“Omnes res Create sunt divine sapientiz et potentix testes, divitie felicitatis

human :—ex harum usu Jonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapzentia Domini;

ex cconomia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis

elucet.

Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper xstimata ;

& veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper

inimica fuit.”—Linnzvs.

“Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour

voir qu’elle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor-

tent toutes ses opérations.”—Bruckner, Théorie du Systéme Animal, Leyden,

1767.

erm Gomer fa Ye va te . « . . The sylvan powers

Obey our swnmons; from their deepest dells

The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild

And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs

That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme

And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed,

But scatter round ten thousand forms minute

Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock

Or rifted oak or cayern deep: the Naiads too

Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face

They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush

That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles,

Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread,

The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne,

All, all to us unlock their secret stores

And pay their cheerful tribute.

J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818.

OH ALERE & FLAMMAM.

CONTENTS OF VOL, III.

(NINTH SERIES. ]

NUMBER 13,

Page

I, On the African Genera of Wingless Brachyderine with Con-

nate Claws (Coleoptera, Curculionide), By Guy A. K. Marsuatt,

0) FL SNe eee nr ie 1

II. On Lacerta praticola, Eversm. By L. A. Lantz and O.

EMMIS Fences verde uk + cect ocean tercesesoeesegys Dia witel a te 28

Ill. The White-toothed Shrew of Palestine. By OxtprieLp

NR cia é nates vo a nin, 8 6 we PES ae cawaw fae SS SEES eon 32

IV. On the Structure of the Larve and the Systematic Position

of the Genera Mycetobia, Mg., Ditomyia, Winn., and Symmerus,

Walk. (Diptera Nematocera). By D. Ketiiy, D.Sc. (from the

Quick Laboratory, University of Cambridge). (Plates Il.-V.)..., 33

V. Description of a new Genus and Species of the Homopterous

Family Cicadide. By W. L. DISTANT ....... 22000. ceceeeceees 43

VI. Notes on the Asilide: Subdivision Asiline. By GERTRUDE

RT aa. 6 hes Cane aaT EAEER CE Ee bo Serb pos es mee sec e's e.0 44

VU. Batopora (Bryozoa) and its Allies. By Artuur Wm.

RE kb EG TCE INGE WEN Cee WE ede vecccws 79

Vill. Two new African Freshwater Sponges. By JANE

STtePuEns, B.A., B.Sc., National Museum of Ireland ............ 94

IX, On some External Characters of Ruminant Artiodactyla —

Part VII. Domesticated Cattle (Bos tanrus and B. indicus). By

101

en aie a's bb b's bapa 6 Ado beens be De ece tig dns

iv CONTENTS.

Pago

X. On some small Mammals from Catamarca. By OLDFIELD

OMIA kas sun p sis vb" ov date PWR TEm Ss a huaxk hw ete a eine Fame . 115

XI. Descriptions and Records of Bees—LXXXII. By T. D. A.

CockERELL, University of Colorado ........cceeeseeeeeeeceues 118

XII. Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews.—

No. XLII. By Prof. M‘Inrosu, M.D., LL.D., D.Sc., F.R.S., &... 125

NUMBER 14.

XIII. New and insufficiently-known Moths in the Joicey Collec-

fion. By Louis B. Paouty PF Biiis tu. oss sas «aa ves 165

XIV. Descriptions and Recordsof Bees—LXXXIV. By T.D.A.

Cogxerets, University of Colorado .<.....0.002<:s00n 0 <neeee 191

XV. Note on Chaudhuria, a Teleostean Fish of the Order

Opisthomi. By C. Tarr Ree@an, M.A., F.R.S.

XVI. On small Mammals collected by Sr. E. Budin in North-

western Patagonia. By OLpFIELD THomas

XVI. Two new Argentine Species of Akcdon. By OLDFIELD

DHOMAS oat cals siete iss 4 Cinlbie wails blaine bet Wao ec ee 2s 0 2h

XVIII. New South-American Butterflies. By W. J. Kayg,

ALE. ees See aa, RA SGN oe eae 215

XIX. Some new Species of the Homopterous ce Pyrrho-

coride: : By W. Li. DisvAN®” 3 ins os 2 oUb os ei eee eae ieee . 218

XX. Some Parthenogenetic Chironomide. By F. W. Epwarps. 222

NUMBER 15.

XXI. On the Hymenoptera collected in New Caledonia by P. D.

Montague in 1914, By Rowxanp E, Turner, F.Z.S., F.E.S. .... 229

XXII. Descriptions and Records of Bees. — LXXXV. By

T. D. A. CocKERELL, University of Colorado

XXIII. On a new Genus and Species of Bird of the Family

Drepanidide from the Hawaiian Islands. By R. C. L. PerxKmns,

D.Se., F.Z.8.

CONTENTS, v

Page

XXIV. Notes on Myriapoda.—X VI, Some Observations on No-

menclature. By Hitpa K. Brape-Brmxs, M.Se., M.B., Ch.B.,

L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., and the Rey. S. Granam Brapge-Binks, M.Sc. 253

- XXV. Some Observations on Pleurocystis cuénoti, Hesse, 1909, a

Ceelozoic Parasite of the Earthworm. By W. Haroxip Leiau-

eS SUP RMA ig VE oo Ghana ubla@at vib web Wn'ege>s eee ~- 266

XXVI. Notes on Gerbils referred to the Genus Meriones, with

Descriptions of new Species and Subspecies, By OLprie_p

THOMAS wecccccecseveces STR Le LO ee Coe 263

XXVII. Notes on the Family Dendrocolaptide, with Suggestions

for its Division. By Cuarves Cuuss, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U., Zoological

Department, British Museum (Natural History) ........ Gteseees 275

XXVIII. Descriptions of New J'yralide of the Subfamilies

Crambine and Sigine. By Sir Grorcx F, Hampson, Bart., F.Z.S.,

RE PEM va Wire Ws 25 sainchs C0~ 44's 940555 8c de nlpew a’ > ote 275

NUMBER 16,

XXIX. On Deronectes depressus, Fab., and elegans, Panzer. By

Frank Batrour-Browne, M.A. (Oxon. et Cantab.), F.R.S.E.,

Lecturer in Entomology in the Department of Zoology, University

of Cambridge; Staff Lecturer in Entomology in France; Capt.

mama, eenerye, (Piates: VIT, & VIET) «ou. cs-ceugussyeces 293

XXX. On the Geographical Distribution of the Genus Cosmo-

phila, a Noctuid of the Family Gonopteride. By Colonel C.

Swinsoxr, M.A., F.LS., &c. (Plates IX. & X.) cc. ceccccsecee 309

XXXI. New Lyceenids and Hesperids and Two new Species of

the Noctuid Family Acontiide. By Colonel C. Swrnuor, M.A.,

NTs giv es 8 We Sh Genes dirs ns.00 SneG ons scitpeescces .. 314

XKXII. The Status of Parabates, Foerster, and Parabatus,

Thomson [Hymenoptera, Ichneumonide}. By J. Cuester Brap-

LEY, Ph.D., Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. ...... wai Pete Gales 319

XXXII. The Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and Idgia, and

their Sexual Characters [Coleoptera]. By G. C. Cuampron, F.Z.8.

eGR RUE press aWeWeGa< Guanes Cercesqea tes 3825

vi CONTENTS.

Page

XXXIV. A Note on the Egg-Burster of Eucephalous Fly-larve.

By 1 W. BpwABne 0. fo ois 'S ok AO A AR stone ta 372

XXXY. The Amphipod Orchestia tucurauna, Fritz Miiller, of

Brazil, redescribed from New Zealand Specimens. By Cuas. Curr-

Ton, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., C.M.Z.S., Hon. Memb. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. 376

XXXVI. North Pacifie Zoroasteride. By Water K. FisHEr,

Director, Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Cali-

FORSAA ps wad Meee eatin, Sanh a Mee ees heave ant oi . 387

XXXVI. Notes on Fossorial Hymenoptera—XXXVII. On some

Sphecine in the British Museum. By Rowtanp E. Turner, F.ZS.,

BELG, Siena sha ce ts Sates & ata RE ee been Oe. 5 Te eer 393

XXXVIIT. New Australian Diplopterous Hymenoptera. By

Rowszanp EH. Turner, F.Z.8., FES. ......50....0000n eee 398

XXXIX. Remarks on the Age of some Arctic and North-Atlantic

Starfishes. By James A. Griec, Curator of the Bergen Museum,

BeSreoe NOFWay «oa: vin's o0's oot ias's ss ness snare o sein lense 400

XL. Synopsis of the American Species of Rana. By G. A.

Bevtenaen, FERS. GG. vs oe. fe ess eae ss ss oes os ce en 408

XLI. A remarkable Cysticercus from a rare Dolphin (Cysticereus

Tenie Grimaldi, Moniez, 1889). By H. A. Bayuis, M.A. ...... 417

XLII. On Indo-Chinese Hymenoptera collected by R. Vitalis de .

Salvaza.—I. By Rowxanp E. Turner, F.ZS., F.E.S........... 425

XLUI. A remarkable new Ball-rolling Beetle (Family Scara-

ewe). By Guseer J. AREOWs 2 i 2 oss ne sutes sass See wees 4353

Proceedings of the Geological Society .........ccs0cidteecceseee 435

NUMBER 17,

XLIV. Descriptions of New Pyralide of the Subfamilies Cram-

bine and Sigine. By Sir Gzorex F. Hampson, Bart., F.Z.8., &e. 487

XLY. Some new Entozoa from Birds in Uganda. By H. A.

i7.G 81. 2. ei Sa ei Ph 457

XLVI. Ethiopian Heteroptera: some new Species of Reduviide

- belonging to the Genera Pysttala and Platymeris. By W. L.

AVESTANT (8, ce s'c'a's\e's o'0'a's 0's! o'e'n'e olelatelata ava wiper alas Sie a 466

CONTENTS. Vil

Page

XLVII. Papors on Oriental Carabide.—I. By H. E. ANDrewes, 469

XLVILL. On Indo-Chinese Hymenoptera collected by R. Vitalis

de Salvaza.—II. By Rowianp E, Turner, V.ZS., FLEAS. ./.... 483

XLIX. Description ‘of a new Genus and Two new Species of

Heterocera. By Lord Roruscutxp, F.R.S. ........ cece eee eens 487

L. On small Mammals from ‘Otro Cerro,” North-eastern Rioja,

collected by Sr. L. Budin, By Orprietp THOMAS,........0.545 489

NUMBER 18.

LI. A Collection of Entozoa, chiefly from Birds, from the

Deeewoent. By Bi, A. Bavris) MOA. ie. ec wesieweaccess 501

LIT. The Classification of the Mongooses (Mungotide). By

EN MRRP ey aries Xo wt Vink va hacdsnccceewe Pre 515

LIT. On Two new Parasitic Mites (Myocoptes hintoni and

Psoroptes natalensis). By SvaNLEY HIRsT ............0+000e0: 524

LIV. The Selection of Heliv nemoralis by the Song-Thrush

(Turdus musicus), By Maup D, Havitanp, Hon. Mem. B.O.U.,

RMR EEN, 5 5c asbucn WOT RIAs wins: « Sack duAvibed ee 4s, Ole

LY. On the Genus Lepidobatrachus, Budgett. By G. A. Bov-

LENGER, F.R.S. ..... atk dou L KTS ULES MOT Ts We v eu wx OF popu 531

LVI. Descriptions of New Pyralide of the Subfamilies Cram-

bine and Sigine. By Sir Grorer F, Hampson, Bart., F.Z.S., &c. 533

LVIL. Description of a new Dyscophid Frog from Yunnan. By

ee ee Fass ls w ute diee bas ka bbs Gus sudees 548

LVIII. On a new Variety of Acanthodactylus boskianus, Daud.,

from the Euphrates. By G. A. BouLencer, F.R.S. ............ 549

‘. Notes on the Ichnewmonide in the British Museum.—I.

By Rowxtanp BE, Turner, F.ZS., FES. 0... ses c cess seceseees 550

LX. Two new Gerbils from Sinai. By OtpFietp THomas ,.., 559

eevee r reer eee eee eee eee eee nene eerenrere 561

PLATES IN VOL. III.

PxuaTE I. New African Curculionide.

tu.

a aks etc. of Mycetobia, Ditomyia, and Symmerus.

VI. Batopora (Bryozoa).

Be, Deronectes depressus and elegans.

vad Cosmopbila.

; Prionocerus and Idgia.

THE ANNALS

AND

MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,

(NINTH SERIES.)

OF sevescucceceneses per litora spargite museum,

Naiades, et circitm vitreos considite fontes:

Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores:

Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum.

At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ;

Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco

Vellite muscosis ¢ rupibus, et mihi conchas

Ferte, Dew pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.”,

WN. Parthenii Giannellasi, 2el. 1.

No. 13. JANUARY 1919.

T.—On the African Genera of Wingless Brachyderine with

Connate Claws (Coleoptera, Curculionide), By Guy A. K.

Marsuatt, D.Sc.

[Plate I.}

Havine had occasion recently to identify a number of

South African weevils of the genus Strophosomus, it became

evident that several readily separable groups had been

associated under this name; and, moreover, as might have

been auticipated, a comparison of the Ethiopian species

with the typical Huropean forms reveals the preseuce of

constant differences, which render it desirable that they

should be separated generically. This has necessitated an

examination of all the allied African genera, for which

a synoptic key is here given. Unfortunately, two genera,

each eompriging a single species, are unknown to me and

have therefore been omitted, viz. : 4%dophronus, Schh., from

Natal, and Blosyridius, Frm. (C. R. Ent. Belg. xxxv. 1891,

p. 298), from Somaliland. ‘The former, judging from Lacor-

daire’s description of the tarsi, is related to Mimaulus, and

the latter will come near Proscephaladeres. Schoduherr has

also assigned to the genus Cueorrhinus three South African

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Voll. iii. 1

2 Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on African

species with which I am wnacquainted. They probably do

not belong to that genus as now understood, and appear

to be related to the species here described under Leurops,

from which they differ in the complete absence of the

median stria on the forehead—an unusual character in this

group. The Madagascar forms have not been included, as

they are now being revised by M. A. Hustache.

In discriminating the genera use has been made of

characters drawn from the epistome, mandibles, and mentum,

which have not been previously employed in this group, but

which seem likely to be useful for separating the principal

subdivisions,

Unless otherwise stated, the types of all the new species

are in the British Museum.

Key to the Genera.

] (24). Epistome well defined, bounded by

a distinct carina or obtuse ridge;

cutting-edge of mandibles with a

median projection or tooth.

). Mentum entirely devoid of sete *.

). Tarsi narrow, setose beneath.

5). Front tibize produced externally into a

long process; corbels of hind tibize

enclosed ; mandibles squamose.... M¢maulus, Schh.

5 ( 4). Front tibiee not produced externally ;

hind corbels open; mandibles not

BUURMIDED iu fee rs ee ew ere one Mimaulodes, gen, nov.

6 ( 3). Tarsi broad, spongy beneath; corbels

of hind tibize open, bare.

7 (10). First ventral segment with the hind

margin rounded; lower surface of

rostrum more or less concave, the

normal longitudinal impressions en-

tirely or nearly obliterated.

8 ( 9). Elytra without any humeral promi-

nence ; head separated from rostrum

by a fine stria which curves strongly

forwards in the middle; rostrum

strongly narrowed in front; funicle

not squamose ...... coevocesvce. -LOmphts, Penamiome

9( 8). Elytra with a conspicuous humeral

prominence; head separated from

rostrum by a deep, gently sinuous

furrow ; rostrum subquadrate ; funi-

Plesquamose © is 0%. wees ets Ae ay

10 ( 7). First ventral segment with the hind

margin straight or sinuate; lower

surface of rostrum with two deep

Bradybamon, gen. nov.

* Some species of Proscephaladeres have a row of flat scales along the

front edge of the mentum, but no true sete.

Genera of Wingless Brachyderine. 3

longitudinal or oblique impressions,

; with a convex space between them,

11 (12). The three median ventral segments

subequal in length ; forehead trisul-

cate; scape short and stout, the

externally visible portion much

shorter than the funicle; rostrum

separated from the head by a furrow

that extends quite to the side ..

12 (11). Second ventral segment longer than

the third or fourth; forehead with

at most a single furrow ; scape slen-

der, the exposed portion almost or

uite as long as the funicle.

14 (14), Metasternum between the coxe very

much shorter than the middle

cox; mandibles squamose, with a

well-marked longitudinal dorsal

carina running from the scar to the

eoecreeereeresereeeseveeegee

: carina,

15 (16). Serobes strongly dilated behind ; scape

not exceeding the middle of the

eye; funicle and mandibles clothed

with scales ; eyes finely facetted ..

16 (15). Scrobes almost parallel-sided; scape

reaching hind margin of eye; funicle

and mandible entirely devoid of

scales ; eyes comparatively coarsely

TACO. carte Woidils oe aeideu We 2%

17 ( 2). Mentum setose,

18 (21). Corbels of hind tibia very oblique,

lying almost entirely on the inner

face of the tibie, their upper fringe

of sete ascending the dorsal edge

of the tibiw ina straight line (as in

Tanymecus) ;.second ventral seg-

ment distinctly longer than the

third or fourth, hind margin of the

first more or less sinuate in the

middle, the incision shallow.

19 (20). Rostrum separated from the forehead

by a stria; eyes very prominent and

produced backwards ............

20 (19). Rostrum continuous with the fore-

head; eyes simple, only slightly

COMVOE 6 oes err ens as Sey e we ree

21 (18). Corbels of hind tibie terminal, not

ascending the tibie; the three

median ventral segments subequal

in length; hind margin of the first

segment straight, the incision deep.

22 (23). Corbels of hind tibiw enclosed; scape

slender, clavate; forehead trisulcate ;

Blosyrus, Schh.

Proscephaladeres, Schh,

Proscopus, gen. nov.

[| Strophosomus, Billb. |

Protostrophus, gen. nov.

Leurops, gen, nov.

25 (26).

26 (25).

97 (36).

28 (35).

29 (32).

30 (81).

31 (30).

32 (29).

33 (84).

34 (38).

35 (28).

36 (27).

Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on African

mentum with a transverse row of

five or Six Set 1... eee eeeseees

Corbels of hind tibize open ; scape very

broadly dilated; forehead without

any longitudinal furrow; mentum

with only two sete...... ahi

Epistome indistinct and quite unde-

fined; cutting-edge of mandibles

straight or rounded and without

any median tooth; basal part. of

metepisternum angularly produced

internally ; hind coxs# reaching the

elytra.

Corbels of hind tibizee open; metepi-

sternal suture distinct in its basal

haif only ; mesepisterna meeting the

elytra at the extreme base ; rostrum

continuous with the forehead ....

Corbels of hind tibie broadly en-

closed ; metepisternal suture distinct

throughout; mesepisterna broadly

separated from the elytra by the

mesepimera.

Rostrum separated from the forehead

by a transverse furrow.

Tarsi with two claws ; mentum setose.

Furrow separating the rostrum from

the head straight or with a forward

curve.

Ventral intercoxal process truncate or

gently rounded; front margin of

prosternum without any promi-

nences ; furrow separating the ros-

trum from the head straight or

slightly sinvous): sats eas. aes

Ventral process strongly angulated;

margin of prosternum with a promi-

nenee on each side above the cox;

furrow separating the rostrum from

the head deeply curved forwards ..

Furrow separating the rostrum from

the head angulate, with the apex of

the angle directed backwards.

Punctures on elytra in regular rows;

eyes not produced backwards ....

Punctures on elytra partly irregular ;

eyes produced backwards ........

Tarsi with only one claw; mentum

Bevo OF Bees tolals > altas os

Rostrum not separated from the fore-

head by a transverse furrow or stria.

Pseudoblosyrus,gen.Bov.

Platyeopes, Schh.

Synechops, gen. nov.

Ectatopsides, Bovie.

(Enassus, Pasc.

Cychrotonus, Pase.

Eucrines, Jekel.

Gyponychus, Pasc.

Embolodes, Mshl.

Genus Mimavutvs, Schh.

To the characters cited by Schénherr (Mant. Sec. Cure.

p. 18) and Lacordaire (Gen. Cure, vi. p. 33) the following

mt.

Genera of Wingless Brachyderine. 5

points may be added :—Mandibles multisetose, squamose,

with a distinct median tooth; mentum bare and deeply

sunk in its cavity. Antenne with the funicle not squamose.

Gular margin of the prosternum deeply sinuate; mes-

epimeron very small and not separating the mesepisternum

from the elytron at the base; metasternum at its shortest

much shorter than the mid-coxie, metepisternal suture com-

plete, metepisternum not dilated at its base, hind cox

broadly separated from the elytra. Venter with the inter-

coxal process truncate and as broad as the hind coxa; hind

margin of segment 1 gently arcuate, its length behind the

coxa greater than that of segment 2, which is longer than

3 or 4.

As at present known, the genus is confined to South-east

Africa, south of the Limpopo.

Genus MIMAULoDEs, nov.

Head deeply constricted behind the eyes and with a central

furrow which does not reach the vertex ; eyes quite lateral,

nearly flat and oblique, as seen from above, so that the head

is broadest at their projecting hind margins. Rostrum

about as long as the head and separated from it by a

straight transverse furrow, strongly narrowed in front ;

epistome well defined, nearly three times as broad as long,

shallowly sinuate in front, and the hind margin forming a

low curve ; mandibles bearing five or six setze, not squamose,

with a strong median tooth, the scar flat and almost circular;

mentum bare, immersed ; scrobes oblique, almost straight

and parallel-sided, the upper edge touching the lower margin

of the eye; lower surface of rostrum without longitudinal

impressions, but shallowly excavated for the reception of the

antenne. Antenne very short, squamose ; scape reaching

the middle of the eye, strongly clavate; funicle with joint 1

“much longer and broader than 2, 3-7 very short and

gradually widening. Prothoraz much broader than long,

the base arcuate in the middle and slightly sinuate at each

side, the sides rounded. Scutellum invisible. Elytra fused

together and strongly inflexed at the sides, only slightly

broader at the rounded shoulders than the prothorax, the

longitudinal outline forming a very low curve continuous

with that of the pronotum, the posterior declivity almost

vertical. Sternum with the gular margin shallowly sinuate ;

mesepisternum meeting the elytron only at the extreme

base, the mid-coxz very narrowly separated ; metasternum

much shorter than the mid-coxe, its episternum not dilated

6 Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on African

inwardly at the base, the episternal stria complete, the hind

coxie widely separated from the elytra. Venter with the

intercoxal process slightly angulated at the base and nar-

rower than the coxa; segment 1 with the hind margin

straight, its length behind the coxa equal to that of 2, which

is longer than 3 or 4. Legs short; tibiz armed with stout

spines, but the external apical angle not produced, the

corbels of the hind pair open, squamose and very oblique ;

tarsi narrow, setose beneath, not spongy.

3 unknown.

Genotype, Mimaulodes fimbriatus, sp. n.

The general form is entirely that of Mimau/odes, and the

insects are similarly covered with a thick earthy incrusta-

tion, so that several of the structural characters given above

can only be observed when the specimen has been scraped.

Mimaulodes fimbriatus, sp. n.

Integument pale brown, densely clothed with grey scales

mingled with a natural earthy indumeutum, and nearly

always, more or less coated with mud,

Head with stout, dark, suberect setee and a dense patch of

paler ones above each eye; eyes nearly circular and with a

complete ring of pale scales. Rostrum almost flat above,

with a very shallow transv erse impression near the apex, £0

that the apical area appears to be raised; the sides quite

vertical, so that no sign of the scrobe can SS seen from above,

the dorsal edge obtusely angulated above the base of the

scrobe. Prothorax twice and a half as broad as long, broadest

near the base and much narrower in front ; the integment,

when scraped, appears uneven and finely rugulose, being set

with short, subrecumbent, stout, dark sete, and there is

along the lateral margin an uneven fringe of very long,

upwardly curved sete. J/ytra broadly ovate, the sides

gently rounded, broadest about the middle, the apical outline

broadly rounded ; the base not fitting very closely to the

prothorax, jointly sinuate in the middle and rounding away

at the sides ; the dorsal surface with very shallow and broad

sulci, the narrower raised intervals each bearing a row of

stout, suberect, dark sete, while at the shoulders and along

the dorsal margins is an outstanding fringe of much longer

sete, these being longest at the shoulders and gradually

diminishing behind, Leys densely squamose and with stout

raised selee ; anterior pairs of tibize with four spines along

the apical edge, two or three on the apical third of the dorsal

Genera of Wingless Brachyderine. 7

edge, and one on the lower edge ; hind tibix also with four

apical spines and two on the lower edge, the corbel with

a dorsal border of two to four short, closely set spines and a

‘longer terminal one.

Length 3-34 mm., breadth 2-24 mm.

TRANSVAAL: Benoni, 22. xi. 17 (2. Buckles).

Described from five specimens forwarded by the Division

of Entomology, Pretoria, with a note that the species was

damaging the leaves and bark of Lucalyptus viminalis,

Genus Pompuus, nov.

Head short and broad, with a central stria that reaches

the vertex and another on each side about midway between

it and the eyes, behind which there is a deep constriction ;

eyes quite lateral, very prominent, subconical, not or but

slightly sloping backwards, their greatest depth behind the

middle. Rostrum strongly narrowed in front, longer than

the head and separated from it by a stria which runs from

the eye to the apex of the outer stria on the forehead,

and there making a sharp angle runs forwards to the apex

of the median stria; from the middle of the base diverge

two oblique abbreviated furrows ; epistome sharply defined,

almost an equilateral triangle, the sides forming a very low

carina; mandibles multisetose, with only a few scales and an

obtuse median tooth, the scar almost circular ; mentum bare,

immersed ; scrobes narrow, deep, bare, and almost straight

in the basal two-thirds, the upper edge ending a little below

the lower margin of the eye. Antenne with the scape

rather slender, abruptly clavate and reaching beyond the

middle of the eye; funicle not squamose, joint 1 as long as

but thicker than 2, the remainder bead-like. Prothorax

at least twice as broad as long, truncate at base and apex.

Scutellum invisible. Elytra broadly ovate, the longitudinal

outline moderately convex, not continuous with that of the

pronotum, the basal margin jointly sinuate and elevated,

the angles projecting, the punctation more or less irregular.

Sternum with the gular margin sinuate, the front coxie

nearer to it than to the hind margin, the front margin raised

into a prominent ridge on each side from the eye nearly

as far as the coxa; mesepisternum meeting the elytron

at the base; metasternum between the cox lrardly half as

long as the mid-coxwz, the episternal furrow complete, the

episternum not produced inwardly at the base, the hind

cox broadly separated from the elytra. Venter with the

8 Dr, G. A. K. Marshall on African

intercoxal process rounded and narrower than the coxa;

segment 1 (behind the coxa) longer than 2, and 2 longer

than 3, the hind margin of segment 1 arcuate. Legs short

and rather stout; femora moderately clavate and simple;

tibize unguiculate, the corbels of the hind pair oblique, bare,

and open, but with the apical edge slightly bent inwards ;

claws connate.

In the ¢ the fifth ventral segment is shorter and flat, in

the @ it is a little longer and slightly convex.

Genotype, Strophosomus kirschi, Faust (Ent. Nachr. xi.

1885, p. 88).

Pomphus denticollis, sp. n. (PI. I. fig. 3.)

Black, with grey or sandy scaling, the pronotum with a

very broad median brown stripe, and the elytra with very

variable dark brown markings, which are sometimes almost

entirely obliterated.

Head almost flat on the forehead and set with stout erect

sete, the integument quite hidden by the scaling. Rostrum

with the sides strongly convergent from the eyes to beyond

the middle, thence nearly parallel ; upper surface with two

deep sulci strongly diverging from the centre of the base as

far as the middle of the disk, the lateral areas outside them

being shallowly impressed ; the central carina is prominent

where it meets the epistome, but diminishes behind and

disappears about the middle; the clothing as on the forehead.

Antenne with the apical half of the scape squamose ; funicle

with joints 3, 4, and 6 subequal aud slightly longer than

broad, 5 a little shorter, 7 as long as 6 but distinctly broader.

Prothorax twice and a half as broad as long, the base (when

seen clear of the elytra) not broader than the apex ; the sides,

as seen from above, distinctly denticulate, there being a

specially marked projection close to the base, and the apical

angles prominent ; apical margin strongly reflexed down the

sides, the ridge thus formed ceasing abruptly on a line

with the outer edge of the coxa; upper surface strongly

convex transversely, closely set with rather indefinite

granules (the rugose sculpturing being hidden by the

scaling), and with a central furrow that reaches neither the

base nor the apex ; the longitudinal outline only slightly

curved, thesapex being only a little lower than the base.

Elytra with the sides strongly rounded, broadest about the

middle, scarcely striate, but with rather irregular rows of

punctures, which are conspicuous throrgh the scaling and

often duplicated; the intervals broad, fiuely aciculate

Genera of Wingless Brachyderine. 9

(beneath the sealing), and each bearing a single row of stout,

flattened, erect setie.

Length 4-4} mm., breadth 25-2} mm.

Portucuese EF, Aratca: Beira (P. A. Sheppard).

This species probably represents on the coast the very

closely allied P. kirschi, Fst., which at present is known only

from Nyasaland. ‘he latter differs in having the sides

of the prothorax simply rounded und not denticulate, the

lateral areas of the rostrum are not impressed, the sete on

the elytra are distinctly longer and more slender, and the

scales on the elytra are for the most part rather sharply

pointed behind instead of being broadly rounded.

Described from 1 ¢ and 5 2 9.

Genus BrapyBaMon, nov.

Head with a short central furrow and slightly raised at

the sides to form an obtuse eyebrow, which is higher behind

than in front; eyes quite lateral, nearly circular, moderately

prominent, and not produced backwards. Rostrum sub-

quadrate, separated from the forehead by a deep sinuous

furrow that distinctly reaches the sides, lower surface

flattened or slightly concave ; epistome forming a sharp

acute angle behind, the bounding carine unusually high

and finely laminate, the front margin rather shorter than

the sides; mandibles multisetose, not squamose, with a

median tooth, the scar flat and almost circular; mentum

bare, somewhat sunk in its cavity ; gene deeply impressed,

the posterior angle rather prominent. Antenne with the

scape abruptly clavate and reaching about the middle of the

eye; funicle squamose, joint 1 equal to or longer than 2,

the others short, 7 the broadest. Scutel/um invisible, Elytra

with the sides forming. a straight slope from the base to

the well-marked subhumeral prominence, the basal margin

sinuate ; in profile, the outline of the posterior declivity

forms almost a semicircle, the apex being inflexed so that

it lies in front of the middle of the declivity. Svernum

with the gular margin gently sinuate, the centro-sternite

forming an elongate tubercle ; mesepisternum meeting or

or Very narrowly separated from the elytra ; metasternum

much shorter than the mid-coxe, with a distinct antecoxal

fold, the episternal furrow deep and complete, the episternum

narrow and not angulate inwardly at the base, the hind

coxz separated from the elytra. Venter with the intercoxal

process gently rounded and as broad as the coxa; the hind

margin of segment 1 curved, so that segment 2 is much

10 Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on African

shorter in the middle than at the sides, its length at the

former point being about equal to that of 3 or 4. Legs

rather short aud stout; tibize with a sharp mucro, the

corbels of the hind pair open and bare; the claws connate.

All the specimens examined appear to be females.

Genotype, Strophosomus granicollis, Boh. -

Thanks to the kindness of Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.R.S.,

I have been able to examine the cotypes of S. granicollis,

Boh., in the Sommer collection, which he recently presented

to the Oxford Museum.

From the description, it seems fairly certain that Stropho-

somus verrucicollis, Fst.(Aun. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1899, p. 390),

from the Congo, also belongs to this genus.

The angulate elytra and tuberculate thorax would at once

distinguish these insects from the other African “ Stropho-

somus,’ and they have more the appearance of very small

Blosyrus, which may however be distinguished by the very

different structure of the epistome and lower surface of the

rostrum, the more prominent eyes, and the straight hind

margin of the first ventral segment.

Key to the Species.

1 (6). Prothorax with small, close, confluent tuber-

cles throughout.

2 (3). The two median furrows on the rostrum

subparallel; the two basal joints of the

funicle equal; punctures on elytra more or

less aneaauilar i'l Te obs. 0 de Retain ae granicollis, Boh.

3 (2). The two median furrows on the rostrum

strongly divergent in front; joint 1 of the

funicle longer than 2.

_4 (5). Elytra marginate at the base, the rows of

punctures more or less irregular or dupli-

cated ...3i762: <3). ee SP er eo swalet, sp. D.

5 (4). Elytra not marginate at the base, the rows of

punctures quite regular ....... Biatah fon regularis, sp. D.

6 (1). Prothorax punctate on the disk and tuber-

culate laterally... .-.hok oe kee seseee verrucicollas, Fst.

Bradybamon swale, sp.n. (Pl. I. fig. 6.)

2. Colour piceous, with dense earth-brown scaling;

pronotum with a broad, median, darker brown stripe, which

gradually widens from apex to base; elytra with an ill-

defined dark stripe running obliquely trom behind the

shoulder to beyond the middle of stria 2 and edged behind

with an indefinite pale stripe ; the apical area with irregular

dark brown and paler patches ; these markings may become -

more or less obsolete.

Genera of Wingless Brachyderine. LL

/Tead with a short longitudinal impression on each side

adjoining the supra-ocular ridge, the vertex transversely

impressed ; eyes very convex, deepest slightly behind the

middle, Rostr um as long as its basal width, the dorsal area

broadest at the base and gradually narrowed in front, with

a shallow central impression containing a low scale-covered

earina, on each side of it an oblique furrow running from

near the centre of the base to the middle of the disk, and

beyond this again an irregular shallow longitudinal im-

pression; as seen from above the posterior angles of the

genz project strong!y outwards, about three- fourths as far

as the eyes. Antenne with joint 1 of the funicle distinctly

longer than 2, 8as long as broad, 4-6 bead-like and trans-

verse, 7 longer and broader. Prothorae much broader than

long, truncate at the apex, the base gently arcuate and as

broad as the apex, the basal angles rounded off, the sides

moderately rounded, broadest about the middle, the apical

constriction shallow ; the upper surface scrobiculate, set

with low confluent tubercles, and with an irregular central

furrow. Elytra subquadrate, nearly as broad as long (33 x

4 mm.), the sides aimost parallel from the subhuineral

prominence to beyond the middle, the basal margin raised,

broadly rounded behind; with very shallow furrows con-

taining rows of punctures that are more or less irregular

and duplicated, except near the suture and extreme lateral

margins ; the intervals rather uneven and set with irregular

rows of short, stout, erect setz ; the scales small, closely over-

lapping, pointed, and deeply fluted.

Length 5-6 mm., breadth 3-34 mm.

Poxtucurse E, Arnica: Caia, Zambesi R. (Dr. HH.

Swale).

Described from three specimens.

In addition to the characters given in the key, B. grani-

collis, Boh., differs in being a distinctly narrower insect,

the eyes are larger, the genz are scarcely visible from above,

and the set on the elytra are longer and more numerous.

Bradybamon regularis, sp. nh.

2. * Colour black, with uniform earth-browm seuling.

Head not transversely impressed on the vertex, the

forehead with lateral impressious ; eyes relatively large,

not very convex, deepest behind the middle. Rostrum sub-

quadrate, about as loug as broad, the sides parallel and

vertical, so that the gen are scarcely visible from above ;

the upper surface with two median sulci, which diverge

12 Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on African

strongly from the base to the middle of the disk and

enclose a low median scale-covered costa, and on each side

of these an indistinct longitudinal HE ESOR. Antenne

with joint 1 of the funicle longer than 2, the remaining

joints short and gradually widening outwardly. Prothorax

much broader tlian long, the base aind apex of equal width,

the former arcuate, the latter truncate, the sides very

strongly rounded, broadest much before the middle; the

upper surface closely set with small low confluent tubercles,

and with an indistinct central furrow. Elytra oblong-

ovate, parallel-sided from the subhumeral prominence to

beyond the middle, very broadly rounded behind, the basal

margin not raised ; with very shallow sulci, each containing

a single row of deep close punctures; the intervals only

slightly convex and bearing asingle row of broadly truncate,

scale-like, erect sete.

Length 32-44 mm., breadth 2-2} mm.

ZAMBEZI R.

Described from two specimens.

Genus ProscerHaLapDEREs, Schh.

To this genus are here referred all the African ‘“ Stropho-

somus’”’ having subglobose elytra. Apart from their some-

what different facies, they may be distinguished from the

other African species with which they bave hitherto been

associated by the followmg points:—The mentum 1s entirely

devoid of true setz, though in most of the species there

is a row of scales along its anterior edge—a very unusual

character; the corbels of the hind tibiz are more nearly

terminal in position; the first joint of the funicle is never

longer than the second, being rarely equal to it and usually

distinctly shorter; the apical margin of the rostrum is

deeply sinuate ; and the hind coxz are distinctly separated

from the elytra.

The true European Strophosomus differ in having non-

squamose and non-carinate mandibles, non-squamose funicles,

a distinctly longer metasternum, and more coarsely facetted

eyes.

The described species which should be placed here are:

Strophosomus aspericollis, Fhs., S. lineatus, Fhs., S. varia-

bilis, Fhs. (Ofv. K. Vet.-Ak. Férh. 1871, pp. 13, 14),

S. binotatus, Mshl., and S. salisburiensis, Mshl. (Proc. Zool.

Soc. 1906, pp. 912, 913) ; and more than a dozen additional

undescribed species are kuown to me,

Genera of Wingless Brachyderine. 13

Genus Proscorus, nov.

Head about as long as its width between the eyes, with a

central furrow that almost reaches the vertex ; eyes lateral,

prominent, semicircular, Rostrum about as long as the

head, narrowed in front, separated from the forehead by a

deep furrow that reaches the sides ; epistome short, well

defined, but the sides not carinate, the front margin

shallowly sinuate ;° mandibles squamose (setw abraded),

without any longitudinal dorsal carina, but with au obtuse

median tooth, the scar indistinct and subtriangular; mentum

bare, much wider in front than behind and rather deeply

sunk in its cavity, which is more oblong than usual, the

basal angles being almost right angles; scrobes lateral,

curved, and squamose, becoming markedly wider and

shallower behind, the upper edge below the lower margin of

the eye. Antenne with the scape rather stout, cylindrical,

and gradually widening from near the base ; funicle stout,

squamose, the two basal joints of equal length, the remainder

bead-like and subequal. Prothorax transverse, truncate at

base and apex. Scufellum minute. Elytra subtruncate at

the base, not constricted or marginate, without any humeral

prominence, the apices jointly rounded. Sternum with the

gular margin truncate, the coxze in the middle of the pro-

sternum ; mesosternum longer than usual, the episternum

meeting the elytron at the base; metasternum between the

coxe as long as the mid-coxe, with a very shallow ante-

coxal fold, the episternum not angularly produced internally

at the base, the episternal suture almost obliterated, the

hind cox “narrowly separated from the elytra. Venter

with the intercoxal process slightly angulate and broader

than the hind cox; segment 2 longer than 3. Legs rather

slender ; corbels of the hind tibiz open, bare, and terminal ;

claws connate.

é unknown.

Genotype, Proscopus marginatus, sp. n.

The elongate metasternum is quite unusual in the African

members of this group, and the general facies of the only

known species is more like that of a Tanymecine of the

genus Iphisomus.

Proscopus marginatus, sp.n. (Pl. I. fig. 4.)

2. Black, with rather thin grey scaling (through which

the shiny integument is clearly visible) and a few whitish

markings ; head with a narrow ring of whitish scales round

14 Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on African

the eyes, expanding into a broad patch beneath, the setz

on the forehead slightly*raised ; prothorax with a narrow

central whitish stripe, a broad lateral one behind the eye,

and an ill-defined one above the coxe, the sete recumbent ;

elytra with numerous recumbent, scale- like, brownish setae

and the following whitish markings : a sutural stripe from

the base to the ~ middle, another on interval 7 starting a

little before the middle and ending some distance from the

apex, a short basal stripe at the shoulder continuous with

the upper lateral one on the thorax, aud a marginal stripe,

which only reaches stria 10 in the basal half, gradually

extending to stria 9 behind the middle and widening still

more at the apex ; along the dorsal striz there are irregular

spots of whitish scales, and the lower surface is unevenly

clothed with similar scales.

Head rugosely punctate, the forehead flat, with two

very irregular longitudinal impressions on each side of the

central furrow ; a shallow impression immediately below

the eye. Rostrum rugosely punctate, the disk shallowly i im-

pressed and witha very broad and deep central furrow in the

basal half ; an obtuse ridge on each side, beyond which the

sides slope gradually to the scrobes ; the genz 1iot impressed.

Prothoraz nearly twice as broad as long , the sides moderately

rounded, broadest in the middle, evenly and very rugosely

punctate throughout, without any furrow or carina, and

the basal margin not raised. Elytra regularly elliptical,

the dorsal outline strongly curved aud raised high above the

pronotum, the posterior declivity becoming vertical on a

line with the apex of stria 5; striz shallow and containing

deep separated punctures on the disk, the punctures shallower

and the striz deeper at the apex and sides; the intervals

almost flat and much broader than the strie. Legs with

fairly dense pale scales, the tibiz with rather long suberect

setze, the hind pair granulate internally.

Length 6} mm., breadth 3} min.

Cape Cotony : Namaqualand.

Described from a single specimen.

Genus ProrostROPHUS, NOV.

Flead with a central furrow and constricted behind the

eyes, which are produced backwards. Rostrum strongly

narrowed in front, separated from tlie forehead by a short

stria or sulcus that does not nearly reach the sides, which

are almost vertical, so that the scrobes are not visible from

above, the apex almost truncate ; epistome well defined,

on telat Miron dig

Genera of Wingless Brachyderine. 15

almost an equilateral triangle ; mandibles densely squamose

(occasionally bare—P. sparsus, Fhs., aud P. longulus, Boh.),

multisetose, with a distinct median tooth, the scar variable ;

mentum with numerous erect setee on the anterior half,

usually arranged ina tuft of three to six oneach side, the basal

half sunk in the cavity ; scrobes passing well below the

eyes, more or less squamose. Antenne with the scape

slender, clavate, reaching about the middle of the eye;

funicle squamose, joint 1 much longer than 2 (except in

P. strigifrons, Fls., in which they are equal). Prothoraxr

variable in form, but alw ays transverse and narrower at the

apex than at the base. Scu/ellum invisible. Sternum with

the gular margin more or less sinuate, the cox about

in the middle ‘of the prosternum ; mesepisternum usually,

but not always, separated from the elytron by its epimeron ;

metasternum much shorter than the mid-coxz, with a more

or less distinct antecoxal fold, the episternal suture com-

plete, the episternum not produced inwardly at the base and

rapidly narrowing to a point behind, the hind cox touch-

ing the elytra. Venter with the intercoxal process narrower

than the cox, slightly angulate or gently rounded; hind

margin of segment 1 shallowly sinuate, segment 2 "much

longer than 3. Leys with the corbels of the posterior pairs

of tibie squamose or bare, very oblique, with the upper

fringe of sete ascending the dorsal edge of the tibia in a

straight line, and the extreme apical edge narrowly enclosed

(except in P. sparsus-and its allies) ; claws connate.

In the males the elytra are narrower than in the females ;

the first ventral segment is very slightly impressed, and the

last is shorter and more broadly rounded ; in some species

the legs are markedly stouter than in the females,

Genotype, Strophosomus crucifrons, Boh.

Distinguished from true Strophosomus by the setose

mentum, the squamose mandibles and antenne, and the very

oblique corbels of the hind tibiz.

Apart from the species here assigned to the genera Pro-

scephaladeres, Brachybamon, Pomphus, aud Leurops, all the

African “ Strophosomus’’ known to me fall within the present

genus; and, judging by the descriptions, this is also likely

to prove true of 8. ancorifrons, Boh., rotundicollis, Boh.,

crucifer, Boh., obsoletesiynatus, Boh., indoctus, Boh., pupil-

latus, Boh., dilaticollis, Boh. , denticollis, Quedt., hamaticollis,

Pér., and concinnus, Hartm. The position of S.. hystricr,

Fst. (Ann. Soe. Ent. Belg. 1899, p. 389), from the Congo,

is doubtful.

16 Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on A/rican

Protostrophus immerens, sp. 0.

?. Black, with dense sandy-grey scaling ; the prothorax

with an ill-defined broad central brown stripe, an interrupted

narrow line on each side of it, and a broad lateral stripe on

the inflexed portion, the dorsal markings being sometimes

absent; the elytra often with several rows of very indefinite

darker spots, usually in the strie.

Head separated from the rostrum by a curved stria, which

does not nearly reach the margins ; the forehead smooth,

the sculpturing entirely hidden by the scaling, and with a

deep central furrow; the eyes prominent, strongly produced

backwards, moderately convex, deepest about the middle,

the hind edge of the orbit not projecting. Rostrum trape-

zoidal, much shorter than its basal width, rapidly narrowing

in front, the sides straight ; the upper surface flat, with

only a very inconspicuous scale-covered central carina in

the basal half, and the very shallow punctation hidden by

the dense scaling; the gene not impressed. Antenne

testaceous brown, with the first joint of the funicle distinctly

longer and thicker than the second, which is about twice as

long as the third. Prothoraz not quite twice as broad as

long (5:3), broadest at the middle, the sides moderately

rounded, forming an obtuse granulated lateral edge, very

deeply constricted laterally at the extreme base, and slightly

emarginate on each side at the apex for the reception of the

eyes; the basal margin narrowly raised, truncate and not

broader than the apical, which is shallowly sinuate in the

middle, the angles before the basal constriction rounded, -

and the apical ones almost right angles; the upper surface

moderately convex transversely, but almost flat longi-

tudinally, with fine confluent shallow punctation (hidden by

scaling) and a shallow central stria, which is sometimes

feebly indicated when the scaling is intact. Llytra oblong-

ovate, almost parallel-sided from near the base to beyond

the middle, jointly sinuate at the base and very broadly

rounded behind; the striz very shailow, the punctures

merely indicated through the scaling and each containing

a minute recumbent seta ;. the intervals broad, slightly con-

vex, finely rugose, and each with a row of recumbent pale

sete ; the scales slightly smaller than those on the pro-

thorax, smooth, subcireular, very dense and closely con-

tiguous. Legs with the front tibiz dilated at the apex and

there armed with eight short stout spines, of which the inner-

most pair are very small and contiguous, and the outermost

spine is more distant from the rest ; the mid-tibiz with four _

Genera of Wingless Brachydevine. 17

or five similar apical spines and two more slender ones on the

inner surface in the apical half; corbels of the hind tibie

with u single row of scales at the apex, the apical margin

narrowly enclosed. Sternum with the mesepisterna sepa-

rated from the base of the elytra.

Length 33-4 mm., breadth 2-2! mm.

ZuiuLtanp: Ndumu, i. 1914.

Like a small specimen of 2. amplicollis, Fhs., to which

it is yery nearly related, but in that species the rostrum

is more distinctly carinate, the hind margin of the orbit is

produced beyond the eye, the sides of the prothorax are

more explanate and much more strongly rounded, and its

base is not marginate.

The adult beetles were found eating the leaves of the

ground-nut (Arachis hypogea). Received from the Division

‘of Entomology, Pretoria.

Protostrophus spinicollis, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 5.)

6 ?. Colour black, the upper surface and the sternum

clothed with dense pale green scales, those on the legs,

venter, aud the inflexed margins of the elytra being grey

with a pale coppery reflexion, ‘which colouring is also some-

times present on the head and pronotum,

Head separated from the rostrum by a deeply curved

stria, which nearly reaches the eye on each side; the fore-

head flattened and on a lower level than the inner edges of

the orbits, rugosely punctate (concealed by the scaling), and

with a broad and deep central furrow ; eyes very prominent

and strongly produced backwards, moderately convex, and

with the greatest depth far behind the middle, the posterior

edge of the orbit not projecting. Rostrum unusually long

and narrow, distinctly louger than its basal width, sharply

narrowing from the base to the middle and thence ‘parallel-

sided to the apex ; the upper surface almost flat, set with

coarse shallow punctures, each containing a scale, ‘and with-

out any furrow or carina; the gene simply, rounded, not

impressed. Antenne with the first funicular joint broader

and much longer than the second, which is nearly twice as

long as the third. Prothorax broader than long, the sides

gradually rounded from the apex to bebind the middle and

there armed with a sharp backwardly-directed tooth, behind

which the sides are deeply sinuated, so that the base is

scarcely wider than the apex; the basal margin rounded,

with a shallow sinuation in the middle, the apical margin

truncate; the upper surface strongly conyex transversely

Ann. & Mag. N. List. Ser. 9. Vol. iti. 2

18 Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on Ajrican

and moderately so on its long axis, finely wrinkled longi-

tudinally (the sculpture hidden by the scaling, but the

ridges showing through here and there like shiny granules},

and with a broad central furrow, which is almost filled by a

broad, flattened, shiny, impunctate carina. Llytra oval,

broadest about the middle, jointly sinuate at the base, with

the external angles projecting forwards into a short blunt

point ; when the scaling is intact the striz appear narrow

and very shallow, the intervals being broad, flat, and set

with minute indistinct punctures (hidden by the scaling) ;

the scales are small, almost circular, and contiguous, but not

overlapping ;_ the sete are short, dark, scale-like, and

recumbent. Legs with the corbels of the hind tibiz bare,

and the apical margin narrowly enclosed ; the front tibize

without distinct apical teeth. Sternum with the mesepi-

sterna broadly meeting the elytra.

Length 33-4 mm., breadth 12-2 mm.

TransvaaL : Naboomspruit (D. Anderson).

An isolated species, distinguished by its long narrow

rostrum, prominent eyes, and toothed prothorax.

Received from the Division of Entomology, Pretoria,

with the information that the beetles were destroying young

maize-plants.

Genus Leurops, nov.

Head broad, the forehead almost flat and with a central

stria which does not quite reach the vertex ; eyes quite

lateral, short-oval, horizontal, and only slightly convex, the

curvature being unusually low as compared with allied

genera. Rostrum a little longer than the head, strongly

narrowed from base to apex, and completely continuous

with the forehead; genz not dilated; epistome small,

depressed, the sides not carinate, the front margin shallowly

sinuate ; mandibles scaly and multisetose, with a strong

median tooth, the scar almost circular and not very distinct;

mentum with the basal half depressed and more or less

deeply sunk in, its cavity, the front half with numerous sete;

scrobes very narrowly visible from above and broadly dilated

behind. Antenne with the scape slender, abruptly clavate

aud reaching about the middle of the eye ; funicle squamose,

joint 1 much longer than 2, the remainder slightly longer

than broad. Prothorax broadest at the base, the basal

margin rounded. Scutellum minute. Elytra fitting very

closely to the prothorax, their sides forming very nearly a

continuous line; the dorsal longitudinal curvature very flat

¢- ol OO “~taeeeis, cee

—

Genera of Wingless Brachyderine, 19

and almost continuous with that of the prothorax, the

lateral areas very sharply inflexed and without any humeral

prominence ; the surface very even and scarcely striate.

Slernum with the gular margin sinuate, the cox in the

middle of the prosternum, and the centro-sternite not tuber-

cular ; mesepisternum not transversely impressed at the

base and separated from the elytrou by the mesepimeron;

metasternum between the coxw much shorter than the mid-

coxw, and with no transverse fold in front of the hind cox,

the metepisternum continuously narrowed behind almost to

a point, its base not produced internally, and the dividing

suture complete ; hind cox extremely narrowly separated

from the elytra. Venter with the intercoxal process dis-

tinetly narrower than the hind coxie, and its margin gently

rounded ; hind margin of segment 1 very shallowly sinuate,

segment 2 longer than 3 or 4. Legs short; the corbels of

the hind tibize oblique, squamose, and narrowly enclosed

at the extreme apex, the external fringe of sete shortly

ascending the dorsal edge of the tibia ; tarsal claws connate.

There are no marked external sexual characters ; the

first veutral segment of the ¢ is shallowly impressed, and

the last one shorter than in the ?.

Genotype, Leurops cana, sp. u.

The absence of the transverse stria separating the rostrum

from the forehead and the comparatively slight convexity of

the eyes, combined with the oblique squamose corbels of the

hind tibize, will readily distinguish the species of this genus

from their allies.

Leurops cana,sp.n. (PI. I, fig. 1.)

3 ?. Colour black, the legs black to piceous; the last

tarsal joint, antennw, mentum, and part of the mandibles

dark testaceous. The scaling dense, ash-grey above and

below, sometimes with an admixture of pale brownish scales

above, forming a very faint, broad, ceutral stripe on the

pronotum and some broken lines on the elytra; the latter

u-ually with traces of a whitish spot about the middie of

interval 5 and another beliind it on interval 3,

Head quite smooth, the fine close pui.ctation almost

entirely hidden by the scaling aud the short, broad, back-

wardly recumbent sete; eyes very short-oval (3:24).

Rostrum a little shorter than its basal width, almost flat

above, with a shallow central impression in the anterior

half containing an indistinct longitudinal carina ; the upper

20 Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on A/rican

edge of the scape running far below the eye. Prothorax

perfectly smooth, the punctation and clothing as on the

head, and without any central stria or carina; the basal

margin not carinate, the front margin straight dorsally and

hardly sinuate behind the eyes, and the sides very slightly

rounded. lytra very broadly ovate, the transverse dorsal

curve very flat; the actual apex rapidly narrowed to a

rounded point, but not visible directly from above; the basal

margin jointly sinuate, embracing the base of the prothorax,

but not constricted or marginate; the surface quite even,

with regular rows of small separated punctures, each con-

taining a minute seta; the intervals broad and finely

coriaceous (the sculpture hidden by the scaling), and

bearing irregularly placed, small, recumbent, scale-like setae,

which are by no means easy to see; the suture completely

hidden by the scaling.

Length 4-5 mm., breadth 23-3 mm.

Orance Free Strate: Bothaville (Dr. H. Brauns).

Described from seven specimens.

Leurops obesa, sp. n.

¢. Colour black, clothed with dense, uniform, ash-grey

scaling; the antenne, legs, and part of the mandibles

piceous.

Very closely allied to the genotype, but differing as

follows :—//ead with the eyes more nearly circular (384: 3).

Rostrum distinctly longer, a little longer than its basal

width ; the upper edge of the scrobe, if continued, would

touch the lower margin of the eye, whereas in L. cana it

would pass far below the eye; the scrobe itself distinctly

shallower behind. Prothorax proportionately longer, with

the front margin more deeply sinuate behind the eye.

Length 5 mm., breadth 3 mm.

INTERIOR Or 8. Arrica.

Described from a single male.

Leurops substriata, sp. n.

3 %. Colour black, with dense scaling; the legs and

antenne piceous black. In a well-marked specimen the

pattern is as follows:—Ground-colour pale grey ; the upper-

side of the lead and rostrum light brown, except the apex

of the latter and a bisinuate transverse line at its base, a

central line on the forehead and a stripe above each eye,

————a

Tg ar

Grenera of Wingless Brachyderine. 21

which are grey; prothorax with a broad, dark brown, median

stripe, a less distinct one on each side of it, and a narrower

one on the inflexed sides ; elytra with the suture narrowly

light brown, and with dark brown macular stripes covering

stri 1, 2,5, and the base of 4. But some or all of these

markings may be very nearly obliterated.

Also very close structurally to Z. cana, but the eyes are

decidedly more convex, and the central stria on the forehead

is more concealed by the scaling; the rostrum is even

shorter in proportion to its basal width, and the central

carina is more raised at its base ; the sete on the head and

rostrum are longer and distinctly raised, whereas in L. cana

they lie quite flat; the sete on the pronotum and elytra are

similarly longer and much more conspicuous ; the prothorax

has the basal margin narrowly carinate and less strongly

rounded; the scutellum is smaller, being scarcely per-

ceptible ; the elytra bear very shallow striz (of which there

is no trace in the other two species), and when abraded the

punctures appear appreciably larger and more closely set.

Length 5-6 mm., breadth 3-34 mm. -

Oxanee Free Srare: Paul Roux, 23. x. 1917 (M. G.

Ferreira).

Described from one male and four females ; received from

the Division of Entomology, Pretoria, with a record that the

insects were injuring maize-plants,

Genus PsEUDOBLOSYRUS, Noy.

Head twice as broad as long, trisculate, the eyes very

prominent. Rostrum subquadrate, separated from the head

by a deep sinuous furrow that reaches the sides, the lower

surface with two deep longitudinal furrows and a transverse

basal impression ; epistome well defined, the sides forming

an obtuse ridge, rounded behind, the front margin deeply

sinuate and shorter than one of the sides ; mandibles multi-

setose and without scaling, with a distinct median tooth and

a sharp longitudinal carina running from the scar to the

base y mentum with the anterior part convex and bearing a

fringe of setz, the posterior part flat and deeply sunk in

its cavity; scrobes entirely lateral and quite invisible from

above, very deep and gradually widening outwardly, the

upper edge ending on a level with the lower margin of the

eye. Antenne with the scape gradually clavate and reaching

the middle of the eye; funicle squamose, the two basal joints

22 De. G. A. K. Marshall on Africin

of equal length. Prothorax transverse, the basal margin

finely carinate. Scutellum concealed. Elyira subglobose,

fitting closely to the prothorax, with a subhumeral pro-

minence and irregular punctation. Sternum with the gular

margin shallowly sinuate, the coxe in the middle of the

prosternum, the centro-sternite small and tubercular ; mes-

episterna narrowly separated from the elytra and with a

transverse furrow at their extreme base (often hidden by the

prosternum); metasternum between the coxe distinctly

shorter than the mid-coxe and with a strong antecoxal fold,

the episternum angularly produced inwards at the base, the

episternal suture more or less obliterated at its apex ; the

hind cox narrowly separated from the elytra. Venter with

the intercoxal process strongly angulated, and nearly as

broad as the hind coxze; segment 1 with a small sinuation in

the middle of the hind margin, segments 2—4 subequal in

length. Legs comparatively slender, the femora only slightly

clavate; all the tibize with a row of five to seven stout spines

along the inner edge of the apical half, the hind tibiz with

the corbels o!tiquely terminal, bare and distinctly enclosed ;

claws connate.

¢. The last ventral segment bears a large deep impression.

Genotype, Pseudoblosyrus sharpi, sp. n.

Superficially just like a Blosyrus, but distinguished by the

setose mentum, the enclosed corbels of the hind tibia, the

angulated base of the metepisternum, and the irregularly

foveate and tuberculate elytra.

Pseudoblosyrus sharpi, sp.n. (Pl. I. fig. 2).

S 2. Black, not very shiny, with sparse grey scaling on

the elytra and pale bluish scales on the head and pronotum.

Head with fine shallow punctation, the lateral sulci almost

as deep as the central one; eyes hardly p:oduced backwards,

their greatest depth well behind the m ddle, the hind edge

of the orbit not projecting. Rostrum longer than the head,

about as long as broad, almost parallel-sided, somewhat

flattened above, with a strong complete «ential costa, which

bifureates near the apex ; adjoining the costa on each side

a broad, deep, oblique impression, the punctation coarse, but

very shallow. Antenne with joints 4-6 of the funicle sub-

equal, bead-like, a little longer than broad, and shorter than

3 and 7, which are nearly equal. Prothorax with the sides

rather strongly rounded, broadest before the middle, the

apical margin truncate, narrower than the base and quite

Genera of Wingless Brachyderine. 233

vertical laterally, the basal margin arcuate; the upper

surface coarsely coriaceous, with a broad oblong median

impression, the dorsal outline sloping from base to apex.

Elytra subglobose, broadest before the middle, the dorsal

outline strongly convex, deepest before the middle, the base

sinuate and slightly raised laterally, the apices jointly

rounded ; set with shallow, irregular, more or less confluent

and ill-defined fovez, only the juxta-sutural row and those

on the inflexed sides being regular; the intervals with

numerous irregular, large, low, rounded tubercles, which are

bare and closely and finely punctate; the small broad

curved sete are with difficulty distinguishable from the true

scales,

Length 10-11 mm., breadth 54-6 nm.

TRANSVAAL: Pretoria.

Types, & in Dr. D. Sharp’s collection, ? in the British

Museum.

Described from 1 g¢ and 6 ? 2, all of which were kindly

submitted to me by Dr. Sharp, who had already recognized

that in spite of its superficial resemblance to Blosyrus this

species is really more closely allied to the Madagascar genus

Helonychus.

Genus SYNECHOPs, nov.

Head with a central furrow which does not reach the

vertex, not constricted behind the eyes, which are quite

lateral and very convex. Rostrum strongly deflected, con-

tinuous with the forehead, oblong, the dorsal edges broadly

rounded off, the lower surface parallel with the upper ;

epistome quite indefinite posteriorly, the apical edge deeply

emarginate; mandibles multisetose, not squamose, without

any median tooth or dorsal longitudinal carina, the scar sub-

triangular; mentum setose; scrobes narrow, deep, and

squamose, the upper edge ending on a level with the lower

margin of the eye, the apical portion partly visible from

above. Antenne with the scape rather abruptly clavate,

reaching about the middle of the eye; funicle squamose,

the two basal joints equal. Prothoraxy transverse, narrower

in front than behind. Seutellum small, but distinct. Llytra

fitting closely to the prothorax, the base not marginate, the

apices jointly rounded, the shoulders rounded, the punctation

irregular. Sternum with the gular margin truncate, the

coxre in the middle of the prosternum, the centro-sternite

tubercular; mesepisterna meeting the elytra only at the

24 Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on Africin

extreme base; metasternum shorter than the mid-coxe,

with a distinct antecoxal fold, the episternum produced

inwards at the base, the episternal suture visible only in the

basal half, the hind coxze meeting the elytra. Venter with

the intercoxal process angulated and narrower than the hind

coxee, the hind margin of segment 1 sinuate, and segment 2

longer than 3 and 4 together. Legs with the femora mode-

rately clavate; tibize straight and cylindrical, not mucronate

at the apex, the hind corbels open and bare ; ; tarsi broad,

the claws connate.

¢ unknown.

Genotype, Synechops irregularis, sp. n.

A rather isolated genus, readily distinguished by the

following combination of characters : the complete absence

of any dividing-line between the rostrum and forehead, the

open corbels of the hind tibiz, and the simple mandibles.

Synechops irregularis, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 8.)

9. Black, with uniform, dense, sand-coloured sealing.

Head rather strongly convex transversely, shallowly im-

pressed on each side behind the eyes, the long scale-like

sete quite recumbent; eyes nearly ‘circular and hemi-

spherical. Rostrum oar. parallel-sided, almost flat above,

but with the dorsal edges gradually rounded away, with

coarse confluent punctation (mostly hidden by scaling) and

with a central furrow (continuous with that on the head)

from the base to the middle. -dntenne with joints 3-7 of

almost equal length, but 7 distinctly broader than the

others, trapezoidal. Prothorax broader than long (22x 2),

the sides moderately rounded, broadest a little before the

middle, with a very shallow transverse impression at about

one-fourth from the apex, the basal margin very gently

arcuate and not raised, the apex truncate ; the upper surface

with coarse confluent punctation (mostly hidden by the

scaling and stout recumbent setz) and no central furrow or

carina, but with some irregular impressions on each side

behind the middie ; the dorsal outline almost level, forming

a continuous curve with that of the rostrum aud head.

Elytra oblong-ovate, rather broadly rounded behind (as seen

directly from above), the basal margin gently sinuate; the

dorsal outline rising from the scutellum, then almost flat,

and sloping steeply behind, the apical part quite vertical ;

the punctation coarse and quite irregular, except for a row

Genera of Wingless Brachyderine. 25

along the suture and two or three on the inflexed sides ; the

spaces between the punctures, where visible, shining and

coriaceous; the scales small, nearly circular, convex, and

shiny ; the stout flattened sete irregularly placed and nearly

recumbent.

Length 8§ mm., breadth 44 mm,

Carr Cotony: Hex River.

Described from a single specimen.

Genus Cycuroronus, Pasc.*.

As a result of following Faust’s interpretation of the

genus Chaunoderus, Gerst., L sank Cychrotonus as a synonym

of it (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, p. 958). It is now clear that

under Chaunoderus Faust associated insects having two

distinct types of antennal scrobes, In the genotype,

C. stupidus, Gerst., with which [ am not acquainted, the

scrobes are described as being of a normal Otiorrhyuchine

type—superior, directed straight towards the eyes, and

disappearing a little before the middle of the rostrum ;

whereas in Cychrotonus they curve downwards in front of

the eye and extend to the base of the rostrum. Of the

described species of Chaunoderus known to me, the following

must be referred to Cychrotonus:—C. marginalis, Fst., C.

subglaber, Fst., C. sternalis, Wartm., and C. apicalis, Hartm.;

whereas C. brevicollis, Fst., and C. transversus, Fst., may

provisionally remain in Gerstaecker’s genus.

Cychrotonus ellipticus, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 7.)

3 2. Black or piceous, practically devoid of scaling

above; the lower surface of the head and rostrum, the

sternum, and cox with scattered, flat, bluish scales; the

venter with numerous elongate, narrow, curved, whitish

scales.

Head with rather coarse, longitudinally confluent puncta-

tion, the forehead flat, but not noticeably depressed below

the vertex; eyes rather less convex than usual, deepest in

the middle and bounded internally by a deep furrow.

Rostrum longer than broad, rather broader near the base

than at the gene, the sidcs sinuate in the middle ; coarsely

* Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xi, 1871, p. 162.

26 Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on African

punctate, with a low broad central carina (sometimes rather

ill-defined) and a narrower curved one on each side of it ;

set with brownish curved scale-like sete, and sometimes

with some narrow bluish scales on the apical half; scrobes

with the upper margin sharply angulate close to the base.

Antenne with the scape distinctly curved, the funicle with

joint 1 hardly longer than 2, 3-7 subequal, bead-like, and

slightly broader than long. Prothorax broader than long

(3:2), broadest at the base, strongly narrowed in front, the

sides rounded, the apical angles very prominent (as seen

from above), the dorsal apical margin truncate, the basal

margin arcuate; the dorsal outline strongly convex trans-

versely and slightly so longitudinally, the apex being much

below the level of the base ; the upper surface strongly and

very closely punctate, with a faint longitudinal impression

in the middle of the base, the sculpture on the inflexed sides

becoming more or less plicate; the lateral portion of the

apical margin carinately raised, forming an obtuse angle

below the eye and a sharp projection in front of each coxa.

Scutellum closely punctate. lytra narrowly elliptical and

broadest before the middle in ¢, rather broader in 9? , which

has the humeral angulation scarcely perceptible, the basal

margin jointly sinuate; the elytra strongly compressed

behind, so that the suture is elevated on the declivity, the

longitudinal outline almost flat in ¢, the apical portion

dropping almost at a right angle and sinuate in profile; in

the ¢ the outline slopes more from the middle to the top

of the declivity; the shallow striz with large quadrate

punctures, the intervals about as broad as the striz, finely

punctate and somewhat rugulose transversely, with scattered,

extremely minute, scale-like sete, which are conspicuous

only on the declivity. Sternum: mesosternum with a per-

fectly smooth shiny patch adjoining the outer sides of the

mid-coxz and standing out in contrast with the strongly

sculptured surface; metasternum sparsely granulate. Venter

very rugosely punctate and granulate, especially in the g,

in which the first segment bears bebind the coxa a deep

excision, the poition between it and the elytra being smooth

and shiny.

Length, 3 113-13 mm., 2? 10} mm.; breadth, g

AL54 mm., 2? 44 mm.

Bexcian Conco: Kasenga, xi. 1912 (Dr. Bequaert).

This distinct species is specially characterised by its

elongate shape, the two sharp prominences on the gular

Genera of Wingless Brachyderine. 27

margin of the prosternum, and the remarkable structure of

the first ventral segment of the @.

Described from 2 ¢ g andl 2.

Cychrotonus decoratus, sp. ni.

3 ?. Black or piceous, with inconspicuous and easily

abraded dark scaling on the disk of the elytra, and with the

following markings formed of pale metallic-green scales :—

A stripe along the inner edge of each eye and the whole

side of the head and rostrum ; a narrow median stripe on

the prothorax, a broader lateral one behind the eye, and

another above the coxa; elytra with a stripe on interval |

from behind the scutellum to about the middle, a short

humeral stripe on 7 from the base to about one-third, a

complete marginal stripe reaching stria 9, but broader at

the apex and emitting at the middle a more or less dentate

broad oblique band, which reaches the suture at the top of

-the declivity and is united by a sutural stripe to the apical

patch ; a very short isolated stripe at the apex of interval 5,

aud occasionally a still shorter one at the apex of 7 ; in the

? only there is a round spot at the middle of interval 3 and

a trace of another on 5. The lower surface rather thinly

clothed with pale greenish scales.

Head with strong, longitudinally confluent punctation, a

deeply impressed line along the inner margin of the eye, and

a large central fovea; eyes rather less prominent than usual,

deepest in the middle. Hostrum a little longer than broad

(7:6), parallel-sided, almost flat on the disk, coarsely and

confluently punctate, with a low smooth median costa (rather

broader and flatter in the ¢ ) which widens anteriorly, a low

punctate costa forming the margin of the dorsal area, and

~ beneath it a longitudinal impression in front of the eye. An-

tenne with the two basal joints of the funicle equal, joints 3-7

subequal and about as long as broad, the first joimt of the

club narrow and subeylindrical in its basal half. Prothorax

about as long as the apical width, the sides subparallel from

the base to the middle, then gradually narrowed to the apex,

the apical margin broadly sinuate (as seen from above)

owing to a marked thickening behind the eye, the base very

shallowly bisinuate, the longitudinal outline nearly flat; the

upper surface with close shallow punctures of varying sizes,

each filled with a flat scale, the median line often very

shallowly impressed in the basal half. Elytra narrowly

28 Messrs. L. A. Lantz and O, Cyrén on

ovate in the @, broader in the ?, broadest before the

middle, with barely a trace of a humeral prominence in the

Ps the basal mar gin jointly sinuate ; the shallow striz with

lar; ge separated punctures ; ; the intervals broad and with fine

shallow punctation. Sternum rugose, but not granulate,

except the mesosternum, which is finely aciculate. Venter

with two oblique impressions on segment 1 behind the coxa

in the ¢ only.

Length 8-10 mm., breadth 33-42 mm.

Bewcran Conco: “Lukombe, x. 1908 (A. Koller).

Described from 3 ¢ ¢ and3 @ 2.

Easily distinguished from all the other known species of

the genus by its striking coloration.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Fig. 1. Leurops cana, sp. n., p. 19.

Fig. 2. Pseudoblosyrus sharpi, sp. 0., p. 22.

Fig. 3. Pomphus denticollis, sp. n., p. 8.

Fig. 4. Proscopus marginatus, sp. n., p. 13.

Fig. 5. Protostrophus spinicollis, sp. n., p. 17.

Fig. 6. Bradybamon swalet, sp. n., p. 10.

Fig. 7. Cychrotonus ellipticus, sp. n., 3, p. 25.

Fig. 8. Synechops irregularis, sp. n., p. 24

II.—On Lacerta praticola, Eversm. By L. A. Lanz

and O. Crre&n.

BortTtcerR remarks, in his account of the reptiles collected

in the Talysh by G. Radde and H. Leder*, that the two

specimens of Lacerta praticola examined by him differ from _

Western Caucasian specimens in having five pairs of chin-

shields instead of six, two instead of three forming a median

suture. ‘he author thinks it would be possible to establish

a local variety, should this character be found to be constant.

This is indeed the case, as appears from our examination

of a larger material collected in the same country. We

found only isolated specimens—from the Talysh f as well as

from the Western Caucasus [—with five chin-shields on

* Radde, ‘Fauna u. Flora d. sidwestl. Caspigebietes,’ Leipzig, 1886,

basa y'

+ One specimen out of 21.

t One specimen out of 43,

Lacerta praticola, Eversm. 29

one side and six on the other; in such case the median

suture is formed by two shields on one side and three on

the other. As the two forms differ also in other characters,

such anomalous specimens can, however, easily be identified ;

therefore the separation of G pr aticola into two subspecies

seems to be justified,

Eversmann’s description and figure of the type-specimen

from Piatigorsk * are not clear enough to settle the question,

which of the two subspecies must be considered as the

typical. A full description of the species was first given by

Kessler +, who examined thirteen specimeus from the Kuban

district, Piatigorsk, valley of R. Bielaia, and Anauur, two

of which formerly were in Eversmann’s collection. Kessler

indicates six pairs of chin-shields, the first three forming a

median suture. Relying on this, we intended to describe

a Caspian subspecies, believing the Western Caucasian

form to be the typical one.

Thanks to the kindness of MM. K. Derjugin and

P. Nesterov we have been enabled to revise the collection

of the Petrograd University. We found there several

of Kessler’s specimens, and amongst them one labelled

* Piatigorsk, leg. Eversmann.”? We must admit that

Kessler agiebted to examine the chin-shields of this very

specimen, as it has only five pairs of them and agrees in

every respect with the Talysh ZL. praticola. It ‘cannot,

however, be considered as the type-specimen, because it has

a normal interparietal and occipital, while Eversmann

indicates these shields as separated by an accessory one.

Both the type-specimen and the specimen preserved in

the Petrograd University are from the same locality ; other

material from Piatigorsk, Essentuki, and Kislovodsk + was

kindly examined for us by M.S. Tsarevski. All these show

only five pairs of chin-shields, two of them forming a median

suture. ‘Therefore it is undeniably the Oriental subspecies

which occurs at Piatigorsk and surrounding localities that

must be considered as ‘the typical L. pr aticola.

It is of great interest that L. praticola praticcla seems to

be confined to the Caspian Sea basin §, wlile the western

* Lacertw Imperii Rossici (Moscow, 1854).

+ Journey in ‘Transcaucasia, St. Petersb., 1878, p. 156 (in Russian),

t Coll. Acad. Petr. Nos, 5273, 6861, and 7900.

§ We examined specimens from Pi «tigorsk, Mount Il near Vladi-

kavkar, Lagodekhi, Kala-Dagna, valley of KR. Astara-tshai, Elburz

Mountains between Astara and Ardebil, Shafe-rud near Enzeli.

30 Messrs. L. A. Lantz and O. Cyrén on

subspecies is found practically only in countries draining —

towards the Black Sea *—a fact which induced us to

choose for the latter the name pontica. Judging from

several specimens from Mehadiaf, the Hungarian ZL. prati-

cola also belongs to this form.

The two subspecies may be distinguished by the following

characters :—

1. Lacerta praticola praticola, Eversm.

Head and limbs comparatively short. Proportion,

length of pileus : ;

length of head and body * 0:22-0°23-0'24 F in the g (8 spec.)

ee ee ose in the @ (10 spec.). Proportion,

ength of fore lim :

eagih Gr head and boars 0:°30—0'37-0°33 in the g (8 spec.)

ot pire oe ae in the ¢ (10 spec.). Proportion,

ength of hind limb. epee

iseeeh opuedtanld beady ® 0°45-0°48-0°52 in the d (8 spec.) and

0°39-0'43-0°49 in the 2? (10 spec.).

Row of superciliary granules incomplete and generally

reduced to a few granules. Occipital generally very small,

narrower than, or as broad as, the interparietal, and pene-

trating only a little between the parietals. Always a single

postnasal, in contact with the internasal. Masseteric shield

moderate, rarely reaching the first supratemporal, and

separated from the tympanic by 2, seldom by 1 or 3, rows

of rather small temporals. 5, seldom 6, lower labials,

5 pairs of chin-shields, the first 2 forming a median suture,

On a line between the suture of the chin-shields and the

collar 16-19-22 gular scales (21 spec.). Dorsal scales com-

paratively broad and short, rather feebly keeled, aud imbri-

cate ; in a transverse row across the middle of the body

35-39-43 scales (19 spec.). In the ¢ 26-26-27 (8 spec.),

in the ¢ 28-29-30 (10 spec.), transverse rows of ventral

plates,

2. Lacerta praticola pontica, subsp. n.

Ifead and limbs comparatively long. Proportion,

ee : 0°23-0°24-0°24 in the g (16 spec.)

length of head and body

* The specimens examined are from Georgievsko-Osetinskoie (Kuban

Valley), Novorossiisk, Sotshi, mountains near Adler, Gagry, Gudaut,

Suklum, Ananur (valley of R. Aragva); the latter locality only belongs

to the Caspian Sea basin.

+t Coll. Acad. Petr. No. 9814.

¢ The middle number means the average.

Lacerta praticola, Zversm. 31

and 0°20-0°2/-0'24 in the ? (12 spec.). Proportion,

length of fore limb

fongth of head and body : 0 28-0°33-0°34 in the g (16. spec.)

ons ea inket se in the $ (12 spee.). Proportion,

ength of hind lim = ser a

on head and body: 0'47-0°51-0'54 in the g (16 spec.)

and 0°40-0°45-0°49 in the ? (12 spec.).

Row of superciliary granules generally not much reduced,

often complete. Occipital comparatively large, generally

broader than the interparietal, and penetrating rather widely

between the parietals. Postnasal generally not reaching the

internasal ; sometimes two superposed postnasals, the upper

small, in contact with the internasal. Masseteric shield

large or very large, almost always in contact with the first

supratemporal, and separated from the tympanic by one

large scale or two superposed rather large temporals.

6, seldom 7, lower labials. 6 pairs of chin-shields, the first 3

forming a mediin suture. Qn a line between the suture of

chin-shields and the collar, 14-77-19 gular scales (43 spec.).

Dorsal seales comparatively narrow and elongate, rather

strongly keeled, and imbricate ; in a transverse row across

the middle of the body 82-37-41 scales (43 spec.). In the

d 22-25-26 (23 spec.), in the $ 26-25-30 '(18 spec.),

transverse rows of ventral plates.

In reading the description of ZL. vivipara stenvlepis, Nik.*,

we could not find any character to separate this form from

L. praticola, ‘\his was confirmed on examining the type-

specimen, a very large 2 t offering the anomaly mentioned

above, i. e. 5-6 chin-shields, By the other characters of

scaling, aud especially the rather small masseteric shield,

the number of superciliary granules reduced to 3 on each

side, it appears asa well-characterized L. praticola praticola,

which cannot be confounded with ZL. vivipara,

Recently Nikolski described a new species from Sotshi,

L. colchicat, which seems also to be closely allied to

L. praticola, The author was so kind as to send us the

type-specimen for closer examination, It is a typical

L. vivipara, Jacq., entirely agreeing with some specimens

from the Government of Moscow used for comparison.

L. vivipara has never been recorded from Transcaucasia, and

it is very doubtful that it occurs in that country ; probably

some error has taken place in labelling this specimen,

* *Herpetologia caucasica,’ Tiflis, 1913, p. 54.

t Coll. Acad. Petr. No. 7203, from Mount Il near Viadikavkar,

} ‘ Fauna of Russia, Reptiles,’ i. (Petrograd, 1915),

32 On the White-toothed Shrew of Palestine.

Ill.— The White-toothed Shrew of Pa'estine.

By OLDFIELD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Cart. G. C. SHorTRIDGE has contributed to the British

Museum a couple of specimens of a white-toothed. shrew

obtained by him during the Palestine campaign.

It appears to represent a new subspecies of Crocidura

russula, and may be called

Crocidura russula judaica, subsp. n.

Like the large Central European C. russula russula, but

colour paler and greyer.

Fur of back about 4°2 mm. in length; very few longer

piles present.

General colour of upper surface rather darker than “ light

drab,” much brighter, greyer, and less brown than true

russula, owing to the reduction of the dark brown tips to the

hairs and the greater degree to which the grey of the underfur

shows through. Under surface distinctly lighter, the ends of.

the hairs whitish, with but little drabby sufftusion. ‘Tail

rather short.

Skull as in C. 7. russula. Third upper unicuspid rather

broader than second.

Dimensions of the type (taken from skin) :—

‘T'ail 37 mm.; hind foot 13.

Of a specimen measured in the flesh :—

Head and body 58 mm.; tail 38; hind foot 13;

ear 9°5. :

Skull (of type): condylo-incisive length 21°2; greatest

breadth 9°5; height of crown from basion 4°7; upper tooth-

row 9°7.

flab. Palestine. Type from near Jerusalem.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 18. 8.1.3. Collected April

1918, and presented by Capt. G. C. Shortridge. Two

specimens.

W hile the other forms of the russula group described from

S.W. Asia are darker than the typical Muropean animal, the

present one is readily distinguishable from ail by being

markedly lighter. »

Larve &e. of Mycetobia, Ditomyia, and Symmerus, 33

1V.—On. the Structure of the Larve and the Systematic

Position of the Genera Mycetobia, Mg., Ditomyia, Wina.,

and Symmerus, Walk, (Diptera Nematocera). By D.

Keitin, D.Sc. (from the Quick Laboratory, University

of Cambridge).

(Plates IT.-V.}

I. Mycetobia pallipes, Meigen.

The larvie of Mycetobia pallipes were tirst described and

fi.ured by Lyonnet (1832) and Guérin-Mém ville (1835).

Dufour (1844) and notably Perris (1870), after a more

complete study of these larvee, showed that their respiratory

system is amphipneustic and called attention to their external

resemblance to the larvee of Rhyphus fenestralis, Scop.

Osten-Sacken (1892), referring to the papers of these

entomologists, again raised the question of the larval resem-

blance of Mycetobia aud Rhyphus, which in the adult stage

seemed to be so different. But since Osteu-Sacken the

majority of entomologists dealing with Mycetobia un-

questioningly referred this genus to the family Myceto-

philidze, passing over in silence the peculiar structure of its

larve. ‘Those who gave the matter any attention either

doubted the correctness of the original observations of Dufour

aud Perris, or did not admit the value of larval characters

in determining the systematic position of Insects.

However, a study of the life-history and larval morphology

of Mycetobia pallipes, Mg., and Rhyphus fenestrahs, which L

carried out in 1912-13 on material collected at Chaville

(near Paris) has Jed me to the conclusion that the resem-

blance between these larvee and their difference from those

of Mycetophilidz is much deeper than was ever supposed.

In the present paper I will point ont only the main

characters common to the early stages of Mycetobia pallpes

aud Rhyphus fenestralis, but not found in those of

Mycetophilide.

A more detailed study of the larval anatomy of Mycetobia

I propose to reserve for a special paper dealing with the

family Rhyphide.

Characters common to Mycetobia Characters common to all the

pallipes (Pl. IL. fig. 2, Pl. V.

ligs. 36, 37, 38) and Rhyphus

Senestralis (P1. U, tig. 1).

1. The eggs are invested with 4

gelatinous mass which is fixed

to a solid substratum.

2. Egys are pear-shaped.

Mycetophilidw (VIL. 111.) exeept

the genera Ditomyia and Sym-

merus,

1. Eggs are more or less scattered

on the surface of the fungus

or rotten wood,

2. Eggs are elongated or sub-

spherical.

Aun. & Mag. N, Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. iti. 3

“J

10.

ll.

. Embryo in the egg curved.

. The larvee move 1n a serpentine

manner, or by means of very

active mandibles.

. The segments of the body are

separated by intercalary rings

(Pl. V. fig. 38).

. The larval head with a pair of

tentorial rods (Pl. II. tigs. 1

& 2, ¢..) similar to those of

the larvee of Zrichocera.

. Antennze with a special sensory

organ (Pl. V. fig. 37, &.s.),

corresponding to the bell-

shaped papilla of many other

dipterous larvee (for instance,

those of Ditomyia and all

cyclorhaphous Diptera) and

with some small cylindrical

papillee,

. Mandibles (Pl. V. figs. 35 &

36) show two distinct por-

tions: basal portion (d.p.)

with an internal hook (A.),

and terminal or apical por-

tion (¢t.) which is more

chitinised, ending in three

teeth and bearmmg two brushes

of brown sete.

. Maxille fleshy and soft; the

maxillary palp (figs. 1 & 2,

m.p.) broad, thick, trans-

parent, bearing two groups of

sensory papille (a. and 8.);

the interna] part of the

maxille (m.2.), besides a few

sensory organs, bears nume-

rous long sete.

Labrum with two mid-ventral

protuberances covered with

hairs (figs. 1 & 2, dr. & p.r.). -

and a small comb-shaped

plate (c.m.) on each side of

posterior protuberance.

Labium well developed and

with distinct labial palps

(Lp.).

. The thoracic sensory organs

which are the remains of the

thoracic legs are composed

of four hairs (two long and

two short),

Dr. D. Keilin on the Larve &c. of

3. Embryo straight.

4, The larval movements are

worm-lile.

5. No distinct interecalary rings

(Pl. II]. fig. 3); only some

larvee--for instance, those of

Ceroplatus — have the seg-

mentation of their abdomen

masked by superadded trans-

versal folds.

6. Head without tentorial rods,

7. Antenne either elongated as in

Bolitophiia (Pl. Ul. fig. 4,

A.n., and fig. 13) or reduced

to a flat, wide, non-chitinised

surface bearing some very

small sensory papillee.

8. Mandibles (figs. 5 & 7) flat-

tened, strongly chitinised, and

with their internal margin

toothed,

9. Maxille (PI. III. figs. 10, 11,

12) flattened and strongly

chitinised, with their internal

margin (m.«.) toothed, like

those of the mandibles. The

maxillary palps (m.p.) are

very much reduced.

10, Labrum (figs. 6 & 8) without

mid-ventral protuberances

and without comb-shaped

plates.

11. Labium reducedand not visible

irom exterior.

12. Thoracic sensory organs com-

posed of four hairs of equal

length (fig. 9),

Mycetobia, Ditomyia, and Symmerus. bo

13. Respiratory system is amphi- 13, Respiratory system is either

pneustic with only two pairs hewipneustic (fig. 3) with oue

of functional spiracles: (1) pair of prothoracic and seven

prothoracic and (2) postabdo- pairs of abdominal spiracles,

minal, or propneustic (L’olylepta or

Diudocidia), or wpucustic

( Ceroplatus). :

14. Alimentary duct without ante- 14. Alimentary duct with a pair

rior capes. of anterior lateral coeca.

15. Anus ventral. 15. Anus terminal or subterminal.

16. Salivary glands short. 16. Salivary glands very long.

17. Hypoderm of posterior seg- 17. No special large cells in hypo-

ments of larvee, which sur- derm of the posterior ead of

rounds the anal cleft, is the body.

composed of very large and

thick cells.

18. Pup strongly chitinised with 18. Pape with thin chitin and

rows of small hooks on the without the rows of short

abdominal segments and spines or hooks,

especially on the posterior

end of their body.

All these characters show us clearly that the difference

between the larva of Mycetubia and those of Mycetophilide

(s. 1.) is as striking as its resemblance to the larve of

Rhyphidie.

But to solve finally this question a comparative study of

the adult stages of these Diptera had to be undertaken, and

this was done by F. W. Edwards (1916, p. 115), who in his

interesting paper “On the Systematic Position of the

Genus Mycetobia, Mg.,” arrived at the following con-

clusion :—

“ Mycetobia agrees with the Rhyphidw and diverges from

the Mycetophilidz in the possession of a large gular plate,

in the structure of the second palpal joint, in the position

of the forking of the radial vein, the course of the cubital

vein, and in the chitinous spermathece of the female.

Since the venation of Mycetobia has been shown to be

directly derivable from that of the Rhyphid genus Oldw-

yaster, it is probable that any resemblances in this respect

to the Mycetophilidee are due to convergent evolution, and

not to relationship. The genus Mycelobia (and witir it

Mesochria, though not Ditomyia or Symmerus) wust there-

fore, on grounds of adult as well as larval structure, be

transferred from the Mycetophilidz to the Rhyphidie.”

II. Ditomyia fusciata, Meig.

The first indication of the habitat of this species we owe

36 Dr. D. Keilin on the Larve &c. of

to Meigen (1818, t. i. p. 230), who found a young undeveloped

male of this fly in Polyporus versicolor.

Zetterstedt (1851, t. x. p. 4071) quotes Behrens, who

bred this insect from a fungus which he found on Juglaus

_ regia.

According to Winnertz (1863, p. 669), the larve of

D. fasciata live in different Polyporus aud especially in

P. versicolor and ferrugineus; le quotes also Kaltenbach

who bred LD). macropiera, Winuertz, from Polyporus ignarius.

Schiner (1864, i. p. 428) reared D. fasciata from various

Polypori.

Frauenfeld (1866, p. 200) found the larve of this species

in Polyporus squamosus ; he also gave the first description of

the larval and pupal stages of this fly. Unfortunately, his

very short description does not contain any figure, and may

be applied to many other dipterous larve. The only

characters of his description worth mentioning are tlie

following: (1) the intersegmental spaces are deeply con-

stricted, (2) the first segment of the thorax is large, and

(3) the posterior end of the body bears two protuberances

ended by a sharp spine.

We have, finally, to mention that the collection in the

Entomological Museum of Cambridge contains the pupe

and adults of Ditomyia fasciata, Mg., reared by Fryer (1910)

from Polystictus versicolor collected at Chatteris (Cambs)

and by H. Scott (1910) from the same fungus collected from

beech-stumps at Henley-on-Thames.

I received the larve and pup of Ditomyia fasciata, which

will be described here, from Mr. F. W. Edwards, who found

them in a fungus, which he believes to be Polystictus versi-

color, growing on old beech-stumps near Cambridge and at

Baldock, Herts.

Later on, I collected myself a few of these larve in a

piece of wood covered and penetrated by the mycelium of a

fungus.

According to Edwards, in nature the larve usually live

upon the old fungi, but in his breeding-jars he observed

them attacking the fresh fungi also.

The larvee are opaque white in colour and have very little

power of movement. Pupation takes place within the

fungus without the formation of any cocoon ; before the

emergence of the adult the pupa bores its way to the surface

aud comes halfway out.

The larva is 9°3 mm. long, with very deep intersegmental

grooves (Pl. IV. fig. 14).

Mycetobia, Ditomyia, and Symmerus. 37

The head of the larva isscompletely free, though it may

be retracted in the first thoracic segment. The antenne

(Pl. IV. fig. 23) are very small aud consist of a short

basilar segment which bears sensory organs of three different

shapes: (1) the main bell-shaped (b.s.) sensory organ

which is very common in dipterous larve, (2) one bi-

articulated papilla (p.), and (3) five short cylindrical

papillee.

The labrum (fig. 15) shows on its anterior margin a

brush composed of ordinary sete mixed with sensory hairs.

On each of its latero-anterior corners it bears a bidental

chitinous plate (d.), and on its ventral side a series of short

spines and scales and two strongly chitinised plates (p./.).

The mandibles (fig. 22) are very well developed, thick,

and of a dark brown chitin ; their external margin is slightly

cut into four teeth; they bear three lateral sensory hairs

aud a brush of ordinary brown setze which originates from

the internal basilar corner of the mandibles.

The maxille (fig. 17). The basal part or cardo of the

maxillze consists of soft and transparent chitin with a trans-

verse brown band (¢.6.) and a sensory organ in the form

of a small circular groove. ‘The internal part of the

maxillz (m.a.) is conical in shape and bears a long sensory

hair (s.4.). The maxillary palp (m p.) is very well developed

aud furnished with a series: of sensory organs and some

ordinary chitinous sete.

The labium cousists of a short chitinous plate terminating

in two tridental processes. On the ventral side it bears two

hemispherical palps (.p.) of transparent chitin, each with

three sensory papille.

The thorax is composed of three large segments furnished

with a series of sensory hairs. Among the latter we may

mention six groups of three hairs (fig. 19) which represeut

the remains of the thoracic legs. As I have previously

shown (1911, 1915) these six groups of sensory organs

-exist in all dipterous larve and are always in direct con-

nection with imaginal discs of the thoracic legs.

The eight abdominal segments bear also a series of sensory

hairs, and on their ventral side they are furnished with

lozenge-shaped projections or pseudopodia covered with very

short sete. The last abdominal segment differs from all

the others in bearing the anus and a pair of dorsal pro-

jections terminated by spiracles.

The respiratory system of this larve is peripneustic, @. e. it

is composed of nine pairs of functional spiracles (one pro-

38 Dr. D. Keilin on the Larve Ge. of

thoracic and eight abdominal),‘and one pair of metathoracic

ion-functional spiracles connected ‘with the main tracheal

trunks by means of simple chitinous bands.

All the functional spiracles, except the last abdominal,

are circular, with numerous trema surrounding a central

chitinous plate which corresponds to the cork-shaped scar

(“ Bouchon: cicatriciel”) of the spiracles of Trichocera,

Tipulid or Bibionid. Jarve. The prothoracic spiracle

(fig. 21) is much larger in size than any of the first seven

pairs of abdominal spiracles (fig. 18).

The posterior abdominal spiracles (fig. 20, s.p.), which

are situated on the dorsal projections of the last abdo-

minal segment, are elongated and spine-shaped. The surface

of their external scar (s.c.) 18 covered with very small

chitinous hooks.

Alimentary canal (fig. 16). The very short pharynx

is enclosed in the larval head. It is followed by a short

cesophagus (0.e.) which enters the proventriculus (pr.). Two

long lateral coeca (a.c.) arise from the anterior part of

the midgut, just behind the proventriculus and, directed

backwards, are tightly applied to the lateral sides of it.

The midgut (mg.) is in the form of a straight eylindrical

tube. The four Malpighian tubes (J/.) arise separately at

the junction of the mid- and hind-gut. These four tubes

lie in the posterior. part of the body and surround the hind-

gut. :

The salivary glands (s.g.) are tubular and extend a small

distance behind tiie posterior end of the anterior cceca.

The pupa (PI. IV. fig. 24) is 8 mm. in length, completely

free from the larval skin, and brown in colour. The head

is much recurved on the ventral side, and the thorax, which

projects forward, bears a pair of prothoracie respiratory

horns (p.h.). The legs of the pupa are not superposed as

is often the case in dipterous pup, but he im the same

plane. Each abdominal segment bears dorsally a row of

“short spines. The last segment (Pl. LV. fig. 25) is furnished

with five pairs of hooks curved dorsally.

III. Symmerus annulata, Meigen.

All our knowledge of the larvae of Symmerus was con-

tained in a short sentence of Winnertz (1863, p. 671), who

bred “ one female from a larva which lived in a decomposed

fungus on Carpinus betulus.””

During the month of May of this year Mr. Edwards in-

a Pe

Mycetobia, Ditomyia, and Symmerus. 39

formed me that he had found a specimen of Symmerus annu-

lata which had hatched in one of his breeding-jars. ‘‘ The

larvee of this species,” he added in his letter, “ were boring

in a piece of rotten elm wood. They are almost trans-

parent and glassy in appearance, and, like those of Ditomyia,

move very little and very slowly. The pup wriggle in an

almost snake-like manner when extracted from their habitat.

Unfortunately I found that all the full-sized larvee had

pupated. I have one larva preserved in spirit.”

All the material Mr, Edwards could seud me consisted of

an empty pupa with a moulted larval skin attached to it and

the larva preserved in spirit, mentioned in his letter.

This was, however, quite sufficient for the complete

morphological study of this larva.

The larva of Symmerus annulata (PI. V. fig. 26) is 11 mm.

in length; its last abdominal segment bears the posterior

spiracles, but is without the dorsal paired prominences which

are present in Ditomyia larvee. ‘These two larve are easily

distinguished from one another by their colour and post-

abdominal prominences, but they are quite similar in the

detailed structure of almost all their organs.

The antenne (PI. V. fig. 32), labrum (fig. 27), mandibles

(fig. 31), maxille (fig. 29, m.a.), and labium (fig. 29, 1.),

with their palps (m.p., d.p.) have the same structure as those

of Ditomyia larve. ‘The differences in detail of these organs

in these two larve are shown in the above-mentioned figures.

We may mention only that in the maxillary palps of

Symmerus larvee we do not find the lateral sensory papilla

which -is well developed in Ditomyia larve (PI. IV.

fig. 17, ls.). The labium in Symmerus larve is more

rounded.

Tie thoracic and abdominal segments also bear the

sensory hairs, and the remains of the thoracic legs are

represented by three sensory hairs (fig. 30).

The last abdominal segment is rounded.

The respiratory system is peripueustic, with nine pairs of

functional spiracles: one prothoracic and eight abdominal.

The spiracles (figs. 33 & 34) are very small, and their

structure is similar to those of the first seven pairs of

abdominal spiracles of Di/omyia.

Pupe (fig. 28). Unfortunately I have only one empty

skin of a pupa. I may mention, however, that the pro-

thoracic horus are more elongated than in the pupa of

Ditomyia, and that the thoracic segments bear a row of

lateral short hooks,

40 Dr. D. Keilin on the Larve &c. of

The study of the larvee and pupe of Ditomyia and Sym-

merus shows clearly the great similarity in structure of nearly

all their organs. It also shows, on the other hand, that the

larval and pupal structure of these two genera is totally

different from that of all the Mycetophilide.

The difference is especially striking in the structure of

the antennz, mandibles, maxille, and labium, with their

palps, the sensory organs, respiratory system, structure of

the spiracles, the salivary glands, and, finally, the form of the

pupee.

These two genera must therefore be re-united in a special

family, the Ditomyidze, which itself must be completely

separated from the family of the Mycetophilide.

From the study of the larval and pupal characters it

follows that the family Ditomyide must occupy among the

Diptera Orthorrhaphba Eucephala, of Brauer, a_ position

equally important with that of the Mycetophilide, Bibioni-

nidee, Rhyphide, &e.

As to the relations of this new family to the others we

can state only that the larve of Ditomyide bear a closer

resemblance to the larvee of Bibionidz than to those of any

other Diptera, and more especially when we compare their

labra, mandibles, maxillze, and the structure of the spiracles.

The subfamily Mycetobiine of Winnertz (1861), composed

of the genera Mycetobia, Mesochria, Ditomyia, and Symmerus,

must therefore completely disappear, as Mycetobia (and witli

it, according to Edwards, Mesochria) must be transferred to

the Rhyphidz ; while the two others go to form a separate

family, Ditomyidz, completely separated from Myceto-

philide.

I must express here my best thanks to Mr. F. W. Edwards

for sending me the specimens of Ditumyia and Symmerus

larve. I may say that it is his re-discovery of these larvze

which has enabled me to accomplish this study.

REFERENCES.

Durour L. (1849.) “ Histoire des Métamorphoses du Rhyphus fenes-

tralis et du Mycetobia pallipes.” Ann. de la Soc. Entom. de

France, 2* série, t. viii, pp. 195-210, pl. 7.

Epwarps, F. W. (1916.) “On the Systematic Position of the Genus

Mycetobia, Mg. (Diptera Nematocera).” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 8, vol. xvii. pp. 109-116.

——. MS. Notes on Ditomyia and Symmerus, see pp. 36 & 39 of this

paper.

Myectobia, Ditomyia, and Symmerus. 41

Fravenrecp, G. R. von. (1866.) Zoologische Miscellen. VIT. “ Te-

schreibung der Larven und Puppen von Ditomyia fasciata, Mg.”

Verh, der k, k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, Bd. xv. p. 200.

Guérin-Méyeviiur, F. BE. (1835.) Iconographie du Régne Animal

de G. Cuvier, t. ii. Plauche 93, figs. 3-5.

Kriin, D. (1911.) “Sur certains organes sensoriels des larves des

Diptéres et leur signification probable.” C. R. Acad, Sciences,

Paris, t. 153, p. 977.

—. (1912.) “Recherches sur les Diptéres du genre Trichocera.

Biologie, Développement, Affinités.” Bullet. Scient. de la

France et Belgique, 7¢ série, t. xlvi. Fasc. 2, pp. 172-192,

pls. v.—viil.

——. (1915.) ‘Recherches sur les larves de Diptéres Cyclorhaphes.”

Bullet. Scient. de la France et Belgique, 7¢ série, t. xlix. Fasc. 1-2,

pp- 16-198, pls. i.-xvi.

Lyonrt, P.pe. (1832.) “ Recherches sur l’Anatomie et les Méta-

morphoses de différentes espéces d’Insectes.” Ouvrage posthum,

publié par M. W. de Haan. Paris, J. Balliére, 580 pp., 54 Planches.

(See pp. 186-189, 562, and pl. 17.)

Meigen. (1818.) Systematische Beschreibung der belkannten Euro-

paischen zweifltigeligen Insekten.

OsTEN-SackEN, C. R. (1892.) “On the Characters of the Three

Divisions of Diptera Nemocera: Nemocera vera, Nemocera ano-

mala, and Eremocheta.” Berl. entom. Zeitschr. Ld. xxxvii.

pp- 417-466.

Pennis, E. (1870). “ Histoire des Insectes du Pin maritime.” Ann.

de la Soc. Entom. de Fr. 4me série, t. x. (See pp. 186-196, pl. 2.

figs. 47-61.)

Scurner. (1864.) Fauna Austriaca, t. i. p. 428.

WinneErv1z, J. (1863.) Beitrag zu einer Monographie der Pilzmiicken.”

Verh. Zool.-Bot. Gesellsch. Bd. xiii. pp. 637-964, (See pp. 669-

671.)

Zerrersrept. (1851.) Diptera Scandinavie.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES,

Puate II.

Fig. 1. Head of the larva of Rhyphus fenestralis, Seop., ventral aspect.

a. and 5., sensory organs of maxillary palp ; ¢.m., comb-shaped

plate of labrum ; /.y., labial palp ; /r., labrum with its anterior

ventral prominence ; m.d., mandibles; m.p., maxillary palp;

m.t., maxilla; p.r., posterior ventral prominence of labrum ;

t.n., tentorial rods.

Fig. 2. Head of the larva of Mycetobia pallipes, Mg. Letters as in

fig. 1.

Prats III.

Fig. 3. Larva of Mycetophila blanda, Winn., viewed laterally.

Fig. Head of the larva of Bolitophila fusca, Meig.; dorsal aspect-

A.n,, antennee ; L., eyes.

. Mandible of Mycetophila blanda, Winn,

. Labrum of Bolitophila fusca, Meig.

. Mandible of Mycomyia marginata, Meig.

“IQor Poo

Fig.

Tq.

Fig.

Fiy.

Fig.

Fy.

Fig.

Fiq.

Fig.

Fis,

Fig.

1g.

Fig.

Lig. 3

£19.

Lig. 37

Fig. +

Larve &e. of Mycetobia, Ditomyia, and Symmerus.

8. Labrum of Mycomyia marginata, Meig.

9. Pleural sensory organ representing the remains of thoracic legs

-of Mycomyia mar ‘ginata, Meig.

10. Maxilla of Mycomyia mar ginata, mv.; mp., maxillary palps.

1]. Maxilla of Bolitophila fusca, Meig.

12. Maxilla of Mycetophila blanda, Winn.

13, Antenna of Bolitophila fusca, Meig.

Puats LV.

[All the figures of this Plate concern the larva and Pa of

Ditomyia fasciata. }

14, Larva of Ditomyta fasciata, viewed laterally.

15. Labrum, ventral side. d., dental chitinous plate; p./., ventral

plate. ;

16, Alimentary canal of the larva. a.c., anterior cceca ; m.g., mid-

gut; 1, Malpighian tubes; 0.e., esophagus ; p.r., proventri-

culus; s.¢., salivary glands.

17. Maxille and labiam of larva. 16. labium; Zp., labial palps ;

i.s., lateral sensory organ of the maxillary ‘palp ; ; m.p., maxil-

lary palp; mv. , maxillze ; t.b., transversal chitinous band of

the cardo of maxilla ; s.h, , sensory hair of the internal lobe

of maxillee.

18. Abdominal spiracle of larva.

19. Sensory organ—remains of thoracic leg.

20. Last pair of abdominal spiracles. (f.c., , felt-chamber (“ chambre

feutrée”); Tr, tracheal trunks; s.c., external Scar; 8.p.,

spiracles,

21. Prothoracie spiracle—the black surface represents the external

sear of this spiracle.

22. Mandibula.

23. Antenna. 6,s., bell-shaped sensory organ; p., biarticulated

papilla. ‘

24. enna: viewed laterally. p.., prothoracic respiratory horns.

25. Posterior end of this pupa, showing the hooks.

Pirate V-

[ Figs. 26-34 concern larva and pupa of Symmerus annulata. |

26. Larva of Symmerus annulata, viewed laterally.

27. Labrum of the larva, Letters as in fig. 15.

28, Pupa of Symmerus annulata.

29, Maxilla and labium of this larva. Letters as in fig. 17.

30. Sensory organ—remains of thoracic leg.

31. Mandible.

32. Antenne. Letters as in fig. 25.

33. Abdominal spiracle.

34. Last abdominal spiracle.

35. Mandible of the larva of Rhyphus fenestralis.

36. Mandible of the larva of Mycetobia pallipes.

. Antenna of Mycetobia pallipes.

38. Larva of Mycetobia pallipes, viewed dorsally.

eS a 1? "eer

On anew Genus and Species of Cicadide, 43

—

V.—Description of a new Genus and Species of the

Lomopte rous Family Cicadidee. By W. i? Distant.

In the Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 9, vol. i. p. 196) I

brought the number of recorded species of Cicadide from

Indo-China to the total of 75. Mons. R. Vitalis de Salvaza,

in his last consignment to the British Museum, has included

the beautiful genus and species here described, and the

number of known species from this rich district must now be

recognized us 76.

AYUTHIA, gen. nov.

Head including eyes narrower than base of mesonotun,

almost the length of pronotum ; front obliquely depressed ;

ocelli’ considerably farther removed from eyes than from each

other, and their interspace strongly, broadly, longitudinally

foveate ; pronotum distinctly shorter than mesonotum, late-

rally moderately convexly ampliated where the extreme

margin is coarsely serrated, the posterior marginal area

moderately broad and at the lateral angles angularly truncate ;

abdomen in male longer than space between apex of head

aud base of cruciform elevation, the dorsal surface moderately

oblique on each side; tympanal orifices concealed ; meta-

sternum elevated ; opercula in male short and broad, eX-

tending beyond base of metasternum ; anterior femora strongly

spined beneath; rostrum reaching base of metasternum ;

tegmina and wings semiopaque, tegmina with eight apical

aieas.

Allied to Tosena, A. & S.

Ayuthia spectabile, sp. n.

¢@. Head and pronotum black, moderately palely pilose ;

head with the eyes, ocelli, and intra- ocular suffusions, narrow

anterior and broader posterior margins of pronotum castaneous,

the latter with three prominent black spots; mesonotum

castaneous, with two large central obconical spots at anterior

margin, followed by a longer, but more imperfect spot on each

lateral area, a central fasciate line, the anterior angles of the

cruciform elevation and two spots in front of same, pale

castaneous ; body above black ; body beneath castaneous

with black suffusions ; face castaneous, with the apical area

black ; tegmina with nearly basal half opaque creainy-white,

44 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide.

the venation pale castaneous, apex of basal cell, a curved

linear fascia extending from base of upper ulnar area to base

of lower apical area, anda spot at the apices of the ulnar

areas and apical veins black; wings (excluding extreme apical

area) opaque creamy-white, the veins narrowly pale casta-

neous; rostrum reaching base of metasternum; other struc-

tural characters as in generic diagnosis.

Length, excl. tegm., 3 40, 29 35; exp. tegm. 120 mm,

Hab. Indo-China (2. Vitalis de Salvaza).

A more precise habitat is yet to be received.

VI.—WNotes on the Asilide : Sub-division Asiline.

By Gertrrupe Ricarpo.

Tue Asilide of Australia having been to a certain extent

revised and described in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. [ser. 8,

ix. (April, May), x. (July, Sept.) 1912; xi., January, April,

May 1918; ser. 9, i., January 1918], this paper is the

beginning of an attempt to bring the Asilide of the

Oriental and South African Regions into some order, and

to vame such new species as are to be found in the Brit.

Mus. Coll. and others sent me by Mr. L. Peringuey from

the Cape Museum. The genera Machimus, Neoitamus, aud

Heligmoneura are here dealt with. ‘The types are all in the

Brit. Mus. Coll., unless otherwise specified.

Macuimus, Loew.

Linn. Ent, iv. 1, 3 (1849).

This genus has as yet only been represented in the

Oriental Region by Machimus coruscus, V. d. Wulp, from

Java, a species unknown to me, and by Machimus atratulus,

Wlk., mentioned below.

The species described from the South African Region are

Machimus lepturus, Gerst., from Zanzibar, and Machimus

caudiculatus and penicillatus, Speiser, both from East Africa.

‘l'en new species are now described from India and Ceylon,

and one from S. China. The South African Region is

represented by one new species.

Asilus atratulus, Walker, from Java, is placed by Wulp

in this genus, the type (a female) is in the Brit. Mus. Coll.,

but in such a bad condition it is impossible to decide even

its generic rank. It is a small blackish-brown specimen.

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 45

Moustache black, Legs piceous. Wulp thought he identi-

fied this species among specimens from Java and says the

genitalia are black.

Asilus deformis, Walker, from Arabia, the type, a female,

is in the Brit. Mus. Coll., but, as in the above it is impossible

tv decide what genus it belongs to, it may possibly be

included in the genus Machimus, and is certainly not in

Apoclea, where it is placed in Kertesz’s Catalogue.

Machimus chinensis, 3 3, sp. 0.

T'vype (male), June 1899, and type (female), 1906, 89,

from ‘Tinghae, China (P. de /a Garde), and another male

and female from the same locality.

A large blackish species, covered with yellowish-grey

tomentum ; tibice and tarsi reddish. Moustache yellow, a

few black hairs above.

Length, ¢ 23, 2 28 mm.

Male.—Face covered with yellow tomentum; tubercle

large, darker ; moustache composed of yellow bristles and a

few blaek ones above and down the sides. Palpi black with

yellow hairs. Antenne blackish, the first two joints with

black hairs, some being very stout bristles, the third joint is

as long as the first two joints together ; the arista not quite

so long as the jomt. Forehead with black bristly hairs.

Thorax covered with greyish-yellow tomentum and the usual

dark stripes, the median one not divided, a dark rich brown

in colour, the side ones olive-coloured. Przesutural bristles

three, supra-alar bristles three, postalar bristles two, one is

yellow ; dorso-central bristles about ten in number ; pubes-

cence on dorsum short, black, with some longer hairs

intermixed. Scu¢ellum with four black bristles on its margin.

Abdomen covered with yellowish-grey tomentum, with dark

brown large spots on each segment, the segmentations paler ;

sides with yellow bristles, continued on to the dorsum; ou

the segmentations pubescence consists of short, thick, ap-

pressed, fulvous hairs. Genitalia black, with chiefly black

pubescence ; the eighth ventral segment is produced to a

short point, clothed with chiefly yellow bristly hairs. Legs

black ; tibize and tarsi bright reddish yellow, a little darker

at the apices; fore femora with six bristles below, one near

apex and two at apex, the middle ones with five below and

two near apex, the hind ones with four below and two long

white ones at the extreme base, two black ones on the upper-

side, two near apex, and two at apex; the pubescence on

femora is short, yellowish, on tibiz and tarsi black. Wings

46 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide.

large, clear, with a yellowish tinge; veins-yellow, the small

transverse vein beyond the middle of the discal cell.

Female identical, the bristles on thorax and scutellum

almost entirely yellow; the short bristles on the hind

femora below are seven, with three on the upperside ;

ovipositor short, black.

The femora in the other male and female are reddish

yellow.

Machimus assamensis, g 2? , sp. 0.

Type (male) and type (female) from Assam (W. F,

Badgley), 1906, 185.

A handsome black species with yellow pubescence, in

general appearance somewhat similar to Machimus dubws,

sp.u. Legs with few bristles, uniformly black, with some

yellow pubescence. Moustache black and yellow.

Length 22 mm. s

Male.—Fuce covered with yellowish tomentum ; tubercle

large. Moustache composed of black bristles above and

bright yellow bristly hairs below. Palpi black, with black

hairs. Beard bright yellow, thick hairs round head the

same colour, mixing with the postocular black bristles.

Antenne blackish brown, the first two joiuts with black

bristly hairs, third joint broken off. Thoruwx greyish yellow,

almost eutirely covered by the blackish-brown stripes ; prze-

sutural bristles three in number, supra-alar three, post-

alar two, all black and very long aud strong; the dorso-

central bristles apparently ten or so in number, interspersed

with long black hairs; pubescence on dorsum black.

Scutellum with four black bristles on its margin. Abdomen

greyish yellow, the usual blackish spot on each segment

gives the abdomen a black appearance; pubescence at sides

and on dorsum bright yellow; genitalia shining black, with

black and yellow hairs ; the cighth ventral segment produced

to a long blunt point covered with black hairs and with

yellow hairs at the sides. Legs black; femora stout with

short white pubescence and longer white hairs below, no

bristles on the first pair, only two or so on the middle pair,

very long and strong, on the hind pair two below, four on

the upperside and two at apex, fore and middle tibie with

yellow short hairs, the hind pair with black hairs, all with

black bristles, the fore and hind pair and metatarsi with a

thick fringe of appressed fulvous hairs on under surface.

Wings grey, only a streak of pale colour in the middle and

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 47

at the base, small transverse vein beyond the middle of

discal cell.

Female identical, but the abdomen has some black pubes-

cence on the dorsum.

Machimus cerulescens, 8, sp. n.

Type (male) (201) from Bhim Tal, 18. 6. 1912; and

another male from Binsar, 23. 5. 12 (Imms Coll.), Kumaon,

A species distinguished from the other species of Machimus

from India by the blue-black colour of the abdomen. Wings

deep brown, clear at extreme base. Legs black. Moustache

yellow with a few black bristles,

Length 183 mm.

Face covered with yellow tomentum; tubercle large,

blackish, covered by a dense yellow moustache; the black

bristles are above and at the sides. Beard yellow. Palpi black

with black hairs. Thorax blackish brown with an indistinct

median grey line ; shoulders and sides covered with greyish-

yellow tomentum; prtesutural,supra-alar, aud postalar bristles

severally two in number, black ; the dorso-central ones are

apparently two on each side with black hairs, mostly short,

but some long ones intermixed on the dorsum, Scutel/wm

blackish with ashy-grey tomentum, which is also present on

the posterior part of thorax; bristles on scutellum appear to

be four in number, now broken off. Abdomen uniformly

blue-black, with white segmentations on the second, third,

and fourth segments, appearing again on the apical segments ;

pubescence black; genitalia black with black hairs, the eighth

segment below produced to a blunt short point with long

black hairs. Legs greenish black ; the fore femora with

black hairs, two or three being long and bristle-like ; middle

femora stout with a row of short bristles below and two

longer, very stout ones on the sides; hind femora with four

or more stout long ones below and black hairs ; tibie with

numerous stout black bristles and soft black hairs below ;

tarsi with the same, especially the first joints; some reddish-

yeilow, very short pubescence is visible on the undersides of

the tibize. Wings with only the basal cells and part of the

aval ell clear; small transverse vein oblique, beyoud the

middle of the discal cell.

Machimus dubius, 3 2, sp. n.

Type (male) (177) from Dharmoti, 7. 6. 1912.

Type (female) (17) from Bhowali, 5700 feet, July 1909

(A. DL. mms), and others from ‘Takula, all in Kumaon.

48 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

A large blackish species, not unlike Machimus armipes,

Becker, judging from the description, found in the province

of Beluchistan, Persia; but the bristles on fore femora are

more than two in number and those on the scutellum only

four or five, not ten as in Becker’s species. In this species

tlie typical characteristic of the genus, viz., the production

of the eighth ventral segment, is not very conspicuous, which

is apparently also the case in Becker’s species.

Length, ¢ 20-23, 9 20-26 mm.

Male.—Face and tubercle covered with pale yellowish

tomentum ; moustache composed of stout, long, yellowish-

white bristles, with two black bristles below at each side.

Palpi black, with long black hairs. Beard whitish yellow,

the hairs round the head similar, but becoming bristles half-

way up. Antenne blackish brown, the first two joints with

black hairs, the third with a style about the length of tlie

joint. Postocular bristles black and very stout. Thorax

grevish ycllow with the usual brown stripes, the median one

hardly divided anteriorly ; the dorsum of thorax covered with

small, very short, black bristles, the large bristles all black ;

the przsutural, supra-alar, and postalar all two in number;

the dorso-central bristles are about ten, disposed in two

rows, a few long black hairs are intermixed with them.

Scutellum with four or five very stout, long, black bristles

aud with fine yellow hairs. Abdomen with the usual large

black-brown spet on each segment, leaving the segmen-

tations yellowish grey; the first segment has a tuft of

veilowish hairs at each side and two long black bristles

below; the next four segments with yellowish short bristles

at the sides, continued on to the dorsum as fine yellowish

bristly hairs; the eighth ventral segment only slightly

produced with some long black bristly hairs on its margin

and a few white ones beyond. Legs black, with appressed

whitish pubescence ; femora all stout, the fore pair with

three black bristles above and four below, the middle pair

with about nine in two rows and four at the apex ; the hind

pair with six below and one or two long white bristles at tie

base, four above and two near the apex and three at the

apex; the fore femora with long, fine, yellowish hairs below ;

tlie fore tarsi with black ones and with orange-red appressed

pubescence underneath, which is also present, but paler in

colour on the hind pair; both the middle and hind pair have

black hairs below, not so long as those on the fore pair; all

tibize and tarsi armed with stout black bristles. Wings clear,

the shading on fore border and apex not very distinct; the

yet leg 7

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 4)

small transverse vein oblique, at about the middle of the

diseal cell.

Female is identical, the long pubeseenee on the less

not so marked; ovipositor black, uot much louver than the

preceding segment.

Machimus hirtipes, 3, sp.

Type (male) from Khasi I[lills, Assam (4. Chenuell),

96, 135, and two damaged specimens (? g or 2?) from the

same locality.

A medium-sized greyish-yellow species, distinguished by

the pubescence ou the abdomen and by the long hairs on

the legs, the femora being red with a black stripe on their

inner sides, the tibiz the same.

Length 20 mm.

Fuce with greyish-yellow tomentum; the tubercle darker,

large; the moustache composed of numerous stout blac k

bristles, with some yellow ones below. Pu/pi black with

black hairs. Antenne blackish brown, the first two joints

with black hairs. Beard yellow. Hairs round head the

same colour; occipital bristies black. Furehead with black

hairs. Yhoraz covered with bright greyish-yellow tomentum,

the median stripe dark blac kish brow u, the side-stripes paler

in colour; pubescence ou dorsum black, consisting of short

liairs and longer ones intermixed with the long, stout, black

bristles; preesutural bristles two, supra-alar two, postalar

three, dorso-central about twelve. Scutellum the same

colour, with six long black bristles on its margiu aud some

short black hairs on its dorsum. Addumen greyish yellow

with a dark spot on each segment and the segmentatious

paler; yellow bristles on sides, aud soit yellow hairs and

shorter yellow hair on the dorsum ; genitalia reddish, black

at apex with chiefly black hairs ; ‘eighth ventral segment

produced to a rounded broad point enditie i in black hairs

the whole segment is hairy, all the under peertiate of Uidleinei ‘

with yellowish hairs. Legs reddish with black stripes on

femora and tibiz ; fore femora clothed with long yellowish

hairs above and below ; ; middle femora with fewer, and with

two long bristles below and two at apex; the hind pair has

bristles below and on the sides, and some long yellowish and

black hairs; tibize with yellow hairs; tarsi w ith black pubes-

cence; all bristles on the legs are black. JV ings clear with

grey shading on apex,

Aun. & Mag. N. list. Ser. 9. Vol. iii. 4

50 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide.

Machimus indianus, g ¢, sp. 0.

Type (male) from near Bhowali (Kumaon), 5700 feet,

July 1909.

Type (female) from Sham Ket, near Bhowali, 15.5. 1912.

Other specimens from Dharmoti, 5300 feet; Bhim Tal ;

Takula; Airades; Chaubattia; Sat Tal; all localities in

Kumaon. May and June 1912.

One male from Thundiani, W. Himalayas, 9000 feet,

4. 7.1907 (Major H. A. Morgarth),.1907, 273.

Two females and one male from Mussooree, U.P.

(T. EE. Middleton), 1911, 448.

A rather large black species with white bands on the

abdomen. Moustache white. Fore femora with usually

three bristles below. Wings shaded at apex, on fore border,

and on posterior border, leaving. only the centre of wing

clear.

Length, ¢ 19-23, 2 19-22 mm.

Male.—Face covered with yellowish-grey tomentum ; the

tubercle large, blackish, covered by the long, strong, yellow

bristles which form the moustache, with two black bristles

below on each side. Pa/pi black, with black hairs. Beard

white and thick; the hairs round head white, becoming

bristles posteriorly. Antenne blackish, the first two joints

with black hairs, the third with a style two-thirds of its own

length. Furehead with yellow short hairs on each side.

Postocular bristles stout aud black, curved forwards. Collar

with chiefly yellow bristles. Zhorax yellowish brown, the

median stripe dark brown, with a very narrow pale line

dividing it anteriorly. Przesutural bristles three, supra-alar

two, postalar two, sometimes three, all very strong black ones;

dorso-central bristles about ten. Dorsum covered with very

small, black, appressed bristles, a few long black hairs between

the dorso-central bristles. Seutellum same colour as thorax,

with yellowish pubescence and four very strong marginal

bristles turned upwards. Abdomen yellowish grey, with dark

blackish-brown square spots on each segment, so that the

abdomen viewed generally appears blackish, with the seg-

mentations whitish yellow; the first segment is armed with

numerous black bristles of different sizes, on the sides with

yellowish ones, which are also present on the sides of most

of the segments, advancing towards the centre of dorsum on

the anterior segments; short yellowish hairs are intermingled

with these and continued above the hind margins of seg-

meuts ; underside with long weak white hairs; genital organs

large, black, with short yellowish pubescence; the eighth

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 51

segment is produced ventrally to a short point armed with

long black hairs, six or more in number, Legs uniformly

blackish ; the coxse with long bristle-like yellow hairs; the

femora stout with short white pubescence; the fore femora

armed with usually three bristles below, very occasionally

four are present, and with three above; the middle femora

with about nine in three rows, two more near the apices,

and two at the apex; the hind femora with sixteen or so

bristles in three rows, two more near the apices, and four at

the apices ; tibize with strong bristles above and below, the

tarsi also with very many strong bristles; tibize and tarsi with

the same pubescence as the femora, all bristles black ; femora

and tibiz have also long white hairs below, thickest on the

front ones; the fore tibiz and the hind tibiz have deep

orange-red pubescence on their lower outer edges; the first

joints of tarsi on fore and hind legs have the same-coloured

pubescence on their under surface.

Female identical. The fore femora with often only two

bristles at the apex, the three above are very often absent,

and the hind femora often have only three at the apices.

The ovipositor is black with black hairs, not much longer

than the last segment.

Machimus khasiensis, $ 2, sp. n.

Type (male) and type (female) from Lower Ranges, N.

Khasi Hills, Assam, 1878 (Ad. Chennell), 96, 135.

A species very similar to Machimus hirtipes, sp. n., but

distinguished by the wholly black legs.

Leugth 17 mm.

Male.—Stripes of thorax are probably uot so distinct, the

median stripe not so dark ; presutural bristles three, supra-

alar three, postalar two. Abdomen greyish yellow, the dark

spot on each segment not very distinct; pubescence as in

M. hirtipes; genitalia wholly black, the eighth ventral

segment the same, but the hairs on the long projection are

only black above, yellow and long below. Legs blackish ;

the fore femora with only three bristles above and long

yellow hairs below, the mid-femora with three aud two at

apex, the hind femora with three above and three below

in the female, but apparently fewer in the male, a few

pale bristles are present; pubescence on femora short and

yellowish, the same on the tibiz, which have also thick

appressed fringes of rufous hairs on their under surfaces.

The species is distinguished from Machinus nigrinus, sp. u.,

by the paler colouring of the abdomen and - thicker

52 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

pubescence and by the longer, more pointed eighth ventral

segment.

Machimus monianus, & 9, Sp. n.

Type (male), type (female), and others from Kotagirt,

Nilghiri Hills, 6000 feet (F. M. Cragg).

A small greyish species, very similar in appearance to the

European M. atricapillus, but at once distinguished from it

by the eighth ventral segment, which is not two-hored.

Legs black with reddish stripes, all the bristles black.

Length, ¢ 138-14, 9 15 mm.

Male.—Face covered with greyish tomentum ; the tuberele

blackish, large, covered with the black moustache, which is

composed of very strong black bristles with weaker white

ones below. Palpi black, with black bristly hairs. Beard

aud hairs round head white. The postocular bristles stout,

black, curved forwards. Forehead blackish m the centre,

greyish yellow at the sides with a few black hairs and two

_or three white hairs. Antenne blackish brown, with black

bristly hairs on the first two joints. Thorax yellowish

grey with the median blackish-brown stripe very distinct,

becoming a little narrower posteriorly; sides with paler-

coloured, broad, interrupted stripes, not extending far beyond

the suture; dorsum of thorax with small black bristles; two

very strong prsutural bristles, two supra-alar, and three

postalar, all very strong; the dorso-central ones number

about twelve, with weaker ones intermixed, only two being

presutural. Scutelium yellowish grey, with some weak

yellow and black bristles and with four large black marginal

bristles curved forwards. Abdomen brownish grey or blackish

grey, the segmentations lighter; the dorsum covered with

very smali, depressed, black bristles, and with longer yellow

hairs at the sides. Genitalia reddish, the claspers blackish

at apices; pubescence yellowish; the eighth ventral segment

produced, ending in a point with long black hairs which

extend to the sides, on its iside it is reddish yellow in

colour.

Legs blackish; the femora reddish on their outer sides;

tibiz only black on their undersides; tarsi reddish, apices

black ; femora and coxz with long white hairs, thickest on

the fore pair, the middle pair with four strong bristles in

the middle and two at their apices, the hind pair with three

near the apices and two or more nearer the base and others

beneath ; the tibize with numerous long black bristles and

with some weak yellowish hairs, which are long on the front

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 53

pair on the under surface; tarsi with similar long black

bristles. Wings hyaline, grey ou fore border and at apex,

with grey streaks in the posterior cells, the small transverse

vein barely beyond the middle of tlie discal cell.

‘Female identical, but the moustache is entirely black ;

ovipositor black, compressed, about the length of the two

preceding segments together; abdomen with the pale seg-

mentations more distinct and wider.

Machimus nigrinus, 3 2, sp. n.

Type (male) (160), type (female) (148), and a series of

both males and females from Bowdali, ait. feet, July 1909;

Khati, 7650 feet, 30. 5. 09; Bhim Tal, 18. 6. 12; Binsar,

28. 5.12; Takula, 27.5.12; Airades, 1. 6.12 ; Chaubattia,

13. 6.12; all localities in Kumaon.

A small blackish species, distinguished from Machimus

montanus by the wholly black legs and from Machimus

indianus by the absence of bristles on the underpart of

the fore femora. Abdomen blackish with greyish segmen-

tations. Moustache black and white.

Length, ¢ 14-17, 2? 13-17 mm.

AMale.—Face covered with yellowish-white tomentum ;

tubercle large, blackish, covered with black stout bristles

and long white bristles intermixed on the lower part, all

forming the moustache. Palpi black with black hairs.

Beard and hairs round head white. Antenne blackish, the

first two joints with black hairs, the third with a style about

two-thirds of its length. Forehead blackish with black hairs,

postocular bristles black. Thorax yellowish brown, the

median stripe blackish brown, with a very fine dividing-line

anteriorly, the side-stripes the same colour; preesutural

bristles two in number, two supra-alar bristles, two postalar

bristles, and about six dorso-central stout bristles, many fine

bristles or hairs intermixed with them. Scutedlum with six

marginal bristles. Dorsum of thorax covered with short

black bristles. Addomen greyish, with a large brownisb-

black spot on each segment, not attaining the posterior

border ; sides of segments with weak yellowish bristles.

Genitalia large, black, with chiefly black pubescence; the

eighth ventral segment produced considerably, but not to a

point, fringed with black hairs, at the sides they become

sparse and “yellow. Leys black, covered with greyish short

pubescence ; the fore femora with long black hairs below, no

bristles; two very strong bristles near apex, middle femora

with two very stout bristles at the apices, two or more on

54 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

upper border at sides, below only black bristly hairs are

present ; posterior femora with four black bristles below,

two at the apex, and four on the upper border, all bristles

on the legs are black; the fore tibize with a regular row of

black bristles all the same size above and some soft hairs

intermixed, other stronger bristles below; fore tibie and

tarsi, also the posterior tibi and tarsi, clothed below with

short rufous pubescence. Wings clear, shaded brown on the

fore border, at apex, and in the centre of the cells on the

posterior border.

Female is similar. Ovipositor black, barely the length of

the last two segments.

Machimus parvus, S$ 2, sp. 0.

Type (male) and four other males.

Type (female) and three other females, all from Kotagir,

6000 feet, Nilgherri Hills (F. M. Cragg). Males and females

from Trincomalee, Dambula, Ceylon (Yerdury) ; and from

Horaweputone, Mahaganay, and Kenaratyodes, Ceylon; one

female from Biserat, Siam (H. C. Robinson and N. Annandale),

1910, 21.

A small species distinguished by the bright red genitalia

of the male, and in both sexes by the bristles on the

abdomen being almost entirely black, and by the absence

of any real bristles on the fore femora. Abdomen black

with yellowish segmentations. Legs black.

Length, ¢ 9-10, ¢ 10-11 mm.

Male.—Face with yellowish tomentum; tubercle very large,

covered with stout black bristles and a few white weak

bristles appearing below, all comprising the moustache.

Palpi black with black hairs. Beard-yellowish. Forehead

with black hairs. Antenne blackish brown, the style of third

joint barely more than half the length of jomt. Postocular

bristle black. Thorvx greyish with blackish-brown stripes,

the median divided by a fine line anteriorly. Presutural

bristles two in number, supra-alar two, postalar two; dorso-

central bristles about twelve, in two rows extending beyond

the suture; dorsum of thorax with short black hairs.

Scutellum with four very long bristles. Abdomen greyish,

the first segment blackish, the second and third segments

each with a large black spot having only the anterior and

posterior borders grey, the fourth and fifth with similar

spots, but only the posterior borders greyish, the remaining

segmeuts chiefly grey; all the bristles and hairs on sides

black; genitalia large, bright red, shining, with some black

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 55

hairs ; the eighth ventral segment produced, with a fringe of

black hairs. Leys black; all the femora with long black

hairs below, sometimes rather bristle-like ; the middle femora

with three bristles at the apex and one near the apex, the

posterior pair with four on the upperside, two at the apex,

and two near the apex; tibiz and tarsi with strong black

bristles; the tibize on their outer edges with a fringe of fine,

short, whitish hairs, continued on the first two joints of tarsi,

this fringe is most noticeable on the hind pair of legs.

Wings clear, the usual shading very faint, the small trans-

verse vein just before the middle of the discal cell or

sometimes beyoud it.

Female is similar. Ovipositor black, about the length of

the last two segments.

Machimus tibialis, 3 2, sp. n.

Type (male) (216) from Dehra Dun, U.P., 3. 4. 1912.

Type (female) (218) from Dehra Dun, U.P., 1. 4. 1912;

and others from same locality and Bhowali, Kumaon, 5700

feet, July 1909, all from Imms Coll.

A small species with reddish-yellow tibize and some of the

femora with a reddish-yellow stripe on the inside. Abdomen

greyish yellow, with paler segmentations. Moustache black

and white.

Length, ¢ 134, 9 15-17 mm.

Male.—Face with grey tomeutum ; tubercle fairly pro-

minent, Moustache composed of bristly white hairs, with

black ones above and at sides. Palpi black with black hairs.

Beard white. Antenne blackish brown, the second one

reddish, both with black bristly hairs below and whitish

short hairs above, the third with an arista two-thirds of its

length. Forehead with black hairs. Hairs round head

whitish, the postocular bristles black. Thorax greyish

yellow with the usual stripes; the presutural bristles, the

supra-alar, aud postalar all two in number, black; the dorso-

central bristles about eight in number, all accompanied

by some long, fine, black hairs. Scutellum paler with pale

yellowish pubescence and with six long bristles on its

margin, some of these being yellowish. Abdomen greyish

yellow, with a large dark spot on each segment; the seg-

mentations lighter, the first three segments with whitish

weak bristles on their sides; a few white hairs are visible on

the sides of the others and on the segmentations of the last

two segments; pubescence on dorsum very short, black ;

genitalia blackish above and reddish below, with chiefly

56 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

black pubescence; the eighth ventral segment small and

very slightly produced, fringed with fairly long pale hairs.

Legs yellowish; the femora blackish on their outer sides, all

covered with short white pubescence; the fore femora with

only soft yellowish hairs above and below, the middle pair

with at least four black bristles and two at the apex, seft

yellow hairs below, the posterior pair with four bristles

below, one above, two near apex and two at the apex, and

so{t yellow hairs below ; tibiz with chiefly black pubescence

on the first pair and a fringe of appressed reddish hairs on

under surface ; on the other tibiz it is chiefly whitish, all

with numerous black bristles. J ings clear, shading at apex

and on posterior border faint, the small transverse vein 1s

just beyond the middle of the discal cell.

Female is identical, the bristles on the scute!lum only four

in number; ovipositor short, blackish; femora more largely

black on their outer sides, and the tibiz have also a black

streak ; the tarsi blackish at their apices; some of the bristles

on legs are yellowish. The male is very probably immature,

so that others may be found with the femora as in the

female. ;

Machimus ugandiensis, 3 § , sp. 0.

Type (male) and another from Mpanga Forest, Toro,

4£00 feet; Uganda, 18-28 Nov.,1911 (S.A. Neave), 1912, 193;

other males from Uganda Protectorate 8S. of Lake George,

3200-8400 feet, 17-19 Oct., 1911: from Dara or Durro

Forest, Toro, 4000-4500 fect, 25-29 Oct., 1911; and from

Buamba Forest, Semliki Valley, 2300-2800 feet: all by the

same collector.

Type (female) from Mpunga Forest, others from Mabira

Forest, Chagwe, 38500-3800 feet; from Buamba Forest,

{rom between Seziwa River and Kampala, 3500-3750 feet ;

from Western Ankola, 4500-5000 feet, 10-14 Oct., 1911;

and from Brit. E. Africa, edge of forest on 8S. and E. slopes

of Kenya, 6000-7000 feet: all by the same collector.

This species is apparently nearly allied to Machimus

caudiculaius, Speiser, from German E. Africa, but the

description of the latter (not a very full one) describes the

legs as vellowish grey on the fore tibiz and tarsi and on

the whole hind legs, being covered with close-lying yellow

pubescence—in this species the legs are black and not clothed

with these lighter hairs.

Length, ¢ 144-16, 9 15-17} mm.

Male.—Face with golden-yellow tomentum. Moustache

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 57

on large tubercle composed of stout black bristles and a few

weaker yellow ones below. Palpi black with black pubes-

cence. Beard pale yellow. Proboscis clothed with pale

yellow on its under surface. Antenne black ; the first two

joints with black hairs and bristles, the third bare, the

second is two-thirds the length of the first; the third is

almost as long as the first two joints together, with a

terminal bristle nearly as long as itself. Morehead same

colour as face, with black hairs. Thorac with a median and

side stripes deep black in colour, the rest of the dorsum is

clothed with golden-yellowish tomentum and with short

black hairs. Presutural bristles three, supra-alar two

postalar two; the dorso-central bristles numerous, reaching

the suture, all are stout and black, interspersed with smaller,

finer, bristle-like hairs. Sceutellum the same golden yellow

as thorax or rather paler with short black pubescence and

with four very stout black bristles on its posterior border. .

Abdomen blackish, showing traces of yellowish, or grey, or

brown tomentum, with bright yellow hairs on the posterior

borders of segments, which become longer and more like

bristles at the sides; the dorsum elsewhere with fine black

pubescence ; underside greyish yellow, with yellow pubes-

cence. Genitalia large “and prominent, black with black

hairs; the last segment on the underside with a finger-like

stout process clothed with black hairs, which are thick at

the tip, it is almost twice the length of the usual width of

the segment. Legs deep black, with black bristles; the coxze

and the fore femora helow with bright, soft, yellow, long hairs;

the other femora with only short yellow pubescence on their

upper and lower borders and with short black bristles and

longer ones below which are sometimes yellow on the hind

pair; the fore tibie also with long yellow hairs not so

numerous, and with black and some yellow bristles, the

black bristles on the outer side are very long, two or more

in number; the middle tibiz have not these, but yellow and

black bristles of ordinary size and with some short yellow

pubescence on their outer borders, the hind pair with black

pubescence and bristles, and reddish or yellowish fringes of

short hairs below on each apical border; the tarsi with black

hairs and bristles, the first joint of hind pair with reddish

or yellowish fringes in some of the specimens. Wings clear,

grey at apex and on posterior border, leaving only the base

and ce1tre of wing clear; the small transverse vein this side

of the middle of discal cell.

Female.—The yellow hairs on moustache are much less

numerous, the yellow beard in both sexes is very thick and

58 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide.

continued round head; ovipositor short, not including the

sixth or seventh segments. Fore femora with not so many

yellow hairs below and with some darker ones intermingled,

more bristle-like in two of the specimens; the bristles on

scutellum are more numerous.

Neorramus, Ost.-Sack.

Cat. Dipt. N. Amer. ed. 2, 82 & 235, 134 (1878).

Itamus, Loew, Linn. Ent. iv. 847 (1849).

This genus is represented in the Oriental Region by the

following species: Neottamus griseus, Wied; Nevitamus

longistylus, philus, W\ik.—the former of these two includes

six synonyms, see below.

Neovittamus javanensis, De Meijere; Neoitamus spinicauda

and melanopygus, V.d. Wulp. Of these only N. griseus and

N. philus are recorded from India and Ceylon. Nine new

“species are here described from India and surrounding

districts, one from the Philippines, and one from Tientsin,

S. China, From the South African Region only Neoitamus

armatus, Becker, podagricus, Bezzi, and N. sodalis, V. d.

Wulp from Arabia have been described. Two new species

are now described.

All the species are fairly typical of the genus, with the

exception of N. pulcher from Ceylon and N. philus, Walker.

Neoitamus griseus, Wied.

Dipt. Exot. p. 192 [Aszlus] (1821); Wulp, Tijd. v. Ent. (2) vii. (xv.)

p- 246 { Itamus | (1872). For other references see Kertesz’s Cat.

This species has been redescribed by Wulp, but unfortu-

nately he does not specify very accurately the bristles on

thorax aud legs, and I have not been able to identify it with

certainty, though a series from Ceylon in the Brit. Mus.

Coll. may be this species, which is said to be about 20 mm.

long, the femora having a black stripe on their upper border,

otherwise they are reddish yellow.

Neoitamus philus, 2, Walker.

List. Dipt. ii. p. 393 [ Aszlus} (1849), et vil. Suppl. 2, p. 725 [ Asilus |

(1855); V. d. Wulp, Tijd. v. Ent. xli. p. 145 [Jtamus] (1898), et

xhi. p. 55 [ Iéamus} (1899).

Type (female) from Silhet, 45, 107.

Females from Khasi Hills, Assam (fF. W. L. Sladen),

purchased from Doncaster, 98, 202; from Khasi Hills, pur-

chased from E. Heyne, 97,82; and collected by A. Chennell,

Miss G. Ricarilo on the Asilide, 59

96,135; from Sikhim, June 1895, 2000 feet (J. G. Pilcher),

97, 120; Taungu, 11, 89 (Bingham Coll.); Haungtharaw

River, ‘Tenasserim, Burmah, Feb, 1890 (Col. C. F. Bingham),

96, 282.

An easily recognized species, not at all typical of the genus,

however; thorax and scutellum covered with bright reddish-

yellow tomentum; the short black abdomen has some same-

coloured tufts of hairs on the first segment, elsewhere the

pubescence is black ; the ovipositor including the sixth and

seventh segments is nearly as long as the rest of the

abdomen. Legs reddish yellow; the base of femora and

knees black. Wings large with yellow veins, shaded grey

at apex and narrowly so on the posterior border.

Length 27 mm.

Neoitamus longistylus, Wied.

Ausszweifl. Ins. i. p. 433 [Asilus] (1823). For other references see

Kertesz’s Cat.

Itamus latro, Dol.

? Asilus terebatus, Macq.

Tiamus involutus, Wk.

Ttamus normalis, Wik.

Itamus dipygus, Schiner.

Ltamus dentipes, Wulp.

Asilus vertebratus, Wulp.

Wiedeman’s species was described from New Guinea and

the Indian Archipelago; to the synonyms given by Kertesz

I have added Walker’s species involutus described originally

from Ternate, normals from the same place, and dipygus,

Schiner, which was only distinguished by him from involutus

by the colour of the tarsi, which were black in his species,

not red as in Walker’s species, and the dark colour of the

wings was more diffused.

These are all apparently identical with Wiedemann’s

species—or, at the utmost, local varieties.

There are specimens of the species in the Brit. Mus. Coll.

from Ternate, New Guinea (see Austen, Trans. Zool. Soe.

London, xx. (13) p. 405, 1915), Gilolo, and Batjan; also

from Nantauri, Central Group, Nicobar Islands; Dinding,

Siam; and Biserat, Siam—so that it appears to be a widely

diffused species.

A handsome large species with tufts of golden hairs

on the black abdomen. Male genitalia large and com-

plicated, black with black hairs. Vemale ovipositor very

long, almost as long as the other segments together; it

includes the sixth and seventh segments. Legs are yellowish ;

60 Miss G. Ricardo.on the Asilidee.

the femora at base and the knees black. Fore femora devoid

of bristles, but with long soft black and white hairs below,

the middle and posterior femora with a few black bristles

and with short reddish-yellow pubescence ; the tibize also

have to a lesser extent long fine hairs below and some biack

bristles. Beard yellowish.

Length, § 20-28, 2? 25-27 mm.

For a more detailed description, see Scluiner.

Neoitamus ceylonicus, § 2, Sp. n.

Type (male) from Malay Cove, Ceylon, 3. 3. 92.

Type (female) from Trincomalee, Ceylon, 24. 2. 91 (L#.-

Col. eee 1892, 192.

a: mall species very similar in appearance to N. inornatus,

sp. n., but distinguished by the pubesceuce and bristles on

the 1k egs and absence of bristles on fore femora.

Length, ¢ 13, 9 15 mm.

Male.— Moustache is almost wholly black, a few white

hairs only present. Presutural bristles are black and three

in number, two supra-alar, three postalar, all black; the

dorso-central bristles more numerous, all black, with fine,

long, black hairs intermingled, and a Machimus-like crest of

fairl y long hairs on anterior median line of thorax reaching

the dorso-central bristles; scutelium with four very long

black bristles, aiso iecinailes with fine, long, black hairs,

Abdonten bluish black in colouring, with thé same design

as in Neoitamus inornatus ; the bristles at sides ehiefly black ;

genitalia stout, black, and shining, with hlack pubescence.

in blackish ; the tibiee reddish yellow, black at apices; tarsi

with the first joint reddish yellow, the remaining joints

black; the fore femora have no bristies, but long black hairs

on underside and a few silvery-white hairs on outer side ;

the middle femora with the same, but short black bristles

are present on the uppersides and one at apex ; the hind

femora are the same ; tlie fore tibiz have conspicuous, very

long, black hairs on the outer side inter mingled with shorter

ones, and three short weak black bristles on upperside of

the base; pubescence short and black; the middle and hind

tibize with short black hairs, strong black bristles, and black

pubescence, on the hind pair rufous below; tarsi with all the

numerous bristles black.

Female is dirty and not in good condition, but appears

identical, the ovipositor including the sixth and seventh

segments of abdomen.

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee. 61

Neoitamus grandis, 2, sp. n.

Type (female) and three other females from Bhowali,

Kumaon, 5700 feet, July 1909 (A. D. Imms).

A species rather similar in appearance to Neottamus longi-

stylus, Wik., but distinguished at ouce by the black femora.

Abdomen brownish, deusely covered with yellowish-grey

tomentum and yellow pubescence. Moustache yellow. Legs

reddish yellow ; femora partly black.

Length about 22 mm.

Face covered with greyish-yellow tomentum and with

some yellow hairs at sides; tubercle very large, covered with

the moustache, which consists of long, yellowish- white, bristly

hairs. Palpi ‘black with yellow hairs. Antenne blackish,

the first two joints with black hairs. Forehead brighter-

coloured than face, with some black hairs. Beard yellowish

white, the hairs round head the same colour till they reach

the black occipital bristles. Thorax covered with yellow isha

tomeutum (type is denuded) and with the usual brown

stripes, the median one large, not divided. Presutural bristles

three, stout, black; supra-alar bristles three, postalar bristles

four; dorso-centra! bristles about twelve in number, in the

type some of the bristles near wings are yellowish ; pubes-

cence on dorsum black. Scutellum with greyish-yellow

tomentum and four stout bristles on margin, yellow in the

type, black on the others; some long yellow hairs on dorsum.

Abdomen with the five first segments yellowish; the ovipositor

composed of the last three segments is blackish. Legs reddish

yellow ; the fore femora with a broad black stripe on their

upperside in the type, in the other females wholly black;

no bristles below, but one black one on the inner side at apex,

and long black bristly hairs at the base on underside, some

of these are almost as stout as bristles; middle tibize incras-

sate, with numerous black bristles on their lower sides and

some yellow oues on their outer sides, two yellow ones near

apex, sometimes black ; hind femora with two yellow ones

near apex, one black one inside near apex, and black bristly

hairs below; the pubescence on femora chiefly yellow ; tibia

reddish yellow with black bristles and black pubescence,

some fulvous hairs below; tarsi reddish, black at the apices,

with many black bristles. Wings large, clear, veins reddish,

the small transverse vein at about the middle of the discal

cell.

62 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide.

Neoitamus hindostani, 6 2, sp. 0.

Male (type) from Dharmoti, Kumaon, 8. 6. 1912.

Female (type) from same locality, 9. 6. 1912 ; and other

males and females from Shum Ket, 15. 5.1912; and Bhowah,

July 1909, and 20. 6. 1912 (Imms Coll.).

A typical, well-defined, medium-sized species, yellowish

erey in colour with dark brown spots on the abdomen, and

stripes on the thorax; tibiz reddish yellow. Moustache

yellowish.

Leneth, ¢ 17, 2 J9 mm.

Male.—Face silky yellowish, tubercle darker. Moustache

thick, yellowish. Beard yellowish. Pa/pi black, with yellow

hairs. Antenne blackish brown, the first two joints with

black hairs, the arista of third joint as long as the joint.

Forehead darker than face with some black hairs. The

hairs round head pale yellowish, meeting the postocular

bristles, which are black. Thorax with the usual black-brown

stripes; presutural bristles four, two large and two smaller ;

supra-alar three, postalar three to four; dorso-central bristles

ten to twelve, not so stout, long fine black hairs are inter-

mixed with these, and the pubescence on the dorsum is

short, black.” Scutellwm with five to seven black bristles on

its margin and long yellow hairs on its dorsum. Abdomen

ashy grey, covered by a large dark brown spot on each seg-

ment; the segmentations paler, the first segment with many

long yellow hairs and a few yellow bristles; these are con-

tinued on the sides of the other segments, with about four

stout yellow bristles on the postericr border at side of each

segment, as far as the fourth segment. Genitalia large,

black, a little red below, with black pubescence. Legs

black, the tibiz yellowish red, darker at their extreme

apices ; the fore and mid coxze with dense white hairs ; the

fore femora with white short pubescence and some long, fine,

black and yellow hairs below ; the middle femora with four

rows of short stout bristles at the base below and on the

sides, aud two or more weak yellow bristles at the apex; the

hind femora with four yellow short bristles on the upper-

side and two near the apex, two weak small black ones at

apex, below are long yellow hairs and weak yellow bristles

with one or more black bristles intermixed ; tibiz and tarsi

with black bristles, the tibize with pale yellow short pubes-

cence on the sides, the middle and hind pair with black

pubescence on the inner sides ; the fore tibize with two or

three long, weak, black bristles. Wings clear, the grey

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidw. 63

shading at apex and on hind border not very distinct, but

extending down the fore border as far as the junction of the

second aud third veins; the small transverse vein is just

beyond the middie of the discal cell or at the middle.

Female identical. The hind femora appear to have only

two or three yellow bristles on their uppersides. ‘The

ovipositor cousists of the last three segments and is black

with chiefly black pubescence.

Neoitamus inornalus, 3 2, sp. n.

Type (male) and type (female), from Mussoree, U.P.,

India (J. &. Middleton), 1911, 448.

One female from Punjaub (Dudgeon Coll.), 1904, 232.

A small inconspicuous-looking species. Abdomen blackish

with segmentations and sides grey. Legs blackish; tibiz

and tarsi largely yellowish. Beard black and white. Fore

femora with some bristles.

Length, g 14, 2 16mm,

Male.—Face blackish with grey tomentum ; the tubercle

large shining black, carrying a thick, tuft-like, white mous.

tache surrounded by black bristles. Pa/pi black with black

bristles. Beard white. Antenne broken off, in the other

female they are blackish, the base of the third joint reddish

yellow. Forehead with black bristly hairs, the hairs round

head white, with strong black bristles at vertex on each

side of the frontal incision. Thorax covered with greyish

tomentum, having a very distinct median black stripe divided

in the middle and with three blackish spots forming side-

stripes ; the pubescence is short and black. Preesutural

bristles are four, three being yellow; three supra-alar bristles,

four postalar bristles ; the dorso-central bristles are numerous

but weak, many being yellowish, weak, bristle-like hairs.

Scutellum covered with grey tomentum and with some long

white pubescence, and three or four black bristles on its

posterior border. Abdomen covered with greyish tomentum,

leaving a large blackish-brown spot ou each segment,

rounded at their posterior border; on the side of each seg-

ment are two or more strong yellow bristles and long white

hzirs; on the dorsum the pubescence consists of very short

yellowish hairs, more numerous and longer aud paler on the

first segment. Legs blackish; the femora at their apices

yellow ; tibize yellow with apices black ; tarsi yellowish with

black apices ; fore femora incrassate, with three short yellow

bristles at base below and a few black small bristles round

the apex; pubescence blackish with some white hairs, all

64 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide.:

short ; the middle femora with three or four yellow bristles

above and six or so below, pubescence of short black hairs,

the posterior pair with more numerous yellow bristles above

and below; the fore tibize with yellow bristles on each side—

and short black hairs; the middle tibiz with the same, but

two on the underside are longer and stouter, and those

on the hind pair are stout and numerous; the tarsi with

numerous black bristles, some yellow ones on the first three

joints of the front and middle tarsi. Wings (absent).

Genitalia very short and stout, black.

Female is identical, the white hairs of moustache largely

replaced by black bristles. Thorax with the same number

of bristles, though only three preesutural bristles seem pre-

sent, two or three of them being yellow; on the other female

some of the alar bristles are yellow. Abdomen rather

blacker, the ovipositor including the sixth and seventh seg-

ments is long, more than half the length of the other

segments together. The bristles on the underside of fore

femora are largely black, on the tibize black and yellow, on

the tarsi chiefly black. Wings clear, very faintly shaded at

apex and on posterior border, the small transverse vein this

side of the middle of the discal cell.

Neoitamus nigrinus, 8 2, sp. n.

Type (male) and type (female), from Cape Engano, North

Luzon (J. W ‘hitehead), 98, 2U7.

This handsome species must be allied to Wulp’s species,

N. spinicauda aud melanopygus, both from Celebes. It is

deep black, the male with silvery-white tufts of hair on tlie

last two segments of abdomen, and the female has a reddish-

yellow ovipositor.

Length, ¢ 20, 2 22 mm.

