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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS

OF THE

« cocangeaeree: SOCLETY

fe ~

OF LONDON. ( Feo |

N LAGS AS Sv

2s] wise

1916, pp. 449-756,

witH 8 PLATES and 63 TEXt-FIGURES.

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,

SOLD AT ITS HOUSE IN REGENTS PARK.

LONDON

MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO,

PATERNOSTER ROW. -

Joy JES) a8

OF THE

COUNCIL

AND OFFICERS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

1916.

Patron.

His Magesty Tur Kina.

COUNCIL.

His Grace Tar Duke or Beprorp, K.G., F.R.S., President.

THE Hon. Cecit Barine, M.A. |

AuFrepD H. Cocks, Esq., M.A.

tae Rr. on. THe Hart |

or Cromer, P.C., G.C.B.,

CrOLILKGIgg bolas, © aags |

President.

Cartes DrumMonp,

Treasurer.

ALFRED Hzra, Esq.

Cart. Huceu 8. GuLADSsroNsE, |

M.A.

SripNeY Freperic Harmer, Hsq.,

MvA.. Sc.D), (RRS) Viee=

President.

Cou. Sir WATER R. LAWRENCE,

Br., G.C.1.E.

Sir Epmunb Gites Lover, Br.,

Vice-President. |

Prof. Ernest W. MaAcBripe,

M.A., D.Se., F.R.S., Vice-

President.

Esq.,

PRINCIPAL

Gua Ava Ke.

Hsq., D.Sc.

EK. G. B. Meape-Watpo,

Ksq.

P. Caatmers: MircHewy, Ksq.,

Mies IDSie., IGibelDe, TAI RAS..

Secretary.

AuBaerr Pam, Hsq.

THe Hart or Porrsmoura.

OLDFIELD Tusomas, Ksq.,

KARAS:

AuBYN Trevor-Batryr, Hsq.,

M.A.

MARSHALL,

Antsoxy H. WiHINGFIELD,

Hq.

Arravurk Smita Woopwarp,

Ksq., LL.D. F.R.S., Vice-

President.

Hanry Woopwarp, Hsq., LL.D.,

F.R.S., Vice-President.

OFFICERS.

P. Caaumers Mircurity, M.A., D.Se., LL.D., F.B.S.,

Secretary.

Tey, Ity Je@om@oie, IR ISo4 IBAIbUS).

Curator of Mammals and

Resident Superintendent of the Gardens.

D. Sera-Survi, Curator of Birds and Inspector of Works.

Hpwarb G. BouLENGER, Curator of Reptiles.

Prof. H. Maxwenn Lurroy, Curator of Insects.

Prof. Henry G, Pummer, F.R.S., M.R.C.S., Pathologist.

Henry G. J. Peavor, Librarian and Clerk of Publications.

Joun Barrow, Accountant.

W. H. Coin, Chief Clerk.

LIST OF CONTENTS.

1916, pp. 449-756.

EXHIBITIONS AND NOTICES.

Mr. E. G. Boutencer, F.Z.S., Curator of Reptiles. Exhi-

bition of living specimens of the African Lungfish

(Protopterws GNMECteNs) ...21.0..ccceen neces seen dene ecsen yes

The Rev. H. N. Hurcutnson, M.A., F.Z.S. Exhibition of

a model of the Dinosaur, Diplodocus carnegieét ......-.-

Mr. C. Tave Recan, M.A., F.Z.S. Exhibition of a rare

Fish, Ceutrolophus britannicus (Giinth.), and of a

Silver Ling (Wolva elongata) .........0.-...0ceseseee eee eee

Dr. R. W. Suuretpr, C.M.Z.S8. Notes on Albinism in

PATE Ta Canny e AvnitN Al Seles ate ele eeinsersl eteetslel lel tele eres etoscae

Dr. F.. DuCane Gopmay, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., and others.

Résumé of a Discussion on the results published in

the ‘ Biologia Centrali- Americana, with special

reference to the zoo-geographical relations between

Amine ri caerngaeAshiel Can) aaateericm ee aaa. eeiaaneaede © arti tea,

The Srcrerary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s

Menagerie during the months of May, June, July,

ATES, Aue! Sigpuewnloeie, WENO — .coocospenonocosdabceranese

Mr. AurreD Ezra, F.Z.8. Exhibition of living specimens

Oluhneertare UuuibiMoOs anal Cust seas seer: arene ener:

Mr. D. Seru-Susru, F.Z.8S., Curator of Birds. Exhibition

of Birds’ Eggs laid in the Society’s Gardens .........

Mr. D. Sera-Smirn, ¥F.Z.8., Curator of Birds, Exhibition

of skans/ of -various!mesbling biIrdS) 2 ....20....4-.00s.6+----

Page

539

039

p40

541

739

741

Mr. R. I. Pococx, F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.8., Curator of

Mammals. Lantern Exhibition of some new and

little-known cutaneous scent-glands in Mammals

(Text-figures 1-12) ..........:. cess cece tees cee ee ns eeeeeees

The Secrerary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s

Menagerie during the month of October, 1916 ......

Mr. Atrrep Ezra, F.Z.8. Lantern Exhibition illustrating

a shooting expedition in (Olesmirgall INGE: gooaccsoosocosonce

PAPERS.

16. On the Structure of the Skull in Chrysochloris. By

R. Broom, M.D., D.Se., C.M.Z.S. (Plates I. & IT.,

eval Aliebdnemieabomes) l=3)8)) Annponaacoas acobebEceddcoss525505500001

17. Fly Investigations Reports.—I. Some Observations on

the Life-History of the Blow-Fly and of the House-

Fly, made from August to September, 1915, for the

Zoological Society of London. By Wryirrep H.

CYAIBSIDIOINS - Gocco ndedoucasqneascoosncosodoo emus podnbaddéaapbonb66

18. Fly Investigations Reports.—II. Trials for Catching,

Repelling, and Exterminating Flies in Houses, made

during the year 1915 for the Zoological Society of

London. By Winirrep H. SAUNDERS ..................

19. Fly Investigations Reports.—II]. Investigations into

Stable Manure to check the Breeding of House-Flies,

made during the year 1915 for the Zoological Society

of London. By Winitrrep H. SAUNDERS

20. Fly Investigations Reports.—IV. Some Enquiry mto

the Question of Baits and Poisons for Flies, being

a Report on the Experimental Work carried out

during 1915 for the Zoological Society of London.

By Ottve C. Lopcr

21. Note on the Sternum of a large Carinate Bird from the

(2) Eocene of Southern Nigeria. By C. W. ANDREWS,

D.Se., F.R.S., F.Z.8,, British Museum of Natural

History. (Text-figures 1-4.)

Soo CCC aes i Cee ur ar ace)

Page

742

755

449

461

465

481

“N

30.

Sit

~yV

. On a Mammalian Mandible (Cimolestes cwtleri) from an

Upper Cretaceous Formation in Alberta, Canada.

By Arraur Sirs Woopwarp, LL.D., F.R.S.,

AVGIPAIS: (MLSs reieERee IE) seaqcognoB-. Boacsa sen ensseunes

._ A List of the Carabide (Coleoptera) collected in

Chopersk District, Province of the Don Cossacks,

South Russia. By V. Lursunix, Kiev, Russia ......

. A new Species of the Genus Platysma (Bon.) 'Tschi-

tscherin, from’China. By V. Lursunrk, Kiev, Russia.

. Notes on Species of the Genus Platysma (Coleoptera)

from Australia. By V. Lursanrk, Kiev, Russia......

. On a new Lizard of the Genus Phrynosoma, recently

living in the Society’s Gardens. By E.G. BouLeNcER,

eA Se Curator or Reptiless (Plate Is) -c.--5--.-.-

. Notes on the Development of the Starfishes Asterias

glacialis O. F. M.; Cribrella oculata (Linck) Forbes ;

Solaster endeca (Retzius) Forbes ; Stichaster roseus

(O. F. M.) Sars. By James F. Geum, M.A.,

INTIS) IDES, JAS” (Reyes Uh ad i); BS aaa eeoe asec

28. On Cryptostome Beetles in the Cambridge University

Museum of Zoology. By 8. Maurrs, B.A.(Cantab.),

F.E.S., Imperial College of Science and Technology,

London. (Text-figures 1 & 2.)

29, Notes on the Wasps of the Genus Pison, and some

‘allied Genera. By Rowtanp E. Turner, F.Z.S.,

The Early Development of Cucwmaria: Preliminary

Account. By H. G. Newrs, A.R.CS., F-Z8.,

Demonstrator of Zoology at the Imperial College

of Science and Technology. (Plates I. & II., and

Text-figure 1.)

Peer eee e tance eens srceeenesersersserereresresserere

Studies on the Anoplura and Mallophaga, being a

Report upon a Collection from the Mammals and

Birds in the Society’s Gardens.— Part 1]. By Bruce

F. Cummuines, British Museum of Natural History.

Qlextenoumes: 1 3G.) eaeeenc aac ecco tans doesent:

053

567

591

631

val

Page

32. On Two new Species of Cestodes belonging respectively

to the Genera Linstowia and Cotugnia. By Frank

K. Brpparp, M.A., D.Se.(Oxon.), F.R.S., F.Z.S8.

(ext feumes 1A) e ac ncacaecemecie ese antcces: .suseeeeeete 695

33, Notes on a Collection of Heterocera made by Mr.

W. Feather in British Hast Africa, 1911-13. By

it -Colid ave pH Awonrre a ((Plateml\ i setts. eee 707

Alphabetical mist: ef (Contributors) Veb-dca.-22- eee eer eereee vil.

Mee a asrzt sine ae shel oso's ogafestis vas Sind orbs sata ldote Deelais Setstele oe eae ere een xii

ALPHABETICAL LIST

OF THE

CONTRIBUTORS,

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

(1916, pp. 449-756.)

ANDREWS, CHARLES W., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.Z.S.

Note on the Sternum of a large Carinate Bird from

the (?) Hocene of Southern Nigeria. (Text-figures 1-4.).

See GOD MAN Hy Ii CAN Mute ects te essere laces mee ase

Bepparp, Frank E., M.A., D.Sc. (Oxon.), F.R.S., F.Z.S.

On Two new Species of Cestodes belonging respectively

to the Genera Linstowia and Cotugnia. (Text-figures

TA NE MAINS, roca Get UGRt ) Wa uch aaah

Boutencer, Epwarp G., F.Z.S., Curator of Reptiles.

Exhibition of living specimens of the African Lung-

fishy (Protopteris) GT Mectems) | eens... ees ee eee eee

On a new Lizard of the Genus Phrynosoma, recently

living in the Society’s Gardens. (Plate I.)..................

Page

519

54]

039

Vill

Broom, Roprrt, M.D., D.Se., C.M.Z.S.

On the Structure of the Skull in Chrysochloris.

(Platesmigd WE vandi Mextattomresil 3!) mens.) ece cece

RS 22 A GrOD NVAINGS HY a8) oj QUAUNT ES yey ena rcs aceye cca sh oy ee nee

CumMINGS, Bruce F.

Studies on the Anoplura and Mallophaga, being a

Report upon a Collection from the Mammals and Birds

in the Society’s Gardens.—Part IT. (Text-figures 1—-36.).

Ezra, ALFRED, F.Z.S.

Exhibition of living specimens of three rare Lutino

PAAR CTS hse cvecciencc RS terd Est TTT reas ees

Lantern Exhibition illustrating a Hoole, expedition

TU OLS TOUR G22 Leas Ss Hee a eA OSB anaue

Fawcett, Lt.-Col. J. Matcou.

Notes on a Collection of Heterocera made by Mr. W.

Feather in British East Africa, 1911-13. (Plate I.)

Gapow, Hans, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S. See Gopman, F. D.

GEMMILL, JAMES F., M.A., M.D., D.Sc., F.Z.S.

Notes on the Development of the Starfishes dsterias

glacialis O. F. M.; Cribrella oculata (Linck) Forbes ;

Solaster endeca (Retzius) Forbes; Stichaster roseus

(OEE) Sansom (Blates 1. 10))\ eaters ener ae

Gopman, F. DuCans, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.Z.8., and others.

Résumé of a Discussion on the results published in the

‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana,’ with special reference to

the zoo-geographical relations between America and

NGL aYeT ELM eee ON Hollen apace ech uo 00) ce NOR

Page

A449

541

643

i=)

bs |

541

Hutcuinson, The Rev. H. N., M.A., F.Z.8.

Exhibition of a model of the Dinosaur, Diplodocus

CUT NECUC Umrraerarra HX ja trsiet deer ees ate see res carte ata disse wrehstarers

Lopes, Miss Oxtve C.

Fly Investigations Reports.—IV. Some Enquiry into

the Question of Baits and Poisons for Flies, being a

Report on the Experimental Work carried out during

1915 for the Zoological Society of London ..................

LutsHnik, V.

A List of the Carabide (Coleoptera) collected in

Chopersk District, Province of the Don Cossacks, South

BOMERSUIS SE pmmoet tree te kre Perey VAT RE ecg ea AO MAIR RS) Pl

A new Species of the Genus Platysma (Bon.) Tschi-

Lecherimerronmn hima wer se seme codices anon een cca ane nana: ae

Notes on Species of the Genus Platysma (Coleoptera)

TG RONT OIA NAO ISH DY CoH Olt We” eae AIREY i mere en ee ete POROUS dete A otc ee

MacBripg, .E. W., D.Sc., F.B.S., V.P.Z.S8. See Gopman,

Hi CAN Her ec castiah os tio cance muah Rete een een

Mauuik, 8., B.A.(Cantab.), F.E.S.

On Cryptostome Beetles in the Cambridge University

Museum of Zoology. (Text-figures 1 & 2.) ...............

MircHett, P. Cuaumurs, M.A., D.Se., LL.D., F.R.S., F.Z.8.,

Secretary to the Society.

Report on the Additions to the Society's Menagerie

during the months of May, June, July, August, and

rSepremiben lO UGii7 5 ic ntanmmammes ttc cs Laae nein ree aac can)

Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie

dure the month of October ING y 2 saan eacccde seen

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1916, b

539

481

529

541

567

Newru, Werserr G., A.R.CS., F.Z.S.

The Karly Development of Cucuwmaria: Preliminary

Account. (Plates I. & IL, and Text-figure 1.)

ree ese ere eee

Pocock, Recinatp J., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.8., Curator of

Mammals.

Lantern Exhibition of some new and little-known

cutaneous scent-glands in Mammals. (Text-figures

Reean, C. Tats, M.A., F.Z.S.

Exhibition of a rare Fish, Centrolophus britannicus

(Giinth.), and of a Silver Ling (Molva elongata)............

MSAD (COV LES IDOI hn cobtocss sossonndensseossecdseecin

Roruscuitp, Lord, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.Z.8. See GopMAN,

18, IDUKCOINSI eases ouces Dak Ree OSs att ae 2s ee RO

SaunpDERS, Miss WINIFRED H.

Fly Investigation Reports :—

I. Some Observations on the Life-History of the

Blow-Fly and of the House-Fly, made from August

to September, 1915, for the Zoological Society of London.

II. Trials for Catching, Repelling, and Exterminating

Flies in Houses, made during the year 1915 for the

Zoological) Society.of Wondours)-./5...2 eee ee

III. Investigations into Stable Manure to check the

Breeding of House-Flies, made during the year 1915

tor thepZoologicals Sociebyxor london sees ee eee

Scutarer, Wituiam L., M.A., F.Z.8. See Gopman, F.

JOGO. sooqadar Adda den Menara eden in occ wenadeeiabencaee

Page

631

‘2

O41

AG]

465

~ 3xil

Page

Sera-Smire, Davin, F.Z.S., Curator of Birds.

Exhibition of Birds’ Eggs laid in the Society’s

Grated CIS meme Meee see as cess oes a aimee sctotsjniamals sabes ojciaie aietaiavs ahs 741

Exhibition of skins of various nestling birds ............ 742

SHuFELDT, Ropert W., M.D., C.M.Z.S.

Notes on Albinism in American Animals ............... 540

TurNER, Rowtanp E., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Notes on the Wasps of the Genus Pison, and some

alle de Gre we raion, aecteryen or 47 oan Seas erence rasta felts e 591

Woopwarpb, ArtrHur Smiru, LL.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.

On a Mammalian Mandible (Cimolestes cutlerr) from

an Upper Cretaceous Formation in Alberta, Canada.

(A Mes qigi Tiedt Tags: 31h) | Saat corm ane penaronencnncer ae ane. a ero eepaeo nr ben: 525

IS Cen COD NEANG Ey. 00 1D) UC AINIE Olea aang taco ete ties vanteioeeitan ce 541

EN DEX:

1916.—Pages 449-756.

[New names in clarendon type. Systematic references in italics.

(z.8.L.) indicates additions to the Society’s Menagerie. |

Acadra rectistriaria, 726. | Anatoecus difficilis, sp. n., 654,

Acontia malve, 712. 659.

Afyocera brevivitta, 710. Jerrugineus: structure (Figs. 7,

Agathodes muscivalis, 739. | 11), 657.

Agonia, 571. icterodes: structure (Figs. 7, 10,

cherapunjiensis, sp. n. (Fig. 2), 12), 655.

Oijow obtusus: structure (Figs. 7, 11),

—— wallacei, d74. 658.

(Ekagonia) krishna, sp. n. Anisodactylus (Hexatrichus) peciloides

(Big. 1), 571. pseudoeneus, 531.

Agonum gracilipes, 530. Anisodera, 569.

-—— impressum, 530. Anisoderopsis, gen. n., 570.

sexpunctatum, 530. Anobostra radialis, 735.

—— (Idiochroma) dorsale, 530. Anomis sabulifera, 713.

Akantaka, gen. n., 583. Anticarsia irrorata, 728.

rufoornata amazonensis, 4/wa ‘ettensis, 714.

var. n., 583. _ Apisa canescens, 708.

Alyson, 598. Arctomys monax: albino, 540.

—.- ater, 619. Asphalisia tuta, 587.

Amara enea, 530. Aspidomorpha amabilis, 585.

stmulata, 530.

—— (Bradytus) apricaria, 530.

assimilis, O85.

australasie, 584.

—— ( ) consularis, 530. cincta, 535.

—— (——_) fulva, 530. —— duleicula, 586s.

—— (Celia) ingenua, 530. —— furcata, 585.

—— (Triena) plebeja, 530. inquinata, 584.

Amyna octo, 712. | —— micans, 586.

punctum, 712.

Anacassis cribruin, 581.

miliaris, 584.

natalensis, 585;.

Anatoecus, gen. n., 659. —— punctum, 584.

——— brunneiceps: structure (Fig. 8), | —— quinquefasciata, 585;.

658. —— st. crucis, 586. D

—— cygii: structure (Figs. 9, 11), 658. tecta, 584. ,

X1V

Asterias glacialis : development (PI. I.),

553.

Athetis horus, sp. n. (Pl. I. fig. 36),

710. |

—— pentheus, sp. n. (Pl. I. fig. 27),

late

Audea melanoplaga, 713.

Aulacophilus, 591.

eumenoides, 591.

—— jansoni, sp. n., 592. |

vespoides, 592, |

AVES:

Gigantornis eaglesomei: (fossil)

structure: systematic, 519. Hggs

laid in the Society’s Gardens, 741.

Paleornis, yellow variety, 741.

Nestlings from the Society’s

Gardens, 742.

Balearica regulorum (z. 8. L.), 789.

Batonota, 582.

Bembidion illigeri, 529. |

(Notaphus) semipunctatum, 529.

—— (Peryphus) andree, 529.

—— ( ) ustulatum, 529.

(Philochthus) biguitatum, 529.

Boarmia octomaculata, 729.

perse, sp. n. (PI. I. fig. 18), 728.

subalbata, 729.

Botryonopa grandis, 569.

spectabilis, 569.

Brachinus incertus, 531,

psophia, 531.

Brevipecten clearchus, sp. n.

e (PI. I. fig. 31), 723.

cornuta, 723.

Calliphora erythrocephala: develop-

ment, ethology, bait, etc., 461-518.

vomitoria: baits, etc., 482-518.

Calosoma sycophanta, 529.

(Charmosta) denticolle, 529.

Calospiza aurulenta (z.s.1.), 755.

lunigera (z. 8. L.), 759. |

Calpe cerne, sp. n. (Pl. I. fig. 22),

723.

Caimptogramma natalata, 730.

INDEX.

Canistra irrorata, 579.

Capena, gen. n., 732.

Carabus granulatus, 529.

Ol.

—_— chalyhea, d80.

Cassida capensis,

—— cincta, 585.

cribrum, 581.

decemguttata, 580.

decipiens, 587.

discoides, 580,

dorsata, 586.

JSarinosa, 587.

Jasciata, 577.

—— furcata, 585,

—— micans, 585, 586.

miliaris, 584.

nervosa, 581.

—— ngrovittata, 586.

normalis, 581.

octopunctata, 577.

pantherina, 580.

plecta, 589.

punctuin, 584:

quadrimaculata, 587.

quinguefasciata, 585.

st. crucis, 586,

— scalaris, 588,

—— similis, 579.

—— spinifex, 581.

strigata, 579.

| —— suturalis, 582.

tigrina, O86.

turrigera, 587.

variolosa, 582.

Catephia imesonephele, 721.

poliochroa, 719.

—— pyramidalis, 721.

sciras, sp. n. (Pl. I. fig.

719.

scylla, sp. n. (Pl. I. fig.

720.

serapis, sp. n. (PI. I. fig.

721.

sospita, sp. n. (Pl. I. fig. 32),

720:

Centrolophus britannicus, 589.

pompilus, 540.

Cephaloleia, 568.

cvimia, 569,

INDEX.

Cephaloleia nigricornis, 568.

proxima, 568.

Cercocebus aterrimus (z. 8. L.), 739.

Cercopithecus erythrotis (z.8. L.), 739.

Cervus hanglu (z. s. L.), 739.

Chadisra nubifera, 726.

Chalepus (Chalepus)

569.

Charidotis abrupta, 589.

Chelymorpha marginata, 582.

variolosa, 582.

Chilena donaldsoni, 733.

Chirida cruciata, 587.

scalaris, 588.

Chlenius (Chleniellus) nitidulus, 529.

(Chienites) spoliatus longipennis,

529.

Chloephaga meianoptera (z. 8. L.), 740.

Chrysemys mobiliensis (z. 8. L.), 739.

Chrysochloris asiatica: skull-structure

(Fig. 1 a), 450.

hottentota: skull-structure (Pls.

I., 10.; Figs. 2, 3), 449.

Cicindela germanica, 529.

maritima sahlbergi, 529.

Cidaria asteria, sp. un. (Pl. I. fig. 7),

729.

procne, sp. n. (Pl. I. fig. 8),

730.

Cimolestes cutleri, sp. n.: (fossil)

structure (Fig. 1), 525.

Cleora proximaria albescens, 728.

-Clivina collaris, 529.

CoLEnorTEra :

Hispine, Cassidinz : systematic, 567.

Conchyloctenia, 586.

tigrina, 586.

Connocheetes albojubatus (z.s. u.), 740.

Coptocycla balyt, 588.

circumdata, 589.

cruciata, 587.

flavoplagiata, 588.

gemina, 89.

judaica, 589.

—— placida, 588.

—— plecta, 589.

scalaris, 588.

Coronocanthus, 586.

Corsyra fusula, 531.

sanguinicoll as

Cortyta balnearia, ale

fasciolata, 716.

—— minyas, sp. n., 715.

griseacea, form. n., 716.

remigiana, 715.

vetusta, 715.

Cotugnia margareta, sp. n., struc-

ture (Figs. 1-4), 700.

Cribrella oculata: development (PI. Il.

figs. 6-10), 554.

Ctenochira gemina, 589.

plecta, 589.

Ctenusa rectilinea, sp.n., 715. >

psamatha, form. n. (Pl. I.

fig, 21), 714.

Cucumaria normani: development

(Pls. L., II. figs. 1-5, 7-9), 631.

saxicola: development (Pls. I., IT

figs. 6, 10-15), 631.

Cymindis picta, 531.

Cynomis: albino, 541.

Cyon alpinus (z. s. u.), 740.

Dactylispa bipartita, 575.

| —— fulvipes, 575.

—— leptacantha, 576.

longicuspis, 575.

malayana, 575.

soror, 576.

—— spinosa, 576.

trifida, 576.

Dattinia aurora, sp. n. (Pl. I. fig.

29) Noa

—— orion, sp. n. (Pl. I. fig. 30), 735.

| —— perstrigata tithonus, form. n.

(PL. L. fig. 23), 734.

Deilemera glauce, sp. n. (Pl. I.

raise, II)), 708).

Dendrohyrax dorsalis:

(Figs. 7, 8), 749.

DivELOPMENT.

Insecta: House-Flies, 461-518.

EcuinopErMA: Starfishes, 553; Cu-

cumaria, 631.

_ Diachromus germanus, 531.

| Diomedea_ exulans:

| (Hig. 4), 528.

| Diota fasciata, 710.

scent-gland

fossil sternum

xXV1

Diplodocus earnegiei: structure, 539.

Dolichotoma colliculus, 579.

strigata, 579.

Dolichus halensis, 529.

Dollabella, ven. n., 675.

675.

Duomitus pindarus, sp. n., 733.

EcHInNoDERMA.

Development of some Starfishes, 553 ;

Cucumaria : development, 651.

Echoma normalis, 581.

Ekagonia, subgen. n., 571.

Elephas maximus: scent-gland (Figs.

9-11), 750.

Epactius limbatus, 529.

Epistictia matronula, 578.

Equus kiang (z. s. u.), 740.

Eistigmene griseata, 709.

Erwouoey.

Insecta: House-Flies, 461-518.

Eublemma admota, 712.

Eucestia neddaria, 729.

Euphiwsa harmonica, 714.

—— hermione, sp. n. (Pl. I. fig. 3),

714.

— ochreata, form. n., 714.

Eupsychortyx leucopugon (z. s. L.), 740.

Lutelia discistriga, 713.

Fannia canicularis;

518.

sealaris: baits, ete., 482-518.

Felis leo (z. s. u.), 740.

viverrina (z. s.L.), 740.

Pilides costivitralis, 735.

Fodina pentagonalis, 725.

Fulvaria striata, gen. et sp. n.

(PI. 1. fig. 10), 728,

Galactomoia berenice, gen. et sp.

Me CPM, Je Laker, NS), NG, ALF,

GEOGRAPHICAL.

Zoo-geographical relations between

America and Africa, 541.

testudinarius : structure (Fig. 2),

baits, etc., 482—

INDEX.

MammMatta :

sil) from Canada, 525.

Avus: Gigantornis eaglesomei (fossil)

from Nigeria, 519.

ReprintA: Phrynosoma brevicornis,

Cimolestes cutleri (fos-

from Texas, 537.

Insecta: Coleoptera: Russia, China,

Australia, 529-536; Pison, ete.,

distribution, 591; Heterocera from

B. HE. Africa, 707.

Giaura astarte, sp. n. (PI. I. fig. 6),

(ale

Gigantornis eaglesomei, gen. et

sp. n. (fossil) structure (Figs. 1-3),

519.

Giria bubastis, gen. et sp. n. (Pl. I.

fic. 14), 717, 718.

Girpa circumdata, 729.

Glyphodes indica, 739.

sinuata, 735.

Gonophora chalybeata, 574.

hemorrhoidalis var. undulata, 674.

wallacet, STA.

(Lachnispa) modiglianit, 575.

Gracilodes caffra, 725.

Grammodes stolida, 715.

Harpalus eneus, 530.

psittaceus, 530.

smaragdinus, 531.

— (Acardystus) rufus, 531.

— (Actephilus) picipennis, 531.

—— (Amblystus) latus, 531.

—— (Harpalobius) froelichi, 531.

—— ( ——) hirtipes, 5381.

——- (Microderes) brachypus, 531.

—— (Ophonus) azureus, 580.

) sabulicola, 530.

—— (Pardileus) calceatus, 530.

—~ (Pheuginus) serripes, 531.

) servus, 531.

-—— (Pseudophenus) pubescens, 580.

Hemicentetes: occiput (Fig. 1 B), 452.

Heterorachis idmon, sp. n. (Pl. I.

fig. 9), 731.

Himatidium capense, 577.

Tee

comptwimn, d7

Jasciatuin, 9

INDEX.

Hispa bipartita, 575.

- fabricii, 576.

—— fulvipes, 575.

— hemorrhoidalis, 574.

== loypsimusn. BHT

leptacantha, 576.

longicuspis, 575.

sanguinicollis, 569.

spinosa, 576. |

Flispella atra, 579.

FHispida trifida, 576.

Mispopria grandis, 569.

Hybosineta turrigera, 587.

Hylobates muelleri (z. s. u.), 741. |

Hypena derasalis, 720.

Hypodoxa erebusata, 732.

Ibidzcus, gen. n., 663. |

—— flavus, sp. n., structure (Figs. |

16-21), 665. |

platalee, structure (Figs. 15, 21), |

664. |

Idzea niobe, sp, n., 730.

Imatidium fasciatum, 577.

Induna albida, 731. |

—- lactea, 731.

InsmcTA.

House-Fly Investigations: develop-

ment, ethology; baits, poisons,

ete., 461-518; Coleoptera: syste-

matic, structure, 529-536; Hyme-

noptera: Pison, etc., systematic,

591; Anoplura, Mallophaga :

structure, systematic, 643; Hete-

rocera from B. H. Africa, system-

atic, 707.

Laccoptera quadrimacutata, 587.

Lacydes gracilis, 709.

Lama vicuna: scent-glands (Fig. 5),

TAG.

Lebedodes nevius, sp. n. (Pl. I.

fig, 24), 732.

Lecasia othello, gen. et

(PII. fig. 4), 724.

Leocyma candace, sp. n., 712.

Lepidosiren paradoxa (z. s. u.), 740.

Linstowia lemuris, sp. n.: struc- |

ture, 695.

sp. n.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1916, No. LII.

XVil

Lipeurus antitogus, 682.

burnetti : structure (Fig. 27), 682.

JSorjiculatus : structure (Figs. 48—

35), 682.

heterogrammicus, 681.

jejunus : structure (Fig. 26), 680.

secretarius, 682.

—-~ subsiqnatus, 680.

variabilis, 682.

Lissochila, 570.

Loxodonta africana:

(Hig. 11), 750.

Lucilia cesar: development, baits, ete..

461-518.

Lygropia amyntusalis, 735.

—— pasithea, sp, n. (Pl. I. fig. 16),

735.

Lyncestis amphix, 721.

unilinea, 722.

scent-gland

MAMMALIA .

Chrysochloris hottentota: skull-

structure, 449; Cimolestes cutleri

(fossil): structure, systematic, 525 ;

scent-glands in various Mammals :

structure, 742.

Maurilia arcuata, 712.

Mecyna polygonalis, 735.

Melasina recondita, '737-

Melittia hematopis, sp. n. (Fl. I.

fig. 1), 736.

Mesomphalia adspersa, 580.

chalybea, 580.

cribrum, 581.

decemguttata, 580.

vulnerata, 580.

ab. subpustulata, 580.

Metriona circumdata, 589.

flavoplagiata, 588.

gudaica, 589.

scalaris, 588.

Mola mola: ethology, 540.

Molva elongata: exhibited, 540.

Musca domestica: development, baits,

ete., 462-518.

Neomphalia adspersa, 580.

vulnerata, S80.

Neophilopterus, gen. n., 660.

XVilll

Neophilopterus incompletus: structure

(Figs. 13, 21), 660.

tricolor: structure (Fig. 14), 663.

Nephridia, 593.

canthopus, 621,

Nesopelia galapagoensis (z. s. L.), 739.

Notatragus melanotis :

(Fig. 6), 749.

scent-glands

Odontestra albivitta, 710.

Oma, 578.

denticula krishna, var. n.,

579.

Omaspides clathrata, 582.

Omoplata normalis, 582.

Onchocephala quadriloba, 571.

Ortholitha monotecta, 729.

Orycteropus capensis :

(Fig. 1), 742.

Otis tarda (z. s. .), 739.

Oxynodera colliculus, 579.

trrorata, 579.

scent-glands

Paleornis cyanocephalus: yellow var.,

7AL.

nepalensis: yellow var., 741.

torquatus: yellow var., 741.

Pandesma anysa, 716.

Paraceramius, 593.

koreensis, 617. |

Parapison, 598.

agilis, 616.

—— frenchi, 601.

obliteratus, 616.

ruficornis, 600.

rufipes, 616.

Pectinopygus pullatus :

(Fig. 36), 691.

Pericallia hecate,

fig. 19), 709.

Pericyma umbrina, 715.

structure

ap (Blea ||

Peridela berengaria, sp.n.(Pl.I. |

fig. 26), ‘727. |

novaria, sp. n.

721.

Phalera lavinia, sp. n.

fig. 20), 725.

(Pl. I. fig. 17), |

(Es

INDEX.

Philopterus acanthus: structure

(Fig. 24), 677.

asturinus: structure (Figs. 5, 6),

651.

athene: structure, 645.

brunneiceps, 653.

ceblebrachys : structure (Figs. 2, 4),

645.

communis, 676.

cursor: structure (Fig. 1), 645.

eygni, 653.

Serrugineus, 653.

—-~ humeralis :

674.

icterodes, 653.

lari, 677.

leontodon, 677.

- obtusus, 653.

pictus, 651.

—— platystomus, 650.

rostratus: structure (Hig. 3), 644.

semi-signatus, 676.

structure (Fig. 22

Phiyctenodes castalis, 735.

Phrynosoma brevicornis, sp. n.

(CEIG Ils), Bai 3 (CA 5 108) 78),

Physonota dlutacea, 582.

, var. cyrtodes, 582.

Phytometra chalcytes, 716.

Pionea nigripunctalis, sp. n. (PI. I.

fig. 2), 736.

—— xanthalis, sp. n., 736.

Piophila casei: baits, ete.. 482-518.

Piscus :

Centrolophus britannicus : exhibited,

539; Molva elongata: exhibited,

540; Mola mola: ethology, 540.

Pison, 593.

algiricum, 620.

—— allonymui, 622.

appendiculatum, 619.

— arcolatus, 629.

argentatus, 619.

— ashmeadi, nom. n., 625.

assimile, 620.

ater, 619.

atrum, 620.

auratus, 614.

aureofaciale, 628.

Pison aureopilosus, 624.

aureosericewm, 614.

aurifex, 612.

auriventre, 608.

australis, 607.

basalis, 615.

cameronii, 628.

chilensis, 629.

clypeatus, 623.

collare, 627.

conformis, 628.

congener, sp. n., 607.

constrictum, 627.

convexifrons, 629.

eressoni, 628.

decipiens, 612.

denticeps, 622.

dimidiatus, 603.

dives, sp. n., 608.

erythrocerus, 600.

eRe de ee ee ee

erythropus, 616.

—— exornatum, sp. n., 614.

—— exultans, sp. n., 615.

—- fabricator, 625.

—— fasciatum, 628.

--—— fasciatus, 620.

fenestratus, 603.

—— festivus, 603.

—- fraterculus, sp. n., 610.

—— fuscipalpe, 619.

-—— fuscipennis, 606.

—— glabrum, 626.

—— hospes, 628.

—— ignavum, 601.

—— impunctatum, 626.

-—— inzequale, sp. n., 6238.

—— inconspicuum, sp. n., 612.

— infumatum, 605.

—— insigne, 621.

—— insulure st. priscum, 602.

—— insularis, 626.

—— iridipennis, 622, 626.

—— javanus, 625.

jurini, 619.

kohlit, 624.

—--— levis, 628.

lagune, 625.

—— lutescens, sp. n., 604.

INDEX.

Pison maculipennis, 628.

xix

-—— mandibulatum, sp. n., 605.

—— marginatus, 609.

—— melanocephalum, 601.

—— meridionale, sp. n., 611.

—— montanus, 621.

—— morosus, 626.

—— nitidus, 603, 627.

obliquus, 604.

—— obscurus, 621.

orientale, 625.

pallidipalpis, 625.

—— paraensis, 628.

pelletier’, 603.

perplexus, 605.

priscum, 602.

—— pruinosus, 607.

—— pulchrinum, sp. n., 613.

punctifrons, 625.

punctulatum, 608.

—— punctulatus, 625.

—— rechingeri, 627.

regalis, 621.

——~ rhodesianum, 622.

—— rificornis, 602.

— rufipes, 602.

—— rugosus, 619.

—- scabrum, 608.

—— separatus, 610.

—— sericewm, 620.

—— simillimus, 609.

—— speculare, 624.

—— spinole, 607.

—— strenuum, sp. n., 606.

strictifrons, 626.

striolatum, 625.

suspicax, 620.

suspictosus, 629.

tahitense, 627.

tasmanicus, 607.

tibialis, 610.

transvaalensis, 622.

—— tuberculatus, 626.

variicornis, 629.

vestitus, 613.

virosum, 602.

westwoodi, 604.

— wollastoni, sp. n., 624.

»[email protected]

Pison xanthopus, 621.

(Aulacophilus) difficile, 599.

-—— (

—— (Parapison) aberrans, 601.

—— ( ) caliginosum, 600.

— _ ( ) crasstcorne, 617.

—— ( ) erythrogastrum, 599.

—— (——) exclusum, 601.

— ( ) ésolatwm, 618.

—— (—) noctulum, 600.

—— ( ) pertinax, 599.

—— ( ) rothneyt, 617.

—— (——) simulans, 600.

—— (——) tenebroswm, 600.

—— (Prisonitus) argentatus, 619.

——— ( ) ruficornis, 602.

—— (——_) rufipes, 602.

—— (-——) rugosus, 619.

—— (Pisonoides) aberrans, 601.

—— (-——) agilis, 616.

) icarioides, 599.

—— ( ) brown, 617.

—_ ( ) caliginosum, 600.

—— ( ) difficile, 599.

—— (+—) erythrocerus, 600.

—— ( ) erythropus, 616.

— ( ) exclusum, 601.

—— ( ) icarioides, 599,

) koreensis, 617.

) noctulum, 600.

) obliteratus, 616.

) pertinax, 599.

) semulans, 600.

—— ( ) tenebrosum, 600.

—— (==) Chivers Gin, me, (GILT,

—— (——) isolatum, 618.

—— (——) rothneys; 617.

(

Pisonitus, 593.

argenteus, 619.

Pisonoides, 598.

brownt, 617.

Pisonopsis anomala, 62%),

argentinus, 629.

birkmanni, 629.

elypeata, 629.

pilosus, 629.

treangularis, 629.

Pisum, 593-

allonymum, 622.

) testaceipes, sp. n., 618.

INDEX,

Pisum constrictum, 627.

G29}

Platypria echidna, 576.

Pitthea triplagiata,

577.

Platysma mandzhuricum, sp. n.,

533.

nigrum, 580.

—— hystrix,

(Coronocanthus) quadrisuleatum,

536.

—— (——) sulcatum, 586.

—— (Macropecilus) sericeum, 530.

(Melanius) anthracinum, 580.

—— (Sarticus) habitans : structure, 535.

—— ( ) obesulum: structure, 535.

—-- (-—) rockhamptoniense :

ture, 535.

( ) saphyreomarginatum: struc-

ture, 535.

— (Sogines) punctulatum, 530.

Plecoptera polymorpha, 722.

—— —— polymnia, form. n., 722.

Pecilaspis decempustulata, 581.

nervosa, O81.

— pantherina, 580.

—— ——, ab. duodectmmaculata, 581.

Polydesma colutrix, 716.

Poppezea sabina, gen. et sp. n. (PI. I.

fig. 5), 722:

Potamocheerus chceropotaimus (z. s. L.),

741: scent-glands (Fig. 4), 745.

Prasinocyma wnipuncta, 731.

struc-

Prenea strigata, 579.

Prioptera decempustulata, 578.

octopunctata, 577.

- westermanni, 577.

Problepsis vestalis, 731.

Proruaca recurrens, 719.

Protoealliphora grenlandica: baits, ete.,

482.

Protopterus annectens (z. s. L.), 589.

Pseudomesomphalia chalybea, 580.

decemguttata, 580.

discoides, 580.

Pseudonysson, 593.

Jasciatus, 620.

Psophia crepitans (z. s. u.), 740.

viridis (z. s. L.), 740.

Pyrausta incoloralis, 736.

— sthenialis, 736.

INDEX,

Rangifer tarandus (2. s. t.), 739.

Remigiodes remigina, 715,

REpTiLtA.

Phrynosoma brevicornis: systematic,

537.

Rhabdometra plectaria, 730.

Rhea americana (z. s, 1.), 740.

Ehococassis flavoplagiata, 588.

Rhodometra sacraria, 730.

Rhodospiza obsoleta (z. s. 1), 741.

Ttisoba obstructa, 711.

Sarcophaga carnaria: baits, etc., 482- |

518.

Sarticus : strueture, 535.

Scrancia amata, sp. n. (Pl. I. fig.

25) io:

Secusio strigata, 709.

Selagdia narses, sp. n. (PI. I. fig.25), |

732.

Selenis nebulosa, 581.

spinifex, 581.

Semiothisa crassilimbaria, (26.

lataria, 727.

obliquilineata, 727.

semialbida, 727.

Silana farinosa, 587.

Solaster endeca: development (Pl. EI.

fig. 11), 560.

Stauropus critobulus, sp. n. (Pl. [.

fig. 12), 726.

Steropinus, subgen. n., 533.

Stethispa eonfusa, 569.

Stichaster roseus: development, 562.

STRUCTURE.

Mammatta: Chrysochloris hottentota

(skull), 449; Cimolestes cutleri

(fossil), 525; Cutaneous

glands, 742.

Avus: Gigantornis eaglesomea (fossil),

519.

Tysucra: Platysina (punctation), 5385; |

Anoplana, Mallophaga, 643.

Proc. Zoou, Soc.—1916, No, LILI,

seent- |

Xxl

Struthiolipeurus, gen. n., 679.

asymmetricus:; structure (Fig. 25),

79. :

Sus scrofa: scent-glands (Figs. 2, 3),

145; (@. s. u.), 755.

Tachybulus, 593.

—— niger, 620.

Tarache epalinoides, 712.

psaliphora, 712.

—~ winbrigera, 712.

Taranga, 593.

dubia, 607.

Taveta syrinx, gen. et sp. n. (PI. I.

fig. 13), 718, 719.

Tephrina butaria, 728.

-——- deeraria, 728,

Terepene carolina: variation, 541.

Thlaspida formose, 588.

Thlaspidomorpha balyi, 588.

Thlaspidosoma dohrni, 588.

Timora fissifascia, 710.

leucosticta, 710.

Framinda viridaria, 731.

Trikona, gen. n., 583.

Ursus horribilis (z. s. 1.), 740.

VARIATION.

ManManra,ete.: Albinism in Ameri-

can animals, 540.

Aves: Paleeornis (yellow var.), 741.

VURMIDEA.

Linstowia, Cotugnia :

structure, 695.

Vulpes lagopus (z. s. u.), 740.

—-— zerda (z. 8. u.), 740.

systematic,

ZLamarada secutaria, 728.

Zinckenia fascialis, 735.

‘PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND-FRA

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

eee

wg PRD

PROCEEDINGS

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OF THE

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OF LONDON.

1916.

a PART III.

conTaininc Paces 449 ro 551, witH 3 PLATES

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bist OF. CONTENTS,

1916, Part III. (pp. 449-551),

EXHIBITIONS AND NOTICKS.

Page

Mr. E. G. Boutzneer, F.Z.8., Curator of Reptiles. Exhibition of living specimens of

the African Lungfish (Protopterus annectens) ........++escerseecsees was oneteraye on eo BS

The Rey. H. N. Hurcninson, M.A., F.Z.8. Exhibition of a model of the Dinosaur,

IDEAL OCT ROOT LATE UOT RELA oti OMIA S ab ocd OO BA oeniC GOD Ao ceC On casei oer 6 539

Mr. C. Tare Reean, M.A., F.Z.8. Exhibition of a rare Fish, Centrolophus britannicus

(Ginth.) and of a Silver Ling (Molva elongata) ......eeesssssee etches Re fesetuete etait 539

Dr. R. W. Suuraipt, C.M.Z.8. Notes on Albinism in American Animals °............ 540

Résumé of a Discussion on the results published in the ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana,’

with special reference to the zoo-geographical relations between America and

BASED TCA Ze tec ie ia eieie Seale ee cele Rate ae ee Cone eR aT eee A Eee iat ee Race Hp Sanic 541

PAPERS.

16. On the Structure of the Skull in Chrysochloris. By R. Broom, M.D., C.M.ZS.

(Plates 1, 10. ;and “Next-fowres dome swe cat blew sre aie < nie cole «ieee ened) ete

17. Fly Investigations Reports.—I. Some Observations on the Life-History of the

Blow-Fly and of the House-Fly, made from August to September, 1915, for the

Zoological Society of London, By Wintrrep H. SaunpERs .........-++-.++---. 461

Contents continued on page 3 of Wrapper.

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* ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

PAPERS.

16. On the Structure of the Skull in Chrysochloris.

By R. Broom, M.D., D.Sec., C.M.Z.8.

[Received April 25, 1916: Read May 23, 1916. ]

(Plates I., I1.* and Text-figures 1-3.)

The examination of the Organ of Jacobson and the nasal

cartilages in the Cape Golden Mole, the results of which I

recently communicated to the Society t, showed that Chryso-

chloris is not, as has been generally held, an ally of Centetes, nor

indeed apparently of any of the small mammals which are usually

grouped together as ‘“Insectivora,” and that the Golden Moles

ought to be placed in an Order by themselves to which Dobson’s

name of Chrysochloridea may be applied. As the type is so

unique, it seemed worth while to make a careful study of the

skull.

Hitherto very little has been known of the skull of Chrysochloris.

Though the animal is not at all rare, it is not often seen unless

specially looked for, and probably only a very small proportion

of the inhabitants of South Africa have ever seen one, except

perhaps in a Museum. Most of the larger museums have a

number of skins and skulls, but, as is the case with many small

mammals, the cranial bones in the adult are so completely

* For explanation of the Plates see p. 458.

7 P.Z.S. 1915, p. 347.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1916, No. XXXII. 32

450 DR. R. BROOM ON THE

anchylosed that it is impossible to do much more than speculate

on the structure. Dobson figures a nearly adult skull of one

species which reveals some sutures, but only a very young skull

could clear up most of the points in doubt, and until recently,

so far as I am aware, no very young specimens have ever been

obtained by any scientist. W hile residing at Stellenbosch, though

I collected many adult Chrysochloris, I only succeeded in setting

about half a dozen young specimens, and unfortunately I have

no specimens which would show the early condition of the

chondrocranium. Still, the skull of the newly-born Chrysochloris

hottentota, which I have examined, is in such an interesting stage

of development that it reveals clearly the nature of practically all

the cartilaginous as well as the osseous elements.

Prof. J. P. Hill has very kindly had the head of the young.

Chrysochloris hottentota sectioned for me by his laboratory

assistant, Mr. F. Pittock, and the facts revealed in the sections

have been confirmed and amplified by the study of a prepared

skull of a shghtly older Chrysochloris asiatica.

Skull of young Chrysochloris asiatica.

The skull measures in greatest length 13°5 mm., and the basal

length from the basioccipital to the premaxilla is 10°7 mm. The

maximum width is 9°5 mm., and height 7-5 mm.

When viewed from above, the large size of the brain region,

the narrowed orbital, and the short narrowed facial region give

the skull a shght superficial resemblance to that of a small bird,

The premaxille are small, irregularly squar e-shaped bones

which articulate by one side with the maxille and by another

with the nasals. They contain the already calcified points of the

three milk-incisors. ‘The premaxilla forms a distinct portion of

the hard palate behind the incisors and in front of the anterior

palatine foramina.

The maxilla forms the greater part of the hard palate. Already

the milk-canine, the three milk-molavs, and the first molar are

partly calcified. The maxilla forms about twice as large a part

of the side of the snout as does the premaxilla. There is a large

foramen for the large manillary branch of the Vth nerve. The

most remarkable thing about the maxilla is the way in which it

forms the jugal arch. There is no trace of a jugal bone, and the

whole arch is formed by a backward process of the maxilla which

runs back as far as the glenoid cavity and articulates with the

squamosal,

The nasals are relatively short. They measure 4°5 mm. in

length, and the greatest measurement across the two is at the

upper end, where it is 3 mm. In front the transverse measure-

ment is 2 mm.

The lacrimal is very small and cannot be satisfactorily made

out in this skull, though it can be detected in the sections of the

earlier stage.

SKULL OF CHRYSOCHLORIS. 451]

The frontal is relatively small, being only about half the size

of the parietal. There is a distinct orbital constriction.

The large parietals each form nearly a quarter of the upper

surface of the skull. Each articulates with its neighbour, and

with the frontal, squamosal, tabular, and supraoccipital.

The squamosal is of moderate size but very peculiarly shaped.

The upper squamous portion is much reduced, and behind the

glenoid cavity there is a long posterior descending process which

covers the petrosal and extends as far as the exoccipital. In

front the squamosal articulates with the maxilla, but forms

practically no part of the zygoma.

On the base of the skull the palatines, pterygoids, tympanics,

auditory ossicles, vomer, basisphenoid, and _ basioccipital and

exoccipital can be readily made out, but their relations and

structure can be better understood from the reconstruction of

the earlier stage.

Text-figure 1.

\| I / 1)

Wl,

ANAL

\\Y

A. Occiput of young Chrysochloris asiatica.- X 4.

B. Occiput of young Hemicentetes sp. X 3°5.

For explanation of lettering see p. 458.

It is necessary, however, to consider more fully the structure

of the occiput, as it is unlike that of any other known mammal.

When the skull is examined posteriorly there is seen to be a

very small basioccipital, a pair of small exoccipitals, and a

relatively large supraoccipital, with no distinct interparietal.

The relations and shapes of these will be seen in text-fig. 1.

On each outer side of the supraoccipital is a rounded bone of

moderate size which I regard as the tabular. It is a membrane-

bone which articulates with the supraoccipital, the parietal, the

exoccipital, and partly covers the petrosal or periotic. At this

stage it does not quite reach the squamosal, but not improbably

in a slightly more advanced stage it may be found to articulate

with the squamosal. Whatever be the nature of this bone, it

quite certainly, as will be seen later, is not formed from any part

of the ear-capsule, and as it certainly occupies the exact position

of the tabular in Therapsid and other early reptiles, it seems

well to apply this name to it.- As a large tabular occurs in

32*

452 DR. R. BROOM ON THE

Cynodonts we may infer that the early mammals still retained

it, and possibly Chrysochloris and its ancestors have never lost

this ancestral character which all other known mammals have

lost.

The occiput of Chrysochloris is very interesting when compared

with its supposed ally Hemicentetes (text-fig. iL B). It will be

observed that the most striking difference is the entire absence

of even a rudimentary tabular, whose place is occupied by lateral

extensions of the suipraoccipital and parietal. There are also

considerable differences in the relative sizes of the other

elements.

Membrane-bones of the base of the skull of the newly-born

Chrysochloris hottentota.

The skull of the newly-born Chrysochloris hottentota is now

represented by 710 transverse sections. From sections 1 to 316

the series is complete and continuous. Here, unfortunately, the

block of paraffin has been placed in the microtome in the reversed

position and a wedge-shaped section of considerable thickness has

been removed. Between sections 372 and 373 about eight sec-

tions are missing. ‘Though these imperfections have increased

the difficulty of reconstruction, they have fortunately not resulted

in the loss of any fact of importance. In the reconstructions I

have made, the gaps have been restored, as can be done with

complete confidence, and the slight obliquity of the posterior half

of the skull corrected.

As there is nothing of importance to be seen on the upper side

of the skull that is not better seen in the slightly older dissected

skull, I shall confine my description to the interesting condition

of the base.

The whole palate is relatively shorter and broader than in the

older stage. The premaxilla is already well ossified, and has two

large open sockets for the Ist and 2nd developing milk-incisors.

The cavity for the third developing tooth is only partly formed

by the premaxilla, and partly by the maxilla. There seems little

doubt, however, that this 3rd tooth is also, as has been generally

held, an incisor. The palatine process is rather short, and there

is a fair ly large anterior palatine foramen.

The maxillar y bone has a very broad but rather short palatal

plate. There are distinct concavities for part of the 3rd milk-

incisor, the milk-canine, the three milk-premolars, and for the

Ist true molar. The dental lamina which is going to form the

2nd and 3rd molars is not at this stage supported by bone.

From the lamina of bone which forms the outer protection for

the dental germs, there is continued backwards the process of

bone which forms the zygomatic arch. There is no distinct

jugal.

The palatine is seen as a fairly large bone behind the

maxillary. The plates forming the secondary palate are well

SKULL OF CHRYSOCHLORIS. 453

developed, and form the bony borders of the wide choana,

Between the deeper portions of the palatines, the relations of

which will be better understood from the sections, is seen the

Text-figure 2.

Reconstruction of base of skull of Chrysochloris hottentota (newly born) showing

the membrane-bones. Portions of the right tympanic and the right basisphe-

noidal processes have been removed to show the underlying parts. X 12.

For explanation of lettering see p. 458.

vomer. Superficial to the posterior part of the palatine is the

peculiarly shaped pterygoid. The main part of the bone is

454 DR. R. BROOM ON ‘THE

continued backwards from the palatine. A long slender out-

ward process extends underneath the alisphenoid and in close

relation to it. Downwards and backwards there passes a strong

hooked process which supperts the soft palate. The general

shape will be readily understood from the restored figure

(text-fig. 2).

External to the pterygoid and poster ior to it is seen the large

bony ring of the tympanic. It forms about 4 of a ited 2

Lying between it and Meckel’s cartilage is seen the prearticular

or “goniale” of Gaupp; and immediately internal to the pre-

articular is a slender splint of bone which has not, so far as

I am aware, been previously observed in mammals. It may

represent the surangular of the reptilian jaw.

External to the ty mpanic is seen the developing squamosal,

It curves round the auditory region, and in the figure is seen

extremely foreshortened. In the slightly older skull the

squamosal passes much further downwards and inwards and

protects the whole of the posterior tympanic region which at

this stage is exposed.

Behind the auditory capsule is seen the developing tabular ;

it is in close association with the anterior border of the supra-

occipital.

Tn the figure given the only other membrane-bone seen is the

frontal, a considerable part of whose lower border is shown.

A large foramen shown is occupied by a venous sinus.

Chondrocranium and cartilage-bones of the newly-born

Chrysochloris hottentota.

Text-figure 3 shows a reconstruction of the chondrocranium,

almost all the membrane-bones having been removed. The most

striking general features are the great size of the occipital and

auditory regions, the very small size of the orbitosphenoid, and

the well-developed condition of the nasal capsules.

The internal structure of the nasal capsule is to some extent

revealed in the figures of sections given. In the reconstructed

figure the most inter esting feature shown is the primitive struc-

ture of Jacobson’s cartilage. Tt will be observed that there is,

as in marsupials and a few lowly-organised Kutherians, an outer

bar which is, however, not quite completely formed. There is a

small posterior nasal-floor cartilage.

The orbitosphenoid is unusually small and does not extend far

backwards as 1t does in marsupials and primitive Eutherianus.

tt has a foramen rotundum for the rudimentary optic nerve.

On the base of the posterior part of the nasal capsule is a

large membrane-bone of doubtful significance. Text-fig. 3 shows

the appearance of the bone as viewed from below after the

removal of the vomer, palatine, pterygoid, and alisphenoid.

In the figures of sections given (Pls. I., IJ., figs. 6-8) the

relations of the bone to the nasal capsule, to the orbitosphenoid,

SKULL OF GCHRYSOCHLORIS. ADD

and to the nasal septum, in addition to the relations to the

membrane-bones and the alisphenoid, can be fully understood.

Text-figure 3.

Reconstruction of base of skull of Chrysockloris hottentota (newly born) with the

membrane-bones removed. On the right side the auditory ossicles have also

been removed and part of the basisphenoidal process and the whole of the

alisphenoid. The posterior nasal-floor cartilage has also been removed from

the left side. X 12.

For explanation of lettering see p. 458.

Being above the alisphenoid, the bone is manifestly not one of

the pterygoid group of bones. It is much too far back to be the

456 DR. R. BROOM ON THE

homologue of the reptilian paired yomer; and it cannot be the

septomaxillary. It is no doubt the same bone as Parker found

in a number of mammals and referred to as the postero-lateral

vomer ; but it is no part of the true vomer. Considering how

very large a membranous ossification is formed in connection, as

we shall see, with the basisphenoid, one may think of the possibility

of this being a membranous exostosis in connection with the

presphenoid, though at this stage, and even in the later one

represented by the small skull dissected, there is no ossification

of the cartilaginous presphenoid. In the meantime I think it

safest to leave the significance of the bone as very doubtful.

The alisphenoid is fairly well developed but very narrow, and

much more like a columella cranii than in any other mammal

IT know. It is still mainly cartilaginous, though commencing to

ossify along the posterior border, and at its inner end there is

considerable ossification which cannot altogether be separated

from the ossification in membrane which is spreading out from

the basisphenoid.

The basisphenoid is chiefly remarkable for the large mem-

branous exostosis which forms a large process extending down-

wards and outwards. This process may be regarded as a

basisphenoidal process comparable to the basisphenoidal pro-

cess of many reptiles in having a true articulation with the

pterygoid.

The auditory ossicles are relatively large.

The general structure of the auditory region will be more

readily understood from the sections. The tegmen tympani is

feebly developed.

The most interesting feature of the occiput is the fact that

only a relatively small part of the supraoccipital is preformed

in cartilage. ‘The greater part is a membranous exostosis which

fills in the median portion between the two sides. It might be

argued that this median part is really the interparietal, but from

the condition seen in the later states it seems better to look on

the ossification as a supraoccipital in which only the lateral parts

have a cartilage basis.

Description of the more important sections.

As I have in my previous paper figured and described the

cartilages in connection with Jacobson’s organ, and as the

posterior part of the nasal capsule has a very complicated

arrangement of turbinals which would require for the complete

solution of its significance a much fuller comparison with other

mammalian types than is at present possible, I shall leave any

detailed account of the nasal cartilages till some future time.

Figures 1—6 (PI. I.) represent sections 131, 185, 238, 280, 302,

and 316 respectively, and show the general arrangement of the

nasal cartilages.

Fig. 1, which is through the middle part of Jacobson’s organ,

SKULL OF CHRYSOCHLORIS. 457

shows the small posterior nasal-floor cartilage. The anterior part

of the maxilla is seen inside the premaxilla.

Fig. 2 shows the small procumbent inferior turbinal. The

small developing 1st milk-molar is seen, and the very slender

lacrimal duct.

Fig. 3 is through the anterior part of the palatine. The

maxilla has the outer portion which protects the developing

3rd milk-molar no longer attached to the main part above.

Fig. 4 is through the plane of the rudimentary eye. The

moderately large lacrimal gland is cut across. The relative

positions of the palatine, maxilla with its zygomatic process, the

vomer, and the frontal are shown.

Fig. 5 is through the anterior part of the pterygoid, and

shows the relations of the palatine to the vomer internally

and to the pterygoid inferiorly.

Fig. 6 is through the posterior end of the vomer. Above the

vomer and the palatine is seen the problematic bone previously

mentioned. It is seen to be in close relation to the nasal cap-

sule and almost in contact externally with the spheno-palatine

ganglion. A large venous sinus is seen passing out of the

frontal bone.

Fig. 7 is a little posterior to the section shown in fig. 6,

but not quite in the same plane, as already mentioned. The

problematic bone is seen to be of large size, lying above the

pterygoid and the posterior end of the palatine.

Fig. 8 (Pl. II.) is through the anterior part of the Gasserian

ganglion. ‘The alisphenoid is cut down the middle. The lower

end is ossifying by exostosis. Below the alisphenoid is seen the

pterygoid. Above these two elements and below the posterior

end of the nasal capsule, is the large problematic ‘lateral vomer.”

Its upper outer angle is in close relation with the lower inner end

of the orbitosphenoid.

Fig. 9 is through the anterior end of the auditory capsule and

shows the cochlea in section. The basisphenoid shows part of

the lateral exostosis which supports the capsule. The tympanic

bone is seen cut across at both the outer and inner ends of the

long flattened tympanic cavity. Inside the upper end of the

tympanic is seen the curved prearticular or goniale which

embraces Meckel’s cartilage. Along the imner edge of this

prearticular is another slender splint of bone which may repre-

sent the reptilian surangular. Above the prearticular is Meckel’s

cartilage, and inside this latter is seen the small chorda tympani

nerve. Hxternal to Meckel’s cartilage is shown the large cartilage

which forms the articular end of the dentary, and above this is

seen the posterior end of the zygomatic process of the maxilla

and the anterior end of the squamosal. The section is through

the main part of the external auditory meatus, which is seen

surrounded by a series of cartilages belonging to the external

ear.

Fig. 10 is through the posterior part of the malleus. It shows

458 DR. R. BROOM ON THE

the relations of the squamosal to the parietal and maxilla, and

of the hyoid to the VIIth nerve and to the tympanic.

Fig. 11 is through the incus and the stapes. The stapes is

seen pierced by the large stapedial artery. The incus is large

and is seen mainly covered by the squamosal. The VIIth nerve

is seen cut in three places, the inner part being continuous with

the geniculate ganglion. Jn the lower part of the section is seen

the large ganglion of the vagus nerve.

Fig. 12 shows the tabular bone and its relations to the supra-

occipital, exoccipital, and auditory capsule. Whatever be its

significance, it has manifestly, as will be seen, nothing to do

with the auditory capsule.

Concluding observations.

The skull of Chrysochloris is in part a primitive, and in part a

specialised and degenerate type.

It is primitive in the structure of Jacobson’s cartilage, in

the feeble development of the inferior turbinal, in the simple

columella-like alisphenoid, in having a large maxillary zygomatic

process, in the possession of a large complicated pterygoid which

articulates with a large basisphenoidal process, and in the

possession of a distinct tabular bone.

It is degenerate and specialised in the rudimentary condition

of the orbitosphenoid, in the loss of the ectopterygoid inter-

parietal, and jugal, and the lack of development of a zygomatic

process of the squamosal.

The examination of the skull confirms the result of the

examination of Jacobson’s organ and its relations in showing

that Chrysochloris 1s not a near ally of Centetes, and that it

is not an Insectivore. Further, it is not allied to the Meno-

typhla, and ought to be placed in a distinct order Chrysochloridea.

Explanation of Lettering of Text-figures and Plates.

Art.D. articular head of dentary; A.S. alisphenoid; Awd. auditory capsule;

B.O. basioccipital; B.S. basisphenoid; #.A. external auditory meatus; H.O.

exoccipital ; #.J. foramen jugulare; F.R. fenestra rotunda; Fr. frontal; G.G.

Gasserian ganglion; G.X. ganglion of Xth nerve; Hy. hyoid; Inc. ineus; J.C.

Jacobson’s cartilage; .d.; Ug. lacrimal gland; Mal. malleus; Md. mandible; Wh.

Meckel’s cartilage; MWe. maxilla; Na. nasal; O. orbit; O.S. orbitosphenoid ;

P.A. prearticular; Pa. parietal; Pal. palatine; Pet. petrosal; Pmax. premaxilla ;

P.N.F.C. posterior nasal-floor cartilage; Pt. pterygoid; S.A. surangular; S.H.

saccus endolymphaticus ; S.O. supraoccipital; S.P.G.: spheno-palatine ganglion ;

Sq. squamosal; Sz. stapes; S¢.4. stapedial artery; 7b. tabular; Ty. tympanic ;

. Vth nerve; Vd. mandibular branch of Vth nerve; Vina. maxillary branch

of Vth nerve; VIL. VIIth nerve; Vo. vomer; V.S.F. venous sinus of frontal;

<. problematic bone at back part of nasal capsule.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES I. & II.

Figs. 1-12. Transverse sections of skull of newly-born Chrysochloris hottentota.

All sections are 15 times natural size.

SKULL OF CHIRYSOCHLORIS. 459

ADDENDUM (July 12, 1916).—After my paper had been com-

municated to the Society, Mr. D. M. 8S. Watson called my

attention to the fact that there is generally present in the

Common Seal (Phoca vitulina) a bone which also appears to be a

tabular. It has, of course, long been known that not infrequently

a distinct bone occurs in the corresponding region in the human

subject; and we may, I think, conclude that though most

mammals have lost the tabular there is a tendency for it to re-

appear by reversion in forms in which, owing to the configuration

of the brain, the occiput is largely developed.—R. B.

ON THE HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS. 461

17. Fly Investigations Reports.—I. Some Observations on

the Life-History of the Blow-Fly and of the House-

Fly, made from August to September, 1915, for the

Zoological Society of London. By Wuyirrep H.

SAUNDERS *.

[Received March 19,1916: Preliminary report read by Prof. H. Maxwett Lerroy,

November 9, 1915. |

Tre Biow-F iy.

The breeding-material used was raw meat—a mixture of beef

and mutton scraps. The meat was placed in pickle-jars, into

which the flies were introduced; the tops were covered with

muslin, and eggs were laid on the meat contained in these traps.

The temperature of the room in which they were kept varied

from 40—60° F.

Batches of Bluebottles (Calliphora erythrocephala) and Green-

bottles (Lucilia cesar) were watched and compared, and the

table given below shows very slight differences in the period of

metamorphosis. ;

Bluebottle. Greenbottle.

Ova laid, Sept. Ist—2nd. Ova laid, Aug. 24th.

,, batched, ,,. 2nd—3rd. ,, hatched, oul

Larve pupated, ,, 14th-l19th. Larve pupated, Sept. 4th—5th.

Flies emerged, ,, 27th. Flies emerged, ,, 15th—29th.

As batches of eggs were laid they were isolated, and, so far

as possible, the development was watched. The eggs were, as

a rule, deposited in little crevices in the meat. ‘The flies are

attracted to moist meat whether fresh, foul, raw, or cooked, but

they avoid dried meat.

Lgg-laying.—This was observed through a binocular dissecting

microscope. A fly which had been isolated in a test-tube with a

piece of meat deposited eggs within an hour after being captured.

The long ovipositor (about half the length of the body and a very

sensitive structure) felt the surface before the passage of each

egg.

~The eggs which I saw laid were placed parallel with one

another, and arranged in the typical compact little group.

In hatching, the egg splits longitudinally along a suture marked

by a white line. It splits first at the broader end, on the convex

side, which is in contact with the dorsal surface of the larva.

The rupture is brought about. by the pressure of movement

within, and begins with a narrow slit, which lengthens as the

maggot escapes. The empty shell very quickly shrivels.

* Communicated by Prof. H. Maxweut Lerroy, M.A., F.ZS.

462 MISS W. H. SAUNDERS ON THE

Maggot.—The larval stage lasted from 10 to 16 days in most

cases, but no moults were discovered.

Puparium.—tThe resting-stage covered from 8 to 13 days in

the Bluebottle, but the Greenbottle spent up to 24 days in that

condition.

Some eggs and maggots perished in a temperature of 38° C.

The last batches remained in the maggot stage for many weeks,

and they all succumbed at the beginning of November.

THe Housse-Fry (Musca domestica).

Eggs were laid on banana, either in cracks or crevices of the

pulp or under the loose skin.

As batches of eggs were found they were isolated in small

dishes. They were laid in material kept ina room where flies

were bred. The maggots fed on banana and a mixture of bread,

casein, and sugar moistened with water. Changes in growth

were observed, but, as in the Blow-fly, no larval moults could be

seen. The method of egg-laying and of hatching is similar to

that of the Blow-fly.

Some batches of eggs were divided, one half being kept at the

normal temperature of the room (40-60° F.) and the other at

38° C. (100°-4 F.). The results were as follows :-—

Temperature 100° 4 F. Temperature 40-60° F,

Batch 1. Eggs laid September Ist—2nd.

Hatched Sept. 2nd—3rd. Hatched Sept. 2nd—3rd.

Pupated ,, 7th—10th. Pupated ,, 15th.

Emerged ,, 12th—16th. Kmerged ,, 26th—27th.

Total 14 days. Total 25 days.

Batch 2. Kiggs laid September 3rd—4th.

Hatched Sept. 5th. Hatched Sept. 5th.

Pupated: ,, 12th. Pupated ,, 16th.

Emerged ,, 15th—16th. Kmerged ,, 28th.

Total 11 days. Total 23 days.

Batch 3. Eggs laid September 5th.

Hatched Sept. 6th. Hatched Sept. 6th.

Pupated ,, 13th. Pupated ,, 22nd.

Emerged ,, 15th—16th. Emerged ,, 28th—29th.

Total 10 days. Total 23 days.

Batch 4. Eggs laid September 6th—7th.

Hatched Sept. 7th. Hatched Sept. 7th.

Pupated ,, 14th—15th. Pupated) Wei 7 23rd:

Emerged ,, 16th. Emerged ,, 30th.

Total 9 days. Total 23 days.

HLOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS. 463

Conclusions.

The four batches of the House-fly show that the higher

temperature hastens development—38° C. appears to be the

maximum, the maggots cannot endure 40° C., and Blow-fly

maggots perish at 38° C.

The experiments serve only to confirm records previously

published.

The enquiry closed at the end of September, so that within a

month there was no opportunity of repeating and checking the

Blow-fly results, nor of observing hibernating habits with the

approach of winter.

It is interesting to note that the Blow-fly will breed together

with the House-fly in the mixture of bread, casein, sugar, and

banana, and it would be worth while following the investigations

through the winter with a view to clearing up points connected

with hibernation, etc.

y dame . sane aa aa i

a iA ; 7

ern at in a oat ;

shiek pry nee stg: artis pa

Pd RTCA RSL, ie EE Uta BR ag Ane Sie fal mal sate i

iit, ge geht) a meaniennee aa iat Bie fa i atin)

gash ak Bla AA aaa ih 00 ‘

POD abel? gee auiais arash ey ult watw bop, ial we pr

oon DAMEN: RRM alae cy 0a Ae ee

hoeie us if apie Niro POH ah i

eae e "Pao ideale Ke

coy ie fi Nir iret begets iis) aly Ny i 2 My

D pelle juibelieil FEU eia dah ea

Mea ae aon Tonks, ‘x Pri wiiwh: ONE. | ‘i

- Piet | a hers TOS be ee, io |

sa ei: ha ile acai wet oe

Pawlet Ai ae hy ae imme hid ni ee

Sloe vio ASthatg! SRO ce Iie on a eS

Beso ns GR dah ‘ia medi) ie aes

5 Ene: se Airs: La Pe ie eka bed isha

Fue ye pie AN Kegs in Bay tedinve bie.

cn een} is ss ee oe a abate ieee mh

tape a oee:: is sont oy

i Dace ie eM i Miriey

: cL 15 tates:

ON THE HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS. 465

18. Fly Investigations Reports—U. Trials for Catching,

Repelling, and Exterminating Flies in Houses, made

during the year 1915 for the Zoological Society of

London. By Winirrep H. Saunpers*.

[ Received March 19, 1916; Preliminary report read by Prot. H. Maxwetni LEFRoy,

November 9, 1915. |

The trials were made at a country residence in Kent during

August and September. House-flies were particularly numerous

in the kitchen quarters and in an outhouse where poultry-food

was prepared and stored. The living-rooms of the house were

practically free from flies.

An inspection was made to ascertain whether any breeding-

grounds existed on the premises. It was found that farmyard

manure dumped into & manure-tip produced a large number of

flies, though it was clear that the main source was beyond the

control of the householder. Pigs were kept on this manure,

which was allowed to accumulate for six weeks before being

moved and stacked on some land a few yards away.

No steps had been taken to check the increase of flies, and the

situation offered scope for testing under normal conditions the

remedies which from experimental investigations were most

promising.

Measures were taken :

1. To check the breeding of flies by treating the farmyard

manure :—

(«) In the manure-tip by watering the surface every four

days with Westoran, in the strength of one part to

twenty parts of water.

(6) Stacked for use in the garden by dressing the surface

with green oil and soil, in the proportion of one part

oil to forty parts of soil per 100 square feet of surface.

2. To destroy flies by poisoning and by attracting to traps.

Tria [.—TRappine. ’

Balloon traps baited with (1) casein, sugar, and stout ;

(Pin ne banana ;

(3) 55 ns water

gave the following results :—

* Communicated by Prof. H. Maxwetn Lerroy, M.A., F.Z.S.

Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1916, No. XX XIII. ao

466

MISS W. H. SAUNDERS ON TILE

Taste 1.—Mapweb Bait (casein and sugar in equal parts)

and stout. Moistened daily with stout.

Say | Servants’ | Poultry |

Day. Kitchen. | Hall. | Shed. | Total.

US 0) BIRO Soocae 4, Musca. | 6 Musca. 12 Musca. | 22 Musca. |

| | | |

Acres se Ee eee 2 VE 4, |) 46 8 Blow.

| |

BUND soonsc 42 Cs, OF oy | 128 op 97 op |

Ciheaes Sania 5) ass 2 ees LOS eT bes |

HRD soeese HO) 5 | Shy OP COmars |

| Ot hiees Mella re [os aby gy |

ae aaraa a yee | aad eo

Totalaee 131 Musca, 3 Blow.|154 Musca.| 77 Musca. | 362 Musca, 3 Blow.

TaBie 2.—Mapweb Bait and banana.

0 Servants | Poultry

Day. Kitchen. Tela. Shed. Total.

US 10) BIOL ssc0e 1 Musca, 6 Fannia,! 7 Musca. | 39 Musca. | 47 Musca, 6 Fannia,

1 Blow. 1 Blow.

AYN, coca 2 Musca. 1D oy, 10 = 24 Musca.

bth Biron Ce aie | OI ee, 88 3

6theeeee 6 ” 22 ” 10 ” 38 2

th ......124 3 Aon hve LO eeu OB

Ocheeee | Sieh, 1 on; Oa eee

Rotaliees 44 Musca, 6 Fannia,) 75 Musca. | 85 Musca. 204 Musca, 6 Fannia,

1 Blow. 1 Blow.

TasLE 3.—Mapweb Bait and water.

Mixed two days

previously ; moistened daily with water.

Kitchen.

2 Musca.

73 Musca.

Servants’

Hall.

13 Musca.

80 Musca.

Shed.

50 Musci

| Poultry

peer.

2 Musca. |

Total.

4 Musca.

L. 213 Musea.

HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS. 467

Triat I1.—Fiypaprer (Exrirmo).

Tested against Trial I. with the following results :—

Examined after two days :

TABLE 4,

1. Kitchen............ 52 Musca against 41 in 3 balloon traps... Bait and

stout... Il

Bait and

banana... 8

Bait and

water ... 22

2. Servants’ Hall... 135 Musca against 42 in 8 balloon traps... Bait and

stout ... 20

Bait and

banana... 1

Bait and

water ... 16

3. Poultry Shed ... 314 Musca against 18 in 3 balloon traps... Bait and

stout... 13

Bait and

banana... 3

Bait and

water) in.) 2

N.B.—Of the House-flies caught in traps 69 °/, were males.

TriaL IIJ.—Sprays.

Rooms were sprayed with the following (the windows were

netted for two days, then fly-papers were exposed) :—

1. Flybane (aromatic disinfecting oil).

2. Exol.

3. Army Spray.

TABLE 5.

Flybane.

Day after netting was removed :-—

Kitchen. Servants’ Hall. Poultry Shed.

102 Musca. 105 Musca, eggs laid. 40 Musca.

Kxol.

Two days after netting was removed :—

Kitchen. Servants’ Hall. Poultry Shed.

130 Musca. 250 Musca. —

Army Spray.

This preparation was arrived at late in the season (November),

when, under normal conditions, flies had disappeared. It was,

therefore, tested in some Army recreation-rooms, in a building

where flies were bred for experimental purposes. The conditions

were similar to those of ordinary cook-houses and dwelling-

33*

468 ON THE HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS,

rooms, food being served there which provided the usual

attractions,

(N.B.—The Army Spray is prepared from Professor Maxwell Lefroy’s

fonmula by Heppell & Co., Knightsbridge, who supply it at

30s. per gallon concentrated. The diluted spray for use costs

ls. 6d. per gallon.)

(RRP Vie EivaKcinE Re

Flykiller (treacle, arsenic, and water) was tested according to

recommendations by Berlese, who used it with great success in

Italy. Rags saturated with the solution were hung in places

out of reach of domestic animals, and the mixture was sprayed

on the roof, etc. Two applications were made, and the surround-

ing areas were carefully examined for dead flies the day after

each. None were found, and there was no decrease in the

number of flies which entered the house.

CONCLUSIONS.

From Trial IIL. :—

1. Flybane is effective in killing flies by contact, but it does

not act as a repellent. There are two objections to its use in

kitchens, wards, and dwelling-rooms. First, the parattin oil taints

food (although it is absolutely harmless); and, secondly, it leaves

a mans upon the window-panes, furniture, etc.

. Exol is effective in bringing the fies déwn—that is, 1b

ee them sufficiently to sweep them up within half an hour,

but about 50°/, finally recover.

It was found that all recoveries were made within 20 hours.

The Army Spray successfully kills flies by contact. Those

which fali never recover, although they may struggle for some

hours. It is not a deterrent.

Flies returned to the room sprayed with Flybane on the

following day and in two days after Exol. They continued to

be abundant after the manure treatments were made.

The fact that flies reappeared after the treatment of all farm-

yard manure decided that they were being bred on neighbouring

premises.

As regards poisoning, Flykiller proved a complete failure under

the particular conditions that it was tested, probably due to a

difference in climate.

Fly-papers were very successtul, and in comparing figures they

give better results than the traps.

Of traps the common balloon is the one which is recommended.

It should be baited with casein and sugar in equal parts (Mapweb

Bait), moistened with beer, stout, or banana. ‘To keep rooms

free from flies the most practicable procedure would be to spray

daily with the new Army Spray (absolutely harmless to food

and having a pleasant scent), and to set traps or fly-papers as

explained above,

ON THE HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS. 469

19, Fly Investigations Reports.—III. Investigations imto

Stable Nemes to rs the Breeding of House-Flies,

made during the year 1915 for the Zoological Society

of London. By Wrxtrrep H. SaunDErs *

| Received March 19, 1916: Preliminary report read by Prof. H. Maxwnii Lerroy,

November 9, 1915. |

INTRODUCTION.

An extensive series of experiments was made in June and

July for the purpose of finding a treatment for fresh stable

manure, which would be effective in checking the breeding of

House-flies, and which could be safely employed for agr icultural

purposes.

Owing to the increased price of borax, which before the war

was the only substance in use for the purpose, the need for a

treatment at a lower cost was pressing for military purposes, for

farmers, horticulturists, and manure contractors.

Many practical obstacles arose in working out the solution of

this problem.

Although many tons of manure were accumulated in artillery

and cavalry camps, it was impossible to get a sufficient quantity

conveyed to convenient trial-grounds owing to the difficulty of

transport. A small amount was purchased, and, later, facilities

were granted at the Army Veterinary Hospital, Woolwich, and

on market-garden premises at Brentford, where stable manure

was dumped. Experiments on manure, to test the action of

various liquids upon flies and maggots, were carried out at

Woolwich and at Brentford, and those on plants at the Royal

Horticultural Society’s Gardens, Wisley, at Messrs. Sutton’s,

Reading, and at the Horticultural College, Swanley.

This work on manure treatments was suggested and designed

by Professor Maxwell Lefroy, under whose guidance all the

experiments have been carried out.

A. MAnuriAL EXPERIMENTS.

Experiments on fresh stable manure were made along two

lines :—

1. To test the action of vapourisable liquids upon maggots

present in the manure.

2. To test the action of substances as repellents to flies

when applied to the surface of manure heaps.

Experimental heaps of definite sizes and shapes were con-

structed, and the strength of each application was in proportion

to the cubic area of the: manure,

* Communicated by Prof. H. Maxwett Lerroy, M.A.,, E.Z.8.

470 MISS W. H. SAUNDERS ON THE

The Application of Maggot Poisons.

The following liquids miscible in water were used :-—

Miscible Tetrachlorethane (Westoran).

Miscible Fusel oil 1 °/,.

ie Pyridene 10 °/,.

” ” 5 Wie

Soluble Tar oil.

Higher Pyridene bases.

Neutral Blast-furnace oil.

Miscible oil, Heavy.

op. baked

Methods.

1. Several small heaps, each of 10 cubic feet, were treated with

Westoran and Miscible Fusel oil. Each heap was 1 foot high

on a soil foundation, which was covered with peat-moss litter.

Results on the 3rd day.

Miscible Fusel

Westoran. Oil, 1%.

1. One quart of 1 oz. diluted to 40 ozs. Alive. Alive.

solution

mixed inti- 2 ozs. 55 55 ie Escaped.

mately with

the manure. 4 ozs. 35 a Dead. Alive.

2. Maggots put 1 oz. c 7 Alive. Escaped.

at 4 from

the bottom, 3 ozs. es 35 Many dead. Ag

one quart

of liquid 5 ozs. 5 we Dead. 33

poured on

at 3.

3. Control ...... a fe Bae “ie Escaped.

2. Typical span-shaped manure-heaps of 220 and 110 cubic

feet treated with Westoran and Miscible Fusel oil respectively.

1 quart of solu- ; Westoran. Miscible Fusel Oil, 1 %%/o.

tion to every In the strength of 2 ozs. In the strength of 4 ozs.

10 cubic feet in 40 ozs. water (59/9). in 40 ozs. water (10 9/9).

of manure.

Maggots put in Results.

three positions. In 24 hours maggots in In 24 hours maggots all

The liquid was the centre dead; living.

sprayed on as maggots near the top Third day some living,

the heap was pupated ; maggots at others pupated.

made up. the bottom, near the Fifth day all dead.

edge, alive.

3. 5-foot cubes of manure (125 cubic feet) were treated with

Westoran, Miscible Pyridene, Kerosene, higher Pyridene bases,

and Cresol.

Liquid poured down

a hole in the centre

in the strength of

25 ozs. diluted to

33 gallons with

water (=2 ozs. to

the quart per 10

cubic feet) = 5%.

Maggots put in six

positions.

Liquid sprayed as

stack was built in

the strength of

24 ozs. diluted to

45> gallons (= 14

- ozs. to 1 quart per

10 cubic feet).

Maggots put in four

positions.

HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS. 471

Results.

Westoran. MWiscible Pyridene.

In 24 hours :-—

All dead. All dead.

In 2 days :-—

Dead near the centre. Dead near the centre.

Higher Pyridene

Kerosene. pie Cresol.

; In 24 hours :—

3 lots dead. 3 lots dead. 2 lots dead.

In 2 days :—

4th lot dead. 4th lot dead. 3rd lot dead.

4, Two heaps, each on a 5-foot-square base, 5 feet high with

a 15-foot-square top, treated with :—

Miscible Pyridene 5 °/,, 1 quart to 2 gallons of water.

z Heavy, 2 quarts to 2 gallons of water.

Liquid was poured

down the centre

in the strength of

1 quart diluted to

2 gallons with

water. Maggots

were put in two

positions.

Results.

In a few days flies were emerging from both

heaps. ‘The heaps were opened, and the oil

was found to be concentrated in the centre.

Both were hot, and puparia were present in

the bottom edges of the heap and in the soil

under the edges.

The manure used for the above experiments was not fly-

infected ; maggots enclosed in gauze were put into the heaps.

The Application of Fly-Deterrents.

The following non-miscible liquids were used :—

Neutral Blast-furnace oil,

Blast-furnace Creosote.

Green oil.

Tar oil and Pyridene.

Mineral oil and Pyridene.

They were applied by :——

(a) Mixing with soil in the proportion of one part liquid to

forty parts soil,

The soil was piled into a cone, and the oil

472 MISS W. H. SAUNDERS ON THE

poured into a depression at the top and thoroughly incorporated

with the soil by the ‘‘ cone-and-quarter ” method. . The mixture

was spread over the surface of the manure, forming a layer 1 inch

thiek.

