term the “ apes” and “ monkeys ”), as contrasted

with the Lemuroidea, exhibit primitive characters *, though not so

primitive as the five groups with which we commenced this survey.

There are no fixed loops to the colon,and there are the same

fluctuations in the relative lengths of the small and large intestine

that we find in e. g. the Marsupials. But special mesenteric

connections render complex the coils of the gut, though not so

numerous as we meet with in Rodents. On the other hand, the

Lemurs present us with no particular likeness to the other

Primates. The path pursued by these animals is really much the

same as that pursued by the Rodents and the Ungulates. But

this does not in my opinion imply affinity; it means no- more

than that there is a definite line of increasing complexity of the

gut which is followed in all.

Tn fact, on the whole a study of the intestinal coils of Mammalia

Cf. however Klaatsch, p. 671, fig. 12 for “lemurine” stage in young Hapale.

1908. ]

“eqgoprpoyd ‘eproyyidosrey ‘exegdoaryy ‘erueatg “ztA

YVULIOFUL UTY}.1e9 OU PU Uvo T YoIyM surutedUCD sdnozs aso} 4IUIO T

“TLOT

ANTECHINOMYS AND OTHER

MARSUPIALS. 599

seeercece TIL ase4a

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- Marsvuprania.

| cal

XENARTHRA.

| PROBOSCIDEA.

_CETACEA.

LEMUROIDEA.

INSECTIVORA.

MonovrREMATA.

| CARNIVORA.

| |

| TUBULIDENTATA. |

| ANTHROPOIDEA.

-HyYRAcorpra.

RoDENTIA.

UNGULATA,

600 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY OF | May 26,

seems to lend support to the view that existing mammals have

radiated out separately in many directions from a common stem,

and that no two groups are very markedly nearer to each other

than any others.

This view is in accord with certain opinions expressed by

Prof. Osborn. The relative positions of the various groups

(excluding those of which I have not sutticient knowledge derived

from memoirs or from my own observations) can be expressed in

some such diagram (p. 599) as that which accompanies these

remarks. The stages referred to are described on a previous page.

IV. Note on the Heistence of a Suprarenal Portal

System in Marsupials.

Although it is possibly true that physiologically there is no

renal portal or suprarenal portal system *, it is plain that among

Reptiles, as contrasted with Mammals, there are veins entering the

kidneys and the suprarenal bodies from the parietes and hind

limbs forming afferent veins to those glands, and thus contrasting

with efferent veins which convey the blood from the glands in

question directly to the postcaval system. Whether the capillaries

intervening between the afferent and efferent veins are real

capillaries or sinusoids does not affect the anatomical facts just

stated, though naturally of great embryological and physiological

importance. Neither does my own suggestion t that the supra-

renal portal system is really due to the disappearance of that

section of the postcardinal vein which runs over or near to that

organ on each side and the consequent opening of its (the post-

cardinal vein’s) affluents into the substance of the gland. It is

still a fact that among Reptiles the suprarenal organs send a vein

or veins to the postcaval and receive a vein or veins from the

adjacent parietes. And this feature, whatever may be its physio-

logical importance or want of importance, is an anatomical feature

in which the lower Vertebrata differ from the Mammalia.

This being the case, attention is directed to the accompanying

drawing (text-fig. 124, B) which represents the veins in the

immediate neighbourhood of the kidneys of an example of the

Marsupial Dasyurus mauger. It willbe seen that the suprarenal

body of the left side of the body lies anteriorly to the left renal

vein and not in contact with it. The vein from this body opens

directly into the postcaval vein between the points of entrance

thereinto of the two renal veins, but nearest to the left renal

vein. In addition, however, to this vein connected with the supra-

renal body, another vein is depicted in the figure which arises by

more than one veinlet from the adjacent muscles. This vein runs

in a direction parallel to that of the postcaval and ends in the

suprarenal body, which it enters at the end remote from that

whence the suprarenal affluent of the postcaval emerges from the

* Cf. Woodland, P. Z. S. 1906, p. 886. 7+ P.Z.S. 1906, p. 24.

1908. | ANTECHINOMYS AND OTHER MARSUPIALS, 601

gland. Dasyurus viverriiius was exactly the same. In an example

of Macropus agilis the same vein is present, but there are slight

differences from the conditions observed and just described in

Dasyurus maugei. In the Macropus the suprarenal vein enters

the left renal, and the suprarenal portal, as I venture to term the

Text-fig. 124.

Suprarenal veins in various Mammals.

A. Thylacinus. B. Dasyurus maugei. C. Nasua rufa.

D. Peragale lagotis. E. Trichosurus vulpecula. FE. Macropus dorsalis.

G. Dasyurus viverrinus. HH. Bettongia ogilbyi. I. Phascologale penicillata.

p.c. Posteaval vein. K. Kidney. +. Renal vein. Sr. Suprarenal body.

s.7.p. Suprarenal portal. s.7.v. Suprarenal vein.

vein to which attention is directed in the present paper, enters as

in Dasyurus at the opposite end of the suprarenal body. The

suprarenal vein differs from that of D. maugei in that it receives

a tributary from the parietes. The left suprarenal veins of

602 MR, F. E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY OF {| May 26,

Macropus ualabatus were much the same, but I did not observe

the parietal branch of the suprarenal vein.

This state of affairs may now be compared with that observable

in the higher Mammalia. In an example of Vasua rufa the

veins in question had the disposition shown in text-figure 124, C.

There is, asin the Marsupials already dealt with, a vein arising

from the parietal musculature anteriorly. It arises by two main

branches. But the vein formed by the junction of these passes

ultimately to the left side of the suprarenal body, and receiving

from it the suprarenal vein opens into the left renal vein. The

parietal vein in fact does not touch the suprarenal body ; it is

merely an affluent of the suprarenal vein. Jt may be, however,

the homologue of the vein in the Dasyure which enters the supra-

renal body. On the right side of the body there was much the

same disposition of veins observable. But the suprarenal vein

poured its contents into the parietal vein which passes over the

suprarenal body and was directed outwards to the right at right

angles to the longitudinal axis of the body. These details were

worth recording inasmuch as in a second example of Vasua rufa,

and of the opposite sex, the same arrangements were met with and

were alike in every detail.

Reverting to the Marsupials, an example of Peragale lagotis

showed essentially the same disposition of the vein running into

or from the suprarenal body that. has been described in

Dasyurus. In this Marsupial the suprarenal vein entered the

postcaval independently of and anterior to the renal vein on the

left side of the body. The suprarenal body received two afiluents

from the parietes. The first of these was a vein formed by the

union of two branches which entered the gland anteriorly, and

evidently is to be compared to the vein described above in

Dasyurus maugei. The second vein passes by the anterior end

of the left kidney and enters the suprarenal body at about the

middle of its length on the left side. In the Common Phalanger

(Trichosurus vulpecula) the same evidence of a suprarenal portal

system was obvious. In this case also the anterior suprarenal

portal vein was present, and no other. The suprarenal vein

entered the left kidney vein. JMJacropus dorsalis had but one

suprarenal portal, the anterior vein, which is apparently so constant

among the Marsupials and which arose from two affuents. In

the features described in the present communication, Petrogale

penicillata is exactly like Trichosurus vulpecula. Phascologale

penicillata is slightly different from any of the Marsupials as yet

described. The suprarenal vein opens, as is so frequently the case,

into the renal vein on the left side of the body. Exactly opposite

to it the suprarenal portal opens into the suprarenal body. But

this vein before entering the gland receives a branch running

transversely and just skirting the anterior margin of the left

kidney, the conditions being therefore slightly like those of

Peragale just described, and indeed intermediate between the

condition observable in that Marsupial and in those where the

1908. ] ANTECHINOMYS AND OTHER MARSUPIALS. 603

one vein bifurcates anteriorly. ettongia ogilbyi is like many

other Marsupials; the suprarenal portal is single and anterior in

position, being formed by the union of two afiluents which join at

an acute angle. As Thylacinus is a scarce type and not likely to

be much dissected in the future, I venture to give a particular

account of the veins connected with the suprarenal body, which

I noted during the dissection of a specimen which died in the

Society's Gardens in January 1906. The suprarenal vein enters

the postcaval (as is shown in text-figure 124, A) a little anteriorly

to the entrance of the left renal vein. It emerges from the

suprarenal body some little way in front of the posterior border

of the gland, The suprarenal portal vein enters the gland on

the right side a little way behind the anterior border. It is

formed of three afiluents. The middle one arises from the dia-

phragm and joms a branch arising from the parietal musculature

to the right of the suprarenal body. Just before entering

the suprarenal body the trunk formed by the union of these

two vessels is reinforced by a vein arising to the left of the supra-

renal body. The common trunk is thinner than the suprarenal

vein.

I have examined a number of Mammals belonging to orders

other than the Marsupialia, but have not found anything at all

resembling this apparently characteristic Marsupial feature in the

blood-supply of the suprarenal bodies. I believe myself at present

justified in asserting that this character, whether or not it be held

to be a persistence of a condition to be met with among Reptiles

and other lower Vertebrata, is distinctive 6f the Marsupialia.

V. Resumé.

I extract from the foregoing pages the principal new facts

which I have been able to add to our knowledge of the intestinal

tract of mammals and to certain features in the anatomy of

the Marsupialia.

(1) The most important features in the visceral anatomy of

Antechinomys are: the intestine borne upon a _ continuous

mesentery, the absence of a Spigelian lobe in the liver, the wide

dilatation of the uteri at their junction with the Fallopian tube,

the development of a short unpaired cecal chamber at the junction

of the uteri.

(2) A specimen of Phascologale macdonellensis showed a

persistent umbilical membrane (proving an umbilical placentation

in this species), which passes between the fibres of the rectus

muscle divided for its passage, and is continuous with the great

and splenic omentum. The umbilical membrane is also attached

to smail intestine. The intestinal canal is short and carried

on a continuous mesentery. The liver in this species, as in

P. penicillata, has a Spigelian lobe, also present in the genus

Sminthopsis.

(3) In many (? in all) Marsupials the suprarenal bodies receive

604 ON THE ANATOMY OF ANTECHINOMYS ETC. [May 26,

a vein from the parietes as well as emit one to the renal vein or

postcaval as the case may be; there is thus a rudiment of a supra-

renal portal system in these animals, not found in at least many

Eutherian Mammals.

(4) Though the intestinal tract of Marsupials is on the whole

simple, there are traces (Didelphys, Trichosurus) of the anse

coli and (Vrichoswrus) of the colico-duodenal ligament of more

differentiated forms.

5) A gut suspended upon a continuous mesentery is described

for the first time not only in Antechinomys, but in Tamandua ;

on the other hand, a number of genera of Carnivora

are described and the alleged continuous mesentery in Ursus

is shown to be only apparent and due to the reduction of the

ligamentum cavoduodenale. The continuous mesentery of Centetes

is shown to be not universal in the species and is therefore

probably to be looked upon as a reversion.

(6) To the numerous descriptions and figures of Rodents’

alimentary tracts gathered together or published for the first time

by Tullberg, a description of the colon and anse coli of Otomys,

Aulacodus, and some other forms is added. The enormously long

ansa coli dextira of the latter shows that the spiral found in certain

Rodents is not necessarily to be looked upon as due to the need

for packing away such a long loop. The spiral of Hydrocherus is

shown to bea late development since it does not occur in half-

grown examples. The colon of the minute Arvicanthis (with one

ansa only, the a. paraceecalis) shows that in this group reduction

of size is not necessarily accompanied by entire simplification of

the gut.

(7) The older descriptions of the spiral coil in certain Lemurs,

e.g. Vycticebus, are shown to be correct as against more recent

statements. Jicrocebus is shown to possess a simple colon without -

anse. Galago (2 spp.) is Shown to possess a spiral like Vycticebus.

&e. And it is pointed out that all the forms with a specialised

gut, i.e. with this spiral, are also specialised in the loss of the

elsewhere characteristic carpal vibrisse.

(8) Some account is given of the alimentary tract of the little

known species Theropithecus gelada and Semnopithecus melalophus

and the American Chrysothria sciureus.

(9) The intestinal tract of Hyrax, contrary to some statements,

has been shown to possess an ansa paracecalis which may perhaps

be compared to that of the Perissodactyla, and to possess the

ligamentum colico-duodenale of more differentiated forms.

(10) As a very general rule the loops of the small intestine

are loose folds not in any way fixed. Rarely, however (e.. g.

Dasypus vellerosus), | have found them to be fixed.

(11) That the colic loops vary is shown by the instance of

Lagostomus trichodactylus, in which each of the three individuals

dissected by myself or Tullberg is slightly different im the

proportions of those loops, and by Hyrax capensis.

(12) It has been pointed out that in man the omentum is at

1908. ] ON THE ARMOUR OF EXTINCT REPTILES. 605

first attached to the right side of the transverse colon and

subsequently to the left side, the intermediate space being filled

up later. The two earlier stages are represented in lower

mammals ; in 7richosurus the omentum is attached to the colon

only on the extreme right of the transverse bend, and in

Orycteropus and Hyrax the attachment is double, to the early

part of the colon and to a more distal region—the intervening

tract being free of the omentum.

(13) The view, deducible from previous investigations, that

four stages of advancing complexity are shown in the Mammalian

gut, is strengthened by fresh facts ; the Lemurs are shown to be

the only group in which all but one of these four stages occur.

4. The Armour of the Extinct Reptiles of the Genus

marcacounus. by CieG. SEELEY, F.R.S., EZ.8)

King’s College, London.

[Received April 29, 1908.

Text-figures 125-129.

In “ Further Observations on Pareiasaurus,” Phil. Trans. B.

Royal Society, 1892, I gave a short account of the dermal armour,

pp. 345-6. It is limited to the dorsal region, and is figured in

plate 17, and indicated by the letters ds in the description of the

plate, p. 368. The scutes are only known in this example of

Pareiasaurus baini, extracted from the rock by myself. They

were originally covered with matrix. Their existence was not

suspected, and it is possible that the more anterior scutes may

have been partly lost in removing the intractable rock; and those

seen in the British Museum specimen were preserved by great

skill m chiselting. The ossifications are flat and inconspicuous,

‘except where the lateral plates overhang the neural spines.

In the small figure of the skeleton given in the ‘Story of the

Karth,’ 1895, text-fig. 18, p. 126, the scutes were made more evident

by dark outlimes. Each scute is about 2 inches wide by 1? inch

long. There is a median row extending down the back, which as

preserved now rests upon the summits of the neural spines of the

dorsal vertebre and the interspaces between them. There are

also two lateral rows, one of which flanks each side of the median

row. These are arranged symmetrically im pairs, and extend

transversely outward from their contact with the median row,

but alternate with them by being placed at the junction between

each two median scutes. The lateral scutes in Pareiasawrus baini

are not flat but convexly curved as they extend outward, giving

some support to the idea that this armour formed an elevated

ridge on the back. In the present condition of the specimen

this armour is only seen on seven consecutive later dorsal vertebrae

and one or two earlier dorsals; and there is no evidence that

it was present over more than twelve vertebre.

[May 26,

PROF. H. G. SEBLEY ON THE ARMOUR

606

Dorsal armour of Pareiasaurus steenkampensis ; the scutes are arranged

as in P. baini.

1908. } OF A GENUS OF EXTINCT REPTILES. 607

Therefore the restorations which show elevated scutes extending

from the skull to the extremity of the tail, or three parallel rows

of scutes on the back entirely separated, and those which show

the body clustered over with rows or groups of scutes, are entirely

imaginary, for the only evidence for the armour is the skeleton

in the British Museum.

Some writers in this country, and in Germany, have denied

that any armour at all is present. The British Museum skeleton

is sufficient evidence of its characteristics. If it had been more

extensively developed over the body it is improbable that it would

have escaped detection in the careful removal of the matrix

during the two years that I watched the development of the

skeleton; and there is no reason to modify in any way the

original description or figure.

That evidence may now be added to by a short account of

specimens of scutes already referred to (l.c. pp. 315, 346) as

collected by Mr. J. van Renen, R.N., at Steenkamps Poort, south

of Fraserberg. I had just collected the Pareiasaurus and was

passing north, when this gentleman showed me a series of badly

preserved bones collected as weathered, and invited me to select

any example which might be necessary. I had no doubt they

were Pareiasaurian, though the essential characteristic parts of

the skeleton were not preserved. I accepted one caudal vertebra,

and a series of nine scutes as giving evidence of armour, which

I had not seen at that time.

The scutes are free from matrix, vary greatly in size, and

belong to a different species from P. baini, which I propose to

indicate on the evidence of these scanty materials as Pareiasaurus

steenkampensis. The scutes can only be supposed to have been

arranged as in P. baini; that is, in a single longitudinal row

down the back, with lateral scutes directed transversely outward

on each side from the union between each two successive scutes of

the linear series. All the ossifications are irregular, and about

half are broken (text-fig. 125). It is possible that all of those

preserved belong to the median series only, for none show the

eurved convex forms of the lateral scutes of P. bain, and this

difference may be a specific character. Four or five can be recog-

nised as median by their elongated forms; and the remainder

may be median or lateral, if lateral scutes were present, as I think

the evidence of the surface characters indicates. They are smooth

on the under side, marked on the upper surface with a central conical

blunt boss, from which numerous short grooves radiate irregularly

to the margin, which is commonly thick and rough, as though

the plates were imbedded in the skin. Behind the central boss,

which is more or less flattened above, and less than half an inch

in diameter, is a distinct pit nearly as wide, which is seen in half

a dozen examples. The radiating ridges are more or less pitted,

and all the surfaces, superior and inferior, are pierced with fine

vascular markings. The largest plates are about 2+ inches long

by 14 inch wide, and fully half an inch thick at the central boss,

In form they are irregularly ovate; some appear to be trans-

versely ovate and have the central boss less conspicuous.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1908, No, XX XIX, 39

608 PROF, H. G. SEELEY ON THE ARMOUR [May 26,

The smallest is 1,45 inch long, 1 inch wide, and half an inch thick.

Its inferior surface is slightly convex, and the external margin is

a sharp edge. The central part of the plate being occupied by

the boss, the radiating ornament is very short and is a marginal

fimbriation.

The second plate, slightly broken in front, is 2} inches long as

preserved, and just over an inch wide in front of the boss, but is

narrower posteriorly, though the lateral margins are weathered.

The boss, 7°; inch in diameter, is shield-shaped, its hinder border

being concave, with the excavation of the pit behind it. The

substance of the plate is fully + inch thick, both in front and

behind the boss. The radiating ornament is chiefly seen

anteriorly, and is irregularly pitted and corrugated. The con-

vexity of the base made the lateral margin sharp, but the edge is

almost removed by weathering.

The third plate is an elongated irregular pentagon with the

base in front, about as long as the second plate, but wider. It is

an inch and a half wide as preserved, but the margin appears to

be worn. The boss is somewhat smaller but not less elevated,

and the excavation of the pit behind it gives the aspect of a

posterior position. The radiating ornament is similarly irregular,

and like that on the second plate; but the base also develops

in a less degree some short-ribs, especially towards ‘the hinder

margin.

Text-fig. 126,

i Ds

=< il

Dorsal scute of Pareiasawrus steenkampensis.

The fourth and fifth median plates are both imperfect. The

central boss is rather less elevated, but the posterior pit continues

to be a marked characteristic.

Of the remaining plates, three are wider than long on the

hypothesis that the pit below the central boss is always posterior

in position ; and these ossifications are regarded as being placed

laterally. They are rather large plates, like the lateral plates in

1908. ] OF A GENUS OF EXTINCT REPTILES. 609

P. bain, and may have been in lateral contact with each other (text-

fig. 126). The best preserved is thick at the margin, concave on

Text-fig. 127.

Anterior aspect.

Text-fig. 128. Textfic. 129. / \

Posterior aspect. Lateral aspect.

Anterior, posterior, and lateral views of caudal vertebra of

areiasaurus steenkampensis.

the under side. They may have been inclined obliquely backward.

Their external surfaces have the same type or ornament as the

39*

610 ON THE ARMOUR OF EXTINCT REPTILES. [May 26,

median plates. The last specimen is.a fragment about 2 inches

wide and half an inch thick at the margin, much thinner at the

fracture, and without indication of boss or pit, so that its position

cannot be located.

We can only regret the imperfections of this evidence of

dermal armour, but when I saw the remains they had already

been removed for some time from the rock, and it is certain that

they would have been carried away by the torrential drainage in

the wet season, but for the interest taken by Mr. Van Renen in

their preservation.

This armature differs from that of Pareiasaurus baini, first

in the elongated form of the median scutes, secondly in the

presence of the central truncated boss with the depression behind

it, and thirdly in the radiated ornament—features which are

absent from Pareiasaurus baini. In that species the anterior

median scutes appear to be subcircular, or subquadrate, with a

few circular vascular openings or small pits; but in the later

plates no ornament is recognised, and the plates appear to be

thinner and arched outward.

The caudal vertebra is from a position between the fifth and

tenth in the tail. This early position is indicated by the trans-

verse width of the anterior face of the centrum exceeding its

vertical depth (text-fig. 127); by the strong vertically compressed

lateral ridges above the transverse processes for the caudal ribs,

which are directed outward and slightly downward; by the large

size of the transverse posterior facet for the chevron-bone, which

gives the centrum the aspect of being obliquely crushed from front

to back (text-fig. 129); and by the vertical position of the pre-

zygapophyses, with the facets looking inward and upward (text-

fig. 127).

When this centrum is compared with the earlier tail-vertebree

of Pareiasaurus baini the centrum is shorter from front to back,

for it only measures one inch; and in the species referred to, the

measurement is always longer when the anterior face of the

centrum is wider than deep. The neural canal is smaller (text-

fig. 128), as in later caudals of Pareiasaurus baini. These dif-

ferences would indicate a shorter tail with less lateral movement.

The neural arch is not distinctive. The neural spine is broken

away, but its base has the usual triangular form. The anterior

articular face of the centrum is roughly hexagonal with the

margin slightly rounded, and a moderate central concavity. It is

1,8, inch wide and 13 inch deep. The posterior face is rather

smaller and rather more concave. It is roughly four-sided, with

the lateral margins approximating superiorly (text-fig. 128).

It is 1,4; inch deep, 1,5, wide above the chevron articulation, and

1 inch wide on the neural canal. The oblique surface for the

articulation of the chevron-bone measures half an inch from

front to back, and extends over the width of the vertebre which

it truncates.

1908.] ON THE SKULL OF THE FOSSIL REPTILE DIADEMODON. 611

5. Additional Evidence as to the Dentition and Structure of

the Skull in the South African Fossil Reptile Genus

Diademodon. By H.G. Srutey, F.R.S., F.Z.8., King’s

College, London.

[Received May 26, 1908. |

(Text-figure 130.)

The genus Diademodon was founded on the molar teeth and

imperfect middle portions of small skulls. Four species were

figured in Phil. Trans. Royal Society, 1894, B, pl. 89, referred to

D. tetragonus, D. brachytiara, D. mastacus, and D. brown. They

were the most remarkable evidences of dentition of mammalian

type in extinct reptiles which have been found in South Africa.

There would have been grounds, had the remains been mammalian,

for referring them to three genera; and in the description of

plate 89, figure 11 is described as the left maxillary region of

Diademodon (or Gomphognathus) mastacus. And in the original

description of D. browni (I. c. p. 1039) it is observed, “it is

probably the type of a distinct genus.” Later in the same year

the group Gomphodontia was defined as comprising animals with

a Theriodont type of dentition, in which the molar teeth are

expanded transversely, and as having more or less tuberculate

crowns, of the type shown in Diademodon. In that group the

genus Diademodon was included (J. c. 1895, B, p. 3). The types

of Gomphognathus had the crowns of the molar teeth well worn,

but the elevation of the external cusps or ridge in G'. polyphagus

made a suggestive resemblance to Diademodon mastacus ; while

the condition of the single well-preserved crown in Diademodon

browni makes an equally suggestive approximation to Diademodon

brachytiara. In 1896, in a short communication to the British

Association at Liverpool, I briefly noticed another skull discovered

by Dr. D. R. Kannemeyer. I have removed the matrix in the

laboratory of King’s College, so as to demonstrate the sutures in

the middle part of the skull and to expose the palate. The

specimen is slightly squeezed so as to have a lateral obliquity

towards the right side, from which the similar example of

Diademodon browni is not free. There is a coincidence in the

anterior and posterior fractures being in identical positions in both

specimens, favouring comparison. ‘They are closely related species,

but the snout in the new example is narrower and rather smaller,

and the dentition being unworn favours the idea of specific

difference, though the forms of the transversely ovate sections of

the molar and premolar teeth are almost identical.

As preserved the specimen is 22 inches long. It extends

between an anterior transverse fracture through the two concave

pits on the snout, which lie at the junction of the maxillary and

nasal bones, which in Gomphognathus are situated midway between

the orbits of the eyes and anterior nares, and a posterior fracture

612 PROF. H. G. SEELEY ON THE SKULL [May 26,

behind the orbits, just behind the post-frontal bones, which are

imperfectly preserved. The lateral margins converge forward in

a wedge-like outline similar to the corresponding part of the

skull of Gomphognathus. Owing to the lateral compression the

anterior transverse measurement is narrowed by one or two tenths

of an inch. As preserved it is one inch wide, and the vertical

height from the median longitudinal ridge on the palate to the

nasal bones is the same. The corresponding measurements in

Diademodon browni are: vertical 15, transverse 1;4 inch. The

pre-orbital lateral areas of this, formed chiefly by the maxillary

bones, are inclined towards each other, are gently convex from the

alveolar border to the nasal region, longitudinally furrowed by two

shallow concavities on each side, and then round with a gentle

convexity into the upper surface formed by the nasal bones.

Diademodon brownt distinctly suggests an angle between the

sides of the face, which are more vertical, and the roof of the

snout; but the difference between the specimens is one of degree.

In both there is some lateral concavity of the pre-orbital region

from front to back.

The head widens backward to the posterior fracture, which

passes through the back of the frontal bone, the post-frontal

bones, and the pterygoid bones. Thespecimen is about 2,3, inches

wide behind the dentary tract, which is in a line with the middle

of the orbits, and 1,4, inch high at the back of the frontal

bones. :

The bones seen on the superior aspect of the skull are the

frontal, post-frontal, pre-frontal, nasal, lachrymal, and maxillary.

The naso-maxillary region is convex from side to side, but as the

nasal bones extend between the orbits their flattened upper

surface merges in the flattened frontal region. The orbits are

inclined so to look outward, and to a less extent upward and

forward. The vertical measurement of the rounded cavity is one

inch, and the transverse measurement between them over the pre-

frontal bones is 1,2, inch. In D. browni it appears to have been

144 inch.

Only the part of the post-frontal bone which is above the back

of the orbit is preserved. It is rather less than half an inch wide

between the temporal vacuity and the suture with the pre-frontal

bone. It is transversely channelled owing to elevation of its front

and back borders. These bones are slightly raised above the

frontal bones, which extend longitudinally between them. As

preserved the frontal bones are oblong, 38; inch long, and more

than half an inch wide towards the middle at the suture between

the post-frontal and pre-frontal bones, and narrow anteriorly to

the transverse suture with the nasal bones. Both bones are

longitudinally concave with the median sutural line raised. This

feature is absent in Diademodon browni. The lateral sutures with

the post-frontal and pre-frontal bones are similarly raised as slight

ridges, but there is no ridge between the frontal and nasal bones.

The pre-frontal bone forms much of the superior border of the

1908. ] OF THE FOSSIL REPTILE DIADEMODON. 613

orbit where the margin is compressed posteriorly and rounded in

front. The bone is in front of the post-frontal, external to the

frontal, makes an oblique suture with the nasal, and a narrow

junction with the lachrymal bone, as its sutural junctions diverge

outward and forward. It is ? inch long from the post-frontal to

the lachrymal and 3, inch wide at the fronto-nasal suture, where

it 1s widest in about its middle length. The inner short border

next the frontal is parallel to the longer external border above the

orbit and lachrymal. The pre-frontal bone forms a large part of

the internal anterior wall of the orbit.

The nasal bones, somewhat lanceolate in form, are imperfect

anteriorly. They extend from the frontal bones forward as

preserved to between the pair of pits on the front of the snout,

which are not seen in Diademodon browni, with a length of

1,5 inch, and in this length they are not in contact with the pre-

maxillary bones. They are separated from each other by a fine

straight suture, and widen from the frontal suture anteriorly, with

the lateral divergence of the sutures dividing them from the pre-

frontal and lachrymal bones, to 1} inch at the front of the

lachrymal bones ; and anteriorly the sutures between them and

the maxillary bones converge forward, to a transverse width over

the nasal bones of half an inch, at the anterior fracture through

the lateral-nasal pits. The bones are smooth, convex from side

to side, and slightly raised posteriorly, with a partial prolongation

forward of the median frontal sutural ridge.

The lachrymal bone is best exposed on the left side, where I

have partially removed the matrix from the orbit. It is at the

front of the orbit between the maxillary bone below and the nasal

and pre-frontal bones above. Externally it is of irregular sub-

quadrate form, half an inch in each measurement. It has a

considerable extension in the front of the orbit internally, below

the pre-frontal bone. On the lower part of the inner front border

the bone is pierced by two circular canals placed one below the

other.

The maxillary bones form the sides of the face from the hinder

fracture at the back of the alveolar tract below the orbit, where

the bone is ;4, inch deep, forward to the anterior fracture, where

the depth is 1,4, inch. The ascending orbital border below the

orbit is compressed, rounded, and slightly reflected outward.

Below the lachrymal canal the depth to the alveolar border is

‘inch. A slight wide shallow concavity extends longitudinally

forward, from the orbital junction between the lachrymal and

maxillary bones; but on the right side the bone appears to be

accidentally impressed in this region. The lower part of the

maxillary bone is moderately concave in length, and markedly

convex downward owing to the compression of the bone imme-

diately above the molar teeth. On the convex ridge above are

two ovate foramina above the teeth, such as occur in many fossil

reptiles.

The palate has shared in the side to side compression and

614 PROF. H. G. SEELEY ON THE SKULL [ May 26,

distortion of the specimen and is probably narrowed by a tenth

of an inch. The teeth extend in diverging curves as they range

backward ain outward. The transverse width over the pr emolats

in front is $4 7 inch; over the last molars it is about 235 inches.

These aeectiimen's are less than in Diademodon brown. Ten

teeth are indicated or preserved, of which the two in front, with

small circular fractured bases to the crowns, are classed as pre-

molars, and the eight succeeding teeth are molars. They have

the crowns transversely ovate, each with its axis at right angles.

with the concave external alveolar border, except the Tast tooth,

which is parallel to the alveolar border. The crowns increase in

width to the fifth molar and then become smaller, the seventh

and eighth rapidly narrowing acquire a triangular nor comma

shape. The length occupied by the eight molars is 142 inch.

The anterior ‘teeth are separated by the hard palate between

them. They rise with a vertical inner alveolar border corre-

sponding to ube compressed external border. As preserved the

hard palate is }} inch wide between the last premolar teeth, and

3 inch wide where it terminates between the fifth pair of molars.

It is narrower than in D. br ownt, in which the fourth molar

appears to be the largest. The hard palate as preserved is made

by the maxillary bones, which extend behind the second molar

teeth, and unite by a transverse suture with the palatine bones,

so that the suture is in about the same position as in Gompho-

gnathus polyphagus (Phil. Trans. 1895, B, p. 16, fig. 7). (1 Tts

distinctive feature is a strong elevated median ridge dividing the

palate into two concave channels. This ridge is continued bool

ward by what I regard as the vomerine bone, dividing the

posterior nares, extending upon the median union of the posterior

palatine bones. This ridge on the hard palate is absent from

D. browni ; its presence makes the transverse hinder border of

each half of the hard palate concave, instead of both bones

combining to form one concave posterior surface. The back of the

palate behind the posterior nares has a close general resemblance:

to the corresponding region of Gomphognathus. ‘There are the

same pair of convex rounded tumid areas behind the hard palate

converging backward from the hinder cheek-teeth to terminate in

a pair of hemispherical convexities which were just in front of

the median post-palatal ridge in that genus, flanked externally by

the broken bases of the pair of transverse processes which

descended between the rami of the mandible (compare J. c. p. 24,

fig. 11). The transverse width over these processes in this speci-

men is 1,4 inch. Those processes are regarded as being made:

chiefly by the transverse bones and as defined by sutures which

converge inward from behind the maxillary bones backward to the

hemispherical tubercles at the posterior fracture.

The teeth have been more or less broken, possibly by strain or

compression. Small parts of the enamelled surfaces of the tuber-

culate crowns remain in the first and second molars of the right:

side, The first shows a marginal external rim behind the crown

1908. ] OF THE FOSSIL REPTILE DIADEMODON. 615

and laterally, and a small central tubercle in front. The second

indicates two lateral external tubercles. None of the crowns show

the slightest trace of wear by the apposition of the mandibular

teeth, in this respect being in striking contrast to Gomphognathus,

in which the crowns of all the molar teeth are always worn so that

nothing remains of tuberculate structure except the external cusp.

The fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth crowns are preserved on both

sides.

Text-fig. 130.

Middle molar tooth

crown, enlarged.

Restoration of the skull of Diademodon entomophonus. About 3.

The fifth and sixth crowns are transversely ovate, less than

7p Inch wide and 2 inch from front to back. They have a strong

616 ON THE SKULL OF THE FOSSIL REPTILE DIADEMODON. | May 26,

external crenulate border and a median crenulate transverse ridge,

dividing the concave posterior half of the crown,which has acrenulate

external margin, into larger external and smaller internal concave

spaces (see text-fig. 130). In front there is a sharp or crenulate

marginal border, with transverse crenulations or cusps; on the

middle of the crown two small anterior cusps and two posterior

cusps. These crowns are essentially of the type of the described

species of Diademodon. The last tooth of D. mastacus shows a ten-

dency to develop a posterior talon (J. c. 1894, B, pl. 89. figs. 11, 12).

The penultimate tooth of this specimen has the posterior talon so

developed as to make the form of the crown almost triangular.

The crown is only a quarter of an inch wide, and slightly shorter

from front to back externally. The strong external anterior cusp

is broken, but a small external cusp rises from the talon. On the

inner border of the crown are two or three cusps or crenulations

like those similarly placed on the fifth and sixth molars. The last

molar is compressed from side to side, ;2, inch long by 345 inch

wide, broader in front than behind, with small tubercles back and

front. The small size of these teeth gives the molars the aspect

of exceptional divergence posteriorly. The transverse internal

measurement between the last pair of molar teeth is 1,5, inch ;

between the fifth pair it is ? inch, and between the first pair of

molars about 4} inch. From front to back the crowns form a

convex curve.

The dentition is imperfectly preserved, but not more than two

or three premolar teeth appear to be lost. From the resemblances

of the skull to allied types I infer that there was a toothless

diastema between the first premolar and the canine, where the

jaw contracted from side to side. J should expect four incisors

as in Gomphognathus. The missing extremity of the snout would

be about 1,8, inch long; the missing hinder part of the head was

about 24 inches long, giving the complete skull a length of

64 inches. The skull may be restored on the type of Gompho-

gnathus (text-fig. 130).

The most remarkable feature of the dentition is the unworn

condition of the crowns of the teeth, also seen in other species of

the same genus. The transversely ovate forms of the molar

crowns acquire new interest from the teeth of Procolophon

having this form, with inner and outer cusps recalling the tooth

ot Diademodon browni. But while Procolophon is typically

reptilian in its dental armature (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1905, vol. 1.

p- 225), in this fossil the teeth suggest mammalia. The trans-

versely ovate form of the crown, with the sight cingulum,

approaches the condition in lemurs, but the molars are more

numerous and the other dental characters unlike. The diastema

occurs among mammals as various as marsupials, tapirs, rodents,

but is never associated with a transversely ovate molar, and full

series of incisor and strong canine teeth as in these fossil reptilian

types. Mammals of various groups have the molar teeth

progressively increasing and afterwards decreasing in size, as

P ZS§ 1908, Pl XXVIII,

Lith Anstv. K Wesser dena.

K.dordan del.

New Siphonaptera.

K. Jordan del.

New Siphonaptera.

PZ.S. 1908, Pl. XXX.

Tath Anst v.KWesser dena.

" aS = :

ae en Shee oe

Vist.

K.dordan del,

New Siphonaptera.

PZ.S. 1908, Pl. ®

Lith Anst vKWesser

K. Jordan del.

New Siphonaptera.

1908. | ON NEW SPECIES OF FLEAS. 617

among lemurs, insectivora, carnivora. But the feature of this

reptilian type is its generalised mammalian resemblances in dental

characteristics, which are highly specialised distinctions among

mammals, so that the teeth have undergone an evolution of

mammalian type. It is not to be anticipated that a complete

skeleton of Diademodon will make a closer approximation to that

of a mammal than is already evidenced by other Theriodont

reptiles; but the dental characters emphasise the mammalian

approximations which have been found in the shoulder-girdle,

pelvic arch, and limb-bones.

I propose to distinguish this species, characterised by the median

ridge on the palate, the ovate unworn multituberculate crowns of

the middle molars, the moderate interspace between the orbits,

and slender snout rounded above, as Diademodon entomophonus.

The absence of wear to the crowns is only consistent with a diet

which did not involve trituration. It is in contrast with the con-

dition in Diademodon browni, which it approximates in general

characters.

6. New Siphonaptera.

By the Hon. N. Cuarzes Roruscuixp, M.A., F.Z.8.

[Received May 1, 1908. |

(Plates XX VIIT.—XXXT. *)

Genus PyYGIoPsyLia.

Pygiopsylla Rothschild, Ent. Mon. Mag. (2) xvii. p. 221 (1906)

(type: hilli).

The species belonging to this genus are easily distinguished

from Ceratophyllus Curtis (type of name: hirundinis) by the

sensory plate (so-called pygidium) of the ninth abdominal tergite

being strongly convex (ef. Pl. XXX. fig. 14). All the species

are very hairy. They are inhabitants of the Old World, being

known both from the Oriental and AXthiopian Regions. Nine

species are known, namely: Ailli Rothschild (1904), nove-

guinee Rothschild (1904), robinsont Rothschild (1905), colossus

Rothschild (1906), echidne Denny (1843), ahale Rothschild (1904),

torvus Rothschild (1908), woodwardi Rothschild (1904), and

rothschildi Rainb. (1905), the last two appearing to me to be but

doubtfully distinct from each other. In the present paper six

more species are described—-namely, two from Australia, two from

New Guinea, one from Ceylon, and one from West Africa

(Angola),—making in all 15 species of this genus. The wide

distribution of the genus renders it probable that these fifteen

forms are only a small percentage of the actually existing species

of Pygiopsylla.

* For explanation of the Plates, see p. 629.

618 THE HON. N. C. ROTHSCHILD ON [May 26,

P. echidne is a more specialised species than the others. The

genal edge of the head is produced into a broad tooth-like lobe,

corresponding to the lobe found in the Sarcopsyllide and in

Pariodontis Rothschild (1908) and Lycopsylla Rothschild (1904),

and the comb of the pronotum is reduced to a few spines (4 to 6),

which ave dorsal. The head of P. echidne, moreover, is short,

bearing two regular rows of three bristles each on the frons, there

being no row of small bristles between the anterior corner of the

frons and the base of the antennal groove, as is the case in all

the other species of Pygiopsylla (cf. Pl. X XIX. fig. 7). It may

possibly become necessary to move echidne from Pygiopsylla and

place it in a new genus. For the present, however, there is no

necessity for this change.

1. PYGIOPSYLLA AFER, sp.n. (Plate X XIX. figs. 7, 8.)

Head.—The head (Pl. XXIX. fig. 7) is gradually rounded,

the lower part of the frons not being curved backwards (7. e.

towards the fore cox). The rostrum does not quite reach the

apex of the fore coxa.

Thorax.—The pronotum bears a comb of 23 spines and two

rows of bristles. On the mesonotum there are 4 rows of bristles,

the anterior row being abbreviated and there being also some

dorsal bristles in front of this row. The mesopleura have 8 long

bristles and a few short ones. The metanotum bears 4 rows of

bristles, the first row consisting of but a few bristles situated on

the back. The epimerum of the mesothorax bears an irregular

anterior row of 7 or 8 bristles, a central row of 3, and a posterior

row of 3 or 4 long and some short bristles.

Abdomen.—The first tergite is practically hairy all over. The

other tergites bear 4 rows of bristles, the first row being repre-

sented only by a few bristles on the fifth to seventh segments.

There is a stout apical spine on each side of tergites 2 to 5. The

basal sternite bears an oblique patch of short bristles on the side,

consisting of 3 irregular rows. On the sternites of the third to

seventh segments there is a subapical row of 4 or 5 long bristles,

proximally to which are numerous small bristles.

Legs.—The mid and hind femora bear on the outer side three

subapical ventral hairs, which are of nearly equal size, there being

no other ventral hairs between these three and the widest point

of the femora. The hind tibia bears about 20 bristles on the

outside, arranged in three irregular rows, besides a number of

smaller bristles situated at and near the anterior edge of the tibia.

The first fore-tarsal segment is longer than the second and has

four thin and long bristles on the hinder side. The first

mid-tarsal segment is much longer than the second. The hind

tarsus 1s long, especially the first and second segments, the third

segment being longer than the fifth. The first and third pairs of

lateral bristles of the fifth segment are moved towards the mesial

line, especially in the fore and mid tarsi.

1908. ] NEW SPECIES OF FLEAS. 619

Modified segments.—The seventh abdominal sternite has a deep

triangular sinus (Pl. X XIX. fig. 8), the upper loke being broad, but

tapering to a point. The bristles on the eighth tergite are more

numerous than in P. robinsoni, to which the present species is

allied. At the apical margin of this segment, there is one long

bristle, and aboveit are situated two short ones and beneath it one

moderately long one. There is a row of 5 or 6 long bristles

along the ventral edge, the most distal bristle being the longest

of all. Above this bristle there are two more long ones, and

further proximad about 16 short ones. The anal sternite is

rounded beneath near the base, bearing on this rounded portion a

row of 4 bristles on each side, there being a further pair of bristles

on each side close to the apex.

Length: 3°6 mm.

One 2? from Benguella, Angola, 200 miles from the coast,

found at an altitude of 4780 ft. by Dr. F. Creighton Wellman

the host not being stated; received from Mr. Oldfield

Thomas, F.R.S.

2. PYGIOPSYLLA RAINBOWI, sp. n. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 5;

Plate XXX. fig. 13.)

The present species apparently agrees in all details, except the

modified abdominal segments, with P. colossus Rothschild 1906,

of which only one 2 is known.

3. The small eighth tergite bears about 8 short bristles above

the stigma. The eighth sternite (Pl. XXX. fig. 13), on the other

hand, is very large, being covered with numerous bristles, of which

those placed near the dorsal and apical edges are longest and thickest.

The ventral margin of this segment (in lateral view) is incurved

twice, the segment being incised in the mesial line from the apex

to the point where the ventral margin bulges out. The clasper (Cl.)

is distaily produced into a thumb-like process, which is shorter

than the pointed and slightly curved movable process (F). The

manubrium (M) is triangular, ending in a short process. The

vertical arm of the ninth sternite (IX. st.) is club-shaped, and at

the apex truncate, with the distal margin of the widened portion

rounded. The horizontal arm is of nearly even width, its upper

margin being twice incurved. This arm bears numerous small

hairs on the apical as well as proximal portions, there being in

addition on each side a row of five ventral bristles, of which the

most proximal one is the longest and thickest. The penis ends

in a short and sharp hook, which points downwards. The anal

tergite (X. t.) is triangular in side-view, being about twice as long

as it is broad at the base. The tenth sternite is much slenderer

than the tergite, bearing two long apical bristles on each side.—

Q@. The apical margin of the seventh abdominal sternite is

rounded, being ventrally obliquely truncate and bearing a small

sinus in the centre (Pl. XXVIII. fig.5). The eighth sternite has

fewer bristles than in P. colossus at and near the apical and

620 THE HON. N. C. ROTHSCHILD ON [May 26,

ventral margins. The ninth and tenth segments resemble those

of P. colossus.

Length: ¢ 3°3 mm., 2 5 mm.

We have a long series off Mus assimilis from Emerald, Victoria,

Australia, collected by Mr. Edw. Jarvis during 1907.

3. PyGIOPSYLLA GRAVIS, sp.n. (Plate XXX. fig. 14.)

This species closely resembles P. rainbowi, except in the

genitalia. We have only one ¢.

3g. The eighth abdominal sternite (Pl. XXX. fig. 14) is very

large, as ib is in rainbowi, and is densely covered with bristles as

in that species. But the long bristles which are placed along the

apical and dorsal edges of the segment are more numerous and

more slender than in rainbowi. The upper margin of the eighth

sternite is gradually rounded, the ventral margin being straight.

The clasper (Pl. XXX. fig. 14, Cl.) is distally produced into a

finger-like process ( P), which bears a row of thin hairs at the

dorsal margin. The movable flap (F) is very large, being leaf-

shaped, with the pointed tip curved upwards. The manubrium

(M) is curved dorsad, the apical portion being somewhat twisted.

The ninth sternite (Pl. XXX. fig. 14, LX. st.) is very broad. The

horizontal arm bears ventrally at the apex on each side five long

stout spines, of which the most distal one is the longest. The

anal segment (= tenth) is long and slender, the anal sternite

bearing a pair of very long bristles at the apex.

Length: ¢ 4 mm.

We have one ¢ from Emerald, Victoria, off Mus assimilis,

collected on 18th September, 1906, by Mr. Edw. Jarvis.

4, PyG@topsYLLA LACINIosUS, sp.n. (Plate XXIX. fig. 10.)

@. As large as P. rainbow.

Thorax.—The pronotum bears two rows of bristles and a comb

of 19 spines. The pleura of the mesothorax have 7 or 8 bristles,

while the mesonotum bears four rows of bristles and some

additional ones in front of these rows on the back. The

yaetanotum has likewise four rows of bristles, but the first row

contains on each side only about 5 bristles, and there are dorsally

fewer hairs in front of this row than on the mesonotum. The

epimerum of the metathorax has four irregular rows of bristles

(5, 5, 2 or 3, 3), the bristles of the posterior row being the longest.

There are also one or two additional short bristles in front of the

posterior row.

Abdomen.—The first tergite is hairy all over. The other

tergites bear fewer bristles than in P. rainbowi and colossus, the

second and third having four rows and some additional dorsal

bristles, while the sixth and seventh tergites bear three rows and

a few bristles representing a fourth row; the basal sternite has

no bristles on the sides, apart from a few extremely small hairs.

1908. ] NEW SPECIES OF FLEAS. 621

The short bristles on the sternites of the third to sixth segments

are less numerous than in the allied species just mentioned.

Legs.—As in colossus.

Modified segments.— 2 . The seventhsternite (Pl. X XIX. fig. 10)

is bisinuate, closely resembling that segment of P. colossus, but

differing in the lower lobe and the lower sinus being much wider,

in the upper sinus being smaller, and in the bristles being

differently arranged. i

Length : 5 mm.

We have 3 9 from Mt. Albert Edward, British New Guinea,

off Mus mordax ; received from Mr. E. C. Chubb.

5. PYGIOPSYLLA MORDAX, sp.n. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 6; Plate

XXIX. fig. 9.)

Head.—The frons is strongly curved, as is the case in P. ahalee

Rothsch. (1904), the bristles being thick. The rostrum is shorter

than in all the other species, reaching only a little beyond the

middle of the fore coxa.

Thorax.—The pronotum is short. It bears two rows of bristles,

the anterior row being irregular and represented by but a few

dorsal hairs. The comb consists of 16 to 18 spines, which are

longer than the pronotum. The meso- and metanotum each

bears four rows of bristles, the first row not reaching so far

downward as the others. The mesothoracic pleura have about

twelve bristles, of which four or five anterior ones are short.

Abdomen.—The first tergite has four rows of bristles, the

second to seventh tergites three rows. The basal sternite bears

in the ¢ about 6 minute hairs on the side arranged in two oblique

rows. The sternites of the third to sixth segments of the ¢

have on each side a curved row of four subapical bristles and

proximately to this row six or eight smaller bristles. In the 9

the basal sternite has two irregular oblique rows of bristles on the

side, each row containing about ten bristles, the bristles being

more numerous also on the other sternites than in the ¢.

Legs.—The mid and hind femora bear three ventral subapical

bristles, the first being smaller than the others. The mid and

hind tibize have numerous bristles practically all over the outer

surface, the bristles being more numerous in the Q than in the

3. The first mid-tarsal segment is much longer than the second,

but is shorter than in P. ahale. The fifth hind-tarsal segment

is as long as the third.

Modified segments——g. The apex of the large eighth

abdominal sternite is irregularly rounded. There are four pairs

of long bristles below the upper edge of this sclerite, a single long

bristle below the most distal pair, and further down at the ventral

margin two or three more long bristles. Between these long

ventral bristles and the base of the segment there are about 12

shorter bristles, there being also three or four additional bristles on

the lateral surface. The clasper (Pl. XX VIII. fig. 6, Cl.) is distally

622 THE HON. N. C. ROTHSCHILD ON | May 26,

truncate-emarginate, the lower corner being somewhat produced

and bearing a long thin bristle accompanied by a small one. The

manubrium (M) is very broad, the apex being pointed and

curved dorsad. The movable process (F) is very long. It is

pointed and curved, its upper edge being twice incurved. There

is a large number of bristles at the ventral margin of this

process, the distal ones being long. The vertical arm of the ninth

tergite (Pl. XX VIII. fig. 6, IX. st.) is almost evenly curved. The

horizontal arm is shorter than the vertical one and bears two

strong spines ventrally at the apex, there being also a number of

thin bristles along the ventral margin and at the apex, as shown in

the figure.— 2. The seventh sternite is deeply sinuate, the upper

lobe being broad and the lower one narrow (Pl. X XIX. fig. 9).

The eighth tergite bears on each side three or four small. bristles

above the stigma. On the ventral portion of this sclerite there

are about twenty bristles, three or four placed at the apical margin

and five along the ventral edge. The lower apical angle of the

eighth tergite is produced. The anal sternite has on each side

two long bristles near the base, one in the centre and one near

the apex, besides two smaller apical ones.

Length: ¢ 2 2:1 mm.

We have one ¢ and two 2 from Mt. Albert Edward, British

New Guinea, off Mus mordax; received from Mr. E. C Chubb.

6. PYGIOPSYLLA FERINUS, sp.n. (Plate X XIX. fig. 11.)

Nearest to P. mordax.

Head.—The rostrum reaches nearly to the apex of the fore coxa.

The bristles of the anterior row of the frons are a little thicker

than in P. mordax.

Thorax.—The pronotum has one row of bristles and a comb of

17 spines: The meso- and metanota have three rows of bristles, a

fourth (anterior) row being represented by a few short dorsal

bristles only. The epimerum of the metathorax has ten bristles

(4, 3, 3), with some small hairs in between the posterior bristles.

Abdomen,—The tergites have three rows of bristles, the

anterior row being represented by but few bristles, except in the

case of the first segment, which bears about four additional

bristles on the two sides together, representing a more complete

fourth row. The bristles on the sternites are less numerous

than in P. mordacx.

Modified segments.— 2. The seventh sternite (Pl. XXIX.

fig. 11) is bisinuate, the upper sinus being smaller than the

lower. The eighth segment is similar to that of P. mordaa.

The anal sternite, however, is quite different. This sclerite has

beneath a prominent tubercle bearing a brush of long bristles,

Length: 2 3 mm.

We have one 2 from Pundaloya, Ceylon, taken off Sorex sp

by Mr. E. E. Green.

1908. | NEW SPECIES OF FLEAS. 623

7. STEPHANOCIRCUS JARVISI, sp.n. (Plate XXIX. fig. 12; Plate

XXXI_. fig. 16.)

Head.—The helmet is rounded, resembling that of S. simsoni

Roths. (1905), but being broader and bearing on each side 17 or

18 spines. The genal comb consists of 11 or 12 spines, which are

obtuse, like those of the helmet, not being pointed as in S. dasyurt

Skuse (1890). The occiput is shorter than in all the other species,

its bristles being thick. The mouth-parts are short, the maxillary

palpus as well as the rostrum being only twice the length of the

spines of the genal comb. The last segment of the rostrum is

broader than it is long. The maxilla is pointed.

Thorax.—The pronotum bears a comb of 30 to 40 spines and

two regular rows of thick bristles: The mesonotum has about

7 rows of bristles, the anterior bristles being small. On the pleura

of the mesothorax there are about 24 bristles, some being short.

The metanotum has three rows of bristles and in front of them a

few additional shorter hairs. The episternum of the metathorax

bears about 6 bristles, while the epimerum has two rows, the first

being irregular and containing 6 or 7 bristles and the second

containing 5.

Abdomen.—The abdominal tergites 1 to 7 bear each two rows

of bristles, the seventh tergite having 2 apical bristles in the

male, and 4 of nearly equal size in the female. On the first

tergite there is a comb of 27 spines in the 6, which are only a

little shorter than those of the pronotal comb, the comb of the 9

containing 34 spines; the second tergite has a comb of 17 shorter

spines in the ¢ and of 22 in the 9, the comb of the third tergite

consisting of 15 spines in both sexes. The fourth tergite bears

on each side 2 or 3 shorter and paler apical spines and the fifth

and sixth tergite one spine.

Legs.—Resembling most those of S. mars. The hind coxa is

longer than in that species. The hind femur bears posteriorly 3

subyentral bristles and between these and the dorsal edge several

more bristles, there being also one or two bristles near the base

on the outer surface. The tibie are very characteristic. In the

fore and mid tibie the outer bristles of the dorsal pairs are shifted

towards the lateral surface, forming a close-set row of thick and

equal-sized bristles. In the hind tibia these bristles are in their

normal position close to the long dorsal bristles. The dorsal

bristles are very long, the fifth being of the length of the tibia.

The hind tibia bears numerous bristles scattered over the outer

surface. The first mid-tarsal segment is twice the length of the

second. The first hind-tarsal segment is only one-sixth shorter

than the hind tibia, its longest apical bristle nearly reaching to

the tip of the second segment, which latter is twice the length ot

the fifth segment (claws excluded).

Modified segments.— ¢. The clasper (Pl. XXIX. fig. 12, Cl.) is

produced into a broad, leaf-shaped apical lobe, which bears three

large bristles placed on the lateral surface. A number of small

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1908, No. XL. 40

624 THE HON. N. C. ROTHSCHILD ON [ May 26,

bristles are situated along the dorsal edge of this lobe, while

two fairly long ones are placed just beneath the pointed apex of

the lobe. The clasper, moreover, is ventrally widened into an

obtuse triangular lobe, which bears one slender bristle. The

finger (F) is asymmetrical, being leaf-shaped with the apex

curving upwards, bearing two moderately long bristles below the

apex and a few still shorter ones further proximad. The manu-

brium (M) curves upwards, the ventral margin bulging out in the

centre. The ninth sternite (Pl. X XIX. fig. 12, IX. st.) resembles

that of S. simsoni in general structure, but the inner arm is

different in outline, the horizontal arm is longer, and the number,

size, and position of the bristles are different. There are, as in

S. simsoni and dasyuri, two apical spines on each side of the

horizontal arm of the ninth sternite, as shown in the figure.

The anal tergite is very different from that of S. simsoni, bearing

a few thin bristles and on each side a pair of long apical ones.

The anal sternite is divided at the apex, each lobe bearing three

long bristles.— 9. The eighth tergite, which resembles in outline

that sclerite of S. simsonz, bears about 9 short but strong bristles

above the stigma, and from 29 to 34 bristles on the sides and at

the apex, as shown in the figure (Pl. XX XI. fig. 16). The eighth

sternite is elongate-triangular, ending in a long sharp point as

in S. simsoni. The tenth tergite is distinctly separated from the

ninth tergite, as is also the case in S. simsoni. Proximally to

this suture there is a transverse row of bristles on the ninth

tergite. The stylet is very long.