Male.—Face black with golden-yellow, tomentum chiefly

on its lower part. Moustache golden yellow below, black

above. Palpi black with black hairs. Antenne blackish,

the third joint dull rufous. Forehead with black hairs; at

vertex black bristles round the head continued as yellow

hairs to the proboscis. Thorax black with traces of three

grey tomentose stripes, sides with a dull yellow tomentose

stripe. Preesutural bristles two in number, (?) one supra-

alar bristle, three postalar bristles, and very many black

long hairs represent the dorso-central bristles. Scutellum

black with black hairs aud four or more black bristles on its

posterior border. Abdomen deep black with black pubescence,

which is thick at the sides and on the segmentation; the

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 65

hairs on the sixth segment are tuft-like and yellowish, those

on the seveuth segment shorter, whiter, and less numerous,

not tuft-like. Genitalia stout, complicated, black, with black

pubescence. Legs black, the fore and middle tibie dull

rufous: femora appear devoid of bristles, but have black

pubescence, thick on the hind pair; the tibize have black

bristles and black hairs, the latter long below,and some rufous

short hairs are present on the fore and middle pair ; tarsi

black with black bristles and black hairs, the first joint

incrassate and Jong, very heavily armed with black bristles,

Wings yellowish grey, shaded grey at apex and on posterior

border, the small trausverse vein this side of the middle of

discal cell.

Female is identical, but has no pale hairs on the sixth and

seventh segments of abdomen; the ovipositor is reddish

yellow, including the sixth and seventh segments, and as long

as the three last segmeuts together, at its apex with a few

weak, yellow, short spines and hairs. Wings are more yellow

in colour.

Nevitamus pulcher, 3 2, sp. n.

Male (type) from Kandy, Ceylon, 20. 5. 92. (Lt-Col.

Yerbury), 1892, 192.

Female (type) from Los Ceylon, 1. 6. 92. (Lt.-Col.

Yerbury), 1893, 192; and another female from Kandy,

20. 5. 92 (Li.- Col. Yerbury), 1892, 192.

A ise fine-looking species with reddish-vyellow antennz

and legs. Abdomen black with narrow reddish- yellow bands

in the male and yellowish bands in the female. Wings

shaded at og oe on hind border.

Length, ¢ 22, 2 with ovipositor 25 mm.

Male.— Face chamois-yellow, with tomentum of same

colour. Facial tubercle very large, carrying the moustache

composed of stout yellow bristles, four or more black bristles

above the mouth on each side. Palpi reddish brown with

yellow hairs. Antenne pale yellow, the second joint redder,

the third joint wanting, black hairs op sides of the first

joint which is fully four times as long as the second joint,

the black hairs are also present on this joint. Hind part of

head with yellow bristle-like hairs, continued as soft hairs

to proboscis and below it. Thorax blackish brown with

yellow-grey tomentum, the median stripe very distinct, con-

tinued just beyond the suture where it splits in half. Pree-

sutural bristles apparently two, one being reddish, the other

black; supra-alar bristles apparently two and both black ;

Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. iii. 5

16 Miss G. Rieardo on the Asilidee.

postalar bristles two, one being black, the other reddish ;

dorso-central bristles not apparently present, with the excep-

tion of a few weak, bristle-like, reddish hairs which are also

present on sides posteriorly. Scutellum reddish, darker

auteriorly, with two or more weak reddish bristles. Abdomen

blackish brown with narrow fulvous bands ; dorsum covered

with yellowish tomentum and with short reddish- yellow

hairs, which on the anterior borders of the fulvous bands

become more like short bristles redder in colour ; sides of

thorax with one long yellowish bristle on each segment inter-

spersed with long yellow hairs; underside blackish brown

with the fulvous ‘bands, almost bare of pubescence. Geni-

talia blackish brown, about as long as the last segment.

Les reddish yellow, the knees blackish. Fore and middle

femora with eight or more black bristles below and three

stout ones on their upper inner sides; hind femora with

only two black bristles and reddish hairs below, two dark

reddish bristles above near the apex; tibize with one or two

isolated reddish-yellow bristly long hairs and with yellowish

hairs below; tarsi with stout black and reddish bristles ;

pubescence on legs short, black. Wings large, as long as the

abdomen, greyish; the dark shading distinct, extending nearly

to the fork of the third vein and continued on the posterior

border to the fifth posterior cell; the posterior fork of third

vein has an abrupt curve inwards; the small cross-vein is

beyond the middle of the discal cell.

Female identical. The bristles near the mouth are yellow,

not black. Antenne with the third jomt yellowish, not so

long as the first joint, bearing a black a:ista almost twice its

length. All the bristles on thorax are black ; the dorso-

central bristles are fairly numerous, but many of them are

weak, short, bristle-like hairs. Scutel/um is almost wholly

reddish yellow, with black bristles. The light bands on

the abdomen are yellower; the ovipositor is black, composed |

of the seventh and following segments, about as long as the

fifth and sixth segments together. Fore femora with only

four very strong black bristles, situated on the underside

and interspersed with weak long black hairs, these are also

present on the middle femora, with seven more on the upper-

side; on the hind femora five bristles below and eight on the

upperside, besides two at apex ; the fore and middle tibiz

have three very long, strong, black bristles on the underside

aud a few shorter stout ones above; the hind tibiz have one

near the base and two pairs beyond, with two weak hair-like

bristles on the outer side; the pubescence on the underside of

tibize and on the dorsum is yellow, elsewhere on the legs

— —e——e SC

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilida. 67

short and black; the first joint of the tarsi has thick yellow

hairs on the under surface. The shading of the wings at

apex does not extend quite so far.

This species differs from the typical species of the genus,

the ovipositor including only the seventh segment, not the

sixth, and the genitalia of the male are very unobtrusive

and simple; it approaches the genus Cinadus in having a

strong bulge on the posterior branch of the third vein, but

cannot be incladed in that genus, the genitalia being too

small and the ovipositor not conical. For the present it is

left in the Neoitamus genus.

Neoitamus rubrofemoratus, 3 2, sp. 0.

Type (male) and other males, type (female) and other

females ; all from Tientsin, 15. 6. 06 (F. M. Thomson),

1907, 200.

A large species in the same group as LV, involntus, Wik.,

N. grandis, hindostani, tarsalis, and niygrinus, sp. v., but dis-

tinguished by the almost wholly reddish-yellow legs, the

femora with very indistinct black stripes ; the ovipositor of

the female determines the generic place, however. Antenne

reddish. Abdomen black with grey bands.

Length, g 21-22, ? 23-25 mm.

Male.— Face covered with yellowish tomeutum; thie

tubercle large, but uot very prominent, carrying a yellow-

haired moustache. Palpi black with pale yeilow hairs,

Beard yellowish white. Antenne with the first two joints

black, the second red at apex, and third wholly red. Hind

part of head with the usual strong black bristles, in the

centre with yellow hairs, which also are present on the lower

sides. Thorax covered with greyish-yellow tomentum and

with dark black-brown stripes, the median oue hardly divided

in the centre, the side-stripes short; pubescence chiefly

black, very distinct on the median stripe, reaching to its

auterior border; two presutural bristles, two supra-alar, and

three postalar bristles, all long and black ; the dorso-central

ones numerous, but the bristles are much weaker. Scuted/um

same colour as thorax with two long black bristles. Abdomen

with a rounded, large, biackish-brown spot on each segment ;

the sides and posterior borders grey, Genitalia very large,

the underpart proceeding from below the last segment with

a large black clasper on each side and a centrai yellowish

curved process, the black part with bhck hairs, the upper

part also large, black, with black hairs, Legs reddish yellow ;

the femora black at the base and at apex, often with an

638 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide.

indistinct black stripe, all the bristles on legs are black, very

numerous on the tarsi; femora almost bare, the posterior

pair with a few. Wings pale brownish, clearer at the base,

and often with clear kernels in the cells; the small trans-

verse vein beyond the middle of the discal cell.

Female identical ; the ovipositor long, including the sixth

aud seventh segments.

Neoitamus siamensis, O 2, Sp. 0.

Type (male) from Biserat, Siam, 9. 8. 1901 (H. C.

Robinson and N. Annandale), 1916, 21.

Type (female) from K. Mabek, Siam, 13. 7. 1901.

Another male and female from Biserat.

Another male from Sungkie, Siam, 10. 2.1902; all by the

same collector, 1916, 21.

Another female from Yon Boi, Hainan, 5. 6. 04; 1911,

288.

A small black species with wide grey segmentation on the

abdomen. Antenne and legs black, the tibiz partly chamois-

yellow in colour.

Length, ¢ 15, 9 17mm.

Male.—Face blackish covered with grey tomentum; the

tubercle distinct. Moustache consists of chiefly white

bristles, two or three black ones intermixed. Palpi black

with yellow hairs. Antenne blackish, the first two joints

with bristly black hairs. Forehead with the same; at vertex

head with some strong black bristles, white hairs continued

round head. Thorax blackish with grey tomentum, leaving

the median black stripe distinct, narrowly divided, and three

greenish-black spots at sides, the postericr one very small ;

pubescence on dorsum black. Preesutural bristles black,

two in number; three supra-alar bristles, and two postalar

bristles; the dorso-ceutral bristles represented by weak,

bristly, black hairs, some very long. Scutedlum covered with

grey tomentum, and with white hairs, and two stout black

bristles on its posterior border. Abdomen with the dark

spots deep black, becoming brownish at sides; the grey

segmentations are continued up the sides, becoming more

golden yellow at base of segments; pubescence short and

black on the dark spots, whitish and long on the segmenta-

tions and at sides. Genitalia stout and complicated, black

with black pubescence, and some reddish hairs on the upper

piece. Legs blackish; the tibiz pale reddish yellow on their

outer sides ; fore femora with no bristles, but with some

scattered white hairs, the middle pair the same, but the

a & 0.

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilida. 69

white hairs are longer and more inclined to be bristly, and

two black bristles are present on the apex, also present on

the hind tibiz, which have an extra black bristle on the upper-

side ; fore tibiz with black bristles and long black hairs

below, and a thick fringe of short rufous hairs below ; the

middle pair the same with fewer black bristles and the long

hairs are white; hind tibia with black bristles and the fringe

of rifous hairs on each side, and no long hairs below ; the

first joint of tarsi stout and elongate with many stout black

bristles ; some white pubescence on outer side and rufous

hairs below, and some long black hairs; the other tarsi

studded with black bristles aud with some black pubescence.

Wings clear, shaded on the apex and posterior border, the

smail transverse vein situated ou apical third of the length

of discal cell.

Female identical. Moustache with more black hairs.

Ovipositor is very long, including the sixth and seventh

segments, about as long as the four posterior segments

together.

Neoitamus tropicus, & 2, sp. 0.

Male (type) from Sat Tal, 9. 5. 1912.

Female (type) from Sham Ket, 16. 5. 1912; and another

from Bhowali, July 1909, 5700 feet—all from Imms Coll.

A small species, very similar to the European Neoitamus

cyanurus, but differing in the bristles on legs being largely

yellow, aud in the presutural bristles being reddish yellow

or yellow and three in number.

Length, g 10, 2? 13-15 mm.

Male.—Greyish black. Face covered with whitish tomen-

tum ; the tubercle which takes up the greater part of the face

darker, covered by the dense dirty-white hairs of the mous-

tache with some black bristle-like hair above them. Palpi

black with black hairs. Beard dirty white. Hairs round

head the same colour; postocular bristles black. Antenne

blackish, the arista not so long as the third joint. Thorax

with the usual black stripes, the median one divided ; the

three presutural bristles yellowish, two supra-alar bristles

usually black, two postalar (one black, one yellow) ; the dorso-

central bristles extend beyond the suture in two rows, all

black ; pubescence on the dorsum black, white at the sides.

Scutellum with four stout long bristles on its margin, and

white pubescence on the dorsum. Addomen with the usual

large black spot on each segment and long white hairs on

the first segment, elsewhere short and white, sides with some

70 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide.

white bristles and hairs. Genitalia small, stout, black with

black hairs above and some yellow below. Legs black, the

knees of the femora and the tibize, except at their apices,

reddish yellow ; tarsi the same, blackish at the apices of the

joints ; fore femora with two short yellow bristles above and

some below intermixed with yellow hairs, middle femora the

same, hind femora with four above and four or more long

ones below, pubescence on all short and white; tibiz with

only white bristles and chiefly yellowish pubescence ; fore

tarsi with some white bristles and black ones, the other pairs

with fewer white ones. /Vings clear, shading in apex hardly

visible, small transverse vein beyond the middie.

Female identical. The fore femora have black bristles

below, and the fore tibiz a long row on their uppersides.

Ovipositor, composed of the last three segmeuts, black.

Neoitamus tarsalis, 6 9, 8p. 0.

Male (type) from Kandy, Ceylon, 28. 5. 92 (Lé.-Col.

Yerbury), 1892, 122.

Female (tvpe) from Bentota, Ceylon, 13. 6. 91 (Lt.-Col.

Yerbury), 1892, 122.

Two males from Trincomalee, 10 miles Kandy Road,

same collector, 30. 5. 91 and 30. 8. 91.

One male from Baduella, Ceylon, 5. 6. 92, same collector.

A species not unlike in general appearance N. pulcher,

sp. n., but at once distinguished by the broad first joint of

fore tarsi armcd with very stout bristles. Legs reddish

yellow ; femora largely black; knees and apices of tibia and

the tarsi black. Antenne black. Abdomen black, with broad

grey segmentations,

Length, ¢ 18-19, ¢ 24 mm. with ovipositor.

Male.—Face covered with silky yellow tomentum and

hairs. Moustache on the not very prominent tubercle,

composed of whitish-ye!low, loug, weak bristles. Palpz black

with yellow hairs, in the type some black bristles are present

on the moustache. <Anfeine blackish, the first two joints

with black bristly hairs; the arista nearly double the length

of the third joint, which is tinged reddish brown and is a

little longer than the first joint. Forehead with black bristly

hairs at the sides and on the central tubercle, hairs round

the head white, four or five very stout black bristles are

preseut each side of the frontal mcision. Zhorax covered

with yellowish tomentum and with a distinctly marked

median black stripe divided in the middle and two large

blackish spots on each side; dorsum covered with short

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 71

black pubescence. Preesutural bristles are very large and

stout, two in number, one supra-alar bristle only and three

postalar bristles ; the dorso-central bristles are only repre-

sented by some fine black hairs on each side and in the

middle, those on the posterior part becoming bristly hairs ;

the dorsum is covered with fine black hairs and some longer

pale yellowish ones posteriorly and on the sides. Seutel/um

covered with grey tomentum and with six blackish bristles

on its posterior border, in the other males some of these

appear yellow; dorsum with pale yellowish pubescence,

Abdomen with large brownish-black spots on each segment,

produced posteriorly, but not reaching the hind border which

is covered with greyish-yellow tomentum forming a band on

each segment continued up the sides; dorsum covered with

short yellowish or white hairs and with the same at the

sides; underside largely brown. Legs reddish yellow ; the

fore and middle femora black at the base and apex, the hind

pair blackish for two-thirds of their length with a black

apex ; the tibize with dark apices ; the middle and hind tarsi

wholly brownish ; the fore femora with uo bristles, some long

soft hairs below, the middle pair with two stout black

bristles at the apex, the hind pair with five on the upper-

side and four or so below, and two stout ones at the apex ;

the tibiz with five or more black bristles on the upperside

of the fore pair, and a crown of them at the apex; underside

with long, soft, yellowish hairs; the middle pair with rather

fewer bristles on the uppersides and no soft hairs below,

the hind pair with four or so on the upper and under side

aud four at the apex ; the underside with a thick fringe of

short yellowish hairs, also present on the upperside, these

are present but less ‘noticeable on the middle tibiz ; tarsi

with the first joint enlarged and broad on the front pair and

lounger on the other pairs, on these last it is nearly as long

as the four other joints together, all with numerous very

stout black bristles at apex and on the underside, and with

some yellowish hairs above, the other joints have fewer

bristles ; pubescence on the legs is otherwise short and black.

Wings not so long as the abdomen. Genitalia are large,

with black hairs, some white ones on the apex. The other

males appear identical, the bristles and colouring of legs

being the same, but the abdomen has a. more hoary pubes-

cence.

Female is identical. The bristles on the seutellum all

black. Ovipositor very long, including the sixth and seventh

segments, nearly as long as the first five segments. Legs

not quite so dark; the fore femora with four or five weak

72 Miss G. Rieardo on the Asilidee.

long bristle-like hairs below, besides the long soft hairs ; the

bristles on the hind pair of femora do not appear to be so

numerous ; fore tarsi are enlarged as in male. Wangs as in

the male are shaded at apex and on posterior border, and the

small transverse vein is before the middle of the discal cell.

Neoitamus neavensis, 9 , Sp. Nn.

Type (female) and five others, from 150-200 miles W. of

Kambove, Congo Free State, 3500-4500 feet, 16. 10. 07

(S. H? Neave), 1907, 230.

A small black and grey species not unlike Neottamus

sodalis, Wulp, from Aden, according to the deseription,

having no hairs or bristles on the seutellum; but Wulp

makes no mention of the black stripe on the femora.

Length 17 mm.

Face covered with yellowish tomentum. Moustache scanty

and yellow. Palpi black with yellow hairs. Antenne (broken

off), the first jot black with dark hairs. Forehead with

some black hairs at sides. Thorax covered with greyish

tomentum, leaving apparent a very distinct velvety black

median stripe divided anteriorly ; the side- -stripes are repre-

sented by two large black spots and a small one; the two

preesutural bristles are stout, black; the supra-alar consist

of one stout one and a weaker, the postalar being similar;

the dorso-central bristles are weaker and few in number.

Scutellum grey, with no signs of bristles or hairs. Abdomen

with large black velvety spots and grey segmeutations, the

sides are also grey, the first segment has a tuft of yellowish

hairs at sides ; pubescence on dorsum very short and chiefly

dark; the ovipositor includes the sixth and seventh segments

and is about as long as the four preceding segments. Legs

slender, reddish yellow; the fore femora blackish on their

upperside ; tibize black at apices, the tarsi brownish from the

second joint onwards, the middle femora also have a dark

stripe, the hind pair are only black at their apices; only the

middie and hind femora have bristles and then only two at

the apex, with some very short pale yellow pubescence; the

tibize have three or four each, one near the base with the

same pubescence ; the first joint is heavily armed with stout

black bristles, most of them underneath, and the following

joints also have them. Wings clear, grey, the smail trans-

verse vein is situated beyoud the middie of the discal cell

towards the apex of the wing.

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 7:

Neoitamus africanus, 2 , sp. 0.

Type (female) and two other females from edge of forest

on 8S. and E. slopes of Kenya, 6600-7000 feet, Brit. E. Africa

(S. A. Neave, Feb. 3-12, 1911), 1911, 177.

A large blackish species, measuring about 22 mm., distin-

guished by the wholly black moustache. Tubercle of face

large, but not reaching the anteune. Thorax with not very

numerous black bristles on its dorsum; the priesutural

bristles consist of two very stout ones and two finer ones.

Scutellum has six or more bristles on its posterior border.

Abdomen (somewhat denuded) appears blackish with chiefly

black pubescence, a few yellow hairs are apparent at sides

and on the segmentations ; ovipositor long, including the

sixth and seventh segments, in length about equal to the

three preceding segments together. Legs black, apices of

fore femora reddish ; tibize almost wholly reddish, as are the

basal joints of the fore and middle tarsi; the fore tibize have

a thick short fringe of rufous hairs on their lower side, the

middle and hind pair have hardly any long hairs; pubes-

eence elsewhere black, with stout black bristles. Wings

pale brown, clear at base, the discal cell almost wholly clear ;

veins dark brown, the small transverse vein beyond the

middle of the discal cell.

Hetiemoneura, Bigot.

Thoms. Archiv. Entom. ii. p. 356 (1858).

Mochtherns, Loew, Lin, Ent. iv. p. 58 (1849) [preoce. Schmidt,

Goebel Coll, 1346).

Neomochtherus, Ost.-Sack.

Oriental and Australian Regions.

This genus is very slizhtly represented in these regions.

Wulp described three species under Mochtherus, viz.,

Heligmoneura gnava, patruelis, and striata, from the Indian

Archipelago, Java, and the Celebes, and one species H. lauta

from New Guinea. In the Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8)

xi. p. 423 (1913), I removed Asilus lascus, Walker, to this

genus, a species recorded from New Zealand.

Two new species are now described.

Heligmonewra gnava, V. d. Wulp.

Tijd. v. Ent. (2) vii. (xv.), p. 242 [ Mochtherus] (1872).

Females from Kandy, Ceylon (Z. 2. Green) 1910, 415,

“e! Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide.

and from Khasi Hills, Assam, 97, 82; from Biserat, Siam

(Robinson and Annandale), 1916, 21; and from Sandakan,

British N. Borneo (D. Cafor), 98, 83.

H. striata is distinguished from the above by not only the

hind knees being black, but the posterior femora at apices

and below and the posterior tibize and tarsi are all blackish ;

the antenne are also blackish.

In H. gnava and H. patruelis they are yellowish, and the

legs in the latter are more like those of H. striata. H.lauta,

described from a male only, is a large species, 16-22 mm.;

legs almost entirely reddish yellow.

Heligmoneura indianus, 2, sp. 0.

Male (type), female (type), and two other females from

Katagiri, 6000 feet, S. India, (f. Cragg). A medium-sized

species, yellowish grey in colour, the legs almost wholly

yiliow. Moustache composed in the middle of long bristle-

like vellow hairs, surrounded by several longer black bristles.

Antenne blackish brown. Wings clear, shaded at apex and

narrowly so on the posterior border.

Length, g 13, 2? 17-18 mm.

Female.—Face covered with silky-looking pale yellowish

tomentum; tubercle small, covered by the moustache, which

is continued on the sides of the epistome. Palpi black, with

pale yellowish hairs. Antenne blackish brown, the first two

joints with black hairs; the arista of third joint nearly as

long as the joint. Beard pale yellowish; hairs round the

head the same colour, reaching the postocular bristles, which

are few in number and black. Forehead darker than the

face, with black bristly hairs on each side. Thorax with a

distinct median brown stripe divided in the middle; dorsum

of thorax with small bristles and a row of longer ones on

each side of the stripe; prasutural bristles, supra-alar, and-

postalar bristles all two in number; the dorso-central bristles

about six in number, with finer hair-lke bristles inter-

mingled. Seutellum with two black bristles on its margin |

aud some fine long yellow hairs between. Abdomen yellowish

grey or yellowish brown, the segmentations narrowly paler

in colour, the yellow bristles weak and few in number; some

appressed brighter-coloured pubescence on dorsum, thickest

on the apical segments, elsewhere short and black ; ovipositor

black, almost as long as the fourth, fifth, and sixth segments

together. Legs yellowish red, with fine but numerous black

bristles; fore femora with only soft yellow hairs, mid-femora

with at least seven strong black bristles, Lind femora with

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 75

three very strong black bristles and other smaller ones ;

pubescence on the legs short, black ; on the under edges of

the tibiz some reddish-yellow hairs are distinct. Wings

with the small transverse vein beyond the middle of the

diseal cell,

Male is discoloured and damaged, but is no doubt the

same species, though the femora appear almost destitute of

strong black bristles, and some on the fore tibice are yellow ;

genitalia not very large, black.

Heligmoneura sinensis, 3 ? , sp. n.

Type (male) and type (female) from Tientsin, 25. 6. 06

(PF. M. Thomas), 1907, 200, and another female.

A fair-sized blackish-brown species with paler segmenta-

tions on the abdomen and legs wholly reddish yeilow.

Antenne yellowish. Moustache composed of yellow bristles.

Wings clear, shaded at apex and on posterior border.

Length, ¢ 15-20, 9 17 mm.

Male.—Face covered with silky-yellow tomentum ; the

tubercle distinct, covered by the yellow moustache. Pa/pi

black, with long yellow hairs. Beard yellowish. Antenne

yellowish, the third joint wanting in all the specimeus,

Forehead a little darker than the hmd part of head with

stout, not very long, yellow bristles. YUhorax dark, with

yellowish-grey tomentum, leaving a broad median blackish

undivided stripe, with long yellowish bristles on the posterior

part and short black pubescence on dorsum; the presutural

bristles two in number, one yellow, one black; one supra-

alar and two postalar, all yellow. Sceu/el/um with two yel ow

bristles. Abdomen covered with dense yellowisli-giey tom: n-

tum, leaving a median dark stripe composed of long or

triangular spots; yellow bristles on each segment, two or

three in number, more numerous on the first segment;

dorsum covered with yellow short pubescence. Genitalia

chestnut-coloured, stout, and not very long with some slioit

yellow pubescence. Legs reddish yellow, the bristles on the

tibiz yellow, with a few black ones intermixed, Femora

somewhat incrassate, with chiefly black bristles; tarsi darker

at their apices, with black bristles; the pubescence on legs

short, yellow, dark on the outer sides of the tibia and on

their dorsum. Wings with both branches of the fork of the

third vein slightly curved.

Female similar. The ovipositor black, quite as long as

the last two segments, the small transverse vein in the

middle of the dorsal cell.

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

for)

South African Region.

The species of Heligmoneura described from this region

are: Heligmoneura annuiilarsis and sinuata, Loew, from Caf-

fraria; H. deserticola, Karsch, from E. Africa; H. monobdia,

Speiser, fromm Erythrea; H. nuda, Bezzi, from Erythrea ;

H. modesta, Bigot, from Gaboon; and H. rothkirchii, Speiser,

from Kameroons. None of these species are represented in

the Brit. Mus. Coll., except H.sinuata. H. annulitarsis must

be nearly allied to it, but the fork of the third vein is said to

be only very slightly curved, and the hind and middle tibize

with only black spots. The otipositor is larger than the

last two segments of abdomen—not equal, as in A. sinuaéa.

Length 10 mm.

H. deserticola is described very shortly ; the face with

two rows of very black bristles down the middle, a cha-

racteristic not very probable in a species of this genus.

H. monobia is described as a black species with yellow legs.

H. nuda is described by the author as very like an Ommatius

species, and, as he had not seen any specimen with perfect

antennze, the question of genus remains undecided. H. roth-

kirchii, Speiser, from Duala, Kameroons, is described as a

very fine species, 205 mm. iong. Blackish with the ordinary

yellow-grey tomentum of Asilide; the pubescence on the

abdomen yellow, long at the sides. Palpi black, red-haired.

Antenne reddish yellow. . Legs yellowish; the femora at

apices, most of the tarsi, and the hind tibiz black ; described

from one female specimen.

Three new species are here described.

Heliymoneura sinuata, Toew.

Dipt. Siid-A frika, p. 168 (1860),

Males and females from Malvern and Howick, Natal,

(J. P. Cregoe and G. A. K. Marshall).

A small species with almost wholly yellow legs, oniy black

at extreme apices of posterior femora and tibiz. Moustaclie

yellow and black. Seutellum with two black biistles. Addo-

men brownish with yellowish tomentum. Wings with the

posterior fork of third vein very distinctly curved.

Length 13 mm.

Heligmoneura neavii, 3 2, sp. D.

Type (male) from N.E. Rhodesia, vicinity of Chatabesi,

4000 feet, 18. 5. 1908 (S. 4. Neave).

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee, 77

Type (female) from same locality, 16.5. 1908 (S. A. Neave).

Other males and females from Sualaba River, 2500-4000 feet,

19, 4. 07, ete. (S. A. Neave), 1907, 230, and males from

Kambove, Katanga, 4000-5000 feet, 2. 4. 07 (S. A. Neave),

1907, 230.

A species with a dusky or yellowish-brown abdomen,

wholly vellowish-red legs and anteunie, white moustache,

aud genitalia of male bright reddish yellow.

Length, ¢ 16-17, 2? 16-15 mm.

Male,—Face black, covered with yellowish or white

tomentum in well-preserved specimens. Moustache com-

posed of numerous white bristles and often two or more

black bristles. Pa/pi black, with yellowish bristly hairs.

Beard yellowish. Antenne yellowish red with some black

hairs on the first two joints. Occipital bristles on head

yellowish, continuing as finer whiter hairs round head to

beard. Thorax in type discoloured black and red, but in

other specimens covered with yellowish-brown tomentum

and with two faint nairow brown stripes ; presutural, supra-

alar, and postalar bristles all two in number and black, as

are the few central and side bristles; dorsum also covered

with some fine blackish hairs. Scutellum same colour as

thorax, with two black bristles. Abdomen blackish, but

covered with yellowish-brown tomentum, with strong yellow

bristles on the posterior borders of segments and below;

dorsum with rather thick, fine, short, yellow and black pubes-

cence, Legs with chiefiy stout black bristles, yellow ones

are present on the apices of fore tibiz and on the under

surface of the other tibiz, and on the fore tarsi, also below

the femora, which are devoid of the stout black bristles on

the front pair, having only weak yellow bristles below; pubes-

cence ou legs chiefly consists of short black hairs, some

yellow ones on sides of tibi, especially the hind pair.

Wings clear, with small transverse vein beyond the middle

of the discal cell, the posterior branch of the third vein with

a very pronounced bend in the middle. Geuitalia of male

are long, with black fine hairs.

Female is identical, tie black bristles on moustache at

upper part and sides are always present and more numerous,

but the yellow bristles on the legs are less numerous and

hardly preset on the fore legs; the ovipositor is black, not

so long as the last two segments together,

Heligmoneura africanus, 2, sp. 0.

‘Ty pe (female) and two others, from Magadi, Brit. E. Africa,

Apr.l 1912 (F. G. Hamilton), 1915, 37, 4.

78 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

A yellowish-brown species with blackish antennz, white

and black moustache, reddish-yellow legs with black ‘stripes

on the tibie ; ovipositor short and black, not including the

seventh segment.

Length 133-14 mm.

Face covered with dirty yellowish-white tomentum; tubercle

distinct ; moustache composed of white bristles with half a

dozen or so fine black bristles above. Antenne dark-coloured,

both the two basal joints with strong black bristles and

hairs, the third joint is wanting in all the specimens. Fore-

head with yellow tomentum and with black bristles on each

side. Occipital bristles black, hairs round head white.

Beard white. Palpi black with white hairs. Thorax blackish

brown covered with yellowish tomentum and with two

distinct dark brown stripes and shorter side-stripes; pre-

sutural, supra-alar, and postalar bristles all black and two in

number, central bristles long and stout with short bristl s

running up to the shoulders ; pubescence chiefly consists of

short black hairs. _ Scutellum with two long white bristles.

Abdomen blackish brown, covered with yellowish-grey tomei-

tum, with yellowish bristles on posterior borders of segments

at sides and below, and with short yellow pubescence. Legs

with black stripes on all the femora on the inner dorsal

surface covered with fine white pubescence, and with yellow

bristles at apex and below; tibiz blackish at apex, with

vellow bristles; tarsi largely black with black bristles; pubes-

cence on legs black and short. Wings clear, the posterior

branch of third vein with only a very moderate curve, small

transverse vein about the middle of the discal cell.

Heligmoneura natalensis, § 2, 8p. n.

Type (male) from Marley Kloof, Natal, and others from

Natal and Mfongosi, Zululand.

Type (female) from Karkloof, Natal, Feb. 1897 (G. A, K.

Marshail), 1903, 17, in Brit. Mus. Coll., and other females

from Natal; and Mfongosi, Zululand (W. E. Jones).

A species differing from Heligmoneura africanus by the

black bristles on the scutellum and black bristles on the

legs; it is also larger on the whole.

“Length, 6 16-i7, ? 14-18 mm.

Male. — Face dark, covered with wliiish tomentum; the

tubercle bearing black bristles above and yellowish ones

be'ow, forming the moustache, with short black bristles

below. Palpi black with black hairs. Beard scanty, white.

Antenne black. Forehead the same as face, wiih black

On Batopora and its Allies. 79

bristly hairs. The bristles on hind part of head black.

Thorax dark, covered with grey tomentum, with two very

distinct, narroav, blackish-brown, median stripes and duller

greenish spots at sides; presutural bristles two in number ;

the supra-alar and postalar respectively three in number, all

black and very stout; median posterior bristles also stout

and numerous. Seufellum same colour as thorax, with two

black bristles. Addomen brownish black, covered with

greenish-grey tomentum, very noticeable yellow bristles at

sides of each segment, and the dorsum covered with short

black pubescence; a stouter row of black brist!y hairs on the

posterior borders of segments, which also appear paler in

colour; genitalia small, black and shining, with black pubes-

cence, Legs reddish yellow, with a black stripe on all the

femora and the two posterior pairs with black hairs; the

posterior tibize darker at apices and the tarsi all darker at

the joints ; all bristles black with the exception of two or

three long yellowish bristles on the fore and middle tibiz at

apices and at the bases of the first tarsal joints; pubescence

short, black, some longer white pubescence on the underside

of the fore femora and some short yellow pubescence on the

outer edges of the tibize and first tarsal joints. Wéings clear,

grey at apex and on hind border, the posterior fork of the

third vein slightly curved, the small transverse vein beyond

the middle of the discal cell.

Female ideutical, the yellow bristles on the legs not always

present ; ovipositor, which does not include the seventh

segment, is about the length of the last two segments

together.

VII.—Batopora (Bryozoa) and its Allies.

By Axraur Wo. Warers, F.L.S., F.G.S.

[Plate VI.]

CoNnTENTS. Page

Batopora multiradiata, Rss. ....6 6.62.06 83

Mamillopora simplex (Kosch.) ..........4. 86

— bidentata (Rs8.) 22.606. 60 cee Sat Skis 87

crassilabris (Kosch.) .........++ <Kiee oe

Spherophora fossa, Uaswell ..........0005 89

Orbitulipora excentriea, Seg. vc. cece eee es . 90

As several interesting points have turned up relating to

Batopora and its allies, it seems better to publish an account

at once, without waiting for the publication of a paper,

80 Mr. A. W. Waters on

now ready, dealing with species growing in a cupuliform

sliape, including Selenariadz and Conescharellinide, as the

consequences of war may cause delay.

The re-examination of some specimens of what Haswell

described as Spherophora fossa show the importance of this

species in throwing light on certain fossils. The zoaria are

small, and were deseribed as subspherical “ with a circular

pit at the upper pole,” but it does not seem that we must

speak of the pit being at the upper pole. The growth is .

towards the pit, a fact correctly shown by Haswell, although a

he does not allude to it (Pl. VI. fig. 1). Another form ,

with zoaria about the same size, described by Reuss* as (4

Diplotaxis placentula, now changed by Gregory f to Biselen-

uria, as the name Diplotaxis was preoccupied, grows on one |

surface to the border and then turns over to the other

growing towards the centre. Although the growth in the

two forms considered is not quite identical, they partially ;

explain one another. Canu ft in describing Biselenaria offa,

Greg., says the zoccia radiate from a ‘ grande ancestrule,”

which, however, is not shown in Canu’s figure, and, as the

zocecia are Membraniporidan, it is difficult to understand.

The importance of the pit was appreciated by Haswell,

who did not attempt any explanation in his first paper, but

in a subsequent one § he mentions a Cellepora with minute

Actinids lodged in cylindrical pits, excavated in the substance

of the polyzoarium. He thinks this may throw some light

on the pits of Spherophora fossa, and described it as a case of

symbiosis of Actinid with Cel/epora. However, as regards

S. fossa, the definite position of this pit in recent species

from various localities, as well as in fossils from many

localities, makes this very improbable; nor is this all, for it

is clear that what was described as “ aufrecht stehende

Zelle”’ or “primoidial Zelle”? by Reuss and others in Batopora

and some allied genera is a similar pit, though much smaller.

In both cases there is a raised ridge surrouuding the border

(Pl. VI. fig. 6), and there are in the pits large pores leading

to the surrounding zowcia. Reuss, who had seen the tubes

seas these pores, spoke of them as a hydrostatic system, but

low he considered thet the system functioned is not clear.

Canu || and Bassler also refer to a hydrostatic system.

* Bry. des deutsch. Unterolig. Sitz. d. k. Akad. Wissen. Wien, ly.

p. 2ai, pl i. figs. 5-7 (1864).

+ © Brit. Pal, Bry .. Trans. Zool, Soc. London, vol. xiii. p. 234 (1893).

1 ieee Bry: Tert.,’”’ Ann, de Paléon. vol. i. p. 80 (1907).

§ Proc. Linn. ‘Soe. N.S. Wales, vol. vii. p. 608 (1882).

| Barly Tert. Cheil. Bry. p. 73; Smithsonian Inst. U.S. Nat. Mus.

Bull. 96 er Ji7).

Batopora and its Alles. 81

The pit in the common Batopora multiradiata is found to

continue through the two layers, for the mature zoarium

consists of two or more layers, as described by Reuss and

as figured by me * (see also Pl. VI. fig. 4). As the mature

multiradiata is two-layered, we should be able to find an

earlier stage, and to do so I again searched through material

from different places where it occurs, and in most cases found

a small globular Batfopora, which is what I determined as

B. stoliczkai, Kss., though what were taken to be appendages

are probably young zoccia in course of formation and are

not always found, aud then there seems to be no material

difference from B. rosula, Rss., so that perhaps rosu/a and

stoliczkai are synonyms. The possibility of a globular

Batopora being tlie first stage was foreseen by Reuss and

also by me, but at that time was rejected.

The primary is well within this globular form. I have

found a very similar pit in Orb/tulipora lenticularis, Rss.,

from Montecchio Maggiore, but in a very different position—

numely, near the periphery directed towards the middle of

the zoarium, avd in Orbitulipora petiolus one has been

figured by Dixon 7 and by Gregory ¢ at the side. On p. 92

it is seen to be continuous from the centre to the cireum-

ference of the zoarium. MacGillivray § and Maplestone ||

speak of there sometimes being more than one pit in S. fossa,

but 1 have seen nothing of the kind. Perhaps they had

found a true Cellepora. Is there any other explanation of

these pits, except the perforating Actinid? ‘The large

pores in the pits, with their tube or chamber leading to the

zowvia (Pl. VI. figs. 3, 4), is undoubtedly a point of much

importance, aud the explanation now offered is that these

pores indicate the attachment of radicles, which together

form a solid bundle such as we know in various Bryozoa 4,

The shape of the oral aperture (0°12 mm.) and of the

* North Ital. Bryozoa, p. 33, figure in text; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.

vol. xlvii. (1891).

+ Geol. & Fossils of Tert. & Cret. Form. of Sussex, p. 151, pl. i. fig. 10

1850).

( } Brit. Pal. Bry. pl. xxxi. figs. 12, 13.

§ “Lert. Poly. of Vict.,” Trans, R. Soe. Vict. p. 108 (1895).

| * New or little-known Polyzoa,” Proc. R. 8. Vict. vol. xxv. p. 361

1913).

( {| Preparations had been made, and the drawings for Plates completed,

before [ had an idea of any theories of Canu and Bassler. In a short

letter from Canu, he seems to have come to the conclusion that Con-

escharellina and some other genera lived with the apex of the cone below,

and were attached, as partly suggested by d’Urbigny. I see that there

will be points of agreement between us, but I am awaiting their complete

work,

Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. ii. 6

82 Mr. A. W. Waters on

zocecia. as well as the ovicell would, if considered alone,

place Spherophora fossa with Holoporella, a genus which I

separated from Cellepora.

A specimen of Stichoporina reussi, Stol., from Latdorf,

given to me by Dr. Pergens, has a pit as described, and the

nocrcial opening as first seen is round or slightly oval, but

1 looking down the peristome the lower edge of the oral

oper ture is found to be nearly straight (0038 mm.) and this

is also the case in Batopora (text-fig. 1, f, 9).

Although there are these similarities between S. reussi

and Batopora multiradiata, the underside of S. reussi shows

the zocecial shape and is not filled in, also the early growth

must have been different. In my specimen of reussi the

zocecia near tlie pit are raised, whether because they are

larger or because a second layer is commencing cannot be

decided from the specimen—at any rate, the inner raised

zocecia are directed towards the pit, while the outer ones

are directed away from it. Canu* has united S. reussi and

Batopora mul/tiradiata as one species, which does not seem

to be the case, nor wiil they probably remain in the same

genus. Canu says “unilamellaire,’” but B. multiradiata is

bilamellar. ‘This examination shows that Koschinsky was

not right in uniting his species of Slichoporina with

Stoliezka’ s, for none of Koschinsky’s have a pit, besides

which, the oral aperture of Koschinsky’ S species 1s much

larger with a distinct contraction at each side, so that

S. simplex, S. protecta, 8. crassilabris, and S. bidentata, Rss.,

must be placed elsewhere, and they seem to agree with

Mamillopora, Smitt.

Nevianit published a paper on Stichoporina, though now

most species referred to seem to belong to the genus

Mamillopora. The reason for separating them from Sticho-

porina has been given, and in none other that Neviani

mentions is there a pit. Fedora edwardsi, Jull., is a hollow

cylinder, as are also Kionidella (Discoflustrellaria) dactylus,

@’Orb., and F. excelsa, Kosch., though with a small lumen,

and both seem to belong to Mami/lopora.

Canu {, speaking of Stichoporina reussi, Stol., says *‘ ances-

trule membrauiporoide,” but are we yet correctly acquainted

with the ancestrule ?

The genus Praitia, @Archiac, I should place under

Mamillopora, though Cauug has left it as Prattia, aud

* Bry. Tert. p. 100.

+ “Nuova sp. foss. di Stichoporina,’ Bull. Soc. Rom. per gli Stud.

Zool. vol. iv. p. 1 (1895).

{ Bry. Tert. p. 100, pl. xi. fiys. 16-18 (1907).

§ “Bry. du Sud- Ouest de a Irance,” Bull. Soc. Géol. de France,

ser. 4, vol. x. p. 854 (1910).

Batopora and its Allies. 83

Faura and Canu* have done the same. Canu has refigured

@Archiac’s specimens, and it will be seen that the zomcia

differ but very slightly from Mamillopora (Stichoporina)

simplex, Kosch., although the avicularium is much larger,

also the Fedora glandulosa, d’Arch., as figured by Canu,

looks much like Mamillopora crassilabris, Kosch., and I

should place it under Mamillopora,

Mamiilopora ( Ascosia) pandora t, Jullien, belongs to this

genus or to the family. The barrel-shaped zoacia are erect,

aul, as scen in a specimen given to me by Jullien, the

appendages are not vibracular but avicularian, with a distinct

bar and a prolonged mandible. The three supra-oral pre-

cesses remind us of those of Mamil/opora crassilabris, Kosch.

[éjjus has deseribed as Batopora aviculata, H. f, a specios

with a large triangular aviculariam, like those of M. simplex,

K., below the oral aperture, but in the light of present

investigations it is doubtful whether we must place it under

Batop ra ov Conescharellina. He also makes a new genus

Batoporella for a bilaminate form otherwise much like

Batopora. Although he refers to the figure of it, there is

none in my copy, and on the cover only two plates are

referred to; evidently something has gone wrong about the

plates, as the references do not correspond with tle plates,

asd this is referred to as pl. v. fig. 13, though if it has been

published it must have been on a plate vii.

Butopora multiradiala, Reuss.

(V1. VI. figs. 4, 5, 6, 9, 10.)

Batopora mu/tiradiata, Reuss, “ Die foss. Anthoz. und Bry, der

Schichtengruppe von Crosaro,” Denk. math, naturwiss. Classe der k,

Akal. der Wissenschaft. Wien, vol. xxix. pp. 265 & 292, pl. xxxi.

fixs. 1-4 (1869); Pergens, * Bry. foss. de Kolosvar,” Bull, pan wth

Malac. de Belgique, vol. xxii. p. 7 (1887); “ Foss. Bry. von Wola

Lu’zanska,” Bull. Soc. Belye de Geol. vol. iii. p. 72 (1887);

Waters, “North Italian Bryozos,” Quart. Journ, Geol. Soe.

vol. xlvii. p. 32, figure in text (1891),

We have already learnt (p.82) that the zoocia, in mature

zoaria, occur in two or more layers and the stage with only

* M. Faura & F. Canu, “Sur les Bry. des Terr. Tert. de la Catalozne,”

Inst. Catalana d’hist. natural. p. 100, fig. 12 (1918).

t “Drag. du Tray.,” Bull. Soe. Zool. de Fr. vol. vii. p. 505, pl. xiii.

figs. 13, 14 (1882); Calvet, Exp. Se. du Trav. et Talisman, vol. vii.

p. 441 ( 1907 ). Busk named a specimen of this species Cellepora abyssicola

in MSS. from the Atlantic, 780-1095 fathoms (* Porcupine,’ 99.7.1).

1 Héjjas, Emerich, “ Beit. z. Kennt. der Tertiiren Bry, Siebenburgens,”

Sitz. Med. Naturwiss. Section des Siebenburgischen Museumsverein,

vol. xvii. p. 214, pl. iv. fig. 11 (1894).

ae G*

84 Mr. A. W. Waters on

one layer has been called Batopora stoliczkai, Rss.*, and in

very many localities both the first and mature stage have

been found together. In sections, as in Pl. VI. fig. 4, the

two layers are clearly seen, and also the interesting fact

that the so-called “ primordial Zelle”’ passes through the

two layers. This has now to be called a pit, and is ‘homo-

Jogous with the pit in the Spherophora fossa of Haswell.

‘There are numerous tubes from the neighbouring zoecia

passing to the pit, and these were well” seen during the

preparation of the section ; also in S. fossa the large pores

in the pit were seen to pass into minute chambers i in the

zocecia (Pl. VI. figs. 2, 3).

Reuss considered that the colony grew from this pit, but

he had missed some points of structure, though, from a

manuscript left relating to B. rosula and which Manzoni +

published, he clearly understood that there were two layers

in a mature form. Koschinsky seems to have considered

that the conical form grew first and then became globular,

but this is reversing the process.

I think that one of the small zoccia in the jones of the

first stage is the primary, and also in S. fossa the primary

was probably some distance from the pit. The base of the

cone may also be covered by a secondary zoecial growth.

The base of the cone usually shows the one row of radiating

zocecia, but I have one specimen showing two rows (PI. VL

fig. 5).

B. muliiradiata is usually 2-3 mm. in diameter, sometimes

showing the second layer as a cap (Pl. VI. fig. 4a); this outer

layer is very irregular, being by no means always at the

apex, In one the edge of the cap ends near to the pit. I have

collected it mature from Brendola, Val di Lonte, Monteechio

Maggiore, Priaboua, Malo, Ferrara di Monte Baldo, Creazzo

near Lonigo, Vilmezzano, Mazzurega, and the earlier or

stoliczkai stage from Brendola, Val di Lonte, Montecchio

Maggiore, Creazzo, Malo, Spiassi.

The base of the cone has the zocecia arranged radially,

just as in Conescharellina, and between the two genera there

are only secondary differences on this surface, though in

Conescharellina we are unaware of any case of the two layers,

nor is there any pit, though there seem to be cases of

* Reuss was very near this idea, for, speaking of 2. multiradiata from

V 4 di Lonte, he says no other form is found and we cannot therefore

hold it for a higher form of Batopora. Since then I have found many

specimens of B. stoliczkai from Val di Lonte.

t “ Bri. foss. del. Mioc. d’Aust. ed Ungh.,” Denk. math. natw. Ak. der

Wissensch. Wien, vol. xxxvil. p. 6, pl. il. fie. 6 (1877).

. Batopora and its Allies. 85

several larse pores probably serving the same purpose ; but

in spite of the very great similarity of form of growth

Conescharellina has a much smaller oral aperture, with a

trace of a sinus and muscular attachments some distance

from the border, while Batopora has a nearly straight proximal

edge with contractions at the side, as in most Lepralia, as

the genus has been understood.

Orbitulipora and Spherophora, both of which have a

somewhat similar pit (large in Spherophora and lateral in

Orbitulipora), have much larger oral apertures than either

Batopora or Conescharellina, and have a nearly straight

proximal edge and large curved distal end, just as in Ho/o-

porella; further, Conescharellina has small cells with semi-

lunar s'its, whereas none are known in Batopora, Coneschu-

rellina has regular elongate chambers within the cone (Pl. VI.

fig. 8), aud these were clearly formed after the outer layer

of zocecia, whereas in Batopora the irregular chambers

are zocecial chambers formed before the outer barrel-shaped

zoecia.

The small Cellepora globularis, Reuss, from Val di Lonte,

is readily mistaken for Batopora mulliradiata, as small

specimens are about the same size, though the zowcia are

larger and have two peristomial avicularia. This small

globular form was evidently seen by Reuss* from Val di

Lonte, but he and others have united under that name

darger growths, without proof that they are the same species.

Also, Conescharellina eocena, Nevianit, which occurs

from several places in the Veneto, may at first glance seem

to be Buatopora, but examination of various characters auil

of the internal structure proves it to be Conescharellina (see

Pl. VI. fig. 8).

Loc. Val di Lonte and Priabona (Rss.), Pap Patak ;

Pap Falvi Patak ; Pap Falva, Kolos Monostor, Bacs Szucsag,

Wola Lu’zanska, and Ofener Mergel (Hungary (Perg.)),

Eocene of Bavaria, and found by me from Val di Lonte,

Brendola; Priabona; Montecchio Maggiore; Ferrara di

Monte Baldo; Malo; Creazzo; between Sarego and Grotte

near Lonigo(Vicentine) ; Mazzurega,near Fumane, Verouese

(abundant in this locality); S. Urbano di Mt. Sgreve

( Vicentine).

* Bry. Crosaro, p. 264 (52).

+ This is the Batopora conica, Hantken, as proved from a specimen in

the British Museum sent by Hantken, and this is interesting, for though

Ilantken often refers to it, yet it is not known whether he has described

it. This species is dealt with in my other paper.

86 Mr. A. W. Waters on

Mamillopora simplex (Koschinsky).

Stichoporina simplex, Koschinsky, “ Bry. der alt. Tert. des Siid-

Bayerns,” Paieontographica, vol. xxxii. p. 64, pl. vi. figs. 4-7 (1885);

Kirkpatrick, “Hyd. & Poly. Torres Straits,” Proc. Roy. Dublin

Soe. vol. vi. p. 623, pl. xvii. figs. 4 a, b, c,d (1890); Waters, “ North

Ital. Bry.,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlvii. p. 31, pl. iv. figs. 16-18

(1891); de Angelis d’Ossat, ed. A. Neviani, ‘* Corall. e Bri. Neog. di

Sardeg: a,” Bull. Soc. Geol. Ital. vol. xv. p. 16 (1897).

Mamillopora smitti, Calvet, Exp. Se. du Tray. et du Talisman, Bry.

vel, viii. p. 424, pl. xxvii. figs. 4, 5 (1907).

There are four species called Stichoporina in the North

Italian Tertiary Beds, differing principally in the position

and character of the avicularia. In S. simplex, K., there is

on one side above the oral apertrre a large triangular

avicularium, though very occasionally one on both sides.

Koschinsky thought that the avicularium was below the

oral aperture, though his figure would suggest its being

above, apparentiy he mistook the zoccium to which it

belonged. The second species, S. protecia, Kosch., has, as

deseribed by Kosehinsky, a small round avicularium (‘knopf-

formiges—mit rundlicher Offnung) at each side. ‘This

small avicularium, according to Canu *, may be pointed.

The third species (Cupularia) bideniuta, Kss., has a small

round avicularium at the distal end of the zocecium, and the

ovicell is very wide, wider than figured by Reuss. Canu

also considers that what I determined as S. simplex, Kosch.,

is the S. prolecta, K., but he seems to have overlooked the

fact that Koschiusky mentioned and figured a large triangular

avicularini at the side of the oral aperture in S. simplea.

S. crassilabris, Kosch, from near Lonigo, Viceutine, has a

projection above tlie oral aperture, ofteu with a large central

process or two lateral ones.

In neither of the four species mentioned have I seen a

central pit, nor is ove mentioned, while in (Stichoporina)

reussi, Stol., which is the type, there is a distinct one, as

figured by Stoliczka, and it is very marked in a specimen

from Latdorf sent by Pergens. Other differences are

mentioned on page 82.

The oral aperture of S. reuvssi is much snaller (about

0°08 mm.) than that. of the M. bidentata group, in which in

the wider part the oral aperture, contracted at the side by a

deuticle, is about 0-12 mm. It is thus seen that the group

just mentioned does not correspond with S. reussi and must,

be placed under Mamillopora, Smitt. Whether S. reussi

should be placed with Batopora we may leave open.

* Bry. Terr. Tert. des Envy. de Paris, p. 101 (1907;.

Batopora and its Allies. 87

Canu* united Stichoporina reussi, Stol., and Batopora

mu/ltiradiata, Reuss, but it does not now seem tliat this can

be maintained.

The North Italian specimens of simplex are &8 mm.

diameter with the dome very little raised. Kirkpatrick’s

are 20 mm. and Calvet’s have a more elevated cone, but

I do not think that they should be separated on these

grounds,

Fig. 1.

) 85 Pao as EL © (| Cs) xes

a ri - 05 3 x9$ ; 95 f

x25

& h

a. Oral aperture of Spherophora fossa, Haswell. x 85.

b,c. Do. Orlitulipora lenticularis, Rss, X 85.

d, e. Do. Mamillopora bidentata, Rss, x 85.

He Do. Stichoporina reusst, Stoliczka. x &5.,

g. Zocecium of Stichoporina reussi, Stoliczka. X 25.

h. Do, Mamuillopora bidentata, Rss. x 25.

Loc. Gitzreuth, Bavaria (Kosch.), and in my collection

from Brendola; Priabona; Ferrara di Mt. Baldo ; between

Grotte and Sarego, near Lonigo; all in the Veneto: and

living from Murray Island, Torres Strait (Kirkp.); also

Cape of Good Hope and Malacca (K.) ; Saint Vincent, Cape

Verde Islands, 21 met. (Ca/lvet).

Mamillopora bidentata (Reuss).

(Pl. VI. figs. 7, 11 ; text-fig. 1, d, e, h.)

Cupularia bidentata, Reuss, “ Pal. Stud. iiber die alteren Tert. der

pen,” Denk. Akad, Wiss. Wien, vol. xxix. p 277, pl. xxix.

figs. 1, 2 (1869); Pergens, Bry. Foss. des Eny. de Kolosvar, p. 7

(only in list) (1887).

* Bry. Tert. Ann. de Paleont. vols. ii-iv.-p. 100, pl. xi. figs. 16, 17, 18,

bata) Mr. A. W. Waters on

Reuss’s figure was difficult to understand, but there is no

doubt that specimens in my collection are this species, and

also on further cleaning up the specimen from Pap Falvi

Patak sent by Pergens the characters can be made out.

The zocecia are raised, the oral aperture is straight below

and is contracted at each side, so that of course the aperture

was filled by the operculum, whereas in Cupularia tlie

opening is opesial. At the distal end of the zocecium there

is an appendage, but whether avicularian or vibracular it is

cifficult to say, though probably avicularian. The opening

to this appendage is apparently round, but details cannot be

deciphered.

There is no pit and the primary is a small zcoecium

surrounded by six zocecia (Pl. VI. fig. 7).

The ovicell is very wide and raised, similar to what I

figured* in Fedora excelsa, Kosch., and is placed beyond

the avicularium—a position so far from the oral aperture is

cifficult to explain.

Loc. Val di Lonte and Granclla (ss ), Eocene of Hun-

gary); Pap Patak; Pap Falvi Patak ; Marne de Buda (Per-

(ens), Bocca di Sciesa, Colle Berici, and Malo, Viceutine

(4. W. coll.)

Mamillopora crassilabris (Koschinsky).

Stichoporina_crasstlabris, Koschinsky, Bry. Siid-Bay. p. 66, pl. vii.

figs. 1-4 (1855).

A specimen of Mamillopora from between Grotte and

Sarego, near Lonigo, Vicentine, has a great thickening above

the oral aperture, sometimes rising in one or three. processes,

the middle one of which is an avicularium or vibraculum,

ind it looks like the appendage of M. bidentata very much

cnlarged and erect. No other appendage is visible, but the

state of the fossil in not satisfactory. A small specimen of

M. simplex + from Brendola has a thickening above the oral

aperture, also a large triangular avicularium by the side.

There are six zowcia round the primary and further

cleaning recently has enabled better study. May not this

thickening occur in various species of the group under certain

conditions ?

Loc. Gotzreuth (K.), between Grotte and Sarego.

* “N. Ital. Bry.,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xlvii. p. 29, pl. iv.

fig. 6 (1891).

t Loe. cit. fig. 18.

Batopora and its Allies, SO

Spherophora fossa, Haswell.

(Pl. VI. figs. 1-3; text-fig. 2, a.)

Spharophora fossa, Waswell, “ tv from Queensland Coast,” Proc.

Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, vol. p. 42, pl. iii. figs. 5, 6 (1880) ;

* Note on a Curious Instance of Symbiosis,” op. eit. vol. vii. p. 608

(1882),

Cellepora fossa, Waters, “ Foss. Cheil. Bry. 8S. W. Australia,” Quart.

Journ, Geol, Soc. vol. xxxvii. p. 343, pl. Xvill. fig. 89 (1581); op.

cit, vol. xxxvili, p. 275 (1882); op. cit, vol. xxxix. p. 426 (1885) ;

op. ett. vol, xli, p. 307, fig. 2 (1885) ; MacGillivray, “ Tert. Voly. of

Victoria,” ‘Trans, Kh, Soe. Vict. vol. iv. p. 108, tigs. 5, 9, 10 (1895) ;

Maplestone, “Tab. List Cheil. Poly. in Vict. Tert.,’ ” Proc. R. Soc.

Vict: vol. xvii. n.s. p. 215 (1904); “ New or Little-known Poly.,

Proc. R. 8. Vict. n. s. vol. xxv. p. 36) (1913).

? Cellepora tubulosa, Busk.

On re-examination of the fossil specimen from Curdies

Creek, 1 find that the growth commences on the part

opposite to the pit, it then grows over to the underside, in

which the pit is situated, a mode of growth which we have

seen occurs in Reuss’s Diplotazis, so that when we are

lovking at the pit it is at the completion not the beginning

of the zoarium. A similar pit, though much smaller, has

been described as the “ primordial Zelle ? in Butopora and

other genera (see page 80).

Haswell described the zoarium as subsperical, slightly

depressed, with a circular pit at the upper pole, a descriptio u

quite describing specimens from Queensland, which he

kindly sent to me, as one side is somewhat flattened and the

pit is at the opposite pole ; but in some fossils * from Bates-

ford or Muddy Creek the surface with the pit is the flatter,

showing the zowcia directed to the pit (Pl. VI. fig. 1), anil

these are the best preserved of any specimens, recent or fossil,

examined by me. In these the pit is 0°55 mm. in diameter,

and from Percy Island the six specimens have pits 0°8 mm.,

O06 mm., 0°55 mm. In Batopora multiradiata, Rss., the pits

are much smaller, being 0°25-0°27 mm. from Ferrara di

Monte Baldo, Brendola, Montecchio Maggiore, and Val di

Lonte ; a pit in Orditulipora petiolus measures 0°36 mm.

Batopora was described as with a single “ aufrecht steliende

Zelle.” Tiliis so-called “ primordial Zelie” also in Sphero-

phora stands out surrounded by a border, and is much

larger than any of the zoccial openings, but we must now

call it a pit and this is referred to on page 80. ‘This reversal

of the position of the zowcia, though not quite the same as

now known in Conescharellina, yet reminds us of that genus.

* “Foss, Chil. Bry. from Muddy Creek,” Quart. Journ, Geol, Soe.

vol, xxxix. p. 426 (1883).

90 Mr. A. W. Waters on

It seems as though both in Spherophora and Batopora

the zocecia have grown over the primary in all directions,

and this we seein Orbitulipora excentrica, Seg. (see page 92),

aud in O. petiolus.

‘The ovicell of Spherophora is large, round, raised, and open

in front.

liclerring to the two specimens from Batesford or Muddy

Creck, it is well to recall the fact that Haswell meiitions a

form with a flat base without giving it a name. The fossil

Cellepora serrata, MacG., also has a flat base and clearly

belongs to Spherophora.

Loc. Holborn Island, Queensland (H.); Perey Island,

Queeusland, 11 fath., sent by Haswell; N.E. coast of

Australia, seut by Brazier; South Australia (Maplestone).

oon Curdies Creck, S.W. Victoria; na Gambier;

linga and River Murray ‘Cliff (all A, W. ab Schnapper

Point Bird Rock, Corio Bay, Waurn rae (all MacG.),

Cape Otway, Spring Creek, Muddy Creek, Shelford, Fyaus-

ford, Mornington, Mitcheil River (Maplestone). -

Orbitulipora excenirica, Segueuza. (Vext-figs. 2,a, b,c.)

Orbitulipora excentrica, Sezuenza, “ Le Formaz. Terz.,” Atti Reale

Accad. dei Lincei, ser. 3, vol. vi. p. 130, pl. xii. tigs. 22, 224

Seek Neviani, ‘‘ Bri. neog. delle Calabrie,” Pai. Ital. vol. vi.

p- 188, pl. xvii. figs. 15, 16 (1900).

Oriitulipora excentrica, var. flabellata, D’Ossat & Neviani, “Coral. e

Bri. Neog. di Sarde-ma,” Boll. See. Geol. Ital. vol. xv. p. 18 (1897).

I had written a description of specimens from Mazzurega

as O. excentrica, nov., before remembering that Seguenza

had described a species with this specific name, which,

although larger and with more zoccia than the Mazzurega

fossils, is apparently the same species. Mine are about the

same size as Neviani’s var. flabellata. ‘here are several

specimens from material collected trom Mazzurega, near

Fumane in the Veronese, N. Italy, sent to me by Professor

Parona. ‘The age was considered Bartouian, but is now

called Priabonian. ‘The bilamimate depressed zoaria are

small, about 2-8 mm. in diameter, with a stalk (as it has

been called in O. petiolus), from which the zocecia spread

out in fan-shaped form, more or less in rows. The staik or

pedicle is for attachment, as is the case with the pits of

Batopore and Orbitulipore, and it sometimes gives a sub-

triangular appearance to the zoarium.

The zowcia are very distinct and rounded, as seen from

above, and in the younger ones the aperture occurs about

the centre of the apparently nearly round erect zoccia,

—~-

Batopora and ifs Allies. 91

while in the larger older zomcia the aperture has a nearly

straight proximal border, below which there is sometimes a

Jarge avicularian chamber. It is, however, as a rule, very

difficult to see the shape of the oral aperture, so that,

although outlined by the camera lucida, the restoration of

some of the apertures has been necessary.

This is very closely allied to O. petiolus, Lousdale *, and

he, Stoliezka +, Reuss {, Vine §, aud Gregory ||, all show

the central zowcia the smaller, aud speak of the zowcia

radiating from the centre of the zoarium; also the text and

figures indicate thatit is depressed, which is not the case in

the North Jtalian fossils, nor is it always so in the specimens

of petiolus which I have examined. Various authors have

relterred to an ovicell in O. petio/us, but it is spoken of as

Crintulty ora eavce urica, Seg.

@..% 12. }, Longitudinal section, x 12,

c. Transverse section near base. x 25.

proximal to the oral aperture, whereas it is distal and

directed towards the centre of the disk. Tn my specimens

of excentrica no ovicells are distinguished, though some

zoecia have a large suboral avicularium.

Horizontal sections of excentrica are extremely interesting,

as they show the primary very near to tle stalk, referred to

as the pit in Spherophora, Bat»pora, aud Stichoporina. The

* Dixon’s ‘Geology of Sussex,’ p. 151, pl. i. fig. 10 (1850).

+ Olig. Bry. von Latdorf, p. 91, pl. iii. tiv. 5 (1561).

t Bry. d. deutschen Unterolig. p. 217, pl. i. figs. 1, 2 (1867),

§ Vine, “ Notes on Brit. Eoc. Poly.,” Proce. York. Geol. Polytech.

Soe. vol. xi. p. 164, pl. v. fig. 10 (1889).

|| “On the Brit. Palewog. Bry.,” Trans, Zool. Soc. Lond. vol. xiii. pt. vi.

p. 253, pl. xxxi. fig. 12 (1893),

92 Mr. A, W. Waters on

round primary is surrounded by five zocecia, and then from

these the ordinary zoecia grow, so that there are zoccia all

round the primary, and I have already suggested that the

first zocecium of Batopora was not very far from the pit,

formerly mistaken for a “ primordial cell.” The section,

text-fig. 2, ¢, was made to show the central zocecia at right

augles to text-fig. 2, b, and the relationship of the zoccia on

each side. ext-fig. 2, c, is magnified about twice as much

as text-fig. 2,6, and is from about the line a-a, text-fig. 2, a.

A. series of transverse sections are required to completely

unterstand the growth, but this is not possible.

There is in O. petislus a pit to the younger zoaria, and as

growth proceeds this is prolonged, so that in mature zoaria

there is a tunnel from the centre to the large external pit,

and this can in places be seen through the layers of zocecia

covering it. Sections show this tube more clearly from the

centre to the projection, and inside this tube fairly large

pores occur in regular lines.

Some of the specimens in the British Museum, marked

Heteropora glandiformis, Gregory*, are young O. petiolus,

and in one case a pit can be seen. Besides this there are one

or two which, though worn, show signs of a base like that

ot Conescharellina canceliata, Busk (figure 22 ina paper now

ready). The specimens, being mounted, could consequently

not be examined all round, but in none was'I able to

distinguish Cyclustomatous characters.

Reuss thought that the process of petiolus, subsequently

called stalk, pedicle, or pit, had no connection with the

structure of the zoarium, aud was only accidental, but we

now sce that it is the prolongation of tlie pit.

O. petiolus, Lousd., occurs from beds of about the same age

as thle Mazzurega deposit, having been found by Dixon from

Bracklesham, by Stoliczka from Latdorf, by Reuss from

the Lower Oligocene of Calbe and Biinde ; Vine says from

Barton Bay ; Brackelsham ; Stubbington; Gregory besides

these mentions Bramshaw and Brook; Vincent and Th.

Lefevre + say it occurs in Belgium from the Bruxellian,

Laekemien (Upper Eocene), Wemmelien and Tongrian (Oligo-

cene), subsequently also referred to by Mourlon; Canu

mentions it from the Bartonian of Var in the Paris basin.

Loc. of excentrica. Tortonian (Seg.), Mioc. of Calabria

* “DPritish Paleaogene Bryozoa,” Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. xiii. p. 261,

pl. xxxii. fig. 11 (1893).

t+ “Faune Laek, sup. des Environs de Bruxelles,” Ann. Soc. Malac. de

Belge, vol. vii. p. 29 (1872).

Batopora and its Allies. 93

and of Cadreas sopra Bonurra, Sardinia ( Nev.) ; Mazurrega,

Veronese (A. W. coll.).

‘The forms dealt with may be provisionally placed as follows,

It is a group with erect, usually barrel-shaped zocecia :—

I, With a pit towards which the zocecia are directed.

1567. Burovona, Res,—Oral aperture small (0°09 mm.,), nearly round,

bat examination shows. straight lower edge. Bi-jaminate. Primar

zowcia hidden, Type, B. steliczkai, Res. (probably young of B. multi-

radiata, Rss.).

1861. Orprructrora, Stoliczka,—Oral aperture large, with straight

lower edge. Pit at the side. Di-multilayered. Type, O. haidingeri,

Stol.

1881. Semarornora, Haswell.—Oral apenture large (0°12 mm.),

with straight lower edge. Grows in all directions from the early

zowcix, Pit central. Multi-laminate. Type, S. fossa, Haswell.

1852. SricnoportnNa, Stoliczka.— Oral aperture small, Uni-laminate

to bi-laminate ? Pit central. Type, S. reussi, Stol.

IL. Usually without a pit.

1873. MamiLtopora, Smitt*.—Oral aperture large (0:12 mm.), con-

tracted at each side. Primary zomcium erect, surrounded by six similar

zomwcia. Only uni-laminate, showing the position of the zocecia on the

under surface. ‘I'ype, M. cupola, Sm. Tertiary fossils: MW. simpler,

Kosch., MW. bidentata, Rss., M. protecta, Kosch.

1851, ConescHaRrELLINA, d’Orb.—Oral aperture very small, slight

sinus, opercula with muscles some little distance from the border, semi-

lunar slits. Cone uni-lamiuar, filled in by large chambers. (‘To be dealt

with in the larger paper.) Type, C. angustata, d’Orb. ‘A species fossil

from N. Italy has large pores round the apex, and one near the centre is

larger and might be called a pit.)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. Spherophora fossa, Haswell, x 10. Surface with a large pit.

» The zowcia are shown directed towards the pit. From Bates-

ford or Muddy Creek, fossil.

Fig. 2. Ditto. x10. Section showing the pit. From Percy Island,

recent.

tg. 8, Ditto. x 25, Section of the pit, showing the pores leading

to the zowcia. From Perey Island.

Fig. 4. Batopora multiradiata, Reuss., * 25. Section showing the

pit and the zowcia in a second layer round the fist. From

near Novezzina, fossil, (a) x 2. Zoarium showing a cap

formed by a second layer of zocecia, From Moutecchio

Maggiore.

Fig. 5 Ditto. x about 10. Base showing two circles of zocecia.

This is the only specimen showing two basal circles clearly.

Fig. 6. Ditto. x 25. Showing the pit with smaller zocecia round it,

as well as the ordinary zocecia. From Val di Lonte.

* I have published a figure of the operculum of Fedora edwardsii,

Jull., in “North Ital. Bry.,” Quart. Journ, Geol, Soc. vol. xlvii. pl. iv.

fig. 7; and Kirkpatrick has published one of M. simpler, Kosch. Proc,

R. Dublin Soc. n. s. vol. vi. pl. xvii. tig. 4 (1890),

94 Miss J. Stephens on new

7. Mamillopora bidentata, Reuss, xX 25. Showing the primary

Ivq.

zoceciuin and the six surrounding zocecia, From Bocca di

Sciesa. «

Fig. 8. Conescharellina eocena, Neviani, X 10. Section from Spiassi,

N. Italy.

Fig. 9. Batopora multiradiata, Uss., x 25. Showing ovicells. From

Montecchio Maggiore.

Fig. 10. Ditto. x 10. Showing the formation of a secon layer from

the neighbourhood of the pit. Er m Val di Lonte.

Tg. 11. Mamiliopora bidentata, Reuss, X 25. Showing ovicell. From

Bocea di Sciesa. (a) zoarium, X 3.

Fig. 12. Conescharellina eocena, Neviani, X 25. This figure is built up

from various parts, as the preservation as a whole is not

perfect. From Spiassi.

VIIL—Two new African Freshwater Sponges. By JANE

STEPHENS, B.A., B.Sc., National Museum of Ireland.

SEVERAL years ago Dr. Annandale (5) drew attention to the

somewhat oyster-like shells of the genus theria asaffo ding

a favourable sta ting-place for the growth of freshwater

sponges, not only on account of their roughened and often

corrugated surface, but also owing to the fact that, like true

oys ters, their lower valve is firmly fixed to some soli id support.

Dr. Annandale stated that at least one species of freshwater

sponge, Corvospongilla loricata (Weltner), had already heen

described from an therig shell, when an examination of the

shells belonging to this genus in the collections of the Indian

Museum led him to the discovery of two new species of

sponges. He remarked that he had little doubt that other

sponges would be brought to light if the theria shells

preserved in museums were carefully scrutinized. Following

Dr. Annandale’s suggestion, the Mtheria shells in the

collection of this museum were examined, with the result

that two well-marked new species were discovered on one

shell, and a few broken gemmules, too fragmentary to identify,

on another.

As is well known, the genus 4th-ria occurs only in Africa

and in the north-west part of Madagascar. On the continent

of Africa it is confined to the tropics, except that it descends

the River Nile to the mouth. Many species have been

described from time to time, but the researches of Drs. An-

thony and Germain (6, p. 372) have shown that there is only

one species—a very polymorphic one, namely Atherta ellip-

tica, Lamarck. Two varieties are, however, recognized by

these authors— ZZ. elliptica, var. typica, Germain, a smooth

Ajrican Freshwater Sponges. 95

form from streams and rivers, and 4, elliptica, var. tubifera,

Sowerby, a spined form from standing water. ‘The fine shell

on which the two new species of sponges are growing is

spined, and therefore belongs to the latter variety, so that we

may conclude that the sponges lived in still water. The

locality of the shell is given merely as Benguela,

Shells in the museum collection belonging to the genera

Mulleria and Bartlettia from South America, which with

Aitheria comprise the family Aetheriide, were examined

ulso, but without any further sponges being fonnd,

The following seven species of sponges have up to the

present been described from specimens growing on A’theria

shells: —Spongil/a sumatrans, Weber, vars, ¢ and 8, Weltner ;

S. etherie, Annandale; S. schubotzi, Weltner; Corvo-

spongilla loricata (Weltuer), C. micramphidiscoides, Weltner ;

C. scabrispiculis, Annandale; and Potamolepis stendclli,

Jaffé. A specimen of Spongilla carter’, Boweibank (fide

Kirkpatrick), has also been found on one of these shells.

Weltuer (11), in a paper published in the year 1913, gives

a complete list of the freshwater sponges known in Africa up

tothattime. Twenty-f-ur species and vari: ties are mentioned.

Since then Dr. Annandale (5) has described two species and

Jafié (7) one species; these, with the two species now

desé¢ribed, bring the total number of Artrican freshwater

sponges known at the present time to twenty-nine species

and varieties. Thus Afiica already compares favourably

as regards number of species with other parts of the world

known to be rich in freshwater sponges.

Spongilla (Euspongilla) mterospreulata, sp. n.

The sponge spreads in a fairly thick encrustation over

about a third of the surface of the upper valve of an Atheria

shell, and coats some of the spines to their summits.

It is of a greyish-white colour in the dried state and is

extremely hard tothe touch. The surface is raised up into

small ridges and rather prominent spines.

The skeleton is made up of very thick fibres, which con-

sist of multiserially arranged spicules bound together by

a considerable quantity of spongin. The main fibres run

vertically upwards through the sponge, dividing from time to

time, and their extremities project above the general surface

of the sponge and form the spines just referred to. They are

united by rather thinner fibres at right angles to them, which

ran only from one main fibre to the next and do not them-

selves form continuous fibres. ‘lhe whole constitutes a

dense firm network.

Miss J. Stephens on new

The gemmules are numerous. They are spherical and

occur singly towards the base of the sponge. They are

about 0°55 mm, in diameter. Hach is surrounded by a

thick coat of spongin. Outside this is a layer of gemmule-

spicules, lying two or three deep and densely packed tovether.

m ajority” are arranged more or less tangentially, but

ae are placed nearly vertically and project, giving the

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(

7”

Spongilla (Euspongilla) macrospiculata, sp. n.

a, oxea, X 3380; 6, gemmule-spicules, x 600.

surface of the gemmules a shagey appearance when seen

under a low power of the microscope. ‘Tie foramenis set on

a very low tubule, which penetrates the layer of spicules, so

that the opening is on a level with the general surface of the

geamule. A fow gemmules, either singly or in groups, are

African Freshwater Sponges. 97

seattered over parts of the shell now -free from the sponge,

They are firmly attached to the shell and rest on a dense

mass of gemmule-spicules,

Spicules—The macroscleres are slightly curved, stout,

smooth oxea, tapering abruptly at each sid i a small sharp

point into which the axial canal extends. The spicules are

slightly swollen at the ends, and sometimes there is a faintly

marked swelling at the centre of the shaft. There are not

many abnormal forms present, but some of the spicules are

irregularly bent and occasionally one end is rounded off.

More rarely both ends are rounded. The macroscleres

measure 0°275-0°335 mm. in length and have a thickness

of 0°02-0°027 mm. They resemble in some degree the more

pointed macroseleres of Spongilla crassissima, Annandale,

var. crassior, Annandale, but they are more swollen at the

ends and are somewhat longer and thicker.

There are no free microscleres present in the sponge.

The gemmule-spicules are short, thick strongyla provided

with strong spines. Some of the spicules, especially the

shorter ones, are swollen in the middle, so that they are

barrel-shaped ; others are nearly spherical, but still bear a

few spines. Tle spines are grouped at either end of the

strongyla, leaving the centre of the shaft smooth, but often a

few scattered spines occur along the shaft. The spines are

stout ; typically they are strongly curved towards the centre

of the shaft and end in a sharp point; but many of them are

stout, straight, knob-like projections. The spicules measure

from 0°035-0'1 mm. in length and have a thickness of 0°012-

0016 mm. Some of the short inflated ones are as much as

0-021 mm. in diameter.

Locality. Benguela; on a shell of vtheria elliptica, var.

tubifera,

Spongilla (Stratospongilla) benguelensis, sp. n.

The sponge occurs in a number of very small patches

towards the edges of the lower valve of the theria shell on

which the previously described species is growing. There

are the femains of various other patches of the sponge also on

the lower valve in the region of the hinge and one or two

minute specimens on the upper valve. These patches of

sponge are very inconspicuous, as they run chiefly in the

furrows of the shell; in the dried state they are soft to the

touch and their surface is even. Scattered over parts of the

lower valve of the shell are quite a number of gemmules

belonging to this species. Hach gemmule is firmly fixed to

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. iti. 7

98 Miss J. Stephens on new

the shell by means of. the spongin which binds together the

cage of macroscleres in which it is enclosed.

The skeleton, as far as can be seen, is a rather close net-

work of spicules. The spongin could not be made out, and it

must be very scanty in quantity, as the spicules at once fall

apart when a small specimen is sectioned by hand.

Near Peal cate

aa Mat ne

ware’

Paes

Spongilla (Stratospongilla) benguelensis, sp. 0.

a, strongyla, x 530; 6, developing strongyla, x 330; c, microxea, X €00;

d, gemmule-spicules, X 600; e, gemmule freed from its cage of

macroscleres, X 60,

The gemmules, as already stated, are firmly fixed to the

shell by means cf the spongin binding the cage of macro-

scleres which encloses each gemmule. ‘These macroscleres

lie tangentially to the surface of the gemmule, they are

strongly bound together by spongin, and adhere closely to

each other, unlike the rest of the skeleton, ‘The gemmule

rests on the floor of the cage, and, at least in the dried state,

there is a consideiable space between the sides and roof of the

cage and the gemmule. Similar cages of macroscleres have

heen described in other species—for example, in Spongilla

wetherie, Annandale, Corvospongilla burmanica (Kirk-

patrick), Corvospongilla lapidosa (Annandale), and Corvo-

spongilla scabrispiculis, Annandale. ‘The gemmules them-

selves are spherical and are about 0°38-0°42 mm. in diameter.

African Freshwater Sponges. 99

Each is enclosed in a thick coat of spongin. ‘I'he gemmule-

spicules lie tangentially to the surface, and are embedded in

this coat. The spicules are fairly numerous, but are not

closely packed together as in the allied species S. indica,

Annandale, S. sumatrana, Weber, and S. bombayensis, Carter.

There is a short foraminal tubule which lies rather to one side

of the gemmule in its natural position.

Spicules.—The macroscleres are slightly curved, uniformly

microspined strongyla. The ends are a little swollen and

there is often a slight swelling in the centre of the shaft.

The strongyla measure 0°13-0°17 mm. in length by 0°01-

0-015 mm, Among them are scattered a few slender smooth

oxea with a well-marked swelling in the centre of the shaft.

These are nearly the same length as the preceding spicules,

and are apparently young forms of the macroscleres, as they

lead on to thicker spicules which are obviously developing

macroscleres and which are nearly cylindrical, but some of

which still retain rather pointed ends.

The free microscleres are slightly curved, sharply pointed,

microspined oxea measuring 0°06-0°09 mm. in length by

~ 0°0025 mm. Some have a very feeble swelling at the centre

of the shaft. ‘

The gemmule-spicules are small, curved, sausage-shaped

— uniformly covered with minute spines. Sometimes

the ends are pointed instead of being rounded off as is usually

the case. There is often a slight swelling in the centre of the

shaft. The spicules measure 0°035—0°06 mm. in length, with

a maximum diameter of 0-008 mm.

Locality. Benguela; on a shell of Atheria elliptica, var.

tubifera.

The subgenus Stratospongilla, Annandale (1), to which the

foregoing species belongs, is chiefly tropical in its distribution

(4). At the present Hd it is known to be represented in

India by three species—S. bombayensis, Carter, S. indica,

Annandale, and S. graveleyi, Annandale; it oceurs in Su-

matra—S. sumatrana, Weber ; in tropical and South Africa

—S. rousseleti, Kirkpatrick, S. schubotzi, Weltner, varieties

of S. sumatrana, Weber, and S. bombayensis, Carter ; in tlie

Fiji Islands—S., gilsoni, Topsent ; and in Eastern China—

8. sinensis, Annandale. One species—S. clementis, Aunan-

dale—from the Philippines is doubtfully assigned to the

subgenus, and S. navicellu, Carter, from the River Amazon,

appears to be an allied form.

Of the foregoing species the following are most nearly

related to Spongilla benguelensis, sp. n.:—S. bombayensis,

100 On new African Freshwater Sponges.

8. indica, S. graveleyt, and S. sumatrana. All these possess

microspined macroscleres, spined microxea, and strongylous

gemmule-spicules. Apart from other characters, all these,

except S. indica, are clearly marked off from the new species

by the possession of oxea as macroscleres. S. indica, like

S. benguelensis, sp. n., possesses stronglya as macroscleres,

but is separated from it by various differences in the size and

character of the spicules, and particularly by the structure of

the gemmules, which in S. éndica are fixed to the substratum

by their outer chitinous membrane and are not enclosed in

cages of macroscleres.

A sponge belonging to another genus—namely, Corvo-

spongilla micramphidiscoides, Weltner—has a very similar

spiculation, but with the addition of free amphidiscs, the

possession of which characterizes the genus.

REFERENCES.

ANNANDALF, N.

(1) Freshwater Sponges in “ Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Fauna von

Siid-Afrika,” Zoolog. Jahrb. (Syst.), Bd. xxvii. (1909).

(2) “ Freshwater Sponges in the Collection of the United States

National Museum,” Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxvi. (1909) and

xxxvill. (1910).

(3) “The Fauna of British India —Freshwater Sponges, Hydroids,

and Polyzoa” (1911).

(4) ‘The Freshwater Sponges of the Malabar Zone,” Rec. Ind. Mus.

vii. (1912).

(5) ‘ Notes on Freshwater Sponges.—XV.,” Rec. Ind. Mus. ix. (1913),

ANTHONY, R.

(6) ‘Etude monographique des theriide,” Ann. Soc. roy. zool. et

malacolog. de Belgique, xli. 1906 (1907).

JAFFE, G.

(7) “Zwei Schwimme aus dem Tanganjikasee,” Zool. Anz. xlviii.

(1916).

KirkKPaTRick, R.

(3) “ Report on the Porifera, with Notes on Species from the Nile

and Zambesi.” Zool. Results of the Third Tanganyika Exp.

Proc, Zool. Soc. London (1906).

ToPsEntT, E.

(9) “ Description de Spongilla (Stratospongilla) gilsoni, n. sp.,” Ann.

de Biologie lacustre, v. (1912).

Weeer, M.

(10) “Spongillidee des Indischen Archipels,” Zool. Ergeb. einer

Reise Niederl. Ost-Indien, i. (1890).

WELTNER, W,

(13) “ Stisswasserschimme,”’ Wissenschaft. Ergeb. der Deutschen

Zentral-Afrika Expedition, 1907-1908, Bd. iv. (19138).

Eternal Characters of Ruminant Artiodactyla. 101

IX.—On some External Characters of Ruminant Artio-

dactyla.—Part VII. Domesticated Cattle (Bos taurus and

B. indicus) *. By R. L. Pocock, F.R.S.

I. INTRODUCTION.

The question of the origin of domesticated cattle has an

extensive literature. The latest volume on the subject

known to me was published in 1912 by the late Mr. Lydekker

and entitled ‘ The Ox and its Kindred.’ In this the views of

previous writers are collated and analyzed, and accepted or

rejected as the case may be, the general conclusions arrived

at being apparently the following :—

1. Domesticated cattle are descended from two distinct

species, one of which (2B. taurus) is represented in its

urest form at the present time by Pembroke, Kerry,

West Highland, and British Park breeds, the other

(B. indicus) by the breeds of zebus or humped cattle

of India and elsewhere.

2. The extinct aurochs (B. primtgenius) was the ancestor

of B. taurus.

3. The existing banteng (B. banteng) was the ancestor of

B.indicus,atheory originally propounded by Riitimeyer

in 1878 and supported by Keller in 1902 +.

4. The existence in the southern and some other countries

of Europe of cattle partaking of the characters of

B. taurus and B. indicus is due to the introduction of

* The substance of this paper was drafted in 1912 in the form of a

review when Mr. Lydekker’s volume, ‘The Ox and its Kindred,’ first came

into my hands; but its publication was delayed for a variety of reasons,

including my own occupation with other work and my friend’s subse-

uent illness and death. Resumption of work upon the Ruminantia in-

uced me to take up the paper again and cast it in its present form.

Although compelled to criticise some inconsistent arguments and theories

and dispute a few statements of fact it contains, I must disclaim all

intention of disparaging this volume as a whole. It is a valuable compi-

lation, containing in a handy form most of the information about catile,

useful to zoologists and laymen, that could be compressed into the

allotted space.

+ It is singular that Mr. Lydekker omits all reference to B. indicus in

his ‘ Catalogue of Ungulate Mammals,’ published in 1913. According to

his views this form should have found a place under the subgenus Bios.

Perhaps the reason for its omission is that it possesses none of the cha-

racters of that group. It may be noted that if the opinion of the descent

of indicus from banteng be. true, indicus differs not merely specifically,

but subgenerically, according to Lydekker, from taurus,

102 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some

the latter into Europe and its subsequent interbreeding

with the former.

Proposition 2 may pass as probably true*. Proposition

3 appears to me to be equally probably untrue ; while propo-

sitions 1 and 4 are open to dispute in the sense that they are

founded on facts susceptible of other interpretations.

Il. THE BANTENG-DESCENT OF THE ZEBUS.

Criticising this theory first of all from the ethnological,

and admittedly therefore from a purely theoretical, standpoint,

it appears to me improbable that a species domesticated by

the Javanese belonging to the Malay stock of the Mongolian

race of man was the ancestral form of the cattle of the people

of India who belong to a different race. More likely does it

seem that the ancestors of modern humped cattle were brought

to India by invaders entering the country by way of the

Punjab and Sind, unless an autochthonous species, now

extinct as a wild animal, was found ready to hand for the

purpose in India itself.

There are reasons for believing that the humped cattle have

been a domesticated type for a very long time, certainly fora

few thousand years B.C. So far as I am aware, there is no

evidence, one way or the other, of the antiquity of the banteng

as a domesticated animal; but if Riitimeyer’s theory, sup-

ported by Keller and Lydekker, that the banteng was the

ancestor of the zebu be true, its domestication must be assigned

toa much earlier date to account for the acquisition of the

distinctive peculiarities of the zebu. Yet, if this be so, it is

surely strange that the domesticated banteng of Java and

Bali differs in no important points from wild members of the

species, still found in Java and Further India. This fact

appears to me to be strongly suggestive of the conclusion that

the domestication of the banteng has been of comparatively

* This appears to be Prof. Ewart’s opinion (P. Z. S. 1911, i. p. 281).

In concluding his study of the skulls of Roman cattle obtained at New-

stead, he wrote :—‘‘ Hence it may be said that up to at least the Bronze

Age the majority of the domestic cattle of Europe were the descendants

of Bos primigenius—some being nearly pure descendants of the imported

‘Celtic’ shorthorn breed, while others were pure cr nearly pure descen-

dants of the indigenous wild urus (Bos taurus primigenius).” But since

he assumes it to be probable that the ‘“ Celtic” shorthorn was itself a

domesticated dwarfed descendant of an Asiatic variety of Bos primigenius,

there is clearly only one wild species involved in the ancestry. The

evidence which excludes other breeds of cattle from this genealogy does

not appeal to me as at all convincing. :

External Characters of Ruminant Artiodactyla, 103

short duration. It may not indeed date back beyond the

Dutch occupation of Java in the seventeeth century,

In the second place, the theory seems to me to be inade-

quately supported on the zoological side. Judging from the

banteng IL have seen, I should say there is nothing distinctly

zebu-like about them except the sloping croup and the sexual

dimorphism in colour. Apart from these characters, which I

suspect are primitive in the Bovine (cf infra, p. 108), banteng

exhibit no noticeable resemblances to zebus, except such as are

shared by many European cattle above suspicion of zebu blood

in their veins. Banteng, indeed, are remarkably “ taurine ”

in style apart from their white stockings, white rumps, elevated

withers, and the roughness of the naked skin of the inter-

cornual area in adult bulls. And these characters, be it

noted, also differentiate them from zebus, which, in my expe-

rience of many individuals of the best-defined breeds, never

show a trace of them. This is not what one would expect if

the theory of the relationship between the. two types were

sound, Mr. Lydekker certainly suggests that the white

fetlock-rings seen in some zebus may be the remains of the

white stockings in the banteng; but whatever be the value of -

this suggestion, it is discounted in the question at issue by

the presence of this ring in some English park cattle claimed

to be of pure auroclis descent.

Mr. Lydekker also attempts to explain the hump so charac-

teristic of zebus as the concentrated remains of the tissue

covering in the banteng the high spinous processes of the

thoracic vertebrae, suggesting that it was left behind, so to

speak, when according to the theory these bony processes

became reduced during the evolution of the zebu from that

species. I do not think this theory of the origin of the hump

need be discussed until the supposition upon which it rests,

that the vertebra in question have been shortened, is supported

by more evidence than is at present forthcoming. Tor

myself, I should be inclined to compare the hump of the zebu

to the accumulation of tissue which may be seen just in front

of the withers in many well-fed European bulls (see, for

example, pl, xiii. of Mr, Lydekker’s volume), and which was

uite perceptible in a bull banteng recently exhibited in the

Zoological Gardens. However that may be, it cannot in my

opinion be seriously claimed that the hump of the zebu and

the elevated dorsal crest of the banteng are evidence of

affinity between the two. The external appearance of the

animals, in short, affords no support to the view that the

banteng is the ancestor of the zebu.

It may be recalled that the difference in voice between

104 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some

B. indicus and B. taurus has been frequently advanced as

evidence of their specific distinctness. ‘lo this I shall refer

later (p. 10%). If there is any truth in the claim, the argu-

ment disposes of the theory of the banteng descent of the

zebu. The voice of the zebu I have described below. It

differs considerably from that of the banteng, which I have

heard described as a roar or bellow. Perhaps Blanford’s

phraseology applied to the voice of the gaur will convey as

good an idea of it asany. He said it is “a prolonged call,

not very unlike the lowing of Bos taurus, but utterly unlike

that of B. indicus.” Blanford, however, seems to have been

unacquainted with the true call of the zebu (¢. infra, p. 109).

In my opinion, the voice of the zebu differs at least as much

from the voice of the banteng as it does from that of

B. taurus ; but for reasons given below I do not think this

necessarily disproves the theory of the descent of the zebu

from the banteng.

The evidence derived by Riitimeyer from the form of the

skull in the banteng and zebu is rendered, in my opinion,

untrustworthy by the extraordinary variability of the skull

- in domesticated’ cattle. In any case, the cranial resemblances

between the two are not close, as a comparison between Ly-

dekker’s figure of the skull of a bull Gujrati zebu (published

on pl. xx. of his volume on the Ox) with his figures of the

skulls of the Javan and Bornean banteng (published on

pp. 24&26of his ‘ Catalogue of Ungulates’ in 1913) will show.

The banteng-skulls, indeed, have a relatively longer forehead

and shorter face, and thus approximate to the typical taurine

type. Nevertheless, the’ skull is so plastic that I should

hesitate to take it as a reliable guide to affinity, one way or

the other, where domesticated animals are concerned (ef.

infra, p. 106).

One other point may be referred to. In both the gayal

and the banteng, representing two distinct species of the

Bibos group of cattle, the urethral canal of the penis ends ina

small pointed process, free from the swollen termination of

the glans. In the zebu there is no such process, the urethral

canal terminating, as in typical Bos, on the underside of the

swollen end of the glans (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) ii.

pp. 451, 454-455, 1918).

IIL. ‘Tur CHArRActTers OF Bos rwprcvs AND Bos ravrvs.

The principal differences between an average Indian zebu

and an average British or Spanish fighting bull are well

known. The zebu has a hump of fleshy and fatty tissue on

External Characters of Ruminant Artiodactyla. 105

the front of the withers, a more sloping croup, a heavier

dewlap, a longer narrower skull with relatively shorter frontal

and longer nasal maxillary region, and horns which are more

upright in direction of growth. The European animal, on

the contrary, has no hump, the plane of the croup is in a line

with the back, the dewlap is shallower, the skull shorter but

with its frontal portion relatively longer, and the horns are

more horizontal in direction of growth. ‘lhe voices of the

two also are different, but not so different as literature would

lead one to suppose. Habits and constitution supply further

differences.

If there were no other types of domesticated cattle in

existence there would be grounds for the opinion of Blyth

and others as to the specific distinctness of the two types.

But when the differences are analyzed they appear to me to

lose much of their weight. Even amongst undoubted Indian

zebus there is immense variation in most of the characters

mentioned, the hump alone, so far as I am aware, forming an

exception. ‘Tlie characters may be considered in order :—

Hlorns.—Of the horns of the zebu Lydekker (pp. 132-133)

wrote :—‘‘ The horns of all humped cattle—both Indian and

African—differ from those of the aurochs and the related

types of European domesticated cattle by their distinctly

lyrate shape, the first main curve having the convexity in

front instead of behind. Their tendency is also to grow

upwards and backwards rather than forwards.” This state-

ment is untrue. In the first place, the horns of Heberstein’s

aurochs (pl. iii.) are very like those of the Gujrati zebu

(pl. xx.) in direction and curvature. In the second place,

the horns of zebus are so variable that it is impossible to

affirm anything definite with regard to them. From the type

above described by Lydekker from the Gujrati breed tlie

horns may deviate by taking a horizontal direction sideways

or a horizontal and forward curvature or a downward inclina-

tion. Most curious of all is the type seen in the Mysore

breed, whiere the horns arise close together on the top of the

head and recede backwards and upwards, the whole of tlie

anterior surface being concave. In the calf, indeed, they

begin as erect buds, not as lateral horizontal buds as in the

Gujrati. With regard to the question at issue, the point to

be noticed is that the Mysore zebu differs more from the

short-horned zebu in the position and curvature of the horns

than the short-horned zebu differs from short-horned British

cattle. Yet no one supposes these zebus to be other than

domesticated breeds of one and the same species.

In European cattle, even setting aside for the moment

106 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some

those breeds claimed to be of partial zebu descent from the

shape of their horns, great variation in these appendages is

met with. In any considerable herd of ‘shorthorns” the

horns may be elevated, depressed, or horizontal; and in

closely related breeds like the Chartley and Chillingham

park cattle the horns differ greatly, being long and down-

turned in the Chartley and shorter and upturned in the

Chillingham (see Lydekker, pl. iv.). Yet in spite of these

differences the one breed, I take it, has as much claim as the

other to be regarded as a pure-bred representative of B. taurus.

Apart from the qualification, I entirely agree with Prof.

Ewart’s dictum (P. Z. 8. 1911, pl. i. p. 272) :—“* Except

when they curve forwards at right angles to the frontals, as

in typical Celtic shorthorns, the horns assist but little in

settling the race to which the Newstead skulls belong.” I

am not, however, sure whether the term “race” is used in

this connection to signify artificially formed “ breeds” or

natural “ species” or “ subspecies.”

Skull.—As stated above, the skulls of typical zebus differ

from the skulls of European cattle of assumed purity of

descent from the auroclis in having the frontal region of the

skull shorter and the naso-maxillary region longer, coupled

with orbits which are less prominent. Although importance

has been attached to these points in the attempt to prove

specific diversity between the two types, it is surely a matter

of common knowledge that, in some domesticated mammals

at least, no part of the skeleton is so plastic and subject to

such profound variation in structure as the skull. This is

well shown in dogs and almost equally well in cattle. One

instance only need be cited in support of this statement.

Speaking of the Niata or Nata breed of La Plata, Darwin

remarked that ‘on comparison with the skull of a common

ox, scarcely a single bone [of the skull] presents the same

exact shape, and the whole skull has a wonderfully different

appearance.’’ It is needless to mention all the peculiarities

described by Darwin and Owen, the most remarkable being

the upward curvature of the jaws, the short broad forehead,

the extremely abbreviated nasal bones, and the union between

the premaxille and the lacrymals. These cattle breed true

to type, and the interesting thing about them is tliat the

breed must have originated since 1552, when catt!e were

first introduced into South America. Here, then, we have a

clear case of the formation from ordinary European cattle of

a type differing from them most profoundly in the structure

of the skull. With this proof of the potential variability of

the bones of the cranium in European cattle before us, what

External Characters of Ruminant Artiodactyla, 107

justification have we for assuming that the comparatively

slight differences between the skulls of European cattle and

lumped cattle indicate initial specific distinctness between

these two? Obviously very little.

The unsatisfactory nature of the evidence supplied by

skulls and horns, is attested by the variety of opinions held

by authors who have attempted to solve the difficult question

of the origins of domesticated breeds of cattle, by relying

largely on characters furnished by the cranium and its

appendages,

Dewlap.—The dewlap in zebus is often heavier and deeper

and sometimes rises nearer the chin * than in European

cattle believed to be of unmixed aurochs descent. I cannot

satisfy myself as to the precise value attached to this feature

by Lydekker. He quotes it as characteristic of zebu, when

contrasting them with the European breeds of the aforesaid

type, and more than once cites it as evidence of zebu blood in

those European breeds that reproduce the character. But a

precisely similar difference in the development of the dewlap

exists between the domesticated gayal and the wild gaur ; yet

in this case (pp. 149 & 177) Lydekker uses this difference to

support the view that the gayal is nothing but a domesticated

race of the gaur, and ascribes the larger size of the dewlap in

the former to the effect of domestication, adding “ the exces-

sive development of the dewlap in the humped cattle of

India is perhaps also the result of domestication.” I quite

agree with this view, but it clearly disposes of the claim that

the larger size of the dewlap in zebus is evidence of their

specific distinctness from pure-bred European cattle.

Ears.— Blyth stated that the ears of B. indicus differ from

those of B. taurus in shape, being more pointed. In a

general way this is perhaps true; but no zebu that I have

seen has ears approaching in apical attenuation those of the

Hungarian cow depicted by Lydekker on pl. xv. Even

amongst zebus themselves the ears differ so much in size and

shape, as may be seen by comparing those of the Gujrati and

Mysore breeds (pl. xvii.), that no reliance can be placed on

these organs as evidence of specific distinctness between

zebus ‘and normal European cattle.

Croup.—Although zebus typically have a sloping croup,

and never, within my experience, a horizontal croup like that

of European cattle, nevertheless the differences between zebus

* Many of Lydekker’s figures illustrating breeds of European cattle

show the anterior lobe of the dewlap in the interramal area behind the

chin, as in zebus.

108 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some

in this particular is very great, as is shown by the Mysore

and Gujrati breeds represented on pl. xvii. The Gujrati

zebu, indeed, has a croup very sensibly approaching that of

European cattle in its elevation.

Colour.—One or two colour-characters are mentioned by

Lydekker as evidence of specific distinctness between B. taurus

and B. indieus. He speaks of white rings round the eyes

and fetlocks as characteristic of the zebu. But since such

typical examples of B. taurus as park cattle by no means

infrequently have white rings round the fetlocks, and since

the hair round the eyes in Jerseys, which are beyond suspicion

of zebu blood, should, as Lydekker says (p. 115), be

cream-coloured or greyish, it is quite clear that no value can

be attached to these points. Again, the presence of a light

spinal stripe in Kerry cattle (p. 95) in the Craven breed of

longhorns (p. 84) and in Castilian bulls (p. 132) is quoted as

certain evidence of aurochs descent. Very likely that is the

cease. But a white spinal stripe is not uncommonly present

in pure-bred zebus. Hence if this character has the signifi-

cance claimed for it by Lydekker, it is evidence of consan-

guinity between B. taurus and B. indicus.

Finally, in the tendency exhibited by bull banteng to

become black, and thus depart from the rufous tint of cows

and young bulls, Lydekker sees the origin of the sexual

difference in colour between some breeds of zebu, the cows of

which are whitish while the bulls are blackish or iron-grey *.

But traditional information about the aurochs suggests that

that species also was sexually dimorphic in colour. One

aurochs indeed was recorded as grey—presumably, that is to

say, zebu-like. Hence the colour-difference between the sexes

of zebus cannot be claimed with assurance as a banteng

character. So far as it goes, indeed, it suggests closer

affinity between the zebus and the aurochs than between the

latter and typical breeds of Bos taurus, in which the sexes

are, I believe, alike. But I am not prepared to lay any great

sfress upon this point, because, as stated above, I suspect

sexual dimorphism of colour in cattle to be a primitive

character inherited from a Tragelaphine ancestor tf. How-

* Bull calves of the Mysore and Gujrati breeds begin to darken in the

first year.

+ Lydekker (pp. 32-33 & 253) appears to have been attracted by

Prof. Lénnberg’s view that cattle are closely related to the gnus (Conno-

chetes). He adds, however, that although the direct ancestry of the ox

tribe is still unknown, the earliest representatives of the group are related

to the buffaloes, which constitute in some respects the most primitive of

External Characters of Ruminant Artiodactyla. 109

ever that may be, it may be claimed that the coloration of

zebus and European cattle affords no support to the view

that they belong to distinct species,

Voice.-—Blyth and those who have copied him attach great

importance to the voice as a criterion of distinct specific origin

between B. indicus and B. taurus. He and Blanford

described the voice of the former as a grunt utterly unlike

the “lowing” or bellowing of European domesticated cattle.

This is only half the truth. Zebus, on the whole, are silent

animals, but now and again they utter an abbreviated or

rolonged grunt recalling that of a yak or American bison.

ut they also call with a loud voice which may be perhaps

described as somewhiat intermediate between the “moo” of

an ordinary cow and the hoarse “baa” of a sheep. The

sound is distinguishable from that of a cow or bull of British

eattle, but I have heard a zebu calf, fretting for its mother,

call her with a voice very like that of an English “ shorthorn”

calf.

The voice is certainly a criterion of kinship in wild

animals ; but to what extent it is to be trusted in domesticated

forms appears to me to be doubtful. It is admitted, I take it,

that domesticated fowls are the unmixed descendants of the

Bankiva jungle-fowl (Gadlus gallus). Nevertlieless, the crow

of the latter is generally, within my experience, distinguish-

able from that of the former, though unmistakably like it:

and different breeds of domesticated fowls often differ to a

certain extent in voice, thus attesting the variability, though

limited, of this character. Domesticated dogs, too, ditter

from wolves in having added the bark to the howling voice

common to both ; yet the wolf or the jackal—it matters not

which in the present connection—is usually accepted as the

the living forms and are those whose horns come nearest in shape to

those of gnus. This author’s reliance on the shapes of horns as tests of

affinity led him into few more unintelligible errors than this, excepting

only his employment of the curvature of the horns, a manifestly useless

character for the purpose, as a basis for the classification of the Bovide

in hist Catalogue fs Usialatuac With all respect to Prof. Lénnberg, I

am quite sure thet his opinion about Connochetes and Jos is unsound.

The anatomical evidence that gnus are specialized hartebeests (Lubalis)

and that the cattle are specialized Tragelaphines appears to me to be con-

clusive. The view that close affinity between the Bovines and Tragela-

ac hex: attested more particularly by the Anoa, the primitive Asiatic

uffalo, is quite in keeping with Lydekker’s above-quoted statement that

the earliest representatives of the ox-tribe are related to the buffaloes,

which in some respects are the most primitive of living forms of Bovina.

110 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some

wild prototype of the dog. Moreover, pure-bred dingoes and

some Eskimo dogs, [am told, never bark. But no one believes

them on that account to be specifically distinct from dogs

which habitually bark. For these reasons I do not think

the differences between the voices of B. indicus and B. taurus

ean be held as proof of specific difference between them, and

the same concession must be made in the case of the claim of

the banteng descent of B. indicus.

Hlabits—Blyth pointed out that humped cattle in India

differ from ordinary European cattle in that they never seek

shade and never go into water and stand there knee-leep.

Lydekker (p. 150) quotes this passage in lis endorsement of

slyth’s opinion that the zebu is of different specific descent

from European cattle; but his acceptance of the theory that

zebu are domesticated forms of the banteng involves the con-

clusion that an equally great change in habits has taken

place, the banteng being a forest-dweller like its ally the

gaur. Moreover, when discussing (p. 89) Professor Hughes’s

denial that British park cattle were derived from an ancestor

which dwelt in forests, he admits that the habits of domesti-

cated cattle have varied to some extent from those of their

wild ancestors. This admission is founded on the known

habit of park cattle of lying out in the open during periods of

repose, coupled with the assumption that the aurochs (B.

primigenius) resembled the gaur in seeking shade. Although

the truth of this assumption cannot, in my opinion, be

granted, considering that the gaur is a tropieal Indian species,

whereas the aurochs inhabited temperate latitudes in Europe

and Asia, Lydekker’s opinion that a change of habit has

taken place in park cattle deprives of its value his support of

Blyth’s claim that the further change in the case of the zebu

is evidence of specific difference of origin *.

The zebu’s avoidance of water may perhaps be explained,

without reference to specific ancestral traits, by its being

originally, at all events, a breed raised for survival in hot

desert countries where water was periodically scarce, and

where in times of drought and shortage of food the hump was

useful for the sustenance it supplied. In specimens kept on

* An interesting case attesting variation in habits and instincts of

park cattle was reported to me some years ago. The Zoological Society

sent a bull and a cow of a mixed Vaynol and Chartley breed to Calcutta.

The bull soon died from exposure to the sun, disregarding the shade of a

tree in the enclosure. The cow, haying the instinct to avail herself of

the shelter, survived.

External Characters of Ruminant Artiodactyla, 111

short rations the hump soon begins to dwindle and sag like

that of a camel. Prof. Ewart has, I believe, suggested a

similar explanation for the accumulations of fat on the ramp

and tail of some breeds of domesticated sheep.

The constitutional difference between zebus and British

eattle, shown by the capacity of the former to withstand the

climatic and other conditions even of Brazil and Jamaica, to

which British cattle succumb, is precisely what one would

expect in the case of two breeds adapted for generations to

such widely different physical conditions as are supplied, on

the one hand, by tropical India, and, on the other, by

temperate Europe.

Blyth maintained that zebus differ from European cattle in

their habitual method of carrying the head when at rest.

This is quite true of some breeds; Gujrati zebus, for example,

hold the head somewhat elevated and not in a line with the

spine in the attitude characteristic of Bos taurus. The

splendid appearance of this breed of zebus, indeed, is due to

that circumstance, and, when they are startled, to the alert

stag-like lift of the head so different from the slouching

carriage observable in other cattle. But Blyth’s claim does

not apply to all breeds. Mysore zebus, for instance, stand

with the head depressed very much as in ordinary cattle.

These differences between the two breeds of zebus are well

illustrated on pl. xvii. of Lydekker’s book, showing a Mysore

cow in repose and a Gujrati bull standing at attention.

So far, then, as habits are concerned, there appear to me

to be no difficulties in the way of believing in the common

origin of B. taurus and B, indicus.

1V. European AND EGypTiaANn CATTLE OF SUPPOSED

ZEBU DESCENT.

Most writers who have written on the subject find evidence

of zebu blood in many breeds of cattle of Southern and

Central Europe, the character of the horns forming the

principal criterion. ‘This claim may be perfectly true, but

the testimony produced in its support is by no means cou-

vincing. ‘Take, for example, the ‘Transylvanian bull illus-

trated on pl. i. of Lydekker’s book. ‘This beast has the long

body, straight back, high croup, long forehead covered with

curly hair, short naso-maxillary region in the skull, and

short thick legs wrapt up in one’s conception of British

shorthorns and park bulls. A comparison between the figure

112 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some

in question and that of the Vaynol bull on pl. v. bears out

this contention. The dewlap of the Transylvanian bull is a

little deeper, it is true, but it is not appreciably deeper than

in the Swiss and Simmenthal bulls, without claim to zebu

blood, depicted on pl. xiii. The only striking difference

between the Vaynol and the Transylvanian bulls lies in the

horns, which in the latter are much longer and extend at

first horizontally outwards and then upwards; but they are

not like the horns of any Indian zebu I have seen, and differ

no more, perhaps less, from the upturned horns of the

Chillingham breed than the latter differ from the downturned

horns of the Chartley breed shown on pl. iv. Hence it

appears to me that the evidence of zebu blood in the Tran-

sylvanian bull is quite untrustworthy ; and if the head of this

animal be compared with the skull of the Spanish draught ox

(pl. xiv.), another breed of assumed zebu descent, it will be

evident that, so far as the head and horns are concerned, the

two breeds are very much alike. The assumption that the

Spanish draught cattle are wholly or partly zebus, in which

the hump has been eliminated by selective breeding or

crossing, seems to me inadequately supported by the facts.

The same theory has been put forward to explain the zebu

descent of some of the humpless cattle of ancient Egypt, and

to illustrate the characters of these cattle Lydekker reproduces

two figures from Egyptian monuments—one (p. 135) showing

four cows, the other a bull (pl. xvi.),—which in general style

resemble the Transylvanian bull aforesaid, and are believed _

by Diirst and Lydekker to belong to the same stock and to

have been introduced into Spain. ‘That the Egyptian cattle

belong to the same stock as the Spanish may be admitted, on

the evidence, as probable, and that they were introduced into

Spain as possible; but since they have the long bodies,

humpless withers, high croup, and shallow dewlap of typical

exaniples of Bos taurus, the claim that they are zebus with

the hump artificially suppressed is surely unwarranted. At

all events, the identification of these cattle must be admitted

to bea matter of doubt. If they are not zebus, as I maintain,

what becomes of the theory that their supposed introduction

into Spain by the Moors or other invaders supplies the

explanation of the alleged zebu blood in Spanish draught

cattle? |

I find similar difficulties in agreeing with lLydekker’s

determination of the Nineveh bull, depicted on p. 64, which

lie says appears to be an aurochs despite the absence of the

mane and the excessive length of the tail. The animal,

External Characters of Ruminant Artiodactyla. 113

however, has a collar on the neck suspiciously suggestive of

domestication. It may be noticed, too, that the elevated

earriage of the head recalls that of the Gujrati zebu shown on

pl. xvii. Lydekker also remarks, in connection with this

supposed aurochs, that it is “quite unlike the figure of the

ancient Assyrian humped ox” reproduced on p. 140 of his

book. Of these he wrote :— In the contour of the neck and

shoulders, as well as in the direction of the horus, the repre-

sentations of these humped cattle differ widely from those

apparently representing the aurochs (p. 64). ‘That these

long-horued cattle did not come from Egypt is demonstrated

by the presence of the well-developed hump, but the horus

are of the Egyptian type”? __

I cannot in any way reconcile these statements with the

facts. ‘The figure shows a pair of heavily built, short-bodied,

long-legged oxen, with high carriage of the head. The animal

in the foreground is polled, and has a very poorly, not a well-

developed hump. It might pass for a polled zebu with an

incipient hump, although the dewlap is absent, instead of

being well grown as it is in that breed. The animal in the

background, mostly hidden by its companion, lias stout horus

of medium length, which, instead of resembling, as alleged,

those of the Egyptian cattle in their upward trend, are turned

horizontally forwards in a line with the back, the point only

being hooked upwards, almost exactly as in the figure of the

Augsburg aurochs (pl. ili.). These horns appear to me to

differ in no important respect from those of the supposed

Assyrian aurochs, except that they are a little longer, ‘Ile

hump is not shown in the illustration ; hence, if present, it

was not larger than that of the ox in the foreground,

Granting the presence of asmall hump, it may be maintained

that in that particular only does the horned bull of the pair

in question, believed to be a zebu, differ from the above-quoted

- Ninevel: bull, believed to be an aurochs.

If Lydekker’s identification of these two Assyrian bulls be

correct, it seems to me that the conclusion derived therefrom

is precisely the opposite of that which he maintains, in the

sense that the case supplies very strong evidence of the

aurochs descent of the zebu. But apart from allowing that

these Assyrian sculptures furnish interesting evidence of the

existence of domesticated cattle approaching the zebu-type in

many particulars in Mesopotamia at an early historic period,

I do not think very great reliance should be placed upon

structural details in mouldings apparently largely conven-

tional. My purpose in referring to these and other cases

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. iii. 8

114 LEeternal Characters of Ruminant Articdactyla.

discussed in this section, is to show that the diversity of inter-

pretation of which they are susceptible weakens the force of

the contention that Kuropean breeds of cattle are of dual

specific origin.

V. CONCLUSIONS.

1. Indian humped cattle (Bos ¢ndicus) are not descended

from the banteng (Bibos banteng), but from some

species of Bos, to which genus, or subgenus, they

belong.

2. They intergrade in almost all characters with Bos

taurus. Such differences as typical representatives of

the two breeds exhibit are quite compatible with the

view of their descent from a common ancestor, probably

the aurochs (B. primigenius) ; but zebus may be the

descendants of a form of Bos differing subspecifically,

perhaps specifically, from B. primigenius, but closely

related thereto. Nevertheless, if that be so, the ex-

treme differences between B. taurus and B. indicus

are not traceable to original ancestral differences, but

are the product of Jong-enduring domestication, under

widely distinct physical conditions, coupled with

selective breeding along divergent lines guided by

different tastes and needs*.

3. The claim that some European cattle have an admixture,

small or great, of zebu blocd, due to the human intro-

duction of that stock into Southern Enrope is not

established by the facts adduced in its support. It

may, however, be true. On the other hand, the alleged

zebu characters of such cattle may be explained, if the

allegation be sound, by their representing stages in the

evolution of the zebu type from Bos primigentus.

* Although the conclusion that B. taurus and B. indicus had a common

encestor or are possibly the descendants of two closely allied forms of

Bos has been reached by the analysis of a different class of facts, it seems

to coincide with that of several modern students of the group. Prof.

Ewart, for example (P. Z. 8. 191], pt. ii. p. 281, footnote), thinks it

probable that the long-browed short-horned zebus are probably repre-

sentatives’ of the small domesticated ox of Anau, the so-called Celtic

shorthorn, itself of aurochs descent. Perhaps the settlement of the

disputed relationship between Bos namadicus, the so-called Asiatic

aurechs, and Bos primigenius, the uropean aurochs, which was appa-

rently also of Asiatic origin, may supply an answer to the still doubtful

question as to whether the domesticated cattle discussed in this paper

trace their descent from two distinct species of Bos or from two local

races of a single species.

On some small Mammals from Catamarea, 115

X.—On some small Mammals from Catamarea,

By OLprievp ‘HoMAs.

(Published by permission of the Trustges of the British Museum.)

Tue British Museum has received a small collection of

admirably prepared skins of mammals, mostly rodents,

obtained at Chumbicha, Catamarca, by Sr. E. Budin, and a

list of these seems desirable.

Chumbicha is about 60 kilometres due south-west of the

town of Catamarca, and lies at an altitude of about 600 metres.

The collection consists of eighty-nine specimens, belonging

to nine species, of which one has already been, and two are

now, described as new.

1. Eligmodontia marica, Thos.

Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) ii. p. 483 (1918).

dg. 299, 311; . 296, 312. astern, desert, side of

Chumbicha.

Notes about this beautiful little species have already been

published (7. ¢.). Itstypeisno.311. B.M. no. 18.11.11. 1.

It is readily distinguishable by its small size and snowy-

white belly.

The four specimens were all caught in one place in the

desert area to the east of Chumbicha, and none were seen

elsewhere.

2. Hesperomys murillus cordovensts, Thos.

$. 231, 251, 292, 298, 300, 302, 306, 307, 313; 2. 297,

301, 303, 304, 305, 308, 309, 310.

“Caught among the wild cactus-plants.—Z. B.”

The type-locality of cordovensis is Yacanto, near Villa

Dolores, Cordova, some 250 kilometres south-east of Chum- |

Licha.

3. Graomys sp.

do. 226, 232, 233, 236, 237, 245, 254, 260, 262, 263, 274,

275, 278, 281, 285, 288, 291, 293, 294, 314; %. 223, 244,

250, 261, 264, 279, 282, 284, 295, 315.

This fine series will be of much service when time and

material are available for a thorough study of this difficult

genus, Among these specimens there are examples with the

belly-hairs white to the roots, and others with slaty-based

116 . Mr. O. Thomas on some

ventral hairs, but how far this isin part a character of age

remains to be seen.

The present form seems most nearly allied to G. chaco-

ensis and loekwoodi, but for the moment I prefer not to

venture a definite determipation of it. Its teeth and bullz

are larger than in the geographically adjacent G. centralis.

4, Phyllotis sp.

3. 224, 227, 234, 235, 239, 240, 246, 249, 258, 269, 271,

272, 283, 286, 287, 290; g. 238, 243, 255, 270, 276, 277.

Apparently not distinguishable from Ph. wolffsohni, Thos.,

but the members of the darwint group are all so closely

allied that without a special study of them a definite deter-

mination is not easy to arrive at.

The presence of divergent supraorbital edges in the type

of Ph. wolffsohni, as described in the original account,

appears to be abnormal, or due to great age, as specimens

since received are like PA. darwini in this respect. Well-

developed supraorbital ridges are characteristic of Graomys.

As in other places the Phyllotis and Graomys live side by

side, and are by no means always easy to distinguish from

one another at first sight. The latter, however, has a longer

and more hairy tail, and its belly-hairs, whether grey at base

or not, have always definitely white tips, while those of the

Phyllotis are more or less drabby or brownish.

5. Oryzomys flavescens, Waterh.

9. 241.

Rather larger than Uruguay examples.

6. Akodon glaucinus, sp. n. .

&. 222, 225, 242, 259, 266, 268, 280; 9. 229, 230, 267.

Icxternally closely similar to the Tucuman A. simulator,

but the general colour is paler and less “ saturate,” the buffy

or clay-colour of the dorsal area is less intense and is absent

or scarcely perceptible on the crown, while the shoulders and

the avea behind the ears are distinctly more bluish grey.

The white patch on the chin is constantly present, as is also

probably the case in A. varius, but, owing to the condition of

the skins of the latter, it was not originally perceived.

Skull apparently similar in shape to that of stmulator.

Supraorbital edges, even of the oldest specimen, not very

sharp. Set of incisors of the normal orthodont nature, not

proodont as in A. lactens.

small Mammals from Catamarca. 117

Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—

Head and body 98 mm.; tail 75; hind foot 22;

ear 18,

Skull: greatest length 27:5; condylo-incisive length 26 ;

zygomatic breadth 14:3; nasals 10; interorbital breadth 5;

breadth of brain-case 12; pelea length 12°2; palatal

foramina 7; postforaminal palate 4; upper molar series 4°8.

A single very old male, no. 225, is decidedly larger, the

* head and body 115 and the skull 30°5 mm. in length.

Tab. as above.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 18. 11.11.57. Original

number 222. Collected 24th June, 1918.

“ Caught under rocks among roots of trees.”—Z. B.

While there is no doubt that A. varius, A. simulator, and

the present form are so closely allied that they may hereafter

be shown to represent subspecies of one widely-spread species,

I provisionally give a binomial name to this animal until such

time as fuller material shows the true relationship between

the different members of the group.

7. Akodon arenicola, Waterh.

Q. 228.

8. Ctenomys fochi, sp. n.

3. 247; 9. 248, 256, 265.

Closely allied to C. bergi, Thos., of Cruz del Eje, Cordova,

with which it agrees in size. General colour, however, more

drabby, the tone near “ buffy brown” of Ridgway, while that

of bergi is more like “ sayal brown.” Hairs of under surface

washed with paler drabby, the hairs everywhere slaty at base,

while those of the interramia are in bergi buffy to their roots.

Dark area on muzzle and crown nearly black, much darker

than in dergi.

Skull like that of C. berg’, except that the bulle are

uniformly (four specimens as compared with three) rather

more inflated, the line connecting the antero-internal angle

with the meatal tube more distinctly convex forwards, as

viewed from above.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 162 mm. ; tail 76; hind foot 30.

Skull: greatest diagonal length 39; condylo-incisive

length 37; zygomatic breadth 23; nasals 11°2x 5-2 (in

another specimen 12°5X5°7); least breadth across brain-

case 17; meatal breadth 24°5; bulla, greatest diagonal

diameter 15°2, breadth at right angles to ast (exclusive of

meatal tube) 8°5; upper molar series (crowns) 8; alveoli8 8,

118 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and

Type. Young adult male. B.M. no, 18, 11. 11. 68.

Original number 247. Collected 2nd July, 1918.

This species is clearly most closely allied to C. bergi, but is

distinguished by the characters above described. From

C. tucumanus, its next neighbour northwards, as also from

C. mendocinus to the south, it is readily separated by its

much smaller size and the darkened upper surface of the

muzzle.

* Lives in very dry red earth.”—Z. B.

Named in honour of Gen. Foch, by whose genius victory

in the recent great struggle has been so greatly accelerated.

9. Marmosa elegans pallidior, Thos.

6. 253, 257, 273; 2. 289.

The white middle area of the belly is quite as in the

“ Acochayas” of Bolivia and of Umahuaca, Jujuy, those of

Tucuman and Leon, Jujuy (JZ. e. cinderella) having slaty-

grey bases to the ventral hairs. ;

“ Caught among the rocks.”—£. B.

XI.— Descriptions and Records of Bees —UX XXIII.

By T. D. A. CockErELL, University of Colorado.

Proteraner rhois, Cockerell.

Male, Meadow Valley, Mexico (Townsend).

New to Mexico.

Sphecodes mexicanorum, sp. n.

9 —Lenegth about 85 mm.

Black, with the abdomen red, the first segment with a

large black area occupying the base and extending more than

halfway to apex in middle, the third and fourth segments

with a black stain in middle, the fifth and apical segments

black. Head and thorax with dull white hair ; mandibles

dark reddish apically, with a blunt inner tooth far from apex;

labrum short, simple, transversely sulcate ; antenne entirely

dark ; clypeus strongly punctured; front finely and densely

punctured ; mesothorax and scutellum strongly punctured,

but shining, the punctures quite widely separated on disk ;

area of metathorax shining, with about twelve strong longi-

tudinal plice; posterior face of metathorax very coarsely

of a.

Records of Bees. 119

punctured ; tegule rufo-fuscous. Wings dusky, stigma and

nervures dark brown. Legs very dark reddish brown ; spurs

ferruginous. Abdomen not appreciably constricted between

first and second segments; first segment impunctate, the

following with extremely fine punctures in the basal region ;

apical segments with hoary pubescence,

Meadow Valley, Mexico (C. //. 7’. Townsend). U.S. Nat.

Museum.

In my table in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov. 1907, this

runs to S. dichrous, Smith, from which it is readily known

by the impunctate first abdominal segment and other cha-

racters. On account of the thin hoary pubescence on apical

part of abdomen it recalls S. pi/osulus, Smith, from Oaxaca,

but that has the thorax closely punctured.

Melissodes albocincta, sp. n.

? .—Length about 10 mm.

Compact, black ; antenne beyond the fourth joint ferru-

ginous beneath; eyes pale grey; small joints of tarsi reddish;

tegulz piceous, posteriorly paler and re ldish. Wings faintly

dusky, nervures and stigma dark brown; hind margins of

abdominal segments (first narrowly, second broadly)

colourless ; pubescence greyish white, pale on vertex, but

disk of scuteilum with fuscous hair. Hair on outer side of

tibiw and tarsi suffused with reddish, on inner side of hind

basitarsi bright ferruginous ; hind tibial scopa long, loose, and

strongly plumose ; hind margins of abdominal segments 2 to 4

with broad felt-like entire white hair-bands ; black parts of

first three segments exposed and shining, hardly punctured,

but that of fourth covered with very short fuscous hair ; fifth

segment covered with dark chocolate hair, paler at margin,

creamy-white at extreme sides ; pygidial plate narrow; meso-

thorax and scutellum highly polished and sparsely punctured,

the mesothorax with a shallow median longitudinal groove,

Mexico (Baker collection, 2320). U.S. Nat. Museum.

This may be referable to Xenoglossodes ; I have not ven-

tured to extract the moutli-parts of the unique type. It

certainly closely resembles X. excurrens, Ckll., differing

principally by the white hind margins of abdominal segments.

in my table of Me/issodes (1906) it runs next to AL, martini,

Ckll., which it does not resemble.

Ptilothriz heterochroa, sp. 0.

2 (type) —Length about 10°5 mm.; anterior wing 7°7 mm.

Black, with black and greyish-white hair ; hair at sides o1

120 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and

abdominal segments 2 to 4. strongly washed with orange,

which extends some distance along the bands on 3 and 4 ;

fifth segment with dark fuscous hair in middle and orange at

sides; flagellum obscure reddish beneath ; mandibles chestnut-

red in middle ; clypeus prominent, bare, highly polished, with

sparse distinct punctures ; front and sides of face with white

hair, but vertex with black ; face broad; tegulee rufo-piceous.

Wings reddish. Hair of upper part of thorax greyish white,

but a fuscous band across mesothorax and another across

scutellum ; lower half of mesopleura with dark chocolate

hair; mesothorax highly polished, with sparse punctures.

Legs dark reddish, their hair black; hind spurs curved at

end.

Very close to P. tricolor (Friese), but much smaller, with

narrower abdomen, more sparsely punctured disk of meso-

thorax, and smoother, more polished basal area of metathorax.

g .—Antenne hardly reddened beneath; face and lower

part of cheeks with white hair, but the black hair of vertex

also invades upper part of front ; clypeus finely and rather

closely punctured ; thorax above with black hair, the margins

of the mesothorax (broadly in front) with greyish white;

pleura with black hair, but a tuft of greyish white just below

tegule ; thorax posteriorly with black hair ; small joints of

tarsi red ; abdomen with black hair; a cuneiform orange

patch at each side of third and fourth segments, a little of the

same at sides of fifth ; greyish-white hair at sides of first and

second, and disks of these segments with very thin greyish-

white hair, but hair on base of first segment black.

Carcarana, Argentina (LZ. Bruner). U.S. Nat. Museum.

The female (81) is the type ; the male (56) seems to be

correctly associated, but it differs much in appearance and

may possibly belong to a different species,

Diadasia separata (Holmberg).

Carcarana, Argentina (Bruner, male 42, female 68).

This is Teleutemnesta separata, Holmberg. Holmberg

described only the female ; the male is similar, but the fla-

gellum is only faintly reddish beneath, and there is no red

hair ‘ end of abdomen. The hind basitarsi are slender and

curved.

Ceratina nautlana, Cockerell.

Vera Cruz, Mexico, Dec. 14, 1907 (F. Knab).

The wings are browner than usual,

Records of Bees. 121

Heriades sauteri philippinensis (Friese).

Philippine Islands; the type from Los Banos. A female

from Manila (Robert Brown) is in U.S. Nat. Museum,

This differs from HH. sauter? in the more finely punctured

mesothorax and first abdominal segment.

Trigona itama, Cockerell.

Described from Singapore, but I cannot distinguish a

specimen from Pelaboean Ratoe, Java (Bryant & Palmer), in

U.S. Nat. Museum.

The black tegule distinguish it from 7. tridipennis, Smith,

which seems to be the common species in Java. ‘The wings

are fuliginous.

Nomia bantarica, sp. n.

3 .—Length nearly 8 mm.; anterior wing 6°7 mm.

Head black, with the clypeus (except sides above) and

region of mouth ferruginous ; mandibles very pale basally,

dark chestnut-red apically ; face densely covered with golden

pile ; vertex polished and shining; scape clear ferruginous ;

flagellum black above and red beneath ; thorax black, with

the tubercles, scutellum, and postscutellum clear red ; upper

border of prothorax densely covered with cream-coloured

tomentum ; mesothorax bare, dullish, the sculpture extremely

fine ; seutellum convex, not at all bigibbous; metathorax

highly polished ; tegule testaceous. Wings dusky, nervures

and the large stigma dusky reddish ; second s.m. small, third

long. Legs clear light ferruginous, with concolorous hair ;

hind legs simple, but the femora and tibie rather stout.

Abdomen smooth and shining, without hair-bands, ferru-

ginous, with a large black patch on each side of second

segment, third and fourth segments with very broad black

bands. The tegule are not enlarged.

Bantar, Gebang, Java (Bryant & Palmer). U.S. Nat.

Museum.

By its coloration it recalls NW. gribodoi, Vachal, from

Borneo, but that has the abdomen eight-spotted and the

scutellum bigibbous.

Flalictus leviventris, Pérez.

Tokyo, Japan (Sasaki, 149).

Pérez says this is of the size of 17. fallax, which would be

7-5-8 mm., but he says that H. diserepans, 8 mm. long, is

smaller than leviveniris. The specimens of leviventiis

122 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and

before me are about 9 mm. long, anterior wing 775mm. The

first abdominai segment is highly polished and impunctate.

The insect is in all respects closely allied to H. sexnotatus,

Kirby. =

FHalictus occidens, Smith.

Kiso-fukushima, Japan, July 27, 1914 (Sasaki, 174).

The lateral borders of posterior face of metathorax are

sharply margined. ‘The hind spur has broad, rounded,

nodule-like teeth.

FTalictus tsushimensis, n. n.

Haletus orientahs, Pérez, 1905 (not of Lepeletier, 1841).

T'sushima, Japan.

Allied to HZ. oecidens, but with more punctured abdomen

and very smoky wings.

Halictus basicirus, sp. n.

2 .—Length about 8 mm.; anterior wing about 6°5 mm.

Black, including the legs and hind margins of abdominal

seements ; head longer than broad, but not oval; mandibles

reddened at apex; head and thorax with abundant pale

ochreous hair, that on postscutellum light ferruginous ;

celypeus shining and well punctured; mesothorax very

densely punctured, but shining between the punctures ; area

of metathorax semilunar, rather short, with fine, regular, but

rather wavy longitudinal plice; posterior truncation very

hairy, not conspicuously defined ; tegule piceous. Wings

hyaline, stigma and nervures amber-colour. Legs with pale

ochreous hair, a line of fuscous on outer side of hind tibia ;

hind spur very minutely nodulose, appearing simple under a

lens. First abdominal segment polished and _ shining,

minutely punctured all over, the base broadly and densely

covered with long pale ochreous hair ; remaining segments

also shining and punctured, the bases of segments 2 to 4

with entire bands of ochreous-tinted tomentum; caudal rima

fringed with pale ochreous hair.

Japan, marked 167 and 358, but what these numbers

signify I do not know. U.S. Nat. Museum.

In the Japanese fauna it seems nearest to A. japonicola,

Strand, but it is larger and does not showsthe microscopic

sculpture between the punctures on mesothorax and _ first

abdominal segment. It is very close to H. perangulatus,

Ckl'., from Formosa, but the posterior part of mesothorax is

much more closely punctured.

Records of Bees. 123

Halictus japonicus, Dalla Torre.

Smith described the male under the preoccupied name

HH, tarsatus. I found the female in the British Museum

collection, and, as Vachal himself suggested, it appears to be

the same as //. teniolellus, Vachal, which may be safely

regarded as a synonym.

Halictus subopacus, Smith.

Soochow, China (N. Gist Gee, 118, 119).

Another species of the type of 17. basic/rus, from which it

is known by the dullish and closely punctured first abdominal

segment.

Halictus poonaénsis, n. n.

Halietus torridus, Cameron, 1898 (not Smith, 1879).

Poona, India,

Halictus nusaénsis, Friese, in litt., 1914.

Halictus nigroviridis, Friese, 1914 (not Graenicher)

Java.

Halictus bryant?, sp. n.

? .—Length about 8 mm. ; anterior wing 6 mm.

Black, robust, with unusually broad abdomen, the sides of

which are parallel except at the ends; hair of head and

thorax scanty, dull white, the postscutellum with white

tomentum ; head ordinary ; mandibles only faintly reddish at

apex ; face thinly covered with pale hair; clypeus with weak

shallow punctures, the subapical middle depressed ;_ front

dull, vertex shining; flagellum very faintly brownish

beneath ; mesothorax shining but not highly polished (the

surface being microscopically tessellate), with small sparse

punctures ; scute!lum more polished, slightly bigibbous ;

mesopleura almost entirely opaque; area of metathorax

short, with very distinct plice on its basal part ; posterior

truncation shining, impunctate, sharply margined at sides ;

tegula, black, dark reddish in middle. Wings dusky ;

nervures and stigma dark fuscous. Legs black, with pale

hair, fuscous bands on outer side of middle and hind tibiee ;

hind spur with three very large obtuse spines. Abdomen

shining, but the surface minutely lineolate, and with exces-

sively minute punctures scattered all over ; bases of segments

with dull white hair, conspicuous and dense at sides of

second ; hind margins black ; segments 3 and 4 with rather

obscure subapical hair-bands,

124 Descriptions and Records of Bees.

Buitenzorg, Java, March 1909 (Bryant & Palmer). U.S.

Nat. Museum.

In Friese’s table of Java Halictus (1914) this runs nearest

to HH. thoracicus, Friese, which Messrs. Bryant & Palmer also

took at Buitenzorg, but the sculpture of the thorax is entirely

different.

Halictus palmert, sp. n.

3 .—Length about 5°5 mm.; anterior wing 5 mm.

Black, rather robust for a male; head and thorax with

very scanty dull white hair; head ordinary; clypeus pro-

duced, wholly black, shining, with sparse punctures ; front

slightly shining, with fine punctures; flagellum very faintly

brownish ; mesothorax and scutellum very highly polished,

with only microscopical sparse punctures; area of meta-

thorax rather long, with very fine anastomosing plica,

appearing dull and granular under a lens; tegule dark

reddish. Wings dusky ; stigma and nervures dark reddish.

Legs black, tarsi reddish apically. Abdomen shining, im-

punctate, with thin pale hair on apical part, small patches of

white hair at lateral bases of second and third segments.

Tjibodas, Mt. Gede, Java, alt. 4500 ft., Oct. 9, 1909

(Bryant & Palmer). U.S. Nat. Museum.

Distinct from the species previously described from Java by

the highly polished mesothorax, without evident punctures.

Halictus gedensis, sp. n.

¢ .—Length about 6°5 mm.; anterior wing 6 mm.

Black, the head and thorax with scanty dull white hair ;

head ordinary, rather broad; mandibles black; clypeus

shining, sparsely punctured, it and the supraclypeal area

distinctly longitudinally ridged in middle; front dull; fla-

gellum very obscurely reddish beneath; mesothorax shining,

but not highly polished, with small shallow punctures, and

the surface microscopically tessellate between ; scutellum

with a median sulcus; postscutellum with long hair; area of

metathorax poorly defined, with irregular plice on basal

part; posterior truncation small; tegule reddish black.

Wings dusky, long and ample; stigma and nervures dark

brown. Legs black, with pale hair; hind spur white, with

seven short spines. Abdomen shining, impunctate, without

hair-bands; -apical part and general surface more or less

with pale hair, abundant on fifth segment.

Tjibodas, Mt. Gede, Java, alt. 5000 ft. (Bryant & Palmer).

U.S. Nat. Museum.

i Runs in Friese’s table to the much larger H. jacobson?,

riese.

Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory. 125

Hlalictus erythrurus, Cockerell.

? .— York, W. Australia (O. /7. Sargent).

The specimen has two large black marks on the fifth

abdominal segment, sublateral and lateral spots on the fourth,

and lateral spots on the third. I have a specimen from the

type-locality with lateral spots on the abdomen, so the pecu-

liarity can anil? indicate a subspecies.

Halictus melanurus, sp. n.

“9 .—Length about 4 mm.

Black, with the abdomen about as far as middle of third

segment shining yellowish-ferruginous, beyond that very

dark fuscous, almost black, basal half of first segment also

dusky ; labrum and mandibles except apex dark red; fla-

gellum clear ferruginous beneath except at base; tegula

clear ferruginous. Legs dusky red, with the anterior tibia

in front and all the knees clear red ; pubescence scanty, dull

white. Abdomen without hair-bands. , Wings clear, stigma

and nervures ferruginous; outer r. n. and t.-c. much weak-

ened ; first r.n. meeting second t.-c. Head ordinary, face

broad ; clypeus shining ; front dull; mesothorax moderately

shining, very finely punctured; area of metathorax rough,

with delicate plice, the margin shining. Microscopical

characters :—Front densely punctured, the surface between

the punctures finely sculptured ; mesothorax microscopically

tessellate, anteriorly transversely lineolate; area of meta-

thorax with wrinkled plice ; hind spur of the simple type

(microscopically serrulate or spinulose).

York, W. Australia (O. H. Sargent). U.S. Nat. Museum.

Related to the Tasmanian H, disclusus, Ckll., but easily

separated by the red tegule. It is also a smaller species,

The scopa on hind tibiz is rather short and thin, but beauti

fully plumose.

XII.—Notes from the Gatty ‘Marine Laboratory, St. An-

drews.— No. XLII. By Prof. M‘Inrosu, M.D., LL.D.,

D.Sei, F.R.S., &c.

1, Preliminary Studies on Filograna: a, Historical; 6, Faunistic ;

¢, Structural; d, General.

2. On Harmothoé watsoni, M'I., an var. If, marphyse, M‘I.

1. Preliminary Studies on Filograna,

(a) Hisroricar,

Filograna, the subject of the following remarks, has pro-

bably been known to marine zoologists from very early

126 Prof, M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

times, though a definite name was not assigned to it.

Amongst others, Seba * (1758), in alluding to various marine

“mosses, corallines,” and tubular corallines, Congeries

minutorum tubulorum, which he figures in his ‘ Thesaurus,’

specially refers to this form, which he found adherent to

rocks and other structures, in one instance forming the basis

to which Thuiaria thuja wasattached (fig.19a). He figures

correctly the spaces between the fascicles of tubes forming

the mass. Though Plancus De conchis minus notis is

quoted by some authors in this connection, nothing defi-

nite can be found in his work. Linnzus, Risso, Pallas,

and others placed it under the genus Serpula, whilst a few

included it under Protula. Oken termed it Clymene filo-

grana; Ray, Reticulatum trophaceum; Boece, Tubularia

filograna. ‘The form is interesting in some other respects

than zoologically, since it occasionally blocks the pipes

leading from the sea to the Marine Laboratory tanks, as at

Port Erin +.

Berkeley (1827) clearly described the form with the

epercula, which he dredged at Weymouth. In the ‘ Zoologi-

cal Journal, Volume of Supplementary Plates’ (and not in

vol. iii.) he gives a figure (pl. xviii. fig. 3) in which a

somewhat pointed, hollow operculum is on each dorsal

branchial filament. He shows seven pairs of thoracic bristles,

and in the posterior (so-called abdominal) region is an indica-

tion of a twist, or it may be a bud.

Filograna implexa, as described by Sars} (1846) in his

first part of the ‘Fauna Littorales Norvegie,’ had six pairs

of thoracic bristles in addition to the collar-bristles, two

opercula on the dorsal branchiz (right and left fans), and

two eyes. He gave no minute description of the “ vermi-

dom ”’ and figured only a few of its tubes.

Oscar Schmidt § (1848) alluded to Filograna implexa, and —

stated that he had found a new species at Faroé with buds at all

stages. The same year he || described Filograna schleideni from -

the Faeroés, which he, as indicated, believed to be a new

species, characterized by the absence of opercula and the

arrangement of the eyes, which formed a row of four on

each side of the middle line. He shows seven pairs of

bristled feet in the anterior region, but does not differentiate

the collar-bristles or figure them, unless he intends the first

* ‘Catalogue of the Curiosities in the Cabinet of Albertus Seba.

+ I have to thank Mr. Chadwick for this information.

{ Fauna Litt. Norveg. i. p. 86, Tab. 10, figs, 12-19.

§ Frorieps Notizen, No. 143, p. 162, August.

|| Neue Beitr. Naturgesch. Witirmer, Jena, p, 33, Taf. iii. fig. 7.

Giatlty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 127

of the series, which follows the same backward slope as the

others, to represent them, though this is unlikely. He

deseribes and figures a bud, and compares it with budding

in the Turbellarians and Naide. On the whole, there are

no reliable grounds for separating this form from J’. implewa.

Dalyell * (1853) gave a graphic account of the external

features of the annelid and its mass of tubes, which, he

correctly stated, was ‘‘ penetrated by numerous deep cavities

of indeterminable size and form.’ He also found the

greyish annelids of unequal size, but he did not notice

buds.

Huxley f in 1855 furnished a careful account of the

southern type which he termed Protula dysteri, its distin-

guishing features being its “ fissiparous multiplication ” and

its hermaphrodite condition. He described the branchize

and their green blood-vessels ; the alimentary canal with its

crop, stomach, and intestine ; the “ vascular” system, which

he did not consider equivalent to that of higher forms, the

celomic fluid representing it; the nervous system, repro-

ductive elements, sete, and uncini; and concluded by a

digest on fissiparous multiplication. He describes a ciliated

canal running along the ventral surface of the intestine and

apparently opening at the anus, but such probably was a

misapprehension. He did not discriminate the differences

in the structure and distribution of the bristles, yet the

general account is worthy of the distinguished author, who,

however, considered in 1865 that his form was probably

identical with the northern type which had previously been

described by Sars.

Keferstein { (1862) found the same form at St. Vaast

with free-swimming young. His figures of the bristle and

hooks are insufficient for identification, though they apply

to the common form,

Claparéde § in 1863 procured Protula dysteri off the shores

of France, and gave a detailed description of it. He likens

the expanded branchial apparatus of the annelid to the

lophophore of a Polyzoon. His examples had two eyes and

occasionally other black specks. In the main his account

agrees with that of Huxley, though he points out and figures

the enlargements at the tips of the branchial filaments not

mentioned by the English author. These enlargements,

* Powers Creat. ii. p. 250, pl. xxxiv. figs. 1-6.

+ Edin. New Philos, Jour, vol. i. n. 8. p.-113, pl. i. figs. 1-11.

1 Zitsch. f. w. Zool. Bd. xii. p. 128, pl. xi. figs. 28 & 24 (1862).

§ Beobach. Anat. u. Entwicklungs. Wirb. Thiere, p. 31, Taf. xv.

figs. 16-22,

128 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

which he describes as leaf-like, are as conspicuous as in

S. edijyicatrix, but his representation of them (pl. xv. fig. 17)

would convey an erroneous impression as to their structure

and relationship to the filaments. He did not discriminate,

however, the minute structure of the collar-bristles of the

anterior region, and his description and figure of the hooks

is also different from Nature, for he appears to have counted

the serrations of each hook as a separate organ—at any

rate, his figure diverges from Nature. The first segment of

the posterior region (his abdomen) he describes as devoid of

bristles. He did not notice the two anal papille. The male

elements (ripe sperms) he placed in the thirteenth segment,

and the female in the following seven to eleven segments. In

his description of the buds he alludes to the early condition

of the branchie, but with the exception of a figure of the

early stage he adds little to what Huxley had previously

recorded.

Claparéde (1873) thought that Huxley exaggerated the

views of De Quatrefages in regard to the blood-system of

the Annelids. He considered a pseud-hemal system quite

different from that of the superior animals, and resembling

the vasculariform excretory system of the Rotifera, Cestodes,

and Trematodes. He disagreed with this, for both morpho-

logically and physiologically the blood-system is connected

with assimilation.

De Quatrefages * describes the genus as having two false

opercula, whilst his species Filograna berkeleyi and F. implexa

do not appear to differ, for the coalescent uncini of the

former and the angular teeth of the latter need not be

seriously considered, since his figures of bristle and hook are

not sufficiently accurate. His third form, Filograna dysteri

is Huxley’s species, and his fourth is the F. schleideni of

Schmidt +, a variety of the common form. De Quatrefages

overlooked the distinctive characters of the collar-bristles.

The genus Salmacina t was established by Claparéde § in

1868 for Serpulids having a thoracic membrane, regular

branchiz with a circular base, devoid of an operculum, the

first thoracic segment furnished with tufts of distinctive and

much larger bristles than those which follow, and dwelling

in calcareous tubes. While it agrees with Protula in the

absence of an operculum, it differs in the larger collar-

* Annales, ii. p. 485, pl. xv. figs. 9-12 (1865).

+ Neue Beitrage Naturges. der Wurm. p. 33, pl. 3.

} Named after the hermaphrodite nymph Salmacis, a name already

employed by L. Agassiz in the Echinids.

§ Annél. Chétop. Naples, p. 436,

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 129

bristles of the first thoracic segment. He was fully aware

of its approach to the Serpulids and Filograna, yet the

absence of an operculum separates it from both, though

there can be no question of its close affinity with Fi/ograna,

the more so as Salmacina reproduces by posterior buds,

le thought that Protula dysteri, which De Quatrefages

united with Fi/ograna, should probably be embraced in his

genus, though the enlargements at the tips of the branchial

filaments do not merit the name of opercula. He meutions,

further, that it would be as reasonable to include the eyes

at the tips of the branchiz in Branchiomma as opercular as

such swellings in Protula dysteri.

His first species was S, incrustans*, which he thought might

be synonymous with Serpula incrustans (Linn.), Grube f,

and Serpu/a filograna of Sacchit. In his specific characters,

however, no distinctive feature of moment is recognizable,

for in length (2 to 25 mm.), colour, the number of the

thoracic segments (8), the three kinds of dorsal bristles, tlie

pectinate uncini, the flexuous calcareous tube incrusting

Zostera and other marine organisms, and the hermaphrodite

condition, there is nothing diagnostic. ‘Thus Langerhans

subsequently showed that even the number of the thoracic

segments varied in this form from seven to nine. The

presence of eyes again corresponds with the condition in

Vilograna implexa and Salmacina dysteri, as also does the

structure of the first pair of thoracic bristles ; though the

bolder character of their serrations above the “ knee” indi-

cates variation, it may be from environment, whilst the absence

of serrations in the tapering blade beyond the hiatus in

Claparéde’s description and figure is due to the artist, for

they are present in specimens from Naples, The description

and figures of the two other forms of bristles agree with the

conditions in Fi/ograna; and the same may be said of the

abdominal bristles and the structure of the hooks. Claparéde

found in one a double tip to the tail with two cirri, perhaps

the result of injury.

He regarded the anterior glands (nephridia) as the

secretory organs for the tubes. Further, he describes the

hermaphrodite animal as provided with orange ova in the

anterior region of the abdomen, and zoosperms in the poste-

rior, even to the extremity, and the sperms had an elongated

head. Such an arrangement therefore differs from that

usually observed.

* Op. cit. p. 436.

+ Echeniod Actin, u. Wiirmer, p. 62.

} Catal. Conch. reg. Neapol. p. 19, 1836 (yide Claparédde),

Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol, iii. H

130 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

In the ‘Supplement to the Annelids of Naples’ (1870)

Claparéde * repeats the generic characters he had previously

given, only adding that spatulate or pectinate bristles are

absent from the posterior region. He also differentiates

Psygmobranchus more definitely from Salmacina by the

entire absence of buds in the former, and by the herma-

phrodite condition in Salmacina, which is to all intents and

purposes, he says, a Filograna deprived of its operculum.

In this publication he describes a new species, A. edifi-

catriz t, characterized by the whitish granular tubercles

along the exterior of the filaments, the absence of eyes, and

the presence of nine thoracic segments, the other features

being common to it and the other species. He states that

this form is very near S. inerustans, which is found adhermg

throughout its length to the surface of Fuci and other

marine plants, to the surface of shells, and other bodies,

whereas S. edificatrizis a deep-water form which constructs

masses, by the branching and anastomosing of its tubes,

identical in structure with those of Salmacina dysteri (from

which the Neapolitan form is readily discriminated by the

absence of enlargements at the extremity of the branchie),

and so with Filograna. He thinks the structure of S. edifi-

catriz leaves little doubt as to its reproducing by posterior

buds.

In his figure of the collar-bristles he is more accurate than

Langerhans, the number of serrations on the flattened basal

region being seven, and tlie hiatus is more in accordance

with Nature ; yet the bristle, as a whole, does not differ in

any way from that of Filograna. The other segments carry

bristles which do not differ from those of S. incrustans, and,

it may be added, from those of Filograna. He holds that

the hooks differ from those of S. incrustans, but it cannot be

said that his figure (pl. 13. fig. 1, E) represents a full lateral

view of the organ, but rather a partial lateral view, thus

giving it greater length proportionally than it really has.

These small organs are not readily mounted so as to exhibit

a complete lateral view, and thus the able Swiss author

was misled. They seem to agree with all the other forms

examined.

Amongst other features, the author states that the

achetous region between the thorax and the first abdominal

bristles is equal to four or five segments, and that the abdo-

minal bristles are capillary and winged, with a “knee” at the

* P. 154.

t P. 157, pl. xiii. fig. 1.

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 131

tip. At the base of the branchial pinne are rows of granular

cushions, but all he says about the extremity of the

filaments is that they are bare, and in his drawing they are

somewhat delicately tapered.

Giard* (1875 and 1876) madetwo.notes on the development

of Salmacina dysteri, Huxley, with figures, from the early

ovum to the post-larval stage, having three pairs of bristles.

The description and figures of this able and industrious

author are excellent.

Langerlaus + (1880) describes Salmacina incrustans from

Madeira as occurring in tubes on stones between tide-marks

aud on fish-baskets. The terminal process of the branchiz

has a coloured cushion composed of epithelial cells and at

the tips of the pinne ‘‘einige solche Zellen.’ In the

Mediterranean form these cells were absent. A pair of eyes ;

five to seven setigerous segments anteriorly, the first bearing

the characteristic bristles, one of which he figures with five

serrations ou the wide basal process below the hiatus (Taf. v.

fig. 40 5),and the other with a serrated edge devoid of a

hiatus, but Neapolitan examples of the species show smaller

and more numerous serrations on the basal web of the tip,

viz., about double the number indicated by Langerhans, and

the hiatus is less pronounced. ‘This remark is made on the

supposition that the form from Madeira is the same as that

at Naples. The ventral uncini have only five teeth above

the main fang, whereas in S. edificatriv there are six; yet

in the figure of the face of the hook in each case there are

nine transverse rows. The anterior bristle with the curved

(sickle-like) tip and serrations is also present, though the

figure is indifferent. Bristles with smooth wings occur in

this region, but he does not indicate any differentiation at

the tip of the tail, though he deseribes those of S. edificatrix

as having serrated wings. In the Neapolitan examples the

serrations of the tip were less prominent.

Carus (1885) distinguishes Salmacina thus: Thoracic

membrane ; branchiz equal, base circular, destitute of an

operculum. First thoracic segment with a tuft of bristles

larger than the succeeding and of a distinet form, semi-

crenulate. rom the third segment, besides winged sete,

are others semicrenulate. Spatulate and pectinate bristles

absent from the abdomen—only simple falciform bristles.

fle makes Claparéde’s S. incrustans synonymous with

? Serpula filograna, Sacchi, and so with ? Serpula intricata,

* Comptes Rend. Acad, Se. 17 January, 1875, and 24 January, 1876

Also ‘ Euvres Diverses,’ p. 316,

+ Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. xxxiv. p. 122.

132 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

Grube, though the latter conclusion is unlikely. The body

is 2-2-5 mm. long, of an orange colour; thoracic seg-

ments 8; dorsal bristles of two kinds ; uncini pectiniform ;

tube sinuous and calcareous, incrusting Zostera and other

marine structures. There is no diagnostic feature in this

description.

S. edificatrix. Body dull orange, 2-2°5 mm. long, seg-

ments 45-50 ; branchiz 4, white, with pale granular tubercles

externally ; no eyes; thoracic segments 9; collar-bristles

geniculate, cuspidate at the base of the wings; rest of the

segments have subulate bristles with wings, others pectinate ;

falciform ; hooks small, multidentate ; tube capillary, densely

glomerate, and intricate.

Cunningham and Ramage * (1887), while giving no details,

have a figure of an adult example and a larva of Filograna

implexa. The adult has eight pairs of anterior bristles, a

pair of eyes, and opercula on the branchize. The larva has

three pairs of bristles, two large eyes, and a prominent

prototroch.

Ehlers + (1887) examined a form from the Tortugas

which he named Filigrana huxleyi; having the general

structure described by previous authors, with ova in the

posterior segments (12-20), and in the case of a nurse-stock,

from the seventh posterior segment of which a bud of six

thoracic and seven abdominal segments arose, there were

no reproductive elements. Each branchial filament, as in

Filograna dysteri, ends in a pear-shaped, cellular, flattened

swelling with palpocils. He considers such an organ may

be connected with food-supply, since he found a Nauplius

amongst the pinne. The stomachs, however, of most

examined in Britain had only such objects as currents

supplied, and in those from deep water Coccoliths were

common, and so with many foreign forms. Ehlers states

that Huxley describes certain warts on the branchie of his

species, but they were not present in the American form.