(6) Treating the soil on which the manure rested, as well as

the surface, by sprinkling the plain oil or spreading oiled soil.

Methods.

I. Three manure-heaps, each ona base 64 feet square, rising

to 8 feet in the centre, were treated with Neutral Blast-furnace

oil, Blast-furnace Creosote, and Green Tar oil mixed with dry

soil in the proportion of one part oil to 40 parts soil, spread

evenly over the surface, forming a layer 1 inch thick. Maggots

were put under the treated layer on the fourth day.

Results.

Neutral Blast-

Surnace Oil.

Living after 2 days. ~ Dead in 2 days. Dead in 24 hours.

Blast-furnace Creosote. Green Tar Oil.

JI. Four manure-heaps, each on a base 7 feet square, rising

3 feet to a top 3 feet square, were treated with :—

Green oil. )

Green oil and Pyridene. ¢4 gallon to 10 gallons of soil.

Neutral Blast-furnace ofl.)

Control.

The mixture was spread evenly over the surface. All the

manure was infected.

Results.

In three days larvee were found dead in the treated heaps. In

six days the Control] heap contained large maggots. The treated

heaps remained immune.

III. Four manure-heaps, each ona base 4 feet 6 inches square,

rising 18 inches in the centre, were treated with :—

a ene be :

1. Mineral oil and Pyridene. § a gall. spanisled ees buses

@ + gall. with 10 galls. soil on surface.

2. Mineral oil and Pyridene. 4 gall. with 10 galls. soil on surface only.

3. Tar oil and Pyridene...... + gall. with 10 galls. soil on surface only.

lo ‘] ne 1 . r

4, Woe oil endl Baniileno..... { + gall. with 10 galls. soil on surface only.

+ gall. sprinkled over base.

The manure contained many full-grown larvee, but the heaps

were too small to heat.

Results.

Flies emerged from the mineral-oil heaps through places where

straw prevented the treated soil from lying evenly. They were

HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS. 473

not seen emerging from the Tar-oil-treated heaps, and these

were covered: with muslin. Flies emerged later in small

numbers.

Tar Oil and Tar Oil and Mineral Oil and Mineral Oil and

Pyridene ; Pyridene ; Pyridene ; Pyridene ;

Top and Under. Surface only. Top and Under. Surface only.

Flies emerged, Few flies emerged, Many flies Flies emerged,

no pupz present pupe found in emerged, no some pups in

in the soil under- the soil under- pupe in the the soil.

neath. neath. soil.

Results show that the Tar oil prevents the maggots from

migrating into the soil below the manure-heap. While forming

a barrier to larve, and acting as a deterrent to flies, it does not

prevent flies which emerge from pup present in the manure

from escaping through gaps provided by the straw of long

manure.

N.B.—Maggots placed on soil mixed with (1) Green Tar oil, (2) Neutral

Blast-funace oil burrowed into it away from the light, and were

dead in ten minutes.

IV. Four manure-heaps, each on a base 64 feet square, rising

3 feet in the centre to a point, were treated with :—

Neutral Blast-furnace Oil.

Blast-furnace Creosote. ie gallon with 20 gallons soil.

Green Tar oil.

Control.

The treated soil was spread evenly over the heaps. Maggots

were placed in each and the temperatures recorded. In areas of

about 95° F. the larvee were dead in all but the Control heap.

Res wilitis:

In five days the Control heap was infected while the treated

heaps remaimed immune. Observations showed that conditions

were favourable to breeding, but that flies were repelled from the

treated heaps.

V. Five heaps, each on a base 7 feet square, rising 3 feet to a

top 3 feet square, were treated with :—

Neutral Blast-furnace oil. )

Blast-furnace Creosote.

Green Tar oil.

Miscible oil and Pyridene. J

Control.

rx gallon to 10 gallons soil.

Results.

Tn four days maggots were found in the heaps treated with

Blast-furnace Creosote and Miscible oil and Pyridene. These

two stacks were destroyed. For ten days no maggots were

found in the other two, although conditions such as moisture,

474 MISS W. H. SAUNDERS ON THE

temperature, etc. seemed suitable for breeding, and untreated

manure in the same condition became infected.

VI. Five heaps of long manure on a base 7 feet square,

rising 3 feet to a 3-foot square, were treated with :—

Mineral oil and Pyridene...... 1 gallon with 40 gallons of soil.

” ” 99 ttn z ” 2) 20 » ”

Tar oil and Pyridene ......... Ghar » 40 o i

L 20

” D9 P| eiviedslafeyeleis 2 oy) pF oD) ”

Control.—Soil only.

Results.

In two days maggots were found dead on the surface of the

Tar-oil-treated heaps, and a live one was wriggling in the full

light on the top. In four days the heaps contained large dead

maggots, and the Control contained full-grown maggots and

puparia. Flies had evidently been laying in the Control. The

treated heaps were still free in ten days.

VII. Three manure-heaps on a base 7 feet square, rising

3 feet to a 3-foot square. The manure was long but not infected.

They were treated with :—

gall. sprinkled over the base.

gall. with 20 galls. soil on surface.

Tar oil and Pyridene 10 /p. Ditto.

Mineral oil and Pyridene 10%. {

tol tole

Results.

In five days the Control and Mineral-oil heaps contained

maggots, but none were present in the Tar-oil one. It was

warm, moist, and appeared very suitable. Observation showed

that flies came readily to the heaps and that Pyridene appears

to be attractive, but the attraction is temporary.

VIII. One large heap of mixed manure on a base 9 yards by

7 yards was treated with a watering of pure non-miscible liquids.

Seven gallons were used for a light watering. This was at the

same vate as that used in soil-treatment, showing that an appli-

cation of l-inch-thick treated soil at one part in forty is about

equivalent to a light watering with the liquid.

N.B.—There was a Control heap to each set of experiments which was

examined for eggs and maggots, and where the conditions proved

unsuitable for breeding no conclusions were drawn from the Control

heaps.

B. Puantr TRIALS.

All the substances used in the manurial experiments were

tested on plants in open plots, in pots, and in frames.

i. Pros.

1. At Wisley, Blast-furnace Creosote, Neutral Blast-furnace

HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS. AT5

oil, and Green Tar oil were mixed with soil at the rate of 1 in 40,

and used with manure in the proportion of 10 gallons of oiled

soil to 100 gallons of manure. Ten barrow-loads of treated

manure was dug into each plot sized 44 feet by 8 feet. French

beans and turnips were sown.

Results.

Gross weight of crop in lbs.

Turnip. Bean.

Blast-furnace Creosote ............... 2434 204

Control sy. ess ace hinerae sek rcscugee te 270 16

Neutral Blast-furnace oil ............ 2155 18

(Gloraitanoll Solaabo ec aeanpHe seeecenobade sevens 2324 173

Grae IE OL sesogacsscnesne cou concudove 1705 18

2. At Messrs. Sutton’s, Reading, who supply the following

report, substances were tested on mustard, being a quick-growing

crop :—

Fifteen plots in all were treated, and the experiments were

carried out in two series, Series I. consisting of Plots 1 to 10,and

Series II., Plots numbering from 11 to 15. Each plot was about

1 square pole in area. The land on which these experiments

were conducted was previously under mangel plants, and all of it

had precisely a similar treatment.

Series I.—The heaps of dung for these plots were dug in on

June 26th, 1915, and the mustard sown on June 28th; the

following tables serve to indicate the character of the dressings

with which the dung was treated, the dates on which the seed

germinated in each plot, and the respective merits of the plots at

the dates mentioned.

Series [1.—The dung in this case was dug in on August 13th,

1915, and the mustard sown on the following day; the results

will be found in the tables already alluded to.

It is most satisfactory that in both series not a single crop

should have failed, and that consequently it may be assumed that

dung treated with the chemicals employed by Professor Maxwell

Lefroy may be used for manurial purposes without hesitation.

Series I,

Control No. 1 (untreated).

Aa. Miscible oil, Heavy ...... 24 ozs. diluted to 43 gallons.

Ab. 5 5 Pe east ne 48 Age (lavas 9 5

Ba. a oy WNEING osae 24 Ss i 45,

Bb. - # Sa? Rosa 48 53 5 9 es

Ca. * soni) ee bey heme ee 24, a 3 AL

Cb. ys PAIEN inn aco taney 48 “6 5 9 i

Da. s Spot ie pete 24, rr - 4h,

TOL ay Tee AS asaya! pnt Og ANE

Ea. Westoran or Miscible 24 Pe a 45s,

Tetrachlorethane.

476 MISS W. H. SAUNDERS ON THE

Dates of Notes. Notes to Trials.

July 5th, 1915. Germination showing in each and fairly general in all.

July 10th, ., “Control” and six following are all uniformly good and practi-

cally no difference between any.

Da and Db not quite so even as the preceding, not uniform in

growth, gappy. ;

Ea in much the same condition as ‘ Control.’

July 24th, .. No real difference between ‘ Control’ and six following lots.

Da and Db continue the least satisfactory.

Ea good lot and equal to ‘ Control.’

July 31st, ., * Control’ and six following lots still much alike.

Da the weakest, but not really poor.

Aug. 13th, ,, The plots were inspected by Professor Maxwell Lefroy and

Dr. Stenhouse Williams.

Series IT,

Manure received August 13th and plots sown August 14th.

Control No. 2.

Ac. Manure oil No. 1 with earth.

Be. oo) 33 No. 2 23 33

Ce. 39 33 No. 3 cy) 39

Dates of Notes. Notes to Trials.

Aug. 21st, 1915. All plots germinated satisfactouily.

Aug. 3l1st, ., Not much difference between ‘Control,’ Be, and Ce.

Ac not quite so strong.

Sept. 4th, ,, * Control’ and Be the two strongest.

: Ac the weakest.

Sept. llth, ., All four lots are good, but of the four Ac is slightly the

weakest.

Sept. 18th, ., Now all very strong and good, and little difference to be seen

between any.

II. FRAMEs.

1. At Swanley, melons and cucumbers were planted in frames

and grown on the French system. Each plant was planted in

soil over a cubic foot of treated manure. The treatments

were :—

Westoran. >)

Miscible Fusel oil 1% 5.

Miscible Pyridene.

Miscible oil, Heavy.

Miscible oil, Light. | 5 ozs. diluted to one quart

Kerosene. [ per 10 eubic feet.

Higher Pyridene bases.

Cresol.

Heavy Tar oil and Cresol. !

Neutral Blast-furnace oil./

Non-Miscible Tar oil. 5 ozs. to 10 cubic feet.

Non-Miscible Pyridene. 4 ozs. to 10 eubic feet.

Control.

HOUSE-FLY ENVESTIGATIONS. ATT

Results.

All the plants grew to maturity and bore normal crops, with

the exception of the Westoran-treated one, which died.

2. Melons planted in soil over one cubic foot of treated soil

and manure and grown in a French frame. ‘The treatments

Neutral Blast-furnace oil.

Blast-furnace Creosote.

Green Tar oil.

All gave normal results.

3. Melons planted in soil over a hot-bed of manure treated

with Westoran in the strength of 2 ozs. diluted to one quart

with water per 10 cubic feet. The plants were grown on the

French system, and the results were normal.

4. Cucumbers were planted in soil over a hot-bed of manure

treated with Miscible Pyridene 10°/, in the strength of 2 ozs.

diluted to one quart per 10 cubic feet. They were grown on the

French system with normal results.

N.bB.—In the case of 3 and 4 the manure used was treated a fortnight

previous to planting. In all the otber experiments the manure was

used immediately after treatment, so that nothing was lost. In

actual practice a certain amount would be lost before use.

Rous:

1. At Wisley, white mustard was sown in 7-inch pots on loam

and treated manure in equal parts. They were kept in a cool

frame and shaded.

The following chemicals were used in the proportion of 1 part

diluted to 3 with water. The experiments formed three series :—

l. Treated with 30 ¢.c. of the mixture.

2. oP] 2? 150 by) py

Bo ” ” 300 7 mr)

Results

Miscible oil, Heavy ..................... Rapid germination, ‘Good crop.

7 ae LTO VGN Water ativa tenet sae op 55 ee

Miscible Pyridene, Series 1 pide 5 53 ni,

” ‘ 9 9 Fa ut a ass 2 Uneven oH) Poor cA

Miscible Fusel oil, Series 1 ............ Pe ce seers

BA as en a Pal 3} 4, Uebrenin ss Good _,,

\AVSTWOMEND, TSISPIES IL aban sco sonce anne 5 % Sea

ns ee iranicl 3. poagon Jeraxaye m7 Poor ,,

Kerosene. ne

Higher Pyridene bases. |

Cresol. a Good a Good ,,

Heavy Tar oil and Cresol. |

Neutral Blast-furnace oil.

4.78 MISS W. H. SAUNDERS ON THE

The plants were grown for two months, and at the flowering

stage all the results were equal and even with the Control. The

Westoran treatment resulted in a checked thin crop, but the

plants reached maturity.

2. Cape Pelargoniums and Adiantums (maidenhair ferns) were

repotted from 60’s into 5-inch pots with equal parts loam and

treated manure. ‘The treatments used for mustard in Experi-

ment 1 were repeated on twenty-two species of Pelargoniwm and

on Adiantum henslowianum.

All grew quite healthily, and at the end of seven weeks the

treated plants looked as well as the Control.

3. At Swanley, melons were potted with a compost of equal

parts treated manure and loam, and grown in a temperature of

60-80° F. For each treatment 1 quart of liquid was used with

4 ozs. and 3 ozs. of the chemical.

Westoran at both strengths killed the plants, but those treated

with the following behaved normally compared with the Control.

They were kept until pot-bound :—

Miscible Fusel oil. . Heavy Tar oil and Cresol.

Miscible Pyridene 10° 9. Fusel oil.

Miscible oil, Heavy. Neutral Blast-furnace oil.

Miscible oil, Light. Tetrachlorethane.

Miscible Pyridene 5 %/p. Miscible Pyridene 15 °/) Molar.

Kerosene. Soluble Tar oil. |

Higher Pyridene bases. Blast-furnace Creosote.

Cresol. Green Tar oil.

Carbon Tetrachloride.

4. Cucumbers, for which the methods of No. 3 were employed,

were treated with :—

Non-miscible Tar oil,

Non-miscible Pyridene

with perfectly normal results.

CONCLUSIONS.

The experiments show that the investigations led to two very

suecesstul treatments :—

1. The surface-dressing of manure with Green Tar oil or

with Neutral Blast-furnace oil and soil.

2. The application of Tetrachlorethane.

Both treatments successfully kill maggots in the manure and

are harmless to plants.

The Tar oil has a permanent effect in being resistant to rain,

while the effect of Tetrachlorethane lasts only while the liquid

vapourises, and in time the poisonous vapour escapes.

HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS. 479

The treatments began with the series of vapourisable liquids

which led to the surface applications. Although these treatments

are more satisfactory than any hitherto recommended, it is

admitted that there are still some doubtful points in connection

with the relation of the migration of the larve to the condition

of the manure due to chemical action other than changes in

temperature. For the early experiments infected manure was

not obtainable; maggots enclosed in gauze were placed in

different positions in the stacks. When House-flies became

abundant naturally infected manure was used.

The Tar-oil treatment is recommended for large accumulations

of manure, either in military camps or for horticultural purposes,

in the proportion of one part of oil to forty parts of soil. One

gallon of liquid mixed with forty gallons of soil covers 100 square

feet. The oils are products of the first distillation of tar. For

large quantities the price is ls. per gallon, making the cost of the

treatment 1d. per cubic yard for surface treatment only and 2d.

per cubic yard for treatment of the ground and of the surface.

The value of manure is ls. 9d. the cubic yard.

Treat the manure which is added to a heap every five days,

and if fresh ground is to be covered, when adding to a heap, oil

the ground first.

Maggots present in manure which is stacked on soil dressed

with a Tar oil cannot escape into the ground to pupate. The

manure ferments normally when treated with the oil, and the

maggots perish in the treated soil to which they are driven, or

they pupate in a stack which is cool (Experiment III.). That

a manure-stack treated with Green oil or with Neutral Blast-

furnace oil will remain immune to fly-attack has been confirmed

by Experiments II., 1V., V., VI., and VII., where in each case

the Control became infected.

That the treatment is harmless to plants is shown by the

results of Plant Trial I. (Plots) and III. (Pots) and Messrs.

Sutton’s Series II., Ac and Ce.

The vapour treatment with Tetrachlorethane, in the miscible

or in the pure form, is recommended for small quantities of

manure and for fresh manure used for hot-beds in the strength

of 2 ozs. to 10 cubic feet of manure.

Tetrachlorethane is a heavy liquid, specific gravity 1:6 and

boiling-point 147°C. It is non-inflammable and commercially

available. The price of pure Tetrachlorethane is 35s. per cwt.

and that of Westoran 52s. per ewt. That a manure-stack treated

with Tetrachlorethane will effectively kill maggots has been

proved by Experiments I., II., and IIL, and that used with

manure at 2 ozs. per 10 cubic feet is safe for plants, by Trials 3

(Frames) and Messrs. Sutton’s Series I., Ka.

It is worth noting that all the treatments have been tested in

intensive culture with satisfactory results at the strengths recom-

mended.

ON THE HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS. 481

20. Fly Investigations Reports. [V.—Some Enquiry into

the Question of Baits and Poisons for Flies, being a

Report on the Experimental Work carried out during

1915 ror the Zoological Society of London. By Ottve

C. emenm

[Received March 29, 1916: Preliminary report read by Prof. H. Maxwett Lerroy,

November 9, 1915. }

INDEX. Page

BartsmiowBlowatlics! eee eee eee eee ST

JEFNIER) OP JELOWSSATIES yaconenonancodesonsangocdovasosonesose ZAS)IL

TetorisavoIS) Aqove TNE Boasech suoban Gesbe nea ubendnsbocteoceoswond CXS

Caneall Swami on. const oso nssancorobeadusceacbesdesbenan BUR

INoteonekinpusa muscle n. kia eee Oils

Note on Proportion of Sexes in House-flies ......... 515

JOHSie CHE ANDRE WATNONIS oonscocsansancoce conogseosnceonvonane GUE

These experiments testing various substances on flies, were

made with the object of finding out which were the most suitable

to use as baits for traps, while others were tested as possible

poisons. The work was undertaken under the direction of

Prof. H. Maxwell Lefroy for the Zoological Society of London,

during the summer and autumn of 1915.

The experiments in connection with Blow-flies were made in

the Society’s Gardens, Regent’s Park; those on House-flies, at

Acton Lodge, Brentford; while the work on poisons was done,

for the most part, at the Imperial College of Science and Tech-

nology, South Kensington.

Barts For BLow-F.uigs.

The well-known habits of blow-flies, and their attraction to

dead and decaying animal matter, suggested three main lines of

enquiry for experiment on blow-fly baits :—

I. To try to find out whether any of the decomposition pro-

ducts or other organic compounds are attractive to blow-

flies when isolated, and used as baits.

II. To see which of the meaty substances are most attractive,

when, and under what conditions.

IlI. To experiment in a similar way with vegetable substances,

to see if they are at all attractive.

The flies used in these experiments were those which were

* Communicated by Prof. H. Maxweit Lerroy, M.A., F.Z.S.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.— 1916, No. XXXIV. 34

482 MISS O. C. LODGE ON THE

most common at the Zoological Gardens during the early summer,

Viz. :-—

(a) Calliphora erythrocephala and \ m,. BI ye-bottles.

3 WOMMOTE ....-----<-6

(b) Zucilia corsa .........26..2000e The Green-bottle.

(d) Musca domestica ...........0++- The House-fly (scarce) *.

(e) Fannia canicularis .........++- The Lesser House-fly.

Fe ES COUUTIS Ss heme seas eres The Latrine-fly.

UL) ECO IMIG CHSC) ene cee Lp en sea ore The Cheese-fly.

(g) Sarcophaga carnaria ......... _ The Flesh-fly.

I. Methods and account of experiments with various

organic compounds.

In these experiments the usual method adopted was to soak

pieces of blotting-paper in the different substances to be tested,

and to place them inside or outside the wire gauze breeding-cage

(in which P. grenlandica were bred). At the same time, controls

consisting of similar pieces of blotting-paper soaked in water

were placed beside each. The results were compared, and a note

made as to whether the number of flies (if any) which came to

the chemicals was equal to, greater, or fewer than the number

which came to the controls.

The various substances used, classified according to their

attractiveness, are given below (A—E).

A. Substances found to be attractive to P. greenlandica.

Honey. Fructose (solution in water).

Cane-Sugar molasses. Levulose ,, 55

Beet ,, 5 Cane-Sugar ,, -

Lactose (solutioi in water). Urine (6 days old).

Maltose 3 as 5 (16 days old).

Glucose Ps ss Uric acid.

B. Substances found to be decidedly repellent.

Pipendine. Oil of Cinnamon leaf.

(Enanthol (weak). 53 3 bark.

Xylol. >> Sassafras.

Oil of Thyme. ; » Cloves.

a) aSsiae Camphor.

> Java Citronella. Amy! acetate.

; Ceylon Citronella. Methy! salicylate.

; Palma rosa. Anisole.

a Baye Citral (strong).

s Heliotrope. Ethy1] sulphocyanide.

; Lavender.

* Very few house-flies were seen in the Zoological Gardens during these experi-

ments, pronably because it was still early in the season for them; although they

were never at ali abundant there, even in August and September. ‘

HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS. 483

C. Substances deterrent, though in a less degree than those

given in B.

Pyridine. Carbon bi-sulphide.

p-Cresol. Aniline.

Naphthaline. Guiacol.

Phenetole. Toluene.

Hydrogen sulphide water. Urethane.

Quinol. Dimethylaniline.

Butyric acid. Vanillan.

Carvone. Ethyl acetate.

Quinoline. Allyl sulphocyanate.

Anethole. Ethyl] nitrite.

Ammonia (weak). Amy] nitrite.

Urine (fresh). Lactic acid.

Borneol (in ale.). Cedar-wood oil.

D. Substances which gave no definite results.

Methyl Indol. Methyl alcohol.

Tndol. 3-Naphthol.

Pyrogallol. Quinine sulphate.

Paraformaldehyde. | 3 Mono-methyl-uric acid.

Ammonium butyrate. Trimeth. HCl.

ss benzoate. Acetal.

os valerate. Uric acid (dry) + artificial musk.

a-Naphthaline. Ethereal extract of horse-manure.

Skatol (strong). NaOH + . &

5 (Gbay). Alcoholic _,, x s

Trimethylamine (weak). HCl es *

Urea. Precipitate by HCl from “NaOH

Tyrosine. extract of horse-manure.

Guanine HCl. Precipitate by NH,OH from HCl

Betaine. extract of horse-manure.

Dimethylamine.

Ki. Substances which gave the same results as the controls.

Valeric acid. Terpin OH (ale.).

Aspartic acid. Potass. salicylate.

Formaldehyde. Salieylic acid.

Tannic acid. Ethyl formate.

Leucine. Phenylacetic acid.

Stearic acid. Caffeine.

Oleic acid. Acetone.

Theobromine.

Nothing of much practical value was obtained from these

experiments. They gave, however, indications of the likes and

dislikes of the flies (P. grenlandica), and so appeared useful in

differentiating between the tastes of blow-flies; certain sub-

stances (A) were attractive, while others (B and C) were repellent

or distasteful in varying deer ees; others, again, gave no definite

results (D) or the same results as the contieells (E). Since these

experiments were made with one species only, i.e., P. gren-

landica, it does not follow that the results will be tr ne for other

34*

484 MISS O. C. LODGE ON THE

species also ; in fact, subsequent experiments showed that tastes

varied in different species of blow-flies, e.g., honey and sugar

were very attractive to grenlandica, but not at all to Lueilia and

Calliphora, although some of the substances gave similar results

with the different species. The essential oils tested were found

to be repellent to grenlandica, and in those cases where tests

were made with Lucilia, Calliphora, and Musca, they were seen

to be repellent to them also. They may, therefore, be found useful

as ingredients in sprays or unguents.

Experiments were also made to test the effect of certain

organic compounds, etc., on house-flies *.

The following methods of testing them were employed :-—

(1) In which pieces of blotting-paper were soaked in them and

exposed in sunny places in the greenhouse.

Substances tested. Results.

Ammonium butyrate ........................ Disliked by the house-fiies.

es EnzZOATED Soca. s sel 3 #3 bs

PAIN ACETAL Ce os yee eee oe eee, 35 i 35

Meth yIaind oles... seer cern ee = = 5

Trimeth. chlorhydrate ........................ PA 5 >

AER TII Eo ok: aera 6 tA eS WE et ae mS Be =

a Naphthsline gas 27 eee eee eee a 35 =

‘B-Naphthols2"---.-..... eos Seora ee 5 Pa =

Ethyl sulphocyamide [2-0-2 22-. 6-22. =e ar Bs MS

Bect-SuUsaeMOlASSES pees eee ee oe fe fe

Uirethaneieeres. 355. eho eee ae. gi 5 Pa

Guanmerki@ lee. 5 ee aoe ire tet 55 58 bs

Guanadine HCi (+ NaOH) .........0........ 35 ss ‘3

Trimeth. chlorhydrate (+ NaOH) ......... 3 S bs

W@ UGGS. ocse sce 255-222 ces 22-8 ose eee oem a ee Lewatlies Setibledtonau hs

Artificial musk ...:..........................-.. _ Disliked by house-flies.

(2) In which the substances were added to mixtures of casein,

sugar, and water, and exposed for two days on the bench

in the “ fly-room ” at the Imperial College (December).

All were harmless to the flies, nor were any as attractive as

the controls.

A summary of results is given below :-—

Substances tested. Results.

1255 .€.c) Casem 1) 222s ( :

12°5 c.c. Brown Sugar + ( _ A Very attractive throughout

ten iclc uWater, = ee Wit ssiiia Sica aa) ee whole expenments

(Control) 2 2.4..: (

PAA LOPS SalrOlap A seen a. ee eee nat EAC En ye!

P2idrops santaleAce 2 sie < Sue he 5 ; flies repelled at first.

= The account of these experiments testing certain organic compounds on house-

flies is placed here, so as to be available for comparison with the similar experiments

cu blew-fiies. .

HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS. 485

12 drops Hellibore+A.. eesecseceeee--e------ NOt very attractive, non-poisonous,

12 drops Pyrethrum Extract (Ale. ) A ae ee = .

Unattractire, until Xylol had

iPidraps Xylal yates ons. os se sae asco evaporated, when flies came

to feed.

( Unattractive at first, later

: a tew flies came.

| Repellentat first. Second day

6 drops Oil of Geraniel+ A

6 drops Oil of Thyme+A ........2..2..:.2---.<- when smell of thyme less,

a few flies came.

Bread soaked iniwaters:2 2-2 tee Very attractive while moist.

25 c.c. Casein .....- a

25 c.c. Brown ees

25 e.c. Water.. Rid ee aa Very atiractive.

gre

(Control)

12 drops Fusel O14 B.. meee eemeatees SLi Se tart yes

1 c.c. “ Army Spray 7+ a ae ae ~ , NON-poisonous.

(3) In which certain substances were tested against Bacterized

Blood*. These experiments were made in the green-

house in July. In some (a) a drop of the blood and

another of the substance to be tested were placed on a

piece of blotting-paper, side by side yet not touching,

while in others (b) the two drops were mixed.

( Vinegar.

! Propionic acid.

Absolnite alcohol.

95 %/, 2 Xylol.

Amyl e Methyl salicylate.

(a) } Carvone. (5) 5 Butyric acid.

Pyridine. Acetic ,,

Oil of Cloves. 1

Formic acid. i

| Acetal. j

lt was noticed that, generally, the house-flies disliked coming -

in contact with the chemicals, although they did not appear to

detect them from a distance. They fed greedily at all places

where they could get at the blood without touching the chemi-

cals. A few ilies, however. came for a short time a formic acid,

methyl salicylate, butyric and acetic acids.

Xylol was distinctly repellent, but after it had evaporated the

flies settled on the blood.

(4) Other experiments were also made with Dried Blood, one

day old, mixed with water and also with casein and sugar

baits, etc. It was found to have no special attraction

either for house-flies or blow-flies, apparently making no

difference to an attractive bait, nor rendering an un-

attractive one attractive.

* This Bacterized Blood (é.e., Blood prepared with putrefying Bacteria) was

found by experiment to be very attractive to bouse-fiies, and also when mixed

with casein, sugar, banana, and water. Apparently it had no special attraction for

blow-ilies (Lueil ia and Calliphora), either alone, or mixed with casein baits, with

or without shredded meat.

486 MISS O, GC. LODGE ON THE

Il. Methods and account of Eaperiments to find out when and

under what conditions meaty substances are most attractive

to blow-flies. (June and July.)

All these experiments took place out of doors, the baits being

exposed in sunny places in the Zoological Gardens ; for it was

found that even when a very attractive bait was placed in .the

shade, practically no blow-flies came to it, although they had

been swarming round it when it was put in the sun.

The different substances were at first placed in shallow dishes,

partially covered by glass plates, so that the flies could enter and

feed, and the smell diffuse into the air. Later, however, it was

found more convenient to use glass pickle-jars (height 9 inches,

diameter 4 inches) fitted with wire-gauze funnels, which prevented

the flies from escaping when once they had gone inside.

The number of flies caught in these jars was noted each

morning and evening, but wine dishes were used they were kept

under as continuous observation as possible during the day, and

the attractiveness of the bait estimated by the number of flies

which had fed during that time.

The average length of time of each experiment was from six

to seven days.

The first substances to be tried were meat and hard-boiled egg,

of different ages. It was seen that after becoming blown their

attractiveness was increased, This was especially the case when

they had been kept fora few days, and were in a more or less

liquid condition, owing to the digestive action of the maggots.

At this stage they were very attractive to the blow-flies, the

meat more than the egg, though numbers of flies came to both.

This effect of maggots on substances was further tested in

later experiments, when two similar pieces of meat were put out

side by side. To the one, maggots were added, while the other

was kept covered with wire gauze to prevent flies getting to it

and blowing it. It was moistened occasionally with water to

prevent it from drying up. When both were similarly covered,

blow-flies kept continuously buzzing round and settling upon the

gauze covering of the former, while none or very few came to

the latter.

Other substances were also tried, with like results, though

their attractiveness without maggots varied with the different

substances, and with the same substance at different stages.

Since this was seen to be the case, pepsin was tried to see if it

acted in the same way. It was found, however, that both fish

and meat after they had been acted upon by pepsin in the

presence of hydrochloric acid, attracted fewer flies than did the

controls of meat or fish alone. The flies used were chiefly Lucilia.

Peptone was also tried, both moistened with water and mixed

with bread ; sometimes maggots were also added *. <A variety

* The maggots did not thrive in these mixtures. They appeared unhappy and

restless, often escaping out of the dishes.

HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS. 487

of flies came to these peptone baits, but not in very large numbers,

@.é., a certain number of Calliphora, Lucilia, and Pannia, a few

Musca and Sarcophaga, as well as many Piophila.

The blow-flies were always more attracted by meaty substances,

although quite a number of them have been caught when mix-

tures of peptone were the only baits exposed.

Some of the different organs, as well as ordinary meat (muscle),

and also dead birds, fish, ete., were used as baits. Of these,

liver, brain, and fish were the most attractive, remaining so for

a considerable time. Blow-flies very soon came to feed on these

when exposed in sunny places, so that they became blown very

quickly. When the digestive action of the maggots had had

time to act upon the baits, they were extremely attractive, but

gave off a most offensive smell. Since liver, brain, and fish were

the most attractive of the meaty substances, they were tested

against each other, in order to find out their relative attractive-

ness. First, the attractiveness of each for blow-flies was tested

separately, when the mouths of two of the jars were closed by

being covered by glass plates. Later, two at a time were left

open, and finally all the three were left open together. Liver

was then found to be by far the most attractive, although

when fish and brain were exposed alone, they each caught a

considerable number of flies.

Details and results are given below in Table I.

TABLE I.

Comparison of the Attractiveness for Blow-flies of liver,

brain, and fish.

| Liver (horse) + maggots |Fish (mackerel or whiting) Brain (horse) + maggots

(7 days old). | +maggots (7 days old). | (7 days old).

Open. | Closed. | Closed.

Very many flies caught. |

Closed. Open. Closed.

Very many flies caught.

| Closed. | Closed. | Open.

| Very many flies caught.

Open. Open. | Closed.

All the flies went here. | No flies came. |

Closed. Open. | Open.

Few flies came. | Many flies came.

Open. Closed. s Open.

No Record.

Open. Open. | Open.

Very many flies came; Hardly any fliescame. A certain number of flies |

far more than to either |

of the others. |

came.

488 MISS 0. C. LODGE ON THE

Asa further test of the attractiveness of liver, another piece

(three days old) was placed in the slaughter-house yard near a

large trap baited with a horse’s head. It was certainly attractive,

catching about 400 flies * in 24 hours, showing that liver still

attracted even amongst all the counter attractions of the slaughter-

house yard.

The following lists (F-I) give the summary of the results from

the experiments with the different meaty substances.

BF. Substances found to be most and continuously attractive

to Blow-flies (Lucilia and Calliphora) +.

Liver + maggots.

Meat+ ,,

Brain+ ,,

Fish + ,,

Hard-boiled eggs + maggots.

G. Substances slightly attractive on first day, and also

subsequently.

Fish (under wire-gauze trap).

Boiled meat.

09 » +maggots.

Marrow in bone.

A >» t+magegots.

Dead birds (mostly sparrows).

H. Substances not attractive till second day, and then

moderately so.

Meat + pepsin + HCl.

Wish + 4, + ;,

Meat + Methyl Indol.

I. Substances unattractive to Blow-flies.

Blood.

Bactevized blood, z.e. blood prepared with putrefying bacteria.

Fresh hard-boiled ege.

Fat.

Freshwater mussel (Anodon).

Hard-boiled egg + Methyl Indol.

Fresh meat + Skatol.

Unblown meat (covered by wire-gauze trap).

Alcoholic extract of putrid meat + bread.

A 5 4 » +bread + maggots.

si Ms » ege +bread.

” 33 bb) 39 ate 3) or maggots.

* The actual count was 138 Lucilia, +49 Calliphora, +51 Fannia, + 97 G@ren-

landica, +57 flies too damaged to recognize, +4 which escaped. Total 396.

+ In these and all subsequent experiments the blow-flies used were Lucilia and

Calliphora. P. grenlandica were only used in the first experiments, when it

was still early in the season for the other species.

HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS. 489

IIL. Experiments with various fruit and vegetable batts.

( June-July.)

These experiments were carried out in the same way and

under the same conditions as those on meaty- substances.

Shredded meat was sometimes mixed with the baits, but even

then they were never so attractive to blow-flies as meat alone.

None of the substances, even after they had been kept for a con-

siderable time, were found to be at all attractive to blow-flies,

though in some instances a few flies came to them. These sub-

stances are marked with an asterisk (*) in the following list :—

Hay infusion.

Boiled cabbage.

taw cabbage (cut up and moistened with water).

Boiled lettuce.

Raw ; (cut up and moistened with water).

Boiled grass.

Grass + water.

Boiled potatoes.

Raw » ‘(cut up and moistened with water).

Water in which cabbage, lettuce, and grass had been boiled.

Dates.

> + water.

Banana.

* 5, +maggots.

eee. ate >» +t+meat.

* » +meat.

>» +vinegar.

Squashed strawberries.

*Strawberries + meat.

* i + ,, +maggots.

5 + yeast + 7

os +maggots.

*Strawberry jam + meat.

* ss » + 4 +maggots.

*Stinkhorn fungus (Phallus).

Further, certain household substances were used, such as bread

and cheese, milk, vinegar, etc., as well as mixtures of casein,

bread, and water, both with and without maggots.

The results are given below :—

Batts. Results.

redcley eres eee eee eee ee OMatiuachive:

SAC ANE NLS) bash Gociahs ods demcndbactouG pa

JBFCOAN WGN soo nagcoouns no, denne noseee 5

5 5 AP WENGE coonna ccsoooeas >»

ss te eg A OTCRIG Gonos 20

Ns SP gy SP AVERISD ced boo op

Oxo + bread + water ...............0.- os

oF Dar pp SP MERIITOUS S05 9

reader ivine Saree esse eee eens 60

USS eee S EN tL iaeacatonk aca

33 ip 33 or 3 + maggots 2 39

490) MISS O. GC. LODGE ON THE

Baits. Results.

Bread + cheese + milk { Few Blow-flies, Fannia, and many Piophila

« b i eee cee ceeecs E>)

(caught.

( None caught till 2nd day, when flies (as above

5 $s Yo

So ick Cotte snete iiss ABE ONS a) caught.

0) Slits let Avs ie REN hed i Blow-flies + 12 Fannia+1 House-fly came

on Ist day. Kept for 15 days and few caught

SP gg SP gy SP TRIEIONE each day.

Mullikesire’s heeereseeee eee taco eee Uattrachines

9) SOUW ie... ee eecsseeeee es. Hew Calliphora caught.

Casein + water .......0....00..... ( Fanniat+some Blow-flies and many Piophila

py AR Sp PHO ECRONES Goose 000 ( caught.

(er ie and 15th days many ENG caught

when no meat baits exposed). On most

5 ay aD leven ae) days a few Blow-flies as ol as Fannia aud

Piophila caught +a few Musea.

Musca + Lucilia and Calliphora + few Sar-

cophaga + many Piophila caught—both at

in, ie the Zoo and when put by manure-heap at

ie Y Po CACM tay ae TS Brentford.

YF wD © wm SUES ROS

Summary :—

It was found that for Blow-flies—

(1) The most attractive baits were :—

(a) Liver + maggots.

(6) Brain+

(@) Imisin -b ,.

(¢) Hard-boiled egg+ maggots.

Of these, liver + maggots gave the best results.

(2) Meaty substances of all kinds were more attractive than

either chemical or vegetable substances. More flies

came to them than ever came to the vegetables or

chemicals, even when these two latter were the only

available baits for the flies; although certain substances,

notably mixtures of casein and peptone with water

and bread, showed possibilities of being good baits

when they were the only attractions present. They

then caught a number of different species (i. e. Musca,

Calliphora and Lucilia, Sarcophaga, Fannia, and

Piophila).

(3) The digestive action of blow-fly maggots on meat, etc.

added to their attractiveness.

(4) The best way to attract and catch blow-flies was to put

the baits in sunny places.

(5) The great drawback, however, to the general employ-

ment of any of the meaty substances, or of the mixtures

of casein, water, and bread, or of peptone, water, and

bread, is the most objectionable smell which is given

off when they have been kept for any length of time ;

yet it is only after keeping them thus that their most

attractive stage is reached. It would, however, be

possible to use them out of doors, in the garden, or

elsewhere away from the house, where the smell would

not matter so much,

HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS. 49]

Barts For HovusE-FLIES.

Methods and account of Kxperiments.

These experiments on house-fly baits were carried out at

Acton Lodge, Brentford, during the latter half of July and in

August.

The first experiments were made out of doors (a) near a

manure-heap, from which flies were emerging, (6) in or near

a forge, where a number of house-flies were congregating in the

warmth.

In neither of these cases, however, were the conditions very

favourable, chiefly on account of the wet and windy weather.

Later, half a bushel of house-fly pup was collected from a

neighbouring manure-heap, and placed in a greenhouse, where

most of the subsequent experiments were made. This green-

house was empty, excepting for some tomato-plants on the upper

shelves (the flies did not like them, and would not settle or sit on

the leaves). Ventilation was secured by nailing muslin over two

of the windows. Very soon the greenhouse was swarming with

flies, which had emerged from the pupsw. These flies were used

in the experiments.

The supply of flies was kept up by breeding them in artificial

media, consisting of mixtures of bread, casein*, water, and

banana, and banana-skins, surrounded by a dry layer of cut

grass, leaves, ete., in which the maggots could pupate; all of

which were placed in large saucers on the floor, under the shelves.

It was thus possible to keep up a continuous supply of flies.

In experimenting, the mixtures to be used as baits were placed

in glass jars with wire-gauze funnels (the same as those used in

the blow-fly experiments). The date and time of starting the

experiment were noted, and usually a morning (9-11 A.M.) and

evening (4.30-6.30 p.m.) count of flies taken, when the jars were

emptied of flies and the dead (if any) removed.

The average duration of the experiments was 8-9 days.

The substances tested were very various. Mixtures of casein

and peptone, which had seemed from the blow-fly experiments

to be promising baits, were tried, as well as all sorts of other

substances, e.g. sugars, jams, fruits, ete., both alone and mixed

with casein and peptone. After some time it was found that

the casein mixtures were more attractive than most of the other

substances used. Hence experiments were made to try to

discover when, and under what conditions, and mixed with which

substances these casein baits were most attractive. It was found

that the best results were olbuaiaee with approximately equal

parts of casein and brown sugar; or casein and banana; or

* The idea of using mixtures of casein, banana, etc. for breeding purposes was

suggested by the fact that eggs were laid on some of the casein and banana baits in

the jars, and that the larve lived in them. It was found very successful for

breeding and keeping up a continuous supply of house-flies, both in this greenhouse

and in the “ fly-room” at the Imperial College. Flies were bred in large numbers

from August 1915, and are still increasing (June 1916).

499 MISS O,. C, LODGE ON THE

casein, banana, and brown sugar; or casein, bunana, and golden

syrup; or casein and bread —all of which were mixed with

sufficient water to make into a paste. These mixtures, more-

over, generally required a day or two in which to ripen before

reaching their most attractive stage, which then lasted for a

considerable time.

They were tested, amongst others, against the well-known

recipe of beer and sugar, which was found to be immediately

attractive, though it did not remain so for any length of time,

only about two or three days. It was subsequently seen that the

addition of beer, or preferably stout, to the casein, sugar, and

banana mixtures, or to casein alone, made them immediately

attractive, and that, when the effect of the beer or stout had

gone off, the casein mixtures were themselves attractive and

remained so for many days.

Several of these casein mixtures were also tested in the kitchen,

but only a certain number of the flies were caught. This was

probably due to the various counter-attractions present, though

on one occasion * twenty house-flies were caught between 5 p.m.

and 10 a.m. the next morning. This number was well over half

the flies in the kitchen, though on other occasions fewer were

generally caught. Yet these baits, even in the greenhouse, where

as many as 600 have been caught in 6-7 hours, never by

any means caught all the flies, but only a proportion of them.

Other methods are likely to be found more effective in ridding

kitchens of flies than the use of baited traps, e. g. spraying or fly-

papers.

Other casein baits were also placed in different parts of the

garden, as wel] as by the dust-bin, when various flies were caught,

including Musca, Calliphora, Lucilia, Fannia, a few Sarcophaga

and many Borborus; though more blow-flies were always caught

with meat baits.

A summary of the results obtained from the experiments on

House-fly Baits is given below (J-O). The substances are

classified according to their attractiveness.

(N.B.—The days only are given on which the largest

number of flies were caught. In most cases

fewer flies were caught on the other days as well.)

(J) Substances found to be the most attractive to House-flies.

Days on which most flies were caught

Baits. (i.e. approximately 90-100 or more

Jlies at each of the counts).

Casein + golden syrup + bread + water ..........00eeeeeeeee 9-10

5 APIDOS SOVGENE CE EMEP is oso son conens dooce nen covlagn ose 3-8

Gp) TRIODREEKOL SEN GENBED® “con osc usdano sebuduoddbacane voueao cas 3-6

» +brown sugar+dried blood + water ............... 3-6

” IP dy aa)nteat Fass 2) at ya Mae e.oushe 1-4

* The bait consisted of casein + brown sugar + beer (3 days old).

HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS. 493

(Shige! lapeaevel SEWAGE shoo sbe soo sco ace unadps see tds sop ace Sor aes

Sy) cibmowml sugar wate acs sgcn. saree neeesean ade -=c eae

5 +banana+water sy ec ea ele

>» + >, +brown sugar A eHOR -

» +golden syrup + brown sugar + ater

» +white sugar+ water

Ghee 5 Sy Ch sissies

Beer + brown sugar

Casein + ,, SRS LOU beck ese aa stseeaeercmncacineentatin

Beigel Raa ah sO 1 CE ACS SG a a ab eeu

» + stout..

Brown sugar + Stout: ;

Casein + golden syrup + Patou.

Pudding (nade of egg, aeuting & sugar all “enfl)

Horlick’s Malted Milk + water *.......................

FF ey ear PEE ail OUND O Weenies Eva aE

Cin +banana+ Malt Extract + water..

55 APIDRO iM SIMEROS BVEINEE ooacdecseraceacesndnaenoccasueee

22 oF 39 Lb} + 33 ar bread

» +golden syrup+ Dread + water

Cer wide +milk + sugar *

Bird’s Custard Powder + sane sugar + tmilk # 7 Ten

Boiled milk+ white sugar+starch ....................-

Casein + brown sugar+ water (boiled together)

Dutch cheese + brown sugar+ water ...............5.....60.

Casein + water (boiled together) ............ 00.02. ..0.:00:008

oo ot

ahead ola ater eal i J

PhO hoODhHaDE

S G CO od

moh

| [om ie sal

Loe & bo

bo bo

Cag CO Cun ch chnec oir coy a ecaa are amcor

lor)

(K) Substances attractive, though vn a less degree than

those given in (J).

Days on which most attractive

Baits. (when approximately 60-80

flies caught at each count).

Casein + brown sugar + water... 0.0.00... ...cse cesses eee eee

er A Coho tawaibe ery assaienen see eee eee eaeeee

Mee ate al te GEC beeen ay ae state hiece Panes seeusae ns

» tbread+ banana + water

» twater (boiled together) ................0.-2..102- +0

Toasted cheese ye

Casem + ID own sugar + tay

3-4,

11-12

3-6

3-4

1-2

(LL) Substances to which Flies still came, though never more than

approximately 30-50 were caught at each cownt.

Baits.

Banana + maggots

Casein + she) chibreadite:watel sata ccseuseseaessant:

Brown sugar + Alcohol+ water ..........

Casein + water rae

» +brown sugar + beer..

Horlick’s Malted Milk + tomie sugar + oie Rte ARS BUR

Bird’s Custard Powder + boiled water

Days on which the

above number of

flies were caught.

es ea arc Ae trae mance

me be OD

Ln) bo

DO em b

* Most of the flies died which fed on the three baits marked with an asterisk (*).

494 MISS O. C. LODGE ON THE

(M) Substances to which Plies still came, though never more than

about 20--380 were caught at each count.

Days on which the

Baits. above number of

Jlies were caught.

Cxseinl-F brown) sugar - water... ...---.0s-eseeedseceee earls 3-4 & 7-8

Sete tAW Ibe an Gatien touts i Aleoton aba weer sG ra naas 1-2

my apeoclen EymabAS eg, Se) Gy dnodannsscoonadace 7-8

TpYoNUUYo lit con cree 228 Reetae onee en Rone nar urboy aan eGh adn goacdon: 1-4

Moastedicasemm)-wahewersenceree eae esate mee eee eee 1-12

@asemniseibrea det aye) hh ieee aera ae pes ee 4-6

(N) Substances to which never more than about 10-20 came.

Days on which the

Baits. above number of flies were

caught at each count.

Goldentsynup taal coholimesrncccresete tee eee eee eee ee 1-2

Brown sugar + _,, Ee PSCC Her SSO E a OUAOCORACECE 1-2

Casein + brown Boar mnciten EE HEE Asan SioesGaos ate tEe 1-10

>» +water Este 1-4.

Boiled milk + white sugar 1-2

3 Beal ETSI 0) 0) Has eS Ege tae Sea A Aan nnn Sne GaWUNG SUE HAG oa Nas 1-4

» cheese+ water 1-2

Dutch ,, 1-2

(0) Substances unattractive to House-flies, and to which

Sewer than 10 flies at most came.

Baits. Days exposed.

Green treacle + bread 1-6

Golden syrup+_,, bet 1-6

Casein + green ener bread -hwaten® Senne eee 1-6

Peptone+ ,, ee ecb rinuesis cates atss 1-6

5 TEROCOD AVAUWIOS? fy 3P sq ooneccdconeponsee0n00 1-6

Casein + vinegar aetinaietes 1-6

a et VeaSU eas 1-2

» +brown sugar + yeast + ater Guana seueue cantice 1-2

fy SPNAUAG ENP SES GEIS TP WENGE? con can ccoonscne cooansanacnnoed 1-2

Peptone + toffee .. Re daeeewane 1-4

a ata auoater wares cous a Bere aN 1-4

of ary Bee Uae Scag)! SPA VGEISMUpsoben das dapwosaaslnaa 1-4

Casein + toffee (cooked together) 1-4.

yy AGP ose RAMA TROLS Ga en stort seumemec ase ae 1-4,

Toffee +maggots ............ er 1-4

Casein + bread + water (at manure- vehoan) Nee ae hel Scere cee 1-4,

» tyeast + vinegar + maggots........0..0 cece cee eee 1-4

Sy TDS HOY SUPE SE WENIEIPse pisonosoaod ena ceo ods esvo0a Gonos 1-8

SF crfexa)KOLSVHUEN PEN Opa Tn aeannn one adeuosuadadenssad sednc 1-12

Alcohol + water . a tiaeoemamaceee 1-4

Casein + brown pie ar erater aniursjore ts ne arAe CE MER CRE ee 1-6

Jam.. Saat Baepetre oddoce one Coo 1-4

Casein-+ Kepler S ; Malt Tn iracea aberijacase ee ceeres 1-8

een SUGAR eee 1-8

5, + Kepler's Mait meets 1-8

HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS. 495

@ @

Brown sugar + Kepler’s Malt Extract eli abemned ace

Wall Gekiixtnac tect yeeeecict aise asset mriass ev diads evsacdesbecescostiene

Casein + water (boiled together) ............ 0.2... 00.00.00 eee

> +banana+ water

Rite CHROME KO wc Gee been eae Ou NBER er aca IC Iae eR ame meee

Bird’s Custard Powder + boiled milk........................

Te eee Sie odo Ae

a & @

—4

4s 3 » + 5 Wwater+brown sugar ... -8

Brown sugar +starch (boiled together)..................... -12

Starch + boiled water PoreBhoR aoe a ano Te —4,

Casein + brown sugar + dried blood + water ............... -8

ssl EE 5 ge DOCERIWAEL Aho. fer conte con Sieeetee 1-4

@ondensedamalkaersare accent ceca cere cceeee ects 1-6

7 hy joc ste) UUM eset Ae ke are tint fe ie tae et 1-6

Bread + Dutch cheese + water ................0.... cece eee ee 1-6

“ARideeseMoodidce Watelacreaecouecrsenee sense aeens nee 1-5

55 » +brown sugar+bread+water ......... 1-5

The main conclusions arrived at from these experiments on

house-fly baits were :—

(1) That the most satisfactory baits consisted of—

(a) Mixtures of casein, sugar, or some other sweet stuff and

water, with or without banana, in approximately

equai proportions, to which stout or beer can be added,

in which case they became immediately attractive,

otherwise one or two days elapsed before the most

attractive stage was reached * ;

(6) Horlick’s Malted Milk mixed with water ;

(2) Custard puddings ;

(¢) Cornflour, milk, and sugar ;

(/) Bird’s Custard Powder, milk, and sugar, ete. (vide list J).

(2) There are advantages in using the casein mixtures rather

than the other attractive baits in

(a) the comparative cheapness of casein (1s. 4d. per lb.) and

(6) the little trouble the baits take to prepare, the ingredients

simply requiring to be mixed into a paste with a little

water ;

compared with the 2-3 days of beer and sugar) ;

(d) The absence of any disagreeable smell when the casein is

mixed with sugar, golden syrup, banana, ete.

* In November and December, however, the house-flies at the Imperial College

came in swarms to feed on the casein mixtures as soon as they were placed on the

bench. They even came to bread ouly. Was this because of the difference in the

hunger-states of the flies at these different times, or were the casein mixtures more

attractive when simply put out on the bench without being covered by a trap ?

+ Sugar, beer, alcohol, etc. had another advantage, as they appeared to preserve

the baits trom going mouldy, which often happened when casein was used alone,

though this did not necessarily prevent them from being attractive. The great

advantage was, however, that they kept them from giving off the most offensive smell

which was the case when casein and water, and casein, water, and bread were used.

496 | MISS O. C. LODGE ON THE

Yet in these experiments, at no time were all the flies caught,

but only a proportion of them. This was, however, only to be

expected, judging from the catholicity of their tastia: yet they

have their likes and dislikes.

It was found that the attractiveness of most substances varied

at different times. The weather appeared to influence them—as

a rule fewer flies were caught on dull days than on sunny ones.

Possibly, also, flies of differ ent ages and sexes have different likes

and dislikes, oll of which would affect the numbers caught and

the attractiveness of the baits.

III. Porsons For Furss.

These experiments were made with the object of trying to

discover a substance which would be poisonous to flies—especially

house-flies—and harmless to man. It should not be distasteful

to the flies, otherwise they will not come to feed, and unless

cheap and easily obtained will not be suitable for general use.

The following methods of testing the different substances were

employed :—

(i.) To expose an attractive bait, to which the poison had been

added, in a place where the flies were free to come and

feed, or not, as they liked.

(ii.) To test the poison on flies which were confined, and must

either eat it or starve.

(i.) Account of Kxperiments on Poison-baits when Free Flies

were used.

These experiments were carried out in the greenhouse. The

flies used were chiefly house-flies, though a certain number of

blow-flies from traps were released from time to time.

The substances used were generally placed in large saucers, in

sunny places on the floor. They were then watched, to see

whether after feeding, (a) the flies fell over immediately, °

apparently dead, or (b) crawled for a distance and then fell

over on their backs, or (c) whether they flew away apparently

unharmed. When the two former occurred, as many of the

“corpses” as could be found were collected and kept till the

next day, to see if they would recover.

It was thus possible to obtain some idea of the effect of

the different substances on the flies, and also to see whether

their addition made any difference to the attractiveness of the

baits. They were generally added to mixtures of casein, banana,

sugar, and water. Controls for comparison were arranged for

each series of experiments.

A list of the various substances used, together with a summary

of results, is given on p. 497.

HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS. 497

Substances tested. Results.

Roe Did not poison house-flies or blow-flies. ’

Boueaad (oe Made no difference in attractiveness of bait for house-flies,

De oes ee but were repellent to blow-flies.

Picnibvacsa Made no difference in attractiveness for house-flies or

( Gye g low) blow-flies: both fed greedily upon it, and were appa-

Mera ine ance 2 ENCE rently unharmed !

Amy] alcohol......... Strongly repellent to both house-flies and blow-flies.

Repellent to house-flies; but after the smell had gone’ off

the baits were again attractive, and eges were laid and

larve livedin them. Flies were killed when it was poured

into trap containing them.

Amyl acetate .........

ect ie ¢ Did not kill house-flies, and made no difference in attractive-

ntimony oxide ... % ness for them

Acetaldehyde......... Disliked by house-flies and blow-flies.

them. Next day no apparent difference seen in attrac-

tiveness of baits.

Flies were killed when it was poured into trap containing

Westoran ............

Certvin experiments were also made to test the poison-effect

of paraformaldehyde and formaldehyde.

Some typical results are given in the table on p. 498.

It was not possible to arrive at any very definite conclusions

from the above experiments with formalin, as the results were so

varied. Sometimes the flies died after feeding on the mixtures,

while at other times they were apparently unharmed. Some

days they came in large numbers to feed, and on other days

few or none came. Generally speaking, more seemed to come

on fine than on dull days. One thing, however, seems clear,

which is, that if formalin is used in practice for ridding rooms

or buildings of flies, the “corpses” should be swept up and

burnt as soon as possible, so as to prevent any possibility of

recovery. 2

It was, however, felt that further and more accurate experi-

ments should be made to test the poison-effect of formalin, etc.,

on house-flies, where known quantities of formalin were added to

known amounts of bait. An account of these experiments is

given below.

(ii.) Account of Experiments on Poison-baits when House-flies

were confined in cylinders.

In order to secure more definite results than was possible

in the greenhouse, the following experiments were made at

the Imperial College of Science, in one of the laboratories,

having an ordinary roof with no skylights. hither the

breeding-materials, maggots and pupze from the greenhouse,

were transferred. Very soon enormous numbers of flies had

emerged, which were used in the experiments. The supply

was kept up by breeding them in the same way as before.

The substances to be tested, placed on pieces of glass, were fed

Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1916, No. XXXYV. 35

498

MISS 0. C, LODGE ON THE

B . PRNIIDES RAN Ree

aits, With

Paraformaldehyde

added.

\(A.) (a) Various casein, | Made no difference

sugar, and banana to the attractive-

mixtures placed in ness of bait to

saucers in the green- house - flies or

house. blow-flies.

Harmless to both.

| |

(G)VOMicat a ee eteael ks eee eet

(ce) Custard

Pudding.

(B.) Baits consisting of

casein, sugar, and (OY Aovotinee’ Tet

water were fed to ani dos tuo@ars

: re da

house-flies enclosed int ae Ren eb ae

in muslin cages in liecdeemeetine

a 2 |

greenhouse. Sill alee.

\(C.) Balloon trap set| —.........

| over casein, sugar, and

water mixtures in

greenhouse. |

\((D.) Various casein, | Sometimes un-

attractive for

many days:

other times

attractive on

first day. Occa- |

sionally one or |

two flies died.

| sugar, and water baits

placed in jars with

funnels in greenhouse.

Results.

AL a

With

Formalin Controls.

added.

Used strong. Repellent | Attractive to house-

to house-flies and| flies, many of

blow-flies. which fed—as

Used weak. Repellent well as some

to blow- flies, but blow-flies.

house - flies seemed

not to detect it until

sufficient had been

absorbed to kill

them, or render them

helpless. In no case

were all of these

latter found to be

really dead, a certain

number recovering

after a time. In

one case, out of the

600 picked up as

dead, 21% had

recovered the next

morning. The pro-

portion of recoveries

was often larger than

this.

Repellent to blow-flies.

F’. added while pudding

hot. Very attractive

to house-flies: very

many fed, and soon

died in and around

the saucer.

(1) Flies still alive after three days, and then released.

Many house-flies came to feed, which were

afterwards caught in

they were kept for two days and then

released as flies still alive.

Generally attractive for

one to three days.

Many flies died.

Attractive to blow-

flies: very many

came and fed.

Very attractive to

house-flies.

balloon traps, where

Attractive: many

flies caught.

None died.

HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS. 499

to house-flies enclosed in glass cylinders with muslin tops (height

8 inches, diameter 9 inches), which stood on the bench. When

flies were needed for the cylinders, either they were taken from

those caught in balloon traps set over the breeding-saucers, or

pupz were placed inside the cylinders to hatch out, ete.

In each experiment the following points were noted :—

(a) the date and time of starting ;

(6) the source of the flies ;

(zd) the number of flies (if any) lying apparently dead on

the bench, inside the cylinders, (1) after the first hour,

(2) each morning and evening ; and

(e) whether any were feeding at those times.

The experiments usually lasted four days, as any substance

which failed to kill by that time was considered useless. At the

end of the experiment a count was made of the total number of

males and females which had died, and also which had lived to

the end of the experiment, when they were etherized before

being counted.

The baits used were mixtures of casein, sugar, banana, and

water; that most generally employed consisting of the following

proportions :—

20 ¢.c. casein + 25 c.c. brown sugar + 25 c.c. banana.

(a) If the poison was a liquid, it was simply mixed in with

the casein ete.

(d) If it was soluble, it was dissolved in 25 cc. of water

and added to the casein etc.

and added to the casein ete.

Controls with clean baits—i. e¢., 25 ¢.c. casein + 25 ¢.c. sugar

+ 25 c.c. banana + 25 c.c. water—were set up for each series

of experiments: usually one control for all the experiments

made on the same day.

Details of these experiments, with percentage of deaths etc.,

are given in Table IT.

The results obtained from the experiments on poisons, when

tested on house-flies enclosed in cylinders, were not very decisive

(Table II.). No substance was found which killed a really

large proportion of the flies. Tables ITI. and IV. respectively

give the poison-mixtures having the largest percentage of deaths

on the first day, and on the second day in cases when none had

died before that. Substances which killed later than this, or

where the death-rate was less than 10 per cent. on the first or

second day, were not considered of much practical value. The

highest percentage of deaths on the first day was only 31,

(Leat continued on p. 514 at end of Tables.)

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Taare III.

MISS O. C. LODGE ON THE

Poisons which killed larg gest percentage of Flies on first day.

Ref. No Baits. | Percentage of | Percentage of |

Order. in (For full details, see Key to pure poison in Flies which died

Table IT. Table L1., p. 517.) whole mixture.; on first day. |

eaters za ke ote os ee |r |

1. 25 25 c.c. 30 p. c. Formalin + vi. 75 3L |

24. 0, Sida 0 pe eases | 8 27 |

2. 20 BOG, Dw oy ML | 75 27

57 lgrm. Potass. salic. 9 + vill | 1 27

ae 58 lgmm. Tannic acid + vill 1 23

eins | 23 25 c.c. 86 p. c. Formalin + vi. 9 22

oe 30 WC, NG oy 6 22

5. 7 5 c.c. 29 p. c. Ss +1, 5 21 |

6. 31 25 c.c. 36 p. c. 9p + vi 9 19

Ce 17 25 c.c. 28 p. ¢. % + Vv. 7 17

8. oT 25 cic, 2S psc. * 5, + vi 69 16

6 f | 47 5 c.c. 5p. c. Us | 1:25 15

| 18 25 c.c. 36 p. c. ye +. | 9 15 |

10 5 c.c. 40 p. c. s +i, 7 14 |

10. 29 Bon Ome 5 eu | 10 14. |

| 26 SCO, OR yl ae we | 7-25 4 |

11. 32 25 cc. 25> p.c. 5; + Vi | 63 12 |

12. 51 2 c.c. Carvone + vill 2 10.

TABLE LV.

Poisons which killed largest percentage of Flies on second day,

when none had died on first day.

Percentage of

Flies which died

on second day.

| % | Ref. No. Baits. | Percentage of

Ordev. | in (For full details, see Key tos pure poison in

| Table II. Table II., p. 517.) whole mixture. |

Atuer hy |

Ie | 5 c.c. 40 p. c. Formalin + i. a. 2

fe eo eles 5 erm. NH\NO; + viii. 5

het rae 116 2 erm. Sb. oxychl. +X | 2

Necmaede ce: 84. 25 c.c. 40 p. c. Formalin + vi. | 10

I Be nes 5 grm. Sb. oxychl. + xi. R

| 68 lc.c. Chromic acid + viii. | 1

a pe Os lgrm. Oxalic acid + viii. | 1

| 8. 62 lgrm. Potass. salic. + viii. | Ht

ieee 118 Starved Flies. | aw

¢| 95 2 erm. Potass. bromide + viii. 2

my | 45 25 ¢.c. 1p.c. Formalin + vi. 0:25

11. 19 25 c.c. 32 p. c. an + v. 8

12. 13 2c.c. 24 p. ¢. 5 ap Je 2

| a

| 66*

47%

—

| ON

* No record was made on the first ve in these two experiments.

not known whether any flies died then or not.

It is therefore

HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS.

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Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1916, No. XXXVI.

514 MISS O. GC. LODGE ON THE

and this was with a 30 °/, formalin bait (7. e., 25 c.c. of 30 °/,

formalin in 75 ¢.c. of casein mixture), making 7°5 °/, of pure

formalin (‘Table III.). Amongst substances which did not kill

until the second day, excluding No, 5* of Table 1V., ammonium

nitrate (2. e., 5 °/, pure NH,NO,) gave the highest percentage

(538 °/,). Next came 40°/, formalin (45 °/,), and then antimony

oxychloride (37°5 °/,). For the percentages with the other

substances, see Table IV.

Other experiments were also made to see what was the effect

of first feeding a poison-bait to the flies in the cylinders, and

then a clean bait to the survivors. Details of these experiments,

giving percentages of deaths, etc., will be found in Table V.

The results seem to show that the flies died after a longer

or shorter time from the effects of feeding upon the poisons, and

not from starvation due to not feeding on the baits because they

were distasteful, for in most cases flies were seen to feed. Also,

in the experiments on starving flies, it was seen that these flies

could live longer before succumbing than did the flies which had

been given poison-baits ; for in these the percentage of deaths

during the first hours was very high—much higher, in fact,

than amongst the starved flies for a corresponding length of

time. Again, the percentage of deaths in those experiments

where the poison-bait was left for more than one day was much

lower than was found amongst the starved flies for a period of

three days or more. It appears that when flies died from the

effects of feeding upon those baits in which the poison was more

concentrated they quickly absorbed sufficient to kill them, but

that this took a longer time with weaker poisons, unless the

bait was very attractive and they fed so greedily upon it as to

imbibe a sufficient amount of the poison to kill them in a shorter

time. This is apparently what happened with a 10 °/, formalin

bait, which was very attractive, and to which very many of the

flies came to feed at once and continued feeding for some time.

On the other hand, if they fed less continuously a longer time

elapsed before death took place. Probably the large percentage

of deaths amongst the survivors with clean baits, as compared

with the death-rate in the controls, was due tothe poison pre-

viously absorbed in the first case.

Starved Flies—From experiments on starving flies (‘Tables II.

and V.) it seems that they show more power of resistance

late in the year than in the autumn. For in the experiments

made on starving flies in Novemberand December they remained

alive without food for 7-10 days, or even longer; while in those

made in September and October all the flies were dead by the

sixth day. The greater resistance shown by the winter flies

than by the autumn ones is what would be expected if they

have to pass the winter as imagines.

* This is not counted, although it had the highest death-rate, because no record

was taken on the first day, and it is very probable that some of the flies died on

that day.

HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS. 515

GENERAL SUMMARY.

The general conclusions resulting from these experiments on

baits and poisons for flies, show aherne —

(1) For Blow-flies, meaty substances of all kinds make the

best baits, and of these the most attractive was blown

liver, several days old. It was found that the digestive

action of the maggots increased the attractiveness of the

baits.

(2) The most satisfactory House-fly baits consisted of mixtures

of casein, banana, and some sweet substance (7. e. treacle,

sugar, etc.) to which sufficient water, beer, or stout was

added to make a paste.

(3) Apparently Formalin remains the best poison for House-

flies for indoor use, in spite of its somewhat uncertain

action. The best results were obtained when 2:5 °/, to

7-5 °/, pure Formalin was used.

Nore ON HMPUSA MUSCA.

It is perhaps worth noting that the house-flies in the “ fly-

room” became badly infected with the fungal disease Ympusa

musce in September and October, and died in great numbers,

although they still continued to breed. It is interesting to note

that however they became infected, the disease followed its

usual course and subsided in November and December, when

“wild” flies have normally disappeared.

Carbolic acid was evaporated two or three times a day at first,

and occasionally up to the end of December.

Novr oN THE PROPORTION OF THE SEXES IN HOUSE-FLIES

(Musca DOMESTICA).

(1) The proportion of male and female House-flies was found

to be nearly equal in the various counts made on emerging flies.

The results are given below :—

Be &

(a) Pupee taken from manure-heap which hatched out Aug. 7, 1915. 51 66

(b) Flies emerged from pupe bred in greenhouse, Aug. 27,1915... 52 35

(CP DATO F Aes 26S OR VOW Ge 8 Giecsretinac ee iceunee can ornccmencea tienes antees 51 102

(d) Ditto, Aug. oe IRS Sy ee deeaon ae Bao oRace dd con cRerae ave MeO UTED ES 5 39

(e) Ditto, 11 a.m. to 2 P.m., Aug. 28, 1915 Bese es ee tose ca herrea 60 53

(f) Ditto, at 2.45 p.m., August 28, 1916 0.00. ee 121 67

(g) Ditto, at 3.30 p.m., Aug. 28,1915 ...... a YO) Ul

(h) Flies emerged from pupe from reeds saucers s Feb. ‘, 1916. 31 27

(2) Counts were also made of Flies caught in balloons and

36*

516 MISS 0. C. LODGE ON THE

other traps. In all cases but one, a much larger number of

females was caught. This is pro bably to be pecoanited for by the

fact that the Giecanece used as baits served also for breeding-

materials. The following results were obtained :—

A. In the greenhouse. hig S43

(a) Flies caught in jar with wire-gauze funnel, baited with an eight

days’ old mixture of casein, water, and bread, 3-5 hours after

Amy] acetate had been added, July 25, 1915. mee 1) 2PA7/

(6) Flies caught in jar with wire gauze-funnel, fpaited oni We

days’ old stout and sugar, Aug. 1, 1915 . eenae ate ts 25 85

many flies came to feed, and many eggs were laid.) As many

as possible of the flies were caught ................:.000 cesses serene eee 16 32

B. In the “ fly-room.”

(a) Flies caught in balloon trap, set for 3-1 hour over casein, brown

sugar, banana, and water bait, Nov. 29,1915 .................0. 26 ««118

(B) Ditto Dees IO Woe trata ome cy ek Ok tenet (aaa acer a eth ty eacenanne OO Um MCS

(ce) Ditto, Dec. 11, 1915.. SOE eng O TO ne Ee ac Ha Cua Eno no aM ecBnds Doaade 24. 36

(ad) Ditto, Dec. 18, 1915 . Be Eesti be eee uc PERL ae a Nate tae ee 43 54

(f) Ditto, for ¢ hour, Dee! 45, 1915. Aun hisehionamsnbened nas Serer 86 =108

(g) Ditto, for 13 hours, Feb. 9, 1916 NS Oe | ee OR ne Ie nt at ae 13 22

(h) Ditto, for 1 hour, Feb. 9, 1916 . Se SOAR oo ae nu Rt emenoaee 31 43

(2) Ditto, for 24 hours, Feb. 10, 1916 Mobis (aa ae ots MR ae ds 28 52

A RoueAll Sessa casose 401 860

(3) Counts were also made of the flies which died naturally,

which had been picked up in the “ fly-room” in August and

September. The proportion of males and females was approxi-

mately equal. The numbers are given below :—

Oo: f-

‘(a) Dead flies picked up in fly-room on Aug. 28, 1915 .................. 122 99

(Q)) Irena, Aes COO pss Ay NGI Cosasooosssaencssoncoonscqncocdecososcooce Way 11418}

UNO sso coccoaose 254 242

(4) Again, in the experiments where various poison-baits were

fed to house-flies enclosed in cylinders (Table 11.) only in 14 out

of 69 cases was the percentage of deaths among the females

higher than that of the males.

List or ABBREVIATIONS. @

Ale. ................... Aleohol (90 ©» unless otherwise stated).

Abs.Ale. ............. Absolute Alcohol.

Adren.HCl. ....... Adrenalin hydrochloride, *01 °/) solution.

Catire iawetaasetens Caffeine.

Dimethan. ........... Dimethylaniline.

Ethyl.SC.N. ....... Ethyl sulphocyanide.

1056 .... Formalin.

Meth.salic. . . Methyl salicylate.

Nic.. Pee eNCoume:

Potass.salic. ...... Potassium salicylate.

TANABE, scooopusooseons LE AMeNGhNR,

Salic. acid

Sb.oxych.

AD CHDs son ec

Zn.Sulp.C

dry) eecas

eth. ... it eo ee

(50) ae ER te

(DI es ee

arb

HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS. 517

Salicylic acid.

Antimony oxychloride.

‘Turpentine.

Zine sulphocarbolate.

bait dry or getting dry.

house-flies used in experiments after they had recovered from

being etherized.

few flies feeding on bait (z. e. about 3-6 flies).

many flies feeding on bait (7. e. most flics in cylinder).

bait moist, often with liquid coming out at edges.

flies helpless but alive.

some flies feeding on bait (7. e. about 8-10 flies).

flies came at once to feed on bait.

flies did not come at once to feed.

flies came at once to bait, but did not stay.

pupe (7. e. flies which had emerged from pupx placed in

cylinder).

Flies emerged from pupe (p), and which had been given no food

for several hours before experimental bait fed to them.

Flies newly emerged from pupee (p).

The index numbers to reference number of experiments in Table II. indicate that

the same control was used for all the experiments with the same index, e. g. (41),

(42)2, ete.

Key to Mixtures useD As Barrs In EXPERIMENTS

Mixture i.

Mixture ii.

(5 only)

Mixture iii.

(15 only)

Mixture iv.

(16 only)

Mixture v.

Mixture vi.

Mixture vii.

Mixture viii.

Mixture ix.

IN Taste II.

= Approx. 100 c.c. casein.

+100 c.c. brown sugar.

+one banana.

+ water to mix into a paste

Mixed together at one time, and of which

approx. 25 c.c. were used for each experi-

ment, and to which Formalin was added.

)

=Same as Mixture 1. but of which 35 c.c. was used for the experiment,

and to which 2 c.c. of 40/, Formalin was added.

=15 ¢.c. casein.

+15 c.c. brown sugar.

+40) Formalin.

=15 c.c. casein.

+15 c.c. brown sugar.

+10 c.c. water.

+5 c.c. 40%) Formalin.

—20 C.-C.

+ 25 ¢.¢c.

+25 C.c.

casein.

brown sugar.

Formalin (percentage specified in each

case).

Mixed separately for

) each experiment.

Mixed separately for

each experiment.

= O55)

+ 25 ©.¢.

+25 c.c.

+25 ¢.c.

casein.

brown sugar.

banana.

liquid (percentage of Formalin, or |

c.c.

other liquid, specified in each case). J

=25 c.c. casein.

+25 c.c. brown sugar.

+25 cc. 24 % Formalin in milk (é. e. milk (not water) added to

make up to 24% F.).

=25 c.c. casem. Mixed separately for each experiment. The

+25 c.c. brown sugar. various substances used were dissolved in

+25 c.c. banana. 25 c.c. water, before it was added to mix-

+25 c.c. water. tures, In Controls water only was used.

=25 ¢.c. casein Mixed separately for each experiment. Be-

+25 c.c. brown sugar. fore the water was added to the mixture,

+25 c.c. banana. the liquid (specified in each case) was

+25 c.c. water. added to the water.

518

Mixture x.

(59 only)

Mixture xi.

Mixture xii.

(92 only)

Mixture xiii.

(121 only)

Mixture xiv.

(122.0only)

Mixture xv.

(128 only)

Mixture xvi.

(129 only)

Mixture xvii.

(180 only)

Todine

(141 only)

ON THE HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS.

=26 c.¢c. casein. 1 grm. benzoic acid dissolved in 4 c¢.c. of

+25 c.c. brown sugar. 90 %/9 of alcohol was added to the 25 e¢.c.

+25 c.c. banana. J water (when benzoic acid precipitated),

+265 c.c. water. The whole was mixed into the mixture.

=25 c.c. casein.

+25 ¢c.c. brown sugar.

+25 c.c. banana.

+25 c.c. water, in which the various insoluble substances were mixed.

=265 c.c. casein.

+ 25 ¢.c. sugar.

+25 c.c. banana.

+5 c.c. pyrethrum powder extract (alc.).

=12'5 c.c. casein.

+12°5 c.c. brown sugar.

+12°5 ¢c.c. banana.

+12°5 c.c. of (55 exol. mark iii. +1 9/) mustard oil + 0°25 ethyl sulpho-

cyanide).

=12°5 c.c. casein.

+12°5 c.c. brown sugar.

+12°5 c.c. banana.

+12°5 c.c. 1:20 ethyl thiocyanide + cinnamic + exol mark iii.

=Brown bread soaked in (1 ¢.c. exol mark 11i.+1 grm. sugar+18 ¢.c.

water).

=Paper sprayed with (1 c.c. exol mark iii.+1 grm. sugar+18 c.c.

water) and allowed to dry before fed to flies in cylinder.

= Brown bread soaked in 3 drops ethyl sulphocyanide + 25 c.c. water.

=5 c.c. of (1 grm. iodine dissolved in 5 c.c. of 90%) alcohol).

(NB.—AI]I solutions aqueous unless otherwise stated.)

ON A NEW FOSSIL BIRD. 519

21. Note on the Sternum of a large Carinate Bird from the

(?) Eocene of Southern Nigeria. By C. W. AnpREws,

D.Sc., F.R.S., F.Z.S. (British Museum Nat. Hist.) *.

[Received and Read May 23, 1916. ]

(Text-figures 1-4.)

INDEX.

SYSTEMATIC: Page

Gigantonnisjeciglesomeie eer eee eee Le

SEU CDR He ees ee Nee ee ne eee dare tees ame capa) OC)

The British Museum has recently received from Nigeria two

small collections of vertebrate remains of great interest. The

first, presented last year by Sir F. Lugard, G.C.M.G., was

obtained in a cutting on the Port Harcourt railway in the

Ombialla District, Southern Nigeria: in this the most important

specimens are portions of the lower jaw of a primitive Zeuglo-

dont, vertebre of a crocodile, and numerous remains of fishes,

including Celorhynchus and Galeocerdo latidens ; a large number

of Mollusca were also included. The second collection was sent

by J. Haglesome, Esq., C.M.G., and is from the same locality as

the last; it includes further remains of the Zeuglodont, part

of the sternum of a gigantic carinate bird, parts of the carapace

of a leathery turtle, probably near Psephophorus, and some por-

tions of skulls of Siluroid fishes. It is to the avian sternum

alone that the present paper refers.

The age of the beds in which these fossils occur has not yet

been definitely settled, but from the character of the vertebrate

remains it was probably Hocene, and most likely the earlier part

of that period. For instance, the presence of Calorhynchus ¢ and

Galeocerdo latidens points to the Kocene age of the deposits,

while the primitive creodont-like condition of the teeth of the

Zeuglodont favours their reference to the earlier part of the

period. The Mollusca have not yet been examined in detail, but

Mr. R. B. Newton seems inclined to consider that they may

indicate a somewhat later horizon.

The subject of the present note is the anterior part of the

sternum ; it was in two pieces, and the visceral surface was to a

great extent concealed by a matrix of extreme hardness, which

was difficult to remove. The anterior part of the keel and the

body of the bone nearly to the level of the posterior ends of the

* Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.

+ [The complete account of the new genus and species described in this communi-

cation appears here; but since the name and a preliminary diagnosis were published

in the ‘ Abstract,’ No. 158, 1916, the genus and species are ‘distinguished by the

names being underlined. —Eprtor. |]

y ALS. W oodw ard, Abstract Proc. Geol. Soc. No. 989 (1916), p. 51.

520 DR, C. W. ANDREWS ON A

coracoid grooves are preserved, but behind this only a portion of

the middle of the body is present, all the posterior expansion

being broken away.

The middle portion of the anterior part of the visceral surface is

hollowed out into a deep fossa (/oss.) about 2°6 em. wide, deepening

and slightly narrowing from before backwards for about 4 em.,

and then dying away posteriorly. ‘This depression was probably

connected with pneumatic foramina, opening into the base of the

keel. In front of the fossa above described is a broad transverse

Text-figure 1.

Sternum of Gigantornis eaglesomei, from above. » natural size.

foss., fossa in visceral surface; 7b.i., labrum internum of coracoid groove ;

sp.eaxt., spina externa.

ridge convex from before backwards and extending between the

anterior ends of the prominences overhanging the coracoidal

grooves; anteriorly this ridge is smoothly concave from side to

side, there being no trace of a spina interna. ‘The anterior ends

of the coracoid grooves ave separated by an interval of about

1:8 cm.; the grooves themselves are straight and deep and are

overhung by a parallel convex surface (labrum internum, 1b.2.).

They make an angle of about 55° with one another and are about

77 cm. long, but their ventral lip begins to die away posteriorly

NEW FOSSIL BIRD. 521

about 1 em. from their hinder extremity ; it is not possible to tell

whether there was an accessory posterior coracoid groove as in ~

the Petrels generally, that region of the sternum having been lost.

Beneath and between the anterior ends of the coracoid grooves isa

strongly developed spina externa (sp. eaxt.), the anterior escutcheon-

shaped face of which was nearly vertical with regard to the long

axis of the sternum; from its ventral anglea strong intermuscular

ridge is continued down the anterior border of the carina, dividing

it into two lateral surfaces and terminating at the upper border of

the facet for articulation with the fureulum. The carina itself is

Text-figure 2.

Sternum of Gigantornis eaglesomei, from front. 4 natural size.

c.g., coracoid groove; f., facet for furcula; sp.ext., spina externa.

deep and is prolonged forwards and downwards; posteriorly it

seems to have narrowed with exceptional rapidity, so that it may

have been confined to the anterior portion of the body of the

sternum, but, owing to the incompleteness of the specimen, its

precise form cannot be determined. The anterior border is broad

above and concave from side to side on either side of the median

ridge above referred to; externaily it 1s separated by sharp angles

from the lateral surfaces. Lower down the anterior border

narrows and becomes convex from side to side. The anterior

angle of the carina, which projected rather strongly forwards, is

truncated by an extraordinarily large surface for union with the

522, DR. C. W. ANDREWS ON A

lower end of the fureulum. This surface looks nearly directly

forwards and is concave from above downwards; seen from the

front (text-fig. 2) it is somewhat constricted in the middle, the

constriction apparently separating distinct upper and lower arti-

cular facets, between which there is a roughened area; the upper

facet is the more clearly defined, and the whole structure indicates

the existence of an extremely strong union between the sternum

and the lower end of a very large fureula. The ventral border of

the keel is gently convex from before backwards, and also from

side to side, the middle line being marked by a longitudinal inter-

muscular ridge. It is about 2°6 cm. wide in front, but narrows

rapidly to about 1-5 em.; further back the width becomes still

further reduced.

Text-figure 3.

Sternum of Gigantornis eaglesomei, from side. +} natural size.

c.g. coracoid groove; f, facet for furcula; m.r., intermuscular ridge ;

sp.ext., spina externa.

The lateral surface of the keel is slightly concave both from

above downwards and before backwards; the concavity is most

marked beneath the hinder end of the coracoid grooves, where the

bone is very thin. The intermuscular ridge between the surfaces

for the attachment of the pectoralis major and pectoralis secundus

is extremely strongly developed. It commences about 2 cm.

behind the middle of the clavicular facet, and for a short distance

NEW FOSSIL BIRD. 523

runs upwards and backwards, then turns backwards; posteriorly

it seems to have curved up in the direction of the posterior end

of the coracoid groove; beneath the strongly developed ridge

itself and connected with it are several roughened surfaces. ‘The

smooth sides of the keel are marked by numerous fine vascular

impressions.

The chief peculiarities of this sternum, apart from its large

size, are (1) the remarkable strength of its articulations with the

coracoids and furcula, indicating the possession of an extremely

powerful support for the wings; (2) the presence of a deep fossa

on the visceral surface; (3) the very strongly marked inter-

muscular ridges. These characters seem to show that this bird

was a powerful flier, and perhaps also a good swimmer and diver.

It is undoubtedly generically distinct from any known species,

and I have proposed for it the generic name Gigantornis, the

specific name being G. eaglesomet, in honour of the discoverer

[Abstract P. Z.S. 1916, p. 30 (May 30th)].

Text-figure 4.

1o|H

Sternum of Diomedea exrulans, from side. natural size.

Lettering as in text-fig. 3.

The stippled area indicates the portion preserved in the fossil.

This sternum has been compared with those of many recent

birds, and it seems to resemble in some respects those of certain

of the Tubinares and Steganopodes. The anterior aspect is much

like that of the sternum of Diomedea (text-fig. 4), the form of the

spina externa especially being almost the same; the disposition

of the intermuscular ridges on the carina is also very similar.