Length: ¢ 27 mm., 2 3:3 mm.

We have examined a pair of this species, the ¢ (the type)

from Emerald, Victoria, found under a rotten tree-trunk in the

virgin forest by Mr. Edw. Jarvis; the 9, from Victoria, off

Phascologale swainsonit, was forwarded to us by Mr. D.

McAlpine.

8. CrENOPHTHALMUS RETTIGI,sp.n. (Plate XXVIII. figs. 3, 4.)

Similar to C. agyrtes, but differing especially in the bristles of

the abdomen and in the modified abdominal segments.

Thorax.—The comb of the pronotum consists of 18 spines.

Abdomen.—The bristles are longer than in C’. agyrtes, especially

the three apical ones of the seventh tergite. The sternites of

segments three to seven in the ¢ have a transverse row of 4 or 5 ©

bristles and generally some small bristles in front of this row.

The basal sternite in the 9 has two or more bristles on the side;

the following four sternites have a row of 6 or 7 bristles and

from 6 to 10 smaller ones in front of the row; on the seventh

sternite the row contains about 10 long bristles.

Modified segments.— ¢ . The eighth tergite (Pl. XX VIII. fig. 3)

has about 6 small bristles above the stigma. The sternite becomes.

gradually narrower towards the apex, which is truncate ; it bears

on its lower portion 14 or 16 bristles (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 3). The

1908. } NEW SPECIES OF FLEAS. 625

clasper (Pl. XX VIIT. fig. 3, Cl.) is produced into a short square

process (P), of which the apical margin is feebly incurved. At the

upper corner of this process there are about half-a-dozen slender

bristles and one which is very stout and long, whereas at the

oblique ventral margin of the process there are two such long

bristles. The manubrium (M) gradually tapers to a point, being

somewhat curved upwards. The movable process (F) is widest

near the base. It is irregularly conical, the ventral margin being

somewhat incurved and proximally strongly rounded. There are

four short broad bristles near its apex at the dorsal edge and

three thin ones near the apex at the ventral margin, there being,

moreover, four thin bristles at this margin on the widest part

towards the base. The horizontal arm of the ninth sternite

(IX. st.) is much shorter than the verticalarm. Thereareabout

17 bristles at and near the ventral margin of this sternite from

before the middle to the apex, the four or five proximal bristles

being close together and longer than the sternite is broad.—

@. The apical margin of the seventh sternite is sinuate below the

centre, the upper lobe being very broad and nearly square

(Pl. XXVIII. fig. 4), while the lower lobe is small and obliquely

rounded. The eighth tergite bears several small bristles above

the stigma and about 16 bristles on the lower portion, there

being also ten or more small bristles near the apex on the inner

surface. The stylet is nearly three times as long as it is broad at

the base.

Length: ¢ 2:1 mm., 9 3:2 mm.

We have a large series collected by Mr. A. Rettig at Malcoci,

Roumania, off Mesocricetus newtoni, Putorius desertorum, and

Spalax typhlus.

9, CrENOPSYLLUS ALLOPHYLUS, sp.n. (Plate XX VIII. figs. 1,2.)

Head.—The frons (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 2) is strongly and evenly

rounded and bears a vertical comb of 6 spines. The first spine

is short and very broad, while the third is placed beneath the

second and fourth. There is anteriorly a row of 8 bristles,

followed by a second row of 3 longer ones; 2 more bristles are

situated in front of the comb, whilst a very long one is placed

about halfway between the insertion of the maxillary palpus and

the anterior row of bristles. The occiput bears 3 rows of bristles.

The rostrum is about one-third shorter than the fore coxa.

Thorax.—The pronotum bears one row of bristles and a comb

of 21 spines. The meso- and metanotum have each 3 rows of

bristles, the anterior row being incomplete. The episternum of

the metathorax has no bristles, while the epimerum bears 6 long

ones (3, 3) and 1 or 2 short ones.

Abdomen.—The tergites bear 2 rows of bristles, there being

one or more additional bristles in front representing a third row.

The second tergite has one or two slender, bristle-like spimes on

each side at theapical edge. The seventh tergite bears | apical

40*

626 THE HON. N. C. ROTHSCHILD ON [ May 26,

bristle, which is short, being about as long as the third post-

median bristle of this segment. 'The sternites of segments 3 to 7

have a row of 4 long bristles on each side, the basal sternite,

however, bearing but 1 bristle.

Legs.—The mid and hind coxe are rather narrow and long,

both having a single bristle posteriorly at the apex. There are

no short spines on the inside of the hind coxa. The fore-femur

has on the outside 1 subapical bristle and 4 or 5 lateral ones.

The mid and hind femora bear 2 subapical bristles on the outside

and 1 on the inside. There are about 18 bristles on the outer

surface of the hind tibia. The hind tibia has 7 dorsal notches.

The longest dorsal bristle of this tibia is hardly twice as long as

the tibia is broad, the longest apical bristle being only about one-

third the length of the first hind tarsal-segment. The tibiz have

a long and a short bristle in most of the notches. The first

hind-tarsal segment is nearly as long as the hind tibia, the bristles

situated at its posterior side being rather long and very thin. The

thick apical bristles of this segment are short, the posterior one

being only one-third the length of the second segment and the

anterior one being about as long as the first segment is broad.

The fifth segment bears in all the tarsi 4 strong lateral bristles

and a subbasal pair which are placed on the ventral surface in

between the first lateral pair.

Modified segments.— ¢. The large eighth sternite bears a row

of 5 long bristles on the side. The clasper (Pl. XX VIII. fig. 1, Cl.)

has a short rounded process (P) bearing two long bristles. There

is 1 long bristle at the insertion of the movable process (F). This

process is very large, being first narrow and curved upwards and

then much widened and curved downwards. It bears a row of

long bristles at the ventral edge, a short, broad, and somewhat

twisted spine at the tip, an irregular double row of bristles on

the side and another row at the dorsal edge, the central bristles

of this dorsal row being flattened and lanceolate. The manu-

brium (M) is widest at the apex. The ninth sternite (IX. st.)

is likewise very peculiar. The internal (=vertical) arm is

broadened at the apex, this widened portion being excised in the

usual way, as Shown in the figure. The horizontal arm has an

almost straight dorsal margin, while the ventral margin is curved,

being evenly rounded in the distal third and bearing here a

number of bristles. This sternite has basally a lateral horizontal

projection crowned with a very dense brush of long thin

bristles, which are curly at the end, and among which is one long

thick bristle. Beyond the middle of the ventral margin there

are 3 short, hook-like spines, and before the apex a large and a

small hooked spine, the large one apparently bifurcating at the

apex. The tenth segment is long, the sternite bearing two long

apical bristles on each side.

Length: ¢ 3 mm.

We have one ¢ from Temuco, Chile, off Dromiciops australis,

collected by Mr. D. 8S. Bullock in November 1906.

1908. | NEW SPECIES OF FLEAS. 627

Siphonaptera collected by Mr. M. P. Anderson in Japan in 1904.

By the Hon. N. Cuaries Rotuscuitp, M.A.

(Plates XXX. & XXXI.)

The collection contains five species, of which three are new.

1, CERATOPHYLLUS MELIS Walk. (1856).

Pulex melis Walker, Dipt. Brit. p.5. n. 14 (1856) (off Badger) ;

Tasch. Die Flohe, p. 73. n. 10, t. 2. figs. 15, 15 a, t. 3. fig. 16 (1880)

(off Badger and Fox).

Five females taken off Meles anakuma at Jinrio, Tokushima

Ken, Shikoku, Japan, on February 17th.

2. CERATOPHYLLUS ARGUS, sp.n. (Plate XXX. fig. 15; Plate

XXXI. fig. 18.)

This species is closely allied to C. sciwrorwm Schrank (1804)

and C. anisus Rothsch. (1907). These insects agree with one

another in almost every detail of the exo-skeleton except in the

modified posterior segments of the abdomen.

The rostrum is somewhat longer in the new species than in the

others mentioned above, reaching to the apex of the trochanter or

a little beyond.

Modified segments.— $. The eighth tergite bears 4 (some-

times 5) bristles along the upper edge from the stigma anad,

there being 3 to 5 additional bristles on the lateral surface,

besides 1 or 2 which are placed near the ventral margin. The

eighth sternite (Pl. XXX. fig. 15) resembles that of C. anisus,

being much longer than in (. sciuwrorwm. The clasper is pro-

duced into a short obtuse process (Pl. XXX. fig. 15, P), which is

much broader and more rounded than in the allied forms. The

finger (F) of the clasper is very slender. The vertical arm of the

ninth sternite (IX. st.) is curved as in C. anisus: The proximal

portion of the horizontal arm is only slightly dilated, and there

are less hairs on this dilated part than in C. anisus— 2. The

seventh sternite of the abdomen (Pl. XXXI. fig. 18) becomes

narrower distally, the upper edge being incurved before the apex,

while the apical margin is slightly emarginate. This sclerite is

as long as it is broad. The eighth tergite resembles that of

C. sciurorum. It bears about 7 small bristles above the stigma

and | long and 2 short ones near the margin below the stigma.

The apex of this segment is slightly emarginate, there being

3 bristles at the lower angle of the apex, 3 short but rather stout

ones proximally to them, 4 along the ventral margin and 4 to 6

dorsally to these. The stylet is more than three times as long as

it is broad at the base.

Length: ¢ 2.4mm., 2 4mm.

We have four ¢ and one 9Q, taken off Petawrista leucogenys,

at Mitai, Miyasaki Kiushiu, Japan.

628 ON NEW SPECIES OF FLEAS. [May 26,

3. CERATOPHYLLUS INDAGES, sp.n. (PI. XXXI. fig. 17.)

We know only the 2. ‘The differences from the 2 of the

preceding species are apparently constant, though sight. This

flea is deeper brown than the preceding one. The seventh abdo-

minal sternite is longer, its upper margin being even more

emarginate distally, while the apical margin is not sinuate at all

(Pl. XXXT. fig. 17).

' Length: 2 3°1 mm.

We have six 9, taken off Sciwrus vulgaris orientis, at Nobori-

betsu, near Moruran, Hokkaido, Japan.

As the differences between the females of closely allied species

in this group of Ceratophyllus are generally slight (quantitatively),

we consider that the above-mentioned characters indicate that

this insect is distinct from C. argus. The discovery of the ¢

will doubtless settle the point.

4, CERATOPHYLLUS ANDERSONI, sp. n. (Plate XXXI. fig. 19.)

Thorax.—The meso- and metanotum and the abdominal ter-

gites 1-7 bear each 2 rows of bristles, the mesonotum having

some additional hairs on the back besides the small hairs situated

at the anterior edge. The metathoracic epimerum has 5 bristles

(1, 3, 1). The long apical bristle of the seventh tergite is as long

as the first hind-tarsal segment.

Legs.—The hind femur bears 2 bristles on the inner surface,

one being subbasal, the other placed subventrally near the apex.

The first mid-tarsal segment is about one-fourth longer than the

second (20:16). The bristles situated at the dorsal edge of the

hind tibia and at the anterior and posterior edges of the hind

tarsus are very deep brown. ‘The first hind-tarsal segment, like

the second to fourth segments, bears 2 rows of bristles on the

outer surface.

Modified segments.— 9. The seventh abdominal sternite is

quite unlike that sclerite of the allied species, being less broad

vertically and much more rounded (Pl. XX XI. fig.19). The eighth

tergite bears a few more bristles than in the preceding species.

The bristles of the tenth sternite are very stout. The stylet is

four times as long as it is broad at its base.

Length: 92 3:1 mm.

We have one @, taken off Putorius itatsi, at Takamori,

Kumamoto Ken, Kiushiu, Japan, on April 6th.

5, CHATOPSYLLA GLOBICEPS Tasch. (1880).

Pulex globiceps Taschenberg, Die Fiche, p. 66. n. 6, t. 2. figs. 10

10a, 11 (1880) (off Fox and Badger).

‘There are five 9 in the collection, which are apparently identical

with European specimens. Taken from Meles anakwma, at Jinrio,

Tokushima Ken, Shikoku, Japan, on February 17th.

1908.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 629

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Prate XXVIII.

Fig. 1. Genitalia of the g of Ctenopsyllus allophylus. Cl = clasper; P =

process of clasper; EF movable process of clasper; M = manubrium;

VILL. st. = eighth abdominal sternite; IX. st. = ninth abdominal

sternite.

Head of Ctéenopsyllus allophylus 3.

. Genitalia of the ¢ of Ctenophthalmus rettigi.

. Seventh and eighth abdominal segments of Ctenophthalmus rettigi 2.

. Sixth and seventh abdominal sternites of Pygiopsylla rainbowi 9°.

. Genitalia of the ¢ of Pygiopsylla mordax.

PLATE XXIX.

7. Head of Pygiopsylla afer 2.

8. Seventh abdominal sternite of Pygiopsylla afer 9.

9. The same of Pygiopsylla mordax 2.

10. The same of Pygiopsylla laciniosus 2.

11. The same of Pygiopsylla ferinus 9 .

12. Genitalia of the ¢ of Stephanocircus jarvisi.

PuatTE XXX.

Fig. 13. Genitalia of the g of Pygiopsylla rainbowi.

14, The same of the ¢ of Pygiopsylla gravis.

15. The same of the g of Ceratophyllus argus.

PLratTE XXXI.

Fig.16. Posterior abdominal segments of Stephanocireus jarvisi 9.

17. Seventh abdominal sternite of Ceratophyllus indages 9.

18. The same of Ceratophyllus argus °..

19. The same of Ceratophyllus andersoni 2.

SP OVE Co bo

June 16, 1908.

Dr. Henry Woopwarp, F.R.S., Vice-President,

in the Chair.

The Secretary read the following report on the additions made

to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of May 1908 :—

The number of registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie

during the month of May was 189. Of these 116 were

acquired by presentation and 46 by purchase, 15 were received on

deposit, 4 by exchange, and 8 were born in the Gardens.

The number of departures during the same period, by death

and removals, was 175.

Among the additions special attention may be directed to :—

One Black-faced Chimpanzee (Anthropopithecus troglodytes),

var. 2, from Sierra Leone, deposited on May 30th.

One Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis) 3 , from Sarawak, presented

by the Earl of Crawford, K.T., F.Z.S., on May 8th.

Three Grévy Zebras (Hquus grevyi) 5, 2 2, from Abyssinia,

purchased on May 9th.

Twenty-one Indian domestic Cattle (Gos indicus), representing

five different breeds, and 5 Fat-rumped Dumba Sheep (Ovis aries),

from India, presented by H.G. the Duke of Bedford, K.G.,

President of the Society, on May 13th.

630 DR. FORSYTH MAJOR ON FOREST-BED MAMMALS. [June 16,

Dr. A. Smith Woodward, F.R.S., F.Z.S8., exhibited photographs

and fragments of skin and bone of a Mammoth and a Rhinoceros

discovered in an ozokerite mine at Starunia, Galicia. The

carcases of these animals appeared to have found their way into

an old marsh saturated with petroleum, which had completely

preserved them. The photographs and specimens had been

received from Dr. George von Kaufmann, who intended to present

them to the British Museum.

Jaw of Canadian Beaver, with five lower cheek-teeth.

Dr. C. I. Forsyth Major, F.R.S., F.Z.S., exhibited, and made

the following remarks upon, the lower jaw of a young Canadian

Beaver (B.M. No. 55.3.11.4), in which there was present on each

side a small conical tooth anterior to the deciduous premolar

(text-fig. 131).

Text-fig. 131.

a) it

Ld fe

Molar teeth of right lower jaw of Castor canadensis.

A. Side view; B. Upper view of d; and pj. po=supernumerary premolar.

“ No Simplicidentata are known with normally more than four

lower cheek-teeth ; this holds good also with respect to the oldest-

known fossil Simplicidentata. We must, however, postulate still

older fossil predecessors with five lower cheek-teeth. As a transi-

tional stage between the latter condition and that exhibiting four

cheek-teeth, Rodents must have existed, probably in the Lower

Kocene, which had normally exactly such a diminutive anterior

tooth as is abnormally shown in the present specimen. I therefore

consider this supernumerary premolar to be a case of atavism.”

On species of Castor, fossil and recent.

Drawings of some remains of two species of Castor from the

East Runton Forest-bed were also exhibited by Dr. Forsyth

Major.

(1) Text-fig. 132 represents the four cheek-teeth from a right’

mandibular ramus in the British Museum (M 7024), from

Mr. Savin’s collection. They are remarkable for the complex

and elegant plication of their enamel, whereby they agree with

the Beaver from the Upper Pliocene of the Valdarno, Castor plici-

dens Maj., this specific name implying the principal and almost

1908. | DR. FORSYTH MAJOR ON FOREST-BED MAMMALS, 631

the only character by which the fossil remains can be distin-

guished from recent Beavers. Dr. Bosco some years ago* fully

described and figured the Valdarno remains; he points out

another characteristic feature of this species, viz. the considerable

breadth of the incisors. Herein the fossil from East Runton

equally agrees with the Valdarno specimens.

Text-fig. 132.

Castor plicidens Maj. East Runton Forest-bed.

Upper view of right lower molar series.

(2) A second species of a Castor from the Forest-bed (B.M.

M 7025), likewise from the East Runton upper freshwater bed,

is represented by a left mandibular ramus, vertically split from

before backwards, only its outer half, and of the teeth m, alone

(text-fig. 133) being preserved. It doubtless belongs to the same

Text-fig. 133.

Castor sp. East Runton Forest-bed.

Upper view of left mo.

species as the specimens described from West Runton by Mr. E. T.

Newton ; as in the latter, the molar is slightly smaller than the

corresponding one of C.. plicidens ; the incisor, as apparent from

its alveolus, is narrower. The enamel of the molar is consider-

ably less plicated than in the latter species, although slightly

more so than is the rule in recent Beavers ; a moderate plication

of the enamel occurs, however, in old specimens of the recent

form (text-figs. 134, 135 B, 136 A).

Text-fig. 134.

Castor fiber L. Peat deposit, England.

Upper view of right lower true molars.

Mr. Newton has identified the West Runton Beaver with the

* Palezontographia Italica, vol. v. (1899).

632 DR. FORSYTH MAJOR ON FOREST-BED MAMMALS, [June 16,

recent European animal; and, in fact, his specimens, as well as

the specimen in the British Museum Geol. Dept. No. M 7025

from East Runton, share with C. fiber the characters—so far as they

are known in the fossil specimens—which distinguish the recent

animal from C’. plicidens. I expect, however, that more complete

specimens will reveal differences from the recent form or forms.

The European Beaver ranges, or ranged, from Great Britain to

Mongolia, and from Lapland to Spain (according to Strabo) and

Italy. There is therefore every likelihood that more than one

form will have to be distinguished in this vast region; but in

order to arrive at some definite conclusion, we require whole series

(at least of skulls) from the different countries : this will be no

easy task, considering that in most countries the Beaver has

become extinct within historic times.

According to Prof. Matschie*, Desmarest separated the Beaver

of the Rhone under the name of Castor gallic, while Owen pro-

posed the name of (’. ewropwus for the English sub-fossil Beaver.

The German writer restricts the Linnean name Castor fiber to the

Swedish Beaver, known to him only by the figures of the teeth

and the skull in Meves’s Atlas’. From the Swedish Beaver that

of the Elbe is said to differ by some characters of the skull

and the teeth, and is therefore called Castor albicus. The name

C. balticus is given to the Beaver which formerly lived in Pome-

rania and Holstein and is based on two skulls. For a specimen

from Western Poland (drainage system of the Vistula) which

lived at the Berlin Zoological Gardens, the name of C. vistulanus

is proposed, its skull being found to be different from those of

“CO. albicus” and “C. balticus.” The skull of “C. vistulanus”

is declared to differ also considerably from a skull of a Beaver

from the Caucasus and from one from Poland in the Kiew

Museum, both of them figured by Brandt. Lastly, a skull

from Schwerin a. d. Warthe (Posen), although agreeing in most

characters with “ C. vistulanus,” is supposed to be possibly a

distinct species.

If the Rhone Beaver can be shown to be a distinct form, the

name CU. gallie will be available for the same; this was not,

however, Desmarest’s opinion. From the context and the explicit

statement of the latter’s notice § it results that he introduced this

name for the European Beaver in general, which he wished to

distinguish from the American species.

In the same way Owen applied the name C. ewropwus to the

European Beaver generally, he did not mean to restrict it to

the English animal as Matschie assumes. Until further notice

“C. gallie” will therefore remain a synonym of C’. fiber L., and

the same is the case with “ C. ewropeus.”

* Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, No. 8, 1907, pp. 215-220, pls. i. & ii,

ie a ofver Skandinaviens Dagedjur, Suppl. pl. ii. figs. 1, 1a, 1b (Stockholm,

“ Mém. Ac. Sc. St. Pétersbourg (6) ix. Sc. Nat. vii. pls. i. & ii. (1855).

§ Desmarest, in Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. v. pp. 372, 373 (1816).

1908. ] DR. FORSYTH MAJOR ON FOREST-BED MAMMALS. 633

Of the Swedish Beaver Matschie says that in the last upper

molar the internal enamel-fold is absent, ‘“‘ und bei den tibrigen

Molaren legt sie sich nicht an die vorderste Aussenfalte an,

sondern verlauft senkrecht zum Langsdurchmesser der Zahne

und endigt frei zwischen der vorderen und mittleren Aussenfalte.”

Besides, ‘‘ the nasals are obliquely truncated towards the front and

not notched near the intermaxillary, so that their anterior margin,

seen from the side, seems to be angularly notched.” *

Text-fig. 135.

A. Castor fiber L. Sweden. Lower view of right upper molar series. Copied from

Meves’s Atlas ofver Skandinaviens Dagedjur, Suppl. pl. i. fig. la.

B. Castor fiber L. Lapland. Lower view of right upper molar series of an old

specimen. R. Coll. of Surgeons Museum.

Text-fig. 136.

A. Castor fiber L. Peat-deposit, England. Lower view of right upper true molars.

B. Castor fiber L. Lower Rhone (B.M. No. 94.5.30.1). Lower view of right

upper molar series.

An inspection of the figure to which Matschie alludes (see text-

fig. 135 A, which is a copy of the figure in Meves’s Atlas) shows

that the internal enamel-fold is not absent from the last upper

molar, only it is fused with the antero-external fold, a condition

* Op. cit. p. 216.

634 DR. FORSYTH MAJOR ON FOREST-BED MAMMALS. [June 16,

which obtains not unfrequently in younger stages of Beavers’

molars (especially in p' and m*) and sometimes persists in the

adult. ‘Text-fig. 136 B shows the upper molars of a young adult

of the Rhone Beaver, where m® exhibits the pattern of Meves’s

figure. A second, rather old specimen of the Rhone Beaver in

the British Museum (No. 5.3.9.1) shows likewise on both sides

the same conformation of the m* as in the younger specimen.

Text-fig. 135 B, on the other hand, exhibits the upper molar series

of a rather old Swedish Beaver in the Museum of the Royal

College of Surgeons*, kindly placed at my disposal by Prof. Keith.

Here m* presents the normal condition ; and together with the

other cheek-teeth, when compared with Meves’s figure, illustrates

the well-known fact of the considerable individual variation in the

pattern of the enamel, chiefly due to different stages of wear.

Text-fig. 137.

Castor fiber L. Lapland. Side view of anterior portion of skull.

R. Coll. of Surgeons Museum.

The text-figure 137 exhibits the side view of the anterior

portion of the skull in the Royal College of Surgeons, which does

not depart from the normal condition in the European Beaver.

The figure in Meves’s Atlas to which Matschie alludes is appa-

rently taken from the skull of a youngish specimen, and, besides,

may not be quite correct.

As to the characters assigned to Matschie’s new species, C. bal-

ticus, notably the greater elongation of the sagittal crista, they

are simply those of old age. ;

* No. 3102, “from an animal taken in Lapland about the year 1830.”

P.Z.S.1908 Peis

Mies

H.Goodchild del,et lith. Toth imp.

CMERUR ONS IDE OQRUDIL. Y

1908. | ON MAMMALS FROM NORTH CHINA. 635

Dr. Forsyth Major also exhibited photographs of Pliocene

Bovine from specimens in the Florence Museum, stating that

these unpublished figures showed the great variability of the

Pliocene Bovine. He added that he endorsed Falconer’s opinion

that these Pliocene Bovine were nearly related to the primitive

Buffaloes from the Siwaliks.

The following papers were read :—

1. The Duke of Bedford’s Zoological Exploration in Eastern

Asia.—X. List of Mammals from the Provinces of

Chih-li and Shan-si, N. China. By OLpFieLp THomas,

HER Ssh Z.Ss-

[Received May 2, 1908. ]

(Plate XXX.)

During the four months following his excursion to the Mon-

golian plateau +, Mr. M. P. Anderson made collections in different

parts of the northern provinces of China, Chih-li and Shan-si,

and it is an interesting comment on our ignorance of the Fauna

of that part of the world that, in spite of the previous work

of David, Swinhoe, Styan and others, he has obtained quite a

number of new forms.

Throughout the region, the country has proved to be extremely

barren and poor in mammals, and the possible collecting-grounds

few and far between. But this very fact renders such collecting

places as Mr. Anderson has found all the more interesting, for

they almost bear the character of faunistic islands, in which

the original inhabitants have been locally preserved, and which

are separated from each other by a sea of barren treeless plains

where few animals can live. The proper exploration of these

oases of life is therefore peculiarly valuable. No doubt the

difficulties of collecting have been accentuated during the winter

months, and we may hope that during the present spring

Mr. Anderson will find a number of additional forms which in

the winter have been lying dormant.

Of previous literature there is not much to be referred to

beyond the well-known publications of David, Milne-Edwards,

and Swinhoe, and an interesting paper by O. F. von Mollendorff ¢

giving a popular account of the Mammals of Chih-li, with notes

on the Chinese names.

* [The complete account of the new species described in this communication

appears here; but since the name and preliminary diagnosis of one were published

in the ‘ Abstract,’ that species is distinguished by the name being underlined.—

EpirTor. |

+ Supra, p. 104. ‘

{ “he Vertebrata of the Province of Chih-l, with Notes on Chinese Zoological

Nomenclature,” Journ. N. China Branch Roy. As. Soc. (2) xi. p. 41, 1877.

636 MR. OLDFIELD THOMAS ON [June 16,

Prof. Matschie’s work* on the Filchner Mammals deals with

a somewhat different region, further to the west and south, but,

true to his peculiar creed that the animals of different river-

basins must be specifically distinct from each other, the author

gives new names to some of the Chih-h mammals. The material

he worked upon seems to have consisted largely of single pur-

chased skins, mostly without skulls, and the possibility of any

such variation in colour as is found in the Shan-si foxes (see

infra) is entirely ignored.

No less than 19 species are described as new by Prof. Matschie

on undated skins without measurements or skulls, or at least

without mention of the latter, and I cannot refrain from ex-

pressing the opinion that such work is neither worthy of the high

standing of the Berlin Museum nor of the present date, when

pains are being taken in all directions to ensure that mammal

work should be based only on proper and carefully collected

material. The Americans have set us a good example in this

respect, and it is to be regretted that work issuing from the

Berlin Museum should be done in so retrograde a manner.

All the names thus founded will remain an incubus to science

until the time when they can be successively examined and

weighed in the light of complete material, such material, for

instance, as the Washington Museum has received from Dr. W. L.

Abbott, or our own National Museum owes to the Duke of

Bedford, Mr. C. D. Rudd, Mr. W. H. Balston, and many others.

About 100 specimens are dealt with in the present communi-

cation, belonging to 20 species.

The following are Mr. Anderson’s notes on the localities he

collected in :—

CHIH-LI.

“ After returning from my trip to the Mongolian Plateau, I

visited Tung-ling, the forest of the reserve of the Hastern

Imperial Tombs, and on 12th September, 1907, I began work at

Yen-mon, a hamlet about 65 miles north-east of Peking. At

this point I was well within the hills which border the Chih-li

plain on the north, and my hamlet was at an altitude of about

1000 ft., while the surrounding hills rose to 1800 or 2000 ft.

The hills of this region are for the most part very abrupt, rugged

and rocky. Difficult peaks and narrow, almost impassable canyons

are frequent. Tung-ling is forbidden ground to the wood-cutter

and charcoal-burner, therefore woods persist and even grow dense

and old in the remoter parts of the reserve. One finds some fine

oaks, walnuts, chestnuts, and cottonwoods The frequently

occurring open spaces are well covered with deep grass.”

SHAN-SI.

“On 25th October, 1907, 1 reached Tai-Yuen-Fu, the capital

* Wilchner Exped. Zool. pp. 134-244, 1907 (postdated 1908).

1908. | MAMMALS FROM NORTH CHINA, 637

of Shan-si Province, and on 31st October left that city for the

mountain-range some 15 miles west of there.

“At this point, at an altitude of 5400 feet, I found the

mountains sparsely covered with pine trees and the canyon sides

overgrown with dense bushes.

“On 17th November I began work at Chao-Cheng-Shan, a

mountain of 10,000 ft. altitude, situated about 100 miles west-

north-west of Tai-Yuen-Fu. There, at an altitude of 8000 ft.,

1 made my home in a peasant’s hut. Above me extended a

dense forest of spruce and hemlock, below I overlooked the

rugged bare hills and cultivated valleys characteristic of North

China.

“‘T remained in this place till Dec. 6th, 1907. The weather

throughout was fiercely cold, as a north wind blew almost

unceasingly.

“On December 27th I went eastward of Tai-Yuen-Fu about

20 miles to a temple wood among the ‘loess’ hills. But this

proved such a poor collecting-ground, and the weather so very

cold, that on 4th January I thought it advisable to return to

the city.”

1. RHINOLOPHUS FERRUM-EQUINUM NIPPON Temm.

3. 1571. Cave 30 miles W. of Peking. 600".

This and the two following species were obtained in a sacred

cave which Mr. Anderson might not have been allowed to enter,

certainly not to shoot in, had it not been for the kind offices of

Dr. J. H. Ingram of Tung-chou, who persuaded the priest of the

cave to allow him to do so. Great numbers of bats were hanging

from the roof, but besides the one Rhinolophus, which was caught

low down within reach, and the two specimens of J/yotis, all

proved to belong to one species, a Winiopterus.

2. Myoris (LEUCONOE) PEQUINIUS, sp. n.

3S. 1573, 1589. Cave 30 miles W. of Peking. 600’.

A comparatively large Leuwconoe, with a fringed interfemoral

membrane.

In size one of the largest species of the group, exceeding all the

Old-World species of Lewconoe, except M. ricketti. Fur rather

short and velvety, hairs of back about 5 mm. in length. General

colour above uniform ‘drab-grey,” the bases of the hairs slaty.

Under surface whitish grey, the ends of the hairs nearly white,

their bases slaty; under side of hind legs and the anal region

edging the membranes white and practically hairless. Ears of

medium size, rather narrow, concave on their external border ;

tragus about half the length of the ear, narrow, not sharply

pointed, slightly curved outwards above. Wings attached to the

lower end of the tibiew. Feet of average Leuconoe proportions.

Interfemoral membrane fringed posteriorly with pale buffy hairs ;

tip of tail not projecting from the membrane, so far as can be

638 MR. OLDFIELD THOMAS ON [June 16,

determined on skins from which the caudal vertebre have been

pulled out. In colour all the membranes and the feet are dark

drab-grey, except that the terminal half-inch of the interfemoral

is slightly marbled with white.

Median upper premolar minute in one specimen, absent in the

other, but both are very old examples with the teeth much worn

down. Also very minute in the lower jaw.

Dimensions of the type (the starred measurements taken in the

flesh) :—

Forearm 50 mm. (in the second specimen 48-5).

*Head and body 62 mm.; *tail 427; *hind foot (s. u.) 12;

*ear 18; tragus on inner edge (dry) 7; third finger, metacarpal

46, lst phalanx 14°5, 2nd phalanx 14; tibia 18.

Skull—basi-sinual length= (¢c.) 145 mm.; zygomatic breadth

12:2; interorbital breadth 4:9, breadth of brain-case 4:7; front

of canine to back of m’ 6°9.

Hab. China, 30 miles W. of Peking. Alt. 600’.

Type. Old male. B.M. No. 8.8.7.2. Original number 1573.

Collected 11 October, 1907.

By its size and the presence of a fringe on its interfemoral

membrane this very distinct Bat is easily separable from any

known Asiatic member of the genus J/yotis.

The specimens were found hanging in the same cave as the

series of Miniopterws—the association recalling that so frequent

in Europe of Miniopterus with Myotis (Leuconoe) capaccinii.

3. MINIOPTERUS SCHREIBERSI CHINENSIS, subsp. n.

29,132. 1574-1588. Cave 30 miles W. of Peking. 600’.

Size averaging slightly larger than in J/. s. gaponie Thos., the

forearm ranging in length from 47 to 50 mm.

Colour dark, as usual in the Eastern forms, but without the

reddish ‘‘ Prout’s brown ” suffusion found in japonie, the general

tone being markedly more drabby than in that form. The colour

cannot be exactly matched in Ridgway, but is between “seal-

brown ” and ‘“ drab,” with something of each in it according to

the light the specimens are seen in.

This difference in colour is perfectly uniform throughout series

of fifteen specimens of chinensis and a dozen of japonic, so that

it seems necessary to recognise the N, China form as a different

subspecies from that of Japan.

Dimensions of the type, measured in the flesh :—-

Forearm 49 mm.

Head and body 62 mm.; tail 52; hind foot 10:5; ear 12.

Skull—greatest length 15:8 mm.; basi-sinual length 12.

+ Probably below the normal; in the other specimen 49 mm.

{ In describing Bats a name is frequently wanted for the measurement from the

basion to the hinder edge of the anterior palatal notch. As the Latin for notch,

incisio, makes a compound too like one founded on the incisor teeth, I would suggest

the above word, based on sinus, a bay or gulf, with which this deep rounded hollow

may be suitably compared.

1908. | MAMMALS FROM NORTH CHINA. 639

Type. Adult female. B.M. No. 8.8.7.15. Original number

1585. Collected 11 October, 1907.

Bonhote’s JZ, s. fusews from the Liu-Kiu Islands is smaller,

with a forearm about 44 mm. in length.

4, CrocipuRA coREx Thos.

3. 1553. Imperial Tombs, 65 miles E. of Peking.

Closely similar to the typical Korean series.

“Trapped beneath a thick bush among loose rocks in a cold

damp canyon.”—W/, P. A.

5. CHODSIGOA HYPSIBIA de Wint.

3. 1558. 92. 1559. Imperial Tombs, 65 miles E. of Peking.

1000’.

Since Mr. de Winton described his Soriculus hypsibius * from

N.W. Sze-chuen, correctly noticing the absence of the minute

fourth unicuspid found in typical Soriculus, Dr. Kashtchenko +

has made a new subgenus, Chodsigoa, for the species without that

tooth. But while recognising the distinction of Chodsigoa, and

even considering it rather genus than subgenus, I think that the

typical species ‘‘ Soriculus (Chodsigoa) beresowshi” is undoubtedly

identical with de Winton’s animal, coming from practically the

same locality, and having just about the same proportions. Nor

can I at present see any reason to distinguish Mr. Anderson’s

specimens from hypsibia, in spite of their very different locality.

Mr. de Winton’s type was previously the only specimen of this

rare group of Shrews possessed by the British Museum.

“Trapped in a radish garden on a rocky hillside.” —W/. P. A.

6. VULPES VULPES L.

3. 1645, 1646, 1651. ‘Tai-Yuen-Fu. 2700’.

These three skins illustrate the remarkable colour variation

found among Foxes, one of them having a whitish, the second a

slaty-grey, and the third a red under-side.

“ Common.”—W.. P. A.

7. SCIUROTAMIAS DAVIDIANUS M.-Edw.

3d. 1570. Imperial Tombs, 65 miles E. of Peking.

@. 1643. 100 miles N.W. of Tai-Yuen-Fu, Shan-si. 8000’.

The genus Sciwrotanvias was formed by Mr. Gerrit Miller = for

this remarkable Squirrel, which has a skull very like that of a

Chipmunk, with the external appearance of a Squirrel. Prof.

Milne-Edwards had previously noticed its near relationship to

Tanuas §.

“ Not a common species, aS only one was seen besides the

* P. Z. S. 1899, p. 574.

+ Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersb. x. p. 252 (1906).

~ P. Biol. Soc. Wash. xiv. p. 23 (1901).

§ Rech. Mamm. p. 160 e¢ seqq. (1874).

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1908, No. X LI. 41

640 MR. OLDFIELD THOMAS ON [June 16,

present specimens. From the native reports I judge this animal

to be a rock-loving species. Its colour is very like that of the

local rocks.

‘“‘Bvidently rare in Shan-si.”

MM, P. A.

8. EUTAMIAS SENESCENS Mill.

3. 1561, 1562. Imperial Tombs, 65 miles HE. of Peking.

The type of #. senescens was obtained about 15 miles to the

west of Peking.

“Rare. I failed to see any alive, but got these two from

hunters.”— MW. P. A.

9. MreRIoNES PSAMMOPHILUS M.-Edw.

3. 1644. Tai-Yuen-Fu, Shan-si. 2800

This species was discovered by Pere David at Suen-hoa-fur

near Kalgan, but although Mr. Anderson, when in that region,

obtained a good series of the other species, JJ. unguiculatus, he

did not get MW. psummophilus, which we are therefore very glad

to obtain, as the only specimen in the Museum is without a

skull.

“Tnactive in winter, but doubtless conspicuous in warm

weather.”—/, P. A.

10. MERIONES AUCEPS, Sp. n.

3. 1647. East of Tai-Yuen-Fu, Shan-si. 4000’. 31 Dec.,

LOO SBME Non8:82/030) se lape:

A medium-sized species with the immensely large inflated

bullee of W/. erythrurus.

Size about as in MW. unguiculatus, the common species of

Mongolia. General colour above of the usual buffy fawn, very

much as in that species, Sides with a brighter buffy band edging

the white. Belly practically pure white, the hairs mostly white

to their roots, but some few with a little grey at their bases.

Kars bright buffy, contrasting with the general tone. Hands

and feet pure white; claws thin, whitish horn-colour, not blackish

as in WM. wnguiculatus. Tail well-haired, but not specially tufted,

rich ochraceous-bufty throughout, a few hairs at the extreme end

tipped with black.

Skull much more heavily built than that of IZ. wngwiculatus,

with broad interorbital space and heavy muzzle. Bulle ex-

ceedingly large, the part just in front of the external meatus so

swollen as to touch the zygomata, which they surpass in lateral

spread.

Dimensions of the type, a rather young adult :—

Head and body 110 mm.; tail 105; hind foot 31; ear 15-5.

Skull—greatest length 36 mm. ; basilar length 27-5; zygomatic

breadth 19°5; tympanic breadth 20; interorbital breadth 6-2 ;

palatilar length 15-5; diastema 9-2; palatal foramina 7; greatest.

1908. ] MAMMALS FROM NORTH CHINA. 641

horizontal diameter of bulle 14:5; length of upper tooth-row

(alveoli) 5:3.

flab. and Type as above.

Of the other Chinese Meriones described, this very pretty

Species may be distinguished from J, unguiculatus by its whitish

claws, buffy ears, whiter belly, and less blackened tail; from

M. psammophilus by its larger size and buffy ears; and from both

by its enormously larger bulle, which indicate that it is not

really closely allied to either of them.

11. Mus conructanus, M.-Edw.

3.1551. 2. 1567, 1569. Imperial Tombs, 65 miles E. of

Peking.

¢. 1600. 92. 1599. Near Tai-Yuen-Fu, Shan-si. 5300’.

3. 1648. East of Tai-Yuen-Fu. 4000’.

The Imperial Tombs specimens are very similar to the Kuatun

examples considered as typical confucianus by Bonhote, and are

equally distinct from the form found on the Chefoo Peninsula

which I have named J. c. sacer in a previous paper.

*“Not common; trapped among broken rocks and canyon-

bottoms on hill-sides.”—W. P. A.

12. Mus waGNERI MonGcouiuM Thos.

6. 1552, 1566. 9. 1556, 1565, 1568. Imperial Tombs,

65 miles HE. of Peking.

6. 1611, 1617. 2. 1603, 1621, 1629, 1635. 100 miles

N.W. of Tai-Yuen-Fu, Shansi. 8000’.

Although these mice have no trace of an anterior supple-

mentary cusp on their first upper molars, they are not improbably

related to the Kan-su Jus ‘“(Leggada)” gansuensis Satunin, a

form evidently of the musculus group, and not a true Leggada

at all.

“This small mouse seemed to be the commonest species in the

vicinity of the Imperial Tombs, but still it was not met with very

often. It lived under half-buried stones among the grass and

bushes, or along the rocky banks of streams.

‘‘Tn Shan-si it was somewhat common in the fields and about

the peasants’ threshing-grounds at Chao-Cheng-shan, but I did

not see it elsewhere.”—-M/. P. A.

13. APoDEMUS SPECIOosUS Temm.

3. 1560, 1563. @. 1555, 1564. Imperial Tombs, 65 miles

E. of Peking.

3. 1598. ©. 1590, 1594. Near Tai-Yuen-Fu, Shan-si.

5300’.

S$. 1623, 1636. 2. 1608, 1630, 1631. 100 miles N.W. of

Tai-Yuen-Fu. 8000’.

The Shan-si specimens are not unlike the Korean subspecies

A. s. peninsule, to which perhaps the whole series should be

4|*

642 MR. OLDFIELD THOMAS ON [June 16,

provisionally referred until further material is received bearing

on their relationship to A. s. chevrieri and draco, of the 8.W. and

S. of China.

“Ags common as A. agrarius, but usually livmg among the

bushes.” — WU. P. A.

14. APODEMUS AGRARIUS COREE Thos.

go. 1550, 1554, 1557. Imperial Tombs, 65 miles E. of Peking.

Ags with most of the other Imperial Tombs animals the nearest

relationship of this striped rat seems to be with the Korean sub-

species, but in such a variable group the present series is not large

enough for me to be very positive on the point.

“Moderately common ; living in the tall grass which grows in

certain open valleys.”—W. P. A.

15. GRICETULUS TRITON de Wint.

3. 1622 (immature). Chao-Cheng-Shan, 100 miles N.W.

of Tai-Yuen-Fu, Shan-si. 8000’.

“ Brought to me by a farmer, who had caught it im a straw-

stack in his threshing-ground.”—W/, P. 4.

16. CRICETULUS ANDERSONI, sp. 0.

6. 1591, 1592, 1596, 1601) 1602) 2. 1595; ) Veo ease

Near Tai-Yuen-Fu, Shan-si. 5300’.

3S. 1626, 1641. 9. 1604, 1605, 1619, 1620, 1627, 1628, 1642.

100 miles N.W. of Tai-Yuen-Fu. 8000’.

3. 1649. 9. 1650. East of Tai-Yuen-Fu. 4000’.

A small long-tailed species like C. longicaudatus M.-Edw., but

with the belly-hairs grey basally.

General colour above drab-grey, the centre of the back in-

distinctly darker, but without a definite dark line. Sides often

with a vaguely marked buffy area just in front of the hips.

Under surface dull whitish grey, not sharply defined laterally,

the hairs dark slaty for about two-thirds of their length. Lars

blackish, with sharply contrasted white tip and edges. Hands

and feet white; palms naked; soles hairy except in the region

of the pads and on the under sides of the toes. Tail comparatively

long, coloured above like the back, white below, and sometimes

white all round at the tip.

Skull not strikingly different from that of C. griseus.

Dimensions of four specimens, measured in flesh :—

g. Head and body 80 mm.; tail 38; hind foot 15 ; ear 15.

3 (type) ,, Soe ee SOs 5 16. 3; es Milas

2 : ” 84 ” 9 99 44 ; 9 hi 5 9 1,3},

ae %» BD) 93 a 805 7 LOrD ie, ae

Skull of type—greatest length 25°5 mm. ; basilar length 20:3 ;

zygomatic breadth 13:3; nasals 9°23; interorbital breadth 3°7 ;

breadth of brain-case 11‘7; interparietal 2°6x9-2; palatilar

1908. ] MAMMALS FROM NORTH CHINA, 643

length 10-4; palatal foramina 5:3; length of upper molar

series 3°9.

Hab. Shan-si

8000".

Type. Adult male. B.M. No. 8.8.7.71. Original number 1626.

Collected 3 December, 1907.

This Hamster is readily distinguishable from C. longicaudatus

M.-Edw. by its grey-mixed belly, from C. grisews M.-Edw. and

C. dichrootis Sat.* by its longer tail, and from “ Urocricetus ”

kamensis Sat.* by its shorter tail and smaller size. I confess

I fail to see any sufficient reason why the long-tailed forms of

this group should be separated in a special subgenus, even apart

from the evidence given by C. andersoni, the tail of which is of a

more or less intermediate length.

In laying such emphasis on the colour of the ears in C. dichro-

otis, Dr. Satunin does not seem to be aware that particoloured

ears are a characteristic of most of the Far Eastern species,

C. griseus and C’. obscurus both having similar black and white

ears.

I have named this pretty species after its collector, Mr.

Anderson, by whom its distinctness from C. griseus was noticed.

“The common species of Hamster in Shan-si. It inhabits the

neighbourhood of cultivated fields, making many horizontal

burrows just beneath the surface of the earth.”—I/, P. A.

type from 100 miles N.W. of Tai-Yuen-Fu.

17. CrAsEoMys REGULUS Thos.

@. 1549. Imperial Tombs, 60 miles E. of Peking.

I cannot perceive any character by which this Vole can be

distinguished from C. regulus, which was described from Korea.

“‘ Trapped among bushes at the foot of a talus-slide; the only

specimen seen, though I made great efforts to find more.”—

Si gpl er sie

18. CRASEOMYS SHANSEIUS, sp. n.

3S. 1610, 1618, 1625, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1637, 1638, 1640.

©. 1607, 1609, 1616, 1624, 1639. 100 miles N.W. of Tai-

Yuen-Fu, Shan-si. 8000’.

‘Taken in spruce forest.”

A large pale-coloured species with comparatively short tail.

Fur long, soft and loose; hairs of back (in winter coat)

12-13 mm. in length. Upper surface pale greyish Hvotomys-

colour, the reddish more suffused with grey than usual, though

possibly this is not so much the case in specimens in summer

pelage. Face and sides markedly greyer, without rufous suffusion.

Under surface pale cream-bufty, the broad slaty bases to the hairs

showing through. Hands and feet white above. Tail heavily

haired, brown above, whitish or cream-coloured on sides and

below.

* Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Pétersb. vii. pp. 567 & 574 (1902).

644 MR. OLDFIELD THOMAS ON [June 16,

Skull rather smaller than that of C. regulus; on the whole

similar in shape except that the mesopterygoid fossa is unusually

narrow, and the ridges bounding it do not slope upwards (dorsad)

so much as usual, as they pass above (dorsad to) the posterior edge

of the palate; the vertical space formed between the ridges and

the hinder end of the palate is therefore of much less vertical

extent than in other members of the Hvotomys-Craseomys group.

Teeth apparently as usual, the last upper molar with six, and

the first lower with nine salient angles.

Dimensions of four of the largest specimens :—

3 (veryold). Head and body 104 mm.; tail 32; hind foot 18; ear 13.

3 (type) ” te) een Sy 33; ” TS; ” 13.

2. iy 100 Fries aos 33) See

On 93 23) tp yon aeeees 9 yolileghcemmece

Skull of type—greatest length 26-2 mm.; basilar length 23:3 ;

zygomatic breadth 14°6; nasals 7-4; palatilar length 12°6; palatal

foramina 5°5; length of upper molar series (crowns) 6:2.

Hab. As above.

Type. Adult male. B.M. No. 8.8.7.85. Original number 1634.

Collected 4 December, 1907.

This fine species, which was found by Mr. Anderson high up in

the spruce-covered mountains N.W. of Tai-Yuen-Fu, may be

readily distinguished from any of its allies by its unusually short

tail, which barely surpasses that of average members of the

Microtine series of Voles. In addition its pale colour and peculiar

palate are characteristic.

No Red Voles have hitherto been found anywhere near

Shan-si, the nearest being the Chih-li example of C. regulus

referred to above. I continue to use the name Craseomys in a

generic sense for the group of Red Voles which either do not

form roots to their molars at all, or only do so in extreme old age.

Hardly a specimen of the Far Eastern species has been found with

its molar teeth no longer encapsuled, so that it is of interest to

mention that in No. 1625 the capsules have almost disappeared,

and the molars appear to be on the point of forming roots. In

the Scandinavian C. rufocanus roots appear to be formed at rather

an earlier period of life, so that that species, while technically

genotype, is the least typical member of the genus.

‘“‘ Rather common in the brush-covered valley-bottoms at Chao-

Cheng-Shan. Not seen elsewhere.” P. A.

19. Lepus swinHoetr Thos.

2. 1572. Tung-chou, on the Peking plain.

3. 1613. 2. 1606. 100 miles N.W. of Tai-Yuen-Fu, Shan-si.

8000".

‘Said to be common round Peking, but if so is not easily

seen.”

“A common species at Chao-Cheng-shan, and near Tai-Yuen,

1908. | MAMMALS FROM NORTH CHINA. 645

as indicated by the number of tracks, but difficult to secure as

they do not flush till one is close upon them.”—JW/, P. A.

20. CAPREOLUS BEDFORD! Thos. (Plate XXXII.)

Abstr. P. Z.S. 1908, p. 32 (June 16).

3. 1612, 1614 (skulls only). @. 1615. 100 miles N.W. of

Tai-Yuen-Fu, Shan-si. 8000’.

Size rather larger than in the European C. capreolus, therefore

much smaller than in C. pygargus. Horns comparatively small,

therefore not like those of C. tianshanicus.

General colour above of a winter specimen buffy clay-colour,

rather paler than the tone often rather loosely called “red” by

sporting writers, therefore very different from the greyish brown

of C. capreolus. Under surface dull whitish. the hairs grey at

base, then whitish, washed terminally with pale fulvous. Head

rather more rufous. Area behind nostrils blackish, but, at least

in the winter coat, without the marked black band characteristic

of C. capreolus. Lips, both upper and lower, and chin dull white,

without blackish marks laterally. Hairs of throat ‘ drab-grey,”

with whitish tips. Ears grizzled buffy and blackish, with darker

edges, their internal surfaces whitish. Limbs dull buffy or pale

tawny, more fulvous proximally, paler distally.

Skull larger than that of C. capreolws, markedly smaller than

in C. pygargus. Horns comparatively slender, with the usual

three tines.

Dimensions of the type, measured in flesh :—

Head and body 1125 mm.; hind foot 310; ear 130.

Skull of type—condylo-basal length 186 mm.*

Skull of old male—condylo-basal length 207 mm.; greatest

breadth 95; length of nasals 70; interorbital breadth 57; palatal

length 126; length of upper tooth-series 66.

The condylo-basal lengths of two adult males of C. pygargus are

221 and 225 mm., while in a pair of C. capreolus this measurement

is 184 (¢) and 181 (@).

Type. Old female. B.M. No. 8.8.7.99. Original number 1615.

Collected 25 November, 1907.

Although the original description is of a character to make

identification difficult, I have little doubt that this is the Roe

described by Noack t as C.[ervus]£ pygargus var. mantschuricus,

but this name, being preoccupied in the genus Cervus, was invalid

ab initio, and cannot be reinstated (as was done by Lydekker $),

whatever genus the animal is afterwards proved to belong to.

Under these circumstances I have particular pleasure in naming

it after the Society’s President, the Duke of Bedford, K.G., in

* Slightly distorted, probably below the normal size.

+ ‘Humboldt,’ viii. p. 9, 1889.

{ That the C. stands for Cervus and not Capreolus is clear from the fact that in

this paper the whole of the Cervide are included in one genus, the subordinate

genera being barely accorded the rank of “ groups.”

§ ‘ Deer of all Lands,’ p. 231, 1898.

646 MESSRS. RITCHIE AND McINTOSH ON [June 16,

recognition both of his carrying out of the present exploration, by

which our knowledge of the Mammals of the Far Hast is being

steadily revolutionized, and of the fact that his own personal

acquaintance with the Cervide and his wonderful collection of living

Deer at Woburn have been the basis of much of the considerable

nerease in our knowledge of the group which has taken place of

recent years.

“¢ A common deer about the edges of the forest at Chao-Cheng-

Shan. They were to be seen at all times of the day in groups of

two to five. Rarely were they solitary. During one long tramp

T saw fourteen in the day.”—M/. P. A.

2. On a Case of Imperfect Development in Lchinus escu-

lentus. By James Rrrcwmie, M.A., B.Sc., The Royal

Scottish Museum, and D. C. McIntosu, M.A., B.Sce.,

[Received May 7, 1908. ]

(Plate XX XIII. and Text-figures 138-142.)

The description of abnormalities is of special value when these

are of unusual character and occur in a species little lable to

deviation from the type. Moreover, there has not hitherto been

recorded any case of the special degree of abnormality illustrated

by our specimen. Therefore it is that we venture to set down

these observations, in spite of the fact that it seems impossible

to account with certainty for the origin, or even to determine

precisely the status, of the abnormality (whether it should be

regarded as an example of congenital variation, or simply as a

case of arrested development due to functional disturbance of the

organism by some external factor).

The specimen, an example of the most common British Sea-

Urchin (Hchinus esculentus Linn.), for which we are indebted to

Dr. A. Bowman, of the scientific staff of the Scottish North

Sea Fishery Investigations, was obtained by him, in July 1907,

in Basta Voe, Shetland, where it was trawled from a depth of

twenty-four metres. In a note regarding it Dr. Bowman says :—

“The malformed Urchin occurred amongst a number of typical

ones. Unfortunately I took no notice at the time of any pecu-

liarity in the living animal.... The sport was not noticed until

the spines etc. were nearly all cleared off. I thought at first it

was an unusually flat variety.”

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMEN.

(a) General Description—Shape, Symmetry, &c.

At first sight the specimen appears to be, as Dr. Bowman had

noted, merely a rather flat variety, with a large oral surface and

* Communicated by F. A. Barner, D.Sc., F.Z.S.

+ For explanation of the Plate, see p. 661.

1908.] AN ABNORMAL ECHINUS. 647

a depressed apical region. Closer investigation, however, shows

that the general shape has departed considerably from the normal.

Viewing the test in plan, one sees marked divergence from the

apparent radial symmetry characteristic of regular Sea-Urchins.

This is due to a distinct bulging on the side remote from the

madreporite, which has caused the ambitus to assume a bilaterally

symmetrical, almost oval shape (Pl. XX XIII. fig. 1). The same

portion, moreover, viewed in elevation, is seen to be considerably

depressed as compared with the globular form which charac-

terises the other regions (Pl. XX XIII. fig. 2). Further, it is to be

noted that the apical disc has departed from its normal horizontal

position, the madreporite standing at a distinctly bigher level

than the plates on the opposite side of the periproct, for these

appear to have been dragged downwards towards the bulging

portion of the test. On the oral surface the peristomal opening

is excentric, it too apparently having been dragged towards the

bulging portion, for in that region the margin of the opening is

only 29 mm. distant from the ambitus, whereas on the opposite

side the distance is 34 mm.

All those deviations from radial symmetry are due to, or at

least are connected with, the fact that a portion of one of the

ambulacra is absent. Orienting the specimen in the recognised

manner, by placing the aboral surface upwards, with the madre-

porite in the right anterior position, and adopting Lovén’s

notation, we find that the incomplete area is number V, the left

posterior ambulacrum, the tube-foot area of the left division of

the bivium. On the aboral surface this radial area is absent, but

commencing a little above the ambitus, at the bulging portion of

the test, it runs thence to the peristome, being fully represented

on the oral surface.