The homologies of the terminal enlargements with opercula

or eyes (e. g. in Branchiomma), as Langerhans considered in

Salmacina incrustans, are referred to. Ehlers gives a figure

of the characteristic collar-bristles which differs from any-

thing hitherto seen in the group, in so far as it has only

six large serrations to the basal division of the wing, no

hiatus, and a long, smooth, tapering tip, Further, no bristle

* Trans, Roy. Soc. Edin. vol. xxxiii. p. 673, pl. xlv. fig. 35.

+ “Report on the Annelids of the ‘ Blake,’” p. 314, Taf. 56, figs, 4-9.

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 133

with a reaping-hook curve is present in the succeeding

segments, only those with a “ knee” and an ordinary winged

tip. The hook agrees with that found in the common

Filograna, though the artist has not represented the streaks

at right angles to the serrations. The earliest bud has

only segments similar to the abdominal of the parent.

He considers his species near Huxley’s Protula dysteri,

though it has no eyes; both have the terminal organ of the

branchial filaments. So far as can be seen, there is nothing

in Ehlers’s description to distinguish his species from

Filograna implexa.

Lo Bianco* (1893) mentions the following hermaphrodite

forms: Amphiglena, Salmacina, Spirorbis, Pileolaria, &c.,

the ova being deposited in the interior of the tube or placed

in the operculum ; the young by-and-by forming colonies by

fission. Fissiparous reproduction occurs in Salmacina and

Telepsarus.

In 1894 De St. Joseph t made a contribution to the

history of this species (Salmacina dysteri variety), which he

dredged frequently on shells, on Rytiphlea pinastroides, and

collected on rocks and stones at Rochardieu. He gives the

size as 6 mm., and shows how in many features it resembles

Filograna implexa, only it has no operculum, He further

states that each branchial filament is terminated by a

peculiar enlargement formed by a double row of cells with

palpocils, the latter also occurring on the pinne. ‘The

segments of the anterior region (thorax) range from seven to

nine, and have bristlesand hooks resembling those of Filograna

implexa. 'The naked region behind the anterior has ten or

twelve segments, whilst the posterior region (abdomen) has

from 40-50 segments, the middle being narrowed, and the

anterior and posterior parts dilated, the tip again narrowing

to the two terminal papille. ‘The bristles agree with those

of F. implexa, ‘The alimentary canal, the blood-sinuses

around the gut, and the excretory organs anteriorly de-

bouching by a common aperture are all in accordance with

the parts in /. impleva. He found ripe eggs and ciliated

embryos in the coelomic cavity, proving that impregnation

is internal, the earlier atrochous forms of similar size to the

eggs, and with two minute eyes in front; besides others

more advanced, with a ciliated collar behind the eyes, three

setigerous segments, and an anal. No hooks are present.

This stage he thought anterior to that described by Giard in

* “Gli annellidi tubicoli trovati nel Golfo di Napoli,” op. cit,

+ Ann. Sc. Nat, 8° sér. t. xvii. p. 340, pl. xiii, figs, 375-380,

134 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

the tube of the parent. Moreover, S. dysteri reproduces by

buds, as in F. implewa, the nurse-stock of seven or eight

anterior and fifteen to seventeen posterior segments, without

sexual elements, giving rise to a bud at the eighth or ninth

posterior segment as in Filograna implewa. He concludes

by stating that S. dysteri is met with in different con-

ditions :—

1. As a hermaphrodite form without buds, measuring

6 mm., with the anterior segments of the abdomen enclosing

the male and female sexual elemeuts, the following segments

constricted, and the terminal enlarged.

2. Asa short annelid of twenty posterior segments, without

the filiform portion of the abdomen and which prepares for

budding, or perhaps has already budded and regenerated, the

detached segments.

3. As aform of the same size as the preceding with a bud

at the eighth or ninth posterior segment.

4, Asa shorter form from which a bud has been detached,

which possesses only nine or ten posterior segments and is

devoid of eyes.

In regard to the resemblances between Filograna implexa

and the present species, they are identical except for the

absence of the opercula in Salmacina. He mentions the

ease of the Protula described by Fritz Miller, which acquired

an operculum on one of its pinnate branchie; then the

barbules disappeared, and the tilament became the stalk of

the operculum. In Salmacina dysteri at complete maturity

he found each of its branchiz terminated by a mass which

offered no indication of an operculum ; and, since Filograna

implexa at complete maturity retains its two opercula, he is of

opinion that the two species are stable and distinct. Yet

this very statement shows that between S. dyster2 and

S. edificatriz there is a facile step on this head alone.

In referring to the proposal of Ehlers to suppress the

genus Salmacina, Claparéde, since its bristles resemble those

of Filograna, De St. Joseph would conserve the genus /%/o-

grana as revised by Ehlers, but would divide it into two

subgenera—viz., Filograna with an operculum and Salmacina

without one.

De St. Joseph found on the tubes Folliculina ampulla and

F. atropurpurea, anastomosing amongst them and the minute

sponges, and Corynids and ova were also present. He

observes that the dorsal hooks in the posterior region

resemble the thoracic ventral hooks, but their rows are short

and their number few.

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 135

Malaquin * gives also an account of the sexual and asexual

phases of Salmacina dysteri :—

I, Phase of a young protandrous form. The male genital

segments are incorporated with the thorax, and are sterile.

II. Phase is that of asexual reproduction, or schizogenesis.

In this the animals present incomplete male sexuality, mani-

fested by the production of a few spermatozoa which attain

maturity.

III. Phase—hermaphroditism. Gonads (male and female)

are situated in distinct segments—the male in the three (two

to four) anterior abdominal segments, the female in the eight

to ten segments which follow. Thecirculationin Salmacina

and Filograna resembles that of the Serpulids in the particular

reticulation of vessels distinct from the celom. There are

branchial and ventral vessels. Around the intestine is a

vascular sinus, as in Serpulids and Sabellarians. In Salma-

cina and Filograna this sinus lies between the endothelium

splanchnoplanique of the ccolom and the intestinal epi-

thelium. This part of the hemocele represents exactly the

primitive blastoceele.

The same author ¢ (1911) gives an elaborate disquisition

on the phases of Salmacina, grouping them as follows :—

I. The sexual forms, including the young protandrous forms,

with three to five segments in the thorax, two intermediate,

and six abdominal segments. II. The unisexual, rarely

female, less rarely male. The female is 24 mm. long, with

three thoracic segments, an intermediate asetigerous segment,

and six to eighteen abdominal distended with ovocytes.

Probably this becomes hermaphrodite. The male is 1?-—

24 mm., with seven thoracic segments, sixteen ripe abdo-

minal segments, and three or four terminal.

The hermaphrodites have eight branchiz, eight thoracic

segments, then two or three achetous segments ; immediately

behind are two or three with male gonads, and the succeeding

ten have female gonads with red ova. They reach 6-7 mm.,

and may have fifty abdominal segments. In some herma-

phrodites male elements predominate, the female segments

being reduced. In others a hermaphrodite segment occurs at

the limit of the male region, the male elements being on one

side, the female on the other. He has also seen a herma-

phrodite gonad.

The metamere, as a rule, is unisexual, but, as mentioned,

between the male and female regions a hermaphrodite one

* Assoc. Francaise Adv. Sc. Lille, 1909, p. 135.

+ Zool. Anzeiger, Bd. xxxvii. p. 201,

136 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

may occur. A large well-developed ovum may appear in

the ccelom and a male gonad in the segment.

In schizogony, in its asexual phase, it is exceptional to

find seven segments in the thorax. At the tenth abdominal

segment cephalo-branchial proliferations occur with two new

segments of the thorax, instead of the three or four of the

oozoite. No sexual elements appear. In schvzogony accom-

panied by sexuality male elements are found in the albdo-

minal segments (9-10), such probably being a further stage

of the protandrous young. In thie hermaphrodite forms the

elements are reduced in quantity—for instance, in a schizo-

nozoite of twenty segments,

He makes the noteworthy remark that schizogonons indi-

viduals by their size and the number of their segments are

little advanced in age compared with the hermaphrodite

forms. Another fact is that when sexuality is present it is

reduced male, female, or hermaphrodite. These are stages

in the march to complete hermaphroditism.

Malaquin concludes that Salmacina dysteri, Huxley,

exhibits all the forms of sexuality possible. It, indeed,

shows a kind of indifferentiation in sexuality, marked by the

absence of secondary sexual characters in the individual.

The sole character which distinguishes the phases from each

other is the position of the genital segments and their state

of advancement. Schizogony occupies the middle period of

the existence of the annelid. It is intercalated between the

two sexual periods—protandrous or rarely female, or herma-

phrodite. The sexual period ultimately marks the end of

the evolutionary cycle in S. dysterit. The exclusive sexual

form is hermaphroditism. In a certain number of these

the male elements predominate. It thus reappears in the

life-eycle after its presence in the young oozoite.

Miss Pixeli* (now Mrs. Goodrich) describes Salmacina

dysteri from Gough Island, in the Antarctic Sea, as occurring

in fairly large masses. No buds were pres:nt, She also

finds the same species in various parts of the Indian

Ocean FT.

Fauvel = (1914) describes Filograna implexa from the

Gulf of Gascoigne,.Monaco, and other sites, the agglome-

rated tubes forming considerable masses analogous to those

of Salmacina dysteri, from which, he observes, the animal is

casily distinguished by its two opercula. The same author

alludes to Salmacina incrustans, the very fine tubes of which

* Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 87 (1913).

+ Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. vol. xlix. p. 350 (1913).

t ee ag. Se. Monaco, Fase. xlvi. p. 327. Iam much indebted to

Prof. Fauvel for specimens and memoirs. :

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, 137

are more or less agglomerated on stones or shells. Certain

specimens have the branchiz coloured red at the extremities ,

—an accidental condition. The collar-bristles have the web

at the base of the tip with large teeth (two or three prominent)

and with a few capillary bristles. There is no operculum.

The uncini have numerous teeth. He distinguishes S. dyséeri,

Huxley, from the foregoing by the numerous fine teeth on

the basal web of the collar-bristles. All the specimens had

sansage-like cellular masses at the tips of the branchial

filaments. He was of opinion that the S. wdificatria,

Claparéde, was the same species. He never encountered a

true representative of this species, which, he says, is distin-

guished from S, dysteri by the absence of the enlargements

at the tips of the brauchial filaments, and adds, strange to

say, that the tubes are often intertwined with those of

Filograna implexa.

J. H. Orton * (1914) states that the common species of

“ Filograna carries ripe eggs and trochospheres at an age

probably less than 4 months, having grown through the

summer, About the same time another experiment yieided

specimens with fully-developed eggs at an age not greater

than 10 weeks and 4 days. Later in the year full-sized

specimens with buds had an age not greater than 4 weeks

and 2 days. There can be little doubt, therefore, that in

this species there is an alternation of generations, the

summer forms producing eggs and sperm, aud the autumn

and winter ones producing buds.”

(4) Faunistic.

In order to give a satisfactory view of the remarkable.

variations of Filograna, it is necessary in the first instance to

glance at the condition of the specimens from the several

grounds, which range from Shetland to the Channel Islands

in Britain, and elsewhere from diverse distant localities

stretching almost from pole to pole +.

In those from Plymouth no operculum has been seen

up to date. In an example with a bud the b:anchimw had

short pimne, but the tips had sausage-like enlargements ;

the anterior region had seven lateral bristle-tufts besides

the collar-tuft, two segments succeeded the anterior region

without bristles; thirteen bristled segmeuts followed ; then

the bud, the first two segments of which had no bristles,

and twenty-three with bristles succeeded, two papille oceur-

ring posteriorly, Its branchize were simple filaments. In

* Jour. M. B. A. vol. at 316.

+ Those from the area of the Clyde was sent by Mr. L. Renouf of the

Museum and Laboratory at Rothesay,

138 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

older examples without a bud the anterior region had seven

pairs of bristles besides the collar pair, a considerable smooth

region, and fifteen segments and the pygidium posteriorly.

‘he branchiz were well developed, with sausage-shaped en-

largements of the tips of the filaments, and the pinnz were

much longer than in the former. The apertures of some

of the tubes show a slight expansion like the muzzles of

old-fashioned shot-guns for sparrows, whilst others have

cylindrical though rounded margins. In the first series

of bristles, which in lateral view have the tip at an angle

to the shaft, the basal part of the wing has numerous

(fully a dozen) serrations sloping from the base to the

distal end in lateral view, and then a hiatus, followed by

a minutely serratéd tapering blade. When viewed from

behind, the shaft diminishes little to the end of the basal

section of the wing, and the axis can be followed, as distinct

from the wing, from the base to the tip, and then gradually

tapers distally. Certain views point to the double nature

of the basal expansion, serrations being seen on both sides.

It may be that something similar exists in the distal wing.

What have been mentioned elsewhere as simple bristles

in this tuft are apparently only developing forms of the

special type.

Channel Islands (off Guernsey and between tide-marks,

Herm).

Most form fixed tubes on shells and stones—two opercula,

as a rule, on each; these may be large and thin, or less

expanded as circular discs. No enlargement of the tips of

the other filaments. This form is common under stones (to

which it is attached) between tide-marks in the Channel

Islands. Ova occur in tle posterior region of body. In the

structure of the collar-bristles no distinction can be drawn

between these and the Plymouth forms. The shaft, basal

wings, and tip are the same. The hiatus and the mode of

origin of the distal part of the wing agree, as also do its

minute serrations.

St. Andrews.

Branchie without an operculum in two bearing buds;

tips of branchiz cylindrical in some, im others slightly

clavate (in the spirit-preparations). The condition of the

branchiz depends on age; in young examples the filaments

and pinne are short, but they vary, some of the same size

of body having larger and better-developed branchie. The

young have a short body. The collar-bristles show several

with curved tapering tips, which do not have the gap

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 139

separating the widened and more boldly serrated base from

the more minutely serrated terminal region. The structure

of those with the gap, however, does not differ from that of

the Plymouth form, The buds presented a similar con-

dition, and the serrations of the basal region of the tip were

bolder than the distal. In some of the unaltered tips slight

hollows at the site of the gap indicated a change. Further,

in addition to the foregoing, a series of simple tapering

bristles without evident wing were present.

Off the Hebrides.

Two well-developed opercula of a flattened finger-nail

shape. Series of rounded eye-specks. No enlargement of

the terminal processes of the branchial filaments ; long body ;

eight pairs of anterior bristles. Collar-bristles apparently

agreed with the St. Andrews form.

S.E. of the Isle of May. August. 32 fathoms.

Two opercula, circular and rather small. No enlargement

of the tips of the branchial filaments, and the pinnz compara-

tively short. Ova in some with comparatively short bodies.

Collar-bristles apparently similar to those from St. Andrews.

Shetland.

Two opercula (small and round) in some, others have

none. The examples are smal]. Collar-bristles similar to

those from St. Audrews.

Moray Frith (dredged),

Well-formed thin opercula. In another none. No:

enlargement of the tips of the branchial filaments in either.

The collar-bristles in these forms agree with those from

St. Andrews.

Aberdeen Bay. August.

Well-marked opercula in all. No enlargement at the tips

of the branchial filaments. Collar-bristles indistinct, but

apparently agreeing with those from St. Andrews.

H.M.S. ‘ Triton’ and ‘ Knight Errant? 530 and 87 fms.

An operculum is present in these as a rule, but it is a

very thin circular plate—so thin as to be distinguished with

difficulty in certain examples. No eggs, sperms, buds, or

larvz were seen in these specimens in August. Numerous

coccoliths occurred in their stomachs. The specimens from

both ships had exactly the same structure in the collar-

bristles as at St. Andrews.

140 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

North Sea*.

Station 18a. 455 m. No. 29. 18.6.1906. Procured

with the small trawl.

The shelly tubes of this form exactly resembled those

of the other varieties. The annelids, whose bodies were of

moderate length, are characterized by the free development

of the branchi, which possess large filaments, and long and

rather slender pinne with scarcely a trace of enlargement

at the tips. The filaments do not appear to show any

glandular thickenings such as occur in Salmacina edificatria.

At the extremities the filameut, which is comparatively

broad at the last pinna, gradually tapers to a blunt point.

In one example with eight pairs of anterior bristles the

two dorsal filameiits were modified in an interesting manner,

since one presented a somewhat thick terminal process, the

tip of which was abruptly bevelled mainly on one side, the

tapering tip being rather blunt, its cellular structure other-

wise remaining the same as its neighbours ; whilst the other

had advanced a stage further, the clavate tip being unequally

bevelled and hollowed so as to form a rudimentary operculum.

This example carried ova well forward in the posterior region,

but as it was imperfect, too much reliance need not be given

to this feature. The region frequented by this colony

seemed to be highly favourable, for in another example the

tips of the branchial filaments were irregularly enlarged.

Station 18a. 14.38.1907. Trawl.

Eyes present. |

The type consisted of comparatively short bodies, with

seven pairs of anterior bristles, and about twenty-five seg-

ments posteriorly, comparatively long branchial fans—fully

half the length of the body, and with opercula. The form

of the opercula, however, varied considerably from the thin,

translucent, and more or less circular cr hoof-shaped cup to

a long vase with a tapering process on the lip, a bluntly

clavate termination, or a cone at the end of the filament.

The short bodies are terminated by the two anal papille.

So far as could be observed, no reproductive elements were

present. Food was abundant in the stomach, and the

intestine had the elliptical foecal masses.

The structure of the collar-bristles is identical with that

in the St. Andrews examples.

Station 10. 27.5.1907.

These were characterized by small, thin, wineglass-shaped

* I am indebted to Prof. D’Arcy Thompson for the opportunity of

examining these.

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 141

opercula, seven pairs of anterior bristles, short pinnz to the

branchiz, the filaments of which had rather short, stumpy,

terminal processes, and by the great number of small ova,

which in some stretched far forward, ‘The number of the

small ova far exceeded that seen in any other form, and

point to their probable extrusion before fertilization, or, at

any rate, immediately after. Sperms were not clearly

demonstrated in frout, but they may have been present,

though in one the ova passed forward to the anterior region.

This form also shows the isolated and elliptical fuecal balls

in the posterior part of the gut. In structure the collar

bristles correspond with those from St. Andrews.

Station 16a. 195m. No. 202. 9.6.1908.

Some had no opercula, otiers had two of the ordinary

funnel-shape. In several without opercula the tips of the

filaments were rather short and little tapered. In another

the tips of the two dorsal filaments were flattened and wider

than the rest. The number of the anterior bristles was

seven pairs.

One presented the same circular or rounded granular

masses on each side of the gut in the caudal region. Others

showed distinct ova (small). The former is probably the

early condition of the latter. Instructure the collar-bristles

agree with those from St. Andrews.

Station 16a. 324m. 13.6.1908.

The examples have slightly larger tubes, more laxly put

together, and often showing a lip where the annelid pro-

trudes—that is, the edge of the tube is expanded a little and

turned over. The annelids have no opercula, and rather long

tapering tips to the branchiz, which also have long pinne.

The collar-bristles have the same structure as those from

St. Andrews.

Station 18a. 324m. 13.6.1908.

These have seven or eight pairs of anterior bristles, long

branchiv, with transparent opercula, and long pinnz on tlic

filaments, which in those having opercula showed no enlarge-

ment. In one about twenty of the terminal segments

contained rounded granular bodies like early ova. In young

forms seven pairs of anterior bristle-bundles occurred, aud

the branchiz had short pinne and thick filaments. The

posterior region in these had between twenty and thirty

segments. ‘lhe tips of the non-opercular filaments were

rather long and tapered. In those with the granular masscs

posteriorly, no large ova could be seen. ‘The aperture of

142 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

the tube is in some expanded a little and turned over. The

structure of the collar-bristles is precisely the same as in

the St. Andrews examples.

Station 18a. 455m. 18.6.1906.

The tips of the branchial filaments are enlarged as flattened

lobate processes in every instance, and in several the ex-

pansion passed down the filament for some distance. The

pinne on these filaments were all rather long and slender,

and in marked contrast, for instance, to those from Plymouth,

in which the short thick pinne are diagnostic, the whole

branchial apparatus being less developed. The great length

and the number of the pinnze in the form from the North

Sea give the branchiz a densely capillary aspect. Asa rule,

the terminal pinne are shorter and thicker, partly, in all

probability, from more active growth. Besides the examples

just mentioned others showed similar enlargements at the

tips of the filaments and no opercula; whilst ina third series

a minute, flattened, or slightly saucer-shaped operculum

appeared on each dorsal filament. Such could have been of

no service as a protection. The structure of the collar-

bristles of these specimens corresponds exactly with that of

the St. Andrews form.

Station —. Off Moowick Head, 99m. No. 165. Cap-

tured in trawl. 12.8.1908.

All these presented the rounded granular masses (early

ova) on each side in the caudal region, and no ova in front.

Opercula were present, and seven or eight pairs of anterior

bristles. In structure the collar-bristles agree with St.

Andrews examples.

Station —. 15.8.1908.

Those examined had two opercula and no enlargements

at the tips of the branchial filaments. The anterior bristles

were seven or eight, the young having fewer. The collar-

bristles agree with those from St. Andrews.

‘Porcupine,’ 1870. 45 fms. off Cape Sagres.

In these examples the branchize are of moderate length

(about that of the specimens from Plymouth) and furnished

with two well-formed opercula. The pinne are somewhat

more slender than those from Plymouth. Moreover, most

or all of the opercula had a little process on the edge of

the comparatively large organ. The rest of the filaments

ended in a tapering tip. There weie eight pairs of anterior

bristles. The collar-bristles are minute and transparent, but

the basal region of the wing is differentiated and serrated as

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 143

usual, then a gap occurs, after which the distal finely serrated

wing tapers to a slender point. These bristles are more

minute than any hitherto examined.

Norway.

These have large branchiz, no opercula, and the tips of

the filaments are comparatively short, not expanded, whilst

the pinuz are numerous, No sperms were seen, but ova

oveurred in the anterior region of the abdomen. There

were seven pairs of thoracic bristles. Here then was a

variation from the form described by Sars which had two

opercula, The structure of the collar-bristles entirely agrees

with that of the St. Andrews examples.

Naples. (Salmacina edificatrix, auct.)

The comparatively large size of these examples and the

great development of the branchiz, their glandular swellings

along the filaments, and the large size of the sausage-like

tips, as well as the common occurrence of nine pairs of

anterior bristle-bund!es make them conspicuous. The pinne

also take on the tendency to increase at the tips, e:pecially

the distal pinne, yet these pinne are not so long as in

evrtain forms from the North Sea, also devoid of an oper-

culum. The development of the axis or filament of each

branchia is in coutrast with the smaller parts in the northern

seas, the glands of the filaments being smaller. The points

or main fangs of the minute hooks appear to be directed

forward—both in the anterior and the posterior regions,

So far as can be seen, the sperms occur behind the bare

segments of the anterior part of the posterior region, and in

one with embryos they seem to pass backward, some being

present at each side of the tail. In this example (with

embryos and ova) the tips of the branchis# showed rather less

than the usual enlargements, The granular masses at the

sides of the tail, however, may be sperms. Yet they

resemble the granules in front. In those with advanced

embryos most of the sperms appear to be shed.

The collar-bristles agree in structure with those from

Plymouth and the north, having a basal division of the wing

with numerous serrations, a gap, and a tapering distal

region with a minutely serrated edge. The bristle has the

same curvature at the end of the shaft. Ten points at least

appear in a favourable view of the basal web of the collar-

bristles and the others agree with those of the northern types.

Dongonab, Red Sea, 2.12.1915.

The vermidom is of the open pattern, so that aeration

144 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

enes on readily, yet it is stated they grow in quiet nooks at

Dongonab. The long branchie are richly pigmented, and

each animal is provided with a pair of eye-specks composed

of a group or crescent of four or five points. The web at

the base of the tip of the collar-bristles has eight or nine

teeth. The tips of some of the branchiz in a few are

enlarged. In others this is not seen. One had more slender

»inne than usual, and in this the tips of two of the filaments

presented enlargements of the sausage-shape with. lateral

vlands as in S. edificatriz. All have six pairs of anterior

bristles, viz. first and five following. No opercula are

present. One or two buds (early) were attached to the

nurse-stock ; and many young forms occurred. Buds thus

develop in the quiescent condition of the reproductive

elements, which were not visible.

Dongonab, Red Sea. 2.2.1916.

Since December (1915) the reproductive elements have

been developed, the large ova occurring in masses in the

non-bristled region behind the “ thorax,” leaving the posterior

and caudal regions free. In some tlie spaces between the

septa were filled with a uniformly granular mass. In a

small form, which seemed to be male, the elements filled the

posterior and caudal regions to the tip, whilst anteriorly the

masses reached the thoracic border. No buds were observed

in this series. The tips of the branchial filaments were

slightly enlarged in some ovigerous forms, the outline

being ovoid rather than sausage-shaped as in S. edificatriz,

and in this respect they agreed with those procured in

December, and in which the reproductive organs were not

developed ; indeed, some of the latter had large processes, so

that this does not appear to be connected with the develop-

ment of the gonads. The young as well as the adults pre-

sented the same slight enlargements of the terminal processes

of the branchial filaments.

Dongonab, Red Sea. 5.1916.

Since February the reproductive elements in the body have

disappeared, and more frequent instances of budding present

themselves, the buds arising in a similar manner from the

posterior end in front of the pygidium which forms the anal

extremity of the bud. The tentacles develop early, and

enable the eye to detect the bud even when very small. At

a little later stage the outline anteriorly is marked by a

separate and symmetrically shaped area—apparently the

rudiment of the ‘ thorax.”

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 145

Dongonab, Red Sea. 9.1916.

Many of the tubes were empty, and the forms were young.

In the Red Sea Filograna produces ova in the coldest

month of the year, In the same region Dr. Crossland *

found that Meleagrina vulgaris sheds ova in the winter,

whilst M. margarilifera bieeds only in the summer. The

same careful observer remarks that he has not yet seen

Filograna amongst coral, but it is common on buoys, on the

bottoms of boats which have been standing in the harbour,

on piles in sheltered water, and in sponges. All its habitats

in shallow water are sheltered, and the fragility of the

calcareous tubes probably render this necessary.

Madras Harbour, India +.

Tubes of the same form were dredged by the late Dr. Jolin

Anderson east of Verribles, India, in 13 fathoms.

The branchiz of those from Madras Harbour show slight

enlargements at the tips of the filaments. Though the

preparations were not very favourable, yet in an example one

of the tips exceeded the others in size, but had the same

structure. Asa rule, the tips are probe-pointed, though in

some the terminal cushions are larger and more boldly

glandular, From seven to eight pairs of bristles occur in

the anterior region. So far as could be observed, the

structure of the collar-bristles is typical.

Sydney Harbour, Australia, 4.1916 t.

The specimens are characterized by the blackish colour §

of the branchiz—especially their distal ends, which thus

boldly contrast with the white tubes, and the anterior region

of, the body in some is also of a dark hue. The branchize

appeared to be comparatively thick and stumpy, the pinne

in some and the terminal process of the filament devoid of

enlargement, though it was stout. All had two eyes. The

uumber of the bristle-bundles of the anterior region was

usually “nine, young forms had eight. There were no

opercula. The collar-bristles agree with the type found at

St. Andrews.

* To whom lam greatly indebted for these and many other specimens.

+ For the examination of these I have to thank Dr, Annandale.

t Kindly forwarded by Prof. Haswell.

§ Whether osmic acid had been used for killing is as yet unknown.

Ann. & Mag. N. List. Ser. 9. Vol. iii. 10

146 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

Some had the posterior region of the body distended with

large ova. None had buds, but a band or two of large free

ova in mucus occurred, as in the specimens at St. Andrews

and as is also found in Spirorbis. Some of the tubes of

mucus contained larvee with three pairs of bristles, a powerfal

prototroch, two large eyes, and a segmented body.

A commensal Crustacean was found in the calcareous

tube.

PLYMOUTH.

; No. of Serrations of

Operculum ee anterior basal web of Gonads*.

puomy- hare) - bristles. collar-bristle.

same Slight enlargement. 7 <About12. Ripe sperms,

No distinct enlarge- 6 Fewer than cece

ment 12.

Larger example.. Enlargementgreater. 8 About 10? cece

March.

Young specimen . Enlarged tips. 8 yy Or more

Very young “fs oe Ghe 8 - .

Weank 265.5%. Enlarged tips. 8 ‘s .

June.

With bud ...... 5 7 = :

Fairly adult .... 5 8

” ” ” ow

” ” ” va.

» (short post.

region) .. ” 9 ” sed

Fairly large .... ” 7 = Ova.

», with bud. ee ae 8 FS siete

S ss Slight. 8 ow oe

GUERNSEY.—JULY.

Branchie. Anterior Collar-bristles.

Opercula. Sausage-tips. bristle-tufts. Basal comb. ——

Bere 1 7 pairs. About 1 dozen awa

serrations. ‘

2 opercula. ieee 8 5 About 1 dozen. aie

2 = 0 tae *s Branchie pig

mented brown

(or red ?).

1 only visible. pies. 6 “f suite

ee 2 or more. 8? 1 apparently On shells.

with fewer

teeth.

2 opercula, eoee 8 sees cece

2 7 ee Oc

” eee

* The male elements were present in the majority with ova.

Sr, ANDREWs.

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews.

Branchia. Anterior ‘

Opercula, Sausage-tips, bristle-tufts, Collar-bristles. Remarks,

esse All with sau- 7 Fully | dozen Large example.

sage-tip (long). fine serra-

tions.

Bud, Slightly enlarged 7 No distinct Apparently fine

tip. (developing). notch. teeth.

2. ese 7 Th June.

eee 8 ”

eee see 8 ”

sees Slightly enlarged

tips in two spe-

cimens,

2. wads Bud, September.

1 developing. 7 a é

1 developing. 7 Nearly adult, ,,

2 developing. 7 September,

Orr Hesriprs.—Jvtry.

. : Collar-bristles,

Branchis. Anterior

Opercula. Sausage-tips. bristle-tufts. ee a = tt sin

Large example, 8 Pigment on

2. branchiie,

two eyes,

Orr Istr or May.

Opercula. Branchi. Anterior bristles, Collar-bristles.

2 With pigmented 7 Web with small

tips. teeth.

Orr SHETLAND.

Opercula, Branchie. Anterior bristles. Remar ss.

Young, 2. No enlargement 7 Ova,

of tips.

Adult 2 or none. :

. Moray Frits (pREDGeED).

Branchim. Anterior Collar-bristl r k

Opercula. Sausage-tips. bristle-tufts, “OS™ O™msties: pene tar

2 None. 7 Typical. rye

2 None. 8 6 Ova.

1 Very slight en- 8 ‘

largement. ’

ABERDEEN Bay.

: Anterior Collar-

Opercula. Branchie. bristles. pet a Remarks,

2 No enlargement 7 Small teeth Ova,

of the tips, (12).

10*

148 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

Port ERIN.

Opercula. Branchie. ca © a Remarks.

None. Tips of filaments 8-9 Typical. ve

lack.

‘KNIGHT ERRANT.’—AUGUST.

. Anterior Collar- bs

Opercula. Branchie. baafles bristles Remarks.

2 eee 7 Typical. Coccoliths in

stomach.

Nortu Ska. ;

Opercula. Eyes. Branchie. eh ee Set Remarks.

Stat. 18 a.

18.6.06. 2ornone.

Largely developed, 8 Typical. Ova.

no enlargement at

tip.

Present. No enlargement of

143.07. 2. a

tip.

Station 10. 2. os “4 aT =

Stat.16a@. 2ornone. .... + a5 Uf *

13.6.08. None. ae ai y 7 g

Stat. 18 a.

138.6.08. 2. ” ” 7-8 ”

Stat. 18 a.

18.6.06. 2ornone. .... Those without oper- 7 =

cula had enlarged

tips to filaments,

which were long

and slender.

No. 165.

12.8.02. 2. No enlargements. 7-8 si

15.8.08. 2. 4 ” 7-8 a

‘ PorcuPINE,’ 1870.

Opercula. Branchie. Sa Collar-bristles.

2withaminute Slender pinne; no 8 Typical though

process. enlargement. minute.

Norway.

Opercula. Branchie. ae Collar-bristles.

2ornone. Large branchie in fs Typical.

those devoid lof

opercula, no en-

largements at tips.

NAPLES.

. Anterior _- Collar-bristles,

Opercula. Aaa bristles. Basal web.

Absent. Large sausage. 10 About 10 or 12

serrations,

” ” 9

Ova numerous

and small.

Ova.

Oya.

Sperms.

Early ova ?

Sperms.

Remarks.

Ova and

sperms ?

Remarks,

Ova.

Embryos.

——

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 149

Dona@onap, Rep Sra.

Opercula. Branchiv. a i Collar-bristles. | Remarks,

2nd December.

None. em aes 6 Basal web, 8-9 Buds in a few.

tips enlarged, teeth (typical).

2nd February. re

None. Tips of branchia 6 Typical. No buds.

slightly enlarged

bothin young and

adults.

oa:

one, ts - 6 Many buds.

September.

ES eee ari Gays Young

examples.

Mapras Harpovur.

Opercula. Branchie. Pa a Collar-bristles, Remarks.

None. Tips slightly en- 7-8 Typical.

enlarged.

Sypnry Harpovur.

Opercula. Branchiz. “e ae Collar-bristles. | Remarks,

None. Pigmented branchie, 9 Typical. Young had eight

no enlargement. thoracic bristles.

In British Seas Filograna implexa has been at intervals

under examination since 1863, and it was its structure that

year in St. Andrews Bay which showed how closely it

approached Prof. Huxley’s Protula dysteri. Indeed, two years

after, the English author admitted to the writer that there was

no real distinction between them. Since that time numerous

specimens from the east and west, north and south, from

shore and from deep water, and from such localities as

Norway, Shetland, the Hebrides, several stations (7) in the

North Sea, Plymouth, the Channel Islands, the trawling-

grounds of 1884, the deep water off St. Andrews Bay, the

Moray Frith, the stations of the ‘ Porcupine,’ Naples, the

stations of the ‘Triton’ and ‘Knight Errant’ from the

Red Sea, India, Africa, Australia, and the French coast, &c.,

have given a fair field for observation, especially when

supplemented by living specimens.

Fresh examples from Plymouth in sea water, as Huxley

and others truly said, resemble corals in so far as the

branchial fans of the annelids project from the tips of the

tubes as miniature flowers, the distal parts (branchiw) of

150 Prof. M‘intosh’s Notes from the

which are pale greenish yellow, and the anterior region of a

fine reddish hue which tints the cephalic region at the base

of the branchiz and passes a short distance along each

filament. When eggs are present the posterior region is

also reddish, the colour of these being of a brighter hue

than the front. Two dark eyes occur on the dorsum of the

reddish cephalic area. The anterior (thoracic) membrane is

more deeply tinted in front than behind. When in full

vigour the pure white of the calcareous tubes, the scarlet of

the anterior region which just projects beyond them, and

the pale greenish-yellow faus with their opaque tips make

a picture at once beautiful and characteristic. The filaments

of the branchiz, when fresh, show under a low power a

distinct moniliform arrangement of granular dots in all the

British forms along each side—indicating a less developed

stage of the more highly organized condition in the Mediter-

ranean form—Salmacina edijicatriz. These granular masses

are situated on the outer aspect of the interpinnate spaces,

and are prominent in a face or a lateral view. The tips of

the branchiz are in all more or less cylindrical, and under

a Jens present a whitish opacity. The expanded branchial

fan is even more beautiful than that of Aleyontum from the

larger size and greater richness of the filaments and pinne.

The separate filaments are often curved toward the mouth,

a} proximated, expanded or drooped on one side, the move-

ments in the absence of irritation generally being slow.

When touched with a needle, however, the entire fan shrinks

into the tube, and though it by-and-by unfolds it may

sharply retract several times spontaneously as if in remem-

brance of the contact of the foreign body. The collar is

often folded backward over the tip of the tube when the

branchial fan is expanded. A separate branchia retains

vitality for a considerable time and the pinnz move as in

tl:e perfect fan, the tip of the filament also bending inward

as if carrying out its usual functions, the whole occasionally

rolling together like a ball and again expanding. The

funnel-like aperture leading to the mouth is richly ciliated,

and so with the anal groove posteriorly. Cilia also occur at

the bases of the feet.

Ou arrival at St. Andrews those from Plymouth expanded

tl.eir branchial plumes freely, and after the first two days

various exauiples dropped from their tubcs to the bottom of

the vessels, and this continued during several weeks. The

extruded forms quietly expanded their branchiz on the

bottom of the vessels, the filaments bending inward now

und then and again being expanded, whilst those with long

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 151

posterior regions occasionally curved them as the body con-

tracted—with or without a jerk. Fragments of the anterior

region with the branchiz survived a week or more, the move-

ments of the branchiew being similar, and even a cephalic

region with the branchie had almost equal vitality. The

distal process of the branchial filament is not ciliated, but a

rich coating of cilia occurs on the inner surface of the

pinne.

In reviewing the various examples from the diverse

localities it is found that the mass of calcareous tubes—the

vermidom, as Huxley called it—is identical in all, though

two conditions may be distinguished, the solitary and the

social. The tubes from deep water are large, yet light,

masses, which invariably, us Dalyell observed, are honey-

combed by spaces which permit the free passage of water

and enable the annelids to expand their branchial fans in

secure retreats. Therein they differ from the solid masses

of the aporous corals, for instance, which lack the intricate

chambers and which can only expand their polyps on the

surface and sides. In some a distinct widening of the lip of

the tube occurs, after the manner of a trumpet—a condition

perhaps less frequently seen from their extreme brittleness.

The general size of the adult annelids does not offer much

variety, though the Neapolitan examples, such as Salmacina

edificutrixz, are pre-eminent.

The branchiz vary considerably in their total length, in

the length of their pinnz, in the presence or absence of

terminal enlargements to the filaments, and in the develop-

ment of the paired glands at the base of the pinne. More-

over, the presence of opercula characterizes certain forms,

yet they are not altogether confined to northern examples,

since they are abundant in those from the Channel

Islands and off Cape Sagres in the south of Spain. Oper-

cula are absent from the Mediterranean examples, those

from Plymouth, those from Madeira, India, and Australia,

yet they are equally absent from swarms off St. Andrews

Bay. So much has been made of the presence or absence of

opercula that it is interesting to find that the enlargements

at the tips of the filaments seem to take their places,

for instance, at Naples and Plymouth. Where an oper-

culum is present, as a rule no enlargement of the tips of

the filaments occurs. The opercula may be comparatively

large and thin, or less expanded as circular discs. But the

most important fact is that on the same ground, as in Shet-

land, the Moray Frith, and St. Andrews, some in the same

masses have aud others do not have opercula. Thus in

152 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

swarms of those devoid of opercula from the neighbourhood

of the Bell Rock a few were found with them. That fact

would seem to dispose of the importance of the operculum

as a specific distinction, for the animals are otherwise

identical. In the same way some on the same masses from

the North Sea had an operculum as an exception, and

though Sars described the Norwegian representative as

having an operculum, others lately examined from the same

region had none. ‘The varying size and shape of the oper-

culum, and the remarkable susceptibility of the branchiz

themselves to change in filaments, pinne, terminal region,

and glands, suggest the instability of a character derived

from the operculum i in Filograna.

The tips of the filaments, like the branchiz as a whole,

present equal response to external or internal influences.

The maximum change, independently of the formation of an

operculum, so far as at present known, is observed in the’

Neapolitan type—Salmacina edificatrix,—in which the non-

ciliated tip forms an elongated sausage-like process, though

it is probably flattened. No operculum is developed in this

type. Similar, though smaller, enlargements take place in

the Plymouth and southern non-opercular forms, and which,

though not specially noted by Huxley, were alluded to by

Claparéde. De Quatrefages supposed that in Huxley’s

Protula dysteri these enlargements corresponded to the

ovigerous opercula of the Spirorbids.

In those with opercula from the French coast, the Channel

Islands, Shetland, and Norway, no enlargement of the ter-

minal region of the filaments, as a rule, was present. Only

in certain examples from the North Sea modified opercula

and terminal enlargements of the filaments occurred. Thus

in an example with eight pairs of anterior bristles one dorsal

filament had a somewhat thick terminal process, rather

abruptly bevelled on one side, whilst the other filament had

advanced a stage further—the clavate tip being unequally

bevelled and hollowed so as to form a rudimentary operculum.

On the same ground (455 metres) another had the tips of

the filaments more irregularly enlarged as flattened lobate

processes in every instance, and in several the expansion

passed down the filament for some distance. Others showed

similar enlargements at the tips of the branchie and no

opercula, and a third series presented a minute flattened or

slightly saucer-shaped operculum on each dorsal filament

which could have been of little use as a protection. At

other stations the forms of the opercula varied from the thin

translucent, more or less circular or hoof-shaped cup to a

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 153

long vase with a tapering process on the lip, or the filament

had a blunt clavate tip or a cone at the end. In another

instance (197 metres) in which no operculum was present

the tips of the two dorsal filaments were simply flattened and

wider than the rest. Accompanying the foregoing were

several—it may be young forms—in which the tips of the

filaments were short and little tapered. The presence or

absence of opercula, indeed, would appear to depend on no

reliable data.

Variability is not confined to the tips of the branchial

filaments, for the pinnz are short as in the young budding

forms from Plymouth, or of great preportional length as in

ec rtain forms from the North Sea, the branchial fans of

which, moreover, are about half the length of the body. The

pinne of these are much longer and more slender than in

any from Plymouth, though the age of the specimen has

considerable influence in this respect.

The number of the bristle-tufts in the anterior region is

likewise variable—ranging from five to ten, though a con-

siderable majority show seven, the number most frequent

in the north.

The first pair of bristle-tufts, the collar-bristles, diverges

from the others in size, direction, and structure, and in

these respects is closely allied to the condition in Spirorbis.

Those from Plymouth may be taken as the type, the first

pair of bristle-tufts being conspicuous organs directed

forward, upward, and outward. The shaft of each bristle is

nearly cylindrical, diminishing a little when viewed from

behind toward the commencement of the wing, and the

tapering axis can be followed as distinct from the wing to

the hair-hke tip. The broad basal part of the wing has

numerous (about a dozen) serrations, sloping from the base to

the distal end in lateral view, then a hiatus occurs, followed

by a minutely serrated tapering wing or blade. Certain

views point to the double nature of the basal expansion of

the wing. In some from St. Andrews several of the bristles

of this tuft do not show the gap separating the more boldly

serrated base from the minutely serrated terminal region of

the wing. Moreover, a few simple tapering bristles without

an evident wing were present. How far these may consist

of developing forms has yet to be ascertained, but such is

uulikely. These bristles are freely moved forward, outward,

and inward for various purposes, and when feeble or dying

they stand stiffly forward and outward, In the buds these

bristles show the same structure, and slight hollows at the

site of the gap between the basal and distal parts of the wing

indicate the notch,

154 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

The second tuft has bristles with simple wings. The rest

of the tufts in the anterior region have, in addition to the

simple winged bristles, two or more with sickle-shaped

or falciform: tips, and in the ordinary preparations (micro-

scopic) these are posterior. ‘These tips are translucent and

flattened, widened at the end of the shaft, characteristically

curved and tapered to a fine point.

The bristles of the posterior region are few in number

in the groups, and follow a blank space behind the anterior

region. Though smaller, the structure is the same as the

simple winged forms. The wings on the slender bristles of

the last three or four segments are very narrow—just

visible in living examples.

So far as can be ascertained, the hooks in the various

forms correspond in intimate structure.

Though the Polycheta as a rule are unisexual, various

hermaphrodite annelids are known; thus H. Parlin Johnson

gives a list of sixteen or seventeen species possessing’ this

character. No form, however, is more interesting than

Filograna (Salmacinz) which not only is hermaphrodite, but

reproduces also by budding, as first pointed out by Huxley.

In the hermaphrodite annelids, as Malaquin clearly observes,

the male and female gonads may be quite distinct, as in the

Nereid Lycastis quadraticeps, Gay, or they may be mixed,

as in Ophryotrocha puerilis. In the Salmacine and Spiror-

bids, on the other hand, the male and female gonads are in

different segments.

The budding in Filegrana, as Sars noticed, takes place in

the posterior region of the ad ult, viz., where the long paired

bristles occur—six or seven of these being in front of the bud,

which is fermed of the caudal region of the nurse-stock with

the vent and its two papille.

The early buds are ovoid and granular, wider than the

ordinary caudal region, with nine or ten pairs of bristle-tufts

characteristic of the posterior region, the anterior division

being devoid of them, but having simple smooth filaments

representing the branchie. No special differentiation of the

granular interior of the bud can be made out, further than a

more opaque granular wedge in front of the anal papilla,

and which probably represents the adult rectum. No trace

of the collar is at first visible, then a fold, probably the

ventral, occurs at the base of the short filaments.

In the next stage the body of the bud is more elongated,

the bristled segments are more numerous, and a streak along

the middle line leads to the vent, and is in contact anteriorly

with the alimentary canal of the adult, which in one con-

tained a large foreign mass about its middle. ‘The branchie

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 155

(four on one and three on other side) are longer and more

slender, and are distinctly moniliform, A rounded process

behind them on each side represents the lateral lobes of the

collar, and a slightly opaque curved area on the anterior

region probably indicates the alar membrane.

The buds appear to leave the nurse-stock when six pairs

of anterior bristles are present, viz., the first pair which

project horizontally and five behind these, the alar membrane

being narrower behind than in front, and developing from

before backward. The branchial filaments have pinne and

terminal processes. The body is comparatively short and

wide, the anterior and posterior regions being nearly equal

in Jength. A part devoid of bristles occurs belind the

anterior region, then follows ten or eleven bristled segments

and a caudal region devoid of bristles.

In many from Plymouth the anterior part of the posterior

division, the seat of the male elements, is marked by numerous

closely arranged transverse lines apparently due to trans-

verse rows of minute red pigment-granules on the stomach ;

yet in these the male elements at this date (8th June) had

not attained great development, the ovigerous region behind

being considerably in advance, as might be anticipated in

view of the presence of the ova in the early bud. <A portion

of the tail, consisting of a variable number of segments

(12-15 or more), beiug free from reproductive elements and

presenting only the greenish blood-vessels of the gut and

the feet. The contrast, therefore, between such specimeus

and those forwarded in March, in which month the repro-

ductive elements were inconspicuous, though buds were

llumerous, was pronounced. In June, again, the budding

forms had reproductive elements developed ouly in the bud,

the reddish hue of which betokened the early ova, only a

median greenish stripe, broad at the vent, indicating the

alimentary canal in the bud ready to separate. Such siibse-

quently developed a caudal region of numerous segments.

No uniformity appeared to exist as to the segment of the

posterior region from which the bud sprung, for example,

six, seven, eight, nine, aud ten bristled segments occurred

in a series in front of the bud.

The sperms frequently develop in the forms from Plymouth

a little later than the ova, none indeed appearing in the bud,

but by-and-by they fill the non-bristled region in front of

the ovigerous segments and bulge laterally, the region being

thus characterized by its pallor.

Ou the other hand, a short example having about twenty-

five segments in the posterior region had only male elements

in front of a part, containing thirteen segments and the

156 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

pygidium. The achetous region (of four or more pale seg-

ments) was filled with sperms—some ripe, the majority

scarcely ripe. The sides of the posterior region, which

would by-and-by form the bud, had opaque cells and

granules (developing ova?). The sperms thus first attained

maturity in the example. This, therefore, shows the variable

nature of the form in this respect.

On the 9th June early trochospheres of a deep red colour

occurred in the vessels, the prototroch being conspicuous at

each side. These simply rotate or swim in smali circles ;

but the larvee with commencing segmentation dart through

the water with great vigour, and often in a straight line,

whilst others made larger circles near the bottom. One of

the latter had three segmeuts behind the head, and in all

two eyes were distinct.

The mode of development in these forms thus differs from

that observed in the preparations of Salmacina cdificatrix,

which produces large ova and trochospheres in the tube.

No buds have been met with.

(d) GENERAL.

Filograna in itself demonstrates the difficulties which

surround the idea of special creation as an explanation of

the diverse conditions of structure and reproduction, since

those with and those without opercula, those with enlarged

tips to the branchiz and those without them, those with

eyes and those devoid of them, those with a few pairs of

anterior bristles and hook-rows and those with an increased

series of both, and other variations occur on the same site.

It is more reasonable to believe that the observer is dealing

with a species spread over the whole globe, and which is

endowed with a capacity for variation almost unequalled in

tie animal series, than to adhere to the view that there are

separate species or genera.

‘The sea is in a different position from Mr, Alfred Wallace’s

view of the land, where “so long as a country remains

physically unchanged, the numbers of its animal population

caunot materially increase. If one species does so, some

others requiring the same kind of food must diminish in

proportion.” In the sea such strictures, perhaps, are less

necessary, for there is an ample margin for every living

form in so far as food is concerned. It is true “ the numbers

that die”’ (or are killed) ‘‘ annually must be immense; and,

as the industrial existence of each animal depends on itself,

those that die must be the weakest—the very young, the

aged, and the diseased ; while those that prolong their

existence can only be the most perfect in health and vigour—

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 157

those who are best able to obtain food regularly, and avoid

their numerous enemies.” It is difficult, however, to see

how such an argument can apply to sedentary zoophytes

which are browsed on by young cod, to the living corals

which are crushed by the Scari, or to the sedentary Poly-

chzets in calcareous tubes which are devoured by Echini

and various fishes. It would be interesting to find out in

these the “ struggle for existence in which the weakest and

least perfectly organised must always succumb.” There is

little competition in a colony of Filograna, or in that of

Obelia, and it can hardly be said that there is a struggle for

existence in such reef-corals as Polythoa or Zoanthus,

Checks there must be on the extraordinary powers of

propagation shown by Filograna, else the ocean would swarm

with masses like coral-reefs, yet individual competition

must be slight, since post-larval forms secrete their tubes, it

may be, on new sites, whilst the buds may increase the

parent mass of tubes on the old one. Each is perfect and

capable of ‘‘ performing the different acts necessary to its

safety and existence under all the varying circumstances by

which it is surrounded,” and “ perfect acquaintance with its

organization and habits” would hardly enable us “to

calculate the proportionate abundance of individuals which

is the necessary result.” It cannot be said that the inhabi-

tants of the sea are “ kept down by a periodical deficiency

of food,” though other checks exist. It is difficult also to

explain the comparative abundance, say, of Filograna or

the scarcity, say, of Placostegus as due to their organization

and resulting habits, “which, rendering it more difficult

to procure a regular supply of food and to provide for their

personal safety in some cases than in others, can only be

balanced by a difference in the population which have to

exist in a given area.”

If it be supposed that the ancestral form was devoid of an

operculum, and that the presence of that organ in one form

or another is a variation, the question as to its influence on

the welfare of the species naturally suggests itself. Can the

thin, almost membranous, operculum so guard the aperture

of the tube as to be a decided advantage to the occupant—in

contrast with the bare tips of the branchiz or their enlarged

extremities, which otherwise block it? The indiscriminate

occurrence, in the same colony, of opercula, enlarged tips,

and ordinary tips, would point to the view that the develop-

ment of one or other of these is of secondary moment ; yet

it must be borne in mind that in certain northern localities

the majority follow one condition or another, and that

such races as Salmacina edijicatrix are characteristic of the

138 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

warm Mediterranean waters. Environment would thus

appear to be a factor of importance in some instances, if not

in all. Moreover, it would seem to be as unnecessary to

place the weight given by some authors on the presence or

absence of an operculum as to separate like species of oxen

by the presence or absence of horns. Some, like Claparéde

and Fauvel, perhaps, might be disposed to separate as

distinct species those with and those without an operculum,

or to regard either as a sudden and an important mutation

in a given series. It may, indeed, be asked why Filograna,

with such a tendency to variation in the organs mentioned,

as well as in reproduction, has not developed along the lines

indicated and produced descendants in which each variation

fitted it to survive more readily than its fellows—whether

as regards its somatic cells or its germ-cells, both of which

are affected? The continuity of the germ-plasm does not

appear to restrict the variations indicated, even in repro-

duction, since there may be free ova, internal embryos, or

buds. A study of karyokinesis in the sexual cells might,

perhaps, aid in solving the problem, though this is

conjectural.

Again, the variability in the number of the anterior

(thoracic) bristles is a feature seen in not a few Polychets

—for instance, in the Sabeilids. In Potamillareniformis, O.

F, M., the anterior bristles may range from five to twenty-

six pairs, a much wider variation than in Filograna. Certain

races of Filograna have seven pairs, others from seven to nine,

whilst the Neopolitan types may reach ten. Such is not

necessarily the effect of age, but rather of environmental

conditions—for example, the general temperature of the

surrounding water, the rich supply of nourishment, and the

abundance of light.

In considering the differences in structure presented by

Filograna the variations in the tips of the branchiz occur

under such diverse conditions, as well as on precisely the

same site and under the same conditions, that one is ata

loss to say wherein the process of selection and the “ struggle

for existence”’ lic. Their tubes give the necessary pro-

tection, so that the species can vary in any manner in which

its inherent capacities permit, and a single generation may

afford examples of change in the organs referred to. The

enlarged tips of the branchie are of a glandular character,

and thus differ from the opercula—though borne by the

same parts. Moreover, it carnot be said that disuse has

caused the disappearance of the opercula, since the forms

devoid of them have as much need of them as before. The

bright pigment of the branchiz shows that light, as well as

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 159

aeration, plays an important part in the economy of the

annelid.

In such a type as Fi/ograna it is not the hard-and-fast

rule that “like begets like,” but the inherent tendency to

vary in every particular in the parts indicated is the main

factor. It is questionable if, with every care, the production

of those with opercula or those with the greatly enlarged

tips to the branchial filaments could always be relied on by

breeding from suitable parents of each type, unless the

exact surroundings are obtainable, since the tendency to

variability is so intense. It is said that varieties replace the

original species because they are ‘* more perfectly developed

and more highly organised, and in all respects better

adapted to secure its safety, and to prolong its individual

existence and that of the race. Such a variety could not

return to the original form; for that form is an inferior

one, and could never compete with it for existence. Granted,

therefore, a ‘tendency ’ to produce the original type of the

species, still the variety must ever remain preponderant in

numbers, and under adverse physical conditions again alone

survive” *.

Whilst many examples of the foregoing statement may be

found in the higher vertebrates, the case of Filograna, for

instance, does not seem to fall into line, for here are variations

sO numerous in structure and development and so inter-

mingled with each other that it is difficult to say which is

the original form and which the variation, since all forms

may be found under like conditions. In this connection it

may be asked what variety of Filograna has a tendency to

maintain its existence longer than the original species or

longer than any other variety? Can it be said that those

with opercula are better fitted to survive than those devoid

of them, or that those with the distal ends of the branchial

filaments enlarged into sausage-like masses supplant those

without them? Are those with eyes and nine pairs of anterior

setigerous processes enabled to continue the species more

effectively than those which have no eyes and only five or six

setigerous processes? ‘There is no proof that any of these

is in a better position than another—yet Nature does nothing

in vain; the facility with which variatious occur and the

vast distribution of the species would lead to the belief that

a clue may yet be found to unravel the mystery. The

species certainly fluctuates to and froin regard to the organs

mentioned, but does not progress along any of the lines

* This and other ge, sea are taken from the important papers of

Mr, Darwin and Mr. Wallace in the Proc, Linn, Soc. vol. iii. no. 9, 1858,

160 Prof. M‘Iutosh’s Notes from the

with sufficient continuity to evolve anything more than.a

variation.

The differences in the various races of Filograna do not

appear to be so great as to warrant specific separation, and

this is the more noteworthy in a species so widely distributed

and so plastic. The variations lead to no change of habit

or surroundings, no essential change in general structure,

and the different methods of reproduction remain more or

less the same throughout. No variety seems to excel the

other in its influence on the stability of the species, or to

lead to fixity and the formation of a new species, and the

“extermination of the older and less improved forms.”

This species does not conform to the view that the “lesser

differences characteristic of varieties come to be augmented

into the greater differences characteristic of species””*. If

the struggle for existence held in the ordinary way, it is

reasonable to suppose that certain variations of structure

and development would have been singled out as permanent

—to the exclusion of others.

The differences between the varieties of Filograna are

more prouounced, perhaps, than in such a case as A. G.

Mayer’s Lpenthesis folleata and Pseudoclytia pentata, the

former with the typical four, and the latter with five radial

canals, gonads, and manubrial lobes. The Ceelenterates,

moreover, have a more simple structure, and their gelatinous

tissues respond more easily to sudden variations.

Whilst there is wide variability in the plastic branchie,

eyes, opercula, the number of ‘‘ thoracic ” segments, and the

absence or presence of buds, there seems to be more or less

uniformity in the structure of the bristles and hooks as well

as of the tubes from pole to pole of the world. It may well

be asked why the environment has not altered these organs

(bristles aud hooks)? Their functions, it is true, have not

altered, but neither have the functions of branchiz or

opercula.

Yet, after all, and taking a broad view of the species,

Filograna remains the same, and leads to no other type, for

the Spirorbids, which have similar collar-bristles and

branchiz, are joined by no intermediate forms, their tubes

are coiled and massive, and their opercula larger and

caleareous. No change of surroundings in the varied

waters stretching from Arctic to Antarctic seas makes the

species other than Filograna. Moreover, there does not

seeni to be any correlation in the parts which vary, even the

absence of the opercula and the presence of the enlargement

of the tips of the branchial filaments are by no means

* Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. i. p. 7.

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 161

invariable. In the Neapolitan Salmacina wedificatrix many

specimens would seem to show shorter and more slender

pinne on the filaments, which throughout are terminated

by the enlarged cushions,

The higher Polychiets, as a rule, have the sexes separate,

but Filograna is hermaphrodite, and, moreover, increases by

active budding, the buds rapidly developing sexual elements

which may be shed or the ova may be fertilised internally

and find exit as larvae. All these processes exist, it may be,

in one and the same colony, and it is not easy to explain

why such diversity should occur, or why such characters, if

acquired, should not be more stable.

There is little evidence of a struggle for existence in such

a form, since the sea supplies at once food and calcareous

matter everywhere ; yet the warmer waters appear to favour

the development of larger processes at the end of the branchial

filaments in certain cases, but this falls under environment

rather than individual competition, for it cannot be supposed

that the great size of these processes is necessary for the

well-being of the species generally. Whilst they may be

associated with the environment, yet under the same

conditions small terminal processes may be present, just

as in colder waters opercula may be present or absent

in the same colony. In connection with the statement

that the warmer waters seem to favour rapid spread of the

species it need only be pointed out that, in contrast with

the colder eastern waters of Scotland, Filograna flourishes

luxuriantly in the genial waters of the Laboratory at Port

Erin and speedily blocks with its calcareous tubes the supply-

pipes, whilst on the boats of Dongonab in the Red Sea it is

equally, if not more, luxuriant.

Sexual selection would appear to have little or no effect

in producing the varieties, though special varieties of oper-

cula or branchiz on a given site may owe their frequence to

the qualities transmitted by parents, or by the process of

budding from a nurse-stock.

The coloration of the branchiz is a feature of moment,

especially in connection with the incidence of light. This

coloration is marked in the Australian forms and in those

from the Red Sea, the Mediterranean, and the south

generally, though it is by no means inconspicuous in those

of colder climes. Is this coloration protective where it is

highly developed, or is it only ornamental? The great

beauty, as well as the endless variety, of the branchial circles

fans of the Serpulids must have struck every marine

zoologist, and therein Filograna agrees with its family ;

but the pigment may have special physiological purposes to

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist, Ser. 9, Vol, iii, ll

162 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

perform, seeing that the coelomic fluid is present in every

branchial filament.

The effects of inbreeding can hardly affect the reproductive

processes of this species, since the sperms are widely dis-

tributed in the water and fertilise, it may be, different ova

either in the ccelom or in the free condition, whilst the buds

form a further check of importance. Notwithstanding the

wide range of the sperms shed by such forms in the sea, the

question of hybridization does not appear to arlse—indeed,

no more than in the case of the cod, haddock, and pleuro-

nectids which meet on the breeding-grounds.

Reversion or atavism appears to have little to support it

in the case of Filograna, though the occurrence of a few

with opercula in a race usually devoid of them may be held

by some to indicate this feature, especially as the development

of this organ seems to be less connected with the environ-

ment. If such organs appeared in a bud—that is, indepen-

dently of sexual reproduction,—it might show that the tissues

of nurse-stock and bud were imbued with an inherent

continuity of plasm, which in function may remain latent

or intermittently burst forth in the formation of such organs,

just as the reappearance of coloured longitudinal stripes takes

place in young feral pigs. Particular crosses may also favour

the appearance or disappearance of opercula, enlarged tips to

branchiz, or other features in succeeding generations: as

Darwin says “ That a being should be born resembling in

certain characters an ancestor removed by two or three, and

in some cases by hundreds or even thousands of generations,

is assuredly a wonderful fact.” As Filograna is herma-

phrodite the so-calied secondary sexual characters have a

more direct line of transmission.

Whether the variations noted are hereditary is still an

open question, though it would appear that in some cases at

least these are not sufficiently stable to lead to the formation

of species. Certainly Filograna is under ‘ conditions of

life incessantly inducing fresh variability ” (Darwin), and

thus, perhaps, has a check to inheritance in the ordinary

sense of the term. Perhaps the species falls under the

group in which selection has not been applied, and thus

distinct races or even species have not been conspicuously

formed ; certainly it is difficult to see how natural selection

affects Filograna to any extent. The variability in this

species is not due to crossing, food, climate, or mbreeding.

It is inherent,

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 163

2, On Harmothoé watsoni, M‘/., an var. H. marphyse, MJ.

Whilst studying the structure and habits of Lagis koreni,

Malmgren, forwarded from Lanfairfechan, in North Wales,

Mr. Arnold Watson found a Polyroid as a commensal in the

tube of an adult annelid and he kindly sent it for examina-

tion along with some remarks on its condition in life. It

measured about one-fifth of an inch in length, with white

scales bearing reddish-brown markings, which at their interior

ends joined to form crescents. Anteriorly was a red disk,

probably due to the cephalic ganglia, The median tentacle

was long, and one anal cirrus was seen, though most of the

dorsal cirri had been shed.

No scales remained on the body which had a fairly regular

outline from the even disposition of the feet. The head is

less elongated than in Harmothoé marphyse, and in the

preparation retained a pale brownish hue, with the usual

median groove enlarging at the anterior peaks. The pre-

sence of these anterior peaks, which the dark pigment at

the base of the median tentacle more clearly differentiates,

the large size of the eyes, and the shorter head distinguish this

form from H. marphyse. All the eyes are visible from the

dorsum, though the anterior pair, from their slightly lateral

position, are less distinct than the posterior pair, which lie

in front of the nuchal border. The anterior eyes are some-

what in front of the middle of the head, and thus separated

from the posterior pair by a considerable interval, whilst

they are also more distinctly lateral. Both pairs are, how-

ever, visible in a lateral as well as in a dorsal view, and all

are of medium size, considerably larger than those of

H. marphyse. ‘The median teutacie is long and furnished

with clavate papilla. The lateral tentacles are inferior and

in the preparation have slightly enlarged or probe-shaped

tips. ‘The palpi are of moderate length with tapered

extremities, and their surface is smooth. The tentacular

cirri are comparatively short and have slender tips, whilst

the surface has a few clavate papille.

The body is normal in shape, and thus differs from that

of H. marphyse, being slightly narrowed in front and more

distinctly diminished posteriorly. -'The number of bristled

segments is about thirty. When the scales are removed, a

translucent bar, the proboscis, appears behind the head.

The feet have a regular arrangement from front to rear, and

the pale bristles project beyond them with similar regularity.

A typical foot presents dorsally the cirrus, which is enlarged

at the base and tapered distally, with numerous clavate

papille. ‘The tip of the organ does not project much beyond

‘164 Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory.

the bristles, and thus appears to be somewhat shorter than

in H. marphyse. A slight eminence below the cirrus gives

origin to the pale dorsal bristles which radiate froia it in a

fan-like manner, but when compressed laterally show a

shorter, stouter, upper, and a longer, more slender inferior

series. The upper shorter forms are boldly curved and

serrated on the edge. The more slender inferior bristles

are less curved and the serrations on the hair-like tip

are minute. A spine pierces the lower margin of the

elevation from which the bristles emerge—in lateral view.

‘These bristles thus closely resemble those of H. marphyse,

differing only in the more minute serrations of the tips

and their smaller size. The inferior division of the foot

forms a cone with a pointed tip, up to the base of which the

powerful spine goes. Its dorsal outline is sinuous, the

ventral convex (in lateral view), the outline thus differing

from that of H. marphyse, though the size in the respective

cases has to be remembered. ‘The upper two have elongated

simple tips with only a slight swelling above the shaft and

very minute serrations on the edge. Those in lateral view

are above the spine. ‘Those below the spine have shorter

tips, longer rows of spikes, and bifid tips, and the swelling

above the shaft is more distinct. The short ventral cirrus

has an enlarged base which rapidly tapers to a slender tip,

aud its surface has a few clavate papille. Posteriorly all

the parts of the foot are diminished, and the bristles are

proportionally more slender and elongated.

The scales have the colour mentioned by Mr. Arnold

Watsou, and a similar outline to those of H. marphyse, but

they are thinner and more translucent ; moreover, in some

no papillee can be observed. In other scales the papillz, from

ten to twenty in number, form a small compact group on the

thinnest margin of the scale and about its middle, whereas

in H. marphys@ these papille stretch in the adult female as a

long band to the angle of the thin edge. The changes here

indicated may be the result of growth, but there is a decided

divergence.

On the whole, this Polynoid closely approaches H. mar-

physe, but the structure of the shorter head with its larger

eyes, and the closer approach of the anterior to the posterior

pair, the slight differences in the structure of the feet and

the bristles all combine to cause hesitation. Intermediate

examples, however, may yet enable future observers to unite

them. It is an interesting fact, however, in connection with

the ripe H. marphyse, that a marked change in the condition

of the feet accompanies reproduction, though the eyes

remain as minute as before,

THE ANNALS

AND

MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.

[NINTH SERIES.]

No. 14. FEBRUARY 1919.

XII1.—New and insufficiently-known Moths in the Joicey

Collection. By Lovis B, Prout, F.E.S.

In the following descriptions it is to be assumed that all

the types, paratypes, etc., euumerated are in the collection

of J. J. Joicey, Esq., unless otherwise specified.

In working out the Noctuidz, subfamily Catocaline, which

form the great bulk of the paper, | am very largely indebted

to my sister Miss A. E. Prout, who is at present arranging

this family in Mr. Joicey’s collection. Sir George F.

Hampson has also kindly given his advice on some points.

Family Arctiidae.

Subfamily Lirvoszryx.

1. Chionema gonypetes, sp. 0.

3 .— 38-40 mm.

Head white, face narrowly red below, palpus and post-

orbitalrim red. Collar orange-red. ‘Thorax white ; patagia

and tegule edged with red. Legs partly white (becoming

yellowish on tarsi), partly orange-red. Abdomen orange,

beneath white.

Fore wing with the lobes of underside formed about as in

conclusa, Walk. (not quite so broad as in aviologa, Swinh.,

and perornata, Walk.), the proximal elongate, the distal

circular, some rough orange-red hair-scales behind the

proximal ; above white, costal edge very narrowly red to

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. iii. 12:

166 Mr. L. B. Prout on

antemedian line; subbasal markings consisting of a small

triangular red mark on costa, a black dot in cell, and an

oblique, red, black-mixed dash behind SM*; lines red;

antemedian rather thick, straight, from before one-third

costa (where it is proximally edged by a few black scales)

to beyond one-third hind margin; postmedian arising on

costa about midway between subbasal mark and apex,

strongly oblique outwards to M', here sharply bent, then

straight to hind margin near tornus ; a large anterior and

a minute posterior black cell-dot ; a red costal mark shortly

beyond the postmedian line, connected with it by a faint

reddish mark (really the reddened tips of the costal fringe) ;

termina] line orange, thickening at apex.

Hind wing red-orange or orange-red, above with costal

margin pale.

Fore wing beneath indefinitely mottled with ochreous and

orange, posteriorly whitish; base of costa and lobes redder ;

costal edge whitish in front of the lobes ; antemedian and

postmedian lines present, but indistinct.

Mindanao, Philippines (J. J. Mounsey), 2g 3. Probably

near axiologa, Swinh.; may be placed as No. 648c¢ in the

subfamily.

2. Chionema brunneistriga, sp. n.

? .—19 mm.

Closely similar to rubristriga, Holl., the red markings

light ochreous-brown.

fare wing with antemedian line strongly bisinuate ;

postmedian rather thick, rather strongly angulated outwards

in middle; three black-brown subapical spots, the middle

one (between R* and R*) well developed, the anterior and

posterior ones minute.

Fort Crampel, French Congo.

Possibly a form of rubristriga, Holl., as the colour is

known to be somewhat. variable, and specimens of apparently

that species from Sierra Leone and Gold Coast in coll.

British Museum show faint traces of a brownish subterminal

spot between R’ and R*, but the antemedian line seems too

different, and the Cameroon series in coll. Joicey shows

no transitions towards the new form.

3. Chionema additicia, sp. n.

9 .—22 mm.

Closely similar to basisticta, Hmpsn., slightly broader-

winged. Head white.

fore wing with the markings yellowish ochraceous

Moths in the Joicey Collection. 167

costally, becoming redder posteriorly ; an additional black

dot, placed on DC*; terminal line broken into dots except

towards apex.

Pujehun (Pujeon), Sierra Leone.

Family Noctuidae.

Subfamily Carocarrvz.

4. Acanthodica albiplena, sp. n.

3 .—46 mm.

Head and body coloured as in the lighter examples of

splendens, Druce.

Fore wing reddish brown mixed with grey and with

purplish brown, slightly lighter than in splendens ; the fine,

black, green-edged lines as in that species ; white subbasal

aud inner-marginal spots larger; reniform stigma almost

wholly white, broad posteriorly; the spot behind it also

whiter than in splendens, larger and less round, anteriorly

almost reaching M just proximal to the hinder angle of cell;

proximally to these, two much smaller round white spots,

the anterior (indicated, though minuter and less conspicuous,

in splendens) placed in the cell near its end, the posterior

(larger and slightly more proximal) in the angle of M with

M?; white inner median area clearer than in splendens, its

anterior extension prolonged, almost confluent with the

reniform ; terminal area as in splendens.

Hind wing almost eutirely glossy white, only with the

hair-scales and fringe of abdominal margin light brown,

and with a row of dark vein-dots slightly nearer the termen

thau those of splendens ; a blackish terminal line, thickening

at apex and becoming obsolete just behind M?, reappearing

as a slight spot at end of SM? ; fringe light brown, between

M? and SM? and between SM? and tornus white.

Fore wing beneath similar to that of splendens, but lighter.

Hind wing beneath predominantly white ; costal area mode-

rately irrorated with brown, with a broad dark mark from

anterior extremity of DC to costa, the postmedian dots com-

mencing at an oblique, somewhat curved dark costal streak,

a small dark dash on middle of submedian fold, the terminal

dark band (usually well developed in splendens) almost en-

tirely obsolete except at apex.

Minca, Colombia, 2000 feet (Hl. H. Smith).

5. Acanthodica sinuilinea, sp, n.

go .—46—49 mm.

Head and body coloured as in the lighter examples of

12”

168 : Mr. L. B. Prout on

splendens, the contrast of colour between patagia and tegule

rather sharper.

Fore wing coloured and marked nearly as in splendens, but

easily distinguished as follows: subbasal white mark more

strongly developed, with more conspicuous M-shaped distal

edge; reniform stigma (on an average more mixed with

white) more strongly constricted in middle, 8-shaped or

spectacle-shaped (the deeper indentation being in proximal

side) ; postmedian line incurved between R? and M’.

Hind wing whiter than in sp/endens, the dark borders

similar, but on an average appreciably varrower, often

almost obsolete in posterior part.

Underside nearly as in splendens, the dark border of the

hind wing tending to obsolescence posteriorly.

Yahuarmayo, S. Peru, 1200 feet, May-July, 1912

(Watkins), type; others from the same locality, from La

Union, Rio Huacamayo, Carabaya, S.E. Peru (Ockenden),

and from Rio Ampiyacu, Putumayo, Peruvian Amazons.

A @ from Contamana, Rio Ucayali, Peru, Nov.—Dee.,

1912, which—on account of the curved postmedian line—

probably belongs here, has almost the whole fore wings

whitened from base to the reniform and the pale patch

behind it, only an irregular costal border of about 2 mm.

width (encroached upon at the subbasal white mark) and a

spot on hind margin proximal to the antemedian line

remaining normally coloured; hind wing with the dark

borders broad, as in splendens, of which the @? is also

unknown. As the three white central spots—the reniform

and the spots placed proximally and posteriorly thereto

(which are all discernible through their purer white outlines

on the whitish area)—are all enlarged, this is possibly a

species distinct from both those named.

6. Acanthodica celebs, sp. nu.

2 .—4446 mm.

Head and body coloured nearly as in aylinoides, Schaus,

the dark brown admixture rather stronger, especially on

vertex, which in xylinoides generally remains clear ochreous-

brown; “‘ patagia” edged with bluish- or greenish-white

proximally.

Fore wing ochreous brown suffused with red-brown, least

heavily in costal region; a black lonyitudinal line running

from near base to termen, in cell and between R* and R’;

markings otherwise nearly as in zylinoides, but with the

dark marks in anterior part quite small and weak and with

Moths in the Joicey Collection. 169

a conspicuous grey-white patch behind cell near base, as in

fosteri, Umpsn.

Hind wing with termen fuller in middle than in wylinoides

(shaped more as in fusteri), the apex consequently less

pointed ; coloration nearly as in the darkest xvylinoides, but

slightly more clouded still, at least in apical and distal

region.

Underside much as in heavily-marked wylinoides, but with

the longitudinal line of upperside developed in distal half.

Minca, Colombia, 2000 feet (H. H. Smith), type and

another 2.

Perhaps the ? to xylinoides, which occurred with it in

the same locality—which, however, is undoubtedly very rich

in Noctuide. Unfortunately, ? 9 of many of the species

are still unknown.

7. Agonista endochrysa, sp. n.

3 .—96-98 mm.

Head and thorax above velvety black-brown ; pectus

chocolate-brown, posteriorly mixed with ochreous ; hind

coxa, femur, and tibia predominantly ochreous ; abdomen

golden yellow, dorsal surface anteriorly black-brown, narrow-

ing off to a point about the fifth segment.

Fore wing velvety black-brown ; fringe golden yellow,

becoming black-brown behind SM?®.

Hind wing velvety black-brown, somewhat lighter apically ;

abdominal margin golden yellow; fringe golden yellow from

tornus to before M’.

Fore wing beneath dull chocolate-brown, rather darker

basally ; a sma!l indistinct dark spot at end of cell; a row of

minute yellow subterminal dots between the veins (smaller

than those of plateni); fringe yellow. Hind wing beneath

slightly darker, the abdominal region yellow about to M’,

more or less heavily irrorated with dark brown at the junction

of the two colours.

N. Borneo, the type from Sandakan (4. L. Cook).

Possibly the Borneo race of endoleuca, Guen. Has been

misidentified as plateni, Pag. (compare Hmpsn., Cat. Lep.

Phal. xii. p. 268). The true plateni, from Palawan, is very

different and should form a separate section of the genus,

with normally shaped ¢ hind wing (not elongate to tornus;

termen convex) ; the absence of yellow on the abdomen,

presence of a golden-yellow terminal band on hind wing

from tornus to R*, narrower yellow abdominal margin above,

more extended yellow abdominal region of hind wing

beneath, and pale yellow tornus of fore wing beneath, further

distinguish the Palawan species.

170 Mr. L. B. Prout on

8. Nyctipao hieroglyphica tenebrata, subsp. n.

3.—Differs from N. hieroglyphica in the complete

absence of the pale postmedian markings on both surfaces

of tle fore wing.

9.—Pale markings much reduced, especially on the

underside ; subapical streak of fore wing very narrow.

N. Borneo, type ¢ and allotype 2 (Sandakan).

Misidentified by Hampson as purpurata, Druce, but

differing in the venation of the fore wing (see Hampson’s

excellent classification in Cat. Lep. Phal. xii. p. 273 seq.) and

slightly in the hind wing.

9. Nyclipao allicrustata, sp. n.

2 .—100 mm.

Head and body brown, the upperside of thorax strongly,

of abdomen less strongly, darkened. Fore and middle legs

predominantly deep brown.

Fore wing with the colours and pattern arranged asin ¢

leucotenia, Guen. (Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. xii. t. eevii. f. 7),

but less tinged with ochreous or reddish ; proximal area

more uniformly dark, the antemedian line (often distinct

in leucotenia) consequently almost entirely obsolete; white

band outside median line broad from SC to beyond R*

(5 mm. in cellule 7) ; subterminal white spots anteriorly

placed further from termen, the series consequently forming

a less acutely angulated line; the subcostal one considerably

more elongate (anteriorly 8 mm.), the second also elongate

(circ. 4 mm.), the rest moderate, wedge-shaped or triangular,

posteriorly ill-defined.

Hind wing with white subapical spot longitudinal, not

oblique ; subterminal otherwise obsolescent, almost parallel

with postmedian throughout.

Fore wing beneath with the white submarginal spots

greatly enlarged, as compared with those of Jeucotenia, the

first (as above) 8 mm., the second and third larger than

above, connected with an ill-defined pale shade proximally,

those in cellules 5, 4, and 3 very large (9-10 mm.), the

former two proximally reaching the median line. Hind

wing beneath with the first white subterminal spot as above,

the second moderate, the rest present but indistinct, forming

a nearly straight line, in sharp contradistinction to the

highly-angled one of leucotenia.

Key Islands, Jan.—March 1916 (W. J. C. Frost).

Belongs to the same structure group as leucotenia, which

also inhabits the Key Islands, but abundantly distinct.

, Moths in the Joicey Collection. 171

10. Enmonodia villicosta, sp. n.

3d .—86 mm.

Closely akin to pudens, Walk., of which it might be

regarded as a local race. Coloration the same. Hair of

hind tarsus only clothing the first joint (one hind leg only

sound); that of pectus and femora brighter scarlet (in

pudens more orange-ochreous, mixed or tinged with scarlet).

Fore wing with “the variable dark spot near base of M* in

both the known examples small, its longitudinal measure-

ment exceeding the transverse.

Hind wing with the almost straight median line showing

behind R' a very slight tendency to curve inwards, not (as

in pudens) outwards ; the postmedian dots rather nearer to

and more uearly parallel with the median than is usual in

pudens ; a rather distinct narrow dark border, as in feniseca,

Guen., and lactiper, Hmpsn.; beneath with the long woolly

hair occupying also the costal region.

Mindanao, Philippines (Mounsey), type and another.

As the androconial hairs of the hind wing are evidently

liable to abrasion, it is just possible that bred specimens of

pudens would show them also in the mid-costal region ; but

many specimens have been examined (as also by Hampson)

without revealing an indication of this.

11. Speiredonia remota capitulifera, subsp. n.

6 .— Differs from remota remota, Feld. (S. Moluccas to

Aru) in having the median area of the fore wing darker,

more uuiform (in r. remota distally fading out to nearly

the ground-colour), the head of the comma-shaped mark

reduced in size (about 3x15 mm.), entirely ial in with

black.

Hind wing with central part blacker than in remota remota.

Baukala, Celebes (J. C. van Hasselt).

A @? (“Celebes ex Marsden’’), possibly representing a

different race, is smaller (56 mm.), the fore wing with the

discvidal mark not reduced, the-median line interrupted by

it, the postmedian approximated to it (thus occupying about

the position of the median of remota remota), the subterminal

less deeply dentate, the hind wing with the whitish sub-

terminal line much more distally placed.

Genus Lacorrera, Guen.

Guenée’s note (Spec. Gén. Lép. vii. p. 223) on the short

third joint of the male palpus holds in all the species

172 Mr. L. B. Prout on

represented in the Joicey collection, and presumably through-

out the genus. Snellen’s challenge of it (Tijd. v. Ent.

Xxvili. p. 11) was due to his erroneous composition of the

genus, and it is curious that Hampson, who has purified it,

has not noticed the palpal structure in more detail.

12. Lagoptera rubida velutina (Warr., MS.?), subsp. n.

2 .—Differs from rubida rubida, Walk., as follows: Pectus

much darker, strongly mixed with dark grey-brown.

Fore wing with posterior spot of reniform stigma (not

mentioned in Hampson’s description) much larger, nearly

confluent with anterior spot, pale with dark centre ; anterior

part of postmedian line more sharply defined; pale distal

border of more uniform width nearly to tornus, then

obliquely cut off, the ground-colour running to tornus.

Hind wing with the blue-white band at least twice as

broad (5 mm.), narrowing gradually at its extremities.

Underside rather more smoky than in r. rubida.

Arfak Mountains, Dutch New Guinea (Prati), type and

another, the type from Angi Lakes, 6000 feet, March 1914;

the type labelled by Talbot ‘“ Lagoptera rubida velutina

Warr.,” which must be an unpublished name.

Perhaps a separate species.

13. Lagoptera ochrobrurnea, Strand.

Lagoptera inversa ab. ochrobrunnea, Strand, Arch. Nat. Ixxix. A, (8)

p. 71 (1914) (=ab. 1, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. xii. p. 419).

It was overlooked by Hampson that this is a perfectly

distinct species, and the differentiation from true inversa,

Walk. (=divirgata, Snell.), though just sufficient to give

validity to Strand’s name, needs supplementing.

3 ¢.—Size and nearly shape of mversa, distal margin

of hind wing perhaps slightly more irregular. Head and

thorax more tinged with ochreous, pectus and underside of

palpus clear ochreous. Abdomen rather paler, beneath more

mixed with ochreous.

Fore wing more ochreous-brown than in inversa ; subbasal

line obsolete, except for the feeblest traces costally ; ante-

median rather more proximally placed ; median area ample

(8-10 mm. wide), containing in addition to the reniform a

black proximal dot representing the orhicular ; distal area

without pale line in front of R*; narrow pale terminal band

rather broader and more variegated than in inversa.

Hind wing with the bluish-white band much narrower and

shorter than in inversa; white patches on fringe more

ochreous and more extended than in inversa.

Moths in the Jotcey Collection. 173

Underside, excepting the apical and distal region of fore

wing, rather paler than in inversa, on proximal part of hind

wing more ochreous ; tornal fringe of fore wing pale ; fringe

of hind wing as above.

Penang, type in coll, British Museum. N. Borneo, both

sexes in coll. Joicey.

13a. Lagoptera ochrobrunnea nicanora, subsp. n,

a 9 .—64-80 mm.

Pectu’s and legs strongly suffused with smoke-colour or

blackish.

Fore wing more reddish than in the name-type, sometimes

almost as in L, inversa; median area generally less broad

than in ochrobrunnea ochrobrunnea, but with the postmedian

line still running to hind margin, not (as in inversa) to

subterminal line ; distal area with dark vein-streaks stronger

and more diffused ; terminal area slightly broader, with the

fine line at termen dentate, enclosing a whitish interneural

dot in each tooth; pale parts of fringe more clouded with

smoky scales.

Hind wing above blacker, with the thin white streak

generally sharper.

Underside darker, especially on fore wing.

Dutch New Guinea: Wandammen Mtns., 8000-4000

feet, Nov. 1914 (4. E.& F. Pratt), type and another ¢;

Arfak Mtns., 4000 feet, Feb.—March 1909 (C. B. Pratt),

1g. Also from Sudest and Rossel Islands. Here belong

further Hampson’s Dutch New Guinea records of ‘‘ inversa.’’

Labelled by Talbot “ Lagoptera inversa nicanora, Warr.,”?

which must be an unpublished name.

14, Anua subdiversa, sp. n.

3 .—64 mm.

Head and thorax red-brown ; palpus black-brown, at base

mixed with ochreous beneath; antennal shaft proximally

white. Pectus and femora reddish ochreous; tibiz and

tarsi predominantly blackish. Abdomen light ochreous

brown, dorsally suffused with dark grey.

Fore wing red-brown, with scattered blackish irroration

and with more or less strong dark leaden-grey suffusions,

which leave freer the middle of the wing and a very ill-

defined subterminal band; extreme eostal edge ochreous

proximally ; antemedian line indistinct, dark, distally pale-

edged, sinuous and strongly oblique outwards to submedian

174 Mr. L. B. Prout on

fold, here angled, then oblique inwards to hind margin ;

orbicular represented by a small dot, as in the allies;

reniform dark leaden-grey, with a few minute olive-whitish

dots at its proximal posterior corner and two less minute

dots (anterior and posterior) at its distal edge ; postmedian

line nearly as in reducta—bicurved anteriorly, but less bent

in front of SM? than in that species; subterminal nearly as

in reducta, but better developed at costa, with a strong

triangular black spot in cellule 6; subtornal olive-grey

patch larger, tripartite (crossing SM’); a row of pale dots

close to termen. ;

Hind wing with the rounded lobe strong; colour of

xylochroa, but slightly more ochreous at costa and with

stronger black clouding in distal part; a dark cell-dot

discernible ; termen and fringe as in reducta.

Fore wing beneath paler ochreous-grey proximally than

in the allies, the costal margin more smoky, the dark

reniform sharply expressed; dark distal border sharply

expressed, 8-9 mm. in breadth, continued proximally,

though less sharply expressed, behind M to near base.

Hind wing beneath similar to that of reducta, but with

eell-mark present and with the dark distal border obsolete

posteriorly.

Gambia (A Moloney).

The 2, from Friapere Forest, Coomassie, is similar above,

though smaller, the fore wing with more uniform slate-grey

suffusions, the hind wing darker; both wings beneath

darker, the distal border of hind wing broader, complete.

The species probably represents reducta (from Madagascar)

in W. Africa, but in the absence of material from the

intervening region I have not regarded it as a subspecies.

It may be added that the group Stenopis, Mab. (=Sect. D.

Hmpsn., Cap. Lep. Phal. xii. p. 451), embraces also david,

Holl., and despecta, Holl., the hind wing being produced in

the whole group ; of david the 3 incoll. British Museum was

damaged, of despecta Hampson knew only the ?; ‘‘a”’ and

“bh”? in Hmpsn. (pp. 451, 456) will therefore have to be

merged.

15. Anua producta, Holl.

This species is evidently somewhat variable, and it is very

doubtful whether xylochroa, Druce, is anyt!ing more than

a pale form of it, perhaps a Congo race. From Entebbe,

Uganda, Mr. Joicey has a further form, or perhaps closely

allied species, of a more reddish tone (particularly noticeable

on the thorax and along posterior margin of fore wing), the

= oe ee

Moths in the Joicey Collection. 175

fore wing with less dark clouding, lines more sharply

expressed, postmedian with the bends less deep, subterminal

black markings in cellule 6 developed, terminal white

dots obsolescent, underside paler proximally and especially

between cell and the dark distal border. I provisionally

name this Anua producta rubrescens, subsp. n.

16. Anua david, Holl.

Probably also a rather variable species, recognizable in

the ¢ by the bright ochreous hind wing beneath, in the ?

generally by the bright ochreous fringes of the hind wing.

Ina puzzling form from the Congo, however, which in the

absence of the ¢ I provisionally refer to david, though it may

probably prove a separate species, the fringes are more whitish

ye'low (intermediate towards those of the white-fringed

allies) ; further distinguished by having the antemedian line

oblique inwards from one-fourth costa, right-angled at M,

in david from nearer base (mainly vertical), the postmedian

more deeply bicurved anteriorly and bluntly angled inwards

at submedian fold. I name this form 2 ab. camptogramma,

ab. n. (? bon. sp.).

A. hypoxantha, Hmpsn. (Nov. Zool. xxv. p. 206), may well

be an eastern race of david.

17. Anua violisparsa, sp. un.

fo 2 .—65-70 mm.

Face deep brown mixed with whitish, upper part with

rufous ; vertex bright rufous. Palpus black-brown, some-

what sprinkled (especially beneath) with whitish scales,

Thorax above deep chocolate-brown, patagia and tegulx

rufous ; pectus and femora paler, more ochreous, the tufts

of hair in the ¢ here bright orange-ochreous. Abdomen

dark above, paler beneath.

Fore wing reddish chocolate irrorated with light violet

scales, the irroration very sparse between postmedian and sub-

terminal lines ; autemedian line very indistinct, apparently

less acutely angled behind M than in the allies; a minute

blackish dot in cell; a faint grey discoidal spot about

as in reducta; postmedian indistinct, slightly violet-edged

proximally, shaped nearly as in reducta or rather more

irregular ; subterminal line fine, black, interrupted, irregu-

larly dentate, rather deeply incurved in middle, generally

swelling in cellule 6 into a more or less conspicuous black

spot; a less interrupted pale green line edging the sub-

terminal distally, except at costal and posterior margins ;

176 Mr. L. B. Prout on

a strong though not sharply defined band of light violet

irroration in distal area, approximately parallel to the sub-

terminal; terminal line reddish, inconspicuous, deeply

crenulate, with a white dot at proximal extremity of each

tooth.

Hind wing dark grey-brown, with a very narrow mid-

terminal area of violet irroration; a crenulate dark terminal

line, in the distal interspaces of which the shading is pale

violet or whitish, fringe with slight pale irroration but

uowhere distinctly white.

Fore wing beneath dull grey-brown, the base, costal edges,

and broad distal margin darker. Hind wing beneath palest

at the base, in the ¢ with the rest of the costal and a very

broad apical region darkened, in the ¢ with more than the

distal half of wings darkened, the two shades in neither sex

sharply defined.

Bitje, Ja River, Cameroons, 2000 feet, wet season (G. L.

Bates), type & (April-March 1912) and 3 9 2 (Oct.—Nov.

1918, and undated). Also a ? from Entebbe, Uganda.

Belongs to the group Stenopis.

18. Ercheia kebea borneensis, subsp. n.

2 .—46—-49 mm.

Thorax and fore wing (especially distal part) paler and —

more ochreous than in kebea kebea from New Guinea; tufts

at end of “ patagia”’ still brighter ochreous.

- Hind wing Jess blackish than in kebea kebea, with some

ochreous-brown admixture.

Underside much paler than in k. kebea, median band of

hind wing twice indented behind middle,

Bidi, Sarawak, 1907-08 (C. J. Brooks), 2 2 2.

Perhaps the discovery of the ¢ will show this to be a

separate species. ‘The lobe on hind margin of fore wing is

. possibly less developed than in true kebea. Neither specimen

shows any trace of the longitudinal line given by Hampson

(Cat. Lep. Phal. xii. p. 483) as characteristic of the ?, but

this is only aberrational in the sex.

19. Ercheia amena, sp. 0.

2 .—50 mm.

Head and thorax whitish grey, mixed with dark brown ;

palpus ochreous-brown, mixed with dark brown; patagia

and tegule red-brown, mixed with white at edges. Meta-

thorax and abdomen above darkened; underside of body .

Moths in the Joicey Collection. 177

and legs mostly light ochreous-brown ; hair of fore tibia

partly white. Hind tibial spines concealed (wanting ?).

Fore wing with hind margin lobed and excised nearly as

in kebea, termen evenly curved, feebly subcrenulate, thus

transitional between Hampson’s two sections (Cat. Lep. Phal.

xii. pp. 483, 484); very variegated ; costal edge narrowly

blackish, irregularly dotted with ochreous; costal area from

base to postmedian line and a narrow area between post-

median and subterminal lines predominantly of a warm

brown; abroad central streak from base nearly to post-

median and the terminal area predominantly vinaceous ;

posterior region proximally darker, mottled (red-brown,

purplish, and blackish), marked with a few green scales near

hind margin; a large greenish (distally paler and yellower)

blotch on hind margin proximally to the postmedian line,

connected with a curved green line which auteriorly reaches

M? at its extremities ; antemedian line obsolete; a minute

dark dot in cell representing the orbicular ; a longitudinal

thick dark line from this to the postmedian, crossing the

reniform, which is indefinitely outlined in green with a

whitish dot at its anterior and a minuter one at its posterior

distal extremity ; postmedian line black, irregularly edged

with greenish proximally, mostly very fine, at its extremities

dentate, between R' and M* strongly excurved; a large but

ill-defined dark semicircular costal patch (shaded with

blackish brown and purple) between the postmedian and

subterminal; subterminal whitish, mixed with some green,

blue, and yellowish scales, very fine and ill-defined anteriorly,

fine and dentate between R* and submedian fold, then

thicker, straighter, and whiter to hind margin close to tornus ;

some irregular dark dots and dashes close to termen,

obsolete anteriorly ; fringe olive-brown.

Hind wing blackish fuscous, at costal margin pale and

glossy ; a narrow postmedian pale band indicated between

R? and SM’, but not sharply defined; fringes ochreous,

slightly darker proximally aud with a small fuscous spot

opposite R*.

Both wings beneath fuscous, strongly mixed in proximal

half with bright ochreous ; a slightly elongate dark cell-spot

(best marked on hind wing) ; a narrow pale postmedian band,

sharply edged proximally with dark fuscous ; fringes and

part of termen light ochreous, the fringe with dark admix-

ture ; distinct dark interneural dots close to termen.

Arfak Mtns., Dutch New Guinea, 6000 feet, March 1910

(C. B. §& F. B. Pratt).

178 Mr. L. B. Prout on

20. LErcheia latistria, sp. n.

9 .—55 mm.

Head and body coloured as in sharply marked dubia, the

white segmental lines of abdomen rather strong. Wings

shaped as in dubia, or with the termen slightly more

crenulate.

Fore wing with the coloration and essential markings

of dubia aud cyllaria; probably equally variable; in the

unique type the prominent dark markings are the “semi-

circular”? costal patch between submedian line and apex,

the costal end of antemedian and median lines, and a thick

black longitudinal streak behind cell and proximal part of

M? from base nearly to postmedian line, here crossing M?

and continuing in cellule 2 to termen; postmedian line

moderately distinct ; subterminal line weak; broad but ill-

defined terminal clouding between R’ and tornus.

Hind wing b!ackish fuscous, with clean white markings,

similar to those of guadriplaga, Walk., but broader.

Underside as in the most sharply marked forms of dubia,

the basal part of both wings being predominantly white;

cell-spot of hind wing smaller than in most dubia.

Gilolo, 1904.

Perhaps a local race of dubia, in which case quadriplaga

aud cyllaria may also belong to the same protean species.

21. Achea cyanobathra, sp. n.

3 .—47 mm.

Head and body dark brown, the abdomen darker dorsally ;

pectus and hair of femora and tibie partly more ochreous ; ;

bases and tips of spines and narrow rings at ends of tarsal

j ints also pale.

Fore wing dark brown with very strong purple gloss (in

the proximal area somewhat darker and much bluer, in the

narrow terminal area wanting); a faint curved pale subbasal

line from costa to SM’; antemedian line 6 mm. from base

at both margins, almost straight, slightly waved, little paler

than the ground-colour; a weak dark spot representing the

orbicular stigma; reniform nearly as in intercisa, Walk.,

but less conspicuous on the darker ground; postmedian line

feeble, apparently formed as in leucopera, Druce, the veins

beyond it with slight pale dashes; a dark double sub-

terminal line slightly nearer the termen than in leucopera

aud wanting the apical ornamentation of that species; a

crenulate dark terminal line ; fringe with slender pale line

at base and a less sharply defined one in middle.

Moths in the Joicey Collection. 179

Hind wing blackish brown, with golden-yellow apical patch

formed about as the white patch of leucopera.

Fore wing beneath dark brown, somewhat varied with paler

brown proximally; reniform large, dark, immediately followed

by an ill-defined oblique ochreous band which ends ina rather

large tornal patch; a slightly curved dark postmedian line,

crossing the ochreous band but not reaching hind margin ;

a few miuute ochreous costal dots between postmedian and

subterminal ; subterminal distinct from costa to R’, slightly

bent outwards at SC’; terminal area pale from costa to R’*.

Hind wing beneath dark brown with darker discoidal spot,

curved median line, thick but ill-defined postmedian line

(placed rather further from the median than in leucopera,

at least posteriorly), and lght ochreous-brown apical patch

corresponding to the yellow patch of upperside, but coutain-

ing dark brown irroration and crenulate terminal line

thickened into dots on the folds.

Bitje, Ja River, Cameroons, 2000 feet, April-May 1912,

wet season (G, L. Bates).

May be placed next to intercisa, Walk., but probably

really much nearer /eucopera, in spite of the considerable

superficial differences.

22. Achea jamesoni, sp. n.

2 —64 mm,

Head and body light brown, mixed (especially abdomen)

with grey.

Fore wing rather light brown, from base nearly to post-

median line with violaceous reflections; antemedian dark

line indistinct, from scarcely beyond one-fourth costa,

somewhat oblique outwards to cell, then less oblique, slightly

sinuate to hind margin at about 8 mm. from base ; reniform

chiefly indicated by dark spots at its anterior and posterior

extremity ; median shade almost obsolete, excurved beyond

cell ; a white costal patch near apex, clouded, except at its

edges, with light tawny brown, relatively larger and narrower

than that of madéillii, Saalm., its distal edge markedly

indented at SC*°; postmedian line crenulate, arising from

posterior margin of costal patch, more nearly parallel with

termen than in mabillii, slightly bordered with whitish and

ferruginous scales distally, a rather larger, ferruginous,

white-edged spot developing at fold; no subterminal line;

termen very narrowly shaded with pale violaceous except at

extremities ; faint traces of dark terminal line.

Hind wing grey-brown, darkest in distal part, especially

180 Mr. L. B. Prout on

anteriorly ; a small white apical patch, terminating at SC’,

where it attains a measurement of 3 mm.

Fore wing beneath coloured much as in mabdillii, subapical

patch much more irrorated (in the paratype obsolescent) , post-

median line from R* onwards almost parallel with termen, a

dentate whitish subterminal indicated from costa to R’,

3-4 mm. from termen, a conical white blotch from tornus

obliquely to M*. Hind wing beneath with weak dark cell-

spot and curved median and postmedian lines and with traces

of a dentate whitish subterminal.

Congo, Inkissi (Nkissi) River, Nkalama Falls, 18 April,

1887 (Jameson), ex coll. Druce, wrongly identified by Druce

(Jameson’s ‘Story of the Rear Column,’ p. 450) as

illustrata, Walk. A damaged ¢ from Fantee, Gold Coast, also

meutioned by Druce, likewise belongs here. The date of the

type-specimen, correctly given as 18 April on the label, and

confirmed from Jameson’s itinerary (p. 24), is misquoted

“18 August” on p. 450.

Allied to mabillii, but very distinct in the differently

shaped non-latticed subapical patch, much straighter post-

median line, lack of white basal dot, ete.

23. Achea ministra, sp. 0.

3 ?.—69-78 mm.

Near serva, Fabr., with which it has hitherto been

confounded. Palpus of g with third joint much longer,

over one-half as long as second.

Fore wing with the markings and general coloration of

the darker forms of serva, the blue-purple reflections and

black-brown terminal clouding almost always strong; fringe

from near apex to M? pale buff, thus lighter (generally very

much lighter) than in serva.

Hind wing with the interrupted oblique blue-white median

band narrower than in serva, apical white spot generally

smaller.

Underside darker than in serva, the whitish postcellular

patch of fore wing smaller.

Dutch New Guinea: Wandammen Mtns., 3000-4000 feet,

November 1914 (A. E. & F. Pratt), type and another ¢

and allotype 2; Arfak Mtns. (Pratt); Upper Setekwa

and near Oetakwa River (Meek). Key Islands, Dec. 1915-

March 1916 (W. J. C. Frost).

Most of Hampson’s serva ab. 1 (purpurascens, Strand,

Arch. Nat. Ixxix. A, (8) p. 73) belong to this species, but

one or two, including the type-specimen, are dark aberrations

of serva.

NR tee

Pew. .

aih's

Moths in the Joicey Collection. 181

Rather variable, some forms superficially recalling eusciata,

Hmpsn., but with the first joint of mid-tarsus not fringed

above. In the type-form there are strong bright ferru-

ginous shades proximally to the antemedian line between

cell and hind margin, and again near tornus, but these vary

much in intensity and are sometimes entirely obsolete.

In Hampson’s figure of the palpus of “ serva” (Cat. Lep.

Phal. xii. p. 521, fig. 123), the third joint is shown about

twice as long as it appears in the fully-clothed palpus of

true serva, but not quite as long as in the allies. As the

figure of the entire insect does not belong here (see infra),

it is not improbable that the anatomical details were also

drawn from one of the allies; but, in any case, the importance

of absolute precision in dealing with the palpi of this group

was evidently underestimated.

24. Achea pentasema, sp. n. (prec. subsp. ?).

3 2 .—72-82 mm.

Likewise similar to serva, but with the ¢ palpus of the

preceding species.

Fore wing ochreous to red-brown, the purple gloss weak

or wanting; markings as in serva and ministra, the dark

cloudings of terminal area rarely very strong; reniform

stigma commonly (as in some serva) obsolete, except for the

anterior and posterior black dots; postmedian line in the

type shaped as in serva, in other examples less sharply

bent at R'; fringe pale, but rarely as pale as in ministra.

Hind wing with all five spots sharply expressed, the

terminal one near tornus broader and much better defined

than in either of the allies (also better defined beneath).

Underside nearly as in the lighter and more variegated

forms of serva, the blackish distal suffusion between post-

median line and tornus of fore wing always strong.

New Caledonia (Layard), type g. Also “ Ueva, New

Caledonia” (? Uvea), 1g, Laucala, Fiji, 1 2 , Suva, Viti Levu,

2 92 ¢, all in coll. Joicey, Lifu and Friendly Islands in

coll. Brit. Mus.

Figured by Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. xii. p. 521, fig. 123,

as serva.

25. Achea dmoé, sp. n.

3 2?.—56-60 mm. ;

Head, thorax, and base of abdomen yellowish brown,

sometimes with a rufous tinge; abdomen otherwise strongly

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. iii. 13

182 Mr. L. B. Prout on

mixed with dark grey, the anal tuft pale; pectus and venter

pale grey.

Fore wing moderately broad, costa curved towards the

apex, which is minutely falcate, termen otherwise more

convex than in mercatoria, Fabr.; light yellow-brown or

red-brown, with strong vinaceous reflections—at least, in

median area; distal area and costal edge generally more

yellow; a white dot close to base;: lines grey or blackish;

subbasal faint and interrupted, obsolete posteriorly ; ante-

median fine, oblique, slightly crenulate, especially in anterior

part ; median rather thick, almost straight, bent proximad

in front of C, placed beyond middle of wing ; pustinedian

fine, finely crenulate-dentate, slightly angled at R' ; orbicular

stigma represented by a black dot about 2 mm. from ante-

median line, reniform by an anterior and a posterior black

dot, 2 or 3 mm. inside median shade, with a weaker dot

more proximally placed between them ; a small pale violet-

grey or somewhat vinaceous apical patch ;'a row of minute

paired interneural dots (proximally black, distally white)

close to termen.

Hind wing dusky greyish-ochreous, becoming almost

black distally between costa and M? and with more irregular

blackish admixture near tornus; a small whitish apical spot;

an ill-defined light ochreous-brown band beyond middle,

from R! or R? towards tornus, interrupted posteriorly ; a

light brown terminal patch towards tornus; fringe (with

extreme termen) whitish from before R' to behind R’,

otherwise brown.

Fore wing beneath light brown, violet-grey along costa and

part of termen, somewhat clouded in cell and behind proximal

half of M’; cell-spot large, crescentic, black, touching the faint

median shade; postmedian black, forming a very slight

regular curve ; a large black blotch beyond this, mainly be-

tween R? and M’; traces of a pale crenulate subterminal line;

minute admarginal dots nearly as above, but with whitish

shading proximally. Hind wing beneath pale grey, more

brownish costally and apically than posteriorly ; a sharp black

cell-dot, which sometimes shows through on upperside ; three

(usually in part ill-defined) brown lines beyond, the second

and third dentate, the latter ending in a dark spot close

to tornus; admarginal dots nearly as on fore wing; fringe

warm brown except about the radials, posteriorly in dark-

marked specimens fuscous.

Central Madagascar, 2500 feet, Jan. —March 1911 (F. B.

Pratt),4 88,2292.

Differs from mercatoria, Fabr.. in shape, in straight median

ofS - {Ey

Moths in the Joicey Collection. 183

line of fore wing, less irregular postmedian and more

ochreous hind wing, marked more as in faber, Holl. Rather

variable in colour and especially in the strength of the

markings; an aberration in which the antemedian lines are

weak and the median shade strong and black may be named

ab. unilinea, ab. n.

26. Achea cymatias, sp. n.

¢ .—77-80 mm,

Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous-brown, above darker.

Palpus with third joint rather short. Antenna almost

simple ; mid-tarsus without hair ; first and second joints of

hind tarsus fringed with hair above.

Fore wing warm brown (ochreous mixed with dark

olivaceous brown), between antemedian and median lines

much paler, strongly overlaid with violaceous, in distal area

variegated ; antemedian line fine, almost straight, from one-

third costa to two-fifths hind margin, whitish-edged distally ;

reniform narrow, crescentic, darkest and thickest at its

ends, placed midway between antemedian and median ;

median line gently excurved in anterior part, incurved in

posterior; postmedian from two-thirds costa to four-fifths

hind margin, strongly bicurved (outwards. between R‘ and

M', inwards between M! and hind margin), dark-shaded

proximally and edged by a fine white or whitish line distally;

distal area whitish violaceous near the postmedian line and

in’an ill-defined oblique shade from middle of subterminal

to termen about fold, narrowly darkened at termen from

this point to near apex, otherwise mostly olive-brownish; an

oblique blackish shade from apex towards outer lobe of

postmedian; faint traces of zigzag whitish subterminal

line; a black dot at fold close to termen ; terminal dark

line ill-defined ; fringe with a pale line at base and a second

beyond middle.

Hind wing more fuscous; an indistinct slightly curved

oblique pale median line; very faint indications of other

pale lines or shades distally; a whitish apical spot ; termen

and fringe nearly as on fore wings, the fringe paler anteriorly

than posteriorly. Both wings beneath grey-brown with

crescentic cell-mark (on hind wing rounder), curved median

and crenulate postmedian line and vague pale crenulate

subterminal, accompanied proximally by a dark shade;

terminal area paler, especially in distal half, which contains

a row of small interneural black dots.

Bitje, Ja River, Cameroons, 2000 feet (Bates), S 3 d,the

13*

184 Mr. L. B. Prout on

type taken in 1915, the other two labelled “ dry season”

but not dated.

Perhaps a race of hypopolia, Hmpsn. (Nov. Zool. xxv.

p. 208), from British Central Africa, Fore wing with ante-

median line more upright, postmedian more deeply bisinuate,

and with violet shade in median area; hind wing with

white apical spot.

27. Achea indistincta, Walk.

This species, of which the type is in coll. Joicey, has been

sunk by Hampson (Cat. Lep. Phal. xii. p. 538) to ablunaris,

Guen. On account of the broader dark border of the hind

wing (two-fifths of length of wing, against two-sevenths in

ablunaris), combined with more angulated postmedian line

on underside of both wings, it seems likely that it is really

a separate species.

Costa Rica to Bogota.

28. Parallelia valga, sp. nu.

? .—58 mm.

Head and body coloured as in rigidistria, Guen.; palpus

with third joint considerably shorter than in the ? of that

species, less than one-third as long as second joint.

Fore wing coloured as in the hghter forms of rigidistria ;

subbasal line as in that species ; antemedian arising some-

what further from base, strongly incurved between SC and

base of M?, strongly oblique outwards to hind margin near

median line ; median line slightly interrupted outward near

costa; postmedian line much less deeply crenulate than in

rigidistria, with a single angle at R’ ; indications of a dark

line from this angle to apex; subterminal further from

termen, the dark shading beyond it rather weak; fringe

light brown.

Hind wing with termen rather fuller near tornus than in

rigidistria ; less clouded with blackish; pale postmedian line

wanting ; tornal pale mark weak.

Underside rather paler than in most rigidistria ; fore wing

with the median line obsolete, postmedian extremely weak,

arising further from termen than in rigidistria, apparently

deeply incurved so as to reach postmedian angle of cell;

hind wing with cell-dot replaced by a weak comma, median

and postmedian lines approximated, especially posteriorly,

the latter scarcely crenulate, subterminal chiefly shown by

three or four weak yellowish spots in anterior part.

Khasia Hills (Nissary).

ee tn

Moths in the Joicey Collection. 185

29. Parallelia isotima, sp. n.

3 2 .—29-36 mm.

Head and front of thorax yellowish brown; rest of thorax

and abdomen brown-grey, the latter somewhat darkened

dorsally. Fore leg (as in humilis, Holl.) somewhat darkened,

the tarsal joints more markedly pale at the extremities than

in that species. .

Fore wing shaped and marked almost exactly as in humilis,

more glossy, paler (espeeially at termen), olivaceous tinge

rather more noticeable, postmedian line more decidedly

incurved from R’, thus forming an acuter angle at that vein.

Hind wing slightly less dark than in humilis, narrowly

slightly paler at termen in posterior half; beneath with

more extended white or whitish shading in terminal area

(wanting in humilis).

Bitje, Ja River, Cameroons, 2000 feet (G. L. Bates),53 2,

4 2 ¢. Also one from the same source in coll. Brit. Mus.

Apart from the smaller size and the distinctions above

noted, zsotima differs in having the genitalia smaller, more

symmetrical (the right arm in humilis truncated), the penis

differently shaped, etc.

80. Parallelia curvisecta (Warr., MS. ?), sp. n.

3 2 .— 50-54 mm.

Similar to interpensa, Guen. Whitish lines on patagia

and tegule better developed.

Fore wing with basal area concolorous with proximal part

of median; subbasal white half-line well developed ; ante-

median line curved, parallel or nearly parallel with median.

Hind wing paler beneath, especially in abdominal region.

Dutch New Guinea: Wandammen Mountains, 3000-4000

feet, November, 1914 (A. C. §& F. Pratt), type g and

allotype 2 ; Arfak Mountains.

Labelled by Talbot “ Parallelia curvisecta, Warr.,

must be an unpublished name.

” which

31. Parallelia euryleuca, sp. n.

3g .—70 mm.

Palpus with third joint short ; head brown; thorax light

brown; autennal shaft white proximally. Abdomen pale

yellow-grey beneath, dark-mixed dorsally except at ends of

segments ; anal tuft strong, tinged with light brown.

Fore wing lighter brown than in the allies (erameri, Moore,

etc.), with a faint olivaceous tinge; some violet-grey

185 Mr. L. B. Prout on

irroration near base and at termen ; basal area 9 mm. at

costa, 10 mm. at hind margin, the straight white line which

bounds it consequently less oblique than in crameri; a broad”

white median band very slightly irrorated in its proximal

half with brownish ; in the middle almost 6 mm. in width,

broadening slightly at hind margin and slightly more at

costa, its distal boundary being very gently curved ; post-

median line slender, white, oblique outwards from costa

10 mm. before apex, right-angled at R’, then oblique

inwards, scarcely appreciably incurved in posterior part; a

slight pale line from angle of postmediau to apex; distal

area beyond these lines paler than the ground-colour; a

slight dark dot on fold close to termen, with a weaker dark

spot proximal to it between M? and fold; termiual line

slight and slender ; a pale line at base of fringe.

Hind wing concolorous ; median white band less sharply

bounded, 5 mm. wide anteriorly, tapering posteriorly ;

terminal region marked as in crameri.

Underside yellow-grey, the fore wing paler and more

glossy posteriorly ; fore wing with proximal area very

slightly dark-shaded, median line obsolescent, postmedian

curved anteriorly, followed by some brown shading, which

contains the pale subterminal line and an ill-defined blackish

blotch between R? and fold, a narrow distal shade of violet-

grey ; hind wing with faint angulated median, waved post-

median, and dentate pale subterminal, the latter placed on

weak dark shading, space between median and postmedian

lines more yellowish grey than the rest of the wing; both

wings with the cell-dot of crameri obsolete.

Sandakan, N.f. Borneo (Pryer).

Larger and paler than crameri, with differently shaped

markings and much more feebly marked underside.

32. Parallelia adunca, sp. n.

2? .—36 mm.

Head and thorax light brown ; abdomen more greyish,

underside paler. Palpus moderate, with third joint nearly

half as long as second. Wings shaped and marked nearly

as in erectata, Hmpsn., of which it may be a subspecies.

Fore wing light ochreous-brown with slight darker

suffusions (especially in distal half of median area), but less

reddish than in erectata; a slender waved subbasal dark line

from costa to SM?; antemedian line blackish, thickened

except at extremities, finely pale-edged distally, very slightly

sinuous, more vertical than in erectata; cell-mark grey,

ot he ip Oe

Moths in the Joicey Collection. 187

lunular ; median line grey, sinuous, excurved beyond cell-

mark, incurved at fold; postmedian line black, produced to

an acute angle outwards at R!, then somewhat crenulate, bent

inwards at submedian fold; a narrow paler band beyond the

postmedian, faintly bisected from R! to hind margin; a

large black subapical dot as in erectata ; apical dark mark

minute and not strong; terminal line fine, crenulate, grey,

not very conspicuous except in a black dot at fold.

Hind wing similar to that of erectata, but more weakly

marked.

Underside pale grey tinged with yellow-brown, very feebly

marked ; cell-dots obsolete ; postmedian indicated, at costa

slightly pale-edged distally ; a crenulate pale subterminal

line indicated on hind wing,

Cameroons (Watkins).

33. Tolnavdes dasynota calocraspeda, subsp. nu.

3 2 .—Fore wing in general less reddish than in dasynota

dasynota from Colombia, Venezuela, and French Guiana, with

darker clouding in distal area; fringe above, as well as

beneath, white between the folds of cellules 4 and 5 and again

before (and sometimes also behind) M?.

Hing wing dark, in general with the subtornal markings

less prominent.

Peru and Ecuador; the type and another ¢ from Santo

Domingo, 8.E. Peru, 6000 feet, November 1904 (G. Ocken-

den); 2 2 from Rio Pastaza, E. Ecuador, 3500-4900 feet

(G. Palmer), and Rio Tabaconas, N. Peru, 6000 feet (A. E.

§ F. Pratt).

Subfamily Eresryx (Noctuine, Hmpsn.).

34. Melapera roastis, Hmpsn.

This interesting species, a genotype, was described (Ann.

& Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) i. p. 488) from a single ? from Foret

d’Ambre, Madagascar. A ¢@ in the Joicey collection (Fort

Carnot, Tananarivo dist.) is smaller, 52 mm., the fore wing

yellow, suffused with pink, becoming pink basally and

posteriorly and with shadowy pale pink markings, namely, a

rotindish spot in cell, another at base of R’-M', a smaller

one anterior to this, and a subterminal row of smaller inter-

neural ones about 4 mm. from termen, that in cellule 6

slightly displaced distad ; the hind wing with strong red hair

in abdominal region. j

The generic characters do not need amplification except

188 Mr. L. B. Prout on

to add that the antenna is bipectinate to apex, the branches

rather long, shortening suddenly at apical end, and that

vein C of the hind wing does not anastomose with cell in

the middle, but is connected with a bar as in the Aganaide,

with which the genus seems to show some affinity.

Subfamily Hrazzrmz.

35. Hyblea joiceyi, sp. D.

3d .—46 mm. 4

Head and palpus purple-fuscous, palpus beneath whitish

proximally. Thorax chocolate-brown ; beneath paler,

variegated with whitish and yellowish anteriorly, with

reddish posteriorly. Abdomen above fleshy greyish; beneath

mostly red, with a dark central line. Fore leg with gold-

yellow tuft on coxa, femur white, tibia above brown, tarsus

blackish ; middle and hind legs predominantly red.

Fore wing not very broad, costal margin not strongly

arched (very slightly waved), termen almost straight and

rather oblique from apex to M', somewhat excised between

M? and tornus : chocolate-brown, slightly variegated in the

shadings, almost throughout with irregularly scattered dots

and small spots of greenish white; faint indications of an

elongate dark apical streak.

Hind wing scarlet-vermilion, unmarked ; abdominal margin

with tufts of very long yellowish hair; fringe yellowish,

from apex nearly to R! proximally infuscated.

Fore wing beneath red-orange, becoming infuscated midway

between cell and termen, darker at extreme margin; costal

margin dotted with fuscous ; hind margin pale; arosy patch

in submedian area ; an elongate dark cell-mark. Hind wing

beneath orange-red with coarse purple-fuscous speckling,

which in distal area is condensed into an ill-defined cloud ;

between fold and abdominal margin clear red, as above.

Isle of Mioswar, Geelvink Bay, North Dutch New Guinea,

September 1909 (C. & F. Pratt).

Near ibidias, Turn. (Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales,

xxvil. p. 135), but larger, the wings slightly narrower ;

further distinguished by the pale-spotted fore wing and even

brighter red, entirely unmarked hind wing.

36. Hyblea puera vitiensis, subsp. n.

3,40mm.; 9,36 mm.

Abdomen beneath wholly red.

Fore wing above with strong purple shades (but evidently

variable, as in the other forms).

ae merce me —

“st;

ee A

Moths in the Joicey Collection. 189

Hind wing above with the orange markings entirely bright

red, at most with a few orange scales in middle of anterior

margin of central band; beneath brighter red than in the

other forms, scarcely irrorated and not clouded with purple-

fuscous, not mixed with yellow between M? and abdominal

margin ; basal area, on the other hand, gold-yellow.

Suva, Viti Leva (/Vood/ord), type. New Hebrides.

Family Geometrida.

Subfamily Srerruryz.

37. Scopula hesycha, sp. nu.

3 .—27 mm.

Face black-brown. Vertex whitish, narrowly black-edged

behind. Antennal joints scarcely projecting, ciliation

scarcely longer than diameter of shaft. Collar ochreous.

Thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings. Hind tarsus

well under one-half the length of tibia. Wings shaped

nearly as in delitata, Prout, the bend at R®* of hind wing

slightly more noticeable.

Fore wing slightly more brownish than in delitata, the

irroration being equally fine and close but slightly darker ;

markings as in delifata, but slightly less weak, the whitish

subterminal: line standing out rather more sharply, a little

recalling that of difalsaria, Prout ; terminal dots even more

minute than in de/tata, only discernible in anterior part or

wholly wanting ; fringe not irrorated.

Hind wing with corresponding markings ; terminal dots

wanting. |

Fore wing beneath with rather strong reddish-smoky

suffusions in and beyond cell, leaving the posterior and

distal areas pale, the costal edge narrowly ochreous ; cell-dot

present ; median shade weak; postmedian line well deve-

loped ; a fine terminal line. Hind wing beneath whiter;

cell-dot minute, scarcely noticeable ; postmedian line faint ;

terminal line obsolescent, except as interneural dots.

Chang Yang, Central China, June 1888 (4. E. Pratt),

type in coll. Joicey ; paratypes, June and July, in coll. Brit.

Mus. Moupin, W. China, June 1890 (Kricheldorf), a

rather larger, rather more brownish ?, in coll. Joicey.

Nearest delita/a, but with shorter hind tarsus and antennal

ciliation,

38. Scopula scialophia, sp. n.

3 .—22 mm. 2

Closely like the less variegated forms of fidulata, Guen.,

190 On Moths in the Joicey Collection.

from Ceylon and S. India. Antennal ciliation slightly

longer. Hind leg formed nearly as in cleoraria, Walk., aud

its form (?) efir enata, Walk. (both wrongly sunk by Hampson

under fijulata), t. e., with the tarsus relatively much shorter

than in fibulata, less than one-half ‘as long as the tibia. A

large tuft of rather glossy, distally darkened hair at base of

abdomen beneath. Fore wing with the irroration rather

less black than in fidulata, median shade not very diffuse,

postmedian line rather less sharply angulated at R’, terminal

line not continuous, not running round apex.

Khasia Hills, type (Nissary) ; paratype in coll. British

Museum.

Smaller than eleoraria and effrenata, antennal joints less

projecting, the tuft at base of abdomen distinctive.

Family Egeriide.

Subfamily Weermyvz.

39. Homogyna spadicicorpus, sp. 0.

g .—25 mm.

Face black in middle, white at sides. Palpus with first

joint black ; second joint above and beneath mostly white,

the fringes ‘of hair on both sides black ; ; third joint mostly

white. Postorbital rim white. Vertex light ochreous-

brown. Thorax above glossy black, with slight blue reflec-

tions and with a narrow band of light blue in front; a

large red shoulder-spot, in certain lights shot with violet.

Abdomen above bright chestnut (in some lights with slight

violet reflections), the segments narrowly ringed with black

anteriorly, with whitish posteriorly : underside as far as the

third sternite black with blue reflections, fourth steruite

white, fifth to seventh white with anterior black border;

anal tuft above blue-black, beneath orange-ochreous. Legs

black with blue gloss, the fore coxa, hair-tufts, spurs, and

narrow rings at ends of tarsal joints predominantly white.

Fore wing black, in some lights brown-black, in some

lights with bluish or greenish gloss, especially along the

margins.

Hind wing vitreous, the veins, cell-mark, costal and distal

margins, and fringes concolorous with fore wing.

Source of Karungu River, N.E. Rhodesia, December 1916

(S. A. Barns).

Nearest to sanguicosta and albicincta, Hmpsn.

ee | ie

aot ae

te ee

Sarees.

Descriptions and Records of Bees. 191

XIV.—Descriptions and Records of Bees —LXXXIV.

By T. D. A. Cockerett, University of Colorado.

Tue Indian bees recorded below were received from Mr. T.

V. Ramakrishna Ayyar, Government Entomologist of

Madras, and were collected by him, except when the

contrary is stated.

Crocisa smithii, Dalla Torre.

Coorg, Sidhapur, Rockhill, 3500 ft., April 23-26.

This was described from ‘ Bombay, Sumatra, Borneo.’’

Bombay is herewith designated as the type-locality.

Crocisa ramosella, sp. n.

9 .—Length 10°5 mm.

The hair-spots white, not at all tinged with blue. Super-

ficially appearing identical with C. ramosa, Lep., from

France, but differing thus: flagellum longer, the middle

joints longer than wide ; posterior spots on mesothorax

much larger; scutellum much more finely punctured, and

much more deeply excised posteriorly, its margin W-like ;

transverse bands at sides of first two abdominal segments

broader. In the flagellum this resembles the Arabian

C. fallibilis, Kohl, but the scape is not longer than in

ramosa, and fallibilis has the scutellum as in ramosa.

Chittoor, April 19-27, 1915.

Crocisa albolateralis, sp. n.

¢ .—Length 12 mm.

Robust, with pure white markings. Very close to

C. ramosella, but larger, with a tuft of white hair on the

scutellum at the emargination (in addition to the white hair

projecting from beneath the emargination, which is present

in both) ; inner sides of seutellar lobes shallowly but very

distinctly emarginate about the middle; patch of white

hair on pleura considerably larger ; hind tibiz with more

white hair; transverse bands on first abdominal segmeut

narrowing mesad, subacute, thus quite different from those

on second, which are very obtuse, with the upper edge con-

cave (in ramosel/a the bands are nearly the same on the two

segments) ; second abdominal segment less closely pune-

tured, and with the basal half greenish.

Kurnool District, Tippanur, Aug. 16, 1913.

192 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and

Crocisa reductula, sp. n.

? .—Length 11 mm.

With pure white markings. Also similar to C. ramosella,

but more slender, and also differing thus: anterior meso-

thoracic spots a little broader than long (conspicuously

longer than broad in ramosella) ; a very small spot instead

of a stripe on each lateral margin of mesothorax ; emargina-

tion of scutellum forming a much wider angle; first two

abdominal segments with strong purple tints on basal half ;

transverse extension of marks at sides of first segment short

aud pointed ; third and fourth segments with only spots

placed some distance from the lateral margins, fifth with a

pair of large round spots placed more laterally ; last ventral

segment conspicuously produced ; white hair on outer side

of hind tibize confined to basal half.

Bababuddin Hills, Mysore, 4700 ft., June 1, 1915.

Crocisa ramakrishne, sp. n.

2 .—Length about 12 mm.

With very pale blue markings, which are not shining,

Median stripe of mesothorax long, extending to front

margin; anterior lateral spots rather small, longer than

broad; lateral margins with complete stripes, very narrow

posteriorly ; posterior spots of mesothorax pyriform, pointed

mesad; scutellum without spots, shining, sparsely punctured,

the hind margin W-like, a tuft of white hair beneath the

emargination ; mesopleura with a large hairless coarsely

punctured space in middle; anterior wings fuliginous ;

tibie and basitarsi with bluish-white hair on outer side,

hardly going beyond middle on hind tibiez. Abdomen with

very broadly interrupted blue bands, the basal band of first

segment narrow, and rather narrowly interrupted ; pygidial

plate with a weak keel not reaching its base. In my table

in ‘ Entomologist,’ 1910, p. 217, this runs to C. decora,

Smith, which has a broad basal band on first abdominal

segment, and is otherwise quite distinct. It also fails to

find a place in the tables of Friese and Bingham, and is

unlike any described Indian species.

Type from Marudamalai, Coimbatore, 8. India, 2000 ft.,

Aung. 18, 1912. . Another is from Coorg Sanivarsandai,

Hansey Estate, 4000 ft., April 29-30, 1913.

Anthophora subinsularis (Strand).

Bangalore, 3000 ft., May 8, 1913.

Strand described this as a variety of A. insularis, Smith,

Records of Bees. 193

because it seemed to differ somewhat from Bingham’s

description. It is apparently quite distinct from the true

insularis, which was described from Sarawak. It is closely

related to A. vigilans, Smith, having quite the same

appearance.

Xylocopa sigiriana (Cockerell).

9. Bababuddin Hills, Mysore, 4700 ft., June 1, 1915.

Described as a subspecies of X.amethystina, but evidently

a distinct species.

Xylocopa ignita, Smith.

9. Dodabetta, Nilgiris, 8000 ft., May 1-3, 1916.

Larger than the last, with longer second submarginal cell.

This does not quite agree with Maidl’s description, but 1

think it is Smith’s ignita. Possibly two or more closely

related species have been confused under tlis name.

Hypanthidium salemense, sp. 0.

3. (Type.)—Length about 11 mm., anterior wing 8°5.

Black, with cream-coloured markings, the pubescence

very scanty, pure white ; femora with a red stripe on upper

side, and hind femora largely reddish behind ; first abdo-

minal segment with a short red stripe on each side basally ;

mandibles elongate; antenne entirely black; front and

vertex very densely punctured; mesothorax and scutellum

very densely and strongly punctured ; scutellum prominent,

sharp-edged, rounded, emarginate in middle; tegule punc-

tured, smooth in middle. Wings dilute fuliginous ; second

recurrent uervure going far beyond end of second sub-

marginal cell; hair on inner side of tarsi orange; spurs red ;

no pulvilli; seventh abdominal segment very broadly

rounded, with a keel down the middle, the hind margin

might be called truncate ; segments 3 to 6 with lateral

teeth, that on 3 small. The pale markings are as follows:

mandibles (except apex), clypeus (except narrow lower

margin), rest of face except large black triangular area

above clypeus, a stripe mesad of each antenna, an elongate

mark below middle ocellus, a finger-like extension along each

anterior orbit to level of middle ocellus, a broad band on upper

part of each cheek, and two elongate spots on occiput, ends

of tubercles, L-shaped marginal stripe on each side of meso-

thorax, axilla, large mark on mesopleura, two crescentic

marks on each tegula, broad stripe on under side of anterior

and middle femora, long stripe on anterior and middle and

194 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and

short (basal) one on hind tibiz, two large marks on each

side of first six abdominal segments, on first oblong, on

second and third long and transverse, on the others shorter,

that on sixth square.

2 .—Length a little over 8 mm.

Ventral scopa pale yellowish; clypeus black, with a large

light spot near each lower corner; sixth abdominal segment

with only minute light dots.

Salem, 8. India, Dec. 2-18, 1914.

By its characters, this falls in the American genus

Hypanthidium, but it is a very distinct form. The end of

the abdomen recalls that of Anthidium pulchellum, Klug.

Dianthidium ramakrishne, sp. n.

? .—Length about 6°5 mm.

Head, thorax, and abdomen black, with cream-coloured

markings as follows: large spot on mandibles, clypeus,

large triangular lateral face-marks (the inner part of each

formed by a lateral spot on supraclypeal area), stripes on

cheeks, reaching sides of occiput, band on mesothorax above

each tegula (not reaching anterior corners of mesothorax),

end of tubercles, spot on axille, narrowly interrupted band

on scutellum, spot at each side of first abdominal segment,

very broadly interrupted band on second, less broadly inter-

rupted band on third, one very narrowly interrupted on

fourth, and that on. fifth only emarginate anteriorly in

middle, sixth segment with a transverse oblong patch.

Head and thorax very densely and finely punctured ; flage'-

Jum dark chestnut-red beneath ; pubescence of head and

thorax very scanty, white; tegule large, closely punctured,

with a pallid mark in front. Wings dusky; femora bright

ferruginous ; anterior tibiz black with a pale stripe on

outer. side, red on inner ; middle tibiz similarly marked,

but hind ones with only the apical part red on inner side ;

tarsi mainly dark, but the very broad hind basitarsi pale

yellowish on outer side; hair on inner side of tarsi ferrugi-

nous ; ventral scopa very pale yellowish. The hind tibize

are very robust.

Bababuddin Hills, Mysore, 4700 ft., June 1, 1915.

Related to D. rasorium (Anthidium rasorium, Smith),

but without the abundant white pubescence, and differing

in the details of coloration.

Records of Bees. 195

Parevaspis carbonaria (Smith).

Coimbatore District, Bailur Forests, Nov. 23-28; Chit-

toor, April 19-27.

Ceratina canarensis, sp. n.

9 —Length 10 mm.

Black, with bright yellow markings on head and thorax

as follows: very broad band down middle of clypeus, with

a short truncate projection on each side at lower end ; low

and broadly triangular supraclypeal mark; very broad

bands along inner orbits, extending across to borders of

elypeus and supraclypeal area; two spots below ocelli;

cheeks, except uppermost part adjacent to eye; border of

prothorax, not reaching tubercles; tubercles; very broad

vertical band on pleura; two lines on disc of mesothorax,

and short broad lateral bands above tegule ; scutellum and

axilla, except extreme base ; line on postscutellum ; and

metathorax except basal area. Eyes dark olive-green ;

mandibles dark apically, otherwise pale yellow suffused

with red; flegellum very obscure reddish beneath; meso-

thorax polished and impunctate on disc, but anteriorly dull

and finely punctured ; tegule rufo-testaceous with a small

yellow spot. Wings dusky, stigma and nervures piceous.

Legs obscure reddish, anterior knees and tibize yellow

sutfused with reddish. Abdomen with the first three seg-

ments dark reddish, the others black, the apical margin

of fourth and fifth narrowly testaceous ; first segment with

a yellow discal patch, subquadrate with a posterior extension,

on each side of this the surface is black, but the posterior

margin is broadly rufous; second segment posteriorly with

a broad, paler, somewhat yellowish band, interrupted in

middle.

South Canara District, Nagody, 2500 ft., Sept. 19, 1913.

Related to C. hieroglyphica, Smith, but distinguished by

the coloration of the abdomen and the very broad lateral

yellow bands on face.

* Lithurgus australior, sp. n.

¢ .—Length 12 mm.

Similar to the male of L. atratus, Smith (Khasia Hills,

Sladen), but differing thus: face thickly covered with pure

white hair, not mixed with black ; a tuft of white hair

196 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and

between ocelli; thorax anteriorly, and tubercles, with white

hair, but hair of mesopleura black ; tegule smaller. Wings

shorter, marginal cell less sharply acuminate, second sub-

marginal cell much shorter; hind basitarsi curved but

simple, not enlarged at end. Abdomen above very smooth

and shining, not distinctly roughened or punctured ; black

hair at sides of fifth and sixth segments much shorter. In

Friese’s table it runs to ZL. dentipes, Smith, but the true

dentipes is Australian, and has pate yellow hair on face and

ferruginous nervures ; the stigma and nervures are reddish

fuscous in ZL. australior, and the disc of the thorax, except

anteriorly, has black hair.

Coimbatore, S. India, Nov. 12, 1913.

The abdomen is distinctly narrower than in L. atratus.

Celioxys (Liothyrapis) dormitans, sp. n.

¢ —Length about 13 mm. ; anterior wing 7°8 mm.

Black, including antennez, tegule, legs, and spurs;

pubescence pure white, abundant and dense on face, on the

abdomen forming interrupted bands in the depressions, and

marginal bands, evanescent or failing in middle; eyes dark

brown, hairless; mesothorax and scutellum very densely and

strongly punctured, except that in the middle the shining

surface can be seen between the punctures (very narrowly

and slightly on scutellum); scutellum convex, obtusely

subangular posteriorly; axillar spines reduced to short

obtuse tubercles. Wings dusky, but not strongly darkened ;

anterior coxe with sharp spines. Abdomen shining, well

punctured, the punctures on second segment conspicuously

larger than those on third ; terminal segment with a long

subbasal spine on each side ; apex produced, deeply sulcate,

with no median spine ; lower apical spines sharp and diver-

gent, upper apical divisions briefly bidentate or tridentate.

Related to C. apicata, Smith, but the end of the abdomen is

different. In C. apicata the second submarginal cell receives

the first recurrent nervure some distance from its end; in

C. dormitans the first recurrent meets the first transverso-

cubital nervure. (The C. apicata compared is from

F. Smith’s collection.)

Coimbatore, 8. India, May 25, 1913, sleeping on grass.

Megachile (Eumegachile) triangulifrons, sp. n.

? .—Length 15 mm.

Agreeing in all respects with Smith’s description of his

Records of Bees. 197

M. cephalotes, except that the abdomen is not at all metallic,

and the ventral scopa, instead of being entirely white, is

cream-colour, black on the last segment and the apex of the

penultimate one. It also differs from cephalotes in the

structure of the face, which is not described by Smith.

The supraclypeal area presents a large pit or hollow, sur-

rounded by a triangular rim, which is variably but not

coarsely punctured ; the clypeus is smooth and deeply

receding, with a strong dentiform median tubercle near the

upper end, ;

Hindupur, Anantapur District, April 9-14, 1915.

M. cephalotes was described from Northern India; Bing-

ham reported it from Dehra Dun and Ahmedabad,

Megachile (Eumegachile) ramakrishne, sp. n.

@?. (Type.)—Like M. triangulifrons, but smaller, length

not quite 13 mm.

Ventral scopa black only at extreme apex, even the base

of last segment with pale hair; supraclypeal basin less dis-

tinct, with large coarse punctures about its margin, the area

between it and the clypeus (practically obsolete in trianguli-

Jrons) quite wide, and coarsely punctured, with a median

smooth tubercle; clypeus short, with the median tubercle

not nearly so large as in ¢riangulifrons ; mandibles with the

second tooth, prominent in ¢triangulzfrons, subobsolete.

6 .—Length about 8°5 mm.

Hair of face dense and pure white, but the upper part of

the clypeus is closely and minutely punctured, and bare;

anterior cox with short but well-’eveloped spines; anterior

tibize and basitarsi polished and dark brown on inner side,

the basitarsi distinctly hollowed and a little produced at end ;

end of abdomen bituberculate, and at the sides subapically

are long black hairs.

Coimbatore, Nov. 1913.

‘There are three other species in the Indian fauna whieh

should be compared with the above two. M. arcuata, Ckll.,

from Punjab, is similarly formed, and the distinct tubercle

on the inner border of the mandibles is represented in

triangulifera. In the species just described the hair on the

dorsum of thorax is scanty and wholly white, but the thorax

of arcuata has sparse black hairs above. MM. arcuata also

lacks the tubercle on clypeus.

M. lissopoda, Cam., from Bombay, has the hair of pleura

soot-coloured ; in our insects itis thin and white. M., lisso-

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. iii. 14

198 Mr. ©. Tate Regan on Chaudhuria.

poda has not the long curved mandibles of M. cephalotes

and our insects, and the structure of the face differs.

M. stirostoma, Cam., from Dehra Dun, differs by the

essentially hyaline wings, those of our insects being strongly

smoky, except at base. The structure of the face and front

also differ ; thus there is no median tubercle on the clypeus.

There is black hair on the apical part of scutellum and on

postscutellum, but the hair of these parts is all white in

our species.

Meyachile aureobasis, sp. n.

¢ .—Length about 10 mm.

Black, the wings fuliginous except the base, which is

strongly orange. Very close in all respects to M. umbri-

pennis, Smith, from Nepal, but differing thus: hair of

thorax above thin and short, so that the thorax appears

dark, except around the margins, where the fox-red hair is

conspicuous ; abdomen with entire hair-bands, that at apex

of second segment red except at sides; front above antennz

without a distinct band of fulvous hair. The end of the

abdomen is faintly emarginate.

Madras, Sept. 3, 1907 (7. S. A.).

Perhaps only a local race of M. umbripennis, but I have

seen no intermediates.

Megachile anthracina, Smith.

¢. Coimbatore, Nov. 1913.

XV.— Note on Chaudhuria, a Teleostean Fish of the Order

Opisthomt. By C. Tare Recan, M.A., F.R.S.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

IN a recent memoir on the fishes of the Inlé Lake (Southern

Shan States) Dr. Annandale * has described a new genus and

species to which he has given the name Chaudhuria caudata,

and has made it the type of a new family—Chaudhuriidea—ot

the order Apodes. On reading Dr. Annandale’s description

and studying his figures I came to the conclusion that this

little fish was not a member of the Apodes (cf. Regan f), but

* Annandale, “ Fish and Fisheries of the Inlé Lake,” Rec. Ind. Mus.

xiv. 1918, pp. 33-64, 7 pls.

+ Regan, “ The Osteology and Classification of the Teleostean Fishes

of the Order Apodes,” Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) x. 1912, pp. 877-387.

On small Mammals from North-western Patagonia, 199

belonged to a very different group—the Opisthomi (cf.

Regan *)—and I think that Chaudhuria may be characterized

simply as a Mastacembelus without spines and without rostral

appendage. In other characters—torm, scaling, structure

and position of fins, nostrils, mouth, lips, dentition, gill-

openings, branchiostegal rays, ete——there seems to be no

difference between the two genera. The few details given of

the skeleton of the head of Chaudhuria are applicable to

Mastacembelus, allowance being made for the pramaxillary,

with the attached maxillary, being described by Dr. Annandale

as the maxillary only. The peculiarities of the vertebra, to

which Dr. Annandale has called attention, are found in

Mastacembelus also.

Dr. Annandale informs me that he has no time at present

to make a further investigation in order to test the validity

of my opinion as to the systematic position of Chaudhuria,

and, as no specimens are available for examinativn in this

country, it seems worth while to publish this note.

XVI.—On small Mammals collected by Sr. E. Budin in

North-western Patagonia. By Ovpriecp ‘'HOMAs.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

SeNor E. Bunty, the collector of the Chumbicha mammals

described in the last number of the ‘ Annals’ +, helped by

the kindness of Dr. O’Connor, Mr. Charles Lockwood, anil

the authorities of the Argentine Southern Land Company

of Buenos Ayres, has also been enabled to make a collecting-

trip to Lake Nahuel Huapi, in the mountainous part of

North-western Patagonia, and to two other places in the

same region, Pileaneu on the Upper Rio Negro (41° S.,

71° W.) and Maiten on the Upper Chubut (42° S., 71° W.).

At each of these places lhe made a collection of small

mammals, mostly Muridz and tuco-tucos, and all prove to be

of the greatest interest.

Of the twenty forms obtained 1 have found it necessary to

describe nine as new, while he has also collected an animal—

the Reithrodon longicaudatus of Philippi—which proves to

represent a very distinct new genus, quite unlike anything

previously known to me,

* Regan, “The Ostevlogy of the Teleostean Fishes of the Order

Opisthomi,” Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. (8) ix. 1912, pp. 217-219,

+ Supra, p. 115.

14*

200 Mr. O. Thomas on small Mammals

In addition, his material of the short-tailed mole-like

burrowing rats has greatly advanced our knowledge of these

interesting and little-known animals, which now prove to

belong to two distinct genera, of which, again, one needs

description as new.

Our thanks are due to the kind friends who gave Sr. Budin

help and hospitality, and to Sr. Budin himself for the keen

and successful manner in which he has carried out the mission

entrusted to him.

1. Lasiurus borealis, Mill.

9. 60, 66. Beatriz, Nahuel Huapi. 800 m.

2. Oryzomys magellanicus mizurus, Thos.

3. 195, 197, 200, 212,215; 9.175, 191, 192, 1o6bsage

199, 220. Maiten, Upper Chubut R. 700 m.

(?) ¢. 58, 102, 105, 113, 118, 119. Beatriz, Nahuel

Huapi. 800 m.

‘*'The most common species at Maiten. Called ‘ Coludo,’”’

—E. B.

3. Reithrodon cuniculoides, Waterh.

9.173. Maiten. 700 m.

Being a single specimen only I am not able to satisfy

myself as to what subspecies of 2. cuntculoides this should

be referred to. All the forms that have been named in this

difficult group are distinguished by somewhat intangible and

more or less variable characters.

4, Phyllotis zanthopygus, Waterh.

6. 128, 129, 132, 133, 134, 136, 147, 148, 151, 153;

@. 130, 131, 137, 138, 140, 146, 149. Pilcafieu. 1400 m.

In these specimens the buffy wash on the under surface is

far more marked than would be supposed from either Water-

house’s or Allen’s description. But the type—no. 55.12.24.185

—shows clearly the same general buffy tone to the hairs of

the belly, none of them being really tipped with white.

“ Caught among the cactus-plants.’—Z. B.

5. Irenomys longicaudatus, Phil.

3 (imm.). 73. Beatriz, Nahuel Huapi. 800 m.

‘his most interesting specimen represents tlie re-discovery

of Philippi’s Reithrodon longicaudatus, whose identity has

ong been a mystery. It proves, as might be expected, to

belong to an undescribed genus, which may be called

Srom North-western Patagonia. 201

TRENOMYS *, gen. nov.

General facies as in Oryzomys. Upper incisors grooved.

Molars hypsodont, laminate, the lamine lozenge-shaped in

section,

Pha I, longicaudatus (Reithrodon longicaudatus,

il.T).

The skull, judging by an immature example, is on the

whole not unlike that of Phyllotis, and presents no ver

special peculiarities. The interparietal is of full size. The

zygomatic plate is of average freadth, but little projected

forward, not undercut. Palatine foramina long, penetrating

between the molars. The internal pterygoids, however, are

unusually thickened, flattened, and turned outwards above,

though this may be partly due to immaturity. Bulle of

medium size.

Upper incisors with a sharply defined groove,

Molars very peculiar, hypsodont, laminate, with three

laminz to m', two to m? and m’, and the same numbers in

the three molars below. The lamine of the upper teeth are

very much: as if the re-entrant angles of each side in the teeth

of Phyllotis penetrated further into the teeth, so as to cut

connection between the dentine spaces of each lamina, while

still leaving the laming lozenge-shaped and just touching

each other at these median points. As a result, the shape in

section of the lamin in a young animal is almost precisely

similar to that in the African elephant, as viewed vertically,

though of course the spaces between the lamina are not filled

up with cement. Such teeth as these would in old age wear

down to a sufficient approximation to Philippi’s figure to

render it certain that the two animals are congeneric.

This new genus is undoubtedly quite distinct from any

previously recognized, and it is not easy. to be certain as to

its relationship to others, Probably it is most nearly allied

to Phyllotis, of which it may be looked upon as a relative

with grooved incisors and simplified molars. But, in any

ease, the difference is very considerable, and the study of

adult specimens may cause some modification of this opinion.

Sr. Budin noticed that the single specimen was distinct

from the ordinary Oryzomys, to which it has so marked a

resemblance, and did all in his power to get further examples,

but without success.

* Caught among the roots of fallen trees, like all the other

species of the Beatriz peninsula.”—Z. B.

* So named as a memento that its recognition coincided with the

arrival of a glorious peace.

+ An. Mus. Nat. Chile, pt. 14, “ Muride of Chile,” p. 64 (1900).

202 Mr. O. Thomas on small Mammals

6. Euneomys micropus alsus, subsp. n.

g. 171, 177, 183, 188, 201, 202. Maiten, W. Chubut.

700 m.

Similar in all essentials to true EZ. micropus, as represented

by series from Koslowsky (lat. 46° 8.) and Rio Chico, but

almost or quite without the strong buffy suffusion on the fur,

the general tone being more slaty greyish. Under surface

also clearer greyish, with but little buffy wash.

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—

Head and body 123 mm.; tail 117; hind foot 27;

ear 18.

Skull: greatest length 31°3 ; condylo-incisive length 28°7 ;

zygomatic breadth 18; palatal foramina 7°8; upper molar

series 5°7.

Hab. as above.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 18.12.2.13. Original

number 177. Collected 23rd April, 1918.

The series with which these specimens have been compared

includes specimens killed in February, June, August, and

December, so that the difference in the general colour is

evidently not a seasonal one.

I may note here that my reference of Mus (Phyllotis)

vanthopygus, Waterhouse, to the genus Huneomys—a refer-

ence probably induced by the noticeable resemblance it bears

to 2. micropus—now proves to be erroneous, as it is certainly

a Phyllotis, the most southern member of that widely distri-

buted genus. Its narrow incisors readily distinguish it from

IZ. micropus, with which it is found.

The local modification in colour shown by this subspecies

is exactly as in the Abrothrix suffusus ot the same region.

(E Eligmodontia morgani, All.

S. 142, 159, 165, 166; 9. 125, 154, 157, 160, 161, 163,

164. Pilcafieu, Upper Rio Negro.

“Common. lives in holes at the foot of the bushes.”—

i. a,

8. Abrothrix suffusus modestior, subsp. n.

6. 176, 182, 193, 203, 204, 211, 214, 217; a tye:

Maiten.

Like typical sugffusus of ths Koslowsky region, but rather

darker and more slaty grey, the reddish or buffy of the back

reduced both in extent and brightness. Face almost without

buffy. Sides quite without buffy, so that there is a broad

Srom North-western Patagonia. 203

greyish slaty band, dividing the subdued buffy area of the

back from the greyish white of the belly, while in sujfusus

the same lateral region is buffy brownish in continuation with

the back. Ears with a fairly well-marked greyish-white spot

at their notch and on the base of the metentote. Under

surface clear greyish white, quite as in suffusus. Feet white.

Tail definitely bicolor, blackish above, whitish below, as in

suffusus,

Skull as in suffusus.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 97 mm. ; tail 68; hind foot 23°5 ; ear 17.

Skull: greatest length 29 ; condylo-incisive length 25°8 ;

zygomatic breadth 14°2 ; interorbiial breadth 4°8 ; breadth

of brain-case 13; palatal foramina 6°6 ; upper molar series 4°1.

flab, as above.

Type. Adu't male. B.M. no. 18.12. 2.22. Original

number 204. Collected 2nd May, IYLS8.

This form, by its more subdued colour as compared with

true suffusus, forms a step towards thé following subspecies,

9. Abrothrix sujfusus merens, subsp. n.

do. 62, 70, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89, 90,

93, 97, 99, 101, 107, 112, 115, 116; 2. 6d, 67, 68, 69, 74,

86, 104, 106, 110,117. Beatriz, Nahuel Huapi. 800 m.

Much darker than true suffusus or the previous subspecies,

the back dark brown almost without buffy, and the belly—

which is practically white in suffusus and modestior— deep

dull grey,” very much as in the Chilian longipil:s. Ears

almost without greyish patches at their bases. Hands and

feet grey, near “pale neutral grey.” Tail averaging a little

shorter than in the other forms, and less markedly bicolor,

blackish above, greyish below.

Skull as in suffusus.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 110 mm.; tail 72; hind foot 22-5;

ear 16.

Skull: greatest length 29; condylo-incisive length 26;

zygomatic breadth 14; interorbital breadth 5; breadth of

brain-case 12°4; palatal foraina 6°6; upper molar series 4°2.

Hab, as above.

Type. Old female. B.M. no. 19.1.1. 22. Original

number 104, Collected 25th February, 1918.

This form of Abrothriv, from the lake-region of Nahuel

Huapi, is, so far as colour is concerned, much more distinct

from A. suffusus than is that of Maiten, and I have hesitated

204 Mr. O. Thomas on small Mammals

as to whether it onglt not to be distinguished specifically.

Besides its generally dark colour, its greyish belly, grey feet,

and searcely bicolor tail all help to distinguish it. But its

skull is so precisely like that of suffusus and modestior that it

evidently represents them in a more saturate area, and for

the present, therefore, I retain it in connection with them.

Perhaps, also, hereafter these forms will link up with the

A. hirtus of San Rafael, Mendoza, still further to the

northward.

To the list of the species belonging to Abrothriz, besides

those mentioned in my paper on the grouping of the Akodont

Muride*, there should be added Aus brachyotis, Waterh.,

from the Chonos Archipelago.

All these forms of Abrothrix from the eastern slope of the

Andes are readily distinguishable from A. longipilis of Chili

by their far smaller skull.

“ Trapped among thie roots of fallen trees.”—Z. B.

10. Akodon beatus, sp. n.

dé: 61, 85,787, 91,..100,, 163,.108; 1095 ae S ae

Beatriz, Nahuel Huapi. 800 m.

A rather large species of the arenitcola group.

Size decidedly greater than in arenicola of Uruguay and

Buenos Ayres, the hind foot averaging 14 or 2 mm. longer.

Fur close and woolly. General colour above dark olivaceous,

under surface greyish white (near “ light neutral grey ”), the

hairs slaty at base, white or whitish terminally, practically

without the drabby or buffy wash generally found in arent-

cola; as a consequence, the upper and under surfaces are

more contrasted with each other than in the common species.

Ears coloured like head. Hands silvery white, a little

darkening on the metacarpus. Feet brownish, the digits

lighter. Tail as usual longer than in the wanthorhinus-

canescens group, rather prominently bicolor, blackish above,

darkening terminally, whitish below.

Skull larger than that of arenicola, with large rounded

brain-case and proportionally narrow interorbital region.

Palatal foramina not extending so far back, their hinder

edge hardly reaching the level of the middle of the second

Jamina of m’.

Incisois of about normal set, the angle 69° in the type.

Notch at front end of m' not perceptible in any specimen,

the youngest being, perhaps, three-fourths grown.

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xviii. p. 340 (1916).

. from North-westera Patagonia. . 205

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 87 mm. ; tail 79; hind foot 22 ; ear 15.

Skull: greatest length 25°7; condylo-incisive length 23 ;

zygomatic breadth 12°6 ; nasals 9°8 ; interorbital breadth 4°1 ;

breadth of brain-case 12 ; palatilar length 10; palatal fora-

mina 6 ; post-foraminal palate 3°2 ; upper molar series 3°7.

Hah, as above.

Type. Young adult male. B.M.no, 19. 1.1.34. Original

number 108. Collected 26th February, 1918.

This appears to be the most southern of the widely spread

olivaceus-arenicola group, which ranges from here northwards

to Eecnador, and the members of which are the most common

field-mice in almost every locality, taking the place in nature

of our common voles. The other species obtained by

Sr. Budin are of the more southern wanthorhinus-canescens

group, distinguished among other things by the much shorter

tail.

[| Akodon iniscatus, sp. n.

Size and proportions as in A, wanthorhinus, but skull more

bowed and thickly built, with shorter muzzle. First molar

with a deep and distinct anterior notch, which only wears off

in old age. A white patch on the chin.

Colour of typical race coarsely lined brown, near Ridgway’s

“buffy brown.”

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 92 mm.; tail 53 ; hind foot 19; ear 11.

Skull: greatest length 23-7; condylo-incisive length 21-7;

zygomatic breadth 12-4 ; interorbital breadth 4; breadth of

brain-case 11 ; palatal foramina 5:4; upper molar series 3°5.

Hab, Southern Buenos Ayres Province southwards into

Patagonia. ‘l’'ype from the Valle de Lago Blanco, Koslowsky

region, Patagonia, 46°S. Other specimens from Peru Station,

N.W. of Bahia Blanca, Chubut, and Port Desire, besides the

Budin examples referred to below.