On the other hand, in Diomedea the coracoid grooves are more

oblique, and their anterior ends are separated by a shorter

interval; moreover, there is no deep fossa on the dorsal surface,

524 ON A NEW FOSSIL BIRD.

and, although the anterior angle of the keel widens out and was

in contact with the furcula, ‘there was no definite articulation

between the two. In other members of the group, however,

some of these characters are present. Thus, in Procellaria the

dorsal fossa is present, and in the Diving Petrels (Pelecanoides)

the furcula has a definite articulation with the anterior end of

the sternum, and it seems possible that this articulation may in

some way be connected with the diving-habit, since it is well

developed in Sula and Phalacrocorax, both notable divers; on the

other hand, /regata, in which the furcula is actually fused with

the sternum, seems never to dive. Comparison of the fossil with

the sterna of Sula and Phalacrocorax in other respects, shows

that in the depth and shortness of the keel and in the form and

position of the coracoid grooves they are somewhat similar. On

the other hand, the keel projects much more forwards, the spina

externa is thin and compressed, there is no dorsal fossa, and the

position of the intermuscular ridges on the keel is different.

Comparison with the sterna of other groups of birds has led

to no satisfactory results. In the case of some of the Storks

(e.g. drgala) the furcula has an extensive union with the anterior

angle of the keel, but in other respects the form of the sternum

differs from the fossil. The sterna of the Penguins and Auks

also differ widely, the keel being very long and there being no

union with the furcula. On the whole, we may conclude that

Gigantornis was most nearly related to the Tubinares and

Steganopodes, perhaps approaching the former more nearly, and

it, may, indeed, be the representative of an extinct group more or

less intermediate between these two.

Further collections from the same locality are greatly to be

desired, since nearly all the few specimens hitherto obtained

represent forms new to science and of the highest interest.

Some dimensions (in millimetres) of the fossil are :—

Length of the portion of body preserved ...... 1386

treatest depth from anterior upper border of

body to antero-inferior angle of keel ......... 140

Distance from anterior angle of coracoid groove

to antero-inferior angle of keel ...... Be Aa sees WA?

Length of coracoid groove.................. (app.) 77

Distance between anterior ends of coracoid

STOO VES IRE) SRSA NRE US. Set caer dren ae Beene dite)

Depth of surface for furcula............... (app.) 45

Greatest width of surface for furcula............ 26

Thickness of lower border of keel at level of

hinder end of coracoid grooves ..........-.-.- 12

Text-fig. 4 represents the sternum of a large Wandering

Albatross (Diomedea exulans), which in the flesh measured

10 ft. 8 in. from tip to tip of the wings; the fossil sternum, so

far as measurements are possible, seems to have been about twice

as large.

ON A NEW FOSSIL MAMMAL. 525

22. On a Mammalian Mandible (Cimolestes cutleri) from an

Upper Cretaceous Formation in Alberta, Canada. By

ArtHuR Smita Woopwarp, LL.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.

[Received and Read May 23, 1916.]

(Text-figure 1.)

INDEX.

SYSTEMATIC : Page

COMONCSIES COBUCIPS ..vhincoom one nbs ccbood soddedeoeasoaneencses GS

SR UC DURE eats seamen are a cc ed eR Mees oe CEO)

Small mammals with a dentition closely similar to that of

the existing opossums have long been known by fragments from

the Upper Cretaceous freshwater deposits of North America.

Complete jaws, however, are still needed to correlate the isolated

teeth which form the majority of the fossils hitherto discovered.

An imperfect right mandibular ramus lately obtained for the

British Museum by Mr. Wiliam EK. Cutler is thus of special

interest; and its value is increased by the fact that it was

discovered in Alberta, Canada, in a somewhat older deposit than

the Laramie Formation of Wyoming, U.S.A., in which the

previous specimens were found.

The new mandibular ramus lacks most of the hinder ascending

portion and the extremity of the mandibular symphysis, but is

otherwise well preserved, with two of the molars, one premolar,

the broken roots of the other molars and premolars, and the

socket for the large canine tooth. It is shown of twice the

natural size, from the outer, upper, and inner aspects in the

accompanying text-figure (p. 526). The mandibular symphysis is

much elongated, the facette (s.) extending as far backwards as

the anterior root of the fourth premolar. The large mental

foramen (m.) on the outer face of the ramus is also situated

beneath and just in front of the anterior root of the same

premolar.

The four molars and three premolars behind the canine are

arranged in close series, and the teeth preserved are considerably

worn, showing that the jaw belongs to a fully adult individual.

The smooth enamelled crown of these teeth slightly overhangs

the root, but there is no cingulum on the outer or inner face. A

cingulum is only observable on the anterior and posterior faces of

the two molars, where it slopes downwards and outwards. The

fourth molar (m. 4). which must have been at least as large as the

* [The complete account of the new species described in this communication

appears here, but since the name and a preliminary diagnosis were published in the

‘ Abstract,’ No. 158, 1916, the species is distinguished by the name being under-

lined.—Ep170R. |

526 DR. A. SMITH WOODWARD ON A

third, is represented only by its double-rooted base. The third

and second molars closely resemble those of the opossums, each

consisting of a much-raised tricuspid anterior portion (trigonid)

Text-figure 1.

Os teh me. Gal pm, wR. wal.

m m.3 m.2. ml Hi (PIRES (BLED

ty n

L 04 ;

Cc.

Cimolestes cutleri; imperfect right mandibular ramus, outer (A), upper (B), and

inner (C) aspects, twice nat. size.—Upper Cretaceous (Belly River Series) :

Sand Creek, Red Deer River, Alberta, Canada.

m., mental foramen; s., symphysial facette; m. 1-4, molars; pm. 1, 3, 4,

premolars ; ¢., socket for canine.

with a less raised but extended posterior heel (talonid). The

third molar (m. 3) is implanted by two very stout roots, of which

the posterior is the larger. The relatively large outer cusp

NEW FOSSIL MAMMAL. 527

(protoconid) of its trigonid is much more worn than the two

inner cusps, of which the anterior (paraconid) is the larger and

well separated from the posterior (metaconid) by a deep cleft.

Its posterior heel (talonid) is bordered by a much raised rim,

which is sharply separated by a groove from the trigonid, and

bears one large outer cusp (hypoconid), a smaller inner cusp

(entoconid), and a still smaller posterior cusp (hypoconulid), all

considerably worn. In the second molar (m. 2) the three cusps

of the trigonid are about equally worn, and the raised rim of the

talonid closely resembles that of the third molar already described,

but appears to be more worn. The first molar, represented only

by fragments of the roots, is comparatively small. ‘fhe fourth

premolar (pm. 4) is very large and inserted by two divergent

roots, of which the posterior is the stouter, and both are marked

by slight vertical flutings. Its crown consists of a tumid antero-

posteriorly elongated cone, with a small, well separated pillar-like

cusp behind. The apices of the cone and cusp are truncated by

wear, and the large worn surface of the crown is extended by a

second small surface of wear antero-internally. The enamel of

its outer face exhibits faint traces of vertical wrinkling. The

small third premolar is represented only by its two roots (pm. 3),

and the diminutive foremost premolar, generally regarded in

opossums as the first of the normal series, is shown by its simple

root (pm. 1) to have been displaced inwards. The socket for the

procumbent canine (c.) 1s relatively large; and the shape of the

broken end of the symphysis suggests that the incisors were very

small.

The following are some of the principal measurements, in

millimetres :—

Total length of dental series behind canine ... 30)

M. 4, maximum length (about) .................. 6

M. 3, % Weare] ONS Bie Fe a eee ET 5D

ss [OT REENG U5] OT ests he cee ern ee a te 3°90

M. 24 a Nera entlinseeetae seracen cee Wey aia 4:5

53 [OHEENG LE Tete ae ar mete es eeee ee ana 35

WWEs: Th, a Iemma (C19OWI5)) Cococncas-deodsees t

Pm. 4, a Lem ners bias chee ie eentcs ais)

_ OVOP YC RA Oats caer ema ete ot ney 3°5

TPAO 3 - lemethn(Gilbout)ieeeeace seen A-5

The dentition thus described is closely similar to that of the

existing Didelphys, but differs in the shape of the large hinder

premolar, and doubtless represents a distinct genus. Molar teeth

of the same pattern from the Cretaceous Laramie Formation

of Wyoming, U.S.A., were named Cimolestes by Marsh*, who

assigned them to an imperfect Jaw in which the sockets indicated

* O. C. Marsh, “Discovery of Cretaceous Mammalia,” Amer. Journ. Sci. [3]

vol. xxxvill. (1889) p. 89.

528 ON A NEW FOSSIL MAMMAL.

a close series of seven teeth behind the canine without any

diastema *., The new specimen may therefore be provisionally

referred to Cimolestes, and as it differs from the type-species

(C. incisus) by its larger size, and both from this and a second

Laramie form (C. curtus) by the relatively less elevation of the

trigon in the molars, it doubtless represents a new species,

which may be appropriately named C. cutleri after its discoverer

[Abstract P. Z.S. 1916, p. 30 (May 30)]|. The large fourth pre-

molar, if it had been found separately, would have been described

as Stagodon in the nomenclature of Marsh; but it seems to have

characterised more than one genus of Cretaceous Marsupials 7.

* ©. C. Marsh, “ Discovery of Cretaceous Mammalia.—Part III.,” doe. cit. vol. xliii.

(1892) p. 258, pl. ix. figs. 5, 6.

+ Compare Thleodon padanicus, KE. D. Cope, Amer. Naturalist, vol. xxvi. (1892)

pp. 758-762, pl. xxi.

ON RUSSIAN COLEOPTERA. 529

23. A List of the Carabidee (Coleoptera) collected in Cho-

persk District, Province of the Don Cossacks, South

Russia. By V. Lursunikx, Kiev, Russia*.

[Received April 25, 1916: Read May 23, 1916. ]

_The present paper contains a list of the Carabide collected by

Mr. A. I. Hlijinski and his brother, Mr. P. I. Tlijinski, who was

killed on the battlefield, in the Chopersk district of the province

of the Don Cossacks. The species catalogued were collected in

the neighbourhood of the stations Filonovskajaand Urjupinskaja?.

1. CrcinpeLA Germanica L.—F. 7. viii 1911; 19. vi. 1912 ;

Wo AOL Tis NOE.

Very common. Except f. typ., also ab. fusca D.-Torre, ab.

protos D.-Torre, ab. deuteros D.-Yorre and ab. obscura F.

2. CICINDELA MARITIMA SAHLBERGI Fisch.-W.—F. 17. vii. 1912.

Sandy places, not common.

3. CaraBus (s. str.) GRANULATUS L.—U. 14. vi. 1914.

One example.

4, Catosoma (s. str.) sycopHanta L.—F. 28. v. 1909.

5, Catosoma (CHARMOSTA) DENTICOLLE Gebl.—F. 4. vil. 1912.

6. Epactius Limpatus F.—F.

One specimen.

7. CuivinA CoLLARIS Herbst.—F. 20-25. vii. 1913.

8. Bemerpion (NorapHus) sEMIpUNCTATUM Donovan.—F. 12. vii.

1910.

9. Bremprpion (PERYPHUS) ANDREH F.—F, 25. vu. 1911.

10. Bemprpion (PerypPuus) ustutarum L.—F. 28, v.-12. vi. 1913.

11. Bemprpi0n (s. str.) 1LLicERI Neto.—F. 23-26. vi. 1912.

12. Bemprpron (PHILocHTHUs) BIGuTrATUM F.—F. 15. vii. 1910 ¢.

13. CHLEZNIUS (CHLAENITES) SPOLIATUS LONGIPENNIS Motsch.—

¥. 12. vii. 1910.

14. CHL2&NIUS (CHLHNIELLUS) NITIDULUS Schr.—F, 24. v. 1910.

15. DoicHus HALENSIS Schall,—28. vi.—12. vii. 1913.

* Communicated by the SECRETARY.

+ Abbreviated as: F.=Filonovskaja ; U.=Urjupinskaja.

£ Mr. Ph. Zaitzev has recorded Bembidion argenteolum Ahy. v. chalybeum Strm,

from Urjupinskaja (Revue Russe d’Entomo). ix. 1909, no. 4, p. 491).

Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1916, No. XX XVIT. 37

ISU)

36.

MR. V. LUTSHNIK ON

. Agonum (s. str.) impressum Panz.—F. 12. vii. 1910.

. Aconum (s. str.) seExpunctatum L.—F. vii. 1911.

. Agonum (s. str.) Graciuipes Duft.—F. 15. vii.1910; U.

20. vi. 19:12.

. Agonum (IprocHRoMA) DoRSALE Bruenn.—F. 23. vi.—d. vii.

1912.

Common.

. PuatysMA (SoGinges) PuNcTULATUM Schall.—F, 24, vii. 1911 ;

(Wi Gs vaeeoies

. Puatysma (Macropa@citus) sErtcEUM Fisch.-W.—F. 6. vii.

1912.

. Puatysma (s. str.) NigruM Schall.—F. 3. vii. 1911.

. PuatysmA (MeLantus) ANTHRACINUM II].—F, 23-26. vi. 1912.

. AMARA (TRI@NA) PLEBEJA Gyll.—F,. 2. vii. 1911.

. AMARA (s. str.) sIMILATA Gyll.—F. 2.vi.1911; U. 12. vi.

1913.

. AMARA (s. str.) ZNEA Deg.—F. 23-26. vi. 1912.

. Amara (Cetra) incenua Duft.—F. 18. vii. 1910, 28. vi—12.

vil. 1913.

. AMARA (BRADyTUS) APRICARIA Payk.—F. 12. vu. 1910, 30. vi.

1911, 23. vi.—4. vii. 1912, 28. vi.-12. vi1.19138; U. 16. vi.

1913.

Very common.

. Amara (Brapytus) rutvA Deg.—F. 3. vii. 1912.

. AMARA (BraApytvs) consuLARis Duft.—F. 4. vii. 1912.

. Harpatus (OPHONUS) SABULICOLA Panz.—U. 20. vi. 1912.

. Harpauus (OpHonus) Azureus F.—F. vi. 1912.

. Harpatus (PsEuDoPHONUS) PUBESCENS Muell.—F. 23-26. vi.

1912, 23. vi.—2. vat. 1913; U. 20. vi. 1912.

. Harpatus (Parpiteus) catceatus Duft.—F. 12-15. vii. 1910,

30) vie—22e val. 191 26 vO 2S 20f vei valores.

Very common.

. Harpawus (s. str.) 2nEus F.—F, 30. vii. 1910, 5-26. vir. 1912,

XY mea wus IOI S Wl AOS sms ION, Uwe IOS

Common.

Harpauus (s. str.) psirraceus Geoff.—F. vi. 1912.

One example.

Bile

38.

39.

40.

4).

RUSSIAN COLEOPTERA. 531

Harpauus (s. str.) smaracpinus Duft.—F, 7-31. vii. 1910,

30. vi. 1911, 2-31. vii. 1912, 20. vi. 1913; U. 14-17. v. 1913.

Harpatus (Acarpysrus) RUFUS Bruegg.—F, 2. vii. 1912.

Harpatus (Avpiystus) tatus L.—F, 23-26. vi. 1912.

Harpatus (HArpaLopius) FROELICHI Strm.—F. 12-18. vii.

1910. ,

Two specimens.

Harpatus (HArpaLosius) wirtipEs Panz.—F. 30. vi. 1911,

4-8. vii. 1912, 28. vi-12. vii. 1913; U. 17. v. 1913.

Common.

. Harpatus (Paruernus) servus Duft.—F. 4. vii. 1912.

. Harpatus (PHEUGINUS) SERRIPES Quens.—F. 27.vi. 1911.

. Harpanus (Acrepuiius) PICIPENNIS Duft.—F. 20. vi. 1913.

. Harpanus (Microperes) Bracuypus Stev. — F. 20-25. vi.

1913.

. DracHRoMUS GERMANUS L.—F. 15. vi. 1912.

One specimen.

. ANISODACTYLUS (HEXATRICHUS) POSCILOIDES PSEUDOENEUS De}.

INS AUG vale Jae

. CorsyvrA FuSsULA Fisch.-W.—F. 20-25. vi. 1913.

. Clyminpis proTa Pall.—F. 10. vii. 1912.

. BRACHINUS tNcERTUS Brull.—F. 20. vi. 1913.

One specimen.

|. Bracuinus psopHiA Dej}.— F. vi.—vii. 1913.

ayes

ON A NEW PLATYSMA FROM CHINA. 533

24. A new Species of the Genus Platysma (Bon.) Tschit-

scherin, from China. By V. Lursunix, Kiev, Russia*.

[Received April 25, 1916: Read May 23, 1916. ]

. INDEX.

SYSTEMATIC: Page

Platysma mandzhuricum, sp. i ......00 cece 833

SCRO/DHHUOS, SUFI Wh, oann04 949 savacesns nooon8 s9n8e0b0e 533

PLATYSMA MANDZHURICUM, sp. n.

Black, shining; legs and mouth-parts pitch-black.

Head large, smooth; front with a longitudinal impression on

each side; eyes convex.

Prothorax subquadrate, narrowed behind, sides hardly rounded,

not sinuate before base; the basal angles rounded off; anterior

margin slightly emarginate; base subtruncate ; the median line

impressed, ending behind in a punctiform impression ; a single

deep and very wide, lightly punctate, impression on each side

near the basal angles.

Elytra a little wider than prothorax, convex, shghtly rounded

on sides, truncate at base with the shoulders rounded ; apical

curve subsinuate on each side; stiri strongly impressed, finely

punctate; interstices subconvex, third with three punctures.

Under surface impunctate ; apical segment ( ¢ ) deeply foveo-

late towards middle and with one setigerous puncture on each

side of the anus.

Metasternal episterna slightly elongate.

Length 11:5 mm.

Hab. China: Manchuria (Chandaochedzy, 5. vi. 1914, 4.

Alewandrov).

One male specimen in my collection.

I regard this species as belonging to the subgenus SrERoPINts,

subgen. nov., which, from its position, seems to be between the

subgenera Steropus Steph. and Hosteropus Tschitsch. The form

of the prothorax separates it from Hosteropus 'schitsch. and

approximates to Steropus Steph. From the last subgenus,

Steropinus Lutshn. differs by its elongate episterna and foveolate

anal segment of the abdomen,

* Communicated by the SECRETARY.

wine oo date

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Rae ei ty Rav.

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MY) tiaras

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ON AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF PLATYSMA. 535

25. Notes on Species of the Genus Platysma (Coleoptera)

from Australia. By V. LursHnix, Kiev, Russia *

[Received April 25, 1916: Read May 28, 1916.]

INDEX. Page

SOUR UCR eee a eek eas een Oper ee hc Me iO

SWS TE MAT Caine ee nee an eee. eee ee cnet soumuaaciaec oan OOO

In one of my papers I have had occasion to indicate that the

punctation of the mesosternal and metasternal episterna in

species of the subgenus Sarticus Motsch. (1864) is not important

for their definition *.

I have now a sufliciently large number of specimens of this

subgenus from Victoria to confirm the correctness of my remarks.

I have one example of Platysma (Sarticus) haditans Sloane

(1889), from the Ballarat District, which has fully impunctate

episterna, but in other features entirely conforms to the original

description of this species {.

I have also one specimen of Platysma (Sarticus) obesulum

Chaud. (1865) from the same locality, which has one punctate

and one impunctate metasternal episterna. As is known,

Platysma (Sarticus) rockhamptoniense Casteln. (1865) is distin-

guished from Pl.’ (S.) obesulum Chaud. only by its punctate

episterna §. This distinction is not constant, and for that reason

I consider Pl. (S.) rockhamptoniense Casteln. to be a synonym of

the last species ||.

108

In his “ Review of the genus Sarticus,’ Mr. Th. G. Sloane J

erroneously writes reparding the subgenus Sarticus Motsch., ‘‘ the

basal segment of the abdomen is always punctate.” This is not

quite correct, because one of the species of this group, namely,

Platysma (Sar ticus) saphyreomarginatum Casteln. (1865), has

the abdomen completely impunctate. In the original deserip-

tion of Feronia cyaneocincta Chaud. (1865) avae saphyreo-

marginatum), Chaudoir writes of this species “corpus totum

leve ” **,

My examples of Pl. saphyreomarginatum Casteln., from Victoria

and Queensland, have the abdomen completely impunctate.

% Communicated by the SECRETARY.

+ Lutshnik, V., “Sur quelques Sleieraaiae de la faune Australienne,” Revue

Russe d’Entomol. xiv. 1914, no. 4, p. 421.

{ Sloane, Th., “‘ Studies in Australian Entomology, no. I.,” Proc. Linn. Soc. New

South Wales, 1889, p. 508.

§ Sloane, Th., op. cit. p. 508.

|| Chaudoir, “Supplément a Vessai sur les Féronies de Australie,’ Ann. Mus.

Civ. Stor. Natur. di Genova, vi. 1874, p. 595.

| Sloane, Th., op. cit. p. 502.

** Chaudoir, “Essai sur les Féronies de Australie et de la Nouvelle-Zélande,”’

Bull. Soc. Impér. Natur. de Moscou, 1865, no. 3, p. 98. :

536 ON AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF PLATYSMA.

Tir

The subgenus Coronocanthus Macl. (1877) is perfectly valid,

but very near to Sarticus Motsch., as I have, already indicated *.

For Platysma (Coronocanthus) suleatum Macl, (1877)= Pl. quad-

risulcatum Chaud. (1878), it is necessary to conserve Chaudoir’s

name, because the name “ suleatwm” has been already occupied

in the genus Platysma (Bon.) Tschitsch *.

T have two examples (¢ and 9) of this remarkable species

from the Northern Territory.

* Lutshnik, V., op. cit.

+ Gay, Hist. Chil. (Spanish edition), iv. 1849, p. 223 (Feranomorpha sulcata).

P. Z. S. 1916, BOULENGER, Pl 1

fF. W. Bond, photo, Bale & Danielsson, Ltd.

PHRYNOSOMA BREVICORNIS.

MR, E. G. BOULENGER ON A NEW HORNED LIZARD. Dol

26. On a new Lizard of the Genus Phrynosoma, recently

living in the Society’s Gardens. By H. G. BouLuncsr,

F.Z.S., Curator of Reptiles.

[Received May 12, 1916: Read May 23, 1916.]

(Plate I.)

Among a small collection of reptiles from Texas given to

Dr. H. G. F. Spurrell by Prof. J. S. Huxley for presentation to

the Society, I found a lizard of the genus Phrynosoma, which is

evidently new, and for which I propose the name of Phrynosoma

brevicornis. Superficially the lizard resembles P. dowglassw, the

head-spines being extremely sboxt, but it differs in the nostrils

being pierced within the canthi rostralis and in the pectoral and

ventral scales being strongly keeled. From P. taurus, to which

it is in some respects closely related, it differs in the much

shorter head-spines, in the gular scales being smooth, and in the

longer tail.

PHRYNOSOMA BREVICORNIS, sp. n. (PI. I.)

Head broader than long, with the spines very small. Posterior

outline of the head forming a slight concave curve. Nostvril

pierced within the canthus rostralis. Tympanum naked. Head-

spines obliquely turned upwards: they number three temporal,

two very small occipital, and a minute postorbital. The temporal

head-spines largest, slightly larger than the largest spinose scales

on the body. Lower labials terminating in a series of pointed

scales. Gular scales equal, smooth. Gular fold strong. A dermal

thickening bearing a few erect spines on each side between the

gular fold and the tympanum. Back and limbs with scattered,

erect, large, keeled, spinose scales. A regular lateral series of

spines. Pectoral and ventral scales strongly keeled. Eleven

femoral pores on each side, the series not joining medially. Tail

about two and a quarter times as long as head. Yellowish brown

above, pale yellow on the sides; lower surfaces yellowish white,

uniform. —

Total length 107 mm.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Phrynosoma brevicornis.

Fig. 1. Front view.

2. Side view.

3. Upper view.

MR. ©. TATE REGAN ON A RARE FISH. 539

EXHIBITIONS AND NOTICES.

May 23rd, 1916.

Dr. Henry Woopwarp, F.R.S., Vice-President,

in the Chan.

Mr. K. G. Boutrencer, F.Z.S., Curator of Reptiles, exhibited

living specimens of the African Lungfish (Protopterus annectens),

presented to the Society by Capt. C. W. Woodward.

The Rev. H. N. Hurcstnson, M.A., F.Z.S., exhibited the

plaster cast of a model, four feet long, ring he had constructed,

of the Dinosaur, Diplodocus carnegier.

The object in ‘making the model was to express in a solid form

his views on the reconstruction and articulation of the skeleton of

Diplodocus, with special reference to the plaster-cast of a recon-

structed skeleton now in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), and

presented by Mr. Andrew Carnegie in 1905.

The late Dr. J. B. Hatcher, Dr. W. J. Holland, and others who

have published papers on Diplodocus appear to be so anxious to

make this extinct reptile appear very tall and impressive, that

they have been so bold as to place the limbs in an upright

position, as if the creature were an elephant. On the other hand,

many naturalists, recognising the Sauropoda to be related to the

Crocodilia, are persuaded that the limbs should be placed at an

angle to the body somewhat as in the Lacertilia, a view which

the speaker has expressed on the above model. He has tried to

show that the articulations of the femur and the humerus are

mechanically impossible. The broad spatulate end of the latter

he thinks should not be put at right angles to the plane of the

scapula and glenoid cavity, but must be turned round 90 degrees

so as to come properly into line with the large surfaces of the

scapula and coracoid.

A rare Mish.

Mr. C. Tate Reean, M.A., F.Z.S., exhibited a specimen of a

rare fish, Centrolophus Maceo Ginth. This species was

Aeceribeds from a fish about 500 mm. long, which was washed

ashore near Polperro in February 1859 (Giinth. Cat. Fish. i1.

p- 402, 1860). No other specimen was recorded until one of

nearly the same size as the type was taken near ee in

_ December 1904 (Cligny, Ann. Stat. Aquic. Boulogne, n.s. 1. 1905,

p. 75). A third example, of the same size as the anise was

taken from’ the water in a dying condition, after a storm, at

Capbreton, in March 1908 (Pellegrin, Bull. Soc. Zool. xxxvii.

1912, p. 20). The fish exhibited was the fourth known example

of this species. It was landed in South Wales from the trawler

540 DR. R. W. SHUFELDT ON ALBINISM.

‘Caswell,’ and was sent by Mr. H. E. Rees to Mr. James V.

Pryor at Cambridge; not recognizing the species, Mr. Pryor

showed it to Professor Stanley Gardiner, and on his advice sent

it to Mr. Regan.

Mr. Rees had kindly given the following information :—‘ The

fish was caught by the steam trawler ‘Caswell’ on Sunday,

May 7th, at 3 p.m. The vessel was fishing 95 miles §.S.E. of

the Bull Rock, Ireland, in 300 fathoms of water. The fish was

caught in the trawl on the sea-bottom and was alive when it

was brought in on deck.”

The fish is nearly 400 mm. long; it has 53 dorsal and 31 anal

rays. The principal differences between C. britannicus and the

more abundant C. pompilus appear to be as follows :—

O. britannicus.—D. 46-53. A. 28-33. About 240 scales in a

longitudinal series above lateral line, which has a curve in the

anterior + of its length. Length of head 53 to 6 in length

of fish.

C. pompilus.— D. 37-41. A. 23-25. 185 to 205 scales in a

longitudinal series above lateral line, which has a long curve,

becoming straight above origin of anal fin. Length of head 4

to 5 in length of fish.

Mr. Regan also exhibited a Silver Ling (Jolva elongata), nearly

600 mm. long, taken from the stomach,of a very large Sun-fish

(Mola mola) that had been caught in a trawl, landed at Milford,

and sent to Mr. W. Howlett of Billingsgate Market, who pre-

sented it to the Natural History Museum. The Sun-fish appears

generally to swim near the surface and to eat small invertebrates,

larval fishes, etc. It is interesting to note that it may descend

to considerable depths (Jf. elongata is usually found at 100 to

300 fathoms) and that 1t may capture fairly large and active fish.

Albinism in American dnimals.

Dr. R. W. Suurevpr, C.M.Z.S., communicated the following

notes on cases of albinism seen in American animals :—

“During the past half century I have noted and examined a

great many instances of albinism in various parts of the United

States, and as this condition is of interest from several points

of view, I am presenting here a few notes I have made upon the

subject. It is generally supposed that we may meet with albinos

in any type of animal now to be found in existing faune in

any part of the world; but, strange to relate, there are certain

groups of animals, representatives of which seem to be exempt —

from it. Moreover, while we know very accurately what con-

stitutes albinism, whether partial or complete, we do not know,

in so far as I am aware, the precise cause of it, when manifested

in any particular individual. There are those who are disposed

to consider it simply as a ‘freak of nature,’ an opinion that I

ON RESULTS IN THE ‘ BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA.’ HAS

cannot see my way to accept; for such an explanation stands for

nothing more than a cloak to our ignorance of the basic cause of

the condition. Why we should find, for example, in a brood of

crows, three normally plumaged and the remaining one an albino,

has not, in my opinion, ever been satisfactorily Ps plained:

“Among American fishes I have seen living examples of albino

brook trout, flounders, eels, and others; while in the case of the

common or golden carp albinos are not infrequently met with in

nature. Salamanders and frogs occasionally exhibit it among the

Batrachians, while examples of it have been observed in the case

of certain snakes, ‘horned toads,’ and lizards. But in so far as

my personal experience goes, I have never imet with an aibino

turtle or a tortoise, although I have seen very pallid examples of

our common box-tortoise (Terepene carolina).

“Of all the Vertebrata birds seem to constitute the group most

frequently exemplifying this condition, and I have personally

examined or collected cases of complete or partial albinism, repre-

senting nearly every family of them. For the most part, this

has been seen in the case of loons, gulls, ducks (teal and mallard),

certain waders, sora. rail, snipe, woodcock, quail, grouse, turkey,

various owls and diurnal raptores, whippoorwill, and in not a few

passerine birds as crows, ravens, robins, bluebirds, finches, and

others.

“Whilst writing this I have a fine specimen of a ‘ piebald’ robin

in my collection. which I collected in Connecticut in 1868.

* American mammals frequently afford examples of either

partial or complete albinism, and a few years ago, I had, for a

short time, in my possession an unusually fine living example of

-our common woodchuck (Arctomys monax). On the day follow-

ing its arrival I succeeded in obtaining some fine photographic

negatives of the animal, and a photograph from the best one of

these is exhibited.

“Other United States mammalian albinos collected or seen by

me have been examples of prairie marmots (Cynomis), Virginia

deer, muskrat, beaver, bats. porcupine, rabbits and hares, squirrels,

and some few other forms.”

June 6th, 1916.

Prof. KE. W. MacBripsg, D.Sc., F.R.S., Vice-President,

in the Chair.

At this meeting an informal discussion took place on the

results published in the ‘ Biologia-Centrali-Americana,’ with

special reference to the zoo-geographical relations between

America and Africa, of which the following is a brief résumé :—

Dr. F. DuCane Gopmay, F.R.S., F.Z.S.—tn compliance with

a request from the Publication Committee of this Society, 1 have

542, DISCUSSION ON RESULTS RECORDED

made a few notes which may serve as a prelude to the discussion

on the results recorded in the work published by Osbert Salvin

and myself—the Biologia Centrali-Americana.

Salvin and I were at Cambr idge together, and after leaving

the University in 1857 Salvin visited Guatemala to report upon

the nuts of a Palm which it was thought might be used in the

manufacture of candles. The nuts, however, proved useless for

practical purposes, so he devoted some months travelling about

the country collecting Birds, Insects, and Plants. Salvin sub-

sequently made three further expeditions to Guatemala with the

sole object of continuing his Natural History pursuits—in 1859,

and in 1861, on which occasion | accompanied him, returning

after about a year’s absence, and again in 1865, when he nil

visited Panama. We trained and employed many of the natives

to assist us, and some of them continued to send us specimens

for over 30 years.

Salvin and I were immensely struck and delighted with the

richness and variety of the fauna and flora found in a tropical

country, but it was the revolution in thought produced by the

publication of the “Origin of Species’ by C. Darwin, and the

promulgation of the theory of evolution, which gave such an

intense interest to the subject. I well remember the violent

opposition with which this new doctrine was received, and it is

difficult for those of the present generation to realize the bitter-

ness with which this new idea was received by all classes.

Salvin and I had both read the ‘Origin’ before our visit to

Guatemala, but it was not till after our return that in working

out our collections the truth of the new doctrine was fully

realized. From that time we took a deeper interest in all our

work, and now many problems that had puzzled us were solved.

Although we had written several papers in the P. Z.S. and Ent.

Soc. Trans., we were still without any idea of publishing the result

of our travels in a more collected form.

In 1876 it was suggested that the ‘ Biologia’ should be under-

taken, and three years after the first part appeared. It was then

estimated that the whole of the Zoology might be completed in

60 parts, but owing to the ever-increasing material this subject

alone occupied 215 parts.

After we had been at work for some time we found ourselves

very short of Mexican and North-American material wherewith

to compare our Central American specimens, and to remedy this,

in 1888 I made an expedition to Mexico and spent some months

collecting in various parts of the country. For the Birds of

North America I was fortunate enough to be able to purchase the

Henshaw collection, which was very rich in species from the

United States, and which Mr. Ridgway kindly examined for me,

critically revising the names and localities. Up to this time

collections of Nowthe American birds in this country were Hone

meagre.

A few words on the physical aspect of the country are perhaps

IN THE ‘BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERIOCANA.’ 543

necessary here, but as this subject has been dealt with at length in

the Introduction, I will only refer to its general characteristics.

Northern Mexico consists of a high tableland, the extension of

the Arizona plateau; it is very arid and consequently barren,

growing cacti and other such plants. At the spot where the

railway crosses the Rio Grande at El Paso, on the borders of

Mexico, the plateau descends to only 3700 feet, but soon rises

again and has an average altitude of about 8000 feet, till at the

end of some 900 miles the City of Mexico is reached. This

plateau is bounded on each side by ranges of mountains descend-

ing abruptly towards either coast and clothed with forest, which

at its summit consists largely of pines and ilex. Both on the

Atlantic and Pacific coasts there is a narrow belt of tropical

country. About the City of Mexico the plateau is broken by

a series of volcanoes, the highest of which reaches 18,000 feet.

Southward to Panama the land gradually descends in altitude ;

it is, however, very much varied and frequently covered with

forest. alternating with savannas and interspersed with many

volcanoes, one of which in Costa Rica attains a height of

11,000 feet. At the Isthmus of Panama the land subsides to

300 feet.

The country is divided by the natives, according to altitude,

into zones under the names of Tierra caliente, Tierra templada,

and Tierra fria, and these zones have an immense influence on

the fauna and flora, and are a largely determining factor in the

number and diversity of species. The climatic conditions must

also be taken into consideration, the rainfall on the Atlantic

being far in excess of that on the Pacific, and the vegetation

far more luxuriant.

In Eocene or early Miocene times there was a broad channel

separating North and South America, where the Isthmus of

Panama now exists, and it seems probable that a series of

elevations and subsidences took place, temporarily forming islands

before the land became permanently continuous as it now is, thus

accounting for the many allied and representative species found

in Chiriqui and Costa Rica.

When the channel was in existence it must have proved an

insuperable barrier to the migration of land-animals, but when

the two continents became united undoubtedly a considerable

interchange of animal- and plant-life took place, and there was

a mingling of northern and southern forms. This, no doubt,

accounts for the extraordinary richness in species of Central

America.

Mr. Pocock, in his remarks on the origin of the Mammalia,

says that during Miocene times, when the Panama land-bridge

was upheaved, the migration was divided into two categories, one

containing the Insectivora, Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Periisodac-

tyla, ete., which had been evolved in the northern hemisphere and

inferentially passed from North into South America, while the

other comprised the Primates, the Edentates, the Marsupials,

544 DISCUSSION ON RESULTS RECORDED

and part of the Rodents, which migrated from South into Central

or North America. Birds, which, from their power of flight and

habit of migration common to a large number of them, are much

more easily distributed than most vertebrates, do not throw

the same light on geographical distribution as is the case with

more sedentary animals. This must, however, be applied in a

general sense, as many of the species are extremely local. Nearly

half the 1413 species are endemic; but a very large number are

migrants from the United States, spending the winter in Central

America and returning again in spring. There are, however, two

remarkable instances which I may mention. The family of the

Tinamide, which are essentially ground-birds, rarely fly, and are

frequenters of the forest. Members of this family range from

Chili to Mexico. They are of a very ancient type, probably allied

to the Ratite, and must have passed by land to Central America.

The Trogons, on the contrary, have a very wide distribution ;

they are strictly tropical, and are also frequenters of the forest,

but, unlike the Tinamide, have a very extended range, being also

found in Oriental regions, and a single speeies of a peculiar genus

occurs in Africa. Remains of a fossil Trogon have been found in

the Miocene of France.

It seems probable that South America may have had a land

communication with Africa at some remote period, and America

may have received some of its characteristic forms from that

continent. There is also some reason to suppose that there may

have been a land communication with Australia, though this

seems more remote. But this is a subject which I hope may be

discussed later.

As regards the Insects, which form so large a portion of

the work, little can be said as to their distribution at present,

and it will be well to wait till more is known of those of other

countries ; at present the geological evidence is but scanty.

Salvin and I had intended, on the conclusion of the ‘ Biologia,’

to have discussed the geographical distribution of species, but in

consequence of his death and my own ill-health this project was

abandoned, and Mr. R. I. Pocock and Mr. Regan kindly came to

the rescue and I hope will be present here to-night.

The total number of species recorded in the ‘ Biologia’ is

38,637; of these 19,067, or very nearly half, were previously

unknown. They belong to 1373 genera, and are illustrated by

1173 plates containing 18,051 species, mostly coloured.

Although the ‘ Biologia’ contains the record of such a large

number of species, it is but a fragment of what may yet be

obtained. The whole work must be looked upon as only a con-

tribution to our knowledge of the subject, and I hope it may be

an incentive to others to carry it further.

Dr. H. Gapow, F.R.8., F.Z.S., illustrated his necessarily very

condensed remarks by slides of maps showing the present physical

features of Mexico and Central America, and of hypothetical

IN THE ‘ BIOLOGIA-CENTRALI AMERICANA.’ 545

restorations of the distribution of land and water during previous

geological epochs. Also a faunistic table. .

The Neotropical and Nearctic faunas and floras do not meet

at the Isthmus of Panama, but in Mexico. The isthmus was

originally very much broader.

The various groups of the fauna seem to fall into three

categories :—

1. Those which are of undoubted northern provenance. Some of

these stop with the plateau; others descend thence into the

hot lands, and most of these continue into Central—even

far into South America.

2. Those which are of Southern, Neotropical provenance. Many

of them have overrun Central America and extended into

Mexico, where their current has, so to speak, been divided

to east and west by the wedge-like plateau.

These two main categories interdigitate, with many com-

plications. Some have become derelicts in their new home,

whilst they have died out in their older home, e. g., Tapirs.

Others have hooked back, not the families, but genera

and species rather, e. g. Opossums and the Tree-Poreupine

Hrethizon.

3. There is’a considerable number of forms, drawn from all

classes, which seem to be endemic, rather archaic, developed

into what they are on the spot. They are the most inter-

esting and most difficult to interpret.

3a. Some seem to be real aborigines. “3B. Others are neither

from North America proper nor from South America.

They must have come from elsewhere. Some of these

puzzling groups seem to be a legacy from a more western

extension of land, say from Lower California to the

Galapagos and South America, analogous to the “ Andines”

of botanists, which date back far into the Cretaceous

period.

Others point unmistakably to Mediterranean lands and to

Africa. A ‘“land-bridge” implies also coasts with all their

concomitant physical features, suitable land-conditions for ter-

restrials and freshwater-fish, shallow seas for corals and shells, ete.

Such “ bridges” need not have ever existed in their entirety, being

rather like changing pontoon-bridges. Such restorations rest

upon circumstantial evidence; much of it will, no doubt, be ruled

out of court, but there is a great deal of cumulative evidence

and much that is mutually supporting (both negative and direct)

presented by plants, Vertebrates, and Invertebrates, terrestrial

and marine, so that the Afro-American connections are becoming

more than a good workable hypothesis. The chief question is now,

how long and into what geological groove did they jast? Did

they last long enough, say into the Oligocene, to be available for

comparatively recent groups @

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1916, No. XX XVIII. 38

546 DISCUSSION ON RESULTS RECORDED

Dr. A. Smita Woopwarp, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., remarked that

nearly all the vertebrates in South America which seemed to

suggest a direct land-connection with the Old World through

Africa, were either late-Tertiary immigrants from North America

or senile members of pre-Tertiary cosmopolitan groups. Most of

the resemblances in the faunas of the two countries usually noted

were in animals of which the ancestry was entirely unknown.

The only resemblances already explained by paleontology were

due to the survival in the two southern continents of remnants

or refugees of formerly widely-spread faunas, which had become

extinct in the more progressive northern hemisphere. Paleon-

tologists began to distinguish between the characters of animals

which were real marks of affinity and others which were the

inevitable and oft-repeated concomitants of maturity and senility

in arace. It must be possible to distinguish these characters in

a group of animals before the latter can be used in discussing

questions of geographical distribution.

Mr. C. Tare Recan, M.A., F.Z.8., said :—South America has

a very rich and varied freshwater fish-fauna; with the excep-

tion of the Osteoglosside, a generalized and ancient group

represented at the present day by a few remnants, it has not

a single family in common with either North Aroedien or with

Australia. On the other hand, three South-American families,

Lepidosirenidee, Characidee, and Cichlide oceur also in Africa,

and the South-American Catfishes of the family Pimelodide are

closely related to the Bagridze of Afriea and India.

If South America and Africa were one continent in Cretaceous

times, and the connection between them persisted until the

beginning of the Eocene, these facts would be satisfactorily

explained, Alternative hypotheses are that the families common

to South America and Africa were formerly marine and entered

their rivers from the sea, or that they were formerly northern

and migrated southwards, becoming extinct in the north. Against

the former it may be urged that the Lepidosirenide are obviously

adapted for life in fresh water and unfitted for life in the sea,

that the Characide are Cyprinoids, a strictly freshwater group,

and that if the Cichlide were formerly tropical shore-fishes,

entering rivers, it is curious that they did not establish them-

selves in the southern rivers of North America. The second

hypothesis is unsatisfactory, for when the slowness of dispersal of

freshwater fishes is taken into account the improbability 1 is great

that several groups should have made these extended journeys,

with the final result that closely related genera arrived in Africa

and South Ameriea. Hydr ographiecal changes, such as the union

of rivers formerly distinct or the capture by one river of the

tributaries of another, are the means by which the dispersal

of freshwater fishes is accomplished; for such fishes migration

appears to be difficult, survival relatively easy. No known

northern fossils can be referred to these African and South

IN THE ‘ BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA.’ 547

American families, and there is good evidence that the main

distribution of freshwater fishes changed but little during the

Tertiary. The Eocene Priscacara, from the Green River Shales

of Wyoming, is, in my opinion, not one of the Cichlidee ;

it belongs to the North-American family Centrarchide, and 1s

closely related to the modern Hupomotis.

When we get to know something about Cretaceous freshwater

fishes new light may be thrown on the problem. But for the

present the hypothesis that South America and Africa were

formerly one continent is the one that offers the most reason-

able explanation of the relationship between: their freshwater

fishes.

Mrs R. i: Pocock, FIR:S., Fil-Ss, H:Z38:, remarked that

evidence for the former existence of a tropical or southern

Atlantic connection between South America and Africa was

suppled by the following, amongst other, genera of Arthro-

poda :—

PRoroTRACHEATA.— Peripatus is confined to tropical West

Africa and tropical Central and South America and the Antilles.

Opisthopatus is found only in Chili and Cape Colony.

DipLoropa.—The Spirostreptid genus Orthoporus, which is of

wide distribution in tropical America, is very closely related to

tropical African, but not to tropical Asiatic, millipedes.

CuiLopopa.—Parotostigmus occurs in tropical America and

Africa, but not in tropical Asia. Scolopendra (s.s.) is mainly

tropical and Central American, but in the Old World it has been

recorded from the Cameroons, the Canary Islands, Arabia, and

Sokotra.

Scorpionres.—Of the three tropical American genera of the

Scorpionidee Opisthacanithus has its nearest ally im the tropical

and South-African Opisthocentrus ; and Diplocentrus and Oiclus

are closely related to the Arabian and Syrian Vebo, the three

together constituting the well-marked subfamily Diplocentrine.

ARANEH.—The Sicariide (s.s.) range in America from Chili to

Costa Rica, and are only found elsewhere in the world in South

Africa. Of the three genera of Caponiide Vops and Caponina

are tropical American, Caponia South African.

In the case of the above-mentioned Arthropods no reason can

be assigned for their extermination elsewhere in the tropics, if

they are the only extant representatives of genera formerly

widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere.

In the case of the Mammalia the evidence rests mainly upon

the present distribution of the three following orders :—

SrrentA.—The Manatees (Ziichechus) are restricted to the

rivers and estuaries debouching into the Atlantic on the African

or eastern side and on the American or western side. These

animals do not venture out to sea, and no extinct representatives

of the genus appear to be known from Kuropean or. North-

548 DISCUSSION ON RESULTS RECORDED

American deposits to support the theory of its former extension

into northern latitudes.

RopentiA.— The headquarters of the Hystricomorpha at the

present time are South America, where they date back to the

Upper Miocene. ‘The only North-American representative of

the group is the tree-porcupine (Hrethizon), a late immigrant

from South America. No extinct representatives of the group

have been found in early or mid-Tertiary strata in North

America. But im the Old World alleged representatives of

the suborder, referred to the family Theridomyide, occur in

Eocene and Oligocene deposits in Europe, and at the present

time several genera of Octodontide occur in Africa, and the

Hystricide range from Africa through Southern Asia to Borneo.

Until evidence for the aiktones of this group in early and

mid- “Tertiary or Cretaceous times in North America is forth-

coming, it cannot reasonably be claimed that the South-American

forms are descendants from ancestors from the North; and if the

theory of raft-transportation from Africa be rejected, it must be

conceded that the faunistie similarity between tropical America

and Africa in this respect supports the idea of a transatlantic

Jand-connection between those countries.

Primates.—The past and present distribution of Monkeys

is tolerably similar to that of the Hystricomorph Rodents. The

Platyrhmi are restricted to South and Central America, where

they date back to the Upper Miocene. No fossil monkeys

have hitherto been discovered in North America. Similarly, the

Catarhini are confined to tropical and temperate countries of

the Old World, and have been recorded from middle and later

Tertiary deposits in Europe and Asia. The available data, there-

fore, point to the entry of monkeys into South America from the

Old World by means of a southern transatlantic land-bridge,

unless it be claimed, as it has been claimed, that the resemblances

between the Platyrhini and Catarhimi are due to convergent

descent from Lemuroids of the New and Old Worlds respectively,

a view from which Mr. Pocock expressed dissent.

Dr. C. W. Anprews, F.R.S., F.Z.S., remarked that if a land-

bridge had existed between Africa and South America m Tertiary

times one would expect a more extensive mingling of faunas than

had actually taken place. Even in the Kocene both continents

must have had a varied mammalian fauna, yet it is only claimed

that the Primates, the Hystricomorph Rodents, and perhaps

some Insectivora crossed from Afriga to South America, no inter-

change in the opposite direction being known. Of these groups

the Primates are represented by numerous small lemur-like

animals in the Eocene of North America, and it is thence that

the colonization of South America probably took place, although

at present the group may be unknown from the older tertiaries

of that continent. The Hystricomorph Rodents are represented

in the Hocene and Oligocene of the Old World by numerous

IN THE ‘BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA.’ HAO

species referable to the Theromyide ; these are all small animals

and seem to have been very abundant, so that, like the rats and

mice of to-day, they would be especially liable to accidental trans-

port. The same may have been the case with the Insectivora.

What really happens when a land-bridge is established is well

shown in the intermingling of the faunas of North and South

America after the establishment of the Isthmus of Panama at the

end of the Miocene or beginning of the Pliocene period.

Lord Roruscuitp, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.Z.8., said that while in no

way wishing to oppose the views of the speakers who preceded him,

he thought, and had always thought, that in many cases the sup-

posed relationship of the faunas of widely separated areas was more

apparent than real, and that many of the instances usually quoted

were cases of convergence or parallel development. This could be

easily explained if we considered that the chain of evolution of

all species owed its commencement to a stimulus due to the ex-

ternal environment the species found itself in, causing variation

to proceed in a certain direction. It is also as easily conceivable

that a similar or even identical stimulus might start a chain

of variation along similar or even identical lines in two totally

different areas. He instanced among birds the two snipe, Galli-

nago nobilis and macrodactyla, the former from South America,

while the latter inhabited Madagasear. These two birds are

practically identical, but had evidently had separate origins. He

also instanced the genus Menas among the Arctiid moths,

species being found in Africa, Indo-Malayana, and South America.

While in the imago the structure was identical, in the larva the

difference in habits pointed clearly to a separate origin, for while

the larve of the species inhabiting the Old World were terres-

trial the larve of the South-American species were entirely

aquatic. On the contrary, he pointed out that the case of the

gigantic land-tortoises favoured the views of the previous speakers,

for while at present they were confined to two small groups of

islands, the Aldabra and Mascarene group in the Indian Ocean and

the Galapagos Islands off the South-American coast, in Miocene

times they were found in many parts of the world and the

present-day forms were merely survivals.

Dr. R. Broom, D.8c., C.M.Z.8.—When I was a student 30 years

ago the scientific world was so much under the spell of Russel

Wallace that any one who ventured to suggest the possibility of a

land-connection across what was regarded as a permanent ocean

was looked upon as a dangerous heretic, and even now there are

many who are apparently afraid to admit the possibility; yet, if

there is one point on which we can be perfectly certain, it is

that South Africa was connected by land with South America in

Lower Permian times. Identical species of plants lived in the

two continents, and we know enough of the floras of North

America, and Europe to feel sure that the species did not pass

550 DISCUSSION ON RESULTS RECORDED

from the one continent to the other by the north. We know only

a very few tetrapod vertebrates, but those known from Brazil are

strikingly similar to those that oceur in South Africa. <A few

years ago I described a new specialised Mesosaurian, Voleosaurus,

which differed from Mesosaurus in having the 5th digit of the

hind foot very slender and provided with six phalanges. Shortly

afterwards the same peculiar type turned up in Brazil. eso-

saurus and Voteosaurus were small freshwater inhabiting reptiles

which might at suitable times have passed from one river-basin

to another like newts or frogs, but which could never have lived

at sea. It is difficult to believe that they could have passed

round either the Atlantic or Pacific by the north sufficiently

quickly, even if there were no other apparently insuperable

difficulties, to have appeared practically contemporaneously in

South Africa and South America.

We know that in Lower Devonian times the littoral fauna of

South Africa was practically the same as in the Falkland Islands. .

We can therefore be quite certain that the oceans are not per-

manent, and that what is now the South Atlantic had land

stretching across it in Devonian times. We may be equally sure

that much of the South Atlantic was land in Permian times.

There is also good reason to believe that the land-conditions con-

tinued into the Triassic and Jurassic. If the elevated conditions

continued into the Cretaceous, of which there is some direct

evidence, we could have a sufficient mingling of primitive forms

of life to probably account for all the known peculiarities of

distribution.

When in New York recently I kad numerous discussions on

the subject with Dr. Matthew, but while I am willing to admit

that the evidence is rather against any Tertiary land-connection

unless it be a Lower Hocene one, I have aiways felt strongly that

there must have been a Cretaceous connection. The facts which

Mr. Tate Regan has laid before us are, I think, quite inexplicable

on any other hypothesis.

Mr. W. L. Scuater, M.A., F.Z.8., said that he agreed with the

last speaker, Dr. Broom, that it was quite possible to postulate

the existence of a land-bridge between South America and South

Africa in Secondary times, but that he believed that the present

distribution of the ocean-beds and great land-masses had been

continuous since the commencement of the Tertiary epoch, and

that, so far as he could see, noi.e of the difficult problems of the

distribution of the higher groups, 7.e. Mammals and_ Birds,

required for their solution the hypothetical existence of land-

bridges across the present deeper ocean-beds. He reminded his

hearers that the comparatively short duration in time of the

Tertiary epoch as compared with the Secondary and the Secondary

as compared with the Primary, was not always taken into con-

sideration in the discussion of these problems from a zoological

stand point.

IN THE ‘ BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA.’ 551

Professor E. W. MacBrips, D. Se F.RS., V.P.Z.S., in winding

up the discussion, pointed out that. there could be no inherent

improbability in the existence in Secondary times of a land-bridge

connecting South Africa and South America, for there was strong

Stratisraphical evidence for the existence of such a bridge across

the North Atlantic. On both eastern and western shores of this

ocean two sets of red sandstones with imtervening coal-measures,

both sets being of extraordinarily similar lithological character,

represented the Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian periods.

As we receded from the coast in both directions, westward in

America and eastward in Europe, we found that these periods

were represented by rocks of quite different lithological characters.

Geologists believed that the coastal rocks were produced by the

washings from a North Atlantic continent consisting of granitic

rock and that this continent lasted till the close of iiocene

times.

Meme Ae. Sane

‘i ‘iieiaaa ie + it dae

iret d ies Hy Fieh se habbh ex Wil = <i

hh el boat “ae Malis ae Ba

2 a .

eae ak :

the we ie “hede G ae

Shale Bales a Oe tN

a givens 4

Papers (continued).

18. Fly Investigations Reports.—II. Trials for Catching, Repelling, and Exterminating

Flies in Houses, made during the year 1915 for the Zoological Society of London,

By Wintrrep H. Saunpmrs .......... Rinireyave tence area sie ocelokns share) it opartt coat erenerecten erarcfeliers

19. Fly Investigations Reports.—III. Investigations into Stable Manure to check the

Breeding of House-Flies, made during the year 1915 for the Zoological Society of

ondonsage bye VINEE RED ele cS AUN IR Sirs: sous cede sieincce. a arere Solon eryni say onan srchte Rpaeae

20. Fly Investigations Reports—IV. Some Enquiry into the Question of Baits and

Poisons for Flies, being a Report on the Experimental Work carried out during

1915 for the Zoological Society of London. By Ouive C. Lopez ..........-...--

21. Note on the Sternum of a large Carinate Bird from the (?) Eocene of Southern

Nigeria. By ©. W. Anprews, D.Sc., F.B.S., F.Z.8. (British Museum, Nat. Hist.).

Glext=donred Ite) a. Sst OU ACC ee meer Me aE CARCASS OIE Ono MMe ODE Onin

22, On a Mammalian Mandible (Cimolestes cutleri) from an Upper Cretaceous Formation

in Alberta, Canada. By Artnur Smita Woopwarp, LL.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.

(le xte hioie pli may scenic mi sta evetar acai nee, fenenn een ire yar Maren aye clay kt omat wasp els ltnly 3

23. A List of the Carabidsz (Coleoptera) collected in Chopersk District, Province of the

Don Cossacks, South Russia. By V. Lursunin, Kiev, Russia ..............5.55

24, A new Species of the Genus Platysma (Bon.) Tschitscherin, from China. By

WEST STENT Kon KolcyamkunTssteuin st casei iavany Semin ein ceaeererc es renee Uo aR us econ negaeneys

25, Notes on Species of the Genus Platysma (Coleoptera) from Australia, By V. Lursuyis,

NG ARE 55 bb oc odboe aun oDodeo socone eel aeaee sieleenels sAc0ee

26. Ona new Lizard of the Genus Phrynosoma, recently living in the Society’s Gardens.

By HE. G. Bovnuncmr, F.Z.8., Curator of Reptiles. (Plate I.) .........0-.0s005-

469

481

537

LIST OF PLATES.

1916, Part ITI. (pp. 449-551).

Page

EROONE zt — } Skull of Chrysochloris hottentota ..........+.-. 449

Bounencer: Pl, I, Phrynosoma brevicornis .... 611... ++ sees eeeee 5387

NOTICE. =.

The ‘ Proceedings’ for the year are issued in four parts, paged consecutively,

so that the complete reference is now P. Z. 8.1916, p.... The Distribution

is usually as follows :—

Part I. issued in March.

1 5 June.

55 AU es September.

TV sie. December.

‘ Proceedings,’ 1916, Part II. (pp. 809-448), were published on

June 20th, 1916,

GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

OF LONDON.

Za senian |; J ts

1916. FEB 17 1920.

aay.

CBal Muse oP

PARE LV.

CONTAINING Paces 553 vo 756, with 5 PLATES

AND 55 Trext-FricuREs, TiTLePAGE, INDEX, ETC.

DECEMBER 1916.

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,

SOLD AT ITS HOUSE IN REGENT’S PARK,

LONDON :

MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.,,

PATERNOSTER ROW.

[Price Twelve Shillings.)

is OP ke ON NaS:

1916, Part 1V. (pp. 553-756).

EXHIBITIONS AND NOTICKS.

The Szcrerary. Report on the Additions to the Society's Menagerie during the months

of May, June, July, August, and September, 1916 -- 22... 222%. . cee cine strane

Mr. Aurrep Hzra, F.Z.S. Exhibition of living specimens of three rare Lutino Para-

REGUS! rsiela sialalute tesw: ova tr avelelale defeirev ane oliele ales: ch etetetercta chVe: tlattvs erotic inviolate cee ae eee

My. D. Snra-Ssitn, F.Z.8., Curator of Birds. Exhibition of Birds’ Eggs laid in the

DaClety s4GaLd Ons 04 ccc icinicy- te edie alone ale seme tors uevehies state ta aNbraliets (avores tala komentar eee

Mr. D. Seru-Smitn, F.Z.S. Exhibition of skins of various nestling birds .............-.

Mr. R. I. Pocock, F.R.S., F.L.8., F.Z.8., Curator of Mammals. Lantern Exhibition of

some new and little-known cutaneous scent-glands in Mammals. (Text-figures

IID) ootpnoncau saddbbddogaguNDCduecdsomooudonqododeToodanconaandS ariso oc

The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month

OMOctohers A OT Grscreeeavarers ashslebe ele eters care ata es mate ween oa tuations in ens Meas esa

Mr, Aurrep Ezra, F.Z.8. Lantern Exhibition illustrating a shooting expedition in

Central Asie’... .2. 7 hs lrtteherd’s * mig cusiwiinceralere/ geile See vranennet clap nt tole at Deepa a

PAPERS.

27. Notes on the Development of the Starfishes Asterias glacialis O. F. M.; Cribretla

oculata (Linck) Forbes; Solaster endeca (Retzius) Forbes; Stichaster roseus

(O.F.M.) Sars. By James F. Gemuiuy, M.A., M.D., D.Se., F.Z.8. (Plates I. & IT.)

28. On Cryptostome Beetles in the Cambridge University Museum of Zoology. By

S. Mavrrx, B.A.(Cantab.), F.E.S., Imperial College of Science and Technology,

Howdon. sa (Cext=tioures dll edn) leporcpa ters cere iarattetenata leu clevelecttcroncle meristems ene veveteie tate eee

755

553

567

Contents continued on page 3 of Wrapper.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

Tars Society was founded in 1826 by Sir Sramrorp Rarruzs,

Mr. J. Sapinz, Mr. N. A. Vigors, and other eminent Naturalists,

for the advancement of Zoology and Animal Physiology, and for the

introduction of new and curious subjects of the Animal Kingdom,

and was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1829.

Patron.

HIS MAJESTY THE KING.

COUNCIL.

HIS GRACH THE DUKE OF BEDFORD, K.&., E.R.S., President.

Tue Hon. Cucit Barine, M.A.

AtFrepD H. Cocks, Esqa., M.A.

Tue Rr. Hon. Tue Earn or

Cromer, P.C.,G.C.B.,G.C.M.G.,

F.R.S., Vice-President.

Cuartes Drummonp,

Treasurer.

Kse.,

Aurrep Ezra, Esa.

Carr. Hueu 8. Guapsroner, M.A.

Sipney Freperic Harmer, Ese.,

MEAS Sc.DR> BAR St ece=

President.

Cot. Sir Watrer R. Lawrence,

Br., G.C.1.E.

Sir Epmunp Giies Loner, Br.,

Vice-President.

Pror. Ernest W. MacBripz,

M.A, D.Sc., F.R.S., Vice-

President.

Guy A. K. Marsnatt, Ese., D.Sc.

E.G. B. Mravz-Watpo, Esa.

P. CHatmers Mrrcnet, Kse.,

MEARS Dy Scee milo Den oases

Secretary.

ALBERT Pam, Esa.

Tur Hart or Porrsmoura.

Oxprietp Tuomas, Ese., F.R.S.

AvsyN TRevor-Bartryr, Esq.,

M.A.

AntHony H. Winerrexp, Ese.

Artaur Smirx Woopwarp, Hsa.,

LL.D., F.R.S., Vice-President.

Henry Woopwarp, Ese., LL.D.,

FE.R.S., Vice-President. ?

The Society consists of Fellows, and Honorary, Foreign, and

Corresponding Members, elected according to the By-Laws. It

carries out the objects of its foundation by means of its collection

of living animals, by its Library, and by its Scientific Publications.

The Office of the Society, Regent’s Park, N.W., where all com-

munications should be sent, addressed to ‘* The Secretary,” is open

from Ten till Five, except on Saturdays, when it closes at OnE p.m.

The Library, under the superintendence of Mr. Henry G. J. Peavot,

is open daily (except Sunday) from Ten a.m. till Five p.m.; on

Saturdays, Ten a.m. till One P.m.

The Library is closed from Good Friday to Easter Monday, and

upon all other Bank Holidays. It is also closed annually for

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The Meetings of the Society for General Business are held in

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of the month at 1 p.m. from November to March and at 4.30 p.m.

from April to August.

The Meetings for Scientific Business are held in the Meeting

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The Anniversary Meeting is held on the 29th. of April, or the

nearest convenient day, at Four p.m.

The Society’s Gardens are open daily from Nine o’clock until

Sunset. Mr. R. I. Pocock, F.R.S., F.LS., is the resident Super-

intendent and Curator of Mammals, Mr. D. Seth-Smith is Curator

of Birds and Inspector of Works, Mr. E. G. Boulenger is Curator

of Reptiles, Prof. H. M. Lefroy is Curator of Insects, and

Professor H. G. Plimmer, F.R.S., M.R.C.S., is Pathologist. Appli-

cations for anatomical material or facilities for work in the

Prosectorium should be addressed to the Secretary of the Society.

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the Subscription for the year in which they are elected.

io)

PRIVILEGES OF FELLOWS.

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are requested to communicate with ‘The Secretary.”

P. CHALMERS MITCHELL,

Regent's Park, London, N.W.

December, 1916.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS.

MEETINGS

OF THE

FOR

1917.

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY ...... 6 and 20.

WWONRCIEE Shobooaen 6 7 820:

IAPR eee eee SP teem life

INGAY VS celas eee. eS Alas Gas

CHUN eee eeeree D

The Chair will be taken at half-past Five o'clock precisely.

OF LONDON

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

LIST -OF PUBLICATIONS.

Tue scientific publications of the Zoological Society of London

are of two kinds—“ Proceedings,” published in an octavo

form, and “ Transactions,” in quarto.

According to the present arrangements, the ‘* Proceedings”

contain not only notices of all business transacted at the scien-

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“ Proceedings,” to illustrate the new or otherwise remark-

able species of animals described therein. Amongst ee

illustrations, figures of the new or rare species acquired i in

living state for the Society’ s Gardens are often given.

The “Proceedings” for each year are issued in four parts,

paged comecntitivally. during the months of March, June,

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been issued as two half-yearly volumes, indexed separately.

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The ‘ Transactions” contain such of the communications

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the nature of the plates required toilustrate them, are better

adapted for publication in the quarto form. ‘They are issued

at irregular intervals.

Fellows and Corresponding Members, upon payment of

a Subscription of One Guinea before the day of the Anni-

versary Meeting, are entitled to receive the Society’s

Publications for the year. They are likewise entitled to

purchase the Publications of the Society at 25 per cent. less

than the price charged to the Public. <A further reduction

of 25 per cent. is made upon purchases of Publications

issued prior to 1881, if they exceed the value of Five

Pounds.

Fellows also have the privilege of subscribing to the

Zoological Record fer a sum of One Pound Ten Shillings

(which includes cost of delivery), payable on the Ist. of July

in each year; but this privilege is forfeited unless the

subscription be paid before the Ist of December following.

The following is a complete list of the publications of the

Society already issued.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

Ato. 20 vols. and Index. Price to Price to the

Fellows, Public.

Vols. I-IV. (out of print).

Vol. V., containing 67 Piates.. (1862-66) .... 5 4 3. 619 0

LO aN eM Tat sC= G0) enh WO dae, 1 0. ©

oe SOR oe) IS hel y. | CIBLG272)., 10) as Onan salem

a WHE, Leo amas (lee Nia eo) Beye) 3). 1) Ih ©

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ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME STARFISHES. DD3

PAPERS.

27. Notes on the Development of the Starfishes Asterias

glacnalis O. BF. M.; Cribrella oculata (Linck) Forbes ;

Solaster endeca (Retuius) Forbes; Stichaster roseus

(O. F.M.) Sars. By James F. Gummirt, M.A., M.D.,

IDSS@sy LAGS 3

[Received May 20, 1916: Read November 7, 1916. ]

(Plates I. & II.7)

INDEX. Page

PIS SOROUIS, GUECAMES. “sso ooo sso soon scobaeac osecons EOF

CUO ANG OCMUTTD, eociccoose denies sooanspateesctiedecc. (i

ISQUGSEOP GOCE srotccmancnsesnaccertencostecesaensen, EGO

SWIGLOREEP TOSCU Song shoes sss sacannococo ssqecsoentsaae SED

J. AsTpriAs GLactauis. (PI. 1.)

In the course of attempts to rear Asterias glacialis I have

constantly noticed that in the early larve (6-8 days) a small mass

of cells takes origin from the wall of the stomach dorsally on the

left side. Although this mass usually disappears by breaking up

into mesenchyme before the main ccelomic cavity has extended

back into its neighbourhood, still not infrequently some of its

cells can be seen to join the wall of the celom. It is very

common for the mass in question to show traces of a central

cavity after its separation from the stomach and before its

disruption into mesenchyme.

A similar mass, but rather smaller and less constant, occurs in

the case of Asterias rubens (2, p. 233), and two such masses, right

and left, are frequent in the larve of Porania (3, p. 32). In all

three species considerable variation in the constancy and size of

the masses is exhibited by different broods of larve as well as by

different larvee in the same broods.

The object of the present note is to call attention to an

instance in which the mass was unusually well-marked in prac-

tically all the early larvee belonging to a particular culture of

Asterias glacialis. Later, in a large proportion of the larvee, the

mass as it separated off from the stomach acquired a distinct

lumen, and, subsequently increasing in size, fused with the

ceelomic cavity of the left side, thus taking a share in the actual

formation of the posterior portion of the cavity in question.

Stages in the process are illustrated in Pl. I. figs. 1-5, and

explained in the description attached.

* T have to express indebtedness to the Trustees of the Carnegie Trust for grants

towards the expenses incurred in this investigation, as well as in that on “The

Cilation of Asterids and the Question of Ciliary Nutrition in certain Species” (Proc.

Zool. Soe. Lond. 1915).

+ For explanation of the Plates see p. 564.

Proc. Zoou, Soc.—1916, No. XX XIX. 39

554 DR, J. F. GEMMILL ON THE

In accounts of the development of Asterias rubens (2, p. 233)

and Porania (3, p. 33) I put forward the view that the mass in

question is the rudiment of a posterior enteroccelic outgrowth,

pointing out that the recognition of potential metiamerism in

echinoderm development makes for simplicity and for the recon-

ciliation of what might otherwise seem fundamental differences

in the ontogeny of different forms. (See also p. 557.)

The larvee above described add evidence in support of this

view. In any event, they deserve to be put on record since they

supply a definite example of a developmental variation occurring

along lines which, if persisted in, could give rise, in course of

time, to very important alterations in the ontogeny, without

necessarily affecting the adult anatomy, of the species concerned.

II. Crrprevia ocutata. (PI. IT. figs. 6-10.)

Early in April 1915 a number of Cribrella, obtained at low-

water on the shore near the Millport Marine Station, were placed

in the aquarium tanks, where they spawned freely after a few

days. The eggs, which were kindly put at my disposal by the

Superintendent, underwent natural fertilization, sets of them

being brought through metamorphosis both at the Marine

Station and in the Hmbryological Laboratory at Glasgow

University.

Masterman in 1902 (9) furnished an excellent account of the

development of this species. My observations confirm his results

in most respects, but I am able to give new or supplementary

data on various points *.

(1) Spawning.—Not less (and probably more) than 500 eggs

are produced by each full-sized female. None of the eggs was

observed to enter intoand remain within a brood-pouch formed by

the closure of the arms around the mouth. In my specimens the

genital openings look outwards in the interradit. During March

and April Cribrella eggs or larve ave not infrequent in the

plankton of the Firth of Clyde.

Sars (10, p. 170) and Masterman (9, p. 374) have described the

brooding habits of Cribrella, the latter pointing out that these

are by no means intense, but adding that it is not known

whether in natural conditions any of the larvee leave the brood-

chamber of the mother. He gives the number of eggs laid by

each female as 30 to 50, and Sars as 10 to 30. Masterman also

states (9, p. 874) that the genital openings are situated on the

oral surface of the starfish at the edge of the oral disc, this being

an adaptation for brooding.

Cribrella aypears to be a species in which the brooding habit is

either being acquired or being lost. The second alternative seems

rather more probable, and from the evidence given above it would

* Dy. Masterman makes the very reasonable suggestion to me that the features

noted under 1 and 2 below are probably explicable as adaptations to development

within a relatively enclosed sea-area, such as is formed by the Firth of Clyde.

DEVELOPMENT OF SOME STARFISHES. 555

appear that the change towards loss has advanced further on the

west coast of Scotland than on the east and in Norway.

(2) Segmentation. Segmentation proceeded regularly in most

of my specimens, equal holoblastic cleavage being the rule and not

the exception. The eggs float, the pole which keeps undermost

being usually a little lighter in colour than the upper pole, but

there is not the same marked difference either as regards specific

gravity or colour between the upper and the under poles as in

the eggs of Solaster endeca. Masterman did not find that there

was any definite or consistent type of segmentation in his ova of

Cribrella, and he does not refer to differences in colour or specific

gravity between the upper and the under sides (9, p. 377).

(3) Blastula formation.—The surface-furrows along which

egression takes place during blastula-formation almost certainly

exhibit reversion to the segmentation patterns. In the early

blastula the lines are very numerous, simulating an advanced

stage in segmentation; then they become fewer, simpler, and

deeper, so that sometimes we cannot tell with the naked eye

whether we are looking at an advanced blastula or at an 8-celled,

a 4-celled, and a 2-celled stage in segmentation. Peculiarities in

the arrangement of the early segmentation-furrows (e. g. obliquity

of the first cleavage plane, or marked inequality in the first and

second divisions) tend to emerge again in the late blastula, ‘as may

be seen if one watches the development of isolated ova which

exhibited the peculiarities in question. I have had the oppor-

tunity of noting a similar phenomenon in the case of Solaster

papposus, and in Solaster endeca (1, p. 12) I called attention to

the similarity between the cell-egression furrows and the segmen-

tation-furrows. Masterman’s illustration (9, pl. 1. fig. 6) of an

early gastrula of Cribrella strikingly recalls a 4-celled stage in

cleavage.

(4) Hypenchyme.—In my gastrule and early larve there was

only a small quantity of cellular material within the archenteron,

less than one-fourth of: this cavity being filled with the material

in question (cf. Solaster, 1, p. 45). Masterman describes the

archenteron during these stages as being entirely filled with

hypenchyme (9, p. 381).

(5) Pharyngeal or perioral celom.—I can confirm the obser-

vation of Masterman that this celom arises in the form of

interradial pouchings from the posterior ccelom, and can add

further that such pouchings oceur in interradii LIT. and I.-V.*

as well as in the others, a point regarding which Masterman did

not speak with certainty (9, p. 416).

The pharyngeal celom arises by a single outgrowth in

Asterina (7, p. 358) and Asterias rubens (2, p. 259), as alyo in

Ophiothri« (8, p. 497) and Synapta (8, p. 536). On the other

* The numbering of rays adopted in this paper is that employed by MacBride in

his account of the development of Asterina, and by myself in the case of Solaster,

Asterias, and Porania. The madreporic radius is I-II., ray I]. being on its dextral

or watch-hand side as viewed from the oral aspect.

| 59%

556 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE

hand, in Solaster (see p. 560) it takes origin by a series of inter-

radial outgrowths as in Cribrella.

(6) The periheemal pouches.—Perihemal pouch 1./IT. has been

described (Masterman, 9, p. 392) as taking origin from the axial

sinus portion of the anterior ccelom, being thus exceptional inas-

much as the rest of the pouches take origin from the posterior

celom. I find that the exception is apparent, not real, and that

actually the pouch in question arises from the dorsal horn of the

posterior celom. At about the eleventh day the tip of this horn

bends leftwards, thus coming to lie between hydroccele pouches I.

and II. A day or two later an opening is effected between the

axial sinus region of the antericr ceelom and the dorsal horn of

the posterior ceelom a short distance back from the tip of this

horn. ‘Two or three days afterwards the anterior celom and the

dorsal horn of the posterior celom again become closed off from

one another, but in such a manner that the new septum cuts off

the tip of the horn and leaves it for a time connected with the

anterior colom, from which, however, it soon separates off to

become perihzemal pouch I./II. The process is illustrated on

Pl. IL. figs. 6-9. Occasionally one finds that the perihemal

pouch in question remains longer in open connection with the

posterior than with the anterior ccelom.

MacBride (7%, p. 360) and Goto (5, p. 235) in Asterina, and

Masterman (9, p. 392) in Cribrefla, described perihemal pouch

1./II. as arising from the preoral celom. However, in Solaster

endeca (1, p. 35), Asterias rubens (2, p. 260), Asterias, double

hydroceele (4, p. 64), I found that the pouch arose from the dorsal

horn of the left posterior ccelom, although, owing to the com-

munication between dorsal horn and axial sinus, it appeared at

first sight as if the peuch in question took origin from the last-

named cavity. In Solaster endeca (1, p. 35) and, I can now add,

in Solaster papposus, the origin of pouch I/II. from the posterior

celom is perfectly definite. In Asterina, as in Cribrella, there

is a secondary communication between the dorsal horn of the

posterior ccelom and the axial sinus.

(7) Whether the tarval posterior ccelom is morphologically single

or double.—So far as I can judge, in my early larvee of Cribrella

there are no signs of doubling of the larval posterior ccelom.

Later, any features which could be interpreted in this sense affect

chiefly the dorsal and ventral horns, and appear at a time when

the natural differentiation of these horns leads to their dividing

more or less into right and left forks. In the case of the dorsal

horn the leftward fork is. at first the only one to appear, and

it becomes perihemal pouch 1./IT. as described above under 6.

From the right one, which appears later, there arises pharyngeal

pouch L./IL., the genital pocket, and ultimately also the ccelom

within arm-rudiment II. In the case of the ventral horn, the

leftward fork burrows to the left or oral side of the stalk of the

preoral lobe in order to reach the internal aspect of hydroceele

pouch I., while the right fork passes to the aboral side of the

DEVELOPMENT OF SOME STARFISHES. 557

stalk in question. The two forks thus ride saddlewise on the

preoral lobe-stalk, but when this stalk is obliterated, the saddle-

cavity simply fills out to form the ceelom within arm-rudiment I.

Further, in general, during the growth of the larva, as the

epigastric ccelom remains relatively small, the larval posterior

ceelom has to encroach somewhat. on the right or aboral side, and

in particular sections the encroaching shelf may give an impression

of bifidity.

Masterman described indications of early doubling of the pos-

terior ccelom, and considered these as supporting his view that the

ceelom in question is made up of right and left morphological

elements, namely, a right posterior and a left posterior ccelomic

cavity. This view, although it might suit the ontogeny of

Cribrella, is out of harmony with the data from other starfishes

and from echinoderms generally, including double-nydrocele

specimens. In discussing the subject elsewhere (2, p. 234; 8,

p. 32) I have put forward the view that the larval posterior

(future hypogastric) celom of Solaster is morphologically a left

posterior celom originating from the gut by a separate, meta-

merically posterior, ouberowtlh, and that the cor responding cavity

on the right side, ‘namely the epigastric ccelom, originates, as in

Asterina, Asterias, Echinws, etc., by backward extension of the

anterior ccelom.

(8) Sequence in formation of hydrocele pouches.—The first

thickenings for the hydroccele pouches make their appearance at

about the’ ninth day, pouch I. being slightly the latest. There-

after, pouches IIT. and IV. differentiate a little more quickly

than the rest; pouch V. and pouch IJ. are next in order; while

pouch I. is the slowest. According to Masterman the growth

series usually begins with pouch V. (his pouch I.) and gradually

works round to pouch I. (his pouch V.). The facts are of interest

in connection with the question as to what is the proper number-

ing of the rays in Cribrella and other starfishes (2, p. 276).

(9) Hnantiomorphic and double-hydrocele larve.—Masterman

has stated (9, p. 403) that enantiomorphic specimens, 7. e. speci-

mens in which the hydroccle develops on the right instead of the

left side of the larva, are probably not uncommon in Cribrella.

None, however, was observed in my series. Indeed, in very large

sare bets of steidielh larve examined from time to one (Asien

rubens, Solaster papposus, S. endeca, Porania) I have not come

across a single example of this abnormality, and only one

specimen (Porania) in which a right instead of a left hydropore

was present.

No double-hydrocele or double-hydropove larvee were found in

Cribrella, although examples of these abnormalities are not

infrequent in other starfishes (4, p. 69).

(10) The brachiolarian notches.—A special gap or notch (oral

brachiolarian, or hydroccelic, notch) between pouches J. and V.,

such as occurs so markedly in Asterina, Asterias rubens, and

Solaster, is not characteristic of Cribrella. Nor is there at any

558 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE

stage a gap or wide separation (aboral brachiolarian notch)

between arm-rudiments I. and II. of the disc. Arm-rudiments

I. and V. are, however, kept apart for a time during the retraction

of the preoral lobe towards the oral side of the disc, through

having between them that region of the preoral lobe which carries

the right lateral brachium.

A hydroccelic (oral brachiolarian) notch between pouches J. and

V. is characteristic (w) of feeding attaching brachiolarian larve,

e. g., Asterias rubens (2), Asterias pallida (5), Porania (3); (6) of

forms proximately derived from these, e. g., Asterina (7); (c) of

multiradiate forms in which the extra rays are added to one or

both ends of an open hydroceele crescent, e. g., Solaster endeca (1)

and S. papposus. On the other hand, absence of a marked hydro-

ecelic notch is characteristic of (4) non-attaching feeding bipin-

nariz of the Bipinnaria asterigera type; (6) quinque-radiate forms

with abbreviated ontogeny, e. g., Cribrella and Asterias miillert.

The presence or absence of a well-marked aboral brachiolarian

notch obeys similar rules, but we must note that this notch when

present occurs between arm-rudiments I. and I1., not I. and V.,

of the disc.

(11) Relation of hydrocele to larval stalk.—in Asterias rubens

at metamorphosis, retraction of the preoral lobe to the oral aspect

of the disc takes place rapidly through the action of muscular

fibres developed beneath the ectoderm and in the coelomic walls.

Tn Solaster the process, though slower, is effected by muscular

fibres which pass from the wall of the preoral ccelom to the oral

aspect of the disc. In both cases the gap (see under 10 above)

between the dorsal and ventral horns of the hydroceele crescent

allows the stalk to be dragged into the concavity of the crescent

and to be clasped for a time by the hydroceele ring as the latter is

completing itself. In Cribrella the hydroccele, being practically

from the first a small complete ring or disc, does not have the chance

of enclosing the larval stalk. However, a set of retractor muscle-

fibres similar to those in Asterias and Solaster makes its appearance

at metamorphosis, passing to the centre of the oral surface super-

ficially to the hydroceele and dividing into branches, some fibres

from which pass deeply towards the wall of the gut, while others

diverge interradially. At the place where the retractor muscle

arises from the wall of the preoral ccelom, a slight outpouching

can be recognised as early as the 12th day, and later (18th day)

a very distinct pocket from the preoral celom passes towards the

centre of the disc in interradius I./V. (see Pl. IT. fig. 10). Had

the hydroceele in Cribrella been an open crescent instead of a

closed ring, the retractor fibres above-described would in all likeli-

hood have drawn the stalk and its cavity within the grasp of the

hydroccele crescent, as occurs in Asterias, Asterina, and Solaster.

We must look upon the early closed condition of the hydroceele

in Cribrella as less primitive than its open formation in Asterias,

In the latter, it seems entirely probable that the ontogenetic

DEVELOPMENT OF SOME STARFISHES. 559

retraction of the preoral lobe and its incorporation with the

oral surface of the starfish repeat the phylogenetic changes in

virtue of which, after fixation, the preoral lobe disappeared and

the mouth, with the esophagus, migrated to the centre of a disc-

like area which gradually developed radial symmetry. <Asterina

shows a corresponding but less perfect repetition in which the

larval mouth and esophagus are temporary non-functional struc-

tures. Solaster has no larval mouth or cesophagus at all, but the

retractor muscle-fibres of the preoral lobe are present and the

hydrocele during retraction forms an open crescent. Cribrella

is still further modified: larval mouth and cesophagus do not

occur and the hydroceele is never an open crescent. However,

the retractor muscle-fibres and the position of sucker and last

remnants of the preoral lobe in interradius I./V. remain as

primitive characters still decipherable on the developmental

palimpsest of the most crucial period, namely the fixation period,

in its ancestral history.

(12) Changes of shape in starfish larve.—tThe larve of echino-

derms in general, and starfishes in particular, undergo remarkable

changes of form sometimes quickly, sometimes slowly. These

changes are no doubt due in chief part to unequal growth, but there

is evidence that contraction of muscular fibres developed ad hoc

also plays a part. Thus, as seen above, the abrupt alteration of

form at metamorphosis, including the retraction of the preoral

lobe, is due to muscular action. J believe that a similar factor

operates in many other changes of form if we could only follow

out the process. For example, the pulling down of the wall of

the gut towards the middle of the oral surface to form the adult

mouth appears to be due to an extension of fibres from the pre-

oral lobe retractor set (see under 11 above). Fibres from this set

pass out interradially, and probably in the end these form the

dilating fibres of the mouth which he within the buceal mem-

brane and are attached to ridges on the mouth-angle plates.

Phylogenetically, the retractor fibres of the preoral lobe may be

veterable to a particular segment of mouth-dilator fibres which

became hypertrophied, in order at the proper time to be able to

drag the preoral lobe after the larval mouth when the latter

migrated to the middle of the starfish disc.

The primary division of the archenteron into anterior, middle,

and posterior regions takes place somewhat suddenly and without

there being any corresponding external division of the larva into

anterior, middle, and posterior segments. At this time muscular

tissue has not yet become differentiated, but one may note, in the

basal portions of the cells lining certain regions of the archen-

teron, a staining reaction similar to that given by muscular fibrils.

This appears very markedly in the middle or enteric region

where narrowing of the archenteron is taking place, and I think

it possible that the staining indicates specially contractile pro-

toplasm present for, the purpose of producing the required

560 DR. J.-F. GEMMILL ON THE

change of shape without delay. This contractile protoplasm may

perhaps be compared with the myonemic layer in the cortex of

Tae protozoa.

13) Skeleton.—My material has not allowed me to make a full

study of the development of the skeleton, but the following points

may be noted :—

1. The aboral skeleton arises in the form of scattered plates

which, as in the case of Solaster, do not exhibit a definite radial

and interradial arrangement as do the primary plates of most

other echinoderm larve. In particular, there is no single ter-

minal plate at the end of each ray, but a number of small

ossicles, one or more of which may be in the middle line of the

ray, while the others are more laterally placed.

The adult has a large terminal plate at the end of each ray.

Each of these plates arises by fusion of a number (not less than

five) of the small first-formed ossicles. This appears to be a

point of very considerable interest. The symmetrical arrange-

ment of the primary plates in typical starfish development must

be an acquired feature, a result, not a precursor, of general

radiate symmetry. We can hardly doubt but that in the first

echinoderms the skeletal ossicles. were diffusely distributed in the

dermis. In Cribrella accordingly, whether through survival or

reversion, the primitive mode of origin of the primary plates

by coalescence of scattered calcifications is still exhibited in the

development of the terminals.