The most noticeable result of this partial cutting out of the

ambulacrum, apart from the general distortion of the whole

skeleton already described, is that the two sets of interambulacral

plates (areas 4 and 5) come together, four rows of interambulacral

plates thus occurring in close proximity. The two sets are

separated by a zigzag suture, whereas the edges of interambu-

lacral plates abutting against an ambulacral area (that is, the

edges corresponding to those bounding the above zigzag suture) are

normally straight. Less noticeable are such minor distortions

as the divergence of the line of bilateral symmetry, which passes

through the middle of areas IIL and 5, from its normal straightness,

owing toa bending of the interambulacral suture in the latter area

towards the locality of disturbance. Quite distinct as this devia-

tion is on the aboral surface, on the oral surface it does not exist,

the line through areas III and 5 being there perfectly straight.

Again, abnormal distortion occurs in the interambulacral sutures

of areas 4 and 5, and in the junction between areas 5 and LI., all of

these lines bending with gentle curves inwards towards the point

where the ambulacrum has disappeared. These curvatures are

obviously due to an increase in the size of the plates in the

648 MESSRS. RITCHIE AND McINTOSH ON. [June 16,

direction of their long axes, but, marked as the curves are, the

increase in the size of the plates is measurably of small moment.

The following comparative table indicates the differences in length

(i. ¢., in the direction of the long axis) and in depth (¢. e., at right

angles to the long axis) of certain interambulacral plates forming

a band, interrupted by the ambulacra, round the skeleton. The

1 So ge ||

oc | © >See

x | ee

= x x J tale se)

@ (S) j=) ||| =)

al i) aQ es

| 19 = = 8

= ~ we) zz 2

| 3 x x x 2+

a S ao Oo a

oq a a | mS

ie) | el

2 +B) c=

(eo) x ~ 3) 521

Ps) | x |! @w x 3 2

le ll aah 2

| — a ce | 2

| <i bee Ua —| 32

loa) 10 oD mr

co a) io “8

8 x x x eh

co i i=) R

a a a 2

] Day

10 Ney 10 = 8

_ x x x Pos

fon) j=) i=) ae

| ce nN icy) co

cr) | BEERS

| a =

=~ Re) 2 eS eae

| 38 x x x =

jen) i=) im) Pe

4 = a a SB eo

ea 3 i esameahae eee B| ee aal Mh ia ete

< ] oO ie-a) ny.) —] @

= | eceelee FEE

no SW x I x |? 2a

19 19 N Si fl

S =) or = S

| ies N ce S a

i Oe Ie — Fs o

. 2

Nieescounl acs x 24

S Xx KP eee E'S 3

ren re) @ wm eS 2

re iors “ey iG} {S|

: +—— fe

xlele| 323

=) 19 x x eee aris

oO (=) S Dio iH

al a a 2422

! D a

as © 4 A

x Wo) Ro} 2

3 19 x x eS) Gs

co = So 8 =

— N eS | is a

= Sys

= = = = = = |

e mn 2 i ns 2

4 a | : : 25 5

<a] I 3 5 BA FS ee

= = = on a Hot

=] 4 co qo ra]

se) =

Sse i

| | “LVI g

missing ambulacrum is truncated opposite the thirteenth inter-

ambulacral plate, the plates being numbered from the peristome.

The thirteenth plate of each interambulacral area has, on this

account, been measured and along withit, forthe sake of comparison,

the plate which bounds it on the proximal and on the distal side ;

1908. ] AN ABNORMAL ECHINUS. 649

so that in the short series of three there are included the plate

formed immediately prior to the truncation (12), that formed

concurrently with the truncation (13), and that immediately

succeeding the truncation (14). The letters @ and 6 refex to the

plate-rows in an area taken in counter-clockwise rotation.

The above measurements indicate that, in those areas (4 and 5)

which bound the centre of disturbance, the plates formed con-

currently with the disturbance are on the whole slightly longer

than the corresponding plates in the other areas, while the plates

immediately preceding and immediately succeeding the disturb-

ance are on the whole shorter. But the depth of the plates in

the affected areas is in every case greater than the average depth

of the corresponding plates in the normal areas. The details here

recorded are of value as showing to what measurable extent

definite portions of the test have been affected in the effort of the

organism to adapt itself to highly abnormal conditions. This

phase of regulation will be referred to later.

The following measurements give some idea of the proportions

of the test in various directions :—Height = 55 mm.; long axis

= 95 mm.; short axis = 89 mm.; circumference at ambitus =

293 mm.

(b) Detailed Description—Abnormalities in Plates.

Examination of the elements which make up the test reveals

additional features of interest. The numbers of the plates in the

various interambulacral series are :—

TABLE IT.

Area ...... 1 2 3

Series ...... a | b Pyiecita lomo @| a

————s |! —_ SS SS ——— tl

(No of plates. .|| 23 | 24 || 25 i 24

}

TasBLE showing the number of interambulacral plates in the respective series.

The heavy line indicates the relative position of the area of disturbance.

In those areas which bound the incompletely developed ambu-

lacrum, all the series have suffered reduction of plates. Roughly,

they contain two plates short of the number normal for the

remainder of the test. Amongst the interambulacral plates there

is little abnormality other than the increase in length and breadth

in areas 4 and 5 already recorded, except in the two plates which

between them include the termination of the truncated ambu-

lacral area. These, instead of being rudely rectangular, are

pentagonal, the extra face abutting against the terminal plate of

the ambulacrum; and not only is the aboral half of each longer

650 MESSRS. RITCHIE AND McINTOSH ON [June 16,

than the adoral, but the portion facing the ambulacrum is con-

siderably deeper than that remote from it (text-fig. 142).

In the plates of the ambulacral areas there are more frequent

departures from the usual form. Fully-developed ambulacral

plates are formed by the union of small pore-plates, each bearing

a single pore-pair. In Hchinus esculentus three of these primitive

plates formed near the apical area, under the shelter of the

oculars, are compressed, by the formation of new plates, to form

a compound triad, the ordinary plate of the ambulacral area.

Even in the fused plate the original pore-plates can be distin-

guished by shallow ,boundary grooves; and we are following the

usual terminology in designating the two outer plates, which

are bounded on one side by the interambulacral area and on the

other by the zigzag intra-ambulacral suture, the adoral and aboral

primaries ; while the median plate touching the interambulacral

area but failing to reach the zigzag suture in its own area, is

known as a demi-plate. The three pore-pairs in a compound

plate are arranged, not in a single vertical series, but lie in three

distinct longitudes. These details of plate structure have been

recounted in order to facilitate reference to the abnormalities

which occur, and which consist, for the greater part, of an

imperfect complement, or an incomplete fusion of the primitive

plates which ordinarily go to the formation of a compound ambu-

lacral plate.

In the posterior series, a, of the right posterior ambulacral

area I (text-fig. 138) the twenty-eighth plate, numbered from the

Text-fig. 138.

ABNORMALITIES In AMBULACRAL AREAS oF Echinus esculentus.

Roman numerals beneath the figures indicate the ambulacral area in which the

abnormalities occur. Arabic numerals alongside the figures indicate the

numbers of the plates, reckoned from the peristome. a and 4, series in

ambulacral areas. In text-fig. 142 two interambulacral plates are included,

and are numbered according to their area, series, and position in series.

peristome, consists of only two complete primaries, a demi-plate

being lacking. It is succeeded by a solitary demi-plate, perhaps

the remains of the aboral of twenty-eight, the place of which may

1908. ] AN ABNORMAL ECHINUS. 651

have been taken by a fully developed median. Twenty-nine is also

formed of two primaries; while thirty, complete as regards the

number of plates and pore-pairs, possesses an arrangement

altogether unusual. The apparent adoral plate is an included

plate, for it touches the zigzag suture, but fails to reach the

straight suture between ambulacrum and interambulacrum; the

demi-plate is present, but instead of being median, it is external,

touching plate twenty-nine and lying in the same latitude as the

adoral plate; the aboral primary is normal. The pore-pairs of

the adoral and demi-plates are surrounded by a deep hollow

instead of by the usual faintly-marked peripodal groove. In

series 6 of area I the adoral plate of twenty-nine has no pore-

pair, but the median and aboralare normal. Plate thirty contains

only two single plates, a very deep adoral and an aboral demi-

plate. It is succeeded by a solitary demi-plate, the position of

the pore-pair of which would indicate that it represents the

missing aboral of the preceding plate.

In area IT (text-fig. 139), series a, the twenty-eighth plate is

formed of two simple individuals, probably an adoral demi-plate and

an aboral primary, but the obscurity of the sutures renders certainty

impossible. Plate twenty-nine is a single primary possessing no

pore-pair. It is succeeded by a solitary demi-plate, this again

being followed by a compound plate containing four elements, the

aboral of which lacks a pore-pair. In series b, twenty consists of

Text-fig. 139.

ABNORMALITIES IN AMBULACRAL AREAS OF Hehinus esculentus.

(For explanation of the lettering see text-fig. 138.)

a union of six primitive plates, no suture separating a first normal

triad from a second, twenty-eight consists of two primaries,

twenty-nine of only one, while between twenty-eight and twenty-

nine is wedged in a small insulated poreless individual. Succeeding

twenty-nine come two separate and distinct demi-plates, the distal

about half the size of the proximal; and these are followed by

thirty, possessing only an adoral primary and an aboral demi-plate.

In ambulacrum ITI (text-fig. 140) plate twenty-nine in series a

contains the normal number of plates, but the aboral is faintly

marked and is imperforate. The succeeding plate is also a

normal triad, but the peripode of the median element contains

only one pore, and must in its present condition have been

652 MESSRS. RITCHIE AND McINTOSH ON [June 16,

functionless. It is moreover the nearest to the centre of the

plate, whereas the median pore-pair should lie in the outermost

row. Series 6 contains two abnormal plates, twenty-nine and

Text-fig. 140.

Heat

ABNORMALITIES IN AMBULACRAL AREAS OF Hehinus esculentus.

(For explanation of the lettering see text-fig. 138.)

thirty, each composed of two pore-plates. The absence of distinct

sutures in the first renders identification of plates impossible, but

the second is composed of an adoral primary and an aboral demi-

plate. Thirty is an intercalated plate having no corresponding

individual in the adjoining ambulacral series.

Series a of area IV (text-fig. 141) contains but one abnormal

plate, thirty, which is composed of four primitive plates, three of

which appear to be primaries, only that preceding the aboral being

unmistakably a demi-plate. Of the four the adoral is imperforate.

Tn series 6, twenty-nine is composed of an adoral primary succeeded

by a demi-plate; thirty, of two primaries, the adoral without

Text-fig. 141.

Y 32

} Sla

5%) 30

» 29

ABNORMALITIES IN AMBULACRAL AREAS OF Hchinus esculentus.

(For explanation of the lettering see text-fig. 138.)

pores; thirty-one, of a single huge primary; thirty-one a, of a

separate demi-plate, perhaps an isolated portion of thirty-one ;

and thirty-two, of three plates, the adoral a large primary, the

other two, smail demi-plates crushed into the upper corner of the

compound plate. Thirty is an intercalated plate with no corre-

sponding individual in the adjacent row. Thirty-eight is also

unusual, beimg composed of five elements, the adoral and median

of which are primaries, while the remainder are demi-plates.

1908. ] AN ABNORMAL ECHINUS. 653

The aboral, however, almost reaches the zigzag intra-ambulacral

suture.

Ambulacrum V (text-fig. 142) is thearea the development of which

is incomplete, and here also abnormal plates occur. In series a the

twenty-ninth, or last plate of the series, is much deformed, for,

while it contains the usual triad, the median demi-plate is pore-

less ; while the adoral and aboral primaries are much misshapen,

the latter being roughly square and having its pore-pair lying in

Text-fig. 142.

ABNORMALITIES IN AMBULACRAL AREAS OF Echinus esculentus.

(For explanation of the lettering see text-fig. 138.)

a peninsula-like corner almost without the boundary of the

plate. In series 6 the penultimate plate, twenty-nine, contains

but two elements, an adoral primary and an aboral demi-plate.

It is followed by a large rudely-triangular plate whose apex falls

at the junction-line of the thirteenth plates of the adjoining

interambulacral areas. Hach of the terminal plates of j this

aborted area is bounded on two sides instead of on one by inter-

ambulacral plates.

The following table shows at a glance the relative positions of

these abnormalities with regard to the respective areas in which

they occur :—

Taste ITT.

| Avea..e sc. sees: [ Il ST eal ay en Vi

Series ......... a) Bila |b || a \ 6 | @ Was Nb

|< ee — —______—__| | —____ ~ || ——]——_

| Total no. of |

plates. |

No. of first plate i | | |

in each | 28

abnormal group. | \| | |

Summarising these observations regarding the ambulacral areas,

we find that, of the ten rows of ambulacral plates grouped in the

654 MESSRS. RITCHIE AND McINTOSH ON [June 16,

five ambulacral areas, not a single row is free from more or less

marked abnormality. Further, all the abnormalities, with two

exceptions, are grouped in a band, broken by the interambulacra,

which passes round the test at a definite distance from the

peristome. The exceptions are the twentieth plate in II } and

the thirty-eighth in IV 6.

With regard to the apical disc as a whole there is little worthy

of note. The plates are normal in number and arrangement, but

the whole disc has become slightly elongated as if the part

towards the abnormal area had been dragged downwards by it.

Consequently several of the genital plates have lost the bilateral

symmetry which usually characterises them. ‘The ocular plate

corresponding to the abnormal ambulacrum is of unusual shape,

possessing four, instead of five, sides and presenting an angular,

instead of an almost straight, boundary to the corona. The

ocular pore is absent, but its position is probably indicated by a

minute pin-hole, which fails to penetrate to the inner surface of

the plate, for neither is there any sign of an internal opening,

nor can a strong light pass through.

PROBABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPECIMEN.

To bring those observations into relation to one another, the

most satisfactory way is to trace the probable development of

the shell. It is with the idea of attaining an approximation

to chronological sequence that the plates have throughout been

reckoned from the peristome, and not from the apical termination

of the series to which they belong. This mode of reckoning

has the disadvantage of increasing the difficulty of numerical

determination owing to the excessive compression of plates which

takes place as the peristomal region is approached, but it has the

advantage of following the natural course of development. For

it is evident that, since all the coronal plates are formed around

the margin of the apical disc and are pushed thence down the

sides of the test, the oldest plates will lie around the peristome.

Thus, counting from the oldest plates recognisable towards those

more recently formed, we get a measure of the age of the animal

computed according to a standard, not of time but of develop-

ment *. Thus, instead of saying that when a certain plate was

formed, the test was three months old, a statement which our

ignorance of the growth of the Echinoid imago renders impossible,

we can say that at that time the test was, say, ten plates old, the

actual age of course being indicated by the formula 10+, where

« represents the number of the plates which have been pushed

over the edge of the peristome in any one series. But since we

* Such a measure, it need scarcely be said, is not absolute but comparative, for the

first plates, and we know not how many of their successors, have already been

pushed over the edge of the peristome and are no longer reckonable. Assuming,

however, that in each series the rate of pushing over is approximately the same, we

arrive at a measure sufficiently accurate for all practical purposes.

1908. | AN ABNORMAL ECHINUS. 695

can assume that a is approximately the same for the various

ambulacral plate-rows of the same specimen at any latitude, it is

virtually a constant for a particular latitude and therefore cannot

affect our comparison.

In this Shetland specimen the development, up to a certain

stage, appears to have been normal, Thus on the oral surface

not only is the arrangement of the various rays regular, but

the line of bilateral symmetry is straight; while in the minute

structure of the plates no abnormalities occur, save the single

insignificant deviation on area IT 6, where, although the plates

are normal in number and in arrangement, a suture is missing

between two triads. We are also justified in stating that during

the earlier stages of growth the ocular plate opposite the abnormal

ambulacrum was perforated by an ocular pore, and that this pore

was occupied by the terminal tentacle of the radial water-vascular

system, for in no other way can the presence of the pin-hole

already mentioned be explained, seeing that in the ordinary

course of development the very existence of the pore is due to

the presence of the terminal tentacle *

At acertain stage, when rather more ‘than twenty-eight (28+ 2)

ambulacral plates had been formed, or, judging from young speci-

mens with a similar number of plates, ‘when the test was between

20 and 25 mm. in diameter, some functional derangement took

place. As an immediate consequence ambulacrum V ceased to

grow, no more plates being added to that area after the thirtieth.

But a more general disturbance also occurred, for in each of the

rows of the five ambulacra abnormal plates were formed; and in

these groups of aberrations, containing sometimes a sequence of

as many as five peculiar plates, the first abnormal plate, as a

glance at Table III. will show, is the twenty-eighth or the

twenty-ninth or, in a solitary case, the thirtieth. This approxi-

mation of numbers indicates, as we have already shown, that the

plates were formed approximately at the same stage of develop-

ment; and the significance of the close numerical correspondence

between the commencing points of the abnormal series is not

lessened when we consider the difficulty of counting the number of

plates at the edge of the peristome, and the uncertainty as to the

relative numbers that have been pushed off during development.

In themselves, considered separately, the abnormalities described

are perhaps of little significance, although we have been unable

to find, from examination of other tests, that such abnormalities

are of frequent occurrence. But that abnormalities so distinct

should manifest themselves at all points of the test at practically

the same period is indeed remarkable. There can be but one

explanation, namely, that a general derangement affecting all

* “Die Primordialtentakel] werden endlich von den sich bildenden Radial-

(Ocellar-)Platten deren Rand sie beriithren, umwachsen und sind so zu den

Terminal- oder Endftihlern geworden.... Sie treten dann durch einen Porus der

Platte hindurch.” Hamann, Otto, “Die Echinodermen”; Bronn’s Klassen und

Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs, ii. Bd., 3 Abth, p. 1167.

Proc. Zoou, Soc.—1908, No. X LIT. 42

656 MESSRS. RITCHIE AND McINTOSH ON [June 16,

the ambulacral areas took place about the time that ambu-

lacrum V ceased to grow. The derangement was in most cases,

however, only a temporary one, for in all the areas, save No. V,

the elasticity of the organism appears to have overcome the

functional disorder, and after the formation of a few unusual

plates, the normal srowth was resumed. Nevertheless, a slight

indication of after-eftect is afforded by differences in the size of

the tubercles, for a cursory glance shows that they are smaller

above the affected zone aii, below it. This variation, however,

is somewhat discounted by the fact that even in normal speci-

mens a similar, though less marked, difference in size exists

between the tubercles above and below the ambitus *.

The disappearance of the two rows of ambulacral plates from

area V rendered necessary considerable modifications in the test,

and this regulation was carried out mainly in two ways. The

plates of the adjoining interambulacral areas increased a little

in length and considerably in depth, and closing in around the

truncated area came together in the mid-line, where they were

united by a zigzag suture. As a direct result of the mcrease of

the plates, the sutures in the neighbourhood became distorted.

The increase in the size of the interambulacral plates, however,

was not sufficient to make up for the loss of a double row of

ambulacral plates measuring over 15 mm. across, hence another

modification became necessary in order that the space between

the adjoining areas on each side might be spanned. This was

brought about by the plates passing directly across the space

instead of building a material-wasting globular dome, the result

being evident in the flattened portion of the test which lies

between the truncated ambulacrum and the apical disc.

The increase in the depth (that is, direction of short axis) of

the plates, and the flattening of the surface of the shell have

together had the effect of pushing the incomplete ambulacrum

further from the apical area, so that it has come to form the

centre of a distinct bulge in the outline of the test, while it has.

also given rise to an abnormally flattened area on the oral surface.

It was perhaps at this period of disturbance that the terminal

tentacle disappeared and that fresh deposits of calcareous matter

began to close up the unoccupied ocular pore.

RELATION TO PREvyiousLY DESCRIBED CASES OF A

SIMILAR CHARACTER.

Mr. W. Bateson has brought together the cases of abnormality

in the major symmetries of Echinoids recorded prior to 18947.

The remaining records up to 1902 are mentioned by Hamann ¢.

* F. Jeffrey Bell: ‘Catalogue of British Echinoderms in the Brit. Mus. (Nat.

Hist); p. 152: London, 1892,

eke Bateson, W., ‘ Materials for the Study of Variation,’ pp. 441 e¢ seg., London,

94:

ay Hamann, Otto, 7. e. p. 1293.

1908. ] AN ABNORMAL ECHINUS. 657

We can find no later reference to new descriptions of abnor-

malities of a similar nature in major symmetries, although two

early cases are mentioned by Gauthier * which Bateson appears to.

have omitted. The first, a specimen of Hchinobrissus orbicularis,

is described by Cotteau? as having the anterior ambulacrum

completely atrophied ; the second, a Pyrina ovulum, in which the

right posterior ambulacrum was wanting, has also been described

by Cotteau £.

The majority of the cases cited belong to fossil forms, this

being no doubt due to the greater readiness with which an

abnormality may be detected in a clean fossil test than in a

recent well-preserved specimen, where plate-groupings are

obscured by epiderm and spines, The cases to which the present

example bears closest resemblance are those grouped by Bateson

in his class (2), wherein the specimens are distinguished by

the “ partial or total disappearance of a definite ambulacrum or

interambulacrum.” At first glance the parallel between the

Shetland specimen and the Hchinus melo described by Philippi §$

appears to be almost complete, but in that case, as in the specimens

described by Bell ||, Chadwick 4], and Osborne**, the defaulting

member constitutes a complete morphological system, the homo-

logue of an Asteroid ray, whereas in the present specimen only

the ambulacral portion of a ray has suffered reduction. There

is a much closer resemblance to specimens of Hemiaster, described

by Gauthier 7?, in which only the ambulacral portion of a ray has

disappeared. Of those specimens the case of Hemiaster batnensis,

No. I, appears to show the closest analogy. There the corre-

sponding ambulacrum, the left posterior, has partly ££ disappeared,

having at a certain stage received a check in development,

the stage being indicated by the dying out of the ambulacral

pores and by a slight depression in the test. As a con-

sequence four sets of interambulacral plates follow one another

without interruption, and the posterior interambulacral suture

* Gauthier, M. V., “Sur quelques Echinides monstrueux appartenant au genre

Hemiaster.’ C. R. Assoc. Franc. pour Vavanc. des Sciences, 13th Sess., 1884.

(Paris, 1885), p. 259.

+ Cotteau, G., Echinides nouveaux ou peu connus, 1862, p. 66, pl. ix.

t+ Cotteau, G., 7. c., 1867, p. 133, pl. xviii.

§ Philippi, F. W., Arch. fur Naturg. iii, 1837, p. 241, and plate.

|| Bell, F. Jeffrey, Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), xv. 1881, p. 126, and plate.

@ Chadwick, H. C., “Note on a Tetramerous specimen of Hehinus esculentus’’.

Trans. Liverpool Biol. Soc., 1898, p. 288, and plate.

** Osborne, H. L., “A case of variation in the number of ambulacral systems of

Arbacia punctulata”’: American Naturalist, vol. xxxii. 1898, p. 259, and figs. (The

reference to Lang’s ‘Comparative Anatomy,’ vol. i, p. 321, is evidently a slip for

. 341.

: +r wadek, M. V., 1885, J. c., p. 258, and plate.

tf Bateson seems to err in placing this example among those in which “one

ambulacrum is wholly wanting in the affected radius” (/. c. p. 443); for while the

functional part of the ambulacrum is not represented on the test as found, yet in

the earlier stages of development the ambulacrum apparently did exist, for beyond

the point where the ambulacral groove ought to run “ apparaissent quelques paires

de pores arrondis, qui continuent l’aire ambulacraire de l'autre cété [that is, the

oral side] du fastiole.” Gauthier, 7. c., p. 259. ee

658 MESSRS. RITCHIE AND McINTOSH ON [June 16,

has become somewhat distorted. As in our case also, the

complement of apical plates is perfect, while the ocular pore

(Bateson says merely “ ocular”) corresponding to the imperfect

area is absent. There is therefore a remarkable correspondence

between the two examples.

PossIBLE ORIGINS OF THE ABNORMALITIES.

In the majority of such cases as have been described, authors

have made no reference to the probable origin of the abnormality.

Gauthier dismisses the case of Hemiaster batnensis, above mentioned,

with the rather depreciatory remark, “il ne présente qu’une

simple atrophie.” Bateson in his remarks prefacing the summary

of the Echinoderm variations, says that “it cannot be doubted that

the variation[s]seen in Echini... are truly congenital. Similarly,

though in Asterias, &c., reduction in the number of arms might

otherwise be thought to be due to mutilation, it cannot be so in

KEchini.”* But while the majority of the abnormalities appear

to be congenital, so sweeping a statement must be avoided, since

it would preclude our even considering the possibility of reaction

to immediate external influences. For, although in the meantime

we cannot definitely point to any member of a major symmetry

which has demonstrably suffered alteration through external

factors, the occurrence of such alteration is not at all improbable,

considering the extraordinary sensitiveness of Sea-Urchins to

unusual conditions of environment *.

Hamann, realising the difficulty of confining attention to only

one of several possible causes, says, in his résumé of the form-

abnormalities in Echinoids, that, should the aberrancies not be

due to discontinuous congenital variation, their origin might

be set down to loss and subsequent regeneration or to fusion {.

Renamed in accordance with this conception of the potential

influence of external factors, Class (2) of Bateson becomes,

according to Hamann, that of incomplete regeneration (‘ unvoll-

stindige Regeneration”). But even this conception confines

the possibilities within far too narrow limits. ‘ Loss” implies

the previous existence of some part which disappears, and it

* Bateson, 1894, 7. c. p. 433.

+ Lo Bianco states that on the coast-line, where, previous to the 1906 eruptions

of Vesuvius, thousands of Echini had been scattered on the rocks, not a single live

specimen could be found subsequent to the ash showers. None of the other marine

invertebrate groups mentioned by Lo Bianco suffered to the same extent as the Sea

Urchins. Lo Bianco also demonstrates that in the case of the artificial introduction

of ashy material into a vessel containing Hchini, the Echini had already begun to

putrefy on the morning of the third day after the experiment began, while two

days later the organs were completely macerated and the spines had fallen off.

The rapidity with which the Sea Urchins succumbed shows sensitiveness to derange-

ment of function. Lo Bianco, Salvatore, “Azione della pioggia di cenere, caduta

durante Veruzione del Vesuvio dell’ Aprile 1906, sugli animali marini”: in

Mittheil. Zool. Stat. Neapel, Bd. xviii. Heft i. 1906, pp. 91 e¢ seq.

£ “Wenn die Abnormitiaten nicht sprungweise congenitale Varietiiten sind so

kame fiir ihren Ursprung Verlust und nachtragliche regenerative Processe . .

-oder Verschmeltzung in Betracht.” Hamann, O., J. c., p. 1294.

1908. ] AN ABNORMAL ECHINUS. 659

is almost impossible to conceive that, in a Sea-Urchin where the

morphological systems are welded together into a united whole,

a definite area could be lost in part, in the way that the arm of

a Starfish could be lopped off. It is possible to conceive, however,

that damage to the growing point of an area might check,

temporarily or permanently, the growth of that area. More-

over, it is not necessary to suppose that the damage be followed

by regeneration, although test-regulation must be an almost

inevitable consequent. We assume that, since the whole question

is one of major symmetries, the regeneration referred to by

Hamann is regeneration in a major symmetry as a whole (7. ¢., the

equivalent of the regrowth of the arm of a Starfish) and not the

insignificant substitution of new plates for broken ones, a form

of regeneration the comparative triviality of which is better

indicated by the term replacement (the réparation of Prouho).

On account of these difficulties the phrase “‘ incomplete re-

generation ” cannot be taken to comprehend the connotation of

Bateson’s Class (2), for neither loss nor regeneration is an essential

agent in producing such results as are included in that class. As

a wider designation and one which seems to include most of the

possibilities, we suggest arrested development.

Congenital variation—facile phrase—might well account for

the original abnormalities, and test-adaption for the subsequent

and consequent distortions. But as an alternative to congenital

variation, reaction to immediate external influences appears to

offer an explanation as probable and more simple. Although lack

of experimentation renders conjecture somewhat hazardous, it is

possible that some voracious enemy * or some wave-borne rock

fragment might break not only the newly-formed and extremely

delicate plates at the apical end of an ambulacral area, but along

with them might damage, either indirectly, by destroying the

controlling nerve, or directly, that portion of mesenchyme in

which the ambulacral plates are built up. The check to further

development received by the ambulacrum would give an oppor-

tunity to the interambulacral plates on each side to push outwards

and usurp the position hitherto occupied by the ambulacrum ;

and even if new generative mesenchyme were thereafter to be

regenerated in the old ambulacral position, it is conceivable that

by an adaptation of function these new plate-forming cells might,

instead of forming new and independent plates, reinforce the

interambulacral-forming cells, by depositing their calcareous

material along the edges of the interambulacral plates. Such

reinforcing power would account for the greater depth which

characterises the interambulacral plates between the abnormally

truncated ambulacrum and the apical disc. That in such a case

* Pyouho has observed young Mullets not only snatching off the spines but even

raising the epiderm on the surface of Dorocidaris papillata. Such a wound is

sufficient to cause the underlying plates to be thrown off and replaced. Prouho, H..,

“Recherches sur le Dorocidaris papillata et quelques autres Hchinides de la

Mediterranée”: in Arch. Zool. Expér. ser. ii, vol. 5, 1887, p. 250.

660 ON AN ABNORMAL ECHINUS. [June 16,

broken plates would remain to demonstrate the occurrence of an

accident is not to be expected, for the researches of Prouho*

show that, in Dorocidaris papillata at least, broken plates are

rejected and are replaced by new ones. All therefore that one

could expect to find in place of the plates originally damaged

would be plates irregular in outline and in structure, and such

exist in our specimen at the truncated end of the ambulacrum

(vide p. 653).

Tt is more difficult with a particular-accident explanation to

account for the abnormalities which occurred on all sides of the

test simultaneously with the destruction of the ambulacrum. A

serious accident to any animal is followed by a general loss of

vitality, and such a loss is very likely to be reflected in those

parts which are in most delicate equilibrium, that is, in the

parts where growth is taking place. Of the thirty abnormal

plates which occur in the band comciding with the truncated

ambulacrum, twenty-two are deficient in the number of primitive

plates of which they are composed, while of the remaining eight,

four are deficient as regards the possession of pore-pairs. These

deficiencies agree well with the idea of loss of vitatility, for they

seem to indicate that at that period, primitive plates were formed

with less than the usual rapidity, the result being that owing to

the decrease of pressure from newly-formed plates, only two

pore-plates, instead of three, were compressed to form a compound

ambulacral plate.

An explanation of the abnormalities in the Shetland specimen

such as that given above is of necessity largely conjectural.

Whether it altogether meets the requirements of the case must

be left to the decision of experiments, in which the natural

conditions surmised are reproduced as nearly as possible by

artificial methods. .

SUMMARY.

The imperfect development of this: test of Hehinus esculentus

is expressed in :—

(a) General shape.—Flattened, with a bulge at one portion of

the ambitus, and above the bulge a depressed area of the corona.

(b) Major symmetries.—The left posterior ambulacrum does

not exist after its twenty-ninth plate (counting from the

peristome). The corresponding ocular plate is present, but its

shape is unusual and its pore is a mere pin-hole.

thirtieth plate of each of the ten ambulacral rows a series of

abnormalities begins, the abnormalities consisting, for the

most part, of deficiencies in the number of primitive plates

forming a compound plate.

Less marked divergencies from the normal can be detected in

the sizes of some of the plates and in the irregular courses of

certain of the sutures.

* Prouho, H., 7. ¢. p. 251.

P.Z.S. 1908. Pl 2oScive

Bale & Danielsson, Ltd.

SPICULES OF CALCAREOUS SPONGES.

P.Z.S. 1908. Pl. Xxoaye

is sah la EAE OEE

Bale & Danielsson, Ltd.

SPICULES OF CALCAREOUS SPONGES.

P.Z.S. 1908. Pl. XXXVI.

SPICULES OF CALCAREOUS SPONGES. .

PYZS5 1808, ill, KOORWILL.

Bale & Danielsson Ltd.

SPICULES OF CALCAREOUS SPONGES.

1908. | ON THE SPICULES OF CALCAREOUS SPONGES. 661

The stoppage of the growth of the ambulacrum and the plate

abnormalities occurred approximately at the same time, and it is

suggested that they may be due to functional disturbance caused

by some external agent. The distortion of the test subsequent

to the arrested development of the ambulacrum has been brought

about by a process of regulation.

The specimen of Hchinus esculentus above described has been

deposited in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII.

Fig. 1. Test of abnormal Hehinus esculentus viewed in plan, natural size.

Fig. 2. Test of abnormal Hehinus esculentus viewed in elevation, natural size.

Lettering :—m., madreporic plate; ¢.p., plate which terminates Area V; the

remaining symbols indicate the various areas according to Lovén’s system.

3. Observations on the Minute Structure of the Spicules of

Calcareous Sponges. By E. A. Mincuty, M.A., V.P.Z.S.,

Professor of Protozoology, University of London, and

DA Se Ein, Vee Oxvies ZS:

[Received May 12, 1908. ]

(Plates XXXIV.-XXXVIL.*)

Introduction.

The minute structure of calcareous sponge-spicules has been

the subject both of much laborious investigation and of many

contradictory statements. In regard to the structure of siliceous

sponge-spicules investigators are practically agreed upon the

following points :—the mineral matter of the spicule, or spicule-

ray, aS the case may be, forms a hollow tube with a relatively

thick wall; in the lumen of the tube, termed the axial canal, is

lodged an axial filament of organic nature; the siliceous tube

may be homogeneous in structure or may be stratified, that is,

composed of concentric layers of silica alternating with fine layers

of organic material ; and the outer surface of the siliceous tube is

enveloped in an outermost layer of organic substance forming a

sheath to the whole spicule. Thus in siliceous spicules we find,

apparently universally present, the following parts, passing from

within outwards :—(1) the axial filament, a definite structure

that can be isolated by hydrofluoric acid ; (2) the siliceous tube,

stratified or homogeneous; (3) the spicule sheath. Turning now

to calcareous sponge-spicules, it is found that the only point on

which all investigators are agreed is the presence of a sheath

enveloping the surface of the spicule. The following brief

historical summary of the statements that have been put forward

will make this clear.

* For explanation of the Plates, see pp. 675-676.

662 PROF. MINCHIN AND DR. REID ON THE [June 16,

Historical Review of the Question.

Grant (1826 *) pointed out that in certain sponges the skeleton

is calcareous, consisting of carbonate of lime, and exhibiting no

trace of phosphate of lime. In Spongia (Grantia) compressa he

described the rays of the triradiates as ‘“ hollow within, shut at.

their free extremities, and having no superficial openings; but

their internal cavities communicate freely at their point of junc-

tion and form there a small central reservoir.” The monaxons

are described as “ distinctly tubular and shut at both extremities.”

Of the triradiates of S. (Leuconia) nivea he remarks, “their

internal cavities are very distinctly seen.”

Schmidt (1862), on the other hand, included the spicules of

calcareous sponges in that category of spicules in which both

central canal and lamination were entirely wanting. He considered

it beyond doubt, however, that organic substance takes part in

building up calcareous sponge-spicules, since heating produces.

small vesicles in them.

Bowerbank (1864) described the effects of heat on siliceous.

and calcareous sponge-spicules, and concluded that the latter

contained so great a proportion of calcareous matter as to prevent

their disintegration by heat. He stated the concentric stratifica-

tion to be visible in the transverse fractures of any spicule,

calcareous or siliceous.

Kolliker (1864), on the other hand, was unable to find any

stratification or other internal structure in calcareous sponge-

spicules, and considered it doubtful if they contained any organic

matter, since no residue was detected if the spicules were dissolved

with acids. He described the spicule-sheaths in “ Vardoa spon-

giosa” (probably a synonym of Clathrina contorta, vide Minchin,

1898, p. 533, footnote, and P. Z. 8. 1905, ii. p. 17). Im siliceous.

sponge-spicules, however, Kolliker observed and described, in

detail, the axial filament and the stratification of the silica.

Lieberkiihn (1865) observed in the gastral rays of the quadri-

radiates of Lewcosolenia “a fine layer of the contractile substance,

which protrudes between the ciliated cells and either envelopes:

the spicule partially or completely asa fine layer, or only surrounds

the foot of it as a stronger thickening (Anhiufung).” These

sheaths were left behind when the spicule was dissolved with

acetic acid; they were considered by him as retractile. From the

description it is evident that the structures observed by Lieberkiihn

were really the cellular sheaths or gastral actinoblasts enveloping

the projecting gastral rays, and not the true spicule-sheaths.

Carter (1869) stated that the spicules of Grantia ciliata differ

from those of siliceous sponges in lacking a central canal; but in

his later note of the same year, he modified this statement and

admitted that something like a central canal may often be seen

towards the base of the straight arm of a triradiate; while for

the most part there is no trace of a central canal nor of the

* For bibliography, see pp. 674-5.

1908. ] SPICULES OF CALCAREOUS SPONGES. 663

concentric lamination seen in siliceous spicules, although both

siliceous and calcareous spicules break with a conchoidal fracture.

He points out that a central canal is very obvious in siliceous

spicules, “whereas in the calcareous one you can only fancy its

existence here and there.”

Haeckel (1872) described the structure of calcareous sponge-

spicules in a most detailed manner. The spicule-sheaths were

stated by him to be structureless envelopes arising as a thickness

of, and separation from, the ground-substance ; which, it must be

remembered, Haeckel regarded as a syncytial mass of protoplasm

or “sarcodine” formed by fusion of cells, and not as a secreted

gelatinous mesogloeal layer, as it is now universally held to be.

Haeckel contradicted Lieberkiihn’s statement that the sheaths

were retractile. Hach spicule or spicule-ray, according to Haeckel,

consists of a system of numerous very thin concentric lamine,

having the form of hollow cylinders or cones, surrounding a

common axis, a very fine central filament. The stratification and

the axial filament were stated to be universally present, though

the filament was much finer and more difficult to make out than

in siliceous spicules, and sometimes not visible unless the spicule

were moderately heated, whereby the axial filament was caused to

turn brown and then became visible by obliquely transmitted

light. The axial filament was stated to run up to the tip of the

spicule and become continuous with the “ sarcodine,” from which

it scarcely, if at all, differed in chemical nature. At the centre

of triradiates and quadriradiates a small spherical hollow was to

be seen, in which the axial filaments unite.

The spicules were stated by Haeckel to consist of calcium

carbonate and water together with a varying amount of organic

matter, termed by him “ spiculin,” which was left behind as a

colourless and structureless residue when the spicule was dis-

solved by weak acids. The spiculin substance did not stain in

carmine, lodine, &c., and was dissolved by caustic alkalis; its

presence was stated to be best demonstrated by moderately

heating the spicules. By the amount of spiculin present the

spicules could be placed in a series with two extreme types, the

one poor, the other rich in spiculin. The two extremes were

stated to be distinguishable at first sight under the microscope,

the spicules rich in spiculin appearing darker, more refractile than

those poor in spiculin, which were dull and pale in appearance.

The phylogenetically older forms of spicules, that is to say, the

monaxons of simple form and the regular triradiates, were stated

to contain least spiculin; the phylogenetically younger forms of

spicules, such as the sagittal triradiates, possessed most spiculin.

Lendenfeld (1885) stated that spicules of calcareous sponges

consisted of carbonate of lime mixed with organic substance ;

by treatment with gold-potassium chloride the spicule was shown

to consist of “a great number of small prisms, parallel to one

another, radiating from the axis,” which was “a cylindrical cord

of organic matter without lime.” The oldest part of the spicule

664 PROF. MINCHIN AND DR. REID ON THE [June 16,

was stated to contain more organic substance than the younger,

2. €. outer parts.

An entirely new epoch in the study of calcareous sponge-

spicules was inaugurated by the elaborate and exhaustive inves-

tigations of Ebner (1887), by whom and by Sollas, independently,

the peculiar crystalline nature of these spicules was discovered ;

namely, the fact that each spicule, whatever its form, behaves

optically like a single crystal of calcite. As regards the minute

structure of the calcareous spicules, Ebner’s results differ totally

from those of Haeckel. Ebner was unable to find any residue

after dissolving the spicules with various acids, and his attempts

to demonstrate any such organic residue with stains gave negative

results. He explained the optical differences between the two

types of spicules, described by Haeckel as rich and poor in

spiculin respectively, by the fact that in the regular triradiates

the crystalline optic axis is vertical while in sagittal forms it is

inclined or even horizontal, in the facial aspect of the spicules.

Ebner pointed out further that the “ browning” of the spicules

produced by heating is not due to the formation of carbon

through charring of organic substance, but is due to the disen-

gagement of fine bubbles of gas in the substance of the spicule

(compare Schmidt), making it opaque by transmitted light, milk-

white by reflected light; with stronger heating the gas breaks up

the spicule with decrepitation. Ebner found, however, certain

differences between calcareous sponge-spicules and pure calcite,

and analysis showed the presence of magnesium, sodium, and

sulphates, as impurities mixed with the calcite comprising the

spicules.

According to Ebner the axial filament of Haeckel is due to the

axial portion of the spicule having a different composition to the

peripheral portion, rendering the axis more easily attacked by

acids, by the action of heat, &c.; but the difference between

axis and periphery is a gradual and quantitative, not a sharp

qualitative contrast. Ebner found the alleged stratification to

be present only in a few spicules, mostly very large forms. He

studied the stratification of the huge triradiates of Leucaltis

solida, and the large monaxons of Leucandra aspera and L. alci-

cornis, and found it also due to a special distribution of more, or

less, decomposable substances in different parts of the spicule.

Thus the appearance of an axial filament and of stratification are

both due to a similar cause, namely, the periodic deposition of

more, or less, pure calcite in the building up of the spicule.

Ebner concluded from his observations that the spicules of

Calcarea are mixed crystals consisting chiefly of calcite without

organic substance, but containing inorganic impurities (Na, Mg, 8S,

probably also water), and that the conditions of the mixture

differ at different periods of the growth and in different part sof

the spicule.

_Lendenfeld (1891), while quoting Ebner’s results, reiterated

his former statements to the effect that ‘“ Each spicule-ray

1908. ] SPICULES OF CALCAREOUS SPONGES. 665

consists of a thin, somewhat turbid (ériib) axial thread, enveloped

by the hyaline (glashell) spicule-substance. In the latter a con-

centric stratification round the axial filament is to be recognised ”

(2. c. p. 369).

Minchin (1898, p. 569) stated that the spicules of Clathrina

coriacea, 1f treated with picro-nigrosin (saturated solution of picric

acid in water, 9 volumes; 1°/, nigrosin in water 1 vol.), showed

the sheath and the axial filament, left behind after solution of the

calcareous matter, and stained blue by the nigrosin.

Biitschli (1901) published elaborate investigations upon the

minute structure of siliceous and calcareous sponge-spicules,

taking the large monaxons of Leuwcandra aspera as examples of

calcareous spicules. His results were, in the main, confirmatory

of Ebner’s. He found that moderate heating produced a finely

alveolar structure in the spicule. No axial canal or filament was

found to be present; the axial thread, sometimes visible after

moderate heating, was stated to be due to a modification of the

calcareous substance, which at the central part of the spicule was

distinguished from the remaining part by greater refractility and

by being more easily attacked by acids. No trace of an axial

filament or sheath was found when spicules were dissolved by

acetic acid. The stratification was ascribed to the concentric

arrangement of the minute alveoli composing the spicule.

Unlike Ebner, Biitschli found small quantities of organic

substance left when the spicules were dissolved with hydrochloric

acid. The spicule-sheaths were found to be not purely organic

in nature but to contain a certain amount of inorganic matter,

probably calcium carbonate.

Maas (1904) and Weinschenk (1905) agree in assuming that

the calcite of the spicule must be combined with finely divided

organic substance. Maas explains the solvent action of caustic

alkalis on the spicules by the supposition that the caustic attacks

a substance holding together the constituent particles, and so pro-

duces a disaggregation of calcareous elements which were formerly

crystallographically orientated. He considers the phenomena

seen on heating to be explicable also on the assumption of a

finely distributed organic material in the spicule ; and he showed

that when the sponge is grown in water deprived of CaCo, the

organic substratum alone of the spicule is secreted. Weinschenk

dwells on the differences between calcareous sponge-spicules and

pure calcite, and considers these differences, and also the peculiar

form of the spicules, explicable only by the presence of a fine

organic tissue in the spicules.

Biitschli (1906) controverts the statements of Weinschenk

upon certain points which are of secondary importance for the

subject of this memoir, and maintains his former position. He

denies that the opacity and decrepitation produced by heating is

due to the presence of organic matter in the spicules.

It is seen from the foregoing that opinions are greatly divided

upon the question of the structure and composition of calcareous

666 PROF. MINCHIN AND DR. REID ON THE [June 16,

sponge-spicules, and especially with respect to the amount of

organic matter present in them. While Haeckel, Lendenfeld,

Maas, and Weinschenk assert or assume the presence of con-

siderable quantities of organic substance in the spicules, Kollhker

and Ebner allow none at all except in the sheath, and Biitschli

admits the existence only of a trace of organic matter and

considers even the sheath to be largely inorganic. It should be

further pointed out that the two most detailed investigations

upon this question, namely, those of Ebner and Butschli, were

based, so far as the composition of the spicules is concerned, on a

very limited number of forms; Buitschli, in fact, studied only the

large monaxons of Leucandra aspera. Hence there is a possibility

that their investigations do not cover the whole range of varia-

tion that those spicules may present. Both Ebner and Butschli

worked at the largest types of spicule that they could obtain, in

order to facilitate the handling and treatment of the material.

Observations upon Calcareous Sponge-spicules.

Our investigations have been directed towards endeavouring to

demonstrate the existence of a residue after decalcification, by

means of specific stains, as Ebner attempted to do, but without

success. It is obvious that if any organic residue were left after

decalcification, it might be expected to have an affinity for certain

stains and not for others, and might therefore be demonstrable

only by means of particular dyes, so that the negative results

obtained by Ebner would not necessarily disprove the existence

of an organic residue. We obtained in all cases positive results

with nigrosin, as stated previously by one of us (Minchin, 1898),

and also with the allied stain indulin. In our investigation we

have made use chiefly of the spicules of Clathrina contorta, but

we have examined the spicules of several other species: of Clath-

rinide, Clathrina clathrus and Ascandra falcata; of Leuco-

solenude, Leucosolenia lieberkiihnii and ZL. complicata; and of

Heteroceela, Sycon ciliatum, Leucandra aspera, and Heteropegna

nodus-gordii.

Our method of procedure was as follows. A piece of the

sponge taken from a specimen preserved in alcohol was washed in

water and placed in a tube of a small hand-centrifuge with a few

drops of Eau-de-Javelle, and gently shaken. In a short time,

generally about half-a-minute, the sponge is dissolved into a

cloud of spicules. The tube is then filled up with distilled water

and shaken up, and then with the centrifuge the spicules are

driven down to the bottom of the tube. The liquid is then

carefully poured off, taking care not to disturb the spicules, the

tube is filled up again with water, shaken up, and the process

repeated. In this way the spicules can be given three or four

washings in as many minutes, and are freed both from organic

matter of the sponge-body and from the Hau-de-Javelle. The

next procedure was usually to add to the tube containing the

1908. ] SPICULES OF CALCAREOUS SPONGES. 667

spicules in distilled water a few drops of ordinary glycerine and

albumen-solution, such as is used for sticking sections on slides.

The spicules were shaken up in this and then centrifuged down,

after which a drop or two of the fluid, with the spicules, was

drawn up with a pipette, spread out on a slide, and dried off on

the paraffin oven. When dry, the spicules were fixed on the

slide by plunging it into absolute alcohol, whereby the glycerine

is extracted and the albumen coagulated. The spicules can now

be decalcified and stained in any way that is desired. Other

methods of imbedding and fixing the spicules were also tried but

were not satisfactory. By means of the albumen solution,

provided that neither too much nor too little be used, good

permanent preparations of the decalcified and stained spicules can

be made and mounted in Canada balsam.

In addition to this method, spicules in distilled water, without

addition of albumen, were treated with acids and stains and the

effects of them watched under the microscope. Since the spicules

treated in this manner were not fixed to the slide, it was impos-

sible to wash out the stain and mount them permanently in

Canada balsam, but it was possible to observe in detail the effects

of the acids and stains upon the spicules, and there was the

advantage that the results were not complicated by the presence

of the albumen, which is itself stained by both nigrosin and

indulin.

The Spicules of Clathrina contorta *.

We shall begin with an account of the results attained with the

spicules of Clathrina contorta, of which we had a very abundant

material; the differences presented by other species will be noted

subsequently. Spicules fixed to the slide with albumen were

treated for about half-an-hour with a combination of an acid and

a stain in the following proportions :—

2°/, to 1°/, of acid in distilled water, except in

the case of picricacid of which a saturated

SOMONE Was USEC om tect ree soso eh ey 9 vols.

iy) 4 Sietneaiatin Lisl eal WeIeres (oAspoaoccoddouaaepnesdae 1 vol.

In this way, picric, nitric, acetic, and hydrochloric acids were

combined, respectively, with either nigrosin or indulin as a stain.

After staining for 20 minutes or half-an-hour, the preparations

were washed with distilled water, absolute alcohol, oil of cloves,

and mounted in Canada balsam. The results in all cases were

the same. The spicule was completely decalcified, and left behind

a deeply stained sheath, and an axial filament in each ray (figs. 1—

10). The best and clearest results were obtamed with the picric

acid combinations; with the other acids the filaments were

stained just as deeply, but there was a frequent tendency to form

a flaky deposit which obscured the result.

* For an account of the spiculation and nomenclature of this sponge, see Minchin,

P. Z. §. 1905, ii. pp. 3-20.

668 PROF. MINCHIN AND DR. REID ON THE [J une 16,

The same combinations of acids and stains were also applied to

the spicules placed on the slide in water, without any albumen.

When treated in this way, the sheath of the spicule stains so

deeply as to largely obscure the axial filament, either on account

of the spicule being exposed on all sides to the action of the stain,

or because the preparation does not go through the processes of

washing and clearing necessary for a permanent preparation,

processes which probably extract a certain amount of the colour.

The deep colour of the sheath is especially marked in the combina-

tions with nitric, hydrochloric, and acetic acids, more so than

with picric acid. The fact that the sheath stains so intensely is

of interest, since it shows that the action of Hau-de-Javelle in

isolating the sponge-spicules does not destroy the sheath. When

the spicules are fixed to the shde with albumen, each spicule

appears after treatment with the combined acid and stain asa

space or mould in the layer of albumen limited by a deeply-

stained contour (compare fig. 1, Pl. XX XITV., fig. 5, Pl. XXXYV..,

and fig. 8, Pl. XX XVII. especially) ; but since the albumen takes

the stain also, the sheath cannot be distinguished with certainty

as a structure separate from the enveloping albumen, in spicules

fixed in this way. The fact that the spicule-sheath is not dis-

solved in Eau-de-Javelle is in favour of Bitschli’s view that the

sheath is chiefly inorganic in nature; a conclusion founded by

him on the observation that the sheath could be isolated by means.

of caustic potash (35"/,), though this reagent dissolved the rest of

the spicule, and that sheaths so isolated were dissolved by strong

acetic acid.

When the processes of decalcification and staining were watched

under the microscope, it was observed that the picric acid com-

binations did not break up the spicules so much as the other

acids, even when these were used in strengths much lower than

those quoted above. With picric acid and nigrosin combined, the

filament appears first at the tip of the ray, and as the decalcification

goes on, the filament appears as if traced by the tip of the gradually

receding calcite, until it reaches the centre, when decalcification

is complete. With hydrochloric and nitric acid combinations the

decalcification does not go on so regularly; fragments of the

spicules are frequently seen to be cut off from the rest of the

spicule, and when separated, the fragments rush along to the

tips of the raysas if impelled by powerful currents. The violence

of the action of the acid was most marked with hydrochloric,

less with nitric, and least with acetic acid ; it probably accounts.

for the fact that the axial filaments are not, as a rule, so well

shown with these acids as with the picric-acid combinations.

In addition to the combinations of acids and stains mentioned

above, many experiments were made with acids and stains used

separately. When clean spicules, placed in distilled water on the

slide without any albumen, were treated with acids, it was usually

observed, especially when acetic acid was used, that the whole

spicule seemed to disappear, leaving only the axial thread, without.

1908. } SPICULES OF CALCAREOUS SPONGES. 669

any sheath. Biitschli also (1908, p. 317) was unable to find any

remains of the sheath after dissolving the spicules with acid.

When, however, the acid was combined with the stain, both

filament and sheath were left intact and stained. Hence it is

probable that the disappearance of the sheath, when acid alone is

used, is due, not to the destruction of the sheath by acid, but to

its collapsing on the filament. This conclusion is supported by

the fact that when spicules stuck on with albumen are treated

with a combination of acetic acid and nigrosin, many of them

appear to contain unusually thick filaments, which are seen on

closer inspection to consist of the true axial filament together

with the collapsed sheath. Acetic acid would thus seem to have

a solvent or partially softening action upon the sheath. Biitschli

also found (1906, p. 317) that spicule-sheaths isolated by caustic

potash were dissolved completely by strong acetic acid, but were

preserved by very dilute acetic. Attempts to decalcify the

spicules with acid first and then to stain the sheath and axial

filament subsequently with nigrosin or indulin, were successful

when picric, nitric, or acetic acid were used, but not with hydro-

chloric acid. Various other stains were used without any effect

on the filament, for example carmine stains (borax- and alum-

carmine), Kernschwarz, indigo-carmine, &c.

Appearance and Structure of the Axial Filament.

The axial filament occupies a central position in the axis of the

spicule-ray. By focussing carefully the upper and lower surfaces

of the spicule-sheath in a spicule, decalcified and stained, it can

be clearly seen that the filament lies midway between the two

surfaces. In the optical transverse section of a ray, such as can

be easily obtained in the case of the gastral rays of the quadri-

radiates (fig. 4, Pl. XXXV.), the filament appears as a black dot

occupying the centre of the ray, and can be traced up and down

the ray by focussing. The axial filament exhibits a certain

amount of tenacity and strength: this is shown by the fact that.

when the decalcification proceeds irregularly in a spicule im-

bedded in albumen, detached fragments of calcite may be held

still for a time by the filament, until set free either by the

filament giving way under the strain, or by decalcification taking

place at the centre of the fragment round the filament, after

which the loose fragment rushes along inside the sheath of the

spicule. In spicules not imbedded in albumen, the sheath some-

times breaks across the ray, after decalcification and staining,

but the distal part of the sheath is held on by the filament,

which stands a great deal of bending and washing about without

breaking across. In such preparations it is clearly seen that the

sheath is a very delicate structure, much less strong and resistant

than the actual filament.

In the triradiate systems the axial filament appears to start

from the extreme tip of each ray of the spicule, and to be con-

670 PROF. MINCHIN AND DR. REID ON THE [June 16,

tinuous at this point with the sheath (fig. 8, Pl. XXXVIT.).

The terminal portions of the filaments are very slender and

delicate, but they soon become thicker as we pass towards the

centre of the spicule, and in the greater part of the shaft of each

ray the axial filament is a coarse structure very obvious when

stained. At the junction of the rays the filament widens out

very greatly and forms a cobweb-like arrangement, usually of

triangular shape, which may be termed the central triangle,

and occupies the centre of the triradiate system (figs. 2, 5-7,

Pl. XXXV.). By comparing different spicules, it is seen that the

structure of the central part varies. In those spicules which have

developed a fourth ray and become quadriradiates, each of the

three axial filaments of the triradiate system is continued into

the central triangle, but usually not quite to the central point of

the spicule: the filament seems to break up as it were, to form

the triangle (figs. 6, 7). On the other hand, in the triradiates

with no gastral ray, the axial filaments are continued scarcely

diminished to the centre and there become continuous, and the

central triangle is very faint (fig. 2). This arrangement, though

specially characteristic of the trivadiates, is sometimes seen also

in the quadriradiates (fig. 5).