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 3.7. 9.64. Original

number XXX. Collected 26th April, 1900, by J. Koslowsky.

Ten specimens examined,

Our knowledge of the small Akodons of Patagonia has

been in a very confused condition, thongh an improvement

was made by Dr. Allen, who corrected certain mistakes that

had been made in the labelling of the Darwin specimens, on

which their nomenclature hangs. He rightly fixed on

B.M. no. 55, 12. 24. 157 as the primary type of A. canescens,

Waterh., and 55, 12. 24. 156 of A. wanthorhinus, Waterh.,

206 Mr. O. Thomas on small Mammals :

these specimens therefore, whatever other co-types were

mixed up with them, being able to be taken as lectotypes of

their respective names.

Now over'most of the area concerned we seem to have two

quite distinct forms of Akodon—A, with a short, normal.

shaped, rather bowed skull, on whose ma very distinct and

fairly persistent anterior median notch is present, an animal

externally lined greyish brown, with a contrasted white chin-

spot, and B, with a flattened long-nosed skull, the m! practi-

cally without a notch, this only being perceptible in an

aborted form in specimens with quite unworn teeth. Exter-

nally this animal is greyish or yellowish, with the feet more

distinctly yellow, and the chin-spot not contrasted.

Returning to the type-specimens, it is quite clear, as shown

by their skulls and teeth, that both 55. 12. 24. 156 and 157

belong to B, and that therefore A is without aname. Young

and supplementary specimens obtained by Darwin on the

Rio Negro and at Port Desire are referable to A, but these

do not affect the determinations, and I propose to give to the

latter form the name of A. iniseatus. A local form of it,

obtained by Sr. Budin, I now describe.]

11. Akodon iniscatus collinus, subsp. n.

d- 205, 208, 209, 210; ¢. 206, 207, 218. Maiten,

W. Chubut. 700 m.

A more blackish race of A. iniscatus. A full description

is given here instead of to the typical inéscatus, as quite fresh

specimens are available of it, while those of that animal are

less perfect.

Size small, about as in zxanthorhinus and canescens, the

tail short as in those southern species, not as in the arenicola

group. General colour above dark grizzled olivaceous brown

{more greyish olivaceous and less brown than Ridgway’s

*olive-brown’’), the hairs ticked with black and dull buffy ;

sides rather more buffy. Under surface soiled greyish buffy,

the hairs dark slaty at base, their ends drabby or buffy—a

patch in the inguinal region more definitely buffy. Chin, or

rather interramia, with a conspicuous patch of wholly white

hairs, contrasting markedly with the general dark colour.

Ears short, their proectote blackish, their metentote buffy.

Hands and feet brownish white. Tail short, well haired,

strongly bicolor, black along the top, whitish or buffy whitish.

on sides and below.

Skull rather bowed above, its surface smooth and unridged.

Interorbital edges square, net ridged. Palatal foramina long,

from North-western Patagonia. 207

reaching to the level of the second internal re-entrant notch

OF m'. A

Incisors about normal, their angle in the type 72°. Molars

larger than in wanthorhinus; m with an unusually well-

marked anterior median notch.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 85 mm.; tail 56; hind foot 18;

ear 12.

Skull: greatest length 24°5 ; condylo-incisive length 22 ;

zygomatic breadth 12°6 ; nasals 9; interorbital breadth 4;

breadth of brain-case 11°3; palatilar length 10; palatal

foramina 5°8 ; postforaminal palate 3°6; upper molar

series 4°0,

TTab. as above.

Type. Young adult female. B.M. no. 18. 12. 2. 31.

Original number 206. Collected 4th May, 1918.

* Caught among furze-bushes (‘ retamos’).”—Z. B,

12. Akodon canescens, Waterh.

do. 124, 127, 135, 145, 156, 158, 168, 169,170; 9. 121,

122, 141, 143, 167. Pilcafieu, Upper Rio Negro. 1400 m.,

9. 216,221. Maiten, W. Chubut. 700 m.

Although I provisionally use canescens for these greyish

mice of the “* B” group—since they correspond with the type

of that name,—I strongly suspect that they are merely the

grey seasonal phase of the yellowish zanthorhinus, the latter

name having priority. But, though not inconsiderable, our

material does not suffice to settle the question with certainty,

and until such certainty is arrived at it is better not to assume

so great a seasonal change as the absolute identification of

canescens with wanthorhinus involves. A somewhat similar

change is recorded by Dr. Allen, though his remarks are

difficult to utilize fully, owing to a doubt as to how far

specimens referable to A. iniscatus are included in what he

calls canescens.

13. Chelemys vestitus, Thos.

9.72. Beatriz, Nahuel Huapi.

This single specimen is young, and therefore does not

furnish any information as to the relationship of Ch. vestitus

to the more northern Ch. macronyx of San Rafael, Mendoza,

14, Geowus (gen. nov.) valdivianus, Phil.

3. 92, 94,98, 114; 2. 88,94, 95,96. Beatriz, Nahuel

Hluapi. 800 m,

208 Mr. O. Thomas on small Mammals

These specimens agree sufficiently closely with Philippi’s

figure and description of Oxymycterus valdivianus to render it ©

fairly certain on geographical grounds that they should be

referred to that animal. The question of its generic name is

dealt with below.

‘“‘ Live among the roots of fallen trees. Make burrows in

the earth like tuco-tucos.’—#. B.

15. Georus fossor, sp. n.

3. 178,194. Maiten, W. Chubut. 700 m.

“ Found under bushes (‘retamos’), where they make holes

with small hillocks over them, just like tuco-tucos. The

similar mice from Nahuel Huapi do not make such hillocks.”

—F. B.

The six long-clawed Murines placed under these two

headings have enabled me to make a fresh examination of

the relationship they bear to my Wotiomys edwards, to the

genus Oxymycterus, and to the far southern species that have

been referred to the latter.

I have to confess that Dr. Allen’s assertion that his Owy-

mycterus microtis (to which these specimens are closely allied)

had nothing to do with Votiomys proves to be entirely correct,

my supposition to the contrary being wrong. Thanks to the

kindness of Prof, Trouessart, I have been privileged to

re-examine the type-skull of NVotiomys edwardsi, and so am

able to base my opinion onva firm foundation.

Of pertinent specimens we bad previously only the two

examples, adult and young, from Koslowsky mentioned in

1903*, which, without sufficient reason, I assumed to be

both of the same species. ‘Uhe young one (whose skull was

crushed) being certainly Votiomys, and the other closely

agreeing with “ Oxymycterus’’ microtis, Allen, the generic

identity of the two seemed to follow.

But study of the present valuable accession shows that the

two Koslowsky animals are really different—the young one

being Notiomys edwardsi, Vhos., and the adult the species

described by Dr. Allen.

On comparing now the good skulls of the mole-like animals

related to ‘‘ Oxymycterus’’ microt’s in Sr. Budin’s collection

with the type-skull of Notiomys, I ean confirm all that

Dr. Allen T has said as to their essential distinctness. In the

former the skull is long and narrow, with long muzzle, smooth

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xii. p. 243 (1903).

+ Mamm. S. Pat. pp. 81-85, illustrated by figures of skulls, pl. ix.

(1905).

from North-western Patagonia, 209

brain-case, and rounded interorbital region. In Notiomys, on

the other hand, the skull is short and broad, with short

conical muzzle, very broad and square-edged interorbital

region, and strongly built brain-case. Both have equally

the remarkably small molars, by which they may be distin-

guished from any other known forms.

Nearly related to Allen’s Oxymycterus microt’s are two

earlier-described species—Hesperomys (Acodon) michaelseni,

Matschie, and Oxymycterus valdivianus, Philippi—and my

present material includes specimens referable to the latter, as

well as the 1903 example of microtis.

But I cannot agree that these forms should be put actually

into Oxymycterus, and now propose to make of them a new

genus, which may be described as follows :—

GEOXUS, gen. nov.

Allied to Oxymycterus, but form more highly modified for

burrowing, with velvety fur and very short tail.

Skull with no trace of squared edges to the interorbital

space. Zygomatic plate narrow, more vertical than in

Oxymycterus, its front edge scarcely projecting.

Incisors more slender and molars proportionally very much

smaller than in the allied genus. The latter character also

present in Notiomys.

Genotype. Notovus fossor, sp.n. (his selection is made

to avoid any complications due to wrong identification of the

other forms known—though I have really no doubt about

any of them.)

Other species : michaelseni, Matsch., val/divianus, Phil., and

pelovotis, All.

The excellent danehiption and figures given by Dr. Allen

of WV. microtis will readily show the characters of this new

enus. Matschie has also given figures of WV. michaelseni.

With regard to the species JV. fossor, it may be defined as

follows :—

Essential characters as in N. microtis, but the fur even

more thick and velvety and the general colour dark smoky

greyish (‘‘ deep mouse-grey ”’), with none or scarcely any of

the yellowish or drabby ticking which is described by Allen

and is markedly present in our Koslowsky specimen of

microtis. Under surface rather lighter grey, with a slight

drabby suffusion ; the hairs all broadly slaty at base, grey

terminally, those on the chin alone greyish white to their

bases.

Skull, as in VY, microtis, with the palatal foramina only

210 Mr. O. Thomas on small Mammals

just reaching the level of the front edge of m’, while in

‘NV. valdivianus they extend to the level of the back of the

first lamina of that tooth.

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—

Head and body 104 mm. ; tail 44 ; hind foot 20; ear 12.

Skull: greatest length 28; condylo-incisive length 25°5 ;

zy gomatic breadth 13°7 ; nasals 10; interorbital breadth 5-2 ;

breadth of brain-case 12°8; palatilar length 11:4; palatal

foramina 6 ; postforaminal palate 41; upper molar series 3°d.

Hab. as above.

Type. Old male. B.M. no. 18. 12. 2.37. Original num-

ber 194. Collected 30th April, 1918.

This series of the long-clawed mole-like Murines of the

south is perhaps the most interesting part of Sr. Budin’s

collection, and forms a very valuable accession to the

National Museum.

16. Ctenomys haigt, sp. n.

gd. 179, 180, 181, 184, 189; ¢. 174,185, 186, 187, 190.

Maiten, W. Chubut. 700 m. .

Allied to C. colburni, All., but smaller, with smaller

bulle.

Size medium. Fur soft, fine and silky, hairs of back

about 11-12 mm. in length. General colour of upper surface

finely ticked greyish brown, near “ drab,” without median

darker marking on rump or crown, the top of the nose only

dark brown. Sides clearer grey, and the lower flanks rather

abruptly and prominently buffy (“light buff”) in continua-

tion with the buffy wash on the hairs of the under surface.

Forearms also prominently pale buffy both externally aud

internally ; hind feet dull whitish. Tail grey on sides,

blackish above and terminally below, but this, as usual, is

variable in extent.

Skull, as compared with that of C. colburnt as figured by

Allen *, similar in shape, but smaller and with decidedly

smaller bullae, which do not project backwards beyond the

level of the supraoccipital. Interparietal quite united with

parietals in all the specimens, the line of junction generally

inarked by some discoloration. Bulle of average size,

markedly less swollen than those figured in the male

C. colburni.

Dimensions of the type:—

Head and body 165 mm.; tail 70; hind foot 28.

Skull: greatest length in middle line 40:2; condylo-

incisive length 38°7 ; zygomatic breadth 23°5; nasals 14:7 ;

* Mamm. S. Pat. pl. viii. fig. 4.

from North-western Patagonia. 211

interorbital breadth 7:1 ; least breadth across brain-case 16°5 ;

meatal breadth 24°5; breadth across bulle exclusive of

meatus 22°5; palatilar length 16°5; horizontal diagonal

length of bulla 15°2; upper molar series, crowns 8°2,

alveoli 9.

Hab. as above.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 18.12. 2.39. Original

number 180. Collected 24th April, 1918.

This species differs from C. colburni by its smaller size,

Jess swollen bulla, and less fulvous coloration.

Named in honour of General Sir Douglas Haig, Com-

mander-in-Chief of the British armies.

17. Ctenomys haigi lentulus, subsp. n.

3. 144, 155, 162; 9. 152. Pilcafieu, Upper Rio Negro.

1400 m.

Like true hatgi, but the general colour browner and less

grey-ticked, the dull patch on the muzzle more inclined to

extend up on to the crown, the lower flanks more greyish

brown, without the strongly marked buffy wash contrasting

with the dorsal colour which is found in every specimen of

haigi, aud with the forearms also brownish, not buffy.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 155 mm. ; tail 70; hind foot 30; ear 6.

Skull: greatest median length 40; condylo-incisive

length 38°5; zygomatic breadth 23°5; nasals 15; inter-

orbital breadth 7°7; meatal breadth 25; breadth across

bullae (exclusive of meatus) 25 ; upper molar series, crowns 8,

alveoli 8°S.

flab. as above,

Type. Adult male. B.M. no, 18. 12.1.23. Original

numler 162. Collected 4th April, 1918.

_ Most readily distinguished from the Maiten tuco-tuco by

the absence of the light buffy wash on flanks and forearms.

18. Galea negrensis, sp. n.

¢. 139. Pilcafien, Upper Rio Negro. 1400 m. OCol-

lected 23rd March, 1918. B.M. no. 18. 12.1. 25. Type.

General external characters of G. boliviensis, Colour

of back mixed blackish and buffy. Under surface whitish,

the belly-hairs broadly slaty basally, but with completely

white areas in the axillary and inguinal regions, Eyelids

whitish as usual, and a buffy-whitish patch at the base of the

proectote of the ear. Fore limbs with their whole inner and

upper surfaces buffy white; hands more strongly buffy.

Inner side of hind limbs also whitish ; the feet dull buffy.

212. On small Mammals jrom North-western Patagonia.

Skull, as compared with specimens from Cordova taken

provisionally to represent G. leucoblephara, more heavily

built, though with narrower interorbital region. Palatal

foramina short. Mesopterygoid fossa broadly rounded ante-

riorly, the palatine level with the main inner re-entrant angle

on m®, In the Cordova specimens the fossa is continued

further forward, and is narrowly pointed anteriorly. Bulle

comparatively small, scarcely larger than in the otherwise

much smaller G. 6. (ttorals,

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 215 mm.; hind foot 38; ear 24.

Skull: greatest length 55; condylo-incisive length 48°5 ;

zygomatic breadth 32; nasals 20; interorbital breadth 9:5 ;

palatilar length 25; palatal foramina 4°2; greatest hori-

zontal diameter of bulla 14 ; upper molar series 12.

Hab. and type as above.

The present is the furthest southern record for the genus

Galea, the next northwards being that of G. boliviensis

littoralis trom Bahia Blanca. The present animal is larger

than liftoralés, and its more widely open choane distinguish

it from leucoblephara. It has smaller bulle than the still

more northern forms of Bolivia.

19. Caviella australis, Geoff. & @Orb.

2. 126, 143. Pileateu. 1400 m.

‘Caught among burrows out on the fields.’—Z,. B.

20. Dromiciops australis, Phil.

$6.71; 2.111. Beatriz, Nahuel Huapi. 800 m.

The type-locality of Philippi’s Didelphys australis appears

to have been in tlie neighbourhood of Union, Valdivia, some

150 kilometres north-west of Nahuel Huapi, on the Chilian

side of the Cordilleras. But, as already mentioned, the

mountains in this region do not form an unbroken barrier,

and Naluel Huapi itself makes a gap in them, so that the

identity of Sr. Budin’s specimens with Philippi’s species is

quite watural.

Of this genus the Museum previously possessed the type

of Dromiciops gliroides from Chiloe and an individual from

Temuco presented in 1908 by Mr. R. M. Middleton.

“ T was much pleased to obtain this striking little animal,

which seems to be very rare. It was, like other things,

caught among the roots of fallen trees.”—Z. B.

A most acceptable addition to the Museum collections.

On new Argentine Species of Akodon. 213

XVIL.—Two new Argentine Species of Akodon,

By Ovprietp THomas,

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Durine the working out of Sr. Budin’s Patagonian collection

the two following species of Akodon have proved to need

desei iption :—

Akodon neocenus, sp. 0.

A shaggy grey species allied to A. varius of Bolivia.

Size and general appearance very much as in A. virius,

with the same loose and rather shaggy fur, which is, how-

ever, rather longer and thicker; hairs of back about 13-

14 mm. in length, intermixed with longer bristle-hairs

attaining 17 mm. General colour greyer than in vardus,

with less buffy, though the essential mixture of grey and

buffy, varied by the dark tips to the hairs, is similar. Hands

and feet whitish. Tail rather long, well haired, blackish

ubove, whitish below.

Skull with the nasals narrower and more tapering poste-

riovly than in A. varius. Supraorbital broad with squared

edges, Postero-external corners of brain-case developed into

sharp angles, as viewed from above, this region being

usually smoothly rounded ; but this may possibly hereafter

prove to be merely individual. Palatal foramina to the level

of the front edge of the middle lamina of m'. Bullee decidedly

larger than in varius, their breadth in the type, taken at

right angles to the diagonal length,4°3 mm. —,

Incisors rather more proodont than in varius, the angle 78°

in two specimens as compared with 72°-75°,

Dimensions of the type (measured on the spirit-speci-

men) :—

Head and body 108 mm.; tail 85; hind foot 23°5; ear 18.

Skull: greatest length 29°2; condylo-incisive length 28:2 ;

zygomatic breadth 14°8 ; nasals 11 x 3°2 ; interorbital breadth

5°2; breadth of brain-case 13 ; palatilar length 12°8 ; palatal

foramina 7; upper molar series (worn) 4°8.

Hab. Neuquen, lio Limay, Upper Rio Negro, Patagonia,

Type. Ola male in spirit. B.M. no. 11.11.19.12. Coi-

lected by E. Weiske, 4th November, 1910. Presented

by the Hon. N. Charles Rothschild, An impertect skin,

No. 11. 11.19.10, also in collection.

Aun. & Mag. N. /ist. Ser. 9. Vol. iil. 15

214 On new Argentine Species of Akodon.

A southern representative of A. varius. Greyer than any

of the members of the A. obscurus-lenguarum group which

occur in the intermediate area,

Akodon benefactus, sp. n.

Allied to A. lenguarum, but smaller.

Character of fur and general colour very much as in

A. lenguarum, the back equally varying from * fuscous” to

dark ‘ buffy- -brown,” the colouring resulting from a coarse

and heavily lined mixture of black and dull ‘buffy. Under

surface soiled grey, the bases of the hairs slaty, the tips

greyish white, varying to pale drabby along the middle line.

Head like back ; eye-rings buffy, ars rather short, of the

same general dark colour as head. No contrasted white spot

on chin. Hands and feet brownish white, their hairs

brownish basally, white at tip. Tail about equalling body

without head, upperside blackish, lower dull white.

Skull decidedly smaller than that of oA. lenguarum and

with scarcely any trace of supraorbital ridges such as often

develop in old age in that animal. Palatal foramina to the

level of the back of the first lamina of m’.

Incisors about as in lenguarum and obscurus, more pro-

odont than in ordinary Akodons, but less so than in lacteus,

the angle in the type 84°.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 99 mm. ; tail 65 ; hind foot 19 ; ear 14.

Skull: greatest length 27 ; condylo-incisive Jength 26°2 ;

zygomatic breadth 14:3; nasals 9; interorbital breadth 4:3 ;

palatilar length 12°5; palatal foramina 5°73; upper molar

series 4°5.

flab. Bonifacio, South-west Buenos Ayres Province;

alt. 50 m.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 16.10. 3.35. Original

number 2620. Collected 13th May, 1916, by Robin Kemp.

Presented by Oldfield Thomas.

This species is related to A. obscurus of Uruguay and

A, lenguarum of Paraguay, but is paler than the former and

sinaller than the latter.

Mr. Kemp seems to have found this species living in com-

pany with A. arenico/a at Bonifacio, just as I did its relative

A. obscurus in the neighbourhood of Montevideo,

On new South-American Butterfl es. 21;

XVIII.—New South-American Butlerflics.

By W. J. Kaye, ¥.1.8,

Morphide.

Morpho perseus demarare, subsp. 0.

3 ¢. Altogether paler than M. perseus metellus. Fore

wing with a pale ochreous shade beyond middle, not involving

the first transverse row of ochreous spots (faint in 3g, well

defined in 2?) and scarcely extending beyond vein 2, except

slightly distally. Inner margin slaty blue basally. Hind

wing with the whole of the basal half slaty blue, except for

some slight ochreous clouding in middle area near costa,

Hab. Demerara, Omai, Essequibo River, 1 2 ; Demerara

River, 1 g.

‘Type in Coll. Kaye.

Erycinida.

Xynias potaronus, sp. n.

Collar orange. Fore wing with all the margins broadly

black. Some blue scaling along inner margin. Basal area

to beyond middle pale bluish transparent with the veins

black. A broad black band across discocellulars. A sub-

apical band composed of three large elliptical white spots

and a small blue spot at lower extremity. Hind wing with

costa broadly black. Inner and outer margin narrowly black.

Central area dusky transparent with a faint bluish tinge.

Abdomen above blackish ; below orange.

Expanse 37 mm.

Bid’.

’ Hab. British Guiana, Tumatumari, July 1907 (C. B.

Ttvberts).

Type in Coll. Kaye.

Nymphidium multochrea, sp. n.

Fore »wing dark brown and orange without any white.

A very broad costal brown band to well beyond cell containing

orange blotches, Three of these lie within the cell and a

fourth lies below the median but touching it on its upper

edge. A large orange triangular patch occupies a large area

from inner margin towards apex, and is there continued

15*

216 Mr. W. J. Kaye on

vertically towards costa. Outer margin dark brown with a

faint blue line running through it and some indistinct black

intra-neural spots. Hind wing with basal two-thirds pale

dirty brownish, palest towards base. A broad orange sub-

terminal band slightly radiated on its inner edge. Outer

margin dark brown containing some black spots which are

edged internally with blue. Fore wing below with some

whitish scaling beyond the cell and stretching across veins

2,3,and 4. The subterminal orange band merged with the

whitish-brown scaling in the area of the tornus. Hind wing

below with the basal half whitish gradually becoming dusky

before it meets the subterminal orange band.

Hab. Lower Amazon, Igaripe (A. Ha//).

This may be an aberration of Nymphidium carice, as the

underside shows some whitish scaling, but above the general

fascies is strikingly different.

Type in Coll. Kaye.

Pieride.

Pieris phaloe lamont’, subsp. n.

A small island race of phaloe, Godt (=bund@, Bois), which

in addition to its small size has no orange at base of fore

wing on underside, and only a very small amount of orange

at base of hind wing on underside.

A full description is appended of both g¢ and @ in case the

subspecies should turn out to be a good species and not only

a race of phaloe.

Pieris phaloe lamonti.

3. Fore wing white with the costa for half the length of

cell black; the rest of costa (except the very narrow extreme

margin, which is black) white. Apex rather broadly black

and considerably concave on the inner edge. At termination

of veins 3 and 4 on the margin are triangular black marks.

A considerably reduced similar mark on vein 2 at margin.

A small black discocellular spot slightly extended inwards,

Faint scent-scale patches in the interspaces between the

veins in discal area. Hind wing white with a very narrow

black fringe. Some orange scaling at base beneath and at

base of palpi.

?. Fore wing white with a large black discoidal patch,

continued as a curve to costa towards base, but not reaching

it. Apex heavily black, the black continued in a zig-zagging

new South-American Butterflres. 217

manner to tornus. It is widest at veins 3, 4, extending

greatly inwards along vein 4. Between veins 2, 3 it recedes

to extreme margin, but forms a black triangular patch on

vein 2 and a linear black mark is present along vein Lb at

tornus. Hind wing white with a broad but much broken

black margin. A long curved black streak along vein 8

alinost throughout its length, except at origin. “A black

shade along vein 4 just beyond end of cell. Hind wing

below cream-coloured, with a strong orange patch at base and

black streaks as above, but paler.

Expanse ¢ 72, 2 75 mm.

Hab. Trinidad, Morne Diable, 9.4.17 (Sir Norman

Lamont).

I have named the species after Sir Norman Lamont, who

discovered it on Morne Diable, where he had made numerous

fresh records for the island.

Types, g and 9, in Coll. Kaye.

Heliconide.

Helicontus doris doris, ab. gibbsi, nov.

Fore wing like typical doris from Guiana, except that all

the markings are completely white. The basal streak along

the median being considerably suffused with black scaling.

Hind wing normal doris with the blue scaling extending on

either side of the veins beyond the cell area,

Hab. British Guiana, Friendship, Berbice River,

Type 2 in Coll. Schmassmann,

This very rare Ber which is parallel to H. doris methar-

mina, ab. fascinator, from N.W. Venezuela, was given

unsuspectingly by the late Mr. A, EK. Gibbs with many

other doris to Mr. Schmassmann shortly before he died.

[ have named the aberration after the late Mr. A. E.

Gibbs.

Heliconius wallacet brevimaculata, ab. hall’,

Fore wing like brevimaculata, with the short median band

wliite in place of the usual yellow, broken by the extra dark

scaling along vein 2. Hind wing like typical wadlucei.

Hab. Lower Amazon, Serpa, March i914 (A. Hall),

Type ? in Coll. Schmassmann.

This form is close to clytia, but as brevimaculata is a

geographical race on the lower Amazon it is necessary to

describe and record the occurrence of an accompanying white

form.

I have named this aberration after Mr, A. Hall.

218 Mr. W, L. Distant on

Heliconius burneyi serpensis, subsp. n.

Q. Fore wing as in A. burneyi burneyi. Hind wing

intermediate between HH. burneyt catharinw and H. burneyi

huebneri with short streaks beyond the median vein, never

extending more than half the distance to outer margin.

3. With even shorter streaks and approaching nearer to

catharine than to huebneri.

Hab. Lower Amazon, Serpa, Jan.—March, 1914 (A. Hall).

Type in Coll. Kaye.

A series of males and females was taken by Mr. Hall and

all the specimens are intermediate between Auebnert and

catharine showing that the race is a very well-marked one.

XIX.—Some new Species of the Homopterous Family

Pyrrhocoride. By W. L. DISTANT.

Genus ODONTOPUS.

Odontopus, Laporte, Ess. Hem. p. 37 (1852).

Probergrothius, Kirk., nu. n., Kirk. Entomologist, xxxvii. p. 280 on.

A genus under the name of Odontopus was proposed in the

same year (1833), according to Scudder, by both Laporte

(Rhynchota) and Silbermann (Coleoptera), Kirkaldy (supra)

giving priority to Silbermann and sinking Laporte’s generic

name, for which he proposed the novelty of ** Probergrothius.”

Allaud, however, in 1889 (Buil. Ent. Soc. Fr. p. xlv) had

shown that Laporte’s name had priority over that of

Silbermann, for which le substituted the generic name

Odintopezus, and which is now used in the Heteromera

(Coleoptera). Consequently Kirkaldy’s name ‘ Probergro-

thius” is.another synonym.

Odontopus antananarivos, sp. n.

Head and pronotum testaccous, anterior pronotal con-

stricted area ochraceous ; scutellum and corium ochraceous,

base of scutellum, and more than apical third of corium

black, lateral margins of remainder of corium testaceous ;

membrane brinzy brown; body beneath ochraceous, head

beneath, rostru, and femora testaceous; tibia and tarsi

black ; antenna with the first, second, and third joints black,

extreme base of first joint testaceous, first joint moderately

new Species of Pyrrliocoride. 219

thickened towards apex, second joint longer than first or

third, fourth mutilated; rostrum reaching posterior cox@;

posterior angle of corium somewhat convexly angulate ;

lateral pronotal margins distinctly and somewhat broadly

and roundly emarginate ; tibise and tarsi distinctly palely

pilose.

Var. Pronotum ochraceous, the lateral and posterior mar-

gins only testaceous ; membrane black. ,

Long. 19 mm.

Hab. Madagascar; Antananarivo.

Odontopus stramineus, sp. n.

Ochraceous; anterior and posterior margins of the anterior

pronotal constricted area narrowly black ; two brown spots

to corinm—one transverse outside clavus, tle other smaller

and rounded before apex, membrane very pale ochraceous ;

antennz wholly ochraceous, first, second, and fourth joints

subequal in length, third shortest; membrane only just

passing the anterior margin of the penultimate abdominal

segment, rostrum reaching the intermediate cox ; anterior

femora moderately incrassated and strongly spined beneath

on apical halves.

Long. 16 mm.

Flab. Sikhim (Atkinson Coll.). n%

I refrained from describing this species in the Faun. Brit.

India, in the unsatisfied anticipation that I might receive

another or more specimens. ‘The abbreviated membrane and

the moderately incrassated and spinous anterior femora

almost indicate another genus. In general appearance and

markings it is allied to O. scutellaris, Walk., and. O, bino-

tatus, Stal.

Odontopus confusus.

Odontopus confusus, Dist. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) ix. p. 39 (1902).

Odontopus schoutedeni, Bergr. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xlvii. p. 290 (1903).

The specimen given specific rank by Bergroth (supra) is

only a colour-variety of O.confusus. The black longitudinal

vitta to the head is not of unusual occurrence, and the British

Museum now contains a series of such varietal specimens

acquired since I described the species. The first joint of the

antenne, I find by the examination of later specimens, is also

sometimes sanguineous as originally described, sometimes with

its apical area black and sometimes wholly black, . It has a

somewhat wide distribution in East Africa,

22) Mr. W. L. Distant on

Genus SERICOCORIS.

Sertcocoris, Karsch, Entom. Nachr. 1892, p. 133.

Hathor, Kirk. & Edw. Wien. Ent, Zeit. xxi. p. 168 (1902).

Sericocoris flavipes.

Dysdereus flavipes, Sign. Thoms. Arch, ent. ii. pp. 808, 587 (1858).

Odontopus flavipes, Stal, Hem. Afr, iii. p. 7 (1865).

flab. W. Africa.

Delacampius militaris, sp. 0.

Head black ; pronotum fuscous brown with the lateral mar-

gins testaceous ; scutellum black ; corium testaceous, clavus

(excluding base) and a large semi-ovate spot connected with

posterior half of clavus black; membrane black ; sternum

fuscous brown, abdomen beneath, rostrum, and legs a little

paler ; antennee with the first, second, and third joints fuscous

brown, fourth joint greyish w ‘hite with its apex fuscous, first,

second, and fourth joints almost subequal in length, third

shortest ; pronotum with the posterior area strongly coarsely

punctate, and with a short, discal, longitudinal carination,

lateral pronotal margins distinctly concavely sinuate ; clavus

somewhat sparsely and coarsely punctate ; rostrum reaching

posterior coxe.

Long. 7 mm.

Hab, N.W. New Guinea (A. R. Wallace).

Delacampius uthiopicus, sp. n.

Body above, head beneath, sternum, ee and legs

dark checolate-brown ; antemiae fuseons brown ; extreme

baa of first joint of antenne, coxe, trochanters, and aldo-

men beneath ochracecus, posterior margins of sternal and

abdominal segments pale ochraceous ; pronotal margins,

apex of scutelium, eT ‘al margins and angulated

posterior margins of ccrum pale testaceous ; membrane

black; attennee with the first, second, and fourth joints

almost subequal in length, third joint cistinetly shortest ;

rostrum alincst reaching the posterior cox; lateral margins

of the prootum moder rately concavely sinuate, the posterior

lobe and the corium finely punctate ; membrane reaching

the abdominal apex.

Long. 7-8 mm,

Hab, Cameroons (Eseal.ra). Gambia (J. J. Simpson).

Delacampius rhodesianus, sp. n.

Black ; pronotal margins, basal-lateral, apical-claval, and

angulated posterior margins of corium pale ochraceous ; head

new Species of Pyrrlocoride. 221

beneath and sternum black, sternal segmental margins and

the coxe pale ochraceous; abdomen beneath dark ochraceous,

lateral margins testaceous and inwardly broadly black,

» sterior segmental margins pale ochraceous; antennwe with

tie first, second, and third joints black, third shortest, fourth

mutilated; head somewhat elongate, its apex sanguineous ;

lateral margins of the pronotum distinctly upwardly laminate,

but practically non-sinuate ; membrane about or almost

reaching abdominal apex ; connexivum sanguineous.

Lone. 8 mm.

Hah, N.E. Rhodesia; Serenje Distr. (Neave Ool/.).

Allied to the preceding species, D. ethiopicus, Dist., but

besides the different colour-markings it differs by the non-

eonvexly sinuate lateral margins of the pronotum,

DINDYMELLUS, gen. nov.

ITead elongate, anteriorly depressed, central lobe prominent

and apically broadened, not constricted or impressed beneath 5

antenunw robust, first, second, and fourth joints longest and

subequal in length; rostrum robust, long, passing the

posterior coxa, first joint about reaching base of head, second

joint a little longest, third and fourth shortest ; pronotum

about as long as broad at base, the lateral margins acutely

reflexed, basal margin about or nearly twice as broad as

anterior margin, obscurely transversely impressed near

middle; scutellum triangular, centrally about as long as

broad ; corium with the lateral margins moderately ampliate ;

membrane reaching abdominal apex; abdomen with the

posterior margins of the second, third, and fourth segments

very strongly, convexly, obliquely, and upwardly directed at

their lateral areas.

Allied to Dindymus, Stal.

Dindymellus coimbatorensis, sp. 0.

Brownish testaceous ; antennee piceous, basal area of apical

joints luteous ; eyes black ; lateral margins of pronotum and

about two-thirds of lateral margins to corium sanguineous,

the latter with the extreme margin and about posterior third

(narrowly) luteous ; membrane fuscous brown ; body beneath,

legs, and rostrum fuscous brown; coxe, trochanters, lateral

margins of sternum and base of abdomen sanguinco.s ;

rostrum with the first and second joints reddish ochraceous,

third and fourth joints fuscous brown; antenne with the

first, second, and third joints moderately thickened on their

apical areas, fourth joint more slender and cylindrical ; head

practically impunetate; pronotum with a few scattered

punctures on the basal area, where there is also a short,

222 Mr. F. W. Edwards on

median, longitudinal rilge; tibie finely spinulose; anterior

femora incrassated with three prominent spines beneath at

apex.

Long. 17 mm.

Hab, South India; Coimbatore (7. V. Campbell).

Syncrotus circumscriptus, Bergr. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. vil.

p- 293 (1895).

Bergroth described this genus and species from a 9 or

2 spees., and his description requires some emendation, In

the male the membrane reaches the abdominal apex and is

considerably smaller than the other sex. ‘* Rufo-castaneus ””

cannot be accepted as the predominant colour as stated by

Bergroth, for the head and pronotum, in some cases the

anterior lobe only, are black.

Long., ¢ 6, 29 mm.

Hab. Queensisnde Kuranda (F. P. Dodd).

XX.—Seme Parthenogenetic Chironomide.

By F. W. Epwarps.

So far as our present knowledge goes, parthenogenesis is of

somewhat rare occurrence among the Diptera, but several

instances of it have already been recorded in Chironomide,

in the genera Tanytarsus and Corynoneura. In the case of

Tanytarsus the first observations were made by Grimm in

1870, and have more recently been confirmed and extended

by Zavrel (vide Bause, Archiv fiir Hydrobiol., Suppl. Bd. ii.

1913, p. 17). The observations of both these writers

concern the rare phenomenon of pupal parthenogenesis.

Zavrel found that in the summer broods of Tanytarsus

boiemicus, Kieff. MS., eggs could be produced partheno-

genetically either by the pupa or by the imago very shortly

after emergence; the pupe were often found floating dead

on the water full of developing eggs, from which larve

eventually hatched. In all cases the adults reared from

such larve proved to be females.

Another case of parthenogenesis—iu this instance of a

more normal type—has been recorded by Goetghebuer as

occurring in Corynonceura celeripes, Winn. (Bull. Acad. Roy.

Belg. 1913, pp- 281-233). This author was able to rear

three successive generations of parthenoyenetically produced

eggs, which in every case yielded female adults.

some Parthenogenetic Chironowide. 223

These, I believe, are the only cases so far placed on record

of the occurrence of parthenogenesis in this family of the

Diptera ; but I aim now able to add two others.

Chironomus clavaticrus, Kieffer.

( Tanytarsus flevilis, Bause, ? Linné.)

During the month of May 1917 I collected some weeds

and mud from a pond at Letchworth, Herts, in the hope of

being able to discover the larvee of certain Culicide, but was

then only able to rear various species of Chironomide from

the material. Among these were a number of specimens of

a species which I determined later as Chironomus clavaticrus,

Kieff. (Bull. Soc. Nat. Hist. Metz, xxviii. 1913, p.17). My

interest in these was aroused in the first place by the fact

that this very distinctively marked species had not been

recorded from Britain, and was quite unrepresented in the

collections at the British Museum and at Cambridge.

Secondly, it was noticeable that all the specimens which

hatched (about forty) were females. Suspecting that this

might be a case of parthenogenesis, I isolated a few pup in

a small closed receptacle. ‘wo females hatched, and each

of these deposited an egg-mass, From these eggs larvee

developed which produced female adults on August 16; eggs

were laid parthenogenetically on Aug. 18, and produced

larvee on August 23. These for the most part died young,

owing, I believe, to lack of food; a few lived through the

winter and became full-grown in June 1918, but for some

reason unknown to me no adults hatched from them.

I made a diligent search by sweeping with a net in the

neighbourhood of the pond where the larvee were obtained,

but succeeded in finding only female specimens, and am

inclined to believe that in this locality at least no males

occur, It is interesting to note that the species was origi-

ually deseribed by Kieffer from females only, reared from

larvee by ‘Thienernann. It was also reared by Réaumur

from larvee collected near Paris; he figures the larva and

the female adult (Hist. Ins, iii. p. 179, pl. xiv. figs. 11-16).

No other records of the adult of C. clavaticrus have been

made, and the species is thus known only in the female sex

at present.

The discovery of the male—supposing it to exist—would

be a-matter of some interest, since it might give a further

clue to the correct generic position of the species. From

the characters of the adult female alone, and particularly on

uccount of the entirely bare wings, Kieffer was no doubt

224 Mr, F. W. Edwards on

justified in allocating it to Chironomus, but in its larval and

pupal stages the species shows a much grexter relationship

to Tanytarsus. The early stages of C. clavaticrus have,

indeel, been described in detail by Bause (Archiv fir

Hydrobiol., Suppl. Bd. i. p. 73, 1913) * as those of a

Tanytarsus, which, on the authority of Thienemann, he calls

“ Tanytarsus flexilis, Linné,’ though he states that the

larvee have not yet been reared. Why Thienewann adopts

this name, which has usually beeh allotted to a totally

different species of Chironomus, is far from clear; but, since

Bause states that Thienemann himself intends to give

reasons for the identification in a later publication, I refrain

from comment at present.

To the accounts given by Réaumur, Lauterborn, and

Bause of the early stages of this species I can add the

following points :—The egg-mass is about 6 mm. in length,

1mm. broad, pointed at each end ; those I observed adhered

by one end to water-weeds, but whether this was accidental

or whether they were fixed in this position by the fy I could

not determine. The eggs in the egg-mass are arranged in

a rather indefinite spiral; counts of the number in two

separate masses showed 182 and 163 respectively. The

larvee emerge from the egg through a longitudinal fissure,

and when newly hatched are about 0°6 mm. long and practi-

cally colourless, there being only small patches of yellowish-

green granules at the sides of abdominal segments 2-7 and

along the sides of the intestine; they have no trace of

ventral blood-gills or of the hump on the eighth abdominal

segment ; “ Lauterborn’s organs” are present at the apices

of the second and third antennal joints, as in the full-grown

larva. ‘The second stage larva much resembles the first T,

but is a little over ] mm. long, and has a slight hump on

the eighth abdominal segment and a slight red tinge behind

the head and in the middle of the body. In the third stage

the red colour of the body is more widely spread, but not

strong; the hump on the eighth abdominal segment is well

developed, and blood-gills are present on the seventh segnient,

but are as yet colouriess and have not their full length, The

* The early stages of C. clavaticrus apparentiy agree in every respect

with Bause’s description and figures of 7. fleriis, but there is, of cuurse,

a possibility that there may be two closely allied species.

+ Miall and Hammond state (‘ Harlequin-fly, p. 176) that the pecu-

liarities of the newly-hatched larva disappear after the first moult: It is

just possible that what I regarded as second-stage larvee are merely first-

stage individuals which have grown in size.

some Parthenogenetic Chironomid. 225

newly hatched larva, as soon as it has freed itself from the

jelly of the egg-mass, loses no time in making itself a case.

I was not fortunate enough to observe the process of forma-

tion, but apparently these cases consist chiefly of salivary

secretion, to which minute particles adhere. Since I could

never find any small empty cases, 1 am led to believe that

the larva increases the size of the original case as it grows ;

but more observations are needed on this point, since the

material of the case does not seem to be particularly elastic.

The larva can turn completely round in its ease and protrude

its head from either end; in moving about from place to

place it sometimes comes out as far as the fifth or sixth

abdominal segment, but I never saw one completely leave

its case—in fact, it is probable that the hump on the back

of the eighth and the large ventral blood-gills on the seventh

segment would prevent its being able to do so.

Before pupation the larva usually moors its case by one

end in such a position that the other end is close to or

touching the surface of the water. The pupa leaves the

larval case only a short time before the emergence of the

adult (I have not seen a free pupa, but have only found the

skins floating on the surface of the water). A very note-

worthy point is that the larva skin seems never to be

completely shed, but remains attached to the abdomen of

tle pupa ; pupz removed from their cases, as well as cast

pupal skins collected on tlhe surface, always had the larval

skin attached *.

The adult, when freshly emerged, has still much of the

blood-red colour of the larva—which, indeed, is the case

with other Chironomid having blood-red larve. Another

point worthy of special remark is the resting position of the

adult fiy, the front legs being held in a peculiar manner

which I have not observed in any other Chironomid. The

front femora are directed straight forwards, so that their

clubbed tips almost or quite touch in front of the head ; the

tibiz and tarsi are bent right back at an angle of about 40°

with the body. A somewhat similar posture is adopted by

scme small species of Zanytarsus, which hold their front

tibie and tarsi at right angles to the body; but I do not

now of another instance in the Chironominz in which the

normal manner of holding the front legs is departed from,

* Miall and Hammond, in their monograph on the ‘ Harlequin-fly ’

(p. 159), note that “ occasionally the larval skin is still adherent to the

pupa when the fly emerges.”

Mr. F. W. Edwards on

Lh)

ior)

Corynoneura innupta, sp. 0.

Though this species is not at all uncommon in the Letch-

worth district of Hertfordshire, it appears not to conform to

any of the published descriptions of European species; it

may be diagnosed as follows :—

2. General colour bright yellow. Head black behind; face

brownish yellow; palpi yellow; antenne six-jointed, basal

joint black, jomts 2-5 yellow, oval, not quite twice as long

as broad ; last joint somewhat darkened, pointed, more than

three times as long as broad. Thorax yellow; mesonotum

with three rather widely separated black stripes, the middle

one extending from the front margin halfway to the scu-

tellum ; base of scutellum, apical half of postnotum, also

the mesosternum blackish. Abdomen yellow ; the tergites

rather broadly blackish grey towards the base. Legs pale;

extreme tips of femora, tibiz, and tarsal joints rather indis-

tinctly darkened ; front tibia about 1°7 times the length of

the metatarsus. Wings clear; RK extending very slightly

beyond the middle of the wing; Cu forking noticeably

beyond the tip of R.

Length 0°9 mm.

C. innupta must evidently bear a close general resemblance

to C. scutellata, Wiun., and C. pumila, Wulp (both of which

are unknown to me), but these two are said to have the

scutellum yellow at the dase instead of the apex, and there

are some other points in the published descriptions which

seem to indicate that our insect cannot be the same as either.

In the autumn of 1917 I reared a few females of this

species from the same pond from which I had obtained

Chironomus clavaticrus. Again, in the spring of 1918 Cory-

noneura larvee appeared in a breeding-jar for mosquito-larve.

These latter were collected in a temporary puddle in a copse

at Arlesey, Beds, and were supplied with dead leaves and

water from a ditch (also temporarily full) in my garden at

Letchworth. I do not know from which locality the Coryno-

neura larve originated. I have also swept female specimens

from vegetation at the lakeside at Radwell, Herts.

Irom the larve in this jar, which was kept closed the

whole time, about fifty specimens emerged in the early part

of June, all of which were females ; probably they were the

offspring of a specimen which hatched unnoticed earlier in

the year, since the material was collected early in April.

Some of the pupz were isolated, and both the specimens

which hatched from them and the others in the main recep-

tacle deposited egg-masses which produced larve about

some Parthenogenetic Chironomid. 227

June 19, Between July 5 and July 14 about seventy adults

had hatched from these larvae, again all females; these,

again, produced egg-masses parthenogenetically, and another

generation of flies (twenty specimens, all females) appeared

at the end of July. <A third parthenogenetically produced

generation appeared about August 20 and a fourth about

August 31. From this time until early October flies and

lary were almost continually present (though in decreasing

numbers), so that it became impossible to distinguish the

separate generations ; but it would be safe to say that there

were at least five parthenogenetic generations during the

year, and though a careful watch was kept on the breeding-

jar, uo males were seen,

The metamorphoses of Corynoneura are well known, and

nothing need be said concerning this species, except that the

food of the larvee appeared to consist of rather large infusoria

(Paramecium ?) which swarmed in the breeding-jar. The

Jarvee could be watched under a lens apparently chasing the

infusoria, though I could never be quite certain that they

swallowed them. When the numbers of the infusoria

diminished, the Corynoneura larve also became much

scarcer. [oth had disappeared entirely by the middle of

October.

Daring the sammer of 1918 I also reared a small number

of males and females of Corynoneura celeripes, Winn. (or

what I beleve to be this species), from the pond which had

provided me in 1917 with the first C. innupta, and also earlier

with Chironomus clavaticrus. This species (Corynoneura

celeripes), as already mentioned in the introduction, has

been found by Goetghebuer to be occasionally partheno-

genetic *, but I could obtain no evidence that such was the

case with any of my specimens. Newly hatched females

isolated in separate tubes did not deposit egg-masses, nor

did they do so after males had been placed in the tubes with

them. It would appear that in this locality C. celeripes has

not the power of parthenogenesis, and the fact that I failed

to obtain any eggs at all may be explained by the not unlikely

assumption that it will not pair except under certain natural

conditions,

‘he species which I regard as C. celeripes appears to be

* Since the European species of Corynoneura have not yet been criti-

cally studied, it 1s, of course, possible that Goetghebuer’s species was

reilly the same which I have here described as C. innupta, rather than

the one I regard as C. celeripes. Should that be the case, there is nothing

new in my observations, but they would still form an interesting con-

firmation of Goetghebuer's.

228 On some Parthenogenetic Chironomide.

identical with C. innupta in all structural characters,

differing only in the much blacker colour of the whole body,

which is exhibited particularly in the broad confluent meso-

notal stripes. It is a matter for speculation whether

C. innupta may not be a pale parthenogenetic form of

C. celeripes. owever, it would seem to be impracticable to

test this possibility, since the male celertpes (=atra, Winn.)

appears equally indifferent in copay, to females of celeripes

or innupta.

In considering the giléstion of parthenogenesis in Coryno-

neura, it may not be out of place to mention that a species

exists in this country in which the males and females are

similar in coloration, and in which, moreover, the male

antenne are hardly more hairy than those of the female.

Bred specimens of this species (which is apparently un-

described) were sent me by Prof. J. W. Carr in 1914, and,

being under the impression that all were females, I was at

first iticlined to regard this as another possible case of

parthenogenesis ; it was only on mounting a specimen for

detailed study that presence of males was discovered. In

the case of C. innupta, however, the occurrence of partheno-

genesis is indisputable; since the females hatched from

isolated pupz produced eggs, there is no room for error on

account of similarity of the sexes.

The question as to the origin of parthenogenetic species or

varieties is too obscure to be profitably discussed, but, given

the existence of forms which are capable of asexual repro®

duction, it is easy to understand how the male sex may be

climinated in a part or in the whole of the range of the

species., It has been pointed out by Williams* that many

insects will not pair except under special conditions of space,

heat, moisture, etc., and that under the abnormal conditions

encountered in Nature by the spread to new localities of a

fenale-producing parthenogenetic race, the male sex may be

gradually lost. ‘According to this suggestion, the apparent

non-existence of males of C. clavaticrus (and perhaps of

C. innupta) might be due to their having spread from some

cer'tre where both sexes existed, and where conditions were

favourable to pairing. Another possible explanation would

be that climatic conditions prevented pairing during the

whole of one flight-season, leaving only unfertilized females

to perpetuate the species.

* C. B. Williams, “Some Problems of Sex Ratios and Partheno-

genesis,” Journal of Genetics, vi. 1917, pp, 255-257.

ell

THE ANNALS

MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.

[NINTH SERIES.)

No. 15. MARCH 1919.

XXI.—On the Hymenoptera collected in New Caledonia by

P. D. Montague in 1914. By ean KE. ‘TURNER,

F.ZS., F.E.S.

Tue small collection on which this paper is founded was

made by the late P. D. Montague in New Caledonia in -the

year 1914. The types are in the British Museum. A few

of the species show a relationship to the Queensland fauna,

but absolutely no connection with New Zealand. Of the

twenty-eight species noticed, three are undoubtedly recent

importations ; it is Femarkable that mone of these have so far

been recorded from Australia. Only two other Hymenoptera

were included in Mr. Montague’s eollection, both of them

belonging to the Chalcididze, each represented by a single

Specimen, one in poor condition, the other belonging to the

genus Podagrion.

Family Evaniide.

Evania levipetiolata, sp. n.

g. Niger, rugose punctatus, sparse albopilosus; tibiis tarsisque

anticis brunneis ; alis sordide hyalinis, stigmate venisque fusco-

ferrugineis ; petiolo nitido,

Long. 4 mm.

¢@. Face opaque, very finely and closely punctured and

clothed with short white pubescenee, with a strong longitu-

dinal carina ; cheeks a little shorter than the second jvint of

Ann. Man. N. Hist, Ser. 9. Vol. iii. 16

230 Mr. R. E. Turner on

the flagellum. Front and vertex closely and coarsely punc-

tured ; posterior ocelli twice as far from each other as from

the eyes. Scape shorter than the combined length of the

two basal joints of the flagellum ; second joint of the flagellum

equal to the third, twice as long as the first. Thorax and

median segment coarsely rugosely punctured, without spots

of white pubescence ; parapsidal furrows distinct ; the surface

of the truncation and sides of the median segment coarsely

reticulate ; pronotum straight anteriorly, the angles not

rounded. Metasternal processes parallel, small. Petiole

twice as long as the distance separating it from the scutellum,

entirely smooth and shining. Hind tibize with very feeble

spines on the outer margin, the longest calcar about half as

long as the hind metatarsus.

Hab. Mt. Ignambi, 2200 ft., August 14.

The sculpture, except on the face and petiole, resembles

that of EH. ¢mpressa, Schlett., but the petiole is much longer

and more slender than in the male of that species.

Family Braconidae.

Ipobracon novocaledonicus, Szépl.

Ipobracon novo-caledonicus, Szépl. Ann, Mus. Nat. Hungar. iv. p. 664

(1906). 2.

Bracon Quodi, Vachal, Revue d’Entomologie, xxvi. p. 121 (1907). 9.

Hab. Pt. Ngea, January 14,1914; 19,2 2 2.

Cyanopterus rutilans, sp. n.

9. Rufa; capite, antennis, valvulisque terebre nigris, abdomine

ferrugineo ;- pedibus flavis, coxis rufo-testaceis ; alis anticis fuscis,

fere ad medium flavis; stigmate flavo; macula sub stigmate

flavo-hyalina ; posticis fuscis, dimidio basali flavis.

Long. 9 mm.; terebre long. 2°5 mm.

@. Smooth and shining ; antenne nearly half as long

again as tle whole insect; front minutely punctured and

clothed with sparse, short, fulvous hairs; palpi flavo-testa-

ceous. Parapsidal furrows distinct, but very shallow. First

tergite as broad at the apex as long; second tergite with an

oblique depression on each side at the base, nearly twice as

broad at the apex as long and a little more than half as broad

again at the apex as at the base. Basal angles of the third

tergite with small but distinct areas; second suture smooth,

broadly but feebly arched in the middle; valvule stout,

somewhat thickened at the apex. Stigma large, about half

as broad as long; recurrent unervure received distinctly

Hymenoptera from New Caledonia. 231

before the apex of the first cubital cell; first abscissa of the

radius short, about one-fifth of the length of the second, first

abscissa of the cubitus straight.

Hab. Plaine des Lacs, February 26,1914; 1 ¢?.

Nearly allied to the Australian C. rufus, Szép., and C. pro-

fiscator, Vabr., but has the terebra much shorter than in

either, The hind legs are without black as in C. ecrassi-

caudis, Szép., but the terebra is much shorter than in that

species,

Bracon conspiciendus, sp. n.

2. Rufa; capite, antennis, terebre valvulis, abdomineque, seg-

mentis duobus basalibus exceptis, nigris; tergito secundo apice

late nigro ; pedibus flavo-testacecis; alis anticis fuscis, basi fere

ad medium flavis; stigmate maculaque sub stigmate flavis ;

posticis flavis, tertio apicali fusco-hyalinis.

Long. 8 mm. ; terebre long. 2 mm.

?. Smooth and shining ; head transverse, slightly nar-

rowed behind the eyes; front subopaque and very finely

punctured on the sides, with sparse short black hairs, smooth

in the middle. Antenne as long as the whole insect, scape

smooth and shining above, clothed with short sparse hairs

beneath. Parapsidal furrows distinet, smooth. First tergite

with a deep longitudinal groove on each side; second tergite

strongly bisinuate at the base, twice as broad at the apex as

at the base, about half as long again as the basal breadth,

much longer than the third tergite; valvule stout and

clothed with short black hairs; hypopygium acute, not

reaching beyond the apical tergite. Stigma large, half as broad

as long; cubitus sharply bent downwards a little beyond one-

third from the base of the first cubital cell ; recurrent nervure

received just before the apex of the first cubital cell, almost

interstitial ; first abscissa of the radius about two-fifths of

the length of the second, the third a little longer than the

second. Tibizw and tarsi clothed with short golden pubes-

cence ; hind calcaria short, about one-quarter of the length of

the hind metatarsus.

Hab. Mt. Mou, March 12, 1914; 1 9.

This is nearly related to Bracon walkeri, Turn., from

N. Australia, the colour of the wings and the neuration

being almost identical. But in walkert the abdomen is

wholly red, the terebra slightly shorter and the second tergite

a little narrower at tle base.

16*

232 | Mr. R. E. Turner on ‘

Family Ichneumonide.

Subfamily Pruprryvz.

Genus NoTIOPIMPLA, Vachal.

Notiopimpla, Vachal, Revue d’Entomologie, xxvi. p. 118 (1907).

As Vachal has described four species of this genus and

has not selected a type, I select IV. priocnemidea, Vachal, as

the type of the genus. This is a synonym of Lissopimpla

semipunctata, Kirby ; the generic name Lissopimpla, Kriechb.,

1889, has priority over Notiopimpla. L. semipunctata is a

common Australian insect. The three other species described

by Vachal under the generic name Notiopimpla belong to the

genus LEehthromorpha, Holmg. Notopimpla, Krieg., is a

different genus.

Lissopimpla pacifica, Morl.

Lissopimpla pacifica, Morl. Revision of Ichneumonide, ii. p. 35 (1918).

2. .

Hab. Mt. Mou, March 12, 1914; 1¢.

Fichthromorpha quodi, Vachal.

Notiopimpla Quodi, Vachal, Revue d’Entomologie, xxvi. p. 119 (1907).

Echthromorpha exquisita, Morl. Revision of Ichneumonide, ii. p. 40

(1918). 2d.

Hab. Mt. Mou, March 14; 19. Kuakué, May 13,1914;

io 2.

Morley has overlooked Vachal’s paper, hence the synonymy

in this genus.

Echthromorpha ceramocare, Vachal.

Notiopimpla ceramocare, Vachal, Revue d’Entomologie, xxvi. p. 119

(1907). 9.

Echthromorpha bitecta, Morl, Revision of Ichneumonide, ii. p. 39

(19138). ¢. E

Hab. Mt. Mou, March 18; 1 9. Dumboa, January 29, |

1914; 1 2.

uae eer

Hymenoptera fron New Caledonia. 233

Echthromorpha platymischa, Vachal.

Notiopimpla platymischa, Vachal, Revue d’Entomologie, xxvi. p. 120

(1907). 2.

Echthromorpha inermis, Morl. Revision of Ichneumonida, ii. p. 46

(1918). ¢.

FTab. New Caledonia.

Not taken by Mr. Montague.

Theronia simillima, sp. n.

Q. Fulvo-testacea; antennis valvulisque terebre nigris; scapo

subtus testaceo; mandibulis flavis, apice nigris; alis nitidis,

flavidescentibus, venis fuscis, stigmate fulyo-testaceo.

Long. 10 mm. ; terebre long. 3°5 mm,

@. Mandibular teeth almost equal in length, the lower

slightly the longer; temples and cheeks not buccate;

elypeus transversely detlexed before the apex; antenne

39-jointed. Carina of the mesosternum well defined ; para-

psidal furrows distinct, but very shallow ; scutellum obliquely

depressed anteriorly. Metapleural carine distinct and com-

plete ; median areola of tle median segment not closed at

the apex. first tergite distinctly less than twice as broad

at the apex as at tlle base; terebra more than half as long as

the abdomen. Hind tarsi not infuseate, the apical half of

the tarsal ungues only black.

Hab. Ngoé, May 18; 1 9.

Very closely allied to 7. fumipennis, Morl., from N. Queens-

land, differing in the yellower colour of the wings, in the

colour of the hind tarsi, which are black in fum7pennis, and in

the distinctly slenderer first abdominal segment. The an-

tenne in the type of fumipennis have forty-one joints.

Phytodietus austrocaledonicus, sp. n.

? Ophion austrocaledonicus, Montr. Amn. Soc. Linn, Lyon, n. 3, xi.

p. 248 (1864).

2. Nigra; facie macula rotunda, clypeo basi, tegulis, scutello in

medio, postscutello macula mediana, scutello postscutelloque

_ linea apicali, segmentoque mediano fascia transversa curvata

utrinque postice pallide flavis; pedibus anticis intermediisque

testaceis, coxis intermediis nigris; terebra ferruginea, yalyulis

nigris; alis subhyalinis, iridescentibus, venis nigris.

Long. 9 mm.; terebre long. 4 mm.

g. Antenne nearly as long as the whole insect, 39-jointed,

234 Mr. R. E. Turner on

third joint nearly half as long again as the fourth. Eyes

separated from the base of the mandibles by a distance equal

to about one-quarter of the length of the third antennal joint.

Head, thorax, and median segment opaque, the face very

minutely and closely, the clypeus rather more strongly, punc-

tured. Posterior ocelli a little further from each other than

from the eyes; the head transverse, broader than the thorax.

Parapsidal furrows distinct, but shallow; median segment

not strongly convex, with an almost obsolete median sulcus,

minutely punctured, broader than long. Abdomen shining,

microscopically punctured, not petiolate; the first segment

twice as broad at the apex as at the base, more than twice as

long as its apical breadth, longer than the second segment.

Tarsal ungues strongly pectinate. Areolet triangular, with a

short petiole, receiving the second recurrent nervure at the

apex; nervulus interstitial.

Hab. Mt. Mou, March 15; 1 9.

Subfamily Opzrowry az.

Henicospilus montaguet, sp. n.

2. Testacea; antennis nigris, basi testaceis; alis hyalinis, irides-

centibus, stigmate venisque nigris; cellula cubitali macula

curvata brunnea.

Long. 16 mm.

9. Very slender. Face very minutely and closely punc-

tured ; ocelli large. Antenne measuring 17 mm. in length,

the scape and four basal joints of the flagellum testaceous.

Mesonotum subopaque, not punctured. Median segment

smooth and shining at the base, the apical slope behind the

transverse carina coarsely rugose. First abdominal. segment

long and slender, slightly swollen towards the apex; second

about as long as the third and fourth combined, very slender,

not compressed laterally, the apical half slightly swollen ; the

remaining segments strongly compressed laterally. Corneous

spot in the cubital cell large at the base, narrow and curved

strongly.

Hab. Mt. Mou, February 15; 1 9.

This somewhat reseinbles the Queensland species HZ. turner’,

Morl., especially in the black stigma, but is without the

second spot in the cubital cell, and the apical abdominal

segments are not black as in that species.

eS pees pment ee

Hymenoptera from New Caledonia. 235

Subfamily Crrprrva.

Buodias unicolor, sp. n.

2. Nigra, pedibus palpisque rufo-testaceis; antennis 32-articulatis,

articulo quinto apice, articulis 6-13 omnino, 14-15 supra albido-

flavis ; alis fuscis, venis nigris.

Long. 15 mm. ; terebre long. 4-5 mm,

?. Third and fourth antennal joints long, about equal in

length, the fifth distinctly shorter, the joints beyond the fifth

diminishing rapidly in length. Clypeus and face closely

punctured ; front above the base of the antenne smooth and

shining, somewhat concave, with a low carina reaching to the

anterior ocellus, ocellar region finely punctured, vertex smooth

and opaque. Clypeus strongly depressed at the apex, the

apical margin transverse. [Eyes separated from the base of

the mandibles by a distance equal to the length of the third

Joint of the fore tarsi. Pronotum rounded at the angles;

mesonotum closely punctured-granulate, the parapsidal

furrows deep; mesopleure and mesosternum closely punc-

tured, the longitudinal groove between them well developed,

mesosternum with a low transverse carina anteriorly ; meso-

pleure anteriorly with a marginal carina. Scutellum smooth

and shining, strongly convex, with a deep transverse depres-

sion at the base; postscutellum obliquely striated. Median

segment broader than long, with a small smooth and shining

rectangular enclosed area at the base; from each hind angle

of the area runs an oblique carina not quite reaching the

lateral margin of the segment, the portion of the segment

before the carina irregularly punctured-rugulose ; the portion

behind the carina punctured-rugose, obliquely striated in the

middle and also at the base of the posterior truncation; the

spines at the hind angles of the dorsal plane stout and well

developed ; the apex of the dorsal plane is somewhat elevated

in the middle and almost carinated in the middle of the

apical margin. Abdomen shining ; the first segment smooth,

longer than the second, the basal half forming a petiole, the

apical half rapidly broadened, half as broad at the apex as

the second segment, the spiracles nearer to each other than to

the apex of the segment; the remaining segments closely and

minutely punctured ; the second segment longer than broad ;

the abdomen about half as Jong again as the head and thorax

combined. Areolet rectangular, much longer than high,

receiving the second recurrent nervure close to the apex.

236 Mr. R. BE. Terner on

TTab. Mt. Canala, June 12; 1 2.

I doubt if the differences between Buodias and Skeatia are

of generic importance.

Family Thynnide.

Lirone obtusidens, sp. n.

o. Niger; mandibulis, apice excepto, clypeo, scapo subtus, macula

obliqua utrinque inter antennas, orbitis internis, orbitis externis

latissime, pronoto margine antico, callis humeralibus, tegulis,

mesonoti dimidio apicali linea longitudinali utrinque, scutello

macula magna utringue angulis basalibus, maculaque parva sub

alis flavis ; femoribus, tibiis tarsisque testaceis; scutello macula -

magna apicali, postscutello, segmento mediano, tergitisque

secundo, tertio quartoque testaceo-ferrugineis ; alis flayo-hyalinis,

venis testaceis.

Long. 12 mm.

¢. Mandibles much broadened to the apex, the outer tooth

acute, the inner tooth not well defined, represented by a broad

oblique cutting-edge. Clypeus short and broad, scarcely at

all convex, produced triangularly at the apex, sparsely punc-

tured and sparsely clothed with long blackish hairs. Inter-

antennal prominence bilobed, not strongly raised. Head

transverse, shining and sparsely punctured. Antenne

shorter than the abdomen, third joint of the flagellum dis-

tinctly longer than the second, the four apical joints slightly

arcuate beneath. Thorax and median segment shining,

sparsely punctured, the punctures on the median segment

very shallow ; anterior margin of the pronotum distinetly

raised and thickened. Abdomen narrow and elongate,

segments 2-6 parallel-sided; very sparsely punctured, the

segments scarcely constricted at the base, sternites finely

aciculate and more closely punctured than the tergites, the

sides of the segments sparsely clothed with black hairs.

Seventh tergite long, subtruncate at the apex, rather deeply

punctured ; eighth sternite much longer than broad, narrowly

subtruncate at the apex, with an apical fringe of short fulvous

hairs, not projecting beyond the seventh tergite. Second and

third abscissee of the radius subequal, second recurrent ner-

vure received just beyond one-third from the base of thie

third cubital cell.

Hab. Noumea, January 23.

Not very near any Australian species of the genus, differing

both in the form of the mandibles and of the clypeus. The

apical joints of the maxillary palpi are not slender or elongate.

Hymenoptera from New Caledonia. 237

Family Scoliida,

Scolia (Dielis) novocaledonica, nom. nov.

* formosa, Sauss. Spec. Gen. Scolia, p. 208 (1861). ¢ (nee 9, nec

uér,),

This male is described by Saussure as the male of formosa,

Guér., but his determination of formosa was wrong, the name

being applied by him to the common Australian species

previously described by him as tasmaniensis. True formosa,

Guér., was described from a female taken in New Ireland,

and apparently always has the second recurrent nervure

incomplete. Males taken with a female corresponding to

Guérin’s description in North Queensland differ widely from

New Caledonia males, as also does the male of tasmaniensis,

Sauss. The male of novocaledonica closely resembles that of

aurulenta, Sm., a common Malayan species, but has the first

abdominal segment shorter and less narrowed to the base and

the seventh tergite and hypopygium narrower, the lateral

spines of the latter being nearer to each other than in auru-

lenta g. A female from New Caledonia, doubtless the

female of novocaledonica, closely resembles typical aurulenta,

but differs in the form of the apex of the radial cell, which is

much more oblique and more distant from the costa, produced

a little further beyond the second transverse cubital nervure,

and more narrowly rounded at the apex; the orange abdo-

minal fasciz are also much broader than in typical Philippine

specimens, though specimens from Ceram have the fasciz

almost as broad. The long calcar of the hind tibia is twice

as long as the shorter one, spatlulate at the apex, and only a

little shorter than the hind metatarsus in novocaledonica,

whereas in aurulenta it is only about two-thirds of the length

of the hind metatarsus and more acute at the apex. ‘The

puncturation of the scutellum and median segment is also

distinctly sparser in novocaledonica than in aurulenta, espe-

cially in the middle. I have not seen Philippine specimens

of ¢ aurulenta, but several of both sexes from Ceram and

Amboina. In the male of novocaledonica the radial cell is

more truncate at the apex than in aurulenta.

The male is the type.

Hab. Mt. Tong-houé, January 26; 6 gg. Kuakuéd,

May 14;3¢¢. Paompai, September 15; 1 9.

E. septemeincta, Fabr., is the male of /. radula, Fabr.,

and not connected with the present species as Saussure

thought possible.

238 Mr. R. E. Turner on

Family Psammocharide.

Priocnemis caledonicus, Vachal.

Priocnemis caledonicus, Vachal, Revue d’Entomologie, xxvi. p. 116

(1907). Q¢.

Hab. Noumea, January 24; 2 3 ?. Plaine des Lacs,

February 12-20; 6 2 9.

Closely allied to Australian species of the group of P. aus-

tralis, Guér.

Family Sphegide.

Ampulex compressa, Fabr.

Hub. Noumea, January and February ; several specimens

of both sexes.

This species, probably indigenous in S. India and Ceylon,

and ranging as far as Hongkong, has been imported into

E. Africa, St. Helena, and other localities, but not int»

Australia.

Sceliphron hemipterum, Fabr.

Sphex hemiptera, Fabr. Suppl. Entom. Syst. ii. p. 244 (1798).

Sceliphron hemipterum, Saussure, Grandidier, Hist. Madagascar, xx.

p. 440 (1892). Qo.

Sceliphron Quodi, Vachal, Revue d’Entomologie, xxvi. p. 116 (1907).

Hab. Noumea, January 20-February 1, 1914; 3 2 9.

Also from Madagascar, Mauritius, and the Seychelles.

Evidently an imported species.

Chlorion (Proterosphex) fumipennis, Sm.

Sphex fumipennis, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. iv. p. 249 (1856). 2 g.

Sphex antennata, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. iv. p. 262 (1856). ¢.

Hab. Noumea, February 1, 1914; 3292. Kuakué,

May 13; 1¢. Plaine des Lacs, February 20; 1g. New

Caledonia, without other data; 3 ¢ g. Also from the whole

of Australia (fumtpennis typical), and from Aneiteum, New

Hebrides (antennata type).

Kohl gives fumipennis as a variety of luctuosus, Sm., but

the males show that they are specifically distinct. Vachal

records Sphea nitidiventris, Sm. (=S. refulgens, Kohl), from

New Caledonia, but this is almost certainly an error of identi-

fication. ‘The colour of the wings is not quite as dark in the

insular specimens as in the Australian form, but I can find

no structural difference.

—_

Ilymenoptera from New Caledonia. 239

Notogonia clypeata, Sm.

Larrada clypeata, Sm. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. p. 294 (1873).

2 .

Hab. Noumea, January 20, 1914; 1 g. Also from Api,

New Hebrides.

Pison rechingeri, Kohl.

Pison rechingeri, Kohl, Wien. Denkschr. Akad, Wiss. lxxxi. p. 309

(1908).

Hab. Noumea, January 20--24,1914; 2 29 9. Also from

Samoa, Tonga, and Fiji.

This is probably the species identified by Vachal with

doubt as P. punctulatum, Koll.

Family Eumenide.

Eumenes germaini, Lucas.

Eumenes Germaini, Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (5) v., Bull. p. Ixxvi

(1875).

TIab. Noumea, January 20-24; 7 2 ¢.

Odynerus caiedonicus, Sauss.

Odynerus (Leionotus) Caledonicus, Saussure, Etud, Fam, Vespide, i.

p- 205 (1852). ¢.

Hab. Noumea, January 17-23;19,4 92 ¢. Pt. Ndea,

January 14; 1 2.

Odynerus quodi, Vachal.

Odynerus Quodi, Vachal, Revue d’Entomologie, xxvi. p. 115 (1907).

Hab. Noumea, January 24; 1 ?.

Family Vespide.

Icaria duchaussoyt, Grib.

Icaria Duchaussoyi, Grib. Miscell. Ent. iy. p. 18 (1896).

fab. Baie Ouemo, April 7; 7 3%.

Polistes macaensis, Fabr.

Vespa macaensis, Fabr. Ent. ii. p. 259 (1793),

Hab. Baie Ngo, February 10-11; Noumea, January

16-22.

240 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and

Doubtless an imported species. It also occurs throughout

Southern Asia, in most of the islands in the Indian Ocean,

also in Fiji, Tahiti, and Hawaii.

Family Apide.

Nomia sichelt, Vachal.

Nomia sicheli, Vachal, Miscell. Ent. v. p. 92 (1897).

Hab. Noumea, January 23; Baie Ngo, February 10;

Baie Ouemo, March 28.

A good series taken.

Megachile australis, Lucas.

Megachile australis, Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (5) vi. p. 3803

(1876). Q.

Hab. Noumea, January 23; 1g. Mt. Canala, June 12;

1...

Megachile albomarginata, Sm.

Megachile albomarginata, Sm. Descr. New Spec. Hymen. p. 66 (1879).

Hab. Noumea, January 22-February 1; 299. Mt.

Mou, March 12; 19. Baie Ouemo, March 28; 3 gg,

ae 2

XXI1.— Descriptions and Records of Bees —LXXXV.

By T. D. A. Cockerett, University of Colorado.

Anthophora borneensis (Cockerell).

Both sexes from Sandakan, Borneo (Baker). Described

as a variety of A. zonata. A. zonata, var. andrewsi, Ckll.,

also comes from Sandakan (Baker).

Crocisa insulicola, sp. n.

9 Agrees with C. amata, Ckll., from Formosa, except

as follows: black band across mesopleura narrower ;

anterior thoracic spots larger, separated by a space in

middle no wider than the median stripe; axille with

rather large blue spots; pygidial plate of abdomen nar-

rower and shining at end, the median keel weak. (In

ee ieatine lead

Records of Bees. 241

amata the plate is broader at end, with the median keel

very strong, and the axillwe have at most a few blue hairs.)

Compared with C. reducta, Ckll., from Singapore, it is

smaller, with the scutellum less deeply incised, the bands at

sides of third abdominal segment entire (broken in reducta),

and spots on fifth segment with posterior side oblique.

Island of Penang (Baker, 9595),

Were the range of this insect continuous with that of

C. amata, it would be regarded as a local race or subspecies ;

but as it occurs in an island so remote from Formosa, it

may represent a paralle] or convergent type, not derived

from the amata stock. 1t is quite distinct from the other

Penang species, C. ridleyi, Ckll., and C. callura, Ckll.

Crocisa angulifera, sp. n.

?.—Similar to C. decora, Smith, from Singapore, but

differing thus: anterior spots on thorax separated by an

interval equal to the length of one; median stripe narrower ;

discal spots much smaller; axille without spots; inner

margins of scutellar lobes without a double curve; basal

band of abdomen hardly half as broad ; angular projections

of blue at sides of first segment very sharply pointed ;

bands on following segments narrower, and truncate mesad.

The black band on pleura is extremely broad. The basi-

tarsi have blue hair on outer side, The scutellum is without

blue spots.

é.—Similar; going to C. emarginata, Lep., in Friese’s

table, but with large teeth on hind femora beneath.

Sandakan, Borneo (Baker, 9597, 9596). The female is

the type.

Xylocopa collaris, Lepeletier.

A female from Sandakan, Borneo (Baker, 9603), has the

band of white hair on thorax anteriorly narrowed, essentially

as in subsp. penangensis. In a female from ‘ Wahnes S.,”

South-east Borneo (Wolf v. Schoenberg), this band is very

broad. Is this a matter of individual variation or dimor-

phism, or are there two races in Borneo? ‘The Sandakan

insect is not penangensis, as it differs in the male.

Trigona itama, Cockerell, variety a.

A specimen from the Island of Penang (Baker, 9590)

appears to belong to 7. itama, having a hairy scutellum and

all the general features of that species, It differs in having

242 Mr. T. D, A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and

the face more or less reddish, the malar space largely red,

the postscutellum red, and the abdomen reddish brown

basally. The wings are somewhat darker than in typical

T. itama. Possibly the specimen is somewhat immature,

but it may well represent a distinct race.

Trigona melanocephala, Gribodo.

Sandakan, Borneo (Baker, 9588).

Trigona geissleri, Friese, variety a.

A male from Sandakan, Borneo (Baker, 9387), differs in

having the hind tibiz narrower and the tegule redder, but

in geueral it has exactly the characters of geissleri. A

worker from the same place (Baker, 9586) has the flagellum

black or nearly so above, except at extreme base, and

ferruginous beneath. It differs from the Singapore workers,

formerly referred to this species, by the darker flagellum,

pure black eyes, and dusky sepia-coloured stigma and mar-

ginal nervure. It differs from 7’. iridipennis by the dusky

wings.

Trigona confusella, sp. n.

Trigona geissleri, Singapore specimens, Cockerell, Ann. & Mag. Nat.

Hist., Oct. 1918, p. 385.

Worker.—Length 4—4°5 mm.

Black, with broad abdomen, which may be dark brown or

pure black; wings long, very distinctly reddish, but not

dark, with clear light ferruginous stigma and nervures ;

mandibles and labrum red ; clypeus dusky red; face covered

with thin pale greyish tomentum ; antenne ferruginous,

more or less dusky above ; tegule dark reddish ; front and

mesothorax polished ; scutellum strongly projecting, with

much black hair ; small joints of tarsi ferruginous.

Singapore (Baker).

In Bingham’s table this falls in section C, and runs out

because the mesothorax is entirely black.

Trigona sandacana, sp. n.

Worker.—Length about 6°5 mm., anterior wing 6°5 mm.

Shining black, with the abdomen fulvo-ferruginous, the

apical part somewhat dusky ; head large; mandibles black ;

Records of Bees. ~ 243

malar space well developed ; antennze black, with scape red

at extreme base, and flagellum dusky castaneous beneath ;

face with a little pale greyish hair, but disk of clypeus nude

and polished ; occiput with abundant stiff black hair;

mesothorax and pleurz with thin short pale tomentum and

scattered erect black hairs; scutellum with long black hair ;

dorsal surface of metathorax very large, smooth, and highly

polished; tegule dark rufous. Wings hyaline, stained with

ferruginous, the apical field whitish; nervures and stigma

clear ferruginous. Legs black, with black hair, tarsi red

at extreme apex. Abdomen moderately broad.

Sandakan, Borneo (Baker, 9593).

Resembles 7. castanea (Melipona castanea, Bingh.), but

that has the head and thorax mainly castaneous. Also

resembles 7. flaviventris, Friese, but that has the wings

quite differently coloured.

_Trigona hematoptera, sp. u.

Worker.—Length 6°6 mm., anterior wing 7°5 mm.

Shining black, including the broad abdomen and the legs,

except that the tarsi are reddened apically ; head large ;

sides of face with thin inconspicuous pale hair; occiput

with stiff black hair; mandibles dark castaneous; scape

dark castaneous, flagellum nearly black, except at base ;

thorax above with stiff black hair, but without any distinct

pale tomentum ; pleura with black hair, the lower part with

slightly pallid hair; tegule ferruginous. Wings very

strongly reddened, the nervures and stigma ferruginous ;

trochanters with a red stripe above. Legs with black hair ;

hind tibiz very broad apically. Abdomen with the first two

segments highly polished, the others dullish.

Sandakan, Borneo (Baker, 9592).

Resembles 7. melanotricha, Ckll., but easily separated by

the very red wings and smaller, paler tegulz.

Trigona atomella, sp. n.

Worker.—Length 2°5 mm.

Head, thorax, and legs shining black, small joints of tarsi

testaceous ; abdomen rather dilute sepia-brown, the hind

margin of first segment broadly pellucid whitish; front

with a deep median sulcus ; mandibles and labrum ferrugi-

nous ; malar space short and black; lower part of clypeus

suffusedly reddish; face canescent with thin white hai;

scape ferruginous, flagellum blackish; scutellum fringed

244 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and

with pale hair; tegule rufo-piceous. Wings hyaline,

faintly dusky, stigma and nervures dilute sepia. Abdomen

rather broad, shining.

Island of Penang (Baker, 9585). {

Related to JT. canifrons, Sm., but known by the minute

size.

Trigona breviceps, sp. 0.

Worker.—Length about 6 mm.

Shining black, the legs and antenne black, but scape

testaceous at extreme base ; head unusually broad and short,

the facial quadrangle very broad; malar space short;

mandibles and labrum black ; occiput with erect black hair ;

thorax above with black hair; tegulz black. Wings dilute

fuliginous, stigma and nervures dark brown. Abdomen

moderately broad.

Sandakan, Borneo (Baker, 9591).

Related to T. itama, Ckll., but easily separated by the

shorter head and shorter malar space. c

Ceratina sexmaculata, Smith.

Sandakan, Borneo (Baker, 9280).

Ceratina penangensis, sp. 0.

g. (Type.)—Length about 6°5 mm.

Closely and strongly punctured; general colour olive-

green, shaded with brassy, the sides of face almost golden,

sides of front flushed with lilac, disk of mesothorax strongly

suffused with lilac; abdomen beyond the third segment

glaucous-green, the hind margin of fourth flushed with

golden, especially in middle; mandibles black; labrum

with a large semicircular yellow mark, emarginate above ;

clypeus with a broad yellow band, having a triangular

expansion on each side below ; antennz black ; area of

metathorax shining golden, emarginate posteriorly in middle ;

tegule black. Wings strongly dusky ; second s.m. narrowed

almost to a point above, and receiving first r. n. far beyond

middle; anterior femora and tibiz with a yellow stripe on

outer side; hind tibiz with a yellow spot at base; abdo-

minal segments 2 and 8 each with a pair of transverse

smooth lines; end of abdomen broadly truncate, the corners

of the truncation obtuse, and with a small dentiform angle

at each side; underside of abdomen banded with lght

glaucous-green.

Records of Bees. 245

? .—Length about 8 mm.

Labrum wholly black ; yellow clypeal band very broad,

without lateral extensions ; yellow marks on legs reduced

to a small spot at base of anterior tibia. The tubercles are

not yellow in either sex. The ? has the second s.m. much

broader above.

Type (¢) from Island of Penang (Baker) ; 9 from Singa-

pore (Baker, 9288).

By the brouzy colour it resembles C. corinna, Nurse, but

that has yellow elypeus and tubercles,

Ceratina ridleyi, Cockerell.

Islaud of Penang, a typical male (Baker, 9284).

Ceratina wanthura, sp. n.

3 .—Length 8 mm.

aud third segments and narrower apices of tle ones before ;

apex weakly tridentate as in C. ridleyi, but broader and

reddish yellow instead of black. The last character also

distinguishes it from C. kosemponis, Strand, which is closely

allied, and agrees in the yellow face. The yellow mark

above the eyes is large and fusiform, not minute as in

C. flavopicta, Sm. The mesotliorax has four yellow stripes ;

the seutellum, axillze, and postscutellum are yellow.

Islaud of Penang (Baker, 9285).

The following table separates a series of species related to

Ceratina hieroglyphica, Smith, but apparently distinct from

it and from each other. ‘There is a good deal of confusion

concerning hieroglyphica; thus a specimen received as such

from Mr. Sladen, collected in the Khasia Hills, India,

proves to be really C. lepida, Smith. ‘This is the specimen

referred to in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Dec. 1899, p. 406.

Smith himself evidently confused more than one species

under hieroglyphica, since he gives the distribution as

Northern India, Hong Kong, and the Philippine Islands.

In the table below, C. hieroglyphica falls with incerta,

and the latter may prove to be no more than a subspecies,

but there is a marked difference in the colour of the legs :—

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. iii, 17

246 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and

Framales <6 sn 0caden ssn ana Shp ee eee Ben a:

Males (sc f.0.5 sae skins Shine GRAS es Roel Sin 4.

1. Lateral face-marks divided. (Philippine Is.). tropiea, Crawford.

Lateral face-marks entire ............0 se ee: 2.

2. Pleura with a yellow spot behind each

tuberdle: “Uli ams ss. . Uk eEn ds sine am ees accusator, Ckll.

Pleura without such spots ......... 0005... 3.

S. Tubercles black 2.0... 2... ccenee sc eeeeeees pyramidalis, Ckll.

Tubercies Pauw... . 0... cena ss ewe meerta, Ckll.

4, Abdomen beyond third segment entirely black,

except a small inconspicuous spot on each

G06 GF TOUTED... ... Sec cease sca selangorensis, Chil.

Abdomen beyond third segment banded with

POLOW nn cece ee ee BeMe ss Seca, 5.

5. Apex with a conspicuous median point; sixth

segment with a large yellow mark ........ collusor, Chil.

Apex without a distinct point, ifany ...... 6.

6. Upper end of clypeus broadly black ........ accusator, Ckll.

Upper margin of clypeus narrowly black .... 7.

7. Thorax laterad of parapsidal grooves with a

large impunctate area, on which is a yellow

mark ; hind tibize black with about basal half

of outer side yellow; hind basitarsi black;

tegule piceous with rufous margins........ treerta, Ckll.

hind basitarsi yellow; tegule testaceous .. conscripta, Ckll.

Ceratina pyramidalis, sp. n.

2 .—Length a little over 9 mm.

Black, including legs, antennz, and mandibles, but with

the following bright yellow markings: U-shaped mark on

labrum, cone-shaped or pyramidal mark on clypeus, broad

but short lateral face-marks (not reaching level of antenne),

broad stripes (as long as eyes) on cheeks; slender line at

each side of prothorax on upper margin, large mark on

scutellum deeply notched in front, short line on post-

scutellum, median mark on first abdominal segment, trans-

verse mark at each extreme side of third, interrupted band

(very slender snblaterally) on fourth, entire band (very

slender laterally) on fifth segment. Tegulz rufo-piceous ;

wings dilute fuliginous; mesothorax, except anteriorly,

polished and impunctate.

Singapore (Baker, 9282).

Related to C. perforatrix, Smith, but the clypeal mark is

quite differently shaped, and the legs have pale hair. It

may be no more than a subspecies, but at present inter-

mediates are unknown.

——————

Records of Bees, 247

Ceratina incerta, sp. 0.

? .—Length 7°5-9°5 wim.

Black, including antennze, mandibles, labrum, and greater

part of legs; bright yellow markings as follows : reversed

‘T (with very broad stem and long arms) ou clypeus, supra-

elypeal baud (angulate above in * middle), claviform lateral

face-marks (the narrow upper end above level of antennz),

pair of frontal spots, band on cheeks (but no spots above

eyes), upper margin of prothorax (slightly interrupted in

middie), apical half of tubercles, broad subtriangular area on

scutellum, mark on apical part of anterior femora, auterior

tibiz on outer side except apex (on inner face they are

rufous), median mark on first abdominal segment, slender

band on second segment interrupted in middle but swollen

to a large patch at each side, broadly interrupted band on

third segment, narrowly interrupted one on fourth, entire

band on fifth having middle third broad and lateral thirds

linear; four rather short slender lines on mesothorax.

Mesothorax at sides densely punctured to level of anterior

end of lateral yellow stripes, and beyond that polished ;

tegulie piceous margined with rufous. Wings dusky ; hind

tibiz with a prominent spine on outer side before the

middle ; anterior coxz with a large tubercle in front.

3 .—Length about 7 mm.

Characters as given in table above; also the following :

labrum with a yellow spot; clypeus yellow, with narrow

black upper and lateral margins ; yellow on front legs more

extensive ; middle tibia yellow on outer side; band on

second abdominal segment reduced to the lateral patcLes ;

sixth segment with a large yellow pateh ; apical plate with-

out a projecting point.

Singapore, both sexes (Baker, 9283); Island of Penang,

female (Baker, 9290). The type is a female from Singapore.

Readily kuown from the true C. hieroglyphica by the

absence of yellow on middle aud hind legs of female, and

the long lateral face-marks and cheek-bands. Compared

with OC. morawitzii the female has a higher ely peus, differently

shaped lateral marks, &c.

Ceralina conscripla, sp. 0.

3 .—Length about 6 mm.

Similar to C. incerta, but differing as shown in table

above. Labrum yellow except at sides; antennal fosse

Li?

248 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and

very deep; lateral face-marks filling space between clypeus

and eye, but above that linear, restricted by the fosse ;

scape black, with a minute yellow mark at extreme base ;

band on cheeks restricted to upper part ; yellow of prothorax

continuous with that of tubercles ; knees, tibiz, and tarsi

all yellow, the middle and hind tibiz with black mark on

inner side; first abdominal segment with a yellow band,

excavated posteriorly on each side.

Island of Penang (Baker, 9286).

Tie yellow marks have been reddened by cyanide. Re-

sembles C. morawitzii, but the end of the abdomen is quite

different.

Ceratina selangorensis, sp. n.

é .—Length about 6 mm. "

Markings in general similar to other males of this group,

but with the following special characters : stripe on cheeks

slender and rather short; lateral face-marks claviform, a

broad black area between yellow of clypeus and of lateral

marks; scape entirely black; mesothorax entirely black

(the punctured area in front broad) ; yellow of upper border ~

of prothorax continuous with that on tubercles ; no spot

behind tubercles; yellow patch on scutellum broad and

obtuse laterally ; knees, tibiz, and tarsi yellow, all the tibiz

with a large patch on inner side; first abdominal segment

with a small spot at each side, but no median one; second

and third segments with a large mark on each side, but no

band; fourth with minute very obscure lateral’ spots ;

remaining segments wholly black. Clypeus high, with a

delicate median keel and a few large punctures; tegule

rufo-testaceous. Wings moderately dusky ; lateral areas of

mesothorax well punctured, with a small shining space

posteriorly ; area of metathorax rugose ; apical plate of

abdomen broadly rounded, with a minute inconspicuous

median point.

Selangor, Malay Peninsula (Baker, 9287).

I follow the spelling of the locality on the label.

Wallace’s map has it Salangore, while Bartholomew’s Atlas

has Selangore.

Ceratina collusor, sp. 0.

g —Length about 7 mm.

Markings as usual in the group, but with the following

special characters: labrum yellow except at sides ; clypeus

with only a slender black marginal line; lateral face-marks

Records of Bees. 249

with upper part evanescent ; scape with a large yellow spot

at base and a smaller one at apex; yellow of upper border

of prothorax continuous with that on tubercles; no spot

behind tubercles ; mesothorax with four rather short stripes ;

yellow area on secutellum very large, quadrate, about twice

as broad as long ; about half of anterior femora, and all of

their tibiz and tarsi yellow ; middle and hind knees, and

tibize on outer side, yellow ; middle tarsi pallid, but hind

basitarsi blackened; first abdominal segment with a band

enclosing two black spots; second segment with entire band,

having median angle, aud greatly enlarged at sides; third

with slightly interrupted band ; fourth and fifth with bands

and sixth with a large yellow patch. Clypeus with three

faintly indicated keels ; lateral areas of mesothorax with

posterior half impunctate ; area of metathorax with little

sculpture; anterior cox prominently angulate; apex of

abdomen with a median denticle. Tegule rufous; wings

dusky.

Singapore (Baker, 9281).

Allied to C. acuticauda, Ck\\., from Java, but that has the

scape black and the apical plate of abdomen subangulate

laterally. Also allied to C. philippinensis, Ashm., which it

resembles in the ornamentation of the scape, but differing

in the sculpture of lateral areas of mesothorax,

Ceratina accusator, sp, 0.

9. (Type.)-—Length about 6°3 mm.

Black, with the tarsi ferruginous, and bright yellow

markings as follows: reversed T on clypeus (with stem

shorter than arms), supraclypeal band, frontal, spots, rather

narrow claviform lateral face-marks (the lower end turned

inward, the upper going to level of antennz), rather long

stripe on cheeks, upper border of prothorax, tubercles, spot

behind tubercles, four stripes on mesothorax (the lateral ones

very short), semicircular patch on seutellum, anterior femora

apically, middle knees, anterior and middle tibiz on outer

side, spot at extreme base of |\ind tibize, double median spot

on first abdominal segment and indistinct lateral ones, sides

of second and third segments with large marks resembling

a hand with index-finger pointed, and bands on fourth and

fifth segments, narrowed sublaterally, Scape slender, red-

dened in front, especially toward base; lateral areas of

mesothorax with posterior half impunetate; base of meta-

thorax finely rugose ; tegule ferruginous. Wings brownish ;

hind tibiz with a small projection on outer side ; hind tibiz

250 Dr. R. C. L. Perkins on a

with very long hair ; underside of abdomen with glittering

white hair.

¢.—Length about 5:5 mm.

Like the female, but clypeus yellow except the sides and

very broad upper margin; labrum with a very large yellow

spot ; supraclypeal mark broadly triangular ; scape black,

faintly reddish at extreme base ; stripe on cheeks shorter ;

all the tibiz yellow on outer side ; band on sixth abdominal

segment. Apex of abdomen broadly rounded and obtuse.

Island of Penang (Baker, 9289).

Related to C. obtusicaudad, Ckll., from Java, but distin-

guished by the spot behind tubercles, a character of

CO. philippinensis. ‘The specific name is derived from the

marks at the sides of the second and third abdominal seg-

ments, resembling hands pointed at each other in accusation.

The sculpture of the lateral areas of mesothorax is unlike

that of C. philippinensis.

XXTUL—On a new Genus and Species of Bird of the Family

Drepanididee from the Hawaiian Islands. By R. C. L.

Perkins, D.Sc., F.Z.5.

DYSMORODREPANIS, gen. nov.

Nearest to Psittacirostra, but distinguished primarily by

the form of the beak. Maxilla strongly decurved, compressed

so as to be cariniform, and extending beyond the mandible

for a distance equal to one-third (or more) of its full length.

The nostril is subreniform, the lower margin of the operculum

being rounded ; numerous antrorse pale setiform feathers

project over it from the base, and a few black sete, longer

than these, reach right to the apex. Seen in profile the.

mandible has its upper and lower margin subparallel on the

basal part, but before the middle of its length they curve

strongly upwards. ‘The tip alone is received in the maxilla,

about midway between its apex and the nostril, so that for

most of the length of the mandible there is a free space

between its edge and that of the maxilla and no co-adaptation

at all. ‘he upper margins of the mandibles are strongly

bent inwards and would afford protection to the tongue lying

in the deep channel between the inner edges. ‘he tongue,

which had been dry for years, even after long soaking in

water and subsequently in potash, could only be very im-

perfectly studied, but apparently it agrees in general with

new Bird from the Hawatian Islands. 251

Gadow’s description of that of Lowioides. It is not acute at

the tip and is apparently emarginate there, with the edges

microscopically serrulate. Tle tenth primary is rudimentary

as in other Drepanidide, the sixth, seventh, and eighth are

equal and form the tip of the wing; the ninth is notably

shorter than these, as also is the fifth; the latter is not so

short as the ninth, however, while the fourth is a little

shorter ; third, second, and first decreasing in length. ‘Tail

rather short. Metatarsi short, only about equal in length to

those of Oreomyza montana of the same island, but far

stronger and stouter. In front the two basal scales are not

long and apparently not very clearly divided, the second

being not so long as wide; the third is quite elongate, sub-

equal to the fourth, which is twice as long as wide in this

dry specimen; the fifth still more elongate and deeply

emarginate at the apex, its inner apical angle strongly pro-

duced, its outer one still more strongly, so that the short

scale following is deeply enclosed in the emargination,

Dysmorodrepanis munrot, sp. 0.

General colour above greyish olivaceous, less grey on the

middle of the back and on the rump ; head above in front

and an indefinite stripe above and extending behind the eyes

much more yellow ; underparts of neck and body entirely

pale, appearing white, irregularly suffused with pale yellow.

Wings with all the primaries except the outer one with very

narrow but conspicuous yellowish margin outwardly, this

colour becoming white (or hardly tinged with yellow) on the

distal ends. The inner web is largely white in all these

feathers basally, the white gradually extending on the inner

primaries and in these reaching the tip of the feathers, The

inner secondaries are broadly white-tipped and margined

with white inwardly, the innermost ones with the whole

inner web white. The breadth of the white tip decreases

towards the primaries. ‘lle rectrices are dark, the outer

margins narrowly olivaceous,

Mr. Munro’s notes give the following additions :—“ Length

six inches, sex not determined, tlie legs muscular with strong

. sinews, the jaw muscles more than usually developed, skull

round almost like a marble, eyes large for the size of the

bird, the iris dark brown, as also the upper mandible, tle

lower light brown, lighter beneath; legs light slate-colour,

tle soles of feet yellowish.”

Hab. Lanai. ‘This specimen, the only one of the species

that I know of, was taken in the Kaitholena valley, Lanai, at

252 On a new Bird from the Hawaiian Islands.

an elevation of about 2000 ft. The stomach and throat were

full of the ripe berries of Urera glabra, which is common in

the locality”? (Alunro).

Mr. Munro, who has now for some years been permanently

resident on Lanai, writes further that though he thoroughly

explored the forest on that island in the years 1914, 1915,

1916, and subsequently, he has only twice come across birds

that he suspects of being the same species as the one described.

“On March 17th, 1916, further up the same valley, where it

is very densely wooded, I heard two or three birds calling to

one another, the cry being less sweet and not so loud as that

of the Ou (Psittacirostra), and I watched one on the bare

branch of a tree-top a short distance away. It called regu-

larly at intervals and kept moving its head, stretching its

neck and turning on its perch without changing its place on

the branch. It looked smaller than an Ou and more active,

but less so than Chlorodrepanis. The form of its bill could

not be made out, but it was not that of the latter.

“On Aug. 12th, 1918, in a patch of dry forest on the

south-west side of the mountain, at about the same elevation

as that where the original specimen was obtained, I saw

another bird, and was uear enough to note the light colouring

round the eye, but not the form of beak. Some of its notes

were like those of Psittacirostra, but others new to me, espe-

cially a low squeak or whistle, and it was too small for that

bird, not so thick-set, and with a very short tail. So I feel

sure it was the other.”

As so few specimens have been seen by so skilled a collector,

the bird must be a great rarity, but its discoverer hopes that

it may increase in numbers, as the forest is now rigidly pro-

tected and rapidly recovering. When I collected on Lanai

in 1893 and subsequently the forest was in a deplorable

condition, being rapidly destroyed by countless wild goats,

and it was also full of wild pigs and cats that had run wild.

The latter, as I have elsewhere recorded, were destroying

native birds wholesale. Only on the sheer sides of the

mountain and on a very small part of the narrow backbone

was the forest in a natural condition. Neither Lord Roth-

schild’s collectors nor myself ever found a specimen of this

bird.

The specimen obtained was in a partially moulting con-

dition, but the wing-feathers are fully grown. ‘The lack of

adaptation of mandible and maxilla recalls the condition in

Heterorhynchus wilsoni, but it is much more exaggerated,

Paignton,

Jan, 7th, 1919.

Notes on Myriapoda. 253

XXIV.—Notes on Myriapoda.—X VI. Some Observations on

Nomenclature. By Http Kk. Brape-Brrks, M.Sc., M.B.,

Ch.B., L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., and the Rev. S. Granam

Brave-Birxs, M.Sc.

In a recent contribution to this Journal (1), in which

Mr. R. 8. Bagnall has dealt most admirably with tie

synonymy of three Leachian species of Diplopoda, our

colleague evidently has in view the same objects which have

actnated us in preparing the present paper—in the first place,

the solution of some of the nomenclatural difficulties which

beset the path of the modern student of English myriapodology,

and then, again, the restoration of old specific names to their

rightful place in our system of classification.

Not long ago we cited (2) in tabular form the species

mentioned as English by Newport in his list of 1844 (5) and

his catalogue of 1856 (6), adding some remarks of our own

about synonymy in the last column, On that occasion we

were doubtful about the validity of a number of names in

common use. The specific designations we are about to

advocate in the present note are, with the exception of the

last, all to be found in the first column of the table to which

reference has just been made (2), and they are there prefixed

by the numbers which will now be set against them.

Passing through London recently, we paid a visit to the

British Museum (Natural History), where we were courteously

permitted to examine some of the types referred to in

Newport’s list (5) and catalogue (6), as well as other dry

specimens of English “ Myriapoda” dating back many years,

and named, therefore, no doubt aceording to type. Subse-

quentiy, in the present note, we shall refer to certain of these

old and valuable specimens (some of which may quite well

be types, even though they are not labelled as such) as

“classical examples.”

As a result of our examination, we feel justified in drawing

attention to several points connected with nomenclature, and

we now advocate the use of the specific names which head

the following paragraphs.

We take this opportunity of thanking Mr. A. S. Hirst, of

the Department of Zoology at Cromwell Road, for facilitating

our examination of a small part of the valuable collection of

specimens under his care.

254 Dr. & the Rev. 8S. Graham Brade-Birks—

CHILOPODA.

5. Lithobius melanops, Newport.

The examination of a classical example of Newport’s

species confirms our contention (2) that Lithobius glabratus,

C. L. Koch, is a synonym. ,

DIPLOPODA.

20. Craspedosoma rawlins?, Leach.

We agree with Mr. Bagnall (1) in regarding Craspedosoma

simile, Verhoeff, as a synonym.

21. Polymicrodon polydesmoides (Leach).

Again we agree with Mr. Bagnall (1). Polymicrodon

latzeli (Verhoeft) must be considered as a synonym. We

have seen Leach’s type.

23. Lulus (Ophiulus) pilosus, Newport.

A labelled classical example—a male—proves conclusively _

that this is Zulus (Ophiiulus) fallax, Meinert. As Newport’s

name is of earlier date, it takes precedence.

24. Tachypodoiulus niger (Leach).

We saw Leacli’s type, and, as it exhibits the characteristic

striation of the prozouites of Lachypodoiulus albips (C. L.

Koch), the synonymy so often suggested is established in

favour of Leach’s name.

27. Cylindroiulus punctatus (Leach).

The type appears to be a female, but there can be little

reasonable doubt that this is Cylindroiulus silvarum (Meinert).

Externally the two are identical, and no other club-tailed

species of these dimensions has been recorded from England.

Meinert’s name must therefore give place to Leach’s.

28. Brachyiulus (Microbrachyiulus) pusillus (Leach).

We have seen Lrach’s type. We agree with Mr. Bag-

nall (1) in regarding as synonymous with this species_

Brachyiulus (Mierobrachyiulus) littoralis (Verhoeff). Ot

course, Leach’s name takes precedence.

Notes on Myriapoda. 255

29. Cylindroiulus latistriatus (Curtis).

In 1844 John Curtis, F.L.S., contributed a paper (3) to

the ‘Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, in which he

gave a brief description of several English Diplopoda, One

of these he calls ‘ Julus Londinensis of Leach,” and gives

two excellent figures, which show conelusively that even at

that early date the typical “ Julus” londinensis, Leach, was

confused with the animal often known since (especially on

the continent) under that name, for Curtis’s figures are

obviously of Cylindroiulus londinensis teutonicus (Pocock),

which is tailless, whereas the true Cylindrotulus londinensis

(Leach), which Curtis thought he was figuring, has a clubbed

tail and is a much larger animal. What Curtis meant by

“ Julus Londinensis of Leach” is important when we come

to his description of “ Julus’’ latistriatus.

Curtis (loc. ei/.) tells us that his specimens of Jatistriatus

were sent to him from Namptwich (Nantwich), Cheshire,

where they constituted a pest in gardenand greenhouses. In

London we saw the specimens Curtis presented to the

British Museum (5), and we must regard them as his types.

Externally they agree with Cylindrotulus britannicus (Ver-

hoeff), and when we remember that this species is well

established in the north of England (it is a pest in a green-

house at Darwen, Lancashire), we can have little doubt about

the synonymy of the two. For these reasons we strongly

advocate the restoration of the specifie designation used by

Curtis and the rejection of that o£ Verhoeff which was

established in 1891.

Curtis’s paper (3) was overlooked by Latzel when he

compiled the bibliography for his monumental work (4), and

it is probably unknown to many myriapodologists. We

therefore append tle original description of the species

with which we are now especially concerned :—

“Julus latistriatus, Curtzs, the broad-lined Snake-millipede,

is 5 or 6 lines long, of a dull ochreous lilac with a purple

tint, cylindrical, very shining, sparingly striated, the lines

not approximating ; down each side is a row of dots, and the

penu_timate segment is not mucronated, but slightly angu-

lated and rounded, as in Julus Londinensis; the antenne are

stout and rather short, pilose aud capitate, second joint the

longest, the apex very pubescent.”

Curtis adds that he at first took this “ Judus’’ for the

young of “ londinensis,” but that the strie were twice as fur

upart as in any other species he lad examined.

256 Mr. W. H. Leigh-Sharpe on

30. Trichoblaniulus guttulatus (Bosc).

Examination of several classical examples of J/ulus pu/-

chellus, Leach, shows sufficiently conclusively that they are

referable to the blind species Yrichoblaniulus guttulatus

(Bosc), which was established before Leach’s name was

given.

Although it does not concern our present study very

closely, we may add that it follows, of course, that the

specific name pulchellus is obsolete and cannot be used for

the species furnished with ocelli often referred to under that

name. For this animal we must in future use the later

designation Nopoiulus venustus (Meinert).

REFERENCES.

(1) Banat, Ricwarp S. “On the Synonymy of some European

Diplopods (Myriapoda), with Special Reference to Three Leachian

Species.” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1918, ser. 9, vol. ii. pp. 407 e¢

seq.

(2) BrapE-Binks, Hitpa K.,and 8. Granam. “ Notes on Myriapoda.

—XIII, Some Kent Records.” Lancs. & Ches. Nat. 1918,

nos. 126 & 127, vol. xi. pp. 152 et seg. & pp. 186 et seq.

(3) Curris, Joun. “ Observations on the Natural History and Economy

of the Insects called Wireworms, affecting the Turnips, Corn-

crops, &c.; also of their parents the Elaters or Beetles, called

Skip-jacks, Click-beetles, &c.” Journ. Roy. Agri. Soc. 1844, pt. 1,

vol. vy. pp. 180 e¢ seg., with figures.

(4) LarzeL, R. ‘Die Myriopoden der ésterreichisch-ungarischen Mon-

archie.’ 1880-4,

(5) Newport, G. ‘List of the Specimens of Myriapoda in the Collec-

tion of the British Museum.’ 1844.

(6) ‘Catalogue of the Myriapoda in the Collection of the British

Museum.—Pt. 1, Chilopoda.” 1856.

16 Bank Street, Darwen, Lancashire,

15th January, 1919.

XXV.—Some Observations on Pleurocystis cuénoti, Hesse,

1909, a Celozoic Parasite of the Karthworm. By W.

Harotp Leicu-SuHareeg, B.Sc. (Lond.).

On February 14th, 1918, upon opening a Helodrilus (Allo-

lobophora) longus, Ude, obtained from Red Lion Square,

Holborn, London, I discovered seven specimens of diploids

(fourteen individuals in all) of the gregarine parasite Pleuro-

cystis cuénoti, Hesse, 1909, some of which I have herein

figured,

Fig. 1.

Pleurocystis cuénoti, Three diploids, A, B, C.

., nucleus; K., nucleoli; EP., epimerite; C

from the seminal funnel of the earthworm.

+» cytomyomes; S., cells

258 Mr. W. H, Leigh-Sharpe on

The parasites reposed in the body-cavity of the worm, in

segments 10 and 11, all but one diploid being on the host’s

right side. ‘They appeared of an opaque china-white colour,

the largest (fig. 1, A) being 5 mm. in length, the others

4mm. All were laterally bowed in shape, and curved round

the cesophagus of the worm between the calciferous glands

and the pouch, but attached by their anterior extremities to

tlhe seminal funnels. The worm had been killed an hour and

a half previous to dissection by immersion in methylated

alcohol, and none of the parasites showed any sign of life.

It is remarkable that such a large number of parasites

should occur within one host, and curious that here we have

two individuals permanently associating as one, though not

conjugating.

Monocystis agilis. Two conjugants in polar apposition.

N., nucleus.

‘The unique presumed conjugation of Monocystis magna,

Schmidt, has been described by Cuénot (1900) alone, who

gives a figure which, to my mind, is not as satisfactory as

might be, since it shows the supposed conjugants so clearly

as two separate individuals, instead of being apposed in such

a way as to look like one individual (fig. 1), the lines of

demarcation between them superficially resembling the

alimentary canal of some single animal. The association in

this species alone was said to be longitudinal—a fact which

appears to have been known at the earliest to Bosanquet

(1894), who mentions it casually in describing another

species, and even admits en passant into his paper a very

Pleurocystis cuénoti, Hesse. 259

inadequate figure. In Monocystis agilis and other species

the application of the conjugants is polar or “ end-to-end ”

(fig. 2). Since the parasites are attached to the seminal

funnels of the hosts permanently, as all agree (and they do

not become detached post mortem), it is the close proximity

of the individuals to one another which determines their

association into diploids inter se, which must therefore of

necessity be longitudinal. A curious confirmation of this is

shown in fig. 3 in the case of the diploids D and BE, which

are partially attached to one another at their posterior extre-

mities, from which I infer that diploidal association probably

always begins at this end.

Fig. 3,

Pleurocystis cuénoti. Two diploids, D and E, partially attached to one

another at their posterior extremities,

But Hesse (1909) pointed out that Monocystis magna,

Schmidt, differed so materially from other species that he

proposed for it the generic name of Mematocyst’s. Further,

that there was existing another animal, which, agreeing in

the main with the characters of \Jonoeystis rather than with

those of Nematocystis, became coupled, in a longitudinal

manner, with a partner for life like Nematocystis, and not

merely during the process of conjugation, To this form he

gave the name of Pleurocystis cuénoti, aud, while admitting

that it is very rare, remarks that the animals are always in

the diploidal condition and never found singly. After giving

260 Mr. W. H. Leigh-Sharpe on

careful consideration.to the matter of the claims of Wemato-

cystis and Pleurocystis as independent genera, I have come

to the conclusion that the characters of my specimens agree

in the main with those diagnostic of Pleurocystis except in

regard to a small discrepancy as to size. Hesse states that

Pleurocystis is 2 mm. long and Nematocystis 5 mm., whereas

my specimens are of the length of 4-5 mm. If the animal is

as rare as Hesse implies, it is possible that it may attain

dimensions greater than that mentioned by him, or, again,

that an English variety may be larger than the French one

which he found in and around Daupliné. There exists, as

far as I can ascertain, no previous record of Pleurocystis

occurring in the British Isles, though it has possibly been

found and confused with the presumed conjugation stage of

Monocystis magna, which Hesse has now determined is not

a conjugation but a life-association into diploids, thereby

deciding him to alter its name to Wematocystis magna.

The statement of Ceconi (1903) that in Monocystis agilis,

at any rate, each conjugant separately forms a cyst around

itself, which afterwards coalesces with that of its partner,

was scouted by Cuénot. Such is not true at any rate for

Pleurocystis, where the double (cuticular) separation between

the individuals is never broken down. ‘The cuticle exhibits a

network of fine striations, and as the cytoplasm shrinks away

from it by plasmolysis, it may perhaps have been mistaken

for acyst. Some of the specimens were ruptured, and others

easily became so at the slightest touch. ‘The endoplasm was

plentifully stored with paramylum (or paraglycogen).

Specimen A, which is also the largest, being 1 mm. longer

than any other diploid, is markedly different from the rest.

It exhibits a kind of caudal formation, as though it had been

killed while making Euglenoid movements; further, the

cytoplasmic contents extend right to the posterior extremity,

and are more densely granular. Conversely, the other

specimens present a normal specific outline, the cytoplasm is

withdrawn from the posterior extremity as though shrinkage

was occurring previous to cyst-secretion. From these obser-

vations I infer that A is an earlier, and possibly the earliest,

stage of diploid association, and that the other figures represent

subsequent stages. ‘The figures of no other observer represent

any such caudal formation.

Though I have figured a nucleus in two individuals, these

were not apparent through the cytoplasm ; but, upon rupture

of the cuticle, when the contents become extruded the nucleus

is plainly visible. The nucleus is situated about halfway

Pleurocystis cucnoti, Hesse. 261

along the animal, or anterior to that position (specific cha-

racter), not at the extreme anterior end as in Monocystis agi/ts,

is enclosed in a well-marked nuclear membrane, and contains

numerous nucleoli (generic and specific character).

The posterior extremity of B exhibits, under a high magnifi-

cation, in the inner portion of tle ectoplasm, a layer of con-

tractile fibrille which have been called myocytes, which I

interpret to mean “ muscle-cells.’” As the organisia is

unicellular, I propose that they be called eytomyomes, which

I interpret as “ cell-muscles.”

As this species is a permanently fixed parasite upon tlie

seminal funnels, one might reasonably expect to find some

organ of attachment. As to whetler one exists there appears

to be some difference of opinion, none being mentioned by

most of the earlier authors cited for Nematocystis (Mono-

ecystis) magna. I am of the definite opinion, however, that

the cuticle of the anterior end is prolonged into a blunt

petal-like projection (the equivalent of the epimerite of other

Gregarines), which stains wit! picro-carmine like the

remainder of the cuticle, is unprovided with hooks, and to

which the cells of the seminal fuinels of the earthworm are

in several cases still adhering. ‘This accords with a passage

which Hesse quotes from Biitsclli (1882), and not with his

own observations, for while he appears to me to describe some

organ of attachment, yet he denies that it isin any way an

epimerite. I agree with Hesse that it comes in contact, by

boring, with many host-cells, and is not attached to one only

as he states is tle case in Vematoeystts.

No spermatozoa of the worm were found in the seminal

vesicles, or round the seminal funnels, or attached to any of

the diploids, such as other observers have figured, nor were

any “tails” to be discovered. ‘I'liis may be because the

worm had rece:.tly shed all its spermatozoa in the regular

breeding-season, which obtains about this date, since the

seminal vesicles were very small, or because the large nuinber

of parasites present had disintegrated and digested them all.

In specimens stained with Ranvier’s piero-carmine 25 min.

only the cuticle absorbed the carmine, while all the cell-

coutents became yellow from the action of the picric acid.

In specimens stained with Meyers hemalum 5 min, bot

cuticle, cytoplasm, and nucleus became purple, as also the

seminal funnel-cells of the host.

The partners of a diploid appear to adhere to one another

by a muceilaginous extra-cuticular seeretion of “ cement”.

substance analogous with that which binds the individual

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9, Vol. iii. 18

262 On Pleurocystis cuénoti, Hesse. :

cells of a filament of the alga Spirogyra to one another, and

is affected by similar stains (e. g. Bismarck brown). It is

unaffected by dilute (1 °/,) acids (cf. the cysts), but the indi-

viduals can be made to part from one another by pressure on

the coverslip, though not without rupture of the cuticle—

which is evidence against their permanent fusion into one -

organic individual.

SuMMARY.

(1) Pleurocystis lias established claims to be considered an

independent genus.

(2) It occurs in the same host (Helodrilus longus) both in

England and France.

(3) The individuals are in lifelong diploidal association,

and not merely at the period of conjugation, as was

supposed in JJonocystis magna, since the nuclei show

no signs of division, and it is improbable that seven

presumed conjugants should be in the same initial

stage.

(4) The diploids show a caudal formation, but whether this

is due to Kuglenoid movements or oncoming cyst

secretion, or is an artefact, is uncertain.

(5) I have attempted to set forth reasons for believing that

diploidal association commences at the posterior extre-

mity of the individuals.

(6) The animals attain a greater magnitude than Hesse

asserted.

(7) There is an anterior organ of attachment.

(8) The partners are firmly but not inseparably attached by

an adhesive secretion, and are not permanently fused

into one individual.

REFERENCES.

BosanqueEtT. (1894). “ Notes on a Gregarine of the Earthworm (Zum-

bricus herculeus).” Quart. Journ. Microsc. Sci. xxxvi. p. 42].

BirscHu. (1882). Bronn’s ‘ Thierreich,’ i. Abt. i. Leipzig.

Creconi. (1903). ‘“ De la Sporulation de la Monocystis agilix, Stein.”

Arch. d’Anat. Microse. v. p. 122.

Cutnot. (1900). ‘ Recherches sur ]’évyolution et la conjugaison des

Gregarines.” Arch, Biol. xvii. p. 581.

Hessz. (1909). “ Contribution 4 l’étude des Monocystidées des Oligo-

chétes.” Archives de Zool. experim. iii, p. 27.

Scumipt. (1854-5). “ Beitrag zur. Kenntniss der Gregarinen und

deren Entwickelung.” Abband. herausg. von der Sencken-

bergischen, Naturforsch. Gesellsch. 1. p. 168.

- ‘ / .

On Gerbils referred to the Genus Meviones. 263

XXVL.—Notes on Gerbils referred to the Genus Meriones, with

Descriptions of new Species and Subspecies. By OLDFUELD

‘THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Tue genus Meriones has long been in a very great state of

confusion, partly owing to the carelessness of authors in

lumping specimens from all sorts of localities together, and

partly to the fact that the genus falls into groups distin-

guishable only by the different sizes of their bulla, and that

members of each of the groups may be found living side by

side—so that a single district may contain two or three

species, all looking so alike as to be readily confused with

each other, and yet really distinguishable on close examina-

tion. Thus no less than three species are found in Egypt,

the very country where certain uames have been overlooked

or misapplied—so as to add to the general confusion.

I have not been able to complete the work in any sense,

but can make some preliminary observations on the habitats

and characteristics of the different forms.

The bulle, whose structure and development give the

primary means of distinction, enable us to separate the species

(apart from the aberrant calurus and hurriane) into four

groups, as follows :—

(a) The bulle very large, the swelling in front of the

meatus projecting in front of the level of the hindmost corner

of the zygomata, and the suprameatal triangle also very

large. Meatal length (7. e. the distance from the back of the

bulla to the front of the meatal swelling) approximately

14-15 mm,

(6) Bulle similarly large, but the suprameatal triangle

comparatively small. (Tail usually more bushy than in other

species. )

swollen, and not reaching to the level of the zygoma (meatal

length about 11-12 mm.) ; triangle also small.

(d) Bullee quite small for the genus, almost in normal

proportion to the general size of theskull. (Meatal length in

M. blackleri 8°2 mm.)

In Algeria the confusion of the names is too great to clear

up now, but as a preliminary it may be said that north of the

Atlas we have true shawi (group c), whieh is represented on

264 Mr. O. Thomas on Gerbils

the plateau by richardi *, and south of the Atlas by guyont.

Then the large-bulla group 0 is represented south of the

Atlas by schousboet (a form doubtfully separable from libycus),

but is not found to the north of the range.

Working eastwards, we have in Tripoli local representatives

of a, 6, and ¢ ranging widely over the country, which is not

broken up by any prominent orographical features. Two of

tllese seem to need new subspecific names,

Next, in Egypt we have first of all the comparatively

bushy-tailed animal, called quite unaccountably by de Winton T

“ M. crassus sellysii”’ (sic), which was obtained by Mr. N.C.

Rothschild in the Wadi Natron, and which I identify with

Meriones libycus, Lichtenstein, the first African name in the

genus, but one hitherto altogether ignored. The locality,

dimensions, and the ‘“ caud& apice floccosa” all agree with

the Wadi Natron animal, and there seems no reason to doubt

the identification,

With libycus I also synonymize Riippell’s melanurus,

which has been a prime source of confusion, for not only did

he include both Alexandria and Sinai as its habitat, but he

sent out specimens under its name which are referable to

forms of both group 6 and group c. For of the two examples

of it that he sent to the British Museum no. 42. 8. 15. 2 is

the bushy-tailed 4 species, while 42. 8. 15. 6 belongs to c.

In consequence, it appears to be necessary now for me, as

the first reviser who has a knowledge of the mixture of the

two species, definitely to determine on to which the name

melanurus shiall be placed,

I therefore propose formally to apply it to the one with a

prominently black-tufted tail, as Riippell evidently meant,

making the name itself suitable, even though then becoming

synonymous with Jbycus.

The other course would result in the species with the least

black on its tail bearing the inappropriate name melanurus.

In order to make this definite ] propose to select as a

lectotype of me/anurus B.M. no, 42. 8. 15. 2, sent as a co-type

of it by Riippell in conjunction with 42. 8. 15. 6, which is

* In dealing with Loche’s many names, applied to animals with exact

localities recorded, but without any mention of the bulle, I have thought

it best, in view of the admirable pioneer work he has done on the

genus, to accept Lataste’s reference of them to their respective groups

(his “shawi” being c group and his erythrurus 6 group), and then to

— the first name in each group according to its locality, and so identify

them.

+ Noy. Zool. x. p. 284 (1903). The type of selysii was from Oran, and

the name is an absolute synonym of shaw. On the other hand, erassus

was from Sinai, and is a wholly different species, belonging to group a.

referred to the Genus Meriones, 265

the small-bulla species with almost no black on the tail, later

obtained by Dr. Anderson near Alexandria.

This case of melanurus is a striking example of the advisa-

bility of selecting types, a plan still resisted by naturalists of

backward tendencies, Riippell was little to blame for mixing

up the two species, which are really very similar to each

other ; but had he selected an individual type to represent

his name, all the confusion that has surrounded it would have

been avoided.

In the Sudan there occurs the gerbil to which Bonhote has

applied the name M. crassus pallidus, a form belonging to

the a group, and undoubtedly very nearly allied to the true

erassus of Sinai, but widely different from Lower Egyptian

forms to which that name has been applied.

Further eastwards material does not exist for any general

review, but a number of local forms have proved to need

description. It may, however, be noted that the MJeriones of

Asia Minor and Palestine seem to be mostly of the d group,

while the remarkable M. calurus of Egypt and Sinai has the

bullz of the size found in group c, though the suprameatal

triangle is unusually small.

With regard to the aberrant M/. hurriane of Baluchistan

and N.W. India, I find that instead of being distinctly a

desert animal, with light skull, large bull, and short normal

claws, it is modified for a burrowing life by having a heavy

bowed skull, small bullz, and elongated digging fore-claws.

It appears to me, therefore, that it ought to be generically

separated from the other members of the group, and I would

propose for it the name of Cheliones*.

Meriones pallidus tripolius, subsp. 0.

Group a. Like Sudan pall/dus in all essential particulars,

but the general colour slightly warmer, often approaching

cinnamon-buff, and usually getting a little darker towards

the base of the tail. Under suriace usually white to the

bases of the hairs, but sometimes they are pale slaty basally

White ear-patches larger and more conspicuous, generally too

large’to be hidden by the ear when this is folded backwards,

Tail-tuft short and little developed, its hairs scarcely exceeding

10 mm. ; the main part of the tail pinkish buff or cinnamon-

buff, and equally buffy below ; in pallidus it is markedly

lighter, often white, below.

Skull as in pallidus.

* Derived from yn\¥j, exactly as .Wertones is from jenpds,

266 Mr. O. Thomas on Gorbils

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 129 mm. ; tail 125; hind foot 30; ear 16.

Skull: median length 38° 5; diagonal length 41 ; 3 Zygo-

matic breadth 21 ; interorbital breadth 5° 9; bimeatal breadth

23°5 ; palatine foramina 71 ; ; upper molar series 5°3. Bulle :

diagonal length 16°8; meatal length 14°5; suprameatal

triangle, length 6:4, height aa

Hab. Tripoli. ‘Type | from Gebel Limhersuk, in the north-

west part of the country.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 2.11. 4.64. Collected

19th July, 1901, by E. Dodson. Presented by J. I. 8.

Whitaker, Esq. ’ Fourteen specimens examined.

This Tripoli gerbil is very closely allied to pallidus, but

seems to differ fairly constantly in the ‘characters above

noted. The Sudan animal is itself very near to true

M. crassus of Sinai, but has rather less enormous bulle.

The specimens representing both this and M. Libycus

caudatus were included under Meriones schousboei in my

account of the Tripolitan mammals presented by Mr. Whitaker

in 1902 *.

M. crassus, pelerinus, and pallidus are the species with

the largest bulle and suprameatal triangles in the genus,

and together form group a.

Meriones pelerinus, sp. n.

A species of group a allied to A/. crassus, but with larger

teeth and longer palatine foramina.

Size about as in Jf, crassus or a little larger. General

colour paler and greyer than in that species, a little darker

than “ pinkish buff,’ the tips of the hairs blackened on the

back, clearer on the sides. Belly quite white, not very

sharply defined laterally. Lighter eye and ear-markings not

strongly marked. Proectote of ears dark pinkish buff.

Hands and feet white; svles with their posterior halves

naked except just along the edges. Tail not very long,

whitish buff, the terminal erest black, not heavily developed,

extending along about 35 mm. at its end, its longest hairs

12 mm.

Skull, like crassus, with enormous bulle, which project

backwards about 3 mm. behind the level of the occiput, and

have their premeatal swelling close against, and surpassing

below, the posterior corner of the zygomata. Suprameatal

triangle very large, with rounded angles. Palatal foramina

projecting backwards between the roots of m’.

* P. Z. 5. 1902, p. 9.

referred to the Genus Meriones. 267

Molars decidedly larger than in MW. erassus.

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—

Head and body 125 mm. ; tail 125; hind foot 32; ear 17.

Skull: median length 39; diagonal length 41:5 ; condylo-

incisive length 35°5; zygomatic breadth 21°8; nasals 15;

breadth of brain-case 18°3 ; bimeatal breadth 23; palatal

foramina 7°7; upper molar series, crowns 5°9, alveoli 6°5.

Bulle : horizontal diagonal length 17; length from back of

bulla to front of premeatal swelling 15; suprameatal triangle,

length 6°2, height 5:6.

Hab. Tebuk, on the Hedjaz Railway, N.W. Arabia. Alt.

2000’.

Type. Young adult male. B.M. no. 10. 3.12.5. Original

number 5. Collected 3rd January, 1909, by Douglas

Carruthers.

This species agrees with J/. crassus in the very great size

of the bullz, the measurement from the back of the bulla to

the front of the premeatal swelling decidedly surpassing that

found either in the Egyptian or T'ripolitan large-bulla forms.

In correlation therewith the suprameatal triangle is of a

maximum size. From that species it differs by its larger

molars and the greater posterior extension of its palatine

foramina.

I have taken, as representing J/. crassus, a spirit-specimen

from Mt. Hor, south of the Dead Sea, collected by Mr. H. C.

Hart, of which the skull seems closely to agree with that

figured by Sundevall. Another specimen in skin, from the

type-locality Sinai, collected by Mr. Claude Wyatt, is notice-

ably more ochraceous than J/. pelerinus, but, owing to the

bulle of this example being lost, its determination is not

absolutely certain.

Meriones libycus caudatus, subsp. n.

Group 6. Closely like true lidycus of Lower Egypt, but

with markedly longer and finer tail.

General colour above warm buff, finely ticked with brown,

below white with slaty bases to tlie hairs, as in true libycus,

Postauricular white patches fairly well marked. Tail

decidedly longer than head and body, well-tufted, the tuft

beginning halfway along the upper surface, and even below

covering more than the terminal inch, the hairs attaining

16-17 mm. in length. The tuft black, the rest buity

ochraceous.

Skull apparently quite as in lidycus, the bulle very large,

the suprameatal triangle small.

268 Mr. O. Thomas on Gerbils

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 142 mm.; tail 153; hind foot 34;

ear 20.

Skull: median length 40°5; diagonal length 42; zygo-

matic breadth 225 interorbital breadth 7°6; bimeatal breadth

23; palatine foramina 8 2; upper molar series 5°38. Bulle:

diagonal horizontal length 17:5; front of meatal swelling

to back of bulla 15:1; suprameatal triangle, length 4:5,

height 3°2.

Hab. Tripoli. Type from Ferdjan, a second specimen

from El Hammam.

Type. Adu't male. B.M. no. 2.11. 4.56. Original

number 97. Collected 21st June, 1901, by E. Dodson.

Presented by J. J. 8S. Whitaker, Esq.

This is a long-tailed form of the & group, with largest-

sized bullee but small suprameatal triangle. It occurs

between the original libycus of Lower Egypt and schousbuet

of Algeria, which have both comparatively short tails, and

are, indeed, very doubtfully distinguishable from each other.

Meriones syrius, sp. n.

Nearly allied to Af. erythrourus, but with longer foot and

larger teeth.

General characters quite as in erythrourus, with the same

proportions of the bulla and approximately the same colora-

tion of body and tail. Upper surface near ‘ pinkish buff,”

paler and more approaching “ light buff”? on sides. Under

surface white, but the hairs pale slaty basally except on the

chin and throat, where they are white to the roots. Light

areas behind eyes and round bases of ears not strongly

marked. Ears like head, the fiinging hairs buffy white.

Wands and feet white, more or less washed with buffy on the

metapodials. “Tail ochraceous, the terminal crest well deve-

loped, black, commencing rather more than halfway along

the upper side.

- Skull apparently like that of erythrourus, though rather

more robustly built. Bulle equally large, with a marked

inflation on the front side of the meatus just surpassing the

level of the hindermost point of the zygoma.

Incisors less bevelled and with less sharply defined groove

than in erythrourus. Molars distinctly smaller.

Dimensions of the type :—

IIead and body 142 mm.; tail 145; hind foot 35;

ear 18. ;

Skull: median length 42:5; diagonal length to back of

referred to the Gienus Meriones. 269

bull 42°8 ; condylo-incisive length 39; zygomatic breadth

24°5 ; nasals 16°23 interorbital breadth 8; breadth of brain-

case 18; meatal breadth 22°8; palatine foramina 7:6;

upper molar series 5°8. Bulle: horizontal diagonal length

16°2 ; back of bulla to front of meatal swelling 12°8; supra-

meatal triangle, length 5, height 3.

Hab, Syrian Desert. Type from Karyatein (spelt Kar-

geten in Stieler’s Atlas). Alt. 2000’. Another specimen

from a point 320 km. east of the Dead Sea, 8000’.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 5, 7. 2. 2. Original

number 27. Collected 3rd March, 1905, by Douglas

Carruthers.

Of these gerbils with large bulle—all once referred to

M. erythrourus,—the true bearer of that name occurs in

Afghanistan, ranging westwards through Persia to the edge

of the highlands ; then in the lower littoral country comes

the smaller Jf. charon, succeeded again in the Syrian

desert by the present species, which, though more like true

erythrourus, is distinguishable by its longer feet and larger

teeth.

Meriones charon, sp. n.

A small species with terminally crested tail, allied to

M. longifrons.

Size a little less than in MM. longifrons. General colour

above finely speckled sandy buff (“ pinkish buff” darkened

by the brown points of the hairs), the tone warmer on the

posterior back. Under surface white, the lateral line of

demarcation not specially sharply defined. Cheeks greyish,

the postorbital and postauricular whitish spots scarcely

marked. Ears rather short, coloured like the head. Hands

and feet white ; soles with the median area of their proximal

halves naked, their terminal halves hairy. Tail not very

long, its greater portion short-haired, dull buffy, not more

ochraceous than the body, its terminal 25-30 mm. with an

upper crest of black hairs which may attain 15 mm. in length

at the tip.

Skull very much as in J/. /ongtfrons, but the bulls less

swollen, their antero-internal extension considerably less.

Suprameatal triangle nearly as high as long.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 129 mm.; tail 132; hind foot 29°5;

ear 17°5.

Skull; median length 37:2; diagonal length to back of

bulla 38°3; condylo-incisive length 33°5 ; zygomatic breadth

270 Mr. O. Thomas on Gerbils

20; meatal breadth 21 ; nasals 145; interorbital breadth 5:8 ;

breadth across brain-case 17; palatine foramina 7°5; upper

molar series 5°2. Bulle: greatest diagonal horizontal

length 15 ; back to antemeatal swelling 12°4 ; suprameatal

triangle, length 5, height 3°5. -

Hab. Coastal plain in region of Karun River, Persia.

Type from Ahwaz, alt. 220'. Mound of Susa (K. Loftus).

Type. Adult male. — B.M. no. 5. 10. 4.38. Original

number 22, - Collected 30th March, 1905, by R. B. Woosnam.

Presented by Col. A. C. Bailward.

This gerbil is most nearly allied to Lataste’s longifrons

from Jedda, on the Red Sea, but may be distinguished by its

smaller bulle.

Mr. Woosnam says of it in February 1905 :— Plentiful

all along the flat coast plain from Bushire to the Karun

River”; but at the end of March he says “only a few here

now, probably owing to failure of corn crop.”

The Museum contains a specimen sent home by Kenneth

Loftus from the Mound of Susa in 1853, two spirit-specimens

from Ahwaz presented by Dr. Jayakar in 1900, and three

excellent skins collected by Mr. Woosnam.

Meriones ambrosius, sp. n.

A naked-soled, bushy-tailed gerbil, related to IL. persicus,

but with smaller bulle.

Size rather large. General colour above a_ beautiful

“ cinnamon-buff,” slightly darker on the back, clearer on the

sides, the posterior back of a rather warmer tone than the

anterior; more uniform and less speckled throughout than in

most species of the genus. Under surface as usual pure

sharply defined white, the line of demarcation rather high up

on the sides. A white spot above and behind each eye, and

another above and behind the base of each ear; ear long,

coloured like head. Hands and feet pure white. Soles

smooth and naked posteriorly, granulated and naked ante-

riorly, but between the two, behind the granulations, there is

an area with a certain number of small hairs on it. Tail

long, rather heavily tufted terminally, the hairs attaining

20 mm. and more in length in the tutt, which is all round

the tail, not specialized as a crest ; main part of tail buffy,

tuft dark brown.

Skull rather smaller than that of perszcus, narrower across

the brain-case, and with very much smaller bulle. These

are without any antemeatal swelling, do not project so far

referred to the Genus Meriones, 271

backwards as the occipitals, and their postmeatal portion is

but little swollen, with a straight posterior margin.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 161 mm.; tail 183; hind foot 41 ;

ear 28,

Skull: greatest length (median) 43; condylo-incisive

length 38°5; zygomatic breadth 22°53 nasals 16°63 inter-

orbital breadth 7; least breadth across brain-case 17:2 ;

meatal breadth 21:3; palatine foramina 8:3 ; upper molar

series 62, Bullee: greatest diagonal horizontal diameter 13 ;

distance from back of bulla to front of meatus 95 supra-

meatal triangle, length 3°5, height 2.

FHTab. (of type). Dopulan, Buichtiari Mountains, 120 miles

N.E. of Ahwaz, Persia. Alt. 6000/.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 5. 10.4. 35. Original

number 36. Collected 18th April, 1905, by R. B. Woosnam ;

presented by Col. A. C. Bailward.

In my account of the Bailward collection * I referred this

exceedingly liandsome gerbil to MM. persteus ; but now that I

realize the systematic value of the difference in size of the

bullz, I consider it should be distinguished specifically from

that animal.

Meriones isis, sp. n.

The Lower Egypt representative of the ¢ group, that of

which Jf. shaw? is typical.

Size rather less than in true shawi. General colour rather

greyish or drabby buff, but of the only two available skins

one has been exhibited for many years and the other skinned

out of spirit. Underside white, the hairs slaty at base.

Light ear-patches little developed. Tail rather shorter than

head and body, dull whitish or buffy whitish on the sides and

for its whole length below, slightly darkened above by

blackish hairs, but very little tufted at the end, the longest

hairs barely 10 mm. in length.

Skull, as compared with that of M. guyonz, the South-

Algerian and Tripolitan representative of M/. shawi, of similar

general form, with comparatively small bulle and small

suprameatal triangles. Bullze, however, slightly smaller, and

interorbital breadth distinctly greater, this latter being the

chief difference between the Egyptian and Algerian animals.

Palatine foramina reaching to the level of the anterior root

of m'.

* P.Z.S, 1905, ii. p. 623.

272 On Gerbils referred to the Genus Meriones.

Dimensions of the type (measured on a skin) :—

Head and body 140 mm. ; tail 131 ; hind foot 32°5.

Skull: median length 39; diagonal length 39; zygo-

matic breadth 23°5; nasals 14:3; interorbital breadth 8 ;

bimeatal breadth 21; palatine foramina 7°6 ; upper molar

series 5°6. Bulle: diagonal length 14; meatal length (back

of bulla to front of meatal swelling) 11; suprameatal triangle,

length 3°9, height 3:1.

Hab. Lower Egypt. Type from Ramleh, near Alexandria.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 92. 7.1.6. Collected and

presented by Dr. John Anderson.

This is in part the ‘ Mertones shawi, var. melanurus” of

Anderson and de Winton’s ‘Mammals of Egypt,’ but, as

already explained, it seems best to apply the name melanurus

to the form which has the prominent black tuft to the tail,

and so agrees with Riippell’s figure and description. That

name being disposed of, and the species being distinguished

from the Algerian guyonit by its broader interorbital region,

a new name becomes necessary for it.

Meriones blackleri lycaon, subsp. n.

General characters of true blackleri of Smyrna, but the

colour warmer and more ochraceous and the tail without the

white tip which occurs in all our four specimens of blackleri.

Colour of back approaching cinnamon-buff ; belly-hairs white

to their bases. A whitish patch between eye and muzzle,

behind eyes, and a small one behind ears. Hands and feet

white ; soles with but a narrow area along the centre of the

proximal half naked. Tail buffy whitish, the terminal crest

extending for about 2 inclies at its end, not heavily developed,

blackish, not becoming white at the extreme tip.

Skull averaging rather larger than in blacklert, but the

specimens are mostly older. Palatine foramina ending quite

in front of the roots of m', those of blackleri attaining the

level of these latter. Bulle slightly larger.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 129 mm. ; tail 146; hind foot 33 ; ear 20.

Skull: greatest median length 41; diagonal length to

back of bulle 41; zygomatic breadth 22-4; nasals 17-7;

breadth across brain-case 17°L; bimeatal breadth 20 ; palatal

foramina 7°3 ; upper molar series 5°2. Bulle: length 12°8 ;

front of meatal swelling to back of bulla 9.

Hab. Kara Dagh, Lycaonia, Asia Minor. Alt. 3800!

Type. Adult male. 3B.M. no. 8. 7. 1. 28. Original

Notes on the Family Dendrocolaptide. 273

number 18, Collected 3rd June, 1907, and presented by

L. H. G. Ramsay, Esq. Five specimens.

It so happens that all the five specimens of this highland

gerbil are older than any of the four of true dlackleri from

comparatively low down at Smyrna; but if the colour is

affected by this fact, and even possibly the relative position

of the palatine foramina and teeth, the constant presence in

blacklert and absence in lycaon of a white tip to the tail

ae to justify a special subspecific name for the highland

orm,

XXVIT.—Notes on the Family Dendrocolaptide, with Sugges-

tions for its Division. By Cartes Cuuss, F.Z.S.,

M.B.O.U., Zoological Department, British Museum

(Natural History).

WHEN thie late Dr. P. L. Sclater wrote the fifteenth volume

of the ‘ Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum’ he

included in the family Dendrocolaptide the ground-birds,

bush-birds, and tree-climbing birds, dividing them into the

following subfamilies :—Furnariine, Synallaxinine, Phily-

dorinze, Sclerurinze, and Dendrocolaptine. This was followed

by the late Dr. Bowdler Sharpe in the ‘ Hand-list of Birds,’

vol. iii, 1901, with two additional subfamilies, viz., Margar-

ornithine and Glyphorhinz, which had been established

by Salvin and Godman (Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, ii.

pp. 109,171). Professor Ridgway, in his ‘ Birds of North

and Middle America,’ vol. v. pp. 157-295 (1911), has

divided these into two families under the following titles :—

Furnariidz and Dendrocolaptide. Brabourne and Chubb,

in their ‘ List of the Birds of South America,’ did not recog-

nize any of the divisions mentioned above, but simply included

them all under the family Dendrocolaptide.

It appears to me, however, tliat these may be divided into

four families, the first to include those that are essentially

ground-birds—F urnariide—with the following genera :—

Geobates, Swains., 1838.

Geositta, Swains., 1837.

Furnarius, Vieill., 1816.

Upucerthia, Geoffr. Saint-Hilaire, 1832.

Cinclodes, Gray, 1840.

274 Notes on the Family Dendrocolaptide.

Fremobius, Gould, 1839.

Chilia, Salvad., 1908.

Clibanornis, Scl. & Salv., 1873.

Lochmias, Swains., 1827.

Sclerurus, Swains., 1827.

Tt must be mentioned, however, that the limits of this

family are entirely different to those of Ridgway, who uses

the same title.

The second to include the soft-tailed and bush-haunting

birds—Synallaxide—with the following genera :—

Aphrastura, Oberh., 1899.

Sylviorthorhynchus, Des Murs, 1847.

Schizwaca, Cab., 1873.

Phleocryptes, Cab. & Hein., 1859.

Leptasthenura, Reichenb., 1853.

Synallazis, Vieill., 1819.

Siptornis, Reichenb., 1853.

Metopothriz, Scl. & Salv., 1866.

Xenerpestes, Berl., 1886.

1’ seudocolaptes, Reichenb., 1853.

Coryphistera, Burm., 1860.

Anumbius, d’Orb. & Lafr., 1838.

Thryolegus, Oberh., 1899.

Limnornis, Gould, 1841.

Berlepschia, Ridgw., 1887.

Phacellodomus, Reichenb., 1853.

Thripophaga, Cab., 1847.

Pseudoseisura, Reichenb., 1853.

Automolus, Reichenb., 1853.

Philydor, Spix, 1824.

Thripadectes, Scl., 1862.

Ancistrops, Scl., 1862.

Heliobletus, Reichenb., 1853.

Anabazenops, Lafr., 1847.

Xenicopsis, Cab. & Hein., 1859.

The third to include the genera Xenops and Pygarrhicus,

which appear to me to be intermediate between the Synal-

laxidee and Dendrocolaptide, and for which I propose the

name Xenopides :—

Xenops, Illiger, 1811.

Pygarrhicus, Burm., 1837.

On new Pyralide of the Subfamily Crambinee. = 275

The fourth to include the spine-tailed and tree-climbing

birds—Dendrocolaptide—with the following genera :—

Margarornis, Reichenb., 1853.

Premnornis, Ridgw., 1909.

Premnoplex, Cherrie, 181.

Glyphorhynchus, Wied., 1831.

Dendrocincla, Gray, 1840.

Sittasomus, Swains., 1827.

Deconychura, Cherrie, 1891.

NXiphorhynchus, Swains., 1827.

Dendroplex, Swains., 1827.

Dendrewetastes, Kyton, 1851.

Flylexetastes, Sclater, 1889.

Xiphocolaptes, Less., 1840.

Picolaptes, Less., 1830.

Nasica, Less., 1830.

Drymornis, Eyton, 1852.

Campylorhamphus, Bertoni, 1901.

Dendrocolaptes, Hermann, 1804,

It may be mentioned also that the limits of this family are

not the same as those of Ridgway, who uses the same title.

XXVIII.—Descriptions of New Pyralide of the Subfamilies

Crambine and Sigine. By Sir Grorez F, Hampson,

Bart., F.Z.S., &e.

Tue following paper is a supplement to my classification of the

Schcenobianz and Crambinz in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological

Society of London’ for 1895, pp. 897 to 974.

The name of the former family has been changed, as Stiga Hiibn.

is the oldest-described genus contained in it.

The types of the new species are in the British Museum, unless

otherwise stated.

Family Pyralide.

Subfamily CramBivz,

Genus NEARGYRIA.

(2) Neargyria persimilis, sp. n.

Silvery white ; palpi orange at sides; thorax with paired dorsal

orange stripes; fore and mid legs and dorsal surface of abdomen

tinged with ochreous. Fore wing with fine orange fasciz on basal

276 Sir G. F. Hampson on new

third of costa and on inner margin except at base; an oblique

orange band from three-fourths of costa, along which it is diffused

to apex, to middle of inner margin; a fine dark brown terminal

line; cilia tinged with fulvous; the underside of fore wing and

costal area of hind wing tinged with brown.

Hab. D’Enrrecasteaux Is., Goodenough I. (Meek), 1 3;

Woodlark I. (Meek), 1 2 type. Hep. 18 mm.

(la) Ptochostola metascotiella, sp. n.

Head and thorax dark brown; abdomen blackish with grey seg-

mental rings. Fore wing dark red-brown with a white fascia from

base through the cell to the submarginal line, intersected beyond

the cell by an oblique rufous line, its medial part defined by a

slight black streak below; some silvery scales at upper angle of

cell and streaks on veins 2 and 3; a silvery submarginal line,

obtusely angled on vein 5; an oblique white streak from apex and

line on apical part of margin; the inner half of outer area

dark grey with marginal series of black specks. Hind wing dark

fuscous.

Hab. Cave Cotony, Annshaw (Miss F. Barrett), 4 3 type.

Exp. 14 mm.

(le) Culladia albimedialis, sp. n.

3. Head and thorax white slightly tinged with red-brown ;

abdomen white; pectus and legs white, the fore tibiz and the tarsi

tinged with red-brown. Fore wing white tinged with red-brown,

the costal area, cell, and an oblique shade from its extremity to

apex silvery white, leaving the costal edge tinged with red-brown

to near apex; a slight oblique red-brown line from apex defining

the lower edge of the white shade. Hind wing white with a very

faint red-brown tinge. Underside of fore wing wholly tinged with

red-brown.

Hab. QUEENSLAND, Peak Downs, 1 dg type. Hap. 20 mm.

(le) Culladia irroralis, sp. n.

3. Head, thorax, and abdomen white; antennze tinged with

red-brown; palpi, pectus, and legs white tinged with red-brown.

Fore wing white irrorated with red-brown, rather more thickly on

costal and terminal areas; indistinct diffused oblique antemedial

and medial lines from cell to inner margin; a distinct oblique red-

brown line from apex to inner margin beyond middle with faint

diffused streaks beyond it in the interspaces; a fine red-brown

terminal line and a line near tips of cilia. Hind wing white.

Underside of fore wing tinged with red-brown.

Hab. Br. E. Arrica, Kikuyu, Roromo Flat (Crawshay), 1 3

type. Exp. 18 mm.

Pyralidee of the Subsaumily Crambine. 277

(1f) Culladia dentilinealis, sp. n.

9°. Head, thorax, and abdomen white mixed with pale red-

brown; palpi white with fuscous bands towards extremity of 2nd

joint and at base of 8rd joint; ventral surface of abdomen white.

Fore wing white suffused with pale red-brown, the terminal area

finely striated with darker brown and with a dark patch on costa

before apex; an oblique red-brown antemedial shade from sub-

median fold to inner margin; a red-brown shade from costa to

below end of cell, with a white patch beyond it before the slight

red-brown postmedial line which is obliquely exeurved to vein 5,

then ineurved, again excurved above the submedian fold in which

it is retracted to below the origin of vein 2, then oblique to inner

margin; subterminal line white slightly defined on each side by

red-brown, angled outwards below the dark costal patch, then

rather irregularly dentate ; a fine black terminal line and a brown

line near base of cilia. Hind wing white suffused with red-brown.

Underside white suffused with brown.

Hab. Punsas, Simla (Pilcher), 2 2 type. Exp. 20 mm.

(Lh) Culladia sinuimargo, sp. n.

Fore wing with veins 4, 5 from the cell, the termen sinuous, the

anal tuft of male very large.

Head and thorax white irrorated with dark brown; antennze

dark brown; palpi banded with black at sides; abdomen white

tinged with rufous, the anal tuft of male fulvous ochreous ; pectus,

legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white. Fore wing white

irrorated with dark brown and some black, the terminal area finely

pencilled with blackish ; postmedial line white defined on each side

by black-brown, oblique to vein 6 where it is angled outwards, then

inwardly oblique with an angle outwards at vein 2, erect below

vein 1, the veins beyond it with rather diffused black streaks,

slightly forking before the subterminal line, which is red-brown,

excurved below costa, then slightly waved; a fine black terminal

line; cilia brownish, white at base towards apex. Hind wing

white, the veins and terminal area except towards tornus suffused

with reddish brown; cilia with a brown line near base to vein 2.

Underside of fore wing suffused with red-brown except the inner

area,

Hab. Transvaat, Pretoria (Janse), 4d, 1 2 type. Exp.

6 22, 9 24 mm.

(17) Culladia innotalis, sp. n.

Fore wing with the termen not sinuous.

2. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous suffused with reddish

brown, the vertex of head whitish; antenne dark brown ringed

with white; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen whitish,

the fore and hind legs suffused with reddish brown. Fore wing

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. iti. 19

278 Sir G. F. Hampson on new

ochreous tinged with red-brown and slightly irrorated with greyish

fuscous especially at termen in submedian fold and in discal fold

in and beyond end of cell; cilia white tinged with ochreous. Hind

wing white tinged with ochreous. Underside white suffused with

brownish ochreous.

Hab. C. Curtna, Fokien, Ting-hai (de-la-Garde), 1 2 type.

Exp. 24 mm.

(1) Eufernaldia micralis, sp. n.

Fore wing with vein 11 anastomosing with 12; hind wing with

veins 4, 5 from the cell.

3. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish suffused with brownish

ochreous. Fore wing whitish suffused with brownish ochreous and

slightly irrorated with blackish; a blackish point at origin of

vein 2; a faint curved dark postmedial line between veins 7 and 2

with another faint curved line beyond it from costa to vein 3; a

terminal series of minute black points from below apex to vein 2

and a slight brownish line near base of cilia. Hind wing white

tinged with ochreous. Underside whitish suffused with brownish

ochreous.

Hab. Jamaica, Constant Springs (Walsingham), 1 ¢ type.

Exp. 12 mm.

Genus NEERUPA, nov.

Type, N. argyrosticta.

Proboscis minute; palpi downcurved, extending about twice the

length of head and clothed with long rough scales; maxillary palpi

strongly dilated with scales; frons smooth; eyes large, round;

antennz of male laminate and fasciculate; tibie smoothly scaled.

Fore wing with the termen somewhat excised from apex to vein 4;

vein 3 typically from well before angle of cell; 5 from above angle;

6 from well below upper angle; 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked; 11 from cell.

Hind wing with vein 3 typically from well before angle of cell;

5 from above angle; 6, 7 shortly stalked ; 8 anastomosing with 7.

(1) Neerupa benepunctalis, sp. n.

Fore wing with the termen rather strongly excised from

apex to vein 4; vein 3 from close to angle of cell and 4, 5 from

angle. Hind wing with vein 3 from close to angle of cell, 4, 5

shortly stalked, and 6, 7 from upper angle.

Head, thorax, and abdomen white suffused with red-brown.

Fore wing whitish suffused with red-brown ; the costal area white

to beyond middle; a faint diffused dark postmedial line, excurved to

vein 4, then incurved to middle of inner margin, the area beyond

it rather whiter below vein 2; an indistinct double curved puncti-

form subterminal dark line filled in with slight whitish marks; a

terminal series of prominent black points defined on inner side

Pyralide of the Sul/am:ly Crambine. 279

by white marks. Hind wing and underside white suffused with

brown.

Hab. Covomera, Choko, La Silva San Juan, 1 ¢; Perv, Cara-

haya, Oconeque (Ockenden), 1 2 type. Bap. 22 mm.

(2) Neerupa arqyrosticta, sp. n.

Fore wing with the termen slightly excised from apex to vein 4;

both wings with vein 3 from well before angle of cell and 5 from

above angle ; hind wing with veins 6, 7 shortly stalked.

¢. Head and thorax deep rufous with a golden gloss ; abdomen

paler golden rufous. Fore wing deep rufous with a golden gloss ;

a silvery white medial line, excurved to median nervure, then

oblique; a diffused whitish discoidal spot; an indistinct rather

diffused red-brown postmedial line, somewhat narrowed towards

costa, then oblique, a silvery white spot tinged with blue on it at

costa and minute streaks at veins 7, 6, the veins beyond it slightly

irrorated with bluish white scales; a terminal series of silvery

white bars tinged with blue ; cilia chequered with white at tips,

Hind wing white tinged with rufous; a faint reddish brown sub-

terminal line; a rufous terminal line. Underside of fore wing

glossy red-brown, the costal area towards apex and the terminal

area yellowish rufous. Hind wing with the costal and terminal

areas suffused with rufous, the brown subterminal line distinct.

Hab. Cotompta, San Antonio (Palmer), 2 3 type; W. slopes,

1g. Exp. 32 mm.

(5a) Crambus mesoscia, sp. n.

3. Head, thorax, and abdomen creamy white, the patagia suf-

fused with red-brown except dorsally, the dorsum of thorax with

brown streaks; antennz rufous except above; frons at sides and

palpi except above red-brown; legs suffused with red-brown.

Fore wing creamy white slightly irrorated with brown; a rather

diffused black-brown streak along median nervure with red-brown

shades above and below it between diseal and submedian folds,

expanding beyond the cell to termen and with slight red-brown

streaks above it in the interspaces towards apex; a terminal series

of prominent black points; cilia with red-brown line near base and

some red-brown at tips. Hind wing silvery white with minute

dark points on termen from apex to below vein 3. Underside of

fore wing except the costal edge on terminal half and the costal

area of hind wing suffused with red-brown.

Hab. Navat, Durban (Leigh), 1 ¢; Care Cotoyy, Kokstad

(Mrs. Pringle), 1d type. Exp. 32 mm.

(6c) Crambus diodonta, sp. n.

2. Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged with rufous; palpi

with their lower half red-brown. Fore wing white tinged with

rufous in parts, a patch of rufous suffusion beyond lower angle of

19*

280 Sir G. F. Hampson on new

cell and the terminal area more distinctly tinged with rufous; a

punctiform red-brown medial line, oblique towards costa, angled

outwards beyond the angles of cell, then inwardly oblique; post-

medial line red-brown, punctiform, oblique to vein 6, inwardly

oblique below vein 4 and ending at submedian fold; a terminal

series of black-brown points. Hind wing creamy white. Underside

white, the fore wing and costal area of hind wing tinged with

rufous.