Tt will be shown later (p. 562), with reference to the mouth-

angle and first ambulacral plates in Solaster, that the converse

ontogenetic process, namely, division of an originally continuous

calcification into two or more movably articulated ossicles, can

occur..

_ ITT. Sonaster enpeca. (PI. I. fig. 11.)

Examination of material recently obtained from the Millport

Marine Station enables me to supplement or correct my former

account of the development of this species in regard to the

following points :—{1) origin of pharyngeal or perioral ceelom ;

(2) origin of perihemal pouch EX./I.*; sequence in formation

of hydroccele pouches and final position of remains of sucker ;

(4) formation of the terminal, first ambulacral, and mouth-angle

ossicles.

1. Pharyngeal or perioral cwlom.—This ceelom originates by

interradial outgrowths from the posterior ccelom, and normally

such outgrowths occur in all the interradii, those: in WILT. /IX.

and TX. /L. being the latest to form. Sometimes, however, blanks

appear to be left im one or more interradii, these blanks in the

end being filled up by extensions from adjacent pouches.

Masterman, in Cribrella (9, p. 392), first described the forma-

tion of the pharyngeal ccelom by interradial pouches from the

* See footnote on p. 59d.

DEVELOPMENY’ OF SOME STARFISHES. 561

posterior ccelom, stating that this occurred for certain in inter-

radii IJ./IIL., TIL./1V., and LV./V. In my former account

(1, p. 34) I noted the occurrence of several interradial outgrowths

in Solaster endeca, but was unable to say whether such out-

growths were present in all the interradii. It may be added here

that Crossaster papposus falls into line with Solaster endeca as

regards the origin of the pharyngeal ceelom, except that in Cros-

saster the latest formed pouches are [X./X. and X./XI. (See

p- 563.)

2. Origin of perihemal pouch IX./I.—¥ormerly I thought

that this pouch took origin from the anterior ecelom (1, p. 31),

a moiety being possibly contributed by the posterior ccelom.

Examination of fuller material brings out the fact that the whole

of the pouch in question arises from the ventral horn of the

posterior ceelom. (See p. 556.)

3. Sequence in formation of hydrocele pouches, etc.—In Solaster

endeca the usual number of rays is nine, and of these five are

primary in the sense that they correspond to the five rays of

an ordinary starfish such as Asterina gibbosa or Asterias rubens.

To begin with, the five primary hydrocele rays or pouches are

arranged in a crescent with dorsal and ventral ends, pouch I.*

being near the dorsal and pouch V. near the ventral end. The

formation of the additional rays begins at the ventral end of the

crescent, pouches VI., VII., and VIII. beimg successively added

in this region during the progress of metamorphosis. In speci-

mens with only eight rays the hydroccele ring now closes in

interradius VIII./I., and it is in this interradius also that the

last remains of the sucker and stalk are to be found. Formerly

I believed that in specimens with nine rays: (the usual number)

pouch IX. was superadded to pouch VIII. at the extreme ventral

end of the hydrocele crescent. However, examination of my

new material and re-examination of my former material makes it

certain that normally pouch LX. is superadded to pouch I. by

outgrowth from the dorsal end of the hydrocele crescent, and that

accordingly the closure of the hydroccele ring really takes place

in interradius VIII./LX., the last remains of sucker and stalk

being found either in this interradius or opposite pouch IX. I

take this opportunity of correcting my former mistake, which was

made somewhat easy by the circumstance that a large proportion

of my metamorphosing specimens developed only eight pouches,

pouch IX. being absent, and it was from serial sections of

these specimens that my description of the details of closure of

the hydroceele ring was chiefly made. However, the correction

in no way invalidates my numbering of the rays in Solaster,

rays I., IJ., and V. being fixed by the two great landmarks of

starfish asymmetry, the position of the madreporite and of the

anus. As regards Crossaster papposus, we may note here that

two or even three out of its six to eight extra pouches are formed

by extension from the dorsal end of the hydroceele crescent.

* See footnote on p. 595.

562 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE

4. The terminal, the first ambulacral, and the mouth-angle

ossicles show certain very interesting features in earlier or later

development.

Terminals.—Usually the first indication of the terminal in each

ray is a pair of small calcifications, to which a third (median) is

frequently added, while others appear later at the sides. The

adult terminal is formed as in Cribrella (p. 560) by fusion of

a number (probably usually five) of these early calcifications.

This has taken place by the time the young starfish is 3 mm. in

diameter.

Ambulacral Skeleton.—in each ray on each side of the middle

line, a skeletal plate develops (@) proximal to the first sucker-foot,

(5) between the first and second sucker -feet, and (c) between the

second and third sucker-feet, and so on in order. In my paper

on the development of Solaster endeca I followed Ludwig (6) in

ae these as the first, second, and third ambulacrals

(A,, A,, A,), and also in reckoning the mouth-angle plates as

being ae first of the adambulacrals (Ad,, Ludwig). The A, plates

give rise to what are usually called in the adult the proximal

processes of the first ambulacral vertebre. Careful examination,

confirmed by slow maceration experiments, shows that both in

Solaster endeca and in Crossaster papposus the mouth-angle

plates (Ad,, Ludwig) are usually continuous in their calcification

with the corresponding A, plates. The joint which separates

them in the adult must therefore be of secondary formation. In

view of the circumstance just noted, and of the further facts

(1) that paleeozoic Asterozoa have no amibulacrall bars proximal to

the first sucker-feet (Spencer, 12, p. 30), (2) that in many recent

starfish the two ambulacral bars in this position in each ray are

somewhat widely separated, (3) that each A, plate when it first

appears is nearer a mid-interradial than a mid-radial line, we

may raise the question whether the proximal processes of the first

ambulacral vertebre are not phylogenetically buttress-extensions

from the mouth-angle plates towards the middle line of the ray.

This view assumes that ontogenetically the formation of the

buttress-extension is now somewhat antedated as compared with

that of the mouth-angle plate. Such “heterochronicity” is by

no means uncommon in other life-histories.

IV. SricHASTER ROSEUS.

The Stichasteride and the Asteriide are included by Sladen

among the eryptozonates (11, p. xxxvi). They agree in the

general details of their internal anatomy as well as (1) in having

the gills not confined to the purely abactinal surface, (2) in

having quadriserially arranged sucker-feet, (3) in having the

actinostomial margin formed by the ambulacral plates, (4) in

having pedicellariz both of the forcipiform and of the forficiform

type. They differ, however, in that among the Stichasteride the

marginals are fairly definite and touch one another, while the

plates of the abactinal skeleton are tesselate, and arranged more

DEVELOPMENT OF SOME STARFISHES. 563

or less definitely in longitudinal rows. The Asteriide, on the

other hand, have inconspicuous marginals, and the ossicles of

their abactinal skeleton form a reticulum.

Stichaster roseus 1s by no means abundant in the Firth of

Clyde, and only one facultatively ripe specimen, a female, was

available to me last summer (1915

The ovaries resemble those of Asterias rubens or A. glacialis,

each being a single, simply-branched, much lobulated sac lying

free within the body-cavity except at its root, where the single

efferent duct joins the body-wall.

The eggs are small like those of A. rubens, pale in colour, but

with a reddish tinge. They were unrije when first shredded out

into sea-water, but underwent the maturation changes shortly

thereafter.

Cross fertilization with Asterias glacialis sperm was tried, and

proved so far successful that about 10 per cent. of the eggs exhibited

membranes of fertilization, and a number proceeded to develop

until the earliest bipinnarial stage was reached. From what we

know about crossing in starfish, we may infer that the normal

development of Stichaster will follow the same course as that

taken by the young hybrids.

In these segmentation was of the total and equal type, though

a slight difference in size between the cells of the upper and lower

pole was present as in Asterias rubens and Porania. The blastula

was a hollow sphere, its wall being formed by a single layer of

cells, while its central cavity contained no mesenchyme. It pro-

gressed with the upper pole in advance, and rotated at the

same time in the solar or watch-hand direction as viewed from

this pole.

Gastrulation was by simple invagination as in 4. rubens, and

the gastrula progressed and rotated in the same manner as

the blastula. When invagination was nearly complete, stellate

mesenchymal cells began to be budded off from the blind end of

the archenteron. Meantime the gastrula was elongating, and

there next appeared on what was to be its ventral side a slight

depression bounded in front and behind by the developing trans-

verse portions of the preoral and postoral ciliated bands. These

bands beeame defined in the same manner as in A. rabens, and

there was a similar correspondence in the mode of formation of

the enteroceelic sacs, the hydropore, the mouth, and the regions

of the alimentary canal. An interesting point noted was that

the posterior enteroceelic outgrowth, which is represented more or

less definitely in A. rwbens, A. glacialis, and Porania (see p. 553),

could not be made ont. Unfortunately my young bipinnarie did

not differentiate further. We may, however, infer that had they

done so, the result would have been a brachiolarian larva with

sucker-attachment duri ing metamorphosis.*

* A pure culture was obtained this year (May 1916). Development proeecded

along the lines described above, but again I did not succeed in getting the later

bipinnarial stages. Many of the larvae showed (9th day) posterior enterocelic

bodies similar in origin and fate to those of Asterias rubens,

564 DR. J. F. GEMMILL ON THE

References.

1. GemmiLh, JAmes F,—The Development of the Starfish Solaster

endeca (Forbes). London, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. xx. pt. i.

pls. i.-v., pp. 1-71. 1912.

4 IDO, Cle, The Development and certain points in the

Adult Structure of the Starfish Asterias rubens L. Phil.

Trans. Roy. Soc., Ser. B, vol. cev. pp. 213-294. 1914.

ah IDios Glos The Larva of the Starfish Porania pulvillus

(O. F.M.). London, Q. J. M.S. vol. xi. pt. 1. pp. 27-50.

1915.

4. Do. do. Double Hydrocele in the Development and

Metamorphosis of Asterias rubens L. London, Q.J.M.5.

vol. lxi. pt. 1, pp. 51-80. 1915.

5. Goro, S.—Some Points in the Metamorphosis of Asterina

gibbosa. Tokyo, Journ. Coll. Sci. vol. xii. pt. 3, pp. 227-

242.

6. Lupwie, H.—Entwickelungsgeschichte der Asterina gibbosa.

Leipzig, Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool. vol. xxxvii. pp. 1-89.

1882.

7. MacBripzt, E. W.—The Development of Asterina gibbosa.

London, Q. J. M.S. vol. xxxviii. pp. 339-411. 1896.

8. Do. do. Text-Book of Embryology. Vol. I. Inverte-

brates. London, Macmillan & Co. 1914.

9. Masrerman, A. T.—The Early Development of Cribrella

oculata (Forbes), with Remarks on Echinoderm Develop-

ment. Edinburgh, Trans. Roy. Soe. vol. xl. pp. 373-417.

1902.

10. Sars, M.—Ueber die Entwickelung der Seesterne. Arch. f.

Naturgesch. 1844, pp. 169-178.

11. Suapen, W. P. ‘Challenger’ Reports: Zoology, vol. xxx.

1889.

12. Spencer, W. K. Monograph of the British Paleozoic

Asterozoa. Part 1. Paleontographical Society, 1913,

pp. 1-56.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Prarz I.

Asterias glacialis.

le}

ig. 1. Larva, 8 days old, showing on left side a well-marked posterior body

becoming separated off from the wall of the stomach.

Fig.2. Larva from same brood, 124 days old, showing the posterior enteroccelic

body now separated off from the stomach, possessing a lumen of its own,

and increasing in size. The right and left enterocceles are growing back-

wards along the sides of the stomach. This larva, like many others in

A, glacialis, has a right as well as a left hydropore.

Fie. 3. Larva from same brood, 15 days old, showing the posterior enteroceelic body

now united with the main enteroccele on the left side. This larva also has

two hydropores, but the right one is becoming reduced. In older larve

the ecelom extends still further backwards on the sides of the stomach as

in Asterias rubens (2), but it is then no longer possible to tell on the left

side what portion is derived from the posterior enterocwlic body.

DEVELOPMENT OF SOME STARFISHES. 565

Fig. 4. Section of stomach-wall of 8 days larva through posterior enteroccelic body,

which is here shown as a thickening with slight outpouching of the

stomach-wall.

Fig. 5. Section of 10 days larva in similar region, showing posterior enteroccelic

body with a distinct lumen, and now nearly separated off from wall of

stomach.

b.cav., buccal cavity; l.entc., left enteroceele; oes., esophagus; p.ente.’, posterior

enteroceelic body; po.cil.bd., postoral ciliated band; post.pr., posterior

backwardly growing process of enteroceele, which nor mally gives rise to the

posterior enteroccele on either side; pr.cil.bd., preoral ciliated band ; rect.,

opone of rectum ; r.ente., right enter ocele; st., stomach ; st.20., stomach-

Pruate II.

Cribrella oculata.

Figs. 6-9. Diagrams illustrating mode of origin of perihemal pouch J./II. from

posterior caelom.

In fig. 6 the tip of the dorsal horn which is destined to become peri-

hemal pouch J./II. is bending leftward to lie between hydroccle pouches

J. and II. In fig. 7 an opening has appeared between the axial sinus and

the dorsal horn of the posterior celom. In fig. 8 the axial sinus is again

beeoming closed off from the dorsal horn of the posterior ecelom, but in

such a way as to leave the tip of the dorsal horn still for a time connected

with the axial smus. In fig. 9 this tip, z.e. perihemal pouch I./II., is

seen isolated both from the axial sinus and from the posterior ccelom.

I. and I1., the first and second hydvroceele pouches respectively. aar.s., axial

sinus portion of anterior ceelom ; d.h.p.c., dorsal horn of posterior ecelom ;

ph.I./£1., perihemal pouch I./II.

Fig. 10. Section along preoral lobe and through disc of a 20 days Cribrella larva at

a stage when retraction of the preoral lobe is in active progress (outlines

drawn with camera lucida). The retractor muscle described in the text

is seen to cause a sharp pouching of the preoral ceelom towards the dise

superficial to the hydrocele rmg. Had this portion of the hydrocele

ring been absent through the hydroccele being an open crescent, the con-

dition in Solaster or in Asterina and Asterias might well have resulted,

the preoral ccelom becoming continuous with the axial sinus and with the

developing internal perihemal sinus on the oral aspect of the disc, as in

Solaster. If completion of the hydroccele ring supervened prior to the

disappearance of this continuity, the result might well be an enclosure of

the stalk-cavity by the hydrocele such as occurs in Asterina, Asterias

rubens, and Solaster endeca.

div., pouch from preoral ccelom caused by pull of the preoral lobe retractor

muscle (.muse.) ; epig.c., the epigastric celom ; gut., the enteron or gut ;

hyp.c., hypogastric coclom (larval posterior coelom) : hy.r., the hydrocele

ring (in neighbourhood of pouch III.) ; hy.7.’, the hydrocosle ring (between

- pouches I. and V.); ov.s., internal oral circular sinus (internal ‘perihemal

ring); phar.c., pharyngeal celom; pod., developing sucker-feet.; pr.c.,

preoral cceelom; 7.muse., retractor muscle of the preoral lobe.

Solaster endeca.

Fig. 11. Specimen in late metamorphosis, from oral side, showing origin of hydro-

cele pouch IX. from the (larval) oe sal end of the hydroceele crescent

(see p. 561). Contrast with Pl. i. fig. 13 of 1, in the lettering of

which, however, VIII. and IX. should “be replaced by VII. and VIII.

respectively.

ON CRYPTOSTOME BEEILES. 567

28. On Cryptostome Beetles in the Cambridge University

Museum of Zoology. By 8. Maurin, B.A. (Cantab.),

I'..8., Imperial College of Science and Technology,

London *

[Received May 22, 1916: Read October 24, 1916. ]

(Text-figures 1 & 2.)

INDEX.

; i Page

ATW ROSNI EBON UR ear nee aomoudan Maes ake ote Bane du badmuebeteacadcen OLNE,

Systematic :

Ainisoderopsis, Zenuy NOs syne eeeeee ete ae OHO

Hhagonia, subgen. INOW coven ohiedccioestee OU on

Agonia (Ekagonia) krishna, sp. Ug ee sy eee OWeL

Agonia cherapunjiensis, Sp. N. ............20000---. 573

Oma denticula Boh., var. krishna, noy. ......... 579

AGREE; RG TNO | spobsno4ovoastocosenveoke. ces ooe 583

4Al,, rufoornata Baly, var. amazonensis, nov. ... 583

ID PONAOUKEI, ERNMNs TONS © sposcncu0 sen s00 Caocbosbodooasge0q000 MIS

The present paper is based on the collection of Hispine and

Cassidinze contained in the Museum of Cambridge University.

The collection is a representative one, in that it 1s composed of

species from all parts of the world. There are 271 specimens

representing 14 genera and about 40 species of Hispine and

34 genera and about 68 species of Cassidinze. Owing either to

the imperfect. condition of the specimens or to insufficiency of

material, I have been able to deal with only 4/7 genera and

80 species of both groups in this paper.

I have studied this collection in conjunction with similar

material in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). This method

has afforded me the opportunity of examining a large number

of examples, with the result that I have been able to study

critically some of Boheman’s genera and to propose some

alterations. I have also been able to supply information oa

certain points which are left as doubtful in Spaeth’s recent

‘Catalogue of Cassidine.’ In a few cases the priority of the

names of certain genera has been discussed. Three new genera,

one new subgenus, and two new species are now proposed here.

In the following list of determinations wherever the range of a

species is not indicated it has been reported only from the locality

which is mentioned in this paper.

I wish to express my indebtedness to Dr. C. J. Gahan, who

has always kindly given me the benefit of his opinion on many

points. “My thanks are also due to Mr. Scott, of the Cambridge

Museum, whose assistance at the initial stage of the study L wish

to acknowledge. This piece of work was “done while 1 was a

student of the Tmperial College of Science. I take this oppor-

tunity of expressing my thanks to Profs, MacBride and Lefroy,

of the zoological department of the College.

* Communicated by the SECRETARY.

568 MR. S. MAULIK ON

AMERICAN HISPIN AL.

Genus CEPpHALOLEIA Chevrolat.

Chevrolat, Charles d’Orbigny’s Dict. Universal d’ Hist. Naturelle,

i. 1843, p. 272; Blanchard, Hist. Ins. ii. 1845, p. 182; Baly,

Cat. Hisp. 1858, p. 39, t. 1. f. 12; Chapuis, Gen. Col. xi. 1875,

p. 277; Weise, Arch. f. Naturg. 1910, p. 82.

Baly, in his ‘Catalogue of Hispidee,’ refers to Cephaloleia as

a manuscript name of Chevrolat’s. This statement has been

accepted by Weise, who ascribes the authorship to Blanchard,

whose characterization of Cephaloleia was published in 1845.

Chapuis ascribes the authorship to Chevrolat, but gives a

reference to Dejean’s Catalogue, 3rd ed. 1836, p. 390, where

the genus is not characterized. This reference naturally leads

one to think that Chevrolat did not characterize the genus.

As a matter of fact, Chevrolat first characterized the genus in

@Orbigny’s ‘ Dictionnaire Universel d’Histoire Naturelle,’ i11.

January 1843, p. 272, in these words :—‘‘Ces insectes ont un peu

du facies des Cassidaires, mais ils sont étroits, quelquefois allongés

carrément, entiérement lisses, sans épines; leur corselet est ou

arrondi en avant et sur les cotés, ou en carré transverse. Les

Hispa metallica, nigricornis, Fabr., V Hisp. nigricornis VOlivier,

espéce distincte de la premiére, et l Alurnus cyanipennis de Perty

rentrent dans ce genre.” This description is signed C. There

are various dates on the title-pages of d’Orbigny’s ‘ Diction-

naire. The question of these dates has been gone into b

Sherborn and Palmer (Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) ui. April 1899,

pp. 350-2). According to them the third volume of d’Orbigny’s

‘ Dictionnaire, in which the description of Cephaloleia occurs,

was first published as a completed volume in January 1843.

I have consulted the copy belonging to the Zoological Society

of London, the title-page of which bears the same date.

Weise has changed the spelling of the name of the genus by

omitting the ‘“‘e” between the ‘‘1” and “1.” I prefer to adhere

to Chevrolat’s original spelling, because this custom of latinising

the names has led to great confusion in many cases,

CEPHALOLEIA NIGRICORNIS Fab.

Cephalolera nigricornis Fabricius, Ent. Syst. i. 1792, pt. 2, p. 73 ;

Olivier, Encycl. Méth. vii. 1792, p. 99, Ent. vi. 1808, p. 773,

t. 2. f. 25; Baly, Cat. Hisp. 1858, p. 47.

3 examples.

Locality.— Amazons (Goodman, 1879).

CEPHALOLEIA PROXIMA Baly.

Cephaloleia proxima Baly, Cat. Hisp. 1858, p. 47.

1 example.

Locality.— Amazons (Goodman, 1879).

Baly reports it from Cayenne, Guiana.

CRYPTOSTOME BEETLES. 569

CEPHALOLEIA EXIMIA Baly.

Cephaloleia ecimia Baly, Cat. Hisp. 1858, p. 53.

2 examples.

Locality.—Amazons (Goodman, 1879).

Baly reports it from Cayenne, Guiana.

Genus STETHISPA Baly.

STETHISPA CONFUSA Baly.

Stethispa confusa Baly, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) xiv. 1864,

p- 267.

1 example.

Loeality.—Amazons (Goodman, 1879).

Genus CHALEPUS Thunb.

CHALEPUS (CHALEPUS) SANGUINICOLLIS L.

Hispa sanguimcollis Linné, Mant. Plant. Alt. vi. 1771, p. 530.

2 examples.

Locality.— Amazons (Goodman, 1879).

Range. Middle and South America.

OLD WORLD HISPIN 4.

Genus Borryonopa Blanch.

BotRYONOPA SPECTABILIS Baly.

Botryonopa spectabilis Baly, Cat. Hisp. 1858, p. 93; Gestro,

Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova, 1897, p. 44.

2 examples.

Locality.—Malay Penin. (Skeat SEH te, BOs i, en

Range. Malacca, Sumatra.

BotTRYONOPA GRANDIS Baly.

Hispopria grandis Baly, Cat. Hisp. 1858, p. 95.

1 example.

Locality.— Borneo (Shelford).

Range. Sumatra, Java.

Genus AntsopERA Chevrolat.

Chevrolat, C. d’Orbigny’s Dict. Univ. d’Hist. Nat. i. 1847,

p- 535; Baly, Cat. Hisp. 1858, p. 101, t. 2. f. 8; Chapuis, Gen.

Col. xi. 1875, p. 295; Weise, Deut. Ent. Zeit. 1897, p. 118.

The authorship of nine genus must be attributed to Chevrolat

and not to Baly, as has hitherto been done. It was an oversight

on Baly’s part to call Anisodera a manuscript name. ‘fn Charles

@Orbigny’s ‘ Dictionnaire,’ i. p. 535, Anisodera is described as

follows :—‘“‘ Genre de Coléoptéres tétramer es, famille des Chryso-

mélines, tribu des Hispoides, établi par M. Chamalat aux dépens

Proc. Zoot. Soc, OG, No. XL. 40

570 MR. S. MAULIK ON

du g. Aduwrnus de Fabricius, et adopté par M. Dejean (Cat. 3° edit.),

qui y rapporte deux esp. de Java, savoir: |’A.lucidiventris Buquet,

et lA. ferruginea, qui est lV Alurnus ferrugineus de Fabr.—Les

earact. de ce g., d’aprés M. Chevrolat, sont: Tete avancée,

arrondie, entaillée circulairement sur la face. Palpes assez

développés: le dernier article des maxillaires long, un peu

renflé au milieu. Antennes presque réunies par la base sur

le front, épaisses, cylindroides, de 11 articles: les cing 1™ lisses ;

les 3° et 4° du double plus longs que le 2°; les suivants presque

égaux, un peu plus allongés; le dernier terminé en pointe

mousse. Corselet plus long que large, inégal, coupé oblique-

ment en avant, droit a la base, conné et abaissé sur les cétés.

Elytres modérément convexes, a stries ponctuées, arrondies a

Vextrémité et non armées. Pattes simples, trapues; les 2° et 3°

articles des tarses profondément bilobés.”

I have quoted this in full from the copy of the first volume of

the ‘Dictionnaire’ belonging to the Zoological Society of London,

which bears the date 1847 on the title-page (the first volume was,

however, first published in 1841—see Sherborn & Palmer, “ Dates

of Charles d’Orbigny’s Dictionnaire Universal d’ Histore Naturelle,

1839-1849,” Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) i. 1899, pp. 350-2), because

there was a re-composition of the matter of the first volume at a

later date.

From the above, it will be seen that Alurnus ferrugineus ¥.

and A. lucidiventris Guérin were separated from the genus

Alurnus and formed into a new genus which Chevrolat called

Anisodera. As one of those species must be taken as the type

of the genus Anisodera, I select Fabricius’s species ferrugineus as

being earlier than Guérin’s. But both ferragineus and lueidi-

ventris are now included in a subgenus Lissochila, while Anisodera

excavata Baly is made the type of Anisodera proper. ‘There exist

good structural differences between the subgenera which are

fairly constant, and I consider them to be of generic importance.

Owing to this fact and in view of the present note on the priority

of Chevrolat’s description of Anisodera, I propose to erect a

new genus and sink Zissochila as a synonym of Anisodera as

follows :—

i. Labrum short, the transverse edge emarginate and covered

with long and stiff hairs. The labrum lies in a lower

plane than the clypeus. Upper side of the body shining.

Elytra without pronounced ribs. ..... . Anisoderopsis, gen. n.

(Type A. excavata Baly.)

ii. Labrum large, the transverse edge straight, sparsely covered

with hairs. Labrum lies in the same plane as the clypeus,

which is small and almost plain. Upper side of the body,

asa rule, opaque. Elytra with pronounced ribs.

Anisodera Chevrolat.

(Type A. ferruginea Fab.)

CRYPTOSTOME BEETLES,

Genus OncHOCEPHALA Chevy.

ONCHOCEPHALA QUADRILOBATA Guérin.

Onchocephala quadrilobata Guérin, Icon, Régn. Anim,, Ins.

1844, p. 281; Weise, Deut. Ent. Zeit. 1897, p. 121 and 1905,

117; Gestro, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova, 1899, p. 314,

f. 1; Maulik, Rec. Ind. Mus. Caleutta, 1915, p. 372.

1 example.

Locality.—Ceylon, Oct. (Myer).

Range. India, Andaman Islands.

Genus AGoniA Weise.

The genus Agonia is divided into two subgenera according to

the number of coste on each elytron, thus :—Hlytra with three

costee and eight or more rows of punctures, Agonia s. str.; elytra

with two costze and six rows of punctures, Agonella Weise. In

the present case there are four coste and ten rows:of punctures,

I therefore take the following new species (Agonia krishna) as

the type of a new subgenus which I name Hhagonia. The con-

vexity of the eyes, the low costs, the smooth parallel rows of

punctures, the form of the body, all point to the conclusion that

Agonia krishwa has close affinity to the genus Downisia Baly.

The species included in the subgenus Agonella have higher costz,

coarser punctures, and the body more dilated behind—characters

which are strongly marked in the next genus Gonophora. For

these reasons I place Agonia krishna at the beginning of the

genus Agona.

EKAGONIA, subgen. nov,

AGONIA (EKAGONIA) KRISHNA, sp. n. (‘Text-fig. 1.)

Elongate, parallel-sided, black, shiing. First two joints of

antenne shining, the rest of the joints pubescent ; interantennal

space with a protuberance; eyes strongly convex. Prothorax

parallel-sided, base bisinuate, moderately convex, disc shining,

with a few scattered deep punctures, anterior surface trans-

versely strigose with a few brownish hairs, base with a deep

triangular fossa, each side with two shallower and rounded fossee

or depressions. Scutellum smooth, shining, with the apex

rounded. Elytra with four cost, first costa slightly elevated,

ten rows of punctures, between the suture and the first costa

only one row of punctures.

Length, from head to apex of elytra, 5’5 mim,

Described from one example,

Locality.— Borneo (Shelford),

Type in the British Museum.

Head. The bases of the antennez are well separated from the

mouth-parts by the clypeus, which is strigose and depressed in

the middle. Labraum covered with brownish hairs. Seen from

above, the interantennal process is so prominent that it conceals

40*

572 MR. 8S. MAULIK ON

the bases of the antenne from view. Antenne, first two joints

shining and rounded, third joint longest, after the third joint the

antenne are gradually thickened towards the apex. Prothorax

cylindrical, sides with bisinuate margins ; front margin straight,

brownish ; posterior to the front margin the surface is trans-

versely strigose and is sparsely covered with fine brownish hairs.

Dise smooth, shining, with a few deep punctures. At the base in

the middle is a very deep triangular fossa. On each side of the

dise two depressions, the anterior shallower than the posterior ;

concavity of the depressions with deep punctures. Sevtellum

small, oval, smooth, shining. In this specimen there are about

four small punctures near the margins. Hlytra parallel sided,

with four coste on each elytron. ‘The first costa is slightly

Text-figure Ih

OOdOTeOOIIS

Pie eenort

eo Walninielialaloi saa

Sino

ce %

Agonia (Ekagonia) krishna. X 8.

elevated, the suture is as much elevated as the first costa if not

more. ‘The second costa is more elevated than the first, the

third and fourth prominently elevated. All the coste meet at

the apex of the elytra. On each elytron there are altogether ten

parallel rows of punctures disposed as follows:—Between the

suture and first costa one row; between first and second cost

two rows; between second and third coste two rows; between

third and fourth coste two rows; between fourth and lateral

margin three rows. Underside smooth, shining, sparsely covered

with brownish hairs; mentum, coxe, margins of the abdominal

sternites, tibie and tarsi with brownish tinge; fourth joint of

tarsus not longer than the third, claws more or less hidden in

the thick pubescence of the underside of the tarsus.

CRYPTOSTOME BEETLES. 573

AGONIA CHERAPUNJIENSIS, sp. n. (Text-fig. 2.)

Elongate. Upperside subnitid, underside shining. Head,

antenne, underside, legs, a longitudinal middle line on the

pronotum and the scutellum black, elytra and the rest of the

body fulvous, Three coste on each elytron. Three rows of

punctures between the suture and the first costa.

Length, from head to the apex of elytra, 14°5 mm.; antenna,

6 mm.; pronotum, 3 mm.

Locality.—Cherapunji, Assam, N.E. India (taken by J/rs.

Somerset, 15. vii. 1907).

Described from one example.

Type in the British Museum.

Text-figure 2.

Oren ele OCn.escnoe maa

maUstelsisicineparielpeuiel

BOO CER CRERA ORE.

Cane

lel

Soo Se

ELGG peley peas

eSewistansiesne

PES

Adae

SPAS

Agonia cherapunjiensis. X A.

Head. Antenne moderately stout, basal joint short, second

joint constricted at base, third joint longest, fourth joint shorter

than third but longer than each of the following joints, fifth to

seventh subequal, eighth to tenth equal but shorter than each

of the preceding joints, eleventh joint bluntly pointed ; surface

of all the joints except the third hairy and with elongate

punctures. Clypeus much broader than long, apex produced

into a process which passes beyond the interantennal space.

Labrum rufescent, edges bristly. Mandibles broad, black, very

574 MR. S. MAULIK ON

powerful. Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, fulvous, hairy, fourth joint

darker in colour and bluntly pointed. Labial palpi 3-jointed,

fulvous, hairy, apex of second and third joints black, second joint

dilated at the apex. Prothora« almost as long as broad, sides

with a margin, a longitudinal broad black shining impunctate

raised line in the middle, on each side of this line a raised

impunctate surface. The surface of the pronotum is coarsely

and broadly punctate, punctures becoming smaller near the base.

Scutellum broader at base, apex rounded, black, impunctate.

Elytra: length 11:5 mm.; slightly broadened at apex. Fulvous.

Tricostate and punctate-striate. Between the suture and the

first costa three rows of punctures throughout the whole length

of the elytra; between the first and second costee the rows of

punctures vary; for a length of 2°5 mm. just beyond the base

there are four rows of punctures; five punctures in a transverse

line can be counted because the rows are confused ; for a length

of 2°5 mm. in the middle of the elytra three rows of punctures ;

beyond this the number of rows is increased to four; at the apex

it is again three. Between the second and third coste the rows

of punctures are as follows :—From the smooth shming humeral

callus up to the middle (for a length of 4°5 mm.) two and three

rows of punctures; from the middle to the apex (except the

extreme apex) four confused rows of punctures. Between the

third costa and the lateral margin the rows of pwnctures may

be stated as follows :—3, 2, 3, 4, 3.

Legs and underside. Black, smooth, shming.

AGONIA WALLACE! Baly.

Gonophora wallacet Baly, Cat. Hisp. 1858, p. 109; Waterhouse,

Aid. Ident. Ins. ii. t. 153. f.’7; Gestro, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat.

Genova, 1885, p. 165 and 1897, p. 55.

3 examples.

Locality.— Borneo (Shelford, 20. x. 1901).

Range. Malacca, Sumatra.

Genus GonopHora Baly.

GoNoPHORA HAMORRHOIDALIS Weber, var. UNDULATA Weise.

Hispa hemorrhoidalis. Weber; Maulik, Rec. Ind. Mus. Calcutta,

xa, IID, joe BUS

4 examples.

Locality.—Borneo (Shelford).

Range. India and the Indo-Malay Penin. Region.

GONOPHORA CHALYBEATA Baly.

Gonophera chalybeata Baly, Cat. Hisp. 1858, p. 115; Gestro,

Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova, 1885, p. 168; Bull. Soc. Ital.

1902 (1903), p. 146.

1 example.

Locality.— Borneo (Shelford).

Tt has also been reported from Singapore.

CRYPTOSTOME BEETLES, 575

GonopHora (LACHNISPA) MODIGLIANI Gestro.

Gonophora (Lachnispa) modighianit Gest. Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat.

Genova, 1892, p. 793 and 1897, p. 65.

1 example. |

Locality.—Borneo (Shelford).

Dr. Modigliani first took this species at Egano Island.

Genus Hispenia Chap.

HisPeLua arra Linné. .

Hispella atra L.; Maulik, Rec. Ind. Mus. Calcutta, xi. 1915,

p. 375.

1 example.

Locality.— Palestine (Vristram).

Range. Kurope, North Africa, Asia Minor, Turkistan.

Genus Dacrytispa Ws.

DACryYLISPA LONGICUSPIS Gest.

Hispa longicuspis Gestro, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova, 1897,

p. 108, fig.

1 example.

Locality.—Sarawak, Borneo (Shelford, 1897).

In the specimen before me the base of the elytra is not

ferruginous. In other respects it agrees well with Dr. Gestro’s

description.

This species has a wide distribution, having been reported

from Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo.

DACTYLISPA BIPARTITA Guérin.

HAispa bipartita Guérin in Duperrey Voy. ‘ Coquille,’ Zool. ii.

1830, p. 141; Gestro, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova, 1897,

p- 109, fig.; and Not. Leyd. Mus. xix. 1897, p. 175; Ritsema,

Midden-Sumatra, iv. 1887, p. 180.

2 examples.

Locality.—Borneo (Shelford).

It has been reported from Sumatra, Malacca, Java, and

Borneo.

DACTYLISPA MALAYANA (2) Gestro,

Dactylispa malayana Gestro, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. 1909 (1910),

p. 139.

1 example.

Locality.—Malay Penin. (Skeat Expedition, 20. xi. 1900).

The species is identified from description.

DAcryuisPaA FULVIPES (?) Motsch.

Hispa fulvipes Motschulsky, Schrenck’s Reise Amur, ii. 1861,

p. 2388; Gestro, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. 1902, p. 56.

1 example.

Locality.—Ceylon (/ryer).

The species is identified from description.

576 MR. S. MAULIK ON

DACTYLISPA TRIFIDA (?) Chap.

Hispida trifida (%) Chapuis, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xx. 1877,

p. 55; Gestro, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova, 1885, p. 176 and

WSI5 0, SE

l example. |

Locality.—Sarawak (Shelford, 1897).

This species has also a very wide distribution, having been

reported from Malacca, Sumatra, and Java. The species is

identified from description. ;

Dacry.ispaA soror Weise.

Dactylispa soror Weise, Deut. Ent. Zeit. 1897, p. 134 and

1905, p. 120. .

examples.

Locality.—Peradeniya, Ceylon (Fryer).

The occurrence of this species in Ceylon is recorded here for

the first time. The other locality where it has been taken is

the Nilgiri Hills.

Dacry.ispea spinosa (2?) Weber.

Hispa spinosa Weber; Maulik, Rec. Ind. Mus. Caleutta, xi.

1915, p. 379.

1 example.

Locality.—Borneo (Shelford).

Range. Sumatra, Celebes.

The species is identified from description.

DAcryLisPA LEPTACANTHA Gestro.

Hispa leptacantha Gestro, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova, 1897

p- 98; and Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. 1904 (1905), p. 151.

5 examples.

Locality.— Sarawak (Shelford, 1897).

Range. Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo.

Genus Hispa L.

Hispa PABRiIci Guér.

Hispa fabricti Guérin in Duperrey Voy. ‘ Coquille,’ Zool. ii.

1830, p. 140; and Icon. Régn. Anim., Ins. 1844, p. 268, t. 48.

f. 3; Gestro, Ann, Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova, 1885, p. 174.

1 example.

Locality.—New Britain (Willey, 1. iii. 1898).

Range. New Guinea, New Pomerania, New Mecklenburg.

Genus PLATYPRIA Gueér.

PLATYPRIA ECHIDNA Guer.

Platypria echidna Guerin, Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 139; Gestro,

CRYPTOSTOME BEETLES. yar

Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova) 1890, p. 246, fig., and 1897,

p- 112; Maulik, Rec. Ind. Mus. Calcutta, xi. 1915, p. 380.

1 example.

Locality.—Peradeniya, Ceylon (fryer).

Range. Undia, Ceylon, Tonkin.

PLATYPRIA HYSTRIX F. :

Hispa hystrix Fabricius, Suppl. Ent. Shisiis SS, jos WMO

Maulik, Rec. Ind. Mus. Calcutta, xi. 1919, p. 381.

Pp:

1 example.

Locality — Peradeniya, Ceylon (fryer).

Range. India, Ceylon.

CASSIDIN AA.

Genus Himatripium F.

HiIMAtipiIuM CAPENSE Herbst.

Cassida capensis Herbst, Natursyst. Kat. iil, WAS oo Ale,

IBv. tte IO,

Himatidium comptum Perty, Delect. Anim. Bras. 1830-34,

101, t. 20. f. 8; Guérin, Icon. Regn. Anim., Ins. 1844,

286.

Imatidium fasciatum Fabricius, Syst. El. 1. 1801, p. 346;

Illiger, Mag. Ins. i. 1802, p. 392.

Cassida fasciata Olivier, Ent. vis IOS, jo, Gils O05 te ©,

100.

Himatidium fasciatum Boheman, Mon. Cassid. i. 1850, p. 65,

Mo to Ales

4 examples.

Locality. Amazons (Gosdinan, 1879).

Range. Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru.

Genus Prioprera Hope.

PRIOPTERA WESTERMANNI Mannh.

Prioptera westermannt Mannerheim, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose.

xvii. 1844, p. 864; Boheman, Mon. Cassid. i. 1850, p. 45.

1 example.

Locality.—Shan States, Burma, 23.111. 1905.

Range. Assam, Tenasserim, Tonkin.

PRIOPTERA OCTOPUNCTATA F,

Cassida octopunctata Fabricius, Mant. Ins. 1787, p. 63; Ent.

Syst. 1. 1792, p. 296; Syst. El. i. 1801, p. 395; Linné, Syst. Nat.

ed. xiii, Gmel. 1787, i., iv. p. 1636; Olivier, Ene. méth. v. 1790,

p- 382, and Ent. vi. 1808, p. 946; 97, t. 3. f. 38; Herbst, Natur-

syst. Kaf. viii. 1799, p. 334.

578 . MR. S. MAULIK ON

Prioptera octopunctata Boheman, Mon. Cassid. i. 1850, p. 55.

Prioptera decempustulata, Boh. Mon. Cassid. 1. 1850, p. 55.

Boheman distinguishes decempustulata from octopunctata

thus :—‘Statura et summa similitudo P. 8-punctate, seepe non-

nihil major, antennis totis flavo-testaceis, elytris subtiliter, vage

punctulatis, pectore nigro, ab illa bene distincta.” I have examined

thirty-eight examples of decempustulata and octopunctata (Brit.

Mus. Coll. & Camb. Univ. Coll.). In view of the material before

me, I am in a position to state that the characters mentioned

by Boheman to distinguish 10-pustulata from 8-punctata are

untenable. These characters are merely individual variations.

Moreover, the genus Prioptera is well known for the variability

of its species. I therefore regard 10-pustulata as a synonym of

8-punctata F.

13 examples.

Loeality.—Borneo (Shelford).

Range. Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Siam.

Genus Hristrcrt1a Boh.

EPIsticTIA MATRONULA Boh.

Lpistictia matronula Boheman, Mon. Cassid. i. 1850, p. 14;

Weise, Deut. Ent. Zeit. 1901, p. 49.

1 example.

Locality.—Ceylon (fryer).

This species has been reported only from Ceylon.

Genus Oma Spaeth.

In discussing the scope and limits of several genera of the

Cassidinie (Archiv f. Naturg. Ixxix. 1913, Abt. A. vi. p. 128),

Dr. Spaeth erects the genus Oma for two species, viz., ae strosa

Boh. and denticula Boh., which he separates from the genus

Desmonota founded by Hope i in 1839 (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1)

i. 1839, p. 97). The differences in the characters of Desmonota

and Oma may be stated as follows :—

Desmonota Hope.—The basal six joints of the antenne are

shining, and very sparsely covered with scattered hairs. The

apical five Joints are opaque and thickly covered with hair. The

sixth joint is much shorter than the fifth and also the following

joints.

Oma Spaeth.— The basal five jomts of the antenne are shining

and very sparsely covered with scattered hairs. The six apical

joints are opaque, and thickly covered with hairs. The sixth

joint is longer and thicker than the fifth joint and about equal

in length to the following Ls

Hope took Germar’s species Cassida platynota as the type of

Desmonota and drew up a description of the generic characters.

In doing so he was in considerable doubt, as will appear from

the following extract from his remarks on the genus :—‘ The

CRYPTOSYOME BEETLES. - 579

species of this division require a very accurate examination ;

none of my acquaintance accord altogether with the above

generic characters; they require, therefore, further division ;

the typical insect is from the- Brazils.” Boheman, the next

writer on the genus who described monstrosa and denticula under

Desmonota (Mon. Cassid. i. 1850, pp. 144 & 141), evidently did

not examine the specimens carefully or he would have been

struck with the differences in the structure of the antenne.

OMA DENTICULA Boh., var. KRISHNA, n.

The specimen before me agrees well with denticula, but the

colour of the dorsal side is dark. As I cannot find any struc-

tural difference, I make this specimen the type of the new

variety krishna.

Desmonota variolosa F., which is green in colour, has a similar

dark variety. The occurrence of a dark variety in these allied

genera is therefore not uncommon.

Locality.—South America, 25.1. 94.

It has been reported from Paraguay, Bolivia.

Type of variety in the British Museum.

Genus PRENEA Spaeth.

PRENEA STRIGATA Panz.

Cassida strigata Panzer in Voet’s Beschreib. u. Abb. hartsch.

Ins. 1798, p. 81, t. 42. f. 10.

‘Dolichotoma RUrigane Boheman, Mon. (Obeiel i, 1850, p. 202.

Cassida similis Panzer, |. c. p. ‘81, igo ite WAC)

8 examples.

Locality.— Amazons (Goodman, 1879).

ftange. Amazons, Ecuador.

Genus OxynopeRA Hope.

OXYNODERA COLLICULUS Boh.

Dolichotoma colliculus Boheman, Mon. Cassid. 1. 1850, p. 189.

1 example.

Locality — Amazons (Goodman, 1879).

It has been reported from Para.

Genus CanistTra Kr.

CANISTRA IRRORATA Guerin.

Oxynodera wrrorata Guérin, Icon. Réegne Anim., Ins. 1844,

p- 289.

Canistra irrorata Boheman, Mon. Cassid. 1. 1850, p. 168,

Uo Ge le @

2 examples.

Locality.— Amazons (Goodman, 1879).

Range. Brazil, Misiones, Bolivia, Paraguay.

580 MR. S. MAULIK ON

Genus PsEUDOMESOMPHALIA Spaeth.

PsEUDOMESOMPHALIA CHALYB#HA Germ.

532,

Cassida chalybea Germar, Ins. Spec. Nov. 1824, p. 532

Mesomphalia chalybea Boheman, Mon. Cassid. 1. 1850, p- 248.

1 example.

razil.

Range. Brazil, Paraguay.

PsEUDOMESOMPHALIA DECEMGUTTATA Sturm.

Cassida decemguttata Sturm, in Thon, Abbild. aus]. Ins. Kaf.

1826-28, p. 2, t. 1. f. 3. |

Mesomphalia decemguttata Boheman, Mon. Cassid. i. 1850,

p. 321. .

2 examples.

Locality. — Amazons (Goodman, 1879).

Range. Columbia, Equatorial Brazil.

PSEUDOMESOMPHALIA DISCOIDES Linné.

Cassida discoides Linné, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 364;

ede 125 7G", 1, 11. p. ofS); "edy 13,7Gmel i787, 1) iv. p. 1642.

3 examples.

Locality.—Amazons (Goodman, 1879).

Range. Equatorial Brazil, Peru, Columbia, Venezuela, Ecuador.

This has a very wide distribution. Since the time of Linné

many writers have written about it, and it has received many

names. Fora list of the literature and the synonyms I refer

the reader to the Catalogue of Cassidine by Dr. Spaeth (Berlin,

1914).

Genus NromPHatLia Spaeth,

NEOMPHALIA VULNERATA Boheman.

Mesomphalia vulnerata Beheman, Mon. Cassid. i. 1850, p. 249.

ab. subpustulata Boh. Mon. Cassid. 1. 1850, p. 250.

1 example.

Locality. —Brazil.

NEOMPHALIA ADSPERSA Boheman.

Mesomphalia adspersa Boheman, Mon. Cassid. 1. 1850, BP 305.

2 examples.

Locality.— Amazons (Goodman, 1879).

Range. Paya, Brazil.

Genus Pacinaspis Hope.

P@cCILASPIS PANTHERINA Klug.

Cassida pantherina Klug, Preisverz. 1829, p. 7.

ORYPTOSTOME BEETLES. 581

Pecilaspis pantherina Boheman, Mon. Cassid. i. 1850, p. 413.

ab. dwodecimmaculata Boh. |. c. p. 414.

5 examples.

Locality.—Pilcomayo (J. Graham Kerr).

Range. Brazil.

PG@cILASPIS DECEMPUSTULATA Boheman.

Pecilaspis decempustulata Boheman, Mon. Cassid. i. 1850,

p. 416.

1 example.

Locality.—8. America, 25.1. 94.

Boheman records it from Tucuman and Rio de la Plata.

P@cILAsPiIs NERVOSA F.

Cassida nervosa Fabricius, Syst. El. i. 1801, p. 405; Mlig. Mag,

Ins. v. 1806, p. 228.

Pecilaspis nervosa Boheman, Mon. Cassid. 1. 1850, p. 286.

15 examples.

Locality.— Amazons (Goodman, 1879).

Range. Brazil, Paraguay.

Genus ANAcassis Spaeth.

ANACASSIS CRIBRUM Klug.

Cassida cribrum Klug, Preisverz. 1829, p. 8.

Mesomphalia cribrum Boheman, Mon. Cassid. i. 1850, p. 356.

2 examples.

Locality.— Brazil.

Genus SELENIS Hope.

SELENIS SPINIFEX Linné.

Cassida spinifex Linné, Ameen. Acad. vi. 1763, p. 392; Syst.

Waits Ctl WA, IWO%G ts itl fs BMGs eck 1B, smell Ue Tay ihy

p. 1638.

3 examples.

Locality.—South America, 25.1. 94.

This is a very common insect. Many writers have written

about it. I refer the reader to Spaeth’s Catalogue, p. 52.

Boheman, Mon. Cassid. 1. p. 99, distinguishes S. nebulosa

thus :—“S. spinifex minus lata, magis convexa, prothoracis et

humerorum structura, nec non elytris apice sub-rotundatis, ab illa

abunde distincta.” Having examined 28 examples of nebulosa

and spinifex in the collection of the British Museum, I am of

opinion that they must be regarded as the same species and

that characters mentioned by Boheman cannot distinguish them.

Genus EcHoma Spaeth.

EcHoMA NORMALIS Germar.

Cassida normalis Germar, Ins. Spec. Nov. 1824, p. 538.

582 MR. 8. MAULIK ON

Omoplata normalis Boheman, Mon. Cassid. ii. 1854, p. 104.

Cassida suturalis Olivier, Enc. méth, v. 1790, p. 385; Ent. vi.

1808, p. 942; 97, +. 4. f. 95 (nec F.).

2 examples.

These are without locality-labels, but it is a well-known

Brazilian species.

yenus OMASPIDES Boh.

OMASPIDES CLATHRATA L. (var. @).

1 example.

Locality.— Amazons (Goodman, 1879).

This is a common insect. It has also been reported from

Dutch Guiana and Cayenne.

Genus CHELYMORPHA Boh.

CHELYMORPHA MARGINATA L.

2 examples.

Locality.—Amazons (Goodman, 1879).

Range. Cayenne, Brazil.

CHELYMORPHA VARIOLOSA Oliv.

Cassida variolosa Olivier, Enc. méth. v. 1790, p. 385; Ent. vi.

ISO [D5 Qitehs Ola ts A. ts Bil aie, Sz, Gs”

1 example.

Loeality.— Amazons (Goodman, 1879).

Range. Para, Cayenne.

Genus Puysonota Boh.

PHysonora ALUTACEA Boh., var. CYRTODES.

Physonota alutacea Boheman, Mon, Cassid, ii. 1854, p. 192;

Champion, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Col. vi. (2) 1885-94 (1894),

p. 166.

2 examples.

Locality.— Mexico (Gadow). é

Range. Central America, Columbia, Venezuela, Mexico.

Genus Baronora Hope.

Hope erected the genus Batonota (spine-backed) in 1839.

He did not draw up any synoptical table of the allied genera.

The remarkable dorsal prolongation of the elytra into a double

spine led him to found this genus. He took bidens F. as the type,

but at the same time he included Cassida truncata of Fabricius,

which has no spine, in Batonota. Later authors did not question

this inclusion of truncata F.: thus at present the genus is com-

posed of 42 species of heterogeneous insects which obviously

fall into at least three genera. Out of the 42 species 34 are

CRYPTOSTOME BEETLES.

583

represented in the British Museum Collection, and these I have

examined.

A. Scutellum trapezoidal.

The genus Latonota may be divided as follows :—

1. The elytra produced into a long dorsal double .

spine, the lateral sides of the elytra concave at

the middle ...............

1’. The elytra not produced into a long spine, dor-

sally gibbous, the lateral sides of the elytra

convex or straight, more explanate sev

Batonota Hope.

Akantaka*, gen. nov.

A’, Scutellum triangular. Insects small, ovate; elytra

dorsally more or less gibbous, deeply punctate

Trikona {, gen. nov.

The species are distributed as follows :—

Genus Baronora.

bidens ¥.

nigra Boh.

monoceros Germ.

pugionata Germ.

pugnax Boh.

cornigera Boh.

mucronata Boh.

aurita Boh.

parallela Blanch.

ensifera Boh.

spinosa Boh.

apiculata Boh.

aculeata Boh.

yucatana Champ.

nodosa Boh.

*rufomarginata Wegenr.

*rugosa Weenr.

*minima Wegenr.

*bellicosa Boh.

Genus TRIKONA.

turrifera Boh.

humeralis Oliv.

lerouxi Boh.

Genus AKANTAKA.

Junesta Boh.

truncata Fab.

peregrina Boh.

godmani Baly.

viridisignata Boh.

exaltata Fab.

dejeani Boh.

bivittipennis Boh.

rufoornata Baly.

kiesenwetteri Boh.

collaris Baly.

tenebrosa Boh.

distincta Baly.

sexplagiata Wegenr.

biplagiata Champ.

insidiosa Boh.

*kunzei Boh.

*marginevittata Wegenr.

*eneocincta Spaeth.

*fasciata Wegenr.

In the above list I have not seen the species marked with an

asterisk, but I have placed them in their respective genera with

the help of Wagener’s table (Mitt. Miinch. Ent. Ver. v. 1881,

p- 44). Batonota nodosa Boh. appears to be an intermediate

form. The shape of the body is similar to some forms of

Akantaka, but. the double spine on the back (which is rather

short) decides its position in Batonota.

AKANTAKA RUFOORNATA Baly, var. AMAZONENSIS, n.

1 example.

I have examined six specimens of the species including the

type. They are all from Nicaragua. The present example is

the Brazilian variety of this species. Var. awmazonensis is (1)

larger, (2) the lateral sides of the elytra are more convex at the

+ Akantaka is a Sanskrit word meaning “without thorn.”

{ Trikona is a Sanskrit word meaning “triangular.”

584 MR. 3. MAULIK ON

posterior angles, (3) the rufous spots on the explanate margin

of the elytra are much smaller.

Locality.—Amazons (Goodman, 1879).

Type of variety in the British Museum.

Genus AspipomorPHA Hope.

ASPIDOMORPHA MILIARIS F.

Cassida miliaris Fabricius, Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 91.

Aspidomorpha miliaris Boheman, Mon. Cassid. 1. 1854, p. 261

Weise, Deut. Ent. Zeit. 1896, p. 16; Spaeth, Ann. Mus. Nat.

Hung. i. 19038, p. 1388; Maulik, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix. 1913, p. 110.

3 examples.

Locality.—Malay Penin. (Skeat Hapedition, 30. xi. 1900).

Range. Philippine Is., Sunda Is., New Guinea, India, Yunnan,

Tonkin.

ASPIDOMORPHA TECTA Boh.

Aspidomorpha tecta Boheman, Mon. Cassid. 11. 1854, p. 276;

Weise in Voeltzkow, Reise Ostafrika, Chrysomel. 1910, p. 451.

4 examples.

ASPIDOMORPHA PUNCTUM F.

Cassida punctum Fabricius, Syst. El. i. 1801, p. 404.

Aspidomorpha punctum Boheman, Mon. Cassid. ii. 1854,

p. 281; Spaeth, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. 1. 1903, p. 151.

1 example.

Locality.— Matador.

Range. New Guinea, Papua Is., North Australia.

It is a variable species.

ASPIDOMORPHA INQUINATA Boh.

Aspidomorpha inquinata Boheman, Mon. Cassid. ii. 1854,

p. 309.

1 example.

Locality.— New Britain (4. Willey).

Hitherto it has been recorded from the Andamans and

Tenasserim only. This species probably has a very wide

range.

ASPIDOMORPHA AUSTRALASIA Boisd.

Aspidomorpha australasie Boisd. Faune Ent. Océanie (Astro-

labe), 1. 1835, p. 5387; Boheman, Mon. Cassid. 11. 1854, p. 308 ;

Spaeth, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. 1. 1903, p. 147.

1 example.

Locality.—Solomon Islands (Willey).

Range. New Guinea.

CRYPTOSTOME BEETLES, 685

ASPIDOMORPHA ASSIMILIS Boh.

Asptdomorpha assimilis Boheman, Mon. Cassid. 11. 1854, p. 314;

Spaeth, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xli. 1904, p. 75.

1 example.

Locality.—Malay Penin. (Skeat Haxpedition, 30. xi. 1900).

Range. Java, Sumatra.

ASPIDOMORPHA CINCTA F,

Cassida cincta Fabricius, Spec. Ins. i. 1781, p. 109; Mant. Ins.

1.1787, p.63; Ent. Syst.i.1792, p. 295; Syst. Hl. i. 1801, p. 392;

Linné, Syst. Nat. ed. 13, Gmel. 1787, i., iv. p. 1637; Herbst,

Natursyst. Kaf. vii. 1799, p. 331; Klug, Erman’s Reise, 1835,

p. 47.

Aspidomorpha cincta Boheman, Mon. Cassid. 11. 1854, p. 251 ;

Wollaston, Col. Hesp. 1867, p. 154.

3 examples.

Localities.—Zomba, Nyasaland (Cameron, 25.iv. 1900); British

Central Africa, 6. vi. 1908; Durban (/’. WZuir, 1902).

ASPIDOMORPHA NATALENSIS Boh.

Aspidomorpha natalensis Boheman, Mon, Cassid. ii. 1854,

p. 303.

1 example.

~ Locality.—Zomba (Cameron, 25, iv. 1900).

ASPIDOMORPHA QUINQUEFASCIATA F,

Cassida quinguefasciata Fabricius, Syst. El. i. 1801, p. 401 ;

Klug, Erman’s Reise, 1835, p. 47.

Aspidomorpha quinquefasciate Boheman, Mon. Cassid. 11. 1854,

p. 250.

1 example.

Locality.— Nyasaland, 6. vi. 1908.

Range. Central and West Africa, Réunion.

There is very little difference between A. quinque-fasciata F.

and A. ludibunda Boh. I am inclined to think that they are the

same species, particularly in view of the fact that the species

of Aspidomorpha are extremely variable.

ASPIDOMORPHA AMABILIS Boh.

Aspidomorpha amabilis Boheman, Mon. Cassid. ii. 1854, p. 315;

Weise, Deut. Ent. Zeit. 1897, p. 104.

Cassida micans Ol. Ent. vi. 1808, p. 960; 97, t. 5. f. 83 (nec F.).

Locality.—Java.

Range. India, Burma, Java, Sumatra, Ceylon.

ASPIDOMORPHA FURCATA Thunb.

Cassida furcata Thunberg, Nov. Ins. Spec. v. 1789, p. 87, t. 2.

f. 96; Herbst, Natursyst. Kaf. viii. 1799, p. 265, t. 132. f 7

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1916, No. X LI. 41

586 MR. S. MAULIK ON

Cassida dorsata O). Kune. méth. v. 1790, p. 386; Ent. vi. 1808,

VOW (te oi eosmec shl)).

Caussida micans Fabricius, Syst. El. i. 1801, p. 398.

Aspidomorpha micans, Boh, Mon. Cassid. 11. 1854, p. 313.

1 example.

Locality.—Formosa (ea coll, G. A. Crotch).

Range. South China, India, Sunda Is.

ASPIDOMORPHA DULCICULA Boh.

Aspidomorpha dulcicula Boheman, Mon. Cassid. iv. 1862,

p- 278; Spaeth, Sarawak Mus. Journ. 1, 1912, p. 117; Maulik,

Ree. Ind. Mus. ix. 1913, p. 112,

4 examples.

Locality —Borneo (Shelford).

Range. Sumatra, Borneo.

ASPIDOMORPHA ST, CRUCIS F.

Cassida st. crucis Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iv. $792, App. p. 446 ;

Syst. El. 1. 1801, p. 401.

Aspidomorpha st. crucis Boheman, Mon. Cassid. i. 1854,

p. 287, t. 6. f, B; Weise, Deut. Ent. Zeit. 1897, p..102; Maulik,

Ree. Ind. Mus: ix. 19135"p. 111.

5) examples.

Loeality.—Java (2, Mui), Malay Penin. (Skeat Hapedition,

S0sxaI OOO)

Genus CoNCHYLOCTENIA Spaeth.

In his recent Catalogue of the Cassidine (Berlin, 1914)

Dr. Spaeth has entirely omitted Boheman’s species Cassida

nigrovittata (Boh. Mon. Cassid. 1. 1854, p. 341). There are

two examples, including the type, in the British Museum which

Bohemaw records from Calcutta. I have seen a third example

in Mr. Andrewes’ collection which is from Chota Nagpur, India.

The examination of these specimens reveals the fact that they

cannot belong to the genus Cassida. But they agree well with

the characters of Conchyloctenia as defined by Spaeth (Ann.

Soc. Ent. Belg. 1902, p. 449). In the form of the body the

species resembles the t¢grina group; the tibie are also sulcate on

the external side; migrovittata, therefore, must come under

Conchyloctenia. It is interesting to note that all the species

recorded under Conchytoctenta are found in Africa. This

species therefore extends the distributton of the genus to the

Oriental region.

CONCHYLOCTENIA TIGRINA Ol,

Cassida tigrina Olivier, Ent. vi. 1808, p. 957; 97, t. 5. f. 78;

Boheman, Mon. Cassid. ii. 1854, p. 336.

2 examples.

Locality.—8. Africa (Mf. Wilinan).

CRYPTOSTOME BEETLES. 587

Genus Hyzosinora Spaeth.

FHivBosINOTA TURRIGERA Boh.

Cassida turrigera Boheman, Mon. Cassid. iv. 1862, p. 283.

Hybosinota turrigera Spaeth in Sjostedt, Zool. Exped. Kili-

mandj. I. 1910, Abt. 7, p. 283.

Asphalisia tuta Weise, Arch. f. Naturg. Ixx. 1904, i. p. 172.

1 example.

Locality.—Lourengo Marques (7, Muir, 10. vii. 1900).

Range. Zanzibar, Bechuanaland.

Genus Laccorrera Boh.

LAcCOPTERA QUADRIMACULATA Thunb.

Cassida quadrimaculata Thunberg, Nov. Ins. Spec. v. 1789,

. 86, t. 5. £. 94.

2 examples.

Locality.—Formosa (ex coll. G. k. Crotch).

Range. South China, India, Andaman Is.

Genus SILANA Spaeth.

SILANA FARINOSA Boh.

Cassida farinosa Boheman, Cat. Col. Ins. Brit. Mus. ix, 1856,

146 ; and Mon. Cassid. iv. 1862, p. 350.

3 examples.

Locality.—Maha Ilupalama, Ceylon (J. C. FP. Hryer, 11. 1912).

This species has been reported from Ceylon only.

Genus Cassipa L.

CASSIDA DECIPIENS Spaeth.

Cassida decipiens Spaeth, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. 1906,

Bish)

1 example.

Locality.—Zomba (Cameron, 25. iv. 1900).

Spaeth reports it from Mashonaland.

Genus CurripA Chap.

Curiripa cRrucrATA L.

Coptocycla cruciata Boh. Mon. Cassid. 111. 1855, p. 396,

Chirida cruciata Chapuis, Gen. Col. xi. 1875, p. 405.

1 example.

Locality. —Amazons (Goodman, 1879).

Range. Argentina, Brazil.

41#

D88 MR. S. MAULIK ON

CHIRIDA SCALARIS Weber.

Cassida scalaris Weber, Observ. Ent. i. 1801, p. 51; Fabricius,

Syst. El. i. 1801, p. 391; ‘Olivier, Ent. vi. 1808, p- 967 ; 97, t. 6.

1 Geb.

Coptocycla scalaris Boheman, Mon. Cassid. iii. 1855, p. 124.

Metriona scalaris Weise, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. 1897, p. 107.

2 examples.

Loeality.—Malay Penin, (Skeat Haxpedition, 30. xi. 1899).

Range. India and Indo-Malay region.

Genus THLAspipa Weise.

THLASPIDA FORMOS& Spaeth.

Thlaspida formose Spaeth, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. xi. 1913,

p- 46; and Suppl. Ent, iii. 1914, p. 16.

1 Senate.

Locality.— Formosa, (ex coll. G. R. Crotch),

Genus THLASPIDOSOMA Spaeth.

THLASPIDOSOMA DOHRNI, Spaeth.

Thlaspidosoma dohrni Spaeth, Stett. Ent. Zeit. Ixii, 1901, p. 5;

and Sarawak Mus, Journ. i. 1912, p. 119.

4 examples.

Locality.— Borneo (Shelford, 20.x. 1901).

Range. Sumatra,

Genus. THLASPIDOMORPHA Spaeth.

THLASPIDOMORPHA BALYI Boh.

Coptocycla balyi Boheman, Mon. Cassid. ii. 1855, p. 403.

1 example.

Locality.—Ceylon (H. H. W. Pearson).

Genus. RHococassis Spaeth.

RHOCOCASSIS FLAVOPLAGIATA Baly.

Coptocycla flavoplagiata Baly, Journ. Ent. ii. 1863, p. 102.

Metriona flavoplagiata Weise, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. 1905,

p. 125.

8 examples,

Locality.—Borneo (Shelford).

Range, Sumatra, Siam.

Genus Coprecycza Boh.

CoprocycLa PLACIDA (2) Boh,

Coptocycla placida Boheman, Mon, Cassid. iii. 1855, p. 415.

1 example.

CRYPTOSTOME BEETLES. 589

Locality.— Amazons (Goodman, 1897).

Identified from description. It has also been reported from

Cayenne, ‘Guiana.

Genus MeErriona Weise.

Merriona gupaica F.

Coptocycla judaica Boheman, Mon. Cassid. iti. 1855, p. 293 ;

Champion, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Col. vi. (2) 1885-94, p. 209.

3 examples.

Locality.— Amazons (Goodman, 1879).

Range. 8. America, Panama.

METRIONA CiIRcUMDATA Herbst.

Coptocycla circumdata Boheman, Mon. Cassid. iii. 1855, p. 279.

Metriona circwumdata Spaeth, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. i. 1903,

p- 128; Maulik, Rec. Ind. Mus. Calcutta, ix. 1913, p. 114.

1 example.

Locality.—New Britain (A. Willey, 1. iii. 1898).

Range. India, Indo-China, Philippine Is., Celebes.

Genus Caripotis Boh.

CHARIDOTIS ABRUPTA Boh.

Charidotis abrupta Boheman, Mon. Cassid. iii. 1855, p. 11,

iy (la io 1B,

15 examples.

Locality.—Amazons (Goodman, 1879).

Range. Brazil, Venezuela, Cayenne, Guiana.

Genus Crenocuira Chap.

CTENOCHIRA GEMINA Boh.

Coptocycla gemina Boheman, Mon. Cassid. iii. 1855, p. 455.

1 example.

Locality.— Amazons (Goodmun, 1879).

It has also been reported from Para.

CTENOCHIRA PLECTA Er.

Cassida plecta Erichson, Arch. f. Naturg, xii. 1847, p. 154.

Coptocycia plecta Boheman, Mon. Cassid. iii. 1855, p. 505.

1 example.

Locality.— Amazons (Goodman, 1879).

It has also been reported from Peru.

i noi 9 io fk serena ‘baplalel

a iinet walt fants is ee prac i)

ik ‘Sein een ae eiiheoene

ince! cena te dente —

4 jet i, Wa ear rh

5 ai. peas: dnpemeint

i f me ae 2

ON FOSSORIAL WASPS. 59]

29. Notes oni the Wasps of the Genus Pison, and some

allied Genera. By Rowzayp EH. Turner, F.ZS.,

[Received June 5, 1916: Read October 24, 1916. ]

INDEX.

Page Page

SYSTEMATIC:

Pison ashmeadi, nom. nov. for Pison pulchrinum, sp.n. Australia 613

P. punctulatus Ashm. (nec P. strennium, sp. 0. 2 606

punctulatum Koll) ............ 625'| P. wollastoni, sp.n. St. Helena. 624

P. dives, sp. n. Australia... 608 | P.inequale,sp.n. KE. Africa.. 623

P. congener, sp. 0. mo fon ORL, I) He Cece) WeageenTs; sp. 1 n.

P. exornatum, sp. 0. Sp gan IIA! Nigeria... 618

P. exultans, sp. n. teen, CHE) IZ, (23) differe ens, ‘Sp. n, Assam... 617

P. inconspicuum, sp.n. 4, ... 612 | Aulacophilus jansoni, sp. Xn. Ni-

P. fraterculus, sp. n. moo OO caragua.. .. 692

P. lutescens, sp. n. m coo WO! || Tigo letus Sm. to Scapheutes cox (B28)

P. mandibulatum,sp.n. 5, ... 605 | P. flavipictus Sm. to Scapheuies. 629

P.meridionale,sp.n. 4, ... 611 | P. pilosus Sm. to Pisonopsis ...... 629

Key to the Genera most nearly allied to Pison.

1. Mandibles excised on the outer pee pan seoccasgecoeosoensancasn UeasenaraCIS VOR

Mandibles not excised.. 2.

. Abdomen with a long petiole ; “mesopleurze ‘coarsely longi-

tudinally striated ....... ... Aulacophilus Sm.

Abdomen without a lone petiole ; ‘mesopleuree not striated... Pison Jur.

iss}

The petiole in Aulacophilus is formed by the first sternite,

distinguishing the genus clearly from those species of Pison in

which the abdomen is subpetiolate through the narrowing of the

first tergite to the base,

Genus AvLACOPHILUS Sm.

Key to the Species of Aulacophilus.

1. First recurrent nervure received distinctly before the

apex of the first cubital; the slender petiole of the

first segment, as far as the apex of the dorsal sulcus, ;

longer than the hind trochanterand femur combined. A. ewmenoides Diicke.

First recurrent nervure interstitial with the first trans-

verse cubital nervure; the slender petiole of the first

segment as far as the apex of the dorsal sulcus shorter

than the hind trochanter and femur combined ..

2. Petiole to the end of the sulcus no longer than the hind

femur: posterior ocelli distinctly further from the

eyes than from each other; three basal joints of

FVMETNNED NEINCLEADTODIS <2 con. os sub oon endogu potaey saan gaged A. vespoides Sm.

Petiole to the end of the sulcus longer than the hind

femur: posterior ocelli equidistant from the eyes and

from each other; antenne wholly black ............... A. jansowi Turn,

1. AvLacopHitus EUMENOorDES Diicke.

Aulacophilus eumenoides Diicke, Zeitschr. Hym. Dipt. iv. p. 97

(1904), 9

This isat once distinguished from the two other species by

the longer and more slender petiole, the slender portion of which

592 MR. R. E. TURNER ON

is distinctly longer than the posterior trochanter and femur com-

bined ; the second segment is gradually narrowed at the base as

in jan: soni, not broad at the junction with the first segment as in

vespoides ; the posterior ocelli are as tar from each other as from

the eyes, which are nearer to each other both on the vertex and

the clypeus than in the two other species.

Hab. Obidos, Amazon (Dicke), November,

2. AULAGOPHILUS VESPOIDES Sm.

Aulacophilus vespoides Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 305

(keto); Qe

The petiole is more abruptly and strongly swollen at the apex

than in either of the other species, the linear portion shorter,

and the second segment very much broader at the base. The

median segment is shorter than in jansoni, and the eyes further

apart on the vertex ; the colour of the legs and antenne is also

different.

Hab. Brazil (Swainson).

3. AULACOPHILUS JANSONI, Sp. n.

2. Nigra; opaca; segmento primo petiolo, calcariisque ferru-

gineis ; alis subhyalinis ; costa late fusco-hyalina, venis ferru-

gineis.

Long. 10 mm.

@. Head, thorax, and median segment very finely and closely

punctured, the frontal sulcus distinct, but very delicate ; posterior

ocelli as far from the eyes as from each other, the eyes about

half as far again from each other on the clypeus as on the vertex.

Antenne short, much thickened towards the apex ; second joint

of the flagellum nearly as long as the first and third combined.

Mesopleurz very coarsely and closely horizontally striated, the

area immediately below the tegule much more finely striated.

Dorsal surface of the median segment about half as long again

as the scutellum and postscutellum combined, the median sulcus

distinct, the sides of the segment almost smooth, not irregularly

obliquely striated on the upper part as in vespordes ; the apical

slope obscurely transversely striated, with a deep median sulcus.

Petiole of the first abdominal segment a little longer than the

hind femur; the swollen apical portion about twice as long as

its apical breadth, much more slender and elongate than in

vespoides ; second segment gradually narrowed to the base; the

third, fourth, and fifth segments with a narrow, dull brown,

apical band. Second abscissa of the radius fully as long as the

distance between the recurrent nervures on the cubitus; first

recurrent nervure interstitial with the first transverse cubital

nervure ; transverse median nervure interstitial with the basal

nervure.

. Hab. Ohontales, Nicaragua (Janson).

Differs from vespoides as noticed under that species : in the key.

FOSSORIAL WASPS. 59

Genus Pison Jur.

Alyson Spinola, Ins. Ligur. 11. 4, p. 253 (1808) (nec Jurine).

Pison (Jurine) Spinola, Ins. Ligur. i. 4, p. 255 (1808).

Tachybulus Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. p. 75 (1809).

Nephridia Brullé, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ii. p. 408 (1833).

Pisonitus Shuck. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, ii. p. 79 (1837).

Pisonoides Sm. Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc., Zool. ii. p. 104 (1857)

(subgenus).

Parapison Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 298 (1869) (= Pi-

sonoides).

Pseudonysson Rad. Hore Soc. Ent. Ross. xii. p. 104 (1876).

Paraceramius Rad. Hore Soc. Ent. Ross. xxi. p. 432 (1887)

(= Pisonoides).

Taranga W. ¥F. Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 201

(1884).

Pisum Schulz, Spolia Hymen. p. 212 (1906).

The genus is very widely distributed, being found in almost

all tropical and warm temperate countries, though it does not

extend into the northern portions of the temperate zone. But

the number of species in the different portions of its range is

most uneven : out of one hundred and nine species catalogued fifty

are from Australia, seventeen from the Austro-Malayan and

various insular regions, thirteen from the Oriental, nine from the

Palearctic, nine from the Ethiopian, and eleven from the Ameri-

can regions. In my opinion, this distribution points to the

genus being in a declining state, the majority of the species

being from Australia or from island areas where the competition

is likely to be less keen; the number of species on the large

continental areas is not great, nor are individuals particularly

numerous. Such of the species as have been observed build mud

nests in holes in wood, key-holes, or similar situations, stocking

their nests with small spiders, which are paralysed by stinging.

Owing to these habits the species are easily transported on ships,

giving rise to a considerable extension of range in several species,

such as P. spinole and P. argentatus.

The genus has been divided into subgenera according to the

neuration, but these subgenera are in no way natural; Pisonoides

Sm., which must replace the later and more generally used

Parapison Sm., has the second cell absent, but the species are

not all nearly related to each other, and I have seen specimens

of Pison in which the second cubital cell is absent on one side

and present, though of small size, on the other side. Pisonitus

Shuck., which is distinguished by the reception of the second

recurrent nervure close to the middle of the second cubital cell,

is difficult to separate with any certainty owing to variation in

the position of this nervure in some species of Pison, as in

P. xanthopus Brullé. The size of the second cubital cell is

subject to much variation in many species of Pison and cannot

be relied on for specific distinctions.

594 MR. R. E. TURNER ON

The present paper is founded on the collection of the British

Museum, which contains nearly all the described Australian

species, to which Iam able to give a key, but owing to numerous

gaps in the collection from other regions, J cannot give a key to

the whole genus, but only to the species from certain regions.

The sexual | differences are not usually great, consisting of a dif-

ference in the shape of the anterior margin of the clypeus, and

usually in an increase in the distance between the eyes in the

male. But several species, such as insigne Sickm., regalis Sm.,

tuberculatus Sm., and iridipennis Sm., have carine or tubercles

on the ventral seoments of the male, and algiricum Kohl and

Senestratus Sm. show a dilatation of some of the joints of the

flagellum in the male.

The species which I have not seen are indicated by an

asterisk.

Key to the Ethiopian Species of Pison (including those from

St. Helena, Mascarene, and Seychelles Islands).

1. Two cubital cells (Pisonoides)........ 2.

Three cubital cells, very rarely with only. two on one

side (Pison) ...... By

2. Legs, except the coxe, -ferrnginous ; first recurrent

nervure interstitial with the first transverse cubital [(Seychelles.)

nervure..... . P. isolatum Turn.

Tarsi and fore tibiae testaceous, the rest of the lees

almost entirely black; first recurrent nervure re-

ceived before the apex ‘of the first cubital cell ...... P. testaceipes Turn.

3. Second recurrent nervure received close to the middle

of the second cubital cell ............ P. argentatus Shuck.

Second recurrent nervure received near the apex ‘of ((Mauritius.)

the second cubital cell or interstitial with the

second transverse cubital nervure ...... A,

4. The whole dorsal surface of the median segment

obliquely striated ........ Bi

Dorsal surface of the median ‘segment at most with a

few oblique strize at the base ...... 6.

5. Striz of median segment strong ; the male. with the

apical abdominal segments ferruginous red ......... P. xanthopus Brullé.

Striw of median segment very close and delicate;

abdomen entirely black .. : . P. denticeps Cam.

6. Sides of the median segment (mesopleure) ‘strongly

Ololbigqural ye HPEMHACL Co odoascnconrcb coedon nec ode ooo saa veo ces ase P. clypeatus Cam.

Sides of the median segment punctured or smooth,

at most with a few delicate strize at the base ...... Ue

7. Median segment smooth and shining, except in the [ (Seychelles. )

median sulcus and on the posterior slope ............. P. speculare Turn.

Median segment more or less strongly punctured... 8.

8. Sides of median segment delicately striated at the

base ........ bevetstessescseeses.. EP. transvaalensis Cam.

Sides of median segment punctur Cae Mire ee ne Sh

9. Abdomen smooth and shining, with only microscopic

punctures; median segment very coarsely ee [ (St. Helena.)

punctured ...... .. P.wollastoni Turn.

Abdomen closely ‘and distinctly “punctur ed, more

strongly on the basal than on the apical porate

median segment less coarsely punctured ............ 10.

10. Seeond cubital cell minute, or even obsolete on one

SHED: coacaoe sopodooeoooasodasaaeodsecpenonues es duccgnate: hart.

Second cubital cell normal. acetic tee teeta hicn ee cieR 1,

11.

10.

FOSSORIAL WASPS.

Apical dorsal cere smooth ..... ;

Apical dorsal cements closely and ‘distinctly pune-

tured

. Posterior ocelli as far, or - further, ‘from the eyes as

from each other .. ;

Posterior ocelli nearer t to the eyes “than to each ‘other.

595

P. montanus Cam.

12°

P. allonymum Schulz.

P. rhodesianum Bisch.

Key to aie Species of Pison inhabiting British India.

. Two cubital cells (Pisonoides)

Three cubital cells (Pison) .

. First abdominal segment petiolate, Jong and 1 narrow,

the apical breadth not more than one-third of that

of the second segment ......-

First segment not petiolate or “elongate, “the apical

breadth more than half of that “of the second

segment ......

é Legs, except the ¢ coxe, », entirely light ferruginous:

Less either wholly piceous or with the tibiz only

ferruginous ..

. Legs wholly piceous lt

Tibie. almost entirely dull ferruginous repos

Posterior slope of median segment finely striated on

the apical half ;

Posterior slope of median segment finely, punctured .

Second recurrent nervure received before two-thirds

from the base of the second cubital cell... eat

Second recurrent nervure received just betore the

apex of the second cubital cell, or interstitial with

the second transverse cubital nervure

. Front minutely punctured ; a well-defined transverse

impressed line behind the posterior ocelli ..

Front coarsely punctured ; no distinct impressed Ii line

behind the posterior ocelli

. Pubescence of abdominal fascia eolden ; ; “median s seg-

ment coarsely longitudinally striated, the striz

not curved .

Pubescence of abdominal ‘seements whitish, if pre-

sent; striz of median segment curved or absent ..

. Median segment strongly obliquely striated, without

punctures oe

Median segment punctured, ‘with or : without a 1 few

curved striz

Median segment with a few curved ‘strize ; “wings

hyaline... neseuor

Median sezment ‘without “strive “wings ‘infuscate,

the apical margin broadly darker

P. obliteratus Sm.

P. erythropus Kohl,

P. agilis Sm.

. rothneyt Cam.

. differens Turn.

P. argentatus Shuck.

P. rugosus Sm.

P. kohlii Bingh.

P. punctifrons Shuck.

10. pe

P. orientale Cam.

P. fasciatus Rad.

Key to the Australian Species of Pison.

. Two cubital cells (Pisowoides) .......2. 2-001. se ene eee eee

Three cubital cells (Rison) .

. First abdominal seg ae elongate, ‘strongly narrowed

to the base ....... er ahe cide

First abdominal segment not elongate Dae eres Miya

. Second cubital cell pointed on the dine eae

Second abscissa of the radius at least half as long as

the first transverse cubital nervure..

. Abdomen almost entirely ferruginous .. Dees debcaconondan

Abdomen black, the apical margins of the segments

sometimes dull brown with golden pubescence

. Median segment slender, longer than the breadth in

the middle; eyes as far apart on the vertex as on

the clypeus ..

Median seement not slender, ‘shorter than the breadth

in the middle; eyes further apart on the clypeus

than on the vertex , aceasta

Sis

P. icarioides Turn.

P. difficile Turn.

P. pertinax Turn.

P. evythrogastrum Rohw.

596

MR. R. E, TURNER ON

6. Slender species; abdomen entirely black, without

DUDES COICO iB errs Meter Oe orale sta ioe SORE oa

More robust species ; apical margin of abdominal

segments dull brown, clothed with dull fulvous

pubescence sab sa citae sane uevisitie cle vSeeietslonsicaiaracs

7. Legs more or less ferruginous Mesteiecisise Seals sencasalsecteesiee:

Legs hlackeetarsianelylMbeOuse--sessseeeeeeseeeteccees

8. Antenne, trochanters, and femora ferruginous ; ner-

10.

ili

13.

14.

16.

18.

19.

vures testaceous .

Antenne, trochanters, and femora ‘Dlack ; 1 nervures

Posto kes tre cov atinape aac Sectian ease nentlcieee aecee te cee eee eae

. Cubital margin of the second cubital cell scarcely or

not at all longer than the first transverse cubital

nervure.

Cubital margin “of the second cubital cell ‘much

longer than the first transverse cubital nervure ...

Tarsi Tuteous ; wings strongly iridescent ...............

Tarsi black; wings very feebly iridescent ...............

With a small triangular enclosed space at the base

of the median segment; clypeus broadly rounded

at apex..

Without an enclosed ; space ‘at the base of the median

segment; clypeus produced on the middle of the

apical margin.

2. Thorax, abdomen, ‘legs, and antenne testaceous, head

only "black ; second recurrent nervure received

before the middle of the second cubital cell .........

Thorax always black; second recurfent nervure re-

ceived at or beyon the middle of the second

cubital cell . if

Second recurrent nervure e received at the middle of

the second cubital cell; first recurrent received

well before the apex of the first cubital cell ..:......

Second recurrent nervure received either near the

apex of the second cubital cell or close to the base

of the third cubital cell, or interstitial with the

second transverse cubital nervure

Abdomen and antennez black ......... 0.0.00... 0c cee eee eee

Abdomen and antenne more or less ferruginous ......

. Entirely black; with a continuous impressed tyans-

verse line behind the posterior ocelli ........

Legs ferruginous, the impressed line behind ‘the pos-

ter ior ocelli interrupted...

Pubescence of the clypeus a and front golden ; ; ‘distance

separating the eyes on the clypeus more than half

as great again as that separating them on the

vertex oaaes

Pubescence of the cly: peus ‘and front whitish ; ‘dis-

tance separating the eyes on the clypeus much

less than half as great again as that pees

them on the vertex ;

Second ventral segment shining, ‘almost or ‘entirely

impunctate .......

Second ventral segment ‘closely ‘and more or less dis-

tinctly punctured .

Third and fourth joints of the ‘flagellum ‘strongly

dilated beneath .

Third and fourth joints of the flagellum not dilated.

OF slender build; entirely black; median segment

finely and not very closely punctur ed :

Of robust build ; median segment closely and coar arsely

punctured or punctured-striate

. Dorsal segments 2-5 with a broad apical band of

golden pubescence, and a testaceous brown chiti-

nous band beneath the pubescence .......