The monaxons of C. contorta were found very difficult to deal

with on account of their huge size. In the albuminised prepara-

tions they are only partly covered by the albumen, hence the

sheath stains very deeply, just as in the triradiates when they are

stained without being imbedded. Further, when they are cleared

and mounted in Canada balsam after staining, the larger mon-

axons collapse. Smaller monaxons, however, give satisfactory

preparations from which good photographs can be taken (figs. 9,

10, Pl. XXXV.). It is seen that the monaxons contain an

axial filament which commences at each extremity of the spicule

asa fine thread, and as it passes towards the middle point of

the spicule the thread widens out so as to be represented by a

doubJe contoured band, which extends through the greater part

of the shaft of the monaxon. In some monaxons the band may

be quite one-third the width of the spicule ; in others it is com-

paratively narrower.

The monaxons of C. contorta require decalcification for not

less than half-an-hour, or even longer.

The Spicules of other Calcareous Sponges.

In the Clathrinide examined, namely C’. clathrus and Ascandra

falcata, we have found the filaments exceedingly distinct, as was

noted by Minchin (1898), in C. coriacea, when stained by the

methods above described; and there is scarcely any difference to

be noted except in minor points, from what has been described

in Clathrina contorta. Ascandra falcata is a very favourable

object for studying the filaments, especially in the characteristic

sickle-shaped monaxons (fig. 12, Pl. XX XIV., and figs. 13, 14,

1908. | SPICULES OF CALCAREOUS SPONGES, 671

Pl. XXXVIT.) which are abundant and easily found, and at

the same time are not so inconveniently large as in C. contorta.

It is seen that in the distal blunt curved portion (fig. 13) the axial

filament is very thick, and forms a broad band showing a

dark double contour enclosing a central lighter portion ; in the

proximal straight pointed portion (fig. 14) the filament appears

as a Single thread, as in the rays of the triradiates. Hence the

monaxons of A. falcata show a noteworthy difference from those

of C’. contorta, a point to which we shall return.

In C. clathrus (fig. 15, Pl. XXXVI, fig. 16, PI. XXXITV.,

and fig. 17, Pl. XX XVII.) it was found that in the majority

of the triradiates the axial filament terminated abruptly at an

appreciable distance from the end of the spicule, and was not

continuous with the sheath, This condition is probably correlated

with a peculiarity in the mode of growth of the spicules of this

species which was pointed out by Minchin (1898), namely, that

the apical formative cell or “founder” does not leave the ray,

but persists and helps, apparently, to secrete the blunt thickened

termination of the ray which characterises this species. Ina few

cases, however, a continuation of the axial filament up to the

sheath could be seen distinctly (fig. 16), but from the shape of

the rays it is probable that in such cases the spicules were not

quite full-grown.

The spicules of Leucosoleniide and Heterocela examined by

us appear, with one exception presently to be described, very

differentifrom those of Clathrinide. The first impression derived

from examination of them is that no axial filament is present.

A more careful study reveals a filament presenting a certain

sinilarity to that of the monaxons of Ascandra falcata, namely,

a broad band towards the base of each ray, which narrows to a

delicate filament towards the tip of the ray (fig. 18, Pl. XX XVII).

It is very difficult to get satisfactory photographs of the filament,

both on account of its feeble staining powers, and of the difficulty

of getting it in focus, due to the frequent curvature of the rays.

In connection with the phylogenetic speculations of Minchin

(1900, p. 109, and 1908), it is of interest to find so great a differ-

ence in the structure of the spicules of Clathrinidz on the one

hand, and of Leucosoleniide and Heterocela on the other hand.

It may be pointed out further that, as stated above, the studies

of Ebner and Biutschli, with regard to the presence of an axial

filament, were based entirely upon examples of the Heteroccela.

An exception, however, to the foregoing statements concerning

Heteroceela is furnished by the remarkable sponge Heteropegma

nodus-gordii Pole}j., of which, by the kindness of Professor Dendy,

we have been able to examine a specimen. In this sponge we

find the axial filaments very distinct, especially in the triradiates

of moderate size *, in which they present the same characters as

in Clathrina contorta, and can be photographed easily at low

* For figures of the spiculation of Heteropegma see Poléjaeff, ‘ Challenger”

Reports, Zool. vol. viii. part xxiv. (1883) pl. iv. figs. 1, a—-d.

Proc. Zoon. Soc.—1908, No. XLITI, 43

672 PROF. MINCHIN AND DR. REID ON THE [June 16,

magnifications. The very large triradiates, however, tend to

collapse when decalcified, like the monaxons of C. contorta, so

that it is difficult to obtain satisfactory preparations of them.

In the minute triradiates also the filaments are clearly seen, and

present no other difficulties to the photographer than such as

are caused by their minute size, and by the fact that the rays

usually lie in different planes. A study of the filaments in this

sponge brings out a point of some morphological interest. The

minute triradiates, as is well known, are of two types of form,

regular and sagittal. An examination of the filaments shows,

however, that in both forms alike the filaments meet at the centre

at angles of 120° (fig. 22, Pl. XXXIV., fig. 23, Pl. XXXVI.)*.

‘Thus the spicules of Heteropegma are distinctly Clathrinid in type, —

and the sagittal forms occurring in this sponge are to be regarded

as arising simply by secondary curvature of the rays of a primi-

tively regular trivadiate; they may be termed pseudo-sagittal.

It has already been pointed out by Bidder (1898) and Minchin

(1900, p. 109), that Heteropegma is a sponge which stands apart

from other Heterocela and approaches the Clathrinide in its

characters ; and the study of its axial filaments certainly supports

these conclusions.

The Nature of the Axial Filament.

If we compare one of the photographs given here (figs. 2, 6-8)

of the axial filaments of the triradiate systems of Clathrina

contorta, magnified 1000 diameters, with the figure of a young

spicule of this sponge given by Minchin (1898, pl. 42. fig. 49) at

the same magnification, we are at once struck by the fact that

the central triangle, as we have termed it, formed by the axial

filaments, is nearly as large as the whole spicule at this early

stage; much larger, in fact, than the earliest stages of the

spicules that can be found.

It was further shown by Minchin (J. ¢. pp. 572-579) that

the spicules in early stages of development, when examined

between crossed nicols, light up scarcely or not at all. Hence in

early stages the spicules must contain very little, if any, erystal-

line substance, that is to say calcite, but must consist chiefly of

non-crystalline substances, perhaps both organic and inorganic.

We have referred above to Ebner’s statements as regards the

inorganic impurities in the spicule. It must be supposed that

the first portions of the spicule formed consist chiefly of these

“impurities,” and that the axis of the spicule, as it grows in

length, is also formed of substance containing very little calcite.

On the other hand, the portion of the spicule formed later is

_* In all the preparations the axial filaments are very liable to become displaced,

since they are entirely unsupported after decalcification of the spicule. In the

spicule photographed in fig. 23, it can be seen that the filament of the left-hand ray

is displaced, but that of the right-hand ray shows the typical regular angle.

1908. } SPICULES OF CALCAREOUS SPONGES, 673

almost pure calcite; but the layer formed last of all, namely the

sheath, is again an “impure” layer.

Having regard to the mode of formation of these spicules

discovered by Minchin (1898 and 1908) and Woodland (1905), it

would be a tempting hypothesis to refer the two substances

secreted to the activities of the two formative cells; the apical

formative cell or “founder” may be supposed to lay down the

“impure ” substance, while the basal formative cell or “thickener ”

secretes the purest calcite. On the other hand, the formation of

the sheath must also be ascribed to the thickener.

The continuity, generally to be observed, of axial filament and

sheath, and the similarity of their staining reactions are points

in favour of considering these two structures to be of similar

nature. We have referred above to Biitschli’s arguments in

favour of regarding the sheath as being chiefly of inorganic

nature, a conclusion for which there is much to be said, and

which may be extended to the axial filament. The fact, however,

that both filament and sheath have an affinity for special stains,

is in favour of their containing a certain amount of organic

matter, and we may regard sheath and filament as consisting of

an organic basis richly impregnated with inorganic non-crystal-

line materials. At this point we must leave the question of the

nature of these structures to receive more exact and definite

solution from more competent observers. We claim merely to

have demonstrated the following proposition :—The spicules of

calcareous sponges leave after decalcitication a residue in the form

of structural constituents, sheath und axial filament, which can be

coloured by special stains.

In conclusion, attention may be drawn to some points relating

to the morphology of the spicules, upon which the axial filaments

throw some light. It is seen that in the rays of the triradiates,

the filament is broad and even band-like at the base, and tapers

to a fine point at the apex. Comparing with this the monaxon

of A. falcata (fig. 12, Pl. XXXIV., figs. 13, 14, Pl. XXXVIL.),

it is seen that the filament is broad and band-like at the blunt

distal end of the spicule, and tapers to a fine thread at the

pointed proximal end. ‘This supports the conclusion, based by

Minchin (1908) upon developmental data, that the distal pro-

jecting ends of the monaxons are homologous with the central

ends of the rays of the triradiates.

Comparing, however, the monaxons of C.. contorta with those of

A, falcata (figs. 9,10, Pl. XXXYV.), it is seen that in C. contorta

the filament is band-like towards the middle of the spicule, but

tapers to a fine thread at each end. This strongly suggests that

the monaxons of this sponge are not really primary monaxons,

but are secondarily derived from triradiates and are to be re-

garded as biradiates as suggested by Minchin (P. Z. 8. 1905, ii.

p. 10). On the other hand, the monaxons of 4. falcata would

appear to be true primary monaxons.

A DX

674 PROF. MINCHIN AND DR. REID ON THE [June 16,

ADDENDUM.

Intracellular Networks in the Gastral Layer.

A point of some interest was observed in a preparation made

in the following manner. A piece of the body-wall of Clathrina

contortw (preserved in alcohol) was stained with picro-nigrosin,

and passed through water and alcohols into oil of cloves; then

She inner gastral surface was brushed gently with a soft paint-

brush to remove the gastral layer of collared epithelium ; finally,

the piece was mounted in Canada balsam with the gastral surface

uppermost. The upper surface of the preparation then showed a

delicate honeycomb-like network, stained blue with the nigrosin,

enclosing irregular polygonal meshes fairly uniform in size, with

here and there a much larger rounded mesh and occasionally a

small, circular mesh. As the preparation was not all in one

plane, only small stretches of the network could be sharply

photographed (fig. 24, Pl. XXXVIT.). The polygonal meshes

represent spaces formerly occupied by collar-cells, many of which

are to be seen still in sitw in the preparation; the large rounded

meshes are spaces left by porocytes; and the small circular

meshes are shown by their relations to underlying triradiate

systems to be the spaces occupied by the gastral rays of quadri-

radiates. The network itself is an extension of the gelatinous

ground-substance between the bases of the collar-cells and gastral

rays and round the inner ends of the porocytes, probably forming

a cementing substance, as it were, helping to keep the easily

detached collar-ceils in their places.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Brpper, G. P.—‘‘ The Skeleton and Classification of Calcareous

Sponges.” Proc. Roy. Soc. Ixiv. (1898) pp. 61—76, 10 text-figs.

BowErBANkK, J. 8.—A Monograph of the British Spongiade. I.

Ray Society, 1864.

Birscui1, O,—‘‘ Einige Beobachtungen tiber Kiesel- und Kalk-

nadeln von Spongien.” Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. lxix. (1901)

pp. 235-286, pls. xix.—xxi., 2 text-figs.

—— ‘Ueber die Kinwirkung von konzentrierter Kalilauge

und konzentrierter Losung von kohlensaurem Kali auf

kohlensaurem Kalk, sowie tiber dabei entstehende Doppel-

salze von kohlensaurem Kali und kohlensaurem Kalk.”

Verh. Naturhist. Med. Ver. Heidelberg, n. f. viii. (1906)

pp- 277-330, 7 text-figs.

Cartrr, H. J.—‘‘ Description of a Siliceous Sand-Sponge found

on the South Coast of Arabia.” Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)

ii. (1869) pp. 15-17, 4 text-figs.

— ‘Calcareous Sponges.” Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist. (4) i.

(1869) p. 466.

HpneR, V. v.—‘‘ Ueber den feineren Bau der Skelettheile der

Kalkschwimme, nebst Bemerkungen tiber Kalkskelete tiber-

haupt.” Sitzber. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, I. Abth. xev.

(1887) pp. 55-149, pls. 1-1v.

1908. |; SPICULES OF CALCAREOUS SPONGES. 675

Grant, R. E.—“ Remarks on the Structure of some Calcareous

Sponges.” Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, i. (1826)

pp. 166-170.

Harcket, E.—Die Kalkschwiimme. Bd. I. Berlin, 1872, pp. xvi-+

484.

Koutrker, A.—Icones Histiologice. Erste Abtheilung. Leipzig,

1864.

LenDENFELD, R. v.—‘‘ The Histology and Nervous System of the

Calcareous Sponges.” Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales (1) ix.

(1885) pp. 977-983.

— “Die Spongien der Adria.—I. Die Kalkschwiimme.”

Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. liii. (1891) pp. 185-321, & pp. 361-433,

pls. vili.xv., 1 text-fig.

Lizserktun, N.—“ Beitrige zur Anatomie der Kalkspongien.”

Arch. f. Anat. Physiol. und wiss. Med. 1865, pp. 732-748,

ple xix.

Maas, O.—“‘ Ueber den Aufbau des Kalkskeletts der Spongien

in normalem und in CaCo,-freiem Seewasser.” Ver. Deutsch.

Zool. Ges. 1904, pp. 190-199.

Mincuin, KE. A.‘ Materials for a Monograph of the Ascons.—

I.” Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. n.s. xl. (1898) pp. 469-587,

pls. xxxvill.—xlii.

— Article “Sponges,” in Lankester, A Treatise on Zoology,

part 11. London, 1900.

“* Materials for a Monograph of the Ascons.—II.” Quart.

Journ. Micr, Sci. n.s. li. (1908) pp. 301-355, pls. xvii —xxi.,

5 text-figs.

Scumipr, O.—Die Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres. Leipzig

(W. Engelmann), 1862.

WEINSCHENK, H.—“ Ueber die Skeletteile der Kalkschwaimme.”

Centrbl. Mineral. Geol. Paliontol. 1905, no. 19, pp. 581-588.

Woopiann, W.—‘“< Studies in Spicule Formation.—I. The Devel-

opment and Structure of the Spicules in Sycons; with

Remarks on the Conformation, Modes of Disposition and

Evolution of Spicules in Calcareous Sponges generally.”

Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. n. s. xlix. (1905) pp. 231-282,

pls. xili.—xv., text-figs. 1-11.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

All the photographs are from spicules stuck on the slide with albumen, decalcified

and stained with picro-nigrosin, and mounted in Canada balsam.

Figs. 1-10. Clathrina contorta.

Fig. 1, Pl. XXXIV. A triradiate. x 400. FF tae

2, Pl. XXXV. The central portion of another triradiate. X 1000.

3, Pl. XXXIV. A quadriradiate, gastral aspect. xX 400.

4, Pl. XXXV. A quadriradiate, gastral aspect, at a high focus to show the

gastral ray in optical transverse section. X 1000.

5, Pl. XXXV. The central part of a quadriradiate. X 1000.

6, Pl. XXXV. The central part of another quadriradiate. x 1000.

7, Pl. XXXV. The central part of another quadriradiate. X 1000.

8, Pl. XXXVII. The extremity of a ray of a quadriradiate. XX 1000.

9, Pl. XXXV. A small-sized monaxon. X 150.

10, Pl. XXXV. Another small monaxon. X 150.

676 DR. T. A. CHAPMAN ON NEW [June 16,

Figs. 11-14. Ascandra falcata.

Fig. 11, Pl. XXXIV. Central portion of a triradiate. > 1000.

12, Pl. XXXIV. A monaxon. X 250.

13, Pl. XXXVII. Distal extremity of amonaxon. X 500.

14, Pl. XXXVII. Proximal extremity of amonaxon. X

Figs. 15-17. Clathrina clathrus.

ig. 15, Pl. XXXVI. The extremities of two triradiates and a broken ray of ai

third. X 1000.

16, Pl. XXXIV. The extremity of a triradiate. > 1000.

17, Pl. XX XVII. The central part of a triradiate. 1000.

Figs. 18, 19. Leucandra aspera.

Fig. 18, Pl. XX XVII. A triradiate showing the double-contoured filaments. X 250.

19, Pl. XXXVI. A quadriradiate. x 500.

Figs. 20, 21. Sycon ciliatum.

Fig. 20, Pl. XXXVI. A triradiate. > 500.

21, Pl. XXXVI. The same triradiate at a slightly lower focus. xX 500.

Figs. 22, 23. Heteropegma nodus-gordii.

Fig. 22, Pl. XXXIV. A small triradiate (one ray broken). 1000.

23, Pl. XXXVI. A small sagittal triradiate, showing the filaments; on the

left the filament has become displaced. X 1000.

Fig. 24, Pl. XXXVII. Photograph of the gastral surface of the body-wall of

Clathrina contorta, stained with picro-nigrosin, the collar-cells

brushed off; showing the network left between the collar-cells,

porocytes, and gastral rays. Owing to this network not being exactly

in one plane, it is not seen all over the photograph. X 1000.

4, Two New Genera (and a New Species) of Indian

Lycenids. By T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.Z.S.

[Received May 14, 1908. }

(Plate XXX VIIT.*)

In trying to gain some knowledge of the genus Cyaniris by

examining the ancillary appendages, I met with much trouble

over Cyaniris chennellii de Nicév. I obtained specimens from

various sources, and informed various people that they had a Zizera.

or something thereabouts, and not a Cyaniris. Herein I was

right, but so were they, their insect being chennellit de Nicév. I

stuck to my guns unnecessarily, largely because Col. Bingham

found in his collection a specimen that was certainly not a Zizera.

but probably a Cyaniris, and which he had compared with the

type of chennellii and found to agree. I took it therefore that

this was chennellii, but could come across no other specimen.

I also, of course, assumed de Nicéville to know what was and what

was not a Cyaniris, and that he would not call a Zizera-like species.

a Cyaniris. It turns out, however, that this was precisely what.

he did do, and in doing which, succeeding authorities appear to have

* Wor explanation of the Plate see p. 678.

1 Za Sin MGs Tells SO-OOV0Ne

Photo F. N. Clark. Bale & Danielsson, Ltd.

ANCILLARY APPENDAGES OF—

1. BOTHRIA CHENNELLII. x 45.

2. NOTARTHRINUS BINGHAMI. x 45.

1908. | INDIAN LYCHZNID BUTTERFLIES. 677

followed him. Col. Bingham had in his possession (lent from

India) the type specimen of chennellii, and when I saw this.

specimen, it appeared at once that it was the insect I had been

refusing to recognise as chennellit.

chennellit has all the aspect of a Cyaniris, but the neuration is.

not that of Cyaniris but of Zizera. The ancillary appendages.

are very different from those of Cyaniris and also from those of

Zizera, and approach more nearly to those of Lveres.

It appears to require a new genus to contain it, and I therefore

propose for it Boruria *, n. g.

I would characterise the genus as having C. chennellit de Nicé-

ville as type; as closely resembling Cyaniris in facies, but

having the anastomosing subcostal vein as in Zizera; as having

the ancillary appendages very different from Cyaniris and Zizera.

The dorsal portion (¢eguwmen) consists of a central piece, with two:

horns jointed to it, both of very similar form and structure to:

those of Hveres (Cyaniris and Zizera have the dorsal armature in

two lateral portions, the actual dorsum being merely part of the

chitinous ring of the 9th abdominal segment with no armature).

The claspers have the two processes (characteristic of Lycznids) of

nearly equal size, each being very long and slender but reminding

one a good deal.of Hveres. In Cyaniris and Zizera the ventral,

soft (7. e., unarmed with spicules or teeth) process is nearly or

quite obsolete.

It remains to deal with Col. Bingham’s Cyaniris. As a

specific description, de Nicéville’s description of chennellii is

all but accurate for this species, which is however a Cyaniris (and

chennellii, as we have just seen, is not).

As a Cyaniris it belongs, however, as an extreme instance, to

a division that requires a separation generically. This section

is especially characterised by each lateral piece of the dorsal

armature of the ancillary appendages having a jointed horn or

process (as in so many Lycenids) and not merely a simple process,

usually rounded and soft but in many species with a more or less

developed chitinous point or spike.

I would call this new genus Wotarthrinus.

NovarTHRINUS 7, 0. g.

Differs from Cyaniris in each portion of the dorsal armature of

the ancillary appendages having the separate jointed spine (as in

Lycena). In Cyaniris the spine, when there is one, is merely a

chitinous process continuous with its base.

Type, binghami, sp. n.

musina (and corythus, which seems to be identical with

musina) and catrews probably belong to this genus.

* BoOpos a pit, in allusion tothe pitfall into which it led de Nicéville. For those

who like a little canine flavour to their classics, it may suggest that it is like both

Cyaniris and Zizera without being either, and has perhaps some allusion to the

bother which de Nicéville and others did not suffer but passed on to me.

+ voros apQpos.

678 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE [June 16,

NoraRTHRINUS BINGHAMI, Sp. 0.

Agrees with de Nicéville’s description of Bothria chennellit,

except that it is without the discal lme on the upper side of the

fore wing, and the 6th spot of the row on the under side is all but

obsolete. A more important difference is that in this row of spots,

the first one in chennellii is in line with the others, in binghami

it is markedly moved inwards, as in argiolus and many other

Cyanirids.

I cannot help a suspicion that de Nicéville had these two

species, chennellii and binghami, mixed (Col, Bingham, also, had

not separated them), and when referring chennellia to Cyaniris

had binghami in view.

Type in Col. Bingham’s collection. A cotype in somewhat finer

condition is in the museum at Tring. Col. Bingham’s specimen

is from Shillong; the Tring specimen is labelled ‘‘ Khasia Hills,

Assam.”

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVIII.

Fig. 1. Ancillary appendages of Bothria chennellii X 45.

Fig. 2. Ancillary appendages of Notarthrinus binghami X 45. The Aidceagus was

unfortunately mounted on the slide too far off to come into the photo-

eraph. I have not based any characters of genus or species on it.

Both photographs by Mr. F. N. Clark.

5. A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Batrachian

Rhinoderma darwin. By Frank E. Bepparp, M.A.,,

WaRESe, EAS:

[Received May 26, 1908. ]

(Text-figures 143-149.)

I have examined a number of examples of this small Chilian

Engystomatid Frog which were presented to the Society by

Dr. EK. P. Reid some months since. This examination enables me

to add something to what is already known concerning this Batra-

chian, the breeding-habits of which are so remarkable and now so

well known through the investigations of Gay, Espada, Howes and

others, especially and most recently Prof. Biirger, for the loan of

whose memoir written in Spanish I am indebted to Dr. Reid.

Dr. Birger* and Prof. Howest give lists of the memoirs

relating to this species, which I need not therefore recapitulate

here. The contributions made respectively by the two

authorities mentioned deal with the gular sacs, their structure

and development. Incidentally some information is given in

these papers concerning the visceral and muscular anatomy with

which I have occupied myself for some time past; and so far as

the facts go I am able to confirm those authors. As, however,

* La Neomelia de la Rhinoderma darwini D. & B., por el Dr. Otto Burger.

Santiago de Chile, 23 pp., 3 pls.

Le Notes on the Gular Brood-pouch of Rhinoderma darwini,’ P. Z.S. 1888,

p. sol. ‘

1908. | BATRACHIAN RHINODERMA DARWINI. 679

their object was not to enter into the general anatomy of

Rhinoderma, but only to describe structures associated with the

breeding-pouches, there is naturally some room left for a fuller

account of this Engystomatid frog, which I specially compare with

its African relative the genus Greviceps, dissected by myself some

time since and referred to in a paper communicated to this

Society lately*. Rhinoderma is an Engystomatid frog without a

narrow mouth. The mouth is not far from being of the ordinary

Batrachian capacity. The general aspect also of the species is

widely removed from that of Sreviceps, with which it would

certainly not be associated were external characters alone taken

into consideration. Externally, in fact, Rhinoderma is a typical

frog, except indeed for the ‘considerable projection of the upper

beyond the lower jaw, and the presence of a narrow projection of

the snout region of the head which has nothing to do with the

nostrils. This process is not always present, but its presence or

absence has nothing to do with sex, for I found the process well

developed in one female, and absent in another female, both speci-

mens being of about the same size. I have not, however, examined

with care a sufficient number of examples to enable me to

contribute any material facts with reference to the development

of this ‘‘ snout” f.

§ Visceral Anatomy.

The viscera show a number of differences from those of

Breviceps.

The liver in Rhinoderma has not the peculiar form and relations

to the heart which I have described in Greviceps. It is consti-

tuted more on the plan of that of Rana. That is, there is a

primary division into right and left lobes of which the right is

much the larger and is again divided into two lobes. The whole

mass of the liver lies entirely behind the heart, which is not in

the least hidden by it in the remarkable fashion which I have

noticed in Breviceps. That this is the case is shown by the

attachment to the posterior border of the pericardium of a

peculiar muscle, which passes from the body-wall under the lobes

of the liver without being attached to them and ends on the

pericardium ¢.

The alimentary tract is proportionately and roughly of the same

general appearance and length as that of Rana. There are, how-

ever, some differences, especially when the gut is slit up and the

characters of the lining membrane in different regions compared

with each other and with the corresponding or apparently corres-

ponding sections of the gut of Rana. The stomach itself has a

tendency to be more spherical in shape than in Rana. The part

which ensues and corresponds in its position to the duodenum of

* P. Z.S. 1908, p. 11.

+ The skull, showing the cartilaginous basis of this process, is figured by W. K.

Parker (Phil. Trans. 1881, pl. 39, figs. i-iv).

t This is described below (on p. 684).

680 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE [June 16,

Rana demands attention before its homologies can be thus rapidly

disposed of. Where this tube arises from the undoubted stomach

there is no valve or change of a sudden character in its lining

membrane. Furthermore, the pancreas does not extend down

into the V-shaped loop which it makes with the stomach, and the

ducts of liver and pancreas open into the alimentary tract farther

up this ascending limb of the gastric U than they are represented

to open in Rana*. Iam disposed in fact to assign the greater

part of this ascending limb—the first deflection from an antero-

posterior course which the whole alimentary tract shows—to the

stomach. Its lining membrane has quite the characters of that of

the lining membrane of the latter half of the undoubted stomach.

Text-fig. 143.

Alimentary tract of Rhinoderma darwini partly opened to show folds of

lining membrane.

S¢. Posterior boundary of stomach. JZ/. Ileum.

It is very thick and arranged in close longitudinal folds which

undergo no change where the tube suddenly lessens in calibre.

Later on, a tendency to a reticulate arrangement also observable

anteriorly becomes rather more marked. This thick layer

suddenly ends near the top of the ascending limb of the V already

referred to as characteristic of this and (? all) other frogs. There-

after the walls of the gut are thin for a considerable distance and

the lumen is perhaps slightly wider. The inner surface is very

definitely reticulate in a honeycomb fashion. The break between

* Haslam’s Translation of Ecker’s ‘Frog,’ p. 296, fig. 195, Dc?.

1908.} BATRACHIAN RHINODERMA DARWINI. 681

this section of the gut and that which precedes is rather in the

abrupt thinning of the lining membrane than in anything else.

Later on the reticulate arrangement is still retained; but there

is a tendency towards emphasising the transversely running folds

of the reticulum, but to nothing like the extent that is figured in

Rana*, These facts are well shown in the accompanying figure

(text-fig. 143). The small intestine opens very abruptly into the

short dilated colo-rectum. A little way in front of the junction

of the two the ileum, as we may term it, becomes somewhat.

narrower in calibre and it has been for some distance thicker-

walled. The end of the small intestine in fact is as thick-walled

as that part of the tube (whatever its homologies may be) which

immediately succeeds the dilated stomachal chamber. Both these

regions contrast very markedly with the thin-walled middle

section of the gut. On cutting open, these differences were very

apparent. The colo-rectum is also thin-walled—at any rate in

comparison with its calibre. The end of the ileum actually

projects into it for some distance, like the uterus into the vagina.

The figure which I give here of the intestinal tract of Rhinoderma

(text-fig. 143) may be compared with that of Breviceps t, although

the former is represented as seen when cut open and the latter is

not. I have pointed out in Breviceps ~ that the stomach does not

end where it suddenly diminishes in calibre, but that it is clearly

continued for a short distance along the upward limb of the U

which it forms with theduodenum. I believe that in Rhinoderma

this extension of the stomach is still greater.

Text-fig. 144.

Alimentary tract of Rhinoderma darwini, to illustrate the shortness of that of the

male (upper figure) and the greater length of that of the female (lower figure).

The accompanying drawings (text-fig. 144) show the different

appearance of the gut in the male and in the female of this frog.

* Haslam, foc. cit. p. 288, fig. 189.

+ P.Z.S. 1908, p. 32, text-tig. 10. ft Loe. cit. p. 31, text-fig. 9.

682 MR. F, E, BEDDARD ON THE [June 16,

When the body of the male is cut open, the whole of the alimentary

tract is displayed and may be seen without moving that tract or

adjacent organs. On the other hand, in the female the coils of

the gut are rather more complex. The difference, as will be seen,

is due to the greater accentuation in the female of the loops of

the intestine. This is obviously associated with a considerable

difference in the length of the tube in the two sexes. The

measurements of two individuals were as follows:—In a male

measuring 22 mm. from snout to anus (the anterior process of

the snout being omitted) the gut from the commencement of

the ascending limb, which may or may not belong really to the

stomach, to the point of entrance into the colon of the ileum was

only 18 mm. Ina female measuring 28 mm. the gut was 35 mm.

In the former, therefore, the gut is actually shorter than the body

length. It is rather longer in the female.

§ Uro-Genital Organs.

The kidneys have the flattened leaf-like form that characterises

those organs in Rana. They were, however,—in an example in

which I measured them—proportionately very much larger than

in an example of Rana esculenta, of which I made measurements

for the purposes of comparison. The specimen of Rhinoderma

darwint measured from the extremity of the snout (this example

had not the anterior prolongation so characteristic of the species)

to the anus 33 mm. ‘The left kidney measured 8°5 mm., being

thus very nearly one quarter of the length of the body—an

extraordinary size. In correlation with this great size was the

fact that the anterior extremity of the kidney nearly reached the

anterior wall of the pleuro-peritoneal cavity, and the fat-bodies

were so thrust against that anterior wall by the growth of the

kidney that they lay back over it, being directed towards the vent.

Ina Rana esculenta measuring between the same points 175 mm.,

the length of the corresponding kidney was only 14 or 15 mm.

Thus in this Batrachian (possessing a kidney of the usual size—

in Kcker’s ‘ Frog’ 16 mm. is the length given) the kidney was

only one-eleventh to one-twelfth of the body length. The

difference is enormous.

The testes are spherical, much pigmented, and have the

mulberry-like form of those of Rana. The fat-bodies in the one

male which I dissected were much smaller than in both of two

females which I also dissected. And moreover, in all three cases

the left fat-body was larger than the right. In view of the

peculiarity of the testes in Breviceps in possessing only one vas

efferens, I was surprised to find that Rhinoderma is more normal

in that each testis has four or five slender vasa efferentia.

The oviducts are long and thick and much coiled, and thus

differ from those of Breviceps, presuming that the latter were

fully advanced in development in the specimen which I dissected.

It is remarkable that the proximal part of the oviduct (i. e. that

1908. ] BATRACHIAN RHINODERMA DARWINI, 683

section immediately following upon the funnel) in Rhinoderma is

very short and quite straight, much shorter than is, according to

my experience, the rule among frogs. The funnel itself is

attached sideways to the surface of the obliquus internus, where

that muscle forms the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity, and

is of an elongate form, the orifice being a comparatively narrow

and terminal slit. The lining membrane is grooved at the mouth

of the funnel. The oviducts open into the cloaca by a single

common orifice.

§ The Musculature of the Ventral Surface.

The rectus abdominis shows no great peculiarities of structure.

It has five divisions, visible when the skin is removed and no

further dissection made. These are divided by four inscriptiones

tendinee. This contrasts in the most marked way with Breviceps,

where there is but a single inscriptio tendinea. These are all

behind the sternum, where the muscle appears to end. The

anterior abdominal vein is visible from the last inscriptio tendinea

up to just behind the sternum, where it dips down and dis-

appears from view. The abdominal section of the pectoralis

muscle arises from the first three poststernal masses of the rectus.

The sternal portion of the pectoralis is hardly distinguishable

from a sterno-radialis anteriorly; but the latter—if it exists

as a separate muscle—is quite plainly divided off from the

adjacent slender head of the deltoid. The posterior part of the

pectoralis sternalis is distinct from the anterior region in that it

comes closer to its fellow of the opposite side in the middle line

than does the anterior part of the same muscle.

The obliqui externus et internus have not the extraordinarily

complicated and specialised disposition of their bundles that I

have described in Lreviceps verrucosus*. The obliquus externus is

a tolerably stout muscle the fibres of which run at right angles to

the long axis of the body in the ordinary way, and which forms as

usual a continuous sheet covering the sides of the body. Opposite

to the second inscriptio tendinea of the rectus abdominis it is

overlapped by the pectoralis abdominalis, and in this region arises

(or is inserted) from that muscle, or rather from the septum

between the two. In front of this area of overlap the obliquus

externus is seen—when the here superjacent pectoralis abdominis

is dissected away—to end abruptly at the septum between itself

and the several compartments of the rectus abdominis. The

fibres of the two muscles where they thus nearly come into

contact are absolutely at right angles. Anteriorly and much at

the same point, or rather along the same line, as in the Common

Frog the obliquus externus ends definitely in a straight anterior

border. There is not, however, in Rhinoderma darwini any trace

that I could discover of an omo-abdominalis muscle, such as is

* P.Z.S. 1908, p. 22

684 MR. F. E, BEDDARD ON THE [June 16,

well developed and quite obvious in Fana and very greatly

developed in Breviceps. It is rather remarkable that Khinoderma

not only shows no likeness to its ally Breviceps, but 1s even more

simple than Rana. For some distance in front of the end of the

obliquus externus the obliquus internus becomes obvious, its fibres

running at an angle with those of the externus. These fibres end

at the edge of the sternohyoideus just as the fibres of the obliquus

externus end at the edge of the same muscle and of the rectus

abdominis further back. This ending, however, is apparent rather

than real. When the rectus is cut across, the obliquus externus is

seen really to end abruptly at its outer boundary. On the other

hand, the obliquus internus anteriorly dips into the body and

forms a portion of the anterior partition between the neck and the

trunk in a way which will be described immediately in connection

with the transversus portion of the obliquus internus complex

which was originally compared by Huxley to the Mammalian

diaphragm, and which I have named accordingly in the following

paragraph.

The diaphragmatic muscle.—This muscular sheet arises as 1s

usual among the normal Batrachia Salientia—that is, the muscle

has not the large extent and backwardly prolonged origin that it

has among the Pelobatide*. It overlaps the kidney on its way

to be inserted on to the cesophagus, which shows the enormous

extension of that viscus forwards, upon which I comment else-

where in this paper. The muscle is entirely inserted on to the

esophagus from the point where the latter enters the pleuro-

peritoneal cavity up to nearly its junction with the stomach. The

muscle also shares in the formation of the anterior wall of the

pleuroperitoneal cavity; for it merges completely into the

obliquus internus, the two meeting (though the exact line of

junction cannot in the least be distinguished) at about the centre

of the concave wall which they together form and which bounds

the pleuroperitoneal cavity anteriorly, as has been said. It is

difficult to say for this reason whether the muscle does or does not

supply fibres to the root of the lung. Im any case strands of the

obliquus internus end upon the root of the lung.

Pericardial Muscle——In the Common Frog a ‘portion of the

obliquus internus has been described as having the following

relations to the pericardium and in the following words { :—‘“ A

third portion [of the muscle in question], placed behind the

preceding, runs from the pharynx over the pericardium and is

attached to this nearly as far as the middle line, resting on the

sternum, the m. rectus and m. sternohyoideus. The lines of inser-

tion of the muscles of opposite sides form an angle open in front.”

This is illustrated by a figure; but neither the figure nor the

description appears tome tobe clear. The portion of the obliquus

internus thus referred to is perfectly continuous with the rest of

* Beddard, P. Z.S. 1907, p. 346, text-fig. 98; and p. 886.

+ Swpra, p. 682.

{ Ecker’s Frog, Engl. Transl. p. 71.

1908. ] BATRACHIAN RHINODERMA DARWINI. 685

the muscle (I distinguish the cesophageal muscle as distinct) which

forms the internal sheet of the abdominal musculature. The

region, however, now under consideration is that portion of the

obliquus externus which is uncovered anteriorly by the obliquus

externus. The latter muscle ceases at about the level of the apex

of the heart, its most anterior region being separated off as the

omo-abdominal muscle. in front of this the lateral wall of the

pleuroperitoneal cavity is formed by the obliquus internus only,

and this muscle (of course with its liming peritoneum) limits the

abdominal cavity antero-laterally and constitutes the muscular

wall of the “cervical limiting membrane of abdominal cavity”

(Keith*). Ventrally this section of the internal oblique muscle

becomes divided into two insertions. The most posterior ends in

a delicate aponeurosis which passes outside of the sternohyoid

muscle and is attached to the coracoid and sternum. The anterior

Text-fig. 145.

Sth.

A portion of the musculature of the ventral surface of Rhinoderma darwini.

Ant.abd. Anterior abdominal veins H. Heart. .¢. Tendinous intersection of

rectus abdominis. O6/. Obliquus externus. P. Pericardial muscle. Pect.

Pectoralis. #. Rectus abdominis. St.h. Sterno-hyoid.

section of the muscle is attached by aponeurosis to the pericardium

quite anteriorly (in the region of the emergence of the conus

arteriosus), and to the roots of the lungs. The whole of the

ventricular region of the pericardium is quite free from any

muscular insertions. This fact (the freedom of the whole

ventricular region of the pericardium from connection with the

obliquus internus) is not plainly shown in the figure of Gaupp

reproduced by Keith?. In addition to the insertion of obliquus

internus fibres upon the anterior and lateral regions of the peri-

cardium, Dr. Keith has remarked that some of ‘the deep fibres

[of the rectus abdominis, behind the sternohyoid| may end on the

* J. Anat. Phys. xxxix. 1905, p. 244, fig. 1, explan. of figure.

+ Loe. cit. p. 259, fig. 14.

686 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE [June 16,

pericardium.” These will then form the ventral part of the

diaphragm. I do not find after a careful dissection of an average-

sized example of Rana esculenta any evidence of a deflection of

rectus fibres to the pericardium. Iam the more confident in the

accuracy of my observation in that I have discovered such a

muscle in the small Rhinoderma darwini. This I figure in the

accompanying illustration (text-fig. 145). The muscle is thin and

wide and flat, and its fibres run accurately in a direction parallel

with the long axis of the body. It is attached to a good deal of

the posterior and lateral margins of the pericardium. It underlies

the obliquus externus behind the sternal region (7. e. is dorsal to

it), and is therefore perhaps to be regarded as a portion of the

obliquus internus.

The relations of the swbmawillaris are different to those which

obtain in some other frogs. The muscle is, however, similar in

that its posterior region is separated off as a distinct muscle, the

Text-fig. 146.

Sm.

Musculature of floor of mouth of Rhinoderma darwini.

a. Genioglossus (?). 6, ¢. Differentiated portions of submaxillaris.

Sh. Subhyoideus. Sm. Submentalis.

subhyoideus. The latter is only plainly differentiated from the

former near to the edge of the lower jaw, where it dips down toa

lower plane. Its relative dimensions appear to be very much those

of the muscle in Rana. Nor is there anything in the structure or

size of the swhmentalis that calls for particular comment. The

muscle appears to be exactly like that of Rana. It will be noticed,

however, in the accompanying drawing (text-fig. 146, a) that two

large triangular muscles, one on each side, underlie the submaxil-

laris, anil muscles are not visible in a corresponding dissection

of Rana. Nor have I seen them in the same place in such

Pelobatidz: as I have dissected *. These two muscles, as will be

seen in the text-figure referred to, are closely approximated in the

middle line; and into the space left by their divergence in front

fits exactly the submentalis.

* On Megalophrys nasuta, P.Z.S. 1907, p. 338, &c., and on Pelobatide, ib. ¢. ¢

p- 871.

1908. } BATRACHIAN RHINODERMA DARWINI. 687

These two muscles appear to me to be quite possibly the genio-

glossi, which are thus in the species Rhinoderma darwin not only

of very large size but rather abnormal in position. They are

normal only in that they arise on either side from the mandible;

they are abnormal in that they have intruded into an area

belonging to the submaxillaris which ceases to exist as a separate

layer at the margin of the genioglossi. Furthermore, the intru-

sion of the genioglossi on to the superficial area of the throat has

caused another peculiarity in the arrangement of the fibres of the

submaxillaris. It will be seen from an inspection of text-fig. 146

that the fibres of the submaxillaris run in different directions in

different portions of this muscle. Laterally to the possible genio-

glossi the fibres of the submaxillaris run obliquely to each ramus

of the lower jaw; posteriorly to them the fibres are at right angles

to the longitudinal axis of the head and run therefore accurately

across the throat, with no obliquity of direction like the anterior

part of the muscles. If I am right in identifying the triangular

pair of muscles just described with the genioglossi of other Batra-

chians, they certainly differ in not being inserted on to the tongue

(which of course does not necessarily do away with this suggested

homology), for they can be easily dissected away with the sub-

maxillaris, displaying the hyoglossus and geniohyoidei beneath.

In any case, whatever be the nature of these muscles, it is clear

that the muscular floor of the mouth in Rhinoderma darwini is

peculiar and unlike that of other frogs. JI should mention,

furthermore, that there is no vestige in this frog of the small

muscles at the side of the mouth lettered “«” in my figure of

the muscular system of the ventral surface of the body in

Breviceps verrucosus*. It may be that these muscles are

the homologues of the peculiar muscles which I describe in

Rhinoderma (text-fig. 146, a). If so, they have undergone in the

one or in the other genus a very considerable shifting of position.

It must be borne in mind that the species the anatomy of which

forms the subject of my present communication to the Society

is hardly to be described as ‘‘ engystomatous.”

§ The Musculature of the Back.

The latissimus dorsi (text-fig.147, Z.d.) is distinctly different from

that of Rana, as figured. It is a distinctly narrow muscle, being

about one half of the diameter of the underlying infraspinatus.

Its course is straight and is exactly at right angles to the long axis

of the body. It has no obliquity of direction as in other frogs.

It is therefore also exactly parallel to the partly underlying infra-

spinatus. It arises from the middle line of the back behind the

scapula. It did not appear to me to arise from the dorsal fascia ;

but as this pigmented membrane was so delicate it had to be

picked away in little bits, and its relations were therefore rather

* P,Z.S. 1908, p. 16, text-fig. 3.

Proc, Zoou. Soc.—1908, No. XLIV. 44

688 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE [June 16,

obscure. Still it seemed to be free of the underlying musculature

including the longissimus dorsi except Just at the spinous processes

of the vertebre.

The rhomboideus (or retrahens scapule) differs, as I have

pointed out, in Rana guppyr™ and R. esculenta; tor in the former

species it arises from the spine of a vertebra and is thus a true

rhomboideus and not a serratus.

So also is this muscle in Rhinoderma darwini. It arises in front

of the latissimus dorsi and is partly overlapped by it. It is at

first rather broad, but narrows rapidly when it passes under the

cucullaris into a narrower but still flat and strap-shaped muscle

to be attached to the scapula.

The depressor mandibule is partly absent in this frog. There

ig no trace that I could discover of the dorsal part arising near to

the latissimus dorsi. Nor do I think it possible to have missed

this part of the muscle which is so obvious in those frogs where

T have iooked for it. It is important to notice that in this

particular Rhinoderma agrees with its ally Breviceps. ‘The other

portion of this muscle, however, that arising from the skull-wall,

is very large and passes as usual behind the tympanum, its

antithesis, the éemporalis, passing in front of the tympanum.

Both these muscles are large and about equally developed.

The infraspinatus appears to cover the dorsal surface of the

scapula nearly entirely from the extreme edge of its ventral

margin. Only a thin edge of the scapula (indicated by dots in

text-fig. 147) is left exposed, not so much as in Breviceps.

The cucullaris, or levator scapule, is a large and well-developed

muscle as is shown in the figure (text-fig. 147). Its direction is

oblique, the obliquity bemg towards the dorsal median line postero-

anteriorly. In this region it covers a part of the anterior section

of the longissimus dorsi, that inserted on to the head.

The longissimus dorsi is quite like that of Rana, and is shown

together with the adjacent muscles in the accompanying text-

figure (text-fig. 147). They all agree on the whole with those of

Rana, and a reference to my figure will show this agreement in

detail. The iio-lumbaris is rather more marked on the dorsal

surface. The view of this muscle from the inside of the body is

rather different from that of Rana. It runs uninterruptedly

over the transverse processes of four vertebrae (beginning with the

sacral £), and was finally inserted on to the one in front, 7. e. the

fifth reckoning from behind forwards. This is also the fifth

vertebra of the series commencing with the atlas. From this

vertebra to the fourth a band of muscles runs in the same straight

line as the ilo-lumbaris, but not in continuity with its fibres.

This transverse process (that of the fourth vertebra) gives origin

* Anatomy of Pipa, P. Z.S. 1895, p. 835. I am able to confirm this statement

after a re-examination of that frog.

+ Beddard, P.Z.S. 1907, p. 333, text-fig. 94 (Rana guppyi).

‘{ I may note that this vertebra was not fused with the coccyx.

1908. | BATRACHIAN RHINODERMA DARWINI. 689

to the transverso-scapularis muscle *, which is best seen on the

view presented by the dissection now being described, and which

is therefore dealt with here and not in its proper place. The

ilio-lumbaris gives off slips to the transverse processes lying between

its origin from the ilium and its insertion on to the fifth

vertebra ; but these are concealed from view when the body-cavity

is opened and the muscle exposed, for a considerable mass of its

fibres runs directly and without interruption between the extremes

of origin andinsertion. Itsuggests, therefore, the long slip of the

Text-fig. 147.

Dorsal musculature of Rhinoderma darwini.

Cu. Cucullaris. isp. Infra-spimatus. l.coce. Lio-coccygeus. L.d. Latissimus

dorsi. Obl.int. Fan-shaped tract of obliquus internus attached to ilium.

Py. Pyriformis. rh. Rhomboideus.

ilio-lumbaris in Vegalophrys nasuta tT, which appears, however, in

that frog, and in the Pelobatide generally £, to be more completely

differentiated from the rest of the ilio-lumbaris than is the case

with Rhinoderma darwini. More noteworthy is the exact likeness

which this muscle shows to the corresponding muscle in Breviceps.

The coccygeo-sacralis and ilio-coccygeus are present and obvious

as is shown in the figure (text-fig. 147), but have no special

features of interest. On this view the gluteus, the rectus femoris

* It is noteworthy that only one pair of these muscles appears to exist in Rhino-

derma ; for there are two in Rana. The above dissection also showed plainly the

Levator anguli scapule arising from the skull quite as in Rana.

+ P. Z.S. 1907, p. 332, text-fig. 93, I7. lumb.

TPZ. Ss: 1907; pa sil:

AA*

690 MR. F, E. BEDDARD ON THE [June 16,

anticus, and the pyriformis are exposed and very prominent. It

will be seen from the drawing (text-fig. 147) that there is no

possible room for an enormous lymph-heart like that which I have

described and figured in Breviceps on either side of the spine.

Nothing of the kind can, I believe, have been overlooked by me.

A peculiarity of the obliquus internus is shown on the view of the

dorsal musculature which is illustrated in text-fig. 147, obl.int.

A fan-shaped origin of this muscle from the ilium is to be seen

underlying the obliquus externus. The origin is by a head of very

limited extent from the ilium just above the origin of the gluteus

muscle, that is, about halfway down the bone. An iliac origin of

this muscle is of course known in Lana.

§ Musculature of Hyoid.

T have dealt at some length in my paper upon the anatomy of

Breviceps with the hyoid musculature of that frog. This muscu-

lature presents, it will be recollected, more than one peculiar

feature. The corresponding musculature of Rhinoderma does not

present many peculiar features, and agrees on the whole with that

of Rana, differing therefore from its near ally Breviceps, to which

however it presents some likeness, as I have identified, and have

no particular comments to make upon, the following muscles,

which appear to me to be like those of Rana, viz., geniohyordeus and

omohyoideus. The sternohyoideus, on the other hand, appears to

me to be like that of Breviceps in that it consists of two portions

with a quite separate insertion on to the hyoid. The larger and

more superficial half of the muscle has not the same origins as the

sternohyoid of Rana, for there is no sternum to arise from, and it

is simply a continuation of the rectus and completely conceals

(when the animal is viewed from the ventral surface in the usual

position of dissection) the underlying portion of the muscle.

This is very slender, and is connected only in its origin with the

abdominal musculature. It is inserted on. to the hyoid a

considerable distance behind the insertion of the larger half of

the muscle, and the insertions are not continuous. Just below this

muscle lies the pericardial muscle which I describe on another

page (see p. 684). It is interesting to note that the sternohyoid

is complétely free from the shoulder-girdle, and is merely a con-

tinuation of the rectus abdominis.

The petrohyoidet ave as in most other frogs; 7. ¢., there is an

anterior and a posterior petrohyoideus and the latter is divided

into three slips. The latter muscle is entirely inserted upon the

bony thyrohyals, and the three slips of which it is composed form

a continuous mass of muscles which are broad and leave no inter-

spaces. The last of the series, as in some other frogs, lies rather

superficially to the rest and is attached to tle tip of the thyrohyal

bone ventrally. Italso seems to pass beyond it as in Yenophrys*,

and to be therefore associated with the vocal apparatus.

* See Beddard, P. Z. S. 1907, p. 898, text-fig. 238, p.h. 3.

1908. } BATRACHIAN RHINODERMA DARWINI. 691

§ Muscles of the Thigh.

When the skin is removed and the muscles of the thigh inspected

from the inner aspect (text-fig. 148), some difference is visible

from the appearances observable in Rana under similar conditions.

For figures of Rana I may refer to Ecker’s ‘ Anatomy of the

Frog,’ and to a figure of the muscles of the inside of the thigh in

the large Rana guppyi*, illustrating a paper by myself on the

structure of the Pelobatide. I have also figured the correspond-

ing muscles of Breviceps t,an African genus belonging to the same

family (Engystomatide) as that which contains the subject of

the present communication to the Society. Although there are

Text-fig. 148.

Thigh-muscles of Rhinoderma darwini exposed from the inside.

R. Rectus abdominis. v.%.m. Rectus internus minor, where it is attached to

the skin. V.i. Vastus internus. Sa. Sartorius.

differences in detail between the thigh muscles of Rhinoderma

and those of Rana, the general aspect of the muscles—with one im-

portant exception, to be mentioned presently—is much like that of

Rana,and is even definitely more like Rana esculenta than hk. guppyt.

It is easy to recognise the vastus internus, adductor longus, sartorius,

adductor magnus, adductor brevis, rectus internus major and rectus

internus minor, lying in the order named (and commencing of

course at the anterior border of the thigh) and having roughly

much the same proportions as the corresponding muscles of Kana

esculenta. Moreover, it will be noticed that the smallest adductor

muscle lies after the adductor magnus as in Rana esculenta, and

not in front of it as in Rana guppyi. There is, however, visible,

as is well shown in the above figure (text-fig. 148), an important

* P. Z.S. 1907, p. 887, text-fig, 234, + PB. Z.S. 1908, p. 25, text-fig. 6,

692 MR. F. E, BEDDARD ON THE [June 16,.

difference between Rana and Rhinoderma, which is at the same:

time a point of agreement between Lhinoderma and Bbreviceps.

The rectus internus minor arises in Rhinoderma by a number of

more or less separate origins from the skin of the thigh, which

origins are very far from reaching the middle line of the abdomen..

The muscular strands which combine to form this muscle are

spread out upon the skin, when the latter is cut through and

reflected, in a divergent fashion. There are four or five of these

strands, which are naturally flat bands. In Sreviceps such an

extra-skeletal origin of skeletal muscles in the femoral region is

more largely developed than in Lhinoderma; but, as will be seen

by a reference to my paper already quoted, the rectus internus is.

similarly involved in this system of skin muscles.

Viewing the thigh muscles from the dorsal aspect (see text-

fig. 149) and their origins (in some cases) from the back, one-

Text-fig. 149.

Thigh-muscles of Rhinoderma darwini exposed from the outside.

Obl.int. Fan-shaped portion of obliquus internus attached to ilium. Ry.

Pyriformis. R.a. Rectus anticus. v.i.m. Rectus internus minor,

V.i. Vastus internus, lying to the outside of the vastus externus.

obvious and striking difference from Breviceps is to be seen. The

coccyx runs very nearly to the extremity of the body; there is.

not the lengthy exposure of the cloaca with certain muscles

attached thereto and accompanying it that I have figured in

Breviceps*. To the tip of the coccyx is attached the pyriformis,

which in the usual way reaches the femur by passing between the:

vastus externus and the semimembranosus. The disproportion

* P.Z.S. 1908, p: 35, text-fie. 11.

1908. ] BATRACHIAN RHINODERMA DARWINI. 693

between the two last-named muscles is greater than it is represented

tobe in Rana. The figure of Rhinoderma (text-fig. 149) shows that

in that frog the vastus is more than twice the breadth of the semi-

membranous. The rectus anticus of Rhinoderma is peculiar in

that it is a very small and slender muscle covered at its origin

from the ilium by just the front end of the gluteus. It is thus

an inappreciable portion of the triceps femoris complex. The

biceps femoris is much hidden by the vastus externus and semi-

membranosus, between which it lies. Indeed it is only visible for

a very short distance at its insertion. In this the genus agrees

with breviceps.

The semitendinosus is not shown in the two figures (text-figs. 148,

149), which illustrate the musculature of the thigh, since it is

completely hidden on the inner aspect of the thigh by the rectus

internus major. When the latter is cut through and reflected the

semitendinosus is brought into view. It is formed by the union

of two heads as in Rana; but these do not unite until more than

halfway down the thigh. They are moreover fleshy through-

out and roughly speaking of equal size. One head arises, as the

thigh is seen dissected from the ventral aspect, superficially to the

other. It arises from the symphysis pubis in close apposition to

the great adductor and the two rectiabdominis. The second head

is better shown when the first head is cut through and reflected,

since it is distinctly deep of it. It is then seen to run back to

its origin in close apposition to the rectus internus major and to

arise from the pubis very close to it. I observed no tendinous

origin of this head, and no such connection with its head as is

figured and described in the Common Frog.

§ Resumé of facts and Systematic Position of Rhinoderma.

As might be expected from their very different way of life, the

genus ’hinoderma presents, as we have seen, numerous anatomical

differences from its ally Breviceps. Several of these are already

known, and are described in such works as Mr. Boulenger’s

‘Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia,’ and in Dr. Gadow’s treatise

on Amphibia and Reptiles in the ‘ Cambridge Natural History.’

I leave aside in the present enumeration those external and osteo-

logical features which are dealt with in those and other works.

A general survey of the structure of the muscles shows plainly that

Breviceps has departed much further from the more usual structure

of the Batrachia Salientia than has Rhinoderma. And this state-

ment applies also to the viscera. The extraordinarily enlarged

posterior lymph-hearts of Breviceps are not found in Rhinoderma A

the liver of the latter has the more normal form of that of Rana.

It is, however, in the musculature that the most numerous

divergences between the two types are to be met with. The

remarkable specialisation of the obliquus muscles, which I have

described in detail in Breviceps, does not occur at all in Khino-

derma, which is broadly speaking like Rana in this respect.

694 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE {June 16,

Partly in consequence of this the hyoid musculature of Rhino-

derma is closely like that of Rana, the omohyoid being present,

which muscle has disappeared in Breviceps. On the other hand,

the musculature of the floor of the mouth is quite specialised in

Rhinoderma, and different from that of any other frog the

anatomy of which has been described.