Hab. 8. Nigeria, Old Calabar (Crompton), 2 9 type. Exp.

22 mm.

(Sa) Crambus niveicostellus, sp. n.

°. Head, thorax, and abdomen pure white, the patagia rufous

except dorsally ; antennz rufous; palpi tinged with rufous except

above towards tips; fore tibize and the tarsi tinged with rufous.

Fore wing with silvery white costal stripe narrowing to a point at

apex, the area below it cupreous rufous to submedian fold, then

white tinged with rufous; slight white streaks on the veins

beyond the cell and a distinct white streak on vein 1; a terminal

series of slight red-brown striz; cilia white, tinged with rufous

towards apex. Hind wing silvery white. Underside silvery white.

Hab. Br. E. Arrica, Shambe (Betton), 1 2 type. Hap.

30 mm.

(13 a) Crambus undilineatus, sp. n.

Head and thorax grey-white mixed with red-brown, the head white,

the antenne and palpi with more red-brown; abdomen, pectus, and

legs white tinged with red-brown, the fore legs deep red-brown on

inner side. Fore wing grey-white thickly irrorated with red-brown,

especially towards costa; an obscure whitish spot in the cell towards

extremity and discoidal annulus open above; postmedial liné whitish

defined on each side by red-brown, minutely waved, obliquely

excurved to submedian fold, then oblique; a terminal series of

black points; cilia white with brown lines near base and tips.

Hind wing white tinged with red-brown. Underside of fore wing

suffused with red-brown.

Hab. Br. E. Arrica, Eb Urru (Betton), 1 6; TRansvaat,

White R. (Cooke), 1 3 type, Pretoria (Distant), 3 5, 2 Q;

Cave Contony, Brak Kloop (G. White),1¢. Hap. 22-26 mm.

(136) Crambus albidorsatus, sp. n.

3. Head and thorax white with a slight cupreous tinge, the

patagia cupreous brown; antenne cupreous brown ; palpi cupreous

brown, white above on terminal half; abdomen, pectus, and legs

white mixed with cupreous brown. Fore wing cupreous brown

irrorated with whitish; the inner margin with white streak, the

veins beyond the cell finely streaked with whitish; a small black

Pyralide of the Subfamily Crambine. 281

spot at origin of vein 2; a faint very oblique red-brown striga from

middle of costa and slight marks at end of cell; postmedial line

red-brown slightly defined on outer side by white and very oblique

to vein 7, then represented by slight somewhat dentate red-brown

marks defined on outer side by whitish and inwardly oblique to

inner margin; a slight white mark at apex and fine black ter-

minal line forming minute spots at the interspaces; cilia pale

rufous with a silvery gloss. Hind wing whitish suffused with red-

brown; a fine dark terminal line; cilia white. Underside whitish

suffused with red-brown, the fore wing with indistinct curved

brown postmedial line with a white mark on its outer side at costa.

Hab. Stnaavonre (Ridley), 1 ¢ type. Hap. 22 mm.

(18 e) Crambus cuprescens, sp. n.

Q. Head and thorax cupreous red-brown mixed with whitish ;

abdomen, pectus, and legs white tinged with cupreous brown, the

fore tarsi red-brown ringed with white. Fore wing whitish tinged

with eupreous and thickly irrorated with red-brown; traces of a

red-brown medial line, excurved at end of cell, then incurved and

again slightly excurved above inner margin; a faint slightly

sinuous red-brown postmedial line, excurved below costa, then

oblique; a fine slightly waved red-brown terminal line. Hind

wing white with a faint cupreous tinge. Underside white, the fore

wing and costal area of hind wing tinged with red-brown.

Hab. Jean Fernanvez (J. J. Walker), 1 2 type. Exp.

24 mm.

(183f') Crambus cinereus, sp. n.

Q. Head and thorax grey-brown with a slight leaden gloss ;

abdomen white tinged with brown, the anal tuft tinged with

rufous. Fore wing grey-brown with a slight leaden gloss; a faint

oblique dark bar from middle of costa and slight mark at lower

angle of cell; postmedial line indistinet, dark, formed by striz in

the interspaces, excurved to vein 4, then oblique ; a terminal series

of black points; cilia white tinged with brown and with a white

line at base. Hind wing white, the costal area and termen to

vein 2 with a faint red-brown tinge. Underside of fore wing and

costal area of hind wing tinged with red-brown.

Hab. Durcu N. Guinea, Mimika R. (Wollaston), 1 2 type,

Wataikwa R. (Wollaston),1 9. Exp. 24mm.

(139) Crambus melanerges, sp. n.

Head, thorax, and abdomen black-brown with a leaden gloss,

the last with the sides whitish; pectus and legs with some white.

Fore wing uniform black-brown with a silvery leaden gloss. Hind

wing tinged with brown. Underside of fore wing and costal area

of hind wing greyish fuscous.

Hab. Sterna Leone (Clements), 1 29; Uaanna (W. B. Gill),

14,1 Q type. Lap. 20-22 mm.

282 Sir G. F. Hampson on new

(146) Crambus discistrigatus, sp. n.

Head and thorax pale olive-brown; antenne brown, whitish

towards base; palpi irrorated with white ; abdomen, pectus, and

legs whitish suffused with red-brown. Fore wing pale olive-brown,

the eostal area darker and the costal edge orhitey a white fascia

above median nervure from before fiddle of call forming rather

diffused streaks beyond the cell on veins 6 to 4; a fine dark ter minal

line; cilia whitish at base with a fine brown line near base. Hind

wing pale grey-brown, the cilia white. Underside whitish suffused

sith grey-brown.

Hab. Punsas, Hundes, 1 ¢,1 2 type. Exp. 28 mm.

(14d) Crambus medioradiellus.

Head and thorax pale red-brown; abdomen yellowish white.

Fore wing pale ferruginous irrorated with white scales; a white

fascia in submedian fold from base to near outer mar gin; traces of

a curved medial line; a more distinct submarginal line oblique

from costa to vein 5 where it is angled, then outw ardly defined by

white ; “a marginal series of black points; cilia whitish with a

brown line through them. Hind wing yellowish white.

Hab. QuEENSLAND, Cooktown, Cedar Bay (Meek), 2 5,1 2

type. Hap. 20 mm.

(166) Crambus calamellus, sp: n.

Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged with reddish ochreous ;

antenne and palpi more rufous. Fore wing white suffused with

reddish ochreous and irrorated with brown, the costa brownish

towards base; postmedial line brown, very obliquely excurved from

costa to vein 4, then inwardly oblique; subterminal line brown,

obliquely excurved from costa to vein 4, then rather inwardly

oblique and sinuous ; a terminal series of minute black points from

apex to vein 2; cilia white at base witha fine brown line near base.

Hind wing silvery white with a faint red-brown tinge on apical]

half of terminal area.

Hab. Paraauay, Santa Cruz (Moor), 1 9; Araentrya, Santa

Fé, Ocampo (Wager), 1 2, Florenzia, tae Chaco (Wagner),

1 9, Goya (Perrens), 4 $,1 9 type. Exp. 18-20 mm.

(21a) Crambus diascia, sp. n.

2. Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged with red-brown,

the patagia red-brown; antennze fuscous except at base; palpi

reddish brown at sides. Fore wing white tinged in parts with

reddish brown and with a darker brown shade from median ner-

vure to above inner margin to the postmedial line, which is slight,

brown, very oblique to vein 7, then minutely waved, incurved

Pyralidee of the Subfamily Crambine. 283

below discal fold and angled outwards at submedian fold; an in-

distinct curved minutely waved pale brown subterminal line; a

terminal series of black points to submedian fold; cilia silvery

white at base, tinged with red-brown at tips. Hind wing white,

the termen tinged with red-brown to vein 2; cilia silvery white.

Underside of fore wing suffused with red-brown except the inner

area.

Hab. Paraguay, Sapucay (Foster), 2 2 type. Exp. 22 mm.

(21) Crambus bidentellus, sp. n.

Crambus racabellus, Druce, Biol. Cent.-Am., Het. ii. p. 290 (part.).

Q. Head and tegule creamy white; thorax and abdomen white

suffused with red-brown; antenne and palpi at sides red-brown.

Fore wing white tinged with red-brown and slightly irrorated with

darker brown; antemedial line represented by a slight blackish

striga in the cell and dentate mark at vein 1; an indistinct

blackish medial line, strongly angled outwards at discal fold

beyond the cell, then oblique and angled outwards at submedian

fold, obsolete below vein 1; an indistinet curved postmedial line

from costa to vein 2, with a blackish shade before it except towards *

costa ; a minutely waved pale red-brown subterminal line slightly

defined on outer side by silvery white, the area beyond it finely

pencilled with brown; a terminal series of minute black points to

submedian fold. Hind wing white faintly tinged with red-brown,

the cilia pure white. Underside white tinged with red-brown.

Hab. Mexico, Durango (Becker), 1 Q type, Godman-Salvin

Coll. Exp. 26 mm.

(236) Crambus atristrigellus, sp. n.

Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous brown largely mixed with

white, the inner area and still more the costal area strongly

irrorated with bright rufous; the medial line represented by an

oblique white streak from costa and oblique rufous line on inner

area; the postmedial line white defined by bright rufous, oblique

towards costa, angled at vein 6, and with a triangular rufous spot

beyond it on costa; a terminal series of short black streaks; cilia

rufous.

Hab. Jamatca, Mandeville (Cockerell), 1 ¢ type, Newcastle,

1Q. Eap. 14mm.

(24 ¢) Crambus melanolepis, sp. n.

¢. Head, thorax, and abdomen white with some black-brown

scales; antenne tinged with red-brown; palpi, pectus, legs, and

ventral surface of abdomen white, the maxillary palpi blackish

above, the fore tibiw blackish below and the mid and hind tibiz

with blackish rings at extremities. Fore wing white, the costa

with some dark brown towards base; an oblique slightly sinuous

284 Sir G. F. Hampson on new

black antemedial line from costa to submedian fold with a patch of

black scales beyond it above vein1; a rather oblique wedge-shaped

discoidal spot tinged with red-brown and defined by black scales,

angled outwards beyond the cell; a slight dark subterminal line,

oblique towards costa and with a patch of black scales beyond it,

then minutely waved; a slight dark line before termen and a fine

black terminal line; cilia with some black scales at tips. Hind

wing white, the terminal area faintly tinged with red-brown; a

fine dark terminal line and lunulate black mark at tornus with

a black bar beyond it on the cilia. Underside white tinged with

red-brown.

Hab. Perv, R. Pacaya, 1 ¢ type. Hep. 16 mm.

(8la) Crambus melaneurus, sp. n.

3. Head and thorax white with a yellow tinge in parts; an-

tenne brownish except above; palpi with some dark brown at

sides ; abdomen white suffused with brown ; pectus and legs white

tinged with yellow-brown. Fore wing silvery white, the costal

area to discal fold and the area beyond the cell suffused with golden

yellow, narrowing to tornus; streaks of diffused black scales below

costa and in upper part of cell from near base to end of cell and

similar streaks in the interspaces beyond the cell to below vein 2;

a terminal series of prominent black points; cilia brown glossed

with metallie silver. Hind wing white tinged with fuscous brown

especially on costal half, the cilia pure white. Underside of fore

wing fusecous, the terminal half of costa golden yellow, the termen

white; hind wing white tinged with fuscous except at termen.

Hab. Punsan, Dalhousie (Barrow), 1 3 type. Hap. 22 mm.

(44a) Orambus minimellus, sp. n.

Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged with ochreous; antennze

brownish except towards base. Fore wing pale ochreous; a rather

diffused blackish medial line, oblique to submedian fold, then

inwardly oblique ; a rather diffused dark postmedial line defined on

outer side by whitish, obliquely excurved to discal fold, then rather

inwardly oblique and ending at submedian fold; blackish points on

termen at veins 4, 8,2. Hind wing white, the termen tinged with

brown except towards tornus. Underside of fore wing tinged

with brown except on inner area.

Hab. Br. Guiana, Bartica (Parish), 26,19 type. Hap.

10 mm.

(54a) Crambus dichotomellus, sp. n.

3. White; patagia tinged with pale rufous ; abdomen irrorated

with fuscous. Fore wing irrorated with fuscous; a black line

from base through the cell obsolescent towards outer margin and

defined by pure white below ; very pale rufous suffusion on costal

area and below base of median nervure. .

Hab. Care Corony, Annshaw (Miss F. Barrett), 1 3 type,

Grahamstown, I ¢, Zuurberg (Bairstowe),1 3. Hap. 24mm.

Pyralide of the Subfamily Crambinee. 285

(546) Crambus ellipticellus, sp. n.

3. Head, thorax, and abdomen dirty white, the two latter

suffused with pale brown; palpi brownish at sides. Fore wing

somewhat elliptical and rounded at apex, white, the interspaces of

costal half and the whole inner half suffused with pale brown

leaving an almost pure white streak from base along median ner-

vure to outer margin; the inner half irrorated with erect black

scales of which there are a few on costal half also; a terminal

series of black points. Hind wing white, the apical area suffused

with brownish.

Hab. Navat, Estcourt (JZutchinson), 2 ¢ type. Exp.

26-28 mm.

(62a) Crambus elongatus, sp. n.

¢. Head, thorax, and abdomen white with a reddish ochreous

tinge; antenn fuscous; palpi with some blackish at sides, white

above and below; pectus and legs suffused with fuscous. Fore wing

white tinged with reddish ochreous leaving the costal area pure

white except towards base; irrorated with a few black scales espe-

cially in submedian interspace and beyond the cell; a terminal

series of black points to vein 3; cilia pure white. Hind wing white

with a slight reddish ochreous tinge, the cilia pure white. Under-

side of fore wing suffused with fuscous brown, the terminal area

white; hind wing white, the costal area tinged with brown.

Hab. Curt, Chillan, 8000’ (#/wes), 2 ¢ type. Exp. 40 mm.

(77a) Crambus tripartitus, sp. n.

d. Head white, the antenne and palpi black; thorax black

with a cupreous gloss and with dorsal white stripe ; abdomen white

with reddish brown hair on dorsum towards base; pectus and

ventral surface of abdomen white suffused with cupreous brown ;

legs cupreous black-brown, the hind tibia streaked with white

above. Fore wing with the costal area eupreous black-brown; a

silvery white stripe through the cell and thence obliquely to apex,

a broad ecupreous black-brown stripe below it; the inner area

silvery white with some cupreous brown seales on terminal half

of inner margin and irroration on tornal area; a terminal series of

black points from below apex to vein 2; cilia white with cupreous

brown line near base except towards apex and some cupreous brown

at tips. Hind wing silvery white. Underside with the fore wing

and costal area of hind wing suffused with brown, leaving some

white in and just beyond the cell of fore wing.

Hab. Navat, Maritzburg (Burnup), 1d type. Exp. 24 mm.

(77) Crambus chalcimerus, sp. n.

¢. Head and thorax silvery white, the tegule, except dorsally,

and patagia cupreous yellow; antenne tinged with fuscous; palpi

dark brown mottled with white; abdomen white dorsally suffused

with eupreous yellow towards base ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface

of abdomen with some brown suffusion, Fore wing with the

286 Sir G. F. Hampson on new

costal area to discal fold cupreous yellow leaving the costal edge

white; asilvery white stripe along median nervure and below discal

fold to termen, a cupreous yellow stripe below its basal half, the

inner area silvery white tinged and slightly irrorated with brown.

Hind wing white suffused with reddish brown, the cilia pure white.

Underside suffused with red-brown, the inner area of hind wing

whiter.

Hab. Basvrouanp, Masite (Crawshay), 1 3 type, Mohali-

shoek (Crawshay),2 3. Hap. 24 mm.

(128 a) Crambus micralis, sp. n.

Head white; thorax whitish mixed with cupreous brown;

abdomen whitish with a slight cupreous tinge ; antennz brownish ;

pectus and legs whitish suffused with cupreous brown. Fore wing

whitish tinged with cupreous and irrorated with dark brown; a

patch of dark brown scales below middle of cell; postmedial line

brown, oblique from costa to discal fold, where it is angled out-

wards, then inwardly oblique to middle of inner margin, forming a

diffused spot at submedian fold; subterminal line double, dark

cupreous brown, minutely waved, rather oblique towards costa, the

inner line incurved at discal fold and curved inwards to inner

margin ; a black-brown terminal line ; cilia white with a silvery

gloss. Hind wing white tinged with brown, the cilia pure white.

Underside of fore wing tinged with red-brown.

Hab. Cuba, Tanamo (Schaus), 2 ¢,2 9 ; Cotompra, Honda,

1 g type. Hxp. 12 mm.

(131 a) Crambus argentimaculalis, sp. n.

Head, tegule, and patagia white; palpi banded with brown;

thorax brown; pectus and legs white, the tarsi banded with

brown; abdomen fuscous above, white below. Fore wing red-

brown ; a large triangular white antemedial patch narrowing from

below costa to inner margin; a diamond-shaped postmedial spot on

costa and a sexagonal patch extending from vein 3 to inner margin;

the fine postmedial line oblique from costa to vein 5, then joining

the large patch at tornus; an apical spot; a fine dark terminal

line; cilia white and rufous. Hind wing white tinged with

yellow in male, with fuscous in female.

Hab. Brazitu, Petropolis (Doer), 13,1 2 type, Sao Paulo

(D. Jones), 1 3, Castro Paratia (D. Jones),19. Exp. 16 mm.

(13816) Crambus reseda, n. n.

Culladia mignonette, Dyar, Insec. Incit. Menstr. ii. p. 164 (1914), nom.

pray.

Br. & Fr. Guiana.

(131d) Crambus argyriplagalis, sp. n.

2. Head and thorax brown; palpi white mixed with brown;

tegule and patagia, pectus and legs white; abdomen -fuscous

above, white below. Fore wing red-brown; some white at base of

Pyralide of the Subfanily Crambine. 237

inner margin; a broad white antemedial band; a similar post-

medial band with sinuous edges, its outer edge dentate below costa

with an oblique striga from costa beyond it; a white patch at

x and another on termen from vein 4 to ternus; cilia white,

- very at middle. Hind wing white strongly tinged with

uscous.

Hab. Surtxam, Paramaribo (£//acombe),1Q. Exp. 14 mm.

Type in Coll. Rothschild.

(132@) Crambus tessellatus, n. sp.

¢. Head and thorax white mixed with dark cupreous brown ;

ablomen white suffused with brown; antenne brownish; palpi

cupreous brown, white above and below; pectus and legs white

suffused with cupreous brown. Fore wing silvery white irrorated

with some cupreous brown scales; a small rather wedge-shaped

black-brown antemedial mark in cell and streak above inner

margin; an ill-defined spot in middle of cell; a narrow cupreous

brown medial band, oblique to middle of discocellulars, where there

is an ill-defined black spot on it, then inwardly oblique and with

elongate black mark on it below end of cell; an incomplete

cupreous brown annulus beyond end of cell; subterminal line

double, rather diffused cupreous brown, rather oblique to discal

fold, then inwardly oblique and with diffused black spots on the

inner line below veins 4 and 1; a slight black-brown subapical

spot; a fine black-brown terminal line. Hind wing white tinged

with reddish brown; cilia white with a brown line near base.

Underside of fore wing suffused with reddish brown.

Hab. Br. E. Arrica, N’dimu ( Betton), 1¢ type. Eap.14 mm.

(1844) Crambus perdentellus, sp. n.

Head and thorax white, the patagia suffused with red-brown ;

antenne dark brown; palpi banded with dark brown; abdomen

whitish suffused with brown; fore legs and the tarsi cupreous

brown above. Fore wing white irrorated and in parts suffused

with cupreous brown; the costal edge black-brown towards base ;

medial line double, dark brown, very oblique to discal fold beyond

the cell, where it is acutely angled outwards, then inwardly

oblique, diffused and waved below the cell; subterminal line double,

dark brown, obliquely excurved to diseal fold, where it is angled

outwards and also below vein 4, then strongly angled inwards just

above submedian fold and outwards just below it; a fine black

termi line; cilia with a dark line near base and some dark

brown at tips. Hind wing white, tinged with brown especially

towards termen; cilia pure white. Underside of fore wing and

costal area of hind wing suffused with dark brown.

Hab. Br. C. Arnica, Mlanje plateau, 6500’ (Neave), 2 6,

GQ type. Exp. 22 mn.

(1344) Crambus apicenotatus, sp. n.

3. Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged with reddish

brown ; antenn@ ringed with brown; palpi brown mixed with

288 Sir G. F. Hampson on new

white. Fore wing tinged in parts and slightly irrorated with

reddish brown ; a dark streak in basal half of submedian fold and

a blackish fascia in and beyond end of cell; slight diffused blackish

marks beyond upper and lower angles of cell; the veins beyond

the cell with slight white streaks defined by red-brown; sub-

terminal line white defined on each side by brown, oblique to

vein 6 near termen, then slightly sinuous, angled inwards at vein 2

and outwards at submedian fold, a semicircular chocolate-brown

patch beyond it on apical part of costa; a fine dark terminal line ;

cilia with a dark line at middle. Hind wing white with a faint

brown tinge; cilia with a pale brown line at middle. Underside

of fore wing and costal area of hind wing tinged with brown.

Hab. Formosa, Banshorio (Wileman),1 ¢ type. Exp. 12mm.

(1384¢) Crambus distictellus, sp. n.

3. Head white; thorax and abdomen white with a slight

cupreous tinge; antennz tinged with brown; palpi at sides, pectus

and legs suffused with cupreous brown. Fore wing silvery white

tinged with cupreous brown; an indistinct cupreous brown medial

line, angled outwards at discal fold beyond the cell, then inwardly

oblique and slightly sinuous, black points on it at discal and sub-

median fold; subterminal line double, cupreous brown filled in

with white, very minutely waved, oblique to discal fold, then

inwardly oblique and slightly ineurved at submedian fold where

there isa black point on the inner line; a dark cupreous brown

terminal line; cilia silvery white at base, cupreous at tips. Hind

wing silvery white with a faint cupreous tinge on costal area ;

a slight brown terminal line to vein 2. Underside of fore wing

and costal area of hind wing suffused with cupreous brown.

2. Thorax and fore wing more strongly suffused with cupreous.

Hab. Formosa, Takow (Wileman), 13,19, Tainan ( Wile-

man), 5 3 type, Anping (Wileman),1¢3,192. Hzxp. 18 mm.

(184d) Crambus prodontellus, sp, n.

Head, thorax, and abdomen white suffused in parts with

cupreous; palpi grey-brown at sides; tarsi white ringed with

brown. Fore wing silvery white tinged with cupreous; dark

streaks on subcostal and median nervure, slight cupreous brown

streaks below basal half of costa and in discal fold and a shade

below median nervure to just beyond end of cell; medial line

double, dark, very oblique to discal fold where it is angled out-

wards to well beyond the cell, then angled inwards to origin

of vein 2 and ending at submedian fold; subterminal line golden

cupreous, slightly defined on outer side by silver, indistinctly

double and oblique to discal fold near termen, then inwardly

oblique and slightly sinuous, an oblique wedge-shaped dark brown

mark beyond it from apex, defined below by white; a series of

short black streaks in the interspaces of terminal area to vein 2;

a fine blackish terminal line; cilia with a blackish line near base

and some dark scales near tips. Hind wing white tinged with

Pyralidee of the Subfamily Crambine. 289

cupreous brown, a rather darker terminal line; cilia white with a

slight cupreous brown line near base. Underside of fore wing and

costal area of hind wing suffused with cupreous brown.

Ab. 1. Fore wing with the markings paler and much less distinct.

Hab. Br. E. Arrica, Kikuyu, Kiu (Crawshay),1 2 ; Trans-

VAAL, Groenvlei (Janse), 12, Doomfontein (Janse), 1 ¢, Pre-

toria (Janse), 1 ¢d type; Care Cotony, Zuurberg (Bairstow),

19. £xp. 18 mm.

(1864) Crambus diarhabdellus, sp. n.

@. Head and thorax white mixed with some black-brown ;

abdomen white, tinged with brown at base; antenne brownish;

palpi white above, brown below; legs streaked with brown. Fore

wing white with slight red-brown irroration on costal half and

more distinct irroration on inner half; a black streak on median

nervure to end of cell and thence to the subterminal line below

discal fold, defined below by a red-brown shade; a slight red-brown

streak in discal fold beyond the cell; a slight red-brown line from

middle of costa, angled outwards at discal fold to the subterminal

line and ending at the black streak; subterminal line double,

red-brown filled in with silvery white, obliquely excurved to discal

fold, then rather oblique and sinuous, an oblique wedge-shaped

black mark beyond it from apex and quadrate spots at discal and

submedian folds; a fine black terminal line; cilia white, tinged

with red-brown at tips. Hind wing white with a faint brownish

tinge. Underside of fore wing and costal area of hind wing

suffused with red-brown.

Hab. Supan, Blue Nile (Flower), 19; Br, C. Arrica,

Mt. Mlanje (Veave),1 2 type. Exp. 22 mm.

(1384) Crambus microstrigatus, sp. n.

Head and thorax white, the tegule at sides and patagia tinged

with reddish ochreous ; palpi tinged with brown ; abdomen creamy

white ; tarsi brown ringed with white. Fore wing silvery white

with a faint cupreous tinge in the interspaces; a black discoidal

point; a fine golden cupreous line from middle of costa, angled

outwards at discal fold to far beyond the cell, then inwards to origin

of vein 2 and ending at submedian fold; subterminal line golden

cupreous defined on outer side by silver, double towards costa,

obliquely excurved to discal fold, then oblique, a golden cupreous

streak beyond it from apex; a series of minute black streaks before

termen from below apex to vein 2; a fine golden cupreous terminal

line ; cilia with a golden cupreous line near base and some golden

cupreous at tips. Hind wing silvery white with a faint red-brown

tinge, the cilia pure white. Underside of fore wing and costal

. area of hind wing with a slight red-brown tinge.

Hab. Br. C. Arnica, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1d, 5 2 type.

Exp. 20-22 mm. ;

290 . Sir G@. F. Hampson on new

* (138 b) Crambus chionostola, sp. n.

2. Pure white. Fore wing with subbasal fulvous points in and

below the cell ; an oblique striga below costa before middie with a

point on median nervure just beyond it and another striga on

vein 1 nearer the base; a rather darker discoidal point; the post-

medial line represented by an oblique striga from costa, with a

longer and more oblique striga on its inner side to vein 7 where it

is angled, then by a slightly ineurved series of points ; a terminal

series of points; cilia chequered white and golden ferruginous.

Hind wing with terminal ferruginous line from apex to vein 3.

Hab. Ator Is. (Doherty), type 2 in Coll. Rothschild. Exp.

24 mm.

(138 ¢) Crambus agraphellus, sp. n.

3. Head, thorax, and abdomen white with a faint ochreous

brown tinge; antenne tinged with fuscous. Fore wing white

slightly tinged with ochreous brown; a slight rather oblique brown

discoidal lunule; a faint curved slightly waved brownish sub-

terminal line; a slight brown terminal line. Hind wing silvery

white. Underside of fore wing and costal area of hind wing

suifused with red-brown.

Hab. Sexcne tres Is., Aldabra (Fryer), 1 ¢ type. _ Hap.

16 mm.

(138 d) Crambus monostictus, sp. n.

2. Head, thorax, and abdomen white; pectus, legs, and ventral

surface of abdomen with a red-brown tinge. Fore wing white,

the area beyond the cell tinged and irrorated with pale red-brown ;

a black discoidal point; traces of an obliquely curved red-brown

line from costa beyond middle to middle of inner margin; a rather

punetiform black terminal line; cilia with a fine black lime near

base and brownish line near tips. Hind wing silvery white with a ~

slight red-brown terminal line except towards tornus. Underside

of fore wing tinged with red-brown.

Hab. Br. C. Arnica, Mpondas (de Jersey), 1 2 type. Exp.

18 mm.

(165 a) Crambus argentictus, sp. n.

Crambus quinqueareatus, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am., Het ii. p. 289 (mec Zell.).

Head and thorax golden cupreous ; antennz brown ; palpi below

and pectus in front white; abdomen whitish suffused with red-

brown, the anal tuft whiter. Fore wing golden cupreous; a silvery

white fascia from below costa to submedian fold, its lower edge

very slightly angled at lower angle of cell, then narrowing to near

termen and bent upwards as a wedge-shaped mark to apex; a slight

dark streak below it in submedian fold to end of cell; postmedial

line cupreous, oblique to diseal fold, then inwardly oblique and

Pyralide of the Subfamily Crambine. 291

slightly sinuous, some slight white marks beyond it on costa and

fine white pencillings below the fascia with short black streaks in

the interspaces before termen to the submedian fold ; a fine eupreous

brown terminal line; cilia silvery white, tinged with cupreous

brown at tips. Hind wing silvery white. Underside of fore wing

white tinged with red-brown above and below the fascia which is

faint and diffused.

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Trujillo), 3 ¢, 6 9 type, Misantla

(Trujillo), 1 2, Godman-Salvin Coll.; Bauamas, Andros (Bon-

hote), 1d. Exp. 22-24 mm.

(167 a) Crambus ruptifascia, sp. n.

9. Head and thorax cupreous brown; palpi white below at

base ; abdomen white, tinged with brown at base and more strongly

on ventral surface. Fore wing cupreous brown; a silvery white

fascia from base through the cell, ending in a point well beyond it,

a short white streak on costa beyond middle and an oblique wedge-

shaped mark from apex; a curved metallic silver subterminal line

with a golden cupreous shade before it with slight silvery streaks

before its inner edge; short black streaks in the interspaces before

termen from below the oblique white mark to below vein 2; cilia

silvery white tinged with red-brown and with a red-brown line near

base. Hind wing whitish suffused with red-brown, the cilia white

with a red-brown line near base. Underside of fore wing brown,

of hind wing whitish suffused with brown.

Hab. Mexico, Milpas (Forrer), 1 2 type, Godman-Salvin Coll.

Exp. 30 mm.

(1694) Crambus aureorufus, sp. n.

¢. Head and thorax cupreous red; antenne brownish ; palpi

le red-brown, white below; abdomen white tinged with red.

‘ore wing cupreous red, the inner area with a whitish tinge; a

silvery white fascia from base through the cell, bidentate before

the subterminal line and the upper tooth met by an oblique wedge-

shaped silvery white mark from apex ; a metallic silver subterminal

line, oblique to vein 6; a series of short black streaks before termen

from below the oblique white mark from apex to below vein 2; a

blackish terminal line towards apex ; cilia white tinged with rufous,

pure white towards apex. Hind wing silvery white. Underside

with the fore wing and costal area of hind wing rufous.

Hab. Braztr, Sio Paulo (D. Jones), 3 g type. Exp. 26-

30 mm. ~

(1694) Crambus brachiiferus, sp. n.

¢. Head white; thorax cupreous with a white dorsal stripe ;

abdomen white tinged with red-brown; antenne blackish; palpi

pale brown at sides ; pectus and ventral surface of abdomen white ;

legs pale brown. Fore wing cupreous; a silvery white fascia

292 On new Pyralidee of the Subfamily Crambine.

defined by dark streaks from base through the cell, bifurcating

and forming a lobster-claw mark before the subterminal line, the

upper claw met by an oblique wedge-shaped silvery white m -*-

from apex ; a silvery white fascia from inner margin befo: middle

to termen below vein 1, defined above and below by dark streaks

except towards base; a white fascia below terminal part of sub-

median fold ; subterminal line dark defined on each side by white

and oblique to vein 6, then inwardly oblique and cupreous brown

defined on outer side by silver; a triangular cupreous brown mark

on apical part of costa; the terminal area white finely pencilled

with cupreous brown below the oblique mark from apex and with

fine black streaks in the interspaces to the submedian fold where

the streak extends to before the subterminal line; the apex strongly

produced and hooked, with a black line on termen towards apex ;

cilia white, tinged with cupreous towards tips. Hind wing silvery

white tinged with red-brown, the cilia pure white. Underside of

fore wing and costal area of hind wing suffused with red-brown.

Hab. Br. C. Arrica (Coryndon), 1 g type, Mt. Mlanje

(Neave), 1 3; Masnonanann (Dobbie), 1 $ Hxp. 20-24 mm.

(169 c) Crambus infradentatus, sp. n.

3. Head and thorax white tinged with brown, the patagia

rufous; palpi dark brown mixed with white, white above; abdo ~~

white tinged with red-brown. Fore wing cupreous; the ec

edge white except towards base; a silvery white fascia from base

through the cell to the subterminal line where it is met by an

oblique silvery white wedge-shaped mark from apex, its lower edge

with a black tooth on base of vein 2 and its upper edge defined by

a black streak on terminal half, the oblique mark from apex also

defined by black lines at sides; a diffused silvery white fascia

along vein 1; postmedial line cupreous, very obliquely excurved

and defined below by white from middle of costa to discoidal fold,

then defining the lower edge of the fascia to vein 3 where it ter-

minates ; subterminal line cupreous, oblique and defined on outer

side by silvery white to discal fold, then inwardly oblique defined

on outer side by metallic silver and ending at submedian fold; the

terminal area white finely pencilled with cupreous brown and with

black streaks in the interspaces from below the oblique mark from

apex to submedian fold and with fine cupreous brown terminal line ;

cilia silvery white with a cupreous brown line near base becoming

black towards apex. Hind wing silvery white. Underside of fore

wing suffused with brown, the inner and terminal areas whitish,

the termen with dark line towards apex, then a series of points to

submedian fold; hind wing with the costal area tinged with red-

brown.

Hab. Transvaat, White R. (Cooke), 1 ¢ type. Hap. 24 mm.

(‘Lo be continued. }

THE ANNALS

AND

MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.

[NINTH SERIES.]

No..16, APRIL 1919,

XXIX.— On Deronectes depressus, Fab., and elegans,

Panzer, By FRANK BALFourR-BRrowNE, M.A. (Oxon. et

(‘antab.), F.R.S.E., Lecturer in Entomology in the

epartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge ; Staff

Lecturer in Entomology in France; Capt. R.A.M.C.T.

Reserve. 3

; [Plates VII. & VIII.}

IN our standard work upon British beetles and in our cata-

logues there are five species of Deronectes, of which one is

given as Deronectes depressus, F., sometimes with elegans,

Panz., as a synonym. «

Under tliis name we have two species mixed in our collec-

tions, and these two species, although easily confused, are

really distinct, and with a little experience easily separated.

_ One of these is common throughout England and Scotland,

while the other seems to be limited in its distribution, being

confined, so far as I know at present, to Scotland and the

north of England and to Ireland, where it is apparently the

only one found. My uncertainty as to Ireland rests upon

the fact that before I knew of the existence of these two

species I had “depressus” in my records for most parts of

that country—for twenty-four out of the thirty-eight county

and vice-county divisions,—but I had actually kept very few

specimens. These, however, all prove to be what I will

call the northern species, and all other Irish specimens I have

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. iii. 20

294 Capt. F. Balfour-Browne on

since seen—a few in the Dublin Museum collection, a few in

the Natural History Museum collection, some in the collection

of Dr. G. W. Nicholson—belong to this species.

The discovery of the existence of this northern species in

the British fauna I attribute to Dr. Sharp, although he tells

me he remembers nothing about it and cannot now find in

his collection the specimens which I thought I had seen there ;

but it was Capt. Ste. Claire Deville, of Kpinal, France, who,

in 1911, suggested to me the possibility of its existence in

these islands. I had sent him a number of British water-

beetles, and among them one or two English specimens of

what 1 had named “D. depressus,” and in acknowledging

the receipt of them he said: ‘ Lagree with you for the names

of all Dytiscide but Deronectes depressus, which seems to me

to be our D. elegans, Sturm. The true depressus, an Arctic

species, which [ have from Russia, Norway, and also from

Easte’n Pyrenees, is perhaps also British ” *.

Later in the year I was in Brockenhurst, and I mentioned

this matter to Dr. Sharp, who, as I think, agreed that our

common form was “ elegans,” and showed me two rather

large and dark specimens of Deronectes from some eastern

Scottish locality—I think it was L. Brandy in Forfarshire—

which he considered to be the “ depressus”’ of Fabricius.

After casually looking through my specimens, and failing

to recognize any differences among them, I let the matter

drop until in July 1915 I came across a statement by Thomas

Bold, who, speaking of Hydroporus elegans, Illiger, said :—

“JT take a strongly marked var. of this common insect in

Talkin Tarn, Cumberland. At first sight they much resemble

H. 12-pustulatus, being much larger and darker coloured

than the specimens of elegans from running water. Some

have the elytra wholly black, except a narrow yellow margin,

others are more or less lineated with yellow, and scarcely any

of them have the spotted appearance characteristic of the

species” ~. This re-aroused my interest in the subject, and,

as I was just starting to motor to Scotland, I determined to

make a slight detour so as to visit Talkin Tarn on my

way. ‘This small tarn lies about 9 miles east of Carlisle, at

* Postcard, May 23, 1911.

+ “ Capture of some of the rarer Hydropori in the North of England,”

Zoologist, xii. pp. 4193-4195 (1854). Vide also zbid. xi. 1853, pp. 3924,

3925. Report of Proceedings of Tyneside Nat. Field Club Meeting,

Mar. 30, 1853, where a large dark var. of H. elegans? from Talkin Tarn

is mentioned.

Deronectes depressus, /a)., and elegans, Panzer. 295

about 400 feet above sea-level, and within 2 miles of the

main road between Carlisle and Newcastle, so that it was not

difficult to get at. The day of my visit was not propitious ;

it began to rain heavily just as I got to the tarn, and I spent

a miserable fifteen minutes paddling about at the edge,

during which time I collected five species of Hydradephaga,

and among the few specimens were two of Bold’s “ large and

dark elegans.”

On an examination of these a few days later, and on com-

parison with some freshly caught specimens from the Nith

at Dumfries, I began to suspect that the ‘Talkin Tarn indi-

viduals were the ‘depressus” referred to by Ste. Clair

Deville, and I returned to the tarn and collected a number of

specimens for further examination.

Daring August I examined a number of lochs and streams

in the south of Scotland (Selkirk, Dumfries, Kirkcudbright,

and Ayr), and definitely came to the conclusion that there

were two species ; but 1 was also greatly struck by the extra-

ordinary distribution of the rarer one, which occurred in only

a few lochs scattered about the district. Shortly after that,

military duties, illness, and a long convalescence intervened,

and it is only recently that I have again taken up the matter,

and during August of last year 1 explored a number of

the Galloway lochs with a view to further investigating

the distribution there of the form which I take to be the

depressus of Fabricius.

The characters upon which the two species can be separated

are three in number: (1) the shape of the thorax in g and

9, (2) the form of the anterior tarsal claws of the g, and

(3) the form of the edeagus. .

In general appearance the two species are usually very

much alike, the colour-plan being similar, but, as a rule, the

northern species is rather larger than the other. ‘Lhe range

of colour-tone in the common species is greater than in the

northern one, which is always dark, the yellow being reduced

to aminimum, the black always occupying a large extent of

the surface of the elytra. In the common species, especially

in specimens from the south, the yellow is usually lighter in

tonesand the black more limited, but the relationship between

the black and yellow seems to be related to habitat and to

climatic conditions, as is the case with Platambus maculatus,

Deronectes griseo-striatus, and some other Hydradephaga.

In the Scottish lochs I can find no difference whatever

in colour-tone between the two species,

20*

296 Capt. F. Balfour-Browne on

1. The Thorax.—To some extent the form of the thorax is

of use as a discriminating character, although by itself it

is of little value.

Comparing the males:—In the northern species the sides

of the thorax tend to diverge, so that it is wider behind than

in front, the greatest width being almost at the posterior

angles. In the common species the sides of the thorax,

although curved, run more or less parallel, the greatest width

being some distance in front of the posterior angles.

Comparing the females :—In the northern species the sides

of the thorax are more or less parallel, so that it is about as

wide, or very nearly as wide, posteriorly as anteriorly. Also

the length in the median line from the anterior to the poste-

rior edge is usually rather more than half the breadth at the

broadest part. In the common species the sides of the thorax

contract, so that it is distinctly narrower behind than in

front, and the length in the median line is not quite half the

breadth at the broadest part.

The form of the thorax is, however, not an entirely reliable

character, as some males of the northern species are more

parallel-sided, and some males of the common species, espe-

cially perhaps from some of the northern localities, have the

thorax with at least a suggestion of greater width behind.

In the females this character is even less reliable, which is

specially unfortunate, since it is the best I can find, the

female sexual armatures being quite similar. I will go so

far as to say that the variation and overlapping of the two

species in the form of the thorax in the female are such that I

do not feel confident in determining the species from female

specimens only. In three cases in which I had only females

I named them tentatively. In two of these cases I later

found males, and I happened to have been right in my deter-

mination, but I still feel that the female character is not

reliable.

2. The anterior tarsal claws of the males form a useful

character for distinguishing the two species. In the northern

one these claws are usually much longer and the inner claw

is much more strongly curved than in the common species.

In both cases the curve is nearer the apex than the base, but

the claw is more bent in the northern species, while in the

common one the curve is gentle and regular. Whereas the

outer (posterior) claw in the northern species is often slightly

shorter than the inner (anterior) one, in the common species

the two claws are more usually equal in length. The claw-

Deronectes depressus, Fal., and elegans, Panzer. 297

characters, taken in conjunction with the thorax-characters,

generally enable one to separate the males with comparative

ease, and so far, with one exception, I have always been

able to determine the species on these characters, a subse-

quent examination of the sedeagus confirming my previous

determination.

3. The Afdeagus.—In the northern species this organ,

viewed from above, has a broad apex, while in the common

form it has a pointed one, and until my recent visit to Gallo-

way | regarded this character as definitely proving that we

have two distinct species. On looking through my additional

material from eighteen more lochs, I had no difficulty in

separating the males of the two forms on the thoracic and

Apices of wedeagi of specimens of D, depressus ( the northern species”)

and D. elegans (“the common species”), chosen to show the range

of variation.—Figs. 1-9. D. depressus (1, Talkin Tarn ; 2, L. of the

Lowes; 3, L. Urr; 4, L. Doon; 5-9, L. Dungeon). Figs. 10-18,

D. elegans (10, 11, R. Spey; 12, 18, Long L. of the Dungeon ;

_ 14, L. Stroan; 15, L. Aber; 16, L. Skene; 17, Broadford River,

Skye; 18, Moorlinch, N, Somerset),

tarsal claw-characters except in one case—Loch Dungeon,

the specimens from which Pact down as “uncertain.” On

examining the eedeagus of these specimens I found a range of

width in the apex from that of typical “ northern ” specimens

to a comparatively narrow and bluntly pointed form (vide

figs. 5-9 injra).

Now I had previously noticed that there was a variation in

298 Capt. F. Balfour-Browne on

width in both species, but until I examined the Loch

Dungeon specimens there was always a wide gap between

the two types of edeagus, the northern form being rounded

at or even slightly flattened across the apex, and the common

form pointed; and here, in specimens from this one loch, I

found intermediates closing the gap. In the tarsal claw-

character the males are mostly of the northern type, but in

the shape of the thorax there is considerable variation. The

females, too, are mostly what, in the absence of males, I

should have left unnamed or put down very doubtfully as the

common species.

The first explanation which will occur to anyone is that we

have in Loch Dungeon a hybrid; but there are one or two

objections to this view. In the first place, I did not find in

the loch any male with an edeagus of the normal “ common

species”? type. The narrowest edeagus is as broad as or

broader than the broadest eedeagus of the common species

(v. fig. 10), although the surrounding lochs contain the

common species with a narrower edeagus.

In the second place, if this loch contains hybrids, why does

no other of the thirty-two lochs I have examined contain

them ?* With one exception I have not found both species

present together in any loch, and in the exceptional case—

Loch Stroan—I only found a single male of the northern

species, while the common one was abundant there.

It seems open to question, therefore, whether we have

merely one species showing extreme range of form or whether

we have two Species very closely related to one another. On

the evidence in my possession, 7. e., after examining con-

siderably more than five hundred specimens, I am inclined

to adopt the latter view, first, because the variation in the

eedeagus does not overlap in the two forms, and connecting-

links have so far only turned up in the one loch, and, secondly,

because of the extraordinary distribution, isolation, and rarity

of this northern one, to which I will refer in detail later on.

Having come to the conclusion that these are two distinct

species, the question arises, are they, as has been suggested,

the depressus of Fabricius and the elegans of Panzer, or is one

of them something new? The most direct method of settling

the question would have been by comparison with the types

of the two species, and I had great hopes that the ‘ depressus ”

* I have altogether examined forty-five lochs in southern Scotland,

but seventeen of these contained neither species,

Deronectes depressus, F'al., and elegans, Panzer. 299

type might exist in this country. Fabricius, in his ‘ Entomo-

logia Systematica,’ frequently mentions where his type-

specimens are to be found, but in the case of “ Dytiscus

pressus”” le gives no such: information; and an examination

of the Banksian Collection in the Natural History Museum

and of Graham Kerr’s published list of Fabrician types

in the Glasgow University Museum failed to discover its

location. It is presumably in Copenhagen or some other

Scandinavian museum if it is still in existence.

As to Panzer’s type, I could get noinformation, and in the

absence of the types I had to fall back upon the literature. I

therefore started with Fabricius’s Ent. Syst., and examined

most of the important works from 1792 up to the present

time, and I have looked up more than forty references in the

course of this examination. Two points have struck me

during this part of the work: one is the exceeding vagueness

of the original descriptions, which give only colour-characters

for the recognition of the species, and tlie other is that, where

subsequent authors have treated depressus and elegans as

distinct species, they have mostly shown an extraordinary

lack of originality, relying, like their predecessors, mainly

upon colour-characters and merely varying the words of the

eo descriptions.

have included at the end of this paper a bibliography of

the works I have looked up, with, in each case, a short note

as to the view taken by tlie author, but a short résumé of

some of the more important works may be of interest.

Fabricius’s original description was published in 1792 and

that of Panzer about 1793—Paykull, Llliger, and Marsham

following in order of date. ‘Ihe first only refers to Fabricius’s

species, without giving any indication as to whether he knew

elegans. Llliger describes the colouring of Panzer’s species,

and then says “ the J). depressus appears to be closely related

to this species,” showing that he only knew the latter from a

description.

How Marsham identified our common British species as

elegans we liave no means of knowing, but we can assume

that either he did not know depressus, which seems probable,

or that he regarded it as distinct from Panzer’s species.

Duftschmidt seems to have been the first to regard

elegans” as a synonym of “ depressus,” though the remark

he makes suggests that’ he possibly had the latter, since he

mentions that whereas Panzer and Illiger describe their

species as having the underside rusty red, fis specimens have

that part black,

300 Capt. F. Balfour-Browne on

From that time on the writers can be divided into those

who regarded “ elegans” as a synonym of “ depressus” and

those who recognized two distinct species. Among the

former are Schonherr, Gyllenhall, Kunzé, Stephens, Zetter-

stedt, Wilson and Duncan, Aubé, Schiddte, Schaum (1868),

and Sharp.

So far as I can make out, Stephens has merely followed

Kunzé, since in his later work (1829) he gives the species as

“depressus, Kunzé.” Aubé regards individuals with the

black reduced as elegans, Sturm, and his long description is

mainly a colour one. Schaum, in an earlier paper (1843),

regarded elegans as a distinct species, and he mentions its

occurrence in salt lakes in Saxony, refers to the synonymy,

and points out the longer form and darker underside of

“ depressus, F., Gyll., Sahlb., and Sturm, and also refers to

the distribution of this latter species, which, he says, appears

to be indigenous to Finland, Sweden, Denmark, and Kief

(Mid-Russia), elegans being found throughout Mid and South

Germany, France, and Switzerland. In 1868, however, he

alters his opinion, giving ‘‘ elegans” as a synonym of

“ depressus,” but remarking that Swedish examples “ (4. de-

pressus, Gyll.)” are longer and darker than the German

ones. 0

Sharp, in his ‘ Dytiscide,’ says nothing about elegans, and

gives what is mainly a colour-description of ‘ Dytiscus

depressus, Fab.” His types (no. 241. 1 g and 1 9 “ An-

glia” and 1 ¢ “ Europa”’), in the Natural History Museum,

are, however, our common species, and I have therefore

concluded that he regarded “ elegans’? as a synonym of

* depressus.”

Among those who regard elegans as a distinct species

we find Sturm, Murray, Bach, Bosé, Seidlitz, Ganglbauer,

Everts, and Reitter, while we may perhaps include the

Sahlbergs and Thomson, who only describe depressus, but

from a region where elegans would be less likely to oceur.

Sturm makes three species out of his material, calling his

new one “ brevis,’ but, according to Schiddte, he admits

that he has only seen a single specimen of the northern

depressus, aud lis descriptions, beyond referring to minute

differences in form, only deal with colour-characters. Subse-

quent authors have regarded his “ brevis” as a synonym of

* elegans.” -

In his ‘ Icones’ on pl. ccili. he has a typical elegans labelled

« H. depressus,’ which he explains is a mistake for “ H,

brevis.” On pl. cev. he illustrates “ (A) H. elegans, LIllig.,”

v —————

Deronectes depressus, /'ah., and elegans, Panzer. 301

and * (B) WH. depressus, Gyll.” The sex of the individuals

drawn is not mentioned, but by the shape of the thorax A is

more like depressus, while the dark colouring of B agrees

with his description of that species, the shape of the thorax in

his drawing suggesting either a 9 depressus or a ¢ elegans.

Murray gives //. elegans, Llliger, as our British species,

with the synonyms “ depressus, Aubé, Steph., not Fab.,

brevis, Sturm,” and this elimination of Fabricius’s species as

something distinct is interesting. Further, his synonymy

shows that he regarded Aubé and Stephens as wrong in their

species.

- Bach’s remarks are of interest mainly because of what he

says as to the habitat of elegans. He describes depressus as

very rare, while elegans, he says, occurs in the salt lake at

Kisleben, a statement which agrees with Schaum’s observa-

tions at Siilldorf and Stassfurth, also in Saxony but a little

farther north. For a species which elsewhere occurs in lakes

and rivers this habitat is remarkable, but we find other

Hydradephaga and Hydrophilide showing similar pecu-

liarities—in fact, several at least of our brackish-water beetles

are freshwater species in the Mediterranean district.

Seidlitz for the first time gets off the beaten track, and

about ninety years after the discovery of the two species finds

reliable characters upon which they may be separated. He

refers to the different forms of the two insects, mentioning

the thorax, and he also mentions the difference in form and

size of the anterior tarsal claws of the males ; and from his

description, which has been enlarged upon by Ganglbauer,

I regard our northern species as his “ depressus” and our

common one as his elegans.

In a footnote (1886, p. 57) he states that Sturm was the

first to separate the two species, and that the earlier writings

of Panzer and Illiger refer to depressus. Undoubtedly Sturm

is the first author to refer to both and to describe them as

separate species, but I can find no evidence for the statement

as to Panzer and Illiger. So far as colour is of any value as

a discriminating character, it is quite evident that Panzer

is referring to lighter-coloured specimens than Fabricius, and

from the chain of evidence which I have outlined I regard

elegans as his species.

Habitat and Britannic Distribution,

So far as habitat is concerned, D. elegans is a river and

loch species in our islands, whereas, omitting Ireland, which

302 - Capt. F. Balfour-Browne on

requires further investigation, D. depressus is apparently only

a loch species.

The same type of loch suits both, and they occur upon a

stony, gravelly, or sandy bottom, but apparently not on

a peaty one. Some sort of vegetation seems to be necessary,

but whereas in some lochs I found the beetles on ground

carpeted with Lobelia dortmanni, in others this weed failed

to produce any. The most fertile spot was usually where

there was a patch of Myrtophyllum or other weed on a stony

bottom, but even such a place sometimes failed to produce a

single individual.

I examined seventeen lochs without finding either species,

and the following is a list of these :—

“ Upper Loch,” Lochmaben. Dumfries.

Clearburn L, Selkirk.

L. Smaddie. Kirkcudbright,

L. Lurkie. ts

L. Arthur or Lotus L. Kirkcudbright.

Knocksting L. =

Lochenbreck L. 6

Little Dornell L. a3

Blates Mill L. (by Woodhall L.). Kirkcudbright.

Dry Loch (Dungeon of Buchan), “4

L. Dow (Craignaw). -

Craiglee L. (top of Craiglee). ”

Long L. of Glenhead. ”

L. Minnoch, --

L. Enoch. ”

L. Arron, ”

L. Neldricken. =

In the case of one or two of these the peaty bottom perhaps

made the habitat unsuitable (e. g., Little Dornell L., Blates

Mill L., and ‘‘ Upper” L.), while in others perhaps altitude

excluded them (e.g., L. Enoch, 1600 ft.; L. Arron, 1400 ft. ;

Craiglee L., 1700 ft. ; and L. Dow, 1300 ft.), but in the case

of most of the others I cannot imagine why I found neither

species, except that I was unlucky. Why, for instance, ©

should L. Neldricken not have either of them, when both

L. Valley and L. Narroch possess elegans? The Long L. of

Glenhead is to all appearance quite as suitable for the species

as the Round L., which contains elegans. Knocksting L. and

L. Arthur I worked thoroughly and over very promising

ground, and yet without result. LL. Minnoch, lying between

Lochs Harrow and Dungeon, I worked three times, and

examined it all round, and yet failed to find any water-beetle

at all. Such a result is very rare in my experience .Lochen-

Deronectes depressus, Fab., and elegans; Panzer. 303

breck L. being the only other loch in the list which gave a

like result.

Seeing that D. depressus is a northern species, I certainly

expected to find it at higher altitudes than D. elegans, and

yet, whereas the latter occurred in several lochs above the

1000-foot line, usually with the true “ Arctic’ species

D. griseo-striatus, the former was in no loch above this

level—in fact, excepting L. Dungeon, which is about 1000

feet above the sea, all the other lochs in which it occurred are

at a much lower altitude.

The habits of the two species seem to be identical. In

some places the beetles occur in shallow water at the side, so

that they can be caught without one having to take off shoes

and stockings, while in other places the only way to get them

is to strip and go in almost to the waist. In one part of

L. Doon, for instance, I got a few specimens in about 2 feet

of water, but none closer in, whereas in another part I failed

to get any until [scraped about in the shallowest places. In

Loch Dungeon I cauglit a single specimen in the shallows,

and then found them in abundance in a place where the gravel

suddenly sloped downwards into deep weedy water. In Loch

Narroch I got nothing until I stripped and went in, and then

I found plenty of specimens in 3 to 4 feet of water. Again,

in Loch Ken, wading to the knees enabled me to obtain a

dozen and more specimens within five minutes.

Possibly, of course, the beetles vary their depth at different

times, and the same placeina loch might yield quite different

results at different hours or on different days; but I have not

yet investigated this point, and am merely recounting my

experiences in obtaining my material.

With regard to the Britannic distribution of the two

species, I have already mentioned that apparently. only

D. depressus occurs in Ireland, and I have in my collection

or have seen specimens from Antrim, Fermanagh, Cavan,

Sligo, and Cork West. In Britain the only counties in

which I have so far taken this species are Cumberland,

Selkirk, Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, Ayr, and perhaps Dum-

barton (Loch Lomond) ; but in the latter case I have only a

female specimen, and, as I have said, I do not feel quite

certain as to the species in the absence of a male,

Of the thirty-two lochs examined in which one or other of

the two species occurred, depressus was only found in eleven,

and the following is a list of these :—

Talkin oe ee

St. Mary’s Loch.| . ),.

L. of the Lowes, Selkirk.

30 Capt. F. Balfour-Browne on

L. Urr. Dumfries and Kirkcudbright (specimens taken in various parts

of the loch).

L. Roan. Kirkcudbright.

L. Ken.

L, Dungeon. 3

L, Stroan (1 only). Kirkeudbright.

L. Dornell. ne

Woodhall L. sy

L. Doon. Ayr.

With the exception of L. Stroan, where only one specimen

(g) occurred amongst many elegans, these lochs, scattered

over a large district, were occupied by depressus to the entire

exclusion of elegans. In some, e. g., Talkin Tarn, L. of thie

Lowes, L. Roan, and L. Ken, it was abundant and easily

taken, whereas in others an hour or more was necessary to

get sometimes only a few specimens.

A glance at the Ordnance Map will show the extraordinary

nature of this distribution. In the Merrick and Kells

district, out of thirteen lochs examined only one (i. Dungeon)

gave me this species, while seven gave me elegans. Why

should Lochs Urr, Ken, Roan, Woodhall, and Dornell con-

tain depressus, when Howie, Skerrow, Auchenreoch, Milton,

Lochrutton, Aber, and Kinder contain elegans, or why should

St. Mary’s L. and the L. of the Lowes have the former,

while L. Skene, an “‘ Arctic”’ loch dammed up by moraine

material, only contains the common species ?

If depressus occurred in such lochs as Enoch and Skene,

we could quite easily account for its distribution, on the

ground that it is a remnant of the old fauna of the Glacial

Period still holding on in a few isolated habitats; but its

“spotty ” distribution and its isolation from elegans are facts

as to the explanation of which I can at present make no

guess. When things once more settle down to their normal,

I liope to further investigate the matter and to follow out the

life-histories of the two species, from which, perhaps, some-

thing may be learnt.

The common species, elegans, is undoubtedly much more

widely distributed than my records indicate; but this is not

the time to worry other Coleopterists to send me their speci-

mens for examination, so that I have been limited in material

almost to what I have collected myself. I have in my collec-

tion or have seen specimens from the following counties and

vice-counties :—Cornwall, W.; Devon, 8.; Somerset, N.

and §.; Hants, 8.; Kent, E.and W.; Middlesex ; Bucks;

Herts; Cambs; Norfolk, E.; Suffolk, E.; Cumberland;

Isleof Man; Dumfries; Kirkcudbright; Lanark; Renfrew ;

Peebles; Edinburgh; Mid-Perth ; Easterness and Ebudes N.

Deronectes depressus, Fab., and elegans, Panzer. 305

I have records for depressus, Brit. auct., for 43 out of the

70 English and for 21 out of the 41 Scottish county and vice-

county divisions, and it is most probable that the majority of

these refer to elegans, which is almost certainly a typical

“ British ” species in Watson’s sense of the term *.

With regard to the distribution of this species in the

southern Scottish counties, it oceurred in the following

twenty-one lochs :—

L. Ettrick.* Dumfries.

L. Skene. 9

Castle L.

oe Lochmaben, Dumfries.

Hightae L.

L. Kinder. Kirkeudbright.

Lochrutton L. -

Milton L. ie

Auchenreoch L. _,,

L. Aber. Ay

L. Howie. ‘i

L. Stroan. ~s

L. Skerrow. a

L. Dee. ”

Long L. of the Dungeon. Kirkcudbright.

Round L. 9

L. Narroch. Kirkcudbright.

L. Valley. 9

Round L. of Glenhead. Kirkcudbright.

L. Harrow.

”

In Cumberland the only loch I examined other than Talkin

Tarn was ‘Tindale Tarn, about 3 miles distant, and there this

species occurred commonly.

So far I have not found depressus in any British stream,

but if it occurs in Irish rivers—a point not yet determined,

as all my Irish specimens are from lochs and canals—it may

perhaps also occur in Scottish ones.

I have, or have seen, river specimens of elegans from the

Nith, Dumfries; Spey, Easterness ; Broadford R., Skye;

Almond R., Mid Perth; and the Water of Leith, Edin-

burgh.. These river specimens are always more brightly

coloured than Joch specimens, and I think I should not hesi-

tate to determine female river specimens of elegans even in

the absence of males. However, if depressus also occurs in

some rivers it may have brightly coloured individuals also.

Much remains to be done on the economy of these two

* ‘Cybele Britannica, or British Plants and their Geographical Rela-

tions,’ 1847,

306 Capt. F. Balfour-Browne on

species, but, as further investigations must be postponed

indefinitely in these moving times, I have thought it well to

put on record the existence of this additional species in the

British beetle fauna, together with the notes I have made up

to date.

Summary.

There are apparently two species included by British

authors under the name Deronectes depressus. One of these

I regard as D. depressus of Fabricius and the other as

D. elegans of Panzer.

The characters upon which these species may be separated

are i—

1. The shape of the thorax in fg and 9. By itself this is

of little value, especially in the 2, and in the latter

sex there is, unfortunately, no other means of separating

the species except by size, which, of course, is equally

unreliable. :

2. The anterior tarsal claws of the g, a character which,

in conjunction with the shape of the thorax, makes

the separation of the species easy in most cases.

3. The breadth of apex of the edeagus. This varies in

both species, and the variation is such that the

narrowest edeagus of LD). depressus and the broadest

of D. elegans are almost alike.

This discovery of a complete series from broad- to narrow-

apexed eedeagus (vide text-figures) made me doubtful as to

the specific distinctness of the two forms, but, having regard

to the fact that the two species do not occur together, that the

distribution of depressus in the district examined is limited to

eleven out of thirty-two lochs and that these eleven lochs are

scattered about in the district, I continue for the present to

regard the two as good species very closely related to one

another,

A short historical review of the two species is given, and a

bibliography of the more important works referring to them.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. Ausk, C. (& DrsEan). 18836. Iconographie et Hist. Nat. des Col.

d’Europe, v. pp. 228, 229. [elegans a synonym. |

2.——. 1838. Species général des Hydrocanthares et Gyriniens,

pp. 506, 507. [elegans a synonym. |]

1863. Cat. des Coléoptéres de France, p. 11. [elegans, IIl.,

a synonym. |

of NA ao &

Deronectes depressus, /'ab., and elegans, Panzer. 307

. Bacu. 1854-60. Kiifer Fauna fiir Nord u. Mittel Deutschland,

&e., p. 109. [elegans a distinct species.

. Bepet, F. 1881. “ Fauna du Bassin de tn Seine ” (Ann. Soc. Ent.

France), i. p. 256, ie uncertain as to elegans being distinct !]

Bosé. 1859. Die Kiifer Deutschlands. [elegans a distinct species. }

Durrscumipt, K, 1805, Fn, Austriw, pt. i. p. 272. (The first

author to regard elegans as a synonym.

. Everts, J. E. 1898, Col. Neeetandlen, Hl p. 122. [Merely follows

Gang] bauer.

. Fasrictivs, J.C. 1792. Entomologia Systematica, &c., i. p. 195.

[ Dytiseus depressus, original description. |

. Farrmaire, L. 1854. Fn. Ent. France, Coleoptera, i. p. 210.

[Gives “ depressus, F—Aubé sp. 506. No synonyms. }

. Favrr, E. 1890. “ Fn. des Col. du Valais, &c.” (Nouv. Mém. Soe.

Helvetique, 4 sér. i. p. 51). [depressus, with synonym brevis,

Stm.

]

. Fowier, W. W. 1887. Coleoptera of the British Islands, i. p. 171.

[depressus, F. No synonym. }

. Ganeibaurr, L. 1891. Kafer von Mitteleuropa, i. pp. 462, 463.

[elegans a distinct species. }

. Gytiennat,L. 1810. Ins. Suecica,i. p.526. [elegans a synonym.}

. Heer, O. 1837. ‘“ Die Kifer der Schweiz, &c.” (Mém. Soc. helyvy.

Se. Nat. ii. p.91). [depressus, F., Payk., and var. 8, pallidus, Heer. }

. 1841. Fn. Coleoptera Helvetica, part i. p. 152. [H. de-

pressus, F., Stm., Aubé, and Gyll. The inclusion of Aubé indi-

cates that he regards elegans as a synonym. |}

. Itutcer, J. K. W. 1798. Kaf. Preuss. i. p. 265. [elegans as a

distinct species, but he only knew depressus from a description !]

. Jounson, W. F., & Hatsert, J.N. 1901. “ Beetles of lreland”

(Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. ser. iii, vi.). [depressus, F. No

synonymy.

. Kunzé,?G. 1818. Entomologische Fragmente, 63 Sam. i. p. 22.

[elegans a synonym |

. Marsuam, T. 1805, Ent. Brit. i. pp. 421, 429. [elegans only. ]

. Murray

A. 1853. Cat. Col. Scotland, P. 18. [“ H. elegans,

Illig. (depressus, Aubé, Steph., not Fabr.—érevis, Sturm).”]

. Panzer, G. W. F. 1793 et seg. Fn. Insectorum Germanie initia,

or Deutschlands Insecten, Coleoptera, xxiy. 5. [Dytiscus elegans,

original description.

. PayKuLy, G. 1798. Fn. Suecica, i. pp. 221, 222. [depressus only. ]

. ReprenpacHer, L. 1849, Fn. Austriaca, p. 121. [elegans a

synonym. |

Rertrer, E. 1906. Cat. Col. Europe, p. 114. [elegans a distinct

species, |

—. 1908. Fn. Germanica, i. p. 213. [elegans a distinct species. ]

[Repeated in Die Susswasserfauna Deutschlands, 1909, p. 23.}

. SautperG, C, R. 1834. Insecta Fennica, p. 176. [depressus

only. |

. Sanvtpere, J. R. 1900. Cat. Col. Fn. Fennicm. [depressus

only. |

. Scoaum,H.R. 1843. ‘ Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Nord-deutschen

Salzkifer,” Germar’s Zeitschr. f. d. Ent. iv. p. 185. [elegans

distinct, but vide Schaum, gal

— & Kresenwertter. 1868. Erichson’s Naturg. der Insecten

Deutschlands, i. pp. 52, 53. [elegans a synonym. |

308 On Deronectes depressus, Fab., and elegans, Panzer.

31. Scutéprr, J.C. 1841, Danmarks Eleutherata, pp. 447, 448. [elegans

a synonym. |

32. Scuonurrr, C. J. 1806, Synonymia Insectorum. [elegans

synonym. }

33. Sempiirz, G, 1886. Bestimmungs-Tabelle der Dytiscide u. Gy-

rinidze, pp. 56, 57. [elegans a distinct species. First mention of

tarsa] claws of ¢ as a specific character. |

34. ——. 1891. Fn. baltica, ed. 2, pp. 80, 81. [elegans a distinct

species. |

35. SHarp, D, 1882. ‘ Dytiscide’’ (Trans: Roy. Dublin Soc. ii, ser. 2),

p. 427. sp. 472. [depressus, F. No synonym. |

36. SrerHens, J. F. 1828. Ill. Brit. Ent, Mand. ii. p. 51. [elegans a

* synonym. |

1829. Cat. of Insects, i. Mand. p. 44. [depressus, Kunzé, and

elegans a synonym.

38. Srurm, J. 1835. Deutschland Fn. ix. pp. 7 et seg. [8 spp., de-

pressus, elegans, and brevis. |

1877. Icones Coleopterorum Germaniz (plates cciil. & ecv.).

40. Tuomson, C.G. 1859. Skandinaviens Col. ii. p. 19. [depressus

only.

41. Woe J.,& Duncan, J. 1834. Entomologia Edinensis, p. 120.

[elegans a synonym. |

42, ZETTERSTEDT, J. W. 1828. Fn. Insectorum Lapponica, p. 226.

[elegans a synonym. | :

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Puate VII.

Fiy. 1. Drawing of Deronectes depressus, F., . Talkin Tarn, Cumber-

land.

Fig. 2. Drawing of Deronectes depressus, F., 2. Talkin Tarn, Cumber-

land.

Fig. 3. Drawing of Deronectes elegans, Pz.,d. R. Cam, Cambridge,

Fig. 4. ” ” ” 2. ” ”

PuaTeE VIII.

Fig. 1. Right anterior tarsal claws of ¢ D. depressus, F. Talkin Tarn,

Cumberland. rae

Fig. 2. Ditto, ditto. Loch of the Lowes, Selkirk.

Fig. 3. Ditto, ditto. Lagan Canal, Co. Antrim. :

Fig. 4. Right anterior tarsal claws of ¢ DV. elegans, Pz. Round L. of

Glenhead, Kirkcudbright.

Fig. 5. Ditto, ditto. Auchenreoch L., Kirkcudbright. (Note the in-

equality of the claws in this case, which is exceptional.)

Fig. 6. Lateral view of edeagus of D. depressus, F.

Fig. 7. Dorsal view of eedeagus of D. depressus, F.

Fg. 8. Dorsal view of edeagus of D. elegans, Panz.

Drawings of the tarsal claws are all to the same scale,

Geographical Distribution of the Genus Cosmophila. 309

XXX.—On the Geographical Distribution of the Genus

rans a Noctuid of the Family Gonopteride, By

Colonel C. Swinuog, M.A., I°.L.8., Ke.

(Plates LX. & X.]

Family Gonopterida.

Genus COSMOPHILA, Boisd.

Faun, Ent. Madagascar, p. 94 (1833).

Type, wanthindyma, Boisd, 1. c.

A very interesting genus, well worth careful investigation.

Heretofore, on account of the similarity of pattern, authors

have put all the different forms from America to Australia,

regardless of the localities, mostly under the American form

erosa; in ‘ Moths of India,’ ii. p. 411 (1894), Hampson puts

xanthindyma, Boisd., from Madagascar, indica, Guen., from

India, auragoides, Guen., from Natal, vartolosa, Walker,

from North India, and edentata from Queensland all as

synonyms of erosa, Hiibner, from America,

Staudinger, in his Catalogue, 1901 edition, puts ranthin-

dyma, indica, and auragoides under the American form,

Warren, in Seitz’s * Macrolepidoptera of the Palwarctic

Region,’ vol. iii. p. 359 (Nov. 1913), puts auragotdes, vario-

losa, and edentata as synonyms with wanthindyma; under

erosa he puts indica. |

The superficial pattern of all these is more or less the same,

but there ave differences. I could not get myself to believe

that, notwithstanding the geographical distances, they could

all be one and the same species, and consequently I got the

Rev. ©. R. N. Burrows, who is an expert on the genitalia of

Lepidoptera, to examine specinens from many different parts

of the globe, and I am very grateful to him aud to Mr. F. N,

Pierce of Liverpool for the pains they have taken in the

matter.» All the Plates are from drawings by Mr. Burrows,

and all the notes on the genitalia are his, many of them

having been submitted to Mr, Pierce for verification.

Mr. Burrows says that the dissections show a relationship

to the Krebusidw, io the genera Arg/va and Patu/a in the

large extensile coremata, dorsal of the valves; he further

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. iii. 21

310 Col. C. Swinhoe on the Geographical

says, “TI am thinking much of the Gnathos in your Noctue ;

this forms quite a feature, locates them in the direction of the

Geometra, removes them from the bulk of the Noctuz, and

it is remarkable that the species which occur in Britain should

be so selected that all (except Brephos) should lack this

feature.”

The examination of the genitalia divides all those that have

been dissected into six groups, as follows :—

1. Cosmophila erosa, Hiibner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett.

il. p. 19, figs. 287, 288 (1810).

Hab. America.

Valves wide compared with length.

Harpe soft and spined.

Costal arms very thin, scale-like.

Anellus*, lateral arms smooth, not knobbed.

Coremata very small and slight, single.

Penis short and broad, cornutus delicate.

The stiffening of the eighth abdominal segment very slight.

(Pl. IX, fig. 1.)

Caracas, Venezuela, Jalapa (Mexico), Newcastle (Jamaica),

Sapucay (S. America).

2. Cosmophila xanthindyma, Boisd. Faun. Ent. Madagascar,

p- 94, pl. xiii. fig. 7 (1833).

Cosmophila auragoides, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 397 (1852).

Harpe well developed on valve, rigid.

Costal arms not evident.

Anellus very pronounced, lateral arms solid, rigid, knobbed.

Coremata very voluminous, single.»

Penis long and narrow, cornuti scarcely evident. (Pl. 1X.

figs. 2, 3.)

Dar-es-Salam, Karachi.

3. Cosmophila edentata, Walker, xi. p. 750 (1857).

Harpe soft and spined.

Costal arms rigid, slightly hooked.

* Passage through which the penis passes.

———--—”

Distribution of the Genus Cosmophila, 311

Anellus very pronounced, lateral arms smooth, knobbed,

decorations large and continuous.

Voremata double, (PI. LX. fig. 4.)

Queeusland, Australia,

4. Cosmophila lyona, nov.

Harpe soft and spined.

Costal arms rigid, hooked.

Anellus pronounced, lateral arms smooth, not knobbed.

Coremata double, very voluminous.

Penis stout, one large cornutus. (Pl. X. fig. 5.)

Padang (Sumatra), lernate (Moluccas).

5. Cosmophila indica, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 396 (1852).

Cirredia variolosa, Walker, xi. p. 750 (1857).

Harpe soft and spined.

Costal arms strong, hooked.

Anellus with the arms smooth and straight.

Coremata double.

Penis very stout. (PI. X. fig. 6.)

Assam, Bombay, Gooty, Palni Hills, 8. India.

6. Cosmophila dona, nov.

Anellus very large, the valves without armature and

angled (which is not the case in any of the others),

Coremata double, very voluminous.

The eighth segmental plate of the abdomen is reduced

to a bar,

Penis narrow, cornuti scarcely evident (the penis is en-

tirely different from any of the others), (Pl, X. fig. 7.)

Roeburne, Sherlock River, Australia.

1. Cosmophila erosa, Hiibner, Zutr. Samml, exot. Sclimett,

ip. 19, figs. 287, 288 (1810).

Uniformly larger than the Old-World species; wings

yellower, fore wing fairly uniform in colour throughout, the

outer portion sometimes slightly darker than the inner; trans-

verse lines and bands of the usual pattern, but very little

21*

312 Col. C. Swinhoe on the Geographical

darker than the ground-colour ; hind wing uniformly pale

greyish ochreous without markings.

I have many examples from Venezuela, Mexico, 8. America,

and Jamaica.

2. Cosmophila xanthindyma, Boisd. Faun. Ent. Mad. p. 94

(1833). .

A darker insect, transverse lines more or less similar ; the

outer portion of the fore wing (nearly the half) nearly always

suffused with chocolate-brown; hind wing grey, generally

dark grey on the outer portion.

Hab. Madagascar, Africa.

3. Cosmophila edentata, Walker, xi. p. 750 (1857).

The discal line of the fore wing is nearly straight and at

its upper end is widely apart from the antemedial line; the

upper part is bent inwards to the costa ; the stigma in the

cell is pure white and circular and isolated.

Hab. Queensland, Australia.

4. Cosmophila lyona, nov.

- @ @. Fore wing markings much as in edentata, colour

paler and yellower; the discal line, however, is not nearly

straight as in that species, but is angled inwardly at its

middle ; the genitalia in some respects are similar, but differ

in the formation of the anellus ; the decorations are small

and bilobed, the armature of the valve is not quite the same,

the eighth segment of the abdomen is much the same ; the

penis differs somewhat, being stronger than that of edentata,

and both are entirely different from those of the other groups.

Expanse of wings, ¢ @, 7/5 inch.

Hab. Padang, W. Sumatra.

5. Cosmophila indica, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 397 (1852).

Cirredia variolosa, Walker, xi. p. 750 (1857).

3 2. Generally a smaller insect than zanthindyma ; the

colour of the fore wing is brighter yellow, the discal band is

more uniform, and the hind wing is yellowish white, gene-

rally quite uniform in colour. Guenée’s type is from

Distribution of the Genus Cosmophila. 313

“India,” Walker’s type N. India; it is acommon form in

the Khasia Hills and in Southern India,

eae N. India, Assam, Bombay, Gooty, Palni Hills,

- India.

6. Cosmophila dona, nov.

3 ?. Of a uniform dark lilacine-grey colour : ‘fore wing

covered with minute darker grey striations ; markings choco-

late-brown ; a short transverse line across the mit a vein

one-third from the base of the wing, indications of its con-

tinuance at the costa, where there are also two very minute

black dots; a mark at the end of the cell, a line below it

followed by a large square cluster of chocolate dots, its outer

portion having a line above it which does not reach the costa

and has another cluster of dots outside it ; some very minute

black dots between these clusters and the outer margin; ciJia

concolorous with the wing, with deep black spots at the

interspace-ends: hind wing dark grey, with the outer portions

with darker suffusion ; cilia white; palpi ochreous grey,

whitish beneath ; head and body concolorous with the wings.

Underside uniform pale grey, rather pale on the hind wing ;

pectus and sides of the abdomen whitish; the female has only

very faint indications of the markings; the angle in the

middle of the outer margin of the fore wing is very slight.

Expanse of wings, g 1, 9 1)%5 inch.

Hab, Roebourne, W. Australia.

By the genitalia it is obviously a very distinct species,

almost worthy of a separate genus, but the general build in

so many other respects denotes close affinitity.

7. Cosmophila milva, nov.

6. Fore wing ochreous-fawn colour, irrorated with very

minute grey atoms ; transverse lines brown, first subbasal

sinuous, double; second antemedial, not sinuous, angled

outwards on the median vein ; third postmedial, straight from

the hinder margin to near the upper end of the cell; fourth

from @ white costal spot, halfway between the third line and

the outer margin, is slightly bent outwards near the costa,

then nearly straight to vein 4, where it is angled outwards,

then turns inwards on to the next lower vein, some dark

shading outwards containing a slightly darker sinuous trans-

verse band which gradually fades away hindwards; cilia

314 Col. C. Swinhoe on

dark brown: hind wing ochreous grey, outer marginal line

brown; cilia whitish, with brown tips: palpi brown; body

concolorous with the wings. Underside uniform pale ochreous

brown ; hinder marginal space of fore wing pale, an out-

wardly curved brown line like a half-circle from the costa

before the apex, and an outwardly curved discal line on the

hind wing.

Expanse of wings, ¢, 1,4 inch.

Hab. Gilolo Isl., North Moluccas (Doherty).

XXXI.— New Lycenids and Hesperids and Two new Species

of the Noctuid Family Acontiide. By Colonel C.

SwWINHOE, M.A., F.L.S., &e.

Family Lycenida.

Lycenopsis trita, nov.

g. Upperside cerulean-blue, similar in colour to Z. ladon-

ides, de |’Orza*, which it very much resembles ; marginal

lines of both wings black ; cilia white. Underside cream-

white, with a few blue irrorations at the base of both wings

and along the abdominal margin of the hind wing: fore

wing with a pale brown lunule closing the cell; five discal

linear brown tharks, four in a line, the upper one subcostal

and well inwards ; a double series of pale brown marks on

the outer margin, the inner series lunular, the outer composed

of triangular spots: hind. wing with the outer margin

similarly marked; a pale brown line closing the cell, a

black spot on vein 6 near the base, and one below it in the

cell, near the origin of vein 2; a subcostal black spot near

the apex of the wing; a curved series of black spots in inter-

spaces 4, 3, 2, and 1, two close together and well outwards in

the interno-median interspace, and three black spots on the

abdominal margin, Antenne black with white rings ; head

aud body above blue-black, white on the underside, head

with black and white stripes ; eyes ringed with white; palpi

* Lep. Japan, p. 20 (1869).

new Lycenids and LHesperids, 315

brown above, white beneath ; legs brown above, white

beneath ; tarsi brown, with white rings,

Expanse of wings, ¢, 1,5, inch.

Hab, Murree, NW. Himalayas; two examples,

Tajuria drucet,

Tujuria drucei, Swinhoe, Lep. Indica, ix. p. 107, pl. 728. figs. 4, 4a, g

(1910).

¢. Upperside coloured like the male, but somewhat paler.

Fore wing with the costal and outer marginal black band

narrower: lind wing with the costal space blackish; a sub-

marginal lunulate brown line and marginal square black

spots, decreasing in size upwards ; a black marginal line and

a round black spot in the anal lobe; cilia of both wings

white. Underside as in the male.

Expanse of wings, ? , 14°; inch.

Hab, Shan States, Haipau. Both sexes received.

Superficially much like 7. jehana, Moore.

Ruralis pavo.

Zephyrus pavo, de Nicé. P. Z.S. 1887, p. 460, pl. xl. fig. 11 9; id.

Butt. of India, iii. p. 309 (1890) ; Elwes, P. Z. 5. 1892, p. 635.

Ruralis pavo, Swinh, Lep. Indica, viii. p. 273, pl. 705. figs. 1, 1a, 14

(1910).

3. Upperside metallic green: fore wing with the costal

line black, outer marginal baud also black, moderately broad

and even: hind wing with the costal space broadly black,

outer marginal band evenly black, abdominal fold grey

inwardly suffused with black. Underside silvery grey,

markings chocolate-brown: fore wing with a thin costal

band ; a thick bar closing the cell; a broad discal band

from the costa to vein 2, narrows gradually hindwards, its

inner edge close to the discoidal bar; a submarginal thin

band: hind wing covered with pale bluish irrorations, espe-

cially on the basal half; a discal band, broad on the costa,

runs along it on each side, narrows hindwards, its outer edge

angled on the veins, extends to near the anal angle, where it

runs acutely inwards to the abdominal margin ; two short

costal marks between this band and the base of the wing; a

thin submarginal lunular band, which curves inwards above

the anal angle, outwardly deeply lined with orange, which

316 Col. C. Swinhoe on

runs into the anal and subanal black spots ; both wings with

an anteciliar line.

Expanse of wings, 1,%, inch.

Hab. Simla; also recorded from the Naga Hills, Upper

Assam, and Bhutan.

De Nicéville described a female from Buxar Bhutan, and

states that Doherty took a male near Margherita in Upper

Assam at 400 feet elevation which agrees closely with his

female type, and suggests that his own type may also be a

male; but his figure is evidently that of a female, and Elwes

says he has little doubt that Doherty’s specimen (which he

had before him) is a female also; my example is an un-

doubted male from Simla which on the underside is somewhat

similar to de Nicéville’s figure, but on the upperside is of the

usual bright green colour so universal in the allied forms,

with a black marginal border to both wings much as in

R. syla, Kollar.

Family Hesperide.

Genus QUEDARA, nov,

¢. Antenne more than half the length of the costa of

fore wing; club long, terminating in a short thin point.

Fore wing with the costa slightly curved, wing narrow, apex

subacute, outer margin concave, of the same length as the

hinder margin, which is straight ; cell more than two-thirds

the length of the costa ; upper discocellular short, outwardly

oblique, middle and lower discocellulars in nearly a straight

line and of equal length ; vein 2 from before the middle of

the cell, 3 and 4 from the end, 5 from the middle of the

two lower discocellulars: hind wing with the costa and outer

margin in an even curve, the wing rather narrow across ;

vein 2 from close to the end of the cell, 3and 4 from the end;

discocellulars faint, angled inwards in the middle; vein 5

absent, 7 from one-fourth before end of cell, 8 curved from

base to the apex of the wing. Palpi porrect, densely covered

with hairs, last joint minute and pointed; hind tibie with

two pairs of spurs; a pair of thick tufts of hairs standing up

behind the collar.

‘T'ype, comoplea, nov.

——

new Species of Acontiide. 317

Quedara comoplea, nov.

go. Of a uniform dark violet-brown colour without any

markings ; the underside is slightly paler than the upperside,

with the hinder marginal space of the fore wing palest.

Expanse of wings, d, 1,4; inch.

Hab. Kina Balu, N. Borneo.

I place it in the section Plastingiine.,

Genus ARUNENA, nov.

3. Antenne about two-thirds the length of the costa of

fore wing ; club fine, bent at about a right angle ; palpi sub-

erect, very short, very hairy, pressed close against the face,

third joint minute. Fore wing short, costa slightly arched,

outer margin convex, not nearly so long as the hinder

margin, which is straight ; cell broad, a little more than half

the length of the wing ; vein 2 from one-third before end of

cell, 3 and 4 from the end ; discocellulars erect, the upper

very minute, the others of equal length, vein 5 from their

junction, veinlet in cell in continuation ; vein 12 reaches

costa well before end of cell: hind wing evenly rounded,

vein 2 one-fourth before end of cell, 3 and 4 from the end,

discocellulars and vein 5 not visible, 7 from a little before

the upper end of the cell, 8 curved from base to apex of tlie

wing. Hind tibie with two pairs of spurs.

Type, nigerrima, nov.

Arunena nigerrima, nov.

g. Of an uniform very dark black colour without any

markings; the underside is as dark as the upperside ; the

hinder marginal space of the fore wing is broadly pinkish

grey.

Berens of wings, ¢, 1,5 inch.

Hab. Khasia Hills, Assam.

I put this genus in the group Astictopterine.

Family Acontiida,

Maurilia gilva, nov.

9. Fore wing dark rufous; a square orange patch at the

318 On new Species of Acontiide.

middle of the costa intersected by a brown line and sur-

rounded by dark brown suffusion, two small round orange

spots in the suffusion near the lower outer end of the square

patch ; transverse lines dark brown, the first subbasal, the

second and third antemedial, somewhat close together and

parallel with each other, very sinuous, ending outwards to

the middle of the hinder margin, the outer one at its upper

end edging the inner side of the square orange patch ; two

similar lines from the costa beyond the middle to the hinder

margin near the hinder angle, the upper portion of the inner

one edging the small round orange spots ; a short pale brown

band on the costa near the apex of the wing, which is attached

to a broader pale brown marginal band which narrows hind-

ward to a point at the hinder angle ; cilia dark brown: hind

wing grey, whitish at the costal space, the outer margin

suffused with brown; cilia grey. Palpi, head, and thorax

brown, the fore part of the thorax with ochreous hairs, the

first two joints of the palpi with a white line beneath ; abdo-

men dark grey. Underside: body and wings grey, the cell-

space of the fore wing suffused with brown ; pectus white.

Expanse of wings, 9, 1,%; inch.

Hab. Cape York.

Resembles M/. fortis * mihi, from New Guinea, but is

much smaller, the orange patch of the fore wing is differently

shaped, and the outer transverse lines are different.

Acontia elima, nov.

9. Fore wing milk-white with very minute chocolate-

coloured irrorations; the markings pale chocolate-brown ; an

indistinct short line from the costa at the base ; a band of

conjoined somewhat square marks from the costal third to

near the middle of the hinder margin, the band consisting of

two somewhat sinuous lines crossed by six lines forming the

squares ; a somewhat similar but broader band divided by the

cross-lines into four parts, its upper portion somewhat

suffused, the band extending from the costa beyond the

middle te near the hinder angle, its lower half with a short

pale brown band attached to its outer side ; a triangular pale

brown patch on the outer margin a little above the middle;

cilia pale orange with brown spots, except at its upper and

lower parts, where it is concolorous with the wings with

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) ii. p. 72 (1918).

On the Status of Parabates, Voerster, &e. 319

brown outer edges: hind wing and its cilia pure white.

Head and body concolorous with the wings, abdomen with

brown segmental bands; palpi orange, the terminal joints

white. Underside: body and wings uniform silvery white.

Expanse of wings, ?, ly5 inch.

Hab, Queensland.

XXXII.— The Status of Parabates, Foerster, and Parabatus,

Thomson [ Hymenoptera, Ichneumonide]. By J. Cuesrer

BRADLEY, Ph.D., Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.

‘THERE is a confusion concerning the status of the so-called

genus Parabates. It was described by Foerster (1868) with-

out mention of included species, being separated from

Paniscus by reason of the front wing lacking an areolet.

‘The only known Palearctic species in which this is normally

the case is nigricarpus (in millierate, Kriechbaumer, it is in

some individuals lacking). Specimens of virgatus without

areola are not known to occur.

The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

in its 46th published opinion has ruled on such cases that tle

genera are valid. “If (as in Aclastus, Foerster, 1868) it is

not evident from the original publication of the genus, how

many or what species are involved, the genus contains all of

the species of the world which would come under the generic

description as originally dg pee and the first species

published in connection with the genus (as Aclastus rufipes,

Ashmead, 1902) becomes ipso facto the type.”

The species rufipes reterred to as an example, having been

described subsequent to the publication of Aclastus, Foerster,

it is evident that the opinion means to include in the genus

all species in the world which fit the original description,

whether already described at that time or described sub-

sequently.

The opinion states that the first species published in

connection with the genus becomes tpso facto type, aud we

accordingly may infer that in the case of several species

being simultaneously included in the first mention of species

in the genus, without one of them being designated as type,

320 Dr. J. Chester Bradley on the Status of

the ordinary rules of type-fixation must be applied. The

opinion, however, leaves a little uncertainty, whether in such

cases any of those species first included may be chosen as

type, or whether it must be one that agrees with the original

generic definition. In view, however, of the fact that the

opinion says “the genus contains all of the species of the

world which would come under the generic description as

originally published,” it would seem that the selection must

be restricted to such of the first-published species as do come

under the generic description as originally published, and

that if none of them come under it they are none of them

available. Mr. Viereck, in fixing the types of the genera of

Ichneumonoidea, has evidently thought otherwise.

Thomson (1888, Opusc. Ent. xii. 1194) established a

genus Parabatus, without any reference to Foerster’s name

Parabates. In ithe recognised two sections and four species

as follows: Section A, without areolet {= Parabates in sense

of Foerster’s description], nigricarpus, sp. n.; Section B,

latungula, sp. n., virgatus, Grav. (7.e. Fourcroy), and cristatus,

sp. 0.

the first mention of species, in connection with Foerster’s

original name Parabates, seems to have been in Dalle Torre’s

‘Catalogus Hymenopterorum,’ iii. p. 75 (1908). The four

species included by Thomson under Parabatus and four

others are included under the generic name Parabates.

Aceording to the code (Article 36, Recommendations)

Parabatus, Thomson, is potentially at least a distinct genus

from Parabates, Foerster, whether they are synonyms

depending entirely upon the fixation of the type of each and

upon whether the types are congeneric. Viereck (1914) has

fixed, correctly, the type of Parabatus, Thomson, as virgatus

(Ichneumon virgatus, Foureroy). Mr. Viereck (1914) also

designates virgatus, Fourcroy, as the type of Parabates,

Foerster, which would make Parabates and Parabatus identi-

cal, as is desirable. However, it does not seem that this is

permissible. Ichneumon virgatus, Fourcroy, does not fall

under the generic definition of Foerster’s Parabates (in as

much as it always possesses an areolet, as I have pointed

out). It would, therefore, seem that it must be excluded

from consideration as type of the genus. The only known

Palearctic * species that normally T agrees with Foerster’s

* Opheltotdeus johnsoni, Ashmead, 1900, a Nearctic species, may be

congeneric with Parabatus nigricarpus, Thomson, and like it lacks an

Parabates, /oerster, and Parabatus, Thomson. 321

generic definition is nigricarpus, Thomson, which alone forms

Section A of Thomson’s Parabatus—a section, as I have

already stated, distinguished by the absence of the areolet.

It would therefore seem, and | hereby so designate it, that

the type of Parabates, Foerster, must be Parabatus nigri-

carpus, Thomson, and that Parabates, Foerster, must be

equivalent to Section A of Thomson’s genus, and Parabatus

to Section B.

Szepligeti (1911, ‘ Genera Insectorum,’ fase. 114) restricts

Parabates, Foerster, to nigricarpus, Thomson, synonymizing

Section A of Parabates, Thomson, with Parabates, Foerster,

and Section B with Pan/éscus.

Schmiedeknecht (1910, ‘Opuseula ichneumonologica,’

iv. 1847), separates Parabatus, Thomson, from Paniscus,

Gravenhorst, as follows :—

‘‘Nervulus interstitial, sehr selten etwas vor der Gabel.

Scheitel und Wagen hinten nicht durch eine Leiste abge-

grenz!. Areola zuweilen felilend.— Parabatus, Foerster.

“Nervalus weit hinter der Gabel. -Hinterhaupt durch

eine Leiste abgegrenzt. Areola stets vorhanden.—Vaniscus,

Grav.”

He further remarks: “ Es kéimte wie bei so vielen Gattungen

die Frage auf geworfen werden, ob das nicht immer deutliche

Vorhandensein oder Fehlen der Hinterhauptsleiste und die

etwas Schwanken de Stellung des Nervulus geniigt, um die

beiden Gattungen Parabatus und Paniscus von einander

zu trennen. Wem diese Unterscheidungsmerkmale nicht

genitigen, den mag die Parabatus-Arten mit zu Paniseus

rechnen, aber er mag nicht behaupten, dass Parabatus und

zahlreiche andere Gattungen nicht aufrecht erhalten werden

kénunen.”

Schmiedeknecht (/.¢., and earlier, 1904, ‘Die Hymeno-

pteren Mitteleuropas,’ p. 605) states that Parabates, Foerster,

has nothing to do with Parabatus, Thomson, and that what

Foerster meant to include under Parabates is difficult to say.

I do not believe that that isthecase. Parabatus nigricarpus,

Thomson, agrees entirely with Foerster’s definition of Para-

bates, the ouly possible point of question being found in the

following statement : “ Cubitalquerader stark gebogen, mit

areolet, but was not included by either Thomson or Dalle Torre in

Parabatus or Parabates.

+ As previously indicated, aberrant individuals of millerate, Kriech-

baumer, also lack the areolet.

322 Dr. J. Chester Bradley on the Status of

der Cubitalader nicht in einen Spitzen winkel zusammentref-

fend, letztre daher nicht aus der Spitze der Diskokubitalzelle

hervorgehend.” A comparison of the wing of nigricarpus

with an Eremotylus (with which genus and Allocamptus

Foerster is comparing Parabates) makes lis meaning

obvious.

Ashmead (1900, ‘ Classification of the Ichneumon Flies,’

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxiii. 96) recognising minutia of

structure as of generic rank, erects a new genus Opheltoideus

for the species without an areolet (and which would therefore

include nigricarpus and be a synonym of Parabates, Foerster,

as here defined) and separates Parabates, Foerster, which he

states is equivalent to Parabatus, Thomson, from Paniscus,

primarily on the basis that the basal and submedian veins

are interstitial in the former, or very nearly, and the

submedian cell longer than the median in the latter. In

Parabates he further says the discocubital vein is not broken

by a stump ofa vein, while in Paniscus it is usually but not

always so.

Morley (1913, ‘ Revision of the Ichneumonide,’ ii. 129)

writes: “ Parabatus, Thomson. Known from Paniscus only

by the continuous basal nervulus through the median

nervure, thus forming both the upper and _ lower basal

nervures of a single line; this I do not always find associated

with an occipital costa, and I have been obliged consequently

to place species with this capital structure occasionally in the

genus Paniscus. Thomson originally placed four Swedish

species in the present genus and others were subsequently

added ; but Szepligeti, for some occult reason, has restricted

Thomson’s genus to a single species, the first here placed by

its author, which differs from the other three in little more

than the aborted areolet, and further he has synonymized—

entirely arbitrarily, I think—Ashmead’s Nearctic genus

Opheltoideus with its single and still MS. species, O. johnsoni.

I have already pointed out (Revis. Ichn. Brit. Mus. i. 60)

that the latter almost certainly appertains to the Anomalides.”

Szepligeti’s course in restricting Parabates to the one

species nigricarpus was not occult, but perfectly logical,

since it is the only one falling under Foerster’s original

definition. Nor was it arbitrary to assign Opheltoideus,

Ashmead, as a synonym, since the published characters of

that genus leave no other course possible. On the other

hand, Mr. Morley’s conclusion that Opheltoideus is an

anomaline genus is open to grave doubt. It was arrived at

Parabates, Foerster, and Parabatus, Thomson. 323

solely on the basis of the determination by Herr Sigmund

Brauns of a North American specimen sent him by

Mr. Morley as “ Opheltoideus sp.?” But there is not the

slightest evidence that the determination was correct, or that

Herr Brauns had any more knowledge of what Opheltoideus

is than has Mr. Morley or anyone else who has not seen

Ashmead’s specimen of johnsont.

Mr. Morley’s key to the genera (1913, 7. c. p. 101) makes

no provision at all for Parabates, Foerster, s. s. (i. e. nigri-

carpus, Thomson, a species without an areolet), as it neither

agrees with his Paniscus and Parabatus, both of which are

stated to have an areolet, nor with Parca which is the only

provision made for species with the areolet absent, but which

differs in other respects.

- Mr. Morley does not make it clear what species of Paniscus

lack the oecipital carine. It is weak in even the type-

species, testaceus, and readily may not be associated with

the relative length of the median and submedian cells, as he

suggests, nor with any other structural character.

To sum up, there seem to be a group of species which have

the nervulus interstitial (m—cu and M,+Cu, opposite) and a

group which do not, but of the former two or three species

have the nervulus sometimes a little beyond the apex of the

cell, and one species (franki, known from a single German

female, which may be abnormal) has it widely before the

apex of the median cell. On the other hand, specimens of

testaceus, the type-species of Paniscus, determined for me by

Professor Schmiedeknecht, show a varying distance between

the apex of the median cell and the nervulus, in one case the

distance being quite insignificant. Secondly, nigricarpus,

millierate, pallescens, tarsatus, gansuanus, virgatus, latungula,

eristatus, and franki are stated by Schmiedeknecht (in giving

his generic description) to lack an occipital carina, while he

states that all of the species of Pantseus possess such a carina.

So far as I have observed, this distinction holds, and probably

is the best primary character available for group-definition,

Morley, treating of additional species from other parts of the

world, finds species lacking the carina which, on the basis of

the venational character just discussed, he treats as Paniscus,

Finally, nigricarpus and johnsoni* lack an areolet normally,

but at least also millierate in aberrant individuals.

* In the case of johnsonit probably not enough individuals are known

to be sure what is normal.

324 On the Status of Parabates, Foerster, ce.

Since there seems, therefore, to be no strongly distinctive

structural character between these groups, and especially

since there seems to be no association of structural characters,

their logical treatment would seem to be as at most subgenera

of a single genus, Paniscus.

The arrangement and synonymy will therefore be:—

Paniscus, Gravenhorst.

Subgenus Paniscus.

Type.—[Ichneumon luteus, Ross] = Paniscus testaccus,

Gravenhorst, the only originally included species.

Distinguishing characters : Head with an occipital carina ;

nervulus (M,+-Cu,) apicad of the apex of the median cell ;

areolet present and complete.

Subgenus ParaBatus, Thomson.

Type.—Ichneumon virgatus, Fourcroy, by designation of

Viereck, 1914.

Distinguishing characters: Head without an occipital

carina; nervulus interstitial, but in some species slightly

apicad of the apex of the median cell, in another (known

from a unique and possibly aberrant Palearctic female) basad

thereof, and in some species not interstitial (according to

Morley, who would on that account put them in Pauniscus) ;

areolet present in normal individuals, but lacking in aberraut

individuals of at least one species.

Subgenus ParaBartss, Foerster.

Type.—Varabatus nigricarpus, ‘Thomson, by present desig-

nation, and by virtue of the fact that it is the only one of the

species first included in Parabates, which comes under the

original generic definition. ‘Therefore, not Jehneumon vir-

gatus, Fourcroy, which was cited as type by Viereck.

Synonym.— Opheltoideus, Ashmead, of which the type is

johnsoni, Ashmead. Synonym by reason of the types being

congeneric so far as published descriptions indicate.

Distinguishing characters: Head without an occipital

carina; nervulus interstitial ; areolet absent.

—

On the Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and Idgia. 325

XXXIIT.—The Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and Idgia,

and their Sexual Characters {Coleoptera}. By G. C.

Cuampion, F.Z.S.

(Plates XI, & XII.}

Tuts paper is based upon a study of the species of Priono-

cerus, Perty, and Jdgia, Cast., contained in the National

Collection at S. Kensington, in the Hope collection at

Oxford, and in that of Mr. H. E. Andrewes, the last-named

being rich in Indian forms *, including types or co-types of

various insects determined by Bourgeois and Gorham. ‘The

British Museum material includes the types of three Indian

species belonging to the genus Jdgia—Cantharis melano-

cephala, Fabr., Telephorus assimilis, Hope, and Thaccona

dimelena, Walk.—which have been omitted from or are

wrongly placed in our catalogues; many interesting

Malayan forms captured by Mr. Doherty or Mr. G. E.

Bryant ; and very extensive series of several species from

the highlands of Eastern and Central Africa. The two

genera here studied, which Lacordaire, Redtenbacher, and

Bourgeois were inclined to treat as one, are restricted to

Africa and Asia; and upwards of sixty species have been

described as belonging to them, about half of these having

been named during recent years by Pic.

The sexual characters of the forms enumerated in this

paper are described in detail, important tarsal and other

structures having been apparently overlooked by all writers

on these insects, including Bourgeois, who has given a good

deal of attention to the subject. Another mark of dis-

tinction, unnoticed in our text-books, and common to the

two sexes, is the single spur to the anterior tibie, the

absence of the second spur being characteristic of the

(Edemerid genera Nacerdes and Xanthochroa, the species of

which bear a superficial resemblance to many Jdgie. The

males of Prionocerus and IJdgia have, in common, a closely,

regularly pectinate, black comb along the inner edge of

joints 1-3 of the anterior tarsi, which is quite conspicuous

in the yellow-legged forms+. A similarly pectinate comb

* The types of the new species described from his collection and a

selection of the others have been presented by Mr. Andrewes to the

Museum.

+ The males of one or two Lampyrids allied to Phengodes have a

row of scattered teeth on the first joint.

Ann. & Mag. N, Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. iii. 22

326 Mr. G, C. Champion on the

on the front feet is also present in the corresponding sex of

the Dasytid-genus Lobonyx, Jacq. Duval, in which, however,

it is restricted to joints 2 and 3, the basal joint being

relatively shorter than in the genera here studied; this

structure, clearly visible in males of Lobonyx captured by

myself in Spain and Algeria, has been figured and described

by Duval (Gen, Coleopt. Europ. iil. p. 183, pl. 46. fig. 225 ¢),

Other g-characters, apart from the usually larger eyes,

the stronger serration of the antenne in J. viridipennis aud

Idgia plectrophora, sp. n., anterior leg, g (ef. p. 330).

belli, and the emargination of the fifth ventral segment,

have been detected in certain cases, such as the thickening

of the posterior femora, the curvature or sinuation of the

posterior tibiz, the acutely produced posterior trochanters,

the form of the basal joint of the anterior and intermediate

tarsi, &e.

In one species, I. plectrophora, all the tibial spurs are

longer than usual in both ¢ and ?; and in another the

Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and Idgia. 327

upper posterior tibial spur is longer than the lower one.

I. flavirosiris and one or two others have the tarsal claws

widened to near the middle, instead of at the extreme base

only, but there is no trace of a membranous lobe in any of

these insects. ‘lhe numerous testaceous forms with the

head in part or entirely, and the apices of the elytra, black

have given me the greatest difficulty in distinguishing the

species ; and it has been found impossible in some cases to

separate them at all satisfactorily till the g-genital armature,

or the sixth ventral segment, has been examined. These

structures have been dissected in nearly all the species of

which the males are represented in the collections before

me *, The tegmen (sensu Sharp and Muir) is furnished

with two elongate, digitiform or spoon-shaped lobes, convex

and almost smooth above, concave beneath, together forming

an open tube, the lower outer edge of each (lateral) lobe

being more or less ciliate or finely denticulate, and some-

times sinuate or emarginate before the tip. The median

lobe t+ (=penis-sheath or edeagus of some authors) consists

of a long, acuminate tube, usually curved downward at the

tip, but peculiarly shaped in the two Arabian forms here

described (cf. Pl. XI. figs.9a and 10a), the opening from

which the membranous sac or intromittent organ is extruded

being placed on the dorsal aspect at some distance before

the tip. The sixth ventral segment is normally triangularly

emarginate in g, but in one species at least (cf. Pl. XII.

fig. 49 a) it is so deeply bi-excised as to appear trilobed.

One or two species have the sutural angle of the elytra

strongly hooked or dentiform (cf. Pl. XII. fig. 50), a character

peculiar to the 9, as in the American genus Astylus.

Figures of the g-armature of nearly all the species here

enumerated are given on the accompanying Plates.

The “ Prionocérides,” forming a subtribe of the “ Mely-

rides” of Lacordaire based upon Prionocerus and Idgia,

should be treated as a separate group or family of the

Malacodermata, distinguished by the emarginate eyes, the

single spur to the anterior tibiz, the simple tarsi and claws

(the latter at most widened in their basal half), the more or

less curved or excavate eleventh antennal joint, and the

closely pectinate tarsal joints 1-3 of the male.

* They have all been made by Mr. A. Cant.

+ Cf. Sharp and Muir, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1912 and 1918. The

term “ penis-sheath ” has been used by me for this organ in a recently

published paper on the genus Asty/us.

22*

328 Mr, G. C. Champion on the

PRIONOCERUS.

Prionocerus, Perty, Obs. Coleopt. Indie Orient. p. 33 (18381).

This genus, type P. caruleipennis, Perty, a common

Malayan insect, is here restricted to the species with the

antennze short and very strongly serrate, and the apical

joint deeply excavate, in the two sexes. P. bicolor, Redt.,

belongs to it, and possibly one or two other Asiatic forms

not represented in the collections before me. The two

mentioned have a different general facies from the typical

Idgiz, due to their small, narrow head and short, strongly

serrate antenne.

1. Prionocerus ceruleipennis.

Prionocerus ceruleipennis, Perty, Obs. Coleopt. Ind. p. 33, t. 1. fig. 4

(1831); Bourg. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr, 1890, p. 175; Gorh. Ann. Soe.

Ent. Belg. xxxix. p. 318 (1895).

Q. Prionocerus fuscipennis, Lewis, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv.

p. 464 (1879).

3. Prionocerus forticornis, Schauf. Hore Soc. Ent. Ross. xx p. 126

1887).

2% Prionocerus brevicornis, Schauf. 1. ¢.

¢. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a comb along their inner

edge. Genital armature (Pl. XI. fig. 1): lateral lobes very

long, narrow and somewhat hooked at the tip ; median lobe

broad, abruptly acuminate and sinuate at apex.

Hab. Innis; Burma; Matayan Reeion generally ;

Anpaman Is.; Japan; E. Arrica, Usagara (S. A. Neave),

Usambara (Mus. Brit.) ; Austrauta (sec. Schaufuss).

Bourgeois gives the sexual characters of this species at

considerable length, but he omitted to notice the structure

of the g anterior tarsi. The elytra vary in colour—blue,

violaceous, or green, rarely zneo-fuscous. The two forms

named by Schaufuss, already sunk as synonyms by Bour-

geois, are from the Philippines and Macassar respectively.

P. fuscipennis, Lewis, from Yokohama, is an immature 2,

with the elytra more obscurely coloured than usual, some

specimens from Borneo and Manila in the British Museum

being similar in that respect. A monstrosity, ¢, with three

antenne and distorted elytra, has been figured and described

by Keyl (Tijdschr. voor Ent. lvi. pp. 1-12, pls. 1, 2, 1913).

P. ceruleipennis has doubtless been introduced into E. Africa.

About 200 examples are contained in the collections before

me.

Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and Idgia. 329

2. Prionocerus bicolor.

Prionocerus bicolor, Redt. Reise der Novara, ii. p. 109, t. 4. fig. 3

(1868); Gorh. Ann. Soc, Ent. Belg. xxxix. p. 318 (1895).

Idgia (Prionocerus) bicolor, var. notaticollis, Pic, L’Echange, xxvi.

p- 53 (1910).

6. Anterior tarsi and genital armature (PI. XI. fig. 2) asin

P. ceruleipennis, Perty, except that the median lobe is less

sinuate at the tip.

Hab. Invia, Sikkim, Allahabad ; Burma; Siam; Mata-

YAN Reaion generally.

This insect is extremely closely related to P. cwruleipennis,

and occurs with it in some of the Malayan localities,

differing from that species in having the antennz a little

less dilated in the two sexes, and the elytra wholly fulvous,

The type was from Java. P. bicolor has been found in

numbers by Mr. H. Stevens at Gopaldhara, in the Rung-

bong Valley, Sikkim, unaccompanied by its near aily.

Females prepouderate in the series before me. A variety

from Tharrawaddy, Burma, with the scutellum yellow has

been recorded by Gorham (/. c.), and another, from Sumatra,

with a dark median patch on the prothorax, by Pic.

IpGIa.

Idgia, Castelnau, in Silberm. Rev. Ent. iv. p. 27 (1836); Hist. Nat.

Ins. Coleopt. i. p. 275 (1840).

Deromma, Kollar and Redtenbacher, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. 2,

p. 512 (1844). :

Diprosopus, Mulsant, Mém. Acad. Se i. p. 209 (1851).

Thaccona, Walker, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) iii. p. 260 (1859);

Gemminger and Harold, Cat. Coleopt. vii. p. 2179 (1870) [sub

(Edemenide },

The generic name Jdgia, type I. terminata, Cast., from

Senegal, is here used for all the Prionocerids with the

antenne filiform or moderately serrate, at leastin 2. The

structure of the anterior tarsi is precisely similar to that of

Prionocerus, and the form of the genital armature of the

males also shows their close relationship. The superficial

resemblance of many of the species to the (demerid

Nacerdes melanura, L., and the Telephorid Rhagonycha fulva,

Scop. (=melanura, Oliv.), is very striking, one, indeed,

having been described as belonging to the first-named group.

The Museum material includes, in addition to species here

enumerated, a very elongate, large, subopaque, blue form,

330 Mr. G. C. Champion on the

coloured like the Chinese J. hiigeli, Redt., represented by a

single damaged example, which must be left unnamed for

the present, no locality-label being attached to it.

African Species.

Prothorax (except in I. dimidiata, var. tripartita, Pic) and

elytra testaceous, the apical portion of the latter toa

greater or less extent black.

Tibial @puredone .. seca. acy eek eae eee as eee rere No. 1.

Tibial spurs shor’ /te%. tos = atte ae eee eee eee nee Nos. 2-6.

Prothorax and elytra nigro-cyaneOus ..........e0eeeeee No. 7.

Prothorax fulvous, the elytra black or nigro-cyaneous..., No, 8

1. Ldgia plectrophora, sp. n.

Extremely like J. (Prionocerus) dimidiata, Gerst., and

similarly coloured, and only separable therefrom by its

structural characters: tibial spurs. long, including the one

on the anterior pair, in both sexes, strongly developed in ¢;

anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 elongated, 1 slightly curved,

smooth and almost glabrous at the base, and produced into

a dentiform lobe at the inner apical angle, 4 small, narrow,

the comb on 1-3 extending along the greater part of their

length; joint 1 of intermediate and posterior tarsi com-

pressed, slightly curved, and smoother at the base.

Genital armature (PI. XI. fig. 3): lateral lobes long, broad,

rounded at tip; median lobe narrow, drawn out into a

long, slender, downwardly-curved point.

Length (excl. head) 9-13, breadth 3}-44 mm. (¢ ?.)

Hab. E. Arrica, Tabora (ex coll. Fry: type, d ), Salt Lake

—Wawamba (Scott Eliot), East shore of Victoria Nyanza

near Karungu, Lusinga Isl., Kisumu (Port Florence), Upper

Kuja valley, S. Kavirondo*(S. A. Neave), 8S. Masai Reserve

(T. J. Anderson), Mogorr River (A. O. Luckman) ; Ucanpa,

W. and S.E. Ankole (4400-5000 ft.), and S. of Lake George

(S. A. Neave), Maramu and Kamwezi (C. H. Marshall).

The series examined includes upwards of 250 examples,

showing but little variation, the black apical patch rarely

reaching forward to the middle of the elytra, the prothorax

constantly fulvous, the armature of the tibiz and tarsi

perfectly constant, the females separable from the same sex

of J. dimidiata by the longer tibial spurs. The genital

armature of several males has been examined,

Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and Idgia. 331

2. Ldyia dimidiata,

Prionocerus dimidiatus, Gerst. Arch. fiir Naturg. xxxvii. p. 56 (1871);

Von der Decken’s Reise in Ost-Afrika, iii, 2, p. 158, t. 8. fig. 11

(1873) 2,

Elongate, depressed, slightly widened posteriorly ; thickly

pubescent, the elytra also with scattered, long, seriately

arranged, erect black setz, the head and prothorax with

numerous curled black bristly hairs, those behind the eyes

projecting laterally ; black, the prothorax and scutellum,

and the elytra with from one-fourth to nearly one-half

their length, fulvous or luteous, the apical patch often with

a bluish or violaceous lustre. Head polished, with a few

small scattered punctures, the labrum large, transverse,

angularly dilated laterally ; eyes very large in g, a little

smaller in 9, well separated in both sexes; antennz

moderately long in g, shorterin 2, joints 3-11 longer than

broad, widened, subserrate, 7-10 decreasing in length,

11 much longer than 10, concave on its inner face. Pro-

thorax as long as broad, sparsely punctured, Elytra long,

deusely granulato-punctate, the seriately arranged setigerous

impressions each preceded by a minute tubercle, the apices

obtuse, in some specimens angulate at the sutural angle.

3g. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a comb along their

inner edge, 1 simple, scarcely longer than 2, 4small, shorter

and narrower than 3 ; joint 1 of intermediate and posterior

tarsi simple, slightly longer than 2; posterior tibie feebly

curved, Genital armature (PJ. XL. fig. 4): lateral lobes long,

broad, rounded or obtuse at tip; median lobe gradually

narrowed, drawn out into a very long, slender, curved,

somewhat sinuate point at apex,

Length (excl. head) 93-134, breadth 33-5 mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab. Asyssiyta, Higo Samula (R. J. Stordy) ; E. Arnica,

Mombasa’ [type], Masongaleni (alt. 3000 ft.), Kibwezi

(alt. 3000 ft.), M-gori Valley in 8. Kavirondo (alt. 4200 ft.),

Mtito Andei (alt. 2500 ft.), Makindu (alt. 3300 ft.), Voi

(alt. 1800 ft.), Usangu district (alt. 3500-4500 ft.) (S.A.

Neave), Lulanguru (G. D. H. Carpenter), Samburu (C. S.

Betton) ; Nyasavanp, Masai (Mus. Brit.), Mombera district

(alt. 4000 ft.), Lilongwe district in Central Angoniland

(alt. 4000-5000 ft.) (S. A. Neave); N.E. Ruopesia, on

road Fort Jameson—Lundazi (alt. 4000 ft.), Upper Luangwa

River (S. A. Neave) ; Masnonaranp, Salisbury (G. A. K.

Marshall); Zvurvutann (Mus. Brit.) ; Naray (Mus. Brit.),

Greytown (H. B. Marley), Estcourt (G. A. K. Marshall),

Port Natal (Boheman*); ? 8S. Arnica, Cape of Good Hope

(Mus, Brit.).

332 Mr. G. C. Champion on the»

Var. «. The scutellum more or less infuscate and the

apical half of the elytra black. (¢ 2.)

Hab. E. Arnica, W. slopes of Kenya on Meru—Nyeri

road (alt. 6000-8500 ft.) (S. A. Neave); NvyasaLanp,

Valley of Rukuru, Karonga district (alt. 2000-4000 ft.)

(S. A. Neave).

Var. 8. The prothorax and scutellum black, the prothorax

sometimes rufo-variegate or fulvous with an indeterminate

black patch on each side of the disc. (¢ 2.)

Ldgia tripartita, Pic, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1912, p. 500°.

Hab. E. Arrica® (C, 8. Betton), 30 miles from Magadi

Junction (F. G. Hamilton), Kibwezi (alt. 3000 ft.), Nairobi

to Fort Hall Road (alt. 4500-5000 ft.) (S. A. Neave) ;

N. Niceria, Panyam in Banchi Province (G. F. Fox).

About 200 examples of this species are contained in the

Museum collection, including specimens from the two

localities quoted by Gerstaecker, Mombasa and Natal. The

variety ¢tripartita was received with the typical form from

Kibwezi, five of the thirty examples before me being inter-

mediate, having the prothorax partly red. The long series

from the slopes of Kenya (6000-8500 ft.), and those from

the Karonga district of Nyasaland are also darker than

typical dimidiata, having the apical half of the elytra and the

scutellum black, these specimens (39 ¢ 2,5 ¢ ¢) forming

a transition to the still darker ¢tripartita. Some of the

southern examples (¢ @ ) have the elytra distinctly angulate

at the sutural angle, a character apparently of no great

importance. Males of each form have been dissected,

showing a similar genital armature. ‘The tuft of long hairs

behind the eyes mentioned by Pic in his description of

I. tripartita is to be found in all the allied African species

known tome. His J. nigricollis (1906), from Sierra Leone,

is not represented in the collections at the Museum.

3. Idgia terminata.

Idgia terminata, Cast. Hist. Nat. Ins. Coleopt. i. p. 275 (1840).

¢. Elongate, rather narrow, shining, thickly pubescent,

and also set with scattered, curled or erect, blackish bristly

hairs, those on the elytra seriately arranged; testaceous,

the head (the labrum excepted), joints 5-11 of the antenne,

a large patch at the apex of the elytra, the knees, tibiz,

and tarsi black. Head as wide as the prothorax; eyes

Malacoderm Genera Prionccerus and Idgia. 333

extremely large, almost contiguous; labrum transverse,

subtrapezoidal, moderately large ; apical joint of maxillary

palpi long, cultriform ; antennz moderately long, joints

4—10 gradually increasing in width and decreasing in length,

10 longer than broad, 11 about the length of 9 and 10

united, curved, hollowed on its inner face. Prothorax

longer than broad, very uneven, rugulosely punctate.

Elytra long, rounded at the tip; densely, rugulosely

punctate. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a narrow black

comb on their inner edge. Genital armature (Pl. XI. fig. 5):

lateral lobes broad, short ; median lobe drawn out into a

very long, slender, strongly curved point.

Length (excl. head) 9, breadth 3 mm.

Hab. W. Arnica, Senegal (Mus. Brit.).

A male in the Museum, labelled ‘* Epiphyta melanura, Dj.,

Senegal,” agrees with the brief diagnosis of J. terminata,

Cast., from that locality, and a longer description is given from

the specimen before me. It is separable from J. longipalpis

by the smaller labrum, the shorter, less dilated antennz,

and the wholly testaceous prothorax. J. abyssinica has a

much larger labrum, a smaller head, a narrower apical

patch, &e. The similarly-coloured Prionocerus senegalensis,

Cast., under which E. melanura, De}j., is placed as asynonym

in the ‘ Munich Catalogue,’ should have the antennz serrate

as in the type-species of that genus.

4. Idgia apicalis.

Prionocerus (Idgia) apicalis, Gerst. Arch. fiir Naturg. xxxvii. p. 56

(1871) ; Von der Decken’s Reise in Ost-Afrika, iii. 2, p. 159 (1873).

¢. Eyes very large, subapproximate above and beneath ;

anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a black comb along their

inner edge, 4 small, narrow. Genital armature: lateral

lobes long, broad; median lobe narrow, acuminate, some-

what hooked at the tip.

Hab. E. Arrica, Mombasa and Zanzibar.

A male from Zanzibar, received by the Museum in 1868,

is certainly referable to this species. A narrow, elongate,

ochraceous insect, with the head (except in front), and a

small patch at the tip of the elytra, black; the antenne long,

subfiliform ; the body thickly pubescent, the head with

numerous long dark bristly hairs, and the elytra sparsely,

seriately nigro-setose; the apical] joint of the maxillary

palpi long, subcultriform ; the Jabrum transverse, subquad-

rate. The genital armature has not been dissected, but it is

partly extruded in the single specimen before me.

334 Mr. G. C. Champion on the

5. Idgia abyssinica, sp. n.

2. Elongate, rather narrow, shining, thickly pubescent,

and also set with scattered, curled or erect, long black

bristly hairs, those on the disc of the elytra seriately.

arranged, the margins of the latter nigro-ciliate; fulvo-

testaceous, the head (the labrum excepted), joints 5-11 of

the antenne, the elytra and abdomen at the tip, and the

legs (the bases of the femora excepted), black, Head rather

small, somewhat produced in front ; labrum broad, trans-

verse, large, angularly dilated; apical joint of maxillary

palpi subcultriform; eyes large, well separated; antennz

long, rather slender, joints 5-10slightly widened, subserrate,

7-10 decreasing in length, 11 much longer than 10, hollowed

within. Prothorax as long as broad, wider than the head,

uneven, sparsely, rugulosely punctate. LElytra very long,

rounded at the tip; densely, rugulosely punctate, the

seriately-arranged setze each preceded by a minute smooth

granule. Legs rather stout, long.

Jiength (excl. head) 10, breadth 3 mm.

Hab. Asysstnta (Jus. Brit.).

One female, acquired in 1876. Not unlike J. apicalis,

but broader, with a larger labrum, and stouter, outwardly

infuscate antenne, the legs (the bases of the femora ex-

cepted) and apex of the terminal ventral segment black.

The general system of coloration is like that of J. assimilis,

Hope, and many other eastern members of the genus,

most of which have a much smaller labrum. The elytra

are broader and less parallel, the antennze are stouter, the

head is smaller, and the apical joint of the maxillary palpi

is less elongate, than in J. longipalpis. The antennz are

not so slender as in the Indian J. assimilis, Hope, from

which the unusually enlarged, angularly dilated labrum is

sufficient to distinguish the present species.

6. Idgia longipalpis, sp. n.

¢@. Elongate, narrow, shining, thickly pubescent, the

head and prothorax also set with long, curled, projecting

or erect, black bristly hairs, the elytra seriato-nigro-setose

on the dise and strongly ciliate along their outer margin;

black or piceous, the palpi and labrum, the basal four or

more joints of the antennz, the anterior femora at the base,

the anterior tibie, the tarsi in part, and the elytra for fully

two-thirds of their length, testaceous, the prothorax rufescent

or testaceous along the basal, apical, and outer margins.

Malacoderm Genera Prionocerns and Idgia. 335

Antenne long, rather slender, subfiliform. Eyes extremely

large, almost contiguous. Labrum large, angularly dilated,

trausverse. Apical joint of maxillary palpi elongate, cultri-

form, that of the labial palpi securiform. Prothorax nar-

rower than the head, very uneven, rugulosely punctate.

Elytra elongate, rounded at the tip; densely, rugulosely

punctate, the seriately-arranged sete each preceded by a

minute smooth tubercle. Sixth ventral segment sulcate

down the middle. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a narrow

black comb along their inner edge, 4 small. Genital

armature (PI. XI. fig. 6): lateral lobes long, broad; median

lobe abruptly narrowed towards apex, the apical portion long

and slender, sharply hooked at the tip beneath.

Length (excl. head) 84-9, breadth 3-3} mm.

Hab. Asyssinta (Mus. Brit.).

Three males, received in 1876. Closely related to

I. apicalis, Gerst., and separable therefrom by the large

black apical patch on the elytra, the broadly infuscate disc

of the prothorax, the blackish under surface and legs, the

more elongate apical joint of the maxillary palpi, and the

different genital armature.

7. Idgia cyanea,

Idgia cyanea, Pic, L’Echange, xxii. p. 43 (1906).

g. Tarsi formed very much as in J, dimidiata, joints

1-3 of anterior pair with a similar comb on their inner

edge, 1 and 2 subequal in Jength, 4 small, shorter than in 2 ;

tibial spurs small, as in 9. Genital armature (PI. XI.

fig. 7) : lateral lobes narrower than in J. dimidiata ; median

lobe sinuate, and drawn out into a long, narrow point, which

is abruptly curved downward and rather blunt at tip.

Hab. Ucanna, 8.E. shore of Lake Kioga and between

that place and- Kakindu in W. Busoga, alt. 3400-3500 ft.

(S. A. Neave) ; S. Niceri1a, Oyo Yoruba.

Thirteen examples from Uganda, including five males,

are referred to this species, the type of which was from

Oyo Yoruba. Very like /. dimidiata, var. tripartita, wholly

black or bluish black, with the exception‘of the rufous tarsal

claws and the uniformly nigro-cyaneous elytra, the antennze

a little less widened.

8. Idgia fulvicollis.

Idgia fulvicollis, Reiche in Ferret and Galinier’s Voy. Abyssin., Ins,

p. 286, t. 17. figs. 5, 5 a-e (1849). (¢ Q.)

¢@. Eyes larger, more convex, and more narrowly separated

336 Mr. G. C. Champion on the

than in 2; anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a conspicuous

comb along their inner edge, 4 small; posterior tibiz curved.

Genital armature (Pl. XI. fig. 8): lateral lobes rather short ;

median lobe drawn out into a Jong, slender, curved point.

Hab. Asyssinta (Mus. Brit.) ; E. Arrica, Alhi Plains

and Nyems Ndogo (Gregory), Higo Samula (R. J. Stordy:

30. x. 1911).

There are five males and three females of this species in

the Museum, including a 2 from Abyssinia received in 1855.

A hairy, elongate insect, black or piceous, with the pro-

thorax and tarsal claws, and usually the scutellum also,

testaceous, the elytra with a faint bluish tinge ; the antennal

joints 3-10 elongated and slightly widened, 11 curved,

hollowed on its inner face, much longer than 10 in @.

The faintly indicated elytral coste are exaggerated in

Reiche’s figure. J. fulvicollis has the antennz less widened

than in J. dimidiata, both species occurring at the same

locality in Abyssinia. J. henonii, Fairm., from Choa (1883),

may be a form of the ¢ with an infuscate prothorax? The

genital armature is very like that of J. dimidiata and

L. plectrophora.

Arabian Species.

Prothorax and elytra testaceous, the apical portion of latter

broadly black; antenne long and slenderin ¢ and 9;

head rostrate 203 dosi2e sna * eee ee eet -Peeeees No. 9.

Prothorax testaceous, elytra nigro-cyaneous; antenns

long and broadly dilated in ¢, shorter and less widened

im 9; head rosttatei naw asic css ew seetneaee eae No. i0.

9. Idgia arabica, sp. nu.

? Prionocerus hirtus, Walk. List Coleopt. J. K. Lord, p. 14 (1871).

Very elongate, somewhat widened posteriorly, shining,

the elytra rather dull; finely pubescent and sparsely nigro-

setose ; fulvous, the head (the labrum and epistoma ex-

cepted) and the antenne from about the fourth joint black,

the elytra with a large apical patch (occupying one-third or

more of their length) nigro-cyaneous. Head long, narrow,

strongly produced anteriorly, the labrum about as long

as broad, hollowed down the middle; eyes very large,

moderately convex, subcontiguous in g’, narrowly separated

in 2; antenne long in @, a little shorter in 2? , joints 5-10

elongate, feebly serrate, moderately widened, subequal in

length, 11 concave within, slightly longer than 10. Pro-

thorax oblong-subquadrate, wider than the head, uneven,

_—

Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and [dgia. 337

quite sparsely punctulate. Elytra very elongate, at the

middle twice as wide as the prothorax, densely granulato-

punctate. Legs very long.

3. Posterior femora feebly clavate ; anterior tarsal joints

1-3 with a narrow black comb along their inner edge;

terminal dorsal segment entire. Genital armature (PI. X1.

figs. 9, 9a): lateral lobes sinuate, curved inward and some-

what hooked at the tip, as seen from above (fig. 9 a), broad

as seen in profile (fig. 9) ; median lobe gradually acuminate,

the apex broadly, abruptly dilated, subsagittiform.

Length (excl. head) 11-14, breadth 34-42 mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab, Arasra, Yemen (Millingen, in Mus, Brit.).

The above description is taken from four males and three

females. They agree with Walker’s diagnosis of P. hirtus,

except as regards their larger size, the unnotched eyes *,

and the broad joints to the autennez. His type, from Tajura,

on the opposite African coast, appears to have been lost.

The median lobe of the male is very peculiarly formed.

10. Idgia laticornis, sp. n.

Elongate, somewhat widened posteriorly, shining, the

elytra duller; finely pubescent and sparsely nigro-setose ;

fulvous, the head (the labrum and epistoma excepted) and

the antennal joints 5-11 black, the elytra nigro-cyaneous

or black. Head long, narrow, strongly produced anteriorly,

the labrum about as long as broad, hollowed down the

middle ; eyes very large, moderately’ convex, narrowly

separated in g, more distant in 2; antenne (¢) elongate,

joints 4-11 broad, stout, feebly serrate, tapering towards

the apex, 4 not longer than 3, 5-10 subequal in length,

longer than broad, 11 deeply excavate within, longer than 10,

(2) much shorter and more slender. Prothorax wider

than the head, oblong-subquadrate, narrowed anteriorly,

uneven, sparsely punctulate. Elytra very long, at the

middle twice as wide as the prothorax, densely granulato-

punctate.

¢. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a black comb along

their inner edge ; anterior tibiz slightly curved towards the

apex; posterior trochanters toothed behind. Genital

armature (Pl. XI. figs. 10, 10a): lateral lobes rather

short, narrowed and slightly sinuate distally, as seen from

above ; median lobe stout, abruptly bent downward and

broadly, angularly dilated towards apex, the apical portion

straight, hooked above and beneath at tip.

* Almost certainly an error of observation.

338 Mr. G. C. Champion on the

Length (excl. head) 103-123, breadth 3;-4 mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab. Arabia, Yemen (Millingen), Ktubu aud Kl Kubar

(G. W. Bury).

Three males and two females. Near J. arabica, but with

the ¢-antenne dilated as in a Lycid, the elytra wholly nigro-

cyaneous or black. One of the females, that from El Kubar,

somewhat discoloured, has the head almost entirely black,

the legs partly infuscate, and the elytra black. The narrow,

elongate head, broad antenne, shorter pubescence, differently

coloured body, &e., separate I. laticornis from the Abyssinian

I, fulvicollis, Reiche. The stout, abruptly bent median

lobe, as seen from above, has the long apical portion broadly

sagittiform.

Chinese Species.

Prothorax and elytra testaceous, the apices of the latter

lage 5 Sse as ss 2 ee neiae be meio. ed Sie ee caren Nos. 11, 12.

Prothorax flavous, head and elytra metallic ; tarsal claws

simple ; body narrow, elongate..........eeeeeeeaee No, 18.

Prothorax and front of head testaceous, elytra obscurely

metallic; tarsal claws widened basally ; body narrow,

very elongate ik ahald + e ehare esate re apts Chnis cea nice eee No. 14.

Prothorax, base of head, and elytra uniformly greenish ;

tarsal claws widened basally ; body very narrow and

CLOTS | 0c «0; aie lee ier iia mie Pate ele aie ge ee No. 15.

11. Ldgia deusta.

Tdgia deusta, Fairm. Ann, Soc, Ent. Fr. (5) viii. p. 118 (1878).

g. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a comb along their

inner edge; posterior tibiz (as in 9?) almost straight and

with very small spurs. Genital armature (Pl. XI. fig. 11):

lateral lobes long, broad, curved inward at the tip, as seen

from above ; median lobe long, rather narrow, feebly sinuate

from near the base, terminating in a slender hooked point.

Hab. Cuina (Fortune, in Mus. Brit.), Foo-Chow (C. B.

Ricket, G. Lewis), Suilmg in W. China (W. A. Maw),

Shanghai (J. J. Walker).

Numerous specimens from the above-mentioned localities

are referred to J. deusta, Fairm., the type of which was found

by Abbé David in Central China. Bourgeois (Ann. Soe. Ent.

Belg. xxxvi. p. 238, 1892) sinks the Chinese insect as

synonymous with the Indian J. melanura, Koll. & Redt.,

which also has the tip of the elytra and the whole of the

head black, the legs and antenne infuscate, the eyes very

large, &c.; the present species, however, has the upper

surface less densely punctate and more shining (approaching

Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and Idgia. 339

I. nitida in that respect), and the ¢ -armature very different

from that of J. melanura,

The length (excl. head) varies from 84-10 mm. The

eleventh antennal joint is deeply excavate and more than

twice the length of the tenth.

12. Idgia ungulata, sp. n.

Elongate, narrow, shining, finely pubescent, and sparsely

setose ; testaceous, the head (except the labrum in part or

wholly, and sometimes a spot at the base), and a small patch

at the apex of the elytra, black, the antenne, tibiz, tarsi, and

apices of the femora more or less infuscate. Head some-

what produced in front, the labrum transverse, concave

eyes very large, almost contiguous in g; antenne slender,

distinctly widened outwards, joint 4 a little shorter than

3 or 5, 11 deeply excavate within, twice as long as 10.

Prothorax very little wider than the head, slightly longer

than broad, feebly sinuate at the sides posteriorly, sparsely

punctuate. Elytra moderately elongate, finely, somewhat

densely punctate.

g. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a comb along their

inner edge; posterior tibize distinctly arcuate towards the

apex, the spurs strongly developed, curved, the upper one

longer than the other. Genital armature (PI. XI. fig. 12):

lateral lobes long, broad; median lobe siuuate, gradually

narrowed to the rather blunt tip.

Length (excl. head) 6-74, breadth 2-22 mm.

Hab. Curna (Mus. Brit.), Hong Kong (Mus. Brit., F. W.

Terry, J. J. Walker), Amoy (G. Lewis).

A long series, males preponderating. Less elongate than

T, deusta as here identified, the head not wholly black in

front, the apical patch smaller; the male with differently

formed posterior tibiz, longer asymmetric spurs (suggestive

of those of certain Scirtes), and dissimilar genital armature.

13. Ldgia flavicollis.

Idgia flavicollis, Redt. Reise der Novara, ii, p. 111 (1868); Fairm,

Ann. Soc. Ent, Fr. (6) ix. p. 45 (1889).

36. Eyes distant, as in ?; anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with

a comb along their inner edge. Genital armature (PI. XI,

fig. 13): lateral lobes long; median lobe narrow, pointed at tip,

Hab. Cuina, Hong Kong.

There is a long series of this species in the Museum, in-

cluding several examples captured by Commander Walker

340 Mr. G. C. Champion on the

in 1893. A slender insect, not unlike an Asclera (fam.

(Edemeridz), green or bluish green, with the palpi, an-

tenn, and sometimes the tibiz and apex of the abdomen

also, testaceous or flavous ; the antennz very slender ; the

head small. Two males have been dissected. J. flavicollis

appears to have been unknown to Pic.

14. Idgia flavirostris.

Idgia flavirostris, Pase. Journ. Ent. i. p. 43 (April 1860) ; Fairm. Ann.

Soc. Ent. Fr. (6) ix. p. 44 (1889).

3. Eyes small, distant, as in ? ; anterior tarsal joints 1-3

with a comb along their inner edge. Genital armature

(PI. XI. fig. 14): lateral lobes long, narrowed outwards, their

apices truncate and hooked beneath; median lobe gradually

narrowed, curved upward at the tip.

Hab. Cuina (Mus. Brit.), Chusan Is. (J. J. Walker),

Ta-maon Isl., Hong Kong (Mus. Brit.).

Of the eighteen examples of this species before me, in-

cluding the type, one only, from the Chusan Is., is of the

male sex. A close ally of J. flavicollis, with a longer pro-

thorax and very elongate elytra, the anterior portion of

the head, palpi, basal joints of the antenne, prothorax, and

femora testaceous. The head is small and comparatively

short. The tarsal claws are distinctly widened to about the

middle. An allied form from China has been described by

Fairmaire under the name J. moupinensis.

15. Idgia virescens, sp. 0.

@. Very elongate, narrow, subopaque, finely cinereo-

pubescent, and sparsely nigro-setose; obscure metallic green,

the anterior half of the head, palpi, antennz, underside of

prothorax, abdomen, cox, femora, and tibiz in part, testa-

ceous. Head scabroso-punctate, small, slightly produced in

front, excavate between the eyes, the labrum transverse ;

eyes distant; apical joint of maxillary palpi elongate;

antennee very slender, long, joints 3 and 4 equal in length,

those following still more elongate. Prothorax longer than

broad, wider than the head, somewhat dilated at the middle,

opaque, densely, very finely scabroso-punctate. Elytra very

elongate, much broader than the prothorax, rounded at the

tip; densely, rugulosely punctate, each with five series of

conspicuous granules on the disc, the margins crenulate.

Legs very long and slender; tarsal claws widened to about

the middle.

Length (excl. head) 83, breadth 2 mm.

eatery bee,

Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and Idgia, 341

Hab, W. Cuina, Chin-Fu-San (M, A. Maw).

One specimen, in poor condition, received by the Museum

in 1908. Near J. flavirostris, Pasc., but smaller, narrower,

and more slender, the prothorax opaque and coloured, like

the elytra, the seriately arranged granules on the latter

conspicuous,

Indian and Malayan Species *,

a. Antennal joints [2] 8-10 serrate, different in shape

from those preceding; head small; prothorax vittate ;

elytra at LE Be ARTES Pet 8 Ss yemiinte Bellen ae No. 16,

6, Antennal joints 8-10 similar in shape to those preceding.

a‘, Antennal joint 4 very short, about as long as 2, the

antenne themselves strongly serrate in ¢; pro-

thorax testaceous; elytra metallic ...........055 No. 17.

b‘. Antennal joint 4 nearly or quite as long as 3 or 5,

a*, Antenne strongly serrate in ¢; body brilliantly

MOTTO! Fe Vers e's WawVeswymertusbarvire's No. 18.

6°, Antenna not strongly serrate in ¢, not differing

greatly in the two sexes,

a®, Elytra metallic; the prothorax rufescent or

testaceous, maculate in some of the species.

a‘, Posterior femora not thickened in d........ Nos. 19-21.

b*‘. Posterior femora more or less thickened in ¢. Nos, 22-24.

b*®, Elytra infuscate or black (paler in J. gorhamt,

Pic, var.), sometimes with a metallic lustre;

the prothorax testaceous, maculate in J, nil-

ROR Ee Fe ee teil Sareea oe Nos, 25-30,

ce*, Elytra infuscate, with the sutural and outer

margins in part or entirely flavescent; the

rothorax testaceous, maculate in J. marginata. Nos, 31, 32.

d°, Elytra viridi-vittate on dise and the prothorax

maculate, the former dilated at base ........ No. 88.

e°, Elytra and prothorax testaceous or luteous, the

former black at tip.

ce‘, Posterior femora thickened in ds... eeeees Nos, 34-36,

da‘. Posterior femora not thickened in ¢.

a’, Apical patch on elytra extending forward

to about the middle ..cccccestscntacee Nos, 37, 38.

b°, Apical patch moderately large, rarely

reaching so far forward...... pouvennene Nos, 39-48,

e*, Apical patch small.

a®, Sixth ventral segment triangularly emar-

winate 10. ven vrccsersd seeeenesaen Nos, 49-59,

b°, Sixth ventral segment trilobed in g.... No, 60,

Spécies provisionally referred to Idgia (¢ wanting):

small, slender, metallic, Dasytiform ..,......+0+-+. o. GL.

16. Idgia triserrata, sp. 0.

?. Moderately elongate, widened posteriorly, the head

and prothorax shining, the elytra dull, finely pubescent and

* $9 wanting of Nos. 16, 33, 87, 48, 48, 59. .

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. iii. 23

342 Mr. G. C. Champion on the

sparsely setose; bluish black, the head nigro-zneous, the

basal joints of the antenne obscurely rufescent, the pro-

thorax (an elongate black patch on the disc excepted)

rufo-testaceous. Head small, narrow, somewhat produced:

anteriorly, the labrum concave, nearly as long as broad,

rounded at the sides; eyes distant; antenne short, slender

at the base, widened outwards, joints 8-10 serrate, 10 sub-

transverse, 11 concave within, barely as long as 9 and 10

united. Prothorax much wider than the head, about as long’

as broad, uneven, polished on the disc, sparsely punctate

laterally. Elytra broad, long, widened to beyond the

middle, rounded at the tip; densely, finely, rugulosely

punctate. Legs rather short.

Length (excl. head) 10, breadth 4 mm.

Hab. Invia, Manipur (Doherty).

One specimen, This species resembles Prionocerus cerulei-

pennis aud P. bicolor in shape, but it has the antenne slender

at the base and joints 8-10 abruptly serrate; the head is

small and narrow; the prothorax is red, with a black,

anteriorly narrowed median vitta; and the elytra are broad,

dull, and bluish black in colour. J. submetallica, Pic (1911),

from Kandy, which has the elytra red, except at the tip,

seems to be an allied form.

17. Ldgia viridipennis.

©. Idgia viridipennis, Pic, L’Echange, xxii. p. 55 (1906).

Prionocerus viridipennis, Bourg. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. li, pp. 108, 104

(1907). (dQ)

Hab. 8. Inv1a, Wallardi in Travancore [type], Anamalai

Hills, alt. 1100 metres (H. L. Andrewes).

This species is easily recognizable by the very short fourth

joint to the antenne, the bluish-green head, elytra, under

surface, and legs, the testaceous prothorax, and the partly

testaceous basal joints of the antenne. The three females

from the Auamalai Hills in the Andrewes collection have

joints 5-10 of the antennze cyaneous, considerably widened,

and distinctly serrate, these joints, according to Bourgeois,

being broadly serrato-dilatate in the g; his definition of

the 2 antenna as “subfiliform”’ is misleading. The sutural

augle of the elytra in 9 is dentiform, as described by Pie.

18. Idgia belli.

Tdgia bel, Gorh. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxix. p. 319 (1895) %.

¢. Prionocerus ceruleatus, Fairm. Notes Leyden Mus, xviii. p. 94

(1896) 2,

pee G.4i6)) ~

Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and Idgia. 343

¢é. Eyes much larger, more convex, and more approxi-

mate, and the antennal joints 6-10 broader and more

strongly serrate, than in 9; anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with

a comb along their inner edge, 4 small, narrow ; terminal

dorsal segment rounded at tip. Genital armature (Pl. XI.

fig. 15): lateral lobes long, rounded at apex ; median lobe

narrow, sharply acuminate, curved at tip.

Hab. 8. Invta (Mus. Brit.), Kanara‘ (7. R. Bell), Mala-

bar? (type of Fairmaire), Nilgiri Hills (H. L. Andrewes,

A. K. Weld Downing, Sir G. F. Hampson), Travancore

(G. 8. Imray), Periya Ghat [Malabar], alt. 2500 ft. (EZ.

Ballard).

An elongate, slender, brilliantly metallic green, blue, or

wneous insect, with the d-antenne dilated and strongly

serrate, approaching that of the type of Prionocerus ; the

legs long and slender ; the labrum trapezoidal, rather large,

deeply foveate in the centre at the base; the apical joint of

the maxillary palpi elongate-triangular ; the terminal joint

of the antenne curved and deeply excavate. Mr. Andrewes’s

collection contains a long series of this species from the

Nilgiri Hills, and there are numerous examples of it in

the British Museum. The Kanara type of Gorham is 9°.

19. Jdgia viridescens.

Tdgia viridescens, Gorh. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxix. p. 319 (1895).

Prionocerus metallescens, Fairm. Notes Leyden Mus. xviii. p. 94 (1806).

d. Eyes larger and more approximate, and the antennal

joints 5-10 a little more acute at their inner apical angle,

than in 2; anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a comb along

their inner edge, 4 small, narrow; terminal dorsal segment

bisinuato-truneate at apex. Genital armature (Pl. XI.

fig. 16): lateral lobes broad, narrower and curved inward

at tip, as seen from above ; median lobe stout, acuminate,

and almost straight at apex.

— Hab. N. Invia (Mus. Brit.), Simla (Hauser: type of Fair-

maire), Kasauli (Col. H. J. W. Barrow; coll. Andrewes),

W. Almora (H. G. Champion), Gopaldhara, Rungbon Valley,

Sikkim (H. Stevens), Mungphu, Sikkim (ex coll, Atkinson) ;

Centra Inpia (Capt. Boys, in Mus, Oxon.).

A large, elongate, rather broad, posteriorly widened, ob-

scure #neous or nigro-ceruleous form, with the prothorax

and the tip of the antenne fulvous or testaceous; the

labrum transversely subquadrate, small, concave; the

eleventh antennal joint curved and deeply excavate ;

the apical joint of the maxillary palpi er. - Numerous

344 Mr. G. C. Champion on the

specimens of this insect have recently been sent by my son

from W. Almora, from elevations between 7000 and 9000 ft.

Two males have been dissected. (Gorham’s description of

I. viridescens was based upon two examples (3?) from

“Tndia.” The yellow base of the last abdominal segment

mentioned by bim doubtless refers to the pallid membranous

space visible between the ventral segments 5 and 6 in g.

20. Idgia andrewesi.

Prionocerus (1dgia) andrewesi, Bourg. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. li, p. 104

(1907). (3 2.)

3. Eyes extremely large, almost contiguous (narrowly

separated in ?); anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a comb

along their inner edge, 4 narrow, small; posterior tro-

chanters acuminate at tip (obtuse in ¢). Genital armature

(Pl. XI. fig. 17): median lobe rather broad, as seen from

above, narrower than the lateral lobes, sinuate, acuminate

at tip, the latter subtruncate; lateral lobes moderately

broad, the concave apical portion, as seen from beneath,

separated from the rest by an oblique fold.

Hab. 8. Invra (Mus. Brit.), Nilgiri Hills (H. L. Andrewes,

Sir G. F. Hampson), Anamaiai Hills (H. L. Andrewes).

An elongate, nigro-cyaneous insect, with a long, flavo-

testaceous prothorax, the basal joints of the antenne, and

also the apical one, the palpi, and sometimes the scutellum

in part, flavescent; the antenne long and slender, with

joint 11 sinuate, considerably elongated in g; the apical

joint of the maxillary palpi long; the head somewhat pro-

duced in front; the labrum narrow, somewhat oval, about as

long as broad in some specimens, shorter in others. There

are two males and six females of this species in Mr, Andrewes’s

collection, and a pair in the British Museum. Bourgeois

overlooked the tarsal and trochanter characters, which are

conspicuous in the labelled type, ¢. The length varies from

11-13 mm.

21. Idgia chloroptera.

Idgia chloroptera, Redt. Reise der Novara, ii, p. 111 (1868).

3. Eyes large, subcontiguous (alittle more distant in @ ) ;

anterior tarsal joints 1-8 with a comb along their inner edge.

Genital armature (Pl. XI. fig. 18): lateral lobes long, broad;

median lobe curved and acuminate at tip.

Hab. Cryuon [type] (Thwaites, in Mus. Oxon.: ¢),

Kapulahani (Mus. Brit.; 3), Maskeliya (EZ. E. Green: ¢).

Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and Idgia. 345

There is a pair of this species in the British Museum and

a male in the Hope collection at Oxford. A very elongate,

dull, greyish-green insect, with the anterior and basal mar-

gins of the prothorax, the extreme bases of the femora, the

abdomen, and the under surface in great part, testaceous ;

the antenne slender, filiform; the prothorax rugulose, the

dark patch on the dise sometimes divided down the middle ;

the elytra unusually long and densely, rugulosely punctate ;

the legs slender in both sexes,

22. Idgia eyanocephala, sp. n.

Elongate, narrow, subparallel, moderately shining, finely

cinereo-pubescent, and sparsely nigro-setose ; cyaneous, the

elytra and under surface greenish, the prothorax and basal

joints of the palpi testaceous, the antenn piceous, testaceous

at the base and tip. Head narrow, moderately produced

anteriorly, the labrum transverse; eyes somewhat distant

in both sexes ; anteunz slender, subfiliform, joints 3 and

4 about equal in length, 11 much longer than 10, concave

within. Prothorax scarcely wider than the head, sinuate

at the sides posteriorly, about as long as broad. Elytra

elongate, subparallel, at the middle twice as wide as the

prothorax, rounded at the tip, flattened on the disc; densely,

rugulosely punctate, with four rows of rather prominent

granules, the margins crenulate. Legs slender.

3. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a narrow comb along

their inner edge ; posterior femora slightly thickened. Geni-

tal armature (PI. XI. fig. 19): lateral lobes moderately long,

feebly sinuate, narrowed towards apex ; median lobe stout,

sinuate, pointed.

Length (excl. head) 74-81, breadth 2 mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab, Mauacca, Perak (Doherty).

One male and two females. Smaller than the Indian

I. viridipennis, Pic, the head narrower, the antennz slender

and with the fourth joint as long as the third, the eyes

larger, the elytra flattened on the disc, the fourth row of

granules forming a distinct ridge. Compared with J. ceru-

leiventris, which also occurs at Perak, the metallic-blue

head, elytra, and legs and the slightly thickened posterior

femora of the g will serve to distinguish J, cyanocephala,

23. Idgia rouyeri.

Idgia rouyeri, Pic, L’Echange, xxii. p. 43 (1906),

Elongate, narrow (¢d), broader (¢), shining, thitkly

346 Mr. G. C. Champion on the

pubescent, and sparsely nigro-setose ; testaceous, the head,

the outer halves of the femora, the antenne (except at the

base and tip), and sometimes the tibiz and tarsi also, infus-

cate or black, the elytra bluish, bluish green, or fusco-zneous,

the prothorax in two examples with a small blackish spot

on each side. Head rather small, the labrum transverse ;

eyes very large and subcontiguous in 3’, somewhat narrowly

separated in 2 ; antenne slender, slightly thickened towards

the apex, moderately long, joint 11 deeply excavate within,

a little longer than 10. Prothorax longer than broad,

sinuate at the sides posteriorly, uneven, sparsely punctulate.

Elytra long, subparallel; densely, rugulosely puuctate, and

with seriately arranged gravules extending down the disc,

the margins crenulate.

3d. Intermediate and posterior tibie feebly curved ; pos-

terior femora thickened ; anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a

comb along their inner edge, 4 small. Genital armature

(Pl. XI. fig. 20): lateral lobes long ; median lobe stout,

sinuate, acuminate at tip.

Length (excl. head) 9-10, breadth 23-33 mm. (¢ ?.)

Hab. Java [Rouyer: type] (Mus. Brit., Mus. Oxon.),

Depok (G. LE. Bryant : 18.iv. 1909) ; Sumatra, Palembang.

Four males and four females, two of the latter with a

bimaculate prothorax, are referred to this species, the colour-

characters only of which are briefly given by Pic in a

synoptic table. .

24. Idyia femorata, sp. n,

Elongate, rather broad, robust, shining, finely pubescent,

and sparsely setose ; testaceous, the head (the labrum ex-

cepted) black, the elytra nigro-ceeruleous. Head somewhat

produced in front, the labrum transverse, subquadrate ;

eyes extremely large and narrowly separated in ¢, more

distant in 2; antenne long, shorter in 2, joints 5-10

moderately widened, 3-7 elongate, 8-10 gradually decreasing

in length, 11 much longer than 10, concave within. Pro-

thorax about as long as broad, somewhat rounded at the

sides. lytra long, finely, densely, rugulosely punctate.

Terminal dorsal segment entire.

6. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a comb along their

inner edge ; posterior femora incrassate. Genital armature

(Pl. XT. fig. 21): lateral lobes long; median lobe stout, drawn

out into a curved point.

Var.? The antenne (except at base) and legs (the basal

Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and Idgia. 347

portions of the femora excepted) infuscate or black, the

elytra less metallic.

Length (excl. head) 104-12, breadth 3-4 mm. (¢ 9.)

Hab. Inxvia (Walter Elliot, in Mus. Brit.: type, 2), Bel-

gaum (H, E. Andrewes: type 2 ), Mysore (Mus. Oxon.: var.,

¢ ), Poona (coll. dndrewes: var., 2 ).

Described from a similarly coloured pair, the ¢ without

definite locality. The examples with partly infuscate legs

and antenne, the g with thickened posterior femora, seem to

belong to the same species, the genital armature being similar

in the two forms. J, femorata is closely related to I. gorhami,

Pic, as here restricted, differing from it in the strongly

incrassate posterior femora in ¢, the simple terminal dorsal

segment in both sexes, and the slightly dilated antenne.

The median and lateral lobes are much shorter than in

the two males of J. gorhami dissected. The type, ¢, of the

present species was presented to the British Museum many

years ago.

25. Idgia gorhami.

Idgia gorhami and var. diversipennis, Pic, Bull. Soe, Ent. Fr. 1911,

p- 241 (exclud, var. with bimaculate prothorax) *.

6. Anterior tarsi, terminal dorsal segment, and genital

armature (PI. XI. fig, 22) asin J. dimelena, Walk. (=cardoni,

Bourg.), No. 44, infra.

Hab. [nora (Mus. Brit.), Nilgiri Hills! (Sir G. F. Hampson,

H. L. Andrewes, A. K. Weld Downing), Coonor (W. Davison),

Belgaum’ (//. £. Andrewes), Kanara (T, R. Bell) ; Burma,

Paungde (Mus. Brit.).

‘The dissection of two males from the Nilgiri Hills shows

that Z. gorhami is a form of J. dimelena, Walk., with infus-

cate, submetallic elytra, the variety diversipennis being

intermediate. ‘The two insects are common in the Nilgiri

Hills, but as J. yorhami does not appear to extend to Ceylon

it is here given specific rank. The anterior portion of the

head, the antennz, scutellum, legs, and under surface are

testaceous, as in J. dimelena, and the terminal dorsal abdo-

minal segment is similarly cleft at the tip in the two sexes,

the apex appearing bilobed.

