FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893

PUBLICATION 276

BOTANICAL SERIES VOL. IX, No. 2

LIBRARY 0.

FE3141-

UNIVEF

BY

JAMES B. McNAm

ASSISTANT CURATOR OF ECONOMIC BOTANY

B. E. DAHLGREN

ACTING CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

EDITOR

CHICAGO, U. S. A.

JUNE 19, 1930

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FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893

PUBLICATION 276

BOTANICAL SERIES VOL. IX, No. 2

THE LIBRARY OF THE

FEB141938

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

A STUDY OF SOME CHARACTERISTICS

OF VEGETABLE OILS

BY

JAMES B. McNAiR

ASSISTANT CURATOR OF ECONOMIC BOTANY

B. E. DAHLGREN

ACTING CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OP BOTANY

EDITOR

CHICAGO, U. S. A.

JUNE 19, 1930

FEINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS

580.

m

Cop. &

A STUDY OF SOME CHARACTERISTICS

OF VEGETABLE OILS

JAMES B. MCNAIB

A number of years ago it occurred to the writer that there

might be a relationship between the melting point of an oil of a

plant and the temperature of its environment. The idea was

suggested by the fact that in general the melting points of marine

animal oils are lower than the melting points of the oils of land

animals. In accordance with this idea tropical plants should have

oils of higher melting points than those of plants of temperate

climates; seeds may have oils of lower melting points than those

contained in "seed coverings; plants of tropical origin may retain

their high melting-point oils in temperate climates; and oil proper-

ties may be of value in species identification.

In the tissues of most plants there are small particles of oil that

may serve as reserve food for the plant or its seedlings. The most

common storage place for oil is the seed, where oil is almost always

present in at least a small amount, and in some cases it may be the

dominant form of stored food. Oil is, however, not confined to

seeds, but occurs also in the flesh of fruits (olives, oil palm fruits),

in rootstocks and tubers (potato, iris, and sedges), and in bulbs

(onion).

DATA AND DEFINITIONS USED

Data of approximately 318 oils, fats, and waxes have been

assembled and reclassified for this article from Volume II of the

sixth edition of Julius Lewkowitsch's Chemical Technology and

Analysis of Oils, Fats and Waxes, published in 1922.

In the present article oils are classified in four groups: drying,

semi-drying, non-drying, and fats. In order that the classification used

may be better understood these four groups are defined as follows:

Drying oils are so called because they absorb oxygen from the

air and dry to an elastic skin when exposed to the air in a thin

layer. Linseed oil is a good example. The drying power is directly

proportional to the size of the iodine value; consequently the best

drying oils are those which absorb the greatest amount of iodine.

The drying oils likewise have the lowest melting points of the oils

here considered. Chemically they are glycerides of fatty acids

47

48 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

belonging to the linolenic and linolic groups, oleic acid forming

only a small proportion of the liquid fatty acids.

Semi-drying oils have melting points and iodine values that lie

between those of the drying oils and the non-drying oils. They

differ chemically from drying oils by an almost complete absence

of linolenic acid, while they are differentiated from non-drying oils

by a larger content of linolic acid. The proportion of linolic acid

decreases as the iodine value decreases. Cotton seed, maize, and

sesame oils are examples of this group.

Non-drying oils have higher melting points and lower iodine

values than those exhibited by the members of the drying and

semi-drying oils. Linolenic acid is completely absent and linolic

acid is present in small quantities only. Olive and castor oils are

examples of this group.

Vegetable fats are oils that are solid in temperate climates. They

present, however, a variety of gradations from the soft, buttery

mass of laurel oil to the hard, waxlike Japan tallow. As the hardness

of the fats increases approximately in direct proportion to the

decrease of the content of glycerides of oleic and linolic acids, the

iodine value would most appropriately determine, in the absence

of other more striking chemical characteristics, the order in which

the individual fats may be enumerated. Examples of fats are cacao

butter, coconut oil, Japan wax, and myrtle wax.

Vegetable waxes as a group have higher melting points and lower

iodine numbers than any of the oils here considered. They are not

glycerides, but are chemical mixtures of fatty esters of higher mono-

hydric aliphatic and phytosterol alcohols. Waxes are distinguished

from fats by the fact that waxes are esters of monohydric alcohols

while fats are esters of the trihydric alcohol, i.e, glycerol. Carnauba

and palm waxes are examples.

Some 318 oils have been studied. Of these 318 oils, 62 are drying

oils of low melting point, 83 are semi-drying oils of higher melting

point, 71 are non-drying oils of still higher melting point, and 102

are fats.

OILS IN SEED KERNELS AND SEED COVERINGS

Oils are chiefly found accumulated in seeds. In fact, practically

all the oils considered in this article come from this source. How-

ever, it may be well at this point to discuss the properties of the oils

from seed kernels in contrast to the oils from seed coverings.