On the other hand, there are a few points in which Rhinoderma

does resemble Breviceps and departs so far from the structure of

Rana. The sternohyoid seems to be a double muscle in both,

though the duplicity of the muscle is not so strongly marked in

Rhinoderma. The attachment and general appearance of the ilio-

lumbaris of Rhinoderma is distinctly like that of Breviceps. In

both, the rectus internus minor of the thigh arises partly from the

skin, and in neither frog is there the dorsal part of the depressor

mandibule muscle present. In my paper upon Breviceps I have

selected 17 characters of importance to distinguish that frog from

Rana. It is only in four of these characters that Rhinoderma

agrees with Breviceps to ditter from Rana.

Nor are there any special points of likeness between the two

genera here considered in any other features not mentioned in the

list of the seventeen principal characters referred to, except, of

course, such general features as both Rhinoderma and Breviceps

share with Rana.

The divergences are most remarkable; and yet there are at

least two equally remarkable points of resemblance, 7. e. the origin

of the rectus internus femoris and the absence of the dorsal part

of the depressor mandibule. There can be no doubt, however,

that, whatever may be the value of these points of resemblance,

the two genera are quite as far removed from each other within

the limits of family relationship as diversity of geographical

position would lead us to expect. A wider knowledge of this

order of animals may reveal surer bases for anatomical criteria.

6. Some Notes upon the Anatomy of Chiromys madagascari-

ensis, with references to other Lemurs. By Frank EH.

Brpparp, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.8.

[Received May 26, 1908. ]

(Text-figures 150-153.)

The opportunity of examining three specimens of the Aye-Aye

(Chiromys madagascariensis) has enabled me to add a few new

facts to what is already known concerning the structure of this

remarkable Lemur. The three principal Memoirs dealing with

the structure of Chiromys are (in order of appearance) those of

Owen*, Peterst, and Oudemans%. These authors have dealt

with the preceding literature relating to the animal. The

* Trans. Zool. Soe. vol. v. + Abhandl. k. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1865.

~ Verh. Akad. Amst. 1890. See also Chapman, P. Ac. Philad. 1900, p. 419.

1908. j AYE-AYE AND OTHER LEMURS. 695

structure of the brain (with which IT am not concerned here,

since the specimens were sold for museum purposes which

rendered the extraction of the brain inadvisable) has been quite

recently dealt with by Dr. Elliot Smith*, who quotes previous

memoirs.

Text-fig. 150.

A portion of intestinal tract of Chiromys.

a.c. Ansa coli. O. Hdge of omentum. S.i. Small intestine. sf. Opening of

duodenum into stomach.

The greater part of the small intestine has been removed : the two cut ends

are connected by a dotted line.

These authors have dealt at length with the external characters,

osteology, visceral and muscular anatomy of Chiromys, and to the

general descriptions given by them of the different organs I have

nothing to add. There are, however, some facts, and these not

altogether without importance, which have not met with much

* Cat. Mus. Roy, Coll. Surgeons, vol. ii. 1902, p. 359.

696 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE [June 16,

attention or have been altogether passed over by the authors

mentioned, largely doubtless by reason of the apparent unim-

portance of those facts at the time when the memoirs in question

were written. Sir Richard Owen found himself obliged to

vindicate the Lemurine affinites of Chiromys from assertions of

its Rodent affinities by comparing it definitely with Sciurus.

Though this is no longer necessary, certain obviously Lemurine

characteristics of Chiromys have not been sufficiently emphasised

either by Owen or by his successors. With these and with some:

other points I propose to deal in the present communication.

Intestinal Tract.—The gut is figured by both Owen* and

Oudemans7, but neither of these figures is at all satisfactory.

I therefore take the present opportunity of refiguring (in text-

fig. 150) a portion of the gut which shows not merely the charac-

teristic ansa coli (flexura coli, colic loop) of Chiromys madagas-

cariensis, but certain mesenteric attachments which are of

importance in the morphology of the intestinal tract of mammals.

Divergent in its general structure from other Lemurs though

Chiromys may be, the intestinal tract points unmistakably to its

affinity with the genera Lemur and Hapalemur, probably with

the subfamily Lemurine. Chiromys possesses in fact, as do those

genera {, a single ansa coli which is a flexure of the colon shortly

after its emergence from the cecum. The two limbs of this loop

were, as In Lemur, closely applied to each other and the loop as a

whole was fully as long as—perhaps even rather longer than—the

loop in the genus Lemur. The loop was perfectly simple and

U-shaped, as is shown in the figure (text-fig. 150), and there was.

no approach to the spiral of the Galaginine, Lorisine, and

Indrisine.

There is some indication in Oudemans’ figure of this loop; but

it is not properly represented; and the various mesenteric

attachments which are of importance from the point of view of a

comparison with other forms are omitted altogether.

As text-figure 150 shows, the omentum is attached to the

region of the colic loop where it bends to the left to become

the straight portion of the transverse colon. Furthermore,

as in some other Lemurs at any rate (there is not at present:

accurate information with regard to the simple forms Micro-

cebus and Cheirogaleus), there is an attachment between the

duodenum where it leaves the stomach and the colon where it.

dips down to form the proximal limb of the ansa coli. This is

also shown in my figure to which I have just referred. The

duodenal attachment is of limited extent, and the omentum is

like that of some other forms in that it is only modified as a

bridge between the stomach and the colon for a portion of the

duodenal region of the former, and as already said for a very

* Loe. cit. pl. 26. figs. 1, 2. + Loe. cit. pl. iii. fig. 14.

{£ For Lemur see Flower (Med. Times & Gazette, 1872), Mitchell (Trans. Zool.

Soc. vol. xvii.), Beddard (P.Z.S. 1908, p. 577); for Hapalemur, Klaatsch (Morph..

Jahrb. xviii. p. 667), :

1908. | AYE-AYE AND OTHER LEMURS. 697

limited tract of the other. In my recent memoir upon the

intestine in several mammals*, J have referred to more than one

species in which the attachment of the omentum to the large

intestine is of the same limited extent as in Chiromys. But it is.

greater in the genus Lemur (see text-fig. 151). I may take this

opportunity of remarking that the attachment of the omentum

Text-fig. 151.

A portion of the intestinal tract of Lemur rufifrons corresponding to that of

Chiromys as displayed in text-fig. 150.

Lettering as in text-fig. 150.

to the colon in Hapale penicillata is hardly if at all greater than

in Chiromys. I find myself therefore in disagreement with

Klaatsch, who represents a more lengthy base of insertion of the

omentum upon the colon (in Hapale albicollis).

* “On the Anatomy of Antechinomys, &e.,” P.Z.S. 1908, p. 561.

+ At any ratein L. albifronsand L. rufifrons, where it is attached all over the colic

* loop, and in LZ, branneus, in which species it is attached to halfway down the loop.

698 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE [June 16,

It is interesting to note that, so far as the intestine is concerned,

Chiromys comes closer to the Lemurine than to any of the other

subfamilies of the Lemuroidea. I have pointed out that in the

more specialised Lemuroidea, so far that is to say as concerns the

intestine, the elsewhere characteristic carpal vibrisse have dis-

appeared. This conclusion will require amending since they are

undoubtedly absent in Chiromys, a fact which my colleague

Mr. Pocock observed independently of myself. Nevertheless it

cannot be doubted that in other respects Chiromys is a specialised

Lemur, so that after all the statement may still hold.

The rest of the colon is disposed in a curved course to the

rectum, and there are no traces of any further ans coli.

There is in Chiromys the usual cavo-duodenal ligament, which

was not so clearly a single sheet of membrane as is generally the

case. In one specimen it was single ligament of the usual type:

in the two others a duodeno-renal portion could be differentiated

off, attaching the end of the loop of the duodenum to the right

kidney. An hepato-caval ligament was presenti also in the same

two specimens. On the left side of the body the lieno-rectal

ligament was plain, and also the lieno-renal. J may add that the

right lateral lobe of the liver was attached—naturally on the

right side—by a ligament to the parietes just at the origin of

the dorsal part of the diaphragm. I identified this ligament in

all three individuals. In an example of Lemur brunneus the

right lateral lobe of the liver was also attached to the parietes by

aligament. IJalso recognised in this Lemur the hepato-caval and

hepato-renal ligaments. On the ieft side of the body of this

species of Lemur the lieno-renal and lieno-rectal ligaments were

also very plain.

The vascular system has not been much dealt with by my

predecessors. As is already known the aortic arch gives rise to

two trunks. The intercostal arteries of mammals show some

variation in their mode of origin from the aorta. Here again,

however, there are not sufficient facts known to deduce any

results of classificatory importance. I take this opportunity of

comparing the mode of origin of these little arteries in Chiromys

with those of some other mammals.

In Chiromys the first pair of intercostals arise symmetrically

and very close to each other. The next four are also symmetrical

but a trifle further apart. Then follow two pairs which are as

displayed in the accompanying figure (text-fig. 152), the artery

of the one side being much in advance upon its fellow. The

remaining pairs are symmetrically paired as are the first of

the series, but the distance between the orifices of each pair

of arteries differs. In an example of Pseudochirus peregrinus, of

which I cut open the aorta and examined the mouths of the inter-

costal arteries, they were strictly paired and quite regular. In

Hystriz cristata I counted seven intercostals in front of the

ciaphragm, which however did not commence until the ninth

rib. These arteries were single at their origin from the aorta.

1908. | AYE-AYE AND OTHER LEMURS, 699

In another specimen, however—and this is important as showing

the variation of these structures—the first intercostal was single,

the next two were paired but the left-hand arteriole was smaller

than, and lay behind, the right. Then followed a strictly paired

and equisized couple rather far apart, and after this another pair

closer together. In a Beaver (Castor canadensis) the intercostal

series commenced with a single vessel on the left side; then

followed three pairs the orifices of each pair getting closer

Text-fig, 152.

“1

AxX..,

Right-hand figure—The commencement of the aorta of Chiromys cut open to

show origin of intercostals.

a. Commencement of descending aorta. D. Position of diaphragm.

Left-hand figure.—Azygos (Az.) of Chiromys.

Ao. Aorta with some of intercostal branches indicated.

together, then a single median intercostal, followed by three

pairs, and these again by a single median artery. After this

oint the artery traversed the diaphragm, and the intercostals

behind the diaphragm arose singly, and were median in position.

In a Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) the first intercostal was

median and unpaired. Then followed a single vessel on the right

side and then two pairs. The remaining intercostals were median

700 MR. F, E. BEDDARD ON THE [June 16,

and unpaired. In an example of Dasywrus mauget the anterior

series of intercostals were all paired at their origin excepting the

last three in front of the diaphragm which arose by a single

median trunk, each trunk dividing of course into the right and

left intercostal of its segment. After the diaphragm the intercostals

were at least chiefly paired in origin. I have figured these

arteries in the genera of Carnivora*, Helictis, Galictis, and

Suricata, where they arise as paired trunks. ‘There exist,

naturally, descriptions of these arteries in many mammals 7;

but there is need for further collection of facts before they can be

utilised for systematic purposes, for which purposes, however, it is

obvious from what has already been said that their variability

will have to be taken into careful consideration. In the mean-

time I venture to record such facts as I have happened to

ascertain myself, without attempting anything like a revision of

the existing knowledge of these arteries.

I have also ascertained some facts with regard to the venous

system of Chiromys, and I take this opportunity of incorporating

some facts concerning the venous system of MJicrocebus smithii, of

which there is apparently no published information so far as I

can discover. I dissected the postcaval vein (text-fig. 153) in both

of the adult specimens. It was a single vein throughout and lay

as usual to the right of the aorta. The renal veins as is also usual

were asymmetrical, the left lyimg some way behind theright. The

mode of origin of the ovarian veins varies somewhat in mammals.

In Chiromys the vein supplying the right side arose from the

posteaval not far in front of the posterior bifurcation of the

latter. The left vein, on the other hand, arose from the left

renal, as is often the case. This particular asymmetry is very

general in mammals, but it is not always the case that the right

ovarian vein flows into the postcaval so far down. In the male

specimen there was an interesting difference in the place of

influx of the two spermatic veins. That of the right side

corresponded on the whole with the right ovarian vein, But

that of the left side did not arise from the left renal vein but

from the postcaval behind that vein, though some way in front of

the point of origin of the right spermatic vein. The homologue

of the ovarian vein of the female was, however, also present on

the left side. The renal vein, in fact, received a branch at a

point exactly corresponding with the entrance of the left ovarian

vein in the female example. But this vein ended in the muscular

parietes and was evidently concerned alone with the venous

system of the lumbar parietes. These facts are illustrated in the

accompanying text-figure. .

In Microcebus the arrangement of the corresponding veins was

* “On the Anatomy of Helictis personata,’ P.Z.S. 1905, vol. ii. pp. 27, 28,

text-figs. 11, 12.

+ E.g. in Ornithorhynchus, Manners-Smith, P.Z.S. 1894, p. 714; Manatee,

Munie, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. viii. pl. 26, fig. 44; Horse, Chauveau & Arloing, Traité

WVAnat. Comp. Anim. domest. 1871, f. 555, and many special treatises.

1908. | AYE-AYE AND OTHER LEMURS. 701

somewhat different. In the specimen which I dissected the right

renal vein, which poured its contents into the postcaval headward

of the left renal, was formed by two trunks which, however,

united before entering the postcaval. This may well be a mere

variation. But it is worthy of note that double renal veins

particularly on the right side are very usual among Armadillos.

It is also very general in Tragulus*. And here, again, it is on

the right side that the anomaly occurs.

Text-fig. 153.

—Sp.ve

Postcaval vein of Chiremys, the right-hand figure of a male, the left of a female.

K. Kidney. o.v. Ovarian vein. 7.v. Renal vein. sp.v. Spermatic vein.

The primitive nature of this little Lemur was also shown by

the mode of connection of the ovarian veins with the postcaval.

There was no such asymmetry as has been described in Chiromys,

and which is so general among mammals. The veins in question

are opposite to each other not far from the posterior bifurcation

of the single postcaval. On the left side the vein was more

complex than on the right side. It divided at once into three

vessels. This, however, is not the only peculiarity of these veins

in Microcebus. From each renal vein a slender vessel ran back-

wards parallel with the postcaval trunk, and in the case of that

* McClure, Anat. Anz. Bd. xxix. 1906, p. 875; Beddard, Am. Journ. Anat. 1907,

p. 112.

702 ON THE AYE-AYE AND OTHER LEMURS. [June 16,

of the left side poured its contents into the ovarian vein at its

origin. I did not succeed in tracing the corresponding vein of

the right side all the way; but in any case it commenced

anteriorly in exactly the same way as the other vein. It will be

noted, therefore, that the conditions obtaining in Chiromys could

be arrived at by an obliteration of the connection of the ovarian

vein of the left side with the postcaval, and the retention only of

its embouchure into the renal.

I may observe that in an example of Galago garnetts the origin

of the ovarian veins was quite as in Chiromys. On the other

hand, ina male of Vycticebus tardigradus, the arrangement was

slightly different from, though not in great disagreement with,

Chiromys and Galago. In Nycticebus in fact the left spermatic vem

poured its contents into the left renal. The right, on the other

hand, opened into the postcaval, though very near to the point of

origin of the here more or less symmetrically arising renal veins.

The internal mammary veins of Chiromys run one on each side

and in association with the artery at some distance from the

middle line of the sternum. The two veins are connected with

each branch of the single precaval vein where it bifurcates at the

front end of the thoracic cavity. This is quite the normal

arrangement for these veins, but I mention the facts since there

are sometimes differences. For example, in Lutra vulgaris I

found the internal mammary a single vein on the right side,

but with several branches supplying the left side of the middle

ventral line. Moreover, it is also desirable to note that each of

these veins runs closely accompanied by its artery strictly parallel

to the middle line of the sternum but at some distance from it.

The azygos vein is not figured by previous investigators of the

anatomy of Chiromys. I have examined this vein (text-fig. 152) in

each of the three specimens which I dissected, and most carefully

in the last example which was a young female. It is developed only

upon the right side of the body, as in all Lemurs hitherto studied.

It is a well developed vein and extends backward to nearly the

diaphragm. The first branch supplies two intercostal spaces, and

the last branch of the series but two is also divided in the same

way. There was no trace that I could discover of any corre-

sponding vein upon the left side, neither was there a hemiazygos.

The point at which the intercostal arteries pass outside of the

azygos vein is a matter which varies much among mammals.

But the material does not as yet exist for a use of the facts for

systematic purposes. It is, however, obviously permissible to

state the conditions observed in Chiromys with a view to future

generalisations. I found, in fact, that in this Lemur the first of

the series of intercostal arteries to cross over the azygos vein,

as viewed in the ordinary position of dissection, was that lying

behind the tenth rib. Thereafter all the intercostal arteries

had the same position. In front of this point they underlay

the vein.

ALP. del. West, New na

we. LEUE OCYTOZAO ON: MUSCULI.

1908. ] ON A BLOOD-PARASITE OF WHITE MICE. 703

7, Leucocytozoén musculi, sp. n., a Parasitic Protozobn from

the Blood of White Mice. By Annim Porrer, B.Sc.

Lond., Zoological Research Laboratory, University

College, ben one

[Received May 26, 1908.]

(Plate XX XTX.+ and Text-figure 154.)

CONTENTS. Page

eto WG hom essen ere ee aie aoh ee het saea ee tee. Bao bene TOS

II. Materials ....... Si Resse gaats Ae Ret neha era mame See ne cael eee an OA

III. Occurrence of Parasite Saale sacs eines drach chs oa seem oat eens OA

IV. Methods _...... Les Sod A HRM oe ete Ream ae eames pred (O35

(a) Fresh material — Sea dais Sasa wae tee Se asces Me eeEA OD

(Obixedimaterial 1221.4 SF a eR a SP 706

Weg GenerallS truretume: rh 5: scan. «Soe «sd sne x deitane sae We cee 706

VI. Movements ..... ee dascl cheers ane ei ume OL

(a) Movements of trophozoites .. nica wearer ee eer noe an OD

(6) Movements of merozoites..............0..0600.000.... 709

Wiley DetarledsMiorphologiyes.. .s4.244c-eas4s 20. 5-. eo scsenee sessase - eee 9 LO

(GYR Miro pWozoitess Wee cs gitacccccacae sapcc ree sauce nada ieaen ee 710

(OO) Meri cules sence viese cee Re sea eee eee eee LMR

VILLI. Multiplication .. Spon ndoaRr DORERGReAAe Rar cueet ics a ane RO PRN |

(a) Schizogony .. EARN as cee tera ee aed, ath ger Galak

(6) Possible Meccatione Cl ee AT

IX. Life-History ...... patented: «ees Res

X. Affinities of the Parasite, and Summary... Bo. ES ST 712

XI. References to Literature ............... cc cce sce eee cee cee eee een ees 714

XII. Explanation of Plate XX XIX... 0.0... cceececcee cece cence 715

I. IytrRopuction.

The microscopic organism described in this memoir was found in

the leucocytes or white blood-corpuscles of white mice. It is a

parasitic Protozoon belonging to the class Sporozoa, and being a

blood parasite, it is included in the order Heemosporidia. As it

occurs in leucocytes, it should be placed in the genus Lewco-

cytozoon. Similar parasites have been described during the last

three or four years from the leucocytes of dogs, rats, palm-

squirrels, and cats among mammals, and a few from other

Vertebrates. These will be briefly considered at the end of this

memoir. So far as I know, sucha parasite has not been recorded

previously from the mouse.

As the parasite is shaped like a Gregarine, it is closely related

to the genus Hemogregarina, and some authorities, as Laveran

and Mesnil, would place the Leucocytozoa in that genus. I

prefer, however, to retain the generic name Leucocytozoén, and

since the parasite occurs in the mouse, ws musculus, I propose

the specific name “ musculi” for it. This creation of a new

species is made, not with the intention of merely multiplying

species, but to avoid confusion with. the parasites found in rats.

The nomenclature of these parasites of rats is In a very confused

* Communicated by H. B. FanrHam, D.Sce., A.R.C.Sc., F.Z.S.

+ For explanation of the Plate, see p. 715.

Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1908, No. XLV 45

704 MISS ANNIE PORTER ON A [June 16,

state. The specific name “ muris” has been applied by Balfour

(2, 24]* to the parasite he described from Mus decumanus at

Khartoum. A similar parasite has been described by Adie [1]

from Mus rattus in the Punjaub, under the name of L. ratti, while

a third has been described by Cleland [7] from Perth, Western

Australia.

I think it is very probable that this Leucocytozoon is different

from that in rats. In this connection it is worthy of note that

the Trypanosomes of rats and mice belong to different species.

The name that I propose for this parasite from the leucocytes

of white mice is, then, Lewcocytozoon musculi.

Il. MATERIALS.

The first infected animal received was a white mouse which

came from a stock kept at St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School.

This white mouse, when in an almost comatose condition, was

brought to the notice of Dr. Fantham. Some symptoms were

feebleness of movement (constantly moving slowly, more or less

in a circle, with a tremor or waltz, though the animal did not

appear to be related to Japanese waltzing mice), partial closure of

the eyes with discharge therefrom, and incontinency of urine.

A few parasites were found in the peripheral blood of this

mouse, but the rodent soon died. As soon after death as possible,

smears were made of the heart, spleen, kidney, liver and gut-

contents. There was an extravasation of blood into the gut of

the mouse and in this parasites were found. However, in the

gut many Bacteria occurred, and it is not suggested that the

Leucocytozodn was the sole cause of the death of the mouse.

A second white mouse, from the same stock as the first one,

was procured and kept under observation for nearly three weeks.

A few parasites only occurred in its peripheral blood. Accidental

death overtook this mouse and immediately smears were made of

its internal organs. In these parasites were seen but in much

fewer numbers than in the first specimen. A third mouse from

the same stock was found to be infected to a greater extent than

the preceding one.

The first two mice were scarcely, if at all, verminous, but on

the third one, many lice, Hematopinus spinulosus, were seen.

‘These were dissected and examined for stages in the life-history

of the parasite, as stated in the sequel.

The material was examined as far as possible in both the living

and fixed condition, as the examination of living material is most

important and tends to be overlooked.

The above-mentioned material was kindly given to me by

Dr. Fantham.

IIL. OccuRRENCE OF PARASITE.

The blood of the mouse contained parasites of two forms :—

(1) large,.vermiform organisms, free-living in the plasma; and

* The numbers in square brackets refer to the: list of Literature at the end of

this paper. wae : Satie BLO Ula een

1908. | BLOOD-PARASITE OF WHITE MICE. 705

(2) smaller forms, which are cytozoic. At first the latter are free

in the plasma, then later, they penetrate usually into mononuclear

leucocytes where they feed and grow, finally assuming again

the free form. Very rarely do they occur in polymorphonuclear

corpuscles, but specimens were seen in transitional corpuscles,

No parasites were seen within tissue-cells, whether of liver,

heart, spleen, lung, kidney or gut. They seem purely blood

parasites, though their presence appears to cause enormous hyper-

trophy of cells in their neighbourhood, This was especially well

seen in the liver smears. The parasites were most abundant in

these smears and in the portal blood, were fairly numerous in

heart and kidney smears, but very few occurred in either lung or

spleen preparations, though the latter organ (spleen) was enlarged.

Bone-marrow preparations were also made, and schizogony was

found to occur therein.

In the case of the first mouse, extravasation of blood into the

gut had occurred and the gut-contents showed free parasites in

this blood. live parasites were studied usually from freshly

shed peripheral blood.

Examination of the organs of the lice showed vermicule stages

of the parasite in the gut and Malpighian tubes.

The Leucocytozoa were never associated with Trypanosomes in

these mice, though such an association has been described for

other Leucocytozoa [1] [7].

The lice appear to act as mechanical agents in propagating

the disease, for lice removed from the third mouse and placed on

another resulted in a very slight infection of the hitherto

unaffected one. In the case of L. canis, Gerrard [9] reported

that puppies, which were placed together, were cross-infected by

the agency of ticks.

IV. Meruops.

(a) Fresh material,

Freshly drawn blood, usually taken from the tip of the tail of

the mouse under examination, was mixed with a small quantity

of normal saline solution, to which in most cases a little alkaline

methylene-blue was added. A drop of the mixture was examined

in the well of a micro-slide provided with such a depression, or

else on the slide or on the cover-slip, forming a hanging drop in

the latter case. The cover-glass was always vaselined round the

edges and so air in quantity was excluded from the preparation.

In this way, living parasites could be observed for several hours.

Intra vitam staining with methylene-blue could also be thus

accomplished. Much time was spent in examining the parasites

in the fresh state.

Lice found on the third mouse were carefully examined for

probable stages in an Invertebrate host. Hemiptera removed

‘from the mouse were at once dissected-in normal saline solution.

Especial attention was paid to the alimentary canal, Malpighian

45*

706 , MISS ANNIE PORTER ON A [June 16,

tubules, salivary glands, reproductive organs, and body-cavity of

the lice. Smears of these organs, fixed wet with osmic vapour,

were afterwards stained and examined microscopically, but fresh

preparations in normal saline to which a little methylene-blue had

been added, were also examined in this case.

(b) Fixed material.

The blood smears were usually fixed wet with osmic vapour o1

with osmic vapour and alcohol. Occasionally they were allowed

to dry quickly and afterwards treated with methyl alcohol before

staining. The chief stains used were Giemsa’s mixture of azur 11.

and eosin, Loeftler’s alkaline methylene-blue, and Delafield’s

hematoxylin, the latter used alone or sometimes followed by

safranin. Azur 1. followed by lichtgriin was tried occasionally,

and safranin alone—suggested by the presence of a refractile cyst-

like envelope round some of the parasites—was tried, but found

to be too transparent and diffuse. The best results were obtained

with Giemsa’s stain, alkaline methylene-blue, and hematoxylin.

The same stains were used for the organ smears of lice.

The preparations were usually mounted in Canada balsam,

sometimes left uncovered.

The various methods outlined above were tried for the purpose

of correlation and corroboration, and to eliminate possible errors.

V. GENERAL STRUCTURE.

The general shape of this parasite, which occurs either inside a

leucocyte or free in the blood-plasma, may be described as vermi-

form or gregariniform, in fact, that of a vermicule (Pl. XXXIX.

figs. 1,2). However, there is very often no marked difference

between the ends, which are then somewhat rounded; and

further, as some of the parasites are comparatively broad for

their length, they may be quite accurately described as bean-

shaped or reniform. The size varied from 17 to 7p in length

and 5°9u to 4 in breadth.

The free parasites, averaging 10°94 long by 5:1 broad, are

usually surrounded by a cytocyst which is very refractile and

does not stain at all easily (Pl. XX XIX. fig. 8). Their cytoplasm

is rich in granules which react vigorously toward stains and -

thereby obscure the oval nucleus lying beneath them. The

distribution of the granules varies, and this accounts for the

differences in the nuclear apparatus as seen in the figures. The

nucleus is generally nearer one end in position.

Differences between the ends of the organism occur in cytozoic

forms. One end may be larger than the other. This may be

the natural result of the cytozoic habit, the organism assuming

the form most suitable to a limited space, or it may be due to the

twisting of the body on itself and within the spherical leucocyte,

which results in the “thin edge” or ‘ tailed” appearance of

some of the parasites (text-fig. 154 D-K). U-shaped forms as

1908. | BLOOD-PARASITE OF WHITE MICE. 707

described by Wenyon [14] were not seen. The average size of

endo-globular forms was 8 long by 5 broad.

Among the free forms, some are relatively shorter and broader

than the others (Pl. XX XIX. figs. 1, 6). Some writers [12, 13]

would consider these broader forms as female Leucocytozoa, while

the longer thinner ones (Pl. XX XIX. figs. 5, 8) would be regarded

as male. Ihave no evidence to support this view, but regard

them as extreme forms of a continuous series.

VI. Movements.

(a) Movements of Trophozoites.

When a parasite has penetrated a leucocyte, it remains at first

near the periphery and so directs its movements that it ultimately

comes to surround the nucleus to a very great extent.

Osmotic diffusion between host cell and parasite occurs and

produces movement within the cell. When this is very vigorous,

the oscillation produced may be so great as to cause semi-rotation

of the leucocyte, even to the extent of 180°.

The movement of the parasite is more noticeable at one end.

This appears to advance steadily by an outflow of the cytoplasm.

This outflow is easily seen, for the protoplasm is richly granular

and stains readily intra vitam with methylene-blue. The para-

site lies near to the nucleus of the leucocyte, and its presence

causes a movement of the nucleoplasm which appears in a state

of agitation. Osmosis seems to be taking place from the leucocyte

nucleus to the parasite, and the latter rapidly grows during this

period (text-fig. 154, A—E).

The gliding movement continues, and the nucleus of the

leucocyte, which was originally globular, becomes much altered in

shape. Its nuclear membrane becomes less and less distinct, and

at times it resembles a somewhat lens-shaped mass lying within

the horns of a crescent formed by the parasite (text-fig. 154, D, E).

The organism continues its gliding movements and one end

becomes much larger than the other. This is the more obvious

and may be termed the anterior end. A comma-like appearance

then results (text-fig. 154, G-J). The posterior end, being

thinner, might be termed a tail, though this is not an accurate

description. It certainly appears very filamentous at times, but

this is because the organism has turned on its side and so exposed

an edge to view.

On examining the surface of the parasite, numerous granules

are evident. These are usually arranged in more or less regular

rows. During movement of the organism as a whole, movements

of the rows occur, and this suggests that the arrangement of the

granules in rows is due to myonemes upon the body. Stained

preparations show that such is the case (Pl. XX XIX. fig. 7).

The slow gliding movement would be due then to contractions

of these myonemes, and, further, the bowed appearance of the

parasite within the cell could be explained as being the result

708 MISS ANNIE PORTER ON A [June 16,

of the stronger contractions of the myonemes at the inner edge

of the organism with successively smaller contractions of the

myonemes toward the outer (greater) curvature, where there

would bearing of relaxed myonemes. The axial line of the body,

where, judging from the action of the granules, the movement is

least, would be, according to this arrangement, a neutral area,

neither contraction nor relaxation of the myonemes occurring

within it.

Text-fig. 154.

Living Leucocytozoén musculi.

Diagrams of a young intra-corpuscular parasite observed in the living conditiom

for seven hours.

In these diagrams the cytoplasm of the parasite is represented by small dots, more

closely aggregated where the protoplasm stained more deeply. Vacuoles are left

clear. The chromatin of the parasite is represented black in G-K, and the nucleus

of the leucocyte is shown by shaded lines. The outline of the leucocyte is indicated.

by a circular area. :

The nucleus of the leucocyte is not yet much displaced by the parasite, and no:

marked hypertrophy of the host-cell has yet occurred.

The time required for the assumption of the various forms.

1908. ] BLOOD-PARASITE OF WHITE MICE. 709

mentioned varies with the specimen and with the stage of develop-

ment at which the parasite may be. At the initiation of the

trophic, intracellular phase of the life-history, the activity of the

organisms is very great, and, correlated with this, there is the

phase of most vigorous motion. The infected leucocyte figured

in text-figure 154, A—K, was observed for a period of seven hours,

and even then the exit of the parasite from the leucocyte was

not seen, owing to the death of the leucocyte.

' An early stage is seen in text-figure 154, A, where the parasite

was lying in the leucocyte so that the nucleus of the latter

was practically in full view. About twenty-five minutes later,

the organism had spread itself out and become crescentic in

form (text-fig. 154, B, C). The movements till then were very

vigorous, and much oscillation of granules in both parasite and

jeucocyte nucleus was observed. Half an hour after the obser-

vation was commenced, the forward movements of the parasite

slowed very much, though the movements of the granules remained

much the same (text-fig. 154, D). About the same time the

protoplasm of the parasite began to move from the periphery

towards the anterior end, which became much more globose and

began to curve (text-fig. 154, EH, F). An anterior end could be

distinguished definitely as such at the end of 55 minutes (text-

fig. 154, F). Two hours after the first observation was made the

parasite had assumed the “comma” form and a vesicle began to

make its appearance (text-fig. 154, F—J). It remained in this

condition for along time, the only change that occurred being that

the protoplasm became much more granular and there was a

slight retraction of the posterior end, while the vacuole increased

in size and chromatin masses appeared in it (text-fig. 154, G—K).

Death .of the leucocyte prevented further reliable observations

being made on this parasite, but the exit of the organism from its

host-cell was seen in other specimens (Pl. XX XIX. figs. 18, 19).

Extrusion of the parasite is brought about by internal pressure.

The Leucocytozo6n moves forwards with a slow, gliding movement.

This continues steadily until extrusion is completed. There is

slight resistance at the periphery of the leucocyte, but on the exit

of the parasite, the protoplasm of the host-cell closes up and the

point of exit is invisible (Pl. XX XIX. figs. 18,19). The freed

parasite remains quiescent for a short time after leaving the

corpuscle,

Stages of endoglobular parasites are figured in Pl. XX XIX.

figs. 15, 16, 17.

(b) Movements of the small, free Merozortes. )

In some of the peripheral blood mixed with: normal saline to

which a little methylene-blue was added, sausage- or bean-shaped

bodies occurred (Pl. XX XIX. fig. 13). These moved fairly

actively, the movements being much more energetic if the

organism were in the neighbourhood of a leucocyte. The body

of the parasite would seem to be somewhat flattened, for it is

710 _ MISS ANNIE PORTER ON A [June 16,

able to turn freely somewhat in the fashion of Myctotherus.

The anterior end remains still, but the posterior part of the

body turns over so that the upper surface becomes folded over

the under, which, at the distal end, is now uppermost. The line

of folding is somewhat oblique. Reversal of this movement

occurs, and the organism appears to roll from side to side as a

result of the combined movements.

Accompanying this movement there is a second. One sur-

face of the body of the parasite contracts, and as a result, the

ends of the body approximate somewhat more closely to one

another than before. Relaxation follows, and the body straightens

with a jerk which has the effect of forcibly propelling the

organism forwards.

The path of the organism is never straight. Movement appears

to be initiated at either end indifferently. The path is often very

restricted and the organism remains for long periods at practically

the same spot, though one of its ends may have vibrated in

practically every direction.

VII. Derattep MorpHoioey.

(a) The Trophozoite.

Ectoplasm.—In the trophozoite this isnot markedly differentiated.

It appears as a somewhat clearer portion in some specimens.

Contractile elements or myonemes are present, arranged in longi-

tudinal rows. These myonemesare very evident in some specimens

(Pl. XX XIX. figs. 7, 11) and often are well seen in the region of

the nucleus. A refractile cytocyst is often present, and when

this is well marked, a clear space usually intervenes between

it and the ectoplasm (Pl. XX XIX. figs. 8, 9,10, 11,12). The

cytocyst is always thin and membranous.

Endoplasm.—This is richly granular (Pl. XX XIX. figs. 1, 4)

and the granules react vigorously towards stains. In some speci-

mens the endoplasm appears almost alveolar (Pl. XX XIX. fig. 12)

owing to the disposition of the granules in regular networks.

There are concentrations of granules beneath the myonemes

and also in the region of the nuclear membrane. Frequently a

relatively clear space appears near one end, almost suggestive of a

large vacuole (Pl. XX XIX. figs. 3, 4,7,21). In a few specimens

isolated chromatic granules are present (P]. XX XIX. fig. 8).

The latter do not seem to have any direct connection with the

nucleus.

Nucleus.—This is circular or oval, approximately central in

position or sometimes nearer to one end and possesses a definite

nuclear membrane. Its chromatin is diffusely spread within and

much achromatic substance is present. The structure of the

nucleus may best be described as vesicular. There does not

appear to bea karyosome as described by James [10] in one of his

forms of Leucocytozodn canis. In its general structure and

behaviour towards stains, the nucleus of this parasite is very

Suggestive of that of Trypanosoma raje.

1908. | BLOOD-PARASITE OF WHITE MICE. 711

The nuclear membrane is definite. It has a somewhat beaded

appearance in some stained preparations and that can also be seen

in living material (Pl. XX XIX. figs. 2, 4, 6, 16). Extra-nuclear

chromatin also occurs, for in favourably stained specimens, a

chromatic cap can be distinguished at either end (Pl. XX XIX.

fig. 15), and isolated granules also occur (Pl. XX XIX. fig. 8).

(b) The vermicules of Hematopinus spinulosus.

The vermicules of the lice present the following appearance :—

Their ectoplasm is not well differentiated from the endoplasm,

but indications of myonemes are present and are best seen at the

ends of the organism. ,

The endoplasm is granular and much as in the trophozoites, but

marked concentrations of granules do not occur.

The nucleus in some appears to lie In a vacuole, and in most

specimens there is a clearer portion in the neighbourhood of

the nucleus. Its chromatin is more abundant than in the blood-

inhabiting forms, and the nuclear membrane is fairly distinct

(Pl. XX XIX. figs. 23, 241.

These vermicules were about 8°8u long and 1:4u broad.

VIII. Mutrirerication.

(a) Schizogony.

Examination of bone-marrow showed the presence of small,

oval cysts (cytocysts) about 13-1u long by 8°9u broad (Pl. XX XIX.

fig. 20). These contained relatively few (about 12) but distinct,

small forms with a definite vermicular or reniform contour.

Each of these small vermicules was about 4:4 long by ‘8p broad

(Pl. XX XIX. fig. 20). They are the merozoites, produced by

the multiple or asexual fission of a schizont inside the cytocyst.

The general protoplasm was granular. Remains of the nucleus

of the leucocyte host were seen on the side of the cyst. Inside

the cyst were also some remains of the residual protoplasm of the

schizont. By the dehiscence of the cyst these merozoites are set

free in the blood-plasma, where they become vermicules or young

trophozoites.

(b) Possible Association of Trophozoites.

Two parasites lying in one corpuscle were observed (Pl. XX XIX.

fig. 21), or two which had just left the corpuscles (Pl. XX XIX.

fig. 22). One such case, of two parasites lying in the remains of

a leucocyte, suggested possible association (Pl. XX XIX. fig. 21).

Here the two forms, partially free from the host-cell or leucocyte,

came in contact with one another and became enveloped in a

common cytocyst. The nucleus of one appeared to come nearer the

area common to the two than the other, and a chromatin mass

was seen in the common area of the couple. This suggested that

transference of chromatin takes place from one parasite to the

712 MISS ANNIE PORTER ON A [June 16,

other. However, the formation of a definite zygote from these

associated forms was, unfortunately, not seen.

Again, in Pl. XX XIX. fig. 22, those authorities who believe in

differentiation into male and female forms, would see a female

form (macrogametocyte) in the upper, broader and granular

parasite, and a male form (microgametocyte) in the lower, longer

and narrower form. I do not go quite so far personally, as I have

doubts of sexual differentiation, preferring the series view (see

page 707). However, in the present state of our knowledge, the

suggestion of sexual forms is worthy of note.

TX. Lire-History.

Commencing with the free vermicule which may be either a

sporozoite or a merozoite, the following sequence probably occurs.

The parasite lives awhile in the plasma as a small, active form

(Pl. XX XIX. fig. 13). This ultimately penetrates a leucocyte

and grows actively there as an endoglobular trophozoite. <A

cytocyst may or may not form around it (Pl. XX XIX. figs. 15,

16,17). After a time, it becomes free in the plasma, rupturing

the host-celi as it issues, but leaving little or no trace of its

presence behind. In the plasma it assumes the free trophozoite

form. Association between trophozoites may perhaps occur (cf.

Pl. XXXITX. figs. 21, 22), and-the result of this is probably a

zygote, which one would expect to find in the louse, on homology

with the malarial parasite—but more definite information is

lacking.

Other free forms may reach the bone-marrow. There encyst-

ment occurs, and a schizont, ina thin but distinct cytocyst, is

produced. This schizont by multiple fission gives rise to relatively

few but definite merozoites. By the rupture of the cyst, these

are set free into the blood-stream where growth again occurs,

leading to adult trophozoites. This is the schizogonic cycle of the

parasite.

Ecto-parasitic on the mouse was the louse, Hamatopinus

spinulosus. By the bite of this louse infected blood passes from

the mouse to the mouth and gut of the invertebrate host, and so.

we find the small, gregariniform vermicules shown in Pl. XX XIX.

figs. 23, 24. These ultimately reach the saliva of the louse and:

by this insect are probably transferred to another mouse. Perhaps

a sexual cycle of the Leucocytozoén occurs in the louse, but of

this I have, unfortunately, no definite evidence. Probably the

louse is merely a mechanical agent in spreading the infection. —

X. AFFINITIES OF THE PARASITE, AND SUMMARY.

A finities of Parasite.

The term Leucocytozoén was used by Danilewsky [8] in 1890.

for vermiform parasites stated to occur in the leucocytes of certain,

birds. Danilewsky confined his observations to fresh preparations.

1908. | BLOOD=PARASITE OF WHITE MICE. 713

Similar parasites were afterwards studied by Berestneff, Sacharoff,

Ziemann, and Laveran. The latter states that Danilewsky’s

parasites really occur in immature erythroblasts. The parasite

was stated later by Schaudinn [12] in 1905 to be a stage in the

life-history of a Spirochete. The matter is fully discussed by

James [10], and as it is very controversial, need not be dwelt on

further here.

Bentley [3] and James |10] independently described a parasite

from the leucocytes of pariah dogs in India in 1905. This was a

true Leucocytozodn and is known as Z. canis. A memoir by

Christophers [5] on the same parasite appeared in 1906, and the

following year he worked out the sexual cycle in the tick [6].

Other Leucocytozoa have been described in mammals by Patton

[11] in the Indian palm-squirrel, Yunambulus pennantii, under

the name of LZ. funambuli; in Malay dogs by Gerrard [9] and

Wenyon [14]; and in rats in various parts of the world by

Balfour [2] from leucocytes of Mus decumanus at Khartoum,

by Adie [1] from IMus rattus in the Punjaub (as ZL. ratti), and by

Cleland [7 | from rats in Perth, Western Australia. These para-

sites in rats are probably best known as L. muris (cf. page 704).

A form known as ZL. felis has been described, I believe, from the

Indian bazaar cat in Madras by Christophers and Patton.

Outside mammals, from other vertebrates, we have recorded

L. ranarum from the Amphibian Leptodactylus ocellatus by

Carini [14]; and quite recently Z. lovati, a form from the leuco-

cytes of grouse by Seligmann and Sambon [13].

These are, I think, all or nearly all the Leucocytozoa recorded

to date (May, 1908). Whether they have any intimate connection

with Flagellates, such as that suggested by Schaudinn [12] remains

to be seen—probably they have not.

These parasites are all gregariniform. Those in mammals are

much about the same size, and occur both free in the plasma or

endoglobular in the leucocytes. Schizogony is known in the bone-

marrow [5] and liver.

_ Laveran suggested that the Leucocytozoa should be included in

the genus Hemogregarina. However, as they occur in a non-

hemoglobin-containing host, viz. leucocytes, while strict Hemo-

gregarines are found in erythrocytes, I think the generic name

Leucocytozoén should be retained. The name for the parasite

described in this memoir for the first time in the leucocytes of the

mouse is L. muscult.

Summary.

(1) The forms of Z. mwsculi here described occur in the

mononuclear and transitional leucocytes of white mice.

(2) The free trophozoites in the plasma are gregariniform or

reniform vermicules, the average size being 10°94 long and 5:lu

broad (cf. Pl. XX XTX. figs. 1-12).

(3) The free trophozoites sooner or later enter leucocytes of the

host and grow at the expense of the nucleus of the leucocyte

714 MISS ANNIE PORTER ON A [June 16,

(of. Karyolysus among the Heemogregarines). A thin cytocyst is

formed probably by the host-cell around the parasite (Pl. XX XTX.

figs. 16, 17).

(4) Endoglobular forms are on the average 8p long by 5p broad

(cf. Pl. XX XIX. figs. 15, 16, 17).

(5) Schizogony takes place in the bone-marrow. An endo-

globular trophozoite rounds itself off and becomes a schizont,

breaking up into merozoites, each about 4°44 long and ‘8u broad

(Pl. XX XIX. fig. 20). This again suggests affinities with Karyo-

lysus, judging by Labbe’s figures of schizogony in Karyolysus.

(6) Two parasites may sometimes occur within one host-cell.

Two such forms suggesting the beginning of association are shown

in Pl. XXXIX. figs. 21, 22.

Differentiation into male and female forms could not be made

out with certainty, though some parasites were shorter, broader,

and more granular than others.

(7) Vermicules were found in the gut and Malpighian tubules

of lice, ectoparasitic upon the mice, but unfortunately no evidence

of a sexual cycle in the louse was obtainable. Perhaps the lice

merely act as mechanical agents in the transfer of the parasites

among the mice.

(8) The parasites are found in smears from the heart and liver

in abundance. They are less numerous in spleen and kidney

smears, also in the bone-marrow and peripheral circulation. They

were not abundant in the latter.

(9) No Trypanosomes were seen in the infected mice.

(10) The movements of the vermicules or trophozoites of this

parasite in the blood-plasma of its Vertebrate host are fully

described in section VI. of this memoir.

XI. RererENces To LITERATURE.

f1] Avie, J. R. 1906.—“ Note on a Leucocytozoén found in

Mus rattus in the Punjaub.” Journ. Trop. Med., vol. ix.

pp. 325-326.

[2] Batrour, A. 1905-6--“A Hemogregarine of Mammals

. (HZ. jacult).” Journ. Trop. Med., vol. viii. pp. 241-244, and

vol. 1x. p. 82.

[24] Baurour, A. 1906.—Second Report of the Wellcome

Research Labs. at Gordon College, Khartoum. Lewco-

cytozoon muris, pp. 110-111.

[3] Benritey, C. 1905.—‘“ Preliminary Note on a Leucoeytozoon

of the Dog.” Brit. Med. Journ., 1905 (1), p. 988.

[4] Carin1, A. 1907.—“Un_ leucocitozoo del Leptodactylus

ocellatus,” Rev. da Soc. Scient. de Sio0 Paolo, no. 8.

[5] Curistopuers, S. R. 1906.—‘ Leucocytozoén canis.” Sci.

Mem. Govt. India, No. 26.

{6] CuristopHers, 8S. R. 1907.—“ The Sexual Cycle of Leuwco-

cytozoén canis in ‘the Tick.” Sci. Mem. Govt. India,

No. 28.

1908. ] BLOOD-PARASITE OF WHITE MICE, 715

[7] Cuntanp, J. B. 1906.—“ The Hemogregarine of Mammals

(H. balfouri), and some notes on Rats.” Journ. Trop.

Med., vol. ix. p. 296.

[8} Danitewsky, 1890.—“ La développement des parasites

malariques dans les leucocytes des Oiseaux (Leuco-

cytozoaires).” Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1890, p. 427.

[9] GerrarD, P. N. 1906.—“ On a Protozoén Parasite found in

the Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes of a Dog.” Journ.

Hygiene, vi. pp. 229-230.

[10] James, 8. P. 1905.—“ On a Parasite found in the white

corpuscles of the Blood of Dogs.” Sci. Mem. Govt. India,

No. 14.

[11] Parron, W. 8. 1906.—“ Ona Parasite found in the white

corpuscles of the Blood of Palm Squirrels.” Sci. Mem.

Govt. India, No. 24.

[12] Scuaupiny, F. 1904.—“ Generations- und Wirtswechsel bei

Trypanosome und Spirochete.” Arb. a. d. Kaiserlichen

Gesundheitsamte, xx. p. 387.

[13] Senremann, C. G., and Samson, L. W. 1907.-—“ Preliminary

Note on a Leucocytozoén found in the blood of Red Grouse

(Lagopus scoticus).” Lancet, Sept. 21, 1907, p. 829.

[14] Wenyon, C. M. 1906.—“‘ Report on Dr. P. N. Gerrard’s

preparations....” Journ. Hygiene, vi. pp. 231-236,

1 plate.

XII. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIX.

The figures on the Plate XXXIX. were outlined with camera lucida (Abbé),

using Zeiss =; inch achromatic and 2 mm. apochromatic oil-immersion objectives

with compensating oculars 4 and 8. Zeiss E objective was also used for fresh

preparations.

Fig. 1. Shows a free trophozoite which is broad and short. Stained Giemsa.

1700. Liver smear of 1st mouse.

2. Free trophozoite, rather large. Shows one chromosome. Giemsa. > 1700.

Liver smear of 2nd mouse.

3. Smaller, possibly younger, form. It has one patch of chromatin. Giemsa.

< 1700. Liver smear of 1st mouse.

4, Form showing dotted ‘nucleus, aiso dots along the nuclear membrane.

Giemsa. 1700. Heart smear of 1st mouse.

5. Parasite showing central chromatin filaments. The Leucocytozoén is not so

markedly granular as some. Giemsa. X 1700. Liver smear of 1st mouse.

Fig. 6. Cf. fig. 1. The nucleus is vesicular and chromatin is distributed round the

nuclear membrane. Giemsa. > 1700. Liver smear of 2nd mouse.

7. Shows pale, vesicular nucleus, also myonemes (my) are well seen. The ends

are somewhat pointed. Giemsa. x 2250. Liver smear of 2nd mouse.

8. Parasite in a clear cytocyst (cy). It has a patch of extra-nuclear chromatin

in the endoplasm. Giemsa. %X°1700. Liver smear of 1st mouse.

9. Parasite in cytocyst. Capsof chromatin present. Giemsa. X 1700. Kidney

smear of 1st mouse.

Fig. 10. Parasite in cytocyst with deeper staining nucleus; also very granular

protoplasm. Giemsa. 1700. Liver smear of 1st mouse.

Fig. 11. Shows pale-staining vesicular nucleus and definite myonemes (my). In

cytocyst (ey). Giemsa. X 1700. Liver smear of 1st mouse.

Fig. 12. Broad parasite within cytocyst (cy), showing alveolar protoplasm. Giemsa.

1700. Spleen smear of 1st mouse.

Fig. 13. Free forms in plasma. Methylene-blue. Peripheral blood of 3rd mouse.

Fig. 14. Free vermicule penetrating mononuclear leucocyte. Methylene-blue.

X 1200. Peripheral blood of 3rd mouse.

716 MR. E. MEYRICK ON [June 16,

Fig. 15, Young intra-corpuscular stage. Parasite has a chromatin cap at either end.

Giemsa. 1700. Liver smear of 2nd mouse.

Figs. 16, 17. Endoglobular parasites in mononuclear Leucocytes. Giemsa. X 1700.

Liver smear of 1st mouse.

. 18, Shows egress of parasite from its host-cell. Intra vitam staining with

methylene-blue. X 1200. Peripheral blood of 3rd mouse.

Fig. 19. Egress of parasite shown in fig. 18 from leucocyte just completed, after

rotation of leucocyte. Intra vitam. Methylene-blue. Peripheral blood

of 3rd mouse.

Fig. 20. Schizont within cytocyst in bone-marrow. ‘Twelve merozoites are present,

together with residual protoplasm (7.pl.). Methylene-blue. XX 1600.

Bone-marrow of 2nd mouse.

Fig. 21. Possible association of the two Leucocytozoa. A common cytocyst is

present. Chromatin is showing passing across from one to the other.

One Leucocytozoén is not entirely free from its host-cell. Hach of the

couple has a vacuole. Giemsa. 1700. Liver smear of 1st mouse.

Fig, 22. Possible association. Both of the Leucocytozoa are free from their host-cell

or cells. Liver smear of lst mouse. Giemsa. 1700.

Figs. 23, 24. Vermicules from the midgut of Hematopinus spinulosus. Giemsa.

x 1700.

8. Descriptions of African Micro-Lepidoptera.

By H. Mryricr, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.8.

[Received June 18, 1907. ]

This paper is a contribution towards the knowledge of the Tor-

tricina and Tineina of the African region, which are at present

very little known. The material for it was received from various

collectors, but for the greater part of it I am indebted to Mr. A.

J. T. Janse, of Pretoria, whose specimens are also particularly

notable for their fine condition. Mr. Janse further furnished

notes on localities and time of appearance, based on additional

examples retained by himself besides those which he sent me.

In addition to some known species recorded from Africa for the

first time, 108 species and 10 genera are described as new.

EuUCOSMIDA.

LopesiA AEOLOPA Meyr.

This species, described from India and Ceylon (Journ. Bomb.

N. H. Soe. xvii. p. 976), I possess also from Grahamstown, Cape

Colony, and the island of Réunion.

POLYCHROSIS HARMONIA, Sp. Nn.

3 2. 10-13 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax light ochreous, face

whitish-suffused. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, sometimes suffused

with grey. Fore wings elongate, slightly dilated posteriorly,

costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; pale

brownish-ochreous ; markings deep yellow-ochreous; an inwardly

oblique spot beneath fold before middle (representing lower portion

of angle of a strongly angulated basal patch, of which remainder is

obsolete); central fascia rather narrow, sometimes with a few

1908. ] AFRICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 117

black scales, posterior edge excavated near dorsum; a blotch

before middle of termen, connected by a narrow projection with

apex; three short oblique dark fuscous strigule on costa poste-

riorly, beneath first a smal! deep ochreous spot; a fine line of

blackish scales along termen ; cilia yellow-ochreous, on costa paler

spotted with fuscous. Hind wings grey ; cilia whitish-grey, with

grey subbasal shade.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria district, from November to March (Janse) ;

nine specimens.

PoLycHROSIS SCORPIODES, sp. 0.

3 2. 17-18 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, face more whitish,

Palpi ochreous slightly sprinkled with dark fuscous, second joint

whitish towards apex and beneath. Thorax light ochreous mixed

with brown. Abdomen grey, anal tuft pale ochreous. Fore wings

elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse,

termen obliquely rounded ; ochreous-whitish, with some scattered

ochreous-brownish strigule, towards dorsum and _ posteriorly

more or less marbled with pale bluish-silvery-grey ; costa directly -

strigulated with blackish; a basal patch of suffused ochreous-

brown strigulation, marked with black on fold, outer edge obtusely

angulated below middle; central fascia ochreous-brown, irregular,

broadly interrupted below middle so as to leave beneath only a

triangular spot before tornus, marked in middle with several small

irregular black spots, and followed beneath costa by a suffused

blue-grey patch ; a roundish ochreous-brown patch before middle

of termen, marked with black on each side; a small ochreous-

brown apical spot marked with black. Hind wings grey; cilia

whitish-grey, with grey subbasal shade.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria district, Pietersburg, from August to

December (Janse); two specimens.

Kccorsis Z.

Assuming for the present that this genus is tenable, and dis-

tinguished by the peculiar thickened dorsal lobe of hind wings,

then the following species is referable to it.

EiCCOPSIS ACROCOSMA, sp. 0.

6.15 mm. Head and thorax fuscous irrorated with pale

specks. Palpi rather long, porrected, second joint triangularly

scaled, terminal joint moderately long, pointed ; second joint with

base and lower edge whitish, upper edge with a metallic-bluish

stripe, intermediate space orange crossed by an oblique black line

and edged beneath with blackish, terminal joint blackish with

upper edge metallic-bluish, Abdomen fuscous. Fore wings

elongate, posteriorly considerably dilated, costa gently arched,

apex obtuse, termen sinuate, somewhat oblique; rather dark

fuscous, tips of scales whitish, appearing to form a very fine and

regular transverse striation ; costa marked with very short, oblique

718 MR. E. MEYRICK ON [June 16,

dark fuscous strigule, between and beneath which are some leaden-

grey scales; a small irregular black spot in dise at 2, irregularly

centred with metallic-blue ; a triangular orange apical spot, marked

with three blue-leaden-metallic streaks, uppermost short, slender,

two lower stronger and partly edged with black, converging to

apex : cilia fuscous sprinkled with whitish, with darker subbasal

shade. Hind wings rather dark fuscous; cilia fuscous.

Nyassa-LANnb, Songwe Valley; one specimen.

The singular apparently corresponding coloration of the palpi

and tips of fore wings has doubtless some explanation in local

circumstances.

ARGYROPLOCE ORTHACTA, Sp. 0.