Dorsal segments 2-5 entirely black, with an 1 apical

band of whitish pubescence ..

Je,

. exclusum Turn.

. erythrocerus Kohl.

simulans Turn.

10.

11.

. aberrans Turn.

. tenebrosum Turn.

. noctulwm Turn.

. caliginosum Turn.

(Turn.

. melanocephalum

13.

14,

17.

15.

16.

. ignavum Turn.

. rufipes Shuck.

. virosum Turn.

. ruficornis Sm.

18.

21.

P. fenestratus Sm.,

19.

P. priscum Turn.

20.

P. festivus Sm.

P. fenestratus Sm.,

21.

22.

23.

28.

30.

31.

33.

34.

‘

FOSSORIAL WASPS.

Abdomen wholly ferruginous ........

Abdomen wholly or par tially black —

Of small size, less than 7 mm. in length ... eae Os

Of larger size, 11 mm. in length.............0..000.0..

Posterior ocelli nearly twice as far from each other

as from the eyes; head not very large, eae

of front white and sparse .

Posterior ocelli nearly as far ‘from the eyes. as from

each other; head massive, pubescence of front pale

golden and close ..

. Median segment ver y distinctly obliquely striated .

Median segment punctured, sometimes str iolate-

punctur ed at the base

. Abdomen black, with more or Tess distinct bands of

silver pubescence See R Cee Cysts HIRI orth Gu GP ee he ahs

Abdomen black, with bands of golden or falvous

PU DeSCeN Cenc ie sat auc kestone neem HAM ier EMER ERM Rnnire we

. Mandibles and apex of clypeus black; mandibles not

unusually broad; posterior ocelli separated from

the eyes by a distance less than half as ena as

their own diameter..

Mandibles and apex of. clypeus. ‘ferruginous; man-

dibles short and very broad; posterior ocelli sepa-

rated from the eyes by a distance equal to their

own diameter .

. Tibie and tarsi “ferruginous, teoule ‘testaceous ;

transverse median nervure received beyond the

basal nervure ...... F

Tibie, tarsi, and tegule “black ; “transverse median

nervure interstitial with the basal nervure .........

Black, with white pubescence; the tegule sometimes

brown, also sometimes the eee of the ventral

segments . % no. Gu6.060 195 Seb EE boosaa Coo bac

Partly ferruginous 0 or + brown; or if black then with

golden pubescence on the abdominal fasciz .........

. Second ventral segment evenly, le and finely

punctured

Second ventral segment “much more ‘spar sely ‘and

coarsely punctured in the middle than at the sides.

Median segment shining, the eee microscopic ;

length 6 to 7 mm. havea tie eh heeded NAT ae

Median segment opaque or “subopaque, very dis-

tinctly punctured or DT eee length

from 9 to 15 mm. ....

Second joint of the flagellum a little less than half

as long again as the third; length from 12 to

15 mm.

Second joint of the ‘flagellum: scarcely ‘exceeding ‘the

_ length of the third; length from 9 to 12 mm.

2. Posterior ocelli as far from the eyes as from each

other, separated from the eyes by a distance ex-

ceeding their own diameter ......

Posterior ocelli nearer to the eyes than to each other,

separated from the eyes by a distance less than

their own diameter..

Second joint of the flagellum ‘distinetly longer ‘than

the third; abdominal segments not constricted ;

puncturation of the dorsal segments very minute

or almost obsolete ..

Second and third joints of the flagellum ‘subequal ;

abdominal segments rather strongly constricted ;

puncturation of the dorsal segments not very

minute.

Puncturation of the mesonotum ‘obsolete; “posterior

ocelli as near to the eyes as to each other, sepa-

rated from the eyes by a distance not exceeding

their own diameter

P. lutescens Turn,

P. dimidiatus Sm.

265.

28.

26.

P. westwoodi Shuck.

P. mandibulatum Turn.

P. simillimus Sm.

P. dives Turn.

29.

36.

30.

33.

P. infumatum Turn.

3l.

32.

P, strenuwum Turn.

P. perplexus Smn., g.

P. fuscipennis Sm., 9.

34.

P. punctulatum Kohl.

P, spinole Shuck.

098 MR. R. E. TURNER ON

40.

41.

43.

44,

45.

46.

48.

Punctures of the median segment sparser and not

intermingled with striae

Antenne wholly, black See. ensue

Basal joints of the antenne TELLUS INOS eee eee eee

Trochanters and femora wholly ferruginons; length

Trochanters black, femora ferruginous at the apex

only ; length at least 8 mm. BUSSE aT eccaere eee

Posterior ocelli in the female separated from the

eyes by a distance about equal to their own dia-

meter, in the male by a distance equal to nearly

twice their own diameter .............00cccccceeeeeecs se,

Posterior ocelli in the female separated from the eyes

by a distance scarcely exceeding half of their own

diameter, in the male by a distance about equal to

their own diameter ROO ROORED Actions Aenea ecee

Second dorsal segment with a brown chitinous apical

band, clothed with golden or whitish pubescence...

Second dorsal segment entirely black, without a

chitinous or pubescent apical band....................

Median segment, especially at the apex, densely

clothed with golden pubescence ; first abdominal

segment elongate, scarcely broader at the apex

than the base of the median SESPTOGIING) co do cos denne be

Median segment without dense pubescence, the

pubescence, if any, not golden; first abdominal

segment much broader at the apex than the base

of the median segment, not cloncate eee ee

Pubescence of abdominal fasciz golden ; length of

malleovers9 mimi. a econ eh eee. hee cibene ecg fhe

Pubescence of abdominal fasciz whitish; length of

male 7 mm. Deagga0 nda cqaseseascuadsasddnavaderesane sco

Second dorsal segment with a broad chitinous ferru.

ginous band at the apex, the band clothed with

gol denspuibescence -: ae emer ey meets as mien

Second dorsal segment entirely black, without golden

PUES CONCE ar ein ae cut titt aere nti ef cron te een

35.

P. congener Turn.

P. scabrum Turn.

P. basalis Sm.

37.

38.

48,

39.

42.

P. auriventre Turn.

40.

41.

P. vestitus Sm.

P. marginatus Sm.

P. separatus Sm.

43.

45.

P. inconspicuum Turn.

44,

P. tibialis Sm.

P. fraterculus Turn.

46.

P. pulchrinum Turn.

P. aurifex Sm.

47.

P. meridionale Turn.

P. decipiens Sm.

49.

50.

FOSSORIAL WASPS. 599

49. Posterior ocelli separated from the eyes by a distance

fully equal to their own diameter; second ventral

segment black, broadly ferruginous at the apex ... P. awreosericewm Rohw.

Posterior ocelli separated from the eyes by a distance

distinctly less than their own diameter; second

ventral segment wholly ferruginous .................. P. auratus Shuck.

50. First dorsal segment with a black spot on each side

near the middle; transverse median nervure

received before the basal nervure........................ P. exornatum Turn.

First dorsal segment not spotted with black; trans-

verse median nervure received beyond the basal

TICE UG meee teen ee ree ae ouerulcans: luunn.

1. Prison (PisonorpEs) ICARIOIDES Turn.

Pison (Aulacophilus) icarioides Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. London,

jos Beall CIOS, 2 4

The species is better placed in Pisonoides thanin Aulacophilus,

being without the long petiole and striated mesopleure charac-

teristic of the latter. The first abdominal segment is, however,

much more elongate than in other species of Pisonoides, except

difficile, from which it is easily distinguished by the short and

stout antennz, and the different shape of the second cubital cell.

Hab. Cairns, Q. (Dodd); Mackay, Q. (Turner), January ;

Brisbane, Q. (Hacker), January.

2. Pison (PISONOIDES) DIFFICILE Turn.

Pison (Aulacophilus) difficile Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc, London,

p- 520 (1908), ©.

Hab. Cairns, Q. (Turner), January ; Mackay, Q. (Zurner).

This species and the last superticially resemble Jearia socia-

listica Sauss. and other closely related species of Jcaria, which

occur in the same district.

3. Prison (PIsONOIDES) PERTINAX Turn.

Pison (Parapison) pertinax Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. London,

p: ol (9908), 2:

The abdomen is usually wholly ferruginous, but the third and

fourth dorsal segments are sometimes more or less infuscated.

Hab. Cairns, Q. (Lurner), July; Mackay, Q.(Zurner), November

to May; Brisbane, Q. (//acker), May.

4, PIson (PARAPISON) ERYTHROGASTRUM Rohw.

Pison (Parapison) erythrogastrum’ Rohw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.

xlix. p. 247 (1915), @.

This is very near pertinav, but may be distinguished by the

greater distance between the eyes on the clypeus, by the longer

pronotum, and by the shorter and broader median segment.

The sculpture of the median segment is also more distinct.

Hab. Duaringa, Q. Probably- from the Barnard collection.

Kalamunda, W.A. (Turner), February and March.

600 MR. R. E. TURNER ON

5. Pison (PIsONOIDES) ERYTHROCERUS Kohl.

Parapison ruficornis Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 300

(1869), 2 (mec Smith, 1856),

Pison erythrocerus Kohl, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxiy.

p-. 186 (1884), @.

Pison erythrocerum D.'T. Cat. Hymen. viii. p. 711 (1897),

The clypeus of the male is armed with three short acute teeth

on the middle of the apical margin.

Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner), February to May ; Kuranda, Q.

(Turner), May and June.

6. Pison (PIsoNOIDES) SIMULANS Turn.

Pison (Parapison) simulans Turn, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8)

xv. p. 559 (1915), o.

This is very near erythrocerus, but in addition to colour-

differences the sculpture of the median segment is more strongly

developed, and there is only one tooth in the middle of the apical

margin of the clypeus.

Hab. Kaglehawk Neck, 8.E. Tasmania (Z'urner), March.

7. Pison (PisonorpEs) NocruLuM Turn.

Pison (Par me noctulum Turn, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,

p. 516 (1908), °

The cubital margin of the second cubital cell is twice as long

as the first transverse cubital nervure; the nervures are fuscous,

the stigma ferruginous. The median segment is longer than in

caliginosum, and there is a small triangular space at the base,

the apex of the triangle meeting the median carina. ‘The pro-

notum is longer than in caliginoswm or tenebrosum.

° Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner), February; Kuranda, Q. (Turner),

une.

8. Pison (PISONOIDES) CALIGINOSUM Turn.

Pison (Parapison) caliginosum Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. London,

p. 518 (1908), 2.

The cubital margin of the second cubital cell is about half as

long again as the first transverse cubital nervure, the latter

curved, not straight as in noctulwm ; nervures and stigma black ;

median segment without a triangular space at the base.

Hab. Kuranda, Q. (Zurner), February.

9, Pison (PISONOIDES) TENEBROSUM Turn.

Pison (Parapison) tenebrosum Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. London,

p. 518 (1908), 2.

The second cubital cell is triangular, the cubital margin equal

in length to the first transverse cubital nervure.

Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner), January.

FOSSORIAL WASPS. 601

10. Pison (PISONOIDES) ABERRANS Turn.

Pison (Parapison) aberrans Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. London,

p. 919 (1908), 3.

This little species differs from tenebrosum in the pale yellowish

colour of the tarsi, in the deeper longitulinal depression on the

dorsal surface of the median segment, and in the strongly iri-

descent wings. The cubital margin of the second cubital cell is

very short, scarcely more than half as long as the first transverse

cubital nervure. :

Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner), January.

11. Prison (PISONOIDES) EXCLUSUM Turn.

Pison (Parapison) exclusum Turn. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8)

xvill. p. 127 (1916), ¢.

Parapison frenchi Cam. MS., °.

This is a robust species, differing much from other Australian

species of Parapison, and resembling Pison vestitus Sm., though

differing constantly in the absence of the small, petiolate, second

cubital cell. The female was taken in Victoria capturing spiders

on orange-trees.

Hab. Brisbane, Q. (Hacker), November; Horsham, Victoria

(Davey), July.

12. PIsoN MELANOCEPHALUM Turn.

Pison melanocephalum Turn. Proc. Zool. Soe. London, p. 515

(308); 22

This very distinct little species cannot be confused with any

other, owing to the remarkable colouring; but it is also distin-

guished by the very close approach of the eyes at the base of the

clypeus, where they are separated by adistance only a little more

than half as great as that separating them on the vertex, and by

the very large facets of the eyes in front. The petiolate second

cubital cell is very small, and the first recurrent nervure is

received far before the apex of the first cubital cell, as in

Pisonoides pertinax and erythrocerus, to which the relationship

seems closer than to typical Pison. It is best regarded as a link

between the Pisonoides and Pisonitus groups.

Hab. Cairns, Q. (Zurner), February.

13. Pison 1gNavum Turn.

Pison ignavum Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 511 (1908), 2.

This belongs to Shuckard’s subgenus Pisonitus, the second

recurrent nervure being received at the middle of the second

cubital cell. I look onit as the Australian subspecies of the wide-

ranging P. argentatwm Shuck., differing from the typical Mauri-

tius form in the much stronger sculpture of the median segment.

Hab. Mackay, Q. (Z’wrner), December to April; Kuranda, Q.

(Turner), January to March; Ravawai, Fiji ( Veitch), November

and December.

Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1916, No. XLII. 42

602 MR. R. E. TURNER ON

14. Prison RUFIPES Shuck.

Pison (Pisonitus) rufipes Shuck. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, u.

oS Css), 2.

This may be distinguished from other Australian species of

the Pisonitus group by the black abdomen and red legs, P. ag-

navune being wholly black, and the other species of the group

having the abdomen and antennez more or less red.

Hab. Kaglehawk Neck, 8.E. Tasmania (Turner), February ;

Mt. Wellington, Tasmania (lwrner), January ; Melbourne, Vic-

toria (Wrench); Yallingup, 8.W. Australia (Zurner), November ;

Kalamunda, W. Australia (Zurner), March and April.

15. Pison virosum Turn.

Pison virosum Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 513 (1908), ¢.

This is a larger and more robust species than ruficornis, and

may also be distinguished by the greater distance between the

eyes on the clypeus and by the golden pubescence of the clypeus

and front. ‘lhe abdomen is ferruginous, except at the extreme

base.

Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner), September to February.

16. PIson RUFICORNIS Sm.

Pison (Pisonitus) ruficornis Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 315

(1856), ©.

Pison ruficorne Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 514 (1908), 2.

The type has the abdomen largely shaded with black, but in

many specimens it is wholly ferruginous. In both this species

and viresum there is a rather indistinct impressed transverse

line behind the posterior ocelli, which seems to be characteristic

of the Pisonitus group.

Hab. Macintyre River, Q. (type); Mackay, Q. (Turner),

October to March; Kuranda, Q. (Zurner), March to May ;

Victoria (french).

17. Prison priscum Turn.

Pison insulare Sm. st. priscum Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. London,

p- 510 (1908), 2.

The difference in the distance between the eyes on the vertex

in insularis and priscum is quite distinct, though not very great ;

the suleus on the median segment 1s much more distinct in

insularis, and the second dorsal segment is more depressed at the

base. The clypeus is also slightly different. Until a long series

from different loealities 1s available, it may be best to treat the

two forms as distinct species. In priscwm the second ventral

segment is not as highly polished as in festivus and fenestratus, but

there are no distinct punctures. The insect is entirely black,

except on the apical margins of the ventral segments, which are

brownish.

Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner), November.

FOSSORIAL WASPS. 603

18. PISON FESTIVUS Sm.

Pison festivus Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 296 (1869), ?.

The head is broad, the posterior ocelli are a little further from

the eyes than from each other, the clypeus very broadly rounded

at the apex. The median segment is obliquely striated, with

punctures intermixed, the median carina is distinct, but not

placed in a sulcus ; the first dorsal segment is strongly depressed

at the apex. Male unknown.

Hab. Swan River, W.A. (Du Boulay).

19. PIsoN FENESTRATUS Sm.

Pison witidus Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 248 (1868), @

(nec Smith, 1858).

Pison fenestratus Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 291 (1869).

This species is allied to festivus, but is rather less robust, the

colour of the abdominal fasciz is different, and the median seg-

ment is closely and strongly punctured, not striate. The male

has the third and fourth joints of the flagellum strongly dilated

beneath.

Hab. Champion Bay, W.A. (Du Boulay); Yallingup, W.A.

(Turner), January ; Hermannsburg, Central Australia (Hillier).

20. PIsoN DIMIDIATUS Sm.

Pison dimidiatus Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 295

(1869), 3.

The head is massive, the posterior ocelli being nearly as far

from the eyes as from each other ; the clypeus is produced into

an acute point; the second abscissa of the radius is a little longer

than the petiole of the second cubital cell ; the transverse median

nervure is interstitial with the basal, and the suleus of the median

segment is quite distinct, with the usual carina. Female un-

known.

Hab. Champion Bay, W.A. (Du Boulay).

21. *PIson PELLETIERI Le Guillou.

Pison pelletiert Le Guillou, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, p. 320

(1841), @.

“ Capite nigro, facie aureo-pubescente ; antennis et mandibulis

fulvis; mesothorace nigro; metathorace punctato-scabro, albo

pubescente; abdomine et pedibus fulvis; alis translucidis.

®. Long. 11mm. Had. Australie septentrionale.

Téte noire; yeux échancrés en dedans, toute la face est couverte

dun duvet doré. Antennesa mandibules fauves. Corselet noir.

Métathorax pointillé en maniére de chagrin, couvert d'un léger

duvet blanchatre; abdomen et pattes enti¢érement fauves. Ailes

claires.”

42*

604 MR. R. E. TURNER ON

22. PIsON LUTESCENS, sp. 0.

2. Nigra; mandibulis, antennis, ablomine pedibusque rufo-

ferrugineis; tegulis testaceis ; alis hyalinis, venis fuscis.

Long. 4 mm.

2. Clypeus short and broad, subtruncate at the apex, covered

with delicate silver pubescence. Head very closely microscopi-

eally punctured, with an obscure frontal suleus reaching the

anterior ocellus. Eyes very little further apart. on the clypeus

than on the vertex; the posterior ocelli nearly twice as far from

each other as from the eyes, and as far from each other as from

the posterior margin of the head. Pronotum oblique; imeso-

notum and scutellum microscopically punctured. Median seg-

ment scarcely as long as the mesonotum, rounded posteriorly,

finely punctured, granulate, the median sulcus almost obsolete,

the median carina distinct; the posterior slope of the segment

very finely transversely striolate, with a deep median sulcus.

Abdomen minutely punctured ; second segment scarcely depressed

at the base, the apical margins of the segments in some lights

showing fascie of very delicate silver pubescence. Second

abscissa of the radius shorter than the petiole of the second

cubital cell; recurrent nervures interstitial with the transverse

cubital nervures; second cubital eell not quite as high as the

length of its petiole ; transverse median nervure interstitial with

the basal nervure.

Hab. Mundaring Weir, W.A. (Turner), March 18, 1914.

This little species closely resembles a small P. rujficornis, but

the neuration is different, also the sculpture of the median seg-

ment, and the antenne are shorter and stouter.

23, Prison westwooptr Shuck.

Pison westwoodi Shuck. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1. p. 77

(1837), @.

2 Pison obliquus Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 316 (1856), @.

Shuckard states that the carina of the median segment is

absent in this species, but this is not usually the case, a long

series taken by me in Tasmania showing variation in this respect

from a well-developed carina to the typical form as described by

Shuckard. The species may be easily recognised by the striation

of the whole dorsal surface of the median segment and the very

close proximity of the posterior ocellt to the eyes. I think that

P. obliquus Sm. is a synonym, but I have not seen the type.

There is a short transverse carina at the base of the third ventral

segment of the male, as in the closely allied P. iridipennis Sm.

Hab. Fnglehawk Neck, Tasmania (Turner), March ; Mt. Wel-

lington, Tasmania (Zurner), January ; Yallingup, W.A. (Turner),

November; Kalamunda, W.A. (Zurner), March; Mackay, Q.

(Turner), Cairns, Q. (Z’urner), October to June.

FOSSORIAL WASPS. 605

24, PIsoN MANDIBULATUM, Sp. n.

@. Nigra; albo-pubescens; clypeo apice mandibulisque ferru-

gineis; alis hyalinis, apice leviter infuscatis, venis nigris; seg-

mento mediano oblique striato.

3. Femine similis; clypeo omnino nigro.

Long., 2 9mm., ¢ 8 mm.

Q. Mandibles very broad and short, not narrowed at the

apex; clypeus in both sexes produced in the middle, but much

more distinctly so in the female than in the male. Hyes sepa-

rated on the vertex by a distance about three times as great as

the length of the second joint of the flagellum, on the clypeus by

about four times the length of the same joint; posterior ocelli

separated from the eyes by a distance fully equal to their own

diameter, a little further from the posterior margin of the head

than from each other. Antenne not very stout, the second

joint of the flagellum equal to the third, nearly twice as long as

the first. Head and thorax very closely punctured ; the frontal

suleus very indistinct, the clypeus and front as high as the emar-

gination of the eyes clothed with silver pubescence. Median

segment obliquely striated on the whole dorsal surface; the

median sulcus almost obsolete; the median carina distinct, but

not reaching the apex; the posterior slope transversely striated.

Abdomen finely and closely punctured; the first segment mode-

rately constricted at the apex, second ventral segment evenly and

very distinctly punctured. ‘The white pubescence on the abdo-

men is confined to the sides of the segments, and does not form

apical bands. Calcaria black. Second abscissa of the radius

shorter than the petiole of the second cubital cell; recurrent

nervures interstitial with the transverse cubital nervures ; trans-

verse median nervure a little nearer to the base of the wing than

the basal nervure.

Hab. Yallingup, $.W. Australia (Turner), November and

December. 1Q2 and4¢doc.

Kasily distinguished from other black species by the colour and

breadth of the mandibles. It is remarkable that the clypeus is

much more distinctly pointed in the female than in the male.

25, PisoN INFuMATUM Turn.

Pison infumatum ‘Turn. Proc, Zool. Soc. London, p. 510

(1908), 2.

This little species may be recognised by the shining median

segment, on which the punctures are microscopic.

Hab, Port Darwin (Turner), December.

26. PIsON PERPLEXUS Sm.

Pison perplecus Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 314 (1856), 3.

This differs from fuscipennis as indicated on the key by the

proportionate distance between the pesterior ocelli and the eyes.

606 MR. R. E. TURNER ON

IT am inclined to think that this difference may prove to be

sexual, but do not think it would be justifiable to sink fusct-

pennis as a Synonym until more material is available.

Hab. Victoria (French).

27. PISON FUSCIPENNIS Sm.

Pison fuscipennis Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 294 (1869), 2 .

This is distinguished from spinol@ and other related species by

the even puncturation of the second ventral segment.

Hab. Champion Bay, W.A. (Du Boulay).

28. PISON STRENUUM, sp. n.

@. Nigra; tegulis apice testaceis; segmentis dorsalibus 1—4

fascia apicali albo-pilosa ; alis sordide hyalinis, apice leviter in-

fuscatis, venis nigris.

Long., 2 11-12 mm., ¢ 9-10 mm.

@. Clypeus closely punctured, twice as broad as long, rounded

at the apex and produced in the middle into a blunt smooth

process ; clothed with sparse silver pubescence, which also extends

as high as the base of theantenne. Second joint of the flagellum

scarcely longer than the third. Posterior ocelli about equi-

distant from each other and from the eyes, separated from the

eyes by a distance about equal to their own diameter; the dis-

tance separating the eyes on the clypeus nearly twice as great

as that separating them on the vertex. Head and thorax very

closely and minutely*punctured. Median segment very closely

and minutely punctured, with extremely short oblique striz

along the basal margin; the median sulcus distinct, without a

carina, the surface of the posterior slope transversely striated,

with a strong median sulcus. Dorsal surface of the abdomen

microscopically punctured, the segments not constricted ; second

ventral segment very closely, evenly, and finely punctured.

Second abscissa of the radius rather variable in length, in the

type as long as the petiole of the second cubital cell, but usually

shorter; recurrent nervures interstitial with the transverse

cubital nervures, the first sometimes received just beyond the

base by the second cubital cell; transverse median nervure inter-

stitial with the basal.

Hab. Yallingup, 8.W. Australia (Turner), October to December;

South Perth, W.A. (7. J. Giles), January.

The male has the clypeus produced into a spine, the second

joint of the flagellum distinctly longer than the third, and the

eyes on the vertex further apart, only one and a half times as far

apart on the clypeus as on the vertex.

The species is smaller than perplexus or fuscipennis, and has

the second joint of the flagellum much shorter; the clypeus is

much more produced at the apex in both sexes, and there is no

fascia of white pubescence on the fifth dorsal segment, which

fascia 1s present in fuscipennis.

FOSSORIAL WASPS. 607

29. Prison sPrInoL Shuck.

Pison spuvole Shuck. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, i. p. 76

(1837), @.

Pison australis Sauss. Mém. Soc. Phys. & Hist. Nat. Geneve,

Xiv. 11. (1853), 2.

Pison tasmanicus Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 316 (1856), 3.

Tauranga dubia W. F. Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 201

(1883), 3.

Pison pruinosus Cam. Mem. Manchester Lit. & Phil. Soc. xii.

p. 44 (1897), 2.

This species may be distinguished by the smooth opaque

mesopotum. The second cubital cell varies much in size, being

sometimes almost obsolete, as on one side in the type of Taranga

dubia. The recurrent nervures are usually mterstitial with the

transverse cubital nervures, but where the second cubital cell is

reduced the first recurrent is received before the apex of the

first cubital cell. I can find absolutely no difference between

Australian and New Zealand specimens, and have no doubt that

the species has been imported into the latter country during the

last century.

flab. Kaglehawk Neck, Tasmania (Turner), February; Mt.

Wellington, Tasmania (Zurner), January ; Mt. Lofty, S.A.

(Wesche), November; Taralga, N.S.W. (Dr. Broom) ; Toowoomba,

Q. (Higlett) ; Wellington, New Zealand (Cockayne), December.

30. PISON CONGENER, sp. n.

2. Nigra ; segmentis dorsalibus 1-3 apice anguste albo-pilosis ;

alis fusco-hyalinis, venis nigris; mesonoto punctato; segmento

ventrali secundo in disco sparse punctato.

Long., 9 14mm., ¢ 12 mm.

@. Clypeus rounded at the apex, slightly but broadly pro-

duced in the middle of the apical margin, closely and very finely

punctured and clothed with greyish pubescence. Second joint of

the flagellum distinctly longer than the third. Posterior ocelli

further from the eyes than from each other, separated from the

eyes by a distance equal to about twice their own diameter ; eyes

about half as far again from each other on the clypeus as on the

vertex. Thorax closely and distinctly punctured. Median seg-

ment finely and closely punctured, with delicate, irregular,

oblique striz at the base, with a distinct median sulcus, but

without a carina, the posterior slope punctured, with indistinct

transverse striz and a strong median sulcus. Abdomen closely

microscopically punctured, the two basal segments slightly de-

pressed on the apical margin, the ventral segments more strongly

and sparsely punctured, the second and third ventral segments

more sparsely punctured in the middle than at the sides. Second

abscissa of the radius fully as long as the petiole of the second

cubital cell, recurrent nervures interstitial with the transverse

cubital nervures.

608 MR. R. E. TURNER ON

3. The clypeus is distinctly pointed at the apex; the eyes a

little further apart on the vertex than in the female, and the

sculpture of the median segment a little coarser.

Hab. Yallingup, 8.W. Australia (Turner), December.

This is very near spinole, but is distinguished by the punc-

tured thorax and the greater distance between the eyes on the

vertex.

31. Pison scABRUM Turn.

Pison seabrum Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 509 (1908), 2

This species has the thorax and median segment much more

coarsely punctured than in congener, the second abscissa of the

radius is also much longer, and the eyes are further apart on the

clypeus. It is very near P. nitidus Sm., from Aru, but has the

eyes further apart on the vertex than in that species, and the

sculpture of the median segment coarser, with a much less

distinet sulcus.

Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner).

32. PIsoN PUNCTULATUM Kohl.

Pison punctulatum Kohl, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxili.

p. 336 (1883), Q ¢. ,

Kasily distinguished by the coarse puncturation of the head,

thorax, and median segment, and by the strongly constricted

abdominal segments. The punctures of the dorsal segments are

very distinct; the second ventral segment is rather sparsely

punctured, especially in the middle. The antenne are short and

rather stout. The nearest relation is P. constrictum Turn., from

New Guinea, but the sculpture is much less coarse in that

species, and the puncturation of the second ventral segment is

different.

Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner), December.

33. PISON AURIVENTRE Turn.

Pison auriventre Turn. Proce. Zool. Soc. London, p. 512

(1908), 9

The abdomen in this species is almost entirely covered with

golden pubescence, which forms denser ‘bands on the apical

margins of the segments. There is a spot of silver pubescence

at the apical angles of the first dorsal segment.

Hab. Victoria (french); Brisbane, Q. (Hacker), September.

34, PISON DIVES, sp. n.

2. Nigra; segmentis abdommalibus apice anguste brunneis ;

tegulis calcariisque fuscis, clypeo argenteo-piloso; abdomine

aureo-piloso ; alis subhyalinis, venis fusco-ferrugineis.

Long. 10 mm.

2. Clypeus closely and very finely punctured, broadly and

roundly produced on the middle of the apical margin, the

FOSSORIAL WASPS. 609

produced portion smooth and shining. Antenne not very stout,

the second joint of the flagellum distinctly, but very slightly,

longer than the third, more than twice as long as the first.

Posterior ocelli as far from the eyes as from each other, separated

from each other by a distance less than the diameter of one

ocellus; eyes almost twice as far apart on the clypeus as on the

vertex. Head and thorax opaque, microscopically punctured.

Median segment finely and closely obliquely striated ; the median

suleus very distinct, but not reaching the base, without a distinct

carina, the posterior slope transversely striated. Abdomen

covered with golden pubescence, on the dorsal segments forming

denser apical fascie. Petiole of the second cubital cell shorter

than the second abscissa of the radius and no longer than the

height of the second cubital cell; transverse median nervure

interstitial with the basal nervure.

Hab. Kuranda, Q. (Turner), May.

This is allied to awriventre, but is distinguished by the shape

of the clypeus, the lesser distance between the eyes on the

vertex and between the posterior ocelli, and by the striation of

the whole dorsal surface of the median segment, the striation

in aurwentre being confined to the extreme base and almost

obsolete. In both species the second ventral segment is very

finely, closely, and evenly punctured.

35. PISoN SIMILLIMUS Sm.

Pison simillimus Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 292

(1869), ¢.

This may be distinguished from marginatum and other allied

species by the very distinct oblique striation of the dorsal surface

of the median segment. The tibie and tarsi are ferruginous,

the apical margins of the dorsal segments brown. In the male

the posterior ocelli are a little nearer to each other than to the

eyes, but in the female the distances are about equal; the male

has the clypeus produced into a spine, that of the female being

very broadly rounded. ‘The second abscissa of the radius is

as long as or longer than the petiole of the second cubital cell, and

the first recurrent nervure is received just before the apex of the

first cubital cell.

flab. Victoria (French).

36. PIsoN MARGINATUS Sm.

Pison marginatus Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 314 (1856), 9°.

This species has the median segment very closely and finely

punctured, the punctures intermingled with very delicate striz,

which are not visible inall lights. The margins of the abdominal

segments are rather broadly brown, with fascie of pale, dull,

fulvous pubescence.

Hab. Melbourne, Victoria (french); Mackay, Q. (Turner),

October.

610 MR. R. E. TURNER ON

37. PISON SEPARATUS Sm.

Pison separatus Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 294 (1869), 3.

Very near marginatus, but may be distinguished by the sparser

punctures of the median segment and the absence of striz, and

by the somewhat longer spine of the male clypeus. The colour

of the tarsi is a little more ferruginous. I have not seen the

female, but it is not improbable that when more material is

available it will prove to be merely a western form of mar-

ginatus.

Hab. Champion Bay, W.A. (Du Boulay).

38. PIson TIBIALIS Smn.

Pison tibialis Sm. Trans. Ent. Soe. London, p. 292 (1869), 3.

The male has the clypeus produced into a spine at the apex;

the antenne stout and rather short, the second joint of the

flagellum nearly equal to the combined length of the first and

third ; the posterior ocelli nearer to each other than to the eyes,

which are nearly half as far again from each other on the

clypeus as on the vertex. The median segment is short and

broad, and the insect is of robust build in proportion to the

length. The female has the clypeus rounded, somewhat bluntly

produced in the middle of the apical margin; the second joint

of the flagellum a little shorter in proportion than in the male;

the posterior ocelli as near to the eyes as to each other, and the

eyes fully half as far again from each other on the clypeus as on

the vertex.

Hab. Western Australia (Du Boulay); Kalamunda, W.A.

(Turner), February to April; Brisbane, Q. (Hacker), December.

39. PISON FRATERCULUS, sp. n.

@. Nigra; tegulis segmentisque abdominalibus fascia lata

apicali brunneis; femoribus apice, tibiis tarsisque ferrugineis ;

segmentis dorsalibus fascia apicali pallide fulvo-pilosa ; alis sor-

dide hyalinis, venis fusco-ferrugineis,

do. Femine similis.

Long., 2 10 mm., ¢ 9°5 mm.

2. Clypeus microscopically punctured, opaque, clothed with

whitish pubescence, bluntly produced and rounded in the middle

of the apical margin. Head and thorax minutely punctured ;

the front clothed with whitish pubescence as high as the emar-

gination of the eyes, without a frontal suleus; second joint of

the flagellum a little longer than the third, but shorter than the

first and third combined. Posterior ocelli a little nearer to the

eyes than to each other, separated from the eyes by a distance

considerably less than their own diameter; the eyes more than

half as far again from each other on the clypeus as on the

vertex. Median segment finely and closely punctured, the

median suleus and carina distinct, but not very strong; the

FOSSORIAL WASPS. 611

posterior slope punctured at the base, transversely striated at

the apex, the median sulcus deep at the base, but not extending

on to the striated portion. Abdomen microscopically punctured,

the segments not constricted ; second ventral segment finely and

evenly punctured. Recurrent nervures interstitial with the

transverse cubital nervures ; second abscissa of the radius slightly

shorter than the petiole of the second cubital cell; transverse

median and basal nervures interstitial.

¢. Clypeus produced into a short spine at the apex; posterior

ocelli separated from the eyes by a distance fully equal to their

own diameter ; second abscissa of the radius a little longer than

the petiole of the second cubital cell.

Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner), January and February.

Very near ¢ibialis, but the eyes are nearer together on the

vertex, the sculpture of the thorax and median segment is finer,

the second abscissa of the radius is much shorter, and the whole

insect is of more slender build, the median segment being longer

and more narrowed to the apex.

40, PISON MERIDIONALE, Sp. 0.

3. Niger; antennis articulis quatuor basalibus, mandibulis,

tegulis pedibusque, coxis exceptis, ferrugineis ; segmentis dor-

- salibus apice late brunneis, fascia apicali aureo-pubescente ; alis

hyalinis, iridescentibus, venis fuscis.

Long. 9°5 mm.

dg. Clypeus minutely punctured, produced into a short spine

at the apex, covered with whitish pubescence, which extends on

the front as high as the emargination of the eyes. Second joint

of the flagellum very little longer than the third. Posterior

ocelli as far from the eyesas from each other, separated from the

eyes by a distance about half as great again as their own

diameter; eyes half as far again from each other on the clypeus

as on the vertex. Head and thorax minutely punctured.

Median segment finely punctured-striate, the strie oblique and

indistinct, most distinct at the base; the median sulcus distinct,

but shallow, the carina only developed at the extreme base; the

posterior slope coarsely transversely striated. Abdomen very

finely and closely punctured ; the basal segment short, a little

depressed at the apex; second ventral segment closely and

evenly punctured; seventh dorsal segment broadly truncate at

the apex. Recurrent nervures interstitial with the transverse

cubital nervures ; second abscissa of the radius longer than the

petiole of the second cubital cell; transverse median nervure

received just beyond the basal nervure, not quite interstitial.

Hab. Adelaide, S.A.

Near tibialis, but differs in the colour of the legs and antenna,

in the lesser breadth between the eyes on the vertex, in the

finer sculpture of the thorax, and in the sculpture of the median

segment.

612 MR. R. E. TURNER ON

4], PIsON DECIPIENS Sm.

Pison decipiens Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 295 (1869), 3.

More nearly allied to dimidiatum than to any other species,

but differs in the colour of the abdomen, the somewhat longer

median segment, and in the whiter pubescence of the head and

thorax. The clypeus is also less deeply sinuate on each side of

the apical spine.

Hab. Champion Bay, W.A. (Du Boulay).

42. PISON INCONSPICUUM, Sp. n.

6. Niger; mandibulis, tegulis pedibusque, coxis exceptis,

ferrugineis ; trochanteribus anticis femoribusque anticis basi

nigricantibus ; seginentis dorsalibus apice anguste fusco-brunneis,

fascia apicali sparse albido-pubescente ; alis hyalinis, venis fuscis.

Long. 5°5 mm.

3. Clypeus produced into a long spine at the apex, deeply

sinuate on each side of the spine, covered with silver pubescence,

which extends on the front as high as the emargination of the

eyes. Antenne rather short and stout, the second joint of the

flagellum a little longer than the third. Ocelli in an equilateral

triangle, the posterior pair as far from the eyes as from each

other, separated from the eyes by a distance equal to at least

twice their own diameter; the eyes no further apart on the

clypeus than on the vertex. Head very much broader than the

thorax, very minutely punctured, the frontal sulcus almost obso-

lete, only visible just below the anterior ocellus; thorax a little

more distinctly punctured than the head. Median segment

finely granulate, with a few indistinet oblique striz at the base ;

median sulcus very shallow, the median carina distinct. Abdo-

men microscopically punctured, more distinctly punctured on the

ventral surface ; second ventral segment finely and evenly punc-

tured ; seventh dorsal segment dull ferruginous, broadly truncate

at the apex. Recurrent nervures interstitial with the transverse

cubital nervures ; second abscissa of the radius shorter than the

petiole of the second cubital cell; transverse median nervure

interstitial with the basal nervure.

Hab. Mundaring Weir, W.A. (Turner), March 18, 1914.

The anterior margin of the clypeus is shaped as in dimzdiatus,

to which species and decipiens the relationship is close. But the

eyes are much closer together on the clypeus than in either of

those species, and the colour of the abdomen is different, the

apical chitinous fascie being much darker than in decipiens, also

the antenne are entirely black.

43. PISON AURIFEX Sm,

Pison aurifex Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 293 (1869), 2 ¢-

I have seen no recent specimens of this beautiful species. It

is of much more slender build than vestitus or awreosericewm, the

shape of the first abdominal segment being much more elongate.

FOSSORIAL WASPS. 613

All the dorsal and ventral segments have broad chitinous bands

of brown, covered on the four basal dorsal segments with golden

pubescence.

Two females and one male in the British Museum, all from

Smith’s collection.

Hab. Australia,

44, Pison VESTITUS Sm.

Pison vestitus Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 315 (1856), @.

The type is unique in the British Museum, without any data

to show whence it was received. At one time I confused it with

pulchrinum, but it differs as pointed out in the description of

that species. ‘here is a minute tubercle on each side of the

mesosternum, as in auratus and aureosericewm.

Hab. Australia.

45, PIsON PULCHRINUM, sp. h.

2. Nigva; mandibulis, antennis articulis quinque basalibus,

tegulis, femoribus apice, tibiis tarsisque ferrugineis; segmentis

dorsalibus 3-6, ventralibus 2-6 fascia apicali brunnea; segmento

dorsali primo fascia apicali aureo-pubescente; fronte dense,

thorace segmentoque mediano sparsius aureo-pilosis; alis hya-

linis, venis fuscis.

3g. Femine similis.

Long., 2 13 mm., ¢ 10 mm.

?. Clypeus very broadly rounded or subtruncate at the apex,

clothed with golden pubescence, which extends on the front as

high as the emargination of the eyes. Second joint of the

flagellum longer than the third, about equal in length to the

first and third combined. Posterior ocelli a little further from

each other than from the eyes, separated from the eyes by a

distance slightly exceeding their own diameter; eyes more than

half as far again from each other on the clypeus as on the

vertex. front somewhat convex, the frontal sulcus indistinct ;

the punctures of the head microscopic. Thorax rather more

distinctly punctured, the pronotum and postscutellum clothed

with golden pubescence. Mesosternum with a minute tubercle

on each side. Median segment short and broad, finely punctured,

clothed with pale golden pubescence; the median sulcus distinct,

but shallow, the median carina not reaching the apex; the

apical slope coarsely transversely striated, with a deep median

suleus. Abdomen microscopically punctured ; the basal segment

short and broad, a little depressed at the apex, with a broad

band of golden pubescence, second segment without an apical

band of pubescence, the bands on the third and fourth segments

fairly broad. Recurrent nervures interstitial with the trans-

verse cubital nervures ; second abscissa of the radius longer than

the petiole of the second cubital cell ; transverse median nervure

received beyond the basal nervure.

gd. Clypeus with a small spine in the middle of the apical

614 MR. R. E. TURNER ON

margin; the pubescence on the whole insect paler; seventh

dorsal segment widely emarginate at the apex.

Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner), December to April; Kuranda, Q.

(Lurner), March to July.

In this species there is no band of golden pubescence on the

second dorsal segment, which is present in vestitus, the antennz

in that species are black, and the legs piceous, almost black.

The eyes are nearer together in vestitus than in pulchrinum, both

on the clypeus and vertex, though the difference in this point is

slight.

46, PISON EXORNATUM, sp. nD.

Q. Nigra; mandibulis, antennis articulis septem basalibus,

tegulis, femoribus apice, tibiis, tarsis, abdomine segmento primo,

segmentoque quinto margine apicali pallide ferrugineis; alis

hyalinis, venis fusco-ferrugineis.

Long. 11-13 mm.

Q. Extremely near P. pulchrinuwm, from which it differs in

the ferruginous colour of the first abdominal segment, in the

absence of brown chitinous and golden pubescent apical bands on

the third and fourth dorsal segments, in the slightly less distance

between the eyes on the clypeus, and in the distinctly narrower

median segment. The distribution of the golden pubescence on

the head, thorax, and median segment, also on the apical band of

the first dorsal segment, is the same in both species.

Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner), May.

47. PISON AUREOSERICEUM Rohw.

Pison aureosericeum Rohw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, xlix.

p. 246 (1915), 9d.

This species also strongly resembles pulchrinum, except in

colour, the ferruginous colour of the legs including the whole of

the femora and trochanters ; the first abdominal segment is also

ferruginous, and there is a broad ferruginous apical band on the

second segment; the three apical segments are almost wholly

ferruginous. The apical dorsal segment of the male is broadly

truncate, not emarginate as in pelchrinum.

Hab. Kuranda, Q. (Lurner), February ; Mackay, Q. (Turner),

February and March; Duaringa, Q. (U.S. Museum); Victoria

(French).

48. Pison AuRaAtuUS Shuck.

Pison auratus Shuck. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 11. p.78 (1837), ° .

This is extremely near awreosericewm, with which species I had

at one time confused it, but it differs in the distinctly longer

median segment and in the wholly ferruginous colour of the

second ventral segment. The striation of the posterior slope of

the median segment is much less coarse than in awreosericeum.

Hab. Port Darwin (Dodd).

FOSSORIAL WASPS. 615

49, PISON EXULTANS, sp. n.

3. Niger; mandibulis, antennis apice infuscatis, tegulis,

abdomine segmento primo utrinque nigro-maculato, segmento

septimo, femoribus apice, tibiis tarsisque ferrugineis; segmentis

3-6 apice late brunneo-fasciatis; alis sordide hyalinis, venis

nigris.

Long. 8 mm.

3d. Clypeus short and broad, the apical margin subtruncate,

produced into a point in the middle; antenne rather stout,

distinctly thickened towards the apex, second joint of the

flagellum a little longer than the third, less than twice as long

as the first. Posterior ocelli a little further from each other than

from the eyes, separated trom the eyes by a distance slightly

exceeding their own diameter ; eyes about half as far again from

each other on the clypeus as on the vertex; the frontal sulcus

very shallow ; clypeus and front as far as the emargination of

the eyes clothed with whitish pubescence. Head and thorax

opaque, microscopically punctured ; pronotum clothed with very

pale golden pubescence. Median segment rather long, very

closely and minutely punctured, with a row of large punctures at

the base; the median sulcus well marked but not deep, the

median carina very delicate, with a row of distinct punctures on

each side of it in the sulcus; the posterior slope closely and

finely punctured, with a strong median suleus. First abdominal

segment elongate, subpetiolate, longer than the second, widened

to the apex, with an apical band of rather sparse whitish pu-

bescence, the second segment without an apical chitinous or

pubescent band; segments 3-6 with broad pale brown chitinous

bands clothed with very pale fulvous pubescence ; seventh dorsal

segment subtriangular, bluntly pointed at the apex; the whole

abdomen closely microscopically punctured, more strongly and

sparsely on the ventral than on the dorsal surface. First recur-

rent nervure received just before the apex of the first cubital

cell, second interstitial with the second transverse cubital nervure ;

second cubital cell small, second abscissa of the radius as long

as the petiole of the second cubital cell; transverse median

nervure received before the basal nervure.

Hab. Victoria (French).

Hasily distinguished from the somewhat similarly coloured

species of the awratus group by the elongate first abdominal

segment and the triangular seventh segment.

50. PIson BASALIS Sm.

Pison basalis Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 292 (1869), @.

This species belongs to the auratus group, but may be dis-

tinguished by the ferruginous colour of the second dorsal

segment. The male has the seventh dorsal segment truncate at

the apex, as in @ureosericeum.

Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner), November.

616 MR. R. E. TURNER ON

Old World Species (excluding Australian).

51. Prison (PIsoNorpES) OBLITERATUS Sm.

Pison (Pisonoides) obliteratus Sm. Journ. Proc. Linn. Soe., Zool.

i. p. 104 (1857), .

Parapison obliteratus Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 299

(1869).

This must be taken as the type of Smith’s subgenus Pisonoides,

which is the same as his later genus Parapison. Though Kohl

treats Pisonoides as a nomen nudum, I certainly cannot follow

him.

The present species may be distinguished from other Oriental

Pisonoides by the first abdominal segment, which is about twice

as long as its apical breadth, being narrow throughout, though

er. adually broadening towards the apex.

Hab. Borneo (Wallace); Taiping, Malay Peninsula (W. B.

Orme) ; Maulmain, Tenasserim (Bin gham), November; Kumaon,

N.W. India (Miss A Brook), August.

52. Pison (PisoNnorpEs) AGIuis Sm.

Parapison agilis Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 300

(1869), @.

The legs are piceous, almost black, with whitish calearia, the

fore tibix and tarsi dull ferruginous brown. It is very near

erythropus, but in that species the legs are bright ferruginous.

The second cubital cell in erythropus is pointed on the radius,

but in agilis the second abscissa of the radius is nearly half as

long as the first transverse cubital nervure. Bingham states

that the eyes in agilis are nearer together on the vertex than in

erythropus, but this is not the case in the type ; he has evidently

looked at a Ceylon specimen when comparing, the eyes being

slightly nearer to each other both on the vertex and clypeus than

in the type. The length of the second abscissa of the radius

also varies considerably in Ceylon specimens. The other points

of difference given by Bingham are either unsatisfactory or not

constant. I am inclined to think that the two forms may be

merely local forms of one species, with another local race in

Ceylon with somewhat narrower spaces between the eyes both on

vertex and clypeus.

Hab. Bareilly (Horne), type; Ceylon (Dr. Thwaites).

53. Pison (PIsoNoIpDES) ERYTHROPUS Kohl.

Parapison rufipes Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 299 (1869),

2 (nec Pisonttus rufipes Schuck., 1837).

Pison erythropus Kohl, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxiv.

p. 183 (1884).

Hab. N.W. India (Horne).

FOSSORIAL WASPS. 617

*54. Prison (PISONOIDES) BROwNI Ashm.

Pisonoides browni Ashm. Proc. U.S. National Mus. xxviii.

p. 961 (1905), ¢.

I have not seen this species, which appears to be allied to agilis,

but may be distinguished by the striation of the posterior slope

of the median segment, which is punctured in agilis.

Hab, Manila (2. Brown),

“D5, PIsoN (PISONOIDES) KOREENSIS Rad.

Paraceramius koreensis Rad. Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. xxi. p- 433

(igs O!

The description of this species 1s insutticient, but I do not

think it is identical with any Indian species.

56. Pison (PisonorpEs) roruneyi Cam.

Pison (Parapison) rothneyi Cam. Mem. Manchester Lit. &

Phil. Soe. xli. p. 81 (1896), °.

Pison (Parapison) crassicorne Cam. Mem. Manchester Lit. &

Phil. Soe. xli. 13, p. 25 (1897), ¢ (as 2).

These are undoubtedly sexes of one species. I have seen

Cameron’s types.

Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).

57. Pison (PISONOIDES) DIFFERENS, sp. n.

2. Nigra, opaca, segmento mediano subnitido ; mandibulis,

tegulis, segmentis dorsalibus et ventralibus fascia lata apicali,

femoribus apice tibiisque brunneo-testaceis; alis hyalinis, irides-

centibus, venis fuscis.

Long. 8 mm,

2. Head and thorax Opaque, very closely microscopically

punctured ; clypeus broadly rounded at the apex ; the front

with a distinct longitudinal sulcus extending to the anterior

ocellus ; eyes a little further apart on the clypeus than on the

vertex, separated on the clypeus by a distance slightly exceeding

the length of the scape and the two basal joints of the flagellum

combined ; posterior ocelli a little further from each other than

from the eyes, separated from the eyes by a distance equal to the

diameter of one ocellus. Second and third joints of the flagellum

subequal. Median segment slender, shining and microscopically

punctured ; the dorsal surface nearly as long as the mesonotum

and rather strongly narrowed to the apex; the median sulcus

broad and distinct, without a-median carina, distinctly inter-

rupted between the dorsal and posterior surfaces, with a minute

triangular raised area projecting into the sulcus at the base of

the segment; the posterior slope minutely punctured, without

strie. Abdomen minutely, closely, and evenly punctured, both

on the dorsal and ventral surfaces. Second abscissa of the

radius less than half as long as the first transverse cubital

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1916, No. XLII. 43

618 ‘MR. R. E. TURNER ON

nervure, much shorter than the distance between the recurrent

nervures on the cubitus; second recurrent nervure interstitial

with the first transverse cubital nervure.

Hab. Shillong, Assam, 5000 ft. (Zurner), May. 32 9.

Very near rothneyi, of which it may prove to be a subspecies,

but as there are structural differences it cannot be treated as

identical. The ocelli are much smaller, the eyes are further

apart both on the clypeus and the vertex, the puncturation of

the head is somewhat finer, the median segment has the dorsal

surface very distinctly longer and more narrowed to the apex,

and the suleus of the median segment is broadly interrupted

between the dorsal and > posterior surfaces, not almost continuous

as in rothneyt. The pronotum is also a little more depressed in

the present species. The apical half of the posterior slope of the

median segment is finely transversely striated in rothneyt, finely

punctured in ‘differens.

58. Prison (PisoNorEs) ISoLATuUM ‘Turn.

Pison (Parapison) isolatum Turn. Trans. Linn. Soc, xiv. p. 372

CII), 2 S-

This is a very distinct species, without chitimous or pubescent

bands at the apex of the dorsal segments, being very much

nearer to the Australian erythrocerus Kohl than to the Asiatic

species. The antenne are much longer than in erythrocerus,

and the sculpture of the median segment is different.

fab. Silhouette Island, Seychelles (Scot).

59, Pison (PISONOLDES) TESTACEIPES, sp. n.

3d. Niger; mandibulis, palpis, scapo, tegulis, tibiis anticis

tarsisque rufo-testaceis; segmento abdominali quarto dimidio

apicali, quinto, sexto, septimoque brunneo-testaceis ; alis hyalinis,

iidescentibus, margine apicali late infuscatis, venis nigris.

Long. 7 mm,

3. Clypeus broadly truncate at the apex; antenne rather

slender at the base, slightly thickened towards the apex, the

second joint of the flagellum only a little longer than the third,

about twice as long as the first. Posterior ocelli separated both

from each other and from the eyes by a distance about equal to

the diameter of one ocellus, further from the anterior ocellus

than from each other. Clypeus and front as high as the emar-

gination of the eyes clothed with silver pubescence, the frontal

sulcus indistinct, front opaque, finely punctured-rugulose, vertex

iinely punctured, Eyes half as far again from each other on the

clypeus as on the vertex. Pronotum short, mueh shorter than

in P. xanthopus ; mesonotum and scutellum finely and closely,

but distinctly punctured; mesopleurze more finely punctured,

with a fovea in the middle. Median segment closely punctured,

with a distinct triangular dorsal area which is obliquely striated

at the extreme base, the median sulcus strongly marked, the

FOSSORIAL WASPS. 619

carina only visible at the base, the sides of the segment outside

the triangular area finely and irregularly striated ; the posterior

Slope more distinctly transversely striated, with a rather indis-

tinct median sulcus. Abdomen microscopically punctured,

without fascize of pubescence ; the first segment rather strongly

depressed at the apex, the ventral surface evenly and much more

distinctly punctured ; the seventh ventral segment very shallowly

emarginate at the apex. Second cubital cell almost pointed on

the radius, first transverse cubital nervure a little nearer to the

first than to the second recurrent nervure, transverse median

nervure received before the basal nervure.

Hab. Gangeru, N. Nigeria (J. W. Scott-Macfie), November.

This is very distinct from aanthopus in the sculpture of the

median segment as well as in the neuration, also in the structure

of the apical ventral segments.

60. Pison ARGENTATUS Shuck.

Pison (Pisonitus) argentatus Shuck. Trans. Ent. Soc. London,

ime Jo, 19) (SIE),

Pison fuscipalpe Cam. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, ii. p- 27 (1901).

Pisonitus argenteus Ashm. Proc. U.S. National Mus. xxviii.

p- 131 (1904).

This is a very wide-ranging species, and the original habitat

is doubtful. In recent years it has been im ported into Hawaii,

where it has increased rapidly, apparently to the detriment of

the indigenous species. There seems to be some slight variation

in the intensity of the sculpture of the median segment, but

nothing of specific importance.

Hab. Mauritius (Shuckard), type; Madagascar (Saussure) ;

Rangoon (Bingham), April; Amherst, Tenasserim (Bingham),

April; Singapore (Cameron) ; Borneo (ex coll. Cameron) ; Bacoor,

Philippines (Ashmead) ; Oahu, Hawaii (Perkins), July.

61. Prison ruGosus Sm.

Pison (Pisonitus) rugosus Sm, Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 313

(1856), @.

Pison appendiculatum Cam. Mem. Manchester Lit. & Phil.

Soe. xli. 13, p. 24 (1897). :

Kasily distinguished from argentatus, the only other Oriental

species of the Pisonitus section, by the much coarser punctura-

tion of the head and thorax and the stronger constriction of

the abdominal segments. Intermediate in neuration between

Pisonitus and Pison.

Hab. N.W. Provinces of India, throughout N.E. India and

Burma; Poona, W. India.

62. PIson ATER Spin.

Alyson ater Spin. Ins. Lig. ii. 4, p. 253 (1808), 2.

Pison gurina Spin. Ins. Lig. ii. 4, p. 256 (1808), 3.

A3*

620 MR. R. E. TURNER ON

Tachybulus niger Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. p. 75 (1809), 2

Pison atrum Kohl, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges, Wien, xxxiv. p. 184, d.

This is the best-known European species, though far from

common. It may be distinguished from the other South Euro-

pean species P. sericewm by the sculpture of the median segment,

which is punctured in ater, finely obliquely striated in sericewm,

and by the much greater distance between the posterior ocelli

and eyes of sericewm, equal in the male of that species to

twice the diameter of an ocellus, in the male of ater only equal

to the diameter of an ocellus. In sericewm also the margins

of the abdominal segments are dark brown, in ater black. The

size of ater is also considerably less than that of sericeum.

Hab. Genoa (Spinola); 8. France (Latreille) ; Albania (Saun-

ders); Switzerland (Hohl); Gibraltar (Walker).

63. Pison serRicEUM Kohl.

Pison sericeum Kohl, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxvill.

p. 140 (1888), 3

Hab. Attica (Kohl); Italy (ee coll. F. Smith).

y *64. PisoN ASSIMILE Sickm.

Pison assimile Sickm. Zool, Jahrb, viii, p. 212 (1895), ©.

Very similar to P. ater, but more finely punctured.

Hab. Tientsin.

65. Pison rasciarus Rad.

Pseudonysson fasciatus Rad. Hore Soc. Ent. Ross. xii. p. 105

(1876), ¢; Rad. Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, p. 592 (1891),

The description is poor, but apparently the species is allied to

algiricum, but with normal antenne. To this species I assign

an. Indian specimen with some doubt.

Hab. 8.K. Caucasus ; Chapra, Bengal (Mackenzie).

/ *66. Pison susprcax Kokuj.

Pison suspicax Kokuj. Mitt. Kaukas. Mus. vii. p. 6 (1912), 3

This may be distinguished from all other Palearctic species by

the golden pubescence of the head and abdominal fascie.

Hab. Caucasus.

67. Pison aLGiricum Kohl.

Pison algiricum Kohl, Termes Fuz. xxi. p. 353 (1898), 2 ¢.

In the male sex this is distinguished by the thickening of the

third to sixth joints of the flagellum beneath, near the apex. A

somewhat similar structure, much more strongly developed, but

confined to the third and fourth joints, is seen in the Australian

P. fenestratus Sm. Kohl compares the present species with

fasciatus Rad., in which the antenne are normal.

Hab. Oran (Sc chmiedeknecht); Marakesh (HL scaler a), April.

FOSSORIAL WASPS. 621

68. PIsoN REGALIS Sm.

Pison regalis Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, (2) ii. p. 34

(1852), @ ¢.

Allied to insigne Sickm., but much larger; the male has

similar transverse ridges on the second, third, and fourth ventral

segments, which appear also in a rudimentary form on the

second and third segments of the female. But it differs from

insigne in the absence of a tubercle on the mesopleure before the

intermediate coxe, and in the absence of a transverse depression

on the mesosternum. The apical ventral segment of the male is

very deeply emarginate, with a long spine on each side.

Hab. Ning-po-foo, China (#ortune); Hsikou, near Tientsin

(f. M. Thomson), June.

ly #69, Prson tnsiG@NE Sickm.

Pison insigne Sickm. Zool. Jahrb. viii. p. 210 (1895), ¢.

Differs from P. regalis as noticed above; the mesonotum is

also more sparsely and finely punctured.

Hab. Nankou Pass, N. China (Weber).

70. Pison xantHorus Brullé.

Nephridia xanthopus Brullé, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, i. p. 408

(1833).

a obscurus Shuck. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, ii. p. 75

(1837), 29s.

A wide-ranging African species in which the median segment

is strongly obliquely striated, the three or four apical abdominal

segments in the male more or less red; the clypeus in the male

is somewhat angular in the middle on the apical margin, but not

produced into a tooth, that of the female very broadly rounded

or subtruncate ; the posterior ocelli further from each other than

from the eyes, separated from the eyes by less than the diameter

of an-ocellus. The position of the second recurrent nervure

is variable. b

Hab. Meadi, Egypt (Hgyptian Department of Agriculture),

July; Entebbe, Uganda (C. G. Gowdey), March, August, and

September ; Obuasi, Ashanti (Dr. Graham), February to April;

Sierra Leone (Morgan). ;

jf *71. Pison Montanus Cam.

Pison montanus Cam. in Sjéstedt, Kilimandj. Meru Exp. ii.

aS oR (LOMO) Ec).

The description is poor, but from the coarse sculpture the

relationship would seem to be nearest to allonymum.

Hab. Kibonoto, Kilimandjaro,

622 MR. R. E. TURNER ON

72. Pison ALLONYMUM Schulz.

Pison iridipennis Cam. Rec. Albany Mus. i. p. 261 (1905), 3

(nec Smith, 1879).

Pisum allonymum Schulz, Spolia Hymen. p. 2138 (1906),

The head, thorax, and median segment are coarsely punctured,

the eyes very far apart on the vertex, nearly as far as on the

clypeus, the posterior ocelli further from the eyes than from each

other. I do not think that this can be rhodesianum Bisch., the

distance between the eyes being so much greater than in ater,

and the puncturation much coarser,

Hab. Dunbrody (O'Neill); Willowmore (Dr. Brauns) ; Mia

Luangwa River, N.E. Rhodesia (Veave), August; Nawalia,

Niamadzi River, N.K. Rhodesia (Weave), August.

*73, PISON RHODESIANUM Bisch.

Pison rhodesianwm Bisch. Arch. f. Naturg. A. 3, p. 75

(1913), 9

From the description this seems to be very near P. ater, with

which Bischoff compares it. J consider that it is certainly dis-

tinct from any of the African species described by Cameron.

Hab. Buluwayo; October.

74, PISON TRANSVAALENSIS Cam.

Pison transvaalensis Cam. Ann. Transv. Mus. ii. p- 152

(1910), 3

A specimen of this species, labelled “type” by Cameron, is in

the British Museum. It is from the Cameron collection, and is

a female; but Cameron was accustomed to label all specimens

before him « ‘type,’ not only one. The species is very near denti-

ceps, and I am inclined to think that Cameron has mistaken the

sex of his type, and that denticeps is really the male of trans-

vaalensis, in which case the latter name would stand. But the

position of the first recurrent nervure is different. The posterior

ocelli in transvaalensis are very close to the eyes.

* Hab. Pretoria.

75. PISON DENTICEPS Cam.

Pison denticeps Cam. Ann. Transv. Mus. ii. p. 153 (1910), ¢

This may be distinguished from xanthopus by the finer stria-

tion of the median segment, the less constricted abdominal

segments, the apical ventral segment is produced into two points

as is usual in the genus, not into one only as in wanthopus; the

clypeus also has a distinct spine at the apex, and the front

is more distinctly convex. ‘This species is remarkable as showing

a transition in neuration from Pison to Pisonoides, the second

transverse cubital nervure being sometimes entirely absent, but

sometimes represented by a stump; prebably a~long series

would show the full transition.

Hab. Transvaal.

FOSSORIAL WASPS. 62¢

*76. PIson CLYPEATUS Cam.

Pison clypeatus Cam. Ann. Transy. Mus. ii. p. 153 (1910), 2.

Evidently allied to xanthopus, but the clypeus is narrowed to a

sharp point in the centre, the striation of the median segment is

coarser, and the second abscissa of the radius longer.

Hab. Warmberg, Zoutpansberg district ; October.

77. PISON INHQUALE, sp. n.

6. Niger; mandibulis apice fusco-ferrugineis; tegulis cal-

carlisque brunneis ; alis hyalinis, apice late infuscatis, iridescen-

tibus, venis nigris; cellula cubitali secunda minutissima aut

obliterata.

Long. 7 mm.

3. Clypeus broad, produced into a short spine in the middle of

the apical margin; clothed with silver pubescence, which extends

on the front as high as the emargination of the eyes. Second

joint of the flagellum very slightly longer than the third; eyes

separated on the clypeus by a distance half as great again as that

separating them on the vertex; posterior ocelli as far from the

eyes as from each other, separated from the eyes by a distance

exceeding the diameter of an ocellus. Front closely punctured-

rugose, the frontal sulcus obsolete, except just below the anterior

ocellus, the vertex closely and rather coarsely punctured. Pro-

notum short, as in P. afer; mesonotum and scutellum coarsely

punctured, but less closely than the vertex, more coarsely than

in P, ater; pleure very closely punctured, but more finely than in

P. ater. Median segment with a deep median sulcus which is

very widely forked close to the base, enclosing a very small basal

area, the branches of the sulcus obliquely striated, the main

sulcus extending to the apex of the segment, with a strong

median carina not quite reaching the apex; on each side of the

sulcus the segment is very closely and finely punctured, with

numerous, fine, irregular striz; the apical slope coarsely punc-

tured-rugose, with a deep median sulcus. Abdomen finely

punctured, the segments moderately depressed at the apex, the

apical bands of white pubescence well defined lateraily, but not

distinct in the middle, the basal segment more sparsely and

strongly punctured than the second, the apical segments very

closely and minutely punctured; the ventral segments more

sparsely but evenly punctured; apical ventral segment very

shallowly emarginate, the angles not produced into points.

Second abscissa of the radius very short, second cubital cell

obliterated on the left side, very minute on the right, second

recurrent nervure on the right. side interstitial with the second

transverse cubital nervure, first received before the apex of the

first cubital cell. Basal and transverse median nervures in-

terstitial.

Hab. Mianje, Nyassaland (S. A. Veave), 2300 ft., October.

Very near ater and rhodesianus, but differs in the sculpture,

624 MR. R. E. TURNER ON

especially on the thorax and median segment; also in the reduc-

tion of the second eubital cell. It also differs in these characters

from montanus. 'Thereis no impressed line behind the posterior

ocelli.

78. PISON WOLLASTONI, sp. n.

2. Nigra, albo-pilosa; tegulis apice pallide brunneis; .alis

hyalinis, apice late infumatis, venis nigris, stigmate fusco-

ferrugineo.

Long. 11 mm.

2. Clypeus produced into a point at the apex, punctured

finely and closely, and clothed with rather long whitish pu-

bescence which extends on the front as far as the emargination

of the eyes. Antenne rather slender, not thickened towards the

apex, the second joint of the flagellum distinctly longer than the

third, but shorter than the first and third combined. Posterior

ocelli nearer to the eyes than to each other, separated from the

eyes by a distance considerably less than the diameter of one

ocellus; the eyes nearly twice as far from each other on the

clypeus as on the vertex. Front punctured-rugose, the vertex

and ocellar space more finely punctured ; pronotum short, steeply

sloped anteriorly ; mesonotum and mesopleura coarsely punc-

tured, scutellum more finely and sparsely punctured. Median

segment closely punctured-rugose, the median sulcus shallow and

not extending to the apex, the median carina distinct ; the pos-

terior slope rugose, with a shallow median sulcus. Abdomen

smooth and shining on the dorsal surface, the segments scarcely

depressed at the apex, the apical fascize of white pubescence con-

fined to the sides; the ventral segments sparsely but distinctly

punctured. Second abscissa of the radius shorter than the

petiole of the well-developed second cubital cell ; second recurrent

nervure interstitial with the second transverse cubital nervure,

first received by the second cubital cell close to the base; basal

and transverse median nervures interstitial.

Hab. St. Helena (Wollaston).

A very distinct species, not at all nearly allied to any Ethio-

pian form.

79. PiIson SPECULARE Turn.

Pison speculare Turn. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 371 (1911), 2

The posterior ocelli almost touch the eyes ; the puncturation of

the whole insect is very delicate, microscopic on both dorsal and

ventral segments of the abdomen.

Hab. Praslin, Seychelles (Scott).

80. Pison KoHLII Bingh.

Pison kohlii Bingh. Fauna Brit. India, Hymen. i. p. 220

(1897), 9

Pison aureopilosus Cam. Soc. Entom. xxiv. p. 73 (1909).

FOSSORIAL WASPS. 625

Hasily distinguished from punctifrons by the golden pubescence

of the head and abdomen, by the almost obsolete puncturation of

the mesonotum, and by the coarse longitudinal striation of the

median segment, the striation in punctifrons being oblique.

Hab. Dawnat Range, Tenasserim (Bingham), December ;

Borneo (Cameron). °

81. Pison punctTiFRons, Shuck.

Pison punctifrons Shuck. Trans. Ent. Soe. ii. p. 77 (1837), ©.

Pison suspiciosus Sm. Journ. Proc. Linn. Soe., Zool. ii. p. 104

(1858), 9.

Pison fabricator Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 297

(1869), 9°.

Pison striolatum Cam. Mem. Manchester Lit. & Phil. Soc. xli.

p- 82 (1896).

Pison gavanus Cam. Tijdsch. f. Kntom. xlviii. p. 63 (1905), ¢.

I think all these are identical—certainly the first four, and

almost certainly Cameron’s species also.

flab. Yunzalin Valley, Tenasserim (Bingham), April; Ran-

goon (Lingham), May; Singapore (Wallace); Samarang, Java

(Drescher) ; Ceylon (Thwaites); Hong Kong (Smith); Foo-Chow

(Pickett).

Pa 82. PISON ORIENTALE Cam.

Pison orientale Cam. Mem. Manchester Lit. & Phil. Soe. xli.

13, p. 23 (1897).

Hab. Barrackpore (Rothney).

Y *83. Pison LacuNn#® Ashm.

Pison lagune Ashm. Proc. U.S. National Mus. xxvii. p. 151

(1904), 3.

I suspect that this will prove to be a synonym of puinctifrons,

but the description is too poor for certainty.

Hab. Laguna, Philippines (Stang/).

*84, PISON ASHMEADI, nom. nov.

Pison punctulatus Ashm. Proc. U.S. National Mus. xxviii.

p- 960 (1905), 3 (nec P. punctulatum Kohl, 1883).

I cannot identify this species.

Hab. Manila (Brown).

J 85. PIsoN PALLIDIPALPIS Sm.

Pison pallidipalpis Sm. Journ, Proc. Linn. Soce., Zool. vii.

p. 35 (1863), 9.

Closely allied to insularis Sm. and priscwm Turn. The punc-

turation of the second ventral segment is microscopic.

Hab. Ceram (Wallace).

626 MR. R. E. TURNER ON

86. PISOoN INSULARIS Sm.

Pison insuluris Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 297

(1869), 2.

Very near priscum Turn., but differs as pointed out under

that species. The second ventral segment is shining and smooth.

Hab. New Hebrides.

/ *87. Pison GLaBRuM Kohl.

Pison glabrum Kohl, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxi.

p. 309 (1908), 2.

This seems to be very near inswlaris in sculpture; but the

wings are infuscate: and either the eyes are further apart on

the vertex or the basal joints of the flagellum are shorter.

Hab. Upolu, Samoa (Rechinger).

*88. PisoNn stRictirrons Vachal.

V Pison strictifrons Vachal, Revue d’Entom. xxvi. p. 114

CQO; 2.

A much smaller species than insularis, though agreeing with

it in nearness of the posterior ocelli to the eyes and in the

smooth median segment. The description is very insufficient.

Hab. New Caledonia.

Y 89. Pison ImPUNCTATUM Turn.

Pison impunctatum Turn. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ix.

p- 200 (1912), 9.

Probably closely allied to strictifrons, also to iridipennis Sm.

From the latter it differs in the lesser distance between the eyes

on the vertex and the smoother median segment.

Hab. New Guinea (Wollaston).

90. Pison IRIDIPENNIS Sm.

Pison wridipennis Smith, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xiv. p. 676

(1879), ¢; Smith, Deser. New Spee. Hymen. p. 139(1879), 3.

Hab. Hawaii; Koolau, July; Samoa.

91. PISON TUBERCULATUS Sm.

Pison tuberculatus Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 296

(1869), 3.

A small species closely allied to cridipennis, but whereas that

species has in the male a short transverse ridge on the third

ventral segment and a similar but less distinct ridge on the

fourth, twberculatus has a rounded tubercle on each side of the

third ventral segment and a similar but less distinet tubercle on

each side of the second and fourth.

Hab. New Zealand.

FOSSORIAL WASPS. 627

/ 92. Pison Morosus Sm.

Pison morosus Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 317 (1856), 2

(nec Smith, 1864).

Much larger than tuberculatus, and has no tubercles on the

ventral segments of the male. It appears to be the commoner

of the two indigenous species in New Zealand; the third species,

P. spinole, being a comparatively recent importation.

Hab. New Zealand.

¢ 93. PISON TAHITENSE Sauss.

Pison tahitense Sauss. Reise d. Novara, Zool. ii., Hymen. p. 65

(1867), 9 ¢.

Allied to P. hospes, but has the eyes nearer together both on

the vertex and the clypeus, and the clypeus of the male more

strongly produced.

Hab. Tahiti; Samoa; Rarotonga.

(Y *94,. PIson CoLLARE Kohl.

Pison collare Kohl, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxill. p. 337

(1883), @.

The clypeus of the female is produced into an acute spine ;

the front coarsely punctured; the median segment shining and

sparsely punctured, with a few transverse strie near the apex of

the posterior slope.

Hab. Duke of York Island, New Britain.

ty 95. Pison nivipus Sm.

Pison nitidus Sm. Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool. iii. p. 160 (1858),

Nearest to scabrwm Turn.

Hab. Aru (Wallace); Ké (Wallace).

96. Pison constrictum Turn,

Pison morosus Sm. Journ. Linn. Soce., Zool. viii. p. 85 (1864), 2

(nec Sm., 1856).

Pisum constrictum Turn, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ix.

fos MOLL COMA),

These are almost certainly sexes of one species. It is nearest

to the Queensland species, P. punctulatwm Kohl.

Hab. New Guinea (Wallace) ; Mysol (Wallace), Mimika River,

New Guinea (Wollaston).

/ 97. Pison recuINGERI Kohl.

Pison rechingeri Kohl, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1xxx1.

p- 309 (1908), 2 3.

Differs from hospes and constrictum in the sculpture of the

median segment and the better-defined frontal sulcus. —

Hab. Upolu, Samoa (Rechinger); Tonga (ex coll. F. Smith).

628 , MR. R. E. TURNER ON

98. Prison HosrEs Sm.

Pison hospes Smith, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xiv. p. 676

(1879), 2 ¢ ; Smith, Descr. New Spec. Hymen. p. 139 (1879),

Dis

Hab. Hawaii; Singapore (Ridley); Cocos Islands (Wood

Jones).

Probably imported into Hawaii. itis doubtfully distinct from

P. pallidipalpis Sm.

New World Species.

99. PiIson L2&viIs Sm.

Pison levis Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 317 (1856), 9.

Hab. Georgia.

100. Pison CONFORMIS Sm.

Pison conformis Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p.

Ne)

“I

(1869), 3.

Hab. Mexico.

*101. Prison crEssont Rohw.

Pison cressonti Rohw. Proc. U.S. National Mus. xl. p. 570

(1911).

Hab. Nicaragua.

*102. Pison cAMERONIT Kohl.

Pison fasciatum Kohl, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxiil.

p- 339 (1883), 2 (nec Radoszkowski).

Pison cameronti Kohl, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xlvii. p. 546 .

(1893).

Hab. Mexico or Peru.

103. PIsoN MACULIPENNIS Sm.

Prison maculipennis Sm. Journ. of Entom. i. p. 80 (1860), 2.

Hab. Para (Bates); Ega (Bates).

*104. PisoN PARAENSIS Spin.

Pison paraensis Spin. Mem. Accad. Se. Torino, (2) xii. p. 58

(1851), (1853), 2.

Hab. Lower Amazon.

*105, PisoN AUREOFACIALE Strand.

Pison aureofaciale Strand, Zool. Jahrb. xxix. p. 174 (1910).

Hab. Paraguay.

FOSSORIAL WASPS. 629

f #106. PisoN CONVEXIFRONS Tasch.

Pison convexifrons Tasch. Zeitschr. f. d. Ges. Naturw. xxxvi.

p- 18 (1870), @.

Hab. Rio de Janeiro.

/ 107. Pison CHILENSIS Spin.

Pison chilensis Spinola, in Gay, Hist. fis. Chile, Zool. vi. p. 326

(1851).

Hab, Santiago; Coquimbo.

/ *108. Pison arEouatus Spin.

Pison areolatus Spinola, in Gay, Hist. fis. Chile, Zool. vi, p. 327

(1851), 2.

Hab. Chile.

*109. Prison vaRrIicornis Reed.

Pison variicornis Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, lxxxv. p. 22 (1894).

Hab. Chile.

Pison letus Sm. and Pison flavipictus Sm., both collected by

Bates on the Upper Amazon, belong, according to my determin-

ation, to the genus Scapheutes Handl., but the types appear to

be lost or have not been marked. ison pilosus Sm. belongs to

the genus Pisonopsis. Smith evidently discovered his error as

to the first two, for they are omitted from his list of the genus

in 1869.

Genus Pisonopsis Fox.

Y 1. P. cuyprata Fox, Psyche, vi. p. 553 (1893), 9 ¢. Nevada.

/ 2. P. vrianeutaris Ashm. Ent. Mus. Philadelphia, x. p. 9

(1899). Colorado.

3. P. prrKMANNI Rohw. Trans. American Entom. Soc. xxxv.

p. 129 (1909). Texas. :

4, P. prtosus Sm. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xu. p. 295

(1873) (as Pison pilosus). Ega.

5. P. arcentinus Schrottky, Ann. Soc. Argent. Ixvili. p. 251

(1909). Catamarea.

Lu 6. P. anomatA Mantero, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. xxxii. p. 202

(1901). Patagonia.

I have only seen P. pilosus Sm., and therefore can give no key

to the species.

The genus is entirely American, and will probably prove to be

nearly as rich in species on that continent as true Pison.

= 2, S. (OIG. NEWAM. I 1.

e./77.

podia.

H. G. Newth. del. Bale & Danielsson, Ltd.

DEVELOPMENT OF CUCUMARIA.

Pi Zer Ss SG re NE Vile rele

MVrp. P. MVip.

H. G. Newth, del.

Bale & Danielsson, Ltd.

DEVELOPMENT OF CUCUMARIA.

ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CUCUMARIA. 631

30. The Karly Development of Cucumaria: Preliminary

Accountan a by H. GaeNnwiEs ACR. ©8S., 0-283

Demonstrator of Zoology at the Imperial College of

Science and Technology.

[Received May 31, 1916: Read October 24, 1916. |

(Plates I., IL., and Text-figure 1.)

INDEX. ; Page

Tb roductronw: weeeeece coe tae ence cata ate eee ODT!

Wiener eine! WARINGCL bon Ssonhcodanoncaocedhatoowns sabbapbennos eee

A Divs} Dany tyes aN oy pyaVe>: Bea oda Haaie tue saab Sener oc UB DR poo Sea BAB GHeEe sis)

Formation and Segmentation of the Coelom ............... 634

{ne lemnipaewle Or OL GaEIEOUG sos ooccon9ns nnavooand obscceven ce 636

Neferencesitolihenanuce) eens seen ee OSo

Explanationyon they Plates seqeiateee eres arenes eee O40)

INvRODUCTION.

The study of the development of the various groups of

Kchinoderms has attracted many workers during recent years,

and the result of their labours is a remarkably complete and,

on the whole, remarkably consistent chapter of embryological

research. Only in the case of the Holothurioidea has there

been left any considerable hiatus in our knowledge of the normal

development of a group. Undoubtedly many causes have con-

tributed to this defect, but chiefly it is due, I think, to the

difficulty of artificially fertilizing the eggs and raising cultures

of the larve in the laboratory, The forms hitherto investigated

have accordingly been investigated incompletely, or they have

been viviparous, as in the case of Synapta vivipara, or they have

been such as present a “ shortened ” larval life and can therefore

be readily reared, as in the case of Cucuwmaria.

The main outlines of the development of the Auricularia are

described in the works of Semon (12) and Bury (1 and 2),

who both investigated the same species—Synapta digitata; and

Clark (3) has given an admirable account of the embryology of

S. vivipara. It has been urged, however, with much reason, that

the synaptas are unsuitable forms to study, on account of the

departure of their adult anatomy from the typical Holothurian

plan. ‘“ The fact is that Synapta is about the worst form that

could have been chosen to represent the Holothurioidea. Its

radial water-vascular canals are only transitory larval structures,

and its buccal tentacles not only spring directly from the water-

vascular ring, but, in contravention of the rule which prevails in

all the other groups of Holothurioidea, their number is no longer’

a multiple of five” (MacBride, 8). We owe to Ludwig the only

fairly complete account of an ontogeny to which the above

objection does not apply. His description of the development of

632 MR. W. G. NEWTH ON THE

Cucumearia planci (7), published without figures, and purporting

to be only the preliminary to a fully-illustrated memoir, has

generally been accepted as correct; but in the absence of his

completed work, which was never published, and in view of the

interest of some of his results, it was desirable that a fresh study

should be made. The suggestion that I should undertake this

research and the opportunity to conduct it I owe entirely to

Protessor MacBride, whose encouragement and assistance I grate-

fully acknowledge.

My work on the embryology of Cucwmaria had been in progress

for nearly three years, and was still in many respects incomplete,

when I learnt that Mr. H. Ohshima, Rigakushi, of Tokyo Imperial

University, was engaged upon similar researches. In these

circumstances the present short statement was prepared. No

attempt will be made in what follows to give, even in outline, a

picture of the whole period covered by my preparations ; 1t must

suflice to draw attention to those of my results which, on points

of importance, either confirm or cast doubt upon the conclusions

of Ludwig and others.

MATERIAL AND Meruop.

My material consisted at first of a series of stages in the

development of Cucumaria saxicola, supplied by the Marine

Biological Association to Prof. MacBride, who handed them to

me for examination. I have since been able to add to this

certain stages in the development of the nearly allied C. normani,

adults of which species were sent to me in London. ‘These

animals spawned in my tanks, as I shall describe, and gave me

the opportunity of observing the living larve and of bridging

certain gaps in the original series. I may say at once that

nothing can be seen, in the living young, of the internal changes

that are occurring, and that both stocks of material were fixed

in ignorance of the great rapidity with which the early develop-

ment takes place *.

In view of the discrepancy between the statements made below

and those of Ludwig, it should be noted that the fixative used

by him was 50 per cent. alcohol followed by 70 per cent. alcohol.

Of my own methods of preservation and sectioning I cannot

treat in this place further than to say that the only reliable

fixatives were found to be the picro-formol-acetic mixture of

Bouin and Flemming’s strong fluid (acting for not more than

two hours), and that the method of double-embedding in celloidin

and wax was always used. Special difficulties in orientation

necessitated a modification of the latter method, and this I hope

to describe at some length in my full account. Sections were

generally cut 6 w thick, and were stained with an alcoholic

* Since the above was written a consignment of C. saxicola, from Plymouth,

has provided me with abundant material for a complete atcount of the development

of that species. The description here given of spawning, segmentation, ete., in

C. normani apphes with equal truth to C. saxicola.

DEVELOPMENT OF CUCUMARIA. 633

solution of hematein followed by orange-G as a plasma stain.

The figures are all from camera-lucida outlines.

Tae Livinc Younc.

Spawning in every case has occurred in the night, and generally

near midnight. On the one occasion on which a successful

culture resulted, males and females of C. normanz, living together

in the same tank, began to spawn within a few minutes of one

another. In other cases isolated individuals of both sexes have

spawned during the night; but I could never succeed in fertilizing

the eggs so shed by adding sperm-suspension to the water in

which they were. My remarks about the living larve refer to

the above-mentioned culture.

The newly-shed eggs (Pl. I. fig. 1), taken from among the

tentacles of the female, are undergoing, or have just completed,

their second maturation division. They are flattened at the

poles—especially at the animal pole, which tends to float upper-

most—and enclosed ina striated follicular jelly from which the

follicle-ceils have been cast off. No definite micropyle can be

made out, but the umbilicus of the follicle, situated at the animal

pole of the egg, almost certainly has the function of a micropyle,

since sperms are unable to penetrate the jelly. The polar bodies

project into the umbilicus. I did not observe the entrance of

the sperm into the egg. (PI. I. fig. 2.)

In the segmentation which follows there is nothing of that

ideal eee that has been described in the case of the egg of

Synapta*. The first two cleavage planes are usually meridional,

and divide the egg into four equal blastomeres, which may then

rearrange themselves in relation to the original ego-axis (Pl. I.

fig. 3); but in some eggs the first two blastomeres do not divide

simultaneously. The third cleavage is equatorial. Subsequent

divisions, so far as I am able to discover, do not follow any

orderly scheme. They result in the formation of a morula

(Pl. I. fig. 4), which gives rise to a wrinkled blastula of the type

first described by Masterman, in Cribrella (10), and, later, by

Gemmill, in Solaster (5) and Porania (6). At this stage (PI. I.

fig. 5) the embryo acquires cilia, and soon after emerges from the

egg-membrane and begins to rotate slowly at the bottom of the

culture tank. Gastrulation is marked externally by the smoothing

out of the superficial wrinkles, and by elongation of the larva.