26. Idgia nilgirica, sp, n.

Idgia oculata, Gorh, Ann, Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxix. p. 319 (1895) (nec

Redt.).

Tdgia gorhami, Pic, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1911, p. 241 (var. with bima-

culate prothorax).

348 Mr. G. C. Champion on the

Elongate, narrow (¢), broader (?), subparallel, feebly

shining, finely pubescent, and sparsely nigro-setose; testa-

ceous, the head (the labrum excepted), and a large oblong

patch on each side of the prothorax, black, the antenne (ex-

cept at the base and tip), elytra and legs (except the bases of

the femora to a variable extent) fuscous or nigro-fuscous,

the elytra sometimes with a faint bluish tinge. Head rather

long, narrow, the labrum transverse, trapezoidal, concave ;

antenne slender, filiform, joint 11 concave, a little longer

than 10. Prothorax slightly longer than broad, sinuate at

the sides posteriorly, densely, rugosely punctated. Elytra

elongate, densely, rugulosely punctured, and with rows of

scattered granules on the disc.

g. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a narrow comb along

their inner edge ; terminal dorsal segment deeply, narrowly

cleft in the middle at apex (the notch much deeper than in

9). Genital armature (PI. XI. fig. 23): lateral lobes curved,

broad ; median lobe drawn out into a long, slender, com-

pressed piece, which (as seen from above) is feebly dilated

and somewhat spoon-shaped at the tip *.

Length (excl. head) 8-11, breadth 2-3 mm. (¢ ?.-)

Hab. Invia, Nilgiri Hills (H. L. Andrewes, Sir G. F. Hamp-

son, A. K. Weld Downing).

Two males and eight females. Narrower than J. gorhami,

the prothorax rougher and nigro-bimaculate, the legs and

antenne partly infuscate. The g has a similarly cleft (or

bilobed) terminal dorsal segment, but the genital armature

is very different. The allied J. flavolimbata and I. marginata,

from the same region, have the sutural and outer margins of

the elytra more or less testaceous, and the terminal dorsal

segment simple. J. maculicollis, Pic (1906), from Java, has

a similarly maculate prothorax.

27. Idgia ceruleiventris, sp. 1.

Elongate, narrow, subparallel, shining, closely cinereo-

pubescent, and sparsely nigro-setose; nigro-fuscous, the

head black, under surface and femora bluish or violaceous,

the palpi, basal joints of the antennz, prothorax, and tarsal

claws testaceous. Head slightly elongated anteriorly, the

labrum transverse; eyes large, narrowly separated in 4,

more distant in ¢; antenne long, slender, a little shorter

in 2, joint 11 concave within, considerably longer than 10.

Prothorax about as long as broad, very little wider than the

* Not visible in profile figure.

Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and Idgia. 349

head, sinuate at the sides posteriorly. Elytra long, densely,

finely, rugulosely punctate with rows of conspicuous raised

granules on the disc, the apices rounded. Legs slender in

both sexes. ‘Terminal ventral segment conical.

¢d. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a narrow comb along

their inner edge. Genital armature (PI. XI. fig. 24) : lateral

lobes abruptly narrowed and curved downward towards the

apex, the slender apical portion hooked at the tip above ;

median lobe stout, sinuate distally, simply acuminate at apex.

Length (excl. head) 6-8, breadth 2-24 mm. (7 2.)

Hab. Mauacca, Penang (Mus. Brit., H. N. Ridley), Perak

(Doherty).

Thirteen specimens, including males from each locality,

the two from Penang [types] dissected exhibiting peculiarly

modified lateral lobes in ¢. This is one of four extremely

closely allied small Malayan or Indian forms, with a testa-

ceous prothorax and the rest of the body and legs infuscate.

28. Idgia cavilabris, sp. n.

¢. Extremely like /. ceruleiventris and similarly coloured

above, but differing as follows : the head broader, the labrum

concave, the eyes somewhat distant (as in $ ceruleiventris),

large, aud convex ; the prothorax longer and narrower, not

so wide as the head; the elytra with the seriately arranged

granules inconspicuous ; the ventral segments not metallic.

Genital armature (PI. XII. fig. 25): lateral lobes elongate,

stout; median lobe drawn out into a very long slender

point, which is sharply sagittate at tip.

Length (excl. head) 7, breadth 2 mm.

Hab. 8. 1xv14, Nilgiri Hills, alt. 3000 ft. (H. L. Andrewes),

Kanara (7. R. D. Bell).

Two males—one with the scutellum testaceous, from the

Nilgiri Hills, taken as the type, the other (injured by

pinning) dissected and exhibiting a very peculiarly formed

median lobe.

29. Idgia uncigera, sp. n.

Extremely like /. ceruleiventris, but differing as follows :

black or pitchy black (the under surface included), the

antennz (except several of the intermediate joints in ?),

palpi, and prothorax testaceous ; the eyes larger, subcon-

tiguous in g ; the antenne considerably widened from

joint 6 onward in g, shorter and more slender in 2; the

350 Mr. G. C. Champion on the

elytra in 2 furnished with a long, slender, curved hook, or

a shorter deutiform process, at the sutural angle (Pl. XII.

fig. 50).

Length (excl. head) 7-8, breadth 22-2} mm.

Hab. Borneo, Kuching in Sarawak (J. #. A. Lewis: 3 2),

Quop in W. Sarawak (G. S. Bryant: iii., iv. 1914: 92),

Kina Balu (Mus. Brit.: 92), Sanga Sanga, Moorjawa

(H.. D. Jensen: 3):

Two males and five females. The 2 found by Mr. Jensen

in E. Borneo has a shorter and straighter tooth at the

sutural angle than in the other specimens of that sex before

me, J. viridipennis, Pic, 9, having the elytra somewhat

similarly armed. The Kuching males were not detected

at the Museum till after the Plates accompanying this paper

had been drawn, and the genita! armature therefore has not

been dissected for figuring; the apices of the elytra of 9,

however, are shown on the second Plate (Pl. XII. fig. 50).

30. Ldgia javana, sp. n.

g. Very like J. ceruleiventris and I. uncigera; nigro-

fuscous, the palpi [antenne broken] and prothorax testa-

ceous, the legs reddish brown, the head grooved between the

eyes, the latter narrowly separated, the elytra less elon-

gate, the terminal ventral segment convex, conical, narrow,

polished. Genital armature (Pl. XII. fig. 26) : lateral lobes

broad, spoon-shaped at tip as seen from beneath, narrowed

distally as seen in profile; median lobe drawn out into a long,

rather narrow, upwardly curved point.

Length (excl. head) 63, breadth 2 mm.

Hab. Java (Mus. Brit.).

One male, with genital armature so different from that

of J. ceruleiventris that a name is required for the Javan

insect, which may be referable to J. sumatrensis or its var.

I, kannegieteri*, Pic, from Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. The

only tangible characters given for J. swmatrensis are the

small size (length 9 mm.) and the very narrow, infuscate,

non-metallic elytra, the type having a maculate prothorax.

It is highly probable that more than one species was included

by the author under the latter name.

31. Idgia marginata, sp. un.

Elongate, narrow,and subparallel (¢), broader ( 2 ), mode-

rately shining, finely cinereo-pubescent, and sparsely nigro-

* ‘L’Echange,’ xxii. p. 48 (1906) ; op. cit. xxvi. p. 75 (1910).

—e

ie tl

Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and Idgia. 351

setose ; testaceous, the head (the labrum and anterior margin

of epistoma excepted) black ; the elytra nigro-fuscous or

fusco-violaceous, with the sutural and outer margins very

narrowly testaceous at the base or to near the apex, the

apices sometimes with an indeterminate black patch ; the

antennz in one specimen fusco-annulate. Head slightly

produced anteriorly, the labrum transverse; eyes very

large and subcontiguous in g, narrowly separated in ? ;

antenne slender, joint 11 a little longer than 10. Pro-

thorax about as wide as the head in @, longer than broad,

wider in ?, stongly sinuate at the sides posteriorly, closely,

rugulosely punctate. LElytra very long, quite narrow in g;

densely, rugulosely punctate, with rows of somewhat con-

spicuous granules on the disc. Terminal dorsal segment of

tiie abdomen simple.

Var. The elytra testaceous with an indeterminate black

patch at the shoulders and apex. (2.

6. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a black comb along

their inner edge. Genital armature (Pl. XII. fig. 27): lateral

lobes short, broad, slightly curved, as seen from above;

median lobe curved, compressed from about the middle, and

drawn out into a blunt, downwardly directed point,

Length (excl. head) 8-11, breadth 2-84 mm. (¢ ?.)

Hab. Invia, Nilgiri Hills (H. L. Andrewes).

Two males and ten females, including two of the varicty

which corresponds with the var. diversipennis of I. gorhami,

Pic. More shining than J, flavolimbata from the Anamalai

Hills, the antennez, legs, and under surface testaceous, the ¢ -

armature very different. The males are much varrower than

specimens of the same sex of J. gorhami, and are separable

therefrom by the simple terminal dorsal segment of tlie

abdomen, the pale sutural and outer margins of the elytra,

and the ¢ -armature,

82. Idgia flavolimbata, sp. n.

. Elongate, narrow, subparallel, depressed, shining, the

elytra dull; finely pubescent aud sparsely setose; fuscous,

the head (the labrum included) black, the palpi, base and tip

of the antennz, prothorax (a broad space on the disc excepted),

scutellum, mesosternum, cox, and bases of femora, tes-

taceous ; the elytra with a sharply defined black patch at

the apex, the sutural and outer margins to near the tip, the

extreme base, and an indeterminate undulate fascia preceding

the apical spot, testaceous. Head moderately long, the

labrum transverse, concave ; eyes very large, subcontiguous ;

352 Mr. G. C. Champion on the

antenne long, slender, joint 11 about as long as 10, con-

eave. Prothorax slightly longer than broad, not wider than

the head, sinuate at the sides posteriorly, rugulose. Elytra

very long, narrow, subparallel, densely, rugulosely punctate.

Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a narrow comb along their

inner edge. Terminal dorsal segment rounded at apex.

Genital armature (Pl. XII. fig. 28): lateral lobes long, narrow,

almost straight, angularly dilated on their lower edge basally,

as seen in profile; median lobe stout, feebly curved, gradually

acuminate to the tip.

2. Antenne darker at base ; eyes less approximate ; pro-

thorax with two large, oblong, black patches on the disc,

densely rugulose ; scutellum infuscate ; elytra uniformly

nigro-fuscous (the pallid sutural and outer margins excepted)

to the tip.

Length (excl. head) 84-93, breadth 25-3 mm.

Hab. 8. Inp1a, Anamalai Hills (H. L. Andrewes).

One male [type] and two females, assumed to be the

sexes of the same species. A close ally of J. nilgirica with

the sutural and outer margins of the elytra testaceous to

near the tip, the genital armature very different. The ¢ has

the apices of the elytra peculiarly marked, the black apical

spot being bordered in front by a pallid undulate line.

i. circumdata, Pic (1909), from “Indes ou Java,’ and

I. suturalis, Kirsch (1875), from Malacca, must be allied

forms, the latter having the prothorax wholly testaceous.

33. Idgia viridivittata, sp. n.

@. Very elongate, narrow, depressed, subopaque (the

head excepted) above, shining beneath, finely cinereo-pubes-

cent, the head with several long bristly hairs ; the epistoma,

palpi, antennz, margins, apex, and base of prothorax,

sutural region (broadly) and outer margin (narrowly) of

elytra, aud bases of femora, testaceous, the labrum black,

the head between and behind the eyes, a broad space across

the dise of the prothorax, and the legs in great part, nigro-

ceruleous, the scutellum, a broad vitta extending down the

outer part of the dise of the elytra to near the apex, and

the under surface (the testaceous ventral sutures excepted)

green or bluish green. Head small, produced in front, the

epistoma transverse, convex, extending forwards, limited

behind by a deep groove; labrum transverse, subtrapezoidal ;

antenne long, slender, filiform; eyes large, rather widely

separated. Prothorax as long as broad, wider than the head,

narrowed anteriorly, transversely depressed towards the base,

Pers +

Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and Idgia. 353

scabroso-punctate. Elytra extremely elongate, depressed

along the suture, twice as wide as the prothorax at the base,

gradually narrowed from the somewhat swollen humeri to

the tip, the apices produced, dehiscent, and rather sharp ;

densely, very finely, rugulosely punctate, the seriately-

arranged setigerous impressions clearly traceable. Legs long

and slender.

Length (excl. head) 13-134, breadth 31-34 mm.

Hab, Assam, Nagas (Doherty).

Described from two females, both abraded and in rather

decayed condition. The extremely elongate, subacuminate,

basally widened, viridi-vittate elytra, narrow head and pro-

thorax, filiform, testaceous antenne, &c., readily distinguish

this species, which has the general facies of a large Gidemerid.

It may have to be removed from Jdgia when the male is

found.

34. Idgia maculiventris, sp. n.

Elongate, robust, the prothorax and elytra opaque, the

rest of the surface shining, finely pubescent and sparsely

nigro-setose ; luteous, the head (the sides of the labrum

excepted), a rather large patch at the tip of the elytra, and

the apex of the abdomen, black or bluish black. Head

small, the labrum transverse, trapezoidal, concave; eyes

very large and almost contiguous in 4, narrowly separated

in 2; antenne slender, comparatively short, filiform, joint

11 a little longer than 10. Prothorax slightly wider than

the head, about as long as broad, rugulose. Elytra very

long, twice as broad as the prothorax, subparallel, narrow at

the tip ; densely, rugulosely punctate, the erect seriately-

arranged set very conspicuous,

3. Posterior femora incrassate ; posterior tibiz curved,

compressed and slightly widened at the apex ; anterior tarsal

joints 1-3 with a black comb along their inner edge ;

terminal dorsal segment rounded at tip. Genital armature

(Pl. XII. fig. 29): lateral lobes rather narrow, long, widened

in their basal two-thirds beneath, the distal edge of the dilated

portion flavo-ciliate ; median lobe very long, sinuate, drawn

out into a somewhat hooked, upwardly curved, blunt point.

Length (excl. head) 10}-11, breadth 3-3} mm. (2 2.)

Hab. 8. Invia, Nilgiri Hills (H. L. Andrewes),

One male and three females. Separable from large

examples of J. dimelena by the relatively broader elytra and

the black tip to the abdomen, the male with incrassate

posterior femora and curved posterior tibiz, the genital

armature also different.

354 Mr. G. C. Champion on the

35. Idgia flavilabris, sp. nu.

Elongate, narrow, slightly widened posteriorly in 9,

shining, finely pubescent, and sparsely setose; luteous, the

head (the labrum excepted) and a rather small apical spot

on the elytra black. Head small, the labrum transverse,

flattened ; eyes extremely large, contiguous in @, very:

narrowly separated in ?; antenne long, slender, filiform,

joint 11 concave within, twice as long as 10. Prothorax

longer than broad, about as wide as the head, sinuate at the

sides posteriorly. Elytra elongate, at the middle twice as

wide as the prothorax ; densely, finely punctate, the sete on

the dise and margins long and conspicuous.

¢. Sixth ventral segment triangularly emarginate; pos-

terior femora moderately incrassate; posterior tibiz hollowed

at the apex within, the spurs short ; anterior tarsal joints 1-3

with a black comb along their inner edge; terminal dorsal

segment rounded at tip. Genital armature (Pl. XIL. fig. 30,:

lateral lobes narrow, curved downward and more slender

at the apex; median lobe drawn out into a blunt curved

point at the tip.

Length (excl. head) 84-9, breadth 23-3 mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab. Mauacca, Perak (Doherty: g 2), Penang (G. E.

Bryant: 30.x.1913: @).

One male and three females. Near I. maculiventris, which

also has the posterior femora incrassate in ¢; but smaller,

narrower, and more shining, the apical spot on the elytra

not so large, the ventral segments wholly luteous, the ¢

with peculiarly formed posterior tibize and dissimilar genital

armature. J. bourgeoisi, Pic (1906), from Java, length 12-

13 mm., is probably another allied form ; it is described as

having slightly dilated posterior femora in 3, the elytra

narrow and very elongate, the posterior part only of the

head black, &c.

36. Idgia geniculata, sp. n.

¢ . Elongate, narrow, subparallel, shining, finely pubescent,

and sparsely setose; testaceous, the head (the epistoma and

labrum excepted), a streak at the apices of the femora, and

a rounded spot at the apex of the elytra, black. Head rather

small, the labrum transverse, flattened ; eyes large, somewhat

narrowly separated; antennz long, slender, filiform, joint 11

concave and longer than 10. Prothorax longer than broad,

very little wider than the head, sinuate at the sides posteriorly.

Elytra long, at the middle nearly twice as wide as the head;

Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and Idgia. 355

densely, finely punctate, with rows of small scattered granules

on the disc. Posterior femora moderately incrassate ; pos-

terior tibiz simply arcuate, of equal width to the apex ;

anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a black comb along their

inner edge ; terminal dorsal segment broadly subtruncate at

tip. Genital armature (PI. XII. fig. 31): lateral lobes mode-

rately long, curved inwards at the tip as seen from above;

median lobe drawn out into an almost straight, blunt point.

Length (excl. head) 8, breadth 2} mm.

Hab. Ceyton, Hapulahani, Haldummulle (Mus. Brit.).

Described from a single male, the only other specimens

before me from the same locality, 9 ¢, being certainly

referable to the closely allied J. dimelena, Walk., the g¢ of

which has slender posterior femora, almost straight posterior

tibiz, and a different genital armature.

37. Idgia dichroa, sp. n.

?. Elongate, shining, finely pubescent, and _ sparsely

setose; luteous, the head (labrum included) black, the

apical half of the elytra nigro-czruleous. Head slightly

produced in front, narrow, the labrum transverse, un-

impressed ; eyes very large, subcontiguous ; antenne long,

slender, filiform, joint 11 elongate, feebly sinuate within,

about 24 times the length of 10. Prothorax a little wider

than the head, oblong-subquadrate, slightly sinuate at the

sides posteriorly ; sparsely, very finely punctate. Elytra

long, about twice as wide as the prothorax, densely, finely

punctate, the seriately-arranged granules on the disc some-

what conspicuous on the apical half.

Length (excl. head) 10, breadth 3} mm.

Hab. Borneo, Sarawak (4. R. Wallace, in Mus. Oxon.).

One female, in good condition. This species agrees with

the description of J. longissima, Pic, from Sumatra, in having

an unusually elongate eleventh antennal joint, differing from

it in the entirely pale limbs, and in the shorter, relatively

broader elytra, with much more extended bluish-black apical

patch. J. semitecta, from Ceylon, is somewhat similarly

coloured.

38. Idgia semitecta, sp. n.

3g. Elongate, narrow, moderately shining, finely pubes-

cent (the sete abraded) ; testaceous, the head (the labrum

excepted) and nearly the apical half of the elytra black, the

antennal joints 5-11 nigro-piceous. Head rather long, the

356 Mr. G. C. Champion on the

labrum transverse, flattened ; eyes very large, narrowly

separated ; antenne unusually elongate, slender, widening

outwards, joint 11 nearly twice as long as 10, concave.

Prothorax slightly wider than the head, longer than broad,

sinuate at the sides posteriorly, rugulosely punctate. Elytra

very long, a little widened posteriorly ; densely, rugulosely

punctate, with an indication of raised lines on the disc.

Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a black comb along their

inner edge. Terminal dorsal segment broadly subtruncate

at tip. Genital armature (Pl. XII. fig. 32): lateral lobes

moderately long; median lobe sinuate, drawn out into a

downwardly-curved point at the tip.

Length (excl. head) 8, breadth 24 mm.

Hab. Cuyton (Mus. Brit.).

One male, received at the Museum in 1875. A very

narrow, elongate insect, with the antenne unusually

lengthened and infuscate from near the base to the tip, the

black apical patch on the elytra occupying nearly the apical

half. A somewhat similar form was found by Wallace at

Sarawak. J. semitecta might easily be mistaken for a Tele-

phorid of the genus Rhagonycha. It is allied to J. dimelena

and other somewhat similarly coloured species with simple

posterior femorain ¢. Prionocerus (Deromma) redtenbacheri,

Kirsch (1875), from Malacca, which is said to have a

broader apical black patch than J. melanura, seems to be an

allied form.

39. Idgia melanocephala.

Cantharis melanocephala, Fabr. Sp. Ins. i. p. 260 (1781).

Idgia ceylonica, Pic, L’Echange, xxvi. p. 76 (1910).

*‘ CO. testacea, capite elytrorum apicibus tibiisque nigris. Habitat

in Coromandel, Mus. Dom. Banks. Magna. Caput cum an-

tennis atrum immaculatum.* Thorax marginatus, testaceus,

immaculatus. Elytra levia, testacea, apice nigra. Abdomen

testaceum. Pedes nigri femoribus testaceis.” [Fabricius. |

3. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a narrow comb along

their inneredge. Genital armature (Pl. XII. fig. 33): lateral

lobes moderately long, broad, feebly sinuate ; median lobe

with the apical portion very long, narrow, compressed,

abruptly curved downward at the tip, and armed with a

sharp tooth before the apex above.

Hab. 8. Inp1a, Coromandel (coll. Banks), Bangalore

(Mus. Brit.) ; Czyiton (F. B. Fletcher), Hapulahani (Aus.

Brit.), Wadduwa (Pic).

;

as Sao eee” *

ai,

Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and Idgia. 357

_ There are five specimens of this species in the Museum,

in addition to the Fabrician type. It is not unlike the

kK. African I. dimidiata, Gerst., but more sparsely pilose, the

head, palpi, antennee, legs (the bases of the femora excepted),

aud nearly the apical third of the elytra, black, the rest of

the body fulvous; the antenne, ¢ 2, moderately long,

feebly serrate, the eleventh joint curved, concave within, as

loug as 9 and 10 united ; the labrum large, trapezoidal ; the

eyes large, somewhat narrowly separated in the two sexes.

The genital armature figured is taken from the Hapulahani

40. Ldgia assimilis.

Telephorus assimilis, Hope, Zool. Misc. 1831, p. 26.

Diprosopus melanurus, Muls. Mém. Acad. Lyon, i. p. 210 (1851).

Idgia melanura, Bourg. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxvi. p. 287 (1892) ;

Gorh, op. cit. xxxix. p. 319 (1895) (nec Kollar and Redt.).

“ Luteus, antennis flavis elytrorumque apicibus nigris. 7’. melanuro,

Fabr., proximus. Long. lin. 5, lat. 1}.” [Hope.]

Elongate, narrow, moderately shining, finely pubescent,

and sparsely nigro-setose ; testaceous, the head (the labrum

and anterior portion of the epistoma excepted), a patch at

the apex of the elytra, the outer halves of the femora, and

usually the tibize and tarsi in great part, piceous or black,

the antenne (joint 11 excepted) more or less infuscate

towards the apex. Head moderately large, not much pro-

duced in front, the labrum transverse, trapezoidal, concave ;

antenne in ¢ long and slender, shorter in 2; eyes large

and almost contiguous in ¢, well separated in 93; apical

joint of maxillary palpi elongate. Prothorax slightly longer

than broad, narrow, sinuate at the sides posteriorly, Elytra

long, subparallel, densely, rugulosely punctate.

g. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a comb along their

inner edge; terminal dorsal segment entire. Genital arma-

ture (PI. XII. fig. 34): lateral lobes moderately long ; median

lobe stout, abruptly acuminate and slightly curved at tip.

Length (excl. head) 9-10, breadth 23-3 mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab. Invta, Nepal (Mus. Brit., Mus. Oxon.: 3 2), W.

Almora (H. G. Champion: @).

Ten specimens seen from Northern India, including the

types from the Hardwicke collection in the British Museum.

Various others from Belgaum and Madura (Andrewes coil.)

and Bhotan (Mus. Ovon.), and Paungde in Burma (Mus.

Brit.), are a little less elongate ; but the genital armature

of a gd from Belgaum being very similar (except that the

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. iii. 24

358 Mr. G. C. Champion on the

median lobe is less abruptly acuminate) to that of the Nepal

and Almora insects, the southern examples are referred to

the same species. A large, broad ? from the Anamalai

Hills, and a small 2 from the Nilgiris with the eyes more

distant than usual, both in the Andrewes collection, may

also belong here? Bourgeois’s J. melanura was from Kunbir

Nowatoli, that of Gorham from Belgaum and Madura. The

type of Diprosopus melanurus, Muls., which has a testaceous

labrum, was said to have been found at Nimes, France; but

there must have been some mistake as to this locality (see

Jacquelin Duval, Gen. Coleopt. Europ. iii. p. 189).

41. Idgia melanura.

Deromma melanura, Kollar and Redt. in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. 2,

p. 512, t. 25. fig. 6 (1844).

Extremely like J. assimilis, Hope, but with the head

almost entirely, the antenne (except at the tip), and legs

(the bases of the femora excepted), black. Genital arma-

ture (Pl. XII. fig. 35) : median lobe gradually narrowed into

a long, blunt point.

Hab. N. Inpia, Cashmere [type], Kasauli (H. J. W.

Barrow), Kangra and Palampur, Punjab (G. EL. Dudgeon),

Chitral (R. Hill), W. Almora (H. G. Champion: 2), Gopal-

dhara in Sikkim (H. Stevens: 3 ¢), N.W. Provinces (coll.

Andrewes).

The numerous specimens from the above-mentioned locali-

ties in Northern India differ from the types of J. assimilis,

Hope, in having the anterior portion of the head, as well as

the basal portion of the antenne, infuscate or black, and the

median lobe of the ¢ differently shaped. Bourgeois and

Gorham included several species under the name J. melanura,

as shown by the differences in the ¢-armature of the

examples dissected, including a specimen from Sikkim of

the present insect. The apical black patch is much smaller

than in J. melanocephala, F., and the antenne are more

slender, ‘The very elongate elytra are indicated in the

figure in Hiigel’s work.

42. Idgia longissima.

3. Idgia longissima, Pic, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1909, p. 245; op. cit.

1910, p. 346.

d. Antenne long, slender, with joint 11 unusually elon-

gate, about as long as 8-10 united (in 9? shorter, and with

joint 11 as long as 9 and 10 together) ; eyes very large,

eal

Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and Idgia. 359

contiguous (narrowly separated in 2); anterior tarsal joints

1-3 with a comb along their inner ege, Genital armature:

lateral lobes narrowed and sinuously curved towards the

apex ; median lobe broad, gradually narrowed, slightly

hooked at the tip beneath.

Hab. Sumarra, Padang [type], Sungei Kumbang, Siolak

Daras, and Barong Bharu in Korinchi, alt. 3100-4500 ft.

(Robinson- Kloss Expedition: iv. 1914).

Eleven specimens (5 ¢ g.,6 2 2) obtained by the above-

mentioned Sumatran expedition are perhaps referable to

I. longissima, Pic, type from Padang. Three only of them

(2 2), with a relatively shorter apical joint to the antenne,

have the legs wholly testaceous as de-cribed by the author,

the others (¢ 2) having these limbs in part or almost

entirely, as well as the head in front and the antennz

(except at the tip), infuscate or black. ‘The greatly elon-

gated eleventh antennal joint is one of the characters given

to separate J. longissima from similarly coloured forms

(testaceous, with black head and violaceous apex to elytra)

inhabiting the same regions. In tbe series before me the

apical patch varies in development, from about one-eighth to

nearly one-half the elytral length. To judge from Pic’s

table (1910) of the testaceous Javan and Sumatran repre-

sentatives of the genus, J. longipennis and J. longissima may

be based upon the two sexes of one variable insect. Un-

fortunately, the @ only of the form with pale legs and

antenn, with shorter apical autennal joint, is at present

available for examination.

43. Idgia cyanura, sp. 0.

?. Elongate, widened posteriorly, shining, the elytra

dull; finely pubescent and sparsely uigro-setose ; testaceous,

the head, antennze (except the basal joints and the tip of

11), legs (the bases of the femora and the claws excepted),

aud aspace down the middle of the ventral segments black,

the elytra with a large nigro-cyaneous patch at the apex.

Head small, the labrum strongly transverse, hollowed in the

middle in front, appearing subarcuate; eyes large, well

separated ; antennz slender, rather short, slightly widened

outwards, joints 7-10 decreasing in length, 10 subserrate,

11 twice as long as 10, deeply excavate within. Prothorax

wider than the head, not longer than broad, feebly sinuate

at the sides. Elytra long, rather broad, widened posteriorly ;

deusely, rugulosely punctate, without granules on the dise,

Length (excel. head) 84, breadth 3 mim,

24*

360 Mr. G. C. Champion on the

Hab. Cryton, Kandy (G. £. Bryant: vi. 1908).

Very like J. dimelena, Walk., but with the antenne and

legs in great part, and the labrum, infuscate or black, the

apical patch on the elytra as large as in J. melanocephala,

the head small, the labrum short and subarcuate, the pen-

ultimate antennal joint subserrate. J. cyanura cannot be

satisfactorily included under J. assimilis or I. melanura, and

as these latter are not known from Ceylon, a name is

required for it, even in the absence of the male. J. sub-

metallica, Pic (1911), also from Kandy, is similarly coloured

above, but it has the under surface metallic.

44. Idgia dimelena.

Thaccona dimelena, Walk. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) iii. p. 260

(1859) [sub CEdemeridee]*.

Idgia cardoni, Bourg. Compt. rend. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxv. p. exli

(1891) (¢ 2) ?, and Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxvi. p. 287 (1892) *;

Gorh. op. cit. xxxix. p. 319 (1895) 4.

g. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a black comb along

their inner edge; terminal dorsal segment narrowly, deeply

excised in the middle (the notch much deeper than in 9),

appearing bilobed at tip ; sixth ventral segment triangularly

emarginate. Genital armature (P]. XII. fig. 36): lateral

lobes very long ; median lobe very elongate, almost straight

from near the base, the apex abruptly drawn out into a long

slender curved point.

Hab. 8. Inpta (W. Davison), Bombay, Malabar (Mus.

Brit.), Kunbir Nowatoli*, Mandar** (sec. Bourgeois), Bel-

gaum *, Madura (H. EF. Andrewes), Anamalai Hills (#. L.

Andrewes), Nilgiri Hills (H. L. Andrewes, Sir G. F. Hamp-

son); Cryton’ (Thwaites, G. Lewis). Colombo (H. P.

Green), Madulsima (F. B. Fletcher), Hapulahani (Mus.

Brit.), Kandy (G. E. Bryant).

A common insect in Ceylon and Southern India, females

greatly preponderating in the long series before me. One

of Walker’s types from Ceylon and a Nilgiri example have

been dissected, and these show a precisely similar genital

armature in fg. The wholly testaceous labrum, antennae,

and legs, the slender antenne, and the simple posterior

femora in ¢, are its chief characters, but there are several

very similar forms in the same regions. ‘The apical black

patch varies in size, but it is never very small. The length

(excl. head) ranges from 9-103 mm. The eyes are large

and subcontiguous in ¢, the head is rather small, and not

much elongated anteriorly, and the antenne are slender.

Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and Idgia. 361

The three females seen from Mandar (P. Cardon), all of

large size, have stouter antenne, and they may belong to a

different species? J. gorhami, Pic, is a colour-variety of

I, dimelena, see ante, p. 347, though the former is here given

specific rank,

45. Idgia flavibuccis.

Idgia flavibuccis, Bourg, Aun. Soc, Ent. Belg. xxxvi. p. 287 (1892)

(d 2).

¢. Eyes extremely large, almost contiguous (narrowly

separated in ?) ; antenne moderately elongate, a little longer

than in 2, distinetly thickened outwards, joints 7-LO

gradually decreasing in length, 11 concave within, curved,

nearly as long as 9 and 10 united ; anterior tarsal joints 1-3

with a black comb along their inner edge. Genital armature

(Pl. XII. fig. 37): lateral lobes sinuous within and curved

inward at the tip, as seen from above; median lobe almost

straight, drawn out into a curved point at the apex.

Hab. Ixvia, Mandar in Western Bengal (Cardon: type),

Bhotan (Dr. Pemberton, in Mus. Brit.: ¢ 2).

This is a form of the variable /. dimelena, Walk, (=car-

doni, Bourg.), with the head wholly testaceous, a A-shaped

black mark between the eyes excepted, the antenne shorter

and not so slender, and the terminal dorsal segment of the

abdomen entire. The median lobe is very similar in the

two insects.

46. Idgia luteipes, sp. nu.

3. Elongate, narrow, feebly shining, finely pubescent,

and sparsely nigro-setose ; testaceous, the head (the labrum

and anterior portion of the epistoma excepted), and a rather

large apical patch on the elytra, black. Head slightly pro-

duced anteriorly, the labrum transverse, trapezoidal, excavate ;

eyes very large, almost contiguous ; antenne long, slender,

filiform, joints 3-10 subequal in length, 11 concave, a little

longer than 10. Prothorax longer than broad, scarcely

wider than the head, strongly sinuate at the sides posteriorly,

rugulosely punctate. Elytra long, subparallel, densely,

rugulosely punctate, without seriately-arranged granules on

the disc. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a narrow black

comb along their inner edge; terminal dorsal segment deeply

emarginate. Genital armature (PI. XII. fig. 38): lateral

lobes stout, long; median lobe drawn out into a long,

slender, sinuate point, which is armed with a sharp, back-

wardly-directed tooth at the tip above.

362 Mr. G. C. Champion on the

Length (excl. head) 73, breadth 23 mm.

Hab. S. Invia, Nilgiri Hills (A. K. Weld Downing),

Anamalai Hills (H. L. Andrewes : type).

Three males, one from each locality dissected, showing a

precisely similar genital armature. Hxtremely like J. di-

melena, but separable therefrom by its narrower form,

smaller size, the excavate labrum, and the slender, sinuate,

sharply hooked apical portion of the median lobe.

47. Idgia indicola, sp. n.

3. Elongate, narrow, shining, the elytra duller; finely

pubescent and sparsely nigro-setose ; testaceous, the head

(the labrum and anterior margin of the epistoma excepted),

and a rather large apical patch on the elytra, black. Head

short, the labrum transverse, flat ; eyes very large, narrowly

separated ; antennez slender, filiform, moderately long,

jolt 11 concave, one-half longer than 10. Prothorax

slightly wider than the head, longer than broad, strongly

sinuate at the sides posteriorly, rugulosely punctate.

Elytra long, parallel, densely, rugulosely punctate, without

granules on the disc. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a

narrow black comb along their inner edge; terminal dorsal

segment narrowly, deeply excised. Genital armature

(Pl. XII. fig. 89): lateral lobes long; median lobe, as

seen in profile, stout, compressed, and obliquely sloping

from a little beyond the middle, the apex drawn out into a

short, curved, downwardly-directed point.

Length (excl. head) 8, breadth 2} mm.

Hab. Invta, Nilgiri Hills, Teppukadu, alt. 2500 ft. (.

L. Andrewes).

One male, Extremely lke J. luteipes, but with the

anterior portion of the head a little shorter, the labrum

flat, the elytra slightly narrower (appearing more elongate),

and the median lobe very differently shaped. From J. di-

melena, 8, the strongly sinuate sides of the prothorax, the

narrow, parallel elytra, and the very different genital

armature will serve to distinguish tue present species.

i. puncticollis, Bourg. (1903), length 10-12 mm. (dg ?),

said to be a common insect “ at light” at Pondichery and

Mahé, must have a rougher prothorax and shorter antenne ;

_it has uot been ideutified in the material examined by

myself,

Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and Idgia. 363

48. Idgia rostrifera, sp. n.

?. Elongate, rather dull, thickly pubescent, and sparsely

setose ; obscure rufo-testaceous, the head (the epistoma and

labrum in great part excepted), scutellum, a patch at the

apex of the elytra, the sixth ventral segment, and apices of

the femora black, the tarsi slightly infuscate. Head long,

narrow, the mandibles, epistoma, and labrum elongated, the

labrum distinctly longer than broad, foveate in front ; eyes

large, separated by a rather wide space; antenne long,

slender, filiform, joint 11 constricted at the middle, a little

longer than 10. Prothorax longer than broad, much wider

than the head, very uneven, and closely, rugulosely punctate.

Elytra long, subparallel, densely, rugulosely punctate, and

with the usual rows of granules on the disc,

Length (excl. head) 9, breadth 3 mm.

Hah, Inpia, Anamalai Hills (H. L. Andrewes),

One specimen. Separable from J. melanura and J. assi-

milis, aud all the similirly coloured Indian forms known to

me, by the anteriorly elongated, subrostrate head, the

labrum being longer than broad and foveate in the centre

in front. The larger size, black knees and sixth ventral

segment, elongate labrum, &c., distinguish /. rostrifera from

I. luteipes, which was found by Mr. And:ewes in the same

Jocality. The Arabian J. arabica aud J, laticornis have a

similarly elongate head.

49. Idgia maindroni.

Idgia maindroni, Pic, Bull. Soe. Ent. Fr. 1909, p. 245,

¢@. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a comb along their

inner edge ; terminal dorsal segment broadly subtruncate

at tip. Genital armature (PI. XII. fig. 40) : lateral lobes

broad, moderately long; median lobe broad, as seen from

above, abruptly acuminate and hooked at the tip.

Hab. S. Ixvta, Wallardi in Travancore [type], Nilgiri

Hills (H. L. Andrewes: & 2).

A pair from the Nilgiri Hills are referred to this species.

They are very like the larger examples of J. dimelena,Walk.

(=cardoni, Bourg.), but have the head more produced in

front and testaceous from the eyes forward, the latter very

large in ¢; the elytra relatively longer, more shining, dis-

tinctly tricostate on the disc, and with a small black spot at

the tip; and the pubescence longer, with very few set

intermixed,

364 Mr, G. OG. Champion on the

50. Idgia nitida, sp. n.

Elongate, narrow, shining, finely pubescent, and very

sparsely setose ; testaceous, the head between and behind

the eyes, and a small apical patch on the elytra, black.

Head slightly produced in front, grooved between the eyes,

the labrum transverse, convex; eyes very large, subcon-

tiguous in ¢, more distant in ?; antenne slender, sub-

filiform, joint 11 concave, a little longer than 10. Prothorax

about as long as broad, not wider than the head in g,

broader in 3 , feebly sinuate at the sides posteriorly. Elytra

elongate, finely, closely, but not very densely punctate, the

interspaces shining. Legs slender.

g. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a black comb along

their_inner edge; posterior tibie very sligbtly curved ;

terminal dorsal segment rounded at tip. Genital armature :

lateral lobes rather short ; median lobe drawn out into a

long, narrow, slightly curved point.

Length (excl. head) 84-104, breadth 2}-35 mm. (3 2.)

Hab. Inv1a (Stebbing), Karachi (7. R. Bell), Lahore

(coll. Andrewes).

Six females and two males, both the latter in a bad state

of preservation, the locality on Mr. Stebbing’s specimens

illegible. Separable from the numerous similarly coloured

forms by the rather sparsely punctate, shining elytra, and

the wholly testaceous antennz, ante-ocular portion of the

head, and legs.

51. Idgia fruhstorferi.

Idgia fruhstorfert, Pic, L’Echange, xxvi. p. 76 (1910); Bull. Sce. Ent.

Fr, 1910, p. 546.

Elongate, narrow, shining, finely pubescent, and sparsely

fusco-setose ; testaceous, the head (the epistoma and labrum

excepted), and a small spot at the tip of the elytra, black.

Head a little produced in front, the labrum transverse ;

eyes very large, contiguous in @, narrowly separated in 9 ;

antenne long, slender, joint 11 hollowed within and at least

twice as long as 10. Prothorax longer than broad, about

as wide as the head, sinuate at the sides posteriorly. Elytra

very elongate, densely, finely punctate. ;

6. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a black comb along

their inner edge ; sixth ventral segment triangularly emar-

ginate. Genital armature (Pl. XII. fig. 41): lateral lobes

long, strongly sinuate (as seen from above), incurved and

Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and Idgia. 365

blunt at the tip ; median lobe feebly sinuate, drawn out into

a curved point at the apex.

Length (excel. head) 8-9}, breadth 2} mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab. Java (Bowring, Horsfield).

Four specimens, two of each sex, are referred to J. fruh-

storferi, Pic, but they differ from his second amended

definition in having the head infuscate behind the eyes,

which is certainly a variable character. A ¢ from Tenas-

serim may also belong to the same species? The small

apical spot, the wholly testaceous labrum, antennz, and

legs, the long apical joint to the antennz, and the form of

the lateral lobes of the g-tegmen are its chief characters.

The slender posterior femora of the male separates the

present insect from /. bourgeoisi, Pic (1906), from the same

island, as well as from J/, flavilabris, from Perak and Penang.

52. Ldgia apicata.

Idgia apicata, Gorh, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxix. p. 320 (1895).

¢. Anterior tarsal jomts 1-3 with a black comb along

their inner edge ; sixth ventral segment triangularly emar-

ginate at tip. Genital armature (PI. XII. fig. 42): lateral

lobes long, broad, sinuous on their inner edge above, slightly

hollowed near the tip beneath, the apices incurved and

obtuse as seen from above ; median lobe sinuate, drawn out

iuto a curved point at apex.

Hab. Mauacca, Singapore (4. R, Wallace: g 2).

Two specimens, ¢ 2,in the Oxford Museum, from the

same source as the type, are presumably referable to

I. apicata. A narrow, testaceous form, with the head

(‘he anterior portion excepted) and the tips of the elytra

black ; the antennz long and slender, with joint 11 twice

as long as 10, and hollowed within; the eyes very large,

contiguous in ¢, very narrowly separated in 9; the elytra

somewhat produced at the tip, and with the blackish setz

long and very conspicuous.

53. Idgia dohertyt.

Idgia setifrons (Kirsch), var. doherty, Pic, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr, 1912,

p. 800.

3g. Elongate, narrow, shining, finely pubescent, and

sparsely fusco-setose ; pale testaceous, the head around the |

eyes (in one specimen in great part, the anterior portion

excepted), the eyes themselves, and the tips of the elytra,

366 Mr. G. C. Champion on the

infuscate or black. Head a little produced anteriorly, the

labrum transverse; eyes very large,almost or quite contiguous;

antenn long, slender, joint 11 hollowed on its inner face,

at least twice as long as 10. Prothorax longer than broad,

about as wide as the head, sinuate at the sides posteriorly.

Elytra long, densely, finely punctate. Anterior tarsal joints

1-3 with a black comb along their inner edge. Sixth ven-

tral segment triangularly emarginate. Genital armature

(Pl. XII. fig. 43): lateral lobes long, sinuous on their inner

edge above, obliquely truncate on their lower edge before the

tip, the apices narrow, curved, and somewhat pointed; median

lobe almost straight, gradually tapering to a curved point.

Length (excl. head) 63-7, breadth 23 mm.

Hab. Mauacca, Perak (Doherty: type).

Three males from Perak seem to be referable to I. dohertyi,

Pic, which is treated by him as a pale-legged variety of

I. setifrons, Kirsch. A form of J. apicata, Gorh., with the

lateral lobes of the tegmen differently shaped, the basal

portion of the head partly testaceous, the elytra more

depressed and with their apices a little less produced.

54. Idgia varicornis, sp. Ne

Elongate, narrow, shining, finely pubescent, and very

sparsely setose ; luteous, the head and a spot on the apex

of the elytra, the antenne (joint 11 excepted), tibiz, aid

tarsi, and the apices of the femora above, infuscate or black.

Head rather short, the labrum transverse, small; eyes very

large, almost contiguous in ¢; antenne long, slender,

joint 11 sinuate, about one-half longer than 10. Prothorax

slightly longer than broad. Elytra densely, finely punctate.

¢. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a narrow comb along

their inner edge ; sixth ventral segment triangularly emar-

ginate. Genital armature (Pl. XII. fig. 44): lateral lobes

moderately long, narrow, simple; median lobe almost straight

from near the base, slightly curved and pointed at tip.

Length (excl. head) 6-74, breadth 2-2 mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab, Tenassexim, Tavoy (Doherty: 3 2) ; Assam, Sudiya

(Doherty: 2).

One male [type] and five females. A small, narrow,

moderately elongate form, with the antenne and legs partly

infuscate, the head and the tip of the elytra black, and

simple lateral lobes to the g-tegmen. Near J. apicata,

Gorh.

S. 4, .

og:

Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and Idgia. 367

55. Idgia atriceps, sp. 0.

Elongate, narrow, shining, finely pubescent, and sparsely

fusco-setose ; testaceous, the head, and a small dull spot at

the tip of the elytra, black, the antennz (joint 11 excepted),

tibiz, and tarsi infuscate. Head rather long, the labrum

transverse, small; eyes very large, contiguous in d, narrowly

separated in 9? ; antennz long, slender, joint 11 hollowed

within, twice as long as 10. Prothorax longer than broad,

about as wide as the head, sinuate at the sides posteriorly.

Elytra elongate, densely, finely punctate.

¢d. Anterior tarsal joints with a comb along their inner

edge ; sixth ventral segment triangularly emarginate. Genital

armature (Pl. XII. tig. 45): lateral lobes comparatively short,

broad, sinuously curved as seen from above, hollowed on their

lower edge before the tip ; median lobe feebly curved, drawn

out into a long, strongly arcuate point at the apex.

Length (excl. head), 7-74, breadth 2-24 mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab. Burma (Bowring).

Two males and one female. Separable from the allied

forms with partly infuscate limbs, small apical spot, and

long terminal joint to the antenn, by the clear testaceous

femora, black head, and g-armature. The elytra are much

smoother than in /. indicola from the Nilgiris, and have a

less developed apical patch. Prionocerus (Deromma) setifrons,

Kirsch (1875), from Malacca, an insect not identified by

myself, must be nearly allied to the present species.

56. Idgia varipes, sp. 0.

¢. Elongate, very narrow, shining, finely pubescent, and

sparsely setose; testaceous, the head, antenne (joint 11

excepted), and tips of the elytra, the femora along their upper

edge, and the tibiz, and tarsi (the tips excepted), infuscate or

black. Head slightly produced anteriorly, the labrum trape-

zoidal, triangularly depressed in the middle; eyes very large,

subcontiguous; antenne long, slightly widening outwards,

joints 3-10 elongate, 4 shorter than 3 or 5, 11 curved, a

little longer than 10. Prothorax longer than broad, as wide

as the head, constricted posteriorly, Elytra long, narrow,

subparallel, densely, finely punctate.

¢. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a narrow comb along

their inner edge ; sixth ventral segment triangularly emar-

ginate. Genital armature (Pl. XII. fig. 46): lateral lobes

rather short, almost straight, blunt at tip, closely ciliate

368 Mr. G. C. Champion on the

on their lower edge; median lobe * drawn out into a short,

feebly curved point at apex.

Length (excl. head) 64, breadth 13 mm.

Hab. Mauacca, Penang (H. N. Ridley).

One male, received at the Museum in 1874. This insect

has the general facies of J. pallidicolor, 3 , as here identified,

differing from it in the distinctly longer, stouter, curved

apical joint of the antennz, the darker limbs, the simply

emarginate sixth ventral segment, and different armature.

1. atriceps, from Burma, has a more elongate apical joint

to the antennz, the head more produced anteriorly, the

femora testaceous, and a dissimilar ¢-armature.

57. Idgia decolor, sp. n.

Elongate, narrow, shining, finely pubescent, and sparsely

fusco-setose ; testaceous, the elytra paler and somewhat

transparent, the tips of the latter and the head black, the

autennee and legs (the bases of the femora excepted) infuscate.

Head elongated anteriorly, the labrum about as long as

broad ; eyes very large, contiguous in g , narrowly separated

in $; antenne long, slender, joint 11 sinuate, concave

within, about one-half longer than 10. Prothorax longer

than broad, slightly wider than the head, sinuate at the sides

posteriorly. Elytra long, densely, finely punctate.

6. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a comb along their

inner edge; sixth ventral segment triangularly emarginate.

Genital armature (Pl. XII. fig. 47): lateral lobes long, rather

narrow, feebly curved, blunt at the tip; median lobe very

long, slightly sinuate, drawn out into a short, curved point

at apex.

Length (excl. head) 8-10, breadth 23-3 mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab. Bursa, Karen Mts. (Doherty, type: 3 2); Tunas-

sERIM, Tavoy (Doherty: 2).

One male and six females. Separable from its allies by

the pallid, somewhat transparent elytra, with small apical

spot, the elongate black head, the infuscate antenne and

legs (the bases of the femora excepted), and the ¢ -armature,

which is very different from that of the allied Burmese

I. atriceps, the latter also having a relatively longer apical

joint to the antennz. One of the females from Tavoy with

wholly pale head (eyes excepted), and another (immature)

with the legs and antenne also testaceous, doubtless belong

to the same species.

* In the figure it is removed from its proper position and shown from

the ventral aspect.

Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and Idgia. 369

58. /dgia angustata, sp. n.

@. Elongate, very narrow, shining, finely pubescent, and

very sparsely nigro-setose ; pale testaceous, the head (the

labrum and anterior margin of epistoma excepted), and a

small, rounded, sharply defined spot at the tip of the elytra,

black, the antenna (except at the base and apex) slightly

infuscate. Head somewhat produced anteriorly, the labrum

transverse, trapezoidal ; eyes very large, subcontiguous ;

antennz long, filiform, joint 11 sinuate, twice as long as 10.

Prothorax longer than broad, about as wide as the head,

sinuate at the sides posteriorly. Elytra very long, narrow,

parallel, densely, finely punctate. Sixth ventral segment

triangularly emarginate. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with

a black comb along their inner edge. Genital armature

(Pl. XII. fig. 48): lateral lobes moderately long, sinuately

curved as seen from above, deeply emarginate on the lower

edge before the tip, the latter obtuse ; median lobe curved,

drawn out into a short arcuate point at the apex.

Length (excl. head) 74, breadth 2 mm.

Hab. N. Borneo, Labuan (Mus. Brit.).

One male. Very like J. pallidicolor, Pic, but with a long,

sinuate, apical joint to the antenne and a simply emarginate

sixth ventral segment. From the same sex of J. dohertyi,

from Perak, the relatively narrower elytra and different

¢-armature will serve to distinguish the present insect.

A female from Sarawak (Wallace, in Mus. Oxon.), with

larger apical patch, may belong here ?

59. Idgia dubia.

Cantharis dubia, Gyll. in Schénh, Syn. Ins, i. 2, p- 73, nota (1808).

Idgia dubia, Gemm. and Harold, Cat. Coleopt. vii. p. 1721 (1869).

“ Elongata, pallide testacea, antennis, oculis, elytrorum apice pedi-

busque nigris.—Ind, or.” [ Gyllenhal.]}

Hab. Invia (Mus. Brit.), Patkai Mts., Assam (Doherty).

Two females in the Museum collection, with the head

wholly testaceous (the eyes excepted), may belong to this

species, but the dark mark on the vertex mentioned by

Gyllenhal is wanting. They have the antenne, knees, tibix,

and a small spot at the tips of the elytra infuscate or black,

the antenne a little shorter than in most of the allied forms,

with the terminal joint excavate and about twice as long as

the tenth. J. dubia, treated by Pic as a “ species incerta,”

is compared by him with his /. pal/idicolor from Java.

370 Mr. G. C. Champion on the

60. Ldgia pallidicolor.

Idgia pallidicolor, Pie, L’Echange, xxii. p. 43 (1906); Bull. Soc. Ent.

Fr. 1910, p. 346.

3. Anterior tarsal joints 1-3 with a narrow black comb

along their inner edge ; terminal dorsal segment emarginate

in the middle at tip; sixth ventral segment (Pl. XII.

fig. 49 a) deeply, narrowly, obliquely bi-excised at apex, the

median portion shorter than the broader, truncate, curved

lateral portions. Genital armature (Pl. XII. fig. 49) :

lateral lobes long, narrow, more or less emarginate on their

lower edge before the tip; median lobe long, almost straight,

curved downward into a blunt point at apex.

Hab. Java [type], Depok (G. £. Bryant, 18.iv. 1909: 3);

Sram, Renong (Doherty: g 9); Matuacca, Perak (Doherty:

6 2), Penang (G. E. Bryant, x.19138: g 2); Borneo,

Quop (G. E. Bryant, 27.11.1914: 2); Tenasserim, Tavoy

(Doherty: 8 2); Burma, Karen Mts. (Doherty: 2);

Assam, Patkai Mts. (Doherty: ¢ ).

A small, narrow, shining, pale testaceous form, with the

tips of the elytra black ; the head usually infuscate around

the eyes, sometimes wholiy testaceous, or with the base

black (those from Penang and Borneo); the basal joints

of the antenne, the tibiz and tarsi, and in some specimens

the apices of the femora also, infuscate, rarely entirely

testaceous ; the antenne long and slender, with the almost

simple apical joint about as long as the tenth; the eyes very

large, approximate ing, narrowly separated in 2. Amongst

the numerous closely allied insects from the same region,

I. pallidicolor, as here identified, is recognizable by the

trilobed sixth ventral segment of the male, and the non-

elongated eleventh antennal joint in the two sexes, a

character used by Pic in his first table of the Javan and

Sumatran forms. Males from the localities quoted have been

dissected: those from Java, Tenasserim, and Burma agree

inter se; but the one from Penang (with blacker head) has

the median lobe of the last ventral segment notched in the

middle, that from Perak having the corresponding lobe

longer, narrower, and rounded at the tip.

61. Idgia dasytoides, sp. 0.

?. Elongate, very narrow, slender, moderately shining,

closely cinereo-pubescent, and sparsely nigro-setose; green

or brassy-green, the antennz piceous, the basal joints and

Malacoderm Genera Prionocerus and Idgia. 371k

tip, and the palpi also, testaceous ; the head and prothorax

closely, minutely, the elytra densely, rugulosely punctate,

the latter with seriately-arranged raised granules extending

down the disc. Head somewhat produced in front, narrow ;

eyes moderately large, distant, emarginate; apical joint of

maxillary palpi elongate-triangular ; antenne very slender,

long, joints 4—6 gradually increasing, and 7-10 rapidly

decreasing, in length, 3 and 4 subequal in length, 11] as long

as 10, constricted at the middle. Prothorax a little longer

than broad, the sides rounded anteriorly and feebly sinuate

before the base, the disc canaliculate. Elytra long, sub-

parallel, much wider than the prothorax, rounded at the tip.

Legs long, very slender ; tarsal claws widened in their basal

half,

Length (excl. head) 5, breadth 14 mm.

Hab. Bura, Karen Mts. (Doherty).

Six examples. This species has the general facies of a

Dasytes, from which it is readily distinguished by the

emarginate eyes, a character bringing J. dasytoides into the

‘““ Prionocérides ” of Lacordaire. In the absence of the male,

it can remain under /dyia for the present, the Chinese

I. flavirostris, Pasc., having similar tarsal claws, slender

legs and antennze, a small head, &e.

Alphabetical numbered list of the species of Prionocerus

and Jdgia enumerated in this paper, the generic name

indicated of those placed under the first-named genus ; the

new names marked with an asterisk :—

*abyssinica, 5. *dichroa, 37.

andrewesi, 20. dimelna, 44.

in Soe 58. dimidiata, 2,

apicalis, 4. dohertyi, 53.

apicata, 52. dubia, 59.

*arabica, 9. *femorata, 24.

assimilis, 40, flavibuccis, 45.

*atriceps, 55. flavicollis, 13.

belli, 18. *flavilabris, 35.

Licolor (Prionocerus), 2. flavirostris,. 14.

*ceruleiventris, 27. *flavolimbata, 32.

*cavilabris, 28. fruhstorferi, 51.

chloroptera, 21. fulvicollis, 8.

cceruleipennis (Prionocerus), 1. *geniculata, 36.

cyanea, 7. orbami, 26.

*cyanocephala, 22, *indicola, 47.

*cyanura, 43. babes 30.

*dasytoides, 61. “ *laticornis, 10.

*decolor, 57. *longipalpis, 6,

deusta, 11. longissima, 42,

372 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the

*luteipes, 46.

*maculiventris, 34.

maindroni, 49.

*marginata, 51.

melanoeephala, 39.

melanura, Kollar § Redt., 41.

*nilgirica, 26.

*nitida, 50.

pallidicolor, 60,

*plectrophora, 1.

*rostrifera, 48.

rouyeri, 23.

*semitecta, 38.

terminata, 3.

*triserrata, 16.

*uncigera, 29.

*varipes, 56. °

*virescens, 15.

viridescens, 19.

viridipennis, 17.

*yiridivittata, 33.

Synonyms and VARIETIES.

brevicornis (Prionocerus), 1.

ceruleatus, 18.

cardoni, 44.

ceylonica, 39.

diversipennis, 25,

forticornis (Prionocerus), 1.

fuscipennis (Prionocerus), 1.

melanura, Muls. §& Bourg., 40.

metallescens, 19.

notaticollis (Prionocerus), 2.

*ungulata, 12.

tripartita, 2.

*yaricornis, 54.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XI. & XII.

Figs. 1-49. Profile views of the ¢ genital armature of species of

Prionocerus and Idgia, one only of the lateral lobes shown and the

free tubular median lobe lowered from its normal position, so that

a clearer outline could be given of it, the apical portion of the sac

(when visible in the dried specimens) added; 9a and 10a, dorsal

views of 9 and 10, the median lobe omitted in 9a; 49a, sixth

ventral segment of J. pallidicolor, g; 50, apices ot elytra of

I,uncigera, 2; all x 12. In fig. 46 the median lobe is out of its

normal position, and shown from the ventral aspect.

XXXIV.—A Note on the Egg-burster of Eucephalous

Fly-larve. By F. W. Enwarps.

In widely separated divisions of the animal kingdom special

embryonic organs are found whose function is to facilitate

the hatching of the embryo from the egg. Everyone is

familiar with the hard knob which occurs on the tip of the

upper jaw in the chick as well as in other oviparous

vertebrates. Among the Insecta egg-bursting organs are

often found on the dorsal surface of the head, and assume

a variety of forms. Different types have been described by

Packard (‘Text-book of Entomology,’ p. 585), Berlese

(‘Gh Insetti, vol. 2, p. 218), and Williams and Buxton

(Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1916, p. 88). In other cases

these organs appear to be part of the amnion rather than of

the embryo itself; instances of this are given by Riley

(vide Packard, Text-book, p. 585) and Kershaw (Bull.

Trinidad Dept. Agric. xii. 1913, p. 94).

Egg-burster of Eucephalous Fly-larve, 373

In regard to the Diptera, I have only succeeded in

tracing two published references to an egg-burster, both

relating to the Culicide. Howard, Dyar, and Knab, in

their ‘ Mosquitoes of North and Central America and the

West Indies,’ say (vol. i. p. 97) :—

“ The first-stage larva may be recognized by the presence

on the head of the egg-burster. This is situated dorsally

on the middle of the head and consists of an oval, pale,

depressed area, in the middle of which is situated a chitinous

dise surmounted by a small black chitinous peg.”

Scott Macfie (Bull. Ent. Res. vii. 1917, p. 298) says in

regard to Stegomyia fasciata : ‘The ‘ egg-burster,’ situated

dorsally about the middle of the head, is a conspicuous

feature in the first phase”; he also gives a figure which

shows this organ, though not in any great detail.

In several Dipterous larve of different families which I

have been able to examine, tle egg-burster has a position and

structure similar to that indicated by the above-mentioned

authors for the Culicids. Itis essentially the same in Ano-

pheles maculipennis, Aédes argenteus (=Stegomyia fasciata),

A. (Ochlerotatus) geniculatus, Theobaldia annulata, Chaoborus

(=Corethra) plumicvrnis, Simulium angustipes, S. austeni,

Chironomus dorsalis, Bolitophila pseudohybrida, and Tri-

chonta sp. In none of these cases does it resemble that of

Pulex canis, described by Packard as “a thin vertical plate,

like the edge of a knife.”

Though the list given above comprises all the species

which I have observed, it is sufficiently comprehensive to

warrant the belief that the egg-bur-ter will be found to be

present in a similar form in all the eucephalous larve of

Nematocera, though it may not always be functional.

In every case all trace of the structure disappears after

the first moult, though sometimes (at least in Chironomus

dorsalis and Aédes geniculatus), and perhaps always, a minute

black pigment-spot is observable under the cuticle of the

second-stage larva in the position occupied by the egg-

burster in the first stage.

In an egg which is about to hatch, the young larva can

be observed (provided the shell is thin enough) moving its

head up and down and cutting or scratching a slit in the

shell. I have observed this process in Bolitophila pseudo-

hybrida, and in the newly-hatched larvee of the same species

have seen the egg-burster being raised and lowered. Pre-

sumably this latter movement also took place within the

egg, though I was not able to observe it.

It would seem that the lowering of the egg-burster is

Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. iit. 25

374 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the

Pie, a.

Aédes geniculatus (Olivier).

Dorsal view of head of first-stage larva, to show position and form ot

egg-burster : from a living specimen. x about 60. (The shading is

intended to represent fine ridges in the chitin, which occur over the

greater part of the head.)

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.—Aédes argenteus (Peiret) [Stegomyia fasciata auct.]. Ege-

burster, seen from posterior end of head, showing thickness of disc

and strong central peg. x about 100.

Fig. 2a.—The same, half side view. From cast skins; diagrammatic.

Fig. 3.

Theobaldia annulata (Schrank).

Sectional view (transverse) through egg-burster, showing attachment of

muscles, X about 120. From a balsam mount in the British

Museum, prepared by Mr. W. D. Lang.

Lgg-burster of Eucephalous Fly-larve. 375

effected by a pair of muscles which are attached to the inside

of the dise and pass across to the vential side of the head.

These muscles are easily seen in the perfectly transparent

larva of Chaoborus (Curethra) ; they are shown also in the

accompanying diagram of the egg-burster of Theobaldia

annulata, Though they almost meet on the chitinous disc,

the muscles are wide apart at their ventral insertion. I have

not ascertained whether they persist beyond the first larval

stage. One must suppose that the egg-burster is raised and

so brought into use by blood-pressure on the relaxation of

this pair of muscles.

The precise form of the chitinous disc varies somewhat

in the different species examined. It is relatively larger

and more conspicuous in the Culicidz than in the Chirono-

mid and Mycetophilide, while among the Culicide it is

Simulium austeni, Edw,

Dorsal view of head of newly hatched larva, showing minute ege-burster

near posterior end of clypeus. Xx about 60. From a spirit-

specimen.

decidedly more heavily chitinised in Aédes than it is in

Theobaldia or Anopheles. In Aédes it is connected by a

narrow chitinous rod with the posterior part of the clypeus,

the rod arising from a thickened bar in the chitin. I have

not been able to detect this rod in other Culicidz or in

the other families examined. The eggs of Aédes have

usually great powers of resistance to dessication, and pro-

bably on this account have a thick chorion, which necessitates

a more efficient egg-burster.

The two species of Aédes examined show slight differences :

the egg-burster in A. argenteus is nearer the posterior end

25*

376 Dr. ©. Chilton on the

of the clypeus than it is in A. geniculatus*, while in the

latter species the chitinous disc bears a sharp transverse

ridge on each side of the central peg.

In Simulium austeni the egg-burster is very small and

inconspicuous, and appears to have no membranous area

surrounding it, but this may not be the case throughout

the genus. I hatched out in 1915 a number of young

larvee of S. angustipes, and, though these were not kept, my

recollection of them is that they had egg-bursters as well

developed as those of the Culicide. If this is so, it may be

due to differences in breeding-habits between the two

species.

The subject is one of considerable interest and will

certainly bear further investigation.

XXXV.— The Amphipod Orchestia tucurauna, Fritz Miiller,

of Brazil, redescribed from New Zealand Specimens. By

Cuas. Cuitton, M.A., D.Se:, LL.D., C.M.Z.8., Hon.

Memb. Roy. Soc. N.S.W.

On July 11th, 1910, I collected near the mouth of the Waitohi

stream at Picton, New Zealand, several specimens of a sand-

hopper that I thought at the time would probably be Orchestia

chiliensis, Milne-Edwards, which is common on the neigh-

bouring shores of Queen Charlotte Sound and elsewhere on

the New Zealand coasts. On examination, however, I found

that, though two of the specimens were O. chiliensis, the

others differed considerably from O. chiliensis in the shape

of the second gnathopods of the male. One male specimen

of these was dissected and mounted and to some extent

examined, and was provisionally named U. redmani, sp. 0.,

in my MS. in honour of Dr. Redman of Picton, to whom I

am indebted for much assistance. I felt sure that I had seen

somewhere a drawing of a gnathopod similar to the second

gnathopod of this specimen, but at the time could not ascer-

tain where this was ; consequently the specimens were laid

aside for a more favourable opportunity. Recently, in

looking up Stebbing’s paper in the Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. vii.

p- 395, 1909, for another purpose, my attention was drawn

to his figures of O. sulensoni (pl. xxx.C), owing to the

* This character would appear to be variable, since the egg-burster is

shown nearer the middle of the head in Scott-Macfie’s figure than it

appeared to be in the cast skins of the same species which I examined.

Amphipod Orchestia tucurauna, Fritz Miller. 377

resemblance of the second gnathopod to that of my Picton

specimens, A comparison of my specimens with Stebbing’s

description and figures of O. sulensoni made it appear very

probable that they belonged to the same species, though the

palm of the second gnathopod of O. sulensoni is shown con-

siderably more oblique and that species was supposed to have

been obtained at Madeira, the locality, however, being

doubtful.

Stebbing states that his species agrees with the imperfectly

described O. tucurauna, Fritz Miiller, in regard to the finger

and the notched palm of the second gnathopods, but appears

to differ in not having the fourth and fifth joints of the fifth

pereopod thickened or broadened. In turning up Fritz

Miiller’s reference to his specimen in ‘ Facts and Arguments

for Darwin, 1869, p. 79, I find that the second gnathopod

of the male, as figured by Fritz Miiller, agrees pretty closely

with that of the Picton specimens, and that, moreover, the

description given by Fritz Miiller of the changes that take

place in the males even after they attain sexual maturity and

his account of the more immature males agree very well

indeed with those exhibited by the Picton specimens, Thus

I had already noted that in them the first few joints of the

flagellum of the second antenna were more or less completely

fused in the fully developed males and that in the young

males the process on the finger and the corresponding notch

on the palm of the second gnathopod were only slightly

developed. There seems little doubt that the specimen

described by Stebbing as O. sulensoni is really the same as

Miiller’s O. tucurauna. Stebbing’s description of the various

characters not mentioned by Fritz Miiller agrees closely with

the Picton specimens ; thus, while the basal joint is oval in

the third and fourth perseopods and partially so in the fifth,

its hind margin in that limb is almost quite straight as

described by Stebbing. In my specimens, in the better

developed males the second antenne are strong and have the

last two joints of the peduncle considerably broadened, but in

none of my specimens have I seen the fourth and fifth joints

‘ofthe fifth pereeopod specially broadened; they are compara-

tively slender, as drawn and described by Stebbing. I have

little doubt, however, that Fritz Miiller is right in sayiug

that this character is shown only in the older males and is

not fully developed until after they come to sexual maturity.

I have often noticed the same thing in the nearly allied

species O. chiliensis, M.-Kidw., where the males may have the

characteristic form of the second gnathopod and of the an-

tenn, thongh they have not yet developed the thickened

378 Dr. C. Chilton on the

joints of the fourth and fifth peresopods, this latter character

being found in comparatively few individuals.

Consequently from a comparison of my specimens with the

two descriptions as given by Miiller and Stebbing I feel little

doubt that’ they are sufficiently near to be considered as

belonging to the same species, notwithstanding the widely

separated localities from which they were obtained. Fritz

Miiller does not mention the locality from which he collected

his species, but presumably it was obtained while he was

living in South Brazil either at Blumenau or at Desterro.

My Picton specimens were obtained on the banks of the

Waitohi stream at some little distance from its mouth ina

place that would not be affected by ordinary high tides,

though it would be reached by unusually high tides. At the

same time and place I collected specimens of Porcellio scaber,

several beetles, spiders, &c.—animals not by any means con-

fined to the sea-shore. I have never seen the species from

any other part of New Zealand. [Fritz Miller gives no

particulars as to the conditions under which the specimens

were collected, and the locality of the single specimen of

O, sulensoni in the Copenhagen Museum described by

Stebbing is uncertain, though it is supposed to have come

from Madeira.

I am inclined to think that the single specimen from

Kapiti Island described by Filhol as Orchestia dentata (1885,

y. 462, pl. li. fig. 1} belongs to O. tucurauna, but neither

lis description nor his figure is sufficient to make the identifi-

cation certain *,

The occurrence of Orchest‘a tucurauna both in South

America and in New Zealand is interesting as another

example of the connection between the two faunas; O. chili-

ensis, M.-lidw., which was found at Picton along with

* A few days after the MS. containing the statement above was posted

I found a tube containing some Amphipods collected in 1906 by Dr.

Cockayne at Kapiti Island “on rocks at base of a waterfall.” Of the

three specimens in the tube (the existence of which I had previously

forgotten), one is a well-developed male of O. tucurauna agreeing well

with the Picton specimens, the lower antenna being quite stout and the.

fifth perzeopods, though not showing any detinite broadening, hardly as

narrow as the Picton specimens. ‘There can be little doubt, therefore,

that O. dentata, Filhol, from Kapiti Island, is really the same as O. tucu-

rauna, a8 I had suggested. Of the other two specimens, one is Par-

orchestia sylvicola (Vana), the land-hopper found all over New Zealand,

often far from the sea, and the other is an imperfect specimen of Or-

chestia chiliensis, M.-Edw.

It may be noted that both the Picton and the Kapiti Island specimens

were obtained where the water was probably brackish or even fresh at

the time; and I suspect that O. tucurauna will be found to be more or

less confined to such localities. 4 :

Amphipod Orchestia tucurauna, Fritz Miller. 379

QO. tucurauna and is common on all New Zealand coasts,

also occurs on the coasts of Chile, and, as I have pointed out

elsewhere, numerous other Crustacea have a similar distri-

bution—for example, the shore Isopod, Deto bucculenta

(Nicolet), which is found in New Zealand (including the

outlying Chatham Islands) and in Chile, South America (see

Chilton, 1909 a, p. 602, 1909 B, p. 799, and 1915, p. 453).

I give below a specific diagnosis, with figures of the species

O. tucurauna, and a few additional notes on its structure.

I wish to express my grateful thanks to my assistant,

Miss E. M. Herriott, M.A., for the care she has taken in

preparing the drawings for this paper.

Orchestia tucurauna, Fritz Miller. (Text-figs. 1-14.)

O. tucurauna (also printed O. tucuratinga), Fritz Miiller, 1864, ‘ Fiir

Darwin,’ p. 54, tigs. 50 & 51, and 1869, ‘ Facts and Arguments for

Darwin,’ p. 79, figs. 50 & 51.

O. tucurauna, Stebbing, 1906, p. 534.

O. sulensoni, Stebbing, 1899, p. 400, pl. xxx. c, and 1906, p. 541.

O. redmani, sp. n., Chilton, MS.

? O. dentata, Filhol, 1885, p. 462, pl. liii. fig. 1.

Specific Diagnosis,

Male.—Side-plates not deep, anterior lobe of side-plate of

pereopod 3 much deeper than the posterior lobe. Pleon-

segment 3 with postero-lateral angles quadrate, acute, scarcely

produced, posterior margin with a few short sete. Eyes of

moderate size, round. Antenna 1 not reaching to end of

penultimate joint of antenna 2, first joint as broad as long,

second and third each a little longer than the preceding ;

flagellum of four to six joints, the first three being coalesced,

subequal in length to the peduncle. Antenna 2 stout, last

joint of peduncle ‘longer and slightly more slender than the

penultimate ; flagellum subequal in length to the peduncle

aud of about twenty joints, the first four or five more or less

completely coalesced, especially in old males. Gnathopod 1

with side-plate small, somewhat triangular, slightly produced

anteriorly, its inferior margin bearing a few small sete;

basal joint narrow at base, widening distally, its anterior

surface grooved; ischium without apical process; carpus

with prominent, narrowly rounded, distal pellucid process ;

propod oblong, widening to the palm, and bearing distally a

rounded pellucid process, palm not distinctly defined and

overlapped by finger; all the joints beset with numerous

short sete. Gnatlopod 2, basal joint narrow at the base, not

broadening greatly distally, anterior surface grooved ; carpus

380 Dr. C. Chilton on the

very small, triangular ; propod very large, broadly oval,

widening slightly to the palm, both margins almost free from

sete, the hind one with a few small sete towards distal end,

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.—Orchestia tucurauna, first antenna of male.

Fig. 2.—Orchestia tucurauna, second antenna of male.

palm nearly transverse in old males, more oblique in younger

individuals, spinulose, irregularly convex between the blunt

defining tooth and a deep depression near the hinge; dactyl

Amphipod Orchestia tucurauna, Fritz Miller, 381

Fig. 3,

Fig. 4

Fig. 3.—Orchestia tucurauna, first pein of male,

Fig. 4.—Orchestia fucurauna, second gnathopod of male,

aoe)

Dr. G. Chilton on the

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5.—Orchestia tucurauna,

Fig. 6.—Orchestia tucurauna,

first gnathopod of female.

second gnathopod of female.

Amphipod Orchestia tucurauna, Fritz Miller. 383

Fig. 7,

=e fe

Fig. 7.—Orchestia tucurauna, side

male,

Fig. 8.—Orchestia tucurauna,

Fig. 9,—Orchestia tucurauna,

-plate and basal joint of perwopod 3 of

basal joint of permopod 4 of male,

basal joint of perseopod 6 of male,

384 Dr. C. Chilton on the

large, strongly curved, its inner margin bearing a prominent

convex process near the base, fitting into the depression in

the palm. Pereopod 1 slightly longer than the second,

which has the finger indented. Pereopods 3 and 4 with

basal joint oval, larger and slightly narrower in the fourth

Fig. 10.

Fig. 13. | Fig. 14.

Fig. 10.—Orchestia tucurauna, inferior portion of third pleon-segment.

Fig. 11.—Orchestia tucwrauna, first uropod.

Fig, 12.—Orchestia tucurauna, second uropod,

Fig. 13.—Orchestia tucurauna, third uropod.

Fig. 14.—Orchestia tucurauna, telson.

than in the third; basal joint of fifth with hind margin

almost straight, posterior angle somewhat produced down-

wards ; posterior margin in all serrate and with fine spinules ;

remaining joints in all rather slender in specimens examined,

Amphipod Orchestia tucurauna, Fritz Miller. 385

but those of the fifth said to become broader in old males

(Fritz Miiller), Uropod 1 with peduncle scarcely longer

than rami, its upper margin bearing numerous spines, both

rami with lateral as well as terminal spines. Uropod 2 with

ramiabout as long as peduncle, both with lateral and terminal

spines. Uropod 3 with ramus about as long as peduncle,

with spines on margin and at apex. Telson with posterior

margin rounded and fringed with numerous spines, very

slightly indented in middle.

Female.—First gnathopod with side-plate small, triangu-

larly produced in front, carpus longer and slightly broader

than the propod, which narrows distally, so that the joint is

simple, without palm. Second gnathopod with basis of

nearly same width throughout, broadened, but not greatly so ;

carpus and propod subequal, long-oval, posterior margin of

carpus moderately and regularly convex. Perseopods as in

male, but with the joints a little more slender. In other

respects closely resembling the male.

Length of largest male examined about 14 mm.

Locality. Banks of Waitohi stream, Picton, at some

distance from mouth; Rapiti Island (F%lAol) (?).

Distribution. New Zealand, South Brazil, Madeira (?).

Remarks.

The mouth-parts are of the type usual in Orchestia, and do

not call for detailed description. The palp on the first

maxilla is minute, but distinct. In the largest male examined

there appears to be an obscure rudiment of the fourth joint of

the palp of the maxilliped, but I can find no sign of it in two

other specimens mounted, viz., a male less developed and a

feinale.

The New Zealand specimens appear to differ from

Stebbing’s description of the single specimen of O. sulensoni

in having the first antenna slightly longer, the flagellum

having more than four joints. In the first gnathopod the

rounded lobe at the distal end is more distinct and in the

second the palm is more transverse ; both these differences

are probably due to the fact that the type-specimen of O. su-

lensoni was hardly so mature as the Picton specimens. In

the third uropod the ramus is as long as the peduncle;

Stebbing describes it as “ not half as long or half as broad.”

Fritz Miiller’s account deals only with a few special points.

His figure of the second gnathopod of the male does not show

the tooth defining the palm, but the strongly marked convex

386 - On the Amphipod Orchestia tucurauna..

process on the base of the finger and the corresponding

depression in the palm are quite the same as in the New

Zealand specimens and are very distinctive of the species.

His figure of the second gnathopod of the female shows the

limb shorter and stouter and the basal joint much broader

than in my specimens. As already mentioned, he states that

in old males the joints of the fifth pereeopod become broad-

ened ; this is not shown in any of my specimens nor in the

type of O. sulensont. ,

I do not consider these differences in the descriptions and

figures sufficient to counterbalance the close resemblance in

the distinctive character of the second gnathopod of the male,

supported as it is by Miiller’s account of the coalescence of

the basal joints of the flagellum of the second antenna and

by the resemblances in other characters to those given by

Stebbing for O. sulensont.

Orchestia tucurauna appears to belong to that section of

the genus containing O. chiliensis, M.-Edw., O. miranda,

Chilton, and O. platensis, Kréyer, in which there is a tendency

in the males for the second antenna to beeome stout and for

some of the joints of the fifth perseopod to be broadened.

O. pickeringit, Dana, should perhaps also be grouped in the

same section.

REFERENCES.

CHILTON, C.

1909 4. “The Crustacea of the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand.”

The Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand, pp. 601-671 (with

19 figures in the text). Wellington, N.Z., 1909.

19098. “The Biological Relations of the Subantarctic Islands of

New Zealand.” Ibid. pp. 798-807.

1915. “ Deto, a Subantarctic Genus of Terrestrial Isopoda.” Journ.

Linn. Soc. vol. xxxii. pp. 485-456, pls. xxxix. & xl.

Firuo1, H.

1885. ‘Mission de l’ile Campbell,” in Recu. Passage Vénus, vol. iii.

2nd pt., Crustacea, pp. 849-510, pls. xxxviii.—lv.

Miter, Frirz.

1869. Facts and Arguments for Darwin (translated from the German

by W.S. Dallas). John Murray, London, 1869.

STEBBinG, I. R. R

1899. “Amphipoda from the Copenhagen Museum and other Sources.

—Part II.” Trans, Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. vii. pp. 895-4382,

pls. XXX.-XxxXv.

1906. Amphipoda. 1. Gammaridea, ‘ Das Tierreich,’ 21 Lieferung.

Berlin, September 1906.

oi a

- : wits arya P ot) 3s

On North Pacific Zoroasteride. 387

‘

XXXVI.—North Pacific Zoroasteride *. By Watrer K.

Fisuer, Director, Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford

University, California.

SrarrisHes of the family Zoroasteride are abundant on

muddy bottom in deep water off the west coast of the United

States, and form a very characteristic element of the fauna.

While the species are not especially numerous, individuals

apparently swarm in some localities, judging by the results

of dredge-hauls.

In this paper one new species and three new subspecies

are briefly diagnosed. Keys to the west American species of

_ Zoroaster and Myxoderma will serve, it is hoped, to designate

by contrast the characters of the new forms. A synopsis of

the genera of Zoroasteride is included in order to present in

compact form our present knowledge of the status of these

groups. The anatomical details for which some novelty may

be assumed will be dealt with in more detail in a monograph

of Philippine and Moluccan sea-stars now in press.

Further study of Myoderma, first proposed as a subgenus,

has shown it to be very distinct frgm Zoroaster. The

capture by the ‘ Albatross’ of large examples of Cnemidaster

wyvillii, not a great distance from the type-locality, has

thrown new light upon a genus which was based upon a

young and wholly inadequate specimen. Very small examples

of Zoroasteride are very different from the adults—in fact,

they sometimes differ from the mature specimens in characters

of generic importance! ‘To put the matter more concretely,

very young Zoroaster has all the adambulacral plates sub-

equal (= Prognaster stage), which is true also of little

examples of Cnemidaster. ‘lhe latter lack also adradial plates,

the presence of which is about the only constant character

by which the adult can be distinguished from Mammaster.

I have not seen a specimen of Prognaster. Perrier con-

fused the matter by publishing a second description with

virtually a second type, P. longicauda, which appears to be

a slender-rayed Zoroaster.

Synopsis of the known Genera of Zoroasteride.

a’. Dorsal surface not devoid of spines and not

covered with a smooth tough membrane,

in sharp contrast to the spinous or squami-

ferous actinolateral regions.

* Published with permission of the U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries.

388

Mr. W. K. Fisher on

b'. Superambulacral plates absent, no con-

spicuous buttress extending from the

upper enlarged end of the first two pairs

of ambulacral plates to the body-wall at

the interradial angle.

ce’. All adambulacral plates carinate on the

furrow face. Genotype, Prognaster

grime, Porrier’ ous x. case timate >

ce, Adambulacral plates alternately cari-

nate and non-carinate,

d'. Rays long, slender; disk small;

abactinal, marginal, and actinolateral

plates arranged in regular longi-

tudinal lines along ray, a series of

adradial plates being always present;

all but the median radial or carinal,

which are larger, form also trans-

verse series ; plates are covered with

small, papilliform, skin - covered

spinelets, and most of them bear

an enlarged spine; papular areas

generally very small but sometimes

nearly as large as plates; fortici-

form pedicellariz present ; actino-

lateral plates in three to five series,

the upper subequal to the infero-

marginal plates; superomarginal

plates not conspicuously larger than

the inferomarginal plates. Geno-

type, Zoroaster fulgens, Thomson ..

d*. Plates of ray arranged in regular

longitudinal series, the carinal

plates the largest; abactinal and

marginal plates armed with fairly

large, skin-covered scales which

mask all plates except some of the

disk-plates and the carinal series

along ray; no pedicellariz ; actino-

lateral plates, in two or three series,

much smaller than inferomarginals ;

superomarginal plates much larger

than inferomarginal plates. Geno-

type, Pholidaster squamatus, Sladen.

v?, Superambulacral plates present; a con-

* Prognaster, Perrier, ‘Comptes rendus,’ cxii. no. 21, May 5, 1891,

Also ‘ Résultats des campagnes scienti-

tiques du Prince de Monaco,’ fasc. xi. 1896, p. 22, pl. ii. tigs. 1, 1 a-6. In

the meantime, Perrier described Prognaster as a new genus with P. longi-

cauda, new species, ostensibly as type (Mxpéd. scientif. du ‘ Travailleur’ et

du ‘Talisman,’ 1894, p. 119). This species does not seem to be con-

p- 1226. Type, P. grimaldi.

spicuous buttress, the specialized first

superambulacral plate connects the

upper end of the first two ambulacral

plates with the body-wall at interradial

angle.

Prognaster *, Perrier,

Zoroaster, Thomson,

Pholidaster, Sladen.

generic with grimaldi, which, of course, is the genuine genotype.

=")

North Pacific Zoroasteride, 389

ce’. Adradial plates present ; two series of

papular areas between the carinal and

superomarginal plates, the latter never

conspicuously enlarged nor overlap-

ping the carinals. Genotype, Zoro-

aster sacculatus, Fisher,. .......... Myxoderma *, Visher

ce. No adradial plates; one series of very

small adradial papular pores; supero-

marginal plates of two sizes, alter-

nately larger and smaller, overlapping

the carinals strongly and dominating

these plates, which are sunken below

the level of the superomarginals,

Genotype, Bythiolophus acanthinus,

eeNeS tas hay cnt atoe ss svitecae Bythiolophust, Fisher,

a*, Abactinal plates of disk, the carinals, ad-

radials (when present), marginals, and

sometimes one series of actinolateral plates

. devoid of spines or any conspicuous arma-

ture, but mostly smooth and covered with

a tough membrane of variable thickness,

often partly obscuring the plates ; two to .

four lower series of actinolateral plates

covered with squamiform fleshy spinelets

and sometimes a conspicuous appressed

spine; superambulacral plates present, the

first conspicuously enlarged into a buttress

connecting the upper end of the first two

ambulacral ossicles with the body-wall.

b'. With a series of adradial plates more or

less well developed; four or five series of

actinolateral plates. Genotype, Cnremi-

daster wyvillit, Sladen .........- «+++ Cnemidaster {, Sladen,

b*. Adradial plates absent, the inner lobe of

the superomarginal plates overlapping

the carinal plates; three series of actino-

lateral plates with rudimentary fourth

series in large reg Genotype,

Zoroaster sigsbeet, Perrier ......... ..« Mammaster, Perrier.

Key to the North Pacific Species and Subspecies of Zoroaster.

a’. With four series of actinolateral plates on

roximal part of ray; dorsolateral and

Intermarginal papular areas very small

with normally one papula each; infero-

marginal and actinolateral spines slender,

. closely apressed.

; * Myxoderma, Fisher (subgenus), Bull. Bureau Fisheries, 1904,

’ vol. xxiv., June 10, 1905, p. 316.

+ Bythiolophus, Fisher,‘ New East Indian Startishes,’ Proc. Biol. Soc.

Washington, vol. xxix., Feb. 24, 1916, p. 31.

t I have examined large adult specimens. Sladen’s type was small,

very immature, and charehise had not developed some of the characters

of the adult,

Ann. & Mag. N. list. Ser. 9. Vol. iti. 26

390 Mr. W. K. Fisher on

b', Superomarginal spines very slender, ap-

pressed; no adradial spines; ten carinal |

plates correspond to fourteen adradial

and fourteen superomarginal plates;

fourth or lowest actinolateral series

extending far along ray; plates of first

two actinolateral series as broad as

inferomarginals ; adradial plates broadly

overlapped by adjacent series ........ ophiurus, Fisher.

b?, Superomarginal spines more robust, often

bristling; an incomplete series of ad-

radial spines ; ten carinal plates corre-

spond to nineteen adradial and nineteen

superomarginal plates; fourth or lowest

actinolateral series. short (one-sixth

length of ray); plates of first actino-

lateral series, only, as broad as the

inferomarginals ; adradial plates exposed

(about 50 per cent. broader than in

OPRUUrwsy ia ay aslo be astecihertss ten dO bes actinocles, sp. 1.

a®?, With three series of actinolateral plates; the

series of papular areas with two to four

papule, the areas rather large; all spines

rather long and bristling.

b'. No large pedicellaria regularly on the

second spine of the prominent or carinate

adambulacral plates ...........-000. evermannt, Fisher.

b?, A large pedicellaria regularly present on

the second spine (from furrow) of the

prominent or carinate adambulacral

Plates: .. cp aie a» Sia sia ¥ Ske Seiaeos mordax, subsp. n.

Zoroaster actinocles, sp. n.

Rays 5. R=161 mm., r=11 mm., R=14'6r; breadth

of ray at base, 13 mm. Rays slender, evenly tapered to the

extremity, which is capped by a relatively large terminal

plate; disk elevated at centre ; carinal ridge rather prominent.

Resembling a slender-rayed Z. fulgens, but differing in having

the plates of the second, third, and fourth actinolateral series

smaller, the fourth series being rudimentary; in having

slenderer superomarginal spines (which are decidedly slen-

derer than the carinal spines), fleshier spinelets, relatively

larger carinal plates, never but one actinolateral spine to

a plate ; in having a decidedly larger terminal plate, and a

large pedicellaria on the second (from furrow) adambulacral

spine. ‘The papular pores are small ; there are five regular

longitudinal series, with the beginning of a sixth at base of

ray, on either side of the carinal plates—namely, two dorso-

lateral, one intermarginal, 2+1 incomplete actinolateral

series. Papulz solitary and small. Carinate or prominent

North Pacific Zoroasteride. 391

adambulacral plates with a transverse series of five spines,

the first deep in furrow, the second with a pedicellaria about

15 mm. long attached to its base.

Type-locality.—53° 12' N., 171° 37' W., 43°5 miles north.

west of west point of Yunaska Island, Aleutian Islands,

1217 fathoms, fine black sand; bottom temperature 35°2°

Fahr, (U.S, Fisheries steamer ‘ Albatross, 1906),

Zoroaster evermanni mordax, subsp. n.

Closely resembling Z. evermanni*, but differing in having

more robust primary spines (which are typically also a little

shorter actinolaterally), and in having on the second from

inner spine of prominent adambulacral plates a large pedi-

cellaria (or sometimes two), from 1°5 to 2°5 mm. long, and

conspicuously bigger than the cluster of small pedicellaria on

the turrow-spine. R=153 mm., r=10+ mm., R=15r.

Type-locality.—Off Washington, 47° 28’ N., 125° 15’ W.,

477 fathoms, green mud.

This race is distributed from off Washington to southern

California, At the southern end of its range it is found

only in water deeper than 600 fathoms, while the typical

evermannt occurs from San Diego, California, to Sauta Cruz

Island, California, in 216 to 510 fathoms,

Key to the North Pacific Species and Subspecies uf

Myxoderma.

a’, Size large (R, 200 mm.). The plates and

spines invested in a thick pulpy membrane,

slimy in life; abactinal papular areas large,

the dorsal skeleton being open and rather

irregularly reticulate at base of ray;

abactinal plates without accessory spinelets

to any extent; actinolateral spines pointed,

tapered, sometimes somewhat flattened,

but never spatulate ; terminal plate large,

ovoid, especially conspicuous in young

specimens ; rays attenuate distally.

b'. Rays thicker and skeleton stouter, third

or lowest series of actinolateral plates

extending five-eighths the length of ray ;

abactinal spines robust and stubby;

* Zoroaster evermanni, Fisher, Bull. Bureau Fisheries, 1904, vol. xxiv.,

June 10, 1905, p. 817. Further investigation has shown that this is not

a Myzxoderma, as it lacks the essential anatomical characters of that

enus,

« 26%

392 On North Pacific Zoroasteride.

abactinal pedicellarize smaller and less

numerous. Bering Sea to central Cali-

fOIDIA | ane Ree gee at re .. sacculatum (Fisher).

6*. Rays longer and slenderer, the third or

lowest actinolateral series of plates ex-

tending along only the proximal third of

the ray; spines rather slenderer, and

abactinal pedicellarie larger and more

numerous. California, south of Point

DeRCOpiOR : ote ecne ak oe Eke eG orme ces ectenes, subsp. n.

a, Size medium, the plates and spines not

especially sacculate or slimy—about as in

Zoroaster ; abactinal papular areas medium

in size, the areas with one or two papule

which do not occupy all the area; adradial

plates small, more or less overlapped by

the carinals and superomarginals ; abacti-

nal plates with numerous, accessory, mili-

ary spinelets; actinolateral spines broad,

flat, and more or less truncate; terminal

plate small; rays not attenuate distally.

b'. Rays slenderer and longer, disk smaller ;

plates, especially the carinal and margi-

nal, not broader than long; superomar-

ginals not noticeably prominent ; spines

slenderer ; pedicellariz larger. South-

ern California (south of Point Concep-

tion) and Lower California .......... platyacanthum (Clark).

6°. Rays broader and shorter, disk slightly

larger; plates, especially the carinal

and marginal, broader than long ; supero-

marginals noticeably prominent, at least

distally ; spines more robust; pedicel-

lariz shorter. Oregon to Central Cali-

fora joni ys oa meats .. rhomaleum, subsp. 0.

Myxoderma sacculatum ectenes, subsp. n.

Differing from typical JZ. sacculatum * (Fisher) in having

slenderer and longer rays, the third or lowest actinolateral

series of plates present on only a small proximal portion

(about a third) of each ray, rather slenderer abactinal spines

generally, and larger and more numerous abactinal pedi-

cellarie. R=210 mm., r=16 mm., R=13r; breadth of

ray at base 19 mm.

Type-locality.— South-west of Santa Cruz Island, Cali-

fornia, 640 fathoms.

This race is found off southern California, from the vicinity

of Santa Cruz Island to Los Coronados Islands, and from

about 500 to 1100 fathoms, usually on green mud.

* Zoroaster (Myzxoderma) sacculatus, Fisher, bid. p, 316,

Mr, R. E,. Turner on Fossortal Hymenoptera. 393

Myxoderma platyacanthum rhomaleum, subsp. n.

Differing from M. platyacanthum* (Clark) in having

constantly broader and slightly shorter rays, slightly larger

disk, much heavier abactinal and marginal spines, slightly

shorter and decidedly heavier actinolateral spines, and shorter

abactinal pedicellarie, R=100 mm., r=12°5 mm., R=8r,

breadth of ray at base 13 mm. ; at a little beyond base

155 mm. Disk elevated, dome-shaped, rays very gradually

tapered, but not attenuate distally.

Type-locality.—Off Oregon (43° 46’ N., 124° 57! W.),

277 fathoms, grey sand; bottom temperature 42°2° Fahr.

Known from off Oregon and Central California, 277 to

296 fathoms, grey sand ; 41°8° to 42°2° Fahr.

XXXVII.—Notes on Fossorial Hymenoptera—XXXVII. On

some Sphecine in the British Museum, By Row ann E.

Turner, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Genus SCELIPHRON.

Sceliphron masaicum, sp. n.

Q. Nigra, nigro-pilosa ; petiolo, tertio apicali nigro, trochanteribus

posticis, femoribus posticis dimidio basali, tibiis posticis tertio

basali, metatarso postico basi nigro, tarsisque posticis articulo

secundo flavis; alis subhyalinis, flavo leviter suffusis, yenis

nigris, alis anticis apice angustissime infumatis,

Long. 20-21 mm.

¢. Clypeus very distinctly bilobed at the apex, closely

punctured and clothed with long black hairs, which also

extend over the whole head and thorax ; on each side of the

bilobed central portion of the apical margin is a small tooth ;

mandibles bidentate at the apex, the outer tooth the longest.

Eyes distinctly nearer to each other on the vertex than on

the clypeus ; second joint of the flagellum a little longer

than the first and third combined. Pronotum deeply longi-

tudinally grooved in the middle, finely punctured ; meso-

notum rugulose, scutellum and postscutellum closely longitu-

dinally striated. Median segment with a deep and broad

* Zoroaster platyacanthus, H. L. Clark, Bull. Amer, Mus, Nat, Fist.

vol. xxxii., July 9, 1913, p. 199, pl. xliy. figs, 1 & 2,

394 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.

longitudinal median groove, the dorsal surface rather finely

obliquely striated ; the oblique posterior slope finely trans-

versely striated, with a deep median groove ; the sides of the

segment closely vertically striated. Petiole not quite as long

as hind coxa, trochanter, and femur combined.’ ‘Tarsal

ungues with a small median tooth, the pulvillus large.

Second abscissa of the radius at least as long as the first and

third combined ; first recurrent nervure received close to the

middle of the second cubital ceil, second at about one-eighth

from the apex of the same cell.

Hab. British East Africa, Ngare Narok, Masai Reserve,

6000 ft. (A. O. Luckman), December 31, 1913, 6 2 2;

Mogorr River (A. O. Luckman); Nandi Plateau, 5700-

6200 ft. (S. A. Neave), May 30-June 4, 1911; Uganda,

Tero Forest (S. A. Neave), Sept. 26-30, 1911.

This is a larger species than S. guartine, Grib., with

differently coloured pubescence and fore legs; the apical

third, or in some specimens half, of the petiole is black ; it

is a smaller species than S. spirifex, Linn., differing also in

the colour of the legs, petiole, and wings, and in the much

greater length of the second abscissa of the radius,

Sceliphron eckloni, Dahlb.

Pelopeus eckloni, Dahlb. Hymen. Eur. i. p. 434 (1845).

Pelopeus clypeatus, Fairmaire, Arch. Entom. ii. p. 264 (1858).

Probably identical with S. spinole, Lep., as suggested by

Gribodo, but I have not seen Indian specimens.

Genus SPHEX (Ammophila, auct.).

Sphex tenuis, Pal. Beauv.

Sphex tenuis, Pal. Beauv. Insect. rec. en Afriq. & Amer. p.48, Hymén.

(1887). ¢.

Ammophila guineensis, Ritsema, Tijdschr. y. Entom. xvii. p. 192

(1874). 9.

Ammophila maculifrons, Cam. Ann. Transyaal Mus, ii. p, 134

(1910). Q.

Ammophila ceruleornata, Cam, Ann. Transvaal Mus. ii. p. 135

(1910). ¢.

Sphex beniniensis, Pal. Beauv.

Sphex Beniniensis, Pal. Beauv. Insect, rec. en Afriq. & Amer. p. 48,

Hymén. (1837). ¢.

Ammophila cyaniventris, Guér. Mag. de Zool. xiii. P. 114, p. 9

(1843). ¢.

Ammophila (Parapsammophila) lugubris, Gerst. Monatsber. Akad.

Wiss. Berlin, p. 510 (1857). 9.

Ammophila lugubris, Gerstaecker, Peters, Reise u. Mossambique,

Zool, v. p. 480 (1862),

¢q

Mr. R. EB. Turner on Fossortal Hymenoptera, 395

Sphex braunsi, sp. n.

Q. Nigra; mandibulis, apice excepto, tergitis sternitisque primo

secundoque, tertio basi extrema, femoribus anticis subtus, inter-

mediis dimidio apicali, supra nigro-lineatis, tibiis anticis interme-

diisque, tarsisque anticis ferrugineis; petiolo segmento primo

nigro; tegulis testaceis; alis subhyalinis, apice leviter infu-

matis, venis nigris; pronoto mesonotoque transverse striatis,

¢. Femina similis; mandibulis tarsisque anticis nigris,

Long., 2 18, ¢ 16mm,

?. Mandibles with a long acute apical tooth and two

strong teeth on the inner margin. Clypeus with sparse large

punctures, microscopically punctured and pubescent; head

subopaque, with sparse large punctures, a deep groove from

the anterior ocellus to the base of the antenne. Eyes almost

parallel on their inner margins ; posterior ocelli much further

from the eyes than from each other, separated from the eyes

by a distance about one-third greater than the length of the

third joint of the flagellum. Pronotum a little longer than

the scutellum, nearly twice as broad anteriorly as long, with

a deep median groove on the posterior half, rather strongly

transversely striated. Mesonotum strongly transversely

striated, with a deep median sulcus reaching almost to the

posterior margin, where the striz are oblique. Scutellum

and postscutellum longitudinally striated. Median segment

rugose, with oblique striz, which are more distinct laterally

than in the middle, First joint of the petiole black, almost

exactly equal in length to the hind femur, a little longer than

the second joint of the petiole; second tergite longer than its

apical breadth. ‘Tarsal ungues simple, with a distinct pul-

villus. Pleurze rugose, with more or less distinct oblique

strie, evenly covered with very delicate whitish pubescence.

Spiracle of the first tergite situated considerably behind the

middle.

3. One large tooth only on the inner margin of the man-

dibles ; eyes converging towards the clypeus ; apical margin

of the clypeus widely and shallowly emarginate; eighth

sternite rather narrowly rounded at the apex. ‘Third cubital

cell in both sexes small, contracted both on the radius and

cubitus, second abscissa of the radius longer than the first in

the female, a little shorter in the male, more than twice as

long as the third.

Hab. Willowmore, 8S. Africa (Dr. Brauns), October 1,

1916.

The pronotum is much longer than in the common S, tenuis,

396 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.

Pal. Beauv., and the colouring is also very different. The

male genitalia are also different, the stipes being narrower

and more acute at the apex than in tenuis. The pulvillus is

absent in tenuis.

Sphea dolichoderus, Kolil.

Ammophila dolichodera, Kohl, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxiii.

p- 383 (1883). ¢.

Ammophila pulchricollis, Cam. Ann, Transvaal Mus, ii. p. 188

(1910). ¢.

According to Dr. Brauns, Cameron’s type is a female.

Kohl, in his table a few pages before the description of

delichodera, gives the name of the species as macrocola,

Probably he originally intended to use this name and changed

it in the description, but neglected to make the alteration in

the table. ;

Sphea ferrugineipes, Lep.

Ammophila ferrugineipes, Lep. Hist. nat. Insect. Hymen, iii. p. 383

(1845). 9.

Ammophila dunbrodyensis, Cam. Rec. Albany Mus, i. p. 822 (1905),

Sphex basalis, Sm.

Ammophila basalis, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. iy. p. 214 (1856). @.

Ammophila nigripes, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. iy. p. 215 (1856). dg.

Sphex (Coloptera) tuberculiscutis, sp. n.

@. Nigra; mandibulis, apice excepto, clypeo, antennis articulis

sex basalibus, prothorace, mesonoto lateribus, mesopleuris macula

sub alis, tegulis, scutelio, postscutello, tergito secundo leviter

nigro suffuso, petiolo subtus, sternitis pedibusque, femoribus

supra nigrolineatis, ferrugineis; alis sordide hyalinis, flavo-

suffusis, venis nigris; pronoto fere polito, antice subexcavato,

utrinque tuberculato, postice in medio obsolete transverse striato,

mesonoto transverse striato; scutello postscutelloque longitu-

dinaliter striatis, postice productis, lamellato-tuberculatis.

3. Femine similis, tergito secundo nigro, basi fusco-ferrugineo ;

clypeo apice in tuberculo producto.

Long., 9 21-22, ¢ 22-25 mm.

@. Mandibles with one large, broad, blunt tooth on the

inner margin, clypeus broadly subtruncate at the apex.

Eyes almost parallel on the inner margins ; posterior ocelli

almost as far from each other as from the eyes; front not

concave, without a distinct longitudinal sulcus; the face and

sides of the clypeus clothed with very delicate pale golden

Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 397

pubescence. Propleure almost smooth; mesopleura# rather

sparsely punctured ; sides of the median segment coarsely

rugulose, dorsal surface of the segment rugose; the humeral

calli, the apex of the median segment, and a long band on

the hind margin of the mesopleure clothed with very delicate

shining silver pubescence. First joint of the petiole about

as long as the hind femur and trochanter combined ; second

tergite slender, half as long again as its apical breadth.

Pulvillus well developed. Second abscissa of the radius

about half as long as the first.

3d. Eyes very slightly convergent towards the clypeus ;

posterior ocelli a little nearer to the eyes than to each other.

Clypeus produced into a porrect tubercle in the middle of the

anterior margin. Transverse strive of the pronotum more

developed than inthe female. First joint of petiole distinetly

longer than the hind femur and trochanter combined ; eighth

sternite broadly truncate at the apex.

Hab. British East Africa, Masongaleni, 3000 ft. (S.A,

Neave), March 29-April 1; Kibwezi, 3000 ft. (S. A. Neave),

April 2-4; Mitto Andei, 2500 ft. (S. A. Neave), March

26-28 ; ‘Tiwa River, Ukamba (S. W. J. Scholefield),

January 22-27.

Nearly allied to saussure’, Buyss., but easily distinguished

by the curious form of the pronotum and by the more strongly

produced scutellum and postscutellum. The male clypeus

differs strongly from that of the Palearctic species barbara,

Lep., and judeorum, Kohl.

Genus CHLORION,

Chlorion (Isodontia) apicata, Bingh.

Ammophila apicata, Bingh. Fauna Brit. India, Hymen. i. p, 234

(1897). 2.

Chlorion (Isodontia) praslinius, Guér.

Sphex praslinius, Guér, Voy. Coq., Zool. ii. p. 262 (1839).

Sphex morosa, Sm. Journ, Proc, Linn. Soc., Zool. iv., Suppl. p. 122

(1860).

Chlorion (Proterosphex) paulinieri, Guér.

Sphex Paulinieri, Guér. Magas, de Zool. xiii, P. 114, p. 8 (1843), 9,

Sphex eximia, Lep. Hist. nat. Insect. Hymén. iii p. 360 (1845), ¢.

This belongs to the group of aurulentus, Fabr., with the

median segment transversely striated. Kohl wrongly treats

the species as a true Ch/orton in the most restricted seuse,

but had not seen a specimen,

398 Mr. R. EB. Turner on new

XXXVITI.—New Australian Diplopterous Hymenoptera.

By Rowxranp #. Turner, F.Z.S., FES.

Paralastor aterrimus, sp. 0.

3. Niger; clypeo apice anguste, fronte interantennali, scapoque

subtus flavis; tarsis fusco-brunneis; alis hyalinis, anticis, pre-

cipue area costali, infuscatis; venis nigris; clypeo apice sub-

truncato ; sternito secundo basi elevato- tuberculato. fs

Long. 10 mm.

3. Clypeus closely microscopically punctured, with

larger scattered punctures, with very delicate close-lying

pubescence at the base, the apex subtruncate, scarcely emar-

ginate. Front coarsely and rather closely punctured, vertex

coarsely punctured-rugose. Thorax and median segment

coarsely punctured-rugose ; tegulz very coarsely punctured.

First tergite very coarsely punctured, second much more finely

and sparsely punctured ; the apical margins of tergites 3-6

narrowly fuscous brown. Second sternite shining, rather

strongly, but not very closely punctured, raised and sub-

tuberculate at the base. The first abdominal segment is

broad. Antenne, as in all males of the genus, with only

eight well-developed joints, the joints beyond the eighth

minute and concealed.

Hab. Townsville, Queensland (Dodd).

Paralastor diabolicus, sp. n.

¢o. Niger; clypeo apice late maculaque magna basali, fronte

interantennali seapoque subtus flavis; tarsis articulo apicali

ljuteo; alis hyalinis, anticis dimidio costali fortiter infuscatis,

venis nigris; clypeo. apice late emarginato; sternito secundo

basi fortiter elevato-tuberculato.

Long. 11 mm.

&. Clypeus closely micro-copically punctured, with

sparse larger punctures intermingled, the apex widely, but

not very deeply emarginate. Head coarsely punctured,

rather more sparsely on the front than on the vertex; a

low arched carina above the anterior ocelius. Thorax and

tegule very coarsely punctured ; median segment punctured-

rugose. First tergite broad, very coarsely punctured ;

second much more finely punctured, shining between the

punctures ; second sternite very strongly raised and bluntly

Australian Diplopterous Hymenoptera. 399

tuberculate at the base. The apical sternites from the third

are dull ferruginous brown.

' Had, Townsville, Queensland (Dodd),

Extremely like aterrimus, but differs in the broader and

emarginate clypens, in the yellow base of the clypeus, in

the colour of the apical sternites, and in the more strongly

raised aud tubereulate base of the second sternite. Both

species are very different in colour from other species of

the genus, superficially resembling Odynerus dietrichianus,

Sauss., and other similarly coloured Odynerus. In both

species the clypeus is feebly convex, somewhat more strongly

in aterrimus than in diabolicus. The two species appear to

be closely allied, much more so than is usually the case in

species with the same colour-pattern found in the same

locality.

Paralastor submersus, sp. n.

9. Nigra; macula parva interantennali, tergitoque secunda macula

maxima utrinque in medio confluentibus, flavis; alis infuscatis,

venis nigris.

Long. 11 mm.

?. Clypeus strongly and rather sparsely punctured, flat,

widely and rather shallowly emarginate at the apex, the

apical margin distinctly raised. Head coarsely and closely

punctured, thorax punctured-rugose, tegule sparsely punc-

tured at the base, more closely towards the apex. Median

segment punctured-rugose ; first tergite strongly punctured,

the punctures becoming sparse and smaller towards the

apex ; second tergite much more finely and sparsely punc-

tured, the punctures becoming much closer and rather larger

at the apex. Second sternite strongly punctured, raised and

subtuberculate at the base.

Hab. Lolworth Station, N. Queensland; June 29, 1901.

Received from Mr. Froggatt. 1 2.

Superficially this somewhat resembles P. conspiciendus,

Perkins, but the form of the clypeus shows that it is really

allied to the group of P. mackayensis, Perkins, and P. cari-

natus,Sm. The vessel on which the box containing the

specimen was sent was torpedoed, and the box was sub.

merged, but after treatment the specimen was dried in a

fairly satisfactory manner.

In all species described here the length measurement is to

the apex of the second abdominal segment, The types are

in the British Museum.

400 Dr. J. A. Grieg on the Age of some

XXXIX.—Remarks on the Age of some Arctic and North-

Atlantic Starfishes. By JAMES A. GRIEG, Curator of the

Bergen Museum, Bergen, Norway.

Dr. MortTENSEN has shown, in “ Smaa faunistiske og biolo-

giske Meddelelser” *, that ophiurids of various ages are found

simultaneously in shallow water at the same locality within

the boreal region ; transformed young were collected recently,

together with one-year old, fully developed two-year old, and

older individuals. At Sallingsund Dr. Mortensen obtained

young of Ophiura ciliaris with a disc-diameter of }-} mm.,

one-year old individuals with a disc-diameter of 3-4 mm.,

two-year old ones with a disc-diameter of 7-11 mm., and

several whose disc-diameter was more than 12 mm. and

whose age was probably three years.

The circumstances are the same on the Norwegian southern

and western coasts; on the other hand, Dr. Mortensen in

‘¢ Echinoderms from East Greenland ” T mentions that a large

number of Ophiura sarst obtained off Jan Mayen were all of

about the same size (disc-diameter 15-20 mm.). As nume-

rous specimens of Ophiura robusta, a very small species,

were taken in the same haul, the small Ophiura sarst could

not have been overlooked. At Jan Mayen there could only

have lived a single year-class of Ophiura sarsi, whose age

Dr. Mortensen estimates at one year, though I am most

inclined to estimate it at three years.

An examination of the ophiurids collected by the ‘ Michael

Sars’ in the Norwegian Sea shows that very often a single

year-class occurs at a locality, exactly as stated by Dr. Mor-

tensen in regard to Jan Mayen ; but several year-classes may*

also be found—in this case, one of them is generally more

numerously represented than the others {.

~ In this paper I shall confine my remarks to a haul which

the ‘Michael Sars’ made in the summer of 1914 off the

mouth of the Varanger Fjord. From this haul 157 Ophiura

sarsi were obtained with a disc-diameter of 16-27 mm., and

one specimen measuring 11 mm.; of these no fewer than 99

(or 63 per cent.) have a disc-diameter of 22-24 mm.—this

large group represents a year-class whose age must be put at

four years. There were also several individuals—not very

* Vidensk, Meddel. 1897, p. 321.

+ Meddel. om Gronland, xxix. 1903, p. 82.

¢ ‘Bergens Museums Aarbok,’ 1908, no. 18, p. 23.

Arctic and North-Atlantic Starfishes. 401

distinct, however—with a disc-diameter of 16-19 mm., which

must correspond to Dr. Mortensen’s of 15-20 mm. from Jan

Mayen ; the majority in this group cannot be more than three

years old. Finally, there is the specimen of 11 mm., the age

of which must be estimated at two years.

The ophiurids from the great depths of the North Atlantic

collected by the ‘ Michael Sars’ in 1910 show that the same

conditions exist as in the Norwegian Sea. A species of

ophiurids may be represented at a locality by several year-

classes, but only one of them numerously.

During the examination of the echinoderms collected by

the ‘ Michael Sars’ in 1910, I also commenced work on the

starfishes to see whether the conditions were the same as in

the ophiurids. In order to have material as abundant as

possible I did not confine my attention to that taken in 1910,

but added some from other cruises of the ‘ Michael Sars’ and

similar expeditions. Altogether I examined 14 species,

which were collected in Arctic waters, off the Norwegian

coasts, and in the North Atlantic. I had abundant material

of some species: thus of about 500 specimens of Pontaster

tenuispinus 155 were from one locality, and of about 800

specimens of Ctenodiscus crispatus 355 were from one locality ;

of the remaining species the material was somewhat scanty—

it is, however, of importance for the purpose of comparison.

The result of these investigations is more fully discussed in

* Nogen asteriders alder og aarsklasser” *; as this paper is

written in Norwegian, I here give an abstract from it.

The diameter of the disc served to determine the annual

classes of the ophiuids, but in the starfishes it was more

convenient to use the radius of the dise.

The measuring method requires many examples, and even

then the age of a specimen can only be determined with

certainty if its size comes within the measurements of the

majority of the individuals of a year-class. Another drawback

to this method is that the conditions of life and, consequently,

growth may differ at different localities ; the results from one

locality can therefore not be applied unconditionally to

another. Following the usual practice when studying fishes,

I have examined the marginal plates of the starfishes and

other parts of their skeleton in order to arrive at the age of

each individual, but I have not definitely succeeded in finding

annual rings. I have therefore been obliged to fall back

upon the measuring method.

* ‘Bergens Museums Aarbok,’ 1916-17, Naturvidensk Rekke, no. 1.

MAAN O19

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SNORE THHODAWAS

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Dr. J. A. Grieg on the Age of some

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402

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Arctic and North- Atlantic Starfishes. 403

Originally my intention was only to settle whether one or

ocwal year-classes of a species of starfishes occur at a

locality, and, if several, whether one of these is more nume-

rously represented than the others. In the course of my

investigations it drags that a similar number of annual

classes is gathered at the same locality of more than one

species. In Pontaster tenuispinus we find an annual class

with a dise-radius of 3-4 mm., another of 8-10 mm. We

find the same number of Ctenodiscus crispatus, Psilaster

andromeda, etc., or else the numbers are very close to those

mentioned for Pontaster tenuispinus. ‘Therefore, if we could

determine the age of a year-class for one species, that of the

others would also be known. Among some echinoderms

from Utne, Hardanger, I was fortunate enough to find some

very small Psilaster andromeda, which had apparently been

recently transformed to tle bottom stage. ‘l'his was conse-

quently group 0, other material belonged to group L., ete.

The measurements mentioned in this paper are given in

the table on p. 402, the remainder appear in “ Nogen aste-

riders alder og aarsklasser.”

I shall first endeavour to show that starfishes occurring at

a locality are, as a rule, represented by several year-classes,

but only one of them numerously. ‘The ‘ Voeringen’ took

153 Pontaster tenuispinus off the mouth of the Sogne Fjord:

of these one specimen had a dise-radius of 3 mm., the rest

measured 5-12 mm,, with a maximum of 119 specimens (or

76°8 per cent. of the total number) at 8-10 mm. A year-

class is evidently gathered about these measurements. The

3 mm. specimen belongs to another year-class, as is clearly

shown by 84 specimens taken by the ‘ Voeringen’ off the

Fro Islands; of these one specimen had a disc-radius of

9 mm., the rest 1-5 mm., including 12 specimens at 3 mm.

The conditions in the two localities were therefore quite

different: off the Fro Islands there was a maximum of 12

specimens at 3 mm. and one only at 9mm.; the Sogne Fjord

locality had, on the contrary, a maximum of 48 specimens at

9 mm., but one only at 3 mm. Common to both localities is

the circumstance that two year-classes were represented, only

one of them numerously.

At a station off the coast of Romsdal the ‘ Voeringen’ took

52 Pontaster tenuispinus, which had a disc-radius of 6-11 mm.,

with a maximum of 45 specimens at 7-9 mm. Evidently

only one annual class was represented here, and that one

must have been of the same age as the large group from the

station off tlhe Sogne Fjord.” As stated above, there was at

404 Dr. J. A. Grieg on the Age of some

this locality a maximum at 8-10 mm., while at the station

off the coast of Romsdal it was at 7-9 mm. The difference

must be attributed to the fact that there were better conditions

of life at the one locality. than at the other.

Quite the same result that the Fro Islands material gives

is exhibited by 55 specimens from a locality in the Kara Sea.

As the table shows there is a marked maximum of 49 speci-

mens at 3-5 mm., while only 5 specimens have a dise-radius

of 7-10 mm. From another locality in the Kara Sea there

are 37 specimens, which show that three year-classes may be

represented at a locality, but only one of them numerously.

We have first a large group of 29 specimens which have a

disc-radius of 2-7 mm., with a maximum of 22 specimens at

3-5 mm. ‘Then, a group of 7 specimens with a disc-radius

of 9-13 mm., and, finally, one specimen of 23 mm. Each of

these- groups must represent an annual class, the youngest of

which only was numerous.

The material of Pontaster tenutspinus examined by me

shows that this species has a year-class at 3-4 min., another

at 8-10 mm., and I have had some specimens with a disc-

radius of more than 13 mm. The material of this last group

is unfortunately so sparing that it has not been possible to

determine where its maximum is to be found; I should be

inclined to think that it must be looked for at about a radius

of 15 mm. With a disc-radius of 23 mm. Pontaster tenui-

spinus has attained its maximum of growth. Whether it is

possible to find one or two year-classes between 13 mm. and

23 mm. cannot at present be definitely determined, but I am

most inclined to think that representatives of two year-classes

are to be found between these two sizes.

From three localities in the Barent’s Sea I have measured

169, 149, and 335 specimens respectively of Ctenodiscus

crispatus. The specimens from the first locality measured

3-13 mm. and had a maximum of 128 specimeus (or 77°7 per

cent. of the total number) at 7-10 mm. ; at the second locality

there was a maximum of 132 specimens (or 88°6 per cent.) at

8-11 mm.—these specimens measured 6-13 mm. ; at the third

locality the specimens measured 6-16 mm.—at 9-12 mm.

there was a maximum of 267 specimens (or 79°7 per cent. of

the total number). If we compare the material, we find that

the majority of the specimens at all three localities are of the

same size and represent the same annual class. It is very

probable, however, that at two of the localities, at least, there

were specimens of still another year-class, for material from

other localities indicates that the’smallest specimens from the

Arctic and North-Atlantic Starfishes, 405

first locality and the largest from the last-named one must be

of an age other than the rest.

I stated above that the examples of Pontaster tenuispinus

examined represent three or possibly four annual classes,

The material of Ctenodiscus crispatus is only composed of

three year-classes : the maximum of the youngest class is at

4-5 mm.,, that of the second at about 10 mm., and that of the

third at 15-16 mm. A fourth year-class seems to be out of

the question in the case of this species, as it has already

attained its maximum growth at 18-19 mm.

It has been mentioned already that the food-conditions and

therefore the conditions of growth may be different in different

localities. ‘The maximum of a year-class will be gathered

about a measurement which varies somewhat for different

localities. In speaking of Pontaster tenuispinus I have called

attention to this fact, which is still more striking when we

compare the material of Ctenodiscus crispatus mentioned

above. As will be shown below, the two-year old annual

class has its maximum at a disc-radius of 7-10 mm, at one

locality, at 8-11 mm. at another, and at 9-12 mm. at a third,

which has evidently offered tle best conditions of life. I

ought to mention that the material from all localities was

collected in June, though in different years,

As it is with these two species, so it is with others that

live at shallower depths in Arctic and boreal waters. The

conditions are the same at the great depths in the Norwegian

Sea and the North Atlantic. The ‘ Michael Sars’ took 26

Hymenaster pellucidus in 1900 in the cold area off the east

coast of Iceland with a disc-radius of 4-25 mm. ‘This

material affords a maximum of 9 specimens at 8-9 mm.,

fewer at 14-15 mm., and still fewer at 22 mm. ; there were

thus three year-classes from this locality. Other material

indicates that the 4 mm. specimens represented a fourth

annual class.

Another species characteristic of the cold area of the

Norwegian Sea is Bathybiaster vewillifer, which may also be

1epresented by several year-classes at a locality. It may

be mentioned that the juvenile specimens of Bathybiaster

vevillifer, described by Danielssen and Koren under the name

Ilyaster mirabilis, was taken together with two full-grown

ones. The ‘ Michael Sars’ found in 1902 at a locality in the

cold area north of the Faroe Islands a very young specimen

whose disc-radius measured 4 mm., another of 7 mm., and

still others of as much as 22 mm.; some of these were thus

among the largest known in this species.. In other words,

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. iii. 27

406 Dr. J. A. Grieg on the Age of some

there have been living at least three year-classes at the same

locality. In the cold area off “Tampen” the ‘ Armauer

Hansen’ in 1914 took three Bathybiaster veaxillifer whose

disc-radius measured 2°7,3°5, and 25 mm. respectively ; here

were therefore two quite young individuals which must

represent one annual class and a full-grown individual

belonging to quite another.

In the North Atlantic the genus Bathybiaster is represented

by Bathybiaster robustus, a species which shows so much

likeness to Bathybiaster vewillifer that Verrill* considered

it as probably identieal. A closer examination, however,

shows that they are two different species, each living within

its own territory—the one within the cold area of the Nor-

wegian Sea, the other in the warm area of the North Atlantic.

They also differ from one another in the structure of the

skeleton. ‘There is the same difference between them that

there is between Pecten frigidus of the Norwegian Sea and

Pecten biskayensis of the North Atlantic. §.W. of Ireland

the ‘ Michael Sars’ obtained 25 specimens of Bathybiaster

robustus, which are grouped as follows: two specimens

measured 11-12 mm., the rest 15-21 mm., with a maximum

of 11 specimens at 19-20 mm. ‘That the maximum is found

among the largest specimens seems to indicate that the

smallest (11-12 mm.) specimens must belong to another

annual class.

In the eastern part of the North Atlantic Plutonaster

bifrons is the most commonly distributed starfish. It is

known from numerous localities between Faroe—Shetland

Channel and the Cape Verde Islands. In 1910 the

‘ Michael Sars’ collected this species at no fewer than seven

localities, at some of them in great numbers—thus at a station

W. of the Hebrides as many as 87 specimens were found.

This material has a disc-radius of 8-21 mm., besides which

there is a specimen of 24 mm. ‘There are two marked

maxima, one at 10-11 mm. comprising 28 specimens (or

32°2 per cent. of the total number) and another at 17-18 mm.

with 17 specimens (or 19°5 per cent. of the total number).

Both these maxima must represent annual classes. Judging

from material from another locality the 24 mm. specimen

must belong to yet another year-class.

The examples given must suffice. It appears from all the

material examined that starfishes living at a given locality

may belong to one year-class ; but most frequently they

* Proc. U.S. Nat, Museum, xvii, 1894, p. 256.

Arctie and North-Atlantic Starfishes. 407

represent two or more, only one of them being numerous,

The material also shows that each year-class is grouped about

certain definite sizes, and that these as a whole are common

to all species examined. Pontaster tenuispinus has a year-

class whose maximum is gathered about a disc-radius of

3-4 mm.; Ctenodiscus crispatus, Leptychaster arcticus,

Bathyhiaster vewillifer, Solaster papposus, Hymenaster pellu-

etdus, Henricia sanguinolenta, etc., have likewise a year-class

of this size ; Pontaster tenuispinus has the next year-class at

8-10 mm. In like manner we find that Plutonaster bifrons,

Dytaster agassizi, Ctenodiscus crispatus, Hymenaster pellu-

cidus, etc., have a year-class at the same size. It should be

noted that the figures are not absolutely exact ; with respect

to some species and localities they may be found a little above

or a little below those given, as I have already stated.

Speaking generally, these are agreements which cannot be

due to accidental circumstances. Each of these year-classes

must have a fixed age, and if the year-class 3-4 mm. of

Pontaster tenuispinus is one year old, then that year-class

of the other species which is of the same size must also be

one year old. It was therefore important to fix the age of a

year-class in a species, as thereby the age was given for the

other species.

I was fortunate to determine the age of some of the speci-

mens of Psilaster andromeda, collected by Dr. D. C.

Danielssen at Utne, Hardanger. The smallest specimens

from Utne have a dise-radius of 0°}5 mm. ‘They were young

which had recently been transformed to the bottom stage,

and thus belong to group 0. Of the rest two specimens

measured 3 mm., three 7-8 mm., four 10-12 mm., and two

14-15 mm. By comparing this material with some from

other localities it appeared that the next year-class, which is

one year old (group I.), is gathered about a disc-radius of

3-4 mm. Two-year old individuals (group II.) have a disc-

radius of 7-8 mm., three-year old ones (groupIII.) 12-15 mm.,

and four-year old ones (group IV.) 18-20 mm. Psilaster

andromeda has attained its maximum of growth at a disc-

radius of 20-22 mm. It should not therefore attain a greater

age than four years. The same also holds good for Pontaster

tenuispinus, Plutonaster bifrons, Bathyliaster veuillifer, and

probably most of the Northern starfishes,

Among the species whose age I have determined, Cteno-

discus crispatus and fymenaster pellucidus differ from the

above; the former seems only to attain three years and the

latter five or possibly six years.

27*

408 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on the

Several species, among them our most common starfish

(Asterias rubens), I have been unable to examine. The

material of some of the species was rather scanty and was

from a single locality only. This was the case with Bentho-

pecten spinosus and Dytaster agassizi. ‘The specimens

examined of these two species (see the table, p. 402) have a

disc-radius of 5-10 mm. and 6-12 mm. respectively *, and

seem to belong to the same year-class (group II.). The

question regarding the age of the starfishes therefore needs

further investigation.

XL.—Synopsis of the American Species of Rana.

By G. A. Boutenesr, F.R.S.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

¥. Toes pointed or with slightly swollen tips.

A. Glandular dorso-lateral fold absent or flat and ill-defined, or, if

nalrow and prominent, not extending to the hip; tympanum

at least 2 diameter of eye, usually much larger, especially in

males; tibia 23 to 4 times as long as broad; toes $ to entirely

webbed; outer metatarsals separated by web nearly to the

base; nasal bones in contact with each other or narrowly

separated.

1. Male with internal vocal sacs; dorso-lateral fold absent or

flat and very indistinct.

Vomerine teeth between the choanz (rarely

just behind them) ; first finger as long as

or a little longer than second; tibio-

tarsal articulation reaching tympanum

or eye; heels meeting or slightly over-

lapping when the hind limbs are folded

at right angles to the body; tibia 2,,

to 23 times in length from snont to vent ;

tip of fourth toe free; no dorso-lateral

DOIAY col. 6\\.'06s chs, skeet eb eee the R. catesbiana, Shaw.

Vomerine teeth between the choane ; first

finger a little shorter than second ; tibio-

tarsal articulation reaching tympanum

* The material of Benthopecten spinosus has not a maximum; of

Dytaster agassizi, on the other hand, there is a marked maximum at

9-10 mm, comprising 18 individuals (or 529 per cent. of the total

number).

American Species of Rana, 409

or eye; heels meeting or narrowly sepa-

rated; tibia 2} to 24 times in length

from snout to vent; web extending to

tip of fourth toe ; no dorso-lateral fold. 2. grylio, Stejn.

Vomerine teeth on a level with posterior

borders of choanw, or just behind

them; first and second fingers equal ;

tibio-tarsal articulation reaching eye ;

heels meeting or slightly overlapping;

tibia 2 to 24 times in length from snout

to vent; one or two phalanges of fourth

toe free; dorso-lateral fold present or

Sa er R. septentrionalis, Baird.

2. Male with internal vocal sacs; dorso-lateral fold usually very

distinct ; vomerine teeth between choane or just behind

them ; first finger as long as or a little longer than second ;

tibio-tarsal articulation reaching eye or between eye and tip

of snout; heels overlapping ; tibia 1$ to 2} times in length

from snout to vent; one or two phalanges of fourth toe

free.

Dorso-lateral fold not extending beyond

MNCL FOOD, i ar5k os ince nsts co aaek on ot J. clamitans, Daud.

Dorso-lateral fold extending beyond sacral

ES a re a R. onca, Cope.

3. Male with external vocal sacs; tympanum not larger than

eye ; first finger as long as or slightly longer than second;

heels meeting or not.

Head as long as broad ; tibio-tarsal articula-

tion reaching tympanum ; tibia 22 to 23

times in length from snout to vent; two

halanges of fourth toe free; no dorso-

BOONE LOND ns oat oe oe Os Ce dl R. virgatipes, Cope.

Head broader than long; tibio-tarsal arti-

culation reaching tympanum or eye;

tibia 2 to 24 times in length from snout

to vent; fourth toe webbed to the tip,

or last phalanx free; usually a more or

less distinct dorso-lateral fold ....... , BR. montezuma, Baird.

B, Glandular dorso-lateral fold very distinct, extending to the hip

(exceptionally interrupted posteriorly); nasal bones widely

separated from each other.

1. Outer metatarsals separated nearly to the base ; toes obtusely

pointed, 3 to nearly entirely webbed ; tibio-tarsal articulation

reaching eye, tip of snout, or a little beyond; tibia 34 to 54

times as Jong as broad, 14 to 2y5 times in length from snout

to vent.

a. Male with vocal sacs.

Head as long as broad or a little broader or

a little longer ; interorbital space much

narrower than upper eyelid; dorso-

410 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on the

lateral folds narrow or moderately

broad, usually with interrupted folds or

elongate warts between them; outer

metatarsal tubercle absent or very indis-

tinct; male with external or internal

vocal 6808.56 banter Meee Sdewsbasss) By Reletna PL!

Head as long as broad; interorbital space

much narrower than upper eyelid;

dorso-lateral folds very broad, with a

pair of similar folds between them;

outer metatarsal tubercle usually pre-

sent; male with internal vocal sacs .. R. palustris, Leconte.

b. Male without vocal sacs.

Head broader than long; interorbital space

as broad as or narrower than upper eye-

lid; tympanum 3 to once diameter of

eye; outer metatarsal tubercle absent

OF(WELY MIMISUINEH: (ress ais ase’ ol ies e .. BR. draytonii, B. & G.

Head as long as broad or slightly broade

than long; interorbital space narrower

than upper eyelid; tympanum ? to $

diameter of eye; a more or less distinct

outer metatarsal tubercle ............ BR. aurora, B. & G.

2. Web not penetrating beyond basal half of outer metatarsals.

a. Glandular dorso-lateral fold narrow or moderately broad ;

head moderately large; vomerine teeth on a level with

or behind posterior borders of choane.

Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching tympanum

or eye; tibia 3 to 43 times as long as

broad, 2 to 23 times in length from

snout to vent ; toes } to nearly entirely

webbed ; inner metatarsal tubercle } to

2 length of inner toe; male without

wOeal S828 .. 66 ees «fees SI msec . &. pretiosa, B. & G.

Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching tympanum

or eye; tibia 3 to 4 times as long as

broad, 2+ to 23 times in length from snout

to vent ; toes 4 to 2 webbed ; inner meta-

tarsal tubercle 4 to 3 length of inner toe ;

male with internal vocal sacs ........ R. cantabrigensis, Baird.

Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching beyond

eye; tibia 4 to 5 times as long as broad,

1% to 2 times in length from snout to

vent; toes 3 to 8 webbed; inner meta-

tarsal tubercle 2 to 2 length of inner toe ;

male with internal vocal sacs ........ 2. stlvatica, Leconte.

6. Glandular dorso-lateral fold broad; vomerine teeth between

the choane.

Head moderate, slightly broader than long,

3 to 35 times in length to vent; loreal

American Species of Rana. 411

region feebly oblique ; tibio-tarsal arti-

culation reaching eye; tibia 4} to 5

times as long as broad, 2} to 2} times

in length from snout to vent; toes }

webbed; male without vocal sacs .... 2. godmani, Gthr.

Head very large, as long as broad or alittle

broader than long, 2% to 3 times in

length to vent; loreal region very

oblique ; tibio-tarsal articulation reach-

ing anterior border of eye or between

eye and nostril; tibia 4 to 5 times as

long as broad, 1? to nearly 2 times in

length from snout to vent; toes 4

webbed ; male with external vocal sacs. R. areolata, B. & G.

Head very large, much broader than long,

25 to 2% times in length to vent ; loreal

region very oblique; tibio-tarsal articu-

lation reaching tympanum or eye; tibia

3 to 35 times as lony as broad, 2 to 2}

times in length from snout to vent;

toes 4 webbed; male with external

i ES a ee weeeeee Zt, capito, Leconte.

II. Toes ending in very small discs; outer metatarsals separated

nearly to the base; interorbital space equal to or a little less than

breadth of upper eyelid ; nasal bones widely separated from each

other.

A. Loreal region moderately oblique; toes entirely webbed or two

phalanges of fourth free.

1. Tips of fingers swollen; vomerine teeth behind level of

choane; tympanum 2 to # diameter of eye; tibio-tarsal

articulation reaching tip of snout or beyond; head broader

than long.

No dorso-lateral fold; tympanum distinct ;

heels not overlapping; tibia 15 to 2

times in length from snout to vent; no

outer metatarsal tubercle; male without

Womeh MAC... ced i vce cee oud MEET RR. tarahumare, Blgv.

Dorso-lateral fold, if distinct, yery broad and

flat and restricted to the anterior half of

the body; tympanum feebly distinct,

ill-defined ; heels overlapping; tibia 12

to 1+ times in length from snout to vent ;

an outer metatarsal tubercle; male with

Maternal vocal sacs .......nesercscess R, boylii, Baird.

A moderately prominent dorso-lateral fold,

extending to the hip, its distance from

its fellow, on the back, 34 times in length

from snout to vent; tympanum very

distinct; heels overlapping; tibia 1}

times in length from snout to yent; no

outer metatarsal tubercle ............ 2 pustulosa, Blgr.

412 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on the

2. Tips of fingers obtuse or rather pointed; vomerine teeth be-

tween choanse; tympanum 3} to $ diameter of eye; tibio-

tarsal articulation reaching eye or tip of snout; tibia 13 to

21 times in length from snout to vent; dorso-lateral fold

prominent, its distance from its fellow, on the back, 4 to 53

times in length from snout to vent; no outer metatarsal

tubercle; head as long as broad or a little broader than long ;

male with internal vocal sacs .. 2. palmipes, Spix.

B. Loreal region vertical or nearly so; toes ? to 3? webbed; tips of

fingers swollen; tympanum 3 to 3 diameter of eye; tibio-

tarsal articulation reaching eye or between eye and tip of

snout ; heels overlapping ; tibia 5 to 6 times as long as broad,

12 to 2 times in length from snout to vent; dorso-lateral fold

prominent, its distance from its fellow, on the back, 5 to 6

times in length from snout to vent; no outer metatarsal

tubercle ; head as long as broad or a little longer than broad ;

male without vocal sacs ........ R. ceruleopunctata, Stdr.

The American frogs all belong to the subgenus Hana,

agreeing with the type-species, R. temporaria, L., in the

structure of the pectoral arch (strong horizontal clavicles,

omosternal style not forked at the base). I conceive the

most primitive type as with large nasal bones in contact

with each other and with the frontoparietals entirely cover-

ing the ethmoid ; pointed, fully webbed toes with the outer

metatarsals separated by web to the base; a distinct tym-

panum; no glandular dorso-lateral fold*. I therefore

regard the species grouped together in division I. A. of the

above synopsis as nearest to this prototype ; from this group

I. B. 1. and II. seem to be directly and independently derived,

probably also I. B.2.6.; whilst I. B. 2.a. is obviously con-

nected with I. B.1. The species under Division II. are

furthest removed from the prototype; I see no reason for

regarding R. boylii as nearly allied to the Rane temporaria,

and it is connected with R. palmipes by R. pustulosa.

1. Rana catesbiana, Shaw, 1802.

R. boans (non L.), Lacep., 1788,—R. mugiens, Merr., 1820.—A. scapu-

laris, pipiens, Harl., 1825.—R. conspersa, Leconte, 1855,

North America east of the Rocky Mountains, from Canada

(Quebec, Ontario) to Florida and Texas.

2. Rana grylio, Stejneg., 1901.

Florida, Mississippi, and Louisiana.

* Cf. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1918, p. 111.

American Species of Rana, 413

3. Rana septentrionalis, Baird, 1855,

R. stnuata, Baird, 1855.

Southern Canada and New York to Montana and Utah.

4. Rana clamitans, Daud., 1801.

R. clamata, Daud., 1803.—R. fontinalis, Leconte, 1825.—R. flavi-

viridis, Harl., 1825.—R. horiconensis, Holbr., 1842.—R. nigricans,

Agass., 1850.—R. nigrescens, clamator, Leconte, 1855,—R. clamitans

melanota, Rhoads, 1895.

North America, east of the Rocky Mountains, from

Canada (Quebec, Ontario) to Florida and Louisiana.

5. Rana onca, Cope, 1875.

R. draytoni onea, Cope, 1889.—L. fischeri, Stejneg., 1893.

Utah and Nevada.

6. Rana virgatipes, Cope, 1891.

New. Jersey (Atlantic City and Lakehurst) and North

Carolina (Lake Ellis).

7. Rana montezume, Baird, 1855.

R. adtrita, Troschel, 1865,—R. montezume concolor, Cope, 1887.

Plateau of Mexico, Tabasco, Tehuantepec.

8. Rana halecina, L., 1766 *.

R. pipiens, Schreb., 1782.—R, utricularia, Harl., 1825.—R. oxyrhyn-

chus, Hallow., 1856. — R. berlandieri, Baird, 1859.— R. forreri,

Bouleng., 1883.—R. virescens, Garm., 1884.—R. halecina spheno-

cephala, brachycephala, austricola, Cope, 1886.—? R. trilobata,

Mocquard, 1899.—2R. omiltemana, Giinth., 1900,

North America as far north as 52°, not extending west of

the Sierra Nevada, Mexico and Central America as far

south as Costa Rica. Up to 8000 ft. altitude in Colorado,

85090 ft. in Mexico, 5000 ft. in Costa Rica,

It may be possible to define three principal varieties :

sphenocephala, Cope, forreri, Blgr., and austricola, Cope

(lecontix, Gthr., Brocchi, nigricans, Brocchi).

* This name, latinised by Linnwus from Kalm’s ‘ Sillhoppertosser,’

appears in the synonymy of R&, ocellata.

414 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on the

9. Rana palustris, Leconte, 1825.

R. pardalis, Harl., 1825.

North America, east of the Mississippi.

10. Rana draytonii, B. & G., 1852.

R. lecontei, B. & G., 1853.— R. nigricans, Hallow., 1854.—R. longipes,

Hallow., 1859.—R. aurora draytoni, Camp, 1917.

Western North America, from British Columbia to the

mountains of Lower California, up to 4000 ft. altitude.

11. Rana aurora, B. & G., 1852.

R. temporaria aurora, Cope, 1883.—R. agilis awrora, Cope, 1886.

Washington Territory, Oregon, and California.

12. Rana pretiosa, B. & G., 1853.

R. temporaria pretiosa, Cope, 1889.—R. pretiosa luteiventris, H. B.

Thomps., 1918.

North America, from the Rocky Mountains westwards,

from British Columbia to California.

13. Rana cantabrigensis, Baird, 1854.

R. cantabrigensis latiremis, evittata, Cope, 1886.

Western North America, from Alaska and Great Bear

Lake to British Columbia, Alberta, Assiniboia, Manitoba,

Minnesota, and Illinois.

14. Rana silvatica, Leconte, 1825.

R, pennsylvanica, Harl., 1825.

Eastern North America, from Manitoba, Ontario, and

Quebec to South Carolina.

15. Rana godmani, Gthr., 1900.

Costa Rica (Rio Sucio).

I cannot help thinking that R. godmani will prove to be

American Species of Rana. 415

identical with Levirana vibicaria, Cope, 1894. Except for

the presence of feebly developed vomerine teeth, the longer

inner finger, and the more extensive palmation of the toes

in the former, there is almost complete agreement between

the descriptions of the two, which are from the same part of

Costa Rica.

16. Rana areolata, B. & G., 1852.

R. circulosa, Rice & Davis, 1878.

Indiana, Illinois, Georgia, Texas.

17. Rana capito, Leconte, 1855.

R. areolata e@sopus, capito, Cope, 1886.

Georgia, I lorida.

18. Rana tarahumare, Blgr., 1917.

Sierra Tarahumari, N.W. Mexico, about 3000 ft.

19. Rana boylii, Baird, 1854.

R, pachyderma, Cope, 1883.—R. boylii muscosa, sierre, Camp, 1917.

Oregon and California, up to 11,500 ft. altitude.

20. Rana pustulosa, Blgr., 1883.

Ventanas in Durango, Mexico.

21. Rana palmipes, Spix, 1824.

R. juninensis, Tschudi, 1845.—Ranula gollmeri, Peters, 1859.—R. cla-

mata, var. guianensis, Peters, 1863.—Ranula affinis, Cope, 1866,—

Pohhia palmipes, Steind., 1867.—Ranula brevipalmata, nigrilatus,

Cope, 1874.—R. vaillanti, Brocchi, 1877.—Hylarana brevipalmata,

Brocchi, 1882.—R. copii, Bouleng., 1882.—R. bonaccana, melano-

soma, Gunth., 1900.—R. brevipalmata rhoadsi, Fowler, 1913.

Central and South America, from Southern Mexico to

Pernambuco and Peru.

This frog is interesting as the only representative of the

genus fana in South America. Few species have been

more misunderstood and haye given rise to more discussion

416 On the American Species of Rana.

than this FR. palmipes, originally described from the

Amazonian region of Brazil.

It has been made the type of a distinct genus ( Ranula,

Pohlia) by Peters and by Steindachner, and even referred to

the Hylide by Giinther (1867). Peters founded the genus

Ranula on the feeble dentition : “ Die Zahne des Oberkiefers

sind so schwach und wenig zahlreich dass man sie erst bei

genauer Untersuchung findet und am Gaumen fehlen sie

ganz.” The explanation is that Ranula gollmeri was described

from a recently transformed young, from Caracas, measuring

50 mm. from snout to vent; of this I feel sure, having

examined young from Pebas of exactly the same size with a

short tail and toothless upper jaw. A second, larger speci-

men, also from Caracas, was described at the same time by

Peters as Rana affinis, and regarded as so closely related to

Jt. temporaria that it should perhaps rank as a local variety

only. <A little later, however, Peters recognized that the

two supposed species were identical and correctly referred

them to &. palmipes. In 1866, Cope took up the genus

Ranula and defined it as the American representative of

Hylorana, differing in the “important particulars of the

incompleteness of the ethmoid arch, its superior plate being

represented by cartilage.”” Cope, who maintained the

definition up to the close of his labours, can only have

examined young specimens, for in the adult the ethmoid is

ossified exactly as in Rana temporaria.

Schlegel, Tschudi, and Duméril and Bibron referred

RR. palmipes to the synonymy of R. esculenta; Peters

described another specimen as a variety of FR. clamitans ;

Brocchi’s 2. vaillanti was described as allied to R. mugiens ;

whilst Giinther (1900), overlooking the small terminal

dises of the toes, compared his FR. bonaccana to R. clamitans

and f. draytonii.

22. Rana ceruleopunctata, Stdr., 1864.

Ranula ceruleopunctata, chrysoprasina, Cope, 1866.—Hyarana ceruleo-

punctata, Steind., 1867.—Trypheropsis chrysoprasinus, Cope, 1868.—

Hylarana chry -ysopr asina, Brocchi, 1882.

Nicaragua and Costa Rica, up to 4600 ft. altitude.

A remarkable Cysticercus from a rare Dolphin. 417

XLI,— A remarkable Cysticercus from a rare Dolphin

(Cysticercus Teenie Grimaldii, Montez, 1889). By H. A.

Baywis, M.A.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

In May 1917 a specimen of the rare dolphin Lagenorhynchus

acutus was stranded at Skegness, on the Lincolnshire coast.

It was sent to the British Museum (Natural History), and

during its dissection by Mr. W. P. Pycraft there were found

under the peritoneum large numbers of cysts. ‘These con-

tained blood-stained fluid, and in each of them, lying free in

the fluid, was what appeared to be a Cysticercus. In some

cases there were also two or three hard calcareous concretions

in the fluid, and in one cyst the fluid was milky and opaque.

A number of the cysticerci were carefully preserved by

Dr. W. T. Calman, to whom I am indebted for the foregoing

details of information. Dr, Calman also observed that on

removal from the host (which had been dead at least eleven

days) the worms still showed signs of life, and ‘responded

by feeble but quite distinct contractions when prodded with

a needle.”

‘Lhe worm appears to be identical with a form described

by Moniez (1889) under the name of “ Cysticercus Twnie

Grimaldii”’ *, the sexually mature form of which is unknown.

Although Moniez observed the most striking feature of the

animal—viz., its long neck—he does not describe the anatomy

very fully, and gives no account of the important characters

of the scolex. Further, no figures of this remarkable form

are given. It is thought worth while, therefore, to give here

a somewhat fuller description, including some account of the

scolex, which has features of systematic value.

ANATOMY.

The cysticerci are yellowish-white in colour (in spirit) and

are of very variable size and shape. ‘The length varies from

about 8 to 25 mm., according to age and state of contraction.

* The Cysticercus Tenie Grimaldii is apparently closely similar to, if

not identical with, Stenotenia delphint, Gervais, 1870; from this author's

description it appears that he took the “neck” to be the worm itself, and

the bladder of the cysticercus to be a second cyst containing it,

418 Mr. H. A. Baylis on a remarkable

On the whole, the general form may be described as an elon-

gate pear-shape, tle narrower end being that at which the

invagination takes place for the formation of the scolex.

Frequently the “ bladder” is somewhat flattened and pushed

in on one side, so that the animal is then convex on one

surface and concave on the other. The “ anterior”? end, or

that at which invagination takes place, is often suddenly

narrowed, forming a rather proboscis-like projection. The

Fig. 1.

“ Cysticercus Tenie Grimaldi.” | View of the animal cut through trans-

versely at about the middle. Much magnified.

N., coils of the “neck ” cut across in various directions; P., parenchyme

of the “ bladder.”

wall of the bladder is firm in consistency, but cuts very

easily. On opening a specimen, the wall is found to be very

thick on two sides and comparatively thin on the other two

(fig. 1, P.). The appearance of a small specimen on being

thus opened is much like that of the well-known forms of

Cysticercus, such as OC. pisiformis, except as regards the

———————

”

Cysticercus from a rare Dolphin. 419

unusual thickness of the wall of the bladder, The larger

specimens, however, slow a very remarkable structure. ‘The

cavity of the bladder is almost entirely filled by an enor-

mously long coiled tube, which on further investigation is

Fig. 2.

“ Cysticercus Teniv Grimaldit.” Portion of a transverse section near

; the hinder end, passing through the scolex.

C., cuticle; M., muscle-layers; N., coils of the “neck” cut across ;

P., parenchyme of the “ bladder”; S., scolex.

found to be continuous at one end with the wall of the

bladder at the point of invagination, and at the other end by

careful search may be seen to end blindly in a slight bulbous

expansion which contains a scolex. ‘The tube, in fact, is

420 Mr. H. A. Baylis on a remarkable

simply an extraordinarily elongated “neck,” precociously

developed within the bladder of the cysticercus. The coils of

this tube run in various directions (figs. 1 & 2, V.), but in

the main antero-posteriorly. After fixation of the worm it

is impossible to straighten out this neck for the purpose of

measuring it; but Moniez calculated that in one moderate-

sized specimen examined by him it measured 65 centimetres,

and the length was probably greater still in larger specimens.

It must, at all events, be many inches in length.

“ Cysticercus Tenie Grimaldi.” The scolex, as seen by transparency

within the swollen blind end of the “ neck.”

B., bothridium; P., terminal papilla; S., accessory sucker.

The structure of the scolex (fig. 2, S., & fig. 3) is espe-

cially important. Moniez dismisses it with the statement

that it is provided with four suckers and destitute of hooks.

In reality, however, its suckers deserve special attention.

They are, strictly, “bothridia”’ of the type seen in certain

Cestodes of the family Phyllobothriidee—z, e., they have the

form of elongated flaps (fig. 3, B.) attached to the scolex at

their anterior ends and hanging freely posteriorly. Their

edges are slightly curled inwards at the sides and behind,

ea ne

Cysticercus from a rare Dolphin. 421

forming a shallow cup. At the anterior end of each

bothridium there is a small rounded muscular “ accessory

sucker” (tig. 3, S.). The apex of the scolex bears a slight

papilla (“myzorhynchus”’) (fig. 3, P.), but there are no

hooks of any kind. The scolex measures about 0°5 mm. in

length and about 0°25 mm. in width at the level of the

accessory suckers. ‘I'he bothridia, including the accessory

suckers, are about 0°3 mm. long, the diameter of the accessory

suckers themselves being 0°L mm. ‘The neck, in a well-

advanced specimen, measures 0*2 mm. in thickness and is of

very nearly the same diameter throughout its length, though

slightly widened here and there.

The histological structure of the animal presents some

features of interest. ‘lhe wall of the external “ bladder,” as

has been mentioned, is greatly thickened, especially on two

opposite sides. The groundwork of this thick envelope con-

sists of loose parenchymatous: tissue, with a few scattered

muscle-fibres. There is a slight concentration of these

towards the periphery, as seen in transverse sections, forming

a vague circular layer. Externally the surface is covered

with a delicate cuticle, immediately below which there is a

thin coat of circular muscle-fibres, followed again by a thin

coat of longitudinal muscles.

The parenchyme is densely crowded with calcareous bodies,

showing the usual concentric structure. In addition to these

there are immense numbers of fat-cells, each enclosing a

large globule of fat. This fat is so abundant that it at first

hindered the preparation of satisfactory serial sections, as it

was found that a layer of it, partially dissolved out of the

tissues by the xylol used in the process, was formed round

the object when embedded in: paraffin in the usual way.

This difficulty was found to be easily overcome by a short

immersion in ether before clearing. The fat-cells were very

beautifully demonstrated by staining thin shavings of the

parenchyme with Sudan [ETI. and mounting in glycerine.

The parenchy me of the bladder-wall also contains numerous

branching excretory vessels with delicate walls. These

empty eventually into a wide and siifuous excretory canal,

opening to the exterior by a minute pore at the posterior end

of the bladder. This pore is, in some cases, just visible to

the naked eye.

The structure of the long “ neck” shows the same layers

as have been described for the bladder, but in the reverse

order, and they may be seen to pass over from one to the

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. iii. 28

”

422 Mr. H. A. Baylis on a remarkable

other at the invagination. Thus the neck is lined by a thin

cuticle, which is followed by two layers of muscles—the inner

coat circular, the outer longitudinal. Outside the longitu-

dinal muscles there is a coat of parenchymatous tissue, with

very densely crowded nuclei on the inner side. The outer

boundary of this layer, like the inner boundary of the wall of

the bladder, is vaguely defined, and the parenchyme-cells

seem to be bathed in the fluid contained in the bladder,

which in the fixed material has become coagulated into a

flocculent mass, containing numerous refringent granules.

SYSTEMATIC POSITION.

The structure of the scolex enables the affinities of this

larval form to be decided with some precision. It may be

assigned definitely to the genus Monorygma, Diesing, 1863,

of the family Phyllobothriide. The question therefore arises

whether it can be specifically determined. The worms of

this genus, of which six species appear to have been described

up to the present, are all parasitic, in their sexual stage, in

sharks and dogfish.

The six known species are the following :—

1. M. perfectum (van Beneden, 1853) [Anthobothrium per-

fectum).

Host: Lemargus borealis.

2. M. gracile (Olsson, 1869) [ Trilocularia gracilis].

Host: Acanthias vulgaris.

3. M. elegans, Monticelli, 1890 [originally described by

Zschokke, 1889, under the name of Monorygma per-

fectum, Diesing ].

Hosts: Seyllium catulus and S. stellare.

4. M. chlamydoselachi, Lonnberg, 1898.

Host: Chlamydoselnchus anguineus.

3. MM. dentatum, v. Linstow, 1907.

Host: a shark (Antarctic) of unknown determination.

6. M. rotundum, Klaptoez, 1907.

Host: Notidanus | Hexanchus] griseus.

Cysticercus from a rare Dolphin. 423

As regards the dimensions of the scolex, the present form

seems to approach most closely to MM. e/egans, which has

been fairly fully described by both Zschokke * (1889) and

de Beauchamp (1905). The length of the scolex in this

form is given by Zschokke as 0°-4 mm.-0'8 mm., the width

of the scolex as 0°3 mm.—0°4 mm., and the width of the neck

as 0'l mm.-0'25 mm. The other measurements given by

both authors agree fairly well with those given above for

the cysticercus,

There has been some confusion between M. perfectum

(van Beneden) and M. elegans, but on comparing the original

descriptions it seems highly probable, as Monticelli (1890,

p- 434, footnote) and de Beauchamp (1905) contend, that the

two forms are distinct. J. elegans, according to de Beau-

champ, is 17 or 18 cm. in length, while I. perfectum reaches

30 to 40 cm. (van Beneden, 1853, 1861) or 12 to 15 inches

(Diesing, 1863). The scolex is also very much larger in

M. perfectum, measuring, according to van Beneden, 1-2 mm.

in width, while Diesing gives it as 3-1", MM. perfectum

would appear therefore to be a considerably larger form

altogether than AZ, elegans.

Lire-Hisrory.