2.18mm. Head whitish-fuscous tinged with reddish, crown

irrorated with blackish. Palpi moderate, porrected, triangularly

scaled, ochreous-whitish tinged with fuscous. Thorax reddish-

fuscous mixed with blackish. Abdomen grey. Fore wings

elongate-triangular, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen

- younded, somewhat oblique; greyish-olive, with irregular grey-

whitish strie rismg from pairs of whitish strigule on costa; a

large sharply-marked dark fuscous basal patch mixed with dark

red-brown, outer edge straight, oblique, finely edged with white,

reaching on dorsum to beyond middle; a round patch of ground-

colour towards termen above middle outlined by pale striz, and

broadly suffused posteriorly with dark reddish-fuscous ; a streak

of reddish suffusion mixed with blackish along termen; cilia

ochreous-grey irrovated with whitish, indistinctly barred with

darker grey, and with a dark grey subbasal line. Hind wings

fuscous, suffused with dark fuscous towards termen ; cilia fuscous,

paler towards tips.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria and Zoutpansberg districts, in September

and from December to March (Janse); one specimen.

PAMPLUSIA SARDONIA, Sp. 0.

¢ @. 15-18 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax pale grey, irrorated

with grey-whitish, and more or less suffused with pale crimson,

palpi rather long. Abdomen rather elongate, dark grey. Fore

wings elongate, gradually dilated, costa slightly arched, apex

obtuse, termen almost straight, oblique; dark leaden-grey, with

numerous irregular dull crimson-reddish transverse strige, some-

times largely suffused together; costa obliquely strigulated with

dark fuscous and whitish; cilia fuscous mixed with reddish, with

a whitish basal line on termen, apical third light reddish. Hind

wings dark fuscous; cilia fuscous, with dark fusecous subbasal

shade, tips pale brownish round apex.

TrANsvAAL, N.E. Pretoria district, in December and January

(Janse) ; three specimens.

E,NARMONIA BATRACHOPA, Sp. 0.

3 2. 18-22 mm. Head pale ochreous, face and sides suffused

1908. } AFRICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 719

with dark fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous. Thorax with double

posterior crest, pale ochreous, broadly suffused laterally with dark

fuscous, sometimes mixed with ferruginous. Abdomen rather

dark fuscous, in ¢ with large expansible pale greyish-ochreous

genital tuft. Posterior tibie in ¢ with very large dense brush

of greyish-white hairs above, including a blackish-grey tuft towards

apex. Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa moderately arched,

apex obtuse, termen almost straight, somewhat oblique; in ¢ with

rather strong dorsal scale-projections towards base and beyond

middle; light brownish or brownish-ochreous, obscurely strigu-

lated with whitish, especially in ¢ towards dorsum and termen ;

most of wing except dorsum and termen in ¢ irrorated with

fuscous-crimson and strigulated with black, in Q largely suffused

with dark fuscous sometimes mixed with dull crimson, posterior

edge of this area in Q well-defined and forming a blunt wedge-

shaped projection extending downwards from upper half to near

termen before middle, in ¢ indicated but inconspicuous ; costa

marked with some pale strigule, and in ¢ with several small

fuscous-crimson and black spots; sometimes a distinct pale

greenish discal dot beyond middle; a semioval olive-greenish or

dark reddish-fuscous patch mixed with black occupying anterior

half of dorsum, its central area more or less suffused with whitish-

ochreous, especially in g; an acute-triangular olive-greenish spot

mixed with black on dorsum before tornus: cilia whitish-fuscous

irrorated and barred on upper half of termen with ferruginous,

on lower half with blackish. Hind wings in ¢ with a deep semi-

circular excavation on termen above tornus; dark fuscous, darker

posteriorly ; in ¢ vein | 4 clothed with rough whitish hairs; cilia

whitish-grey, with grey subbasal shade.

Cars Cotony, Hastern portion; NataL; TRANSVAAL; RHODESIA ;

bred in July and August from larve feeding on citrous fruits,

stone-fruits, and guavas, sometimes doing extensive damage

(Lounsbury) ; four specimens.

EucosMA LEUCOPETRA, sp. n.

6. 12-14 mm. Head whitish, sides of crown suffused with

ochrecus. Palpi moderate, porrected, second joint with long rough

projecting scales above and beneath; white, second joint tinged

with pale brownish-ochrecus. Thorax whitish, irregularly tinged

with brownish and spotted with dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous,

more or less suffused with yellowish or whitish towards base, anal

tuft whitish-ochreous. Fore wings elongate, somewhat dilated

posteriorly, costa slightly arched, fold extending to 2, apex obtuse,

termen slightly indented above middle, rather oblique; ferruginous-

ochreous, often more or less suffused with fuscous, variably and

irregularly strigulated with white and dark fuscous ; posterior *

of costa with five pairs of oblique white strigule, whence proceed

short irregular leaden-metallic strigee; a large irregular suffused

white median dorsal blotch, including several grey strigule ;

ocellus large, white, irregular, containing several pale metallic-

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1908, No. XLVI. A6

720 MR. E. MEYRICK ON [June 16,

grey spots in two transverse series, and two black dots between

those; sometimes several other black dots scattered round this:

cilia dark reddish-grey finely irrorated with white, on tornus with

a white patch. Hind wings with 3 and 4 stalked; grey; cilia

pale grey or whitish-grey, with faint darker subbasal line.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria district, in December, January, and July

(Janse) ; seven specimens.

CROCIDOSEMA PLEBEIANA Z.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, Pietersburg, January to May (Jazse).

I take the opportunity of noting that Steganoptycha obscura

E. Woll., described from St. Helena, is certainly a synonym of

this species, which is now common in suitable localities in all

quarters of the globe, doubtless artificially mtroduced with its

food-plant in gardens. The genus is hardly worth separating from

Oydia, the single species agreeing in all respects except the peculiar

tuft of hind wings in ¢.

CYDIA TUMULATA, Sp. 0.

@. 16mm. Head and thorax pale brownish-ochreous, crown

with a dark fuscous central stripe. Palpi pale brownish-ochreous

sprinkled with fuscous. Abdomen grey. Fore wings elongate,

posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen

sinuate, little oblique ; pale brownish-ochreous, irregularly mixed

and spotted with grey, with scattered dark fuscous and black

scales; costa strigulated with dark fuscous, between these whitish-

tinged, posteriorly giving rise to three oblique brown strige

alternating with leaden-grey strigee; two dark fuscous spots on

dorsum, first slightly oblique at 4, second larger and somewhat

elongate-triangular at 3, space between these suffusedly striated

with whitish ; ocellus indistinctly margined with leaden-metallic

a small brown apical spot ; some minute black dots on termen :

cilia brownish sprinkled with whitish, round apex and on upper

half of termen suffused with blackish. Hind wings with 3 and

4 stalked ; grey, dark posteriorly ; cilia grey.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria district, in December and January (Janse) ;

one specimen.

CYDIA ISOGRAMMA, Sp. n.

3 2. 12-16 mm. Head fuscous, sides and face more or less

mixed with ochreous. Palpi fuscous, second joint usually with

a central ochreous spot. Thorax fuscous, patagia pale ochreous.

Abdomen whitish-ochreous irrorated with grey. Fore wings

elongate, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex

obtuse, termen sinuate-indented, little oblique ; whitish-ochreous,

becoming yellow-ochreous towards costa posteriorly and termen ;

margins of cell, internal veins, and veins between cell and termen

more or less lied with blackish-fuscous or sometimes partially

with pale leaden-grey, with some additional interneural lines,

1908. } AFRICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 721

ground-colour more or less whitish-suffused between these; dorsal

area marked with irregular pale leaden-grey lines, and some

scattered blackish-fuscous marks, with a narrow blackish-fuscous

patch or streak along dorsum from near base to about 2, anda

small irregular ill-defined blackish-fuscous dorsal spot at 3; costa

blackish-fuscous, with more or less paired silvery-whitish strigule

throughout, on posterior 4 emitting oblique silvery-grey strigz ;

a slender ferruginous-ochreous streak runs from middle of costa

through posterior margin of cell to posterior dorsal spot ; a silvery

mark along lower half of termen: cilia whitish-ochreous, with a

dark grey bar marked with dark fuscous in middle of termen, and

base more or less marked with dark fuscous round tornus and

above apex. Hind wings with 3 and 4 connate; grey; cilia

whitish, with grey subbasal line.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, in March (Janse); Cryton, Patipola,

Maskeliya, and Diyatalawa, from March to September (Green,

Pole, Alston, Fletcher); eight specimens.

CyDIA PSAMMACTA, Sp. n.

3 Q. 17-19 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi with long

rough scales, pale fuscous, towards tip of second joint above

ochreous-whitish. Thorax whitish-ochreous, partially tinged with

brownish. Abdomen light fuscous. Fore wings elongate, costa

gently arched, apex obtuse, termen somewhat indented-sinuate,

rather oblique ; whitish-ochreous, suffusedly strigulated with

fuscous suffused with brownish-ochreous, except on a large clear

Space occupying most of dorsal area towards middle, posterior

half suffused with brownish-ochreous; costa and dorsum shortly

strigulated with blackish, posterior half of costa with five pairs

of whitish strigule, whence proceed oblique leaden-grey strigze ;

ocellus represented by an irregular silvery-grey whitish blotch,

cut by a slender transverse streak of ground-colour containing

several irregular black marks, and with some other scattered

black marks before and above it: cilia pale ochreous irrorated

with whitish, round apex and upper half of termen suffused with

dark fuscous. Hind wings with 35 and 4 stalked; grey; cilia

whitish-grey, with darker subbasal line.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria district, in December and January (Janse) ;

three specimens.

LASPEYRESIA DELINEANA Walk.

(Grapholitha delineana Walk. Cat. xxvill. 389; G. apicatana,

ib. 390; Laspeyresia isacma Meyr. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xviii.

144.)

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, in January (Janse); Mavririus, Port

Louis, in May. Occurs also in India and China.

LASPEYRESIA TRICENTRA Meyr.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, Pietersburg, from December to February

(Janse).

46*

(22, MR, E, MEYRICK ON [June 16,

A common Indian species, probably imported into Africa with

its food-plant (Crotalaria). African specimens show some indi-

vidual variation, and the hind wings are generally rather lighter,

but I can find no reliable distinction. In India there are several

very closely allied species,

TORTRICGIDS.

CACOECIA HEDRASTIS, sp. n.

3. 12-13 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi moderately

long, whitish-ochreous irrorated with dark fuscous. Thorax

whitish-ochreous irrorated with fuscous. Abdomen grey, anal

tuft ochreous-whitish. Fore wings suboblong, anteriorly rather

strongly, posteriorly slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen straight,

rather oblique, costal fold narrow, extending from base to beyond

1; whitish-ochreous, with some scattered “dreams scales; basal

patch indicated by increased fuscous irroration but not defined,

on costal fold dark fuscous; central fascia moderately broad, dark

fuscous, lighter and more ill-defined on lower half of posterior

edge; costal patch flattened-triangular, dark fuscous, its apex

connected by a dark fuscous striga with tornus; a dark fuscous

striga along upper part of termen ; cilia whitish-ochreous. Hind

wings grey; cilia ochreous-grey-whitish, with a grey shade.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria district, from January to March (Janse) ;

two specimens,

ToRTRIX CEDROTA, Sp. 0,

g.12mm. Head and thorax pale yellowish-ochreous. Palpi

moderate, porrected, ochreous-yellowish, basal half of second joint

irrorated with blackish. Abdomen grey, anal tuft pale yellowish.

Fore wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex

obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; glossy whitish-ochreous ; basal

patch suffused with ochreous-yellowish, costal edge and dorsal half

irrorated with black, outer edge obtusely angulated in middle ;

central fascia moderately broad, suffused with ochreous-yellowish

and irrorated with blackish, anteriorly edged with ochreous-yellow;

costal patch triangular, dark grey mixed with black, edged with

ochreous-yellowish, and connected with tornus by an ochreous-

yellow striga sprinkled with blackish ; some yellowish strigule

irrorated with blackish along termen: cilia whitish-yellowish.

Hind wings grey; cilia yellowish-grey-whitish, with a grey line.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, in March (Janse); one specimen.

TorvTRIX AFRICANA Wals.

(Conchylis africana Wals. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, 227,

pl. x. 6.)

This species, which I have from the Transvaal and Natal, I

refer here.

1908. | AFRICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 723

TORTRIX CAPENSANA Walk.

(Teras capensana Walk. Cat. xxviii. 295; 7’. reciprocana, ib.

295; 7. meridionana, ib. 295; Tortrix capitana Feld. Reis. Nov.

pl. exxxix. 48, 49; Cacoecia adustana Wals. Trans. Ent. Soe.

Lond. 1881, 222, pl. x. 1; Lozotenia dorsiplagana, ib. 223,

ple)

I am of opinion that all these names represent only one variable

species, which is common and generally distributed in Transvaal,

Natal, and Cape Colony, and is a true Tortrix.

ToRTRIX IOCOMA, sp. n.

3. 18-22 mm. Head orange. Palpi moderate, porrected,

ochreous-orange, sometimes sprinkled with fuscous. Thorax pale

ochreous-yellowish, anteriorly suffused with orange. Abdomen

light ochreous-yellowish. Fore wings elongate, hardly dilated,

costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, rather

oblique; light ochreous-yellowish, costa slightly yellower: cilia

pale yellowish. Hind wings very pale grey, suffused with whitish-

yellowish towards costa and apex; cilia pale yellowish.

Transvaal, N.K. Pretoria district, in December and January

(Janse) ; four specimens.

TORTRIX AGROECA, Sp. n.

36. 20mm. Head, palpi, and thorax brownish-ochreous, palp

moderate, porrected. Abdomen dark grey, anal tuft light yellowish.

Fore wings suboblong, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa gently

arched near base, thence nearly straight, apex obtuse, termen

nearly straight, rather oblique; brownish-ochreous: cilia light

brownish-ochreous. Hind wings fuscous-grey finely irrorated

with blackish ; cilia pale brownish-ochreous.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria district, im December (/anse); one

specimen.

GELECHIAD2.

PALTODORA PSACASTA, Sp. n.

3 2. 12-14 mm. Head and thorax whitish-yellowish. Palpi

yellow-whitish, lower half of second joint fuscous, tuft short,

spreading. Antenne fuscous. Abdomen yellow-whitish, in g

with a central black spot. Fore wings elongate, very narrow,

costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen very “obliquely rounded ;

whitish-yellow, with brassy reflections; plical and second discal

stigmata black; some light brown suffusion, sometimes sprinkled

oh darker fuscous, forming usually a streak along basal 2 of

costa, a spot resting on plical stigma, a smaller spot obliquely

above and beyond this, a small spot before tornus, a larger spot

on costa at 2, a patch between second discal stigma and termen,

and an apical patch, but these vary somewhat in development :

cilia whitish-yellowish, above apex with a fuscous spot, sometimes

with two or three cloudy fuscous antemedian dots on termen.

124 - -‘MR. E, MEYRICK ON [June 16,

Hind wings with 6 and 7 stalked ; grey-whitish ; cilia pale whitish-

yellowish.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria district, from November to February

(Janse); five specimens.

ARISTOTELIA SIROTA, Sp. 1.

6. 15mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish sprinkled with

brown. Palpi moderately long, rather thickened with scales,

whitish, second joint light brownish. Antennz whitish-ochreous.

Abdomen light grey, three basal segments ochreous-yellowish.

Fore wings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex acute,

termen extremely obliquely rounded; 6 out of 7 near base ;

ochreous-whitish, faintly streaked longitudinally with pale

brownish-ochreous ; some dark fuscous irroration tending to form

indistinct streaks on veins; plical stigma small, fuscous, second

discal formed by a small round spot of dark fuscous irroration :

cilia whitish-ochreous tinged with brownish. Hind wings grey-

whitish ; cilia whitish-ochreous.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria district, in August, September, and

January (Janse); one specimen,

ARISTOTELIA ACRENA, Sp. 0.

©.12mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous mixed with

deep ochreous-yellow. Palpi moderately long, loosely scaled,

whitish, second joint mixed with yellowish and sprinkled with

dark fuscous, terminal joint sprinkled with ochreous. Antenne

pale ochreous. Abdomen ochreous-yellowish, mixed with dark

fuscous on sides and posteriorly. Fore wings elongate, very

narrow, costa slightly arched, apex acute, produced, termen ex-

tremely oblique, sinuate ; 7 and 8 out of 6; whitish-ochreous some-

what sprinkled with fuscous; some deep ochreous-yellow suffusion

forming streaks beneath costa and along submedian fold, and a

broad patch occupying most of postmedian area except a narrow

terminal fuscous fascia sprinkled with dark fuscous ; a blackish

dot at base of costa, two beneath costa at + and 2, two on fold

obliquely bey ond these respectively, one in disc beyond middle,

and one at 2: cilia ochreous-yellowish, round apex with a few dark

fuscous specks. Hind wings grey; cilia whitish-ochreous tinged

with grey.

TRANSVAAL, Pietersburg, in April (Janse) ; one specimen.

ARISTOTELIA PELTOSEMA Low.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, in August and January (Janse).

I imagine this wide-ranging species, which occurs in Ceylon

and Australia, is attached to some garden plant.

EPHYSTERIS, n. g.

Head smooth; tongue developed. Antenne 4, in ¢ simple,

basal joint moderately long, without pecten. Labial palpi mode-

rately long, recurved, second joint beneath with rough projecting

1908. | AFRICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 725.

scales, terminal joint shorter than second, loosely scaled, acute.

Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Posterior tibie clothed with long

hairs above. Fore wings with 2-5 parallel, 7, 8, and 9 out of 6,

7 to costa, 11 from middle. Hind wings under 1, elongate-

trapezoidal, apex strongly produced, termen emarginate, cilia 3;

3 and 4 connate or stalked, 5 rather approximated, 6 and 7

tolerably parallel.

Apparently a development of Gnorimoschema.

EPHYSTERIS CHERSHA, Sp. 0.

3 2. 10-12 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, more or less mixed

with dark fuscous. Palpi whitish mixed with dark fuscous. An-

tenne dark fuscous. Thorax light brownish-ochreous, more or

less irrorated with dark fuscous. Abdomen dark grey, second

and third segments more or less suffused with ochreous-yellowish

dorsally. Fore wings lanceolate, apex produced, acute ; brownish-

ochreous more or less irrorated with dark fuscous ; an indistinct

dark fuscous spot on fold towards base; stigmata cloudy, dark

fuscous, sometimes large, first discal little before middle, plical

obliquely before first discal ; sometimes an indistinct pale ochreous

spot on costa at 2: cilia grey, with some black specks. Hind

wings rather dark grey ; cilia grey.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, from September to November (Janse) ;

four specimens.

GELECHIA AROTRIAS, sp. 0.

@. 21mm. Head and palpi pale ochreous-yellowish, base of

palpi fuscous, terminal joint almost as long as second. Antenne

dark fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous, with broad central pale

ochreous-yellowish stripe. Abdomen fuscous. Fore wings

elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed,

termen very obliquely rounded; dark purplish-fuscous, lighter

and crimson-tinged towards base of costa, darkest above dorsal

stripe; a pale ochreous-yellowish dorsal stripe from base to near

tornus, rather broad towards middle but narrowed to extremities,

before posterior extremity emitting an oblique bar to 2 of disc;

(cilia imperfect). Hind wings rather light fuscous, somewhat

darker posteriorly ; cilia pale fuscous.

Nata, Weenen, in October (Spiller) ; one specimen.

GELECHIA TRISIGNIS, sp. n.

[email protected] mm. Head ochreous-white, sides narrowly blackish-

fuscous. Palpi white, from base to above middle of second joint

dark fuscous, terminal joint as long as second. Antenne black.

Thorax dark bronzy-fuscous, with broad white central stripe.

Abdomen grey. Fore wings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched,

apex round-pointed, termen hardly rounded, very oblique; very

dark bronzy-fuscous ; a rather broad ochreous-whitish costal stripe

from base to near apex, narrowed posteriorly; a rather narrower

ochreous-white dorsal stripe from base to tornus, narrowed to

726 MR. E. MEYRICK ON [June 16,

extremities: cilia bronzy-fuscous, becoming whitish-fuscous to-

wards tornus, on costal streak ochreous-white. Hind wings light

grey ; cilia whitish-fuscous, darker round apex.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria district, from October to December (Janse) ;

one specimen.

PHTHORIM#A OPERCULELLA Zell.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria and Pietersburg districts, from September

to May (Janse); common.

This destructive potato-feeding species has not previously been

recorded from South Africa, though now introduced into many

other countries.

LEcrrHoceRA CHOLOPIS Meyr.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria and Pietersburg districts, from September

to April (Janse); Narau; NyassaLanD, Fort Johnston. Widely

distributed in India.

PrILOTHYRIS PURPUREA Wals.

The female, which is not described by Lord Walsingham, is

without the white patch which characterises the hind wings of

the male, these wings being wholly blackish.

DRAGMATUCHA, 0. g.

Head with appressed hairs; ocelli absent; tongue small. An-

tenn +, basal joint moderately elongate, without pecten. Labial

palpi very long, recurved, second joint thickened with dense

scales, forming a loose spreading tuft towards apex beneath,

terminal joint longer than second, slender, acute. Maxillary palpi

rudimentary. Posterior tibize clothed with very long rough

spreading hairs. Fore wings with 2 and 4 short-stalked from

angle, 3 absent, 5 approximated, 7 to costa, 8 and 9 out of 7,

11 from beyond middle. Hind wings over 1, trapezoidal, apex

obtuse, termen hardly sinuate, cilia 3: 3 absent, 5 parallel, 6 and

7 stalked.

Apparently related to some extent to 7Zimyra.

DRAGMATUCHA PROAULA, Sp. 0.

©. 30 mm. Head dark fuscous, face and sides of crown

ochreous-yellow. Palpi light ochreous-yellowish, second joint

suffused with orange-yellow, terminal joint sprinkled with dark

fuscous. Antenne whitish-ochreous, basal joint and a short

streak towards base above blackish. Thorax dark purplish-

fuscous, posterior margin narrowly ochreous-yellowish. Abdomen

fuscous, dorsally coppery-tinged, segmental margins and apex

ochreous-yellow. Legs yellow banded with blackish, hairs of

posterior tibize mixed with whitish. Fore wings elongate, rather

narrow, costa gently arched, apex. obtuse, termen somewhat

obliquely rounded; dark purplish-fuscous; a small irregular pale

1 908. | AFRICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 727

ochreous-yellow spot at base; two narrow irregular whitish-

ochreous transverse fascie, dilated towards costa and becoming

deep ochreous-yellow on costal edge, at about 2 and + re spectively :

cilia grey mixed with blackish, on upper half of ter men ochreous-

yellow. Hind wings rather dark grey ; cilia ochreous-yellowish,

at apex with a grey patch, towards middle of termen with an

indistinct grey shade.

TRANSVAAL, Pietersburg, in September, October, and March

(Janse) ; one specimen.

BRACHMIA MUSICOPA, Sp. 0.

3 2. 13-14mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish, patagia

pale brownish. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint flatly com-

pressed, loosely scaled beneath and with scales somewhat expanded

towards apex above. Antenne dark grey. Abdomen pale fuscous,

suffused with whitish-ochreous above towards base, anal tuft pale

yellowish. Fore wings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched,

apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; 7 and 8 stalked,

7 to apex, 9 separate; purplish-grey, veins marked with well-

defined lines of black and brown irroration; a fine costal streak

from base to #, another subcostal from base to middle, and a more

or less broad dorsal suffusion from base to # ochreous-whitish,

sometimes partially tinged with yellowish; second discal stigma

represented by a round whitish-yellowish spot, marked beneath or

almost wholly suffused with ochreous-brown, sometimes centred

with dark fuscous: cilia purplish-fuscous finely irrorated with

whitish, basal third dark fuscous spotted with ochreous-whitish.

Hind wings whitish-grey ; cilia yellow-whitish tinged with grey

round apex, with a faint grey shade.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria district, in January (Janse); two

specimens.

BRACHMIA STERICTIS, Sp. n.

©. 15-16 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale ochreous-

yellowish. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint infuscated except

towards apex. Antenne whitish-ochreous, basal joint partly

infuscated. Fore wings elongate, costa gently arched, apex

obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex,

9 separate; whitish-ochreous tinged with yellow-ochreous; ex-

treme base of costa dark fuscous; stigmata small, blackish, plical

obliquely before first discal, second discal larger ; a row of ill-

defined blackish dots immediately before termen and apical portion

of costa: cilia whitish-ochreous tinged with yellow-ochreous.

Hind wings pale whitish-grey ; cilia pale whitish-ochreous tinged

with grey.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria district, in January and February (Janse) ;

two specimens.

BRACHMIA SERIALIS, gp. 0.

@.14 mm. Head and thorax greyish-ochreous mixed with

728 MR. E. MEYRICK ON [June 16,

fuscous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint suffused with

fuscous. Antenne pale ochreous suffusedly ringed with fuscous.

Abdomen fuscous. Fore wings elongate, costa gently arched,

apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique; 7 and 8 stalked,

7 to apex, 9 separate; pale ochreous suffusedly irrorated with

fuscous; blackish basal dots on costa and in middle; stigmata

blackish, plical rather obliquely before first discal; a row of unde-

fined blackish dots immediately before termen and apical part of

costa, terminating in a small suffused dark fuscous pretornal spot :

cilia pale ochreous irrorated with fuscous, Hind wings grey ;

cilia light grey.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, in January (Janse); one specimen.

POLYHYMNO TROPA, sp. 0.

@. 8mm. Head white, posterior edge of crown dark fuscous,

collar white. Palpi white, terminal joint grey except apex. An-

tenn white, with a blackish line above. Thorax white, patagia

mixed with fuscous. Abdomen grey, apex white. Fore wings

elongate, rather narrow, costa slightly arched, apex acute, pro-

duced, termen sinuate, rather strongly oblique ; bronzy-fuscous

irrorated with dark fuscous; markings white; a median longi-

tudinal streak from base to middle, thence bent to meet at a very

acute angle a narrow very oblique streak from middle of costa,

the bent portion closely followed by a similar parallel streak

meeting the same costal streak produced ; two shorter less oblique

costal streaks posteriorly, second mostly in cilia and edged with

blackish ; a narrow irregular streak along posterior part of fold ;

a narrow almost marginal streak along lower half of termen,

extended round tornus: cilia grey, above apex with a white spot

margined posteriorly by an oblique dark fuscous line, beneath

apex with a white patch, above and below which are fragments of

a black antemedian line. Hind wings grey; cilia light grey.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria district, from September to November and

in February (Janse); one specimen.

XYLORYCTIDAE.

Eporycta, n. g.

Head with appressed scales, side-tufts somewhat spreading ;

ocelli and tongue apparently absent. Antenne 2, in ¢ shortly

unipectinated (1) and ciliated, basal joint moderate, without.

pecten. Labial palpi very long, recurved, second joint thickened

with appressed scales, terminal as Jong as second, slender, acute.

Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Posterior tibis clothed with hairs.

above. Fore wings with 2 from 2, 3 from angle, 7 and 8 stalked,

7 to apex, 11 from middle. Hind wings over 1, trapezoidal-ovate,

cilia 2; 3 and 4 connate, 5 parallel, 6 and 7 short stalked.

Clearly related to the Australian genus Xylorycta.

1908.1] AFRICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 129:

EporycTA TARBALBEA, Sp. 0.

3. 25 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen

ochreous-whitish, palpi with second joint and anterior edge of

terminal mixed with fuscous. Fore wings elongate, rather narrow,,

costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather

strongly oblique ; ochreous-white ; costa, apex, and termen some-

what suffused narrowly with pale yellow-ochreous: cilia yellow-

whitish. Hind wings pale whitish-grey, slightly ochreous-tinged 3.

cilia ochreous-whitish.

TRANSVAAL, N.E. Pretoria district, in January (Janse); one

specimen.

NEPHANTIS XYSTOPALA, sp. 0.

6. 24-26 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish. Palpi

whitish-ochreous, second joint white above towards apex. An-

tenn dark fuscous, towards base white. Abdomen with ochreous-

whitish scales overlying ferruginous-brown surface, which tends

to appear in longitudinal lines. Fore wings elongate, costa

moderately arched, apex tolerably pointed, termen rather sinuate,

oblique; white; a narrow light brownish-ochreous stripe above

middle from base to apex: cilia white. Hind wings light grey,

paler and tinged with whitish-ochreous anteriorly ; cilia whitish-

ochreous, tips white.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria district, in December and January (Janse) ;

eight specimens.

ODITES CITRANTHA, sp. n.

3.21 mm. Head dark fuscous, face pale yellowish. (Palpi

broken.) Antenne pale fuscous, ciliations 14. Thorax light

yellow. Abdomen ochreous-yellowish. Fore wings elongate, costa

gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, hardly oblique; 2

from near angle; clear yellow; discal stigmata minute, blackish :

cilia yellow. Hind wings ochreous-whitish ; cilia whitish-

yellowish.

Nara, Durban, in August (Leigh); one specimen.

ODITES PROCELLOSA, sp. 0.

3 @.17-18mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen

whitish-ochreous tinged with yellowish; palpi with lower = of

second joint and base of terminal joint dark fuscous; antennal

ciliations 2. Fore wings elongate, slightly dilated posteriorly,

costa gently arched, faintly sinuate in middle, apex obtuse, termen

rounded, hardly oblique; 2 from near angle; whitish-ochreous

tinged with yellow, thinly and irregularly sprinkled with fuscous ;

towards base some fuscous suffusion sprinkled with dark fuscous,

especially on costa and dorsum ; stigmata dark fuscous, first discal

enlarged into a round cloudy rather dark fuscous spot, obliquely

above and before which is another dark fuscous dot, plical obliquely

beyond first discal; a suffused fuscous spot on costa beyond

730 MR. E. MEYRICK ON [June 16,

middle ; a curved posterior series of cloudy dots of fuscous and

dark fuscous scales: cilia whitish-yellowish. Hind wings

ochreous-whitish, faintly fuscous-tinged ; cilia whitish-yellowish.

S. Nigeria, Wari, in May and August; three specimens.

EPIMACTIS METAZONA, Sp. 0.

Q. 25-26 mm. Head and thorax white. Palpi white, lower

half of second joint fuscous. Antenne grey, base white. Ab-

domen light yellow-ochreous. Fore wings suboblong, costa

moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, vertical ;

white; second discal stigma grey; a narrow silvery-grey fascia

close before termen, dilated towards costa but not quite reaching

it: cilia white. Hind wings and cilia white.

SreRRA LEONE; two specimens.

Procometis Meyy.

To this genus should be referred acutipennis Wals., described

under Apiletria, as well as the three following species. All four of

these agree with the single known Indian species, P. trochala, and

differ from all the Australian species (ten in number) in the

character of the labial palpi, which in these have the second joint

loosely haired above and the terminal joint relatively very short

(3 or less), whilst in the Australian forms the second joint is

clothed with appressed scales and the terminal joint is as long as

second. Notwithstanding this distinction, the two groups are so

obviously closely related in all other characters, structural and

superficial, and connecting forms are so likely to be found eventu-

ally in intermediate regions (the differences being only com-

parative), that I think it best to treat them as congeneric ; but the

group to which the African and Jndian species belong seems

worthy of a subgeneric name, and I therefore give it the name of

Hypostola.

PROCOMETIS OXYPORA, Sp. 0.

$. 33mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale ochreous. Palpi

with second joint loosely haired above, terminal joint 4 of second ;

pale brownish-ochreous mixed with whitish. Antenne whitish.

Fore wings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex

very acute, produced, termen sinuate, extremely oblique; pale

yellowish-ochreous, tinged with brown-reddish posteriorly ; a

broad very undefined streak of pale fuscous suffusion beneath

costa from before middle to apex, and some undefined pale fuscous

suffusion towards dorsum: cilia pale ochreous-yellowish. Hind

wings narrower than fore wings, with very long tornal cilia, and

large light ochreous-fuscous costal hair-pencil reaching to apex ;

grey, paler and whitish-tinged towards base ; cilia light ochreous-

fuscous, becoming light yellowish- ochreous towards tornus.

Navan, TWeemen, | in January ; one specimen.

1908. ] AFRICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. el

PROCOMETIS ACHARMA, Sp. n.

3. 32 mm., 9 46 mm. Head and thorax pale brownish-

ochreous. Palpi with second joint loosely haired above, terminal

joint 4 of second; brownish-ochreous sprinkled with whitish.

Antenne ochreous-whitish indistinctly ringed with fuscous. Ab-

domen light greyish-ochreous. Fore wings elongate, rather

narrow, costa moderately arched, apex in ¢ round-pointed, in

obtuse, termen in ¢ straight, very oblique, in ? slightly rounded,

rather strongly oblique; light fuscous suffusedly irrorated with

whitish, suffused with pale brownish-ochreous towards costa

anteriorly, with a few black scales on veins on costal half; discal

stigmata faintly indicated, the white suffusion more pronounced

on a longitudinal streak traversing these and towards dorsum:

cilia whitish-yellowish, in 2 sprinkled with whitish. Hind wings

in ¢ narrower than fore wings, with very long tornal cilia, and

grey costal hair-pencil reaching to+; grey,in 2 somewhat lighter ;

cilia light grey mixed with whitish, in ¢ becoming pale ochreous-

yellowish towards tornus, in Q with grey subbasal line.

Narat, Weenen, in December ; two specimens.

PROCOMETIS TERRENA, Sp. 0,

2.3/7 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax rather dark

fuscous ; palpi with second joint loosely haired, terminal joint

half second. Abdomen light fuscous. Fore wings elongate,

rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen

rounded, oblique; rather dark ashy-fuscous, lighter posteriorly ;

a broad ochreous-brown median stripe from base, becoming

suffused and obsolete beyond middle, edged above by groups of

scattered black scales beyond + and about middle, and followed by

two minute biack dots transversely placed at 2: cilia fuscous.

Hind wings light fuscous; cilia whitish-fuscous, with darker

subbasal line.

NyassaLAnD, Mpeta, on Loangwa River, in December; one

specimen.

(HcoerHORID..

CoESYRA BALANTIAS, Sp. 0.

2. 20mm. Head, palpi, and thorax bright yellow. Antenne

grey, becoming yellowish towards base. Abdomen ochreous-

yellowish. Fore wings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,

termen nearly straight, oblique; bright yellow; a triangular

whitish-fuscous spot irrorated with dark fuscous on dorsum beyond

middle, its apex sending an irregular outwardly oblique projection

edged with white above to disc at 2; two or three small fuscous

dots in disc posteriorly, representing part of a curved series ;

several minute indistinct fuscous dots on termen and round apex :

cilia yellow. Hind wings and cilia light ochreous-yellowish.

Narat, Weenen, in February (Spiller) ; one specimen.

732 MR. E. MEYRICK ON [June 16,

EPIPHRACTIS, 1. g.

Head with appressed scales, side-tufts spreading; tongue de-

veloped. Antenne 4, basal joint moderately elongate, without

pecten. Labial palpi very long, recurved, with appressed scales,

terminal joint shorter than second, acute. Maxillary palpi rudi-

mentary. Posterior tibiz clothed with hairs above. Fore wings

with 2 from angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen, 11 from before

middle. Hind wings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia 3; 3 and 4 connate,

5-7 parallel, 7 connected with 8 by a bar beyond cell.

Probably allied to Cryptolechia.

EPIPHRACTIS PHG@NICIS, sp. .

@. 23 mm. Head and thorax light rosy-ochreous. Palpi

whitish-ochreous. Antennze pale ochreous tinged with crimson.

Abdomen light grey, apex light ochreous. Fore wings elongate,

somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,

termen faintly sinuate, rather oblique; ochreous-crimson, deeper

purplish-crimson towards dorsum, lighter and more ochreous

towards costa; costal edge whitish except towards apex, extreme

costal edge blackish towards base ; second discal stigma represented

by a smal] suffused dark grey spot: cilia rosy. Hind wings grey ;

cilia whitish-grey.

AnGoLa, Bihe; one specimen.

EruMiA BALLISTIS, sp. 1.

29-31 mm. Head and thorax shining grey irrorated with

grey-whitish ; head with a triangular blackish spot on back of

crown, thorax with three black dots in a dorsal triangle, two

others posterior, and two on shoulders. Palpi blackish-grey,

towards base whitish. Antenne blackish, whitish in front to-

wards base, and on lower half of basal jot. Abdomen bright

deep yellow, beneath blackish towards base of segments. Legs

blackish ringed with white, posterior tibie yellow. Fore wings

elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse,

termen rounded, rather oblique; bronzy-grey; base of costa

blackish ; two small black spots beneath costa near base, surrounded

with some whitish suffusion ; black dots on fold at base, near

base, and at +; stigmata black, discal large, round, first little

befere middle, plical small, obliquely beyond first discal: cilia

bronzy-grey. Hind wings bright deep yellow ; a dark grey apical

patch, covering about t of wing; cilia yellow, round apex dark

grey.

~ Grrman East Arrica, Dar-es-Salaam ; two specimens.

BORKHAUSENIA GALACTAA, Sp. 0.

36.16 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen

ochreous-whitish ; palpi with median bands of fuscous irroration

on second and terminal joints; antenne serrate. Fore wings

elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse,

1908. ] AFRICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 733

termen extremely obliquely rounded ; ochreous-whitish ; a small

blackish dot beneath costa near base; stigmata black, plical

obliquely beyond first discal ; an almost marginal series of unde-

fined dark fuscous dots round posterior third of costa and termen :

cilia ochreous-whitish. Hind wings light grey; cilia ochreous-

whitish.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria district, in December and January (Janse) ;

one specimen.

ELACHISTIDS.

STATHMOPODA XANTHOPLITIS, Sp. n.

$6.15 mm. Head and thorax orange, face shining whitish-

ochreous. Palpi whitish-ochreous. Antenne grey, basal joint

orange. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, base of segments golden-

ferruginous. Fore wings narrow-lanceolate, very acutely pointed ;

pale greyish-ochreous ; basal third orange: cilia pale yellowish-

ochreous. Hind wings light grey; cilia pale yellowish-ochreous.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, from December to February (Janse) ;

one specimen.

EXLACHISTA CROCOGASTRA, Sp. Nn.

3. 6-7 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax ochrecus-

whitish. Abdomen whitish, tinged and sometimes suffused with

yellow. Fore wings lanceolate, ochreous-whitish: cilia whitish.

Hind wings and cilia ochreous-whitish.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria district, in August, December to February,

and April (Janse); six specimens.

CosMOPTERYX BACTROPHORA, sp. n.

2.11 mm. Crown of head and thorax dark fuscous with

three fine longitudinal white lines, face light fuscous. Palpi

white, terminal joint with a black iine on each side. Antenne

white lined with black. Abdomen rather dark grey, beneath pale

ochreous. Fore wings narrow-lanceolate, apex very long-produced

and acute; dark fuscous; an oblique series of three fine white

longitudinal lines about 1, first reaching base of costa, others

detached; a broad ochreous-yellowish transverse fascia beyond

middle, anterior edge somewhat oblique and marked with two

small silvery-metallic spots, first followed by two or three black

scales, and extended anteriorly on costa as a short fine white

streak, posterior edge limited by two small silvery-metallic spots

edged with dark fuscous anteriorly, between which the yellow

colour forms a triangular median projection, whence proceeds a

sinuate fine white line to apex: cilia dark fuscous, with a white

bar on apical line. Hind wings and cilia dark grey.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, in February (/anse); one specimen.

CosMOPTERYX TABELLARIA, Sp. N.

¢. 10mm. Crown of head and thorax dark brown with three

fine longitudinal white lines; face whitish-fuscous. Palpi whitish,

734 MR. E, MEYRICK ON [June 16,

terminal joint with a blackish line on each side. Antenne white

lined with black. Abdomen pale yellowish-ochreous. Fore wings

narrow-lanceolate, apex very long-produced and acute; dark

brown; an oblique series of three fine white longitudinal lines

about 4, first reaching base of costa, second reaching base and also

connected with projection of postmedian band, third connected

with same projection beneath ; a broad ochreous-yellow transverse

fascia beyond middle, anterior edge produced as a short white

streak on costa, below middle with a triangular projection, above

this marked with a round golden-metallic spot followed by a black

dot, obliquely beyond this within fascia is a round golden-metallic

spot near dorsum, posterior edge of fascia marked with two

opposite pale golden-metallic spots, between which is an elongate

projection of the yellow colouring, whence proceeds a sinuate

white line to apex: cilia dark fuscous. Hind wings and cilia

orey.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, in March (Jase); one specimen.

STAGMATOPHORA SEMNOSTOLA Meyr.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria district, in August, September, and from

December to April (/anse).

Described from Australia, where the larva feeds amongst spun

leaflets of Acacia decurrens ; I have not yet obtained the species

from intermediate regions.

LIMNa@cIA ICHNOGRAPHA, Sp. ni.

g. 17-18 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax blackish, sprinkled

with white. Antenne blackish. Abdomen dark grey, sides of

back ochreous-whitish towards base, anal tuft whitish mixed with

yellow. Fore wings elongate-lanceolate, acute; dark purplish-

grey, suffusedly streaked longitudinally with black ; a fine white

line above fold from base to 2, beneath which is another on

posterior portion ; a short white oblique mark from beneath costa

at 1; a white mark on middle of costa, beneath which are two or

three small undefined white marks longitudinally arranged in dise

and one on fold; a rather inwardly oblique white streak from

costa beyond #, reaching half across wing; an irregular undefined

line of more or less scattered white scales along dorsum from near

base and lower half of termen: cilia dark grey, with a small basal

spot of white scales beneath apex, and a faint median whitish

shade on upper half of termen. Hind wings dark grey; cilia

grey, basal line pale greyish-ochreous.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria and Pietersburg districts, from September

to January (Janse); two specimens.

GRACILARIADA.

KiPIcEPHALA PYRRHOGASTRA, Sp. nN.

6 2. 9-10 mm. Head white, somewhat mixed with grey

on forehead. Palpi pale grey, becoming white towards apex.

1908. | AFRICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 735

Antenne grey. Thorax grey, sometimes whitish-mixed. Abdomen

light ochreous-reddish, dorsally suffused with grey, sides with

series of oblique dark grey stripes. Fore wings narrowly

elongate-lanceolate, apex blunt-pointed ; ochreous-grey ; three fine

white very oblique streaks from costa at 1, beyond middle, and

at ?, reaching nearly half across wing, dark-edged anteriorly,

sometimes dilated on costa, between these are more or less distinct

whitish marks beneath costa; an irregular white streak along

dorsum throughout, above which is a short white oblique mark

beneath middle of wing, and two approximated fine oblique white

lines above tornus ; a fine silvery-metallic curved transverse line

at 2; a small round black anteapical spot, above and beneath

which are white wedge-shaped spots on margins: cilia white,

towards tornus light ochreous-grey, elsewhere with a blackish

subbasal line, on costa also with apical third blackish. Hind

wings dark grey ; cilia grey.

Transvaal, Pretoria, from December to February (Janse); four

specimens.

ACROCERCOPS DASMOPHORA, Sp. 0.

2. 89mm. Head and palpi shining white. Antenne grey,

beneath whitish. Thorax pale ochreous. Abdomen whitish-

ochreous. Fore wings narrowly elongate-lanceolate; ochreous-

orange ; markings shining white, edged with rather dark fuscous ;

three semioval dorsal spots, first two large, first reaching base,

second rather obliquely placed, third smaller; an elongate-

triangular blotch extending along costa from near base to 2

broadest posteriorly, posterior edge oblique, almost united with

second dorsal spot; three wedge-shaped costal spots posteriorly,

first oblique, elongate, almost united with third dorsal spot,

second and third not dark-margined posteriorly, second extended

as a narrow streak to termen, third small, anteapical, its apex

almost touching this streak ; a small elongate black apical spot :

cilia white, on costa with three dark fuscous bars, round apex

and termen with a dark fuscous subbasal line, and a dark fuscous

bar beneath apex, beneath termen tinged with greyish-ochreous.

Hind wings grey ; cilia pale greyish-ochreous.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, in November, January, and February

(Janse) ; two specimens.

MACAROSTOLA ONYCHOTA, sp. 0.

$¢ 2. 8-9 mm. Head white, sides of crown fuscous-tinged.

Palpi loosely scaled, white, lower 2 of second joint and a median

ring of terminal joint fuscous. Antenne whitish ringed with

fuscous. Thorax ochreous-bronze, with two white stripes. Ab-

domen grey. Fore wings elongate-lanceolate, acute; ochreous-

bronze ; markings white, edged with black irroration ; four streaks

from costa, reaching nearly half across wing, first three outwardly

oblique, first at 2, extended as a fine line along costa to near base,

fourth inwardly oblique; four streaks from dorsum reaching half

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1908, No. XLVII. A7

736 MR. E. MEYRICK ON [June 16,

across wing, first three outwardly oblique, first from rather near

base, fourth inwardly oblique: cilia white, with two posterior

lines of black irroration, on costa grey with a white bar, at apex

with a black hook, beneath this on basal half ochreous-grey

speckled with black and barred with white, beneath tornus

greyish. Hind wings and cilia grey.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, in January, February, and May (Janse) ;

four specimens.

PLUTELLIDA,

TRIOTHYRSA, nh. g.

Head with appressed hairs; ocelli absent; tongue short. An-

tenne 2,in ¢ simple, basal joint elongate, with pecten. Labial

palpi very long, porrected, second joint very long, widely diverging,

clothed with dense scales, projecting roughly above, terminal joint.

half second, bent inwardly at right angles to it, loosely scaled,

acute. Maxillary palpi obsolete. (Posterior legs broken.) Fore

wings with 2 from angle, 3 absent, 4 and 5 connate, 6 and 7 out

of 8, 7 to termen, 9 out of 8 before 6, 10 from near end of cell,

11 from beyond middle. Hind wings 2, narrow-lanceolate, cilia

3; 2 separate, 3 and 4 connate, 5 and 6 stalked, 7 separate.

Intermediate in character between Plutella and Coleophora.

IRIOTHYRSA MELANOGMA, Sp. n.

Sg. 21 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish. Palpi

whitish, second joint sprinkled outwardly with fuscous and

blackish. Antenne ochreous-whitish. Abdomen ochreous-

whitish mixed with grey. Fore wings elongate-lanceolate,

termen faintly sinuate ; pale brownish-ochreous, suffusedly mixed

with white, especially towards base ; costal edge blackish towards.

base; some scattered black scales, and posterior # suffusedly

streaked longitudinally with fuscous suffusion irrorated with

black: cilia whitish-ochreous. Hind wings rather dark grey,

anteriorly pale greyish-ochreous towards costa; cilia whitish-

ochreous.

TRANSVAAL, Pietersburg, in March (Janse) ; one specimen.

YPONOMEUTA GLAPHYROPIS, sp. N.

$6 2. 25-28 mm. Head white or whitish, with two black

spots on crown and two or four on face. Palpi blackish, apex of

all joints whitish. Antenne light grey. Thorax grey-whitish,

with two black marks on each shoulder, a dot on each patagium,.

and two on back. Abdomen dark grey or blackish-grey. Fore

wings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen

-nearly straight, oblique, cell very long, reaching to + of wing;

light grey or sometimes darker grey, with whitish reflections ;.

usually some whitish suffusion on fold, especially on basal half;

five or six black dots immediately beneath costa on basal 2,

a series of about six near costa from 4 to apex, a series of about.

1908. ] AFRICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 137

three from 4 of disc to apex, a submedian series of eight or nine

from near base to termen, and a subdorsal series of six to eight

from near base to termen: cilia light grey. Hind wings with

basal transparent fovea narrow, deep; blackish-grey; cilia dark

grey.

Narar, Weenen, from October to December ; six specimens.

TINEIDA.

BUCCULATRIX PORTHMIS, Sp. n.

36 9.6 mm. Head and thorax yellow-ochreous. Antenne

pale ochreous, suffusedly ringed with dark fuscous. Abdomen

rather dark grey. Fore wings rather broad-lanceolate, apex

rather produced, acute ; yellow-ochreous; an undefined patch of

blackish irroration on costa beyond middle, appearing to be

margined laterally by faint oblique marks of whitish suffusion ; a

patch of blackish irroration on dorsum slightly before costal :

cilia grey, with basal and median lines of black irroration. Hind

wings rather dark grey ; cilia grey.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, in February (Janse); two specimens.

OPoGONA PHHOCHALCA, Sp. Nn.

[email protected]. Head and palpi shining whitish-ochreous; back

of crown and thorax purplish-bronzy-fuscous. Antenne whitish-

ochreous. Abdomen light grey. Fore wings lanceolate, acute ;

purplish-bronzy-fuscous: cilia bronzy-greyish-ochreous. Hind

wings light grey, with very strong brassy reflections; cilia light

bronzy-greyish-ochreous.

Reunion, St. Denis, in April; one specimen.

OPOGONA CHLOROPHANES, sp. n.

$6 Q. 11-12mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen

shining whitish-ochreous. Fore wings lanceolate, very acute ;

shining whitish-ochreous, with a brassy or bronzy tinge: cilia

whitish-ochreous. Hind wings grey, with strong brassy reflections ;,

cilia whitish-ochreous.

Transvaal, N.E. Pretoria district, in August, December, and

January (Janse) ; four specimens.

Mownopis MEGALODELTA, Sp. 0.

g.13mm. Head ochreous-whitish. Palpi ochreous-whitish,

externally suffused with dark fuscous except at apex. Antenne

whitish-ochreous, above suffused with dark fuscous towards base,

basal joint ochreous-whitish. Thorax dark brown mixed with

blackish, shoulders with an ochreous-whitish spot. Abdomen

brownish-ochreous. Fore wings elongate, costa gently arched,

apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; 7 and 8 stalked, discal

impression very large, thinly scaled but not transparent ; ferru-

ginous-brown irrorated with blackish, and strewn with small dark

slaty-fuscous spots of more or less raised scales ; a large triangular

47*

738 MR. E. MEYRICK ON [June 16,

ochreous-whitish blotch extending on costa from 4 to #, and

reaching # across wing; disc beyond this blotch more coppery-

ferruginous: cilia ferruginous-fuscous irrorated with blackish.

Hind wings grey, with golden reflections ; cilia ochreous-whitish.

S. Niemria, Ogrugu ; one specimen.

MALACYNTIS, n. g.

Head roughly tufted; ocelli absent; tongue obsolete. An-

tenne over 1, in ¢ stout, simple, basal joint thick, concave

beneath. Labial palpi moderate, porrected, second joint with

dense scales projecting beneath at apex and two or three apical

bristles, terminal joint moderate, densely scaled. Maxillary palpi

obsolete. Posterior tibiz clothed with long hairs above. Fore

wings with 2 from towards angle, 7 and 9 stalked, 7 to costa,

8 absent, 11 from before middle. Hind wings under 1, elongate-

ovate, cilia £; 2-7 tolerably parallel.

A development of Z%ineola.

MALACYNTIS STIBARODES, Sp. 0.

$6.15 mm. Head light yellow-ochreous. Palpi rather dark

fuscous, beneath ochreous-suffused, apex whitish-ochreous. An-

tenne whitish-ochreous. Thorax and abdomen pale brownish-

ochreous. Fore wings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex

obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; pale brownish-ochreous ;

base of costa infuscated: cilia pale yellowish-ochreous, tips paler.

Hind wings bronzy-grey ; cilia ight brownish-ochreous.

SrERRA LEONE; one specimen.

TINEOLA LEUCASTIS, Sp. n.

3. 24 mm. Head light ochreous-orange. Palpi moderate,

whitish-ochreous. Antenne grey. Thorax white. Abdomen

ochreous-yellowish. Fore wings elongate, rather narrow, costa

gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ;

white ; costal edge finely blackish towards base, elsewhere pale

ochreous-yellowish : cilia pale ochreous-yellowish. Hind wings

light yellowish-grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous.

TRANSVAAL, N.K. Pretoria district and Pietersburg, in October,

December, and March (Janse); one specimen.

TINEOLA XANTHASTIS, sp. n.

3$.19mm. Head and thorax bright ochreous-yellow. Palpi

moderate, grey, upex whitish-yellowish. Antenne grey. Ab-

domen whitish-ochreous. Fore wings elongate, narrow, costa

gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ;

bright ochreous-yellow ; costal edge finely blackish towards base:

cilia ochreous-yellow. Hind wings grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous.

TRANsvAAL, Pretoria, in December, January, and March

(Janse); one specimen.

1908. ] AFRICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 739

TINEOLA OCHROPSAMMA, Sp. Nn.

$.18 mm. Head fulvous-ochreous. Palpi moderate, pale

ochreous, second and terminal joints suffused with dark fuscous

on basal half. Antennz pale ochreous. Thorax and abdomen

yellow-ochreous. Fore wings elongate, costa moderately arched,

apex tolerably pointed, termen very oblique, almost straight ;

yellow-ochreous : cilia yellow-ochreous, paler towards tips. Hind

wings purplish-grey suffused anteriorly with light Dbrassy-

ochreous; cilia as in fore wings.

Narat, Durban, in September (Leigh) ; one specimen.

TINEOLA MARCESCENS, Sp. 0.

6. 18mm. Head brownish-ochreous. Palpi moderate, dark

fuscous. Antenne pale brownish-ochreous, {infuscated at base.

Thorax and abdomen light brownish-ochreous. Fore wings

elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse,

termen very obliquely rounded; pale brownish-ochreous, some-

what more brownish-tinged anteriorly ; costal edge dark fuscous

towards base: cilia pale brownish-ochreous. Hind wings and

cilia pale ochreous.

British East Arrica, Mombasa, in October ; one specimen.

TINEOLA HOLOPSAMMA, Sp. Nn.

36.19 mm. Head ochreous-yellowish mixed with fuscous.

Palpi moderate, ochreous-yellowish, terminal joint and base of

second suffused with fuscous. Antenne pale ochreous, base in-

fuscated. Thorax and abdomen yellow-ochreous. Fore wings

elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen

very obliquely rounded ; yellow-ochreous ; costal edge infuscated

towards base: cilia yellow-ochreous. Hind wings light ochreous-

grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous, more ochreous towards base.

TRANSVAAL, Pietersburg, in September (/Janse); one specimen.

TINEOLA MELANOSTOMA, Sp. n.

S$. 19 mm. Head fulvous. Labial and maxillary palpi

blackish, labial short, maxillary stout. Antenne pale ochreous,

becoming whitish towards apex. Thorax deep yellow-ochreous

tinged with lilac. Abdomen golden-ochreous. Fore wings

elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse,

termen very obliquely rounded ; deep yellow-ochreous tinged with

brownish and suffused with pale lilac; costal.edge dark fuscous

towards base: cilia concolorous. Hind wings grey with lilac-

bronze reflections ; cilia pale golden-ochreous.

British East Arrica, Mombasa, in October ; one specimen.

TINEOLA MERETRIX, sp. n.

$. 15mm. Head fuscous. Palpi moderate, whitish-ochreous,

terminal joint fuscous. Antenne stout, somewhat compressed

740 MR. E. MEYRICK ON [June 16,

laterally, ochreous-whitish. Thorax light ochreous. (Abdomen

damaged.) Fore wings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately

arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; purple-

brownish-ochreous : cilia ochreous sprinkled with purplish towards

base. Hind wings grey, with purplish reflections; cilia pale

yellowish-ochreous.

Carr Cotony, Grahamstown ; one specimen.

TINEOLA PHOCINA, sp. 1.

g.12mm. Head pale ochreous-yellowish. Palpi moderate,

dark fuscous, apex ochreous-whitish. Antenne pale greyish-

ochreous, towards apex more whitish, towards base infuscated.

Thorax bronzy-fuscous, dorsally purplish-tinged. Abdomen

greyish-ochreous. Fore wings elongate, rather narrow, costa

moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ;

shining fuscous-bronze: cilia pale bronzy-ochreous. Hind wings

grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous, tips whitish.

Transvaal, N.E. Pretoria district, in December (Janse); one

specimen.