The fully-formed gastrula is more opaque at its anterior (pre-

oral) end, and in swimming this end is always upwards. The

larvee now swim just below the surface of the water, and rotate

slowly about their long axis—in a counter-clockwise direction as

seen from above yt. A constriction appears soon after this, in

* This irregularity is due, I think, in great part, to polyspermy and to unnatural

conditions in the laboratory. In a few individuals of C. saxicola I have seen perfect

symmetry of cleavage up to the 16-cell stage.

+ The blastulz of C. saxicola rotate clockwise; but after gastrulation the direc-

tion of rotation is, in the majority, reversed. I have no note about the direction of

rotation of the C. ‘normani blastula.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1916, No. XLIV. 44

634 MR. H. G. NEWTH ON THE

many but not all of the larve, near the equator, and at the

same time the stomodeeum arises as a crescentic invagination at

the junction of the opaque and the less opaque regions of the

body (age=48 hours). The formation of the stomodeeum pro-

ceeds by the extension backwards of the horns of the crescent,

their ultimate fusion in a posterior lip, and the in-sinking of the

enclosed area. From the orifice thus established the five primary

oral tentacles, formed part passw with the stomodeeum, soon come

to project. They are tipped with little hyaline excrescences,

and can be entirely withdrawn into the stomodeum. (PI. I.

fig. 6.)

During the completion of the stomodeum the primary tube-

feet make their appearance as two circular depressions in the

ectoderm; and from this time onwards the asymmetry of the

larva (comparable to that of the Auricularia “ pupa”) is manifest.

The stomodeum lies, very obviously, to the left of the median

ventral line as determined by the tube-feet, and of these latter

the left is placed further forward than the right. It is interesting

to note that Ludwig describes the right primary tube-foot of

C. planci as being the more anterior of the two. Fig. 6, which

is of the corresponding stage in C. samicola, shows the displace-

ment of the stomodzeum, but a less-than-average displacement

of the podia.

No further external change, except growth of the tentacles

and the tube-feet, occurs during the free-swimming life of the

animal. The ciliation of its surface is uniform at every stage:

there is no segregation of the cilia into bands as there is in the

larva of OC. planci (Selenka, 11). On the fourth and fifth days

the larve still swim near the surface, but towards the end of the

fifth day they tend to sink to the bottom and settle down upon

their oral tentacles. Beyond this stage I shall not, at present,

follow their development.

FoRMATION AND SEGMENTATION OF THE COELOM.

The segmentation cavity appears during the formation of the

wrinkled blastula from the solid morula. It is at first empty,

i. e. it contains nothing that is coagulable by any of the usual

fixatives—and no cell-communications exist, such as are required

by Sedgwick’s conception of the blastula asasyneytium. Mesen-

chyme and “blastocoel jelly” appear simultaneously later and

seem to be identical, the processes of the cells merging indistin-

guishably, in sections, into the reticulations of the jelly, the

interstices of which are filled with oil droplets. Since, however,

this oily yolk uniformly fills the spacious blastocoel of later stages,

it would seem that it must be contributed in part by cells other

than those few which are found in it, and the fact, among others,

that in the blastula there occur rounded, enucleate fragments of

cytoplasm supports this view (fig. 5, +).

It was stated of C. planci by Ludwig, that mesenchyme and

DEVELOPMENT OF CUCUMARIA. 635.

ectoderm formed a single tissue, and this is observable in the

later larval stages and the pentacula of C. saxicola and C. normani.

Of these species up to the third day stage it is certainly not true,

the ectoderm, except near the blastopore, being a definite, single-

layered epithelium. My preparations do not confirm the same

author’s further statement that mesenchyme originates from the

definitive ectoderm (except for the above-mentioned cytoplasmic

fragments, and except in unhealthy or abnormal individuals).

Nhe fully- fermed gastrula is very remarkable (PI. I. fig. 7).

The archenteron is deeply invaginated and forms a flattened,

thick-walled vesicle. In one lateral aspect (as made out from

sections) this vesicle is almost circular; at right angles to this

direction it is seen edgewise, and appears dumbbell-shaped in

section owing to the central inflection of its flattened sides. Its

cavity, in ether words, is a dise with a thickened periphery except

where this is interrupted by the blastopore. I have found this

stage in both the species examined.

The details of the process by which the primary coelomic

pouches are formed from the archenteron I am unable to give.

What is certain, however, is that the water-vascular system, the

posterior (perivisceral) coelom, and the gut are derived, in the

erder named, from successive regions o dhe an chenteron, be-

ginning at the anterior end, At the stage shown in fig. 8 the

primary pouches are already present as thick-walled vesicles, still

in connection with the gut and with one another. The large

anterior pouch gives rise to the stone-canal and to the rest of the

water-vascular system, and may therefore be supposed to represent

anterior coelom plus hydrocoel. It isa flattened sac which crosses

the larval axis obliquely and curves back to communicate with

the posterior coelom. Nine sections on either side of the one

figured show these two sacs in the same relative positions, but

their connection with one another persists through only three

sections in all, and the posterior coelom communicates with the

gut im one section only—that next to the one figured.

Apparently this state of affairs has been brought about by an

S-shaped bending of the whole of the archenteron at right angles

to its plane of flattening, coupled with a pinching-off of its

anterior three-quarters preceeding inwards from opposite edges

of the original disc.

This stage I have seen in C. norman only.

There is no indication yet of the position either of the madre-

poric pore or of the stomodzum, and it is therefore impossible,

in the absence of annectant stages, to determine with certainty

the dorsal and ventral sides of the larva. It will be remembered

that in Synapta the coelom is described by Selenka as being

budded off dorsalwards from the archenteron, and a similar

orientation has been ascribed to the primary vesicle in C. planci

by the same author, and in Holothuria floridana by Edwards (4).

Ludwig states, without giving the grounds for his opinion:

“Das Hydro-Enterocoel liegt nicht, wie Selenka angiebt,

44*

636 MR. H. G. NEWYH ON THE

anfiinglich, d. h. so lange es noch mit dem Urdarme zusammen-

hingt, dorsalwirts von diesem um erst nach seiner Abschniirung

an dessen linke Seite zu riicken, sondern befindet sich von vorn-

herein an dieser Seite.”

By the middle of the third day the formation of the stomodzeum

has begun and the segmentation of the coelom, in C. normani, is

complete, though in some larve the connection between bydrocoel

and posterior coelom is not yet lost. The hydrocoel still points

forward in the axis (roughly speaking) of the animal, and from it

project on either side the rudiments of the radial canals and of

the oral tentacles (P|. 11. tig. 9). The posterior part of the anterior

vesicle is now bent, at an obtuse angle to the hydrocoel, towards

the dorsal body-wall, and in many larvee has acquired an opening

to the exterior—the madreporic pore. There is only a very

shallow invagination of ectoderm in the formation of the opening,

and it will probably be correct to regard the whole of this postero-

dorsal limb of the water-vascular system, which is later converted

en bloc into the stone-canal, as being homologous with the

anterior coelom of other Echinoderm larvee (cf. Bury, 2). At this

time—as also, more markedly, in the next stage—there is no con-

tinuous clear lumen in the hydrocoel, the stone-canal, or the

posterior coelom, and it is doubtful, I think, whether the madre-

poric pore ever functions. Even after the tentacles are well

established, and can be protruded and retracted, their lumen is

obliterated in some places by the vacuolated inner ends of their

cells.

The relation of the tentacle-rudiments to the undifferentiated

residue of the hydrocoel is precisely similar to that of the rudi-

mentary radial canals, with which they alternate. There is no

association among any of the ten outgrowths to indicate their

future arrangement with reference to the water-vascular ring.

This is a stage obviously somewhat later than the most advanced

three-days-old larva of C. planci described by Ludwig, in which

the hydrocoel had the shape of an irregular horse-shoe, slight out-

pushings of which were identified as the rudiments of the radial

canals. In C. normani there is a complete suppression of the

typical curved hydrocoel crescent, owing to the large size and close

crowding together of its lobes, and to the thickness of their walls.

On this account. the interpretation of this stage is peculiarly

difficult in the absence of intermediate stages between it and the

one next following. My identification of the hydrocoel lobes in

fig. 9 must therefore be considered as being provisional only, and

it must be pointed out that it is based upon the determination

of the point of closure of the ring-canal on the following day—

which I have only made out in C. saxicola.

Tuer PENTACULA OF C. saxicola.

The third-day (65 hours) larva of C. saxicola shows a consider-

able advance upon the last stage described. The stomodeum

DEVELOPMENT OF CUCUMARIA. 637

forms a spacious oral atrium into which the five tentacles project,

and the ring-canal now surrounds the anterior end of the gut, its

plane being inclined to the larval axis (as in C. planct) in such a

way that its dorsal part is nearer the anterior end of the animal

than its ventral. It is possible now to identify the radii and to

determine the point of closure of the ring. In six of my pre-

parations of this stage the ring is still open in the left dorsal

interradius.

Radial canals and tentacles are given off alternately from the

ring, but there is already discernible, in some individuals at any

rate, the beginning of that curious grouping of tentacles which

is found in the later pentacula. Of the radial canais the mid-

ventral is much the largest. It projects directly backwards from

the ring-canal, and has at its posterior end a rhombic dilatation

the two laterally directed angles of which represent the internal

rudiments of the primary tube-feet, which are thus, from their

first appearance, not terminal (PI. II. fig. 10). In C. planci,

C. kirchsbergii, Holothuria tremula, Psolus fabricii, and Phyllo-

phorus urna the first two podia have been described, by various

authors, as arising simultaneously from the posterior end of the

mid-ventral radial canal, Holothuria floridana being exceptional,

in that it forms at first a single terminal tube-foot on the mid-

ventral canal (Edwards, 4).

The right and left dorsal radial canals project outwards in the

plane of the ring-canal, and their ends have already begun to

turn backwards ; the lateral ventral canals are short, blunt; and

unbent. There is no difference in the degree of development of

the five tentacles. In those larve in which the ring-canal is

closed a small blunt outgrowth—the rudiment of the Polian

vesicle—has appeared on the posterior wall of the ring at the

point of closure; but whether this belongs to the dorsal or

to the ventral limb of the hydrocoel I find it impossible to

determine.

The relations of the stone-canal are what they were in the

last stage described. At about the middle of its length, however,

there is now a slight enlargement of the lumen, caused by an up-

pushing of its antero-dorsal wall. This marks the point at which

the secondary madreporite (Madreporenblase of Ludwig) will

later be formed.

On the fourth day (84 hours) the water-vascular system presents

an interesting transition stage, in which the three more dorsal

tentacles are connected with the radial canals from which they

spring in the adult, while the two more ventral ones still retain

their interradial communication with the ring-canal. As in

C. planci, the left dorsal radial canal has appropriated two

tentacles and the right dorsal canal only one—that which was

developed in the right dorsal interradins. The two lateral

ventral radial canals have no tentacles associated with them,

those developed in the ventral interradii being appropriated later

by the mid-ventral canal, to which, indeed, their bases already

638 MR, H. G. NEWTEH ON THE

begin to be approximated (PI. II. fig. 11). What may be the

mechanics of this migration of the bases of the tentacles from

the ring to the radial canals I can only surmise. I conceive it

to consist essentially in the conversion of those areas of the wall

of the ring which immediately surround the bases of the radial

canals ino the walls of the canals themselves, which are growing

rapidly at this time.

While a full discussion of the significance of these arrange-

ments cannot be attempted in this *place, it may be well to eall

attention to the fact that the speculations of Semon as to the

phylogeny of Holothurians were in great part founded upon the

assumption that the alternation of the tentacle lobes of the

hydrocoel with the radial canals, observed in Synapta, was a

constant feature of Holothurian ontogeny. This assumption was

controverted by Ludwig, who, after examining an eight-day larva

of C. planci as his earliest stage, had the assurance e assert that

the tentacles arose from the pda eanals and not from the ring.

A careful perusal of the same author's second paper, in which

earlier stages are described, makes it appear doubtful whether

the first appearance of the tentacles was ever observed by him at

all. The question therefore still remams to be solved: Which is

secondary, the alternation ef the tentacles (as lobes of the

hydrocoel) with the radial canals, or the adult condition in which

they are outgrowths of the radial canals 2

Text-figure 1.

Diagram showing the relation of the various derivatives of the hydrocoel im

(A) Holothuria floridana aud (B) Cucumeria.

For explanation of lettering see p. 640.

‘

A comparison of the arrangement of the primary tentacles in

Holothuria floridana, according to the account of Edwards (4),

with that in Cucumaria perhaps throws some light on this matter

(text-fig. 1). In the development of that animal, asin Cucumaria,

there is an asymmetrical disposition of the tentacles i in relation

DEVELOPMENT OF CUCUMARIA. 639

to the radu, but the disposition is totally different, and in addition

the Polian vesicle is in the left ventral interradius. The two agree

In one respect only: the tentacles alternate with the radial canals.

Edwards did not attend, apparently, to the place of actual origin

of the tentacles, and a clearing up of that point would be valuable.

The present paper, demonstrating, I believe, that there is a

primary alternation of tentacles and radial canals in two species

ot Cucumaria, seems to support the assumption made by Semon,

whose phylogenetic speculations, however, I am not concerned to

defend.

The only other feature of the fourth-day larva to which I

shall aflude is the condition of the stone-canal. In the position

where, on the third day, a slight dilatation was observed, there

is now an area of the antero-dorsal wall of the canal in which

the cells have become large and clear, the cells of the other walls

of the canal remaining columnar and closely packed. The

appearance of cross-sections through this region is now very

characteristic (Pl. Il. fig. 14) owing to the crowded, darkly-

staining nuclei in the postero-ventral and lateral walls of the

tube. Hxamination of later larve proves that we have in this

swelling-up of certain cells of the stone-canal a preliminary stage

in the thinning-out of the part affected to form the vesicle

noticed by Bury (2), Ludwig (7), and MacBride (8 & 9), which is

converted into the internal madreporite of the adult. It will be

clear from my description of its mode of origin that Bury’s view

that this vesicle represented the anterior coelom is incorrect. It

is, on the contrary, a secondary differentiation of the stone-canal.

In this conclusion I agree with Ludwig.

References to Literature.

(1) Bury, H. (1895).—“ The Metamorphosis of Echinoderms,”

Quart. Journ. Micr. Se. London, vol. xxxviil. pp. 45-135,

pls. 3-9.

(2) Bury, H. (1889).—“ Studies in the Embryology of the

Echinoderms,” Quart. Journ. Micr. Sc. London, vol. xxix.

‘pp. 409-449, pls. 37-39.

(3) Cuarn, H. L. (1898).—* Synapta vivipara: A Contribution

to the Morphology of Echinoderms,” Boston, Mass., Mem,

Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. v. pp. 53-88, pls. 11-15.

(4) Epwarps, C. L. (1909).—‘‘ The Development of Holothuria

floridana Pourtales, with special reference to the Ambu-

lacral Appendages,” Journ. Morph. vol. xx. pp. 211-230,

pls. 1-3.

(5) Gemuity, J. F. (1912).—“ The Development of the Starfish,

Solaster endeca Forbes,” London, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. xx.

pt. 1, pp. 1-71, pls. 1-5.

(6) Gemnaitt, J. F. (1915).—“ The Larva of the Starfish Porania

pulvillus (O.. F. M.),” Quart. Journ. Micr. Sc. London,

vol. Lxi. pp. 27-80, pls. 4 & 5.

640 MR. H. G. NEWLH ON THE

(7) Lupwice, H. (1891).—* Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der

Holothurien,’ Berlin, Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. no. 10,

pp. 179-192; and (zweite Mittheilung), ibid. no. 32,

pp. 603-612.

(8) MacBrivg, E. W. (1912).—‘ On a Collection of young

Holothurioids,” National Antarctic Expedition Nat. Hist.

1901-1904, vol. vi. pp. 1-9, pls. 1 & 2.

(9) MacBrivz, K. W., & J.C. Simpson (1908).—‘* Kchinederm

Larve,” ibid. vol. iv. pp. 1-9, one plate.

(10) Masrerman, A. T. (1902)—“The Early Development of

Cribrella oculata Forbes, with Remarks on Hchinoderm

Development,” Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. vol. xl. pp. 373-417,

pls. 1-5.

(11) ceeteat E. (1876).—* Zur Entwickelung der Holothurien,”

Zeit. Wiss. Z. Leipzig, vol. xxvii. pp. 155-188, pls. 9-13.

(12) Semon, R. (1888).—*‘ Die Entwickelung von Synapta digi-

tata,” Jena Zeit. Naturw. Bd. xxu. pp. 175-309, pls. 6-12.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.}

Lettering.

A., anterior; a., anus; d4e., archenteron; a+h., anterior coelom plus hydroceel ;

b1., blastopore ; blc., blastocoel ; D., dorsal; d. (following the abbreviation for a radial

canal), tentacle projecting dorsalwards from the radial canal indicated ; ect., ectoderm ;

em., egg-membrane ; ep.2., epineural space; f.7., follicular jelly; g., gut; L., left;

LD., lett dorsal radial canal; DF., left ventral radial canal; mes., mesenchyme ;

mp.p., madreporic pore; IMWV., mid-ventral radial canal; MV7. and MV~r., primary

tentacles developed to the left and right, respectively, of the JZV. canal; MVUp.

and MVrp., first pair of podia developed from the left and right sides, respectively,

of the MV. canal; P., posterior; p.6., polar body; p.c., posterior coelom; p.o.l.,

pre-oral lobe; P.v., Polian vesicle; R., right; RD., right dorsal radial canal;

rm., radial nerve; RV., right ventral radial canal; s.c., stone-canal; Sp., spermato-

zoon; Stom., stomodeum (oral atrium); ¢., tentacle; V., ventral; v. (following the

abbreviation for a radial canal), tentacle projecting ventralwards from the radial

canal indicated ; 2w.v.7., ring-canal of the water-vascular system.

Puste I.

Fig. 1. Cucumaria normani. Untertilized egg seen from the side.

2. C.normani. Animal pole of the same egg. Leitz. obj. 6, oc. 3.

3. C. normani. Four-cell stage.

4. C. normeni. Early morula seen from above.

5. OC. normani. Section through the wrinkled blastula, showing at + a

cytoplasmic inclusion. Leitz obj. 6, oc. 3.

6. C. saxicola. Fourth-day larva, drawn from a preserved specimen. The

tentacles are withdrawn within the stomodeum, and two of their tips

only can be seen. Note the position of the stomodeum on the left side

of the larva.

7. C. normani. Longitudinal (? coronal) section through the fully-formed

gastrula. The cavity of the archenteron is encreached upon at * by the

inflected middle part of one of its flattened walls.

8. C.normani. Longitudinal (? sagittal) section of a free-swimming larva

44. hours old, showing the first stage in the segmentation of the coelom.

DEVELOPMENT OF CUCUMARIA. 641

Pr:te II.

Fig. 9. C. normani. Graphic reconstruction (by superposition of eanvera lucida

outlines) of a larva on the middle of the third day, viewed from the left

side. The reconstruction was arrested at the median plane in the case

of the body-wall, the gut, the ventral horn of the posterior coelom, and

in the neighbourhood of the madreporic pore, so that these are seen in

section. ‘The hydrocoel is seen in its outer aspect—dé. e. its concavity is

towards the right. The large anterior lobe is the mid-ventral canal.

10. C. saxicola. Coronal section of a fourth-day larva to show the relation of

the rudiments of the primary podia to the mid-ventral canal. Note that

the radial canal is solid at this stage.

11-14. C. saxicola. Four transverse sections through a fourth-day larva to

show the relation of tentacles to radial canals. Figs. 11-13 are of con-

secutive sections; one section is missed between 13 and 14. The order

of the sections is from the posterior to the anterior end of the larva.

15. C. saxicola. Coronal section through the stone-canal of the same larva

as fig. 10. Leitz 2 mm. apochr. obj., comp. oc. 6.

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ON LICE FROM THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS. 643

31. Studies on the Anoplura and Mallophaga, being a

Report upon a Collection from the Mammals and

Birds in the Society’s Gardens.— Part I1.* By Bruce

IF. Cummines, British Museum (Natural History) f.

[Received August 4, 1916: Read November 21, 1916. ]

(Text-figures 1-36.)

INDEX.

SYSTEMATIC: Page

CANCEROUS ACNE Mae cemeiteeeeee saath eee e attra = OOo

FNS OH HOQUOSS, Bb Vo cooncecadone sovsacare vee one noccesnacen (4 (CS)

INGO AP WOE PUB, PEEING We oq sop easden pa doeance spe eee sebece 660

LIbidecus, LITHO ACR RMA cles nls MMe ath uli del 663

LESS RUSS OF 0 Ae Baridh ater ann eaarade sar Rete oe Reece yl OOe)

ID OUHOCNT ET, (RE5 To is00 305 coscce posaberoonaenen osssoneneancge OUD

SAP LEDIOUS DEUUFUIS, AEG Ts eodacsosaaaanoyscaanoodacosesccea (ON)

STRUCTURE.

Snodgrass (1), in 1899, pointed out certain broad features of

divergence in the internal anatomy among the larger divisions

of the Mallophaga, such as the Amblycera, the Ischnocera, and

the family Trichodectide. Recently, Harrison (2) has claimed

the existence of a large accessory sac of unknown function in

connexion with the male reproductive organs as the chiet and

most reliable character for separating the family Boépide from

all other Mallophaga. In 1910 Mjoéberg’s sketches of the male

reproductive system in several Mallophaga (6) offered the sys-

tematist an inducement to compare such organs as the vesicula

seminalis, the ductus ejaculatorius, and the spermatheca, i in order

to discover the extent of their divergences in different species and

genera. In the following paper some evidence on this subject

is brought forward. So far from there being a monotonous

uniformity in these interna] organs, the differences are such as

no student of these little parasites can afford to neglect. The

ultimate systematic value of such characters can only be esti-

mated after many more dissections ; but whether it be great or

small, the considerable difference in the form of the vesicula

between the two Ow] Philopteri—Philopterus ceblebrachys and

P. cursor,—to take an example, is one which cannot be satis-

factorily ignored and which conveniently falls within the province

of the systematic writer to record.

Methods.

All chitinous parts were studied after hot caustic potash had

‘cleared away the soft parts. For an examination of the soft

* Part I. appeared in the P. Z.S. 1916, p. 253.

+ Published by permission of the Trustees and communicated by the SrcRETARY.

[Owing to the illness of Mr. Cummings, the final proofs of this paper have been

corrected, and the magnifications of the figures worked out, by the Rev. James

Waterston, B.D., B.Sc., of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology.—Enprror. |

644 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICE

parts, fresh material was not available; but it was found that

good results may be obtained with well-preserved spirit material

if the specimens be plunged for a few minutes in caustic potash,

to destroy the connective tissue, and then soaked for twelve hours

in glacial acetic acid, transferred to absolute alcohol, dissected in

oil of cloves, and mounted in Canada balsam.

For sectioning, the specimens had been fixed in Carnoy’s

solution (Formula No. II.), which proved, however, to be not

very satisfactory. For imbedding, Awati’s methods, detailed in

the P. Z.S. for 1914 (p. 686), were followed, the sections being

stained in the ordinary way with Ehrlich’s Hematoxylin, Eosin,

or Orange G. I am much indebted to Mr. C. A. Gunns for

assistance in section-cutting.

[In none of the figures which follow of the male reproductive

system and copulatory apparatus are the muscles shown, and in

some the exact position of the entry of the vas deferens into the

ductus 1s not given because, as a rule, in most of the dissections

this could only be made out with the greatest difficulty on account

of the delicacy of the vas deferens. |

Family PHILOPTERIDS.

THe Own PHILOPrert.

Piaget (3) grouped the Owl Philopteri together, under the

general name ‘“Strigicole.” For convenience, this plan may

still be followed. But these Owl parasites cannot very easily be

separated off as generically distinct from the Philopteri of Birds

of Prey, with which they show certain affinities. Within them-

selves they fall into three distinct types, as pointed out by

Prof. V. L. Kellogg (4), represented by the following three

species :—P. rostratus Nitzsch, P. ceblebrachys Nitzsch, and

P. cursor Nitzsch.

The following four species were included in the collection :—

PHILOPTERUS ROSTRATUS Nitzsch (5, p. 76).

4 9 9, from the Barn-Owl, Plammea flammea ( Linn.) *.

Dissections were made from male material kindly handed over

to me by Mr. Waterston.

PHILOPTERUS CURSOR Nitzsch (5, p. 75).

Several specimens of both sexes, from Bubo maculosus (Vieill.)

(S. Africa) and B. ascalaphus (Savign.) (Kgypt). P. cursor has

been further recorded from &. capensis Smith, B. virginianus

(Gmel.), Asio accipitrinus, A. wilsonianus (Less.), and A. galapa-

gensis (Gould).

* (The parentheses around the names of authors placed after scientific names in

this paper are used in accordance with Article 23 of the International Rules of

Nomenclature (Proc. 7th Int. Cong. Boston, 1907, p. 44 (1912))—Epiror. |

FROM THE SOCIETY S GARDENS. 645

PHILOPTERUS CEBLEBRACHYS Nitzsch (5, p. 77).

Many examples, male and female, from Wyctea nyctea (Linn.)

and Striv aluco Linn, This very distinct round-headed species

has been reported also from Vyctala tengmalmi (Gmmel.), Surnia

ulula (Linn.), and others. -

PHILOPTERUS ATHENE Mjoberg (6, p. 115).

Many examples of both sexes, from Athene noctua (Scop.)

(Cairo). Myjoberg’s specimens came from dAthene glawx (Savign.).

The British Museum possesses specimens presented by the Hon.

N.C. Rothschild, and taken on an unidentified Owl in Abyssinia.

Male Reproductive System of Owl Philopteri.

Of the three species dissected—P. cursor, P. ceblebrachys, and

P. athene, the vesicule of P. cursor and P. athene are somewhat

alike, while that of P. ceblebrachys differs strongly from both :—

Philopterus cursor (text-fig. 1).—There are the usual two

Text-figure 1.

Philopterus cursor. Male reproductive system and copulatory apparatus. X 100.

T. testis. VD. vas deferens. VS. vesicula seminalis. D. ductus. BP. basal

plate. a. transverse piece. P. paramere. H/P. endomeral plate.

pairs of testes, large pear-shaped organs, the round ends

approximated and united by a commissure. The vesicula semi-

nalis in a Philopterus of the cursor type, perhaps P. nudipes P.

from Asio sp., is a large oval organ of much the same form

646 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICE

as that figured by Snodgrass (1, pl. xiii. figs. 7, 8, & 9) for Colpo-

cephalum flavescens and Hurymetopus taurus. In P. cursor, on

account of the swelling out and rounding of the two separate

sacs of which the vesicula is composed, it approximates to the

form of the vesicula in P. ceblebrachys (text-fig. 2). Note the

relatively small size. PF

Philopterus ceblebrachys (text-fig. 2).—In outline the vesicula

Text-figure 2.

Philopterus ceblebrachys. Male reproductive system and copulatory apparatus.

x 100.

T. testis. VS. Vesicula seminalis. VD. vas deferens. D. ductus. BP. basal

plate. FR. forked rod. a. transverse piece. P. paramere. EP. endoineral

plate.

resembies Minerva’s helmet. In between the rounded posterior

“horns,” which sweep backwards and outwards, the ductus enters

and swells out at once into an oyal form.

Maie Copulatory Apparatus of the Owl Philopteri.

Philopterus rostratus (text-fig. 8),—Distinguished by the

unusually Jong parameres in propertion to the basal plate, a

FROM THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS. 647)

feature which separates the species from all other Owl Philopteri

so far examined. Basal plate: Rather short, broad ;. lateral

margins strongly chitinised along posterior half: The hind

margin juts out medially into a prominence beneath the endo-

meral plate. Parameres: Elongate rounded rods, graduated to

a slender distal end, and slightly curving inwards towards one

another. MHnadomeral plate: Quadrilateral, as broad as the basal

plate to which it is attached, and about half the length of the

parameres. The endomeral plate has a marginal band which

Text-figure 3.

Philopterus rostratus. Male copulatory apparatus. 200.

BP. baxal plate. FR. forked rod. HP. endomeral plate. P. paramere,

along the lower side deepens considerably in the middle part,

where it bends upwards between the parameres and sends back-

wards across the plate two diverging splints. Each of these runs

halfway along the oblique base-line of the articular surface of the

paramere. The forked rod (see text-fig. 1) is homologous with

similar parts in P. cursor, P. ceblebrachys, and P. athene (see

text-figs. 1-3).

648 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICE

Philopterus cursor (text-fig. 1).—Basal plate: Compared with

parameres this is very long indeed, fairly broad, the lateral

margins divergent from in front posteriorly. Parameres: Short,

inwardly curved, flattened, with acute tips. Mndomeral plate:

This runs out between the parameres into a broad rounded apex.

There is a median longitudinal groove and a transverse groove

cutting the former at halfway, dividing the plate into four sections

of the shape seen in the figure. Under a high power there are

visible on these areas eight white spots, pro obably representing the

alveoli of minute sensory hairs. There are three of these in each

posterior area and one in each anterior area. The forked rod

is thinly chitinized, but recognizable. The two small nodular

swellings at “a” are ridged and densely chitinised, and may be

homologous with the parts similarly lettered in P. ceblebrachys

and in P. asturinus with the penis.

Philopterus ceblebrachys (text-fig. .2).—Basal plate: About

four times as long as the parameres. The posterior half is

broader than the anterior half, and possesses strongly chitinised,

parallel, lateral margins. Parameres : Quite short, stout, slightly

incurved. Hndomeral plate: Broad behind, nearly as long as

parameres. Posterior lateral angles rounded. A narrow band

runs along posterior margin. Lateral margins straight, con-

vergent anteriorly. Anterior margin short, straight, each

anterior lateral angle produced into an outwardly curved

process. Forked rod well developed, the handle of the fork

incompletely fused, indicating its originally double nature. The

transverse plece 1S ‘homologous with the part similarly shaped in

P. athene.

Philopterus athene.—Vhis resembles the apparatus of P. ceble-

brachys. In length of the head this species recalls P. rostratus ;

in the form of the vesicula seminalis it approximates to P. cursor,

but the vesicula of P. rostratus I have not yet been able to

examine. Basal plate and Parameres: As in P. ceblebrachys.

Endomeral plate: As in P. ceblebrachys, except for the concave

posterior margin. ‘ Forked rod”: Represented by two rods

converging posteriorly. Zhe transverse piece: This is obviously

homologous with the part so named in P. ceblebrachys, but each

half is concave and not straight.

The Mouth-parts of Philopterus ceblebrachys.—Lyriform

organ: Anterior cornua short and broad; posterior cornua

absent. Labwm: A labial sclerite is present, as in 7'richodectes

gastrodes Cummings (7, p.99) and in Goniodes falcicornis Nitzsch

(Part I. p. 287) ; its posterior cornu on each side curves outwards

and stops at the base of the “ paraglossa”; the transverse bar is

short and situated far forward, near the front margin of the

labium ; anterior cornua absent.

FROM THE SOCIETY’S GARDENS. 649

The Receptaculum seminis.

Philopterus ceblebrachys (text-fig. 4).—Piaget (8, p. 30), in

describing this species, says :——‘‘ A la face ventrale deux bandes

longitudinales sur les cotés de la valvule qui est peu visible, et

deux taches arquées dos a dos, avec un petit cercle de chitine en

-avant.” As Mjoberg points out (6, p. 256), this ‘‘ petit cercle de

chitine,” figured by Piaget in several species, is not a superficial

character of the exoskeleton, but a part of the receptaculum

seminis strongly chitinised and showing through the integument.

The receptaculum consists of a small more or less circular sac of

soft delicate tissue carried by a dark-brown thickly-chitinised

calyv at the end of a fine duct leading into the genital chamber.

Text-figure 4.

Philopterus ceblebrachys. Receptaculum seminis, X 106.

S.sac. C. calyx, D. duct.

Mjdberg calls this a ‘ kreisrunde Chitinscheibe,” and figures it in

Nirmus lineolatus just as if it, indeed, were a flat circular dise on

one side of the base of the sac. In P. ceblebrachys the calyx is a

saucer-shaped piece of chitin witha rim. The duct enters through

the centre of its membranous bottom and debouches at the tip Tol

a large chitinous cone, which overtops the side of the calyx and

at its base is continuous with the calyx, so that in optical section

it looks as if the bottom has been pushed clean through the

centre.

In an Owl Philopterus of the cursor type, from Asio otus, the

calyx differs from that in the preceding in several respects. The

outer surface is closely striated in a more or less longitudinal

direction, the constriction below the rim is deeper, and the

‘‘eone” is parallel-sided at its upper end and has a truncate

broad top.

Proc. Zoot, Soc.—i916, No. XLV. 45

650 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICE

The text-figure should be compared with those of /bidwcus and

Neophilopterus (p. 672). Relatively, the caly« in the Philopterus

species 1s much wider across and shallower, and the chitin is of

an entirely different consistency, being dark brown, rather thin,

but very firm.

THe PHILOPTERI OF BirRDS OF PREY.

Future research may bring the Philopteri of the Owls and the

Birds of Prey into closer relationship——a result which, according

to modern views on the classification of birds, would lend no

support to the theory that the phylogeny of total obligate

Text-figure 5.

Philopterus asturinus. Male reproductive system and copulatory apparatus.

1. ventral, X 100; 2. dorsal, X 150.

T. testis. VS. vesicula seminalis. JD. vas deferens. BP. basal plate. D. ductus.

P. paramere. HP. endomeral plate. Pen. penis.

parasites like Anoplura and Mallophaga will assist in the

unravelling of the phylogeny of their hosts, as ornithologists

present a solid front against the old position of the Owls among

the Birds of Prey. Between the two groups there is a strong

likeness, for example, in the male copulatory apparatus.

PHILOPTERUS PLATYSTOMUS Nitzsch (5, p. 69).

Females and larvee from Butea erythronotus (King) (Argentine).

FROM THE SOCIETY S GARDENS, 651

PaHILoprerus pictus Giebel (5, p. 68).

13 &1 @ from Aquila chrysaétos (Linn.).

PuHILoprerus ASTURINUS Mjoberg (6, p. 112).

Males and females rather plentifully from the Goshawk (Astur

palumbarius (Linn.)).

This species comes close to Denny’s type-specimens of P. nse

from Accipiter nisus (Linn.), which Piaget—I do not know with.

how much reason—-synonymises with P. gonorhynchus.

Text-figure 6.

Philopterus asturinus. Alimentary canal. X 70.

QO. wsophagus. C. cecum. Cr.crop. V. ventriculus. R. rectal glands.

pag

Male Reproductive System and Copulatory Apparatus (text-fig. 5).

__Testes and vas deferens as usual. The vesicula seminalis is a

little elongate, of the shape given in the figure. Basal plate:

Short and broad, lateral maxgins well chitinised along whole

length, slightly convergent in front. Parameres: Short, stout,

curved, very much as in the Owl Philopteri (except P. rostratus).

Mesosome ; Ventvally, running out from the posterior margin of

45*

652 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICE

basal plate, is a short stout penis-like tube formed of two distinct

longitudinal halves. Each half is densely chitinised and dark

brown in colour, and at the base spreads out towards the base .

of the paramere. This. tube ig perhaps homologous with the

transverse piece of P. ceblebrachys and other Owl Philopteri (see

text-figs. 1 & 2). The endomeral plate corresponding with the

sume piece in the Owl Philopteri overlies the rest of the mesosome

and bridges across from the base of one paramere to the other.

The ductus ejaculatorius runs in under the bridge. The endomeral

plate may either consist of two pieces superimposed upon one

another—-viz., the deeply bifid band marked in the text-figure

and the plate above this stretching across from paramere to

paramere ; or these parts may only be sculpturing or local thick-

enings in the same plate of chitin.

Alimentary Canal (text-fig. 6).—This belongs to the common

Ischnoceran type figured by Snodgrass (1, pl. xi. fig. 11). But the

crop is longer and narrow, and in the ventriculus immediately

behind the two anterior exca there is a deep constriction, below

which the ventriculus is broad and spacious.

Tue Pottoprert or Ducks, GEESE, AND SWANS.

This interesting group of Mallophaga was first seriously tackled

by Giebel in the ‘Insecta Epizoa,’ 1874 (5, pp. 113-116), im which

eight distinct species are described, including the typical Philo-

ptlerus icteredes. Denny (8, pp. 95 & 99) described two other

species—P. eygni from Cygnus bewicki Yarr. and P. chryso-

phthalmi fom Glaucion clangula (Linn.) (Clangula chryso-

phthalmi). By veference to Denny’s collection, now in the

British Museum, his “ 2D. chrysophthalmi” proves to be an

Accipitrine parasite, probably P. pictus, a straggler perhaps

upon the Golden-eye Duck; or Denny may have mitsread

ov confused his label, mistaking ‘Golden-eye” for ‘Golden

Hagle.” Giebei remarks, of the form figured and described by

Denny under the name “ /). iclerodes,” that “seme Abbildung

giebt so erheblicae Differenzen an, dass man gerechte Zweifel an

der Identitiit erheben konnte.” I have examined Denny’s spe-

cimens, and find, as Giebel suspected, that Denny did not have

P. icterodes before him. His specimens belong to the form

which, until the types of Giebel and Nitzsch can be re-examined,

I propose to identify with Giebel’s P. ferrugineus. Piaget (8,

pp. 113-116) was imperfectly acquainted with these Duck

parasites. He describes and figures true P. icterodes, 1 think

correctly, although the sketch of the terminal segments of the

abdomen of the male (pl. x. fig. 1 @) appears to show the remark-

able structure on the endomeral plate deseribed below and called.

the effractor, which is present in P. ferrugineus but absent in

P. icterodes. Piaget did not know any of Giebel’s species, and

subsequent authors have labelled all Philopteri from Geese and

Ducks P. icterodes.

FROM THE, SOCIETY'S 3 GARDENS. 653

Through the generosity of Mr. Waterston I have been able to

prepare, dissect, and mount a considerable number of Philopteri

of this group from a variety of hosts, the following distinct

species emerging as a result :—Philopterus cygni D. (on Swans),

P. brunneiceps G. (on Geese), P. icterodes N. (on different species

of Ducks), P. ferrugineus G. (on Ducks), P. obtusus G. (on Soma-

teria mollissima (inn.)), and a species taken on the Pochard,

which I cannot name satisfactorily and must therefore regard

as new.

The whole group, for which the new genus Andatecus is

proposed, is a remarkably compact one, and the species com-

prised in it are all closely related and sometimes with difficulty

differentiated one from another ; so that Giebel’s specific diagnoses

are of little assistance, even for the purposes of identification.

Further, as straggling occurs so frequently from Duck to Duck,

it 1s unsafe to rely for help upon the host’s name.

The above identifications, therefore, must be accepted with

reserve. Rather than give new names, it has appeared better to

perpetuate the old where that was possible, at the same time

figuring the parts important for the differentiation of the species.

In the future, should the types of Giebel and of Nitzsch become

accessible, these decisions can be revised if necessary.

ANAT@CUS, gen. Nov.

Head distinguished by the characteristic alation of the clypeus,

by the presence of two small peg-like spines dorsally (one on each

side of the posterior apex of the signatural plate *), by the

unusually short antenne, and the modified lyriform organ.

Abdomen characterised by the form of the lateral tergites, which

in segment 1 meet each other in the middle line. Th subsequent

sections, except the last, the tergites leave an uncovered median

field. In the male copulatory apparatus, the fusion of the

parameres distally with the pseudopenis, the form of the latter,

the endomeral plate, and sac are also good generic characters

Finally, the form of the vesicula seminalis and the extremely

short ductus must be included.

Small ectoparasites, infesting Swans, Geese, and Ducks.

A genus indicating in the male genitalia certain Lipeuroid

affinities, and in the mouth-parts obvious aflinities with the

genus /bidecus, nov.

Genotype: Anatecus icterodes Nitzsch.

The six species distinguished up to the present (no doubt others

remain to be elucidated) fall into two groups, according as the

effractor—a remarkable structure shaped like a tin-cpener—is

present or absent on the endomeral plate of the male. A. Those

with the ‘“tin-opener” are A. ferrugineus and A. obtusus.

B. Those without it are A. cygni, A. icterodes, A. brunneiceps,

and A. difficilis, sp. n.

* The whole of the dorsal chetotaxy of the head is a generic chazacter.

654 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICE

In the same genus should be included Docophorus brunneo-

pygus Mjoberg (6, p. 1380) on Anser leucopsis, which I do not

know.

A, difficilis, sp. n., closely resembles A. ferrugineus in form,

with the one considerable difference that the ‘“‘tin-opener”’ is

absent.

Text-figure 7.

A. Anatecus ferrugineus, 6. B. A. icterodes, §. X 80.

Compare the signatures.

Text-figure 8.

A. Anatecus obtusus, 6. B. A. branneiceps, 6. X80. -

Compare the signatures.

Text-figs. 7, 8, & 9 illustrate the form of the head in these

species, and the table presents a comparison of the head-measure-

ments (millimetre scale). In the table the measurements taken

are from the posterior apex of the signature to the anterior

margin, and transversely from one lateral margin to the other

at the level of the base of the clypeal bands, together with the

total length and the greatest breadth.

FROM THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS. 655

Text-figure 9.

Anatecus cygni, 6. X80.

Head-measurements (millimetre scale) of Males of

Anatoecus species.

| Group A. | Group B.

Blo fT A. obtusus. | A, cygii. | . is | AG RS

| gineus. | : icterodes. | neiceps.

| |

| | Faas |

Teton Veer ata Vege een chee Oe aller a a eal

es eae Py Gol ae Se Yo Se Le aS eS |

| Breadth............) “40 “41 40 | “46-46 45 | -49 -50 | 38 -38 | “42 -40

| |

| | |

| Breadth in front | °*20 °20 "19 | -25 24 +25 | "22 -20 “22, 23 +| “18 -20

16-16 | “14 “14

| | | |

Tuength ............| “44 43 °40 | “46-45 -45 | -41 -40 | -41 <4 “43 4d

| | | |

10 “10

{

| Length in front . *19 19 "19 | “18 “16 “17

In addition to the differences in the form of the head, in the

cephalic index, and in the male copulatory apparatus, small

specific characters may also be seen in the colour (rather variable,

however), in the shape of the abdomen, and the genital mark in

the male.

The Society’s Collection contained two or three specimens of

the typical A. icterodes.

ANATECUS ICTERODES Nitzsch. From Aex galericulata (Linn.).

The Mouth-parts. (Text-fig. 10.)

Mandibles—In A. cygni and A. icterodes, and probably

throughout the genus, the narrow basal process of the left and

the quadrangular process ati the base of the right mandible are

absent, the shape of the mandibles being accordingly different.

656 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICE

These processes occur and have been described in many species of

Mallophaga, both Amblycerva and Ischnocera (see Part J. and some

of Kellogg’s figures, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. vol. vi., 1896). I find

them absent not only in Anatecus, but in the genus /bidecus, nov.

(see p. 664) and in Bodpia tarsata—probably absent in other

Boopidee as well.

The lyriform organ and “ glands” are modified throughout the

genus, and resemble those of /bida@cus figured on p. 670. The

text-figure shows their typical form.

A, icterodes—Both mandibles are very similar, the right

differing from the left in the acuteness of the apices of its two

branches. In the right there is a minute protuberance sub-

apically on the ventral branch and another lower down on the

cutting-edge. There are a few transverse ridges distally on the

Text-figure 10.

Anatecus icterodes. Mouth-parts. ~< 400. Maxillary lobes not shown.

R. right, and Z. left mandibles. P. “paraglossa.”’ -4C. anterior cornu, and

PC, posterior cornu of lyriform organ, G. “gland.”

dorsal surface of the dorsal branch and a V-shaped groove,

the lower margin of which curves inwards and then down-

wards, showing a notch in its margin just before the latter

slopes inwards in a straight line. Zabiwn: This has clearly

demarcated lateral margins, formed of stronger chitin’ than

the immediately surrounding area. ‘‘ Paraglosse” short, with

long terminal spines. Inner pair of lobes well defined. /so-

pogometric apparatus: The two sprawling posterior cornua of

the lyriform organ run in a dorsal direction, one on each side

of the pharynx. The anterior cornua are two short broad pro-

cesses, rounded in front. The lyriform organ is small and thinly

FROM THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS. 657

chitinised, invisible without dissection. Zhe basal pieces (or

** glands”) are small circular areas, each framed in a chitinous

plate which goes forward to the labial margin as anterior hypo-

pharynx. Posteriorly are attached the usual narrow tendons,

one to each “gland.” ‘ Ducts” or chitinous chords apparently

absent.

A. cygni.—In the form of the mandibles, lyriform organ, basal

pieces, anterior hypopharynx, and in the absence of ducts this

species agrees closely with the preceding, and I am unable to

find any obvious differences. The mandibles are perhaps more

powerful.

Text-figure 11.

- Male copulatory apparatus of the genus Anatecus. X 150.

1. A. ferrugineus. 2. A.cygni. 3. A. obtusus.

BP. basal plate. R&R. retinacular comb. HP. endomeral plate. FP. paramere.

Ps.P. pseudopenis. #. effractor. 1a. side view of effractor.

The small sac cannot be shown.

The Male Copulatory Apparatus in the Genus Anateecus.

(Text-figs. 11 & 12.)

Group A. Those with the effractor.

A. ferrugineus.— Basal plate: Longer than broad, with a rather

deep and broad V-shaped white mark debouching on the anterior

margin, looking like a split, the result of an accident in dissection ;

658 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICE

it is present in all the species except A. cygni. The plate and

parameres are fused in one piece, there being no articulation and

no trace even of a suture. Parameres: Distally these appendages

bend in to meet one another and embrace the median pseudo-

penis, which is probably endomeral. The parameres are fused

with the base of the pseudopenis, but not with one another, the

tips being quite discrete. Parameres and pseudopenis lie dorsally

and curve upwards at the end. Below, in the mesosomal space,

is the sac—an interesting structure, slightly expansible (in

copulation), and carrying dorsally at its distal end a great

number of minute finger-shaped papille. Behind these are

seen numbers of minute circular spines. On its ventral surface

in the hypomeral area is a remarkable retinacular apparatus,

consisting of a semicircular row (with the apices pointing back-

wards) of ten elongate powerful teeth, those in the middle

as long as the pseudopenis; it is uncertain whether this comb

of teeth can be moved forward or not. Below the sac is the

endomeral plate, which, like the parameres; is continuous with

the basal plate. Fixed upon the posterior margin dorsally is

the densely chitinised effractor. It is a little, more or less oval

piece of dark-brown shiny chitin, running out into two limbs

behind—a, dorsal and a ventral, the one immediately above the

other. The ventral limb is blunt at its tip, the dorsal more

acute, the two together recalling a tin-opener without the

handle.

A. obtusis.—Very similar to the apparatus of the preceding

species, so that it is sufficient to signal the differences. The basal

plate is different in shape in the neighbourhood of the effractor ;

the teeth of the retinacular comb are shorter and more numerous,

being fifteen or sixteen or more in number; and, lastly, the

effractor has a different shape, being distinguished by the narrower

and more elongate dorsal limb, which is set in the ventral process

of pyriform outline as in a sort of pedestal.

Group B. Those without the effractor. Correlated with its

complete absence, is the complete absence of the retinacular

comb.

A. cygni.—Basal plate: Short and broad, posterior V-shaped

mark absent. Parameres: Broad at the base, at the apex blunt

and fused closely with the pseudopenis, which is quite short.

Two minute white circles on the posterior margin of the endo-

meral plate—probably the relatively large alveoli of minute

sensory hairs.

A. wcterodes.—Basal plate: Short and broad; the V-shaped

mark present. Parameres: Longer than the basal plate, and

enclosing a space of different shape from that of A. branneiceps,

with which it must be compared.

A. brunneiceps.—In this species the apparatus, very similar to

FROM THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS. 659

the preceding, is nevertheless characterised by the possession of

an elongate, thin, chitinous splint lying dorsally on the sac and

projecting a little beyond it. This probably is the penis, and

is particularly easy to see in some specimens from Somateria

mollissiema *. f

A. difficilis, sp. n.—The penis-splint is present. The apparatus

appears to me to be quite indistinguishable from the preceding.

Text-fi gure 12.

Anatecus icterodes. Male reproductive system and copulatory apparatus.

X 160.

VS, vesicula seminalis. D. ductus. BP. basal plate. HP. endomeral plate.

P. paramere. Ps.P.pseudopenis. 7. testis. WD. vas deferens.

Sac not shown.

Male Reproductwe System in Anatecus. (Text-fig. 12.)

This was examined in 4A. icterodes and A. brunneiceps and

found to be the same. It is noteworthy for the extremely

* Tt nvay exist in other species and yet escape detection, if the chitin be hyaline

and transparent.

660 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICE

short ejaculatory duct, the large testes, and the curious locular

character of the vesicula seminalis, which, as usual, consists of a

right and a left ventricle fused into an organ of the shape seen in

the text-figure.

Tuer PHILOPTERI OF STORKS AND IBISES.

Two new genera are diagnosed below-—the one represented by.

Philopterus tricolor N. and found upon the Ciconiide, and the

other represented by P. platalew D. and found upon the Ibidide.

These two genera stand fairly elose to one another. bidecus,

gen. nov., contains the species designated “ Bisignati” by Piaget

and characterised by the large double signature ; NVeophilopterus,

gen. noy., contains the forms which Piaget collected under the

heading ‘Setosi,” and is characterised by the fusion of the

double signature into one plate. Other well-defined characters

are recounted under the respective diagnoses of these two

genera.

NEOPHILOPTERUS, gen. nov.

Head, especially in the female, relatively small ; on the dorsal

surface of the pre-antennal area, a transverse suture marks the

posterior margin of the signature. In the new genus /bidecus

each element of the double signature ends behind in an acute

angle. In the present genus two acute angles are present poste-

riorly, suggesting fusion of an originally double plate *. Each of

these posterior angles is situated more laterally than in Zbidecus,

and the plate on each side extends further, so as to overlie the

clypeal band so prominent in /bidawcus. By focussing down,

the clypeal band is seen crossing the suture and thus uniting the

clypeal region with the skull (as in other Philopteri). Thorax

longer than broad, with a strong, transverse, acetabular bar

running in from each side between the first and second pairs

of legs and giving attachment to the former. Clavicles present.

Abdomen with two transverse rows of silky hairs on the tergum

of each segment. Two tergites on each segment situated late-

rally and leaving a bare median field except in the terminal seg-

ment, where they meet across the middle. The male copulatory

apparatus is also fairly characteristic, and may probably prove

diagnostic for the whole genus,

Genotype: WV. tricolor Nitzsch (5, p. 96).

Parasites of the Ciconiide.

The following good species can with certainty be referred to

this genus :—W. tricolor N., NV. indicus P., N. incompletus N.,

AV. unifasciatus P., and \. episcopi Kelloge.

NEOPHILOPTERUS INCOMPLETUS Nitzsch (5, p. 97).

This is the only member of the new genus included in the

* T have no evidence to show tiat Neophilopterus is a derivative of Ibidecus.

Evolution, therefore, may have gone the other way.

FROM THE SOCIELY’S GARDENS. 661]

collection. It was represented by many specimens from

ELuxenura maguari (Gmel.).

Giebel described a Neophilopterus from this same host, calling

it V. subsncompletus. But to this species, so far as it is possible

to understand it from Giebel’s description, the present specimens

do not belong.

Male Reproductive System (text-fig. 13).—Testes pyriform as

usual, The ductus is short, there being only two bends in it

from the mesosome to the vesicula. The vesicula seminalis is

elongate, narrow, with a longitudinal median groove indicating

the double origin of this organ. The ductus, on leaving it,

bends backwards for a little way, and for this portion of its

length the duct is a fairly narrow canal. On turning forwards

again after the second bend, it expands into a large canal quite

Text-figure 13.

Pen \

Neophilopterus incompletus. Male reproductive system and copulatory apparatus.

x 100.

VS. vesiculaseminalis. D.ductus. HA. ejaculatory ampulla. BP. basal plate.

#. endomere.. Pen. penis. P. paramere. 7’. testis. VD. vas deferens.

as broad and long as the vesicula itself, and no doubt functioning

as an ejaculatory ampulla, as its walls are well supplied with

transverse muscle-fibres, which run in from opposite, sides and

appear to become plaited together in the middle.

Male Copulatory Apparatus (text-fig. 13).—Basal plate: Longer

than the parameres, broader behind than in front, posterior margin

very convex. Hach lateral margin has a broad band. Between

662 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICE

these lateral bands the median area of the plate is trough-shaped.

Just behind the mesosome lies a small median plate, which sends

off a branch on each side behind into each lateral region of the

basal plate. Parameres: Quite evenly rounded rods, tapering

somewhat towards the distal end and curving slightly inwards,

Mesosome: Fused into one piece, shaped as in text-fig. 16. Half-

way down on each side, projecting in a forward direction, is

Text-figure 14.

Neophilopterus tricolor. Male copulatory apparatus. X< 140.

BP, basal plate. LE. lower endomere. HH. endomere. P. paramere.

Pen. penis.

a strong bristle set in a well-marked alveocius. These two

bristles mark the end of the endomeral portion of the mesosome ;

between it and the distal half or telomeral portion a distinet

suture can be observed. In the dissection of a new species of the

genus collected on Carphibis spinicollis (Jameson) the endomeral

FROM THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS. 663

or proximal half of the mesosome is large; the two forwardly-

directed spines are present, one on each side at its posterior

end; while the distal or telomeral half, strongly chitinised,

is telescoped up within the endomeral. Similarly with another

new species from Abdimia abdimii (Licht.).

Comparison with the Apparatus of Neophilopterus tricolor

(text-fig. 14).—This apparatus, while resembling the preceding

in its basal plate and parameres, differs from each of the three

forms mentioned above in features of the mesosome and in the

presence of a small process or plate at the base of the mesosome

which I regard as an upper endomeral chitinisation. The part

marked Pen., apparently telomeral, is white and more or less

membranous, and appears to beheld by the basal endomeral

portion shaped something like a pair of pincers.

The Receptaculum Seminis of the Female of N. incompletus

(text-fig. 21 (3), p. 672)—This should be compared with the

receptaculum ot Ibidecus (text-fig. 21 (1 & 2)). From a minute

opening into the genital cavity, a delicate narrow duct runs up

to a jarge semicircular sac borne upon a short circular calyx,

brown in colour, with its rounded outer surface longitudinally

striate.

Mouth-parts of N. tricolor and N. incompletus.—It is worthy

of record that, while the lyviform organ and basal pieces of

iV, mcompletus are normal, in WV. tricolor the same parts are

greatly modified. ‘The lyriform organ resembles that of [bidacus

platalew. Reference to the isolated modification of the isopogo-

metric apparatus im species of certain genera is referred to in

Part I. of this paper (p. 273), and is again discussed further on,

where the genus /bid@cus is discussed.

JRipacus, gen. nov.

Head with a double signature, consisting of two oblong plates,

each plate usually with a small ‘embossed area on the posterior

end, which runs out into an angle. Clypeal bands very well

marked ; -behind, they pass beneath each signatural plate and

jarmands: to be attached to the skull. rience long, with an

especially long second segment. Abdomen large, broad, with

a lateral tergite on each side of each segment, so as to leave

a clear median area. A single row of hairs across the tergum

of each segment.

Genotype: Lhidecus platalee Denny (8, p. 100).

The type of Denny’s species is in the British Museum.

The following species can certainly be referred to the new

genus :—J. vans G., I. bisignatus N., 1. longiclypeatus Piaget,

and I, bimaculatus Mjob.

The collection of the British Museum contains several un-

described species, including one from that interesting South-

American bird, Aramus scolopaceus.

Neophilopterus and [bidecus appear to be related rather closely.

664 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICE

Ipipa@cus PLATALE® Denny.

A single female among some Clolpocephalum material from

Lbis molucca Curven (ey siz: rictipennis) a straggler, probably, as

I, platalee parasitises Platalea leucorodia Linn, The obser-

vations which follow were made on specimens kindly lent by

Mr. Waterston.

Male Reproductive System.—This closely resembles that of

I, flavus, sp. n., about to be described. The elongate form

of the vesicula may prove to be a generic character.

Through lack of material, the male copulatory apparatus cannot

be satisfactorily described here e.

Mouth-parts.—The modified isopogometric apparatus was de-

scribed and figured in 1913 (9, p. 135, text-fig. 27) for this

species under the name Docophorus sphenophorus. The mandibles

are very interesting on account of their large size, the absence of

basal processes in each mandible, and the unusual development

of the curious process shaped like a bird’s head on the cutting-

edge halfway up between the tip and the base of each mandible

(see text-fig. 15). The mandibles of the genus /bidwcus resemble

Text-figure 15

Ibidcecus platalee. Mandibles. X 180.

L.left. R.right. a. avicularian process.

closely those of the genus Anatecus not only in the avicularian

process, in the absence of basal process and quadrangular pro-

cess, but in the distal extremities consisting each of two apices

with one ridged. The species /. platalew is distinguished by

the size and prominence of the avicularian process * and in the

large size of the ridges, which in side view give the tip of the

mandible longitudinally a serrate appearance. When dissected

out and placed face downwards on its cutting surface, the

mandible is found to be as deep dorso-ventrally as it is long from

base to apex.

* CF. avicularia in the Polyzca.

FROM THE SOCIETY S GARDENS. 665

IBIp@cUS FLAVUS, sp. n.

This species does not form part of the collection on which the

report is based, but for the purpose of comparison it is useful to

include it here, especially as many specimens—male, female, and

larvee—are available for study, being part of a valuable con-

signment of Mallophaga presented to the British Museum by the

Hon. N. C. Rothschild.

T. flavus was collected on Platibis flavipes (Gould) (the Yellow-

billed Spoonbill of Australia) from ‘‘Serpentine, Melbourne,” on

August 3rd, 1911, the label being endorsed ‘A. Coles.” It isa

handsome yellow parasite, recognisable by the shape of the pre-

antennal region of the head, which is longer than in J. platalea

and more truncate at the front margin, but not so long as in

T. hians and the other members of the long-headed section of the

genus. The male genital plate is also a ready means of identifying

this form (text-fig. 16).

Text-figure 16.

Thidecus flavus. Male genital mark. X 90,

External form.—Maue. fHHead (text-fig. 17): Large; pre-

antennal region elongate, each signatural plate long, parallel-

sided. Line of the temple from the antenna to the anterior

lateral angle of the pronotum very convex. Occipital line straight,

an exoccipital thickening on each side. Two dark brown, slightly

diverging rafters run across the roof of the skull. A small gular

plate present, in front gracefully narrowing to an acute apex. A

single median occipital apodeme running into the prothorax.

Tentorium absent. Zhorax: Much narrower than the head,

almost parallel-sided and rectangular. Spiracle opens laterally

Proc, Zoou. Soc.—1916, No. XLVI. 46

666 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICE

just beneath the posterior lateral] angle. Clavicles present, each

running as a narrow rod from halfway down the lateral margin

inwards and downwards to project beyond the hind margin into

the metathorax as a broad band, which curves down al then

forwards again to be inserted into the transverse acetabular bar

behind the first pair of coxe. The nota of both segments are

divided by a median longitudinal colourless line. Abdomen :

Regularly ovate. The ter minal tergite forms a deep semicircular

pant around the genital opening. Ventrally, the genital plate

with its cheetotaxy forms an easily recognisable navel (see text-

fig. 16).

Text-figure 17.

Ibidecus fiaves. Head of male.

External form.—¥emaus. As in the male, except for the usual

sexual differences of the abdomen.

Chetotaxy.—For differentiating species, the chzetotaxy in this

genus probably will prove of little value, as it 1s almost identical

in the male and female both of this species and of J. platalea

(except for the usual sexual differences at the end of the abdomen).

For example, on the second segment of the antenna there is one

elongate bristle and a shorter one beside it ; the signatural plates

are bare dorsally ; on the ventral surface is a single bristle in the

middle of each plate. On the clypeal band at the base there is

one bristle dorsally, one projecting laterally, and one on the

ventral surface. At the distal end of the band there are three

more bristles similarly arranged. In both sexes of both species,

also, there is a bristle on the dorsal surface of the skull just.

FROM THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS. 667

behind the posterior acute angle of each signatural plate, a spine

on the corneal surface of each eye, and a spiny hair behind and

the same minute spines dotted sparsely over the postantennal

dorsal area *, The cheetotaxy of the abdomen calls for no special

mention.

Text-figure 18.

Ibidecus flavus. Central nervous system.

Infra.Oes. infra-esophageal ganglion. Sup.Oes. supra-cesophageal ganglion.

Ist, 2nd, 3rd. thoracic ganglia. S¢.N. stomatogastric nerves.

Alimentary Canal.—Mr. Waterston has pointed out to me

some minute teeth on the chitinous lining of the pharynx in a

Lemobothrion. Similar pharyngeal teeth in Lipewrus ferox were

figured without comment in 1913 (9, p. 131, text-fig. 24). I now

find similar teeth in the pharynx of other genera, including the

present species, in which they are very minute and occur in small

rows, each tooth directed backwards. The patch of teeth in the

anterior cecum of the crop is present in its usual extent; and the

* Tt is likely that the chetotaxy, at least of the head, just as in Lathes, will

prove to conform to the same plan throughout the whole genus. It is the same in

two other species (unnamed) which I have examined, making four in all.

46%

668 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICE

rest of the alimentary tract requires no detailed description,

except perhaps a reference to the swollen base of each Malpighian

tube.

Nervous System (text-fig. 18).—The state of preservation forbade

any satisfactory dissection of the nervous system. The brain and

main ganglia have been figured by Snodgrass for Hurymetopus

tawrus (1, pl. xvi. fig. 7). From this, the central nervous system

differs in its general form. The supra-cesophageal ganglion is

Text-figure 19.

Tbhidecus flavus. Male reproductive system and copulatory apparatus. 90.

T. testis. VD. vas deferens. BP. basal plate. #.endomere. P. paramere.

Pen. penis. D. ductus. VS. vesicula seminalis.

much broader and the bay in front less deep. The sub-

cesophageal is narrower; the first thoracic ganglion is also

long and narrow and a little narrower in front than behind.

The second or mesothoracie ganglion is roughly triangular in

shape, the apex pointing forward. The metathoracic is the

- largest of the three, and more or less circular in shape. Behind,

two extraordinarily large stomato-gastric nerves come off and

supply the viscera.

Male Reproductive System (text-fig. 19).—Testes: Relatively

FROM THE SOCIETY S GARDENS. 669

small, the commissure between them weak, so that in dissection

the two are commonly separated *, Vesicula seminalis: This is a

long narrow sac, with the usual longitudinal median division.

The anterior end is a little truncate, broader than it is behind,

where it decreases almost to the bore of the issuing ductus.

Ejaculatory ampulla absent ov only slightly developed.

Male Copulatory Apparatus (text-fig. 19).—Basal plate: Lateral

margins well chitinised, parallel-sided except for the posterior

third of their length, where the plate broadens out. Posterior

margin concave. Parameres: At the base these are broad, thin,

and transparent bands which fold in around the stout densely

chitinous endomeres. Distally, the parameres curve in towards

one another, so as to embrace the tip of the remarkable penis.

Beyond the end of the penis they are produced forwards and

become more strongly chitinous and brown in colour, Sub-

apically, on the outside margin of each, there is a small directive

hair. Hndomeres: These remarkable appendages are much

shorter than the parameres, strongly chitinised, deep brown

in colour, and slightly curved, the convex side of the curve

being on the outside of their length. The distal end is enlarged

and displays two large ridges, forming distinct cutting-edges,

each ridge with a separate apex. Between the distal ends lies

the main body of the penis. At the base they articulate with

almost the whole articular surface of the posterior lateral angles

of the basal plate. Mesosome: The penis is a large bulky piece

of chitin, the form of which is delineated in the text-figure.

Behind it lies the curiously-shaped piece labelled X. This is

clearly endomeral—whether upper or lower, I am not prepared

to say. The outline of the central portion of this piece is shaped

something like a bowl on a pedestal. There are two long back-

wardly projecting spines, one on each of the two outwardly

curving cornua: and behind, on each lateral angle at the base of

the bowl, a short peg-like spine.

Measurements (mallimetre-scale).

; \)

Length. | Greatest Breadth. ! Length of Antenna.

| | eae

(ss eee

ae OF | Bo | We I sesinemie | ere | QO.

—_——— aa

Werden HOGS) a, OC amt LOOM mectonp||as ei 09 | “10

Pal WP ahion Saye eilz

| Pro- ne vary ene van (a Gown lata yAl. || |

| Meta- ‘ thorax ...... 60 | 80 1-90 1:05 | ay | 08 07

| Abdomen AG. Aes) V2SN OPO LPAOMMNALeRAN | ih at oP hoes

| | i 5. 095 | °09 |

Poa | “|= | See

| Totals | 2845 | 3:96 | | Total ...| -495 | -51 |

* Perhaps due to the condition of the tissues,

670 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICK

The Mouth-parts in the Genus Ubideecus. (Text-fig. 20.)

It’ is necessary to revert once more to the subject of the

pharyngeal sclerite (or lyriform organ) referred to on p. 273 of

Fart J. and on p. 656 of the present instalment, inasmuch as

within this single genus /bidwcus may be found species with

these organs modified (as they occur in scattered instances

throughout the Order), at least one species in which the parts

are normal as in most Mallophaga, and in the species 7. flavus a

valuable intermediate stage.

Text-figure 20

Tbidecus flavus. Isopogometric apparatus. X 290.

G@. “gland.” AC. anterior cornu, PC. posterior cornu, and NV. “nucleus”

of the lyriform organ.

This isopogometric apparatus, as Armenante (10) called it (on

the theory that it was a contrivance for measuring the barbules

into equal lengths for cutting) *, was supposed by Snodgrass (1)

to be absent in some Mallophaga, such as Lemobothrion, An-

cistrona, Nitzschia, Physostomum, Trinoton, and. others. In

* The fact that a similar apparatus is present in the Psocids, which do not feed

on feathers, does not necessarily disprove Armenante’s theory, as its present function

may be a new one, involving the adaptation of old parts. It is certainly difficult to

beheve that the so-called “ glands” (now apparently wholly chitinous) were not once

glandular, which they may still be m part.

FROM THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS. 671

1913 (9) I described them as present though modified in these

five genera (and in others) and figured them, at the same time

expressing the opinion that the apparatus was probably present

throughout the Mallophaga. Up to the present, after many

more dissections, there is no reason for changing this opinion.

Recently (11, p. 393) Mi. Harrison has stated that the lyriform

organ is ‘ totally absent ” in Ornithobius. But it is still present

in this genus, though atrophied and very difficult to dissect out.

Although in such genera as Lemobothrion, Menopon, and Colpo-

cephalum the apparatus shows differences in the lengths of the

posterior and anterior cornua (often to a very great extent) and

in the shape of the “glands,” the characteristic form of lyriform

organ and *‘ glands” is preserved and is immediately recognisable.

In the following Amblyceran forms, however, very extensive

modifications have been brought about :—Bodpia and Hetero-

doxus (and probably the whole of the family Bodpide), Gyropus

(probably all the Gyropidee), Psewdomenopon, Nitzschia, Trinoton,

Tetrophthalmus (belonging to the Menoponide), Physostomum,

Trimenopon, Ancistrona. Among the Ischnocera, the following

genera must be included :—Ornithobius, Anatecus, most of the

genus /bidewcus probably, and the species Trichodectes hemitragt

Cummings and Veophilopterus tricolor. Other forms, such as

Philopterus pertusus, are indicated by Snodgrass, but these

require investigation.

Modification proceeds by way of the gradual disappearance of

the “ nucleus” or rounded central portion of the lyriform organ,

the reduction of the “gland” in size and its ultimate dis-

appearance, and the transformation of “duct” and “ glands”

into hypopharyngeal sclerites. In text-fig. 20 is shown the

lyriform organ of Jbidwcus flavus modified, but with the still

persistent remains of the “ nucleus,” consisting of a clear “ pin-

hole” surrounded by a cirele of dense chitin. After bifurcating,

each branch of the ‘“ duct” enters a small, delicate, oval ‘‘ gland,”.

which lies rather loosely encircled within a plate of chitin; this,

behind, tails out in a narrow strip, and in front runs forward as

a broad hypopharyngeal plate in outline shaped like a human

thumb bent outwards with the “ball” of the thumb facing the

corresponding structure on the opposite side. Between these two

plates longitudinally runs a narrow chitinous strip, Just as in

Lipeurns ferow and others. A sheet of transparent chitin crosses

between the two “glands,” and in the centre of this may be

seen a small circular clear space, possibly a hole.

As compared with this apparatus, that of J. platalew is

decidedly more modified, all sign of “nucleus” having dis-

appeared; while in a species from Aramvus scolopaceus, appa-

rently undescribed, it is quite normal as in the majority of

Mallophaga *.

* Mr. Harrisom informs: me that he possesses a species of Tbidacus from an

Australian host with a normal lyriform organ,

672 MR. B. F, CUMMINGS ON LICE

Spermatophores in tbideecus. (Text-fig. 21.)

Lbidecus platalee.—The receptaculum seminis is an irregularly

shaped sac at the end of an extremely fine chitinous duct which

opens by a small aperture through the chitinous intima of the

genital chamber. The duct is finer than in Veophilopterus incom-

pletus and the calyx is of a very different shape, being bent back

around the top of the duct. Inside the sac may be seen the

spermatophores—hard, thick-walled follicles containing nests of

spermatozoa. In some of these no opening could be discovered.

Text-figure 21.

Receptaculum seminis of 1. [bidecus platalee, 2. I. flavus, and 3. Neophilopterus

incompletus. X 70.

S.spermatodome. C.calyx. D. duct. NV. nest of spermatozoa.

Lbidecus flavus.—The receptaculum resembles that of /. platalece

and gives the same suggestion of a hydroid on its stalk. Just

within the calyx, however, the canal opens into an atrium, absent

in the preceding species. ‘The flask-shaped spermatophores, five

in one female and eight in another, lying loose and disposed

irregularly, somewhat recall the form of the spermatophore

figured by Von Siebold (13) for the Locustid Decticus verruci-

vorus, but the mouth is much larger and the neck broader. In

each spermatophore in the first specimen was a nest of sperma-

tozoa. In the second they were absent and had probably been

discharged. ;

Cholodkovsky (14 and 15) divides the spermatophores in insects

into four distinet types—(1) True spermatophores arising from

the sexual organs of the male and facilitating the transference of

FROM THE SOCIETY’S GARDENS. 673

spermatozoa into the female organs. Outside the Insecta this is

the typical spermatophore well known by zoologists to occur in

Urodeles, Cephalopods, Decapods, Myriapods, and elsewhere.

Among insects true spermatophores are possessed by G'rillus (16),

Dytiscus marginalis (17), and others. (2) Spermatodosen or

structures which arise in the female sexual organs and serve “zur

Dosierung des Samens bei der Befruchtung der abzulegenden Hier.”

To this group belong the flask- and retort-shaped bodies in the

receptaculum seminis of many Locustids, where they were first

discovered so long ago as 1791 by Gabriel Brunelli (18), and first

accurately deser ibed by Carl T. von Siebold in 1845 (13) in Decti-

cus verrucivorus. To this category belong also the spermatophore-

shaped structures discovered by Cholodkovsky in Trichoptera (19)

and the “ spermatophores ” of certain Lepidoptera. (3) Spermato-

phragmen, or masses of gland secretion, serving as a medium for

the transference of the spermatozoa from the male to the female,

for the maintenance of the spermatozoa during copulation, or for

the closing up of the female genital opening. Examples : some

Locustid females and the “ Sackchen ” of Parnassius. (4) Sperm-

atodesmen * or bundles of spermatozoa united to form feather-

shaped structures, and so on.

The so-called spermatophores of the Mallophaga are spermato-

dose, and were discovered in Lipewrus jeyunus by Kramer in

1869 (12), in a valuable and careful memoir which has since been

neglected by writers on the Mallophaga as well as by Cholod-

kovsky, Ballowitz, Blunck, and others engaged in the study of

insect spermatophores. Kramer noticed a number of flask-shaped

vessels lying loose in the receptaculum seminis of the female, and

as they were too large to permit of their passage up the narrow

chitinous duct, Kramer concluded that they arose within the

receptaculum, and claimed to have detected the necks of half-

formed flasks in a special layer of epithelial cells within the

receptaculum.

Cholodkovsky’s summary of the reasons for thinking that these

interesting spermatodose arise within the female is very sugges-

tive, and it is to be hoped that the problem may be satisfactorily

elucidated by an examination of further parasites frem the

Zoological Gardens, well fixed and carefully preserved.

Rather than be classed under the general term spermatophore,

the three new terms introduced by Cholodkovsky should be used

in contradistinction to it, spermatozeugma being substituted for

spermatodesmen.

THE PHILoprert oF NUMENIUS.

Henry Denny, who, with Nitzsch and Giebel, shares the honour

of laying the foundations of our knowledge of the Mallophaga,

describes in his remarkable Monograph of British Lice, published

in 1840, two species of Philopterus from the Curlew (Nwmenius

arquata (Linn,)), viz. P. testudinarius and P. humeralis, In

* This is the spermatozeugma of Ballowitz (20).

674 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICE

‘ Les Pédiculines’ (1880, p. 83), Piaget allows P. testudinarius to

stand, and after stating that he does not know D. humeralis D.,

goes on to say “ je n’ai jamais rencontré sur cet oiseau que le testu-

dinarius dont je joins ici la description.” The types of these two

Species, now in the British Museum, prove them to be perfectly

distinct. Both species oceur commonly on both the Curlew

(Numenius arquata) and the Whimbrel (V. pheopus); the

characters of P. testudinarius ave divergent from the rest of its

allies and necessitate the constitution of a new genus.

Text-figure 22.

Philopterus humeralis. Male copulatory apparatus. 120.

BP. basal plate. LE. lower endomere. E.endomere. 1. telomere. Pen. penis.

P. paramere.

PHILOPTERUS HUMERALIS D. (8, p. 88). (Text-fig. 22.)

One ¢ from NVumenius arquata (Linn.).

Male Copulatory Apparatus.—Basal plate: The anterior half

FROM THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS. 675

is brown, flat. The posterior half possesses well-marked lateral

margins, with a transverse band across the base. Parameres:

Elongate curved rods, in cross-section circular. At its base each

paramere possesses a large circular condyle which is turned

inwards like the head of the femur in man. In front it is arti-

culated with the posterior lateral angles of the basal plate, and

behind, it lends a surface for attachment to the mesosome.

Mesosome: The upper endomere consists of two square “ wings cae

each “ wing” ae a straight outer lateral margin and a ehae ac-

teristic ‘“ nick” the posterior margin, after which the margin

curves Inwards oa backwards towards the forked base of the

elongate penis. The lower endomere is a small plate lying

between the condyles of the parameres. Under the penis is a

median elongate piece, bifid at the tip, representing telomeral

chitinisations.

DOoLLABELLA, gen. Nov.

The diagnostic characters are few, but sufficient. ‘They are the

shape of the head taken in conjunction with the tergites of the

abdomen, which in both sexes stretch right across and are on

each side fused with the pleurites. Philopterids living with

P. humeralis on Numenias.

Genotype : Doillabella testudinarius Denny.

DOLLABELLA TESTUDINARIUS D. (8, p. 96). (Text-fig. 23.)

Several specimens from Vumenius pheopus (Linn.).

Male Reproductive System.—In proportion to the vesicula the

testes are very large, roughly pyriform, nearly as broad as long.

The vesicula seminalis is elongate, pear-shaped, with a median

longitudinal groove. The rahen elongate accessory glands, one

on ene side, lie alongside of it in the posterior portion, and ences

the top of the ductus. The ductus ejaculatorius is long and

narrow, with several loops.

Male Copulatory Apparatus.—Basal plate: In front for a little

more than a third of its length it is evenly chitinised and of a

uniform brown colour. Behind, strong lateral margins with a

clear membranous area between. At each lower lateral angle

the articular surface is oblique, passing downwards from within

outwards. A small angular process projects a little beneath the

base of each paramere. Parameres: Slender, elegantly moulded

rods, which a little after halfway turn inwards in a pronounced

bend, and then run straight forwards to the distal end. The base

of each paramere is characteristic in shape, being roughly quadri-

lateral, with two sharply defined posterior angles. . Halfway

down, in the middle of its dorsal surface a minute hair on each

paramere; subapically on the outside another minute hair.

Mesosome : This includes the endomeres, an upper and a lower, of

complex form, the upper ene possessing ‘subapica lly on each of its

676 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICE

two limbs two directive hairs in large alveoli. Between lies the

penis, a rod with a large wing-like telomere on each side com-

posed of rather transparent delicate chitin.

Text: figure 23.

Dollabella testudinarius. Male reproductive system and copulatory apparatus.

Xx 75.

7. testis. VS. vesicula seminalis. AG. accessory gland. D. ductus. BP. basal

plate. SP. median splint. F. paramere. H. endomere. TJ. telomere.

Pen. penis. VD. vas deferens.

Tue Rest oF THE PHILOPTERI.

The species of Philopterws in the collection remaining to be

considered are five in number :—

PHILOPTERUS ComMUNIS N. (5, p. 85).

A single 9 in company with Virmus cyclothorax N. from Passer

domesticus (Linn.).

PHILOPrERUS SEMI-sTGNATUS N. (5, p. 80).

Two 2 2. Host’s name not given.

The difficult question of the Corvine Philopteri is discussed by

Waterston (21).

FROM THE SOCIETY’ 3 GARDENS. 677

PHILOPTERUS LARI Denny (8, p. 89).

Five 2 2 from Numenius arquata (Linn.). <A straggler from

Gulls.

The male copulatory apparatus is figured by Snodgrass (1,

jolly San HS, 8).

PHILOPTERUS LEONTODON N. (5, p. 90).

A single male from Psaroglossa spiloptera (Vigors).

A common parasite on Starlings, occurring in several different

forms ; probably a new genus should he established.

Text-figure 24.

Philopterus acanthus. Male copulatory apparatus. X 150.

BP. basal plate. L#H.lower endomere. P. paramere. . endomere.

Pen. penis. T. telomere.

PHILoprerus AcANTHUS C. (5, p. 101). (‘Text-fig. 24.)

Two 2 9 in company with Nirmus ochropygus on Hematopus

ostralegus (Linn.).

678 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICE

Tam able to describe the male copulatory apparatus from a

preparation kindly lent me by Mr. Waterston. ‘This belongs to

much the same type as that in P. humeralis.

Male Copulatory Apparatus. —Basal plate: The characteristic

feature is its small width in proportion to the dimensions of

the parameres and mesosome, which are attached to it. Basal

transverse band very convex. Parameres: Large powerful rods,

with large. circular condyles working over the tiny articular

surface offered by the posterior lateral angles of the basal plate.

Distally they bend in somewhat towards one e another. Subapically

a minute hair. J/esosome: There are two endomeres, a lower and

an upper, the former being a small deeply bifid plate, each limb

of the fork running out ‘behind into an attenuated tip. The

upper endomere has two wings, narrower at the distal end than

in P. humeralis, and here solely consisting of the lateral tooth

or notch pointing outwards. ‘The penis is a delicate rod with a

large bulbous base (hypomere) ; above lie the “ winged” telomeres,

which together look like a javelin’s hea a

A comparison between text-figures 22, 23 & 24 clearly indicates

the homologies between the parts in the three species.

Family LiPpEURID4.

Tue LIrpeuRI oF Srrutruious Birps.

Degeeriella asymmetrica N. is found on the Emu (Dromeus

novee-hollandice (Lath.)), Lipeuwrus asymmetricus P. on two species

of Rhea (Pterocnemia pennata (D’Orb.) and Rhea macrorhyncha

Scl.), Lipeurus quadrimaculatus P. on Struthio camelus Linn. and

Rhea americana, Lipeurus latus P.on R. americana. There can be

but little doubt that these four species are related to one another

and should be grouped together. Subsequent research and the

rediscovery of Piaget’s ZL. latuws will probably result in the

establishment of three new genera placed together in a new

subfamily.

Harrison (22) has already suggested that D. asymmetrica,

L. asymmetricus, and L. quadr imaculatus should be regarded as

congeneric. From the new genus established below to include

L. asymmetricus and L. quadr inaeulaties I have omitted D. asym-

metrica, aS in my opinion it should stand in a genus by itself. It

is a curious and significant fact that in three of these species

parasitising Struthious birds the margin of the anterior part of

the head is from some cause by no means evident asymmetrically

developed. The asymmetry in the anterior incrassation of the

head is least developed in L. quadrimaculatus, while in the larva

of this species, as well as in the larva OR I. asymmetricus, the

asymmetry is absent even in Stage IT. That D. asymmetrica, in

which the adult asymmetry is most developed, the whole of the

FROM THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS. 679

preantennal region being bent over on itself to form a longitu-

dinal channel, is a derivative of the other two species seems clear

from the observation made by Harrison that the larve of

Jd), asymmetr ica possess asymmetrical heads of *‘a precisely similar

structure ” to that found in the adults of the other two.

A great deal more collecting and investigation are necessary

before any satisfactory conclusions can be drawn upon the rela-

tionship of the Mallophaga parasites to their Struthious hosts.

STRUTHIOLIPEURUS, gen. nov.

Lipeuroid: antennz sexually dimorphic. Incrassations of

anterior margin of head placed asymmetrically. Left mandible

with an enormous basal process almost as large as the mandible

itself. In the thorax clavicles present as thin splints running

inwards and backwards from the antero-lateral angles to join a

band which goes vertically downwards to be inserted into the

transverse acetabular bar. Abdomen with thinly chitinised

transverse tergites. Two transverse rows of fairly long silky

hairs on each tergite. * Hairs at the sides numerous and fairly

long. Male copulatory apparatus characteristic.

Genotype: Struthiolipeurus asymmetricus Piaget (23, p. 54).

The genus to include S. quadrimaculatus P. (3, p. 298).

STRUTHIOLIPEURUS ASYMMErRICUS P. | (‘Text-fig. 25.)

I collected several specimens of this species personally on a

live Rhea in the Gardens.

Male Copulatory Apparatus.—Lasal plate: Dorsally brough:

shaped, with a longitudinal median keel. At the posterior end

the sides of the trough become steep, and a bridge runs across

from side to side in the form of a fairly narrow transverse band,

from the middle third of which a parallel-sided plate runs forward

between the parameres, ending in a straight truncate margin, to

which the upper endomeres are attached. Beneath this transverse

band is anotber running across the floor of the trough from side

to side. Like the dorsal one this sends forward a median piece

between the parameres, and near the end of it the penis arises.

The posterior lateral angles of the basal plate are much produced,

deep dorso-ventrally, and square. Parameres: long tapering

rods, the apex curiously formed (see text-fig. 25, P). Mesosome :

Each upper endomere is roughly triangular, being broad at the

base and narrowing towards the tip, where it is slightly decurved.

The piece may best be likened to the rhamphotheca of some bird

of prey when macerated off the skull; it is actually double,

being bent upon itself, the two leaves gaping wide enough to

admit of the introduction of the dissecting-needle. In this way

each upper endomere ‘“‘ gapes”’ outwards. The lower endomeres

take origin further back, one on each side of the base of the

680 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICE

penis. They are slender and wedge-shaped, rather long. The

penis is a long, narrow, elongate rod, with a somewhat ‘swollen

base, which lies almost buried between the dorsal and the ventral

median processes of the basal plate.

Text-figure 25,

Struthiolipeurus asymmetricus. Male copulatory apparatus. XX 140.