It would have been extremely interesting if the cysticercus

under discussion could have been shown to belong to Mono-

rygma perfectum, since, as Dr. 8. F. Harmer informs me, the

host of this species, the Greenland shark (Lamargus borealis)

has the habit of biting out pieces of the flesh of living

Cetacea, and this would have afforded a satisfying account of

the life-history of the parasite. If M. elegans and MM, per-

jectum were shown to be identical, greater plausibility might

be lent to this hypothesis. For the present, however, it

seems impossible to assign the cysticercus definitely to any

of the species. It may very possibly be that of MM. elegans,

which is parasitic in Scy//ium spp., and to which species, as

has been seen, it approaches closely in the size and structure

of the scolex. We have also to remember the somewhat

remarkable fact that the cysticerci can remain alive for at

least eleven days after the death of the host, and even after

its removal from the water. Hence they may very well be

swallowed by any species of dogfish that devours pieces of

dead dolphins containing the cysts.

* Zschokke describes it under the name of M. perfectum, Dies.

28*

424 Ona remarkable Cysticercus from a Dolphin,

As regards the long neck of the cysticercus, it would

appear to be one of those apparently useless structures so

frequently met with in the animal kingdom, of which no

satisfactory explanation is forthcoming. As Moniez remarks:

“Tout ce développement se fait en pure perte, car il est bien

impossible que la téte du 'Ténia puisse se dévaginer.”” In all

probability all but the portion surrounding the scolex is

thrown off and lost when the animal finds its way into its

tinal host.

The host of the Cysttcereus Teniie Grimaldii, Moniez,

though its specific name is not given, would appear to have

been the common dolphin (Delplinus delphis), as was also

the host of Gervais’s Stenotenia delphint. The worm is now

recorded for the first time in Lagenorhynchus.

REFERENCES.

pre BravcHamp, P. Marais. 1905. “Etudes sur les Cestodes des

Selaciens.”” .Arch. Parasitol. Paris, ix. p. 463.

Diesine, K. M. 1863. ‘“ Revis. der Cephalocotyleen, Abth. Parameco-

cotyleen.” Sitz. d. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xlviii. Abth. 1 P- 200.

Gervais, H. 1870. “Sur les Entozonires des Dauphins.” Compt.

rend. Ac. Sci. Paris, Ixxi. p. 779.

Kiaprocz, B. 1907. “Neue Phyllobothriden aus Nottdanus.. .”

Arb. Zool. Inst. Wien, xvi. p. 325.

Linstow, O. v. 1907. ‘ Nematodes of the Scottish National Antarct.

Exp., 1902-1904.” Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxvi. p. 464.

LénnBera, KE. 1898. “Ein neuer Bandwurm aus Chlamydoselachus

anguineus.” Arch. Mathem. og Naturvidensk. Christiania, xx.

no. 2.

Monrez, R. 1889. “Sur la larve du Tenia Grimaldit, nov. sp., para-

site du Dauphin.” Compt. rend. Ac. sci, Paris, cix. p. 825.

Monricett, I’. 8S. 1890. “ Klenco degli Elminti ’studiati a Wime-

reux...” Bull. scientif. France et Belg., Paris, xxii. p. 417.

Oxsson, P. 1869. “ Nova Genera parasit. Copepod. et Platyhelm.”

Act. Univ. Lund. vi. no. 7, p. 5.

VAN BENEDEN, P.-J. 1853. “ Sur un poisson rare de nos cétes (Sczm-

nus glacialis) et ses parasites.” Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., Brussels,

xx. part 2, p. 258.

——. 1861. ‘‘Memoire sur les Vers intestinaux.” Compt. rend. Ac.

sci. Paris, Suppl. ii. p. 125.

ZscHoxkkr, F. 1889. ‘ Recherches sur la structure... des Cestodes.”

Mem. Inst. Nat. Geney. xvii. p. 281. :

On Indo-Chinese Hymenoptera, 425

XLIL—On Indo-Chinese Hymenoptera collected by I. Vitalis

de Salvaza—Il. By RKowrann E. Turner, F.Z.S., 0.0.8.

Family Siricida.

Tremex smithi, Cam.

Tremex smithi, Cam. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 470 (1876). 2 ¢.

One female, taken at Vieng Vai, Haut Mékong, on

June 10, 1918, differs from the typical form in the total

absence of yellow abdominal markings, in the more distinct

blue gloss on the whole insect, and in the almost clear

liyaline base of the wings, extending on the fore wing to

the basal nervure and nervulus. I do not know whether

these distinctions are merely individual or whether they

indicate a local race. The autennz are 22-jointed.

Tremex flavicollis, Cam.

Tremex flavicollis, Cam. Mem. Manchester Lit. & Phil. Soc. xliii.

p. 3 (1899). Q.

_ One female, taken at Vien Poukha, liaut Mekong, on:

May 11, 1918, differs from the description in having the

scutellum covered with long fulvous hairs, and in having

the fifth and sixth tergites broadly yellow at the base and

clothed with long fulvous pubescence towards the apex.

The autenne are 21-jointed,

Xiphydria melanopus, Cam.

Niphydria melanopus, Cam, Journ, Straits Br. R. As. Soc, xxxix,

p. 90 (1903).

Hab. Nam Lot, Haut Mékong; May 2,1918. 1 9.

Described from Borneo.

Family Evaniide.

Pristaulacus tuberculiceps, sp. v.

Q. Ferruginea ; capite fusco-ferrugineo ; antennis mandibulisque

nigris; alis flavis, venis ferrugineis; cellula cubitali prima

macula magna sub stigmate, cellula brachiali secunda striga

obliqua basali, nervulogue macula oblonga venam basalem

426 Mr. R. E. Turner on

attingente fuscis; cellula brachiali secunda apice leviter infus-

cata; capite maximo, vertice fortiter bituberculato.

Long. 14 mm.; terebre long. 12 mm.

9. Mandibles broad, with two apical teeth, the outer one

long, the imner one very short, above the inner tooth the

edge of the mandible is ‘broadly rounded. Second joint of

flagellum about two and a half times as long as the first,

third a little more than half as long again as the second.

Clypeus rather sparsely punctured, front minutely and

very closely punctured. Head massive, subqnadrate,

strongly produced behind the eyes, cheeks distinctly longer

than the scape, temples distinctly broader than the eyes;

posterior ocelli as far from each other as from the eyes and

nearly three times as far from the hind margin of the head.

Vertex produced posteriorly on each side into a large,

upright, blunt tubercle. Behind each of the posterior

ocelli, and separated from them by the same distance that

separates: them from the anterior ocellus, is a minute

tubercle, which at first sight resembles a minute ocellus.

Thorax without spines or tubercles; neck short; meso-

notum and scutellum strongly transversely striated ; pre-

scutum concave in the middle anteriorly ; mesopleurz less

strongly striated ; postscutellum coarsely longitudinally

striated, median segment coarsely and irregularly trans-

“ versely striated, bluntly produced above the insertion of

the abdomen. Tarsal ungues with a row of four teeth,

excluding the apical tooth. Abdomen stout, the first

segment very strongly broadened from the base, third and

following tergites clothed with very delicate fulvous pubes-

cence. Second abscissa of tle radius half as long again as

the first; second transverse cubital nervure incomplete ;

nervulus distinctly postfurcal ; first recurrent nervure-

received by the first cubital cell at a distance equal to half

the length of the first abscissa of the radius before the first

transverse cubital nervure. Terebra and valvule black.

Hab. Vien Poukha, Upper Mekong (2. Vitalis de Salvaza),

May #14015: 4°92;

Easily distinguished from other species of the genus by

the extraordinary form of the head. Aulacus bituberculatus,

Cam., has similar tubercles on the head, and is probably

related to this species, though Cameron says that it belongs

to Aulacinus, having three cubital cells.

Indo- Chinese Hymenoptera. 127

Family Ichneumonida,

Subfamily Prrerry 2.

Pimpla vitalisi, sp. u.

2. Nigra; palpis tegulisque pallide luteis; scutello macula

mediana pallide flava; segmentis abdominalibus apice angustis-

sime luteo-marginatis; pedibus anticis, intermediis, coxis

exceptis, tibiisque posticis dimidio basali testaceis; alis sub-

hyalinis, flavo-suffusis, stigmate venisque nigris.

Long. 18 mm.; terebre long. 6 mm.

?. Head transverse, narrowed behind the eyes; clypeus

raised at the extreme base and punctured, strongly depressed

from near the base and smooth; face closely punctured,

with sparse fulvous hairs; front concave, shining and almost

smooth, with a narrow longitudinal groove. Eyes widely,

but very shallowly emarginate. Antenne filiform, distinctly

shorter than the whole insect, the third joint about half as

long again as the fourth. Thorax stout, shining; the meso-

notum minutely and very closely punctured; mesopleure

and scutellum much more strongly and rather sparsely

punctured ; median segment coarsely and irregularly trans-

versely striate, the sides of the segment rugose-striate,

spiracles large, elongate-ovate. Abdomen longer than the ,

head, thorax, and median segment combined, the five basal

tergites strongly and very closely punctured-granulate ;

first tergite not carinate, strongly excavated at the base,

the middle raised and obsoletely bituberculate ; the three

apical tergites minutely punctured ; all the tergites narrowly

transversely depressed at the apex, the depressed portion

smooth and luteous, Valvule clothed with short hairs.

‘Tarsal ungues not pectinate and without a basal tooth.

Areolet subsessile, outwardly incomplete on the right wing,

complete on the left. Nervulus distinctly postfurcal.

Hab, Pang Tiac, Haut Mékong ; May 14, 1918.

Described from a single female.

Closely allied to the South Indian P. apollyon, Morl.,

but the stigma and veins are black, not fulvous as in

apollyon, the front is more strongly concave and has a

sulcus, the mesopleure are more strongly and sparsely

punctured aud the sculpture of the abdomen is coarser,

P. apollyon is without luteous apical margins on the

abdominal segments.

428 Mr. R. E. Turner on

Xylonomus vitiosus, sp. n.

Q. Nigra, opaca; palpis, facie, orbitis late, propleuris fascia hori-

zontali,mesonoto antice macula magna utrinque fasciaque obliqua

utrinque postice, tegulis, mesopleuris macula lineaque ante alas,

scutello macula mediana quadrata, maculaque parva basali

utrinque, segmento mediano apice late, abdomine fere toto

subtus, tergitis primo, secundo, tertioque macula magna laterali

triangulari utrinque, fascia anguste apicali connectis, tergitis 4-7

fascia angusta apicali, pedibusque ochracecis; antennis ante

apicem late albido cinctis ; alis hyalinis, venis nigris.

Long. 16 mm.; terebre long. 10 mm.’

9. Clypeus extremely short ; face finely and very closely

punctured; front more finely and sparsely punctured ;

vertex shining, with a few small scattered punctures.

Antenne about 26-jointed, the ten basal joints black, the

uext nine whitish, the remainder black. Pronotum pro-

duced on each side into an acute tubercle; mesonotum

closely punctured, with a tendency to irregular reticulation,

notauli deep and crenulate, the lateral lobes separated at

the apex by a strongly margined longitudinal groove.

Scutellum with a deep transverse excavation at the base,

the excavation is smooth and shining and divided by a

longitudinal carina, the median portion of the scutellum

finely and closely punctured, the sides apically depressed

and obliquely striated. Pleurz closely punctured. Median

segment with an elongate triangular basal area which is

immediately followed by a larger cordate area reaching to

the base of the apical truncation ; the spaces on each side

of the central areas divided by a transverse carina and

margined by a carina laterally and apically, the apical angles

produced into a strong spine; the dorsal surface of the

segment finely and closely punctured. First tergite half as

long again as the second, irregularly rugose-reticulate, the

apical portion indistinetly transversely strigose and with a

low longitudinal carina. Second and third tergites very

closely punctured, the second feebly reticulate at the base,

both with oblique striated depressions from close to the

base to beyond the middle, also with another oblique de-

pression laterally cutting off a triangular area at the basal

angles, a rounded striated groove joining the lateral grooves

apically to the median impressions. Apical tergites micro-

scopically punctured. Hind tibie black at the extreme

base.

Hab. Sala San Yiot, Luang Prabang; March 10, 1918.

Indo-Chinese Hymenoptera. 429

Allied to annulicornis, Cam., and elizabethe, Bingh., but

differs in the absence of blue colouring, in the colour-

pattern, in the shorter and broader second tergite, in the

spines of the median segment and pronotum, in the cen-

traction of the central area of the median segment, which

in the other species is not divided into two, though narrowed

in the middle, and in the shorter terebra.

Subfamily Orxroniyz.

Dicamptus giganteus, Szép.

Dicamptus giganteus, Szépligeti, Wytsman, Genera Insect. xxxiv.

p- 28 (1905).

A single female of this fine species taken at Vieng Vai,

Haut Mékong, on June 10, 1918, answers well to the

description. The type was from Java.

Subfamily Crrrrivz.

Vagenatha spinosa, Cam.

Vagenatha spinosa, Cam. Proc. Zool. Soc, London, p. 41 (1901). 9.

Hab. Pak Lay, Laos ; August 2,1918. 1 9.

Described from Borneo.

Family Braconidae.

Subfamily Bracoyrvx.

Campyloneurus latesuturalis, sp. n.

9. Nigra; prothorace, mesonoto, scutello, mesopleurisque antice

rufis; mandibulis, apice nigris, palpisque ‘testaceis; sternitis

flavo-ochraceis ; alis fusco-hyalinis; stigmate yenisque nigris.

Long. 8 mm.; terebra long. 6 mm.

2. Face closely punctured and covered with short grey

hairs, longitudinally elevated below the base of each antenna.

Front and vertex microscopically punctured, the front with

a broad, smooth, longitudinal groove below the anterior

ocellus. Temples fully half as broad as the eyes; head not

uurrowed behind the eyes, which are as far from the

posterior margin of the head as from the anterior ocellus.

Antenne 47-jointed, about 6 mm. in length. ‘Thorax and

median segment shining ; the middle lobe of the mesonotum

minutely punctured ; notauli smooth, extending almost to

the posterior margin of the mesonotum. Median segment

smooth on the dorsal surface, minutely punctured and

430 Mr. R. E, Turner on

thinly clothed with long grey hairs on the sides. First

tergite rugose, the raised median portion with a longitudinal

carina, the lateral depressions transversely rugulose, the seg-

ment uot much longer than its apical breadth. Secoad tergite

as long as its basal breadth, coarsely longitudinally rugose, a

median carina not reaching to the apex and dilated at the

base into a small, smooth, triangular area ; on each side

from near the basal angles a longitudinal carina curved at

the base extends nearly to the apex of the segment, outside

these carine the segment is irregularly obliquely striolate.

Suture between the second and third tergites very broad,

coarsely longitudinally striated ; third tergite less coarsely

aud more closely longitudinally striated, fourth and fifth

tergites punctured-rugose, crenulate at the apex. Hypo-

pygium cultriform, extending beyond the anus. Valvule

covered with very short black hairs. Cubital nervure

sharply elbowed close to the base ; second abscissa of the

radius almost as long as the third; recurrent nervure

received just before the first transverse cubital nervure.

Hab. Yong King, Haut Mékong, April 13,1915. 1 9.

This is related to “ Bracon” umbratilis, Cam., which

cecurs in the Khasi and Naga Hills, but the seecuriform

articulation is much broader, the sculpture of the abdomen

is coarser and different, and the median segment 1s smoother.

The sculpture seems to be nearer to that of “ Bracon”

firmus, Cam., but Cameron does not mention the sculpture

of the third tergite, and the calearia in firmus are said to be

white, not dark as in the present species.

Subfamily Hyorueciv 2.

Eumorpha vitalisi, sp. n.

9. Ferruginea; mandibulis apice, antennis, abdomine supra

pedibusque nigris; mandibulis asi, facie, pedibusque anticis

intermediisque flavo-ochraceis; abdomine subtus albido-flavo,

nigro-maculato; alis flavis, tertio apicali infuscatis ; venis apice

fuscis; stigmate venisque basi ochraceis.

Long. 18 mm.; terebre long. 21 mm.

2. Face opaque, delicately punctured-rugulose, sparsely

clothed with loug fulvous hairs. Antenne about 15 mm,

in length, 107 jointed. Front smooth and shining, shal-

lowly concave, with a low longitudinal carima; vertex

shining, with small sparse punctures. Head slightly nar-

rowed behind the eyes, which are nearly as far from the

posterior margin of the head as they are from the anterior

ocellus. ‘Thorax smooth and shining; notauli shallow,

Iudo- Chinese Hymenoptera, 431

extending well beyond the middle of the mesonotum ;

median segment finely and rather closely punctured at the

base, smooth at the apex, with a longitudinal median groove.

Abdomen elongate, about half as long again as the head,

thorax, and median segment combined, the four basal

tergites longitudinally coarsely rugose-striolate; the first

tergite coarsely obliquely striate on the basal half, nearly

half as long again as its apical breadth, rather strongly

convex in the middle, the lateral grooves indistinctly trans-

versely striated, Second tergite with a feebly convex and

strongly longitudinally striated, but ill-defined, triangular

basal space reaching to the middle; the spaces at the

anterior angles small, divided from the rest of the tergite

by a smooth oblique groove, the tergite nearly as long as

its apical breadth. Suture between the second and third

tergites, also the two following sutures finely crenulate.

Third and fourth tergites much broader than long ; with

large smooth areas at the basal angles nearly reaching the

apical angles and bounded by a finely crenulated groove.

lifth tergite rugose in the middle, the remaining tergites

minutely punctured. Valvule clothed with short hairs

which are black on the basal half, fulvous towards the apex ;

terebra with four ill-defined joints on its apical third.

Nervulus strongly postfurcal; radial cell not quite reaching

to the apex of the wing, second abscissa of the radius as long

as the third, recurrent nervure interstitial.

Hab. Vieng Vai, Haut Mékong; June 10,1918. 1 9.

This genus was described by Szépligeti from an Ethiopian

species, EF. nigripennis, Szép.

The present species agrees well in structural details with

that insect, though the recurrent nervure is not interstitial

in nigripennis. Both species show the curious jointed

terebra. Superficially and in colour the present species

resembles /phiaulax halyaetus, Cam.

Subfamily Aeararme.

Cremnops mekongensis, sp. 1.

Q. Testacea ; antennis, tibiis posticis apice, tarsis posticis, terebra

valvulisque nigris ; alis flavo-hyalinis, venis flavis, vena basali

macula ferruginea.

Long. 8 mm.; terebre long. 3 mm,

¢. Rostrum very long ; head smooth and shining, the

front deeply excavated above the base of the antenna, the

excavation divided by a longitudinal carina; a few small

punctures on the vertex. Mesonotum finely punctured, a

432 On Indo-Chinese Hymenoptera.

distinct longitudinal furrow on tlhe anterior portion of the

median lobe; notauli deep and finely crenulate, reaching

almost to the posterior margin. Scutellum convex, shining,

with sparse minute punctures ; a deep, broad, transverse

groove at the base, in which are three longitudinal carine.

Median segment with two strong, parallel, longitudinal

carinz in the middle, on each side of which are two rather

Jower parallel carine, between the carine are lower trans-

verse carine giving the segment a coarsely reticulate

appearance ; on a slightly lower level is an oblique lateral

carina on each side just below the spiracle. Mesopleurze

sparsely and finely punctured. Abdomen smooth and

shining. Hind legs strongly punctured and pubes-ent,

tarsal ungues bifid. First abscissa of the radius shorter

than the second ; cubital nervure separating the first cubital

and discoidal cells obsolete, except at the base; second

cubital cell quadrate, the second transverse cubital nervure

with a feeble angle above the middle. Radial cell reaching

almost halfway from the apex of the stigma to the apex of

the wing.

Hab. Vien Poukha, Haut Mékong, May 11, 1918. 1 9.

Euagathis dubiosus, sp. n.

dd. Flavo-testaceus ; flagello, abdomine pedibusque posticis nigris ;

alis flavis, stigmate venisque flavis, macula parva prope basin

stigmatis nigra.

Long. 10 mm.

3. Face finely punctured, witha short median depression

below the base of the antenne, the lamelle between the

antenne small. Front only shallowly concave, the concave

area without marginal carinze, smooth and shining ; vertex

sparsely and very minutely ‘punctured. Antenne about

12 mm. inlength. Mesonotum closely and finely punctured ;

the median lobe obliquely depressed anteriorly, with three

low carine extending from the anterior margin to beyond

the middle, the apex of the lobe beyond the carinz smooth

and shining; notauli deep, not crenulate. A deep, broad

depression, in which are three longitudinal carine, at the

base of the scutelium ; postscutellum longitudinally striated.

Median segment with a longitudinal carina above and an-

other below the large elongate spiracle, the dorsal surface

with a transverse basal depression and three almost parallel

longitudinal carine, two oblique carine on each side from

the basal depression almost reaching the lateral carina.

Abdomen smooth and shining, a small transverse depression

en each side at the base of the second segment. Hind legs

very closely punctured ; tarsal ungues bifid. Second cubital

On a remarkable new Ball-rolling Beetle. 433

cell almost pointed on the radius, the second transverse

cubital nervure curved. Apex of the radial cell a little

further from the apex of the wing than from the apex of

the stigma.

Hab. Houei Sai, Haut Mékong, June 6-10, 1918. 12.

Possibly a form of Agathis maculipennis, Brullé, which it

resembles in colour, but the second fuscons spot on the fore

wing is absent in the present species. Brullé’s description

is not sufficient to indicate whether his species should be

placed in Euagathis or Disophrys.

XLUL—A remarkable new Bull-rolling Beetle

(family Scarabeide). By Giisertr J. Arrow.

. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

A SINGLE specimen of the extraordinary insect here repre-

sented, bearing no label to record its origin or habitat, was in

the collection of the late B. G. Nevinson, recently presented

to the Britis Museum by his son. Probably, like its nearest

allies, it inhabits the western part of Southern Africa, possibly

the Bihé district of Angola, from which Mr. Nevinson

received other interesting beetles. The specimen is a male,

uud the great enlargement of the fore legs is no doubt

distinctive of that sex. The enormously thickened front

femora seem to indicate great muscular power, and _ the

strangely shrunken intermediate legs appear more singular

by contrast. ‘The insect is a striking example of speciali-

zation by successive atrophy of its members. The front tarsi

have disappeared in all the ball-rolling Scarabaeidae ; the

wings also have gone in the present genus, and here we seem

to be advancing towards a reduction in the number of legs

from six to four.

I retrain from establishing a new genus for this species in

view of the unsatisfactory character of several of those at

present recognized in the group. I can find no sufficient

reason for separating Pachysoma and Mnematium. Although

M. silenus, Gray, lias the middle coxe apart, the type-species,

M. ritchit, has not, and the features relied upon by Macleay

for its severance from Pachysoma have been found to have

no importance, Similarly, there seems no adequate ground

for separating Mnem itidium trom S-basteos,

Mnematium cancer, sp. n.

Nigram, nitidum, glabrum, corpus depressum, latissimum, capite

antice 6-dentato, supra haud dense tuberculato, pronoto hic et

illic minute punctato, lateribus serratis, basi leviter sinuato,

434 On a remarkable new Ball-rolling Beetle.

utrinque obtuse angulato; elytris brevissimis, subtiliter obsolete

striatis, hand punetatis ; ‘pedibus anticis validissimis, femoribus

fortiter incrassatis, autice acute tridentatis, coxis anticis etiam

acute dentatis, tibiis elongatis, extus post medium dentibus sat

brevibus 4 armatis, intus serratis, apice leviter incurvato, pedibus

intermediis mirabile reductis, tibiis brevibus, apice calcare

spatulato munito, tarsis ad horum extremitates vix attingentibus,

pedibus posticis modice elongatis, tibiis gracilibus, leviter arcnatis,

apice calearibus spatulatis quam tarsis dimidio brevioribus pre-

ditis, extus hirtis nigris dense ordinatis bis cristatis, crista

interiorl integra, exteriori interrupta ; unguibus minutis, haud

curvatis aut divergentibus.

Long. 48 mm.; lat. max. 32 mm.

This has no close relationship with any other known

species. Not only is it much larger, but the conformation of

the legs is very different. Their ‘hairy fringes are much

Mnematium cancer, sp. n., naturalsize.

shorter and more compact, and the swollen and strongly

toothed front femora and the greatly reduced middle pair of

legs have no counterpart in any other species. The shape

of the head is as in the species of Sebasteos, very broad and

sparsely studded with tubercles. The pronotum is distinctly

broader than the elytra and bears only a few small clusters of.

minute punctures. There is a short upturned fringe of hairs

near the middle of the serrated lateral margins, which meet

Geological Society. 435

the regularly curved basal margin in an obtuse angle on each

side. The very short elytra are shining, like the pronotum,

and show traces of fine striz but no punctures. ‘The

ygidium is smooth but for a few scattered punctures. The

ront femora are almost like those of the male Pachylomera

femoralis, having a tooth near the base connected by a

serrated carina with one of the two sharp teeth situated near

the articulation with the tibia, and the coxa is also toothed

in front. The great broad front tibia is armed with four

teeth along the anterior half of the outer edge, the inner edge

is serrated and above it is an upturned fringe of short hairs,

while the upper face has also two small brushes of similar

hairs upon its anterior half. The middle and hind tibie each

bear a blunt spatulate terminal spur, extending beyond the

tarsus in the middle legs, but only half its length in the hind

ones. The hind tibia has two parallel fringes of stiff hairs

directed upwards, the inner one continuous and the outer

interrupted. Both pairs of tarsi are rather broad and the

claws are minute, short, straight, and not divergent.

PROCKEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.

GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

December 4th, 1918.—Mr. G. W. Lamplugh, F.R.S.,

President, in the Chair.

The following communication was read ;—

‘The Carboniferous Succession of the Clitheroe Province.’ By

Lt.-Col. Wheelton Hind, M.D., B.S., F.R.C.S., F.G.S., and

Albert Wilmore, D.Se., F.G.S.

The tectonic structure of the province consists of three dissected

parallel anticlinal folds in beds of Carboniterous-Limestone, Pendle-

side, and Millstone-Grit age. The general direction of the axes of

these folds is east-north-east and west-south-west. Dissection has

exposed the lower beds of Z, C, and S age, as the tectonic axes and

beds of D, P, and Millstone-Grit age occur on the flanks.

The Limestone sequence shows all the zones from Z to D.

Modiola and Cleistopora phases have not been exposed, the base

of the Carboniferous not being seen. The Z beds are much thick-

ened, and not so fossiliferous as in the Bristol Province. Cand $

beds are, as a rule, well-bedded, with shales intercalated between

beds of limestone. There are crinoidal beds of considerable thick-

ness in places, and shell-breccias are common in 8S. Zaphrentis

omaliust indicates an important horizon in Lower C, and these

436 Geological Society.

beds are characterized by numerous large gasteropods. ' Productus

humerosus (sublevis) marks an equally important horizon in

Upper CG, as it does in the Belgian Province.

D beds are peculiar in the western part of the Clitheroe Province,

and are largely represented by shales, mudstones, and thin earthy

limestones; but in the north and north-east, in the Settle and

Burnsall districts, thick, fossiliferous, obscurely-bedded limestones

with a rich brachiopod and mollusean fauna occur.

The Pendleside Series is well developed, and practically the whole

sequence is exposed on the north-western flank of Pendle Hill:

This series can be subdivided into life-zones by the Goniatites.

The lower 300 feet consists of well-bedded earthy limestones

with much chert, characterized by the presence of Prolecanites

compressus. As a rule, there is a well-marked limestone horizon,

which the Authors name the Ravensholme Limestone (from a farm

of that name at the north-eastern end of Pendle) ; this limestone

contains Zaphrentis amplexoides, Cyathaxonia rushiana, Miche-

linia tenuisepta, and M. parasitica, and the fauna is a very

important and constant feature throughout the whole province.

The Ravensholme Limestone is an important part of the ‘ Pendle-

side Limestone’ of the late Mr. R. H. Tiddeman.

The Pendleside Limestone is succeeded by hard, black, calcareous

shales with Glyphioceras striatum, Nomismoceras rotiforme, and

Posidonomya becheri; and these in turn by the Bowland Shales

of Phillips, which contain the zones of Glyphioceras spirale and

Glyphioceras bilingue.

The Upper Pendle Grit succeeds the zone of Glyphioceras

bilingue, and is the homotaxial equivalent of Farey’s Grit of the

Peak Country.

An important horizon occurs between the Kinderscout and the

Millstone Grit—Sabden Shales—characterized by a rich fauna with

Glyphioceras beyrichianum and Glyphioceras reticulatum. Tt is

considered probable that the well-known fossiliferous Hebden-

Bridge Beds may be on this horizon rather than in the Pendleside

Series.

TABLE OF GONIATITE ZONES.

‘Middle’ Coal Measures. Gastrioceras.carbonarium von Buch.

Lower Coal Measures. ~ Gastrioceras carbonarium von Buch.

Upper Millstone Grit. Gastrioceras listert Martin.

Sabden Shales. Glyphioceras diadema Beyrich.

3 a Shales below Millstone Grit. - Glyphioceras bilingue Salter.

ze 3 Rowlend Shales. { Gi itil rebie ess slew i-

‘59 Glyph = pain piomices:

na Glyphioceras striatum Phillips.

8 rs Posidonomya becheri Nomismoceras rotiforme Phillips.

5} é Shales. Prolecanites compressus Sowerby.

Carboniferous LimestoneD,. Glyphioceras crenistria Phillips.

—

— i a ea en oll — ad

mn ee Et ft 1.» fe eS

load

THE ANNALS

MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,

[NINTH SERIES.]

No. 17. MAY 1919.

XLIV.—Descriptions of New Pyralide of the Subfamilies

Crambine and Sigine. By Sir Grorcr F. Hampson,

Bart., F.Z.S., &e.

[Continued from p. 292.}

(169d) Crambus acyperas, sp. n.

Q. Head white with a dorsal brown streak; antennz fuscous;

sides of frons, maxillary palpi at base, and palpi except above

towards tips brown ; thorax cupreous with a dorsal white stripe ;

abdomen white suffused with brownish ochreous; legs suffused

with brown. Fore wing cupreous rufous; a silvery white fascia

from base through the cell confluent with an oblique wedge-shaped

mark from apex, defined above and below by dark streaks; a silvery

white fascia from base of inner margin to termen at vein 1, defined

below by a dark streak and leaving some rufous on inner margin

except towards base ; an indistinct curved rufous subterminal line

defined on outer side by silvery whitish, interrupted by the white

fascia, the area beyond it whitish finely pencilled with brown and

with blackish streaks in the interspaces from below the fascia to

below vein 2; the apex strongly produced and acutely falcate ;

cilia silvery white with some red-brown at tips. * Hind wing silvery

white faintly tinged with brown. Underside of fore wing and

costal area of hind wing suffused with red-brown.

Hab. Br. E. Arrica, Uganda Ry., Mile 478 (Betton), 5 2 type,

E. Quaso (Betton),1 9. Hap. 24-26 mm.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. iii. 29

438 Sir G. F. Hampson on new

(169, f) Crambus chilianellus, sp. n.

Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish suffused with red-brown, the

head and thorax with some blackish scales; antenne white tinged

with cupreous brown ; palpi, pectus, and legs suffused with cupreous

brown. Fore wing white tinged with rufous; the costal edge

black to end of cell; a silvery white fascia below medial part of

costa; a silvery white fascia from base through the cell to termen

where it is met by an oblique bar from apex, its terminal half

defined above and below by slight dark streaks and with a fine

black streak below it in submedian fold to end of cell; the apex

strongly produced and acute; a fine black line on termen towards

apex and minute black points below veins 5, 4, 3; cilia silvery

white with a rufous line near base at middle and some rufous at

tips. Hind wing silvery white tinged with brown, the cilia pure

white. Underside of fore wing and costal area of hind wing

suffused with red-brown except on terminal areas.

Hab. Cutt, Mulchen (Elwes), 1 3,3 2 type. Exp. 30 mm.

(169 9) Crambus vittiterminellus, sp. n.

Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish suffused with cupreous brown;

palpi and fore legs more fuscous brown. Fore wing whitish

suffused with cupreous brown especially on costal area; a white

fascia on median nervure from near base to the postmedial line,

defined above and below by diffused blackish streaks; postmedial

line slight, cupreous brown, very oblique from costa to discal fold

at end of the fascia, then defining its lower edge to origin of vein 2

where it terminates; subterminal line cupreous brown defined on

outer side by white, oblique to discal fold, then inwardly oblique

and very slightly sinuous; an oblique wedge-shaped white mark

from apex, then a series of minute elongate black spots defined by

white to submedian fold; cilia silvery white with a cupreous line

near base and some cupreous at tips. Hind wing silvery white

tinged with brownish ochreous, the cilia pure white. Underside of

fore wing and costal area of hind wing suffused with brown,

Hab. Br. C. Arrica (Coryndon), 1 9, Mlanje Plateau, 6500’

(Neave), 2 3,3 9 type. Hap. 24 mm.

(173 a) Crambus mesombrellus, sp. n.

3. Head and thorax pure white, the sides of palpi, tegule, and

patagia red-brown ; abdomen white dorsally tinged with ochreous ;

fore legs red-brown in front. Fore wing silvery white; a diffused

red-brown fascia in Submedian fold to beyond end of cell. Hind

wing silvery white ‘tinged with reddish brown except on inner and

terminal areas. Underside suffused with red-brown except on

terminal areas.

Hab. N. Nicerts, Borgu, Yelwa Lake (MMigeod), 1 3 type.

Exp. 24 mm.

Pyralide of the Subfamily Crambine. 439

(198 4) Crambus peralbellus, sp. n.

Head and thorax pure white; antenne fulvous below; palpi

with a fuscous band near extremity of 2nd joint and spot below

3rd; abdomen white, tinged with yellow towards base and brown

towards extremity and on ventral surface; fore tibiw and tarsi

yellow, the tarsi black at extremities. Fore wing pure white, the

costal edge brownish towards base; a slight fulvous yellow striga

on upper discocellular, placed on a sinuous pale brown line with an

orange-yellow mark before it on costa; an orange-yellow post-

medial point on costa; subterminal line pale brown, excurved to

vein 4, then incurved, a fine orange-yellow line beyond it from costa

to vein 6; the termen with slight black strie from below apex to

below vein 5 and three points between vein 4 and submedian fold ;

cilia metallic silver. Hind wing pure white with a slight brown

terminal line. Underside of fore wing suffused with brown except

on terminal area, a curved brown postmedial line.

Hab. Gorpv Coast, Bibianaha (Spurrell), 5 3, 4 2 type,

Kumasi (Sanders),1 3 ; S. Nigeria, Lagos (Sir G. Carter),1 3.

Exp. 16 mm.

(193 6) Crambus argenticilia, sp. n.

Head and thorax silvery white; abdomen white tinged with

brown; antennz brownish below; palpi with fuscous bands near

extremity of 2nd joint and base of 3rd; fore legs suffused with

golden cupreous, the tarsi banded with cupreous. Fore wing

silvery white, the costal edge brownish to end of cell; a sinuous

brown medial line with a black discoidal point on it; subterminal

line pale brown, excurved to vein 4, then incurved, a small wedge-

shaped rufous mark beyond it on costa, narrowing to a point at

apex ; a black-brown terminal line from just below apex to above

tornus; cilia metallic silver with a golden tinge. Hind wing

silvery white with a fine dark terminal line from just below apex

to vein 2. Underside of fore wing suffused with brown except on

inner and terminal areas, a curved brown postmedial line.

Hab. Sierra LEONE, 1 ¢ type; Gop Coast, Kumasi (Sanders),

29; S. Nigeria, Yaba (Simpson),1 92. Exp., 5 14, 2 16mm.

(193 d) Crambus fulvinotellus, sp. n.

@. Head and thorax silvery white, the antenne and _ palpi

except above bright fulvous, the tegule with subdorsal bright

fulvous stripes and the dorsum of thorax fulvous; abdomen white

suffused with brown, the anal tuft bright fulvous at tips; fore

tibiwe and tarsi and the mid and hind tarsi at extremities golden

fulvous. Fore wing silvery white; the costa bright fulvous, ex-

panding into a small triangular mark above end of cell and into

a mark rounded below and bisected by a white striga towards apex,

defined below by dark fulvous on terminal half; a small triangular

fulvous spot at middle of inner margin with a streak beyond it on

29*

440 Sir G. F. Hampson on new

the margin expanding into a slight tooth towards tornus; a rather

lunulate deep fulvous terminal line; cilia bright fulvous with a

deep fulvous line near base. Hind wing silvery white. Underside

of fore wing white, the costal area tinged with brown except at apex.

Hab. Lovtstabes, St. Aignan (Meek), 3 9 type. Hap. 14mm.

(204e) Crambus endoxantha, sp. n.

3. Head and thorax fulvous yellow; antennz white tinged with

yellow; abdomen white suffused with fulvous yellow towards base

and on ventral surface ; pectus and legs white, the tibie and tarsi

tinged with fulvous yellow. Fore wing with the costal area to

discal fold bright rufous, the costal edge white; a silvery white

fascia through the cell, ending rather diffusedly before termen, the

area below it fulvous yellow with a white streak defined above and

below by dark scales along vein 2 to towards termen; the veins

beyond upper angle of cell with slight pale streaks; a terminal

series of slight dark points; cilia white mixed with some red-brown

especially at middle. Hind wing silvery white with a faint yellowish

tinge. Underside white, the fore wing and costal area of hind

wing suffused with pale rufous.

Hab. Transvaal, Pretoria (Janse), 1 3 type. Exp. 28 mm.

(204h) Crambus leucorhabdon, sp. n.

Q@. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey-brown with a slight cupreous

gloss, the head and prothorax with some white; pectus with some

white. Fore wing grey-brown with a cupreous gloss; the costal

edge white except towards base; a silvery whitish fascia through

the cell, narrowing beyond the cell, then expanding towards termen

to above vein 6, and whitish streaks on veins 5 to 2 and in basal half

of submedian fold and terminal half of vein 1; a terminal series

of slight dark points; cilia silvery white tinged with brown and

with a slight brown line near base. Hind wing pale reddish brown,

the cilia white with a brown line near base. Underside pale reddish

brown.

Hab, U.S.A., Colorado, Florissant (Cockerell),192 type. Exp.

38 mm,

(205 b) Crambus mediofasciellus, sp. n.

@. Head and thorax cupreous brown, the vertex of head whitish ;

antenne brown; palpi dark brown mixed with white especially

above; abdomen whitish suffused withrufous. Fore wing cupreous

brown mixed with some white especially on inner medial area; a

rather ill-defined white fascia along median nervure with a fine

black streak below it, and slight whitish streaks on the veins

beyond the cell defined by dark scales; some indistinct blackish

points before and beyond end of cell; a curved subterminal series

of blackish points on the inner side of a whitish line with a slight

yellowish shade before it; a terminal series of black points; cilia

Pyralides of the Subfamily Crambina. 441

white tinged with brown and with a fine brown line near base.

Hind wing white with a faint red-brown tinge. Underside of fore

wing and costal area of hind wing suffused with reddish brown.

Hab, Br. E. Arnica, Nairobi (Anderson), 2 2 type, Kabete

(Anderson),1 2. Eup. 22 mm.

(205 ¢) Crambus atratellus, sp. n.

Q. Head and thorax black-brown with a silvery leaden gloss ;

abdomen dark reddish brown ; pectus and legs dark reddish brown.

Fore wing dark cupreous brown with a silvery leaden gloss; an

indistinct dark discoidal spot; a terminal series of small rather

triangular black spots; cilia glossed with silver and with a dark

line near base. Hind wing greyish suffused with cupreous brown ;

a fine dark terminal line and line near base of cilia. Underside

greyish suffused with cupreous brown, the costal area of fore wing

darker.

Hab. Brazit, Castro Paraha (D. Jones), 1 2 type. Exp.

26 mm.

(206 a) Crambus argyrostola, sp. n.

2. Head, thorax, and abdomen pure white; palpi at sides,

antenne, and legs pale yellowish brown; wings silvery white.

Fore wing irrorated with a very few black scales; the base of costa

blackish ; two black points on termen above tornus; the apex

produced and acute. Underside of fore wing suffused with fuscous

to beyond middle.

Hab, Navat, Karkloof (Marshall), 1 2 type. Exp. 36 mm.

(206 c¢) Crambus neurellus, sp. n.

Q. Head, thorax, and abdomen white, the tegule and abdomen

tinged with pale rufous; antennw, palpi, pectus, and legs tinged

with pale rufous. Fore wing white mixed with pale rufous leaving

the veins white, the medial area below the cell with some rather

deeper rufous mottlings ; a black discoidal point defined by white ;

a fine black terminal line to vein 2 formed by almost conjoined

striw and a black point at extremity of submedian fold; cilia white

with a fine black line at middle. Hind wing white with a fine

red-brown terminal line to vein 2. Underside white, the fore wing

and costal area of hind wing tinged with rufous,

Hab. Br. C. Arnica, Fort Johnston (Rendall), 1 9 type.

Exp, 18.mm.

(206 d) Crambus digrammellus, sp. n.

Crambus ligonellus, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am., Het. ii. p. 292 (nee Zell),

Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous white ; palpi irrorated with

brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white. Fore

wing ochreous white slightly irrorated with red-brown, the terminal

442 Sir G. F. Hampson on new

area finely striated with fuscous, the costal edge brownish towards

base ; postmedial line red-brown, oblique, arising at vein 7, ineurved

beyond lower angle of cell and somewhat angled outwards in sub-

median fold; subterminal line red-brown, excurved to vein 4, below

which it is incurved, then again excurved; a terminal series of

black points to vein 2. Hind wing ochreous white. Underside

pale ochreous.

Hab. Mextco, Presidio (Forrer), 1 3,2 Q type, Godman-

Salvin Coll. Hap., ¢ 16, 9 18 mm.

(206 e) Crambus chionostola, sp. n,

3. Head, thorax, and abdomen silvery white ; antenne tinged

with brown; palpi rufous at sides; legs tinged with rufous, the

tarsiringed with white. Fore wing silvery white sparsely irrorated

with red-brown ; an indistinct rather diffused oblique sinuous red-

brown line from median nervure near lower angle of cell to inner

margin ; postmedial line red-brown, rather punctiform, excurved

to vein 4 and angled inwards at vein 2; a terminal red-brown line

formed by almost conjoined strie and points. Hind wing silvery

white with a faint red-brown tinge. Underside of fore wing suffused

with red-brown, the hind wing with the costal area tinged with red-

brown.

Hab. Cryton, N. Province, Mankulam (Pole), 1 ¢ type. Huxp.

18 mm.

(2069) Crambus brunneisquamatus, sp. n.

2. Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged with ochreous ;

palpi irrorated with brown. Fore wing narrow, the costa arched ;

pale ochreous irrorated with brown; traces of a sinuous brown

medial line from cell to inner margin, of a slightly waved post-

medial line excurved to vein 4, then incurved, and of a curved

subterminal line ; terminal black points at veins 3and 2; cilia with

a fine brown line before the tips which are white. Hind wing

white. Underside of fore wing and costal area of hind wing tinged

with rufous.

Hab. Br. C. Arrica, Ruo Distr., Muona (Old), 12 type. Eup.

28 mm.

(208 a) Crambus albiradialis, sp. n.

2. Head and thorax fuscous brown with a silvery leaden gloss ;

abdomen white tinged with brown ; palpi whitish at base; pectus,

legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white suffused with red-brown.

Fore wing fuscous brown with a golden cupreous gloss; the costal

edge white ; a silvery white fascia through the cell narrowing to

points at base and termen ; a slight white streak above vein 6

from end of cell to towards termen ; a terminal series of black points ;

Pyralide of the Subfamily Crambins. 443

cilia glossed with silver. Hind wing white tinged with brown,

the cilia nearly pure white. Underside white, the fore wing and

costal area of hind wing suffused with red-brown.

Hab, Braz, Rio Janeiro (Fry), 2 type. Exp. 32 mm.

Genus CoNOCRAMBUS, nov.

Type, C. atrimictellus,

Proboscis fully developed; palpi porrect, typically extending

about twice the length of head and fringed with hair above and

below; maxillary palpi triangularly dilated with hair ; frons with

small pointed conical prominence; antenne of male somewhat

laminate and minutely ciliated. Fore wing with the apex hardly

produced ; vein 3 from before angle of cell; 4, 5 from angle and

approximated for a short distance ; 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8, 9

stalked ; 10, 11 from cell. Hind wing with vein 3 from angle of

cell; 4, 5 shortly stalked; 6, 7 from upper angle, 7 anastomosing

with 8,

(1) Conoerambus atrimictellus, sp. n.

¢. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale ochreous, palpi at sides

and antenne black-brown, thorax with brown slightly mixed.

Fore wing pale ochreous; the costal area black-brown; a large

diffused somewhat triangular black-brown patch on inner basal area ;

the end of median nervure and veins beyond the cell streaked with

black; an ill-defined black postmedial line very acutely angled

beyond lower end of cell and expanding into a large patch on inner

area, its angle joined by a minutely dentate subterminal line from

costa; terminal area white irrorated with black scales and with

short diffused black streaks on the veins ; a terminal series of black

points ; cilia white with black line through them and black tips.

Hind wing fuscous, the costal and inner areas and cilia whitish.

Q. With the ground-colour of fore wing whitish, the markings

fuscous, much less distinct and more blurred.

Hab. Duron N. Gurvea, Obi I. (Doherty), 19; New Gurxera,

Humbolt Bay (Doherty),292 type; D’EnrrecastEavx Is., Wood-

lark I. (Meek), 1 g; Lovrstape Is., St. Aignan (Meek), 1 ¢.

Exp, 20 mm.

(3) Conocrambus calamosus, sp. n.

2. Head and thorax white suffused with brownish ochreous,

the antenne browner; abdomen white tinged with brown. Fore

wing uniform brownish ochreous with a terminal series of slight

dark points. Hind wing silvery white. Underside of fore wing

silvery white with a faint ochreous brown tinge.

Hab. 'Transvaat, Lydenburg, 1 2 type. Lxp. 30 mm.

444 Sir G. F. Hampson on new

(4) Conocrambus obliqua, sp. n.

Silvery white; a double fulvous orange stripe on sides of tegule

and thorax ; palpi fulvous orange at sides ; pectus and legs marked

with brown. Fore wing with the costal edge dark towards base ;

an oblique orange band with darker outer edge from costa before

apex to middle of inner margin with a fine streak from it on inner

margin towards base, its outer edge bent outwards and connected

by a fascia with tornus; termen orange with minutely waved

darker line on inner side; cilia orange. Hind wing slightly tinged

with fuscous.

Hab. Braztz, Amazons, 1 d, Castro Paraha (D. Jones), type

in Coll. Rothschild. Hap. 16 mm.

(21) Diptychophora natalensis, sp. n.

3d. Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged with ochreous.

Fore wing white irrorated with brown and suffused with ochreous

leaving some white on inner basal area, defining the lines, and

beyond the antemedial and before the postmedial lines towards

costa; the lines fuscous and minutely dentate, the antemedial

angle ‘below costa, the postmedial at vein 6; a dark-edged yellow

figure-of-eight-shaped discoidal spot; a prominent white subapical

spot and subterminal series of black points. Hind wing white

tinged with ochreous and with terminal brown line towards apex ;

cilia white tipped with brown in parts on fore wing, with fuscous

line through them towards apex of hind wing.

Hab. Natau, Estcourt (Hutchinson), 2 5 type. Hxp. 14mm.

(22) Diptychophora minimalis, sp. n.

3. Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged with rufous ; pectus,

legs, and ventral surface of abdomen ochreous white. Fore wing

white tinged in parts with rufous, the inner half of. medial area

and the postmedial area except towards costa irrorated with black ;

antemedial line white defined on outer side by black scales, slightly

sinuous ; an ill-defined yellow discoidal spot; an indistinct curved

white postmedial line defined on inner side by black scales; a fine

black terminal line from apex to vein 4; cilia black at tips towards

apex, wholly white at the indentation. Hind wing white with an

ochreous tinge on apical area. Underside of fore wing white, the

costal area tinged with rufous except a spot beyond middle.

9. Head, thorax, and abdomen rufous mixed with black; fore

wing almost wholly suffused with rufous and irrorated with black,

the antemedial line almost medial defined on each side by black and

straight, the postmedial line distinctly defined on each side by

black; hind wing suffused with fuscous; underside suffused with

fuscous, the fore wing tinged with rufous, the hind wing with

curved postmedial line.

Hab. Sterra LEONE (Clements),2 3,12 type. E«p.10mm,

Pyralidee of the Subfamily Crambine. 445

(26) Diptychophora argenticilia, sp. n.

9. Head, thorax, and abdomen red-brown tinged with greyish

fuscous ; tus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen brownish

white. Fore wing deep rufous mixed with some whitish and

fuscous, the medial area whiter; a curved blackish medial line;

postmedial line blackish, excurved to vein 4, then oblique; a

terminal series of slight dark points; cilia deep fiery red at base,

with a black line at middle and silvery white tips with some fuscous

at tips towards apex. Hind wing white tinged with fuscous; the

cilia whiter with a dark line near base. Underside white suffused

with fuscous, the fore wing with oblique black bar from costa,

the cilia with a black line near base.

Hab. Jamaica, Runaway Bay (Walsingham), 1 2 type. Exp.

12 mm.

(la) Argyria latifasciella.

(Sect. Eurhythma, Turner.) Antenne of male bipectinate.

Head black with white lines above eyes and at neck; thorax

cupreous, abdomen ochreous. Fore wing black suffused with

brazen yellow ; ante- and postmedial erect white bands with waved

edges, the latter broad, its outer sides strongly indented beyond

the cell; a terminal black band with series of black points on it.

Hind wing white with subterminal blackish band obsolete towards

anal angle and with the area beyond it slightly suffused with

ous.

Hab. N. Avstratta, Port Darwin, 1 d, 1 Q type. L£zp.,

¢ 12, 2 14mm.

(146) Argyria mesozonalis, sp. n.

¢. Head and thorax silvery white, the sides of head, subdorsal

stripes on tegule, and the metathorax bright rufous; abdomen

ochreous, tinged with brown except the anal tuft; antenne rufous ;

maxillary palpi rufous, white at tips; palpi yellow tinged with

rufous ; fore ent dark brown above, the tibi# and tarsi red-

brown ; pectus, mid and hind legs and ventral surface of abdomen

ochreous white. Fore wing silvery white; a bright rufous fascia

on costa expanding into a patch at base; a medial rufous band

forming a quadrate discoidal patch with a small yellowish spot

on it, then narrowing, waved, and slightly irrorated with yellow;

a truncate conical patch from the costal fascia before apex, its

lower edge produced to a shght oblique tooth; a rufous terminal

band with waved inner edge narrowing to a point at apex; cilia

paler rufous with a deeper rufous line near base and a silvery gloss

at tips. Hind wing silvery white with a faint reddish ochreous

tinge ; a terminal series of minute dark points to vein 2. Under

side of fore wing suffused with red-brown.

Hab. Perv, La Oroya (Ockenden), 1 ¢ type. Exp. 20 mm.

446 Sir G. F. Hampson on new

(15a) Argyria eromenalis, sp. n.

3. Head, thorax, and abdomen white suffused with red-brown,

the ventral surface of abdomen pure white. Fore wing white

tinged and irrorated with pale red-brown; a rather diffused red-

brown medial line defined on inner side by white, incurved below

submedian fold; subterminal line white defined on each side by

rather diffused red-brown, curved ; a terminal series of black points.

Hind wing white tinged with red-brown. Underside of fore wing

and costal area of hind wing suffused with red-brown.

Hab. Sumpawa, Tambora (Doherty),1 ¢ type. Exp. 10mm.

(186) Argyria bicuspidalis, sp. n.

3. Head, tegule, and prothorax black-brown, the rest of the

thorax red-brown; abdomen whitish suffused with rufous; palpi

white below towards base; pectus and legs whitish suffused with

rufous ; ventral surface of abdomen creamy white. Fore wing

yellowish strongly suffused with rufous; a silvery white fascia

occupying the cell and bidentate beyond it, the upper tooth short,

the lower extending to the subterminal line, the fascia defined

below by a black streak on median nervure and to the subterminal

line at discal fold; an oblique red-brown postmedial striga from

costa to the upper tooth of the fascia; subterminal line red-brown

defined on outer side by white and oblique to vein 6, then blackish

and angled inwards to near lower angle of cilia, then excurved and

again angled inwards above discoidal fold in which it terminates ;

the terminal area black irrorated with white, narrowing to apex,

towards which it is defined on inner side by white, and narrowing

to tornus; cilia rufous, black-brown at tips towards apex. Hind

wing whitish suffused with red-brown, darker towards termen ;

cilia whitish tinged with rufous. Underside whitish, the fore wing

and costal area of hind wing suffused with red-brown.

Hab. Br. C. Arrica, Mt. Mlanje (Weave), 1 3d; PorrucuEse

E. Arrica, E. of Mt. Mlanje (Weave), 1 3 type. Exp. 22 mm.

(18d) Argyria quadricuspis, sp. n.

Platytes sp., Longstaff, Butterfily-hunting inmany Lands, pl. ii. f. 11.

¢. Head red-brown and whitish; thorax red-brown ; abdomen

ochreous white; antenne brown; palpi pale red-brown, the

maxillary palpi white at tips; pectus and legs ochreous white, the

tarsi dark brown ringed with white. Fore wing grey-white suffused

and thickly irrorated with reddish brown; a silvery white fascia

defined by blackish through the cell extending from just below costa

to discal fold where it is produced to a tooth just beyond middle,

then narrowing and produced to three teeth well beyond the cell,

the middle tooth rather longer, the area beyond its medial part —

more distinctly irrorated white and dark brown; subterminal line

Pyralidee of the Subfamily Crambinm. 447

white defined on each side by red-brown, very oblique from costa

to vein 6, waved to vein 4, then oblique and strongly angled

inwards just above submedian fold and outwards at the fold; a

black terminal line; cilia white at base, then with brown line, the

tips pale red-brown intersected with white. Hind wing white

with a faint red-brown tinge, the termen deeper brown, rather

broadly at apex and narrowing to vein 2; cilia white with a slight

red-brown line near base to discal fold. Underside white tinged

with red-brown, the fore wing with the costa deeper red-brown

towards apex.

Hab. Ruovesia, Zambezi, Victoria Falls (Longstaf’),1 ¢ type.

Exp. 22 mm.

22a) Argyria obliquistrialis, sp. n.

3. Head, thorax, and abdomen creamy white, the last dorsally

tinged with rufous towards base ; palpi irrorated with black-brown

at sides; legs tinged with red-brown. Fore wing creamy white

tinged in parts with rufous and irrorated with rather large black-

brown scales except on terminal half of costal area; very oblique

medial and postmedial rufous strie from costa; a double rufous

subterminal line, oblique towards costa, then curved; a terminal

series of black points; cilia white with a fuscous line near base and

the tips brown. Hind wing silvery white faintly tinged with brown

except on inner area. Underside of fore wing and costal area of

hind wing suffused with red-brown.

Hab. Ancentixa, Gran Chaco, Florenzia (Wagner), 2 3 type.

Erp. 16 mm.

(23a) Argyria albiceps, sp. n.

3d. Head and thorax white, the tegule at sides and patagia

tinged with red-brown, the vertex of head and thorax with slight

dark streak; palpi white mixed with brown; abdomen whitish

suffused with dark brown, the anal tuft white tinged with rufous ;

pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white tinged with

brown. Fore wing whitish suffused with reddish brown leaving

the veins white, the area below the cell from before middle and the

area beyond the cell except towards costa irrorated with blackish ;

a black terminal line ; cilia white with a black line at middle and

some brown at tips. Hind wing brown; a slight dark terminal

line ; cilia white with a brown line at middle and the tips tinged

with brown. Underside suffused with brown.

Hab. Transvaat, Bultfontein (Janse), 2 ¢ type. Exp. 18 mm.

(236) Argyria unipunctalis, sp. n.

Head and thorax white, the tegulw at sides and streak through

middle of patagia tinged with pale red-brown; abdomen white,

dorsally suffused with pale red-brown towards base ; palpi, pectus,

and legs tinged with pale red-brown. Fore wing white tinged

448 Sir G. F. Hampson on new

with pale red-brown and slightly irrorated with darker brown, the

veins and costal edge white; a black discoidal point; a terminal

series of black points ; cilia white with a brown line near base and

the tips tinged with brown. Hind wing almost pure silvery white.

Underside of fore wing except the costal edge and the costal area

of hind wing suffused with pale red-brown.

Hab. Transvyaat, Tweefontein (Janse), 1 do, Van der Merwe’s

Farm (Janse), 1 ¢,3 2 type, Pretoria (Distant, Janse), 2 3.

Eap. 20-22 mm.

(23 e) Argyria arealis, sp. n.

Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged with ochreous, the last

long and slender; antenne fuscous at sides; palpi long; fore

femora and tibie fuscous on inner side. Fore wing long and

narrow, the apex produced, ochreous white irrorated with reddish

brown ; a black discoidal point defined by white ; a terminal series

of black points ; cilia tinged with brown and with a blackish line

through them. Hind wing silvery white. Underside of fore wing

and costal area of hind wing tinged with red-brown.

Hab. Masnonatann (Dobbie), 3 5,38 2 type. Hap. 16-20 mm.

(24a) Argyria albivenalis, sp. n.

2. Head, thorax, and abdomen white faintly tinged with rufous,

the last with some fulvous yellow at base of dorsum. Fore wing

white suffused with rufous leaving the veins white, the interspaces

of terminal half slightly irrorated with brown; a slight brown

terminal line. Hind wing silvery white. Underside of fore wing

and costal area of hind wing tinged with rufous.

Hab. Paraeuay, Santa Cruz (8. Moor), 1 2 type. Haxp.

22 mm.

(269) Argyria atrisparsalis, sp. n.

Diatrea neuricella, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am., Het. ii. p. 295 (nec Zell).

Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged with rufous. Fore

wing white tinged with rufous and sparsely irrorated with black-

brown, the submedian fold pure white; a minute antemedial black-

brown spot on inner margin and black discoidal point; a terminal

series of prominent black points slightly defined on inner side by

white. Hind wing white faintly tinged with red-brown. Under-

side white tinged with red-brown.

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz, Atoyac (H. H. Smith), 1 & type,

Tobasco, Teapa (H. H. Smith), 1 2, Godman-Salvin Coll. zp.,

3 26, 2 30 mm.

(267) Argyria tumidicostalis, sp. n.

Hind wing of male with glandular swelling at base of costa.

3. Head and thorax whitish suffused with red-brown, the palpi at

sides and patagia irrorated with black-brown ; abdomen white tinged —

Pyralide of the Subfamily Crambine. 449

with red-brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white

tinged with rufous. Fore wing whitish suffused with red-brown ;

a rather diffused dark red-brown fascia below median nervure to

just beyond end of cell and a few black-brown scales beyond the

cell; a terminal series of minute black spots with silvery white

sey in centres ; cilia silvery white with a red-brown line at base.

ind wing white, the costal area tinged with red-brown; a red-

brown terminal line from apex to vein 2. Underside of fore wing

and costal area of hind wing suffused with red-brown.

Hab. Bexcat, Patna, 2 ¢ type. Exp. 24 mm.

Larva in sugar-cane. °

(26 7). Argyria sticticraspis, sp. n.

2. Head and thorax greyish ochreous suffused with red-brown ;

palpi irrorated with dark brown ; abdomen greyish ochreous with

some rufous at base of dorsum ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of

abdomen white tinged with ochreous brown. Fore wing greyish

ochreous suffused with red-brown, the cell and areas just below

and beyond it irrorated with darker red-brown; a curved post-

medial series of small red-brown spots in the interspaces from below

costa to above vein 1; a terminal series of minute black spots

defined on inner side by slight white spots; cilia with slight red-

brown lines near base and at middle. Hind wing pure white.

Underside of fore wing white tinged with rufous.

Hab. Mavras, Coimbatore (B. Fletcher), 1 2 type. Exp.

30 mm.

Larva in sugar-cane.

(26k) Argyria coniorta, sp. n.

¢. Head and thorax pale red-brown; antennw ringed black

and white; palpi whitish mixed with dark brown; abdomen

whitish dorsally suffused with brown towards base; pectus, legs,

and ventral surface of abdomen white tinged with red-brown.

Fore wing pale red-brown mixed with some whitish and irrorated

with blackish especially along median nervure and in and beyond

end of cell; a medial series of slight black spots, incurved below

the cell and sometimes reduced to the spot below the cell; two

blackish discoidal points, the lower one sometimes defined on outer

side by white ; a more or less distinct curved blackish subterminal

line ; a terminal series of minute black spots defined on inner side

by minute white spots; cilia with two dark lines through them.

Hind Wing almost pure white. Underside of fore wing and the

costal area of hind wing suffused with reddish brown.

Hab, Sikkim, 1800' (Dudgeon), 1 ¢ ; Bencat, Behar, Pusa,

4d type. Exp. 20-26 mm.

Larva in sugar-cane.

(261) Argyria argyropasta, sp. n.

¢. Head and thorax red-brown mixed with some dark brown ;

abdomen white tinged with brown; pectus, legs, and ventral

450 Sir G. F. Hampson on new

surface of abdomen white tinged with red-brown. Fore wing pale

red-brown mixed with whitish and irrorated with fuscous and a few

silvery scales ; a white streak below basal half of submedian fold

and a streak below basal half of vein 5; a curved subterminal series

of slight silvery points and slight dark streaks in the interspaces

towards termen; cilia brown glossed with silver. Hind wing

almost pure white. Underside of fore wing and costal area of hind

wing tinged with red-brown.

Hab. Cave Cotony, Annshaw (Miss F. Barrett), 1 3 type.

Exp. 14 mm.

(26m) Argyria poliella, sp. n.

Q. Head and thorax white with a slight brownish tinge ;

abdomen white with fulvous yellow dorsal patch on 2nd segment.

Fore wing white slightly tinged with brown and with greyer

streaks in and below cell and between the veins of terminal area ;

a minute discoidal black point; a very indistinct brown postmedial

line, strongly excurved from costa to vein 5 then very oblique; a

terminal series of black points. Hind wing white.

Hab. Br. C. Arrica, Upper Shiré R., Zomba (Rendall), 1 2

type. Hxp. 26 mm.

(26n) Argyria psammathis, sp. n.

@. Head and thorax pale red-brown mixed with whitish; palpi

irrorated with black; abdomen white tinged with pale red-brown

and. with some fulvous yellow towards base of dorsum. Pectus,

legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white tinged with pale red-

brown. Fore wing whitish suffused with pale red-brown and

slightly striated with blackish especially on inner half of medial

area; a slight dark spot on upper discocellular; postmedial line

indistinct, dark, excurved to vein 4, then oblique and slightly

sinuous ; a terminal series of minute black spots defined on outer

side by silvery spots on the cilia. Hind wing almost pure white

with a slight dark terminal line from apex to vein 4. Underside

of fore wing and the costal area of hind wing tinged with red-

brown.

Hab. Gotp Coast, Bibianaha (Spurrell), 19; N. Nieerta,

Bida (Macfie), 1 2 type, Minna (Macfie),1 9. Hap. 24mm.

(260) Argyria bipunctalis, sp. n.

@. Head and thorax white irrorated with brown; palpi irrorated

with large black scales; abdomen, pectus, and legs white tinged

with red-brown. Fore wing white irrorated with brown except

along median nervure and the base of the veins beyond the cell;

two obliquely placed black discoidal points ; a black terminal line;

cilia silvery white with some blackish at tips. Hind wing silvery

white. Underside of fore wing and costal area of hind wing faintly

tinged with red-brown.

Hab. N. Niceria, Zungeru (Macfie), 2 2 type. Exp. 26mm.

‘

”

Pyralids of the Subfamily Crambine. 451

(28a) Argyria vittatalis, sp. n.

¢d. Head white, the antennw tinged with red-brown, the frons

at sides and palpi red-brown; thorax red-brown with a cupreous

tinge and white dorsal stripe; abdomen white tinged with red-

brown ; pectus and legs white tinged with red-brown. Fore wing

cupreous brown, the area below submedian fold white with some

cupreous brown suffusion at base of inner margin and dark irrora-

tion above middle of inner margin; the costa pale rufous towards

apex with an obliquely curved white fascia from below apex to

a median nervure at origin of vein 2, its upper edge somewhat

diffused ; a slight dark discoidal spot; a dark terminal line with a

narrow white band before it ending in a point above submedian

fold ; cilia white tinged with cupreous. Hind wing pale cupreous

brown; a dark terminal line with some white before it except

towards tornus ; cilia white tinged with cupreous. Underside red-

brown, the hind wing with indistinct curved dark subterminal line.

2. Fore wing without the cupreous brown at middle of inner

margin; hind wing white faintly tinged with brown and with a

rather darker subterminal band.

Hab. Brazit, Sio Paulo (D. Jones), 1g, 4 2 type; Para-

Guay, Sapucay (Foster), 12. Exp. 32-36 mm.

(28 c) Argyria endochralis, sp. n.

2. Head and thorax whitish tinged with red-brown, the tegul:e

at sides and patagia bright red-brown; palpi red-brown; abdomen,

pectus, and legs whitish tinged with red-brown. Fore wing pale

rufous, the area below submedian fold white tinged with rufous

and with some dark irroration below medial part of vein 1; a slight

brown discoidal lunule; an oblique brown streak from apex to

vein 5 beyond the cell; a dark terminal line except towards tornus;

cilia with a brown line near base. Hind wing whitish tinged with

rufous; a fine brown terminal line except towards tornus. Under-

side whitish tinged with rufous, the terminal areas rather whiter.

Hab, Argentina (Leech), 3 Q type. Herp. 36 mm.

(28d) Argyria leucomeralis, sp. n.

Head white, the antennz and palpi at sides tinged with rufous ;

thorax and abdomen white with a golden tinge; fore legs red-

brown on inner side. Fore wing with the costa pure white, the

wedge-shaped area from just below it to the discal fold red-brown

with a golden tinge; the area between discal and submedian folds

pure white with some red-brown irroration towards termen; the inner

area white tinged with rufous; an indistinct double brown post-

medial line filled in with white from submedian fold to inner margin,

excurved just above vein 1, then strongly incurved; a silvery white

subterminal line slightly defined on‘outer side by blackish on the

red-brown area, then on each side by rufous, oblique towards costa,

then excurved and slightly incurved at submedian fold; a dark

452 Sir G. F. Hampson on new

terminal line witha black point below submedian fold; cilia white,

brown at base at apex and tinged with brown towards tornus.

Hind wing silvery white. Underside of fore wing with the costal

half red-brown, the inner half white tinged with red-brown; hind

wing with the costal area suffused with red-brown.

Hab. Sterra LEONE (Clements), 3 3, 1 2 type. Hap.

16-22 mm.

(29a) Argyria retractalis, sp. n.

3. Head and thorax cupreous brown mixed with white ; antenne,

frons, and palpi eupreous brown; abdomen white suffused with

red-brown on basal half and with red-brown subdorsal spots on

terminal half; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white,

the tarsi brown at extremities. Fore wing with the basal area

white with the costal edge cupreous brown and a patch of cupreous

brown suffusion from subcostal nervure to vein 1; antemedial line

black defined on inner side by white, arising at subcostal nervure,

excurved at median nervure and strongly incurved at vein 1; medial

area cupreous brown with a white streak below costa; postmedial

line black, minutely waved and defined on outer side by white to

vein 3, then retracted upwards to below costa, then with an inward

curve to middle of inner margin, its retracted part cupreus brown

above discal fold, a white patch before it on costal area and its

retracted part with a strong white band on its outer side, a

cupreous brown band beyond it and below it from vein 3 to inner

margin; the terminal area white with rather dentate inner edge ;

a punctiform dark cupreous brown terminal line; cilia white.

Hind wing silky white with a slight cupreous brown terminal line

from vein 7 to below 4. Underside of fore wing and costal area of

hind wing suffused with cupreous brown.

Hab. Br. Gutana, Demerara (Rodway), 1 3 type. Exp.

16 mm.

(81a) Argyria undulalis, sp. n.

Head and thorax creamy yellow tinged with rufous; abdomen

ochreous with a rufous tinge towards base of dorsum; pectus and

legs white, the latter slightly irrorated with brown. Fore wing

ochreous suffused with rufous; a rather diffused blackish ante-

medial line, angled outwards below costa, then waved; an oblique

blackish discoidal striga with a waved shade formed by dark scales

from it to vein 1; postmedial line blackish with some silvery

scales on it, dentate, obliquely excurved to discal fold, then incurved

and excurved below submedian fold; a terminal series of minute

black points; cilia red-brown at base, silvery white at tips. Hind

wing ochreous white with a slight rufous tinge; a terminal series

of black points to vein 2; the cilia white. Underside creamy

white, the costal areas irrorated with black; both wings with

slight curved black postmedial line from costa to vein 4.

Hab. Beneat, Pusa (Lefroy), 23, 2 2 type; Manpras,

Bangalore (Minchin),1 3. Ezxp., 814, 9 16mm,

Pyralidee of the Subfamily Crambine. 453

(816) Argyria conisphoralis, sp. n.

3. Head and thorax grey tinged with brown and irrorated with

black ; antennze tinged with white ; sides of frons with white lines;

palpi white below except towards tips; abdomen white suffused

with brown; pectus and ventral surface of abdomen white; legs

white and brown. Fore wing white almost entirely suffused with

red-brown and irrorated with black ; antemedial line black, waved;

two black points at middle of costa and two discoidal points on a

whitish spot; postmedial line black, excurved from below costa to

vein 4, then oblique, sinuous and defined on each side by white ;

a slight waved blackish subterminal shade ; a fine black line before

termen and a terminal line; cilia white with a strong black-brown

line through them. Hind wing brown tinged with grey ; a blackish

terminal line ; cilia white, brown at base and with brown line through

them. Underside white; fore wing suffused with brown except on

costal and inner areas, a blackish mark at middle of costa and

curved postmedial line from costa to vein 3; hind wing with the

costal area tinged with brown and irrorated with black, a brown

postmedial line from costa to vein 2.

Hab. C. Curna, Tientsin (Thomson), 1 d type. Exp. 14mm.

(32 a) Argyria molybdogramma, sp. n.

Head, thorax, and abdomen pale creamy yellow, the shoulders

tinged with rufous, the base of abdomen more fulvous yellow;

palpi tinged with rufous; pectus and legs white, the fore legs

tinged with rufous in front. Fore wing pale creamy yellow suf-

fused with rufous, the costal edge blackish towards base ; antemedial

line black suffused with silver and rather diffused on inner side,

exeurved below costa and slightly incurved at middle; a pale

yellow patch in end of cell defined on outer side by a curved brown

line and with a black streak above it on costa; postmedial line

black suffused with silver, strongly excurved below costa and

slightly above inner margin, slight white marks before and beyond

it on costa followed by a short black streak; a terminal series of

minute blackish points ; cilia creamy white with two strong fuscous

lines through them. Hind wing whitish, the terminal area tinged

with rufous except towards costa; a curved brownish postmedial

line ; a slight brown terminal line and line through the cilia inter-

rupted at submedian fold. Underside yellowish white ; both wings

with the costal areas irrorated with brown, a small brown discoidal

spot and postmedial line excurved below costa.

Hab. QuEENSLAND, Townsville (Dodd), 16,19 type. £up.,

J 14, 2 16mm.

(326) Argyria calamochroa, sp. n.

Head and thorax ochreous tinged with rufous ; abdomen ochreous

white with a more orange-yellow patch near base of dorsum; pectus

and legs ochreous white, the hind tibie blackish at extremity and

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. iii. 30

454 Sir G. F. Hampson on new

the spurs ringed with black, the ventral surface of abdomen with

some black scales. Fore wing ochreous tinged with rufous and

irrorated with dark brown ; antemedial line represented by blackish

spots in the interspaces and black spot at costa, excurved below

costa; two slight dark discoidal spots; postmedial line blackish

with a small black spot at costa, excurved below costa and slightly

above inner margin; a terminal series of black points and strive;

cilia with a black line through them. Hind wing ochreous white ;

a diffused brownish postmedial line from costa to vein 4; a terminal

series of black points with a rather maculate brownish shade before

them; cilia with brown mixed. Underside of fore wing ochreous,

the costal area whitish irrorated with blackish, antemedial and

medial black points on costa; a small discoidal spot with striga

above it from costa, and curved brown postmedial line ; hind wing

ochreous white, the costal half irrorated with blackish, a wedge-

shaped patch of black irroration below terminal half of submedial

fold, a brown postmedial line from costa to vein 3, excurved below

costa.

Hab. N. Nteerta, Zungeru (Macfie), 29; Br. E. Arrica,

Gwelil (Betton), 1 ¢ type, Eb Urru (Betton), 22; Br. C.

Arnica, Likoma (de Jersey), 1 3, Shire Valley, Mwanza (eave),

19; Porrvavese E. Arrica, Mt. Chiperone (Weave), 1-3;

Carve Corony, Annshaw (Miss F. Barrett), 2 d. Hxp. 18 mm.

(34¢) Argyria duplicilinea, sp. n.

Head white; thorax white mixed with cupreous brown ; abdo-

men fuscous brown with some whitish at base; antenne black;

maxillary palpi at base and palpi below black; pectus, legs, and

ventral surface of abdomen brown and white, the tarsi banded

brown and white. Fore wing white, tinged in parts with brown

and irrorated with a few black scales especially on costal area

except towards apex; a minute blackish annulus in middle of cell;

medial line black, angled outwards at discal and submedian folds ;

subterminal line double, black, oblique towards costa, excurved at

discal fold and slightly above inner margin, black streaks from it to

termen above and below vein 6 and some cupreous brown suffusion

at diseal fold; a terminal black line towards apex and point below

vein 3; cilia with a black line through them towards apex and

some cupreous brown at discal fold. Hind wing white suffused

with fuscous, the cilia whiter with a black line near base. Under-

side suffused with fuscous.

Hab, Sterna Leone (Clements), 1 ¢; Gotp Coast, Bibianaha

(Spurrell), 1 2 type. Eap. 16mm.

(84e) Argyria leucopsumis, sp. n.

_d. Head white tinged with rufous ; thorax and abdomen rufous

mixed with black ; antennz pale rufous; pectus, hind legs, and

ventral surface of abdomen white tinged with rufous, the fore and

mid legs dark brown, the tarsi ringed with white. Fore wing

Pyralide of the Subfamily Crambine. 455

whitish suffused with rufous and black-brown, the costal area black-

brown irrorated with blue-white; antemedial line black-brown

defined on inner side by white, very oblique to median nervure

towards end of cell, and strongly incurved at vein 1, a white fascia

below costa from it to above end of cell; a rounded black discoidal

spot; subterminal line white defined on inner side by black-brown,

curved; cilia white at base, tinged with rufous at tips. Hind

wing cupreous brown, the cilia creamy white with a slight brown

line at middle. Underside of fore wing dark red-brown, a curved

whitish subterminal line with streaks beyond it in the interspaces ;

hind wing suffused with red-brown, a curved dark subterminal line

with whitish streaks beyond it in the interspaces.

Hab. Assam, Khasis, 1 ¢d type. Exp. 24mm.

(34f) Argyria bostralis, sp, n.

2. Head, thorax, and abdomen red-brown tinged with grey, the

vertex of head and base of abdomen reddish ochreous; palpi

whitish below ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen whitish

tinged with brown. Fore wing red-brown tinged with grey; an

indistinct oblique blackish antemedial line; a slight whitish

discoidal lunule ; postmedial line indistinct, blackish, excurved

from below costa to vein 3, then incurved; a terminal series of

blackish points. Hind wing grey suffused with brown. Underside

grey suffused with red-brown, the terminal areas paler; both wings

with indistinct curved dark postmedial line,

Hab. Br. E. Arnica, Uganda Ry., Kibwezi (Veave),1 2 type.

Exp, 22 mm.

(4) Eudorina semifascia, sp. n.

Q. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish strongly suffused with

deep rufous, the ventral surface of abdomen whiter, the tarsi

fonp tte with whitish. Fore wing deep rufous; a minute white spot

per angle of cell; a narrow inwardly oblique white postmedial

and from costa to vein 4, defined on outer side by rather diffused

dark brown; an indistinct rather diffused dark subterminal line ;

a dark terminal line; cilia with rather maculate white line at base.

Hind wing whitish suffused with rufous, Underside of fore wing

rufous with rather diffused inwardly oblique postmedial dark line

from costa to vein 4.

Hab. Durcu N. Guivea, Fak-fak (Pratt), 1 2 type. £xp.

16 mm.

(5) ELudorina diffusa, sp. n.

3d. Head, thorax, and fore wing dark red-brown, palpi at base

and throat white; legs ringed with white. Fore wing irrorated

with some white scales on medial area; a diffused oblique patch

from costa to lower angle of cell; an oblique line from apex to

vein 6 where it nearly joins a diffused band extending to just

30*

456 On new Pyralide of the Subfamily Crambine.

above inner margin; a terminal series of black and white points.

Hind wing and abdomen paler.

Hab. Br. New Guryza, Milne Bay (Meek), 2 §; D’EntrRE-

casTEAuX Is., Ferguson I. (Meek), 2 gd type. Hap. 20 mm.

(6) Eudorina triangulifera, sp. n.

6. Head and thorax dark red-brown with whitish stripe on

vertex; abdomen paler. Fore wing dark red-brown with slight

dark streaks in and below middle of cell; a triangular blackish

patch on middle of inner margin with broad whitish edge extending

nearly to the cell, a similar postmedial patch on costa extending

down to vein 5 ; an oblique obscure whitish subterminal line. Hind

wing paler. :

Hab. Br. New Gutnea, Milne Bay (Meek), 1 ¢ ; D’ENTRE-

cAsTEAUX Is., Fergusson I., N. Guinea (Meek), 1 ¢ type. Eup.

20 mm.

(10) Eudorina ocellata, sp. n.

2. Dark red-brown; palpi white below; legs ringed with

white. Fore wing with oblique pure white, black-edged subbasal

spot; the orbicular and reniform rufous and black-edged, the latter

with its edge incomplete above and connected with costa by an

oblique white bar; a short oblique white streak from apex ; a sub-

terminal dark line with some white scales on its inner edge from

just below the apical streak to inner margin. Hind wing paler

rufous.

Hab. Mouvccas, Batchian (Doherty), type 2 in coll. Roth-

schild. Exp. 22 mm.

(11) Eudorina leucoselene, sp. n.

3. Head and thorax deep rufous; abdomen paler rufous; palpi

below towards base and pectus in front and at sides white. Fore

wing deep rufous ; a dark brown antemedial spot with two white

points on it below median nervure, a red-brown line from it, oblique

to above inner margin and with some diffused whitish before it; a

slight whitish spot on upper part of middle of cell; a small white

discoidal lunule defined by rather diffused dark brown; a curved

punctiform whitish postmedial line, almost obsolete from below

costa to discal fold ; a fine dark terminal line; cilia with a series of

minute white spots at base. Hind wing whitish suffused with

rufous especially towards termen; a slight faint dark discoidal

spot; cilia with a fine whitish line at base. Underside of fore

wing and costal area of hind wing rufous, the hind wing with

oblique rather diffused postmedial dark line from costa to beyond

lower angle of cell.

2. Fore wing with small white spot below base of cell, elliptical

subbasal spot in the cell, rather quadrate antemedial spot on ~

median nervure, the discoidal lunule larger and oblique, two minute

On new Entozoa from Birds in Uganda, 457

spots below the costa before a distinct postmedial spot and a rather

conical spot before termen below apex, all defined by darker brown;

a terminal series of small dark spots.

Ab. 1, 2. Fore wing without the white spots below base of cell

and apex, a subterminal series of minute dark spots between discal

and submedian folds.

Hab. Durcn New Gurvea, Mimika R. (Wollaston), 1 9;

Br. New Gutyea, Milne Bay (Meek), 1 3, 1 2 type. Exp.,

d 22, 2 24mm. f

[To be continued. }

XLV.—Some new Entozoa from Birds in Uganda.

By H. A. Bayruts, M.A.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

THrouGH the kindness of Dr. G. A. K. Marshall I have

been enabled to examine a collection containing examples of

eight species of Nematodes and Cestodes from birds in

Uganda. These were collected and forwarded to the Im-

perial Bureau of Entomology by Mr. C. C. Gowdey in 1917.

The collection includes three species of Nematodes and five

of Cestodes, all of which are probably new to science. ‘Two

of the Nematodes and one of the Cestodes unfortunately

cannot be fully described, owing to paucity of material, but

of the remainder Mr. Gowdey has been remarkably successful

in obtaining complete and well-preserved specimens.

The types will be deposited in the helminthological

collection of the British Museum (Natural History).

NEMATODA.

1. Ascaris colura*, sp. n.

Host : Lophoattus occipitalis.

Two female specimens of an Ascarid from this host occur

in the collection. Both are of about the same dimensions :

length 46 mm., maximum thickness 1mm, The transverse

striations of the cuticle are very fine and not very distinct.

The body tapers gradually anteriorly and very suddenly

posteriorly. Just behind the lips the thickness of the neck

is0°*5 mm. ‘There is practically no tail, the posterior end

* «édoupos, dock-tailed, stump-tailed.

458 Mr. H. A. Baylis on new

being quite rounded and the anus situated at only 0°23 mm.

from the extremity. The thickness at the anus is 0°55 mm.

The lips (fig. 1) are large and roughly hexagonal in

outline. There are three small interlabia (fig. 1, J.0.). As

seen from the front, each lip has two sharp projecting longi-

tudinal ridges internally, with an indentation between them.

Dentigerous ridges (fig. 1, D.R.) are well developed on the

inner surface of the lips. The “pulp” of each lip is pro-

duced anteriorly into two large rounded lobes. ‘The ventro-

lateral lips have each a pair of very slightly raised papille

(fig. 1, P.) ; the dorsal lip apparently has none.

Fig. 1.

re) 3am

Ascaris colura; the head, seen from the dorsal side.

D.L., dorsal lip; D.&., dentigerous ridges ; J.L., interlabium ;

P., papilla of ventro-lateral lip.

The cesophagus is slender and of nearly uniform thickness

throughout. Its length is about 7 mm. From the point

where it enters the chyle-intestine a long intestinal diver-

ticulum runs forward to about 1:6 mm. from the anterior end.

There is apparently no cesophageal appendage.

The vulva is situated at about 17 mm. from the anterior

end, ‘lhe two uterine branches run backwards parallel to

each other. The coils of the ovaries extend back almost to

the posterior end of the body. The eggs are oval and have _

Entozoa from Birds in Uganda. 459

a thin, rough shell. They measure 112 x70 w-125x 75 yu.

They do not contain a formed embryo at the time of laying.

Note.—The presence of an intestinal diverticulum, according

- to the view of some authors, necessitates the formation of a

distinct family, or, at least, subfamily, for the three-lipped

nematodes possessing it [see Railliet and Henry, 1912, 1915 *],

‘The genera comprised in this “ family,” however, do not

seem to have been very clearly defined up to the present.

The species under discussion is therefore named only pro-

visionally Ascaris, sens. lat.

2. Subulura plotina, sp. n.

Host: Plotus rufus. (Darter.)

The male (of which there is only one example) measures

8:2 mm. in length and 0°34 mm. in maximum thickness.

The female (largest of four specimens) is 14°2 mm. long and

0°46 mm. thick. The worms are of slender build, tapering

gradually at either end, In both sexes the neck bears a pair

of lanceolate cuticular ale at the sides, extending from the

anterior end to about the beginning of the cesophageal bulb.

The opening of the mouth is apparently hexagonal in outline.

There is a small mouth-capsule with three very small teeth

at the entrance to the cesophagus, as is usual in this genus.

There are no lips, but the mouth is surrounded by six (?)

very small papilla. The excretory pore is situated at

0°45 mm. from the anterior end in the male and at 0°55 mm.

in the female.

The cesophagus las an oval posterior bulb, which is

distinctly marked off from the anterior portion, and has its

hinder end pushed in, as it were, into the beginning of the

intestine. The length of the cesophagus (including the bulb)

is 1:25 mm. in the male and 1°5 mm. in the female.

In the male the tail (fig. 2) measures only 0-2 mm, in

length, and has no ale. Tue preanal sucker, which is elon-

gated in shape and has no chitinous border, is situated at

about 0°4 mm, in front of the anus. ‘The spicules (tig. 2, Sy.)

are equal in length (about 0°9 mm.) and accompanied near

the anus by an accessory piece (? two accessory pieces)

(fig. 2, A.P.), the longest portion of which measures 0°15 mm,

There are ten pairs of papille—six postanal (fig. 2, 7-6), one

paranal (fig. 2, 7), and three preanal (fig. 2, J-Z/1). Of

these the third postanal (counted from the tail-tip) and the

paranal are more laterally situated than the rest. The most

* Bull. Soc, Paths exot. v, no. 4, 1912, p, 256, and viii. no, 5, 1915,

p. 270.

460 - Mr. H. A. Baylis on new

anterior of the preanal papille are situated at the sides of the

sucker, a little in front of its middle.

In the female the tail is 0°8 mm. in length. The vulva is _

situated in the middle third of the body, at 5°8 mm. from the

anterior end. The ova measure 65 x 52°5 w-75 x 55 p. The

uterus extends back beyond the anus into the cavity of the

tail.

Subulura plotina; tail of male, lateral view.

A.P., accessory piece ; Sp., Spicules; 1-6, postanal papille ; 7, paranal ;

I-III, preanal papille.

3. Filaria sp.

Host: Merops albicollis. (Bee-eater.) ie

Of this form there is only one specimen, a female. The

total length is 31 mm., the maximum thickness about

05 mm. The mouth is apparently without lips or papillee.

A pair of 3-lobed glands open into the cavity of the mouth —

laterally. The vulva is situated at 0-4 mm. from the ante-

rior end. The position of the anus has not been made ont.

Entozoa from Birds in Uganda. 461

The tail is bluntly rounded at the tip. Almost the whole of

the body-cavity is filled by the uterus, which contains

enormous numbers of eggs. The latter measure 57 x 37 p-

62x40 w. They have a rather thick shell and contain a

coiled embryo.

CESTODA,

4. Biuterina uganda, sp. n.

. Host: Cinnyris gutturalis. (Sunbird.)

This is a small species, attaining a length of about 2 em.

upwards. The maximum width of the strobila is about

O'7 mm. ‘The scolex measures 0°4 mm. across, and the suckers

have a diameter of 0*2 mm., with a large forwardly-directed

aperture. The rostellum has a muscular cushion at its apex,

Biuterina ugand@ ; a gravid segment (from a whole preparation).

C.S., cirrus-sac ; D., dorsal excretory vessel ; F., cuticular frill ;

P., paruterine organ; U¢., uterus; V., ventral excretory vessel.

looking almost like a fifth sucker. This measures 0°12 mm,

in diameter and bears two rows of about twenty-two hooks

each. The hooks of the anterior row are about 20 w in

length, those of the posterior row a little shorter. All the

hooks are of the triangular shape characteristic of the genus.

Segmentation begins almost immediately behind the scolex.

Each segment has a slightly raised fold or frill of cuticle

running round it transversely near its anterior end (see

fig. 3, F.).

462 Mr. H. A. Baylis on new

The genital pores are irregularly alternating. The cirrus-

sac is pear-shaped and measures 0°125 mm. long and 0°04 mm.

in thickness at its widest part, which is near the inner end.

There are twelve or more testes in a compact group in the

middle of the segment. The female genital apparatus calls

for no special comment: the uterus (fig. 3, Ut.) shows the

usual more or less complete division into two lateral portions,

and a well-developed paruterine organ (fig. 3, P.) is present

in front of it in the posterior segments. The ova do not

appear to pass into the paruterine organ until after the

separation of the segments from the strobila. The oncho-

spheres measure 28 w in diameter.

5. Davainea debilis, sp. n.

Host: Anastomus lamelligerus. (Open-bill Stork.)

Of this species the collection contains only one specimen,

which measures about 45 mm. in length. The posterior

segments are much contracted, and the length actually

Davainea debvilis ; diagram of the genital cloaca and terminal portions of

the genital ducts. (Reconstructed from horizontal sections.) The

overlapping lateral borders of three consecutive segments are seen.

C., cirrus; Cl.,, distal non-muscular portion of genital cloaca; Cl.

proximal muscular portion of same; C.S., cirrus-sac; V., vagina;

V.D., vas deferens.

attained would probably be much greater. Anteriorly the

worm is extremely slender, but it increases rapidly in width

until the posterior segments measure about 3 mm. across.

The scolex measures only 0*2 mm. across and is very

feebly developed. ‘he suckers appear as mere cushion-like

thickenings. They were apparently armed with hooks about

Entozoa from Birds in Uganda. 463

12 uw long, nearly all of which, however, have been lost. The

rostellum measures 0°08 mm, in diameter and bears an

enormous number of extremely minute hooks, the length of

which is about 8 yu.

* The neck, which is well extended, is unsegmented for a

distance of about 1°2 mm. behind the scolex. The mature

segments (much contracted) are extremely short and broad,

and have greatly overlapping margins posteriorly and laterally.

The longitudinal musculature is very powerfully developed

dorsally and ventrally, consisting of a thick layer of irregu-

larly anastomosing fibres.

The ventral excretory vessels are connected at every

segment by a transverse vessel, which is about half as wide

as the medullary portion of the segment itself.

There are twenty or more testes in each mature segment,

extending in a series right across the medullary parenchyme.

The cirrus-sac and vagina open into a common genital

cloaca (fig. 4, Cl.), the proximal portion of which has a very

thick muscular wall, and the distal portion is non-muscular.

The muscular portion is about 0°06 mm. long, the non-

muscular about 0°05 mm. The dimensions of the cirrus-sac

are 0°125 mm. «0°06 mm.

The gravid segments contain numerous egg-capsules

enclosing four or five eggs each. The onchospheres measure

only about 15 w in diameter.

6. Davainea sp.

Host: Bleda pallidigula.

There is a single fragmentary specimen from this bird,

to which, owing to its incompleteness, it is not proposed to

attach a specific name.

The length of the fragment is about 15 mm. and its greatest

width 0°9 mm. The scolex (contracted, and with retracted

rostellum) measures 0°25 mm. across, The diameter of the

suckers is 0°075 mm. and that of the rostellum about 0°1 mm.

The size of the hooks on the rostellum has not been made

outs those on the suckers are about 13 uw long.

The neck (rather contracted) is unsegmented for about

0°4 mm. behind the scolex. The segments are broader than

long throughout the fragment, which, however, lacks gravid

seyments,

The earliest rudiments of genital organs appear at about

the ninetieth segmenth. The genital pores are strictly

unilateral. ‘The testes number twenty to twenty-five, and

are arranged mainly in two lateral groups, with a single row

464 Mr. H. A. Baylis on new

behind the female glands. The cirrus-sac measures about

0-1. mm. x 0°038 mm., and curves from the genital pore

towards the front of the segment. The ovary is divided into

two more or less distinct portions, the vagina passing between

them. he yolk-gland is posterior in position and is rather

deeply lobate.

7. Davainea vaganda, sp. n.

Host: Haliaétus vocifer. (Sea-Eagle.)

This is a very slender little form, with a comparatively

large scolex. In general it approaches closely to D. spher-

‘ oides, Clerc, 1903 *, which is also parasitic in birds of prey,

but it does not appear to be identical with that species.

Davainea vaganda ; the scolex, highly magnified.

The present examples measure 2-3 cm. in length and have

a maximum width (near the posterior end) of 0°55 mm.

The scolex (fig. 5) measures 0°3-0°35 mm. across, and the

diameter of the suckers varies from 0°11-0°15 mm. The

latter are sometimes elongated in a transverse direction. The

rostellum measures 0°22 mm. in diameter and is armed with

numerous hooks 25 w in length, arranged in two rows. The

hooks on the suckers, which are also very numerous, measure

15 w in length.

* Rey. Suisse Zool: xi. p. 359.

Entozoa from Birds in Uganda. 465

The neck is very slender and is unsegmented for from

0'4-1'0 mm., aecording to the state of contraction. The

segments are broader than long throughout the strobila,

except in some cases the last three or four gravid segments.

Rudiments of genital organs begin to appear at about the

hundredth segment, The genital pores are strictly unilateral.

The cirrus-sac measures 0°l mm. x 0°05 mm. The testes are

very large and six to eight in number,

8. Davainea bycanistis, sp. n.

Host: Bycanistes subquadratus. (Hornbill.)

This species reaches a length of about 14 cm. and has a

maximum width of 2 mm. The scolex (fig. 6) measures

0-27 mm. across, and the diameter of the suckers is 0°088 mm.

The latter are armed with several rows of hooks, 13 w in

Fig. 6.

Davainea bycanistis ; the scolex, highly magnified.

length, The rostellum is 0°15 mm, in diameter and bears a

double crown of hooks 15 yu long.

Segmentation begins at about 1 mm. behind the scolex.

The segments are broader than long throughout the strobila,

except the last few gravid segments. The genital pores are

strictly unilateral, ‘here are twelve to fourteen large testes

in each mature segment, their diameter being about 0-075 mm.

‘he cirrus-sae is rather elongate, has a muscular wall, and

contains a very muscular cirrus. ‘The dimensions of the sac

are about 0°2 mm.x0°062 mm. The female glands form a

small compact mass in the middle of the segment. Each

gravid segment contains some thirty egg-capsules, which

measure about O'l mm. in diameter, and contain each four to

466 Mr. W.L. Distant on Ethiopian Heteroptera.

five onchospheres, The latter (without their envelopes)

measure 15 w in diameter.

This appears to be only the second species of Davainea

met with in this family of birds (Bucerotidz) ; the one

hitherto described is D. emperus, Skrjabin, 1914*, from

Buceros seratogynina. he present species differs from

D. emperus in the number of its testes, the absence of the

well-developed sphincter-muscle of the genital cloaca, and

other details. The scolex unfortunately cannot be compared

in the two species, as that of D. emperus is unknown.

XLVI.—Ethiopian Heteroptera: some new Species of Redu-

viidee belonging to the Genera Pysttala and Platymeris.

By W. L. Distant,

PYSTTALA.

Pysttala, Stal, GEfy. Vet.-Akad. Férh. 1859, p. 187.

Platymeris, Lap. (part.), Stal, ibid.; Hem. Afr. iii. p. 123 (1865).

“Thoracis lobo postico quadrispinoso, antico multispinoso, hem-

elytris spinulis armatis.”

Type, P. ducalis, Westw.

Although Stal subsequently relegated Pysttala to a section

of the genus Platymeris, it is clearly entitled to generic rank,

and Iam now able to add four more species to it. Of the

type, ducalis, Westw., I can only refer to Westwood’s figure

and description, for the type cannot be traced by Prof. Poulton

at Oxford; and although Westwood stated that another

specimen was contained in the British Museum from Sierra

Leone, no such example is now to be found in the National

Collection.

Pysttala samwelli, sp. n.

Head, pronotum, corium, body beneath, and legs black ;

membrane dark ferruginous brown, especially on its apical

area; a subquadrate spot near middle of corium, a broad

subapical fascia to the femora, and somewhat large marginal

spots to the abdomen sanguineous; antenne with the first

joint black, moderately stout, not quite reaching base of

head, second joint ferruginous, about three times as long as

first, third more ochraceous in hue, both second and third

* C.B. Bakt., Jena (orig.), Ixxy. p. 69.

Mr. W. L. Distant on Ethiopian [eteroptera. 4G7

joints longly pilose ; anterior lobe of pronotum with six long

spines on discal area, two short spines near anterior margin,

the anterior angles obtusely spinous, and a short spine near

middle of lateral margins ; posterior pronotal lobe with six

spines, three on each lateral area, the lateral angles also

strongly spinous ; scutellum with long and robustly curved

spines—one apical and one on each lateral margin; corium

with six moderately short spines—four lateral and two sub-

Jateral; connexivum with some spines at the segmental

angles.

Long. 38 mm.

Hab. W. Africa; Coomassie (VV. Samwell).

Allied to P, ducalis, Westw., but differing by the much

less spinous anterior marginal area of the pronotum; red

aunulations to the femora also shorter.

Pysttala incognita, sp. n.

In general colour and markings allied to the preceding

species, but the anterior lobe of pronotum with only six

spines, three on each lateral area, and the posterior lobe with

four short spines, the posterior lateral angles longly spinous ;

corium with four sublateral and two inner spines.

Long. 37 mm.

Hub. West Africa (no precise locality).

Pystiala johnstoni, sp. n.

Head, pronotum, corium, body beneath, and legs black;

membrane piceous ; a subquadrate spot near middle of

corium ; abroad subapical fascia to the femora and somewhat

Jarge marginal spots to the abdomen ochraceous ; antennze

with the first joint black, not quite reaching base of head,

second joint ferruginous, about three times as long as first,

moderately pilose ; anterior lobe of pronotum with six long

spines on discal area, the anterior angles obtusely spinous,

posterior pronotal lobe with four spines, two on each lateral

area, the lateral angles also strongly spinous; scutellum with

long and robustly curved spines—one apical and one on each

Jateral margin ; corium with three lateral and five or six

sublateral spines; connexivum with some spines at the

segmental angles,

Long. 38 mm. :

Hab. W. Atrica; Liberia (Six H. H. Johnston).

468 Mr. W. L. Distant on Ethiopian Heteroptera.

Pysttala dudgeoni, sp. n.

Head, pronotum, corium, and membrane black, extreme

base of corium and a small spot near its middle sanguineous ;

body beneath and legs fuscous brown, subapical annulations —

to femora, apical halves of tibiz, and the whole of the tarsi

paler in hue; connexivum ochraceous, with segmental quad-

rate black spots, posterior lobe of pronotum with two spines,

one on each lateral area, the lateral angles also strongly

spinous, anterior pronotal lobe with six prominent spines—

three on each lateral area; scutellum with long and robustly

curved spines—one apical and one on each laterai margin ;

corium with four sublateral but no inner spines ; connexivum

with some spines at the segmental angles. :

-Long. 39 mm.

flab. W. Africa ; Gold Coast, Volta River (Dr. Dudgeon).

PLATYMERIS.

Platymeris, Lap. Ess. Hém. p. 80 (1832) ; Stal (part.), Hem. Afr. iii.

p. 124 (1865).

‘‘ Thoracis lobo antico spinis longis destituto ; hemelytris margineque

abdominis inermibus.”

Type, P. (Reduvius) biguttata, Faby.

Platymeris levicollis, sp. n.

Black ; a prominent spot near middle of corium and annu-

lations to femora sanguineous, apices of tibiz and the tarsi

more or less reddish ochraceous; antenne with the basal

joint black, remaining joints obscure dark ochraceous.

Long. 85-38 mm.

Hab. North Nyasa (Farler) ; Zanzibar (Dr. W. M. Aders) ;

East Africa (German), Mpuapua.

Allied to P. rhadamanthus, Gerst., from which it differs —

by the smoother and much less rugosely striated anterior

lobe of the pronotum.

Platymeris swiret, sp. n.

Black, head and pronotum glossy black ; head before eyes,

rostrum, legs, and connexivum terruginous; a large pale

greyish spot on disk of corium ; antennx ferruginous, basal

joint about as long as from apex of head to eyes; head and

rostrum distinctly longly pilose ; pronotum sparingly longly

pilose, the posterior angles distinctly spinous aud moderately

Mr. H. E. Andrewes on Oriental Carabide. 469

recurved ; scutellum with the basal and apical spines well

developed; legs and sternum distinetly, somewhat longly

pilose ; anterior area of pronotum with a few short robust

tubercles on each lateral area.

Long. 35 mm.

Hab. Gold Coast ; N. Territory (W. Swire).

Somewhat allied to P. guttatipennis, Stal, but easily

distinguished by the uniform and distinct coloration of the

legs and the tuberculate anterior area of the pronotum &e.

CORRECTION.

By a curious though careless error in the title of my

previous paper in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (ante, p. 218)

for ‘‘ Heteropterous Family” Pyrrhocoride I wrote “ Homo-

pterous Family,” and, more strangely also, did not observe the

error in “ proof.”

XLVII.—Papers on Oriental Carabide.—I.

By H. E. ANDREWES.

In constructing a Catalogue of Oriental Carabide I have

come across a number of questions requiring further elucida-

tion, among which I may mention cases of erroneous identi-

fication, synonymy both of genera and species, attribution of

species to wrong genera, etc. I propose in this paper to give

some notes and a few new descriptions to clear these points up.

ScARATINI.

Oxylobus costatus, Bates (not Chaud.), Ann. & Mag. Nat.

Hist. (5) xvii. 1886, p. 71=0. minor, Tchit. Hor. Soc.

Ent. Ross. xxviii. 1894, p. 227.

Tchitcherin’s species may prove, when more material is

available, to be only a local form of O. costatus.

Crepidopterus favre, Maindr. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr, 1904,

p. 264, fig.= Scaritoderus loyole, Fairm. Bull. Soc. Ent.

Fr. 1883, p. 59.

Scarites boucardi, Chaud. Mon. des Scaritides, Ann, Soc. Ent.

Belg. xxiii. 1880, p. 98.

Chaudoir did not know the locality of this species. I have

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. iii. 31

470 Mr. H. E. Andrewes on Oriental Carabidze.

seen two examples from Upper Assam taken by Mr. H.

Stevens, and there are three examples in the British Museum

labelled respectively Burma, Manipur (Doherty), and Tenas-

serim.

Distichus sexpunctatus, Ménét. Cat. Rais. 1. 1832, p. 103.

Ménétries would probably be surprised to find how con-

stantly this name, invented by somebody else, but attributed

to him, has been cited as a synonym of D. planus, Bon.

Ménétries says of his example of D. planus :—“‘I1 differe

de la description qu’en donne le Comte Dejean, en ce que les

jambes postérieures n’ont qu'une seule dent, et je n’ai pu

compter que trois points imprimés sur chaque élytre.” ‘There

is no mention of the word ‘ sexpunctatus.” D, planus can

well afford to dispense with one of its numerous synonyms.

Clivina chlorizans, Bates, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1892, p. 282

= Coryza chlorizans, Bates.

Clivina debilis, Bates, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1892, p. 278.

. This name is preoccupied by C. debilis, Blackb. Proc. Linn.

Soc. N.S.W. 1889, p. 720. For Bates’s species I propose

the new name C. invalida.

Dacca, Putzeys. Postser. ad Cliv. Mon. Mém. Liége, xviii.

1863, p. 68= Clivina.

The only characters given to differentiate this genus from

Clivina are the length and acuteness of the maxille and

mandibles and the short scutellary striole—all variable in

this genus, and insufficient to render a separate one necessary.

I have seen a number of examples from Bengal. —

SIAGONINIL

Siegona depressa, F,

This species was described by Fabricius in 1798 (Suppl.

Ent. Syst. p. 56) as Carabus depressus, and following the

description are the words “ Habitat in Mauretania Dom.

Schousboe, in India Orientali Daldorff, Mus. Dom. de Sehe-

stedt.” In 1801 (Syst. Eleuth. i. p. 24) the species reappears

as Galerita depressa, but “ Habitat in Mauretania Dom.

Schousboe” has disappeared, and we have only ‘“‘ Habitat in

India Orientali—Dom. Daldorff.”

In 1813 Bonelli (Obs. Ent. ii. p. 458) described quite

another species as Siagona plana. Dejean in 1825 (Spec.

Mr. H. B. Andrewes on Oriental Carabide, 471

Gen. i. p. 361) described as S. depressa, F., an Indian

specimen which was in fact identical with Bonelli’s S. plana,

and in the following year (Spec. Gen, ii. p.468) he described

another species from the Mediterranean as S. europea.

Chaudoir, in his Monograph on the genus (Bull. Mose.

1876, i. p. 90), followed Dejean in identifying S. depressa,

F., with 8. plana, Bon., and he gives the habitat of 8. ewropea,

Dej., as extending from Senegal to Bengal.

In 1887 Mr. Bedel (Ann, Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 195) expressed

the view that S. europea, Dej.= 8. depressa, F. (not Dej.,

not Chaud.), and that the latter name should stand for the

species, as in fact it does in his ‘Catalogue raisonné des

Coléoptéres du Nord de l’ Afrique, 1897, p. 108. ‘There the

matter rests at present, and Mr. Bedel would be quite right

if the Mediterranean and Indian species were identical.

1 have taken Indian specimens myself in considerable

numbers, and have specimens or records from over thirty

different localities all over India. I have also examined

specimens from various countries bordering the Mediterranean

and from Arabia. ‘The conclusion I arrive at is that the two

species are distinct. Fabricius evidently had both before

him when drawing up his description, and, as Dejean has

since described one of them as S. europea, I think the Medi-

terranean species should bear that name, the name S. depressa

being reserved for the Indian one.

S. depressa is on average wider than S. europea, joints 1

and 2 of the antenne are rather more dilated and joint 1 is

more rounded off at the apex, the strangulation of the neck

is deeper, the ocular ridges are stronger and practically reach

the hind margin of the eye (they stop at two-thirds diameter

of eye in europea). Prothoracic furrows rather deeper,

puncturation of disk much stronger, sides more rounded and

more contracted in front. Elytra rather more oval, less

parallel, and a little more coarsely punctate; the smooth

area along the raised suture much less evident, the pubescence

rather longer and yellowerin colour. Underside more closely

punctate.

Lwrote recently about the types to the University Museum

of Copenhagen, and Dr. Lundbeck has very kindly examined

the collection there and written me in reply. He tells me

that the handwriting of Fabricius is not to be found in the

Lund and Sehestedt collections, and he believes the labels to

have been written by Sehestedt. There should be examples

of S. depressa from Mauretania (Schousboe) and India (Lal-

dorf), but the latter is not to be found. There are, however,

two examples which have always been regarded as types,

31*

472. Mr. H. E. Andrewes on Oriental Carabidie.

one of which bears the label “‘ Tanger. Schousboe, Mus. T. L.

& S., Carabus depressus, F.2’? The name Schousboe does

not refer to a collection, but to a collector.

If the Indian type is not at Copenhagen, it is unlikely to

turn up elsewhere, and must be regarded as lost.

BEMBIDIINI.

Bembidium europs, Bates, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xvii.

1886, p. 156.

This species, founded upon a single specimen taken by

Mr. George Lewis in Ceylon, is widely distributed throughout

India. JI consider it identical with B. opulentum, Nietn.

(Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) ii. 1858, p. 420), but Bates

thought that Nietner’s species was synonymous with B. nilo-

ticum, Dej. Spec. Gen. v. 1831, p. 73. Dejean described his

species from Egypt, whence it ranges through Mesopotamia

and China to Japan, and extends southwards into Indo-

China. I have seen a solitary specimen from India taken by

Mr. H. G. Champion in W. Almora (Himalayas). On

distribution, therefore, B. opulentum is more likely to be

europs than niloticwm, and Nietner’s description, though

inadequate, fits europs better. Bates does not say that he

has seen any authentic specimen of B. opulentum.

Bembidium ‘xanthotelum, Bates, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1892,

p- 287=B8. «xanthacrum, Chaud. Bull. Mosc. 1850, ii.

p. 175 (note).

Tachys euglyptus, Bates, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 268

= T. klugi, Nieto. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) i. 1858,

p- 423.

Elaphropus, Motsch.

The pectinate claws are difficult to see, but I have been

able to detect them in several Oriental species. The following

should, I think, be referred to this genus, in addition to

Motschulsky’s EZ. gracilis and E. latissimus :—

Tachys amplians, Bates, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xvii.

1886, p. 155. .

~—— haliploides, Bates, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1892, p. 289,

and var. contractulus, |. c. p. 290.

—- perlutus, Bates, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1873, p. 299.

Mr. H. E. Andrewes on Oriental Carabide. 473

HARPALINI. Bs

Acrogeniodon, Tchit. Abeille, xxix. 1897, p. 65= Chydeus,

Chaud. Bull. Mose. 1854, ii. p. 343.

Two species were described by Tchitcherin, viz., A. hedeli

(1. c. p. 66), from Moupin, and A. semenowi (Hor. Soc. Ent,

Ross. xxxii. 1899, p. 660), from Darjiling. Neither of these

appears to be identical with the genotype, C. obscurus, Chaud.

(/.c. p. 344), for a specimen of which I am indebted to

Mr. T. G. Sloane.

Platymetopus interpunctatus, Dej. Sp. Gen. iv. 1829, p. 71.

The locality is given as Coromandel, which is almost

certainly erroneous, The species inhabits Madagascar and

the Seychelles.

KAREYA, gen. nov.

In Compt. rend. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1891, and Ann. Mus.

Civ. Gen. 1892, Bates described a number of species under

the generic name Platymetopus (?), and at p. 332 of the latter

volume he makes some remarks upon it. The general appear-

ance of these insects is widely different from that of typical

Platymetopi, and the size is larger. In Platymetopus the

ligula is ear and bisetose, the paraglosse small, extending

a little beyond and enveloping it, with a fringe of hairs on

the outer margin. In Kareya both ligula and paraglosse

are larger, the former bisetose but free at the apex, the latter

wider, glabrous except for one or two minute hairs on the

sides towards base. Mentum edentate, but with the middle

of the emargination generally thickened; penultimate joint

of labial palpi plurisetose ; head with a fine suture on each

side, extending from the frontal fovea to the eye. Both

head and prothorax smooth, the latter finely punctate over

the basal area, its form asin Gnathaphanus. Elytra minutely

punctulate and very finely pubescent, one or more odd

intervals (third always) seriate-punctate. ‘Tarsi hairy on

upper surface; front and intermediate tarsi in ¢ with four

moderately dilated joints, biseriately squamose beneath and

fringed with long hairs ; hind tarsi with joint L=2+3.

All the known species were described by Bates. The

genotype is K. erebius, Bates, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen, 1892,

p- 331, from Burma ; the other species to be included are

K. edentatus, gnathaphanoides, grandiceps, major, and sublevis.

The geveric name is derived from a Kanarese word

meaning “ black, dirty.”

A474 Mr. H. E. Andrewes on Oriental Carabide.

PRAKASHA, gen. nov.

In Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1892, p. 333, Bates described

Platymetopus (2?) amartformis, but remarked at the end of the

description, ‘The head is small and presents none of the

peculiarities of the typical Platymetopi.” The genus is

nearer Dioryche than Platymetopus, but the form of the head

and some other characters render a new genus necessary.

The ligula and paraglosse are as in Dioryche, mentum

without tooth, but with the emargination thickened in

middle ; penultimate joint of labial palpi plurisetose. Form

broad, surface smooth, colour eneous. Head small, smooth,

convex, not depressed in front, clypeus only slightly emar-

ginate, not exposing basal membrane of labrum; frontal

foveze small, curving outwards behind and continuing as a

fine line to the eye ; antenne hardly reaching base of pro-

thorax, very finely pubescent from middle of joint 3; eyes

prominent. Elytral intervals 3, 5, and 7 with a row of

punctures. Tarsi smooth on upper surface ; front and inter-

mediate tarsi in g with four moderately dilated joints, 1

rectangular, 2, 3, and 4 triangular, biseriately squamose

beneath.

The generic name is derived from a Kanarese word

meaning “ lustre.”

P. amariformis, Bates, from Kawkareet (Tenasserim) and

Taun-ngu, is the genotype and sole representative of the

genus.

Amblystomus vittatus, Bates, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1892,

p- 231.

The name is preoccupied by A. vittatus, Gestro, Ann. Mus.

Civ. Gen. 1875, p. 885, and for Bates’s species I propose the

name of A. bivittatus.

Anoplogenius patinalis, Bates, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1892,

p- 346=Lepithriz foliolosus, Nietn. Journ. As. Soc.

Beng. 1857, ii. p. 152 = Anoplogentus discophorus, Chaud.

Bull. Mose. 1852, i. p. 90.

Acupalpus marginatus, Bates (not Lucas), Trans. Ent. Soe.

Lond. 1883, p. 241.

A note by Mr. Bedel, in his Cat. rais. des Col. du Nord

de l’Afr. 1899, p. 158, note (2), induced me to examine the

example in the British Museum, which I find to be A.

dorsalis, F.

Mr. H. E. Andrewes on Oriental Carabidae. 475

Tachycellus lamprus, Bates, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xvii.

1886, p. 80= Trichotichnus lamprus, Bates.

This species, labelled in Bates’s handwriting, differs in so

many respects from the description, that I think the author

must have had some other insect before him. I cannot,

however, find anything agreeing with the description among

the Carabide taken by Mr. Lewis in Ceylon, He can only

mention the discrepancies I have noted. The upper surface

is glossy and relucent, as mentioned, but blue-black rather

than wnescent. The penultimate joint of the labial palpi is

plurisetose, not bisetose; I am unable to detect the punctured

fovea on the first segment of the abdomen in the @ (charac-

teristic of Tuchycellus and its allies) ; interval 3 of the elytra

with a well-marked puncture just behind middle. I cannot

at present see any reason whiy this species should not be

included in Morawitz’s genus Trichotichnus, though all those

hitherto described are confined to N.E. Asia,

ANCHOMENINI.

Pristonychus kashmirensis, Bates, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889,

p. 214=P. spinifer, Schauf. Sitzungsb. Ges, Isis,

Dresden, 1862, p. 66.

Anchomenus politissimus, Bates, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 719

= A, lissopterus, Claud. Bull. Mose, 1854, i. p. 136.

ODACANTHINI.

Casnonia egrota, Bates, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 278

= Odacantha egrota, Bates.

Ophionea, Klug. Ent. Braz. Spec. 1821, p. 298.

This genus was formed for the three species, 1. O. penn-

sylvanica, L., 2. O. cyanocephala, F., 3. O. surinamensis, L.

In No. 1 the fourth tarsal joint is simple, and in No. 2 it is

bilobed. Of No. 3 I have no personal knowledge, but it is

evidently quite a different insect from the others, and de Geer,

in Mém. iv. 1774, p. 7¥, formed for it the genus Colliuris.

Klug mentions the fourth tarsal joint twice over, but his

remarks are contradictory: under ‘Characteres” we read

“tarsi articulo quarto elongato,’” but under “generis de-

scriptio” this becomes “ tarsi articulo.. gong brevissimo,”

A year Jater Lutreille and Dejean, Hist. Nat. & Icon. d’Eur,

1822, p. 77, published the genus Casnonia, which was not,

476 Mr. H. E. Andrewes on Oriental Carabide.

and did not profess to be, other than identical with Klug’s

Ophionea. When, in 1825, Dejean published the first volume

of his ‘Species Général,’ he introduced the genus Casnonia at

. 170, and, referring to the species included in it, he writes

“ Latreille les avait d’abord placés parmi les Agra, et il ena

fait ensuite un genre particulier que je lui ai conservé; Klug,

nayant pas connaissance de son travail, l’avait établi dans

son Entomologia brasiliane specimen, sous le nom d’ Ophio-

nea.’ Klug could not in 1821 have any knowledge of a

work published in 1822, and Dejean must therefore refer

to some earlier work of Latreille. I have searched for this

in vain, nor can I find any references anterior to 1822 in the

works of other authors. The name was undoubtedly known,

for it appears (under the guise of Cosnania) in Dejean’s first

Catalogue (1821). I think Casnonia must be ruled out as a

pure synonym.

In 1829 Eschscholtz, Zool. Atl. ii. p. 5, in introducing his

genus /thagocrepis, gives a table differentiating this and

allied genera. Ophionea figures in this table as having tarsi

with a bilobed fourth joint; the actual species, O. cyano-

cephala, I’., is not mentioned, but it is none the less made

the genotype, and the fact that Casnonéa is included in the

same table (with a different signification) does not seem to

me to invalidate this conclusion. Ophionea in this sense was

recognized both by Schmidt-Goebel, Faun. Col. Birm. 1846,

p- 20, and Lacordaire, Gen. Col. i. 1854, p. 73, though both

of them were inclined to attribute the genus to Eschscholtz.

Another genus, also for O. cyanocephala, F., was formed by

Castelnau, Kt. Ent. 1834, p. 40, under the name of Casnoidea,

but this merely provides another synonym for Ophionea.

Mr. Bedel has already drawn attention, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr.

1910, p. 72, to some of the details given above, but he does

not come to the same conclusion. He makes pennsylvanica

the type of Ophionea, and puts all the species with a cleft

fourth tarsal joint under Castelnau’s genus Casnotdea. In

this he has been followed by Commandant Dupuis, Aun. Soe.

Ent. Belg. 1913, p. 270. Mr. Sloane, on the other hand,

in his tabie of the Australian Odacanthini, Proc. Linn. Soe.

N.S.W. 1917, p. 414, retains Ophionea as defined by Esch-

scholtz, and also, lke me, considers Motschulsky’s genus

Lachnothoraz, Et. Ent. 1862, p. 48, as distinct from the

other genera cited *,

* I may mention here that on a separate of his paper kindly sent me

by Mr. Bedel there is a note to the effect that cyanocephala, F.= Atte-

labus indicus, Thunb. Nov. Ins. Spec. part 3, 1784, p. 68, fig. 81, described

from “Ind, Orient.” This I have confirmed, as far as the slender

d-seription allows of confirmation.

~ Mr. H. E. Andrewes on Oriental Carabides. 477

The upshot of the above is that pennsylvanica and its

Eastern allies are at present, according to my view, without

a genus. My lack of knowledge of American Carabide

prevents me from proposing a new genus for pennsylvanica,

but I think that its elongate head, bordered prothorax, and

the smooth apical area of the elytra separate it generically

from all the Kastern species known to me. For some of the

latter I propose the new genus Arame, though this will not

include all of them. The type of this genus is described

further on under the name of A. macra.

ARAME, gen. nov.

Ligula short, fairly wide, truncate in front, a little arcuate

in centre, quadrisetose, the two inner setze much longer than

the outer ones; paraglossee linear, membranous, free,

glabrous, curving inwards, and rather longer than the ligula.

Mentum with a short fairly sharp tooth in the emargination,

about half as long as the lobes; epilobes evident, projecting

in front of the lobes in the form of an acute tooth.

Maxille sharp, hooked at tip, with a row of strong bristles

on inner side. Maxillary paipi glabrous, joints 2 and 4 half

as long again as 3; last joint a little inflated, tapering and

truncate at extremity. Labial palpi glabrous, except for thie

two sete on inner margin of penultimate joint; joints equal,

Jast one as in maxillaries.

Mandibles short, a small tooth on the right ove at about

middle, none on left, without seta in scrobe.

Antenne reaching beyond base of thorax, first three joints

glabrous, joint 1 inflated, with only one seta, joint 2 very

short, joint 3=1, rest a little longer.

Eyes moderately prominent, a little removed from buccal

fissure.

Labrum truncate, sexsetose.

Head subglobose, much inflated behind eyes, with two

supraorbital sete, strongly constricted behind, condyliform.

Prothorax subglobose, lateral margins obsolete or indicated

by a very fine line only.

Elytra fully striate, but striz generally becoming faint

towards apex. Odd intervals—or, at least, interval 3—with

some setiferous pores.

Last ventral segment in ¢ with one, in 2 with two seti-

ferous pores on each side; in the ¢ the margin is distinctly

notched, in the ? ouly fainily so.

Tarsi smooth on upper surface, joint 4 entire but emar-

ginate, joint 5 very long, with setw beneath; in the hind legs

478 Mr. HW. E. Andrewes on Oriental Carabide.

joint 1 is not much longer than 2. In the ¢ the first three

joints of the front tarsi are faintly dilated and _biseriately

squamose beneath. Claws simple, much dilated at base.

The name is derived trom a Kanarese word meaning

“ very small.”

The above characters are largely those of Odacantha, but

in that genus the paraglossee are wider, hardly longer than

the ligula, adnate, though separated at apex from the ligula

by a deep emargination. The chief difference, however, is

in the thorax, which in Odacantha is very distinctly margined

at sides over the front two-thirds. The elytra of this genus,

too, are less convex and the strize more finely punctate. The

two genera are evidently closely allied, but the characters

I have just mentioned seem to render them sufliciently

distinct.

Arame macra, sp. n.

Length 6-6°5 mm. ; width 1-6-1°8 mm.

Piceous. Palpi, first three joints of antenne (2 and 3

sometimes infuscate), legs (except coxee and front trochanters),

epipleure of elytra, and an ill-defined.spot at apex (sometimes

the whole of the apical third) reddish testaceous.

Head about 1 mm. in width (length behind eye=14 times

diameter of eye), convex, shiny, frontal fovez well-marked,

clypeus smooth, with a seta at each side, surface sparsely

covered with coarse setiferous punctures, more closely in

front, only a few behind level of eyes.

Prothorax barrel-shaped, without front or hind angles,

shiny, about as long as head and a little narrower, widest in

middle, contracted at each extremity, but more so in front

than behind, slightly constricted just before base, which has

a smooth border ; side-margins obsolete, median furrow wide

but not deep, surface covered with setiferous punctures, less

closely on disk, the puncturation rather more dense than on

head.

Elytra moderately convex, parallel, as long as head and

thorax taken together, joining prothorax by a short peduncle,

shoulders a little oblique, apex nearly squarely truncate,

punctate-striate, less strongly towards apex; intervals 3, 5,

and 7 each with a series of numerous small setiferous pores,

the hairs standing out very clearly on unrubbed specimens

viewed sideways.

On the underside the abdomen is smooth, head with a few

large punctures, all sterna (except middle of metasternum)

densely and very coarsely punctate, prosternal process smooth,

Mr. H. E. Andrewes on Oriental Carabide. 479

glabrous, unbordered, metepisterna three times as long as

wide.

Very closely allied to A. hemorrhoidalis, Motsch., if I have

correctly determined that species, but the latter has the head

less narrowly constricted, the back of the head (behind the

level of hind margin of eyes) quite smooth, and only three

or four setiferous pores on interval 3, none on 5 or 7. Bates

thought that Aemorrhoidalis had pores on interval 5 as well

as on 3 (vide Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen, 1892, p. 382).

Ceylon, Colombo, on coast-level, 7-27. ix. 1882 (G. Lewis).

Other specimens taken in Ceylon by Dr. Thwaites. Type

in British Museum. The specimens taken by Mr. Lewis

are those determined by Bates, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5)

xvii. 1886, p. 199, as Casnonia hemorrhoidalis, Motsch.

I cannot at present give more than a provisional list of

the species which appear to belong to this genus, The list is

as follows:—A. macra (type), albicolon, Bates, celebensis,

Gestro, bimaculata, Schm. Goeb. (distigma, Chaud.), flavi-

cauda, Bates, fusctpennis, Chaud., graciliceps, Bates, hemor-

rhoidalis, Motsch., latifascia, Chaud., litura, Schm. Goeb.,

metallica, Fairm., punctata, Nistn., subapicalis, Oberth.,

tetraspilota, Schm. Goeb., virgulifera, Chaud., wanthe, Bates.

LACHNOPHORINL

LoMASA, gen. nov.

Ligula short, wide, sides almost parallel, apex slightly

arcuate, bisetose.

Paraglossee membranous, very narrow, glabrous, rounded

at apex, attached to ligula at base only, curving inwards and

reaching a little beyond its apex.

Mentum with an emarginate tooth, half as long as side

lobes, epilobes narrow, reaching a little beyond lobes, rather

sharp, but with apex rounded.

Palpi setose, Joints cylindrical, elongate, the last rather

shorter, truncate at apex.

Mandibles short, hooked and pointed at apex, without seta

in scrobe.

Labrum truncate, sexsetose. Eyes prominent, distant

from buccal fissure.

Antennz pubescent, filiform, two-thirds as long as body,

joint 2 very sliort, 3 half as long again as the rest, which are

about equal.

Body covered with a dense short pubescence. Thorax

strongly cordate. Elytra short, slightly emarginate at apex.

480 Mr. H. E. Andrewes on Oriental Carabide.

Legs pilose, front tibia with a spine at apex and another

at base of emargination.

The front tarsi in the g with three squarely dilated joints,

each with a pad of hairs beneath; joint 4 emarginate and

furnished at apex with a tuft of very long hairs. Claws |

simple, long, and very thin.

The name is derived from a Sanskrit word meaning

“ hairy.”

There is only one known species, which has already been

twice described, viz.:—

Chlenius xanthacrus, Wied. Zool. Mag. ii. 1, 1823, p. 51=

Chlenius hiigeli, Redt. Reis. Novar. ii. Col. 1867, p. 9.

Chaudoir thought that this species, on account of its

pubescent palpi, belonged to the Lachnophorini. I accept

this view provisionally, as the group, which has few repre-

sentatives in Asia, is not at present well known to me.

GALERITINI.

Galerita birmanica, Bates, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1892, p. 385

= G. peregrina, Dohrn. Stett. Mnt. Zeit. 1880, p. 291.

Planetes puncticeps, sp. n.

Planetes bimaculatus (Macl.), Bates, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1873,

p. 804; Putz. Compt. rend. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1875, p. 52; Heyd.

Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. 1879, p. 329.

Length 12°0-14°5 mm.

Piceous ; base of palpi, joint 1 of antennze, femora, tibie,

and a spot on each elytron testaceous ; rest of palpi, joints 2

and 3 of antenne, labrum, and tarsi reddish brown. The

whole surface (except where impunciate) covered with a fine

short yellowish pubescence.

Head (2:0-2°5 mm. wide) moderately convex and shiny,

frontal -foveze wide and shallow, surface densely and finely

punctate (smoother in middle of front), a number of large

punctures mingled with the small ones, especially at back

and sides; neck moderately constricted,

Prothorax (2°75-3°50 mm. wide) moderately shiny, slightly

transverse, widest at a third from apex, a little emarginate in

front, base bisinuate, with sides advancing to meet hind

angles, sides rounded more sharply in front than behind, a

seta at a third from apex, another at hind angle, extremities —

equally contracted, front angles rounded, hind angles nearly

Mr. H. E. Andrewes on Oriental Carabide. 451

right, sharp, projecting slightly laterally; transverse im-

pressions inconspicuous, median line faint, basal fovea deep

(making hind angles appear reflexed), the whole surface

densely punctate.

Elytra (3°75-4:75 mm. wide) parallel, rather rectangular,

more than twice as long as thorax, shoulders advanced, apex

nearly squarely truncate ; each elytron with nine primary

narrow ridges, of which the first 1s close to the suture and

the ninth (flatter and wider than the others) not far from

margin, two secondary rather finer ridges between the

primary ones, a row of setiferous punctures running between

each primary and secondary ridge, but not between the

scondary ones, a row of large pores inside the ninth ridge,

from which emerge a few long sete, chiefly visible near base

and apex; the testaceous spots, more or less rounded, placed

a little before middle, and extending from primary ridges

2 to 6.

Underside, except middle of head and a small space on each

side near base of ventral surface, densely punctate and pubes-

cent; prosternal process not bordered, metepisterna elongate,

last ventral segment in both sexes slightly emarginate, with

half-a-dozen sete, longer than the general pubescence, on

each side.

‘l'arsi setose on upper surface, joint 1 of hind tarsi=(very

nearly) 2+8+4; front tarsi in g with three joints mode-

rately dilated, densely fringed with long yellowish hairs and

with a row of ragged whitish scales along outer margin

beneath.

Closely allied to P. bimaculatus, Macl., but distinguished

by the much denser puncturation of the head, with large and

small punctures mingled together, prothorax more transverse,

wider in front, and more contracted behind, hind angles

sharper and projecting a little laterally, basal foveze deeper,

punecturation coarser and closer, occasionally confluent, pro-

episterna more evidently punctate (in bimaculatus nearly

smooth).

Japan: Nagasaki and Yokohama (G@. Lewis) ; Tsushima.

China: Tchusan; Port Hamer. Type in the British

Museum.

PERICALINI,

Catascopus cupricollis, Chaud. Col. Nov. i. 1883, p. 24.

This name is preoccupied by C. cupreicollis, C.O. Waterh.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 1. I suggest CO. enertcollis,

The species seems very closely allied to C. aruensis, Saund.

482 Mr. H. E. Andrewes on Oriental Carabide.

Catascopus elongatus, Saund. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1863,

p. 466, t. xviii. fig. 5 = Holcoderus elongatus, Saund.

Catascopus gracilis, Oberth. Notes Leyd. Mus. v. 1883, p. 220

= Holcoderus gracilis, Oberth.

Catascopus rugicollis, Saund. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1863,

p. 464, t. xviil. fig. 6.

This is apparently a malformation of C. aculeatus, Chaud.

SFITAKANTHA, gen. nov.

Ligula moderately long, narrow, subcarinate at base,

quadrisetose, apex free ; ~paraglossee mein branous, adnate,

nearly parallel, a little wider than ligula, extending very

little beyond it.

Palpi glabrous ; maxillaries with joint 2 incrassate = 4,

which is cylindrical, slightly tapering and rounded at apex,

3 about two-thirds of 4, tapering towards base ; labials with

equal cylindrical joints, ‘the last truncate at apex, penultimate

with a single seta on inner margin,

Mentum transverse, quadrately emarginate, edentate, but

base thickened in middle, lobes oblique and pointed, but

rounded at apex, epilobes wanting.

Maxille curved, very sharp at apex, densely ciliate on

inner margin.

Mandibles short, with a blunt tooth at base, right mandible

with a small median tooth.

Labrum porrect, as long as wide, narrowed anteriorly,

emarginate in front, with rounded angles, sexsetose, but the

outside seta is placed far back, quite a third from apex.

Antenne filiform, half as long as body, joint 1 short, in-

crassate, 2 very short, rest approximately equal, pilose from

apex of 4.

Eyes moderately prominent, reaching buccal fissure.

Head with two supraorbital sete, neck tumid.

Prothorax very strongly emarginate in front, a seta midway

between base and apex and another at hind angle, both on

margin.

Elytra very short, quadrate, a few large pores on interval 9,

from which issue very long sete; interval 38 with a single

fine pore at a fourth from apex; margin with a series of

minute hairs, as in Stenotelus, but no denticulation is percep-

tible. In Peripristus and Sinurus the denticulation is

evident,

Tarsi glabrous above; front tarsi in ¢ with three slightly

On Indo-Chinese Hymenoptera. 483

dilated joints, clothed beneath with a few whitish scales ;

first joint of hind tarsi nearly equalling the succeeding tlirce

joints. Claws simple, but with faint traces of denticulation

at base,

The generic name means in Sanskrit a “ swollen neck.”

The type of the genus is Thyreopterus impressus, Sclim.

Goeb. Faun, Col. Birm, 1846, p. 80. This is the only

Oriental species described under the genus Thyreopterus, and

its generic cliaracters do not accord with those of the African

species of that genus.

CALLIDINI.

Crossoglossa, Chaud. Mon. des Callidides, Ann. Soc. Ent.

Belg. xv. 1872, p. 177=Phlwodromius, W. Macleay,

Trans. Ent. Soc. N.S.W. ii. 1871, p. 85.

Mr. T. G. Sloane pointed out to me the identity of these

two genera, but I do not think he has published any note

on it.

Saronychium inconspicuum, Blackb, Ent. Month. Mag. xiv.

1877, p. 142=Endynomena pradiert, Fairm. Rev. et

Mag. Zool. 1849, p. 34.

LEBIINI.

Cymindis pictula, Bates, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1873, p. 310

= Anomotarus (Cymindis) stigmula, Chaud. Bull. Mose.

1852, i. p. 57.

The genus Uvea was proposed by Fauvel (Bull. Soc. Ent.

Fr. 1881, p. 118; id. Rev. d’Ent. i. 1882, p. 257) for

Chaudoir’s species, but Mr. IT’. G. Sloane, Proc. Linn. Soc.

N.5.W. 1917, pp. 435-6, does not consider it as “ more than,

at most, a subgenus of Anomotarus.”

XLVIII.—On Indo-Chinese Hymenoptera collected by fh.

Vualis de Salvaza—Il. By Rowxranv E. ‘lurner,

F.Z.8., F.E.S.

Family Tenthredinide.

Subfamily Arer-z.

Arge vitalisi, sp. n.

Q. Lutea; mandibulis apice nigris; mesopleuris, tergitis 1-3

macula transyersa mediana, quarto fere toto, 5-7 fascia lata

AS4 Mr. R. E. Turner on

mediana, octavo macula magna mediana, sternito quarto macula

laterali utrinque, coxis posticis, apice excepto, femoribusque

posticis, basi luteis, nigro-purpureis; alis flavo-hyalinis, stig-

mate venisque nigris, sub stigmate late transverse brunneo-

fasciatis.

Long. 13 mm.

?. Head not narrowed behind the eyes ; clypeus and face

finely punctured ; a carina running downward from the base

of each anteuna, the two joining about halfway between the

antenue and the base of the clypeus and enclosing a raised

elongate-ovate area, from the apex of which a low carina

runs to the base of the elypeus. Antenne as long as the

head and thorax combined; the third joint long, compressed

aud broadened towards the apex. Front above the antennz

with a deep longitudinal groove ; vertex very finely and

rather sparsely punctured. Vertical area slightly convex,

nearly three times as broad as long, not sharply define

laterally. Thorax smooth and shining; the mesonotum

anteriorly minutely and rather sparsely punctured. The

space between the basal nervure and the origin of the cubitus

is scarcely as long as the intercostal nervure; the nervulus

is received at about two-fifths from the base of the discoidal

cell. Hind tibize with spine.

Hab. Ban Thiou, Luang Prabang; March 18,1918. 1 92.

This fine species is very distinct in colour from most

species of the genus, but does not differ structurally or in

neuration.

Subfamily Tzwrurepinriw2z.

Conaspidia fasciatipennis, sp. n. :

@. Ochracea, nitida; mandibulis apice, vertice maculis tribus

magnis, mesonoto antice lateribusque, tergitis tertio sequenti-

busque, tibiis apice extremo, femoribusque posticis linea supra,

nigris; alis hyalinis, vix flavo-suffusis, anticis sub stigmate late

fusco-fasciatis, apice in cellula cubitali quarta infuscatis, stigmate

venisque fuscis, costa ochracea.

Long. 11 mm.

g. Clypeus widely and rather deeply emarginate, rugosely

punctured. Eyes separated from the base of the mandibles

by a distance not exceeding one-third of the length of the

second antennal joint. Antenne as long as the abdomen,

filiform, the third joint nearly four times as long as the

second, the joints beyond the third gradually decreasing in

length. Fuiout finely rugose ; vertex shining, shallowly and

Indo- Chinese Hymenoptera. 485

sparsely punctured, vertical area longer than its greatest

breadth, slightly narrowed anteriorly; the head swollen

behind the eyes. Mesonotum obsoletely punctured, the

median lobe divided from base to apex by a deep groove in

which lies a low carina. Scutellum coarsely punctured,

raised into a conical tubercle ; mesopleuree coarsely rugulose.

Abdomen smooth. ‘The apical fuscous mark on the fore

wing is paler than the median fascia and occupies almost the

whole of the fourth cubital cell and the extreme apex of the

radial cell. The median fascia crosses the wing from the

basal half of the stigma and does not extend apically beyond

the second transverse cubital nervure. The discoidal nervure

is separated from the base of the cubital nervure by a distance

about equal to the length of the first transverse cubital

nervure,

Hab. Tong Lap, Haut Mékong ; April 30,1918. 1 9.

Differs very strongly in colour from C. sikkimensis,

Konow, the only other known species of the genus, especially

in the fasciate wings; but the neuration and structure do not

differ appreciably.

Macrophya extrema, sp. n.

2. Nigra; clypeo, labro, mandibulis basi, antennis articulis tertio

quartoque intus, pronoto, tegulis basi, mesopleuris fascia lata

mediana, scutello macula magna, cenchris, metanoto linea angusta

apicali utrinque, propodeo fascia apicali lateribus fortiter dilatata,

tergito apicali, coxis posticis supra, trochanteribus, femoribus

anticis intermediisque, supra nigro-lineatis, femoribus posticis,

apice nigris, tibiis basi, tarsisque, unguiculis exceptis, albo-

flavidulis ; alis fusco-hyalinis, basi fere hyalinis, stigmate venisque

nigris.

d. Femine similis.

Long., 2 11-13, g 11 mm.

¢ . Clypeus convex, very widely and shallowly emarginate,

strongly punctured. Front very closely punctured-rugulose,

vertex more coarsely and sparsely punctured, the front

clothed with short white pubescence ; vertical area punctured-

rugulose, a little broader posteriorly than long, strongly

narrowed anteriorly, the oblique lateral grooves smooth and

shining. Antenne with joints 5-7 thickened and somewhat

eompressed, the third joint as long as the fourth and fifth

combined. Thorax closely punctured, the middle lobe of the

mesonotum much more coarsely punciured than the lateral

lobes and divided by a longitudinal groove nearly reaching

the apex; mesopleure very coarsely punctured in front,

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol, iii. 32

486 On Indo- Chinese Hymenoptera.

rugulose posteriorly. Abdomen smooth and shining, pro-

podeum rather closely punctured; hind coxe, femora, and

tibie closely punctured. Humeral cell divided far before the

middle by a very short nervure.

Hab. Vien Poukha, Haut Mékong; May 11,1918. 19,

SW yreie

Somewhat related to the European MM. rustica, Linn., but

the antennge are much longer than in that species, the clypeus

less strongly emarginate, the puncturation coarser, and the

humeral cell more contraeted,

Family Ichneumonide.

Subfamily Crrrrivz.

Mansa funerea, sp. n.

Q. Nigra; antennis dimidio basali, palpis, abdominis segmento

tertio sequentibusque, valvulis terebree, pedibusque, coxis ex-

ceptis, fulvo-ferrugineis; mandibulis basi, oculorum orbitis in-

ternis late, abdominisque segmento secundo fusco-ferrugineis ;

alis fuscis, venis nigris.

Long. 16 mm. ; terebree long. 6 mm.

9. Head strongly narrowed behind the eyes and towards

the clypeus ; cheeks long, about equal in length to the fourth

antennal joint. Mandibles narrowed to the apex, ending in

two very small teeth. Clypeus broadly truncate at the apex,

closely and minutely punctured and clothed with fuscous

hairs ; face coarsely punctured-rugose. Antenne inserted

nearly as far from the anterior ocellus as from the apex of the

clypeus, 39-jointed, scape produced beneath so as’to form a

partial sheath for the second joint; the third joint the

longest, the fourteen basal joints fulvo-ferruginous, the an-

tenne gradually thickened to about the twentieth joint.

Front and vertex finely rugulose, the space above the base of

the antennee smooth and shining and feebly concave. ‘Thorax

opaque, very closely and rather strongly punctured; the

pleure rugosely punctured, with a broad oblique band on the

middle of the mesopleuree smooth and shining. Median

segment coarsely punctured-rugose; the spiracles large and

elongate, enclosed in an elongate triangular lateral area; on

each side of the dorsal surface of the segment at the base is

an area enclosed by the upper side of the lateral area, the

base of the segment, and a curved caiina which reaches the

base a little on the outer side of the middle. Abdomen

rather indistinctly microscopically punctured; first segment

petiolate, the spiracles nearer to the apex of the segment than

Lord Rothschild on new Heterocera. 487

to each other; the apical quarter of the segment rather

strongly broadened, the whole segment as long as the hind

coxa and trochanters combined. Areolet very large, about

half as long again on the radius as on the cubitus, the second

abscissa of the radius fully as long as the first and very little

shorter than the third. Second recurrent nervure received

just beyond one quarter from the base of the second cubital

cell.

Hab. Vieng Vai, Haut Mékong ; June 10,1918. 1 ¢.

Kasily distinguished by the dark fuscous wings from all

other known Oriental species of the genus. The name

Mansa, Tosq. (1896), has priority over Colganta, Cam. (1902),

which must sink as a synonym.

Family Braconidae.

Subfamily Hzzconry-x.

Hlelcon unicornis, Turn.

35% unicornis, Turn, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) ii. p. 172 (1918).

Hab. Tong Lap, Haut Mékong ; April 30, 1918.

This species seems to resemble closely Wroughtonta cor-

nuta, Cam., placed by that author among the Evaniide, and

I think it quite possible that my name may have to sink asa

synonym. Cameron’s description is not very clear, and was

taken from a specimen with broken antennae. But, on the

whole, I think there can be no doubt that the genus Wrough-

tonta belongs here, and should sink as a synonym.

XLIX.—Description of a new Genus and Two new Species of

Heterocera. By Lord Roruscuixp, F.R.S.

Spilosoma ignivagans, sp. n.

gd. Very closely allied to erythrophleps, Hmpsn., but with

less red on fore wings and fewer bale markings on hind

wings.

Antennew black, pectus and legs sooty-slate, frons and

vertex rufous-orange ; thorax rufous-orange, with a sooty dot

on tegule and sooty streaks on patagia ; abdomen above

rufous-orange ringed with sooty black, below white.

Fore wing slate-brown with orange-scarlet nervures ; three

ill-defined orange-scarlet patches on basal half of costa; two

rufous-orange spots in cell and one beyond; four irregular

32*

488 Lord Rothschild on new Heterocera.

bands of rufous-orange below median to inner margin, much

angled, waved, excised, and partially joined. Hind wings

sooty slate-grey, with white veins ; a broken irregular post-

median band, broader between vein 2 and abdominal margin ;

some white spots at end of veins.

Length of fore wing 26 mm. ; expanse 56°5 mm.

Hab. Tali, Yunnan.

DEPALPATA, gen. nov.

This genus is nearest to Burgena.

Proboscis minute ; palpi with second and third -joints

aborted, minute, and curved downwards; frons smooth ;

antenne almost simple ; tibize smooth, the spurs minute, the

hind tibiz with terminal spurs only.

Fore wing: vein 2 from long before angle of cell, 3 from

close to angle, 4 and 5 from angle, 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8,

9, 10 stalked; 11 from cell. Hind wing: 2 from well

before angle of cell; 8, 4 from angle; 5 obsolescent from

middle of discocellulars ; 6, 7 stalked ; 8 anastomosing with

the cell near base only; underside with whole inner area

clothed with rough androconia extending into lower end of

cell and to vein 7.

Depalpata mirabilis, sp. n.

g. Antenne black; pectus orange-yellow ; frons and

vertex black; thorax velvety black; collar and edges of

tegule yellow; abdomen black, strongly glossed with greenish

steel-blue ; anal tuft golden-orange.

Fore wing velvety black, an oblique creamy antemedian

band. Hind wing black, intensely shot and glossed with

blue ; a large pure white subbasal patch in cell and a smaller

one below cell; Jarge tufts of rough sooty-black hair on

each side of vein 1b; tornus whitish.

Underside: abdomen as above, but with a large white

patch on third segment. Fore wing sooty-black with dull

blue gloss ; antemedian band as above, but divided into two,

and with an irregular white expansion distad below vein 2;

on the base of the cell and on costa a white dot ; beyond the

discocellulars an irregular large white patch extending from

subcostal to vein 3. Hind wings sooty-black glossed with

dull blue ; whole area below vein 7 covered with a dense

felting of rough whitish androconia except a patch of white

and a spur of dark colour in cell.

Length of fore wing 29 mm.; expanse 65 mm.

Hab. Hydrographer Mts., S.E. British New Guinea,

2500 ft., March 1918 (Hichorn Bros. Coll.).

Mr, O. Thomas on small Mammals, 439

L.—On small Mammals from “Otro Cerro,” North-eastern

Rioja, collected by Sr. L. Budin. By Ovprtecp THomas.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum. )

Arter making the collection at Chumbicha, Catamarea, of

which an account is given in the ‘Annals’ for January 1919,

Sr. Budin travelled westwards some 30 miles, ‘over the

Cerro de Ambato to “another hill,” or range of hills, for

which he could find no recognized name, but which, after

consultation with the authorities of the Geographical Society,

I suppose to be an unnamed range running southward

-from the Cerro Nunorea. Although Sr. Budin considered

himself to be still in Catamarca, and labelled the specimens

accordingly, tle distance and direction from Chumbicha show

that he must have crossed the frontier into Rioja.

Under these circumstances I have decided to use Sr. Budin’s

fancy name of “ Otro Cerro,” as put on his labels, but with

correction as to the province, If more exact definition can

be obtained from him it will be published later, but for the

present the locality may be stated as 45 kilometres west of

Chumbicha, the specimens being taken at an altitude of about

3000 metres,

The collection contains quite a number of interesting

species, of which the most striking are the new Lagidium, the

skunks, and tuco-tuco, while the good series of such forms as

Phyllotis and Graomys have enabled me to make further

study of these difficult groups.

Like all Sr. Budin’s recent specimens, the skins are beanti-

fully prepared, and thus together form a very valuable addi-

tion to the National Collection.

Arising out of a suggestion by Sr. Budin, I should like to

propose that certain Spanish and other colloquial terms

should be definitely restricted to particular genera, so as to be

available for vernacular names, ‘The native words used as

names by Mr. Perry Simons, Sr. Budin, and others have

generally been rather vaguely applied, but might easily be

pinned down to special genera, where they would be of great

convenience,

Thus I would take Azara’s name of “ Hocicudo”’ for the

species of Oxymycterus and “ Laucha” for Hesperomys,

Then Andinomys might be “ Chozchorito,’” Phyllotis “ Peri-

cote,” and Oryzomys “ Coludo,” which fr *€ Long-tail.”

Other colloquial names are already well known, but where

there are none [ shall hope, with Sr. Budin’s assistance, to

suggest some which might be suitable and convenient.

490 Mr. O. Thomas on small Mammals

In this collection there is an interesting amount of geogra-

phical isomorphism. Thus there are two species of skunks,

both with white tails, being almost the only white-tailed

skunks known. And there are no less than five different

Murines (Andinomys edax, two species of Phyllotis, and two

of Graomys) so similar inter se externally that they might all

be mistaken for a single species at different stages of age.

So striking a case of local resemblance between different

animals I do not remember ever to have seen before.

1. Conepatus budini, sp. n.

ds aad

A rather small skunk with a conspicuous bushy white tail.

The upper molar large.

Size a little less than in C. gibson?, therefore distinctly

less than in any other S.-American species except the much

smaller C. proteus. Fur thick and abundant, with the usual

woolly underfur ; direction of nape-hairs in the type abso-

lutely normal, without whorls or reversed hairs. White

stripes of body about an inch or a little less in breadth,

united on the forehead by a junction of about the same

breadth, and evenly divergent posteriorly, the black median

area about 1-14 inch broad on the nape, widening to 25 on

the posterior back ; the white bands dying away on the hip,

about 2 inches before the white of the tail commences. ‘Tail

very fine and bushy, the hairs attaining about 100 mm. in

length ; a little white on each side of the tail-base, then a

small black median patch on its upper base; the whole

remainder of the tail white, apart from the presence of a few

isolated and scarcely perceptible black hairs intermixed with

the white.

Skull alone exceeding that of C. proteus in size, its breadth,

especially its mastoid breadth, rather greater than usual in

proportion to its length, though the specimen is not very old.

Mesopterygoid fossa comparatively broad. Upper molar

large, subquadrangular, with its antero-posterior diameter

exceeding the outer length of p4.

Dimensions of the type :— ;

Head and body 340 mm.; tail* 240; hind foot 55;

ear 30.

Skull: greatest (diagonal) length 71:5; condylo-basal

length 66°5 ; zygomatic breadth 45 ; interorbital breadth 23;

intertemporal breadth 18°5; mastoid breadth 39; palatal

length 28; breadth across m' 28; breadth of mesopterygoid

* The tail, apparently perfect, is now barely 200 mm. in length.

Perhaps 240 is a /apsus calami on the part of the collector.

from “Otro Cerro,” North-eastern Rioja. 491

fossa 8°5; maxillary tooth-row 22°5 ; length of p* 7-2; m',

greatest antero-posterior length * 80, transverse breadth* 8°2.

Type. Adult male (basilar suture closed, but teeth not much

worn and crest not developed). B.M. no. 19.2.7. 1.

Oviginal number 334. Collected 21st August, 1918.

This handsome animal, which I have much pleasure in

naming after Sr. Budin in recognition of the excellent work

he has done, is readily distinguishable from all hitherto

described South-American species by its conspicuous white

tail and the proportions of its skull and teeth. C. tropicalis

trichurus, Thos., from Panama, also has a white tail, but is

larger and is otherwise wholly different.

In the present collection there are three specimens of this

genus—one larger with large teeth, and two smaller with

very small molars,—but all with white tails, and it was

natural to assume that the two smaller were females and the

larger one a male. On investigation, however, not only of

Sr. Budin’s labels, but of the skins themselves, damped and

pliable, I find that all are certainly males, and are therefore

clearly not of the same species. Consequently I am com.

pelled further to describe

2. Conepatus calurus, sp. n.

3. 330, 361.

A white-tailed skunk with narrower skull and smaller

molars than in C. budini.

Size slightly less than in C, budini, but still exceeding

that of C. proteus. “Fur long and thick. Hairs of nape

either reversed or with an inclination to have twisted whorls.

General pattern of colour much more white than in budin/,

for instead of two comparatively narrow white stripes running

down the black back, the whole nape and back may be said

to be white, with merely a narrow black line (4 to 4 inch in

breadth, attaining ? inch on the loins) along its centre, this

line altogether failing in some parts. Posteriorly the white,

narrows, but is continuous with that of the tail. ‘Tail bushy,

white, with a few black hairs intermixed.

Skull about as long as that of C. budini, but narrower in

proportion, the mastoid breadth, in a specimen with sagittal

crest and worn teeth, disproportionately less than in that

animal. Mesopterygoid fossa narrow.

* In describing C. ajar (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xi. p. 137, 1918)

the diagonal measures of this tooth were given, and one of these was

misprinted 9 instead of 6-9. The above measurements are sounder, if

less easy to take, and in the type of C. ajax are 8°3 and 7:0 respectively.

492 Mr. O. Thomas on small Mammals

Molars conspicuously smaller than in C. budini, their

antero-posterior diameter less than the outer length of p*.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 320 mm.; tail 190; hind foot 57;

ear 25.

Skull: greatest (diagonal) length 69°5; condylo-basal

length 66-5; zygomatic breadth 43 ; interorbital breadth 21°2;

intertemporal breadth 15°6; mastoid breadth 36; palatal

length 28 ; breadth across outer corners of m' 26 ; breadth of

mesopteryoid fossa 6°5 ; maxillary tooth-row 21:5; outer

length of p* 6°7 ; m, antero-posterior diameter 6, transverse

diameter 8.

Type. Old male, with worn teeth and well-developed crests.

B.M. no. 19. 2. 7. 3. Original number 361. Cellected

28th September, 1918.

As with C. budin?, the white tail and small size distinguish

this skunk from all earlier-described species. From that

animal it is separable by the less bulky skull and much

smaller molars, in addition to the different pattern of the dorsal

markings. In comparing the skull-measurements of the two

note must be taken of the fact that the broad skull of the

type of C. budini is distinctly less aged than the narrow

one of C. calurus.

3. Oryzomys sp.

3. 320, 348, 375, 383; 2. 329, 331, 376.

4. Andinomys edax, Thos.

3. 342.

*€ Chozchorito” Rare.’—E£. B.

The striking external resemblance that Andinomys bears

to Phyllotis is shown by the fact that Sr. Budin, usually so

quick to detect the finest specific distinctions, united with

no. 342 several] examples of the larger Phy/llotis of the same

region.

This forms a considerable extension of the known range of

‘the species, which was first described from Potesi, and was

again found by Sr. Budin in Central Jujuy.

5. Phyllotis tucumanus, Thos.

Phyllotis darwini tucumanus, Thos, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) x.

p. 408 (1912).

g. 343, 344, 349, 352, 354, 364,370; 2. 337, 365, 367,

371.

In view of the complication caused by the many local forms

of this genus, it seems best to use a trinomial term for this

animal.

from “Otro Cerro,” North-eastern Rioja. 493

Bulle small, nasals unusually narrow and pointed behind,

ears and tail short, all as compared with the next species.

The bulle are about 4 mm. in longitudinal diameter as

measured along a line parallel with the middle line of the

skull. Kars as measured by collectors 21 or 22 mm. in

length. ‘Tail usually 100-110, rarely 115mm. In two very

old specimens, however, nos. 349 and 364, of whose deter-

mination I do not feel quite sure, these dimensions are

exceeded, the ears and tail reaching to lengths normal in

Ph. ricardulus.