TINEOLA (?) CHLORISTIS, Sp. n.

3. 11mm. Head ochreous-whitish. Palpi whitish-ochreous,

infuscated above. Maxillary palpiapparently rudimentary. An-

tenne, thorax, and abdomen whitish-ochreous. Fore wings

elongate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen very

obliquely rounded; 7 and 8 stalked; shining whitish-ochreous :

cilia whitish-ochreous, more whitish towards tips. Hind wings

and cilia pale whitish-ochreous, with a bronzy tinge.

TransvaaL, N.E. Pretoria district, in February (Janse); one

specimen

TINEA CNOPIS, sp. 1.

S.17 mm. Head ochreous-yellowish. Palpi dark fuscous,

apex paler. Antenne 1, ochreous-whitish. Thorax dark purplish-

fuscous. Abdomen light brownish-ochreous, segmental margins

whitish-ochreous. Fore wings elongate, narrow, costa gently

arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; rather dark

purplish-bronzy-fuscous : cilia pale bronzy sprinkled with fuscous.

Hind wings pale bronzy, with a pale grey terminal line; cilia

pale grey.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, in December (Janse); one specimen.

TINEA PARAXENA, Sp. 0.

3.14mm. Head bright yellow. Palpi pale ochreous, suffused

above with dark fuscous. Antenne 1, ochreous-whitish. Thorax

and abdomen pale shining ochreous. Fore wings elongate, narrow,

costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen extremely

obliquely rounded; pale shining ochreous; costal edge blackish

towards base: cilia pale ochreous, more whitish towards tips.

Hind wings grey with bronzy reflections ; cilia whitish-ochreous.

lod

1908. | AFRICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 741

TRANSVAAL, Pietersburg, in September (Janse); one specimen.

Distinguished from 7’. tanystis by the much narrower fore

wings,

TINEA OTHELLO Meyr.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria and Pietersburg districts, from August to

December (Janse): four specimens, apparently not differing from

Indian examples.

TINEA HOMESTIA, Sp. 0.

S.12mm. Head yellow-ochreous. Palpi whitish-ochreous,

upper edge blackish except towards apex of joints. Antenne 1,

grey-whitish, greyer above, especially towards base. Thorax and

abdomen pale ochreous. Fore wings elongate, rather narrow,

costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen very obliquely

rounded; pale ochreous, with a faint brownish tinge: cilia

concolorous. Hind wings very pale greyish ; cilia pale ochreous.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, in January (Janse); one specimen.

TINEA TANYSTIS, Sp. 1.

$. 16-17 mm. Head bright yellow. Palpi pale ochreous,

second joint mixed with blackish. Antenne 1, stout, compressed,

ochreous-whitish. Thorax light yellow-ochreous, anterior margin

infuscated. Abdomen yellow-ochreous. Fore wings elongate,

rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen

very obliquely rounded; pale yellow-ochreous; costal edge

blackish towards base: cilia pale yellow-ochreous. Hind wings

grey, with a slight bronzy tinge; cilia whitish-ochreous.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria and Pietersburg districts, from September

to February (Janse); five specimens.

PSEUDURGIS, n. g.

Head rough-sealed ; ocelli and tongue absent. Antenne 3, in

3S unipectinated, apex simple. Labial palpi rather long, porrected,

densely clothed throughout with loosely projecting scales, terminal

joint moderate. Maxillary palpi absent. Posterior tibiz loosely

scaled. Fore wings with 2 from #, 3 from angle, 4 and 5 di-

vergent, 7 to termen, 8—1(0) approximated at base, 11 from middle.

Hind wings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia 2; 2-7 tolerably parallel.

A development of MWelasina, principally distinguished by the

unipectinated antenne, but of peculiar facies.

PSEUDURGIS TECTONICA, Sp. 0.

6. 21-22 mm. Head light brown mixed with whitish and

sprinkled with dark fuscous. Palpi brown sprinkled with dark

fuscous. Antenne whitish, stalk and pectinations lined with

blackish, pectinations 6. Thorax brown mixed with whitish.

Abdomen light brown mixed with whitish. Fore wings elongate,

rather narrow, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa nearly straight,

742 MR, E. MEYRICK ON [June 16,

slightly sinuate, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, oblique ;

white, towards costa and dorsum more or less irregularly irrorated

with fuscous and strigulated with dark fuscous and blackish; a

dark fuscous spot marked with blackish on base of costa, one on

middle of dorsum, and one in dise beyond middle; an elongate-

transverse fuscous spot suffusedly mixed with blackish near

termen, not reaching margins, terminal area beyond and beneath

this mixed with light ferruginous and with some dark fuscous

strigule; apical and terminal margins marked with small dark

fuscous and black spots: cilia white, inner half irrorated with

fuscous and limited by a line of dark fuscous irroration, outer half

barred with dark fuscous suffusion. Hind wings grey; cilia

whitish-grey.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, in November and December (Janse) ;

two specimens.

STRUTHISCA OMICHLODES, sp. 0.

3 @. 15-20 mm. Head and thorax fuscous, face sometimes.

paler and whitish-tinged. Palpi very short, fuscous. Antenne

grey, pectinations in ¢ 23. Abdomen light greyish, rather hairy

posteriorly, apex in Q whitish-ochreous. Fore wings elongate,

rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen very

obliquely rounded; 7 absent: light grey, very indistinctly strigu-

lated with darker: cilia light grey. Hind wings thinly scaled,

light grey; cilia whitish-grey.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, in August and September (Janse); three

Specimens.

In my original characterisation of this genus the absent vein of

fore wings is stated to be 9; I am now of opinion that it is really

7 which is missing normally; in S. hormotris, described below,

all veins of the fore wings are present, but 7 and 8 are stalked,

and this species is therefore probably an early form, and indicates

the true homology,

STRUTHISCA AREATA, Sp. Nn.

3. 17-19 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-fuscous. Palpi

very short, fuscous. Antenne fuscous, pectinations 4. Abdomen

rather hairy, pale brownish-ochreous. Fore wings elongate,

rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded,

rather strongly oblique; 7 absent; light brownish-ochreous: cilia

concolorous. Hind wings and cilia very pale ochreous-grey.

TRANSVAAL, Pietersburg, in September (Janse) ; three specimens.

STRUTHISCA HORMOTRIS, sp. 0.

3.16 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. (Palpi broken.) An-

tenn fuscous, pectinations 4. Thorax and abdomen fuscous.

Fore wings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen

very obliquely rounded ; 7 and 8 stalked ; grey-whitish, irregularly

strigulated with fuscous; a patch of fuscous suffusion on base of

costa ; a moderate slightly ineurved fuscous fascia from middle of

1908. | AFRICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 743

dorsum, reaching 2 across wing, darkest anteriorly ; an undefined

fuscous spot beneath costa at 2: cilia pale whitish-ochreous. Hind

wings grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous-grey.

NyassaLANnD, Zomba, 3000 feet, in December ; one specimen.

THRANITICA, n. g.

Head with loosely appressed scales; ocelli present; tongue

absent. Antenne 3, in ¢ moderately biciliated. Labial palpi

moderately long, subascending, with appressed scales, terminal

joint moderate, obtuse. Maxillary palpi absent. Posterior tibie

smooth-scaled. Fore wings with 2 from angle, 5 absent, 7 to

apex, 8 absent, 11 from middle. Hind wings 1, ovate, cilia 4;

4 absent, 2-7 nearly parallel.

THRANITICA HEMICOPA, Sp. n.

3.20 mm. Head whitish-ochreous tinged with yellowish.

Palpi fuscous. Antennz whitish-ochreous. Thorax pale whitish-

ochreous mixed anteriorly with brownish and dark fuscous. Ab-

domen whitish-ochreous. Fore wings elongate, moderately broad,

costa moderately arched, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded ;

pale whitish-ochreous, irregularly strewn with: fuscous and dark

fuscous strigule ; base of costa dark fuscous; a narrow erect dark

fuscous fascia from dorsum at 4, reaching more than half across

wing; a dark fuscous dot in disc at 2; three very small dark

fuscous spots on posterior half of costa: cilia whitish-ochreous.

Hind wings and cilia pale whitish-ochreous.

NATAL; one specimen.

MELASINA HALIEUTIS, sp. n.

3. 22mm. Head and thorax white, partially fuscous-tinged.

Palpi short, fuscous mixed with whitish, loosely haired. Antenne

whitish, pectinations 4. Abdomen hairy, ochreous-whitish. Fore

wings elongate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa moderately

arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; 7 absent; whitish,

irregularly strigulated throughout with fuscous; costa with several

small darker fuscous spots ; a suffused fuscous spot above middle

at 2: cilia whitish, outer half more or less brownish. Hind wings

grey; cilia grey-whitish.

Nara; one specimen.

MELASINA STELITIS, sp. 0.

3S. 23mm. Head and thorax grey mixed with white, forehead

and upper edge of face white, rest of face dark grey. Palpi short,

slender, loosely scaled, grey. Antenne light grey, pectinations 5.

Abdomen grey. Fore wings elongate, somewhat dilated posteriorly,

costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ;

7 absent; grey suffusedly mixed with white, and strigulated

throughout with blackish; three small indistinct dark fuscous

spots on posterior half of costa; absence of white suffusion and

744 MR. E. MEYRICK ON [June 16,

increase of dark strigulation forms an undefined narrow fascia

from middle of dorsum reaching 2 across wing : cilia pale fuscous

mixed with whitish. Hind wings grey; cilia grey, towards tips

whitish-tinged,

Transvaal, N.E. Pretoria district, in January (Janse); one

specimen.

MELASINA £DIFICA, Sp. 0.

3. 20-24 mm. Head ochreous-yellowish, sometimes tinged

with fulvous. Palpi moderate, densely scaled, ochreous-yellowish,

basal half suffused with dark fuscous. Antenne ochreous-whitish,

pectinations 5. Thorax ochreous-whitish, anterior margin suffused

with blackish-fuscous, tips of patagia and thoracic crest sometimes

blackish. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous, anal tuft yellowish.

Fore wings elongate, moderate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,

termen obliquely rounded; all veins separate; whitish, with

scattered small blackish-fuscous strigule; costal edge whitish-

ochreous; irregular markings formed of confluent cloudy blackish-

fuscous strigule, viz., a small, sometimes partially obsolete, basal

patch, a moderate fascia from 4 of costa to middle of dorsum,

another from 2 of costa to tornus, and a transverse spot from 2 of

costa, reaching half across wing: cilia whitish-ochreous, barred

with fuscous and dark fuscous irroration. Hind wings ochreous-

whitish, more or less tinged with grey: cilia whitish-ochreous,

sometimes with a grey line.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, from November to January (Janse) ; five

specimens.

MELASINA PARAPHRICTIS, sp. nl.

S.18 mm. Head pale yellow-ochreous. Palpi moderate,

densely scaled, pale ochreous-yellowish suffused with fuscous except

towards base and apex. Antennze fuscous mixed with ochreous-

whitish, pectinations 5. Thorax fuscous, posteriorly suffused with

whitish-ochreous. Abdomen fuscous, anal tuft ochreous-yellowish.

Fore wings elongate, moderate, costa moderately arched, apex

obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; all veins separate; light

fuscous, suffusedly strigulated with dark fuscous; costal edge

whitish-ochreous ; indistinct markings outlined by cloudy blackish-

fuscous partly confluent strigule, viz., an angulated fascia near

base, a fascia from 4 of costa to middle of dorsum, another from 2

of costa to tornus, and a transverse spot from costa at 2 reaching

half across wing: cilia fuscous mixed with whitish-ochreous and

dark fuscous. Hind wings dark fuscous; cilia whitish-fuscous,

with darker fuscous subbasal shade.

TRANSVAAL, Pietersburg, in December (Janse); one specimen.

MELASINA MORBIDA, sp. 0.

$. 23mm. Head whitish-ochreous with a few fuscous hairs.

Palpi moderate, loosely scaled, ochreous-whitish mixed with dark

1908. | AFRICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 745

fuscous except towards apex. Antenne ochreous-whitish, pecti-

nations 4. Thorax whitish, anteriorly mixed with dark fuscous.

Abdomen whitish-brownish. Fore wings elongate, costa gently

arched, apex obtuse, termen little rounded, oblique; all veins

separate; white, rather closely strigulated with light fuscous, with

a few blackish strigule; an irregular angulated blackish-fuscous

transverse streak near base, not quite reaching dorsum; a rather

large blackish-fuscous subquadrate spot beneath middle of disc,

with undefined blackish strigule diverging from its upper angles ;

a series of blackish-fuscous strigule at about 2 parallel to termen :

cilia whitish tinged with fuscous, with fuscous antemedian line

and broader apical interrupted fuscous shade. Hind wings

fuscous-whitish, more fuscous-tinged posteriorly ; cilia whitish,

with light fuscous subbasal shade.

German Hast Arrica, Dar-es-Salaam ; one specimen.

MELASINA SAUROPA, Sp. 0.

3g. 26-27 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax pale ochreous more

or less mixed with dark fuscous; palpi moderate, loosely scaled.

Antenne whitish-ochreous somewhat sprinkled with dark fuscous,

pectinations 5. Abdomen light ochreous sprinkled with fuscous.

Fore wings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex

obtuse, termen rounded, rather strongly oblique; all veins sepa-

rate; whitish-ochreous strewn with undefined dark fuscous

strigule or suffusedly irrorated throughout with fuscous and dark

fuscous; a dark fuscous spot on costa at 4, and five on posterior

half of costa, becoming smaller towards apex; a very undefined

basal patch of dark fuscous suffusion; a thick irregular suffused

dark fuscous streak proceeding from dorsum near base to 4 of

dise, whence it sends a branch to first costal spot, thence curved

downwards beneath middle of disc to 2, whence it sends a branch

to tornus, and a longitudinal arm beneath costa which is connected

more or less distinctly with all five posterior costal spots: cilia

ochreous-whitish, broadly barred or almost wholly suffused with

dark fuscous. Hind wings fuscous; cilia pale fuscous, with

darker subbasal line and anteapical shade.

NyassaLanp, Mpeta, on Loangwa River, in December; two

specimens.

MELASINA STABULARIA, Sp. 1.

$6. 13mm. Head pale yellowish-ochreous. Palpi moderate,

with dense projecting scales, whitish-ochreous, basal half suffused

with fuscous. Antenne whitish-ochreous, pectinations 5. Thorax

pale yellowish-ochreous sprinkled with fuscous. Abdomen

whitish-ochreous. Fore wings elongate, moderate, costa gently

arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; 9 absent; pale

yellowish-ochreous sprinkled with fuscous, margins strigulated

with fuscous; stigmata indicated by spots of fuscous suffusion,

plical beyond first discal: cilia pale yellowish-ochreous, apical

746 MR. E. MEYRICK ON [June 16,

third paler and barred with fuscous irroration. Hind wings

whitish-grey ; cilia whitish-ocbreous.

British East ArricA, Mombasa, in October; one specimen.

MELASINA CYCLATMA, sp. n.

S. 28 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous sprinkled with

whitish and dark fuscous; palpi rather short, densely scaled,

pointed. Antenne whitish-fuscous sprinkled with dark fuscous,

pectinations 5. Abdomen grey, anal tuft greyish-ochreous. Fore

wings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen

littie rounded, rather strongly oblique; all veins separate; fuscous,

somewhat sprinkled with whitish and irregularly and suffusedly

irrorated with blackish-fuscous, the confluence of irroration form-

ing several irregular broken longitudinal marks, and three or

four spots on posterior half of costa; a rounded blotch of whitish

suffusion on dorsum before middle, and an irregular streak of

whitish suffusion along posterior third of dorsum and termen to

apex: cilia pale fuscous, with a dark fuscous antemedian shade,

outer half sprinkled with whitish and indistinctly barred with

dark fuscous suffusion. Hind wings grey; cilia whitish-fuscous,

with dark fuscous subbasal shade.

Transvaal, N.E. Pretoria district, from September to December

(Janse); one specimen.

MELASINA ISOSPILA, sp. n.

3. 25 mm. Head pale ochreous. Palpi moderate, with

appressed scales, pale ochreous mixed with fuscous. Antenne

ochreous-whitish spotted with dark fuscous, pectinations 6, lined

with dark fuscous. Thorax fuscous mixed with dark fuscous and

whitish. Abdomen grey. Fore wings elongate, costa moderately

arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; all veins separate ;

light fuscous, irregularly mixed with white and strigulated with

dark fuscous ; a series of irregular dark fuscous spots along costa,

a larger suffused spot beneath middle of disc, and the confluence

of dark strigulation appears to form other irregular markings,

especially an angulated fascia from 2 of costa to tornus, but these

are hardly definable: cilia ochreous-whitish indistinctly barred

with fuscous. Hind wings light fuscous; cilia whitish-fuscous.

ANGo.LA, Bihe; one specimen.

MELASINA IMMANIS, sp. n.

3S 22-26 mm., 2 35 mm. Head light greyish-ochreous

mixed with dark fuscous. Palpi moderate, densely scaled,

tolerably pointed, whitish-ochreous mixed with dark fuscous.

Antenne whitish-ochreous sprinkled with dark fuscous, pecti-

nations in g¢ 6. Thorax whitish-ochreous irrorated with dark

fuscous. Abdomen light fuscous, anal tuft pale ochreous. Fore

wings elongate, more so in @, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,

termen obliquely rounded ; all veins separate; whitish-ochreous,

more or less irrorated with fuscous, and strigulated throughout

1908. ] AFRICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. T47

with blackish-fuscous ; second discal stigma distinct, moderate,

dark fuscous; an elongate suffused dark fuscous mark beneath

middle of disc, whence proceeds a slightly curved series of shorter

similar marks to apex, sometimes obscured by the fuscous irro-

ration which tends to form a cloudy patch or suffusion in

posterior part of disc: cilia whitish-ochreous mixed with fuscous

and indistinctly barred with dark fuscous suffusion. Hind wings

whitish-ochreous suffusedly irrorated with fuscous except towards

base ; cilia whitish-ochreous, with a fuscous subbasal line.

S. Nigerra, Ogrugu; Gamera, Bathurst; thirteen specimens.

MELASINA DISSOLUTA, sp. n.

¢ 22-27 mm., 9 35-42 mm. Head light yellowish-ochreous,

with a few dark fuscous hairs. Palpi moderate, densely sealed,

pointed, pale ochreous sprinkled with dark fuscous. Antenne

whitish-ochreous sprinkled with dark fuscous, pectinations in ¢ 4.

Thorax whitish-ochreous more or less suffused with fuscous and

sprinkled with dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous. Fore wings

elongate, more so in 2, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen

obliquely rounded ; all veins separate ; whitish-ochreous, more or

less wholly irrorated with fuscous and strigulated with blackish-

fuscous; the confluence of dark strigulation produces irregular

undefined markings, viz., a basal patch with angulated edge, a

fascia from 4 of costa to middle of dorsam, another from 2 of

costa to tornus, connected with preceding in disc, and an inwardly

oblique patch from costa towards apex: cilia whitish-ochreous

mixed with fuscous and indistinctly barred with dark fuscous

suffusion. Hind wings fuscous, rather darker in 3; cilia whitish-

fuscous, with darker fuscous subbasal line.

NyassaLanp, Zomba, 3000 feet, in December ; six specimens.

MELASINA INIMICA, Sp. Nn.

3. 25mm. Head and palpi pale greyish-ochreous mixed with

dark fuscous; palpi moderate, densely scaled. Antenne pale

ereyish-ochreous, pectinations 6, lined with dark fuscous. Thorax

fuscous mixed with dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous. Fore

wings elongate, moderately broad, costa moderately arched, apex

obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; all veins separate; fuscous

suffusedly strigulated with dark fuscous ; obscure oblique median

and postmedian fasciz indicated by confluence of strigulation,

former marked with a patch of darker suffusion about fold: cilia

fuscous mixed with darker. Hind wings fuscous; cilia whitish-

fuscous, with fuscous subbasal shade.

ANnGoLA, Bihe; one specimen.

An obscure species, but differs from immanis and its allies by

the obviously broader fore wings.

MELASINA SYSTOLAA, Sp. 0.

3 17-19 mm., 2 23-24 mm. Head pale fulvous; tongue

very short. Palpi very long, densely scaled, pale ochreous suffused

748 MR, E. MEYRICK ON [June 16,

with blackish, Antenne in d¢ ochreous-whitish spotted with

dark fuscous, pectinations 5, lined with black, in Q shortly

pectinated, wholly clothed with dense loose dark fuscous scales.

Thorax brownish irrorated with blackish. Abdomen dark fuscous.

Fore wings elongate, more so in 2, costa gently arched, apex

obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; all veins separate; fuscous

sometimes somewhat mixed with whitish and bluish-grey, and

sprinkled with blackish ; costal edge whitish-ochreous ; markings

ochreous-brown irregularly irrorated with black, viz.,an undefined

basal patch, a fascia from 4 of costa to middle of dorsum, another

from 3 of costa to tornus, and some undefined posterior streaks

rising from small spots on costa: cilia dark fuscous, with several

whitish-ochreous bars, sometimes partly obsolete. Hind wings

blackish-fuscous ; cilia dark purplish-bronzy-fuscous, with blackish

subbasal line.

Narat, Durban and Mooi R., in September and October

(Leigh); seven specimens.

This and the following species, which possess a very short

tongue (absent in the rest), are apparently primitive.

iS)

MELASINA AMICA, Sp. N.

3g 23 mm., 9 30-34 mm. Head and palpi light ochreous-

orange, palpi short, rough-scaled; tongue very short. Antenne

light ochreous (in ¢ broken). Thorax yellow-ochreous. Ab-

domen light ochreous. Fore wings elongate, more so in @, costa

gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; all veins

separate; yellow-ochreous; cilia light yellow-ochreous. Hind

wings in ¢ light greyish-fulvous, in 9 grey; cilia pale ochreous,

with a faint fuscous subbasal line.

NyassaLAnb, Zomba, 3000 feet, in December ; three specimens.

MELASINA LIOCHRA, Sp. N.

gd. 21-22 mm. Head and palpi light fulvous-ochreous ; palpi

moderate, densely scaled. Antenne grey, pectinations 23, lined

with black. Thorax pale ochreous, anteriorly tinged with fuscous.

Abdomen pale yellowish-ochreous. Fore wings elongate, rather

narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded,

rather strongly oblique; all veins separate; light yellowish-

ochreous; base of costa blackish ; a blackish dot in disc at 2: cilia

light yellowish-ochreous. Hind wings dark grey; cilia whitish-

ochreous tinged with fuscous.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, in October, December, and January

(Janse) ; four specimens.

MELASINA MYLICA, Sp. 0.

g. 22-23 mm. Head light yellowish-fulvous, face yellowish-

white; tongue very short. Palpi moderate, densely scaled,

yellowish-fulvous mixed with fuscous. Antenne whitish-ochreous,

pectinations 3, lined with dark fuscous, Thorax whitish irrorated

1908. } AFRICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 749

with pale ochreous. Abdomen ochreous-whitish, anal tuft large,

pale yellowish. Fore wings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched,

apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; all veins separate ;

white, thinly and finely sprinkled with brown: cilia ochreous-

whitish, finely sprinkled with brown. Hind wings whitish-

ochreous-grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous.

TRANSVAAL, Pietersburg, in October and November (Janse) ;

two specimens.

MELASINA ABACODES, sp. 0.

3S. 20mm. Head pale bright fulvous, face whitish-suffused ;

tongue very short. Palpi moderate, densely scaled, fulvous-

yellowish, suffused with fuscous towards base. (Antenne broken.)

Thorax white, tinged with ochreous anteriorly, Abdomen whitish-

ochreous, anal tuft large, expansible. Fore wings elongate, narrow,

costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ;

all veins separate; white, with very numerous pale fuscous strigule

or small spots arranged in longitudinal series between veins,

obsolete in anterior half of cell and absent on anterior half of

costal area; a dark fuscous dot on base of costa; costal edge

ochreous-yellowish to origin of cilia: cilia whitish-yellowish, on

termen with two rows of dark fuscous points. Hind wings grey :

cilia whitish-yellowish.

TransvaaL, N.E. Pretoria district, in November (Janse); one

specimen.

HAPSIFERA PARDALEA, Sp. n.

3 9, 20-30mm. Headand palpi pale yellowish-ochreous. An-

tenn and abdomen pale ochreous. Thorax pale ochreous tinged

with brownish and lilac, and mixed anteriorly with dark fuscous.

Fore wings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,

termen very obliquely rounded; 9 absent; whitish-ochreous,

irregularly strigulated with ferrugimous, with scattered black

strigule on margins, all these strigulz more or less raised; larger

tufts near base, and an antemedian fascia near dorsum; very

indefinite markings of irregularly mixed ferruginous, lilac-fuscous,

and black scales, forming a basal patch, an oblique fascia before

middle, and a large posterior patch in dise almost reaching apex :

cilia whitish-ochreous, with two indistinct fuscous lines. Hind

wings pale grey tinged with whitish-ochreous; cilia whitish-

ochreous, with more or less indistinct fuscous line.

Natau, Camperdown (2500 feet) and Northdene, in March and

April (Leigh): ten specimens.

The only known species in which vein 9 is absent (coincident

with 7 instead of stalked), but normal in all other respects.

HAPSIFERA OCHROPTILA, Sp, n.

3 2. 23-27 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-whitish.

Antenne and abdomen whitish-ochreous. Fore wings elongate,

narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely

750 MR. E. MEYRICK ON _June 16,

rounded ; 9 out of 7; ochreous-whitish, sometimes strewn with

small yellow-ochreous strigule slightly sprinkled with blackish,

but these are often obsolete except on costa, where they are

distinct; numerous undefined blackish strigule arranged in two

or three longitudinal series in disc from near base to termen;

strong yellow-ochreous tufts as follows, viz., one at base, two

beneath fold, one in dise before middle, three in an oblique series

beyond middle, one towards costa posteriorly, and a series of

smaller ones round posterior part of costa and termen: cilia

ochreous-whitish, sometimes tinged with yellow-ochreous. Hind

wings ochreous-whitish ; cilia whitish-ochreous.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, from December to April (Janse); five

specimens.

HAPSIFERA SEPTICA, Sp. 0.

g. 21-23 mm. Head and antennz ochreous-whitish. Palpi

ochreous-whitish tinged with yellowish, terminal joint with a

faint darker subapical ring. Thorax ochreous-whitish spotted

with yellow-ochreous suffusion. Abdomen grey. Fore wings

elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very

obliquely rounded ; 2 and 3 short-stalked, 9 out of 7; whitish,

with numerous yellow-ochreous strigule or small spots arranged

in longitudinal series; on a submedian streak from near base to

termen, continued along termen to apex, these spots or strigulz

are blackish-grey ; strong yellow-ochreous tufts as follows, viz.,

one at base, two beneath fold, one in dise before middle, three in

an oblique series beyond middle, one towards costa posteriorly,

and aseries of smaller ones round posterior part of costa and

termen: cilia yellow-ochreous, mixed with whitish towards tips.

Hind wings rather dark grey; cilia whitish-ochreous tinged with

grey.

NyYAssALAND, Fort Johnston, in February ; two specimens.

HAPSIFERA MELICERIS, Sp. n.

g. 25mm. Head and palpi whitish-ochreous partially suffused

with ochreous-yellowish. (Antenne broken.) Thorax whitish-

ochreous spotted with ochreous-yellowish suffusion and anteriorly

with blackish. Abdomen light yellow-ochreous. Fore wings

elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very

obliquely rounded; 9 out of 7; whitish-ochreous strigulated

throughout with blackish ; some irregular undefined streaks and

patches of pale ochreous-orange suffusion; an ochreous-orange

patch in disc before middle, and an oblique transverse patch

beyond middle, containing raised scales ; an ochreous-orange tuft

at base, and two beneath fold ; some small ochreous-orange spots

round posterior part of costa and termen: cilia whitish-ochreous

suffusedly barred with ochreous-orange, with a few dark fuscous

scales. Hind wings blackish; cilia ochreous-yellowish.

Transvaal, N.E. Pretoria district; Natat; from January to

March (Janse); one specimen.

1908. ] AFRICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 751

HAPSIFERA GLEBATA, Sp. 0.

dg. 15-19 mm. Head pale greyish-ochreous, with a few dark

fuscous scales. Palpi whitish-ochreous, basal 2 of second joint

and a median band of terminal joint suffused with dark fuscous.

Antenne pale greyish-ochreous, more whitish towards apex.

Thorax pale greyish-ochreous, more or less suffused with dark

fuscous anteriorly and at posterior extremity. Abdomen whitish-

grey. Fore wings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex

obtuse, termen extremely obliquely rounded; 9 out of 7; pale

greyish-ochreous, sprinkled and irregularly strigulated throughout

with dark fuscous; six moderate dark fuscous costal spots ;

stigmata represented by small somewhat raised dark fuscous

spots, plical slightly beyond first discal, second discal larger; a

series of small dark fuscous spots round apex and termen: cilia

whitish-ochreous sprinkled with dark fuscous. Hind wings pale

grey; cilia whitish-ochreous tinged with grey.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria (Janse); UGANDA, Kampala ; from October

to March ; five specimens.

PITHARCHA, N. g.

Head with dense loosely appressed scales; ocelli present ; tongue

absent. Antenne #,in d simple. Labial palpi moderately long,

curved, ascending: second joint clothed with dense projecting

scales beneath, forming a rough tuft, with two or three long

bristles externally ; terminal joint shorter, loosely scaled, obtuse.

Maxillary palpi short, drooping, filiform. Posterior tibiz clothed

with very long dense hairs. Fore wings with tufts of scales on

surface ; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex, 11 from +.

Hind wings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia 2; 2-7 tolerably parallel.

PITHARCHA CHALINAA, Sp. Nn.

5 2. 20-28 mm. Head pale greyish-ochreous. Palpi

whitish-ochreous, second joint except towards apex, and sometimes

two indistinct bands of terminal joint, suffusedly irrorated with

dark fuscous. Antenne pale ochreous suffusedly spotted with

fuscous. Thorax pale greyish-ochreous more or less irrorated

with fuscous and dark fuscous. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous.

Fore wings elongate, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen

obliquely rounded; pale whitish-ochreous, sometimes partially

suffused with fuscous, irregularly and suffusedly strigulated with

dark fuscous, more distinctly on margins; a narrow irregular

blackish-fuscous streak from costa at 2 obliquely outwards, sharply

angulated in middle and not reaching dorsum : cilia pale whitish-

ochreous sprinkled with dark fuscous. Hind wingsin ¢ greyish-

ochreous, in 2 grey; cilia whitish-ochreous, in 2 more or less

tinged with fuscous.

S. Nigeria, Wari; Sterra Leone; NyassaLtanD, Zomba and.

Blantyre; in May, four specimens.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1908, No. XLVITII. 48

752 MR. E. MEYRICK ON [June 16,

AMYDRIA Clem.

Head rough-haired; ocelli and tongue absent. Antenne 3,

in ¢ stout, simple, basal joint without pecten. Labial palpi

moderate, curved, ascending, second joint clothed with dense

loose scales projecting beneath towards apex, with a row of long

projecting bristles externally or sometimes with numerous

spreading bristles beneath, terminal joint moderate or short, some-

what pointed. Maxillary palpi short. Posterior tibiz loosely

haired. Fore wings with 2 from towards angle, 7 to apex, 11 from

before middle. Hind wings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia $; 2-7 toler-

ably parallel.

AMYDRIA OPTANIA, Sp. n.

3.18 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax deep yellow-

ochreous; second joint of palpi with external bristles. Abdomen

pale ochreous. Fore wings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently

arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; deep yellow-

ochreous, very faintly strigulated with brownish: cilia yellow-

ochreous, tips blackish on termen. Hind wings light fuscous

tinged with yellowish ; cilia whitish-ochreous.

S. Nigeria, Ogrugu ; two specimens.

AMYDRIA LEONTOPA, Sp. 0.

36 17-18 mm. Head and thorax brownish-ochreous, head

fulvous-tinged. Palpi pale ochreous, second joint and a median

ring of terminal joint suffused with dark fuscous, second joint

with external bristles. Antenne greyish-ochreous, more or less

ringed with dark fuscous. Abdomen pale ochreous. Fore wings

elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen

very obliquely rounded; brownish-ochreous: cilia concolorous.

Hind wings grey; cilia pale ochreous, more or less sprinkled with

fuscous.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, in October and November (Janse); three

specimens.

AMYDRIA OPIFICA, Sp. 1.

3.13 mm. Head and thorax greyish-ochreous mixed with

dark fuscous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint and median

band of terminal joint suffused with dark fuscous, second joint

with external bristles. Antennz fuscous. Abdomen light grey.

Fore wings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex

obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; pale greyish-ochreous

irrorated with fuscous and dark fuscous: cilia whitish-ochreous

irrorated with dark fuscous. Hind wings light grey; cilia pale

greyish-ochreous, sprinkled with grey.

TRANSVAAL, Pietersburg, in September (Janse); one specimen.

1908. ] AFRICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 753

AMYDRIA PERCASTIS, sp. n.

3 2. 17-21 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax dark

fuscous ; second joint of palpi with numerous spreading bristles

beneath and externally, apex of terminal joint whitish-ochreous.

Abdomen in ¢ fuscous, in 2 light greyish-ochreous. Fore wings

elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen

extremely obliquely rounded; bronzy-fuscous, suffusedly and

indistinctly strigulated with dark fuscous: cilia greyish-ochreous

mixed with dark fuscous. Hind wings light grey; cilia pale

greyish-ochreous or greyish.

Transvaal, Pretoria, from August to October (Janse); three

Specimens.

AMYDRIA TROPHIAS, Sp. 0.

S6.19mm. Head and thorax pale greyish-ochreous irrorated

with dark fuscous. Palpi whitish-ochreous mixed with dark

fuscous, second joint with numerous projecting bristles on both

sides, terminal joint with basal and median dark fuscous bands.

Antenne pale fuscous suffusedly ringed with darker. Abdomen

fuscous. Fore wings elongate, moderate, costa moderately arched,

apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; whitish-ochreous suffused

with pale fuscous and finely irrorated with dark fuscous, irregu-

larly and coarsely strigulated with dark fuscous ; plical and second

discal stigmata forming suffused dark fuscous spots, preceded and

followed by paler spaces; costal edge whitish-ochreous from 3 to

apex: cilia whitish-ochreous mixed with dark fuscous. Hind

wings light fuscous; cilia whitish-ochreous with two fuscous

shades.

TRANSVAAL, Pietersburg and N.E. Pretoria district, from

‘October to December (Janse); one specimen.

SCARDIA PARACOSMA, Sp. 0.

3. 16-17 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax whitish-ochreous,

yellowish-tinged. Antenne grey, blackish-sprinkled. Abdomen

light grey, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Fore wings elongate,

rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse-pointed,

termen very obliquely rounded; 7 and 8 stalked; whitish-

ochreous, slightly yellowish-tinged; base of costa slightly in-

fuscated: cilia whitish-ochreous. Hind wings grey; cilia

whitish-ochreous.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, in December (Janse); two specimens.

HYopPRoRA, 0. g.

Head densely rough-haired; ocelli present; tongue absent.

Antenne 4, in ¢ shortly ciliated, basal jomt with pecten of long

seales. Labial palpi moderately long, straight, porrected, second

joint rough-scaled above and densely tufted beneath, terminal joint

short, slender, pointed. Maxillary palpi absent. a as tibia

704 MR. E, MEYRICK ON [June 16,

clothed above with long hairs. Fore wings with 2 from towards

angle, 7 absent, 11 from before middle. Hind wings somewhat

under 1, ovate- lanceolate, cilia 1; 2—7 nearly parallel.

HyYoprRoRA CRYMODES, Sp. Nn.

g.13 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax white. Antenne grey,

base white. Abdomen pale yellow-ochreous. Fore wings elongate,

rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex pointed, termen

extremely obliquely rounded; white, with a very few scattered

slightly raised black specks; small undefined yellow spots arranged

as under, viz., two beneath costa antericrly, two on fold, one in

dise before middle, one on costa before middle, one in disc at #, and

a series of very indistinct ones round posterior part of costa and

termen: cilia white. Hind wings pale whitish-grey with a faint

yellowish tinge; cilia ochreous-white.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, in January (Janse); one specimen.

A DELID &.

Crromi1iA Zell.

This genus differs essentially from Memophora only in the maxil-

lary palpi being short, loosely scaled, drooping, instead of long,

filiform, folded.

CEROMITIA SPILODESMA, Sp. 0.

¢g. 15-18 mm. Hairs of crown white, face fuscous mixed with

whitish. Palpishort, slender, fuscous. Antenne whitish, towards

base ringed with fuscous. Thorax white, shoulders fuscous.

Abdomen rather dark fuscous, apex pale ochreous. Fore wings

elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse,

termen very obliquely rounded; 8 and 9 usually stalked; white,

more or less mixed with pale fuscous, with some scattered dark

fuscous strigulee, especially towards costa; markings dark fuscous ;

an elongate-triangular spot along basal fifth of costa, broadest

posteriorly ; an elongate spot on costa about 3 _ beneath which is

an inwardly oblique bar in disc, indistinctly soamnacer with it; a

rather thick fascia from beyond middle of costa to 2 of dorsum ; suc

large transverse oval spot in disc at #; a series of small spots round

posterior part of costa and termen: cilia whitish-ochreous. Hind

wings grey; cilia whitish-ochreous.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, from November to January (Janse); two.

specimens.

CEROMITIA STATHMODES, Sp. 0.

So. 14 mm. Head white, hairs of crown brownish between

antenne. Palpi short, slender, fuscous mixed with white.

Antenne whitish, with fuscous rings becoming indistinct towards.

apex. Thorax whitish, shoulders fuscous. Abdomen rather dark

fuscous, apex pale ochreous. Fore wings elongate, rather narrow,

1908. | AFRICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 755

costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ;

8 and 9 separate; whitish, partially tinged with very pale fuscous,

and sprinkled with dark fuscous; markings dark fuscous; an

elongate spot along basal fifth of costa; three moderate undefined

fascie, first from 4 of costa to 3 of dorsum, second from beyond

middle of costa to # of dorsum, third from ? of costa to tornus,

indented beneath costa; a series of small spots round posterior

part of costaand termen : cilia ochreous-whitish, basal half whitish

barred with fuscous. Hind wings and cilia rather dark grey.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, in January (Janse); one specimen.

CEROMITIA LIBROPIS, Sp. Nn.

@.14 mm. Head whitish, forehead suffused with brownish-

ochreous. Palpi short, loosely scaled, whitish. Antennz whitish,

indistinctly ringed with fuscous. Thorax white, sprinkled with

brownish. Abdomen grey. Fore wings elongate, rather narrow,

costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely

rounded; 8 and 9 stalked; light fuscous, suffusedly mixed with

white, with a few scattered dark fuscous scales ; an undefined spot

of dark fuscous suffusion in middle of disc: cilia pale fuscous

mixed with whitish. Hind wings grey; cilia whitish-grey.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, in December (Janse); one specimen.

CEROMITIA PALYNTIS, Sp. n.

3. 16-17 mm. Head white, sides of face and a frontal bar

dark fuscous. Palpi very short, loosely scaled, white. Antenne

whitish. Thorax white, shoulders fuscous. Abdomen fuscous, apex

pale ochreous. Fore wings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently

arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; 8 and 9

separate; white, with a few scattered dark fuscous scales and

strigule ; a slender dark fuscous streak along basal fifth of costa ;

five dark fuscous dots or small spots, viz., two beneath fold at + and

middle, two in dise at 2 and 4, and one towards costa at 3, and

sometimes one or two small additional dots ; a row of dark fuscous

dots round posterior part of costa and termen : cilia ochreous-white.

Hind wings grey; cilia grey, towards tips whitish-suffused.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, from December to February (Janse) ;

three specimens.

CEROMITIA AMPHICHROA, Sp. nN.

3. 20mm. Head ochreous-yellow, crown posteriorly whitish.

Palpi short, whitish. Antenne whitish. Thorax white; shoulders

with a dark fuscous spot. Abdomen pale yellowish-ochreous.

Fore wings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex

obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; 8 and 9 separate, white ;

a thick dark fuscous streak along basal fifth of costa, beneath which

is a short subcostal line; three irregular dark fuscous dots longi-

tudinally arranged in disc, three others nearer costa obliquely

before them respectively, two on fold beneath the first two sub-

756 ON AFRICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. [June 16,

costal, one between second of these and second discal, and two or

three other irregularly placed specks; an irregular submarginal

series of small dark fuscous dots, and another series round posterior

part of costa and termen: cilia ochreous-whitish. Hind wings.

grey; cilia whitish-ochreous.

TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, in January (Janse); one specimen.

CEROMITIA GLANDULARIS, sp. n.

36.19 mm. Head ochreous-yellowish. Palpi very short:

(defaced). Antennze ochreous-whitish. Thorax ochreous-whitish,

more ochreous anteriorly. Abdomen fuscous, apex pale ochreous..

Fore wings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex

obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; 8 and 9 separate;

ochreous-whitish, towards costa tinged with ochreous-yellowish ;

markings blackish ; a slender streak along basal fifth of costa; five

roundish small spots, viz., two beneath fold at + and 4, two in dise

beyond these respectively, and one towards costa at # in a line

with the posterior pair ; three or four smaller spots or dots between -

these and termen; a series of dots round posterior part of costa

and termen: cilia whitish-ochreous, tips infuscated. Hind wings.

grey; cilia whitish-ochreous, tips infuscated.

NyassaLanD, Zomba, in December; one specimen.

CEROMITIA SPORHA, Sp. n.

¢.16mm. Head white, between and round antenne brown.

Palpi short, white, with loose projecting scales. Antenne whitish

indistinctly ringed with pale fuscous. Thorax whitish, with pale

brownish subdorsal and lateral stripes. Abdomen whitish-ochreous.

Fore wings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex

obtuse-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ; 8 and 9 separate ;

pale brownish, suffusedly mixed with white, with a few scattered

black scales ; extreme costal edge blackish near base: an undefined

subcostal line of black scales from base to about 1; two or three

undefined dots of black scales in disc before middle: cilia pale

brownish mixed with whitish. Hind wings pale grey ; cilia grey-

whitish.

TRANSVAAL, Pietersburg, in March (Janse); one specimen.

CEROMITIA TYROCHLORA, Sp. 0.

¢.14mm. Head light yellow, lower part of face and back of

crown whitish-suffused. Palpi short, yellow-whitish. Antenne

whitish. Thorax yellow-whitish, shoulders suffused with pale

yellowish. Abdomen whitish-ochreous (partly defaced). Fore

wings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,

termen very obliquely rounded; 8 and 9 separate: pale whitish-

ochreous tinged with yellowish: cilia concolorous. Hind wings

pale grey; cilia pale whitish-ochreous.

Transyvaat, Pretoria, in January (Janse); one specimen.

PZ.,.S, 1908: Buvsis

The 5.

Huth lith. et imp.

CAPE VERDE ISLANDS CAs @ AEiaros

1908. ] ON CAPE VERDE ISLANDS SPONGES. 757

9. On Collections of the Cape Verde Islands Fauna made by

Cyril Crossland, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), F.Z.8.,

(late of the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews

University), from July to September 1904.—The Cal-

careous Sponges. By A. G. Taacker, A.R.C.S. (Lond.),

Research Scholar in Zoology at the Royal College of

Science *.

[Received June 15, 1908. |

(Plate XL. f and Text-figures 155-166.)

It is somewhat remarkable that, although a considerable

number of Calecareous Sponges has been described from the

Azores and from the Canary Islands, only one species, Grantia

tuberosa, dredged off St. Vincent by the ‘Challenger,’ has been

hitherto recorded from the Cape Verde Islands. It was therefore

to be expected that the dredging operations which were carried

out by Mr. Crossland, with the aid of a grant from the Carnegie

Trustees, in the summer of 1904, would yield some interesting

results; and such has in fact been the case, for of the twelve

species contained in the present collection, six are altogether new

to science, and several of the remainder are of interest either from

the zodgeographical or systematic point of view.

The twelve species are as follows :—

Leucosolenia panis (Haeckel).

Leucosolenia atlantica, sp. nu.

Leucosolenia canariensis (Miklucko-Maclay).

Sycon quadrangulatum (Schmidt).

Sycon caminatum, sp. n.

Grantia intermedia, sp. 1.

Leucandra verdensis, sp. n.

Leucandra rudifera (Poléjaeff).

Leucandra sericata (Ridley).

Leucandra typica (Polejaeft).

Leucandra crosslandi, sp. n.

Leucandra gemmipara, sp. 0.

Perhaps the most interesting of these species is the remarkable

sponge, Leucandra rudifera, of which only a few fragments have

been previously found and which is characterised by the possession

of some curious and unique spicules in its gastral cortex.

Another fact, which is of some systematic interest and to which

I would call attention, is the comprehensive sense in which I have

been obliged to use the name Leucosolenia canariensis. From the

great variability of certain characters in some of the Ascons in

this collection, it seems probable that the characters by which

certain sponges (notably Leuwcosolenia nanseni Breitfuss, and

* Communicated by Professor ARTHUR DrEnpDy, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.Z.S., Sec.L.S.

+ For explanation of the Plate see p. 782.

758 MR. A. G. THACKER ON [June 16,

Leucosolenia tenuipilosa Dendy) have been supposed to be speci-

fically distinguished from Haeckel’s original Ascaltis canariensis

are really quite inconstant and not of specific value. As used by

me, therefore, the name Leucosolenia canariensis includes sponges

which have been hitherto considered to be specifically distinct

trom each other, and in my description of this species I have

endeavoured to give a detailed justification of this procedure.

The calcisponge fauna of the Cape Verde Islands shows distinct

affinity with that of the western side of the Atlantic. In a

letter to Professor Minchin, Mr. Crossland suggested that the

distribution of these species might prove interesting because the

Islands receive currents from the Gulf Stream. This forecast has

been to some extent corroborated, for Lewcosolenia panis has been

recorded from the coast of Florida (immediately in the course of

the Gulf Stream, of course), and Leucandra typica and Leucandra

rudifera were dredged by the ‘ Challenger’ off Bermuda (also not

far from the Gulf Stream) on the same day and from the same

spot. I think, therefore, that it is not impossible that the Gulf

Stream may be a factor in the distribution of all three species;

but it should not be forgotten that the North Equatorial Current,

which takes its origin near the Cape Verde Islands and meets the

Gulf Stream as the latter issues from the Gulf of Mexico, might

produce precisely the same results by distributing the sponges in

the opposite direction, that is, by carrying them westwards instead

of eastwards. The distribution of Lewcandra typica may not be

of much value in estimating these factors of dispersal, because

having been recorded from Australia it is evidently a widely

distributed if somewhat uncommon species, but in the case of

L. panis and of L. rudifera, each of which has only been found

once before, the facts here stated are of greater significance. Leu-

candra sericata is a sponge inhabiting the Atlantic coast of South

America. Of the remaining two species which are not new,

L. canariensis has a very wide range and Sycon quadrangulatum

has been recorded from the Arctic, from the eastern Atlantic, and

from the Mediterranean. °

Where it has been necessary in the following pages to refer to

individual specimens, I have done so by the use of the Registered

Number (#..) which I have attached to each specimen in the

collection *. The numbers in square brackets—thus [1]—+refer to

the works given in the list of literature at the end. The list only

includes such memoirs as I have had to refer to in the text.

Throughout this paper I have followed the classification of the

Calcarea, set forth by Dendy in [9] and [11]. According to this

system the genera Leucosolenia and Leucandra are very com-

prehensive, the former including all the Homocela and the latter

being extended to include species such as my ZL. verdensis, which

_* The collection has been placed in the University Museum of Zoology at

Cambridge.

1908. ] CAPE VERDE ISLANDS SPONGES. 759

has no oxeote spicules. In the case of these two genera the

classification is to be regarded, I: think, as the expression of a

suspension of judgment. There can be little doubt that both

Leucosolenia and Leucandra will eventually have to be split up

into several distinct genera; but until this can be done with some

reasonable likelihood of finality, it would seem wisest not to

attempt the task.

I take this opportunity of expressing my gratitude to Professor

A. Dendy, F.R.S., who placed the collection at my disposal for

examination, and who has throughout the research given me

invaluable assistance and advice. I have also to thank my friend

Mr. F. J. Bridgman, Marshall Scholar in the Royal College of

Science, who has very kindly sketched the external form of several

of the Heteroceela (Pl. XL. figs. 4,5,7,and 9). And finally I must

acknowledge my indebtedness to the authorities of the British

Museum (Natural History), who gave me access to the National

Collection of Calcarea and have afforded me special facilities for

consulting the literature on the subject, much of which is not

easily obtainable elsewhere.

LEUCOSOLENIA PANIS (Haeckel). (Plate XL. fig. 1 & text-fig. 155.)

Synonymy :—

Ascandra pams Haeckel [14].

The collection contains three specimens of this beautiful little

sponge, all dredged from a depth of 20 fathoms near North Point,

Text-fig. 155.

Spicules from Lewcosolenia panis.

a = Trivadiates. 6 = Quadriradiates. c= Oxeotes. All X 120.

Boa Vista Island. The external form and general characters of

these agree with the description of the species given by Haeckel,

760 MR. A. G. THACKER ON [June 16,

but the largest of the three specimens is not more than one-sixth

the size of that figured by him. The sponge is composed of a

compact reticulum of Ascon-tubes, but there is no common in-

vesting skin or pseudoderm covering the whole colony and no

endogastral network.

Colour (in alcohol) pale brown.

The Skeleton, which consists of all three kinds of spicules, shows

only slight differences from Haeckel’s description (text-fig. 155).

The triradiates are regular and fairly sharply pointed; they

vary in length from 0°12 mm. to 0°18 mm. and in basal width

from 0°011 mm. to 0°016 mm. The quadriradiates are less nume-

rous than the triradiates and differ from them only by the presence

of the fourth ray, which is the same length as the facial rays but

only a little more than half as thick and is straight and sharply

pointed. The oxeote spicules are somewhat smaller than those

described by Haeckel; they vary in length from 0°35 mm. to

0:55 mm. and in maximum width from 0-025 mm. to 0-035 mm.

They are either quite straight or very slightly curved and are

sharply pointed, especially at one end. A few extremely fine

hair-like oxea occur in my specimens; their presence is not to be

regarded as of much systematic importance.

Distribution. Atlantic coast of North America; Florida (Haeckel

[14]); Cape Verde Islands (Crossland Collection).

LEUCOSOLENIA ATLANTICA, sp. n. (Plate XL. fig. 2 & text-fig.

156.)

The collection contains two specimens of this species, both

dredged from a depth of 20 fathoms off North Point, Boa Vista

Island. The sponge is composed of large Ascon-tubes which for

the most part are much separated from each other, but which

occasionally fuse together into a larger mass and then separate

from each other again (Plate XL. fig. 2). There is of course no

pseudoderm uniting the whole colony, and there is no endogastral

network. The diameter of the Ascon-tubes varies from 0°8 mm.

to 1:2 mm. and the thickness of the wall is 0°2 mm. The oscula

have a diameter of about 0°7 mm. The colour (in alcohol) is

straw-yellow.

The Skeleton consists of middle-sized triradiates, of middle-sized

quadriradiates, of large quadriradiates, and of oxeotes (text-fig.156).

The triradiates are regular and have cylindrical, rather sharply

pointed rays. The average size is: length 0°12 mm., width of

rays at base 0°01 mm. These spicules do not vary much in size

eae are distributed without order in the thickness of the body-

wall.

The middle-sized quadriradiates resemble the triradiates except

for the presence of the fourth ray. The apical rays are feebly

developed on these spicules, being thinner than the facial rays

and not more than one quarter as long.

1908. ] CAPE VERDE ISLANDS SPONGES. 761

The large quadriradiates are also regular, have conical, fairly

sharply pointed rays, and are distributed without order in the

walls of the Ascon-tubes. The average length of their facial

rays is 0°2 mm., and the thickness of the same at their bases

is 0°035 mm. The apical rays are straight or slightly curved,

are sharply pointed, are usually about half as long as the

facial rays, and have a basal thickness of 0:°025 mm. These

spicules are quite numerous and do not vary much in size. The

oxeote spicules are arranged transversely in the thickness of the

sponge-wall, and their outer ends, which are slightly bent, project

beyond the surface. They are fairly sharply pointed at both ends.

Their average length is 0°3 mm. and their maximum thickness

0009 mm. They are cylindrical, do not vary much in size, and

are quite numerous.

Text-fig. 156.

Spicules from Leucosolenia atlantica.

a = Triradiates. & = Small quadriradiates. ce = Large quadriradiates.

d = Oxeotes. All X 120.

A few very fine hair-like, but not very long oxea are to be

found in parts of the sponge. These are very probably young

forms, but even if this is not the case I do not think they are to

be considered of much systematic value.

This species appears to be more closely allied to Lewcosolenia

lawa Kirk [15], than to any other previously described Ascon. °

It is distinguished, however, from the New Zealand form (1) by

having the quadriradiates differentiated into spicules of two

distinct sizes, (2) by having oxea considerably thinner than those

of L. laaa, and (3) by its looser external form.

Distribution. Cape Verde Islands (Crossland Collection).

762 MR. A. G. THACKER ON [June 16,

LEUCOSOLENIA CANARIENSIS (Miklucho-Maclay). (Plate XL.

fig. 3 & text-figs. 157-160.)

Synonymy :—

Nardoa canariensis Miklucho-Maclay.

Nardoa sulphurea Miklucho-Maclay.

Nardoa rubra Miklucho-Maclay.

Tarroma canariense Haeckel (Prodromus).

Tarroma sulphurewm Haeckel (Prodromus).

Tarroma rubrum Haeckel (Prodromus).

Ascaltis canariensis Haeckel [14].

Ascaltis compacta Schuftner [22].

Ascaltis canariensis Lakschewitsch [16].

Ascetta coriacea, n. var. Ascaltis coriacea Fristedt [13].

Leucosolenia nanseni Breitfuss [4].

Ascetta coriacea Arnesen [1].

Leucosolenia tenuipilosa Dendy [12].

The examination of a number of Ascons in this collection has

convinced me that I have to deal with a sponge that has been

previously described under several different names and from

various widely separated localities. The sponge in question is to

be regarded as a close ally of Leucosolenia coriacea, one of the

commonest of Homocela, but it differs from the latter species in

one essential character; some of the spicules develop a fourth

ray, thus becoming quadriradiates.

In 1872, in his great monograph ‘ Die Kalkschwaimme,’ Haeckel

described a sponge from the Canary Islands which was charac-

terised by having small, completely regular triradiate and quadri-

radiate spicules with bluntly pointed rays; this sponge he called

Ascaltis canariensis. The form had been previously described

both by himself and by Miklucho-Maclay under three specific

names, a misconception which arose owing to the supposed specific

value of the different colours exhibited by different specimens of

the species. This Ascon was similar to LZ. coriacea, but differed

from the latter by the presence of quadriradiates and by the

smaller size of its spicules.

Some thirteen years later Lakschewitsch [16] recorded the same

species under the same name from Minorca.

In 1898, in describing a collection of Calcarea from Spitzbergen

(a preliminary account of which he had issued two years pre-

viously [3]), Breitfuss [4] described a sponge which he considered

new to science and which he named Leucosolenia nansent.

Having regard to the results of the present investigation, I think

this form cannot be regarded as specifically distinct from.

Haeckel’s <Ascaltis canariensis, and indeed Breitfuss himself

noticed the great similarity between the two forms, for at the

end of his description of Z. nansent he says :—‘‘ Das Skelet von

Leucosolenia nansent erinnert etwas an Leucosolenia (Ascaltis)

canarivensis (M.-Mcl.), unterscheidet sich aber von dieser durch

die Grésse der Nadeln, welche bei letzterer Species beinahe dreimal

1908. ] CAPE VERDE ISLANDS SPONGES. 763

kleiner sind und nur eine Schenkelliinge von 0:04-0:06 mm. bei

einer Dicke von 0:003—0:005 mm. erreichen. Ausserdem ist die

Innenseite der Réhren bei LZ. nanseni stets mit Papillen besetzt,

dagegen bei LZ. canariensis nur bei der Varietat papillata H.”