BP. basal plate. IK. median keel. 7'B. transverse band. MP. median piece.

Pen. penis. LE. lower endomere. P. paramere. UE. upper endomere.

Tue Rest or tHE Lrerurt.

LipeuRUS suBsIGNATUS Giebel (5, p. 232).

Several specimens, including a male, from Phenicopterus roseus

Pall.

LIpEuRUS JEJUNUS Nitzsch (5, p. 240). (Text-fig. 26.)

Males, females, and larve from Branta leucopsis (Bechst.).

Male ‘Repr oductive System.—This was carefully figured and

described by Kramer as long ago as 1869 in the «Zeitschrift fiir

wissenschaftliche Zoologie’ “(12). Testes and vas deferens as

usual, The vesicula seminalis is an elongate double-chambered

sac, the median partition indicated externally by a longitudinal

groove,

‘FROM THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS. 681

Male Copulatory Apparatus.—Basal plate: Rather long, narrow,

of uniform thinness, the lateral margins indistinct, and the colour

dull greyish. dMesosome: Attached to the posterior margin of

the basal plate is a large, broad, trowel-shaped plate—the meso-

some. When the apparatus is withdrawn, as shown in the figure,

the parameres, slender rods shorter than the mesosome, lie dorsally

Text-figure 26.

Lipeurus jejunus. Male copulatory apparatus. xX 139,

BP. basal plate. P. paramere. HP. endomeral plate. Pen. penis.

and inside the lateral margins of the mesosomal plate. When the

apparatus is 1n action, however, the base of the mesosome swells

up and broadens out, carrying the parameres with it, so that the

latter come to le laterally in their normal position. The penis is

a perfectly straight elongate tube, with an aperture at its tip and

with a forked base.

Lipeurus HETEROGRAMmICUS N. (5, p. 220).

Plenty of material of this minute species was sent, collected on

Caccabis chukar Gray.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1916, No. XLYII, a7

682 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICE

LpEuRus antitocus N. (5, p. 223).

Males, females, and larve in numbers from Lupodotis edwardsi

(Gray & Hardw.).

The specimens were identified from Piaget’s description and

figure (3, p. 374, pl. xxx. fig. 3), with which, however, they did

not entirely agree. After examination of anionic ie antilogus

the Society’s specimens may emerge as a new form.

Lireurus varrasitts N. (5, p. 219).

Several specimens of both sexes from Phasianus scintillans

Gould.

This is a difficult species, of which several varieties have been

described. All the material badly needs overhauling and dissec-

tion in conjunction with allied species.

Lierurus BurNertt Packard (24). (Text-fig. 27.)

Two ¢ ¢ and 4 @ 9 trom Polyplectron chinguis (Miill.).

The deseription which follows is incomplete, as the material

was insufficient to settle the question of the preputial sac, which

is therefore omitted.

Male Copulatory Apparatus.—Lasal plate: Unusually broad,

with very narrow, lateral, marginal bands. Anterior margin very

convex. Parameres: Quite short and inwardly curved. Hndo-

meral plate: ‘This is much longer than the parameres and at the

base almost as broad as the basal plate. Behind, 16 sends forward

a narrower parallel-sided portion shaped something like a duck’s

bill (see text-fig. 27). Note the peculiar sculpturing of the inner

surface of the paramere.

LIPEURUS SECRETARIUS G. (5, p. 213).

Many specimens from Serpentarius serpentarius (Miller).

This species belongs to a well-defined group of large handsome

Lipeurids infesting birds of prey and characterised by the four

or six curious, more or less circular inerassations on the front

margin of the head. They undoubtedly form the material for a

new generic grouping.

Lireurvs rorricunatus N. (5, p. 238).

A goodly number of specimens of both sexes and larve from

the Rede backed Pelican (Pelecanus r ufescens Gmel.).

This species, readily distinguished from ZL. bifasciatus P. by the

shape of the antenne in the male, is found on P. onocrotalus

Gmel. The present specimens were paler in colour than is usual

in this species. .

Larve.—Two stages, probably I. and II., have been figured by

Kellogg without any comment (25). The chetotaxy of the abdo-

men in Stage I.(%) shows the common and perhaps primitive

arrangement of two hairs on each dorsum in the middle field. In

FROM THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS. 683

Stage IT. (?), the only stage included in this collection, there are

two hairs on the dorsum of each segment, two on each pleura

(very short on segments I. and II.), and on segments VI. and

VII. a long hair behind each spiracle. On the sterna there are

four hairs in each segment excepting on the last two segments,

where there are only two. As compared with Stage I. (2) there

Text-figure 27.

Lipeurus burnetti. Male copulatory apparatus. X 180.

BP. basal plate. P. pavamere. HP. endomeral plate.

Note the sculpturing of the paramere.

is a slight difference in the grouping of the hairs on each side of

the hind margin of the metanotum.

Male Reproductive System (text-fig. 28).—The testes and vasa

deferentia require no special mention. The rest of the parts are

47*

684 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICE

complex in structure, consisting of an oval end-sac—the true

vesicula seminalis—which leads by a narrow neck into a second

well-defined portion, for convenience of description called the

middle-sac. Further, elongate reservoirs, elegantly flask-shaped,

Text-figure 28.

Lipeurus forficulatus. Male reproductive system and copulatory apparatus.

x 105.

a. seen from above; 0b. seen from the side. Testes not shown.

BP. basal plate. P. fused parameres. D. ductus. Pl. strip of narrow chitin

along ventral surface. S. extrusible sac. R. reservoir. H. end-sac of vesicula

seminalis. Jf. middle-sac. AG. accessory gland. -Pa. cone-shaped papilla.

V. vas deferens.

When in situ the vesicula and associated parts lie much further forward in the

body-cavity in front of the basal plate, and the sac when extended in copulation

curls oyer the back of the abdomen.

FROM THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS. 685

lie, one on each side of the middle-sac, and enter by a narrow

neck into the narrow section between the end-sac and middle-

sac. . The text-figure shows the connections at this point

with the vas deferens. The ductus ejaculatorius for a consider-

able portion of its course on leaving the middle-sac is large and

glandular and almost as broad as the middle-sac itself. The

narrow canal between the latter and the ductus projects into the

lumen of the ductus as a minute cone-shaped protuberance.

The broad upper part of the ductus, after two bends, giving the

tube an S-shaped form, narrows into a small canal of several

coils, which enters lower down into the upper part of the

retracted preputial sac.

Text-figure 29.

Lipeurus forficulatus, 8. Transverse section through the abdomen at the

level of the middle-sac of the vesicula. (Diagrammatic.)

Rt. rectum. TZ. testis. I. muscles. FC. fat cells. VD. vas deferens.

R. veservoir. JS. middle-sac.

Séctions of these parts reveal some important points (see text-

figs. 29 & 30). Externally the end-sac is marked by a median

longitudinal groove. In cross-section the mid-sac, as in the

vesicula seminalis of other insects, is seen to be double, consisting

of two distinct tubes closely applied one to the other. Similarly,

the middle-sac is also double. Whereas the end-sac contains

sperm, the two “reservoirs,” the middle-sac, and the two minute

vesicles, one on each side at the lower end of the latter, contain a

coagulable white secretion, which possibly plays the part of sper-

matophragmen, serving for the maintenance of the spermatozoa

during copulation.

The walls of the end-sac are fairly thin. Those of the middle-

686 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICE

sac are thicker, the cells being of varying lengths and their ends

projecting irregularly into the lumen. The walls of the flask-

shaped reservoir are very thin, consisting of a clear hyaline .

external membrane and an inner epithelium of short cells. The

walls of the upper portion of the ductus eyaculatorius ave very

thick, consisting of extremely high cells, the shape of which is not

clear in the preparations on account of unsatisfactory fixation.

For the same reason the histology of other parts remains obscure.

Text-figure 350.

Lipeurus forficwlatus, §. Transverse section through the abdomen, behind

the middle-sac of the vesicula. (Diagrammatic.)

R. rectum. D.dectus. Res. reservoir (lower end). —DV.M. dorso-ventral

muscles. HC. fat-cells.

Male Copulatory Apparatus (text-fig. 28).—The copulatory

apparatus belongs to the simple type, consisting of basal plate

and parameres and an extrusible membranous sac (see Part I.,

p- 257). Fortunately in the collection were two males with the

sac extruded, and, as usual, when in this condition turned

upwards and backwards over the terminal segments of the abdo-

men. A detailed account is therefore included of the sac when

extruded and when retracted, with some remarks upon the

mechanism of extrusion and retraction.

The basal plate is rather long and narrow, of a dull grey

colour, the lateral margins a little concave. The parameres at

their distal ends are fused with one another. The text-figure

shows that the fused parameres are dorsal to the sac which shoots

outwards and upwards from under the chitinous arch formed by

the parameres. The sac proximally possesses two characteristi¢

transverse rolls caused by two deep furrows. Distally it is

studded with a number of minute denticles and its opening is

FROM THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS. 687

subterminal on the dorsal surface. From between the parameres

and continuous at that point with the basal plate is a small

endomeral plate continued backwards as a long, narrow, thick,

parallel-sided, chitinous strip which supports the sac on its lower

side along the middle tine. The ductus can be seen through the

wall of the sac running backwards into the abdomen, where it hes

on the dorsal side of the basal plate.

Text-figure 31.

Lipeurus forficulatus, §. Transverse section through the abdomen showing the

copulatory sac lying retracted within the body-cavity above the basal plate.

* (Diagrammatic.)

R. rectum. TJ. trachea. S.sac. PL. narrow chitinous strip on ventral surface of

sac. J. muscles. FC. fat-cells. BP. basal plate, showing the rift.

The Apparatus when retracted.—During retraction the sac is

continuously invaginated until the distal end with its denticles

comes to lie farthest forward within the abdominal cavity a little

anterior to the fore end of the basal plate. The thick endomeral

strip on its lower wall, of course, curls upwards and travels in

with the rest, so as to form in the retracted state an enigmatic

loop difficult to interpret until an extruded sac is examined. In

cross-section, therefore, the endomeral strip forms the lower wall

of the iner tube (see text-fig. 32). A similar endomeral loop

with a similar history was described in Part I., p.271, for Z’richo-

dectes latus. ‘The diagram should make the relation of the parts

quite clear.

It should be clearly understood that the parameres are at no

place rods or appendages discrete from the sac. At their distal

end (text-fig. 33) a membrane crosses between them dorsally and

another membrane crosses ventrally. If the parameres became

shorter these two membranes would become continuous with

one another and with the dorsal wall of the outer tube, and if,

finally, they disappeared we should have a simple exsertile tube.

Sections anywhere across the length of the parameres all show

688 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICE

them to be local chitinisations one on each side of a membranous

tube—the outer tube. In text-fig. 832 a section is shown of this

outer tube contained within the genital chamber, and the hasal

plate and parameres are seen merely as local thickening in the

continuous wall of the sac.

Text-figure 32.

Lipeurus forficulatus, g. Transverse section through the genital chamber,

with the copulatory apparatus retracted. (Diagrammatic.)

R. rectum. WM. muscles. PZ. chitinous strip on ventral surface of the sac.

BP. basal plate between the base of the parameres (P.). GC. genital chamber,

Text-figure 33.

P BP

Lipewus forficulatus, 8. Longitudinal section through the end of the abdomen.

(Diagram.)

R. rectum. GC. genital cavity. S.sac. P. paramere. BP. basal plate.

Now, if reference be again made to the diagram (text-fig. 35)

it is evident that the dorsal sector of the genital chamber ends

much sooner than the ventral. Reading the sections forwards

FROM THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS, 689

establishes beyond doubt the interesting character of the basal

plate. The sole remaining ventral part of the genital chamber

becomes smaller and smaller until it is no more than a narrow

cleft below the basal plate. Next, its lower wall becomes chiti-

nous and is approximated to the basal plate, which is for the rest

of its course a circle of chitin squashed perfectly flat into a plate

with only a narrow rift between (text-fig. 31).

The interest in this observation centres in the fact that it

explains the nature of the basal plate. At the base (near the

parameres) this begins as an ordinary squamiform apodeme on

the lower wall of the sac within the genital chamber. It runs

back (7. e. in the direction of the head) as an ordinary tubular

apodeme formed as an invagination of the ectoderm in the lower

part of the genital chamber. This “tube” is compressed into a

flat plate and its lumen reduced to a thin rift—continuous with

the genital chamber.

Text-Sgure 54.

Bapeuris fonieulatats, g. Cross-section through the extruded sac just

behind the opening.

D. ductus. MM. muscle mass. Pl. narrow chitinous strip on ventral surface.

Fxtrusion and Retraction.—On the ventral surface of the basal

plate there is a series of longitudinal muscles which arise in front

from the anterior portion of the basal plate and are inserted

behind into the terminal sternite of the abdomen, serving to

thrust the plate forward and expose the parameres through the

terminal abdominal opening. ‘Text-fig. 28 a shows that the para-

meres along their dorsal margin curve in somewhat. Underneath

this overhanging ledge smail muscle-fibres run back along the

length of the parameres and are attached to the base of the basal

plate, doubtless serving to draw the tip of the fused parameres

upwards in a dorsal direetion, which is its usual position when in

690 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICE

copulation. On each side of the basal plate is a large-bellied

muscle arising from an abdominal sternite some way forward and

inserted by a delicate tendon into the lower end of the basal

plate. These are retractor muscles, withdrawing the apparatus

within the body after copulation. The Continuous invagination

of the sac is brought about by the contraction of a eveat many

small muscles arising from the dorsal surface of the basal plate

and inserted successively along the walls of the sac. They are

particularly numerous above the ductus at the distal end of the

sac, being inserted just behind the opening (text-fig. 34),

Extrusion of the sac is probably caused by blood-pressure upon

contraction of the powerful dorso-ventral abdominal musvles

segmentally arranged.

The above is not offered as a complete account of the mechanism

of this complicated apparatus. The manifest lacune in the

description must be filled in only after a great deal more study of

the parts.

Text-figure 35.

Sub.0.G

Lipeurus forficulatus, 8. Transverse section through the head behind the

antenne. (Diagrammatic.)

CT. chitinous tendon for attachment of mandibular muscles (17.). P. pharynx.

T. trachea. Swb.O.G. subcesophageal ganglion. F. eye.

Mouth-parts.—Labium: The labial sclerite is present merely as

a narrow transverse band near the anterior margin. J/sopogo-

metric Apparatus: Lyriform organ without posterior cornua.

Anterior cornua are broad and flat, convex on the outer margin,

and in length equal to that of the “nucleus” itself; from each

side a chitinous bar runs up the wall of the pharynx, which is

further supported dorsally by a short median longitudinal splint.

Behind the lyriform organ the chitinous intima of the pharynx

hears a number of minute teeth. As in Lipeurus ferox (9, text-

fig. 24) there is acompound hypopharynx consisting of a narrow,

short, median piece, and on each side a longer rectangular strip.

The pharynx (see text-fig. 35) is supplied with numerous small

muscles—cireular, longitudinal, and transverse. The latter are

developed further forward, and consequently do not appear in the

FROM THE SOCIETY’S GARDENS, 691

text-figure. There are two pairs, one running from the ventral

and the other from the dorsal side of the skull.

Genus Prctinopyeus Mjéberg.

Prcrinopreus puLLatus Nitzsch (5, p. 236).

From time to time a considerable amount of material of this

species from Sula bassana (Linn.) and from the Cape Gannet

(Sula capensis (Licht.)) was sent in.

Text-figure 36,

Pectinopygus pullatus, 8. 1. reproductivesystem. 2. copulatory apparatus. X90.

,2a. paramere enlarged. 270. ‘Testes and vasa deferentia not shown.

VS. vesicula seminalis. a. 6.c¢. lobes. D. ductus. BP. basal plate.

P. paramere. #, vetinaculum. 1-5. sclerites on the sac.

Male Reproductive System (text-fig. 36).—The vesicula seminalis

is complex. It consists of a large, swollen, two-chamberéd sac

692 MR. B. F. CUMMINGS ON LICE

of somewhat irregular contour and outline. At the anterior end

are two small, closely united offshoots from the central chambers,

and at the posterior end, where the vesicula joins the ductus, are

two pairs of accessory lobes each attached to the vesicula by

scarcely any appreciable neck or constriction, The first pair of

lobes are quite small and lie postero-ventr: ally. The second pair

run backwards side by side above the issuing ductus, and are

nearly half as long as the vesicula and together almost as broad.

The ductus ejaculatorius is broad at its upper end and rather

short. About midway towards the copulatory apparatus there is

a small bend where a pair of small glands are attached.

Male Copulatory Apparatus.—Throughout the Mallophaga, as

indeed in Insects generally, the structure of the male apparatus

for copulation displays a remarkable variety. In the Mallophaga

the strangest condition is found in Pectinopygus pullatus (see

text-fig. 36). Mjoberg (6, -p. 246. fig. 139), who established the

genus, in purporting to describe and figure the apparatus describes

only the basal plate, parameres, and ductus. The whole long

extrusible sac, with its complex chitinisations, is omitted—swept

away in dissection possibly in mistake for the rectum or rectal

fecal matter. A propos of the sac, Mjoberg states that, although

present, it is “jedoch nicht gut entwickelt.” And of the ductus

ejaculatorius: ‘“ Kr zeigt in der Innerwand ein in einer Spirale

verlaufendes Chitinband.” But the ductws contains no such

spiral band, and as it is difficult to suppose Mjoberg mistook the

extrusible “ preputial sac” for the ductus, there may be here a

question of a distinct but unrecognised species.

Basal plate.—This is long and narrow, with a longitudinal

median keel upon its lower surface. The two peculiar processes

(P), which probably represent parameres, do not articulate with

the basal plate, but are attached to its dorsal surface along

the length of the whole “stalk” or unpectinated portion. The

distal end is band-like and curves outwards. On the inner

surface of each are about thirteen denticles like sessile buds on

a stalk, graduated in size from the base to the tip. Below and

quite continuous with the basal plate lies an endomeral plate,

formed of a rather clear chitin, the upper surface presenting

a tesselated appearance. In regard to the “ preputial sac,” the

text-figure lays no claim toa representation of this in the natural

position. Unfortunately no male specimen was obtained with

the sac extruded. Consequently the remarkable sclerites 1, 2, 3,

4 and 5 are shown lying in no very intelligible position. How-

ever, the shape of the pieces is seen together with the structure

of the large “ retinacular comb” at the distal end, recalling a

similar structure figured for Anatacus. The “comb” in Pectino-

pygus consists of a row of about nine elongate bands. Each band

at the base has square angles, is fairly broad and parallel-sided

for a short distance up before it divides into: two, forming a fork

with two elongate prongs. All the nine forks are really one

PROM THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS. 693

continuous piece, the divisions between being filled by a sort of

amalgam of thin transparent chitin.

The whole of these pieces, as well as the basal plate and para-

meres, which in their ensemble Berlese conveniently collects

under the name Perifallo (26), are, it must be remembered,

simply chitinous plaques developed upon the outside tube of the

apparatus. In Pectinopygus these are remarkable from their

miscellaneous character, whereas in other Mallophaga the meso-

somal parts are usually capable of ready classification into the

endomeres and telomeres and penis.

LIvERATURE.

(1) Snoparass, R. E.—Oceas. Pap. Cal. Acad. Sci. vi. 1899.

(2) Harrison, L.—Parasitology, vii. No. 3, Jun. 1916, p. 338.

(3) Prager, E.—Les Pédiculines. Leide, 1880.

(4) Ketioee, V. L.—Science, n.s., xxxvii. No. 943, 1913, p. 154.

(5) Greset, C. G.—Insecta Epizoa. Leipzig, 1874.

(6) Mséserc, E.—Arkiv for Zoologi, Stockhoim, Bd. 61, No. 13,

TOMO:

(7) Cummines, B. F—Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Jan. 1916.

(8) Denny, H.—Monographia Anoplurorum Britanniz. London,

1842.

(9) Cummines, B. F.—Proe. Zool. Soe. 1913.

(10) Armenante, K.—Boll. Soc. Nat. in Napoli, xxiv., ii. (vol. iv.

Anno xxiv.), 1911.

(11) Harrison, L. —Parasitology, vii. No. 4, March 1915.

(12) Kramer, P.—Zeit. wiss. Zool. Bd. 19, 1869, p- 452.

(13) Von Sresoxp, C. T.—Nov. Act. Jed Crs. Leop.-Car. Nat.

Cur. vol. xxi. Part 1, 1845, p. 249.

(14) CHoLopKoysky, N.—Trav. Soe. Imp. des Nat. de St. Péters-

bourg, vol. xli. Nos. 2-3, 1910.

(15) CHoLopKoysky, N.—Zool. Anz. Bd. 41, 1913, p. 615.

(16) Lesp#s, C.—Annales Sci. Nat. (Zoologie) (4) tom. iii. 1855,

300.

(17) eee H.—Zeit. wiss. Zool. Bd. 102, 1912, p. 169.

(18) Brunenur, G.—De Bononiensi Scientiarum et Artium In-

stituto atque Academia Commentarii. ‘Tom. vii. 1791.

Opuscula Gabrielis Brunellii de Locsustarum Anatome,

203.

(19) Casmonkonsae. N.—Zool. Anz. Bd. 42, 1913, p. 531.

(20) Baniowitz H.—Zeit. wiss. Zool. Bd. 50, SOS Fo, Sl

(21) Warersron, J.—Trans. Perths. Soe. Nat. Se. vol. v. pt. 4,

ISA, Fo, WKS.

(22) Hanne, L.—Austral. Zool. vol. 1. pt. i. 1914, p. 3.

(23) Prager, H. —lLes Pédiculines. Supplement, 1885, p. 54.

(24) Packarp, A. 8—Amer. Natur. vol. iv. 1870, p. 83.

(25) Kettoce, V. L.—Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2) vol. vi. 1896,

p. 129, pl. ix. figs. 5 & 6.

(26) Beriusz, A.

Milan, vol. i. 1906, p. 312.

Reis 3 ,

Sars

ete He

ON TWO NEW TAPEWORMS. 695

On Two new Species of Westodes belonging respectively

to the Genera Linstowia and Cotugnia. By Fran HE,

Bepparb, M.A., D.Sc. (Oxon.), F.R.S., F.Z.8.

[Received June 5, 1916: Read November 7, 1916. }

(Text-figures 1-4.)

INDEX.

SYSTEMATIC :— Page

IO BESOUHIG? VORDUPUD, BVo We sascooces cep coossocasceandscossoocesoon O86)

(COUR TAG OIREEGs So Wo conesseanseseggspoucnecmooasccococne — FAO)

I. Description of Linstowia lemuris, sp. 7.

Sexual Tapeworms from Lemurs being but little known, J was

specially interested to obtain from the small gut of an example

of the Slow Lemur (Vycticebus tardigradus) two complete

specimens of a Cestode, besides a large fragment which was

found to belong to the same species. | refer this new worm to

the genus Linstowia—at any rate, for the present,—giving reasons

later after a due consideration of its anatomy.

The worms are about three inches in length, the varying

contraction rendering it impossible to give an accurate measure-

ment in either case. The greatest diameter is 4 mm. The

scolex 1s almost spherical in form and of some size (1 nun.); it is

succeeded by a short neck, where no strobilisation is visible.

The seolex is quite unarmed as to the suckers, and there is no

rostellum at all. The sackers are closely 21 -ouped on the anterior

face of the scolex, and not in the least lateral in position. The

only other external character of systematic importance, the

position of the generative orifices, was not apparent until the

worm was investigated by sections. They alternate from .side

to side, being mainly massed upon one side, as many as ten being

sometimes successively upon the same side of the body. There

is thus nothing distinctive as to the systematic position of the

worm to be gained by an examination of the external characters

only, as is monly always the case with Cestodes—a very few can

be identified without recourse to anatomical study.

In transverse sections the cortex is seen to be of about the

same diameter as the medulla. The longitudinal muscles have a

characteristic arrangement which is in one way peculiar. In

addition to transverse fibres which bound the longitudinal layer

internally, as in most other Cestodes, the present species shows

similar fibres between the innermost of the longitudinal fibres

themselves, an arrangement which is, of course, well known

as characteristic of the Acoleide and of the genus Cotugnia

among the Davaineide (see p. 700). This transverse layer be-

tween the inner and outer layers of the longitudinal sheet

consists of single delicate fibres, which are, however, quite

696 DR. F. E. BEDDARD ON

obvious, and in being singly distributed remind us of Cotugnia,

and not of the Acoleidee where the layers are stronger. I have

re-examined other species of Linstowia to ascertain whether this

peculiarity is or is not confined to Linstowia lemuris. I find the

same delicate transverse fibres between the longitudinal bundles

in L. ameive and also in Oochoristica marmose, a species which,

as I have already pointed out in describing it*, is hard to

refer decisively to either Linstowia or Oochoristica, a matter

to which I recur later. However, ina Linstowia from Kchidna,

the specifie identity of which I am not certain, there» was no

supplementary transverse layer of muscles. Nor did I find

anything of the kind in Oochoristica from Tamandua_ tetra-

dactyla, the structure of the body-wall of which would, however,

render this arrangement impossible, as may be seen from my

figure of the same 7.

The longitudinal muscles are disposed in an inner and an

outer series. As to the former, there is a layer of thick fibres,

sometimes two or three or even five or six massed together.

Outside this there lies another layer of the same kind, but

imperfectly defined. The outer layer of longitudinal muscles

consists merely of scattered fibres of less size than those already

dealt with. There is here no sharply defined formation of

layers. The additional transverse fibres already mentioned are

associated with the inner layer of stouter muscle-fibres.

The excretory system is, like that of some other species referred

to the two genera Oochoristica and Linstowia, chavacterised by a

network quite easy to detect but not easy to map accurately.

I have found at least three branches arising from the ventral

vessel and extending towards the middle of the proglottid. —

These do not, however, cross as unbroken tubes, but are dis-

solved into a network.

The testes lie dorsal to the ovary and vitelline gland and

lateral of the same. They extend from side to side of the

proglottid, but do not invade the cortex. I counted about

nineteen in a single row. There are two of these rows in a

transverse section, and horizontal ones show also two rows, in

parts inereased to three. The evrrus-sac in this species is small

and extends a little way beyond the nerve-cord—in fact, as far as

the lateral vessel. This might appear to mean that it is after all

not so small; but the width of the proglottids is such that the

sac occupies but a short space of the transverse diameter, and it

is thus relatively small. The sac lies at the bottom of a deep

genital cloaca; this involution from the exterior narrows abruptly

internally to a narrow passage which opens into a wider sac,

which receives the male and female ducts and is a common male

and female atrium. Such an arrangement is common among

* P.Z.S. 1914, p. 269.

+ Ibid. p. 270, text-fig. 4, D. It will be noticed that there is no marked gap

between the longitudinal layers allowing of the intercalation of a transverse layer as

in Linstowia lemuris.

TWO NEW TAPEWORMS. 697

Cestodes, and occurs for instance, in the present genus, in

Linstowia ameive. The cirrus-sac itself is oval in longitudinal

section, and at times almost circular. It has a thickish external

muscular layer, and is not differentiated into regions as is

sometimes the case with the cirrus-sac, where the internal region

is thinner-walled and occasionally swollen. Owing to the small

size of the cirrus-sac, the contained cirrus and vas deferens are

not much coiled, and the lack of room has brought about quite a

short cirrus, which is of about the same length as the section of

the vas deferens which lies within the cirrus-sac. As in other

Cestodes, the contents of the cirrus-sac (which together with

the external muscular layer forms the wall of the cirrus) and a

section of the vas deferens can be extruded with the cirrus.

To this complex it is perhaps convenient to give the name of

penis, as I have elsewhere suggested.

The vas deferens on emerging from the cirrus-sac forms a

loosely arranged coil which les to the ventral side of the cirrus-

sac, the interstices between the coils being filled with glassy

cells—the so-called prostate. Upon this ensues a_ straight

course of vas deferens, which lies upon the dorsal side of the

cirrus-sac in relation to the dorsal position of the testes.

The ovary is seen in transverse sections to lie dorsally of the

vitelline gland. It has a structure common in Cestodes, ending

laterally in numerous drawn-out processes which are often club-

shaped at the free extremities. The ovary extends further

laterally than the vitelline gland, which it thus completely over-

laps. It is, of course, also anterior in position.

The vagina of this Cestode shows the same subdivisions in its

course that are shown in other Cestode worms, though the

relative development of the different sections differs in various

genera and species. In the present species the general course of

the tube is fairly straight until it divides into the oviduct

and the second branch. In mature segments, in which the

uterus is still present, though many eggs are scattered through

the parenchyma, it can be seen that tho) vagina consists of four

separable regions. The proximal section, opening into the

common genital duct before the latter debouches into the cloaca

genitalis, is very short, with thick walls and a narrow lumen.

The next section occupies the greater part of the vagina, and

consists of a tube which gradually widens and ends in the

neighbourhood of the ovary in a dilated extremity. This section

is covered externally with a layer of deep-staining glandular

cells which mark it out from the preceding section. This part

of the vaginal tube is specially developed in the present Cestode,

and in fully mature proglottids, where the parenchyma is entirely

occupied by the scattered embryos encircled with their mem-

branes, is the most conspicuous region of the vagina ; it presents

here the appearance of a large sac. It is, in fact, here almost

divisible into two regions: a narrower part which is proximal,

and which—wide itself—dilates suddenly into a large oval sae

Proc, Zoon, Soc.—1916, No. XLVIII, A8

698 DR. F. E. BEDDARD ON

which appears to be the termination of the vagina, and is

practically so since the remaining part has dwindled away.

It presents, in fact, the appearance of a large spermatheca in

an Oligochetous annelid, and is very unlike the usual form of

this part of the vagina in tapeworms, though there are forms

which show some likeness to it. It never lodges ova. I shall

recur to the structure of this sac in comparing it with the

corresponding region of the vagina in other Cestodes. After

this middle region of the vagina the tube suddenly narrows to a

fine canal*, which emerges quite abruptly from its distal and

dilated end. This latter tube is of some length and ends in

quite an unusual fashion. Instead of opening into a dilated sac,

the receptaculum seminis, as in so many tapeworms, the tube

opens into a wider horseshoe- shaped tube, of which the two ends

become respectively the duct going to the ovary and that ending

in the shell-gland. This region is crammed with spermatozon,

and seems to be undoubtedly a cleft receptaculum seminis—that

is to say, the ultimate separation of this region of the female

efferent apparatus into oviduct and duct communicating with

the vitelline gland through the shell-gland, occurs earlier than

is usual and concerns the receptacuium itself. This inter-

pretation is, [ think, justified by a comparison of the present

species with Oochoristica marmose, a description of which I have

lately communicated to this Society r. It will be noticed that

the vagina of Oochoristica marmose shows the same regions as

that of the species with which I am concerned here, but that the

relative development of the regions differs. Thus the middle

region covered externally with gland-cells is short but dilates at

the distal end, though to a much less extent than in the present

Species. a euhie proximal section is very long, and the recept-

aculum seminis is a more or less cylindrical widish tube not

divided longitudinally as in the new worm described in the

present paper. I have mentioned that in fully mature pro-

glottids the middle region is much altered. It occupies more

than half the breadth of the proglottid, and the end which

appears to end blindly sometimes curves rather backwards.

This part is very much more swollen than the more tubular

section which runs towards the external pore.

The uterus of this worm is like that of other members of the

genera Linstowia and Oochoristica in its broad features; but

there are some differences that require description. The uterus

is, on the whole, very like that of O. marmose%; it is in the

same way ventral in position, underlying the ovary but ex-

tending Jaterally more towards the dorsal surface. Here there

is certainly a branched condition of the tubes and spaces to be

* Very rarely (only in one out of a large number examined) ave ova found here,

and their presence dilates the tube.

¥ P.Z.S. 1914, p. 274.

t P.Z.S. 1914, p. 278, text-fig. 5.

TWO NEW TAPEWORMS. 699

observed, and to some extent a retiform condition obtains,

though not so clear as in some other tapeworms. ‘The cavities

contain many ova. The walls of the cavities are distinct and

nucleated. The suggestion is of flattened eells, and the edges of

the cavities which are the actual walls are differentiated from the

surrounding parenchyma by a firmness which is marked by a

deeper staining. In the greater development of what is obviously

a uterus, the present species is plainly nearer to O. marmose

than to ZL. ameive. It differs from both in the fact that the

ripe embryos, when scattered through the parenchyma after

the disappearance of the uterus itself, are not so closely packed.

In sections the ripe proglottids seem to contain fewer embryos.

Moreover, the individual embryos lie more loosely in the spaces

which they occupy. These spaces show no nucleated walls of

their own. The embryos extend into the cortex. I could only

detect two membranes surrounding the embryo. The embryos

appear to be larger than those of O. marmose.

Systematic Position of Linstowia lemuris.

The species which has just been described must be, as I think,

referred to one of the two genera Linstowia and Oochoristica. The

combination of characters shown in the possession of a totally un-

armed scolex, single generative organs, a uterus of more or less

detached cavities, the final imbedding of the embryos singly in

the parenchyma, is unknown elsewhere than in these two genera.

I have already, in describing Linstowia ameivee and Oochoristica

marmose, pointed out the impossibility, or at least great diffi-

culty, in rationally distinguishing between these two genera

and need not recapitulate here the reasons there given. I may,

however, point out what I did not there mention, except by

implication, that the founders of the two genera defined them at

very nearly the same time (either at the end of 1898 or at the

beginning of 1899). Furthermore, neither Zschokke (who 1S

responsible for Linstowia*) nor Liihe T (who defined Oochoristica)

mentions the work of the other. It is doubtful, therefore,

whether both genera would be accepted now by these two

authors, were they founding them afresh with knowledge of

each other’s work. JI am, however, obliged to admit that

Zschokke in a more recent { communication accepts Oochoristica

without comment, and contrasts its distribution with that of

Linstowia. I myself believe, on further consideration, that

Oochoristica will be found to differ by the condition of the

uterus—a suggestion which I have already made, but which

requires confirmation by an examination of the other species

* The genus was actually defined by Zschokke in Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. Ixy.

p- 441, not in his account of two species in Semon’s ‘ Forschungsreise, which is

sometimes quoted as the reference for the genus.

+ Zool. Anz. Bd. xxi. p. 650.

*~ Zool. Anz. Bd. xxvii. p, 290.

49%

700 DR. F. E. BEDDARD ON

alleged to be of this genus. So important in classification is the

condition of the uterus that little doubt, I fancy, will be felt in

this matter.

Il. Description of Cotugnia inargareta, sp. 7.

The genus Cotugnia is usually regarded as of the family

Davaineide, from all the other genera of which it differs by

the possession of a double sexual apparatus in each proglottid.

The only other character of importance which, so far as is

already known, serves to separate Cotugnia from other Davai-

neide, ig the complicated and Acoleid-like disposition of the

longitudinal muscle-layer. The examination of examples of a

species of this genus from the gut of Caccabis melanocephala

enables me to add to our knowledge of the genus and to describe

a new species thereof.

A large number of examples of this worm occurred in the

Caccabis 1m company with an //ymenolepis, which is either

identical with, or at the least very closely allied to, Hymenolepis

villosa (known from Bustards). I did not find it associated

(except for the doubtful case of one individual) with Rhabdo-

metra cylindrica, a parasite from the same species of Caccabis,

which I have lately described in these ‘ Proceedings ’*.

The extreme length of the worm is about 33 inches, and it is

rather broad, measuring 3°5 mm. The segments are not long

and never as long as they are broad. The scolew is 1 mm. ora

little less in breadth; it is followed by a strobila, which is at

first of equal breadth, and in which the segmentation is visible

at once. ‘There is, at any rate, no long and well-marked neck.

The suckers are large and unarmed, and demand no special

description.

The rostellum of this species shows some interesting characters.

In examining the living worm fresh fyom the body of its host,

the rostellum is not at all obvious. It is apparently represented

by a mere dimple much smaller in extent than the large suckers.

The conditions, indeed, reminded me of certain Ichthyoteniide,

where the rostellum is represented by httle more than an apical

pit. In one specimen which I thus examined there was this

dimple alone; in another, however, a fringe of minute hooks

encircled the pit. These hooks are in a double row and of the

Davaineid pattern. In a third specimen, examined after preser-

vation in aleoholand glycerine, the apical pit is quite obvious and

encircled by a row of hooks arranged i a double series, which

is dumbbell-shaped, being of less diameter mm the middle. The

whole area surrounded by the hooks is very much less in extent

than that of the suckers.

The smallness of the area occupied by the rostellum in this

species is the first point to which I wish to direct attention.

* P.Z.5. 1914, p. 859.

TWO NEW TAPEWORMS. 701

If my figure (text-fig. 1, p. 702) be compared with Fuhrmann’s*,

illustrating Cotugnia polyacantha, it will be seen that in the

latter species the conditions are the exact reverse of that just

described. In Cotugnia polyacantha the area of the rostellum is

much greater than that of any one of the suckers, which are thus

small by comparison. The second point to which I draw atten-

tion is the apparent occasional absence of hooks. As I have seen

these structures, it is fair to suppose that where they were not

seen they did not exist. This is a very important matter in the

discrimination of Cestodes; it is obviously not yet certain that

all hookless genera are really so, except through loss of hooks in

individuals.

In transverse and longitudinal sections the rostellum is seen to

be a relatively very small structure, which entirely bears out the

appearances to be noted when the scolex is seen as a whole, either

fresh or, after preservation in alechol, in glycerine. The re-

tracted rostellum is shown in text-fig. 1, where it is seen to be

a very sucker-like structure, although, as already stated, it is

very much smaller than the actual suckers.

It isa cup-shaped organ, along the edges of which the hooks

can be seen to be implanted. “The rostellum, in fact, is very

small and simple. Its substance chiefly shows muscular fibres

running across its short diameter, 7. e. in the longitudinal axis of

the body of the worm. Outside of this is a layer of much less

diameter, which suggests a subeuticular layer. The simplicity

Hnducmallicice obnlic vostellera is so far like that of Tenia

suginata, as figured and described by Leuckart +. It is, perhaps,

more to the point to compare the rostellum of the present species

with that of more nearly related forms.

Within the genus Cotugnia itself the rostellum appears to be

usually large. In structure that of C. colline is said by Fuhrmann

to resemble that of a species of Davainea. There are, however,

in Davainea, as Fuhrmann himself has pointed out £, considerable

differences among the species. There is, however, a remarkable

likeness between the present species of Colugnia and Ophryo-

cotyle insignis, which may well be of significance. This latter

Cestode has, in the first place, a lens-shaped rostellum proper,

which, as Lihe has pointed out §, is at least often characteristic

of Davainea. That is much the same form as I figure here in

Cotugnia margareta, where, however, it is more cup-shaped and

thus sucker-like.

Liihe, however, speaks of the rostellum of Davainea struthionis

as having a very short antero-posterior diameter and as being

concave anteriorly, thus approximating in shape to a sucker.

T did not, however, find this to be the case with a species of

Darainea from Struthio masaicus, which is very probably identical

Centralbl. f. Bakt. nu. Paras. xlix. 1909, p. 121, fig. 38.

‘The Faranites of Man’ (Engl. trans. by Hoy. le), Edinb. 1886, p. 435, fig. 247.

Cf. e.g. in Centralbl. Bakt. u. Paras. xlix. fig. 10, p. 101 & fig. 24, p. 113.

Zool. AG, Bd. xvii. 1894, p. 280.

mitt *

702 DR. F, E, BEDDARD ON

with Davainea struthionis*. ‘The rostellum proper and neigh-

bouring structures of Ophryocotyle insignis, with which I am

about to compare the corresponding structures of Cotugnia

margareta, were thus described by Fuhrmann t:—‘ Das muskulése

Rostellum ist sehr weit vorstiilpbar, wobei es der vordere Teil der

Skolex ist, der den gréssten Teil des michtigen scheitelstindigen

Haftorganes darstellt.” The figure given by Fuhrmann? of a

longitudinal section through the entire “ Haftorgane” (and the

rest of the scolex) agrees, as will be seen, very closely with the

Text-figure Ll.

Longitudinal section through scolex of Cotugnia margareta.

R. rostellum, in which the hooks are not shown. SS. suckers.

annexed drawing (text-fig. 1) of the same region of Cotugnia

margareta. The folded apical region of the scolex is present in

both, and there is an evident contrast in this with the conditions

observable in a congener of my species, viz. Cotugnia polyacantha

—which latter species appears to resemble more closely various

species of Davainea§ in having a clear-cut and smooth region of

* “On Tenia struthionis (Parona) and allied Forms,” P. Z.S8. 1915, p. 589.

+ “Neue Davaineiden,” Centralbl. Bakt. u. Paras. xlix. p. 94.

a Loe. cit. p. 95, fig. 1.

§ P.Z.S. 1915, p. 592, text-fig. 1.

TWO NEW TAPEWORMS. 703

the scolex surrounding the rostellum proper. A highly charac-

teristic feature of the genus Cofugnia is emphasised by Fuhrmann

in words and in several drawings. This is the presence of

several layers of longitudinal muscles, each of which is divided

from the neighbouring layer by transverse fibres. There is, in

addition, the usual transverse layer bounding the medullary

region of the proglottid on the outside. This, as Fuhrmann has

remarked, is a point of likeness to the Acoleide, and, I may

add, to the remarkable genus Dasyurotcnia, lately described by

myself *. The number of layers of longitudinal bundles is not,

according to Fuhrmann, the same for all species of Cotugnia.

ing general way, my examination of Cotwgnia margareta enables

me 60 confirm Fuhrmann. But my new species shows certain

important differences. In the first place, the aspect of the worm

is thin and delicate, which argues a feeble longitudinal muscu-

lature; and this is proved to be a fact by transverse and

longitudinal sections. The cortical layer, if this layer is to be

regarded as extending inwards so as to include all of the longi-

tudinal muscle-bundles, is in the posterior region of the body of

rather less diameter-than the medullary layer. Anteriorly it is,

on the other hand, rather greater. I throw some doubt upon

this, the customary delimitation of the cortical and medullary

layers, because I cannot find a distinct layer or even single line

of transverse fibres separating the inner layer of longitudinal

bundles from the medulla. Such a layer is, however, figured by

Fubrmann*. Here and there I do find a single fibre in this

situation which may be traced for some distance ; but there is

certainly no continuous layer. The innermost layer of longi-

tudinal muscles consists of a single row of bundles which are

placed at unequal distances from each other and are of unequal

sizes, though for the most part much larger than the bundles

belonging to this system which occur more superficially. In

other species it would appear that this inner layer of bundles

consists of more than one row.

Outside of this inner row of bundles there is an area of rather

greater width which is sparsely traversed by transverse fibres,

between which lie occasionally here and there a single longi-

tudinal fibre or two or three together—they are not sufficiently

numerous to be described as forming a row or layer; there are

in this region no dense rows such as are figured by Fuhrmann in

other species of Cotugnia. Outside of this again is the outer row

of bundles. ‘These are also irregular in the number of fibres

which each bundle contains, and in the distance separating

individual bundles. They are, however, on the whele, con-

siderably smaller than the bundles of the innermost layer and

lie closer together. Between this layer and the subcuticular

layer are a ‘few longitudinal fibres irregularly arranged and

sometimes associated two or three together. Transverse fibres

* P.Z.S. 1912, p. 686, text-fig. 98.

+ Loe. cit. p. 119, fig. 37 & p. 121, fig. 39.

704 DR. F. E. BEDDARD ON

occur to the outside of the outer layer of bundles; but the

subcuticular layer is not divided off from the rest of the cortex

by any such fibres.

As to the water-vascular tubes the larger ventral vessel lies

beneath and to the inside of the very small dorsal tube.

Text-figure 2.

Cirrus-sac of Cotugnia margareta.

C. cirrus lying within the elongated cirrus-sac. R.S. receptaculum seminis.

W.V. ventral water-vascular tube. . orifice of cirrus-sac.

Double generative organs characterize this as they do other

Species of the genus Cotwgnia. Upon some of these organs I have

notes to offer. There is hardly any genital cloaca (text-fig. 2);

rather there appears to be a kind of plug of soft tissue which blocks

the end of the cirrus-sac and the vagina, and can be pushed aside

TWO NEW TAPEWORMS. — 705

when the former is extruded. The civrws-sac is short, in that it

extends only to the nerve-cord and not as far as to the dorsal and

more external of the water-vascular tubes. It appears, however,

to be long, because it is thin and with thinnish walls. The vas

deferens is coiled and the coil lies partly in the cortex. The

vagina ends in a dilated receptaculum seminis; but this species

differs from the other described in the present paper in that the

narrow region into which the vagina usually contracts before

entering the receptaculum is quite absent. If there be a

rudiment of this narrow region it must be at the very point

of opening into the receptaculum.

Text-figure 3.

Section (horizontal) through two adjacent segments of Cotugnia margareta,

showing the embryos scattered through the medullary parenchyma.

E. embryos. ’. spaces from which an embryo has fallen out.

A very important character of the genus Cotugnia has not

been illustrated by figures in previous accounts *, though it is

known and used in the definition of the genus. As, however,

there is no particular description, and merely the bare statement

* The illustration given by Baczynska (Biudes anatomiques et histologiques sur

quelques nouvelles espéces de Cestodes oiseaux. Neuchatel, 1914, p. 203. fig. 32)

is only diagrammatic.

10 Ga ON TWO NEW TAPEWORMS.

in various definitions, it is so far not clear what the asserted

implantation singly of the ripe embryos means. The examination

of mature segments allows me to clear up this matter as to the

main facts of classificatory importance, at any rate. In com-

paring these conditions with those already referred to in Linstowia

there is at first sight some difference in general appearance, which

is really due to the laxity of the ground-tissue of Linstowia, as

compared with the denser medullary tissue of Cotugnia. But

there is no morphological difference that I can detect. In both

the embryos are scattered not very closely (text-fig. 3) through

the medullary parenchyma and extend into the cortex. Each

Text-figure 4.

Peon

A more highly magnified representation of the embryos of Cotugnia margareta.

immediately surrounding the embryo.

embryo fits its cavity completely, and I have never seen more

than one lying in one space of the parenchyma. This cavity,

moreover, has no. definite walls of its own. The uterus in

younger stages consists of scattered spaces, in each of which may

lie several ova, though sometimes only one. The uterus of this

Davaineid seems, shenehace. to be similar to that of Linstowia.

The fully ripe embryos are surrounded by three ege-shells (text-

fig. 4). The outermost is very thick and often locally thickened

to form boss-like prominences which may be even narrow and

prolonged. The embryo itself is immediately encircled by a thin

shell, and between the two a third shell is often to be detected.

PLoS on Fawcett. Flee

10 ee | 36

MENPES PRESS, WATFORD. We M. Faweett, del.

HETEROCERA FROM BRITISH EAST. AFRICA.

ON MOTHS FROM B. E. AFRICA. 707

33. Notes on a Collection of Heterocera made by Mr. W.

Feather in British Hast Africa, 1911-13. By Lt.-Col.

J. M. Fawcerr*.

[ Received September 27, 1916; Read November 21, 1916. ]

(Plate I. +)

INDEX.

GEOGRAPHICAL : Page

Localities at which collections were made ...........6..0c00000 eens 708

SYSTEMATIC:

CR OMCVTASIOES (FBG Va | ong dos bocbasese cob pnd obobEs dob en ubosAbeehaanaesabascouen YAKS

(GROPOUIS (RING Tada panne Ae SG eos Ae AR Gin EAT ORIN. pein eae Se Sea ale

ERA UELOM CTE IN sees Rees el yee aR ERE eae port eee ene, neon CTA

EEO MI PICE ES CIMA Testa say PRE PEM me Rea In Y Chee eee OD

AIDE CO SLO MOET, Sahar tae te erat Me Er ies Cane dca iN Ae a tO

EMU Lud naa Mo ene cee ee tee reo ete eee ance tas Moat ow steno a TES

Ca PenaNeen anes e eee ae eee Tea ee aes eat ee ee eens 732

. Page ; Page

Pericallia hecate, sp. W...-...--+ ++: OD | Calpencenn. eS pelemnnsesa ee sece se ices

Deilemera glauce, sp.u............. 709 | Lecasia othello, sp. ni. .........00...... 794

Athetis horus, sp. 0M. ......-.+--+--- 710 | Phalera lavinia, sp. n. ............... 725

Ail, JVAVAOOMRs FD Ws soocsessscovso-ess VL |) Seramoten caiaeiiiiy Rts We sescensgscescee PAS

Giaura astarte, sp. 0. .......-+--- 711 | Stauropus critobulus, sp. n. ......... 726

Leocyma candace, sp. .......------ 712 | Peridela berengaria, sp.n. ......... 727

Ctenusa rectilinea, sp. n. ....-..-. 713 | P. novaria, sp. M. ..........0..00.-.-.. G27

C. r. psamatha, FoR ee. 714 | Fulvaria striata, sp.n................ 728

Euphiusa hermione, sp.u.......... 714 | Boarmia perse, sp. ....-..-........ aoa a3

Eh. ochreata, form. n. ............ 714 | Cidaria asteria, sp. n. ............ +5. 729

Cortyta minyas, sp.n. ............ 715 | C. proene, sp. 0.... ...: iradeiene teats 730

C. m. griseacea, form... .......-- TAB: =| TENG ODD Sh 0B 11” Sho 4none seo oto 88680 730

Galactomoia berenice, sp. N....... 717 | Heterorachis idmon, sp.n. ......... 731

Giria bubastis, sp. n............... "718 | Debedodes nevius, sp.n. ............ 732

Taveta syring, sp. N. ....-..-....... 718 | Selagdia narses, sp. i. ............... 732

Catephia sciras, sp. 0. ......-..--- 719 | Duomitus pindarus, sp.n............. 733

C. sospita, sp: i. .............-....... 720 | Dattinia aurora, sp. 0. ............... 734

C. Soya, SP. Me... ee esse ene seeees 720 | D. perstrigata tithonus, form. n.... 734

(Ob SGRGHDIS; EfD> Bo coascaspncabeosecoces WIL || ID CHOOSE Wo Seoosuscoeneo seo ceosoo dor 735

Poppea sabina, sp. Meeps: se sees 722 | Lygropia pasithea, sp.n. ............ 735

Plecoptera polymorpha pole Pionia nigripunctalis, sp. N.......... 736

nia, form. n. fe Sacco RA || JEs GranOtADGKIS) Oe Woscan-t oodbopocnnaacon USO

Brevipecten clear -chus, sp. Mei cies 723 | Melittia hematopis, sp. n............. 736

In my former memoir on this subject (P. Z. 5. 1915, p. 91)

I mentioned that there were a good many species of the Feather

Collection which still remained to be examined, and that I

hoped to be able to give in another memoir the result of my

enquiries into some of them. This I propose to do in the pre-

sent paper, but, owing to pressure of space in the forthcoming

number of P. Z.8., I am only able to deal with a certain per-

centage of the material in my possession. Meanwhile, a most

interesting paper has been published by Professor Poulton

(P. Z. S. 1916, p. 91), dealing with Mr. Feather’s Collection in

Somaliland, in which a large number of new species are described,

* Communicated by the SECRETARY.

7 For explanation of the Plate see p. 737.

708 LT.-COL. J. M. FAWCELT ON

some of which I also find in the Feather Collection from B. E.

Africa, a circumstance which is accounted for by the contiguity

of the two districts. The forms represented in both collections

are mostly those characteristic of the drier steppes, as was to be

expected, owing to the very dry climate of Somaliland.

The insects recorded in this memoir were, I understand,

almost entirely taken at light on wet nights, the great majority

of them at Kedai and Masongaleni. in hee already given the

approximate elevation of these places in my former paper on this

subject, but it may be as well to repeat it here :—

(1) Kedai, British East Africa. Altitude 2500 feet, 120 miles

from the coast.

(2) Masongaleni, — ditto. Altitude 3000 feet, 182 miles

up Uganda Railway.

Practically all the captures were made in the months of

November, December, January, March, April, and a few in June.

It is curious that I have no records for the other months of the

year. Perhaps the months mentioned are the rainy seasons of

the year. A record of the rainfall and temperature at Kedai

would have been most interesting, and I regret that I cannot

supply it.

Out of 124 forms dealt with in this paper, 45 appear to be

new, so far as I have been able to ascertain, not having had

access to foreign literature on the subject, and this seems a large

proportion. Some of the described forms have not previously

been recorded from Africa, and others are only represented by

the type-specimen in the B. M. Collection.

My friend Lady Colvile made a fine collection of lepidoptera at

Meru, but she mainly devoted herself to butterflies, with a stray

moth or two thrown in; it 1s therefore remarkable that I should

have found some undescribed forms amongst these solitary speci-

mens, and it shows what can be done in this region by anyone

who will really take up collecting there and work at it. F

The numbers prefixed to the names of species carry on my

previous record on the subject in P. Z. 8S. 1915, and thus start

at 125.

In this memoir, B. M. stands for British Museum, and C. L. P.

for Hampson’s ‘ Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phaleenze.’

The figures have been drawn and painted by myself to exact

Sizeu el Taw e not had space to figure all the new forms described,

but I hope to do so in a future paper.

HETEROCERA.

Family AMATID &.

125. Apisa CANESCENS Walker, Cat. iv. p. 917 (1855).

Habitat. Masongaleni, 25th June, 1911, 1 9; Kedai, 5th Jan.

1913,14 ; Kisanaia, Lake Albert, 19th Trae: 1911, lod.

MOTHS FROM B. I. AFRICA. 709

The above specimens are smaller, the antenne of the males

less highly pectinated than in a specimen in my collection from

Natal. The specimen from Kisanaia is white, the others hyaline,

diffused with fuscous. Also recorded from Somaliland.

Family ARCTIAD 4.

Subfamily ARcTIANA.

126. EsTiGMENE GRISEATA Hampson, P. Z. 8. 1916, p. 103.

Habitat. Kedai, 30th Nov. 1912,1¢.

Described from Somaliland. Agrees fairly well with Hampson’s

figure, but is yellow, and has no marginal spots on fore wing.

127. PerIcaLLrA HECATE, So, iM, (IE, AL, ie, 8).))

Description.— $. Head and thorax pale brown. Abdomen

scarlet above, with transverse black dorsal stripes on the somites :

yellow on the underside, with a lateral row of black spots between

the red and yellow areas. Legs with tibie red, tarsi black and

ochreous. Fore wing pale brown covered by various waved lines

composed of fuscous irroration; a black spot at end of cell.

Subbasal, antemedial, and medial lines indistinct, excurved on

median nervure. Postmedial and submarginal lines crenulate,

angled outwards between the veins. <A series of indistinct

marginal black spots. Hind wing pale yellow, almost trans-

parent basally ; a black spot above end of cell between veins 5

and 6, and a dentate discal line from vein 4 almost to inner

margin. Three submarginal black patches, viz., one at angle,

one, larger, on each side of vein 2, and one on each side of vein 5.

Cilia of hind wing yellow, of fore wing brown.

Underside of both wings pale yellow, almost hyaline basally,

with the markings of the upperside reproduced.

Habitat. Kedai, 29th Nov. 1911. Exp. 50 mm.

This form is nearest to P. nephelistis Hampson, from which it

differs in the postmedial and subterminal lines of the fore wing

being crenulate, and not broken up into spots, as in nephelistis.

128. Secusro srricaTa Walker, Cat. i. p. 559 (1854).

Habitat. Masongaleni, 6th and 9th June, 1911,1¢,19.

129. Lacyprs Graciuis Butler, P. Z. 8. 1898, p. 417, pl. xxxii.

fig. 4.

Habitat. Kedai, 12th Jan. 1912, 1 9.

Subfamily NycremMprips. ‘

130. DEILEMERA GLAUCE, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 11.)

Description.— 2. Head and thorax bluish grey, with black

markings on the tegule. Abdomen blue-grey, with black trans-

verse stripes at the junction of the somites and a dorsal and

710 LT.-COL. J. M. FAWCETT ON

lateral row of black spots; the anal somite pale yellow. Fore

wing hyaline, dusted with fuscous atoms, with a broad sub-

terminal brown band, excurved from before apex of cell to near

tornal angle. Hind wing hyaline white, with greenish irides-

cence in certain lights, with a broad fuscous marginal band,

excurved between veins 3 and 5, and recurved on vein 2. Cilia

fuscous. Underside similar to upperside.

Habitat. Meru, taken by Lady Colville. Exp. 44 mm.

This form is nearest to D. fallaw Holland.

131. Diora rasctara Aurivillius.

Habitat. Msala, B. E. Africa, Nov. 1904, 1 g$; Kedai, 13th

Jan. 1912, 1 ¢ ; Masongaleni, 25th and 30th April, 1911; 6th

June, 19,26.

Family AGARISTID &.

132. AdcocrRA BREvivITTA Hampson, C. L. P. iii. p. 600 (1901).

Habitat. Masongaleni, 25th Dec. 1911,1 ¢.

Also recorded from Somaliland.

Family Nocruip &.

Subfamily AcRrorin#,

133. Trwora FisstrasciA Hampson, C. L. P. iv. p. 110 (1903).

Hab. Kedai, 12th Dec. 1911, 1 6.

134. TimorA LeucosticrA Hampson, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus. ii.

p. 256 (1902).

Habitat. Masongaleni, 25th March, 19; 30th April,1¢; 25th

Sept ice eee athe Dec Oller

Subfamily Hapenina&.

135. OpontesTRA ALBIvIITA Hamyson, C. L. P. v. p. 206,

pl. Ixxxiv. fig. 6 (1905).

Habitat. Kedai, 26th Noy. 1911, 1 3.

Subfamily AcRoNycTINA.

136. ATHETIS HORUS, sp. n. (PI. I. fig. 36.)

Description.— 3. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale ochreous;

palpi dark brown. Fore wing ochreous; antemedial and post-

medial lines red-brown, starting from red-brown fascie on the

costa an@ continuing as interrupted and indistinct waved lines

to the inner margin. A red-brown submarginal band from apex,

incurved between veins 4 and 6, and then straight to a point

just before tornal angle. Inside this band is an irregular black

submarginal line, also from apex, and also incurved on vein 4,

MOTHS FROM B. E. AFRICA, alll

and excurved to the margin, which it meets below vein 3;

beyond this line the marginal area is paler. Hind wing ochreous,

with a red-brown submarginal band, the inner edge of which

runs straight from costa before apex to anal angle. Cilia brown.

Underside pale ochreous.

Habitat. Kedai, 10th July, 1912,1¢ ; 18th Nov. 1911, 1 ¢.

Exp. 30 mm.

137. ATHETIS PENTHEUS, sp. n. (Pl. I. fig. 27.)

Description.— 3. Head, palpi, and tegule red-brown; thorax

yellow, abdomen ochreous. Fore wing yellow, a red-brown spot

on costa before apex, and a black point at end of cell; a red-

brown submarginal band from apex to near tornal angle, in

which is a row of white spots en the veins. Hind wing pale

ochreous, with a pale fuscous submarginal band, in which is a

marginal row of whitish spots. Cilia pale red-brown. Under-

side pale red-brown except inner margin of fore wing below

vein 1 and inner margin of hind wing, which are pale ochreous.

Habitat. Kedai, 12th April, 1912,1 g. Exp. 24mm.

Subfamily SARROTHRIPIN A.

138. GIAURA ASTARTE, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 6.)

Description.— 3. Head and thorax grey, antenne fuscous,

abdomen pale ochreous. Fore wing with the basal area grey,

and on it a red-brown irregular spot between costa and sub-

median fold, defined outwardly by an irregular black line. Ante-

medial line black, irregular. Medial area of wing brown, darkest

inwardly. An elongated grey patch along the costa to before

apex, on which are placed three costal black strige. The post-

medial line defines the inner edge of this spot, and runs sharply —

oblique outwardly to vein 4, is incurved on vein 2, and then

straight to inner margin, being defined outwardly by a white

line below vein 4. Subterminal area darker brown, on which is

placed a grey spot, dentate outwardly on veins 2 and 3. Margin

greyish, with a black terminal line. Hind wing white, with a

narrow fuscous border from apex to vein 2, with the outer ends.

of the veins dark brown; a dark marginal line. Cilia of both

wings white. Underside of fore wing pale fuscous, of hind wing

as on upperside, with an indistinct fuscous spot on middle

of costa.

Habitat. Meru, B. E. Africa, Taken by Lady Colvile.

This form is nearest to Giawra minor Hmpsn., from Ceylon. It

is quite a differently coloured insect from G. lewcotis Hmpsn.,

from B. E. Africa, which is, perhaps, nearest in structure.

139. Risopa opstructa Moore, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 328.

Habitat. Kedai, 27th Nov. 1912,1 ¢.

The specimens in the B. M. Collection are all from India.

712 LT.-COL. J. M. FAWCETT ON

Subfamily Erasrrian a.

140. TaracHE PsALIPHORA Hampson, C. L. P. x. p. 781,

pl. clxxiii. fig. 21.

Habitat. Kedai, 1st Jan. 1912, 1 ¢ ; Masongaleni, 19th May,

WHI, We.

The Masongaleni specimen has pinkish ochreous hind wings,

the Kedai specimen has white hind wings with a narrow fuscous

border. Only one specimen in B. M. Collection.

141. TARACHE OPALINOIDES Guen. Noct. 11. p. 219 (1852).

Habitat. Kedai, 28th Nov. 1911, 1 ¢; Masongaleni, 25th May,

iil, Qe

142. TaracHE UMBRIGERA Felder, Reise Nov. pl. eviil. fig. 34

(1874).

Habitat. Kedai, 15th Nov. 1912, 1 ¢ ; 24th Nov. 1911, 1 6.

143. EustemmMa apmota Felder, Reise Nov. pl. evii. fig. 31

(1874).

Habitat. Masongaleni, 18th May, 1 ¢: 6th June, 1911, 1 9.

144, Amyna octo Guén. Noct. i. p. 233 (1852).

Habitat. Masongaleni, Ist March, 1912, 1 ¢ ; 7th June, 1 9.

145. Amyna punctum Fabr. Hnt. Syst. 11. 2, p. 34 (1794).

Habitat. Kedai, 15th Dec. 1912, 2 ¢.

Subfamily AconrTrIAN «A,

146. Maurizia arcuata Walker, Cat. xii. p. 779 (1857).

Habitat. Kedai, 4th Jan. 1912, 1 6.

147, AconriA MALV Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) p. 63, pl. exev.

fig. 4 (1796).

Habitat. Kedai, 25th Nov. 1911, 2 g ; 9th Jan. 1912, 1 Sg.

Masongaleni, 25th Dec. 1911, 1 6.

Recorded by Hampson from Somaliland as 4. albago Fabr.

148. LEocyMA CANDACE, sp. n.

Description.— 3. Head and thorax pale yellow, abdomen

ochreous ; antennz pale brownish white. Fore wing pale yellow

with a few red-brown points. No antemedial line. A pale

renifcrm whitish spot surrounded by a narrow indistinct red-

brown line in submedian interspace. Subterminal area red-

brown, darkest inwardly, with a pale purplish band from costa

to tornal angle insideit. The inner edge of this red-brown area

is much more incurved than in L. camilla Druce, being inwardly

oblique from costa to vein 7, then widely incurved to vein 3, and

MOTHS FROM B. E. AFRICA. 713

from that point straight to inner margin before tornus. Hind

wing semihyaline white, ochreous along the costal margin to

apex.

This form is clearly a connecting-link between camilla, on the

one hand, which it resembles in the outer red-brown area, anid

discophora Hampsn., on the other, which it resembles in having

a discal spot, which is absent in camilla.

Habitat. Kedai, 18th Nov. 1911,1¢. Exp. 30 mm.

I hope to figure this form in a subsequent paper.

Subfamily HuTELIAN#,

149. Eurenra piscisrricA Walker, Cat. xxxiil. p. 823 (1865).

Habitat. Kedai, 30th Dec. 1911, 2 g; Ist to 12th Jan. 1912,

4A 9; 5th Jan. 1912,1 9.

Subfamily GonopTERIN”.

150. ANomis sABULIFERA Guen. Noct. ii. p. 404 (1852).

Habitat. Kedai, 1912, lst Jan., 19 ; 5thJan.,1 2 ; 8th Jan.,

IQs Isiin dam, I ge Wen “Ayal des ula Dec, WSs

1913, dth Jan., 1 ¢.

Very variable. Some ef the specimens agree with the type of

propingua Butler, from Aden, and others are typical sabulifera,

with black suffusion between the postmedial and subterminal

lines. ;

Subfamily Carocauina.

151. AUDEA MELANOPLAGA Hampson, Ann. 8. Afr. Mas. i.

p- 328 (1902).

Habitat. Masongaleni, 19th May, 1911, 1 ¢.

152. CTENUSA RECTILINEA, Sp. n.

Description.— 9. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreeus ; tegule

dark red-brown, antenne echreous. Fore wing ochreous, irrovated

with pale pinkish brown, the terminal area suffused with the

same colour; antemedial line obsolete. Reniform pale red-

brown, with a red-brewn striga on the costa above it. Post-

medial line represented by another red-brown striga on the cesta,

and a row of black points on the veins to inner margin. Sub-

terminal line ochreous, defined en each side by red-brewn frem

costa straight to vein 2, where it is only represented by a pale

spot. A series of brown submarginal spots between the veins.

Cilia red-brown. Hind wing with base and centre of wing

ochreous white; terminal area ochreous, with a series of spots

between the veins. Underside of both wings ochreous white,

with a subterminal series of dark spots from costa to vein 2

on the fore wing and a small spot at end of cell.

Habitat. Kedai, 14th April, 1912,19. Exp. 50 mm.

This form is nearest to C. curvilinea Hamps: C. L. P. xu.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1916, No. X LIX. AY

714 LT.-COL. J. M. FAWCETT ON

p. 378 (1913), Ab. 1, from which it differs in the absence of

ante- and postmedial lines, and in the subterminal line being

straight from costa to vein 2, instead of curved to tornus. It

could not be described as “ curvilinea.”

Form 2. psAMATHA, nov. (PI. I. fig. 21.)

Description. 2. Similar to rectilinea, but fore wing pale

ochreous throughout, with only the red-brown strige on the

costa, and the reniform faintly indicated by red. The terminal

area is not suffused with red-brown, and the subterminal line is

straight and is only faintly defined by that colour.

Habitat. Kedai, 29th March, 1912,19. Exp. 51 mm.

153. ANUA TETTENSIs Hopff. Konig. Akad. Wissen. 1857,

p. 422.

Habitat. Masongaleni, 8th June, 1911, 1 ¢.

154. KurpsrusA HARMONICA Hampsn. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. ii.

p- 335 (1902).

Habitat. Kedai, 25th Nov. 1911,1¢, 29; 5th March, 1912,

VO: 17th April, 1912) 1 O> 24th Nov. 1992) Ig:

This seems a very variable species; all the specimens have the

medial area suffused with dark brown before the postmedial line,

but the extent of the suffusion is variable in breadth; two

specimens, taken on 24th and 25th Nov. have the band very

narrow, and the antemedial line and rufous suffusion before it

obsolete. The March and April specimens are normal.

155. EupHIUSA HERMIONE, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 3.)

Description.— 3. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale ochreous.

Fore wing: basal area pale violet ; antemedial line represented by

a red-brown striga on the costa, but obsolete below it, inside

which is an ochreous band from costa to inner margin. Rest of

wing pale violet from antemedial line nearly to outer margin,

where it is greyish violet. Postmedial line represented by a

short red-brown line, before which is a diffused red-brown costal

patch from costa to vein 6; beyond this line a bright ochreous

subapical patch. A marginal series of black points between the

veins. Cilia ochreous. Hind wing bright ochreous, greyish

towards the margin, with distal and subterminal darker bands

from costa to av angle. A dark brown marginal band. Cilia

ochreous, with white patches between veins 1 and 2 and 4 and 6.

U nderside pale ochreous with dark spots at end of cell, and traces

of a fine postmedial line.

Form 2. OCHREATA. nov.

Similar to hermione in size, shape, and markings, but with the

pale violet replaced by pale ochreous beyond the antemedial line,

up to the subterminal line (which in this form is clearly detined

MOTHS FROM B. BE. AFRICA. 115

by bright ochreous). Subterminal area of hind wing in some

specimens with a broad fuscous band, inwardly much diffused.

Underside of fore wing with diffused fuscous subterminal band.

Habitat, Hermionn, Kedai, 1911, 9th Nov., 1 go, 25th Nov., 1¢

(type); 1912, 9th March, 2¢, 15th March, 2¢. Masongaleni,

1911, 25th April, 1¢.

OcHreEATA, Kedai, 1911, 24th Nov., 3 ¢ (incl. type). Mason-

galeni, 1911, 28th March, 1 9, 2nd April, 1 9.

Exp. 38 mm.

156. Grammopss stoLipa Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 599 (1775).

Habitat. Kedai, 12th Dee. 1911, 1 <¢.

157. RemiciopEs ReMIGINA Mabille, C. R. Soc. Ent. Belg.

XXVlil. p. exci. (1884).

Habitat. Kedai, 12th Dec. 1911,1 9. Masongaleni, 14th May,

1911, 1 go; 25th Nov. 1911, 1S (the last is a very black

specimen).

158. Pericyma umBrina Guen. Noct. iti. p. 4 (1852).

Habitat. Kedai, 10th Dec. 1912, 1¢. Hitherto only recorded

from India.

2 (1913).

159. CortyTa REMIGIANA Hampson, C. L. P: xu. p. 3

IN@Wa; Jb Se

Habitat. Kedai, 24th Nov. 1911, 1 93; 28th

4th Jan. 1913, 1 ¢.

160. Corryra BALNEARIA Distant, A. M. N. H. (7) i. p. 228

(1898).

Habitat. Kedai, 25th Dec. 1911, 1 9.

Hitherto recorded only from the Transvaal and Mashonaland.

161. Cortryra vetusta Walker, Cat. xxxili. p. 875 (1865).

Habitat. Kedai, 12th Nov. 1911, 1 9.

162. CorTyTA MINYAS, sp. n.

Description 6 2. Head and thorax greyish ochreous. Abdo-

men ochreous. Fore wing: basal area pale ferruginous; subbasal

line represented by an indistinct black striga from costa to vein 1.

Antemedial line black and waved, with a bright ferruginous band

inside it on the basal area. Medial area between ante- and post-

medial lines grey, with indistinct waved bands of fuscous irroration.

Reniferm ochreous indistinctly defined. Postmedial line black,

outwardly oblique below costa, sharply angled outwardly at veins 6,

4, and 3, and inwardly on discal fold and interspace 2, and thence

straight to inner margin. Subterminal area pale ferruginous,

with two fuscous subapical spots between veins 6, 7, and 8 in the

interspaces, one between veins 3 and 4, and one on inner margin

before tornus. Two diffused grey subterminal patches between

49*

716 LY’.-COL. J. M. FAWCETT ON

veins 6 and 4 and 3 and 1. A fine crenulate black terminal

line. Cilia of both wings ochreous.

Hind wing bright ochreous, the terminal half with very indis-

tinet diffused brown strize between veins 4 and 2, and on vein 1.

An interrupted terminal line of black Iunules. Underside pale

ochreous; a davk reniform annulus at end of cell, obsolete in

some specimens.

Habitat. Masongaleni. 31st March, 1911, 1 9. Kedai, 29th

Dec. 1912,1 ¢. Exp. 30-34 mm.

Form 2. GRISEACEA, nov.

Differs from minyas in the whole of the fore wing bevond the

antemedial line being grey, with a subterminal ferruginous

irregular band, brightest below apex. Otherwise as in that

species on upperside; underside white striated with fuscous on

costal and apical areas; a black spot at end of cell.

Habitat. Kedai, 15th Dec. 1911,1 9; 15th Jan. 1912,1 2.

Exp. 30 mm.

These forms are clearly intermediate between C. dispar Piing.,

from Palestine, on the one hand, and C. fasciolata Warr., from

the Sudan, on the other.

163. CorrytTa Fascrouata Warr. Nov. Zool. xii. p. 24, pl. iv.

figs. 11, 21 (1905).

Subfamily PHyTroMErRIn&.

164. PuHyromerra cHaLcyres Esper, Schmett. iv. p. 447,

pl. exl. fig. 3(1789).

Habitat. Kedai, 7th April, 1912, 1 6.

Not recorded from Africa in C, L. P.

Subfamily Nocrurn®.

165. PANpEsMA ANySA Guen. Noct. 11. p. 439 (1852).

Habitat. Kedai, 25th Nov. 1911,1 3 ; 7th Jan. 1912,1 @.

Also recorded from Somaliland.

166. PoLypESMA COLUTRIX Geyer.

Habitat. Masongaleni, 25th June, 1911,1 9.

Also recorded from Somaliland.

Genus GALACTOMOTA, noy.

(yaka=milk, dpoios, a, ov=like.)

Type, G. berenice, sp. n.

Proboscis aborted ; palpi stout, reaching top of head, clothed

with thick hair. Eyes large, round; top of head covered with

MOTHS FROM B. E. AFRICA, 717

thick hair. Antenne of male bipectinated for two-thirds of length,

filiform at extremity; female filiform throughout. Thorax

clothed with thick hair. Abdomen with paired dorsal tufts on

the somites. Legs clothed with long hair on femora and tibie,

especially the fore legs. Fore wing: apex rounded, the termen

crenulate. Veins 3, 4, 5 from lower angle of cell, 6 from upper

angle. Hind wing: veins 3, 4 from angle of cell, 5 from a little

above it, 6 and 7 stalked from upper angle of cell.

167. GALACTOMOIA BERENICE, sp. n. (PI. I. fig. 15.)

Description.— $ . Head and thorax creamy white, tinged with

red-brown ; palpi red-brown ; extremities of tegule and patagia

dark red-brown. Antenne red-brown, bipectinated for two-

thirds of length, filiform on outer third. Abdomen red-brown

except the two anal segments, which are creamy white, and the

vertex of the first two on which are two dorsal creamy-white

tufts, the remainder of the dorsal tufts red-brown. Fore wing

creamy white, basal area dark brown, narrowly on costa, and

continued obliquely outward to a point on vein 1, where it is

cut by the antemedial line, where it forms an angle before

bending downwards to inner margin. Two red-brown patches

on the costa, terminated by the antemedial and postmedial lines

inwardly. These two lines are obsolescent and only indicated

1) where the antemedial line meets the brown area on vein 1,

and (2) where the postmedial line crosses interspaces 1, 4, 5,

and 6, where it is indicated by traces of a black line. Hind wing

creamy white, with a red-brown spot at end of cell, and another

at anal angle, round, and defined above by a blackish spot on

inner margin. Cilia white, except below vein 3 on fore wing,

where it is red-brown. Underside white, costa ochreous, marked

as on upperside, except that the basal spot is absent and there

is a spot at the end of cell.

2 much paler, almost white. The black postmedial line com-

plete, dentate, excurved to points in the interspaces. Hind wing

with an indistinct red-brown submarginal line.

Habitat. Masongaleni, 21st March, 1911, 19. Kumasi,

W. Afriva, 1 3 (A. Norris).

The male specimen from Kumasi is a good deal darker in

coloration. There is a specimen of this form in the B. M.

Collection, but it has not yet received a name.

Genus GIRIA, nov.

Type, G@. bubastis, sp. n.

Proboscis fully developed. Palpi upturned, long, third joint

reaching well above vertex of head. Legs with the tibiz covered

with long hair. Abdomen without crests. Antenne filiform.

Fore wing comparatively short; outer margin non-crenulate,

excurved to an angle at vein 4; a tuft of long hairs in cell on

underside; veins 3, 4 from lower angle of cell, 5 from just above

718 LT.-COL. J. M. FAWCETT ON

it, 6 from upper angle; 9, 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the

ar feolet Hind wing: welll half the length is wing; veins 3, 4

from lower angle of cell, 5 from just above it, 6 from upper end

of cell, 8 anastomosing with cell near base.

168, Girra BuBastis, sp. n. (Pl. I. fig. 14.)

Description.— 9. Head and thorax red-brown ; abdomen

reddish ochreous dorsally, underside pale ochreous with a lateral

series of black spots. Palpi ochreous, the third joint long,

fuscous, with a white spot at extremity. 'Pibie ochreous, with

long hair; tarsi brown banded with ochreous, Fore wing with

the space between the base and the postmedial line dark red-

brown, tle outer area beyond this line ochreous, thickly irro-

rated with red-brown atoms, on which the ochreous veins show

up prominently. A red-brown subapical patch on the costa,

outwardly bordered with grey. Two basal dark brown spots

defined outwardly by a grey line, one on costa, and one just

below it at base of cell. Antemedial line fuscous, defined in-

wardly by a grey line, waved to inner margin. Stigma repre-

sented by a black point; reniform indistinetly defined by a black

line. Postmedial line pale ochreous, outwardly oblique to vein 6,

then angled sharply inwards and straight to inner margin. Two

black spots in submedian interspace close to tornal angle. Cilia

red-brown. Hind wing fuscous, darkest towards apex; outer

margin and cilia ochreous. Underside pale ochieous, irrorated

with black atoms. Fore wing with a large submarginal black

patch between veins 2 and 5,

Habitat. Mombasa, 31st March, 1911, 1 9. Exp. 46 mm.

This form is not very near to anything I could find in the

B. M. Collection; perhaps the nearest is Plecoptera lacinia

Saalm., from Madagascar.

Genus TAVETA, nov.

Type, 7. syrinx, sp.

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, long, third jomt

reaching well above vertex of head; mid and hind tibie spined,

without long hair. Abdomen with hairy crests on first three

segments only. Wings with the outer margin crenulate. Fore

wing with a tuft of long hair on underside of cell. Veins 2,

3, 4 from lower angle of cell, 5 almost touching the origin of 4,

6 and 7 from upper angle, 8 and 9 stalked to form the areole.

Hind wing: cell one-third the length of wing; veins 2, 3, 4 as in

fore wing, 6 and 7 from upper angle of cell, 8 meeting cell close

o base.

169) TAVETA SV RIN sp. nm. 8 (Plo dT sies 135)

Description. 3. Head, body, abdomen, and wings bright

ferrmginous brown ; palpi fuscous. Underside of body and legs

ochreous, Wore wing striated profusely before antemedial line.

MOTHS FROM B. EH. AFRICA, 719

Subbasal line indistinct, incurved below subcostal nervure. Ante-

medial line a double pale waved line with ferruginous centre

from costa to Inner margin. Postimedial line fine, black, and

dentate, inwardly defined by white, and situated on a prominent

black dentate band, strongly ineurved below vein 4 to inner

margin. <A pale whitish subterminal line, dentate on the veins.

A terminal series of black spots. Cilia red-brown (both wings).

Hind wing striated on basal area. Two parallel black dentate

lines across the disc from vein 6 to inner margin, highly angled

outwardly between veins 4 and 5, the inner lime defined i ipwar tdly

by white. A subterminal white ‘dentate line and mar ginal black

spots. Underside ochreous, with fuscous inrorations wad) double

fuscous subterminal bands.

Habitat. Kedai, 5th Jan: 1912, bg = 30th Jan., 12.

There are four specimens from Nyasaland (unnamed as yet) in

the B. M. Collection which are near this species, but they lack

the red suffusion and are fuscous black throughout.

170. Prorvaca RECURRENS Hampson, Ann.8. Afr. Mus. 11.

p- 360 (1902).

Habitat. Kedai, 20th Nov. 1912, 1 ¢ ; 4th March, 1912, 1 ¢.

Only the type-specimen is in the B. M. Collection.

171. Cargeruta eoLtiocHRoa Hampson, P. Z. 5. 1916, p- 130,

Plane tice ATO

Habitat. Kedai, 27th Nov., 1911, 2 @.

The above specimens agree practically with the figure of polt-

ochroa (which was described from Gaol saree *n coloration,

172. CaTEPHIA scIRAS, sp. n. (PI. I. fig. 35.

Description.— 3. Head, thorax, abdomen, i fore wing light

grey. Palpi, pectus, and legs with pinkish suffasion. Antenne

red, ciliated. Fore wing: subbasal line black from costa to

vein 1. Antemedial line incurved on subcostal nervure, oblique

to submedian fold, then angled inwards at vein 1 ; before this

line there is a black area below median nervure to inner margin.

Claviform red-brown, defined by black, and connected at its

extremity with postmedial line. Orbicular and reniform whitish

defined by black, where they are joined by lines to blackish

patches on the costa. The area between the reniform and _ post-

medial line whitish. The postmedial line black, running some

distance along subcostal nervure, incurved at discal fold, angled

outwards at veins 4 and 3, then incurved to submedian fold, and

thence straight to inner margin. Subterminal line angled

sharply outwards on veins 7,6, 4, and 3, then incurved to inner

margin, and beyond it a pale j sel low tornal spot. Between the

postmedial and subterminal lines is a prominent greyish fuscous

band almost reaching the former ne. A fine waved black

terminal line, Cilia grey. Hind wing hyaline white with strong

iridescent gloss; cilia white,

720 LT.-COL. J. M. FAWCETT ON

@. Antenne fuscous. Fore wing similar to that of male, but

the ground-colour is greyish brown, and the subterminal band is

more prominent and blacker. Hind wing with the terminal area

fusecous brown. Underside white; fore wing with brown dis-

coidal spot, a postmedial line to vein 2 and fuscous area beyond

it. Costa of both wings irrorated with pinkish.

Habitat Kedar, 19kt, 26th) Nov wig. deth, Dees ieae

25th Nov.,1 9. Exp., ¢ 40, 9 42 mm.

This form differs from C. poliochroa in the male in being much

lighter coloured and in having a distinct subterminal fuscous

band, and in the hind wing being pure white, without a sub-

marginal band. In the female it differs in having a prominent

subterminal fuscous band on fore wing.

I may be wrong in putting these two specimens together as

male and female of the same species, but as poliochroa was

described from a single female specimen, we cannot tell what its

male is like. The male of the nearly allied C. pericyma Hmpsn.

from Somaliland has a fuscous band to the hind wing, according

to the description.

173. CATEPHIA sospiTA, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 32.)

Description.— $. Head, thorax, pectus, and legs grey-brown.

Antenne minutely ciliate. Abdomen ochreous, with raised

brown crests on the first three segments. Fore wing brown ;

subbasal line black, angled inwardly on median nervure, and

beyond it an ochreous spot margined with black. Antemedial

line black and sinuous to inner margin, and inside it a black

shade on inner margin. Claviform represented by an oval brown

spot margined with black. Orbicular and reniform white, mar-

gined with black, except above. The area between the ante- and

postmedial lines is white above vein 2, dark brown below it.

Postmedial line black, double, enclosing a red-brown space ; it is

angled outwardly on veins 5 and 3, and incurved below vein 2 to

inner margin. A dark brown subterminal shade angled out-

wards on veins 7, 6, 4, and 3, and enclosing some grey spots. A

fine black marginal line. Cilia grey. Hind wing hyaline white,

with a strong iridescent gloss; cilia white. Underside white;

fore wing with brown discoidal spot and subterminal shade.

Habitat. Kedai, 27th Nov. 1912,1 ¢. Exp. 38 mm.

There is nothing very near this form in the B. M. Collection.

174. CATEPHIA SCYLLA, sp.n. (PI. i. fig. 33.)

Description.— 2. Head and thorax dark brown, with some

grey hairs on the tegule and patagia. Abdomen fuscous.

Antenne filiform; pectus and legs pale fuscous. Fore wing

dark brown, irrorated with grey atoms. Subbasal and ante-

medial lines obsolete. Some black in cell, on which the orbicular

and veniform, which are grey, show up prominently. Claviform

represented by a red-brown shade, between which and the

MOTHS FROM B. E. AFRICA. (Ol

reniform is a white spot partly irrorated with ochreous. Post-

medial line black, of the usual form in Catephia. Subterminal

line obsolete, and only represented by some grey spots. A fine

black terminal line. Cilia brown and ochreous chequered.