VEGETABLE OILS

49

If it is true that the environment in which an oil is produced

should influence its melting point, i.e., that oils produced in tropical

plants should have higher melting points than those produced in

cold climates, then it might be expected that oils found in seed

coverings should have higher melting points than oils found in

seed kernels of the same plant. It is understood that the diurnal

fluctuations in air temperature to which the seed covering is sub-

jected cause the daily maximum temperature of the seed covering

to be greater than the daily maximum temperature of the seed

kernel. In the tropics, where the minimum temperature is higher

and the diurnal and seasonal fluctuations in temperature are less

than in the temperate zone, the melting points of the seed covering

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OP OILS PROM KERNELS

AND SEED COVERINGS

and seed kernel oils would be more nearly equal, as well as higher

than the melting points of the temperate oils. This may be influ-

enced by the size and structure of the fruit. In agreement with

this theory the oils from the seed coverings of the Chinese tallow

tree (Sapium sebiferum Roxb.) and various species of sumac (Rhus)

have higher melting points than their corresponding seed kernel

oils. However, in the cases of the African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis

Jacq.) and the Tucum palm (Astrocaryum vulgare Martens) the

kernel oils have higher melting points than oils of the seed coverings;

50 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

but it should be noted that all of these oils are from tropical plants

and that the kernel oils have higher melting points than the kernel

oils of temperate plants. In the case of the olive, another tropical

plant, both oils are similar.

WAXES ON STEMS AND LEAVES

Vegetable waxes are for the most part exudations of plant leaves

and stems, and mostly occur in small quantities. Of a total of twenty

waxes considered four are found on plants growing in temperate

climates and twelve are from tropical or sub-tropical plants.

These waxes occur in the Gramineae, Palmae, Moraceae, Papa-

veraceae, Saxifragaceae, Linaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Bom-

bacaceae, Asclepiadaceae, and Compositae.

OILS IN RELATION TO SPECIES

Iodine numbers, saponification values, and specific gravities of

the various oils may shed some light on specificity.

The attached tables may be of value in qualitative analysis and

an aid to the determination of any oil on the list. For instance, we

may have an oil of unknown origin with a saponification number of

114.5, an iodine number of 132.6-157.5, and a specific gravity

number of .924-.92T at 15°C. Referring to the list of iodine numbers

we find that it may be the oil of Couepia grandifolia, Lepidium

sativum, Manihot Glaziovii, Hevea brasiliensis, Helianthus annuus,

Glycine hispida, Guizotia abyssinica, Aleurites ricinodendron, Amoora

Rohituka, Juglans regia, Papaver somniferum, or any of some forty-

nine other plants. However, when we note the determined saponi-

fication number of 114.5 we find the number of plants that will

correspond is restricted to Linum usitatissimum and Papaver somni-

ferum. As Linum usitatissimum does not have an iodine value within

the specified range, the oil must be of Papaver somniferum, provided,

of course, the source plant is among those listed.

OILS IN RELATION TO GENERA

There is close agreement between the oils of the different species

of a genus. For instance, in the genus Trifolium:

Trifolium agrarium: sp. gr. at 15°C., 0.9290; ND 30°C., 1.4757;

sap. v. 188.4; iod. v. 75.9; solid, pt. — 15°C. Trifolium hybridum:

sp. gr. at 15°C., 0.9250; ND 30°C., 1.4757; sap. v. 187.2; iod. v. 65.9;

solid, pt. — 14°C. Trifolium incarnatum: sp. gr. at 15°C., 0.9170;

ND 30°C., 1.4723; sap. v. 181.3; iod. v. 61.6; solid, pt. -9°C. Tri-

VEGETABLE OILS 51

folium repens: sp. gr. at 15°C., 0.9170; ND 30°C., 1.4745; sap. v.

189.4; iod. v. 68.5; solid, pt. -16°C.

OILS IN RELATION TO FAMILIES

Oils are found in at least 83 (30 per cent) of the plant families

out of the 277 families listed by Engler and Prantl.

Within the smaller families the oils of the respective genera and

their species are in close agreement as in the Cruciferae, Cucurbita-

ceae, Lauraceae, Myristicaceae, Pinaceae, Polygalaceae, Rutaceae,

Sapindaceae, Sapotaceae, Simarubaceae, Solanaceae, and the

Umbelliferae.

In the large families the oils of the different genera are usually

in close agreement when grouped according to tribes. For instance:

Leguminosae

Subfamily I. Mimosoideae: (F)1 Parkia, (ND) Pentaclethra

Subfamily II. Caesalpinioideae: (SD) Caesalpinia

Subfamily III. Papilionatae:

Tribe 3. Genisteae: (SD) Cytisus, (SD) Spartium, (ND) Lupinus

Tribe 4. Trifolieae: (ND) Trigonella, (ND) Trifolium, (ND) Ornithopus,

(ND) Melilotus, (ND) Medicago

Tribe 5. Loteae: (ND) Lotus, (ND) Anthyllis

Tribe 6. Galegeae: (ND) Galega, (D) Robinia, (D) Caragana, (D) Amorpha

Tribe 7. Hedysareae: (ND) Arachis, (ND) Onobrychis

Tribe 8. Vicieae: (SD) Vicia, (SD) Cicer, (SD) Pisum, (SD) Lens

Tribe 9. Phaseoleae: (SD) Voandezia, (SD) Cajanus, (SD) Dolichos, (SD)