6. Phyllotis ricardulus, sp. n.

3. 332, 355, 366, 372; 9. 346, 351, 373.

Like P. tucumanus, but with larger bulls, larger ears, and

longer tail.

Size about as in tueumanus. General colour above olive-

grey, varying, as do all the species of Phyllotis, in the extent

to which buffy is suffused in the colour. Sides, when in

adult pelage, with a well-marked buffy band running from

cheeks to base of tail. Under surface soiled grey, the hairs

very dark slaty basally, broadly washed with whitish or

buffy whitish. Mars decidedly longer than in tweumanus,

but much smaller than in vaccarum or wolffsohni, their pro-

ectote blackish, the rest grey. Hands and feet pure white.

Tail longer and more heavily pencilled than in tucumanus,

its length rarely less than 130 mm, ; blackish proximally and

black terminally above, white below.

Skull with the nasals not so markedly narrowed behind as

in tucumanus. Supraorbital edges sharply square, not ridged.

Palatal foramina reaching to the level of the first lamina of

m’. Bulle comparatively large, distinctly larger and more

fully inflated than in ¢ucumanus, though smaller than in

vacearum, their antero-posterior length on a line parallel with

the middle axis of the skull 5 mm. or more. Molars averaging

smaller than in tucumanus, though rather variable.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 112 mm.; tail 145; hind foot 26;

ear 23.

Skull: greatest length 30; condylo-incisive length 27°5 ;

zygomatic breadth 15°8; nasals 12°5; interorbital breadth

4:2 ; breadth of brain-case 14 ; palatine foramina 7-2 ; post-

foraminal palate 5°3 ; bulls: (measured as described above)

5°1 ; upper molar series 5.

Type. Adult female. B.M. no, 19. 2.7.27, Original

number 346. Collected 31st August, 1918.

Although undoubtedly closely allied to Ph. tucumanus,

this species may be distinguished by its longer ears, its longer

494 Mr. O. Thomas bs small Mammals

and more heavily tufted tail, and its larger bulla. Comment

has already been made on the number of species, superficially

resembling each other, which live in this region, and the

occurrence of these two closely allied Pericotes in the same

locality is very remarkable. But it has a parallel in Europe,

in the relationship to each other of Apodemus sylvaticus and

A, flavicollis.

These latter, however, are inclined to segregate themselves

from each other locally, and it is not improbable that a closer

study of the actual places where the two Pericotes are found

will similarly show that they also are not both to be caught

absolutely on the same ground.

7. Graomys cachinus, Allen.

6. 321, 323, 350, 378.

[In naming these specimens I have re-examined the tn-

determined series referred to in my Chumbicha paper, which

series I then supposed to belong to but a single species.

To my surprise I now find that those specimens belong to

no less than three species—large, middle, and small,—distin-

guishable almost entirely by size, though, as is not unusual

in such cases, the development of ears, tail, and tail-tufts are

in proportion to the general size, the larger species being

finer animals throughout, with more handsomely tufted tails.

There are no specimens of a size to make determination

difficult, and the series of each of the three species contains

examples with fully worn teeth. The largest species, G. ca-

chinus, has a skull-length of 33°5-35 mm. Following this

we have

Graomys medius, sp. n.

Size less than in G. cachinus, greater than in the next

species. Colour about as in cachinus, but there is rather less

development of the buffy band along the sides. Under

surface white, the hairs either wholly white or slaty at base,

this character proving to be absolutely variable in all. these

species of Graomys. Tail rather shorter and less tufted than

in cachinus.

Skull in all ways less developed than in cachinus, smaller,

with shorter nasals, supraorbital edges sharply angular, but

with less distinct beads than in cachinus ; bulle smaller.

Dimensions of the type :—

oe and body 124 mm.; tail 150; hind foot 27;

ear 25.

from “Otro Cerro,” North-eastern Rioja. 495

Skull: greatest length 31-2; condylo-incisive length 28°5 ;

zygomatic breadth 16°1; nasals 11°8 ; interorbital breadth 5-2 ;

breadth of brain-case 14:2; palatilar length 14°L; palatal

foramina T ; antero-posterior length of bulla on a line parallel

with the middle axis of the skull 6-4; upper molar series 5*2.

Hab, (of type). Chumbicha, Catamarca, No specimens

in the Otro Cerro collection.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 18.11. 11. 23. Original

number 262, Collected 6th July, 1918, by E. Budin.

Presented by Oldfield Thomas. ‘l’en specimens examined.

Finally, the third and smallest species is represented by

half a dozen specimens from Chumbicha; but as the oldest

and best is in the Otro Cerro collection, it may be described

as an integral part of the present paper, as follows :—]

8. Graomys edithe, sp. n.

3. 380.

Size again smaller than in G. medius, making it the

smallest known species of the genus. Colour about as in that

animal, a buffy wash on the sides rarely present. Under

surface white, the hairs either slaty basally or white to their

roots. Tail shorter than in medius, and less heavily haired

terminally ; brown above, white on sides and below.

Skull a miniature of that of the other species ; supra-

orbital edges without beading.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 108 mm.; tail 127; hind foot 25;

ear 20.

Skull: greatest length 28°5 ; condylo-incisive length 26°5 ;

zygomatic breadth 15; nasals 10°5 ; interorbital breadth 4-5;

breadth of brain-case 13°5; palatilar length 12°8; palatal

foramina 6°7; length of bullae 6; upper molar series 4°7.

Hab. (of type). Otro Cerro; other specimens from

Chumbichia.

Type. Old male with worn teeth. B.M. no. 19.2.7. 34.

Original number 380. Collected 26th September, 1918.

Eight specimens examined,

This interesting little Graomys agrees with the larger

species in all the essential characters of the group, and by the

study of the whole series I am strongly confirmed as to the

advisability of recognizing Graomys as a genus distinct from

Phyllotis, a point on which Mr. Osgood has expressed some

doubt.

496 Mr. O. Thomas on small Mammals

9. Akedon simulator, Thos.

3. 326, 363, 377, 379, 381, 382; 9. 322, 368, 369.

‘Uhese specimens appear to agree absolutely with the type-

series of s¢mulator from Tucuman, and equally to differ from

the Chumbicha glaucinus, to which they are geographically

so much nearer.

10. Akodon alierus, sp. n.

3d. 325, 327, 353, 359.

Closely allied to A. spegazzinii, but drabby brown instead

of buffy olive.

Size as in the allied species. General colour above drabby

brown (between “ buffy brown” and “ Saccardo’s umber ”’ ae

Ridgway). Under surface dull soiled buffy throughout, the

hairs broadly slaty at base, drabby or dull buffy terminally ;

hairs of inguinal region tipped with ochraceous. Ears

coloured like head. Hands and feet dull drabby whitish ;

claws of normal development, the anterior slightly shorter

than the posterior. Tail of moderate length, blackish above,

dull whitish below, the two colours generally well contrasted.

Skull of the same narrow shape and with the same little

swollen brain-case as in A. spegazzini, this narrowness of

skull distinguishing the two species from the members of the

arenicola group. Zygomatic plate well projected forward, its

anterior edge often tending to be slightly concave. Palatal

foramina very long, reaching to the level of the second

re-entrant angle on the inner side of m'. Bulle of normal

size.

Molars narrow, early worn down, those of the youngest

specimen too worn to say if a definite anterior notch is or is

not present on m'.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 83 mm. ; tail 68 ; hind foot 20; ear 14.

Skull: greatest length 25; condylo-incisive length 23°5 ;

zygomatic breadth 12-6; nasals 9:4; interorbital breadth 4°6 ;

breadth of brain-case 11; palatilar length 10°4; palatal

foramina 6°3 ; postforaminal palate 2°9; upper molar ~

series 4°3.

Hab. (of type) asabove. Other specimens from Chumbicha.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 19. 2.7.44. Original

number 339. Collected 6th September, 1918.

A. spegazzinii was described on a specimen from Cachi

skinned out of spirit, and the coloration therefore could not

from “Otro Cerro,” North-eastern Rioja. 497

have been trusted for purposes of distinction. But fortunately

a topotype skin has since been received, and this is of the

same buffy olive colour as the specimens from Potosi referred

to that species in 1902 *,

A, alterus is readily distinguishable from the older-known

species by the absence of the strong yellowish or buffy suffu-

sion in the fur,

No. 228, from Chumbicha, erroneously referred to A. areni-

cola in my previous paper, also proves to belong to this

species, while an additional specimen, no, 317, has also come

irom that locality.

11. Akodon orbus, sp. n.

9. 324.

A proodont Akodon allied to A. lactens.

General characters very much as in A. dactens, the colour

practically the same except that there is no white patch on

the chin, The tone is slightly duller and more drabby, but

the difference amounts to little. Kars slightly shorter,

coloured like the head. Fore-claws similarly elongated, as

long as those of the hind feet. Tail blackish above, dull

drabby on sides and below, the difference but little marked.

Skull of lighter build, with markedly narrower muzzle

than in Jactens. Upper outline more bowed. Brain-case

smooth, unridged.

Incisors similarly thrown forward (proodont), the incisive

angle of the type 86°; they are light-coloured, as in A.

lactens, but are distinctly more slender in a specimen as old .

as or older than the type of that animal. Molars rather

narrower, of similarly high solid structure.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 97 mm. ; tail 59; hind foot 21; ear 14.

Skull: greatest length (bone only) 26:4; condylo-incisive

length 25°2; zygomatic breadth 14°6 ; breadth of muzzle 4°2 ;

nasals 9°1 ; interorbital breadth 5; breadth of brain-case 12 ;

palatine foramina 6°4; postforaminal palate 4; upper molar

series 4°8,

Type. Old female. B.M. no. 19. 2.7.45. Original

number 324. Collected 21st August, 1918.

This species is evidently closely related to <A. lactens,

discovered by Sr. Budin at Leon, Jujuy, but differs by its

markedly more slenderly built muzzle, thinner incisors, and

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) ix. p. 226 (1902).

498 Mr. O. Thomas on small Mammals

by the absence of the prominent white patch on the chin, a

character generally fairly constant.

The two species form rather a special group of the genus,

but without specimens with less worn dentition it is difficult

to make sure of their true relationship.

12. Ctenomys knightt, sp. n.

gS. 336, 338, 357; 2. 328, 332, 335,339, 340, 341, 345,

360, 362.

Allied to C. budini, Thos., of Jujuy.

Size about as in budint, the skulls of the males a little

larger than male budini, but the females about the same.

Colour above nearly as in that animal, or a little darker,

rather paler than ‘ Mars brown” ; flanks, especially poste-

riorly, distinctly clearer buffy, no such clearing of the general

grizzled colour being present in budini; under surface

uniform, without collar across throat, the whole distinctly

more ochraceous than in budini, the ends of the hairs

* cinnamon-buff”’ or “pinkish cinnamon.” Muzzle, both on

top and sides of nose and tip of chin, blackish—no darkening

being present in budin?. Tail slightly longer than in budini,

the longest in four specimens of that species 70 mm., while in

knighti it ranges from 73 to 84 mm.

Skull of about the same general shape as in budini, or

slightly more elongate, nasals rather narrower. Parietal

region without trace of separate interparietals, even in the

‘ youngest specimen, these bones being present in all four

examples of budini. Palatine foramina longer, in a groove

leading forward and enclosing the incisive fissures ; in budint

the foramina end abruptly on the general surface of the

palate and the fissures are quite distinct from them. Bulle

of the same general shape, but rather larger, and, as viewed

from behind, their smooth postero-superior portion is much

more conspicuous owing to its being less covered over by the

plastering bones of the occipital series.

Teeth as in C. budini, except that m* has a more obliquely

elongate section at all ages.

Dimensions of the type (male) and of an adult female

(no. 840) :—

Head and body 203, 180 mm.; tail 82, 74; hind foot

36, 30; ear "7, 7.

Skull: greatest median length 49°5, 44; condylo-incisive

from “Otro Cerro,” North-eastern Rioja. 499

Jength 50°5, 43 ; zygomatic breadth 30°2, 27 ; nasals 17°5,

14°7x 8, 6°6; interorbital breadth 12, 9°8; least breadth*

across brain-case 19°8, 17°8; bi-meatal breadth 31°3, 27 ;

palatilar length 23°7, 20; length of bulle 17, 15:2 ; upper

tootl-series (alveoli) L1*1, 10, (crowns) 10, 9°6. ,

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 19. 2.7.47. Original

number 338. Collected 27th August, 1918.

This tuco-tuco is no doubt nearly allied to C. budini, but

may be distinguished externally by its dark muzzle, more

buffy sides, and absence of collar, and in the skull by the

various details above described, and notably by the absence

of a separate interparietal,

It is named in honour of Col. C. Morley Knight, by whom,

in conjunction with his partner Col. J. J. Porteous, the

explorations of Messrs. Kemp and Budin have been so much

facilitated in various ways.

* Found on stony ground.”—Z. B.

13. Lagidium lockwoodi, sp. un.

g. 333.

Size comparatively large, about as in L. cuscus.

General colour nearest to that of Z. cuscus, of a similar

deep grey colour, but not quite so dark; darker than in

L. tucumanum. Dorsal dark line well defined, distinct,

running from nape torump. Under surface broadly washed

with buffy ochraceous; no axillary white patches present.

Feet grizzled grey, scarcely lighter terminally. Tail distinctly

black along its under surface, its long crest mixed black

and dull buffy whitish, the end black.

Skull decidedly larger than in L. tueumanum, the only

species geographically near; muzzle larger; nasals little

inflated anteriorly, aud owing to the great breadth of the

ee the latter are visible outside them from above.

ony islet above meatus fairly large, nearly square; oblong

transversely in tucumanum. Posterior line of occiput almost

straight transversely, scarcely bulging backwards in the

centre, as it does markedly in every specimen of tucumanum.

Incisive fissure unusually large and open, 2 mm. in breadth.

Palatal foramina also widely open posteriorly, in decided

contrast with those of tucumanum. Bulle much larger than

_ in the Tucuman species.

Incisors yellow in front, unusually large, and heavier,

500 Mr. O. Thomas on small Mammals.

thicker and more strongly curved than in any other member

“of the genus, the incisive angle 83°. Molars broad and

heavy, the series more bowed out mesially than in other

species.

Dimensions of the type:— “4

Head and body 400 mm.; tail 350; hind foot 95;

ear 74.

Skull: greatest length 88°5 ; condylo-incisive Jength 81 ;

zygomatic breadth 46°35; nasals 32°7x11°3; suprameatal

islet 6X6; palatal foramina 15°5 x46 ; diameter of bulla

at right angles to their longest axis 13 ; upper tooth-series,

length (alveoli) 20, greatest breadth across the two series 22 ;

breadth of m!, on lamina, 5°6.

Type. Adult female (basilar suture closed, but its position

perceptible). B.M. no. 19.2.7.57. Original number 333.

Collected 24th August, 1918,

The members of this genus appear to be more constant in

their skull-characters than has been supposed, and I find that

five adult skulls of ZL. tucumanum agree closely among them-

selves and equally differ from the present specimen in the

characters above referred to. JL. cuscus, from Bolivia, more

distant in locality, has a skull rather more similar to that of

L. lockwoodi, but has smaller bullee and no tendency towards

the abnormally heavy incisors of the new form.

Philippi’s L. crassidens, without locality, named incidentally

in his description of LZ. lutescens * (itself apparently referable

to LZ. cuvieri), would appear to be the ordinary Chilian form

L. viscaccia, Mol., and is certainly not L. lockwoodi, as the

visibility from below of the nasals outside the premaxille is

especially insisted on, this being in distinct contrast to the

conditions in L. (ockwoodi, while it is not infrequently found

in L. viseaccia.

In naming this fine mountain chinchilla after Mr. Charles

Lockwood I may again refer with gratitude to the great

assistance he has been in arranging all the financial and

business details of the Budin expedition, an assistance without

which we should have found great difficulty in carrying it on.

14. Galea sp.

¢. 358 (immature).

* Ann, Mus. Chili, pt. 13, p. 8 (1896).

THE ANNALS

MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,

(NINTH SERIES.)

No. 18. JUNE 1919.

LIL—A Collection of Entozoa, chiefly from Birds, from the

Murmnan Coast. By H. A. Bayuts, M.A.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

THE material to be described in this paper was collected by

Surg.-Lient. E. A. Cockayne, R.N., while in H.M.S. ‘ In-

trepid’ (then serving off the Murman coast), and kindly

presented by him to the British Museum. The collection

consists chiefly of parasites of birds shot by Dr. Cockayne

and his fellow-officers at localities on the Murman coast,

Kola Peninsula, Arctic Russia.

18 species of Cestodes are represented (excluding larval

forms), 3 of Nematodes, and 1 of Acanthocephala. Of the

Cestodes, 5 appear to be new species or varieties, while of

several the specific determination remains doubtful.

CESTODA.

A. PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA.

Bothriocephalida.

Bothriocephalus bipunctatus (Zed.) (?).

Host: Coittid fish. Yukanski, 29. vi. 1917.

The material consists only of fragments of the strobila,

unfortunately without scolices. The width of the segments

Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol, iii. 33

502 Mr. H. A. Baylis on

is rather small for B. bipunctatus, and the determination is

somewhat uncertain.

Abothrium infundibuliforme (Rud.).

Host: Salmon. Yukanski, 11. vii. 1917.

A large number of specimens of this species were found

hanging out of, and blocking up, the pyloric appendages of

the intestine of the fish.

Plerocercoid Larve.

Hosts: Cottid fishes. Yukanski, 29. vi. 1917 and

22. Wil. aol

Larval forms, apparently of two species of Bothrio-

cephalide, occurred in two of the fishes examined. One

form (A) has a distinct head with pronounced lateral grooves ;

two examples of this were found at the surface of the liver.

In the other form (B) the head is not distinctly marked off

and the suckers are obscure.

B. CYCLOPHYLLIDEA.

Tetrabothriide.

Tetrabothrius intrepidus, sp.n. (Figs. 1 & 2.)

Host: Uria grylle (black guillemot). Yukanski, 27. vi.

ES1%.

This species is represented only by a single scolex and

some fragments. The length of a complete specimen is

unknown. The maximum width is 3 mm. The scolex

(fig. 1) is 0°6 mm. in width. The suckers are large, depen-

dent, and widely open, curling outwards posteriorly, and

resembling shallow basins. Auricular appendages are repre-

sented only by a slight finger-shaped lobe (fig. 1, A.) at

either side of.the scolex, between the dorsal and ventral

suckers. Anteriorly the scolex bears a_ slight papilla

(fio: are):

Segmentation begins close behind the scolex ; the segments

are much wider than long throughout. The genital pores

are all situated on the right side. The male and female ducts

open at the base of a large muscular cloaca (fig. 2, Cl.), on a

papilla which projects into it. The cirrus-sac (fig. 2, C.S.)

is squat, triangular in horizontal section, and has a thick

muscular wall.

The testes number about fifty, extending across the dorsal

Entozoa from the Murman Coast. 503

side of the segment and down on either side of the female

organs. The ovary consists of a double rosette of lobes,

symmetrically arranged in the middle of the segment. It is

transversely elongated, and measures 0°35 mm. across. ‘The

yolk-gland is compact and lies in front of the ovary, exactly

in the middle line, The shell-gland lies behind the ovary, a

Fig. 1.

Tetrabothrius intrepidus ; the scolex.

A., auricular appendage; P., apical papilla; S., sucker.

Fig. 2.

Tetrabothrius intrepidus ; horizontal section through a mature segment.

Cl., genital cloaca; C.S., cirrus-sac ; E., longitudinal excretory canal ;

Ov., ovary; T., T., testes; V., yolk-gland.

little towards the pore side. In gravid segments the uterus

forms an irregular sac.

Both deisel and ventral excretory vessels are ee but

there appear to be no transverse vessels. The longitudinal

musculature is powerfully developed, consisting Pea than

504 Mr. H. A. Baylis on

fifty stout bundles dorsally and a similar number ventrally.

‘There is no very clear distinction into outer and inner layers.

The genital ducts pass between the dorsal and ventral excre-

tory vessels and ventrally to the longitudinal nerves.

This form differs from 7. erostris (Lénnberg), which occurs

in the same host, in the larger size of the scolex, the slight

development of the auricular appendages, the larger number

of téstes, and other details.

Mesocestoidida.

Mesocestoides litteratus (Batsch).

Host: Vulpes vulpes (red fox). Yukanski, 23. vil. 1917.

This species occurred in considerable numbers in the upper

part of the small intestine.

Davaineide.

Davuinea tetragona (Molin), var. lagopodis (var. n.).

Host: Lagopus mutus (ptarmigan). Murmansk, Kola

Tnlet2. vi. P17,

T'wo specimens of a Davaznea closely resembling D. tetra-

gona (Molin) were found in a ptarmigan killed at Kola Inlet.

This species is stated by Clere* to occur in Lagopus albus T

in the Ural, but the present examples show certain pecu-

liarities that seem to indicate a distinct variety.

The length of a complete specimen is about 20 em. and

the maximum width 5mm. The scolex measures 0°3 mm.

across. The suckers are oval, their longest diameter (antero-

posterior) being about 0°14 mm. The diameter of the

rostellam is 0°055 mm. It is armed with a single row of

minute hooks, 8 wlong. The suckers are armed with several

rows of very small hooklets.

There is a considerable unsegmented neck, as in the typical

D. tetragona. The segments are much broader than long

except the gravid ones near tle posterior end. The trans.

yerse excretory vessels are very wide, often appearing as

wide as the medullary portion of the segments between them.

The genital pores are unilateral ; the cirrus-sac is small

(0°15 mm. long), but muscular. The vas deferens is con-

siderably coiled, but, as a whole, pursues a fairly straight

* Bull. Soe. Oural. Sci. nat. xxx. 1910, p. 123.

+ The bird referred to as Z, albus seems more likely to have been

L. mutus. The former, as | am informed by Mr. C. Chubb, is an

Anierican form, though it ranges into Scandinavia and Northern Russia.

_ —

Entozoa from the Murman Coast. 505

course towards the middle of the segment. ‘The testes are

ae | numerous (about one hundred), extending thronghout the

medullary parenchyme on either side of the female glands.

The ovary consists of two symmetrical bunches of lobes

situated in the middle of the segment. ‘The yolk-gland is

situated at the back of the segment. ‘The shell-gland is a

conspicuous organ lying between the ovary and the yolk-

gland. The vagina runs fairly straight from the genital

pore to the middle of the segment, its inner end, functioning

as a receptaculum seminis, persisting in the gravid segments

after most of the other organs have disappeared. The oviduct

becomes very wide before opening into the uterus, running

vertically for the last portion. The uterus appears at first as

a transverse tube, but afterwards disappears, and numerous

egg-capsules are formed.

he most important character distinguishing this form

from the typical /). te¢ragona is the much larger number of

testes (twenty to thirty in D. tetragona, about one hundred

in the present variety).

Dilepinide.

Lateriporus teres (Krabbe), Fulrmann, 1907.

Host: Somateria mollissima. Yukanski, 8. vi.1917; Pet-

schenga, 24. ix. 1917.

This species seems to be fairly common in the eider-ducks

in this region. It was met with in two individuals obtained

at the first-given locality, and in another at the second.

Choanotenia paradoxa (Rud.), Clere, 1903.

A single specimen, probably referable to this species, was

obtained from a red-necked phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus)

at Yukanski, 10. viii. 1917.

Choanotenia sp. (?).

(Not Ch. borealis (vy. Linst., 1905), Fuhrmann, 1908.)

Host: Clangula hyemalis [=Harelda glacialis] (long-

tailed duck). Yukanski, 8. vi. 1917 and 10. vi. 1917.

There are several fragments of what appears to be a species

of Choanotenia, or possibly Anomotenia, obtained on

different occasions from two long-tailed ducks. Unfortu-

nately, however, there is only one scolex, and this lias lost its

rostellum, so that the characters of the hooks, so important

506 Mr. H. A. Baylis on

for diagnosis, are unknown. . The species differs from Ch.

borealis (v. Linst.) in having forty-five to forty-eight testes,

instead of twenty-five, in each segment, and also in having

a smaller scolex (0°43 mm. across at the suckers, instead of

0°67 mm.).

Anomotenia campylacantha (Krabbe), Zschokke, 1903.

Host: Uria grylle. Yukanski, June and July 1917.

Numerous examples of a worm which may be referred to

this species occurred in several black guillemots, associated

in one case with Tetrabothrius intrepidus. They usually

occupied the upper part of the intestine, just below the

gizzard.

Anomotenia micracantha (Krabbe), Zschokke, 1903.

Host: Uria grylle. Yukanski, 22. x. 1917.

A second and rather larger species, which I refer to

A. micracantha, occurred in considerable numbers in one of

the same birds in a similar position to the preceding form.

Monopylidium arcticum, sp.n. (Figs. 3 & 4.)

Host: Tringa maritima (purple sandpiper). Yukanski,

4d, iii 1917. :

This is a slender little worm, about 3°5 cm. long when

fairly extended. The maximum width (at the posterior end

of the strobila) is about 0°5 mm. A peculiar feature is the

tendency of the neck to be very much cont:acted in the

longitudinal direction (fig. 3, B) and very wide just behind

the scolex. Nearly all the specimens show this contraction,

which gives them, to the naked eye, the appearance of having

a very large, flattened scolex.

The scolex (fig. 3, A) measures about 0°24 mm. across the

suckers, the diameter of the latter being 0°12 mm, The

rostellum has a mushroom-shaped end and a fleshy and

muscular stalk. There is a single row of about thirty (?)

hooks, measuring about 15 w in length. There is a pair of

glandular (?) structures (fig. 3, A, G.) at the base of the

rostellum, in the substance of the scolex.

The strobila contains some eighty segments, which are

considerably longer than broad, except those near the anterior

end. ‘They gradually increase in length towards the posterior

end, some of the gravid segments being fully three times as

long as broad. ‘The longitudinal musculature is very well

developed. Mature segments (fig. 4) begin to appear at

Entozoa from the Murman Coast. 507

about the fiftieth. The genital pores are situated near the

front of the segment and irregularly alternating. There is a

muscular genital atrium (fig. 4, G.A.) into which the cirrus-

Fig. 3.

Monopylidium arcticum; the scolex and anterior end of the strobila.

A. An example with moderately contracted neck ; G., paired glands (?)

at base of rostellum,

B. An oar (less highly magnified) showing marked contraction of

the neck,

sac and vagina open, The cirrus-sac (fig. 4, C.S.) is very

long and narrow, measuring 0'175 mm. in length and

0°035 mm. in width. It curves forwards from the genital

508 Mr. H. A. Baylis on

atrium towards the anterior border of the segment, and ends

at, or even beyond, the middle line. The testes (fig. 4, 7.)

number about twenty, and occupy the posterior half of the

segment. here is a much-coiled vas deferens. ‘he ovary

consists of two groups of lobes, the larger group being on the

aporal side. Between the two portions of the ovary there is

a large rounded receptaculum seminis (fig. 4, RS.) ; close to

Fig. 4.

Monopylidium arcticum ; semi-diagrammatic drawing of a mature

segment (from a whole preparation).

C.S., cirrus-sac ; G.A., genital atrium; Ov., ovary; R.S., receptaculum

seminis; S., shell-gland; 7’, testes; V., yolk-gland; Vg., vagina.

this is the shell-gland (fig. 4, S.), and behind both these the

compact yolk-gland (fig. 4, V.). There are only a few ripe

segments at the posterior end of the strobila. There is no

definite uterus, the ova being embedded singly in the paren-

chyme. The onchospheres are about 20 mu in diameter.

This form differs from M. cinguliferum (Krabbe) in a

number of points, notably in its smaller number of festes,

Entozoa from the Murman Coast. 509

while it is readily distinguished from M. macracanthum,

Fuhrm., by the much smaller size of its hooks. Both these

species occur in closely related hosts.

Monopylidium stercorarium, sp. n. (Figs. 5-7.)

Host: Stercorarius pomarinus (pomatorhine skua). Yu-

kanski, 22. vi. 1917.

This is a comparatively short worm, measuring 2°5-3 cm.

in length. The maximum width is about 0°38 mm. (near the

posterior end). The number of segments is rather small

(about ninety).

Fig. 5. Fig. 6.

\ . Sou

Fig. 5.—Monopylidium stercorarium ; the scolex.

Fig. 6.—Ditto ; hook from the rostellum,

The scolex (fig. 5) measures about 0°4 mm. across, and the

suckers are 0°18 mm. in diameter. The rostellum is rather

long and stout, and is armed with a single crown of

fourteen (?) very large hooks, 110 yw in length (fig. 6). The

long roots of the hooks meet at the apex of the rostellum.

Segmentation begins immediate] behind the scolex. The

anterior segments are broader than hee soon, however, they

become squarish, and posteriorly they are much longer than

broad, udiments of genital organs begin to appear at

510 Mr. H. A. Baylis on

about the thirtieth segment, and young mature segments

begin at about the sixtieth. There may be about eight or

nine gravid segments at the posterior end, but the number is

never large.

In a mature segment (fig. 7) there are about forty testes,

occupying the posterior two-thirds of the segment, and ex-

tending forwards on the aporal side of the ovary. The

genital pores are irregularly alternating and situated near

Fig. 7.

Monopylidium stercorarium ; semi-diagrammatic drawing of a mature

segment (from a whole preparation),

C.S., cirrus-sac ; E., excretory canal; G.A., genital atrium; Ov., ovary ;

R.S., receptaculum seminis; S., shell-gland; 7., testes; V., yolk-

gland; V.D., vas deferens; Vg., vagina.

the anterior corner of the segment. There is a muscular

atrium (fig. 7, G.A.) into which the male and female ducts

open. ‘The cirrus-sac is small, measuring 0°15 x 0:037 mm,

The vas deferens is long and much coiled, a large mass of its

coils (fig. 7, V.D.) just between the cirrus-sac and the ovary

functioning as a seminal vesicle. ‘The ovary consists of a

larger and a smaller portion, the former being on the aporal

side. Behind ‘it is the yolk-gland, and between this and the

Entozoa from the Murman Coast. 511

narrow middle portion of the ovary is a rather large shell-

gland. Just in front of the shell-gland is a small rounded

receptaculum seminis,

There is no definite uterus in the gravid segments, the ova

being scattered singly in the parenchyme. The onchospheres

measure about 25 uw in diameter,

This species bears an exceedingly close resemblance to

Choanotenia porosa (Rud.) in many respects, but the hooks

are of a slightly different shape, the cirrus-sac is much

smaller, and the uterus is not sac-like. The small number of

segments is also a feature not characteristic of Choanotenia.

Hyménolepinide.

Hymenolepis microsoma (Crepl.), Colin, 1901 (?).

Host: Cédemia nigra (common scoter), Yukanski,

8. vi. 1917.

A number of fragments, unfortunately without scolices,

which probably belong to this species, were the only parasites

found in this bird.

Hymenolepis spp. A and B.

Host: Clangula hyemalis [=Harelda glacialis] (long-

tailed duck). Yukauski, 8. vi. 1917.

The collection includes portions of about three specimens of

species of H/ymenolepis from this bird. Apparently at least

two species are represented, but the material is too trag-

mentary for precise determination, One specimen has a

very small scolex, with a little button-like rostellum, appa-

rently unarmed. ‘The scolex measures 0°096 mm. across

and the suckers only 0°03 mm. in diameter. This may be

called species A. In the mature segments the three testes

are arranged in a transverse row, and the fan-shaped ovary

lies between the middle and aporal testes. ‘lhe entire

specimen is about 44 cm. in length, and the maximum width

is about 1°5 mm.

Another specimen, which may be called species B, has a

larger scolex with a more typical rostellum, which was appa-

rently provided with hooks; these, however, have all been

lost. The ovary, in this case, lies between the middle testis

and that on the pore side.

512 Mr. H. A, Baylis on

TTymenolepis sp.

Some fragments of the strobila of a Hymenolepis also

occurred in one of the eider-ducks (Somateria mollissima) at

Yukanski, together with an Aploparaksis to be described

below; but the absence of a scolex makes determination

difficult or impossible.

Aploparaksis filum (Goeze), Clerc, 1902.

A headless fragment, perhaps referable to this species, was

taken from a purple sandpiper (Zringa maritima) at Yu-

kanski, 5. vi. 1917.

Aploparaksis murmanica.

A. The scolex, with extended rostellum.

B. Hook from the rostellum, much more highly magnified.

Aploparaksis murmanica, sp.n. (Fig. 8.)

Host: Somateria mollissima. ~Yukanski, 8. vi. 1917;

Petschenga, 24. ix. 1917.

This is a very small and delicate species, which was

Entozoa from the Murman Coast. 513

present, usually in considerable numbers, in all the eider-

ducks examined.

An entire specimen measures 1 to 1} em, in length, with a

maximum width of 0°36 mm. The scolex (fig. 8,A) is

flattened dorso-ventrally, and measures 0°22-0°27 mm. across

at the suckers and about 0°15 mm. in thickness dorso-

ventrally. ‘The suckers are very large, meeting in the middle

line. The rostellum is Jong, slender, and proboscis-like,

measuring about 0°35 mm, in length when fully extended,

At the end it expands into a bulb. The hooks (fig. 8, B),

which were only seen in specimens with the rostellum

retracted, are ten in number and measure 65 yw in total length.

They are of an unusual shape, having a very long “ dorsal”

end a greatly reduced “ ventral’ root,

Segmentation begins close behind the scolex. In a com-

plete specimen there are some three hundred segments, which

are broader than long throughout. ‘he cirri, which are

usually extruded, are spiny, and, when fully extended,

measure about 0°05 mm. in length. The onchospheres

measure about 20 yw in diameter.

Of the species of Aploparaksis hitherto recorded from

Anseriform birds, this species is easily distinguished from

A, furcigera (Rud.) and A. birulai, vy. Linst., by the size and

shape of its hooks. The hooks of A. fuligulosa, Solowiow,

1911, are undescribed, but the latter form has a smaller

scolex and much longer cirri, among other points of difference.

The description of A. elise, Skrjabin, 1915, I have unfor-

tunately been unable to consult. A. cirrosa (Krabbe),

which occurs in Lariformes, has hooks only 22 w in length.

NEMATODA,

Ascarid2,

Ascaris capsularia, Rud.

Hosts: Cottid fishes. Yukanski, June 1917.

This immature Ascarid, according to views put forward

elsewhere by the writer*, is the larval form of Ascaris de-

ciptens, Krabbe, which occurs as an adult in seals. The

young forms are found in fishes of various genera and

families, usually coiled up like watch-springs in capsules

under the peritoneum.

The present examples came from various Cottid fishes, the

precise determination of which is unknown, They agree in

almost all respects with the description previously given *,

* ‘Parasitology,’ viii. no. 3, 1916, p. 360.

’

514 On Entozoa from the Murman Coast.

but the two portions of the cesophagus are, relatively to the

whole body, considerably shorter, especially the anterior

portion, which is only about half the length there given.

Thus, in a specimen about 14 mm. long the anterior part of

the cesophagus measures only 1:02 mm., the posterior part

0°78 mm., and in a 37 mm. specimen the two parts measure

1°8 mm. and 0°8 mm. respectively. This seems to indicate

that a good deal of variability exists.

Dr. Cockayne informs me that these worms were not

found, as usual, in capsules, but were embedded in the liver

of the fishes or just under its covering membrane. When

the liver was placed in a dish, they sometimes wriggled out

quite freely.

Ascaris sp.?

From one of the fishes, among examples of A. capsularia,

there is one small larval Ascarid of another species. It is

about 10 mm. long, having a head with three rudimentary

lips and a boring-tooth, and a gradually tapering tail about

0°2 mm. long, without a tail-spike. ‘I'here is a conspicuous

excretory cell running back to about 1°38 mm. from the

anterior end. The cesophagus is about 1 mm. long, and there

appear to be no cesophageal or intestinal diverticula.

Spiruride.

Streptocara sp. [? S. pectinifera (Neumann) |.

Host: Uria grylle. Yukanski, 27. vi. 1917.

Neumann, in 1900, described a small nematode from the

common fowl and guinea-fowl under the name of Spiroptera

pectinifera. ‘This has been made the type of a new genus—

Streptocara—by Railliet and Henry *.

The present collection contains a single female specimen of

a worm which evidently belongs to the same genus, and

answers so closely to the description of S. pectinifera that it

may be specifically identical. ‘The absence of a male, how-

ever, renders determination uncertain and description compa-

ratively worthless. The specimen in question was found in

the crop of the host. If the species is identical with S. pecti-

nifera, it is remarkable that it should occur in hosts so

distantly related as the common fowl and the black

guillemot.

* Compt. rend. Soc. Biol. lxxiii, 1912, p. 622.

On the Classification of the Mongooses. 515

ACANTHOCEPHALA,

Polymorphus minutus (Goeze), Liihe, 1911

[= Lchinorhynchus polymorphus, Bremser].

Hosts: Somateria mollissima, Petschenga, 24. ix. 1917.

Uria grylle, Petschenga, 22. x. 1917.

The latter bird appears to be a new host for this species,

which occurs chiefly in various species of ducks and in some

other aquatic birds.

LU.—The Classification of the Mongooses (Mungotide).

By R. I. Pocock, F.R.S.

In 1916 (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1916, pt. i. pp. 349-374) I

published a comparative study of the principal external

characters of the mongooses, granting this group the rank of

a family Mungotide of the A®luroid, Herpestoid, or Mungotoid

section of the Carnivora*.

In this paper I restored to use certain generic names, such

as Atilawt, Ichneumia, and Ariela, which do not appear in

their generic significance in modern treatises on the group,

the two first being regarded as synonyms of Mungos (Her-

pestes) and the last as a synonym of Crossarchus. Since

the justification for their resuscitation was not definitely

stated in systematic form, and since the reason for thinkin

the mongooses should rank as a family of the Mungotide

rather than as a subfamily of the Viverride, according to the

generally adopted practice, was not declared at all, I propose

in this paper to make good those defects.

* The term Herpestoidea was proposed by Winge to replace Aluroidea

on the grounds that the generic name 4%urus unfortunately stands for

one of the Procyonidwe belonging to the Cynoid or Arctoid section of the

order. But since Herpestes, bein preoccupied, no longer stands for the

typical mongooses, Mungos is used instead, Similarly, Mungotinw has

Shen the place of Herpestinw. Logically, therefore, Mungotoidea

should be preferred to Herpestoidea if, in accordance with Weber, we

follow Winge in discarding the title A®luroidea.

+ Atilar—or Athylax, as it should have been spelt— means pouchless,

and was given by Cuvier to the marsh-mongoose, on the supposition that

this animal has no anal sack. As I have shown, however (op. cit. p. 366),

the sack is well developed in this genus.

516 Mr. R. I. Pocock on the

Family Mungotide.

Mungotoid Carnivora distinguished by the combination of

a number of positive and negative characters, of which the

principal are :—

The secretion of the anal glands, the orifices of which are

outside the anus, is discharged into a nearly naked, glan-

dular, cutaneous sack capable of being closed by the juxta-

position of the upper and lower halves of its thickened rim.

Perineal scent-gland absent in both sexes.

Vulva close beneath lower rim of anal sack.

Prepuce close to scrotum.

Glans penis short, with orifice on its lower surface ;~

baculum present.

Feet with fossorial, non-retractile, usually long claws, and

pollex and hallux, when present, arising just above the

plantar pad.

Ear rounded, small or moderate, without marginal bursa,

and with antero-internal ridge (intratragus) curving abruptly

backwards beneath the supratragus, and high above the

intertragal notch.

Resembling the Hyzenide and Cryptoproctide in the

possession of an anal sack and the absence of preputial scent-

gland, but differing from them in the smallness of the penis,

tlle proximity of the prepuce to the scrotum, ete. The last

character mentioned and the absence of the preputial gland

distinguish them from the Viverridee (Viverra, Paradoxurus,

ete.). They approach the Galidictide in the structure of the

feet and in cranial characters, but differ in the presence of

the anal sack, the absence of the perineal gland and of the

bursa in the ear, and in the presence of an alisphenoid canal

or of a groove representing it.

Characters and Classification of the Genera of Mungotide.

In 1864, and in papers published after that date, Gray

made use of the presence and absence of the naked area of

skin cleaving the upper lip as a character of primary impor-

tance in classifying the mongooses. He even divided them

into two families—the Herpestide and Rhinogalide—on that

basis.

‘Thomas also chose this as the leading feature in grouping

the genera of African mongooses, the number of toes coming

next in order, then the premolar teeth, and, finally, the

hairiness of the sole of the hind foot (P. Z. S. 1882, pp. 62-

63). But whether the analytical key compiled on those lines

Classification of the Mongooses. 517

expressed his views regarding the true affinities of the genera,

or whether the arrangement, in its entirety or in part, was

merely a matter of convenience for the determination of the

genera, | am not sure.

Mivart’s classification was published in the same year as

that of Thomas (P. Z. 8. 1882, p. 185). He pointed out

that the genera may be arteainol in various ways, ¢. é.,

according to the number of anal glands, the number of digits,

the number of teeth, and the presence or absence of the sub-

nasal groove ; and it is quite clear, I think, that Mivart had

no preference for one category over another. The use he

made of the anal glands has already been discussed (P. Z. 8.

p. 366, 1916). With regard to the other groups, by the

number of toes Suricata is ranged alongside Bdeoguale, by the

character of the upper lip it falls with Rhinogale and Cros-

sarchus, by the number of premolar teeth it is associated with

Helogale and Crossarchus.

Suricata has been selected here as a test of Mivart’s proposed

classification, because, in my opinion, the simple structure of

the ear in that genus shows that it cannot be closely affiliated

with any other genera of mongooses, all of which lave com-

plicated highly specialized ears; and this conclusion further

suggests that the suppression of the divisional line of the

upper lip may be an independently acquired resemblance

between Suricata and Crossarchus or Rhynchogale.

From a comparison of the genera, admitted in my paper in

1916, both mutually and with those of the subfamilies of the

Viverride, it may be assumed as a working hypothesis that

the immediate ancestor of the mongooses possessed the

following characters :—

1. The snout was of moderate length, and a naked grooved

strip of skin ( philtrum) extended from the rhinarium, which

had a deep intranarial portion, to the edge of the upper lip.

2. The cheek-teeth, consisting of four premolars and two

molars above and below on each side, were of a crushing and

cuspidate rather than of a shearing and piercing type, with the

upper carnassial ( pm‘) set well in front of the posterior angle

of the cheek where the inferior edge of the zygoma rises,

thus leaving space behind for two well-developed molars, the

last molar of the mandible being also well developed *.

* If it be claimed, as it may be claimed, that the ancestral form had

the specialized carnivorous dentition of the kind seen in Mungos, then

that genus, setting aside the ear, differs but little from the hypothetical

progenitor of the group, and the more generalized omnivorous dentition

of such forms as Ichneumia and Crossarchus has been secondarily acquired.

A similar argument applied to the subfamilies of Viverridwe will involve

Aun. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. iii. 34

518 Mr. R. I. Pocock on the

3. The ear had the external portion of the pinna small as

compared with the depression containing the cartilages, and

there was no marginal bursa. Of the cartilages, the supra-

tragus was rod-like and the prominence of the antero-internal

ridge (intratragus) ended high above the intertragal notch

leading to the inferior auditory meatus.

4. The feet were semiplantigrade and pentadactyle, with

the pollex and hallux inserted above the plantar pad, which

was trilobate, not quadrilobate; the four main digits, armed

with long fossorial claws, were united by interdigital webs

extending to the proximal ends of the small digital pads ; the

fore feet were naked back to the carpal pad and the hind feet

up to and possibly including the heel.

5. The orifices of the anal glands were outside the anus,

and their secretion was discharged into a nearly naked

glandular cutaneous sack with a thickened rim and capable

of being closed by the juxtaposition of the upper and lower

halves of this rim.

6. The vulva was only a short distance below the lower

edge of the anal sack and the penis was short and situated

close to the scrotum, there being no trace of a preputial gland

between the penis and scrotum in the male or between the

anal sack and the vulva in the female.

None of the existing genera conforms precisely to this

type. Apart from Suricata, to be considered later, all of

them have ears more complex in construction, owing to the

formation of the two valvular lamine. .

Of the genera with complex ears, Mungos (type mungo), in

a broad sense, with its pentadactyle naked feet, well-webbed

digits, and cleft upper lip and moderate snout, agrees with

the primitive type, but it differs therefrom in its carnivorous

dentition, the upper carnassial ( pm*) being large and set back

the conclusion that the specialized carnivorous dentition of Genetta and

Linsang preceded in evolution the generalized omnivorous dentition of

Paradoxurus and Fossa respectively. Also that the similarity between

the teeth of Genettu and Mungos in number, position, and form is a

character inherited almost unchanged from a common A¢luroid ancestor.

I believe, on the contrary, that it is a purely adaptive resemblance, and

that the carnivorous type of dentition, attested more particularly by the

retrogression of the upper carnassial ( pm*), accompanied by reduction in

the size and importance of the two molars behind it and of the first

premolar, has been independently acquired several times over within the

limits of the A®luroidea; and that the extraordinarily varied types of

dentition met with in this group have been derived sometimes by elabo-

ration, sometimes by degeneration from some such type as that of the |

typical Canidze, in which the upper carnassial is set far forwards, leaving

space for two fairly large molars behind it.

Classification of the Mongooses. 519

almost to the angle of the cheek, the two molars being

reduced so as to fit into the short dental area behind it.

The lower carnassial (m) is correspondingly large and the

Jast molar quite small. The first premolar, always small and

sometimes absent, is evidently a practically functionless

tooth, but, when absent, its former position is marked by the

persistence of the space between the canine and the secoud

premolar. 5

Helogale (type parvula) may be regarded as a dwarfed

Mungos, in which the diastema has closed up by the shortening

of the jaw.

Atilax (type paludinosus) is related to Mungos, but has

very specialized feet, as is testified by the suppression of the

interdigital webs. The slightly more forward position of the

upper carnassial and the larger size of the two molars suggest

its being an offshoot from the Mungos + Helogale stem before

the ‘retrogression of the carnassial was completed. ‘lhe

exceptional massiveness of the teeth and jaws are probably

an adaptation for crushing the shells of the river-crabs on

which it feeds to a great extent.

Ichneumia (type albicuuda) has teeth * of a more gene-

- ralized type than Mungos, and in that particular comes nearer

the Dooitatiee) primitive form, but it differs therefrom at

least in the hairiness of the hind feet and more digitigrade

gait. The depth of the upper lip below the rhinarium is also

no doubt a specialized feature.

Bdeogale (type crassicauda) shows many dental resem-

blances to Ichueumia, as ‘Thomas pointed out t. Specializa-

tion of the feet, however, is carried a stage further than in

that genus, as is shown by the shortening of the four main

digits and the suppression of the hallux and pollex.

* Of the teeth of Ichneumia albicauda Thomas wrote in 1882:—

“Teeth more rounded than in the members of the typical subgenus

[Mungos|. Last molars above and below proportionately much larger

.... the lower one with a well-marked extra cusp between the usual

ones, so that there are five cusps in all.” To this it may be added that

the first molar of the upper jaw is nearly as large as the carnassial ( pin’),

though lower crowned, and occupies the position of the carnassial in

Mungos, being inserted well in front of the superjacent base of the zygo-

matic arch,

+ He wrote, “Of all the mongooses 1. albicauda [ Ichneumia) seems

to be most nearly allied to true Bdeogale, strongly resembling the species

of that genus in... . the proportionally large size of the last molar, and,

most of all, in the presence of the median middle external cusp to the

last molar, a character in which Bdeogale differs trom all other mongouses

except the present species and those of the very distinct genus

Crossarchus.’ ais

520 Mr. R. I. Pocock on the

Rhynchogale* (type mellert) was associated by Gray with

Crossarchus and Surtcata, and provisionally left in that

category by Thomas. It appears to me to be more nearly

related to Jchneumia and Bdeogale, despite the suppregsion of

the groove on the upper lip. alse

In position and relative size the teeth are not at all unlike

those of Ichneumia and Bdeogale, although the upper car-

nassial is a little more forward. ‘Their chief peculiarity lies

in the flatness of the crowns of the molars, probably an

adaptation to a frugivorous diet f. The twist of the lower

dental row is not much, if at all, more marked than in

Bdeogale, and the same is true of the concavity of the palate.

The mesopterygoid fossa is more forward than in Jehneumia

and Bdeogale, but the bulle, which are more inflated poste-

riorly than in Bdeogale, do not surpass those of Lehneumonia

in that respect. The feet are pentadactyle and hairy as in

Ichneumia. The absence of the groove below the rhinarium

is a distinctive feature of Rhynchogale, which appears also to

have a longish snout; but this latter feature seems to be

foreshadowed by the long upper lip of Jchneumia. On the

evidence I think the genus may be regarded as a specialized —

form of the Jchneumta+ Bdeogale group of genera.

The exact position of Cynictis (type penicillata) and Para-

cynictis (type seloust) is doubtful, but there are indications

perhaps of closer kinship with Jchneumta than with any

other genus, although the relationship is not close. Never-

theless, the large ears of Cynictis are foreshadowed in

Ichneumia, and, as in that genus, the fore foot is hairy down

to the carpal pad and the hind foot down or almost down to

the plantar pad; but the suppression of the hallux in Cynictis

and of both pollex and hallux in Paracynictis, and the reduc-

tion in depth of the interdigital webs mark the feet as more

specialized than in Jehnewmia, though possibly in the greater

length of the claws they are more primitive. Specialized

features in the skull are its shortness, a character correlated,

judging from Suricata, with stronger postorbital bars and

* I have seen no fresh or spirit-preserved material of this genus apart

from a newly born kitten found by White at Zomba and preserved in

the British Museum. The anal sack is well developed, but the most

remarkable feature about the specimen is the enormous depth of the

upper lip beneath the rhinarium, giving an unusually thick aspect to the

muzzle. The rhinarium, moreover, is set upon the summit of the

muzzle, and has an upward, not a forward aspect, almost as in Cynogale.

Since I do not know the condition of the muzzle in the young of other

genera of mongooses, a simple record of the facts must suffice.

+ White found the stomachs of Rhynchogale filled with fruit (P. Z. §.

1894, p. 139),

Classification of the Mongooses. 521

more arched zygomata, and the inflation of the anterior

chamber of the bulla, coupled with the large perforation

close to the tympanic bone.

Asin Jchneumia, Mungos, and others, the foramen rotundum

opens into the alisphenoid canal, probably a primitive feature.

he teeth of the upper jaw are somewhat more sectorial than

in Jchneumia, as is shown more particularly by the narrower

palatal portions of the two molars,

Ariela (type fasciata), with some points of resemblance to

ungos in its semiplantigrade pentadactyle feet, has never-

theless a more generalized dentition. The highly developed

anal sack and absence of groove on the snout are specialized

features. In one character connected with the skull it differs

from all the genera hitherto considered (? Rhynchogale)—

namely, in the opening of the foramen rotundum direct into

the temporal fossa and not into the alisphenoid canal, the

anterior aperture of the latter being situated alongside that

orifice and separated therefrom by a narrow bony partition,

Crossarchus (type obscurus), resembling Ariela in the

particular last mentioned, has a less specialized anal sack and

a more specialized snout.

Suricata (type suricatta) has always been admitted to hold

an isolated position amongst the mongooses, and the now

ascertained differences in the structure of its ear enhance the

isolation.

Generically it may be distinguished from the rest of the

family by a complex of associated characters, like the general

form of the skull, the elongated snout, undivided upper lip,

tetradactyle feet, and naked tarso-metatarsus. The shape of

the skull, with its bowed zygomata and complete and stout

postorbital bars, recalls in a measure that of Cynictis ; but

the great difference in the form of the bullw, apart from

other features, precludes the idea of near affinity between

the two genera. The long snout and undivided upper lip,

resembling those features in Crossarchus, are likely enough

to be purely adaptive resemblances ; but in the skull there

is one significant similarity, namely, the situation of the

foramen rotundum alongside the anterior orifice of the ali-

sphenoid canal and close to the sphenoidal fissure—a character

restricted to Ariela, Crossarchus, ? Rhynchogale, aud Suricata,

so far, at all events, as mongooses are concerned. I think it

is a tenable hypothesis that Suricata is a highly specialized

offshoot of the Ariela+ Crossarchus stock of this family. In

that case, the ear of Suricata may be regarded as secondarily

simplified. Nevertheless, a comparison between this-ear and

that of the Mascarene Galidictine genera forcibly suggests

522 Mr. R. I. Pocock on the

simplification from that type of organ found in the latter

group. In the present state of cur knowledge it seems to me

that no satisfactory conclusion can be reached on this point.

But even if kinship between Suricata and Crossarchus be

admitted, it must be remembered that the former differs from

the latter more than Crossarchus differs from other genera of

mongooses.

The main characters peculiar to the skull of Surtcata are

the following :—

1. The plane of the base of the skull is inclined at an

cbhtuse angle to the plane of the palate. In other

genera these two planes are subparallel.

2. The bullee are nearly as wide as long, very flat, and

project only slightly below the occipital condyles,

which are situated between their postero-superior

portion. In other genera the bulle are much longer

than wide, inflated, and project some distance below

the condyles.

3. The ridge of the mastoid extends on the outer side of

the bulla below the inferior edge of the auditory

meatus.

‘These characters, coupled with the difference in the structure

of the ear, justify the erection of Surtcata to the rank of a

subfamily—tlhe Suricatinge,—the rest of the genera con-

stituting the Mungotinee.

Analytical Key to the Genera of Mungotide.

The construction of an analytical key to the genera of this

family is simplified by giving a foremost place to the number

of digits and to the structure of the upper lip; but since the

aloption of that course leads, in my opinion, to artificial

affiliation, I have attached a secondary importance to those

characters :—

A. Supratragus a simple ridge with no valvular

flap above it; skull-characters as enume-

Tated AbOye is. 3), ac! vi eine eely eas tea oe Subfam. SuRICATINZ.

Teeth as under a' below, pollex and hallux

suppressed, upper lip uncleft by phil-

RUA 3 5 dae ames ee doin wip Riot ee es Suricata,

B. Supratragus large and valvular, with a

valvular flap just above it.............. Subfam, Muneorinz,

a, Dentition sectorial, upper carnassial (pm)

dominant, set back so that its posterior

angle is close to the base of the malar

arch, its outer edge forming an obtuse

angle with that of m', most of which is

at Raga pat

li ie

Classification of the Mongooses.

behind that point; (upper lip shallow

it eae SO oe .

6. Digits 2 to5 always united by a web

which projects beyond the margin of

the plantar pad.

e. Either a space or pm' intervening

between the upper canine and pm’.

ce’. No space between upper canine and

pm*, pm can

b'. Digits 2 to 5 separated down to plantar

pad, owing to suppression of the webs

present in other genera ............

a’. Dentition more generalized, rather crush-

ing than sectorial, upper curnassial

(pm*) set forwards so that its posterior

angle is well in advance of the rout of

the malar arch, the whole or practically

the whole of m!' being also in advance

of that point, the line of the cheek-teeth

forming a much more even curve at the

junction of pm‘ and m'.

d. Webs deeper as compared with length

of digits; ears moderate or small,

with no pocket behind the antitragal

ridge; skull elongated, lower; inner

portions of upper m', m’® thick and

strong ; last lower molar with median

external cusp or flat-crowned.

e. Legs short, semiplantigrade, fore

paws broad, with very long claws;

at most the heel of the hind foot

hairy, ears small and rounded (no

groove on upper lip).

f. Snout short as in Mungos, infra-

narial portion of rhinarium shal-

low; anal sack complex,.......

f'. Snout long, infranarial portion of

rhinarium deep ; anal sack simple.

e’. Legs long, digitigrade, fore paws

narrow, claws shorter, metatarsus

covered with hair almost to the

plantar pad, ears longer.

g. Upper lip grooved, posterior cheek-

teeth cuspidate ; mesopterygoid

fossa set further back.

‘ h. Pollex and hallux retained ....

h'. Pollex and hallux suppressed ..

gy: ee lip ungrooved, posterior

cheek-teeth flat-crowned ; meso-

terygoid fossa set more forwards.

d', Webs very shallow as compared with

length of digits, especially between

digits 3 and 4, 4 and 5; ears ver

large for the group, with a small

* I suspect this genus will prove to be divisible into three or more

genera when better known.

Mungos *.

Helogale.

Atilar.

Ariela.

Crossarchus,

Ichneumia.

Bdeogale.

Rhynchogale,

524 On Two new Parasitic Mites.

pocket behind the antitragal ridge * ;

skull short and high ; inner portions

of upper m! and m? slender and weak ;

last lower molar without median

external cusp; (upper lip grooved ;

metatarsus hairy down to plantar

pad; hallux absent). hoy

1, Pollex retained .....cesseeeceeess Cynietis.

i'. Pollex suppressed 1.06... +e ee eeeee Paracynictis.

LIUL—On Two new Parasitic Mites (Myocoptes hintoni

and Psoroptes natalensis). By Srantey Hirst.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Myocoptes hintoni, sp. n.

@. The minute little scutwm (at the extreme anterior end

of the dorsum) angular posteriorly in the middle, but not

ending in a slender, median, spine-like process, as in J/, mus-

culinus, Koch, and M. tenaz, Michael. The new species can

also be readily recognized by the four very long hairs (a pair

on each side) that are present (on the venter) at the posterior

end of the body, instead of only two long hairs in this position

(one on each side), as in M. musculi, M. tenax, ete.

Length of body 340 p, its width 170 pw.

Host: English Squirrel (Scturus vulgaris), Exeter, October

1918.

Psoroptes natalensis, sp. n.

@. Second hair from each side on abdominal lobe fairly

long and shaped like a very fine lance, the distal half being

distinctly flattened (blade-like), instead of cylindrical as in

P. ovis, P. capre, P. cuniculi, P. equi (and also P. bovis,

according to Berlese’s description and figure). Middle hair

on lobe long and fine. Outermost hair quite short. Tnner-

most hair very fine and comparatively long.

Length of body (including capitulum and posterior lobes)

420 p, its width 290 p.

Material. A number of specimens found on cattle at

Richmond, Natal, 1896 (C. D. Soar’s collection).

Note.—In the genus Chorioptes (including C. bovis) the

central hairs on the abdominal lobes of the male are modified

in much the same way as in this new species, but the flat-

tened portion is very much wider and the pedicles of the tarsi

bearing the pulvilli are quite short instead of elongated- and

segmented, as in Psoroptes natalensis, etc.

* The characters of the feet and ear need verification in the case

of Paracynictis, only dried skins of the genus being available for

examination.

"-- *- ae

Selection of Helix nemoralis by the Song-Thrush. 525

LIV.—The Selection of Helix nemoralis by the Song-Thrush

(Turdus musicus). By Mavp D. Havitanp, Hon. Mem.

B.O.U., and Frances Pirr.

Section Il. By Mavup D. Havinanp.

Aw article on “ Shell-banding as a Means of Protection,” by

A. E. Trueman, appeared in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.,

October 1916, and is of considerable interest, for it deals

with the striking habit of the song-thrush (Turdus musicus)

to break small shells habitually upon certain stones or

“anvils,” and this habit is rare among birds. At first

sight, the author’s conclusions seem to give proof of natural

selection in operation; but when the matter is examined

more closely, it is not so clear, and some of Mr. Trueman’s

methods invite criticism.

It would have been well if he had given a detailed account

of the wide area in which his “ anvil” and “ control ” collec-

tions were made. The area is described only as a belt of

country on tle Magnesian Limestone, some 3 miles long,

between certain named localities. Helix nemoralis varies

almost from one ditch to another, as, indeed, is exemplified

in Mr. Trueman’s paper, and, unless the control collections

were made immediately round their respective anvils, they

may be very misleading. In a collection made at Quy Fen,

Cambridgeshire—a piece of marsliy pasture-land interspersed

with clumps of willow and bramble-bushes,—it was found,

although exact figures were not kept, that lightly banded

snails were more abundant on the open spaces among the

short herbage, while the heavily banded specimens predomi-

nated in the bushes. If a collection had been made, for

instance, only in the open, it would not have been really

representative of the snails in the locality in general.

Another weak spot in Mr. Trueman’s control collection is

that it was formed of dead shells. How can one be sure

that the shells were in the same situations and positions as

when they were alive? It is much to be doubted whether

protective devices are of much avail to any creatures that

are preyed upon by ground-feeding birds. Striped coloration

is inconspicuous only when viewed from a distance ; the

pied striping on the snout of the badger or on the neck of

the black-throated diver are cases in point. But when a

bird sees a snail among herbage at a distance of only a few

inches the hands of black and yellow will be clearly defined.

526 Misses M. D. Haviland and F. Pitt on the

Certainly thrushes seem to destroy plenty of Helix aspersa,

whose shell appears to be more inconspicuously coloured

than that of H. nemoralis.

Mr. '‘l'rueman’s tables do-not give an exact idea of the

** conspicuousness 7’ of a given shell. For instance, a “‘ two-

banded” specimen might answer to the formula (123)(45)

and appear nearly black; or it might be described as 00230

and look almost yellow. This would make all the difference

to its conspicuousness. But the figures given are certainly

curious, and two explanations suggest themselves :—

(a) The possibility admitted by Mr. Trueman himself in

his last paragraph, when he says: “ The figures

appear to show that banded shells are less liable

to be seen—or, at least, to be eaten.” The italics

are mine.

(b) That the darker varieties predominate in bushy

places and the lighter in the open, where the

thrushes generally feed. Hence the birds would

find a larger proportion of unbanded shells.

With these ideas in view I made two series of observations

in the summer of 1917; I had hoped to continue them in

1918, but circumstances prevented this, and unfortunately

neither of them are as complete as they should be.

The first experiments were made on Maidenhead Thicket,

in an open grassy place surrounded by bushes, between

June 25th and July 2nd. The snails were tethered to pegs

by black threads, varying from 6 to 12 feet in length, passed

through a hole drilled in the lip of the shell, and the numbers.

were checked every evening. Snails disappeared on the

second and succeeding days, but I did not obtain positive

proof that they were taken by thrushes until June 30th. I

found a four-banded shell, still fastened to its thread but

unmistakably smashed by a thrush, and some yards away

was a second four-banded shell, also broken, beside a stone.

On the following day, in addition to two three-banded shells

which had been carried off altogether, I found three four-

banded shells which, with the threads still attached, were

lying each beside a stone with the shell smashed, but with

the animal uneaten.

For convenience in working, the snails, whose tethering

threads became much entangled, were put out in five groups

—A, B,C, D,E. Each group consisted of from four to six

snails tied to one peg and selected quite haphazard. The

groups were all within an area of 25 yards, but A and B

were much overhung by bushes, C was a little more exposed,

and D and E were quite in the open. Four snails were

Selection of Welix nemoralis by the Song-Thrush. 527

taken from A, none from B, three from C, five from D, and

five from E, although the two latter groups were not put

out until four days after the others. Unfortunately it was

not possible to make longer observations, but, as far as they

go, they suggest: (a) that the thrushes, so far from choosing

the lightly ‘banded shells, actually preferred the four-banded

variety, although this was not the most numerous form

provided ; (4) that thrushes may break snails which for some

reason they do not eat; (c) that there is a tendency for

snails to be taken from the more exposed places, If the

distribution of H. nemoralis at Quy Fen obtains elsewhere,

the latter factor alone might account for the large proportion

of unbanded shells at the “ anvils ”’ recorded by Mr. Trueman.

A second series of observations was carried out near

Cambridge round an artificial piece of water. The place,

which is of about 4 acres area and surrounded by fields, is

lush-grass thickly interspersed with cypress, privet, and

bramble-bushes. In the season in question it was inhabited

by one pair of thrushes, who reared two broods there.

Collections were made at intervals, with the results set out

in Table II. On July 31st anvil 1. only was taken. On

August 13th it was emptied again, and IT., III., and IV.

were found. Therefore the numbers foranvil I. on this date

represent a proportion of the thrushes’ takings for a fort-

night. The large proportion of Helicella cantiana found

broken may possibly be accounted for by the dry weather

that prevailed at the time. In August attempts were made

to form a contro] collection, but owing to the drought they

were unsuccessful, and further opportunity did not arise

until October 15th- 2ist, when, after long search, living

(mostly immature) specimens were found, as recorded ou

Table III.

While the control collection is thus so small, judgment

must be suspended ; but so far there seems no ground for

supposing that the banded shells were taken less frequently

than the unbanded, nor that, when taken, they were not

eaten, After my observations on the tethered snails, [ was

prepared to find that the heavily banded shells were dis-

tasteful to the birds ; but the later observations dispose of

this idea, and as these anvils were made in the summer, when

insect food was plentiful, it could hardly be that hunger

drove the birds to eat unpalatable food.

I should like here to express my indebtedness to Mr. H. H.

Brindley, M.A., of St. John’s College, for his assistance in

forming these collections and for much helpful criticism

and advice.

528 Misses M. D. Haviland and F. Pitt on the

Anvils.

Number of

Snails.

August 13th.

| 13 | 49 |118

Number of

Snails taken.

Sli Horner

October 21st.

IL {Pe

Taste I.

Snails tethered in Maidenhead Thicket.

Number of Bands.

1 Dandi cky tier anche po teciow as s

D hands ats cater oaionte 3

Soe Sey ae hae 5 ee ee

4 Lc ste ee cath waalt owes

v0 ”9 Bus 2 ele eoMat Cee ~~ ae, OC, C25. 8.8 BS

Vars. rubella and eastanea (un-

band Cd) Pe aahis skis 6 wets

ME OUGL Beco Ne Sethe

Taste II.

Cambridge.

Formulss. July 30th.

I. | GSE AV, ae

| 198451 een Fg a Pee be

| 198(45) Se eee #10 2

| (19)8458- =. Sean. ek 4

| (12)3(45) Baden: 1 3

(12)(345) 2.0... 2 5

(129345) 2 Segoe. 6

19340 * See eee ile ey 7

(12) S40" ae dey 8

12305 * hie aeec ida 9

12300 4 aaceaecteee « iL 10

Q0845 42ers... ay 17

(12)300" -cceee- 1 re!

02345 * te. re has

023(45) 3 eee: SWELG

00840" 2. seers 18

Unbanded var. i

bellula® ...... 13

Unbanded vars. ru-

bella and cas

anche eee 9 ae

Helicella cantiana7?} 9 5%

Total 3} I ee oe ee 31

1 5 separate bands = 11:2 per cent.

2 5 bands with 4+5 fused = 4°1 per cent.

5 bands with fusions = 12:0 per cent.

“ Plain below ” = one or more of bands 3, 4, 5 absent = 20°7 per cent.

5 «Plain above” = one or more of bands 1

* Unbanded = 17°5 per cent.

Helicella cantiana = 4°9 per cent.

, 2 absent = 29°3 per cent.

Selection of Helix nemoralis by the Song-Thrush. 529

Tasve III,

Control Collection for comparison with Table II.

Formula, Number. Per cent. of total.

ISAS * cennbte bel on'aous sae 8 13°5

SRST pee h ones WET a 060 0k 3 50

0 2) Or OP oe 1 17

ccc teaser vccssboetes l 17

BS EGAN 6 us cs CONTE i 1 iy

NO BRA iiss cane on edie e 1 17

. Ua Se Ee neers 1 D7

OOO00 (libellula)*........64.. 4| IT]

Vars. rubel/a and castanea .... 6 | ,

fe eee eee 33 559

OS eS ne ae 59

Secrion II. By Frances Pirr.

_ At the request of Miss M. D. Haviland, I obtained a

young song-thrush in the spring of 1918, and reared it by

hand, in order to ascertain whether the thrush has a

preference for a particular variety of Helix nemoralis, and

also if the habit peculiar to the thrush of breaking snail-

shells on an “anvil” is instinctive or acquired through

experience by each young bird,

When the bird was fully fledged I offered it two examples

of Helix nemoralis, of formule 00000 and 12345 respec.

tively. The thrush paid no attention to them unless they

moved, and then it pecked at the protruding tentacles until

the snails withdrew into the shells, after which the bird

ignored them,

The experiment was repeated the next day, with the same

result, except that the bird pecked the shells sharply two or

three times.

On the third day four snails were offered—two 12345 and

two 00000. This time, when the bird’s attack caused the

snail to retract, the thrush turned one shell over, looked

into the cavity, and shook it vigorously before casting it

aside.

At the fourth trial, two days later, five nemoralis were

offered—two 00000 and three 12345, This time the thrush

carried one of the former variety round the cage, and struck

it on the ground until it fell from his grasp, whereupon he

picked it up again and battered it on astone. As it did not

crack readily, he seized each of the others in turn, and tried

in vain to break them. Finally, he took the first snail

again, and ultimately broke it open and ate it.

From the foregoing observations I am inclined to believe

that the only part of the snail-cracking habit which is

530 Selection of Helix nemoralis by the Song-Thrush.

inherited is the impulse to beat living prey on some hard

object, although in one instance I saw the thrush hammer

a snail ou a sofa-cushion. The habit can be perfected by

time and practice, and as it grew older the bird became

increasingly expert, for the work requires considerable

effort, especially when dealing with strong mature shells.

As regards the selection of a particular type of shell, my

experiments gave negative results. I never offered more

than three snails at one time—formulz 00000, 12345, and

(12345). The results, which are summarized in Table LV.,

seem to show that the snails were selected quite at random,

so that any preponderance of unbanded types at “ anvils”

not due to selection by thrushes. I offered specimens of

both castanea and rubella to the bird, and the results show

that, although a greater number of castanea were left

unbroken than of other hues, this was due to the stouter

shell. As it became more practised, the bird learnt to.

break them as readily as the more thin-shelled varieties.

Table V. shows the contents of three “ anvils ” found near

Bridgenorth in Shropshire on a roadside bank in a wooded

district, and Table VI. shows a control collection made in

the vicinity.

From the evidence afforded by this captive thrush, and by

the “anvils” in this district, I conclude that the proportions

of varieties of Helix nemoralis found at the breaking-stones

is influenced chiefly by the proportions present in the

locality.

Taser LV.

Helix nemoralis offered to and eaten by Thrush.

Formula. Offered. FKaten. Per cent.

0000 wae eae 56 26 46:4

2540: Vvtaee ek Re ee 49 21 42°8

(2815) Js ee 39 23 56-4

TABLE V.

“* Anvil” Collection from Bridgenorth, Shropshire.

Formula. Number. Per cent.

OOOOO a2 FA esas eto ioe Cote 5 afer

19345 tr, Sie GEE bee 13 28:8

12(S45) ~ssicct ates, Aaa 1 22

128(45) . een, 6e eee 4 88

1(28)(45). <a eae 1 22

(12)(345) 2. So ae ee ee al pA?

(128)(45) 28 GE ee 7 1555

(12845) j.< siz. eta Be Aa 10 22-2

On the Genus Lepidobatrachus, Budgett. 531

Tase VI.

Control Collection to Table V.

Formula. Number. Per cent.

CRN ee a cee diiec cheese vic 14 22°2

SS te eee siene inane be woe | 15

Sa TSO oes bie. iudsli'e' le a0 17 26°5

EAMEE a eta crate aitath adie «bine 5 8 12°5

Cs tu oS ne ace 10 15°6

A cae l4 25-0

SuMMARY.

The conclusions drawn from the foregoing observations

are :—

The selection of snails by thrushes is entirely haphazard,

and the evidence does not suggest that one form is more

’ palatable than another.

There is some evidence that many-banded specimens of

H. nemoralis are more abundant in bushy shaded places.

As the thrushes as a rule prefer open feeding-grounds, it

is possible that this may account for the higher proportion

of unbanded shells at certain “ anvils.”

The young thrush does not recognize and crack snail-

shells instinctively, but each individual probably learns to do

so by personal experience.

LV.—On the Genus Lepidobatrachus, Budgett.

By G. A. Boutencer, F.R.S.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Tue British Museum has recently received, by way of

exchange with the Cambridge Museum of Zoology, the type-

specimens of the problematic Paraguayan Frogs discovered

by the late J. S. Budgett, and very shortly described by him

in the ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science,’ xlii.

1899, p. 3829, under the names of Lepidobatrachus asper and

L. levis. 1 seize this opportunity for expressing an opinion

on their systematic position, which had not been dealt with

by the author, and for correcting some errors in which he

had fallen.

I can see no reason for maintaining the genus Lepido-

batrachus (etymological justification not stated). On com-

paring Budgett’s diagnosis with that of Ceratophrys, one

532 On the Genus Lepidobatrachus, Budyelt.

might think the absence of vomerine teeth and the presence

of “ two large teeth in dentaries of lower jaw ” in the former

sufficient ground for generic separation, but both these

statements are incorrect. Vomerine teeth are present,

forming two small groups between the choane, and the

supposed teeth in the lower jaw are simply bony processes at

the symphysis such as are known in several species of Rana

and Ceratophrys. The teeth in the upper jaw are consider-

ably larger than usual, but the same is the case in Cerato-

phrys ornata, Rana adspersa, aud other Frogs with biting

propensities. “ Fontanelles in the parietal region” seems

in contradiction with the “ great development of membrane

bones in the head”; I am unable to explain what the author

had in view.

Budgett thought his Lepidobutrachus levis might be the

same species as his L. asper, but 1 have no doubt the two

are perfectly distinct, as may be seen from the following

notes :—

Ceratophrys aspera, Budg.

Tongue a little broader thau long, entire, moderately free

behind, with a round central papillose area. Vomerine

teeth in two small rounded groups between the choane ;

maxillary teeth large; a pair of large, acutely pointed tooth-

like processes at the symphysis of the lower jaw. Habit

very stout, arm and thigh enclosed in the integument of the

body. Head very convex, much broader than long; a rough

bony casque surrounding the orbits; snout rounded, profile

descending abruptly from the nostrils to the mouth; nostrils

close together, 3 times as distant from the tip of the snout

as from the eye; latter small, its diameter one-half its

distance from the mouth ; interorbital space concave, nearly

as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum moderately distinct,

as Jarge as the eye, from which it is two diameters distant.

Fingers rather slender, pointed, without subarticular tu-

bercies, first shorter than second. Hind limb very short, as

long as or slightly longer than head and body ; tibia shorter

than the foot, 34 times in length from snout to vent ; toes

short, pointed, half-webbed, without subarticular tubercles ;

a narrow tarsal fold and a very large oblique, compressed,

sharp-edged inner metatarsal tubercle, the length of which

is much greater than that of the inner toe. Upper parts

with numerous small warts of unequal size; a narrow,

spindle-shaped, granulate dermal bone, about half the length

of the head, at a short distance from the latter, above the

On new Pyrulide of the Subfamily Crambine. 533

anterior vertebre ; lower parts smooth; metatarsal tubercle

and tips of toes with black horny sheaths.

Budygett described the colour (in life?) as “ dull leaden”

above ; it is now dark brown, with darker vertical bars on

the sides of the head and ill-defined spots and marblings

on the body ; lower parts white or brownish white, mottled

with pale brown on the throat and on the sides.

The two female specimens measure 70 mm. and 60 mm.

from snout to vent respectively.

Ceratophrys levis, Budg.

Differs from the preceding in the perfectly smooth head

and body, the absence of the bony dorsal shield, the broader

and flatter interorbital region, which exceeds the width of

the upper eyelid, the longer tibia, which is 34 times in the

length from snout vent, and the broader membrane

between the toes, which may be described as two-thirds

webbed.

A single female specimen, measuring 68 mm. from snout

to vent,

LVI.—Descriptions of New Pyralide of the Subfamilies

Crambine and Sigine. By Sir Georce F. Hampson,

Bart., F.Z.S., &e.

[Continued from p, 457.}

(12) Eudorina leucostieta, sp. n.

Brassy ochreous; head, thorax, and abdomen tinged with

reddish brown. Fore wing with the veins streaked with brown ;

dentate brown subbasal and antemedial lines with whitish diamond-

shaped marks between them in and below the cell and a similar

smaller mark in the cell before the subbasal line ; an obliquely curved

discoidal white lunule and a short streak beyond upper angle of

cell; the postmedial line oblique, double with whitish marks in

interspaces between its two portions, arising from apex and

strongly dentate inwards on vein 2; a fine subterminal line, the

cilia intersected with brown. Hind wing paler with whitish patch

beyond upper angle of cell.

Hab. Br. N. Guryea, Humboldt Bay (Doherty); D’Entre-

CaSTEAUX Is., Fergusson I. (Meek), 1 type. Exp., do 20,

2 28 mm.

Subsp. 1. Head, thorax, and fore wing more uniform red-brown,

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. iii. bo

534 Sir G. F. Hampson ov new

the last with the white spots much more prominent and additional

specks above middle of inner margin and on termen below apex ;

the lines almost obsolete, the outer edge of the postmedial line

appearing as a series of dark points ; abdomen and hind wing pale

in male, rufous in female.

Hab. Matay Srares, Padang Rengas; Amsorna, in Coll.

Rothschild.

(5a) Ommatopteryx discopis, sp. n. _

@. Head white, slightly mixed with brown; thorax pale brown

with a white dorsal fascia on tegule, the patagia white with brown

fascia at middle, the metathorax white behind ; abdomen whitish

tinged with brown; palpi pale red-brown, white at base and the

maxillary palpi white at tips; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of

abdomen white slightly mixed with pale red-brown. Fore wing

whitish tinged with brown and irrorated with blackish, the post-

medial area irrorated with elongate black scales except towards costa

and inner margin ; a ‘slightly sinuous pale yellow medial band just

before end of cell, slightly defined at sid by dark brown, with a

narrow white band before it from subcostal nervure to vein 1, and

a small black spot in the cell; a small round white spot with black

centre at discal fold beyond the cell ; subterminal line fine, brown,

excurved to discal fold and with some pale yellow before it below

costa, below discal fold defined on each side by white; a terminal

series of eight minute quadrate black spots from discal fold to

tornus, the cilia beyond them metallic cupreous at base and with a

metallic cupreous line near base to apex. Hind wing white tinged

with red-brown, the cilia white with a red-brown line at middle to

vein 2. Underside white, the fore wing faintly tinged with red-

brown except on inner area; both wings with faint brown

subterminal line to vein 2. SS

Hab. Transvaat, Pretoria (Janse), 1 2 type. Exp. 18 mm.

(6a) Ommatopteryx corsicalis, sp. n.

¢. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale red-brown mixed with some

whitish ; antennez pale red-brown; maxillary palpi brown at base,

white at tips ; palpi white, tinged with rufous except below; pectus,

legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white tinged with rufous, Fore

wing whitish suffused with red-brown and irrorated with blackish on

basal area and just beyond the medial band which is yellow defined

at sides by diffused brown and with a narrow white band before it,

slightly bent inwards to inner margin ; a narrow white subterminal

band defined at sides by brown lines, slightly incurved below costa,

then oblique to discal fold where it is angled outwards to termen, then

inwardly oblique, a small blackish spot beyond it below costa with

a slight oblique dark line from it across apical area to near termen ;

the apex whitish with an oblique dark subapical mark on it; three

pairs of minute black terminal spots from vein 5 to above tornus

with the cilia beyond them metallic silver at base, the rest of cilia

Pyralidee of the Subfamily Crambine, 535

white with a brown line near base to vein 5. Hind wing white

tinged with red-brown, the cilia white with a brown line near base.

Underside of fore wing suffused with red-brown, the apical area

and termen white.

Hab. Corsica, Vizzavona (Walsingham), 1 ¢ type. Eup.

20 mm.

(13) Ommatopteryx micralis, sp. n.

Q. Head, thorax, and abdomen fulvous yellow mixed with some

white ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white. Fore

wing white thickly irrorated with fulvous yellow; a narrow

inwardly oblique white medial band defined on each side by slight

fuscous lines with diffused fulvous yellow beyond them ; a narrow

curved white band slightly defined by fulvous yellow from costa

beyond middle to termen at vein 5; five black points on a slight

white band on termen between vein 4 and tornus; cilia with a

brown line near base, faint on apical half and some brown at tips.

Hind wing white; a slight yellow mark minutely irrorated with

black on termen at vein 2; cilia with some black at tips to vein 2

and the hair on inner margin tipped with black and yellow on

tornal half. Underside of fore wing suffused with red-brown

except on inner area.

Hab. Putrirrryes, Luzon, Benguet Prov., Irizan, 1 2 type.

Exp. 10 mm.

(14) Ommatopteryx delicatalis, sp. n.

2. Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged with fulvous

yellow, the back of head with a black point, the thorax with a few

large black scales ; palpi with some blackish towards tips ; peétus,

legs, and ventral surface of abdomen fulvous yellow, the tarsi

«banded with brown. Fore wing creamy white irrorated with large

black scales, the. postmedial area rather more thickly irrorated

except at costa which is without black scales; an oblique metallic

silver medial line defined on outer side by a bright yellow band,

slightly incurved in the cell; a metallic silver discoidal lunule ;

a metallic silver subterminal line, obliquely excurved and detined

on inner side by a bright yellow band from costa to discal fold and

with the apical area beyond it suffused with yellow; seven black

spots on termen between vein 5 and tornus, rather smaller above

and a slight black line on termen towards apex, the cilia metallic

silver beyond the spots. Hind wing silvery white. Underside of

fore wing tinged with red-brown.

Hab. Br. C. Arnica, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 2 type. Exp.

22 mm.

(16) Ommatopteryx brunnealis, sp. n.

Head, thorax, and abdomen red-brown, the ventral surface of

abdomen with some whitish. Fore wing red-brown with a cupreous

du*

536 Sir G. F. Hampson on new

gloss and mixed with some whitish especially before and beyond

the inwardly oblique rather ill-defined narrow red-brown medial

band; an oblique ill-defined whitish band across apical area and a

curved whitish mark just before termen towards apex; five black

points defined by white on termen between vein 4and tornus ; cilia

white with a brown line at middle and some brown at tips. Hind

wing white faintly tinged with red-brown, a brown terminal line

and a red-brown line through the cilia. Underside of fore wing

suffused with red-brown, the costal area deeper red-brown.

Hab. Pururerrnes, Negros I. (Whitehead), 6 §, 1 Q type.

Exp. 14 mm.

(17) Erupa plumbealis, sp. n.

Head and thorax dark red-brown glossed with leaden grey ;

abdomen slightly paler red-brown. Fore wing dark glossy red-

brown ; an indistinct red-brown antemedial line faintly defined on

inner side by greyish, arising at subcostal nervure and strongly

excurved between discal and submedian folds; an indistinct red-

brown discoidal bar with a slight greyish mark before it at upper

angle of cell; an indistinct slightly waved red-brown subterminal

line somewhat angled inwards at the veins, defined on outer side by

greyish, then by rather diffused red-brown ; a series of prominent

rather triangular pure white points just before termen from below

apex to above tornus; cilia with a whitish line at base. Hind

wing rather paler red-brown with a whitish line at base of cilia.

Underside dark glossy red-brown; both wings with indistinct

curved dark postmedial line.

Hab. CotomBta, Choko, Rio Siato, 2 ¢ type, Pueblo Rico,

19. Hzp., g 42-46, 2 60 mm.

(2a) Erupa puneticilialis, sp. n.

@. Head and thorax dark glossy red-brown ; abdomen rather

paler red-brown with slight whitish dorsal segmental lines ; pectus

with some whitish below the wings. Fore wing glossy red-brown

with a series of prominent white points at base of cilia. Hind

wing white, the terminal area suffused with red-brown except

towards tornus ; cilia with a series of slight white spots at base to

below vein 2 and some white at tips. Underside red-brown, the

hind wing with the cell and inner area white.

Hab. Argentina, Gran Chaco, Florenzia (Wagner),1 Q type.

Exp. 40 mm.

(46) Erupa digrammicea, sp. n.

d. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous white suffused with

rufous. Fore wing ochreous white suffused with rufous and

slightly irrorated with dark brown ; a discoidal lunule indistinctly

defined by dark red-brown and with an oblique line from it to

inner margin with a rather whiter shade before it and oblique

Pyralidw of the Subfamily Crambine. 537

rufous shade beyond it from costa; a slightly crenulate dark red-

brown subterminal line with a whiter shade before it and dark

ints on the veins, excurved below costa; a terminal series of

k brown striew; cilia with a red-brown line near base and dark

tips. Hind wing glossy ochreous tinged with rufous ; an indistinct

curved red-brown subterminal line and terminal series of dark red-

brown striw. Underside yellowish suffused with rufous; both

wings with chocolate-brown discoidal points, curved punetiform

postmedial line and terminal series of points.

Hab, Perv, La Oroya (Ockenden), 2d type. Exp. 28-30 mm.

(6a) Erupa schenobina, sp. n.

2. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale ochreous; pectus and

ventral surface of abdomen white. Fore wing with the apex

produced and acute ; a rather diffused oblique red-brown line from

vein 2 near its origin to inner margin benare middle ; a diffused

slightly waved and very oblique postmedial red-brown line arising

near apex and with darker points at the veins; a faint diffused

red-brown subterminal line arising from the costa at the post-

medial line; a terminal series of dark points. Hind wing white

tinged with ochreous especially on inner area; postmedial dark

points on veins 6 to 4, then a slight line with a faint diffused

subterminal line beyond it; a terminal series of dark points to

vein 2. Underside white ; both wings with dark discoidal points ;

fore wing with oblique waved dark postmedial line from costa to

vein 4; hind wing with slightly waved subterminal line.

Hab. Perv, Yahuarmayo, 2 9 type. Exp. 46-60 mm.

(6c) Erupa unipunctalis, sp. n.

d. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey-white tinged with purple-

brown. Fore wing grey-white tinged with purple-brown and

irrorated with dark brown ; a prominent black discoidal point and

terminal series of small blackish points. Hind wing glossy whitish

tinged with brown; a terminal series of slight brown points to

submedian fold. Underside of fore wing and costal area of hind

wing strongly suffused with brown.

Hab. Braztn, Castro Paraiia (D. Jones), 1 & type. Exp.

38 mm.

(6d) Erupa arenalis, sp. n.

¢. Head and thorax whitish tinged with brown; abdomen

white tinged with brown except towards base and with some

ochreous on dorsum towards base ; antennw brownish except above ;

palpi white, strongly irrorated with dark brown above ; pectus, legs,

and ventral surface of abdomen white, the tarsi tinged with flesh-

red. Fore wing ochreous white suffused with brown and strongly

irrorated with dark brown, the costal edge pure white; a dark

brown discoidal point; a postmedial series of dark brown points

538 . Sir G. F. Hampson on new

between veins 6 and 1, very oblique from vein 4 to middle of

vein 1; a eurved punctiform brown subterminal line from below

costa to submedian fold; a terminal series of slight brown points.

Hind wing silvery white, the costal area slightly tinged with brown

except towards apex ; an indistinct curved brown subterminal line

from costa to vein 2. Underside of fore wing and costal area of

hind wing suffused with brown except on terminal areas and on

terminal half of costa of fore wing.

2. Palpi irrorated with paler brown above; fore wing much

less strongly. irrorated with brown and with hardly a trace.of the

postmedial series of points on the punctiform postmedial line ;

hind wing wholly white with the subterminal line ; underside with

the disk of fore wing only tinged with red-brown. ;

Hab. Ancentixa, Gran Chaco, Florenzia (Wagner), 2 3,

Santa Fé, Ocampo (Wagner), 2 d,1 Q type. Eap., 5 30-36,

2 42 mm.

(8c) Erupa carnealis, sp. n.

_ 9. Head and thorax ochreous white tinged with rufous;

abdomen white tinged with ochreous; palpi white, slightly

irrorated with brown above; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of

abdomen white tinged with ochreous. Fore wing ochreous tinged

with rufous and slightly irrorated with dark brown scales except on

costal area, the costal edge white; a prominent black discoidal

point ; a terminal series of slight dark points. Hind wing silvery

white with a faint ochreous tinge. Underside white, the fore wing

and costal area of hind wing tinged with red-brown.

Hab. Paraauay, Sapucay (Foster), 1 9 type; ARGENTINA,

Santa Fé, Ocampo (Wagner), 1 2. Hap. 34-42 mm.

Genus HyYPIeEsta, nov.

Type, H. argyrogramma.

Proboscis aborted and minute ; palpi downcurved, extending about

twice the length of head and fringed with rough hair; maxillary

palpi triangularly dilated with scales; frons smooth; antenne of

male laminate and minutely ciliated. Fore wing with the apex

rounded, the termen evenly curved; vein 3 from before angle of

cell; 4, 5 from angle; 6 from below upper angle ; 7 from angle ;

8, 9, 10 stalked; 11 becoming coincident with 12. Hind wing

with vein 3 from angle of cell; 4,5 stalked; 6, 7 from upper

angle, 7 anastomosing with 8.

(1) Hypiesta argyrogramma, sp. n.

3. Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged with brown ; palpi

whitish irrorated with dark brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface

of abdomen whitish suffused with brown. Fore wing whitish

irrorated with dark brown to end of cell, the postmedial area

Pyralidw of the Subfamily Crambine. 539

slightly irrorated with red-brown, the terminal area suffused with

red-brown ; an almost straight red-brown line at end of cell with a

minute black discoidal spot on its outer edge ; a metallic silvery

subterminal line defined on each side by red-brown, excurved below

costa ; a terminal series of minute black points bisected by white ;

cilia red-brown and metallic silver. Hind wing white faintly

tinged with red-brown. Underside of fore wing and costal area of

hind wing suffused with red-brown.

Hab. Br. E. Arnica, Kikuyu, Nairobi (Crawshay), 1 ¢ type.

Exp. 16 mm.

(2) Hypiesta flavirufalis, sp. nv

2. Head and thorax yellowish white suffused with rufous;

abdomen creamy white, tinged with rufous at base; palpi white

irrorated with brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen

white suffused with rufous. Fore wing pale yellow tinged and

irrorated with rufous, the terminal area strongly suffused with

rufous ; obscure red-brown streaks in discal and submedian folds ;

an oblique yellow fascia from apex to lower angle of cell defined

on each side by diffused red-brown ; two oblique slightly waved

brown subterminal lines from vein 6 to inner margin; a puncti-

form dark terminal line; cilia pale yellow at base with dark line

at middle and the tips tinged with red-brown. Hind wing glossy

white. Underside white, the fore wing and costal area of hind

wing tinged with rufous.

Hab. Br. E. Arrtca, Teita (Jackson), 2 2 type. Exp. 20-

24 mm,

Genus PARERUPA, nov.

Type, P. diagonalis.

Proboscis aborted and minute; palpi downcurved, extending

about twice the length of head and clothed with rough hair;

maxillary palpi triangularly dilated with scales; frons smooth ;

antenne okuals laminate and almost simple. Fore wing with

the apex somewhat produced, the termen obliquely curved ; vein

3 from well before angle of cell: 4, 5 from angle; 6 from below

upper angle; 7 from angle; 8 and 10 stalked; 9 absent; 11

anastomosing with 12. Hind wing with vein 3 from just before

angle of cell; 4, 5 stalked; 6 from just below upper angle and

somewhat obsolescent ; 7 anastomosing with 8.

Parerupa diagonalis, sp. n.

Head, thorax, and abdomen white bg with brown especially

the thorax; palpi white irrorated with dark brown; pectus, legs,

and ventral surface of abdomen white tinged with red-brown, the

last irrorated with dark brown. Fore wing creamy white bre

irrorated with dark reddish brown; two obliquely placed blac

discoidal points; postmedial line double, brown, slightly waved,

510 Sir Gs F. Hampson on new

exeurved to vein 4 just beyond the cell,then very oblique to inner

margin before middle, an oblique diffused brown streak to it at

vein 6 from apex; an oblique diffused slightly waved dark brown

line from termen below apex to inner margin beyond middle and a

slightly waved red-brown line from below it before termen ; a red-

brown terminal line with a series of prominent black points on it ;

cilia white with a red-brown line at. middle. Hind wing glossy

white. Underside of fore wing except on inner area and the costal

area of hind wing suffused with red-brown.

Hab. Br. E. Arrica, Athi R. (Betton), 3 Q type, Machakos

(Crawshay), 1 6 ; “Gero. E.Arrica,” L. Meru (Sjéstedt), 19. -

Exp. 24-26 mm.

Genus CONIESTA, nov.

Type, C. arealis.

Proboscis aborted and minute; palpi downcurved, extending

about twice the length of head and clothed with rough hair;

maxillary palpi triangularly dilated with scales; frons with

pointed conical prominence; antenne of of male laminate and

minutely ciliated. Fore wing with the apex somewhat produced,

the termen obliquely curved ; vein 3 from well before angle of cell ;

5 from just above angle; 6 from below upper angle; 7 from angle ;

8, 9, 10 stalked; 11 anastumosing with 12. Hind wing with vein

3 from before angle of cell; 4, 5 from angle; 6,7 from upper

angle, 7 anastomosing with 8.

(1) Coniesta arealis.

Chila arealis, Hmpsn. J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xxi. p. 1250 (1912).

Manras, Nilgiris, Palni Hills.

(2) Coniesta undilinealis, sp. n.

¢. Head white; thorax white suffused with brown; abdomen

white tinged with brown and with some fulvous at base of dorsum ;

antenne, palpi, pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white

tinged with brown. Fore wing white tinged with reddish brown

and irrorated with brown; a minute black discoidal spot; post-

medial line dark brown, waved, arising at discal fold and

strongly incurved below the cell to inner margin before middle ;

an obliquely curved waved dark brown subterminal line; a

terminal series of black points, almost obsolete towards apex.

Hind wing glossy white. Underside of fore wing and costal area

of hind wing suffused with reddish brown.

Q. Abdomen creamy white; fore wing with the discoidal spot

at lower angle of cell, the subterminal line bent inwards to join

the postmedial line above inner margin, the fore wing and hind

wing to vein 2 with terminal series of black points.

Hab. Br. C. Arrica, Mt. Mlanje (Weave), 45,39 type.

Exp., 6 18, 9 22-28 mm.

Pyralidee of the Subfamily Crambine. 541

(3) Coniesta rufifusalis, sp. n.

Q. Head and thorax yellowish suffused with rufous ; abdomen

creamy white with some fulvous at base of dorsum; palpi rufous ;

pectus and legs white tinged with rufous. Fore wing yellowish

suffused with rufous; an oblique slightly waved brown antemedial

line from cell to inner margin; a black discoidal point; post-

medial line brown, slightly waved, arising below the costa,

execurved to vein 4, then incurved to middle of inner margin ;

an obliquely curved waved brown subterminal line with another

line beyond it below vein 2; a terminal series of black points.

Hind wing glossy white. Underside of fore wing and costal area

of hind wing suffused with brown.

Hab. Br. C. Arrica, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 3 Q type zp.

20-22 mm.

: Genus ADELPHERUPA, nov.

Type, A, flaveséens.

Proboscis aborted, minute ; palpi downcurved, extending about

three times length of head and clothed with rough hair; maxillary

palpi triangularly dilated with scales; frons smooth; antenne

of male minutely serrate and fasciculate. Fore wing with the apex

rounded, the termen evenly curved; vein 3 from before angle of

cell; 4, 5 from angle or very shortly stalked; 6, 7 from cell or

shortly stalked ; 8, “9, 10 stalked ; 11 from cell. Hind wing with

vein 3 from before angle of cell; 4, 5 from angle or shortly

stalked ; 6, 7 from upper angle, 7 anastomosing with 8.

(1) Adelpherupa flavescens, sp. n.

¢. Head and thorax ochreous yellow suffused with red-brown ;

abdomen ochreous yellow slightly tinged with red-brown. Fore

wing ochreous yellow suffused with red-brown especially on costal

and terminal areas; two minute black-brown spots in submedian

fold on medial area ; an indistinct oblique dark streak from apex

to beyond lower angle of cell; a terminal series of black points.

Hind wing pale ochreous yellow faintly irrorated with brown; a

terminal series of black points to vein 2. Underside yellow, the

fore wing suffused with red-brown, the hind wing tinged and

irrorated with red-brown.

. Fore wing much less suffused and more strongly irrorated

with red-brown except at costa, a single medial point in submedian

fold, the oblique streak more distinct.

Ab. 1. 2. Head, thorax, abdomen, and fore wing ochreous white

with hardly any red-brown tinge, the last slightly irrorated with

brown, the medial points absent, the oblique streak very indistinct ;

hind wing creamy white.

Hab. N. Nigerta, Lokoja (Dudgeon), 13, Borgu, Yelwa Lake,

(Migeod), 1 2; Br. E. Arrica, Shambe (Betton), 1 ¢, 3 Q

type; Usanxpa, Gondokoro (Reymes-Cole), 3 2; “ Grn. E.

542 _ Sir G. F. Hampson on new

Arnica,” Dar-es-Salaam, 1 9 ; Br. C. Arrica, Karonga

(Grogan), 1 9, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 9; Portucuxse

EK. Arrica, Mt. Chiperone (Neave),1 ¢. Hap. 22-34 mm: ~

(2) Adelpherupa albescens, sp. n.

Q. Head, thorax, and abdomen creamy white, the sides of head

and outer edge of patagia faintly tinged with red-brown ; palpi

and legs suffused with dark red-brown. Fore wing creamy white

slightly irrorated with blackish, the costal half tinged with red-

brown; a minute black spot in submedian fold below middle of

cell and another below end of cell; an oblique dark streak from

apex to beyond end of cell; a terminal series of black points.

Hind wing creamy white with a terminal series of black points to

vein 2. Underside of fore wing and the costal area of hind wing

suffused with red-brown.

Hab. Br. E. Arrica, Alis (Betton), 1 29; Br. C. Arnica,

Mt. Mlanje (Weave), 8 2 type. Exp. 30-36 mm.

Genus PaRaTR#A, nov.

Type, P. plwmbipicta.

Proboscis aborted and minute; palpi downcurved, extending

about twice the length of head and clothed with rough hair;

maxillary palpi triangularly dilated with scales; frons with large

pointed conical prominence; antenne of female almost simple.

Fore wing with the apex rounded, the termen obliquely curved ;

vein 3 from well before angle of cell; 5 from above angle; 6 from

below upper angle; 7 from angle; 8, 9, 10 stalked; 11 anasto-

mosing with 12. Hind wing with vein 3 from near angle of cell;

4, 5 coincident or strongly stalked; 6, 7 from upper angle,

7 anastomosing with 8.

(1) Paratrea plumbipicta, sp. n.

2. Head and thorax glossy black-brown with a red-brown

tinge ; abdomen red-brown suffused with dark brown and with

some deep fulvous at base of dorsum. Fore wing fulvous yellow

suffused with deep rufous except on costal area to end of cell and

a broad oblique band before the subterminal line from vein 6 to

inner margin, the terminal area deep rufous suffused with dark

brown ; a diffused black fascia on basal part of median nervure

with silvery leaden scales beyond it in the cell and below it at base ;

an indistinct oblique waved black line from beyond upper angle of

cell to below lower angle with some silvery leaden scales before it ;

an oblique slightly waved black subterminal line from below apex

to inner margin with diffused silvery leaden scales beyond it; cilia

suffused with leaden grey. Hind wing glossy ochreous white

sete: with brown. Underside uniformly suffused with red-

orown.

Hab. N. Nrawrra, Zungeru (Macfie), 2 2 type. Exp. 26mm.

Pyralidee of the Subfamily Crambinee. 543

(2) Paratrea griseifasciata, sp. n.

2. Head and thorax white tinged with yellow; abdomen

ochreous yellow, whitish at base; palpi, pectus, legs, and ventral

surface of abdomen ochreous yellow. Fore wing pale yellow, the

costal edge white; a grey-brown fascia below base of median

nervure and through terminal half of cell; a narrow oblique

grey-brown band from lower angle of cell to inner margin before

middle ; a diffused oblique grey-brown postmedial band from vein

7 to middle of inner margin; a narrow grey-brown subterminal

band exeurved below costa, then oblique; a terminal series of

minute fuscous spots; cilia whitish at tips. Hind wing glossy

white with a yellowish tinge. Underside of fore wing and costal

area of hind wing tinged with yellow.

Hab... Transvaat (Janse), 1 Q type. Exp. 34 mm,

(1a) Diatrea obliqualis, sp. n.

Both wings with veins 4, 5 stalked.

Q. Head and thorax whitish suffused with ochreous brown ; abdo-

men white, the 2nd and 3rd segments dorsally fulvous ; pectus and

legs white, the latter tinged with ochreous. Fore wing ochreous

tinged with rufous and slightly irrorated with brown; a minute

fuscous discoidal spot; an obliquely curved brownish line from

apex to inner margin before middle; an obliquely curved reddish

brown line from vein 5 before termen to inner margin beyond

middle; a terminal series of prominent black points. Hind wing

glossy white. Underside of fore wing and costal area of hind

wing tinged with rufous.

Hab. Ax@entina, Corrientes, Goya (Perrins), 1 2 type.

Exp. 22 mn.

(1 6) Diatrea cashmirensis.

¢. Head and thorax ochreous brown, the frons and patagia

except on outer side towards base white ; abdomen ochreous white,

dorsally suffused with reddish brown towards base ; palpi and legs

ochreous suffused with brown; pectus white. Fore wing pale

ochreous yellow thickly irrorated with large dark reddish brown

scales tending to form streaks in the interspaces; traces of a

silvery subterminal line; a terminal series of minute black-brown

spots. Hind wing white tinged with pale brown, the cilia pure

white. Underside suffused with pale red-brown.

Hab. Kasumir, Dras (Leech), 1 ¢ type. Exp. 30 mm.

(8) Diatrea ustalis, sp. n.

Q. Head and thorax greyish suffused with brown, the frons

white; abdomen ochreous tinged with red-brown; palpi, pectus,

and legs pale red-brown. Fore wing greyish ochreous suffused

with red-brown and irrorated with dark brown; a faint curved

dark subterminal line; a terminal series of black-brown points.

544 Sir G. F. Hampson*om new ~:

Hind wing ochreous tinged with pale red-brown; a fine brown

terminal line ; cilia brownish white with a slight brown line near

base. Underside greyish suffused with red- brown.

Hab. Cacuar, Kanny Koory, 1 9 type. Zxp. 36 mm.

(9) Diatrea flavalis, sp. n.

@. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous yellow; palpi above

and legs slightly tinged with red-brown. Fore wing ochreous

yellow slightly irrorated with red-brown, the terminal area faintly

tinged with rufous ; a terminal series of dark brown points; cilia

with red-brown mixed except at base. Hind wing ochreous white

slightly tinged with brown. Underside strongly suffused with red-

brown. Ri

Hab. Ceyton (de: Mowbray), 1 2 type. Exp. 40 mm.

(10). Diatrea endothermalis, sp. n.

3. Head creamy white with some rufous behind, the antennze

and palpi pale rufous ; thorax and abdomen yellowish suffused with

rufous, the latter with the 2nd segment dorsally deep rufous, the

anal tuft creamy white; legs suffused with rufous; pectus and

ventral surface of abdomen yellowish white. Fore wing very pale

yellow sparsely irrorated with red-brown, the inner area tinged

with rufous ; a minute dark brown discoidal spot; a rufous point

on vein 5 beyond the cell and oblique striga from vein 2 below end

of cell; an oblique sinuous rufous subterminal line from vein 2 to

inner margin ; a terminal series of black-brown points ; cilia tinged

with rufous at tips. Hind wing creamy white, the inner area

slightly tinged with rufous; some dark points on termen towards

apex. Underside creamy white.

Hab. Peru, Yahuarmayo, 1 ¢ type. xp. 40 mm.

(11) Diatrea calamina, sp. n.

whitish suifused with rufous. Fore wing ochreous suffused and

slightly irrorated with rufous ; some brownish in terminal half of

cell and a slight spot below middle of cell; an indistinct curved

red-brown subterminal line ; a terminal series of black striz defined

on inner side by whitish. Hind wing glossy white. Underside of

fore wing and costal area of hind wing tinged with rufous.

Ab. 1. Head, thorax, abdomen, and fore wing paler and _ less

strongly tinged with rufous, the last without markings except

on termen.

Ab. 2. Fore wing with oblique dark brown shade from apex to

below end of cell, then erect to inner margin.

Hab. Puxsas, Cawnpore (Betton), 12, Moghal Sarai( Betton),

1 2° ; Beneat, Behar, Pusa 1 9 ; Up. Burma, Kinyua (Bing-

ham), 5 Q type. Hap. 26-34 mm.

The larva forms a “cage gall” on maize.

Pyralide of the Subfamily Crambine. 545

(12) Diatrea diaperalis, sp. n.

. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous tinged with red-brown ;

palpi darker brown. Fore wing ochreous tinged and slightly

irrorated with red-brown ; an oblique brown shade from apex to

vein 3, diffused to termen; a faint curved pale subterminal line

slightly defined on each side by red-brown; a terminal series of

black points. Hind wing ochreous white slightly tinged with red-

brown ; a faint curved red-brown subterminal line. Underside of

fore wing suffused with red-brown, the terminal area more ochreous ;

hind wing with the costal area tinged with red-brown.

Hab. Buursx (Dudgeon), 1 2 type. Exp. 30 mm.

(14) Diatrea louisiadalis, sp. n.

3. Head, thorax, and abdomen reddish ochreous mixed with

some white ; palpi irrorated with brown. Fore wing ochreous white

suffused and irrorated with pale reddish brown tending to form

streaks in the interspaces which are more distinct in and beyond the

end of cell and on costal and terminal areas ; an indistinct brownish

medial spot in submedian fold and a minute black spot at lower

angle of cell; a terminal series of minute blackish points. Hind

wing white tinged with ochreous; a terminal series of slight

blackish points to vein 2. Underside of fore wing and the costal

area of hind wing suffused with reddish brown, the former with

the costal edge dark brown to beyond middle.

Hab, Lovistave Is., St. Aignan (Meek), 1¢ type. ap.

22 mm.

(15) Diatrea lunilinealis, sp. n.

¢d. Head and thorax ochreous suffused with rufous, abdomen

creamy white with some fulvous yellow on dorsum of 2nd segment.

Fore wing ochreous white suffused with rufous; an indistinct

waved brown antemedial line from cell to inner margin; a black

discoidal point ; a rather lunulate brown postmedial line, excurved

from costa to beyond lower angle of cell, then incurved to middle

of inner margin; subterminal line formed by brown lunules,

indistinct and exeurved to discal fold, then obliquely curved to

inner margin beyond middle and with traces of another lunulate

line beyond it before termen ; cilia rufous. Hind wing white with

an ochreous tinge. Underside of fore wing and costal area of hind

wing ochreous tinged with rufous.

Hab. Ceyion, Nawalapitiya (Pole), 1d type. Exp. 22 mm.

(16) Diatrea ignefusalis, sp. n.

@. Head, thorax, and abdomen suffused with fiery rufous.

Fore wing ochreous suffused with fiery rufous, the veins with

whitish streaks, the interspaces beyond the cell with deeper rufous

streaks, the costal edge white; the medial area with two slight

546 Sir G. F. Hampson on new

brown spots below the cell and two on vein 1, the latter with very

oblique rufous strize from them to inner margin; a minute brown

discoidal spot; an indistinet obliquely curved- annulate brownish

postmedial line; a slight brown terminal line; cilia with a dark

brown line near base and white tips. Hind wing silvery white.

Underside of fore wing and costal area of hind wing tinged

with rufous.

Hab. N. Nigerta, Borgu, Yelwa Lake (MMigeod), 3 9 type;

Sumatra, Soekar,1 2. xp. 24-30 mm.

(17) Diatrea lentistrialis, sp. n.

do. Head white with a brownish ochreous streak on frons, the

palpi suffused with ochreous brown except above; thorax white

suffused with ochreous brown; abdomen white with some fulvous

yellow on base of dorsum. Fore wing creamy white irrorated with

reddish brown, the veins and the interspaces beyond the cell with

fine reddish brown streaks; a black discoidal point; an obliqne

reddish brown line from lower angle of cell to inner margin before

middle ; postmedial line reddish brown, indistinct and excurved to

discal fold, then very oblique ; a brown terminal line with series of

prominent black points on it; a brown line near base of cilia.

Hind wing creamy white. Underside of fore wing suffused with

red-brown, the interspaces of terminal area with white streaks ;

hind wing with the costal half tinged with red-brown.

Hab. ARGENTINA, Gran Chaco, ane (Wagner), I 3 type.

Lep- 16mm. ~ *

(18) Diatrea albivenalis, sp. n.

Head, thorax, and abdomen white, the sides of head and the

thorax suffused with rufous, the abdomen with the two ‘basal

segments dorsally fulvous yellow; antennzx, palpiat sides, legs, and

ventral surface of abdomen suffused with rufous. Fore wing white

suffused and irrorated with rufous leaving the veins white, the

terminal half of cell and the inner area to beyond middle whiter ;

a fine black terminal line; cilia fulvous yellow at base, with black

line near base and some dark scales at tips. Hind wing glossy

white. Underside of fore wing and costal area of hind wing tinged

with rufous.

Hab. Gamera, Bathurst (Sir G. Carter), 13 type; N.

Nigeria, Minna (Macfie), 1 2. Exp. 5 14, 2 18 mm.

(19) Diatrea metaphealis, sp. n.

¢. Headand thorax whitish mixed with brown especially the sides

of head and tegule and the patagia ; abdomen whitish suffused with

brown ; pectus and legs suffused with brown. Fore wing whitish

strongly suffused and irrorated with brown leaving the vein white ;

Pyralide of the Subfamily Crambiuze, 5AT

a fine black terminal line ; cilia white with black line at middle and

some brown at tips. Hind wing greyish suffused with brown; a

fine dark terminal line; cilia white with a brownish line near

base. Underside strongly suffused with brown.

Hab. Tranxsvaat, Bultfontein (Janse), 2g type. Exp. 16 mm.

(21) Diatrea subterminalis, sp. n.

@. Head and thorax white slightly mixed with ochreous ;

abdomen white tinged with ochreous brown; pectus, legs, and

ventral surface of abdomen white tinged with ochreous. Fore

wing creamy white slightly tinged with rufous, the terminal area

more suffused with rufous; a slight black discoidal point; a fine

‘red-brown subterminal line, bent inwards to costa; a terminal

series of black points, more prominent towards tornus. Hind wing

creamy white tinged with ochreous. Underside of fore wing and

costal area of hind wing tinged with rufous.

Hab. Ueanpa, Gondokoro (Reymes-Cole), 1 2 type. Exp.

20 mm.

(22) Diatrea ochrileucalis, sp. n.

@. Head and thorax pale reddish ochreous; abdomen white

tinged with reddish ochreous ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of

abdomen pale reddish ochreous. Fore wing pale reddish ochreous ;

a minute black point at lower angle of cell; a terminal series of

prominent black points ; cilia with a mi brownish line near base.

Hind wing glossy white. Underside of fore wing and costal area

of hind wing tinged with reddish ochreous.

Hab. QuEENSLAND, Cooktown, Cedar Bay (Meek), 1 2 type.

Exp. 26 mm.

(23) Diatrea rufistrigalis, sp. n.

9. Head and thorax white’ slightly mixed with rufous;

abdomen white with some fulvous yellow at base of dorsuin;

antenne dark brown, the shaft white above; palpi dark brown

above ; tarsi tinged with brown. Fore wing silvery white striated

with rufous ; the terminal area with diffused orange-yellow streaks

on the veins and traces of a yellow subterminal line; a fine black

terminal line; cilia with a black line at middle and some dark

brown at tips. Hind wing silvery white with a fine blackish

terminal line to vein 2. Underside slightly tinged with red-brown

except on inner area of hind wing; the fore wing with slight

brownish discoidal spot and faint curved postmedial line.

Hab. Br. C. Arnica, Mt, Mlanje (eave), 2 2 type. Exp.

20 mm.

(To be continued. }

548 On a new Dyscophid Frog from Yunnan.

LVIL.—-Deser ie 8 a new Dyscophid Frog from Yunnan.

By G. A. Boutenerr, F.R.S.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Tue family Dyscophide, with Madagascar as its head-

quarters, was known to be scantily represented in Burma

and Siam ((Calluella, Stol.), and Borneo (Colpoglossus, Blgr.,

Calliglutus, Barbour & Noble). Yunnan may now be added

to the range of its distribution in Asia.

Calluella yunnanensis, sp. n.

Habit rather stout, similar to Microhyla rubra, Jerd.

Head much broader than long ; snout rounded, not project-

ing beyond the mouth, as long as the eye; canthus rostralis

feeble ; loreal region very oblique; nostril equally distant

from the eye and from the tip of the snout ; interorbital

space as broad as the upper eyelid. Pupil round. Fingers

with obtuse tips, first shorter than second, half as long as

third ; subarticular tubercles moderately large, feebly pro-

minent ; three carpal tubercles, median smallest. The

tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the shoulder or the temple ;

heels feebly overlapping when the limbs are folded at right

augles to the body; tibia shorter than the foot, 23 to

24 times in length from snout to vent; toes moderately

long, with slightly swollen tips, the web reaching the tips,

but deeply emarginate ; subarticular tubercles moderately

large, feebly prominent ; two metatarsal tubercles, inner

oval, somewhat compressed and very prominent, ? the length

of the inner toe, outer smaller, round and flat. Skin smooth,

except for some feebly raised glandular ridges which corre-

spond with the outlines of the markings. Pale greyish or

pinkish brown above, with a symmetrical vase-shaped brown

marking, edged with darker and lighter, from between the

eyes to the sacral region; a dark lateral band from the eye

to the groin, bordered above by a series of more or less con-

fluent black spots, which exteuds forwards to the canthus

rostralis ; limbs with dark cross-bars, one or two on the

tibia ; lower parts white, mottled with brown, especially on

the throat.

From snout to vent 29 mm.

Two specimens from Yunnan Fou, from the collection of

Mr. J. Graham.

On a new Variety of Acauthodactylus boskianus. 549

LVIII.—On a new Variety of Acanthodactylus boskianus,

Daud., from the Euphrates. By G. A. Bouteneorr, F.R.S.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

I aM indebted to my son, Capt. C. L. Boulenger, for examples

of a lizard, referable to Acanthodactylus boskianus, caught

by himself and Capt. Harrison at Ramadieh on the Euphrates

front in 1918, that are of special interest not only as

extending the known range of a widely distributed species

(Syria, Arabia, North Africa, and the Soudan), but as differ-

ing from all other specimens, of which I have examined

about two hundred, by a character to which a great

importance was formerly attached in distinguishing the

species of Acanthodactylus and Eremias: in 7 out of the 8

specimens collected, the subocular borders the mouth instead

of its lower edge forming an angle wedged in between the

fourth and fifth or fifth and sixth upper labials ; otherwise

they agree with the typical form, the Lacerta boskiana of

Daudin, in the number of scales (38 to 43 across middle of

body, 14 or 16 between hind limbs) and of femoral pores

(23 to 27 on each side *). The scales round the base of thie

tail are more numerous (23 to 27 in the fourth or fifth

whorl, instead of 18 to 22). The first supraocular shield is

divided into 2 or 3 parts, and in four of the specimens there is

an agygos shield between the prefrontals. There is nothing

special to note concerning the coloration, except the absence

of a light vertebral streak ; the young has 4 white streaks on

the upper surface of the body, 6 on the nape, and one on

each side, separated by broader black streaks, each of which

may bear a series of round white spots.

The largest male measures 81 mm, from snout to vent,

the largest female 80.

The condition of the subocular shield points to this form,

which I propose to call var. euphraticus, being the nearest to

the hypothetical primitive Acanthodactylus, according to the

views expressed by me in recent papers dealing with the

evolution of the Lacertide. The three forms into which

A. boskianus may be divided, although not sharply definable,

constitute a highly suggestive gradational series :—

1. Var. euphraticus (Euphrates). Subocular usually bor-

dering the mouth; 38 to 43 scales across middle of body,

* In one of the males there are 2-3 additional pores, forming a second

series behind the other at the distal end of the thigh,

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. iii. 36

550 Mr. R. E. Turner on the -

14 to 16 between the hind limbs ; 23 to 27 femoral pores on

each side.

2. Forma ftypica (N. Egypt). Subocular not bordering

the mouth; 34 to 52 (usually 38 to 43) scales across middle

of body, 10 to 16 between the hind limbs; 21 to 31 (usually °

22 to 28) femoral pores on each side.

3. Var. asper (Palestine, Arabia, Saharan region and

Soudan). Subocular not bordering the mouth, 23 to 38

(usually 25 to 35) scales across middle of body, 8 to 14

between the hind limbs; 15 to 27 (usually 17 to 24) femoral

pores on each side.

LIX.—WNoles on the Ichneumonide in thé British

Museum.—I. By Row ann E. Turner, F.Z.S., FS.

Subfamily Pruvrrrz.

Tribe PIMPLINI.

Certonotus tasmaniensis, sp. 0.

articulis 29-88 pallide flavis ; clypeo, labro, facie lateribus late,

orbitis, mesonoto macula utrinque antice maculaque magna

quadrata post medium, tegulis basi, mesopleuris fascia sub tegulis

macula antice, fascia angusta margine postico, maculaque angulis

inferioribus posticis, scutello apice lateribusque, postscutello

lateribus, segmento mediano apice late, tergitis 1-6 fascia angusta

apicali, coxis apice, trochanteribus, femoribus apice, tibiis apice,

tibiis posticis basi anguste, tarsisque anticis flavis; tarsis inter-

mediis posticisque tibiisque posticis in medio nigris; alis sub-

hyalinis, iridescentibus, veuis fuscis ; terebra valyulisque nigris.

Long. 17 mm. ; terebre long. 17 mm.; antennarum long 12 mm.

@. Clypeus very short, transverse ; eyes separated from

the base of the mandibles by a distance scarcely equal to half

the length of the scape. Face finely and shallowly punc-

tured, with a few delicate transverse striz below the base of

the antenne and a groove along the inner margin of the eyes ;

frout microscopically punctured ; vertex smooth and shining.

Pronotum not produced at the angles; mesonotum irregularly

and coarsely transversely striated, with a well-marked longi-

tudinal Jateral groove on each side; scutellum finely pune-

tured ; mesopleure shining, finely and sparsely punctured,

smooth in the middle. Median segment smooth and shining,

Ichneumonidae: in the British Museum, 551

without a basal area, with a broad upper area on each side ;

spiracle large and elongate, the caring enclosing the lower

and posterior areas not very strongly defined. Abdomen

smooth and shining, the emargination of the seventh tergite

deep and triangular. Hind tibisee without any trace of a

fovea, but with a very minute spine. Areolet triangular ;

second recurrent nervure sharply bent inwards in the middle,

forming asharp angle. Nervellus geniculate and intercepted

above the middle.

flab, Fern Tree, Mt. Wellington, S. Tasmania, 1300 ft. ;

January 1913 (Turner). 19.

The antenne are much shorter proportionately than in

other species of the genus; the areas of the median segment

closely resemble those of C. similis, Krieg., as shown in his

figure ; it also resembles that species in the unarmed angles

of the pronotum. In colour this closely resembles C. ni-

tidulus, Morl., and may possibly prove to be identical, but

Morley gives no clue to the locality of the species, and his

type is not in the British Museum; the length given for his

species is, however, only 11 mm., and he states that there is

a series of fovew on the hind tibiw, not a minute spine as in

the present species. The spine is, however, so minute that

it might easily be overlooked, but the statement as to fovez

could not correctly be applied to the present species. I have

been unable to detect the spine on the hind tibize of C. annu-

latus, Morl., and C. apicalis, Morl., though in Morley’s table

it is said to be present in these species.

Certonotus hinnuleus, Krieg.

Certonotus hinnuleus, Krieg. Zeitschr. Hym. Dipt. i. p. 123 (1901). 9.

I took a female of this species at Kuranda, N. Queensland,

in May 1913; it answers almost exactly to the description.

The specimen assigned by Morley to this species with some

doubt (Rev. Ichneum. ii. p. 32, 1913) is utterly distinct.

Certonotus leeuwinensis, sp. 0.

dé. Niger; orbitis late, genis, facie fascia longitudinali nigra, pro-

noto lateribus, propleuris fascia supra coxas, tegulis, scutello

fascia apicali, postscutello macula, segmento mediano macula

minuta apicali, tergitis 1-6 fascia angusta apicali lateribusque,

tergito septimo apice trimaculato, trochanteribus anticis inter-

mediisque, femoribus anticis intermediisque apice, tibiis anticis

subtus, calcariisque albido-flavis ; antennis J3-articulatis, arti-

culis 23-31 albidis ; mesonoto, lateribus nigris, propleuris, meso-

pleuris, segmento mediano lateribus, coxis posticis, femoribusque

36*

552 ; Mr. R. E. Turner on the

rufo-ferrugineis; tarsis anticis testaceis; alis hyalinis, leviter

infuscatis, iridescentibus, venis fuscis.

Q. Mari simillima; scutello in medio, segmento mediano apice,

pronotoque lateribus rufo-ferrugineis.

Long., ¢, 8 mm.; antennarum long. 5° mm.; 2, 85 mm.;

terebre long. 9 mm.

3. Clypeus very short ; face closely and minutely punc-

tured; front and vertex smooth and shining ; eyes separated

from the base of the mandibles by a distance nearly equal to

the Jength of the third joint of the antenne. Hind angles

of the pronotum scarcely prominent; mesonotum coarsely

transversely striated in front, more obscurely posteriorly, the

median lobe with a shallow longitudinal median groove ;

pleure closely and finely punctured. The small basal area

of the median segment is much broader than long, with a

much larger area broadened from the base beyond it and two

large lateral areas on each side, the apical median area being

rather indistinctly divided from the apical lateral areas, the

whole segment minutely punctured. Abdomen. slender,

smooth and shining. Hind tibie with a minute spine at

about one-third from the apex. Nervulus almost interstitial ;

nervellus straight, without an intercepting vein.

Hab. Yallingup, 8.W. Australia, October (Zurner); 1 go,

1 2. Swan River (Yu Boulay) ; 1 2 in very bad condition.

The male is the type.

This is allied to C. hinnuleus, Krieg., but the colour is

very different and the angles of the pronotum are much less

prominent and the mesonotum longer and narrower. The

group is well distinguished from others of the genus by the

neuration of the hind wing.

Tribe LISSONOTINI.

Phytodietus celsissimus, sp. n.

pedibus anticis intermediisque rufo-testaceis, coxis flavis ; man-

dibulis, apice excepto, clypeo, facie in medio latissime, macula

parva utrinque oculos vix attingente, orbitis imternis prope

ocellos, mesonoto macula parva post medium, tegulis, mesopleuris

macula parva sub alis, scutello antice lateribusque nigro-sinuato,

postscutello in medio, metapleuris macula elongata, segmento

mediano fascia transversa apicali in medio interrupta, coxis

posticis macula basali, trochanteribus posticis, femoribus posticis

basi atque apice angustissime, tibiisque posticis basi anguste

flavis; segmentis abdominalibus 1-7 fascia angusta apicali

albido-flava ; alis subhyalinis, iridescentibus, stigmate venisque

fuscis,

Long. 8 mm.; terebre long. 3 mm.; antennarum long. 8 mm.

Ichneumonidae tn the British Museum. 553

?. Antenne 39-jointed, the third joint half as long again

as the fourth. Clypeus and face very finely and closely

punctured, the upper part of the face with a deep longitudinal

groove on-each side near the inner orbits. Front, vertex,

and thorax subopaque, smooth; the parapsidal furrows

distinct anteriorly ; median segment only half as long as the

mesonotum, without carina, the spiracles small and round.

Abdomen smooth and shining, the apical segments minutely

punctured on the sides; first tergite about half as long again

as its apical breadth, longer than the second segment, second

tergite narrowed to the base. Hypopygium not reaching the

apex of the abdomen. Valvulze reddish brown at the extreme

apex. Areolet triangular, very shortly petiolate ; the inner

side of the areolet straight, forming a right angle with the

cubitus ; the recurrent nervure received close to the apex of

the aredlet. Nervulus interstitial ; nervellus intercepted far

below the middle. Tarsal ungues pectinate.

Hab. Mt. Wellington, 8. Tasmania, 2300 ft., March 25,

1913 (Turner); 1 2.

The second tergite is longer and more narrowed to the base

than in P. corypheus, Gray., and other Palearctic species,

the first tergite is also much more slender; otherwise the

species does not differ in any important structural point. In-

these points it comes very near to P. astutus, Grav., which

appears to be its nearest ally.

Tribe XORIDINI.

Xylonomus crudelis, sp. n.

Q. Nigra; facie, antennis articulis 11-18, orbitis late ocellum

anteriorem non superantibus, vertice macula magna orbitali

utrinque, propleuris postice latissime, mesopleuris postice late,

_ scutello macula magna quadrata, postscutello macula transversa,

segmento mediano macula triangulari utrinque angulis basalibus,

segmento abdominali primo basi, segmentis 1-7 fascia apicali,

coxis anticis intermediisque supra, tarsisque posticis, articulo

apicali excepto, albidis; terebra pedibusque testaceis, posticis

trochanteribus, tibiis apice, tarsisque articulo apicali nigris; alis

hyalinis, iridescentibus, venis fuscis, stigmate basi albomaculato.

Long. 7 mm.; terebre long. 4 mm,

?. Clypeus very short, finely punctured ; face smooth and

shining. Antenna 24-jointed, joints 3-6 subequal, the five

apical joints inserted at a sharp angle to the preceding joints.

Eyes parallel on the inner margin ; head smooth and shining,

cubical and not narrowed behind the eyes, Mandibles

short, simple at the apex, not bidentate, eyes separated from

554 Mr. R. E. Turner on the

the base of the mandibles by a distance distinctly greater

than the basal breadth of the mandibles. Pronotum produced

into a distinct acute spine on each side ; mesonotum shining,

sparsely punctured, notauli deep and crenulate. Median

segment with an elongate and rather narrow median area,

which is bordered by a transverse carina a little before one-

third from the apex of the segment, the basal portion of the

area narrowed from the base and strongly contracted at about

one-third from the base, the apical portion (or areola) elongate-

ovate, truncate at the apex, petiolar area broader than long,

lateral carinee well marked; spiracles small and rounded ;

sides of the segment rugose, produced into a short spine on

each side at the apical angles. Abdomen opaque, the dorsal

surface very finely and closely punctured-granulate ; the first

segment petiolate at the base, about three times as long as its

apical breadth; second and third tergites with an ‘oblique

sulcus on each side from the base to the middle of the lateral

margin, and also with an indistinct curved depressed line on

each side from the middle of the base to the middle of the

lateral margin. Nervulus slightly prefurcal; second re-

current nervure strongly curved outwards and joining the

cubitus distinctly beyond the transverse cubital nervure ;

nervellus elbowed and intercepted close to the middle.

Hab. Kuranda, N. Queensland, May 3-June 20, 1913

(Turner); 1 2:

Closely allied to X. abaddon, Morley, from Assam, but

differs in the colour, especially in the broad interruption of

the white of the outer orbits and the apically black median

segment, in the narrower first abdominal segment, and in the

much less strongly impressed second and third tergites.

Subfamily Orzzroyrw2.

Tribe ANOMALINI.

Exochilum perniciosum, sp. n.

Q. Ferruginea; capite, antennis, prothorace, mesonoto, mesosterno,

scutello basi, tibiis posticis dimidio apicali metatarsisque posticis

dimidio basali nigris; mandibulis, apice ferrugineis, palpis, facie,

orbitis internis infra, orbitis externis linea angusta in parte

superiore, vertice macula orbitali utrinque, coxisque anticis flavis ;

pedibus anticis intermediisque tarsisque posticis, basi excepta,

flavo-ochraceis ; alis subhyalinis, iridescentibus, venis fuscis.

Long. 14 mm.; antennarum long. 9 mm.

¢. Clypeus and front rather strongly punctured; clypeus

subtruncate at the apex; the face with a shallow longitudinal

——

Ichneumonidee tn the British Museum. 555

dt on each side; mandibles bidentate at the apex.

hird joint of the antenne twice as long as the fourth; front

rather coarsely rugose, vertex closely punctured. Eyes con-

vergent towards the clypeus, very narrowly separated from

the base of the mandibles. Mesonotum very closely rugosely

punctured ; propleurse and mesopleure closely punctured, the

latter rather coarsely reticulate above. Median segment

coarsely reticulate, longitudinally depressed in the middle,

with lateral marginal carinz. Abdomen very slender, com-

pressed laterally from the middle of the second segment ;

first segment very long, the second shorter than the first but

nearly twice as loug as the third. Basal joint of the hind

tarsus a little more than twice as long as the second joint.

Second recurrent nervure not interstitial with the transverse

cubitus nervure ; the external cubital nervure not in a line

with the internal ; nervulus distinctly postfureal ; nervellus

intercepted close to the middle.

Hab, Yallingup, 8.W. Australia, October (Turner) ;

22.

Allied in neuration to E. scaposum, Morley, from Queens-

Jand, but differs in the black scape, in the somewhat shorter

antenne, and in the ferruginous colour of the median segment

and mesopleurz. In both species the brachial cell is as long

as the discoidal. The only other Australian species known

to me in which the neuration is similar is L. atrichiosoma,

Morley, which is closely allied. The hind metatarsi in the

present species are shorter than in scaposum or atrichiosoma.

I do not understand why Morley separates these two species

so widely in his table; his statement that the “ submarginal

nervure is opposite or scutellum pale” in atrichiosoma 1s not

accurate. In the other Australian species described by

Morley under Evochilum the discoidal cell is longer than the

first brachial, and in Lf. australasie, Morley, the second

recurrent nervure is interstitial with the transverse cubital

nervure, and the external and internal cubital nervures also

continuous, thus contradicting the statement in Morley’s

table ‘‘submarginal nervure antefurcal.” I have no doubt

that /. australasie has been placed in the wrong genus ; it

answers well to the characters of Habronywx, First.

Habronyx australasia, Morley.

Exochilum australasia, Morl, Revis, Ichneumon. ii. p. 75 (1913).

556 Mr. R. E. Turner on the

Trichomma elegantula, sp. n.

d. Niger; mandibulis, apice excepto, clypeo, facie, orbitis late,

scapo subtus, linea ante alas, macula parva infra alas, tegulis,

scutello, coxis, trochanteribusque, posticissupra ferrugineis, flavis;

pedibus anticis intermediisque, tibiis posticis prope: basin late,

tarsisque posticis articulis tribus basalibus flavo-ochraceis; abdo-

mine lateribus, segmento primo apice, femoribus posticis, tibiisque

posticis basi extrema ferrugineis; alis hyalinis, venis fuscis,

stigmate pallide testaceo.

Long. 8 mm.

3. Clypeus not distinctly divided from the face; eyes

strongly convergent towards the clypeus; face slightly con-

vex, almost smooth, orbits smooth and shining ; eyes almost

touching the base of the mandibles. Antenne about 30-

jointed, 5 mm. in length; front finely obliquely rugulose ;

vertex smooth and shining; eyes as tar from the posterior

margin of the head as from the posterior ocelli. Mesonotum

very closely and rather finely punctured, without notauli;

mesopleuree delicately longitudinally striate ; scutellum smooth

and shining. Median segment coarsely rugose-reticulate,

with a shallow longitudinal groove from near the base to the

apex, an obscure longitudinal carina on each side laterally,

the sides of the segment coarsely reticulate. Abdomen long

and very slender; first segment slightly swollen at the apex,

scarcely as long as the second, which is linear, the segments

from tlie third onward strongly compressed laterally. Hind

femora slender at the base, reaching their greatest thickness

at about two-thirds from the base. Subdiscoideus originating

just above the middle of the apical margin of the first

brachial cell; nervulus very slightly postfurcal; nervellus

straight, without an intercepting nervure.

Hab. Kuranda, N. Queensland, May-June 1913 ( Turner) ;

236.

This is much smaller than the New Guinea species 7. ela-

vipes, Krieg., and differs in details of colouring, especially in

the face and hind tarsi, but in sculpture and neuration there

seems to be little difference. I have not seen T. clavipes.

Tribe CAMPOPLEGINI.

Nothanomalon meridionalis, sp. n.

2. Nigra; palpis pedibusque anticis intermediisque ochraceis,

coxis nigris; segmentis abdominalibus primo apice, secundo

subtus lateribusque, tertio, quarto quintoque omnino, sexto

id hea a nate

Ichneumonide in the British Museum. 557

subtus, terebra pedibusque posticis, coxis exceptis, brunneo-

ferrugineis ; valvulis ochraceis, apice nigris; alis hyalinis, stig-

mate venisque nigris; scapo subtus ferrugineo.

Long. 17-19 mm. ; antennarum long, 10 mm.

dé. Femine simillimus, alis leviter infuscatis.

¢. Clypeus, face, and front finely punctured-rugose ;

vertex opaque, microscopically punctured. Eyes narrowly

separated from the base of the mandibles ; very little further

from each other on the vertex than on the oly pia widel

subemarginate on the inner margins. Antenne 54-jointed,

the third joint distinctly longer than the fourth. Mesonotum

very closely and not strongly punctured; notauli shallow,

only developed anteriorly ; mesopleurs closely punctured,

with a few strize posteriorly above, the hind margin above

smooth and shining; scutellum finely punctured, broadly

rounded at.the apex. Median segment very long, produced

posteriorly as far as the apex of the hind cox, rugalose,

sparsely covered with white pubescence, deeply longitudinally

depressed in the middle ; spiracles small and elliptic. Abdo-

men elongate, laterally compressed; the first segment swollen

at the apex and distinctly shorter than the second. Areolet

petiolate ; second recurrent nervure strongly bent inwards in

the middle; nervulus very slightly postfurcal ; nervellus

straight, not intercepted.

Hab. Eaglehawk Neck, S.E. Tasmania, February 1913

(Turner); 1 g,1 2. Mt. Wellington, Tasmania, 2300 ft.,

April 2-6, 1913 (Turner); 2 ? 9.

This genus was founded by Szépligeti for a New Guinea

species. It is remarkable that I did not take any species of

the genus in North Queensland.

Subfamily Cprrrrv2z.

Tribe CRYPTINI.

Mansa volatilis, Sm.

Cryptus volatilis, Sm. Journ, Proc. Linn. Soe., Zool. vii. p. 7 (1863). 9.

Subsp. fumipennis, nov.

?. Differs from the typical Austro-Malayan form in the

colour of the wings, the fore wings being crossed by a broad

pale fuscous cloud trom the stigma to the anal angle, occupying

the whole of the second discoidal and second brachial cells.

The stigma is margined with black, not wholly fulvous as in

volatilis.

Hab, Kuranda, N. Queensland, February 1902 (Turner) ;

Pe.

558 On the Ichneumonide in the British Museum.

The name Colganta, Cam., must sink as a synonym of

Mansa, as pointed out by Morley.

Cryptus exul, sp. n.

2. Nigra; antennis 32-articulatis. basi rufo-testaceis; articulis

6-10 albido-flavidulis ; articulis apicalibus nigris ; mandibulis in

medio, clypeo, orbitis, segmentis abdominalibus quinto sequenti-

busque, aliquando quarto etiam, femoribus, tibiis tarsisque rufo-

ferrugineis ; tarsis posticis articulis secundo tertio quartoque

flavescentibus; stigmate basi tegulisque albo-flavidulis; alis

hyalinis leviter infumatis, venis fuscis.

3. Femine similis; antennis nigris, scapo flavo-testaceo; seg-

mento abdominali quarto aut toto aut dimidio apicali rufo-

ferrugineo.

Long., 2, 9 mm., terebre long. 3mm.; ¢, 8 mm.

2. Antenne filiform, the apical joint strongly excavated

beneath; third and fourth joints about equal in length.

Clypeus truncate at the apex ; mandible short, ending in two

equal teeth. Face closely and finely punctured ; front and

vertex opaque, finely shagreened. Mesonotum deflexed

anteriorly, finely shagreened ; the parapsidal furrows distinct,

but very shallow ; pleure finely granulate. Median segment

with two transverse carine, both somewhat arched in the

middle, the basal portion of the dorsal surface before the first

carina subopaque and almost smooth; the apical and smaller

portion between the two carine finely longitudinally striate-

rugulose ; the posterior angles produced into a stout, rounded,

Jamelliform spine on each side ; spiracles small and round;

the apical slope finely granulate. Abdomen smooth and

shining ; second tergite as long as its apical breadth ; valvulze

broad and flattened. Areolet rather large, the transverse

cubital nervures parallel, the cubital margin slightly bent in

the middle at the point of reception of the recurrent nervure.

Outer angle of the discoidal cell blunt; nervulus interstitial ;

nervellus intercepted far below the middle.

g. Apical antennal joint not excavated beneath ; spines at

the apical angles of the median segment absent ; first tergite

long and slender, second nearly twice as long as its apical

breadth.

Hab. Mt. Wellington, S. Tasmania, 2300 ft., March 12-

April 6, 1913 (Turner); 922,10 86.

This is not a typical Oryptus, differing in the small round

spiracles of the median segment and the parallel-sided areolet.

The lamelliform spine at the apical angles of the median

segment is a sexual character in this species.

On Two new Gerbils from Sinai. 559

LX.— Two new Gerbils from Sinai.

By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

I owe to the kindness of the authorities of the Egyptian

Zoological Service at Giza the opportunity of examining a

number of small mammals from Egypt and Sinai, and among

these there are examples of the two following new species of

Gerbillus :—

Gerbillus flower?, sp. n.

A large species, with comparatively broad skull and large

bulle. |

Size of the type, which is old, about as in average specimens

of G. pyramidum, not so large as the largest examples of that

rather variable species. General colour the usual pale

“ gerbil-colour,” the back finely speckled with the minute

brown tips to the dorsal hairs; white under syrface extending

high up on shoulders, and including the whole of the limbs.

Soles completely hairy, except just under the heel. Usual

postorbital and postauricular white patches distinct. ‘Tail

buffy above, white on sides and below; tip missing in type.

Skull proportionally broad, as broad as in a considerably

longer skull of G. pyramidum, Palatal foramina well open,

extending back to the level of the front of the roots of m’.

Bulle larger than in any of the Egyptian or Syrian species,

longer but less broadly swollen than in the peculiar i. val-

linus of S.W. Africa.

Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :—

Head and body 127 mm. ; tail (?) ; hind foot 35.

Skull: greatest length 34; condylo-incisive length 30 ;

greatest breadth 19; nasals 13°6 x 3°3; interorbital breadth

6°7; breadth of brain-case 16; bi-meatal breadth 18°2;

palatine foramina 6°5 ; bull, diagonal length 11-8, breadth

at right angles to last (exclusive of meatus) 6°8 ; upper

tooth-row (considerably worn) 4°5.

Hab. (of type). Wadi Hareidin, extreme northern Sinai, a

a few miles south of El Arish, about 31° N., 34° E,

Type. Old male. B.M. no, 19.5. 7.4. Giza Museum

no. 8042. Collected 24th December, 1918, by Capt. 8.38.

Flower, and presented by the Giza Zoological Service. One

specimen.

569 On Two new Gerbils from Sinat.

This gerbil is probably most nearly related to the large

Egyptian species G. pyramidum, but is distinguished by its

broader skull and larger bullae. It is decidedly larger than

the Tripoli G. tarabult.

Named in honour of its discoverer, the well-known

Director of the Giza Zoological Museum.

Gerbillus bonhotei, sp. n.

Near G. andersoni, but with larger bulle.

Size and other essential characters as in andersoni, but, as

compared with specimens from the Nile delta, the coloration

throughout of the more bright “ gerbil-colour ’ ” type, the

dorsal colour clear light buffy, less brown, and the white,

whether of ear-spots, belly, or feet, more vividly white and

more extended in area. : Soles well covered: with hair except

on a small spot under the heel. - Upper surface of tail buffy.

Skull very much as in andersoni, but the bulle decidedly

and uniformly larger.

Dimensions of the type :— vem

Head and body 97 ram. ; tail 123; hand foot 27; ear 16.

Skull: greattst length 29°8; condylo-incisive length 26;

zygomatic breadth 166 ; nasals 11:1; interorbital breadth 6 ;

breadth of brain-case 14:4; palatal’ foramina 5:1; bulle

(measured as in the previous species) 11°1X63; upper

molar series 4.

Hab. Northern Sinai. Type from Khabra Abu Guzour,

S.E. of El Arish. One specimen from Wadi Hareidin.

Type. Adu't female. B.M. no. 19.5.7.5. Original

number 887 (8046 of Giza Museum). Collected 25th De-

cember, 1918, by Capt. 8. 5. Flower, and presented by the

Giza Zoological Service. Four specimens in all.

This species is evidently the representative from a more

strongly desert area of the G@. andersoni of Lower Egypt, and

is readily distinguishable by its larger bullee. In its brightness

of coloration it differs from typical andersonz, but is imitated

by specimens from the Wadi Natron, which are also brighter

than those from the dark soil of the delta. All the Egyptian

specimens, however, have the same comparatively small

bullee. ‘oar .

It is named after Mr. J. L. Bonhote, Capt. Flower’s

colleague at Giza, who has done so much to forward our

knowledge of the small mammals of Egypt.

INDEX to VOL, III.

ABROTHRIX, new species of, 202.

Acanthodica, new species of, 167.

Achwa, new species of, 178.

Acontia, new species of, 318,

Acontiide, notes on, 314.

_Adelpherupa, characters of the new

genus,

Agonista, new species of, 169.

Akodon, new species of, 116, 204,

213, 496.

Amphipoda, remarks on, 376.

Andrewes, H. E., on Oriental Cara-

bide, 469.

Anua, new species of, 173.

Arame, description of the new genus,

477.

Arge, new species of, 483.

Argyria, new species of, 445.

Arrow, G. J., a remarkable new

ball-rolling Beetle, 433,

Artiodactyla, on some external cha-

racters of ruminant, 101.

Arunena, characters of the new

genus, 317.

Ascaris, new species of, 457,

Asilidw, notes on, 44.

Aves, new, 250, 273.

Aynthia, characters of the new

enus, 43

RlkkiBeownn; F., on Deronectes

depressus, Fab., and elegans, Pan-

zer, 293.

Batopora, remarks on, 79,

Baylis, H. A., on a remarkable

ysticercus from a rare Dolphin,

417; on new Entozoa from birds

in Uganda, 457 ; on Entozoa from

the Murman coast, 501.

Biuterina, new species of, 461.

Boulenger, G. A., on the American

species of Rana, 408; on the

genus Lepidobatrachus, Budgett,

531; on a new Dyscophid frog

from Yunnan, 548; on a new

variety of Acanthodactylus boski-

anus, 549,

Brachyderina,

species of, 1.

Bracon, new species of, 231.

Brade-Birks, H. K., & Rev. 8. G.,

notes on Myriapeda, 253.

Bradley, J. C., on the status of

Parabates, Foerster, and Para-

batus, Thomson, 319.

Bradybamon, characters of the new

genus, 9.

Bryozoa, remarks on, 79.

Buodias, new species of, 235.

Calluella, new species of, 548.

Campyloneurus, new species of, 429,

Carabide, papers on, 469,

Ceratina, new species of, 195, 244,

Certonotus, new species of, 550.

Champion, G. C,,on the Malacoderm

genera Prionocerus and Idgia, 325,

Chaudhuria, note on, 198.

Chilton, C., on the amphipod Or-

poring tucurauna, Fritz Miller,

76.

Chionsema, new species of, 165

Chironomide, on some p

genetic, 222,

Chubb, C., notes on the family Den-

drocolaptid®, 273.

Cicadidw, new genus and species of,

new genera and

eno-

Cockerell, T. D. A., descriptions and

records of bees, 118, 191, 240,

Ccelioxys, new species of, 196,

Coleoptera, notes on, 293, 325,

Conaspidia, new species of, 484.

Conepatus, new species of, 490.

Coniesta, characters of the new

genus, 540.

Conocrambus, description of the new

genus, 443,

562

Corynoneura, new species of, 226.

Cosmophila, new species of, 311.

Crambus, new species of, 279, 437.

Cremnops, new species of, 431.

Crocisa, new species of, 191, 240.

Crustacea, notes on, 125.

Cryptus, new species of, 558.

Ctenomys, new species of, 117, 210,

498.

Culladia, new species of, 276.

Cyanopterus, new species of, 280.

Cychrotonus, new species of, 25.

Cyrén, O., & Lantz, L. A., on La-

certa praticola, Eversm., 28.

Cysticercus, notes on, 417.

Iavainea, new species of, 462.

Ielacampius, new species of, 220.

Depalpata, characters of the new*

genus, 488.

Deronectes, notes on, 298.

Dianthidium, new species of, 194.

Diatraea, new species of, 543.

Dindymellus, characters of the new

genus, 221,

Diptera, new, 222.

Diptychophora, new species of, 444.

Distant, W. L., on a new genus and

species of Cicadidz, 43; on new

species of Pyrrhocoride, 218;

on Ethiopian Heteroptera, 466.

Ditomyia, remarks on the larve of,

Dysmorodrepanis, new species of,

251.

Edwards, F. W., on some partheno-

genetic Chironomid, 222; on the

ege-burster of eucephalous fly-

larvee, 372.

Eirone, new species of, 236.

Enmouodia, new species of, 171.

Ercheia, new species of, 176.

Erupa, new species of, 536.

Euagathis, new species of, 432.

Eudorina, new species of, 455, 533.

Eufernaldia, new species of, 278.

Eumorpha, new species of, 430.

Kuneomys, new species of, 202.

Iivania, new species of, 280.

Exochilum, new species of, 654.

Fisher, W. K., on North Pacific

Zoroasteride, 387.

Galea, new species of, 211.

Geological Society, proceedings of

the, 435.

Geoxus, new species of, 208; cha-

racters of the new genus, 209,

Gerbillus, new species of, 559.

INDEX.

Gonopteride, notes on, 309.

Graomys, new species of, 494.

Grieg, J. A., on the age of some

Arctic and North-Atlantic star-

fishes, 400.

Halictus, new species of, 122.

Hampson, Sir G. I’, on new Pyra-

lide of the subfamilies Crambinze

and Sigine, 275, 437, 533.

Haviland, M. D., and Pitt, F., on

the selection of Helix nemoralis

by the song-thrush, 525,

Heliconius, new species of, 217.

Heligmoneura, new species of, 74.

Helix nemoralis, selection of, by the

song-thrush, 526.

Henicospilus, new species of, 234.

Heterocera, new, 487.

Heteroptera, new, 218, 466.

Hirst, S., on two new parasitic

mites, 624.

Homogyna, new species of, 190.

Homoptera, new, 45.

Hybleea, new species of, 188. ,

Hymenoptera, new, 118, 191, 229,

240, 393, 398, 425, 483; notes on,

3H ae

Hypanthidium, new species of, 193.

Hypiesta, characters of the new

genus, 538.

Ichneumonide, new, 550.

Idgia, notes on, 325.

Irenomys, characters of the new

genus, 201.

Kareya, description of the new

genus, 473.

Kaye, W. J., on new South-

American butterflies, 215.

Keilin, D., on larve &c. of Myce-

tobia, Ditomyia, and Symmerus,

33.

Lacerta, new species of, 28.

Lagidium, new species of, 499.

Lagoptera, new species of, 172.

Lantz, L. A., & Cyrén, O., on La-

certa praticola, Eversm., 28.

Leigh-Sharpe, W. H., on Pleuro-

cystis cuénoti, Hesse, 256.

Lepidoptera, new, 165, 215.

Leurops, characters of the

genus, 18,

Lithurgus, new species of, 195,

Lomasa, description of the new

genus, 479.

Lycznopsis, new species of, 314.

Machimus, new species of, 45,

Macrophya, new species of, 485,

new

——

INDEX,

Mammals, new, 32, 101, 115, 199,

213, 263, 489, 515, 559.

Mansa, new species of, 456, 537.

Marshall, G. A. K., on African

ge of wingless Brachyderins,

Maurilia, new species of, 317.

Megachile, new species of, 106,

Melissodes, new species of, 119.

Meriones, notes on, 263.

Mimaulodes, characters of the new

genus, 5,

M‘lutosh, Prof., notes from the

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. An-

drews, 125.

Mnematium, new species of, 433.

Morpho, new species of, 215.

Mycetobia, remarks on the larve of,

Myocoptes, new species of, 524,

Myriapoda, notes on, 253.

Myxoderma, new species of, 392.

Neargyria, new species of, 275.

Neerupa, description of the new

genus, 278.

Neoitamus, new species of, 60.

Nomia, new species of, 121.

Nothanomalon, new species of, 556.

Nyctipao, new species of, 170.

Nymphidium, new species of, 215.

Odontopus, new species of, 218.

Ommatopteryx, new species of, 534.

Orchestia, notes on, 376.

Parabates, on the status of, 319.

Parabatus, on the status of, 319.

Paralastor, new species of, 398,

Parallelia, new species of, 184.

Paratrea, characters of the new

genus, 542.

Parerupa, characters of the new

genus, 539.

Perkins, R. C. L., on a new bird

from the Hawaiian Islands, 250,

Phyllotis, new species of, 493.

Phytodietus, new species of, 233,

552. —

Pieris, new species yy a

Vimpla, new species of, 427.

ian, note on, 198.

Pitt, F., and Haviland, M. D., on

the selection of Helix nemoralis

by the song-thrush, 525.

Planetes, new species of, 480.

Platymeris, new species of, 468.

Pleurocystis cuénoti, observations

cn, 256.

563

Pocock, R. L., on some external

churacters of ruminant Artio-

dactyla, 101 ; on the classification

of the mongooses, 515,

Pomphus, characters of the new

genus, 7,

Prakasha, description of the new

genus, 474,

Prionocerus, notes on, 325.

Pristaulacus, new species of, 425.

Proscopus, characters of the new

genus, 13,

Protostrophus, characters of the new

genus, 14.

Prout, L. B., on moths in the Joicey

collection, 165,

Pseudoblosyrus, characters of the

new genus, 21.

Psoroptes, new species of, 524.

Ptilothrix, new species of, 119.

Ptochostola, new species of, 276.

Pyralide, new, 275, 487, 533.

Pysttala, new species of, 466.

Quedara, characters of the new

genus, 316.

Rana, on the American species of,

408.

Regun, C. T., note on Chaudhuria,

98.

Reptiles, new, 408, 531, 548, 549.

Ricardo, G., notes on the Asilide, 44.

Rothschild, Lord, on new Hetero-

cera, 487.

Scarabeide, note on, 433.

Sceliphron, new species of, 893.

Scolia, new name of, 237.

Scopula, new species of, 189.

Sfitakantha, description of the new

genus, 482.

Speiredonia, new species of, 171.

Sphecodes, new species of, 118.

Sphex, new species of, 395.

Spilosoma, new species of, 487.

Sponges, notes on freshwater, 94.

Spongilla, new species of, 95.

Starfishes, new, 387; remarks on,

400,

Stephens, J., on new African fresh-

water sponges, 94,

Subulura, new species of, 459,

Swinhoe, Col. C., on the geogra-

yhical distribution of the genus

‘osmophila, 309; on new Ly-

cenids and Hesperids, 314.

Symmerus, remarks on the larve of,

33.

564 INDEX.

Synechops, characters of the new

genus, 23.

Theronia, new species of, 233.

Thomas, A., on the white-toothed

shrew of Palestine, 32; on some

small mammals from Catamarca,

115; on small mammals from

north-western Patagonia, 199; on

two new Argentine species of

Trigona, new variety of, 241, 242.

Turner, R. E., on Hymenoptera col-

lected in New Caledonia, 230;

notes on Fossorial Hymenoptera,

393 ; new Australian Diplopterous

Hymenoptera, 398; on Indo- -

Chinese Hymenoptera, 425, 483 ;

on the Ichneumonide in the

British Museum, 550.

Akodon, 213; on Gerbils referred Waters, A. W., on Batopora and its

tu the genus Meriones, 263; on allies, 79.

small mammals from north-eastern Xylonomus, new species of, 428,

Rioja, 489; on two new Gerbils 553.

from Sinai, 559. Xynias, new species of, 215.

Tolnaodes, new species of, 187. Zoroaster, new species of, 390.

Trichomma, new species of, 536.

END OF THE THIRD VOLUME,

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,

RRD LION COURT, FLEXT STREBT,

MARSHALL,

NEW

Ann.

AFRICAN CURCULIONIDA.

Mag. Nat. Hist. 8.

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Fic. 50, Apices of elytra of J, uneigera, @.

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