Hind wing white, with broad submarginal black band. Under-

side (both wings) white, with broad submarginal fuscous bands,

and a brown discoidal spot on the fore wing.

Habitat. Kedai, 18th Jan. 1912, 1 9. Exp. 42 mm.

This form is nearest to C. iridiocosma Beth.- Baker, Ab. 2.

175. CATEPHIA SERAPIS, sp. n. (PI. I. fig. 34.)

Description.— 9. Head, thorax, and abdomen fulvous brown ;

antenne filiform. Patagia with some grey hairs. Palpi fuscous,

pectus and legs whitish. Fore wing fulvous, thickly irrorated

with fuscous and grey atoms to the postmedial line. Subbasal

and antemedial lines obsolete. Orbicular black with a white

ring. Reniform indistinct, defined by an interrupted white

line and with a white spot above it on the costa. Between it

and the postmedial line is a bright fulvous patch; the post-

medial line of the usual Catephia form. Beyond this line, the

subterminal area is suffused with bright pinkish fulvous. Sub-

terminal band represented by a few brown spots. A _ fine

marginal black line. Cilia ochreous and brown chequered.

Hind wing white, with a broad submarginal black band; cilia

white. Underside of both wings white, with broad subterminal

fuscous bands ; fore wing with a black discoidal spot.

Habitat. Kedai, 16th Jan. 1912,1 9. Exp. 32 mm.

This form is nearest to C. oligomelas Mab., from Madagascar,

which is nearly black and without fulvous suffusion on the

fore wing. Of four specimens in the B. M. Collection, three

have no white on the hind wing and the fourth hardly any.

176. CATEPHIA MESONEPHELE Hampson, P. Z. 8. 1916, p. 131,

pl. i. fig. 48, g.

Habitat. Kedai, 3rd and 16th Jan. 1912, 2 ¢.

Described from Somaliland. The Kedai specimens are more

fulvous on the disc and much darker below it, perhaps owing

to the difference in climate.

177. CavEPHIA PYRAMIDALIS Hampson, P.Z.S. 1916, p. 129,

pl. i. fig. 45, 3.

Habitat. Kedai, 26th Nov. 1911,1 <6.

The Kedai specimen has an elongated black band from ante-

to postmedial lines im interspace 1, which is not shown on the

figure.

178. Lyncesris AMpHIx Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. cxxxiv. fig. C

(1779).

Habitat. Kedai, 25th Nov, 1911, 1 ¢.

OP LT.-COL. J. M. FAWCETT ON

179. Lyncrestis uniLInEA Swinhoe, P.Z.8. 1885, p. 452,

lin, OVA LOR

Habitat. Kedai, 22nd April, 1912, 1 3.

At the present time there is only the type-specimen in the

B. M. Collection, from Poona, India.

Genus Poppa, nov.

Type, P. sabina, sp. n.

Proboscis absent. Palpi short, not reaching vertex of head.

Antenne minutely ciliate, rather thick; legs moderately clothed

with hair; hind legs with two spurs. Thorax covered with

thick hair; abdomen with dorsal crests on two basal segments

and some Jong hairs at anal, extremity. Fore wing rather

narrow, apex rounded, termen evenly curved and crenulate.

Veins 3, 4 from lower angle of cell, 5 given off from just

below the middle; 6 from upper angle; 7 and 8 stalked, and

anastomosing with 9. The whole underside of cell of fore wing

filled with a patch of raised scales, which project beyond and

below it. Hind wing with cell half the length of wing. Veins

3, 4 from lower angle of cell, 5 from just below centre of apex ;

6 and 7 stalked, from upper angle ; 8 joining cell about one-third

of its length from base.

180. Poppma sABINA, sp. n. (PI. I. fig. 5.)

Description.— 3. Head and tegule grey; thorax red-brown

with a pinkish suffusion, Abdomen pale brown, with some

ochreous hairs at anal extremity. Palpi, pectus, and legs

suffused with pinkish. Fore wing divided into two longi-

tudinal areas by a prominent black-brown line, which somewhat

recalls the line in Lyncestis unilinea. The upper area from

costa to median nervure and along vein 5 grey, thickly irro-

rated with dark grey scales along the costa, with some brown

stripes on the veins and in the interspaces in the terminal

area. A dark brown line along the median nervure, with a

fork on vein 2 and continued to the termen along vein 5. The

area below this line red-brown with pink suffusion. A black

terminal wedge-shaped spot below the apex, and a black terminal

line, interrupted at the veins. Cilia red-brown. Hind wing

white. Underside: fore wing white, with the costa and sub-

apical area pinkish ; hind wing white.

Habitat. Kedai, 26th Nov. 1912, 1g. Exp. 40 mm.

181. PLrecoprera PoLyMoRPHA Hampson, P. Z. 8. 1916, p. 134,

pl. u. fig. 3. (Described from Somaliland.)

Form 3. POLYMNYA, nov.

Description. 9. Differs from the figure and description of

polymorphe in the wings being ochreous (instead of white)

and irrorated with red-brown scales. Postmedial line consisting

MOTHS FROM B. E. AFRICA. 723

of two ochreous lines of same shape as in polymorpha, divided

by a ferruginous line, and defined outwardly by a prominent

black line from costa to inner margin, and inwardly by a broad

diffused red-brown band. The “ fine red-brown terminal line”

of polymorpha represented in this form by a fuscous inwardly

diffused band. Hind wing with the distal and terminal areas

suffused with red-brown and much darker than in polymorpha.

Habitat. Wedai, 12th Nov. 1911, 1 95 7th April, 1912, 1 9.

Exp. 34 mm.

182. ANTICARSIA IRRORATA Fabricius.

Habitat. Kedai, 11th April, 1912, 1 ¢. Masongaleni, 5th

June, 1911,1¢3 ; 3rd June, 1@.

A very variable species. The Masongaleni specimens are

suffused with fuscous.

This genus has until recently been known as Thermesia

Hiibner.

183. BREVIPECTEN cornuta Hampson, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus. i.

p. 404 (1902). _

Habitat. Kedai, 8th Dee. 1912, 1 @.

184, BREVIPECrEN CLEARCHUS, sp.n. (PI.-I. fig. 31.)

Description.— 9. Head and thorax greyish ochreous, abdomen

ochreous ; palpi red-brown above, whitish beneath and at ex-

tremity of third joint; pectus and legs whitish. Fore wing

greyish ochreous with a pinkish suffusion. Antemedial line

outwardly oblique to submedian interspace, where it runs

parallel with inner margin to meet the postmedial line. Reni-

form outwardly indistinct, but defined inwardly by the outer

edge of a dark red-brown costal spot. A medial incurved line

from below reniform to inner margin. Postmedial line pale,

defined by fine black lines, outwardly excurved to vein 5, then

recurved to Inner margin, and immediately beyond it a dark

red-brown subapical spot on the costa, from the outer edge of

which arises a straight indistinct subterminal line. A series

of black terminal points on the veins. Cilia bright ochreous.

Hind wing pale ochreous, darker towards the apex and along

the termen to vein 2. Underside pale ochreous, with indistinct

postmedial lines and a dark discoidal spot on hind wing.

Habitat. Kedai, (th April, 1912, 1 9; 27th Nov. 1912, 1 9.

Exp. 32 mm.

Differs from cornuta mm its larger size, want of pearly irro-

ration, and in the postmedial line not being angled cutwaidly

on vein 4 as in that species.

185. CALPE CERNE, sp.n. (PI. J. fig. 22.)

Description. 9. Head and tegule orange red-brown, the

head with some fiery orange crests at base of antenne, Thorax

724 LT.-COL. J. M. FAWCEIT ON

abdomen, and fore wing mouse-colour, the bands dark brown

shot with a coppery iridescence. Costal area dark brown from

base to middle, this brown patch extending through base of cell

to submedian interspace and being outwardly defined (except

along the costa) by the subbasal line; two fine black medial

lines. Postmedial line represented by a broad brown band angled

outwards at vein 3, from costa to inner margin. Reniform

indistinet, defined by a brown line. <A double black subterminal

line, oblique outwardly from costa to termen below apex, then

inwardly oblique to inner margin. These lines are succeeded by

a brown shade from vein 6 to tornus. A marginal dark brown

line. Cilia greyish. Hind wing fuscous grey. Underside of

both wings fuscous with ochreous margins.

Habitat. Kumasi, Ashanti, 1 9 (4. Norris). Exp. 64 mm.

This form is nearest to Calpe emarginata Fabr., from India.

There is one specimen, as yet unnamed, in the B. M. Collection.

Genus LmcasiA, nov.

Type, L. othello, sp. n.

Proboscis fully developed; palpi long, reaching well above

vertex of head, second joint densely scaled; legs without hair,

the middle pair with two spurs, the hind pai with three.

Antenne filiform. Fore wing with apex more or less acute,

outer margin evenly curved. A tuft of long hairs below base of

cell on underside. Abdomen without crests. Veins 3 and 4

from lower end of cell, 5 from just above it; 6 from upper

angle; 8 and 9 stalked near apex of wing.

186. LecasiaA OTHELLO, sp. n. (PI. I. fig. 4.)

Description.— 3. Vertex of head, palpi, and tegule orange-

ferruginous ; thorax and abdomen fuscous. Both wings fuscous

black, thickly irrorated with pale ochreous atoms except imme-

diately before the subterminal line, where the irroration is

sparse, giving the appearance of a black subterminal band on

the fore wing. Subbasal, ante- and postmedial lines obsolete.

Orbicular represented by a minute whitish spot; reniform with

a white spot in its lower lobe. Subterminal line represented by

an irregular row of seven white spots. Hind wing with faint

indications of a subterminal line; cilia fuscous. Underside

fuscous irorated with ochreous.

Q. Larger and much browner in coloration. Postmedial

line distinct, angled sharply inwards on vein 3, below the disco-

cellular spot, and thence straight to inner margin. ‘The spots

of subterminal line obsolescent and formed into an nregular

indistinct ochreous subterminal band. Hind wing with an

ochreous subterminal band. Otherwise as in male.

Habitat. Kedai, 19th Nov. 1911,1 36. Durban, Natal, 18th

Dec. 1899, 1 9. Exp. g 40, 9 42 mm.

MOTHS FROM _B. E. AFRICA. LOS

187. Fopina PENTAGONALIS Butler, P.Z.S. 1894, p. 589,

pl. xxxvui. fig. 8.

Habitat. Kedai, 28th Nov. 1911, 1 @.

Subfamily Hypenip#.

188. GRACILODES CAFFRA, Guen.

Habitat. Kedai, 10th July, 1912,1 3.

189. Hyprna DERASALIS Guen. Delt. & Pyr. p. 27, pl. iv. fig. 2

(1854).

Habitat. Kedai, 27th and 30th Dec. 1911, 1 3,1 9 (grey

form); 25th Nov. 1911, and 5th Jan. 1912, 2 ¢ (brown form).

The above four specimens represent two forms—a grey and a

brown—which I found to be nearest in markings to derasalis

Guen. when I was trying to identify them in the British

Museum. Derasalis, however, is a red form, distinguished by

having the oblique mark from the apex ochreous. One of these

forms is violet-grey, with the exceptron of the medial brown

triangle; the other is fuscous brown throughout, with very

indistinct grey markings. I must reserve them for further

examination later on.

Family NoTODONTID2.

190. PHALERA LAVINIA, sp. n. (PI. I. fig. 20.)

Description.— $6 2. Head, antenne, and palpi red-brown ;

tibizw with red-brown hairs; tegule bright fulvous with brown

edges; thorax grey (recalling bucephala); abdomen fulvous.

Fore wing with the basal area, costa, cell, and apical area grey

down to vein 6, the remainder of the wing pale brown. Sub-

basal line double, black, starting from two black spots on the

costa, excurved to costal nervure, then straight to inner margin.

Antemedial line also double and starting from two black spots

on the costa (the inner one of which is large and triangular),

excurved in discoidal cell, then straight to inner margin. Reni-

form greyish white, marked by four black points. A fine

postmedial line starting from a virgula on the costa, highly

dentate on the veins. Subterminal line represented by a series

of dark brown sagittate marks from below apex, defined out-

wardly by grey spots. A terminal series of black points between

the veins. Hind wing pale fuscous, with an indistinct white

distal line; cilia light brown. Underside very pale red-

brown, hind wing white towards inner margin.

Habitat. Kedai, 26th Nov. 1912, 1 3; Ist Dec. 1911, 1 @.

Exp., ¢ 40, 9 44 mm.

191. Scrancia AMATA, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 28.)

Description.— 3. Vertex of head, thorax, and abdomen

ochreous brown; palpi, pectus, and legs white. Fore wing

726 LT.-COL. J. M. FAWCETT ON

ochreous brown, the costa and a patch before the apex grey.

Subbasal line represented by some black spots. Antemedial line

black, execurved to submedian fold, where it is sharply angled

inwardly and then straight to inner margin. Reniform white,

enclosing a black-lined reniform stigma with a white centre.

Postmedial line black, slightly exeurved from costa to vein 3;

a black terminal line interrupted at the veins. Cilia ochreous.

Hind wing pale ochreous, darker towards the termen, with

an indistinct distal line. Underside: fore wing pale brown,

with some white spots on the costa before apex; hind wing

ochreous white, marked as on upperside.

FHfabitat. Kedai, 13th Jan. 1912, 1 0. Exp. 42 mm.

192. CHADISRA NUBIFERA Hampson.

Habitat. Kedai, 1911, 23rd Nov., 1 29; 26th Noy., 2 g; 25th

INOW Ue 4 WSs WOU, Narang oven ID,

I have not seen the description of this insect, but to me

it seems to be very variable. Two of the above females have

the basal area of fore wing deep black. In the males the basal

area is concolorous with the rest of wing.

193. STAUROPUS CRITOBULUS, sp. n. (PI. I. fig. 12.)

Description.— 3. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey. Antenne

crimson. Fore wing white irrorated with grey atoms, the irro-

ration being thickest in the subterminal area; veins white,

marked by prominent black spots. A black basal spot. Ante-

medial line represented by black spots on the costa, median

nervure, and vein 1. Orbicular a large grey spot. Postmedial

line represented by black spots on the costa and on veins 6, 5, 4,

3, 2, 1. Beyond this row of spots are two parallel rows of black

spots on the same veins. Hind wing white, with a black mar-

ginal line from anal angle to vein 1; cilia white. Underside

white; fore wing with a black marginal line.

‘Habitat. Kedai, 25th Nov. 1911, 2 ¢. Exp. 44 mm.

Family GEOMETRIDA,

The arrangement of Sir George Hampson, in Faun. Brit. Ind.

vol. 11., has been followed here as nearly as possible when

dealing with species from a different region.

Subfamily Boar».

194, ACADRA RECTISTRIARIA, Herr.-Schiff.

Habitat. Teita Hills, 14th May, 1912,1 3.

195, SEMIOTHISA CRASSILIMBARIA Malille.

Habitat. Kedai, 9th June, 1912, 1 3. :

MOTHS FROM B. E. AFRICA,

196. SmeMIOTHISA LATARTIA Walker.

Habitat. Kedai, 19th Dec. 1911, 1 2.

197. SeMIorHiIss OBLIQUILINEATA Warren.

Habitat. Kedai, 18th Nov. 1911, 1 9°.

198. SEMIOTHISA SEMIALBIDA Prout.

Habitat. Kedai, 17th Dec. 1911, 1 @.

199. PERIDELA BERENGARIA, sp.n. (Pl. I. fig. 26.)

Description.— 3. Reddish grey irrorated with fuscous, with a

broad postmedial ochreous band striated with fuscous across both

wings. Palpi, pectus, legs, and underside of abdomen pale yellow ;

anteune pectinated. Fore wing: antemedial line virtually

obsolete; an oblique red-brown medial band from costa to inner

margin. Hind wing with red-brown antemedial line. A dark

red-brown point at end of cell, and red-brown patches at anal angle

between veins 3 and 4. Underside pale yellow striated ina

fuscous, and with medial and subterminal fuscous bands; cilia

reddish ochreous.

Habitat. Kedai, 22nd Nov. 1911, 1 ¢ ; 25th Jan., 1913, 1 ¢

(type). Exp. 42 mm.

This form is nearest to P. arhoparia Swinhoe, but differs

in the ante- and postmedial lines being obsolete on the fore

wing. The November specimen is paler and has only a faint

indication of the subterminal band, the other markings being

obsolete.

200. PERIDELA NOvARIA, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 17.)

Description.— 9. Pale ochreous, irrorated and striated with

fuscous. Palpi, pectus, legs, and underside of abdomen pale yellow.

Antenne filiform. Fore wing: antemedial line obsolescent be-

tween red-brown spots on costa and inner margin. Reniform

defined inwardly by a dark red-brown striga starting from costa.

Indications of a postmedial line between veins 3 and 4 and on

inner margin. Subterminal line represented by red-brown spots

on costa, between veins 3 and 4 and | and 2, connected by an

obsolescent fuscous band. Hind wing with a fuscous antemedial

band and a black point at end of cell. An indistinet HmseeUs sub-

terminal band with dark red- brow: n spots between veins 3 and 4

and above anal angle.

Underside pale wollen irrorated and striated with fuscous ; an

indistinct reddish medial line, which is antemedial in the hind

wing; subterminal line fuscous and prominent, enclosing some

indistinct grey patches ; a black point at end of cell. Cilia

ochreous.

Habitat. Kedai, 12th April, 1912,1 2. Exp. 42 mm.

This form is also nearest to P. arhoparia Swinhoe, but differs

in its paler coloration and in the bands being more or less

728 LT.-COL. J. M. FAWCETT ON

obsolescent. These two forms present » somewhat similar facies,

but Mr. Prout considers them to be distinct and showing variation

in different directions.

201. TEPHRINA BUTARIA Swinhoe.

Habitat. Kedai, 29th Dec. 1912, 1 $; 14th Dec. 1911, 1 9.

202. TepHRina pecrartA Walker.

Habitat. Masongaleni, 2nd June, 1911, 1 9.

903. ZAMARADA SECUTARIA Guen.

Habitat. Kedai, 29th Dec. 1912, 1 9; 2nd April, 1911,1 ¢.

Recorded from Somaliland.

Genus FULVARIA, nov.

Type, Lulvaria striata, sp. n.

Proboscis minute; palpi hairy ; antenne ciliate for two-thirds

of length. Mid tibia with one spur; hind tibia with one

proximal and a pair of terminal spurs in female. Fore wing

with vein 3 from angle of cell; veins 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked, 11 free.

Hind wing with vein 3 from before angle of cell.

Allied to Hyperythra Guen., in which the apex of fore wing is

acute and outer margin of hind wing erenulate. In this genus

the outer margins are evenly curved and apex of fore wing

rounded.

204. FULVARIA STRIATA, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 10.)

Description.— 9. Pale yellow thickly striated with fuscous,

and with a pinkish suffusion in certain lights. Fore wing:

antemedial line ebsolete ; a blackish spot at end of cell; post-

medial line represented by a broad diffused fuscous band from

costa to inner margin. Hind wing with the costal area much

paler, a black spot at the end of cell, and the postmedial band

narrower and more linear. Cilla with a reddish tinge. Under-

side similar to upperside, with the postmedial line more dis-

tinct and with pink suffusion beyond it towards apex of fore

wing.

Habitat. Kedai, 27th Nov. 1911,1 2. Exp. 34 mm.

205. CLEORA PROXIMARIA, subsp. ALBESCENS Prout, Nov. Zool.

xxii. 1915, p. 361.

Habitat. Kedai, 25th Nov, 1911, 1 g; 20th April, 1912,1 ¢.

In Faun. Brit. Ind. vol. i. this genus is placed under

Boarmia.

206. BoARMIA PERSE, sp. n. . (PI. I. fig, 18.)

Description.— 3. Antenne minutely ciliate for two-thirds of

length. Head, thorax,and body ochreous brown. Fore wing

bright fulvous; antemedial line black, defined inwardly with

MOTHS FROM B. E. AFRICA, 729

white, execurved to submedian fold, then waved to inner margin.

A broad black band at end of cell, below which it becomes

indistinct, and is incurved to vein 1. Postmedial line black,

outwardly defined with white, straight from costa to vein 4, then

incurved to vein 1. Subterminal line represented by a very

indistinct row of whitish patches. Hind wing ochreous, whitish

on costa and base of wing, fulvous towards anal angle. A. black

spot at end of cell. A black postmedial line- outwardly defined

with white, angled outwardly at vein 4, with a dark striga above

it from inner margin to vein 2. A fine black terminal line.

Underside ochreous, with black discoidal spots on both wings ;

postmedial line obsolescent, and mostly defined by its white outer

margin.

Habitat. Kedai, 1911, 24th Nov., 1 ¢; 15th Dec., 1 §. Exp.

34 mm.

207. BoARMTIA SUBALBATA Warren.

Habitat. Kedai, 1911, 26th Nov., 2 ¢; 1912, 5th Jan., 1 6;

13th Jan., 1 9; 15th March, 1 9; 12th Dec., 1 9.

208. BoARMIA OCLOMACULATA Warren.

Habitat. Kedai, 15th Jan. 1912, 1 9.

209. GIRPA CIRCUMDATA Walker.

Habitat. Meru, taken by Lady Colvile, 1 3.

210. PirrHEa TRIPLAGIATA Warren.

Habitat. Mombasa, 30th Oct, 1910, 1 3.

‘Subfamily Larentrin«.

211. OrrHonrrHa MonotEctA Butler.

Habitat. Meru, taken by Lady Colvile, 1 ¢.

212. KUcESTIA NEDDARIA Swinhoe.

Habitat. Meru, taken by Lady Colvile, 1 3.

213. CIDARIA ASTERIA, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 7.)

Description.— 3. Head and thorax red-brown; abdomen

ochreous, with transverse fuscous bands on the somites. Fore

wing: basal area pale brown up to the antemedial line, which is

white. Medial area of wing, between the ante- and postmedial

lines, fuscous brown, with an indistinct paler medial band. Post-

medial line white, angled outwardly between veins 2 and 3 and

3and 4, Subterminal area pinkish brown, with a bright fulvous

apical patch. An indistinct dentate subterminal line, and a row

of submarginal white spots with dark patches inside them.

Hind wing ochreous, deepening to fulvous at the termen, with a

dark patch at anal angle and brown irroration above it towards

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1916, No. L. 50

les LT.-COL. J. M. FAWCETT ON

inner margin. Underside coloured the same as upperside, but

much paler ; subapical area of fore wing bright pink.

Habitat. Meru, taken by Lady Colvile,1 9. Exp. 34 mm.

214, CrpARIA PROcNE, sp. n. (PI. I. fig. 8.)

Description. 6. Head and thorax red-brown; abdomen

ochreous, with fine blackish transverse bands on the somites.

Fore wing: basal area pale ochreous up to the antemedial line,

which is a double white line, evenly curved from costa to inner

margin. Medial area of wing between ante- and postmedial

lines red-brown. Postmedial line consisting of double white

lines angled outwardly between veins 3 and 4, the outer line of

which is so broad that it gives the appearance of a broad white

band. A dark red-brown subapical patch, followed by a small

ochreous apical spot. ‘Terminal area ochreous, with an indistinet

row of white spots. Hind wing pale ochreous, with some traces

of a postmedial line on the Inner margin above anal angle.

Underside ochreous ; medial area of fore wing fuscous.

Habitat. Meru, taken by Lady Colvile, 1 ¢. Exp. 30 mm.

These two forms, which present some analogy to one another,

are nearest to C. inolata Felder.

215. Ruopomerra sacrariA Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 2, p. 863

(1767).

—labda Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. p. 129, pl. elxxxi. fig. D (1777).

Habitat. Kedai, 1912, 15th Jan., 1 Q (sacraria); 11th Mareh,

1 @ (labda); 7th March, 1 g (/abda). Masongaleni, Ist March,

1 & (labda); 24th May, 1 2 (sacraria).

The sacraria form has the fore wing ochreous, with a brown

band from apex to middle of inner margin; in the labda form

the wing is pale primrose and the band is crimson.

216. RHABDOMETRA PLECTARIA Guen.

Habitat. Meru, taken by Lady Colvile, 1 ¢.

217. CAMPTOGRAMMA NATALATA Walker.

Habitat. Kedar, V9i2) 2th Jane do. 3) Oth rdianse Or

Masongaleni, 1912, 2nd April, 1 g; 14th June, 1 9.

Subfamily AcIDALIIN a.

218. Ipa#A NIOBE, sp. 2.

Description.— 9. Pale ochreous irrorated with fuscous scales.

The frons red-brown. Fore wing: antemedial line indistinct,

angled outwardly on median nervure. A fuscous striga at end

of cell. Postmedial line outwardly oblique to vein 6, thence

incurved and irregularly dentate to inner margin. A prominent

subterminal line excurved on veins 7 and 6, and thence irre-

eularly dentate to inner margin, with two indistinct diffused

MOTHS FROM B. E. AFRICA. 731

waved bands beyond it. A black marginal line interrupted

at the veins; cilia crenulate and ochreous. Hind wing with

black point at end of cell, a dentate postmedial line, and two

indistinct waved bands beyond it; a dark terminal line; outer

margin crenulate; cilia pale ochreous.

Habitat. Masongaleni, 26th June, 1911,1 9. Exp. 26 mm.

This form is nearest to ignobilis Warren, from China. It

differs from Craspedia remotata Guen., from India, in the post-

mediai and subterminal lines being outwardly oblique to vein 6

in the fore wing, and in the margins being crenulate.

219. PrRosBiLeests vestALis Butler.

Habitat. Masongaleni, 2nd June, 1911, 1 9.

220. INDUNA ALBIDA Warren.

Habitat. Kedai, 1912, 4th Jan. 1 6; 7th Jan., | g; 12th

ApEn ely Oe 2ndsDecs 17 Ox

221. INDUNA LACTEA Warren.

Habitat. Masongaleni, 1912, 24th March, 1 ¢ ; 2nd April,

ou zocheAoril, Io Oe) 19Gb Mays OF

One of the above females represents a variety with very

heavily marked bands, which Mr. Prout has never seen before.

222. 'TRAMINDA VIRIDARIA Walker.

Habitat. Masongaleni, 24th May, 1911, 1 3; Ist March, 1912,

IP Oey Kedar) 28th Dee: VONZ. eae:

The May specimen is much smaller than the other two.

Subfamily GEoMETRIN &.

223. PRASINOCYMA UNIPUNCTA Warren.

Habitat. Kedai, 19th Jan. 1912, 1 9. Masongaleni, 20th

April, V9t2, bo:

224, HETERORACHIS IDMON, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 9.)

Description.— $. Bright grass-green. Antenne, palpi, pectus,

and legs pinkish ochreous. Fore wing with the costa ochreous,

striated with rust-brown. A broad marginal ochreous band

highly inecurved on vein 2, to vein 1, and then straight to inner

margin ; on this band there is a row of rust-brown spots between

the veins, that between veins | and 2 being the largest. Hind

wing with the ochreous marginal band broadest in the apical

area, the rust-brown spots indistinct except towards anal

angle. Underside very pale green, with ochreous margins; cilia

ochreous.

Habitat. Kedai, 26th Nov. 1911,1 ¢. Exp. 26 mm.

This form is nearest to Heterorachis lunatimargo Prout, but

differs from it in the ochreous border being broader and more

irregular and the termen of the hind wing more rounded.

50*

OY LT.-COL. J. M. FAWCELT ON

9295. Wypopoxa EREBUSATA Walker.

Habitat. Masongaleni, 22nd April, 191i, 1 3.

Family SATURNIADS.

Genus CAPENA, nov.

Type, Capena crenulata Fawcett, P.Z.S. 1915, p. 103, pl. i.

fig. 27.

Fore wing with the costa almost straight, slightly curved before

apex. The apex produced and acute; the outer margin crenulate.

highly excised in the interspaces between veins 6,7, and 8. Hind

wing with the costa long, straight, the apex produced. Outer

margin more highly crenulate than the fore wing; tornus angu-

late, inner margin concave. Neuration as in Vudawrelia.

In my former memoir I described this species under the genus

Ludia Wallengren, as the onty form [ could find near it in the

British Museum was Hiibner’s figure of Heniecha grimmie. As

it is so very different in facies from that and the other species

of Ludia and Heniocha, I consider it best to erect a separate genus

for 1b.

Family ARBELID&.

926. LEBEDODES Na&vIUS, sp. n. (Pl. I. fig. 24.)

Description.— 3. Head, tegule, pectus, and legs brownish grey ;

thorax dark red-brown ; abdomen brownish grey, the three basal

somites with brown dorsal tufts or crests. Wings brownish grey

thickly striated with pale brown, the striation being more or less

circular, enclosing round grey spots. Fore wing with a black

wedge-shaped oblique patch below vein |, from near base to

middle of inner margin, that part of the wing immediately above

it being pale grey without striation. Hind wing with the stria-

tion much paler. A pale brown marginal line; cilia brownish

grey. Underside as on upperside, but paler.

Habitat. Kedai, 26th Nov. 1911,1 3. Exp. 38 mm.

This form is nearest to Lebedodes cossula Holland, but is much

smaller, the striation is thicker, and there are no postmedial lines

on the fore wing.

227. SELAGDIA NARSES, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 25.)

Description — . Head and thorax ferruginous, pectus and

legs paler: legs with the tibize covered with thick blackish hair.

Abdomen ferruginous above, paler underneath, covered with

long hair, and with thick dorsal ferruginous crests on the

somites, and a thick upturned tuft of hair at the anal extremity.

Fore wing ferruginous, suffused with pink reflections, thickly

striated with dark red-brown, the striation being circular and

enclosing round ochreous spots. A dark brown patch at end of

cell, and near base below median nervure, caused by the striation

being blacker and thicker at those points. Cilia red-brown,

MOTHS FROM B. BE. AFRICA, {ow

chequered with a marginal series of round ochreous spots.

Hind wing ochreous, inclining to fulvous along inner margin,

with faint traces of striation. Underside of both wings ochreous,

striated on and near the costa. ;

2. Very similar to male, rather larger, and with the pink

suffusion more prominent; legs not so thickly clothed with hair ;

underside of abdomen pale ochreous with a dark lateral longi-

tudinal streak.

Habitat. Kedai, 8th Dec. 1911, 1 9; 15th Jan. 1912, 1 ¢.

Exp., ¢ 30, 2 36 mm.

This form is nearest to Selagdia transversa Holland, from the

Gold Coast, but differs from it in the striation being spotted and

not streaked, and in there being no fulvous patches.

Family Cossip &,

228. DUOMITUS PINDARUS, sp. n.

Description.— 3. Head, thorax, antenn, and legs pale red-

brown. Thorax and metathorax sprinkled with white hairs;

abdomen pale red-brown, with some dorsal crests on three basal

somites. Fore wing pale red-brown, the inner area irrorated

with black strige. A black patch on the costa from base to near

middle, extending downwards through the cell to median nervure.

Immediately below this patch a prominent deep black band in

the shape of a tent-peg (¢claviform) runs along median nervure

and below vein 2, ending in a quadrilateral black spot between

veins 2 and 1, and touching both veins. Below this streak is a

white spot with a few striations on it. A long black spot on

costa above end of cell, which becomes an indistinct diffused

patch between veins 6 and 2. Outer half of cell and costal area

above it (between the two black spots) whitish. Some black

streaks between the nervures on the subterminal area. Hind

wing white, with a narrow fuscous terminal band; cilia fuscous.

Underside of fore wing pale fuscous, with some raised white scales

at base of cell. Hind wing white, the costa fulvous, no striation.

Q. Larger than male, similarly marked except that the black

longitudinal band of the male is divided into two parts by a

white spot.

Habitat. Kedai, 25th Nov. 1911, id, 1 @. Exp. g 40,

° 44mm.

This form is allied to Duomitus steniptera Hampson, P.Z.S.

1916, p. 166, described from Somaliland, but differs from it in a

good many ‘points, the chief being (1) its larger size, (2) the

eround-colour being red-brown, not white, and (3) the presence

of the prominent longitudinal black band below the median

neryure.

Family LAs1ocaAMPIDS.

229, CHILENA DONALDSONI Holland.

Habitat. Meru, taken by Lady Colvile, 1 ¢.

734 LT.-COL. J. M. FAWCETT ON

Family PyRALIDA.

Subfamily PYRALINA.

230. DATTINIA AURORA, sp. n. (PI. I. fig. 29.)

Description.— 3. Antenne red, bipectinate with long branches

to near apex. Head and thorax ochreous yellow, the patagia

with red fringes; abdomen ochreous, suffused with pink dorsally.

Palpi very long, ochreous above, red beneath ; legs ochreous, the

tarsi crimson. Fore wing ochreous yellow, the costa crimson at

base, with a crimson Tae running along the subcostal nervure

for three-fourths its length. A crimson band along vein 1, and

veins 4 and 5 from end of cell to the subterminal area until the

end of the bands is in line with a subterminal series of crimson

spots on the veins from costa to vein 2. The apex of wing and

outer and inner margins defined by a crimson terminal line.

Hind wing white, with silvery iridescence, the veins crimson,

and a broad inwardly diffused crimson terminal band; cilia

ochraceous.

Underside of fore wing ochreous yellow, the veins and

margins pale pink, Hind wing ochreous white, the costal area

and outer margin diffused with pink.

2. Antenne filiform, red. Fore wing, upperside as in male,

hind wing crimson, cilia ochreous.

Jekilvndis Meter. NIN, ANcde Wow, I 6s 24d 3Nlow, J 2

25th Nov., 3 ¢; 1912, 14th April,1d. Exp., ¢ 43, 9 46 mm.

231. DATTINIA PERSTRIGATA Hampson.

_D. perstrigata Hmpsn. P. Z.8. 1916, p. 172, pl. 1. fig. 40, 3.

Form 2. titHoNUS, nov. (PI. I. fig. 23.)

Description.— 3. Differs from the figure of perstrigata, quoted

above, in the fore wing being irrorated with pale crimson, with

the exception of the costal and apical areas. A thin red line

round the apex, a black terminal line on both fore and hind wings

interrupted at the veins.

Q@. Larger than the expanse given for perstrigata, and differing

from the female in the B. M. Collection in that the latter has the

hind wing and dise of the fore wing fuscous, and no interrupted

black marginal line.

In this form the hind wing and cilia are pale pink, the cell of

the fore wing more or less white, a prominent black curved line

on the submedian fold (which is not mentioned in the description

on p. 172), and a black terminal line on both wings as in male ;

it also exceeds perstrigata in size, and is the largest Dattinia in

British Hast Africa.

Habitat. Kedaig 1 Oia 4th) Nove. lao 2 Ot Nowa Se

13th Dec, 1 G5 19127 29th Dec 1 oy Exps Gi40799)50 mm:

MOTHS FROM B. E. AFRICA.

232. DATYINIA ORION, sp. n. (PI. I. fig. 30.)

Description.— 3. Antenne bipectinate almost to the apex.

Head, palpi, thorax, and legs white, irrorated with black atoms.

Abdomen ochreous above, white underneath. Fore wing white,

irrorated with black atoms; an oblique black band (formed by

more intense black irroration) from costa at middle to inner

margin at one-third from base of its total length. Two small

black spots, one in lower and one in upper angle of cell. A sub-

terminal brown band, formed as in the other, straight from costa

before apex to vein 4, where it is angled outwardly, and thence

oblique to inner margin. Beyond this band the veins are marked

with indistinct black streaks; a terminal line of black points ;

cilia whitish. Hind wing semihyaline white ; cilia white.

Underside of fore wing ochreous; a fuscous patch in cell, and

a patch of raised scales at base of cell. Hind wing semihyaline

white, the costa ochreous.

Habitat. Kedai, 14th Dec. 1911, 1 ¢. Exp. 28 mm.

233. ANOBOSTRA RADIALIS Hampson.

Habitat. Kedai, 29th Jan. 1912, 1 6.

Subfamily Pyraustrn am.

234. GLYPHODES INDICA Saund.

Habitat. Kedai, 8th Dec. 1912, 2 3.

235, GLYPHODES SINUATA Fabrieius.

Habitat. Masongaleni, 23rd April, 1911, 1 ¢.

236. ZINCKENTA FASCIALIS Cramer.

Habitat. Kedai, 25th Nov. 1911, 14; Masongaleni, 29th March,

LON Tee

237,.. AGATHODES MUSCIVALIS Guen.

Habitat. Kedai, 13th Dec. 1911, 1 ¢.

238. FILODES COSTIVITRALIS Guen.

Habitat. Kedai, 8th April, 1911, 1 $3; 5th June, 1 3.

239. PHLYCLENODES CASTALIS Warren.

Habitat. Kedai, 16th Nov. 1911, 1 ¢.

240. MercyNA POLYGONALIS Hiibner.

Habitat. Kedai, 16th March, 1912, 1 ¢.

241. LiyGRoPIA AMYNTUSALIS Walker.

Habitat. Kedai, 8th Dec. 1911, 1.5 ; 9th Jan. 1912, 1 9.

242. LYGROPIA PASITHEA. sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 16.)

Description.— 3 @. Very pale ochreous yellow. Head and

thorax slightly marked with brown ; abdomen with some brown

736 LT.-COL, J. M. FAWCETT ON

dorsal streaks. Fore wing: base of costa dark brown to ante-

medial line. ‘wo basal brown spots, one below costa and on

inner margin. Antemedial line dark brown, straight to inner

margin, where it meets an oblique brown line from the large

discocellular reniform mark. Postmedial line straight to vein 2,

where it is met by an outwardly oblique line from the disco-

cellular reniform spot. A brown terminal line enlarged to a spot

at tornal angle; cilia white.

Inner area of hind wing white. Antemedial line prominent,

from a black spot in end of cell to inner margin at middle. Post-

medial line angled outwardly at vein 4, and stopping at vein 2,

below which there i is a dark spot on the brown terminal line.

Underside iridescent white, marked as on upperside, but much

fainter.

Habitat. Masongaleni, 1911, 5th Dec. 1 g. Kedai, 1911,

13th Dee, 17S; 1912; 4th April, 12. Exp. 18 mm

This form differs from amyntusalis in its much smaller size

and pale coloration. Fore wing without the apical and tornal

brown patches; hind wing without the apical patch, and the

antemedial line meets the inner margin at middle and is not

oblique towards the tornus.

243. PIONEA NIGRIPUNCTALIS, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 2.)

Description.— 3. Bright yellow. Fore wing angled at apex,

but not acute. Costa with a black basal spot, a black antemedial

spot, and a black subapical spot. A black spot at end of cell.

Hind wing with indications of postmedial and subterminal lines.

Underside paler, unmarked except for a black spot at end of cell.

Habitat. Masongaleni, 2nd June, 1911,1 ¢. Exp. 22 mm.

244, PIONEA XANTHALIS, sp. Nn.

Description.— ¢. Bright orange- yellow ; ; fore wing rounded at

apex. An indistinct Puceous spot at end of cell, and two on sub-

median fold, of which one is antemedial and one postmedial.

Hind wing paler ; the cilia very long and pale ochreous. Under-

side of fore wing with a fuscous spot at end of cell and a curved

postmedial fuscous band. Hind wing unmarked.

ffabitat. Kedai, 7th March, 1912,1 g. Exp. 22. mm.

245. PyrRAUSTA INCOLORALIS Guen.

Habitat. Masongaleni, 8th March, 1911, 1 ¢.

246. PyRAUSTA STHENIALIS Hmpsn. P. Z.8. 1916, p. 176, pl. ii.

fig. 47, 3.

Habitat. Masongaleni, 6th June, 1911, 1 @.

Deseribed from Somaliland.

Family AUGERIDA,

247, MELITTIA H&MATOPIS, sp.n. (PI. T. fig. 1.)

Description.— 3. Head red-brown, hairy ; antenne ciliate in

MOTHS FROM B. E. AFRICA. (ee

both sexes, much dilated before the tip, which is pointed ;

palpi brown above, white beneath. Thorax and pectus creamy

white ; legs brown, the femora, tibize, and part of the tarsi—

especially the hind pair, which are very long—covered with long

white hair, mixed with tufts of red and black hairs. Abdomen

creamy white, with brown transverse bands at the intersection of

the somites, except the two somites nearest the anal extremity,

which are entirely brown. A tuft of ferruginous hairs at the

extremity. Each somite is decorated with prominent blood-red

spots (hence the name hematopis),and also with some black spots,

ali of irregular ‘size and shape.

Fore wing ochreous, the costa, veins, and inner margin red-

brown. Some black spots or patches on the basal area, especially

at base of inner margin, and a few blood-red scales Tees with

them. Cell filled with large blood-red scales, and with a bunch

of black scales forming a patch at the apex. Another bunch of

black and blood-red scales mixed forms a second ‘patch in, the

postmedial area. A brown marginal line along the cilia, which

are very long and red-brown. Hind wing hyaline, shot with

brilliant blue, the veins dark brown; cilia long and red-brown.

Underside of fore wing pale fuscous without red scales; hind

wing as on upperside.

oF Similar to male, but a good deal larger.

Habitat. Kedai, 1911, 25th Noyar2nos) lose Dees, by.

Exp., d 26-34, 9 50 mm.

Considered by Mr. Durrant, who suggested the name

“hematopis,’ to be one of the most remarkable forms he has

seen.

Family TINEID &.

248. MELASINA RECoNDITA,Durrant, P. Z.S8. 1916, p. 181.

Habitat. Kedai, 1911, 19th Nov., 1 ¢.

Another of the forms described recently from Sdmaliland.

EXPLAN: ATION OF THE PLATE.

Fig. | Fig

1. Melittia hematopis, 2. 2 19. Pericallia hecate, 6.

2. Pionea nigripunctalis. 3. 20. Phalera lavinia, 2.

3. Euphiusa hermione, g. | 21. Ctenusa rectilinea psamatha, 2.

4. Lecasia othello, @. 22. Calpe cerne, 6.

5. Poppea sabina, 3g. 23. Dattinia perstrigata tithonus, 2.

6. Giaura astarte, g. 24. Lebedodes nevius, @.

7. Cidaria asteria, ¢. 25. Selagdia narses, 6.

8. Cidaria procne, g. 26. Peridela berengaria, ¢.

9. Heterorachis idmon, 6. 27. Athetis pentheus, 3.

10. Fulvaria striata, ¢. 28. Serancia amata, 3.

11. Deilemera glance, 2. 29. Dattinia aurora, ¢.

12. Stauropus critobulus, 3. 30. Dattinia orion, ¢.

13. Taveta syrinx, ¢. 31. Brevipecten clearchus, 2.

14. Giria bubastis, go. 32. Catephia sospita, 3.

15. Galactomoia berenice. ¢. 33. Catephia scylla, 2.

16. Lygropia pasithea, g. 34. Catephia serapis, 2.

17. Peridela novaria, 2. 35. Catephia sciras, o.

18. Boarmia perse, &. - 36. Athetis horus, é.

ae ey on.

ay > ‘pi ee ee li ee

fi, ‘ditt a set}

aie es

BeOS Ca tis red aif ay ae aver Wine.

“I

ise)

is)

THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE.

EXHIBITIONS AND NOTICES.

October 24th, 1916.

Dr. A. SmrrH Woopwarp, F.R.S., Vice-President,

in the Chair.

The Secrerary read the following report on the Additions

made to the Society's Menagerie during the months of May,

June, July, August, and September, 1916 :—

May.

The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the

month of May were 129 in number. Of these 81 were acquired

by presentation, 8 were received on deposit, 24 by purchase, 6 in

exchange, and 10 were born in the Gardens.

The number of departures during the same period, by death

or removals, was 117.

Amongst the additions special attention may be directed

(60) =

A Kashmir Deer (Cervus hanglu) 2, from Kashmir, presented

by H.G. The Duke of Bedford, K.G., Pres.Z.S.,on May 17th.

A Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) 2 , born in the Menagerie on

May 22nd.

1 Galapagan Dove (Nesopelia galapagoensis), new to the Col-

lection, from Hood Island, Galapagos, presented by Fleet-Surgeon

EK. B. Pickthorn, F.Z.S., on May 31st.

4 Grey-necked Crowned Cranes (Lalearica regulorwm), from

Northern Rhodesia, presented by H.G. The Duke of Abercorn,

F.Z.8., on May 8th.

3 Great Bustards (Otis tarda), from Spain. presented by E. J.

H. Eldred on May 29th.

1 Holbrook’s Terrapin (Chrysemys mobiliensis) and 1 Horned

Lizard (Phrynosoma brevicornis), from N. America, both new to

the Collection, presented by Dr. H. G. F, Spurrell, F.Z.S., on

May 3rd.

JUNE.

The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the

month of June were 87 in number. Of these 34 were acquired

by presentation, 8 were received on deposit, 1 by purchase, 1 in

exchange, and 43 were born in the Gardens.

The number of departures during the same period, by death

or removals, was 102.

Amongst the additions special attention may be directed

to :—

1 Red-eared Cercopitheque (Cercopithecus erythrotis), from the

Cameroons, presented by Mrs. Philip Bayer on June 28th.

1 Black Mangabey (Cercocebus aterrimus), from the Belgian

Congo, purchased on June 29th.

740 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE.

1 Lion Cub (felis leo), from Western India, presented by Lieut.

W. Pole Carew on June 12th.

2 Andean Geese (Chloephaga melanoptera), bred in the Mena-

gerie on June 30th.

2 Colombian Crested Colins (Hupsychortyx leucopogon), from

Colombia, presented by Master Anthony Chaplin on June 22nd.

JULY.

The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the

month of. July were 99 in number. Of these 46 were acquired

by presentation, 11 were received on deposit, 9 by purchase, 5 in

exchange, and 28 were born in the Gardens.

The number of departures during the same period, by death

or removals, was 94.

Amongst the additions special attention may be directed to :—

2 Fennec Foxes (Vulpes zerda), from North Africa, received in

exchange on July 24th.

1 Grizzly Bear (Ursus horribilis), from Wyoming, presented by

Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett on July Ist.

1 Kiang (Hquus kiang) 3, born in the Menagerie on July 9th.

1 White-bearded Gnu (Connochetes albojubatus), born in the

Menagerie on July 24th.

2, Common Trumpeters (Psophia crepitans), from Guiana, and

1 Green-winged Trumpeter (P. viridis), from the Amazons, pur-

chased on July 13th.

5 Common Rheas (hea americana), bred in the Menagerie on

July 20th.

AUGUST.

The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the

month of August were 75 in number. Of these 52 were acquired

by presentation, 18 were received on deposit, and 5 in exchange.

The number of departures during the same period, by death or

removals, was 93.

Amongst the additions special attention may be directed to :—

1 Fishing Cat (Felis viverrina), from India, received in

exchange on August 18th.

1 Siberian Wild Dog (Cyon alpinus), from Central Asia,

received in exchange on ‘August 30th.

2 Arctic Foxes (Vulpes lagopus, blue variety), from Iceland,

presented by Commander V. L. Bowring, R.N., on August 5th.

2 South American Mudfish (Lepidosiren paradoxa), from Para,

presented by G. Brocklehurst on August 8th.

SEPTEMBER. ;

The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during

the month of September were 56 in number. Of these 46 were

acquired by presentation, 8 were received on deposit, 1 in

exchange, and 1 was born in the Gardens.

The number of departures during the same period, by death or

removals, was 146.

EGGS FROM THE SOCIETY’S GARDENS. 741

Amongst the additions special attention may be directed to :—

1 Bornean Gibbon (/7/ylobates mwuelleri), from British North

Borneo, deposited on Sept. 21st.

1 Southern River-Hog (Potamocherus cheropotamus) 9 , from

Mozambique, presented by Capt. William Dyer on Sept. 19th.

1 Pink-winged Rose-Finch (2hodospiza obsoleta), from Central

Asia, new to the Collection, presented by Alfred Hzra, F.Z.S., on

Sept. 8th.

Yellow Varieties of Green Parrakeets.

Mr. Aurrep Hzra, F.Z.S., exhibited living examples of three

rare lutino Parrakeets, and made the following remarks :—

“The three lutino Indian Parrakeets I am exhibiting were

sent to me by my brother from India a few weeks ago. They

represent three species—the Alexandrine (Palwornis nepalensis),

the Ring-neck (P. forquatus), and the Plum-head (P. cyano-

cephalus). In all three birds the yellow is pure and perfect,

being of a delicate sulphur shade common in these lutinos. The

Alexandrine has the usual red patch on the wing, and the wing-

coverts adjacent to it are also edged slightly with red, making

the bird very beautiful. Neither the Alexandrine nor the Ring-

neck has a ring, but the Plum-head has a pink head. As they all

have the fuli long tail they must be more than a year old. The

Ring-neck and the Plum-head both have red eyes and _ flesh-

coloured feet, but the Alexandrine’s eyes are normal in colour

and the feet are light: however, some races of the Alexandrine

have pale-coloured feet naturally. All these birds are rare, but

the Alexandrine, which is the finest-looking bird, is also the rarest

of the lot, and is the first lutino of the species I have ever seen.”

Eggs from the Society's Gardens.

Mr. D. Setra-Surru, F.Z.8., Curator of Birds, gave an exhibition

of Birds’ eggs which had been laid in the Society’s Gardens

during the last few years. He explained that every endeavour

was made to induce the birds under his charge to reproduce their

kind in captivity, and fertile eggs were incubated where possible ;

but, nevertheless, in any large coilection of birds there was always

a number of eggs laid that did not hatch, and very often

unpaired female birds laid eggs as. freely as paired birds, these

being of course infertile.

During recent years eggs that were not likely to hateh had

been kept, with the result that a fair series was now in the

possession of the Society.

Amongst the eggs of special interest shown were those of four

species of Tinamous, two species of Cassowary, three species of

Crane, three species of Zurnia, the remarkable eges of Apterya,

and such rarities as those of ARhinechetus jubatus, Manucodia

keraudreni, and Sarcorhamphus gryphus, x8 well as a number of

species of Pheasants, Waterfowl, and Passerine birds.

742 NESTLING BIRDS FROM THE SOCIELY’S GARDENS.

November 7th, 1916.

Dr. S. F. Harmer, M.A., F.R.S., Vice-President,

in the Chair.

Nestling Birds from the Society's Gardens.

Mr. D. Sera-Suirn, F.Z.8., Curator of Birds, exhibited a series

of skins of nestling birds of over seventy species. He called

attention to the striped colour-pattern which was found in such

very distinct species as Rheas, Sheldrakes, and Pheasants, and

remarked that this pattern was evidently of very great antiquity,

and inherited from some common ancestor. Where it had proved

effective for the preservation of the species by its protective

resemblance to surroundings it had been retained, but in other

cases 1t had been modified or had even disappeared altogether.

In the case of most of the ducks, the stripes had been broken up

into spots, but showing more or less the same pattern as in the

striped type of markings. In the Gulls, Waders, and others the

stripes had been further broken up into spots, and in the Swans,

Geese, and Rails all markings had disappeared.

Mr. Seth-Smith called attention to the young of the Coscoroba

Swan (Coscoroba coscoroba), and remarked that this was the only

swan, if, indeed, it was a swan, which showed a distinct colour-

pattern in the nestling down.

Scent-Glands in Mammals.

(Text-figures 1-12.)

Mr. R. I. Pocock, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.8., Curator of Mammals,

exhibited a series of lantern-slides to illustrate the position and

structure of some new and little-known cutaneous scent-glands

in various mammals, and made the following remarks :—

The Inguinal Glands of Orycteropus.

My search for special scent-glands in Orycteropus was insti-

gated by the strong smeil given off by the living animal, and was

rewarded by the discovery, first in a female and then in a male,

of a pair of large glands upon the genital eminence. In the

female they lie one on each side of the vulva, and in the male

just behind the prepuce and the short conical glans penis.

The orifice of each gland is an elongated shit, which, when

constricted and closed, may easily be overlooked. It leads into

a short wide sac filled with yellow secretion, smelling like that

of the anal glands of a Polecat (J. putoriws). The layer of

glandular cells is thick and envelops the lower portion of

the wall of the sac, which is provided with a strong constrictor

muscle. In the male these two glands, imbedded in the integu-

ment just behind the penis and with their orifices tolerably

close together, cause a swelling which superficially resembles a

scrotum. In the female there is a somewhat similar swelling

with the vulva in the centre and the glands, which are widely

separated, on each side of it.

Since these glands, so far as can be judged from the material

examined, are equally well developed in the two sexes, they

Text-figure l. 743

AVA ANA

(4)

f,,

Tnguinal glands of Orycteropus capensis.

A. Glands of the female. a., anus; em., genital eminence ; v-, vulva; o.. orifices of

the glands.

B. The same of the male with the gland of the right side (left of figure) laid open

to show the reservoir or sac (gl.) and the secreting layer of cells (s.);

p., penis ; ¢., base of tail; a., em, o., as in fig. A,

744 MR. R. I. POCOCK ON

cannot be included in the category of secondary sexual cha-

racters, although their scent may enable individuals of

Orycteropus to find one another; and since these animals are.

otherwise unprovided with means of self-defence, I suspect that

the secretion of the glands is protective like those of the anal

glands of Mephitis and Mustela, which it resembles in odour.

Text-figure 2.

“ ——~ ~,

v= BQO, se

oe —— <a

x De

Y Vy im

yo Ace TY)

wh ie

\ N SS

We & YU pr

Wy SS ay LANG Po)

mil “4 \ |, “Life --Se

1 \Le- Ge

a\\\ ) * Ef

\ Ds; C Li

- “))

\ 4 Bit

NSS Wee Ge

AN : a SH Las

WS =a Ry Le

\\ ‘ “2g NS Wie

A V\\ > ZN Ao

SH ANS :

VY = iss S S,

ANS CS g Gy

NN NG Ri We

SOY > [Zi 2

The preputial gland of Sus scrofa.

A. The gland dissected from the ventral side, the flaps of abdominal integument

and of the sheath of the penis turned aside. The glans penis also turned

aside to show the orifice of the gland in the prepuce.

B. Lateral view of the same, partly diagrammatic.

C. Transverse section through the sac of the gland showing its extension above the’

penis.

P.» penis; pr., prepuce; o., orifice of gland; s., sac of gland; sh., cut edge

of sheath of penis; sk., cut edge of skin of abdomen.

SCENT-GLANDS IN MAMMALS. 745

The Digital Glands of Potamocherus and other glands

in the Suide.

Several genera of Suidze are provided with special cutaneous

glands, all of which, with the exception of the digital glands of

Potamocherus, were described long ago.

In the Pecearies (Zayassu or Dicotyles) there is on the fore-

part of the lumbar region a median dorsal gland, normally

Text-figure 3.

SS Oe

vy WES

Ww “tos \Y Ae

P STAYIN S

4 Aiur 3

Beatie Aes

Carpal gland of Sus scrofa, 3.

A. Inner side of right fore foot, showing the series of apertures of the gland.

B. Section through one of the pockets. =

concealed beneath the bristles, which discharges secretion re-

sembling concentrated human perspiration in scent. It was

known to Cuvier, and was described and figured by Owen*.

Both male and female possess it. ’

Owen also described a facial gland between the eye and the

* Anat. Vert. 111. Mammals, p. 636, 1868.

Proc, Zoou. Soc..-1916, No. LI, HL

746 MR. R. I. POCOCK ON

snout in the Wart-hog (Phacocherus). This gland, which I have

not seen, resembles, apparently, the analogous gland of many

Ruminant Artiodactyles.

In males of the genus Sws there is a voluminous preputial

gland, the sac of which lies above the distal end of the penis and

Text-figure 4.

aay

ee '

Sry

. ES To

SS Se

Tet yrds

a at us yy > &

Non (is =

tS Ss 2a,

A 7a /,

0 . Iii, Gy

Wh NA

WR) Wy (Lig

W A \ TY io

The digital glands of Potamocherus cheeropotamus, 3.

A. Lower view of hind foot, showing the apertures of the glands in the lateral

digits and between the third and fourth digits of the foot.

B. Vertical longitudinal section between the third and fourth digits of the same

foot, showing the gland. ;

C. Lower side of the fore foot of the same animal, showing the presence of the

lateral and the absence of the median gland. R

D. Vertical longitudinal section of one of the lateral glands of the same foot.

o., orifice; s., sac of gland.

SCENT-GLANDS IN MAMMATS. TA7

the median aperture opens in the dorsal wall of the prepuce.

I have examined this gland in Sus scrofa; but its presence or

absence in other genera and species of Suide has yet to be

established.

In Sus scrofa also there is a subvertical series of small glands

on the postero-inner side of the carpus and known as the carpal

glands. he carpal and preputial glands have long been known

in domestic swine, the carpal glands being present both in boars

and sows.

Digital Glands of Potamocherus.—These glands, which do not

appear to have been previously recorded, 1 discovered on the fore

and hind feet of a male example of the South African River-hog

or Bush-pig (Potamocherus cheropotamus), which died in the

Gardens, Oct. 30th, 1911.

On the fore foot there is a pair of these glands, one of them

opening upon the skin of the lower side of the second digit, a

little above the base of the hoof, and the other in a corresponding

position on the fifth digit. Each is marked externally by a small

pore with a thickened circular rim. ‘The sac of the gland, filled

with white, waxy secretion, is tolerably capacious and flask-

shaped, the neck of the flask being represented by a short,

narrow duct leading to the pore and bent nearly at right angles

to the long axis of the gland, which projects upwards within the

digit. By pressure the secretion can be squeezed from the orifice

of the gland.

The hind foot has two precisely similar glands on the second

and fifth digits and, in addition, a third unpaired gland nearly

resembling them and opening in the centre of the sole of the

foot, a short distance behind the cleft between the second and

third digits. The flask-shaped sac of the gland, filled like the

others with waxy secretion, lies in the foot between the bones of

these digits.

1 do not know whether these glands are confined to the male

or not; but no trace of them was to be discovered in a young

female of the West African species (P. porcus). Seeing that two

distinct species are here concerned, it is clearly impossible to

draw any sure conclusion as to the absence of these glands in the

female of P. chwropotamus and to their presence in the male

of P. porcus. Nevertheless, the constancy in the occurrence of

similar glands in nearly related species of ruminant Artio-

dactyles justifies, by analogy, the expectation that these digital

glands will be found to be a secondary sexual character confined

to the male in the genus Potamochwrus.

The Metatarsal Glands of Lama vicuna.

On each side of the metatarsus Llamas have an elongated naked

patch of skin with which everyone who has kept these animals is

probably acquainted.

In a female example of Zama viewna this area, pink in colour

51*

748 MR. R. I. POCOCK ON

and situated in the upper part of this portion of the leg, was

broadest in its upper half, pointed below and bluntly rounded

above. It was almost concealed by the thick coating of woolly

hair surrounding it. Its surface was depressed into the hollow

Text-figure 5.

GEES, ep Sn" Se Pesce. :

STAT

EOS TNE

AVA Ny

PIB Ay Gy ING i

Aas OTE RINSE

Metatarsal gland of Lama vicuna.

to)

A. Vertical transverse section through right metatarsus passing through the

glandular area. a., space on left side for holding the secretion between

the partly separated upper and lower fringes of hair; g/., naked skin with

its layer of secreting cells; b., metatarsal bone; ¢7., extensor, and ft., flexor

tendons of the foot.

B. Upper part of same portion of limb, before being cut, seen from the inner side,

with the hairs clipped short to expose the glandular area (g/.).

marking the point of contact between the metatarsal bone and

the strong flexor tendons of the foot. A secreting layer of

SCENT-GLANDS IN MAMMALS. 749

dermal cells everywhere underlies the naked area, which was

covered with waxy secretion.

The Preputial Gland of Nototragus.

Up to the present time Moschus is the only Ruminant Artio-

dactyle in which a preputial gland has been discovered. I found

a gland similarly situated in the Grysbok (Wototragus melanotis),

a small African Antelope.

The sac of the gland was 14 inches long and 1-inch wide and

narrowed anteriorly towards the orifice, which was situated in

the prepuce just above the tip of the glans penis. The sac,

extending backwards parallel with the penis, had its liming

integument ridged and wrinkled and covered with long hairs,

the tips of which were directed towards the orifice. The strong-

smelling secretion, filling the sac, was dark green in colour and

waxy 1m consistency.

Text-figure 6,

Preputial gland of Nolotragus melanotis.

gl., sae of gland filled With hairs; p., penis retracted; o., preputial orifice

comimion to gland and penis.

Since discovering the gland IT have had no opportunity of

examining male examples of Ourebia, Rhaphiceros, and other

antelopes related to Vototragus.

The Dorsal Gland of Dendrohyrax.

In the Hyracoidea the presence of a dorsal gland, marked

externally by a patch of white, yellowish, or black hairs, has long

been known to systematic zoologists.

In Dendrohyrax dorsalis the glandular area is an elongated

strip of naked skin, rather more than twice as long as broad,

widest across the middle, gradually narrowed and pointed in

front, more abruptly narrowed and blunter behind. The hairs

surrounding it are long, black at the base and white distally.

The lateral portions of the naked strip are bluish grey, minutely

750 MR. R. I. POCOCK ON

and sparsely speckled with hair follicles, and show a pair of

larger follicles in the anterior half, one set on each side close to

the median portion of the area, when is marked off from the

rest by its pinkish-yellow tint. Beneath this pink portion the

dermal layer is thickened by the enlargement of its secretory

cells,

When stimulated by fear or anger Dendrohyrax raises the

hairs over the glandular area, displayi ing their whiteness as a

conspicuous patch . The action irresistibly recalls the expansion

of the rump patches by some deer and antelopes when put to

flight.

Text-figure 7.

Photograph of Dendrohyrax dorsalis showing the white patch of hairs

overlying the dorsal gland.

The Temporal Gland of Elephas and Loxodonta.

The presence of a gland on each side of the face in Elephants

has long been known. Owen succinctly described it as follows :—

‘In the Elephant a large gland of a flattened form and multi-

lobate structure lies beneath the skin of the face, in the temporal

reeion: the secretion exudes from a small orifice situated about

half-way between the eye and the ear. The gland enlarges in

751

a =

—

RSIS Bs ee a = ——

Ses : ———

az MR. R. I. POCOCK ON

Text-figure 9.

Photog raph of young Malayan Elephant showing position of temporal gland

between the eye and ear,

~ ’

SCENT-GLANDS IN MAMMALS. 753

the male at the rutting season, and the secretion then has a

strong musky odour” (Anat. Vert. i. p. 634, 1868). ;

In an African Elephant, about twenty years old, the orifice of

the gland wasa vertical slit, about 4 inch long, opening six inches

behind, and a little higher than, the eye. The main sac of the

gland, into which a few subsidiary sacs opened, was about two

inches deep and filled with strong smelling secretion. The wall

Text-figure 10.

Enlarged view of the gland of young Malayan Elephant, showing tuft of

hairs projecting from the orifice.

of the sac was composed of thick white skin, and its lining was

hairless but covered with coarse papille.

In a young Malayan Elephant, about three years old, on the

other hand, the sac of the gland, about 4 an inch deep, was

eovered with hairs packed together with sour smelling secretion

and long enough to project beyond the orifice of the gland as a

754 SCENT-GLANDS IN MAMMALS.

distinct black tuft very noticeable in the living animal. In two

young Indian Elephants of approximately the same age, the

gland was marked by no such tuft, and was invisible in the

THY

ry ~

apy, 7: SSS s

ab Sif

Temporal glands of Elephants.

A. Vertical section of sac of gland of the African Elephant (Zoaodonta). 0., orifice

of gland; d., orifice of a diverticulum opening into the main sac.

B. The same of young Malayan Elephant (H/ephas), showing the sac of the gland

filled with hairs protruding from the orifice (0.) as a facial tuft.

Text-figure 12.

Sketch of the head and fore-quarters of the La Madelaine Mammoth, showing the

supposed gland between the eye and the ear. (Copied from ‘Cave Hunting,’

by W. Boyd Dawkins, p. 346, fig. 120.)

wrinkled chin unless carefully looked for. It is also normally

invisible in adult and immature cow elephants of the Indian

ON A SHOOTING EXPEDITION IN CENTRAL ASIA. 755

species except at times when the secretion overflows and forms

a dark streak down the side of the face. I have never seen a

full-grown bull in rut, and am unable to speak as to the quantity

of secretion discharged at that period.

In the paleolithic engraving of a Mammoth on a fragment of

tusk found in the cavern of La Madelaine, by Lartet & Christy,

there are between the eye and ear distinct scars, with streaks

passing downwards from them over the jaws. These scars and

streaks represent, I believe, the gland and the hairs on the face

beneath stuck together with secretion. It will be noticed that

the streaks are thicker than those shown elsewhere on the body

and head, which are always interpreted as hairs; and it may be

supposed that they were engraved in this way to depict hairs

adherent with the sticky substance. If this interpretation be

correct, the conclusion suggests itself that in the mammoth the

gland may have been larger than in modern elephants, and

possibly provided during life with hairs protruding through the

orifice.

November 21st, 1916.

Dr, S. F. Harmer, M.A., F.R.S., Vice-President,

in the Chair.

The Secrerary read the following Report on the Additions

made to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of October,

1916 :—

The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the

month of October were 77 in number. Of these 51 were acquired

by presentation, 11 were received on deposit, 12 by purchase, and

3 were born in the Gardens.

The number of departures during the same period, by death

or removals, was 139.

Amongst the additions special attention may be directed to :—

A pair of Wild Boars (Sus scrofa), from the forest of Lhuyére-

Sevigny, Oise, France, presented by Capt. Maurice Portal, F.Z.8.,

on Oct. 23rd. !

1 Sclater’s Ovange-headed Tanager (Calospiza lunigera) and

1 Golden Tanager (Calospiza aurulenta), both from Kcuador,

presented by Alfred Ezra, F.Z.8., on Oct. 12th,

A Shooting EKapedition in Central Asia.

Mr. Aurrep Ezra, F.Z.8., exhibited a large series of lantern-

shides illustrating a shooting expedition in Central Asia, and

made the following remarks :—

The pictures I am showing were taken by me on a shooting

expedition in Central Asia in 1902. Starting from Calcutta, I

travelled by train to Rawalpindi, and from there a drive of

756 ON A SHOOTING EXPEDITION IN CENTRAL ASIA.

200 miles brought me to Srinagar, the capital of Kashmir. Here

I made all arrangements for food, followers, and transport. Soon

after leaving Srinagar we successfully tackled two mountain

passes. These were the Tragbal Pass, 11,700 ft., and the Burzil

Pass, 13,500 ft. On the way to Gilgit I spent a few days after

markhor, ibex, and bears. We did the journey of 150 miles, from

Gilgit to the Pamirs, in 15 days, the progress being so slow on

account of the difficult nature of the country. The mountain-

tracks in places were most precipitous and dangerous. These

tracks were often conducted round the edge of precipices over-

hanging the river by artificial ladders and ledges built out from

the cliff, with stones laid upon supports of branches fitting into

holes in the rocks. The most unsafe looking bit was where a log

not more than 6 inches wide was thrown across, with one end of

it resting on a rock jutting out 20 feet above, and the lower end

on some stones. Under this there was a sheer drop of about

2000 feet into an angry river. Without the help of the fine

Hunza men who were sent with us, we should have had the

greatest difficulty in getting over this terrible country safely.

We had our first view of the Pamir region from the top of the

Killik Pass (16,700 ft.). Here we stood at the point where three

“great Empires meet— Russia to the north, to the east the boun-

daries of the Chinese Empire, and British India to the south.

After shooting a few Ovis poli in some of the valleys in the

Chinese Pamirs, I went on to the Russian Pamirs, where [ shot

some more. As no one ever shoots in the latter place, game was

most plentiful, and one day I saw as many as 200 Ovis poli rams

in a small valley. From here I worked my way down to the

plains of Kashgaria, and it was a treat to come down from those

awful altitudes and to see trees and flowers again. For over six

weeks I had not been lower than 12,000 ft., and most of the time

well over 14,000 ft. Leaving Kashgar at the beginning of August,

I went to the Thian Shan Mountains in search of Wapiti—

travelling through Maralbashi, Aksu, and Koksu—a distance of

576 miles. After shooting the Asiatic Wapiti in the Koksu

Valley I went on to Kuldja, from where a drive of 850 miles in

a tarantass (a four-wheeled carriage without springs) brought me

to Tashkent in Russian Turkestan in 15 days. Since leaving the

railway at Rawalpindi and reaching the railway at Tashkent

I travelled 2583 miles in seven months, having walked and

ridden 1533 miles and driven 1050 miles. Of course this does

not include the enormous distances covered in search of game.

From Tashkent I took the train to Samarcand and Bokhara,

spending a couple of days at each of these interesting old places.

A journey of 40 hours from Bokhara by train brought me to

Krasnovodsk. Here I crossed the Caspian Sea to Baku in about

16 hours, and there I visited some interesting naphtha wells.

From Baku I took the express to Moscow and Petrograd, making

a stay of a few days at each place. Thence to Paris and home,

bringing to an end a most interesting and enjoyable expedition.”

No. 160.

ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.*

October 24th, 1916.

Dr. A. Smits Woopwarp, F.R.S., Vice-President,

in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Scientific Meeting were confirmed.

The SECRETARY read a Report on the Additions made to the

Society's Menagerie during the months of May, June, July,

August, and September, 1916.

Mr. AurreD Ezra, F.Z.S., exhibited living examples of three

rare lutino specimens of Alexandrine (Paleornis nepalensis),

Ring-neck (P. torguatus), and Plum-head (P. cyanocephalus)

Parrakeets recently received from India. In all these birds the

yellow is pure and perfect, being of a delicate sulphur shade.

The Alexandrine is the rarest of the three, and the first lutino

of this species Mr. Ezra has seen.

Mr. D. Sers-Smiru, F.Z.S., Curator of Birds, exhibited a

number of birds’ eggs which had been laid in the Society’s

Gardens during the last few years. The specimens shown in-

cluded eggs of Tinamous, Cassowaries, Cranes, Turnix, Apteryx,

and the Kagu, as well as species of Pheasants, Waterfowl, and

Passerine birds.

* This Abstract is published by the Society at its offices, Zoological Gardens,

Regent's Park, N.W., on the Tuesday following the date of Meeting to which

it refers. It will be issued, along with the ‘ Proceedings,’ free of extra charge,

to all Fellows who subscribe to the Publications; but it may be obtained on

the day of publication at the price of Sixpence, or, if desired, sent post-free

for the sum of Six Shillings per annum, payable in advance.

Mr. S. Mauuix, B.A., F.E.S., read a paper on Cryptostome

Beetles in the collection of the Cambridge University Museum.

The collection is a representative one, containing species from all

parts of the world. Three new genera, one new subgenus, and

two new species are described.

Mr. H.G. Newrn, A.R.C.S., F.Z.8., gave a preliminary account

of his investigations into the early development of the Echino-

derm Cucumaria. The larval life is very short as compared

with that of the Auricularia. It takes place at the expense of

the yolk, and is complete in about five days. Formation of the

celomic vesicles occurs by the bending and constriction of the

archenteron. No separate anterior celom appears. The hydrocel

ring closes in the left dorsal interradius, and the radial canals

and five primary oral tentacles arise directly from it, alternating

with one another. The internal madreporite arises as a secondary

differentiation of the walls of the stone-canal.

Mr. R. E, Turner, F.Z.S., F.E.S., communicated a paper on

the Wasps of the genus Pison. 109 species are dealt with, of

which 15 are described as new. Reasons, drawn from the nume-

rical distribution of the species in different areas, are given for

supposing the genus to be in a declining state—fifty of the total

number of species being from the continent of Australia, In

addition to Pison the small allied genera Aulacophilus and Pison-

opsis are dealt with, one new species of the former being

described.

The next Meeting of the Society for Scientific Business will be

held on Tuesday, November 7th, 1916, at 5.80 p.m., when the

following communications will be made :—

D. Sers-Smiru, F.Z.S8.

Exhibition of specimens of various nestling Birds.

R. I. Pocock, F.R.S., F.Z.8.

Exhibition showing some undeseribed or little-known Scent-

glands in Mammals.

¥. E. Bepparp, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.Z.S.

On Two new Species of Cestodes belonging respectively to

the Genera Linstowia and Cotugnia.

James F. Gemuity, M.A., M.D., D.Sc., F.Z.S.

Notes on the Development of the Starfishes Asterias glacialis

O. F. M., Cribrella oculata (Linck) Forbes, Solaster endeca

Retzius (Forbes), Stichaster roseus (O. F. M.) Sars.

The following Papers have been received :—

B. F. Cummines.

Studies on the Anoplura and Mallophaga, being a Report

upon a Collection from the Mammals and Birds in the Society’s

Gardens.—Part IT.

Lt.-Col. J. M. Fawcert.

Notes on a Collection of Heterocera made by Mr. W. Feather

in British East Africa, 1911-13.

L. A. Borrapaite, M.A., F.Z.S.

On the Structure and Function of the Mouth-parts of the

Palemonid Prawns.

A. pe C. Sowrrsy, F.Z.8.

On Heude’s Collection of Pigs, Sika, Serows, and Gorals in

the Sikawei Museum, Shanghai.

Sir Grorce F. Hampson, Bt., F.Z.S8.

On the Classification of the Tineinz, a Subfamily of Moths

of the Family Pyralide.

The Publication Committee desire to call the attention of

those who propose to offer Papers to the Society, to the great

increase in-the cost of paper and printing. This will render it

necessary for the present that papers should be condensed, and

be limited so far as possible to the description of new results.

Communications intended for the Scientific Meetings should

be addressed to

P. CHALMERS MITCHELL,

Secretary.

ZOOLOGICAL Society oF Lonpon,

Recent’s Pann, Lonpon, N.W.

October 31st, 1916.

No. 161.

ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.*

November 7th, 1916.

Dr. S. F. Harmer, M.A., F.R.S., Vice-President,

in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Scientific Meeting were confirmed.

Mr. D. Seru-Smrru, F.Z.S8., Curator of Birds, exhibited a series

of skins of nestling birds representing more than seventy species.

He called attention to the striped colour-pattern in such very

distinct species as Rheas, Sheldrakes, and Pheasants, and remarked

that this pattern was evidently of very great antiquity and in-

herited from some common ancestor. He also drew attention to

the young of the Coscoroba Swan, which was the only swan——if,

indeed, it was a swan—that showed a distinct colour-pattern in

the nestling down.

Mr. R. I. Pocock, F.R.S., F.Z.S., Curator of Mammals,

exhibited a series of lantern-slides to illustrate the position and

structure of some new and little-known cutaneous scent-glands

in Mammals, and drew special attention to the presence of

inguinal glands in Orycteropus, digital glands in Potamocherus,

metatarsal glands in Zama, and a preputial gland in Nototragus,

which apparently had not been previously described.

Dr. F. E, Bepparp, M.A., F.R.8., F.Z.S., read a paper con-

taining the descriptions of two new species of Cestodes. The

first species was obtained from a Slow Lemur and was referred to

the genus Linstowia; the second occurred in a Black-headed

Partridge and was placed in the genus Cotugnia.

* This Abstract is published by the Society at its offices, Zoological Gardens,

Regent's Park, N.W., on the Tuesday following the date of Meeting to which

it refers. It will be issued, along with the ‘ Proceedings,’ free of extra charge,

to all Fellows who subscribe to the Publications; but it may be obtained on the

day of publication at the price of Si«pence, or, if desired, sent post-free for

the sum of Siw Shillings per annum, payable in advance.

Dr. J. F. Gemini, M.A., M.D., F.ZS., gave an account of his

paper on the development of some Starfishes.

Asterias glacialis—A small solid outgrowth from the stomach-

wall is found in nearly all early larve, and a brood occurred in

which this outgrowth was larger, developed a central cavity, and

fused with the backwardly growing ccelomic cavity of the left

side. It is interpreted as a rudimentary posterior enteroccelic

outgrowth.

Cribrella oculata.—It is shown that the perihemal pouch

belonging to the madreporic interradius arises from the dorsal

horn of the left posterior ccelom, that the aboral skeleton arises

in the form of scattered plates without definite radial and inter-

radial arrangement, and that the terminals are formed by fusion

of several of these plates.

Solaster endeca.—The author’s previous description is supple-

mented in various points, including the following :—(1) All the

periheemal pouches arise from the posterior coelom; (2) there are

outgrowths from the posterior ccelom to form the preoral ccelom

in all the interradii ; (3) closure of the hydroceele-ring takes place

in interradius viii./ix.; (4) the mouth-angle plates and anterior

processes of the first ambulacrals arise as single continuous

calcifications.

Stichaster vroseus.--The early development of this species

resembles that of Asterias rubens, and, although the larve were

not reared to their later stages, it is inferred as almost certain

that the final larval form will prove to be a brachiolaria

attaching itself at metamorphosis.”

The next Meeting of the Society for Scientific Business will be

held on Tuesday, November 21st, 1916, at 5.30 p.m., when the

following communications will be made :—

ALFRED Ezra, F.Z.S.

Lantern Exhibition illustrating a Hunting Trip in Central

Asia.

Prof B. Prtnonrevics & Dr. A. Surrn Woopwarp, F.RS.,V-P.ZS.

On the Pectoral and Pelvic Arches of the London specimen

of Archeopteryx.

B. F. CumMInes.

Studies on the Anoplura and Mallophaga, being a Report

upon a collection from the Mammals and Birds in the Society’s

Gardens.—Part IT.

Lt.-Col. J. M. Fawcert.

Notes on a Collection of Heterocera made by Mr. W.

Feather in British East Africa, 1911-13.

The following Papers have been received :—

L. A. BorrapaiLe, M.A., F.Z.8.

On the Structure and Function of the Mouth-parts of the

Palemonid Prawns. .

A. DEC. SowErsy, EZ:

On Heude’s Collection of Pigs, Sika, Serows, and Gorals in

the Sikawei Museum, Shanghai.

Sir Grorce F. Hampson, Bt., F.Z.S. :

On the Classification of the Tineine, a Subfamily of Moths

of the Family Pyralide.

The Publication Committee desire to call the attention of

those who propose to offer Papers to the Society, to the great

increase in the cost of paper and printing. This will render it

necessary for the present that papers should be condensed, and

be limited so far as possible to the description of new results.

Communications intended for the Scientific Meetings should

be addressed to

P, CHALMERS MITCHELL,

Secretary.

ZooLoGIcAL SociETY oF Lonpon,

Recent’s Park, Lonpon, N.W.

November 14th, 1916.

No. 162.

ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.*

November 21st, 1916.

Dr. 8. F. Harmer, M.A., F.R.S., Vice-President,

in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Scientific Meeting were confirmed.

The Secrerary read a Report on the Additions made to the

Society’s Menagerie during the month of October.

Mr. Atrrep Hzra, F.Z.8., gave an account of a shooting

expedition in Central Asia, and illustrated his remarks with a

very fine series of lantern-slides.

Dr. B. Prrronrevics and Dr. A. Smrra Woopwarp, F.R.S.,

V.P.Z.S., read a paper on some new jarts of the pectoral and

pelvic arches lately discovered in the London specimen of Archeo-

pteryx. The coracoid bone most closely resembles that of the

ratite birds and the Cretaceous LHesperornis. The pubic bones

are twice as long as the ischia and meet distally in an extended

symphysis, gradually tapering to a point, which seems to have

been tipped by a mass of imperfectly ossified cartilage.

Mr. B. F. Cummines contributed a paper entitled ‘Studies on

the Anoplura and Mallophaga, being a Report upon a Collection

from the Mammalsand Birds in the Society’s Gardens—Part II.”

This paper continues the account of the Mallophaga, and contains

descriptions of five new genera and two new species. Some

observations are made upon the spermatophores in a genus

parasitizing the Ibises, and emphasis is laid on the frequently

* This Abstract is published by the Society at its offices, Zoological Gardens,

Regent's Park, N.W., on the Tuesday following the date of Meeting to which

it refers. It will be issued, along with the ‘Proceedings,’ free of extra charge,

to all Fellows who subscribe to the Publications ; but it may be obtained on the

day of publication at the price of Sixpence, or, if desired, sent post-free for

the sum of Six Shillings per annum, payable in adyance.

remarkable differences found in the structure of the internal

organs, especially those of the male reproductive system.

Lt.-Col. J. M. Fawcrerr communicated a paper on a collection

of Heterocera made by Mr. W. Feather in British Kast Africa.—

Of the 124 forms dealt with, 45 are described as new, together

with 7 new genera.

The next Meeting of the Society for Scientific Business will be

held on Tuesday, February 6th, 1917, at 5.30 p.m.

The agenda will be announced early in January.

The following Papers have been received :—

_ L. A. Borrapatte, M.A., F.Z.S.

On the Structure and Function of the Mouth-parts of the

Palemonid Prawns.

A. DE C. SowErsy, F.Z.S.

On Heude’s Collection of Pigs, Sika, Serows, and Gorals in

the Sikawei Museum, Shanghai.

The Publication Committee desire to call the attention of

those who propose to offer Papers to the Society, to the great

increase in the cost of paper and printing. This will render it

necessary for the present that papers should be condensed, and

be limited so far as possible to the description of new results.

Communications intended for the Scientific Meetings should

be addressed to

P. CHALMERS MITCHELL,

Secretary.

ZOOLOGICAL Socrety or Lonpon,

Recent’s Park, Lonpon, N.W.

November 28th, 1916.

Papers (continued).

29. Notes on the Wasps of the Genus Pison, and some allied Genera. By Rowrayp Hi.

Adapenay,, A yShIaHSis= Ga s5 Gudoudds a aise OR Go eT Me vais, karen eee Ry vaierastintaye es

30. The Early Development of Cucumaria: Preliminary Account. By H. G. Newrn,

A.R.C.S., F.Z.S., Demonstrator of Zoology at the Imperial College of Science and

Mechnolosy. (Plates lds Ek., amd Dext-neurel.) ss. cae vied eore « culeee «+

31, Studies on the Anoplura and Mallophaga, being a Report upon a Collection from the

Mammals and Birds in the Society’s Gardens.—Part II. By Bruce F. Cumsines,

British Museum of Natural History, (Text-figures 1-36.) ......0e.c00.eseecees :

32, On Two new Species of Cestodes belonging respectively to the Genera Linstowia and

Cotugnia. By Frank H. Bepparp, M.A., D.Se.(Oxon.), F.R.S., F.Z.S. (Text-

i MUTE ial A®) eagaretteestellctevers olagetejorslelsycloletere#faici’s « Sameretincs

Ce Oe eC eC Ce

33. Notes on a Collection of Heterocera made by Mr, W. Feather in British East Africa,

ROIS = Cole da Mi Mawionpt as (late ln)yt. avr salc-cc als lesatsinl s)sielons etoleriane

Vitlepage ...:..-.. SUOINT EULA ogg coo ose Oooo s DORON cor avenspeasioncee eke aNetetens ales

Histo Councleamd OMcenrss vse aes optel dey cee ad griinerite at sce oenel d's cle tecovosle’e Wi svevel avait ales

List of Contents

Mlpaetical Mist (Ot ConmbriDMtOrs co creel oe) ans hee eMicA She alnreltce lea ecnle wer ele'e's n> BA cupid

WRndeRe ea Seniets anasto

Page

591

643

Vil

XLil

LIST OF PLATES.

1916, Parr LV. (pp. 553-756).

Page

GeMMILL: Pls. I. Asterias glacialis peas cee

IL. 6-10. Cribrella oculata. ll. ‘Silasi enlae oy 4

Newrn: Pls. I. & 11. Development of Cucumaria ......:......: “631

RM cmuny bel: Heterocera from British Hast Africa ...... 707

NOTICE.

‘The ‘ Proceedings’ for the year are issued in fowr parts, paged consecutively,

so that the complete reference is now P. Z. 8. 1916, p...+ The Distribution

is usually as follows :—

Part I. issued in March,

Sheol Ul aaa June.

yi WB Deca oe ss September.

Pe oe EN ae December,

‘ Proceedings,’ 1916, Part III. (pp. 449-551), were published on

August 380th, 1916.

The Abstracts of the ‘ Proceedings,’ Nos. 160- oe are

contained in this Part.

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