The measurements which he gives for the spicules of LZ. nanseni

are: length of rays 0:113 to 0:145 mm., thickness at base 0:008

to 0-014 mm. This makes the spicules, as Breitfuss points out,

nearly three times as large as in L. canariensis. I have found,

however, a series of specimens which completely links up the

two forms in this respect. There is one other slight difference

between the two forms which Breitfuss does not mention in his

comparison: in L. canariensis, Haeckel says that the apical rays

of the quadriradiates are straight and are sometimes longer,

sometimes shorter, than the facial rays; whereas in LZ. nanseni

Breitfuss states that the apical rays are slightly curved and are

usually only half the length of the other rays. In this character,

too, I have found specimens intermediate between the two forms.

Since papille were present on the inner surface of the Ascon-tubes

in some of Haeckel’s Ascaltis canariensis, the presence of these

structures in LZ. nanseni is not a specific distinction between the

two forms.

_ L. nansent appears to me to resemble a sponge described by

Schuffher [22] under the name of Ascaltis compacta, even more

than it does the original LZ. canariensis. A. compacta, which was

found off Mauritius, has regular triradiates and quadriradiates

with rays reaching a maximum length of 0:12 mm. and a maximum

thickness of 0-012 mm. The apical rays of the quadriradiates

are 0-084 mm. long, have a basal thickness of 0-009 mm., and are

sharply pointed and slightly bent at their extremities precisely as

in L. nansem. The ratio of the length to the thickness of the

rays is slightly less than in LZ. nanseni, being usually less

than 10 to 1 and sometimes as low as 7 to 1. Schuffner

separated his sponge from Haeckel’s A. canariensis because

(1) it had no papille on the inner surfaces of the Ascon-tubes,

and because (2) of the different shape of the apical rays of the

quadriradiates. With regard to the latter point, I have, as stated

above, found specimens intermediate between the two forms, and

have also found much variation within the limits of the same

specimen. And as for the papille, it is truly remarkable that

whereas one of Schuffner’s reasons for separating his sponge from

A. canariensis was that it never had these structures, Breitfuss

separated his sponges from A. canariensis partly on the ground

that they always did have the papille. This affords a very good

illustration of the kind of confusion which must necessarily arise

if attempts are made to utilise structures, which are known to be

indifferently present or absent within one species, as_ specific

distinctions between that species and other members of the genus.

It therefore appears that this dscaltis compacta is not distinct

from either Z. nanseni or A. canariensis, and I include it in the

species LZ. canariensis.

764 MR. A. G. THACKER ON [June 16,

Finally, a sponge described by Dendy [12] three years ago from

Ceylon under the name Leucosolenia tenwipilosa is to be regarded

as a variety of this species and as standing in the same relationship

to typical specimens of L. canariensis as L. coriacea ceylonensis,

Dendy, does to the typical ZL. coriacea. This variety, L. canart-

ensis tenwipilosa, has regular triradiates and quadriradiates with

rays O0‘-l mm. long by 0:012 mm. thick, the apical rays of the

quadriradiates being very variable but usually longer than the

facial rays. The distinguishing feature of the variety is the

presence of hair-like oxea. Similar hair-like oxea occur in several

of the Cape Verde Islands specimens under discussion.

The collection contains a considerable number of specimens

which I consider belong to this species. ‘They were dredged by

Mr. Crossland from various localities, Boa Vista Island, Porto

Praya, and elsewhere. The sponge forms rather massive colonies

of reticulating Ascon-tubes (Plate XL. fig. 3). The exhalent

openings are true oscula and there is no pseudoderm or endogastral

network, but in examples where the tubes anastomose very closely

more or less indefinite inter-canals are formed. Hach colony

is attached by a somewhat constricted base, and in several cases

there is a short stalk. None of the colonies in my specimens is

very large; the larger sponges have a diameter of from 1 cm. to

2cem. The diameter of the Ascon-tubes varies considerably in

different specimens and in different parts of the same specimen ;

this variation ranges from 0°15 to 0-4 mm. The walls of the

tubes are from 0:02 to 0:035 mm. thick. The colour (in alcohol)

is brown.

The Skeleton consists of regular triradiates, and of quadriradiates

which differ from the triradiates only in the presence of the

fourth ray; some of the triradiates possess a knob evidently

representing an incipient fourth ray. The rays are usually fairly

bluntly pointed (though there is some variation in this respect)

and are nearly cylindrical. The apical rays of the quadriradiates

project at right angles to the facial rays. There is not much

variation in the size of the spicules in the same individual, but

much difference between the spicules of different specimens. The

measurements of the spicules of the following series of five speci-

mens show how completely this series links up JL. canariensis

on the one hand and Z. tenwipilosa and L. nanseni on tae otaer

the sizes of the spicules of these sponges having beer given

above :—

Specimen R.N. 6.—Lengta of rays, 0:06-0:07 mm.

Thickness of rays, 0-006—-0-007 mm.

Apical rays of quadriradiates straight and equal or nearly

equal in length to facial rays.

Specmen RN. 8.— Length of rays, 0°08-0-09 mm.

Thickness of rays, 0°007—0:008 mm.

Apical rays of quadriradiates straight and from one-half to

two-thirds the length of the facial rays.

1908. ] CAPE VERDE ISLANDS SPONGES. 765

Specimen R.N. 9.—Length of rays, 0°1-0-11 mm.

Thickness of rays, 0°009-0-:01 mm.

Apical rays of quadriradiates straight but variable in form ;

sometimes half as thick and nearly as Jong as the facial

rays; sometimes equally thick but not much more than

half as long as the facial rays.

Specimen RN. 14.—Length of rays, 0°12-0°15 mm.

Thickness of rays, 0°013-0-016 mm.

Apical rays of quadriradiates either straight or bent at their

extremities, and from two-thirds to equal length of the

facial rays.

Specimen R.N. 16.—Length of rays, 0'15-0:19 mm.

Thickness of rays, 0°014—-0-016 mm.

Apical rays of the quadriradiates very variable; either

straight or bent at their extremities; either nearly as

thick and half as long as the facial rays, or else much

thinner but longer than the facial rays.

It will be noted that the rays in the first specimen are only

very slightly larger than in Haeckel’s L. canariensis, that in the

second and third specimens the size is intermediate between

Text-fig. 157. Text-fig. 158.

Spicules from four specimens of Leucosolenia canariensis, showing variation

in the size of the spicules in different specimens. All X 120.

L. canariensis and L. nanseni, that in the fourth specimen the

size is almost the same as in L. nanseni, and finally that in the

: 5 ve ‘ ;

fifth specimen the spicules are larger than in Breitfuss’s Ascons.

All the specimens contain some triradiates with knobs repre-

766 MR. A. G. THACKER ON [June 16,

senting incipient fourth rays. As has been already stated, several

specimens contain some thin hair-like oxea, and in some examples

these are quite numerous but in others very scarce; the latter

specimens obviously form connecting links between the typical

form of the species and the variety LZ. canariensis tenuipilosa.

These spicules have a thickness of 0:0015 to 0:003 mm., and vary

in length from 0-05 to 0°3 mm.; they ave sharply pointed.

I found no papille on the inner surface of the Ascon-tubes ;

as these structures were present in some and absent in other

specimens of Haeckel’s ZL. canariensis (and absent in those de-

scribed by Lakschewitsch), this character is manifestly not to be

considered as of specific value.

It remains to discuss the relationship between ZL. coriacea and

L. canariensis. As previously remarked, the only essential dif-

ference between them is that ZL. canariensis has quadriradiate

spicules; but in the Cape Verde Islands examples there appears

to be every gradation between specimens in which the quadri-

radiates are very numerous (quite 50 °/, of all the spicules) and

other specimens in which they are very scarce, and it is obvious

that the latter approach very nearly to LZ. coriacea. Nor is this

all, for Ascons having a few quadriradiate spicules have been

identified and described as L. coriacea. Breitfuss mentions [4]

that his LZ. nanseni is very like a sponge described as Ascetta

coriacea (n. var. Ascaltis coriacea).by Fristedt [13] in 1887.

Fristedt gives only an incomplete description of this sponge and

gives no measurements of the spicules, but he says that the apical

rays of the quadriradiates are more slender than the facial rays

and are slightly curved. He says that he was doubtful at first as

to whether he should identify the sponge as Ascaltis canariensis,

but did not do so because (1) of the different shape of the apical

rays, and (2) of the wide separation of the localities where the

respective specimens were found—his sponges being arctic.

Again, in the year 1900 Arnesen [1] described some sponges

from Norway which he called Ascetta coriacea, but which had some

quadriradiate spicules.

It must therefore, I think, remain more or less a matter of

opinion whether ZL. coriacea and L. canariensis should be main-

tained as separate species; but if they are to be so maintained

it is quite certain that these sponges of Fristedt and Arnesen

should be called LZ. canariensis.

Distribution. Canary Islands (Haeckel [14]); Cape Verde Is-

lands (Crossland Collection); Minorca (Lakschewitsch [16}) ;

Ceylon (Dendy [12]}); Mauritius (Schuffner [22]); N. Atlantic

and Arctic Oceans, and the White Sea (/ristedt [13], Arnesen [1],

Breitfuss [4] [5}).

SYCON QUADRANGULATUM (Schmidt).

Synonymy :—

Syconella quadrangulata O. Schmidt [21].

Sycortis quadrangulata Haeckel [14].

1908. | CAPE VERDE ISLANDS SPONGES. 767

Sycortis quadrangulata Bowerbank (Norman) [2].

Sycandra quadrangulata Lendenfeld [17].

Sycon quadrangulatum Breitfuss ['7].

The collection contains one small specimen of this well-known

species. The length of the specimen is 3°5 mm. and its width

lmm. It was dredged from a depth of 10 fathoms.

Distribution. Mediterranean, Straits of Gibraltar, coasts of Por-

tugal and Brittany (Schmidt [21)}, Haeckel [14], and Lendenfeld

[17}); Guernsey (Bowerbank [2]); the White Sea (Breitfuss ['7]) ;

the Cape Verde Islands (Crossland Collection).

SYCON CAMINATUM, sp.n. (Plate XL. fig. 4 & text-fig. 161.)

Mr. Crossland collected ten specimens of this new sponge,

several of which are quite young individuals. The general form

assumed by this Sycon is shown in Plate XL. fig. 4. It grows

erect, either singly or in groups, and its greatest diameter is about

one quarter its height. The largest specimen has a length (ex-

cluding the proboscis or peristome) of 14 mm. and its greatest

width is 4mm. The terminal osculum in this specimen has a

diameter of 18 mm. A very characteristic and well-developed

peristome or proboscis is present in all cases, and from this struc-

ture I have derived the specific name. The length of this peri-

stome is variable; in one specimen it reaches as much as 4 mm.,

the length of the body of the sponge being only 8mm. There is

no true oscular crown.

The general structure of the sponge and the character of the

body-wall are typical of the genus Sycon. There are radial

chambers stretching through the whole thickness of the body-wall,

crowned by tufts of oxea, and flanked by definite incurrent canals.

There is a well-developed gastral cortex. The body of the sponge

is nearly circular in transverse section. The thickness of the

body-wall in the middle of the sponge, and therefore the length

of the radial chambers, is 1 mm. The breadth of the radial

chambers at their distal ends is 0°16 mm., and at their proximal

ends 0'1 mm.; they are either spherical or somewhat ellipsoid in

cross-section. The inter-canals open widely on to the exterior at

their distal ends, are irregularly ellipsoid or nearly circular in

cross-section, and have about the same diameter as the radial

chambers; their length is equal to the thickness of the wall, 1 mm.

The arrangement of the radial chambers, and the manner in which

their crowning tufts of oxea project from the surface, are so

regular that under an ordinary hand-lens the surface of the sponge

gives an appearance of almost chess-board regularity. The dis-

tance which divides these crowning tufts from each other is, in

the middle portion of the sponge, about 0°16 mm.

Colour (in alcohol) light brown.

The Skeleton consists of trirvadiates, quadrirvadiates, and oxea,

and may be said to consist of four divisions: (1) that of the radial

chambers, (2) that of the tufts of spicules at the ends of the radial

chambers, (3) that of the gastral cortex, and (4) that of the

peristome.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1908, No. X LIX. Ag

768 MR. A. G. THACKER ON [June 16,

The tubar skeleton consists almost exclusively of triradiate

spicules. The majority of these spicules are markedly sagittal

but there is much variation in this respect, some spicules being

almost equiangular and equiradiate, whilst others have an angle

amounting nearly to 180° and the other two angles only a little

more than 90° each. In typical spicules the sagittal form is due

both to this difference of angles and to the greater length which

is attained by the basal ray. All the rays are usually straight ;

but sometimes the paired rays are slightly curved throughout

their lengths, in which case they always have their convex sides,

never the concave, towards the basal ray; and sometimes the

basal ray is curved at its extremity. In a few cases the basal ray

is shorter than the paired rays. he size of an average triradiate

of the tubar skeleton is as follows:—Length of paired rays,

0:09 mm. ; width at base of rays, 0°012 mm. Length of basal

ray, 0°11 mm.; width at base, 0°012 mm. The great majority of

the spicules are of this size or very close to it, but the rays are

occasionally considerably longer, although never much wider.

A few quadriradiate spicules, with facial rays resembling the rays

of the triradiates and with short apical rays, occur in the proximal

portions of the radial canals; they are, however, very scarce and

are probably of little systematic importance.

The crowning tufts at the ends of the radial chambers are

composed of oxea of three sizes. The largest of these (text-fig.

161, 6) reach a length of 0°8 mm. and a maximum thickness of

0°05 mm. They are usually sharply pointed at both ends, but

they taper to the point more gradually at one (the projecting) end

than at the other, the thickest part of the spicule not being in the

middle of its length; this character is very marked in some

spicules, but in others it is scarcely noticeable. These spicules

are somewhat flattened, are straight or nearly straight, and have

about one-third of their lengths projecting beyond the surface of

the sponge. The tufts also consist in part of much smaller straight

or somewhat curved, sharply pointed oxea (text-fig. 161, c), of a

diameter only about equal to that of the rays of the triradiates ;

these reach a length of 0°25 mm. and have a maximum thickness

of 0:01 mm. Jn addition to these there are a number of very fine

hair-like oxea which may perhaps be young spicules.

The gastral cortex, which is well developed and is four or five

layers of spicules thick, consists of triradiates and quadriradiates,

the apical rays of the latter projecting freely into the gastral

cavity. As in the tubar skeleton, there exists considerable varia-

tion in the spicules; the triradiates are typically somewhat longer

and narrower than those of the radial canals, but otherwise there

is little difference between the triradiates of the two regions.

The average length of the rays is 0°12 mm., and their width at

base 07008 mm. One angle is frequently greater than the other

two, thus making the spicules sagittal. The facial rays of the

quadriradiates resemble the rays of the triradiates; the apical

rays are short and stout and sharply pointed; they are either

1908. ] CAPE VERDE ISLANDS SPONGES. 769)

straight or slightly curved at their extremities; their average

length is 0°05 mm. and their width at base 0:011 mm. The

majority of the quadriradiates, like the triradiates, are sagittal.

Text-fig. 161.

Spicules from Sycon caminatum.

a = Tubar triradiates. 6 = Large oxeotes. c=Small oxeotes: d= Gastral

quadriradiates. All X 120.

The peristome consists of an irregular and complicated network

of spicules similar to those which occur in the other regions of the

sponge. There are large and small oxea like those crowning the

distal ends of the radial chambers, there are triradiates like those

of the tubar skeleton, and also triradiates and quadriradiates

resembling those of the gastral cortex. Some of the sagittal tyi-

radiates in this region have the concave curve of the paired rays

towards the basal ray. The very minute hair-like oxea which

project from the ends of the chambers do not occur in the peri-

stomal region.

_ This Sycon is most nearly allied to Sycandra (Sycon) helleri

Lendenfeld, a sponge found in the Adriatic Sea [17]. The species

differ, however, in a number of points, perhaps the most important

of which is the presence in my species of the remarkably well-

A; 49%

770 MR. A. G. THACKER ON [June 16,

developed peristome. There is also never an oscular fringe of

spicules in S, caminatum, a structure which is often present in

S. helleri. S. caminatum is further distinguished by the presence

of more than one kind of oxea at the distal ends of the radial

chambers, by the absence from the radial chambers of sagittal

triradiates with the concave curves of their paired rays turned

towards the basal rays, and lastly by the merely sporadic occur-

rence of quadriradiates in the tubar skeleton, these spicules being

numerous in that region in S. helleri.

Distribution. Cape Verde Islands (Crossland Collection).

GRANTIA INTERMEDIA, sp.n. (Plate XL. fig. 5 & text-fig. 162.)

Mr. Crossland collected a single specimen of this interesting

new species. This is an egg-shaped sponge (Plate XL. fig. 5)

6 mm. high and 5 mm. broad. The outer surface is coarsely

hispid, large oxeote spicules projecting in every direction, and

there is a conspicuous osculum at the top (diameter 1 mm.) with

a well-developed oscular fringe, 15 mm. high. The specimen

was dredged from a depth of 20 fathoms off North Point, Boa

Vista Island. Its colour (in alcohol) is pale brown. The dermal

cortex is 0°16 mm. thick, the chamber-layer is 1:4 mm. thick, and

there is a feebly developed gastral cortex, making the total thick-

ness of the body-wall about 1:6 mm. The diameter of the gastral

cavity (at its widest part) is 1°7 mm.

The specimen is not sufficiently well preserved to enable one to

make out the structure of the canal-system in any very great

detail; but the exhalent canals are well developed, and the

chambers are very much branched. The canal-system is really

intermediate between the form typical of the genus Grantia on

the one hand and that of the genus Lewcandra on the other ;

in short, it is of the “sylleibid” type. The tubar skeleton is,

however, articulate and only shows slight signs of becoming

scattered, and for this reason I place the species in Grantia, not

in Leucandra.

The Skeleton consists of all three forms of spicules.

The tubar skeleton is composed of both triradiates and quadri-

radiates. The former are very variable in shape and are usually

very irregular. Their rays are sometimes straight, sometimes

curved, and all three angles are frequently unequal (text-fig.

162, a). The rays vary in length from 0°12 mm. to 0°24 mm.

and in thickness from 0:011 mm. to 0014 mm. Some of the

triradiates in the tubar skeleton show a strong tendency to become

sagittal, and it is the basal rays of these that attain the greatest

length. There are a few, but only a very few, quadriradiates in

the tubar skeleton; the apical rays of these are the same thick-

hess as, but shorter than, the facial rays and are curved at their

extremities. The facial rays resemble the rays of the triradiates.

None of the rays of either triradiate or quadriradiate spicules is

very sharply pointed.

The dermal cortex consists of a compact mass of spicules resem-

bling those of the tubar skeleton ; the vast majority of the spicules

1908. ] CAPE VERDE ISLANDS SPONGES. til

are triradiate, but there are a few quadriradiates as well. Both

triradiates and quadriradiates are sometimes sagittal, and in this

case they have their basal rays pointing towards the base of the

sponge, as is usual in the genus.

The gastral cortex is 0°07 mm. thick, and is composed of tri-

radiate and quadriradiate spicules similar to those occurring in

the tubar and dermal cortical skeleton, but in this portion of the

sponge the quadriradiates form a much larger percentage of the

whole number of spicules than they do in the tubar skeleton or

dermal cortex. The apical rays of the quadriradiates project into

the gastral cavity. There are sagittal triradiates and sagittal

quadriradiates with basal rays pointing towards the base of the

sponge.

Text-fig. 162.

Spicules from Grantia intermedia.

a = Trivadiates X 120. 6 = Quadriradiates X 120. e¢ = Oxeotes X 24.

There are also some “sub-gastral sagittal triradiates,” viz.,

triradiates just buried within the gastral cortex and having a

basal ray pointing horizontally outwards towards the dermal

surface—in the same direction as the basal rays of the irregularly

sagittal triradiates of the tubar skeleton point; the sagittal tri-

radiates in this position closely resemble the sagittal triradiates

in other situations.

There are some enormous oxeote spicules projecting from the

surface of the sponge. These are not arranged in groups, but

emerge from the surface without definite order and either at right

angles to the surface or more or less obliquely. Their proximal

ends are buried more or less deeply in the tubar layer of the body-

wall. The spicules are spindle-shaped, are rather bluntly pointed

at both ends, reach a length of 2 mm., and have a maximum

thickness of 0°06 mm. (text-fig. 162, c).

The oscular fringe is composed of very long and very fine oxeote

spicules. These reach a length of 5 mm. and have a maximum

thickness of 0°008 mm.

Distribution. Cape Verde Islands (Crossland Collection).

1702 MR. A. G. THACKER ON [June 16,

LEUCANDRA VERDENSIS, sp.n. (Plate XL. fig. 6 & text-fig. 163.)

The collection contains only a single specimen of this species.

It was dredged from a depth of 10 fathoms and is a single Leucon

person of sac-like form, nearly cylindrical in shape (Plate XL.

fig. 6).

“The length of the specimen is 6 mm. and its maximum width

3mm. There is a terminal osculum which is naked and the

surface of the body is smooth. The thickness of the body-wall is

about 1 mm. and the diameter of the central gastral cavity is

about the same. The colour of the sponge (in spirit) is brown.

Text-fig. 163.

Spicules from Leuweandra verdensis.

«@ = Parenchymal triradiates. } = Regular triradiates of dermal cortex. c=Sagittal

triradiate of dermal cortex. d= Gastral quadriradiate. e¢ = Gastral tri-

radiate. All x 120.

The canal-system is typically leuconoid ; the flagellate chambers,

which are scattered about in the parenchyma between the dermal

and gastral cortices, are spherical or sac-shaped and have a

maximum diameter of about 0:06 mm.

The dermal cortex, which is pierced by passages leading into

large inhalent canals, is only about 0:02 mm. thick ; and the gastral

cortex, which is similarly pierced by apertures leading from the

exhalent canals, is of about the same thickness.

- The Skeleton consists of triradiates and quadriradiates. There

are no oxeote spicules,

The main mass of the skeleton, that of the chamber-layer, con-

sists of numerous large, irregularly arranged, regular or sub

regular triradiate spicules (text-fig. 163, @). They do not vary

1908. | CAPE VERDE ISLANDS SPONGES. 773

much in size; the average length of their rays is 0°3 mm. and

the thickness at base is 0°04 mm.

The skeleton of the dermal cortex consists of three kinds of

spicules :—(1) Regular or sub-regular triradiates similar to those

of the chamber-layer but smaller; average size 0°2 x 0°025 mm.

(2) Sagittal triradiates : basal ray pointing towards the base of the

sponge; these vary up to a maximum size of—paired rays 0°3 x

0:04 mm., basal ray 0°2x0°04 mm.; the basal ray is always

shorter than the other two. (3) Sagittal quadriradiates, similar

to the sagittal trivadiates except for the presence of a straight

apical ray, about one quarter the length of and three quarters the

thickness of the paired rays; these spicules do not appear to reach

such a large size as the sagittal triradiates.

The gastral cortex consists of small quadriradiates and tri-

radiates ; the former are mostly sagittal with curved paired rays,

a long straight basal ray, and a rather short curved apical ray

(text-fig. 163, d). The length of the paired rays in these

spicules is on the average 0°15 mm. and the width 0-015 mm. ;

the basal ray is rather longer and the size of the apical ray is

0:05 x0:009 mm. The quadriradiates are sometimes irregular,

sometimes nearly regular in shape, but they vary very little in size.

The triradiates (text-fig. 163, ¢) of the gastral cortex also vary

in shape, but are usually rather irregular; the average size of

their rays is 0°15 x 0-015 mm.

Distribution. Cape Verde Islands (Crossland Collection).

LEUCANDRA RUDIFERA (Poléjaeff). (Plate XL. fig. 7 & text-fig.

164.)

Synonymy :—

Leuconia rudifera Poléjaeff [19].

A few fragments of this species, which is characterised by the

possession of very peculiar minute oxeote spicules in the gastral

cortex, were collected off Bermuda by the ‘Challenger’ and were

described by Poléjaeff. Mr. Crossland dredged three specimens,

all of which are complete, so that J am fortunately able to add

the description of the external form to that of the skeleton which

was given by Poléjaeff.

The sponge (Plate XL. fig. 7) is composed of an irregularly

massive bulbous Leucon individual, and in the largest specimen

reaches a height of 2cm. and a maximum width of 1‘7 mm. The

smallest specimen is egg-shaped ; no doubt this is the young form

and the irregularly massive appearance is acquired with growth.

There is a large circular osculum at the top; there is a peristome,

and two of the specimens possess oscular crowns. The thickness

of the body-wall varies very much: in the largest specimen it is

as thick as 8 mm. in one place and as thin as 2 mm. in another.

The maximum diameter of the central gastral cavity is 6 mm.

The external surface is only slightly hispid, for the large oxea

either do not project at all or project only slightly. The internal

surface is rough owing to the projection of the apical rays of the

gastral quadriradiates.

774 MR. A. G. THACKER ON [June 16,

The canal-system is typically leuconoid ; the flagellated chambers

are spherical and have a diameter of from 0:03 to 0°05 mm.

Many of the incurrent and excurrent canals are very wide; they

attain a diameter of 1 mm. and in some cases of even more.

The Skeleton consists of the following elements :—(1) Large

triradiates of the parenchyma. (2) Triradiates of the dermal

cortex. (3) Sagittal quadriradiates and triradiates of the gastral

cortex. (4) Large oxeotes, only slightly thicker than the large

triradiates. (5) Minute oxea. (6) Minute spined grapnel-like

oxea of the gastral cortex; these latter form the main distin-

guishing character of the species. Finally, the two smaller speci-

mens have oscular fringes consisting of long fine smooth oxea.

The large triradiates of the parenchyma (text-fig. 164, a),

which make up the main mass of the skeleton, are more constant

in shape than those in Poléjaeff’s specimens. They are regular

or very nearly regular and have sharp-pointed rays. The average

size, from which there is not much variation, is—length 0-45 mm.,

basal width 0:045 mm. A small minority of the spicules depart

from the regular form and are sagittal or irregular in shape, both

rays and angles being unequal.

Text-fig. 164.

Spicules from Leucandra rudifera.

a = Parenchymal trivadiates X 24. 6 = Dermal triradiate X 24. ec = Gastral

quadriradiate X 24. d= Large oxeotes X 24. e = Small oxeotes (of dermal

conten ete.) X 120. f= Minute spined grapnel-like oxeotes of gastral cortex

x b

_ The triradiates of the dermal cortex are variable in shape, being

either sagittal or irregular; the thickness of their rays is about

half that of those of the parenchymal triradiates, being on the

average 0°022 mm.; the rays are frequently slightly curved, are

fairly sharply pointed, and reach a length of 0°35 mm. (text-

fig. 164, 5).

The gastral cortex consists almost entirely of quadriradiates

1908. |] CAPE VERDE ISLANDS SPONGES. 775

(text-fig. 164, c). These are sagittal and resemble those

described by Poléjaeff. Lateral rays 0°35 mm. long, basal ray

0:2 mm. long; apical ray varies in length from 0:05 to 0°12 mm.,

usually slightly curved. All rays of the same basal diameter,

0015 mm. There are a few triradiates in the gastral cortex ;

these only differ from the quadriradiates by the absence of the

apical ray. As in the case of Poléjaeff’s specimens, these quadri-

radiates also occur in small numbers in the walls of the exhalent

canals.

Some large oxeote spicules are scattered about in the paren-

chyma ; the greatest thickness of these is 0°055 mm. and they

reach a maximum length of 2 mm., but usually do not exceed

15mm. Many of these spicules do not project beyond the dermal

cortex at all, and over the greater part of the surface of the sponge

they never have more than one-third of their length projecting ;

near the osculum, however, they extend much further beyond the

surface. The spicules are spindle-shaped and sharply pointed at

both ends (text-fig. 164, d). They are not numerous.

There are also some very small oxea ; these are either straight

or slightly curved, and are fairly sharply pointed at both ends.

They are shorter than those described by Poléjaeff; I found none

longer than 0°25 mm. and they are usually only 0:15 mm. long.

Their thickness is 0°003 mm. They occur either singly or in

small bundles in or just beneath the dermal cortex, beyond which

they often project. They are not numerous.

The minute and very peculiar spined grapnel-like oxea (text-

fig. 164, f) of the gastral cortex form the main specific character of

this Leucon. It is these spicules which Poléjaeff describes as

“verticillate ” oxea, but this term does not appear to be quite

accurate, for the spines are not really arranged in verticils, but

project on each side of the spicule alternately down the length of

the shaft. These oxea reach a length of 0:06 mm. and their

thickness varies from 0:0007 to 0°0011 mm. They are sometimes

quite straight and sometimes curved throughout their length, but

usually the spicule is straight in its distal and bent in its proximal

part, which also seems to be slightly flattened and is slightly

wider than the distal half, but I have not found any spicules so

much expanded in this region as that figured by Poléjaeff in

plate vil. fig. 3.@, 11. [19]. Ina few of the spicules the spiked

head is much reduced, these spicules being evidently intermediate

between those with large heads and ordinary spindle-shaped oxea.

Two of the specimens possess oscular fringes composed of

spicules of the usual form—long, very fine oxea of maximum

length 1°3 mm. and width 0:0025 mm. There is of course

nothing remarkable in the presence of oscular fringes in two of

the specimens and its absence in the third, for there are many

Calcarea in which this structure is indifferently present or absent.

There is a peristome, and this structure is best developed on the

specimen without an oscular fringe. It is composed of a complex

network of spicules of all those types which occur in other regions

of the body—large triradiates, small triradiates, small sagittal

776 MR, A. G. THACKER ON [June 16,

quadriradiates, large and small oxea, and minute grapnel-like

oxea.

Colour (in alcohol) white.

Distribution. Bermuda (Poléjaef) ; Cape Verde Islands (Cross.

land Collection).

LEUCANDRA SERICATA (Ridley).

Synonymy :—

Aphroceras sericatum Ridley [20].

Leuconia sericatum Breitfuss [8] [6].

Mr. Crossland collected two specimens of this species. One of

these is a solitary pear-shaped Leucon person 1] mm. high and

with a maximum width of 5 mm.; the other specimen consists of

three Leucon persons united at a common base, the central and

largest of the three individuals being 2 cm, high and having a

maximum width of 8mm. The terminal oscula are protected by

well-developed oscular fringes; the osculum of the largest indi-

vidual is 2°5 mm. in diameter. The scattered flagellate chambers

are usually somewhat elongated, occasionally being four times as

long as broad ; their width varies very little and is about 0°045 mm.

The primary incurrent canals have a diameter of 0° ‘2 mm. and the

ultimate excurrent canals are about the same size.

The Skeleton agrees with the description given by Ridley.

Many of the spicules of the gastral cortex lack apical rays, and

are therefore of course triradiates.

Colour (in alcohol), One specimen is dirty white and the other

brown.

Distribution. 8.E. coast of Brazil (Ridley); Straits of Magellan

(Breitfuss); Cape Verde Islands (Crossland Collection).

There is no doubt that this sponge is very closely allied to the

much commoner species, Z. aspera. It is to be distinguished from

the latter however, (1) by the inferior ratio of the thickness of

the large oxea to that of the parenchymal triradiates, and (2) by

the size and shape of these triradiates themselves, which are larger

than the corresponding spicules in ZL. aspera and are constantly

sagittal. The presence in ZL. sericata of an oscular crown composed

of special oxeotes, which is given by Ridley as a difference between

the two forms, is a distinction which will not hold good, as this

structure also occurs in many specimens of L. aspera.

LEUCANDRA TYPICA (Poléjaeff).

Synonymy :—

Leuconia typica, var. massa Poléjaeff [19].

» var. tuba Poléjaeff [19].

Leucundra typica, var. tuba Lendenteld [18].

Leucandra ta ypica Dendy [10].

Leucona typica Breitfuss [6 1.

Myr. Crossland dredged five specimens of this widely distri-

buted species. One specimen consists of a mass of very wide,

very short, united Leucon persons, and therefore is of the shape

1908.] CAPE VERDE ISLANDS SPONGES. 177

typical of the var. massa; the total width of this specimen is

2°3 em. and its height is much less. Another specimen, which

consists of a single Leucon person, is elongated and has the form

typical of the var. tuba; its height is 10 mm. and its maximum

width 4mm. The other three specimens are intermediate in size

and shape between the foregoing specimens, and consequently are

of a form intermediate between the two varieties of the species

which were established by Poléjaeff.

The general anatomy and skeleton of my specimens agree with

the descriptions given by Poléjaeff and v. Lendenfeld; the only

peculiarity is in the oxeote spicules. The majority of these

resemble the corresponding spicules of the specimens hitherto

described, 2. ¢., they are small spindle-shaped or rather cylindrical,

sharply pointed, straight or slightly curved, and very variable in

size, reaching a maximum length of 0°3 mm. and a maximum

diameter of 0°005 mm. A minority of the oxea are, however,

peculiar in that they are shorter and wider in proportion to their

leneth than are the ordinary spicules, and are also markedly

flattened and more or less arrow-headed ; the arrow-head is some-

times very conspicuous.

The characters by which Poléjaeff endeavoured to divide this

species into two varieties, ¢wha and massa, do not appear to be

constant. In external form I have, as stated above, three speci-

mens which are intermediate between the varieties. The other

two characters on which Poléjaeff established his varieties are as

follows :—

(a) Apical rays of gastric quadriradiates not longer than

0:06 mm. in tuba, but reaching 0-1 mm. in massa.

(6) Oxeote spicules not longer than 0°15 mm. in massa, but

reaching 0°3 mm, in tuba.

Now with regard to (a) I find that in my specimen, which is of

the tuba external form, the apical rays in question reach a length

of 0-1 mm., and this is not exceeded in any of the other specimens.

Whilst with regard to (5) the oxea reach much the same maximum

length in all the specimens—viz. about 0°3 mm.—and are if

anything rather shorter in my specimen of twba than in the

others. For these reasons I do not think it desirable to retain

the two varietal names.

Distribution. Bermuda (Poléjaeff); East coast of Australia

(v. Lendenfeld) ; Cape Verde Islands (Crossland Collection).

LEUCANDRA CROSSLANDI; sp.n. (Plate XL. fig. 8 & text-fig. 165.)

A large number of fragments and several complete specimens

of this species were dredged by Mr. Crossland from a depth of

15 to 20 fathoms near Boa Vista Island.

The sponge (Plate XL. fig. 8) is pear-shaped, is from twice

to three times as long as it is broad, and usually several Leucon

individuals grow together attached to one another at a common

base. The individuals grow to a size of 1:5. em. by 0°8 cm. Both

external and internal surfaces of the body are rough. On large

specimens the oscula have a diameter of 15 mm.; there is never

778 MR. A. G. THACKER ON [June 16,

a true oscular crown, but an oscular rim or peristome is present ;

this varies very much in size, In some specimens being as short as

1 mm., or even less, whilst in others it reaches the enormous

length of 7mm. The thickness of the body-wall varies from

1 to 25 mm., and the maximum diameter of the central gastral

cavity is 3mm. ‘The canal-system is of the form usual in the

genus; the flagellate chambers are spherical or sac-shaped and are

rather large, having a maximum diameter of 0°09 mm. The

incurrent and excurrent canals havea maximum width of 0-25 mm.

The width of the dermal cortex is 0°1 mm. and that of the gastral

cortex 0:06 mm.

The Skeleton consists of the following elements :—(1) of middle-

sized triradiates of the parenchyma, (2) of small triradiates of the

dermal cortex, (3) of gastral quadriradiates, (4) of large oxea,

three times as wide as the parenchymal triradiates, and (5) of

minute oxea.

The main mass of the skeleton is made up by the middle-sized

triradiates of the parenchyma (text-fig. 165,a). These vary some-

what in shape and size, but are usually sub-regular with rays

0°25 by 0035 mm. Not infrequently they are slightly sagittal

with the basal ray shorter than the lateral rays. The rays are

sharply pointed.

Text-fig. 165.

Spicules from Leucandra crosslandi.

a = Parenchymal triradiates x 120. 6 = Dermal triradiates X 120. ¢ = Gastral

quadriradiates x 120. d= Large oxeotes X 24. e = Minute oxeotes X 120.

‘The dermal cortex consists of a mass of slender-rayed sagittal

triradiates ; the lateral rays spread widely at an angle of from

140° to 160°, and are from twice to three times as long as

the basal ray (text-fig. 165, 6). A typical spicule of this kind

gave the following measurements :—Length of lateral rays

0-18 mm. ; length of basal ray 0:07 mm.; thickness of all rays

at base 0°012 mm. The rays are sometimes considerably more

slender than this.

The skeleton of the gastral cortex consists of sagittal quadri-

1908. ] CAPE VERDE ISLANDS SPONGES. Cs)

radiates (text-fig. 165, c). Similar spicules line the exhalent

canals. The lateral rays are rather stout and are slightly curved ;

they are somewhat longer than the basal ray, which is straight.

The apical ray is from one-third to one-half the length of the

lateral rays. The average length of the lateral rays is 0°15 mm.;

the average thickness of the facial rays at their bases is 0°02 mm.

The apical rays are less thick at their bases and are sometimes

curved at their extremities.

The large oxeote spicules are slightly spindle-shaped, are

slightly curved, and are from twice to three times as thick as

the parenchymal triradiates (text-fig. 165, d). They are com-

pletely buried in the parenchyma or project slightly beyond

the dermal surface or project much beyond. They are sharply

pointed at both ends. In length they vary from 1 mm. to 1:5 mm.

and in width from 0:08 mm. to 0°1 mm.

Minute oxea (text-fig. 165, e) are to be found in all parts of

the sponge, but are most numerous in the dermal cortex, from

which they sometimes project beyond the surface of the sponge.

They are pointed at both ends and are quite or nearly straight.

Their average length is 0°15 mm., and their average maximum

thickness 0°0035 mm. They vary considerably in length but very

little in thickness.

The peristome consists as usual of a network of spicules of all

the types which occur in other parts of the sponge.

Colour (in alcohol) white.

This Leucon, which I have much pleasure in naming after

Mr. Crossland, appears to be more nearly allied to Leucandra

crambessa Haeckel, than to any other previously described species.

It differs from this species, however, by the presence of the

minute oxea, by the larger size of the parenchymal triradiates—

these being about twice the size of those in Z. crambessa—and in

sundry minor details of anatomy.

Distribution. Cape Verde Islands (Crossland Collection).

LEUCANDRA GEMMIPARA, sp.n. (Plate XL. fig. 9 & text-fig. 166.)

Mr. Crossland collected a considerable number of specimens of

this species. The sponge (Plate XL. fig. 9) is elongated and

somewhat flattened, and forms proliferous groups of incompletely

separated Leucon individuals. The individuals grow to a height

of 1-2 em. and a width of 4mm. Both external and internal

surfaces of the body are fairly hispid. On the larger specimens

the oscula have a diameter of 15 mm.; all the specimens have

oscular fringes spicules, but on young individuals it is only feebly

developed. The thickness of the body-wall varies very little; it

is about 1 mm. or slightly less, whilst the maximum diameter of

the central gastral cavity is 2mm. The canal-system is typically

leuconoid; the flagellated chambers are spherical or sac-shaped

and are rather large, having a maximum diameter of 0°1 mm.

The maximum diameter of the excurrent canals is only 0:15 mm.,

and of the incurrent canals even less. The thickness of the dermal

cortex is 0°12 mm., and that of the gastral cortex 0:07 mm.

780 MR. A. G. THACKER ON [June 16,

The Skeleton consists of the following elements :—(1) Rather

small triradiates of the parenchyma; (2) small dermal triradiates ;

(3) gastral quadriradiates and triradiates; (4) large oxea, four

times as thick as the parenchymal triradiates ; (5) minute oxea ;

and (6) long slender oxea of the oscular fringe.

The main mass of the skeleton is composed of parenchymal

triradiates (text-fig. 166, a). These are subregular in shape

and their rays are almost always undulated; the length of the

rays varies from 0:12 mm. to 0:22 mm., and the maximum thick-

ness from 0:015 to 0:024 mm. They are sharply pointed.. A few

of these spicules sometimes develop apical rays of variable size

and shape, thus becoming quadriradiates.

The dermal triradiates are similar to those of the parenchyma,

but are smaller; they rarely exceed 0-1 mm. in length or 0:01 mm.

in diameter.

3 Text-fig. 166.

Spicules from Leucandra gemmipara.

a = Parenchymal triradiate X 120. 6 = Gastral quadriradiate X 120.

c = Large oxeotes X 24. d = Small oxeotes X 120.

The central gastral cavity and a great part of the canal-system

are lined by sagittal quadriradiates and triradiates (text-

fig. 166, 6). The wide-spreading lateral rays are usually slightly

shorter than the basal ray, and are either straight or slightly

curved; all the rays are sharply pointed. The apical ray is

curved at its extremity. A typical quadriradiate gave the follow-

ing measurements :—Length of lateral rays 0°12 mm. ; length of

basal ray 0°15 mm.; length of apical ray 0-06 mm.; maximum

thickness of facial rays 0°012 mm.,and of the apical ray somewhat

less. There are some triradiate spicules of similar form.

Numerous large oxea project from the outer surface of the

sponge. They issue from the dermal cortex at a very acute angle

with the surface and their projecting ends all point towards the

osculum. They are spindle-shaped and are slightly curved, and

gradually but sharply pointed at both ends (text-fig. 166,c). Fully

half the length of the spicule is usually projecting beyond the

1908. ] CAPE VERDE ISLANDS SPONGES. 781

‘surface. These oxea reach a length of 2 mm., and their maximum

-thiekness when full grown is from 0° O7 mm. ‘to 0-08 mm.

In the dermal cortex there are bundles of very small oxea,

many of which project from the surface at various angles. These

spicules (text-fig. 166, d) are more or less spindle- ‘shaped and

are nearly or quite straight ; their diameter is 0-002 mm., and

they reach a maximum length of 0°25 mm. They occur almost

exclusively in the dermal cortex, but an occasional isolated spicule

is to be found in the parenchyma.

The oscular fringe is composed of very long thin oxea. They

‘reach a length of from 1 mm. to 2 mm., and their maximum

diameter is 0-004 mm.

In addition to the fringe there is, as Teele a short peristome

encircling each osculum.

Colour (in alcohol) yellowish-white.

This sponge bears a distinct resemblance to the well-known

Leucandra aspera (Schmidt). It differs from this species, how-

ever, by the presence of minute oxea in the dermal cortex.

Leucandra gemmipara is also not unlike the above described

L. crosslandi, but it is to be distinguished from the latter

(1) by the almost complete confinement of the small oxea to the

dermal cortex, (2) by having much more slender parenchymal

triradiates, and (3) by having smaller and different shaped dermal

triradiates. In addition to these and certain other minor differ-

ences, I may mention that there is an oscular fringe present on all

my specimens of L. gemmipara, but that this structure is not to

be found on any of the specimens of ZL. crosslandi. I hesitate,

however, to include this among the characters of specific value.

Distribution. Cape Verde Islands (Crossland Collection).

REFERENCE List oF LITERATURE.

f1] ArneEsen, E.—“‘ Spongien fra den norske kryst. I. Calcarea.

Systematisk katalog med bemerkninger og bestemmels-

estabel.” In Afhandlinger og Aarsberetning udgivne

Bergens Museum. 1900. No. 5.

[2] BowErpank, J. S—‘“‘ Monograph oi the British Spongiade.”

1864-1882.

[3] Brerrruss, L. L.—* Kalkschwimme der Bremer-Expedition

nach Ost-Spitzbergen im Jahre 1889.” Zool. Anz. xix.1896.

[4] “Die Kalkschwammfauna von Spitzbergen.” Zool.

Jahrbiicher, Syst. xi. 1898.

[5] ——. ‘“ Die Kalkschwimme des Weissen Meeres.” Mém.

Acad. des Sciences St. Pétersbourg, ser. 8, vol. vi. 1898.

6] “Catalog der Calcarea der Zoologische Sammlung

der koniglichen Museums fiir Naturkunde zu Berlin.”

Archiv f. Naturg. 1898.

[7] ——. ‘Die Arctische Kalkschwimme.” Archiv f. Nature.

1898.

8} ——. “Die Kalkschwiimme der Sammlung Plate.” Zool.

Jahrbiicher, Syst. 1897-1898. Supplement iv.

782 ON CAPE VERDE ISLANDS SPONGES. [June 16,

[9] Denpy, A.—“‘ A Monograph of the Victorian Sponges.

Part I. The Homocela.” Trans. R. Soc. Vict. vol. i.

part 1. 1891.

‘Synopsis of the Australian Calcarea Heteroecela.”

Proc. R. Soc. Vict., new series, vol. v. 1892.

‘Studies on the Comparative Anatomy of Sponges.

The Structure and Classification of the Heteroceela.”

Quart. Journ. Micro. Soc. vol. xxxv. p. 159. 1894.

. ‘Report on the Sponges collected by Prof. Herdman

at Ceylon in 1902.” Report of the Pearl Oyster Fishe-

vies, Gulf of Manaar. Royal Society, 1905. Part i.

pp. 59-246. 2

[13] Frisrepr, K.—‘“ Sponges from the Atlantic and Arctic

Oceans and the Behring Sea.” A. E. Nordenskiold.

‘Vega ’-Expeditionens Vetenskapliga Iakttagelser, vol. iv.

Stockholm, 1887.

(14] Harcxer, E.—** Die Kalkschwimme.” 1872.

[15] Kirx, H. B.—* New Zealand Sponges.” 3rd paper. Trans.

N. Z. Institute, vol. xxvii. 1895.

[16] Laxscuewirscu, P.—* Ueber die Kalkschwiémme Menoreas.”

Sitzungsberichte der Naturforscher-Gesellschaft bei der

Universitit Dorpat, vol. vii. p. 336. 1885.

[17] v. Lenpenretp, R.—“ Die Spongien der Adria. Die Kalk-

schwiimme.” Zeitschr. wissenschaft. Zool. vol. ii. 1891.

‘Monograph of the Australian Sponges. Preli-

minary description and classification of the Australian

Calcispongie.” Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vol. ix. p. 1083.

1884.

[19] Poutsazrr, N.—‘‘ Report on the Calcarea collected by

H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’” 1883.

[20] Riptsy, S O.—“Spongida. Zoological Collections made

during the Survey of H.M.S. ‘ Alert.’” Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond. 1881.

[21] Scumipr, O.—‘‘ Die Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres.”

1862-1866.

[22] Scnurrner, O.—“‘ Beschreibung einiger neuer Kalk-

schwimme.” Jenaische Zeitsch. f. Naturw. v. der medi-

cinisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena,

WO sale MIST

[10]

[11]

[12]

(18:

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL.

Fig. 1. External form of Leucosolenia panis, X 3.

2. 5 ES Leucosolenia atlantica, X 2.

3h PA FA Leucosolenia canariensis, X 4.

4, 5 A Sycon caminatun, X 4.

Be a 5 Grantia intermedia, X 4.

6. 5 0 Leucandra verdensis, X 4.

Les x i Leucandra rudifera, X 2.

e 55 5 Leucandra crosslandi, X 3.

i 35 Leucandra gemmipara, X 4.

No. 57.

ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON*

April 28th, woe.

Dr, Henry Woopwarp, F.R.S., Vice-President,

in the Chair.

The Secretary read a Report on the additions that had been

made to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of March

1908.

Mr. C. Tate Ruean, M.A., F.Z.8., exhibited a specimen of an

Australian Cat-fish (Cnidoglanis megastoma Richards.), and pointed

out that the so-called second dorsal fin was in reality a procurrent

portion of the caudal, differing from the dorsal and anal fins in

the absence of basal supports.

Mr. Henry ScHERREN, F.Z.8., exhibited on behalf of Mr. Watrrr

Burton, F.Z.8., and briefly described some melanistic and black

Leopard-skins from Abyssinia.

Prof. D’Arcy W. Tuompsoy, F.Z.S., gave an explanation, illus-

trated by models, of his suggestion that the shapes of eggs were

due to physical causes, being determined by the peristaltic pressure

of the oviduct on liquid bodies contained in flexible membranes.

Mr. C. Tare Ree@an, M.A., F.Z.S., read a paper entitled ‘‘ A

Revision of the Sharks of the Family Orectolobide.” Twenty-one

species were described and were referred to eight genera. Atten-

tion was called to the great differences in form, coloration, &ec.

among the members of the family, corresponding to differences in

habits and environment.

* This Abstract is published by the Society at 3 Hanover Square, London,

W., on the Tuesday following the date of Meeting to which it refers. It will

be issued, free of extra charge, to all Fellows who subscribe to the Publications,

along with the ‘ Proceedings’ ; but it may be obtained on the day of publication

at, the price of Siapence, or, if desired, sent post-free for the sum of Six

Shillings per annum, payeble in advance.

Mr. F. E. Bepparp, F.B.S., F.Z.S., Prosector to the Society,

gave an account of his identification of an Oligochete Worm

obtained in considerable numbers from a well near Cambridge,

England. He described the worm as a new species of the genus

Phreatothrix, the only other species of which had been described

thirty years ago from the underground waters of Prague.

A Memoir by Mrs. E. W. Sexton, entitled “On the Amphipod

Genus Trischizostoma,’ and communicated to the Society by

Dr. W. T. Catan, F.Z.S., was based on a rich material obtained

by the steamer of the Marine Biological Association in the Bay

of Biscay, and by the steamer of the Irish Department of Agri-

culture off the west coast of Ireland.

A short paper was read by Mr. Henry Scuerren, F.Z.8., on

“Certain Errors respecting George the Fourth’s Giraffe.” The

Author adduced evidence to show that the time the animal lived

at Windsor had been much understated, and added details as to

its life in confinement, the presentation of the skin and skeleton

to the Museum of the Society, and the notes made by R. B. Davis

while painting a picture of the animal at Windsor.

Mr. C. L. Boutencer, F.Z.S., communicated observations on

the breeding-habits of a Cichlid Fish (Zilapia nilotica) which he

had been able to make in the course of a visit last year to

Lake Qurun in the Faytim province of Egypt.

A memoir entitled “A Revision of the Oriental Pelobatid

Batrachians (Genus Megalophrys)” was read by Mr. BEepparp,

F.R.S., in the absence of the Author, Mr. G. A. BouLENGER,

F.R.S., Vice-President of the Society.

The next Meeting of the Society for Scientific Business will

be held on Tuesday, the 12th May, 1908, at half-past Hight

o'clock pP.M., when the following communications will be

made :—

1. C.F. JENKIN.—The CU. Crossland Collection of Calcarea

from Zanzibar and Wasin (British Hast Africa).

Days Le 1th, TURNER, F.4.8.—Notes on the Australian Fossorial

Wasps of the Family Sphegide, with Descriptions of new Species.

3. J.T. Cunntnesam, M.A., F.Z.S.—The Heredity of Secondary

Sexual Characters in relation to Hormones: a Contribution to the

Theory of Heredity.

The following communications have been received :—

1. OuprieLtp Tomas, F.R.S., F.Z.S., and R. C. Wroucuron,

F.Z.S.—The Rudd Exploration of 8. Africa.—X. List of Mammals

collected by Mr. Grant near Tette, Zambesia.

2. The Rev. T. R. R. Stespine, M.A., F.B.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S8.—

Zoological Results of the Third Tanganyika Expedition, conducted

by Dr. W. A. Cunnington, 1904—1905.—-Report on the Isopoda

Terrestria.

3. F. HE. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S.—On the Anatomy of Ané-

echinomys and some other Marsupials, with especial reference

to the Intestinal Tract and Mesenteries of these and other

Mammals.

4, Prof. H. G. Szrney, F.R.S., F.Z.8—The Armour of the

Extinct Reptiles of the Genus Pareiasaurus.

Communications intended for the Scientific Meetings of the

ZOOLOGICAL Society oF Lonpon should be addressed to

P. CHALMERS MITCHELL,

Secretary.

3 HANOVER SQuaRE, Lonpon, W.

May 5th, 1908.

No. 58.

ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

May 12th, 1908.

F. DuCaneE Gopmay, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S8., Vice-President,

in the Chair.

The Secrerary read a Report on the additions that had been

made to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of April

1908.

Mr. W. Woopianp, F.Z.8., exhibited preparations of a new

gland he had found in certain teleostean fishes, and made the

following remarks :—‘“ This new gland is diffuse in form and is

intermingled with the veins and arteries which subdivide to form

the numerous parallel capillaries of the rete mirabile found in

connection with all teleost ‘red bodies.’ It is quite distinct

from the gas-gland, and consists of rows of huge columnar cells,

which are situated in close connection with the blood-vessels,

which possess large nuclei and nucleoli and are packed with

numerous large spherical granules derived from the red-corpuscle

disintegration concerned in the generation of the oxygen con-

tained in the swim-bladder. These granules, thus abstracted by

the gland-cells from the blood, are carried away by special ducts

appertaining to the gland. The discovery of this important

gland confirms Jeger’s view as to the mode of generation of

the bladder oxygen. This gland exists in Gobius, Syngnathus,

Peristedion, Box, and some other genera.”

Mr. T. A. Cowarp, F.Z.S., exhibited a specimen of a Petrel,

Estrelata neglecta Schleg., which was the property of Mr. Arthur

Newstead, of Cheshire, and had been picked up dead, yet in a

* This Abstract is published by the Society at 3 Hanover Square, London,

W., on the Tuesday following the date of Meeting to which it refers. It will

be issued, free of extra charge, to all Fellows who subscribe to the Publications,

along with the ‘Proceedings’; but it may be obtained on the day of publication

at the price of Sixpence, or, if desired, sent post-free for the sum of Six

Shillings per annum, payable in advance.

quite fresh condition, at Tarporley in Cheshire, on April Ist, 1908.

This bird is a native of the Southern Pacific, and has almost

certainly never been recorded from the northern hemisphere, and

certainly never from Kurope before.

The Secretary, on behalf of Mr. R. LypEKxKeEr, F.R.S., F.Z.S.,

exhibited the tanned skin of a Wild Cat, obtained by The Hon.

Mason Mitchell, of the American Consular Service, in Sze-chuen.

Mr. Lydekker had compared it with a light-coloured skin of

Felis temmincki from Sikkim, and described it as a new local race

of that species.

Mr. C. Davies SHERBORN, F.Z.S., exhibited a specimen of chert

from the Middle Culm-measures (Carboniferous) of Christon

Down, near Doddiscombe Leigh, Devonshire, showing numerous

large and well-preserved Radiolaria,

A memoir by Mr. C. F. Jenxiy, entitled ‘The Cyril Crossland

Collection of Calcarea from Zanzibar and Wasin (British Hast

Africa),” was communicated by Prof. A. Dunpy, F.R.S., F.Z.8.

Mr. R. E. Turner, F.Z.S., read a paper entitled ‘“‘ Notes on

the Australian Fossorial Wasps of the Family Sphegide, with

Descriptions of new Species.” Highty species were described as

new; and the absence of the genera Oxybelus and Philanthus,

otherwise of world-wide range, from Australia was commented on.

Mr. J.T. Cunntinenam, M.A., F.Z.8., communicated a paper

entitled “The Heredity of Secondary Sexual Characters in

Relation to Hormones, a Contribution to the Theory of Heredity.”

The paper contained an examination and criticism of the most

important recent investigations and theories on the subject by

evolutionists of various schools, namely the theory which attributes

such characters to constitutional causes such as male katabolism,

Prof. Karl Pearson’s biometrical investigation of sexual selection

in man, Castle’s Mendelian theory of the heredity of sex, and

Geoffrey Smith’s views on dimorphism of males and parasitic