Canavalia, (SD) Mucuna urens, (SD) Vigna, (SD) Phaseolus Mungo,

(SD) Phaseolus lunatus, (SD) Phaseolus inamoenus, (SD) Phaseolus

coccineus, (SD) Phaseolus vulgaris, (D) Glycine

Tribe 10. Dalbergieae: (F) Dipteryx, (F) Pongamia

Gramineae

Tribe 1. Paniceae: (D) Panicum

Tribe 2. Maydeae: (SD) Zea

Tribe 3. Oryzeae: (ND) Oryza

Tribe 6. Andropogoneae: (SD) Sorghum

Tribe 7. Phalarideae: (SD) Phalaris

Tribe 12. Hordeae: (SD) Secale, (SD) Triticum, (SD) Hordeum

Cucurbitaceae

Tribe 1. Cumerineae: (F) Hodgsonia, (ND) Telfairia, (F) Luffa, (SD)

Acanthosicyus, (SD) Cucumis, (SD) Citrullus, (SD) Cucurbita, (SD)

Bryonia

Tribe 3. Elaterieae: (SD) Echinocystis

Guttiferae

Tribe 2. Moronobeae: (F) Symphonia, (F) Pentadesma

Tribe 3. Garcinieae: (F) Garcinia

Tribe 4. Calophylleae: (ND) Calophyllum, (ND) Mesua

1 The abbreviation D = drying oil, SD = semi-drying oil, ND = non-drying oil,

and F=fat.

52 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

OILS OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL PLANTS

Of the 83 plant families known to contain oils, 40, or 48.1 per

cent, are mainly tropical or subtropical in habitat. According to

these statistics, therefore, oils are more frequently found in tropical

and subtropical than in plants of temperate regions.

Of the 62 drying oils, 25, or 40 per cent, are from tropical and

subtropical plants. Drying oils are therefore not as frequently met

with in tropical plants as in plants grown elsewhere.

Of the 83 semi-drying oils, 41, or 49 per cent, are from tropical

plants.

Of the 71 non-drying oils, 42, or 59 per cent, are from tropical

plants.

Of the 102 fats, 101, or 99.97 per cent, are from tropical plants.

From these data it may be concluded that tropical and sub-

tropical plants are more likely to have fats (highest melting-point

oils) than non-drying, semi-drying, or drying oils (lower melting-

point oils).

The percentages of drying oils, semi-drying oils, non-drying oils,

and fats increase among tropical plants as follows: drying 7.86 per

cent, semi-drying 12.89 per cent, non-drying 13.2 per cent, and fats

31.76 per cent.

CHARACTER OF OILS IN RELATION TO CLIMATE OF HABITAT

OILS OF NON-TROPICAL AND NON-SUBTROPICAL

PLANTS

Of the 83 plant families known to contain oils, 15, or 18.0 per

cent, are mainly temperate in habitat.

Of the 62 drying oils, 37, or 59 per cent, are from plants growing

in temperate climates. Of the 83 semi-drying oils, 42 are from tem-

perate plants. Of the 71 non-drying oils, 29 are from plants growing

in temperate zones.

Of the 102 fats only one is from a plant growing in a temperate

climate.

VEGETABLE OILS

53

From these data it may be concluded that plants growing in

temperate climates are more likely to have drying oils (lower melting-

point oils) than semi-drying or non-drying oils and fats (higher

melting-point oils).

The percentages of drying, semi-drying, non-drying oils, and fats

increase in plants growing in temperate habitats as follows: fats

.03 per cent, non-drying oils 9.15 per cent, drying oils 11.63 per cent,

and semi-drying oils 13.2 per cent.

Drying and semi-drying oils are therefore of more frequent

occurrence in plants growing in temperate climates than in tropical

plants.

OILS IN RELATION TO PLANT ORIGINS

As to a possible relation between the melting points of oils and

tropical origin the following families with high melting-point oil are

CHARACTER OF OILS IN RELATION TO CLIMATE OP HABITAT

DRYING

OILS

SEMI-DRYING

OILS

NON-DRYING

OILS

FATS

of interest (non-drying oils and fats) : Cyperaceae, Palmae, Myris-

ticaceae, Betulaceae, Ulmaceae, Olacaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Lardi-

zabalaceae, Lauraceae, Moringaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Simarubaceae,

Burseraceae, Meliaceae, Polygalaceae, Anacardiaceae, Hippocas-

tanaceae, Sapindaceae, Vitaceae, Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae, Och-

naceae, Caryocaraceae, Theaceae, Guttiferae, Dipterocarpaceae,

Flacourtiaceae, Caricaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Combretaceae, Arali-

54 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

aceae, Sapotaceae, Oleaceae, Salvadoraceae, Loganiaceae, Asclepia-

daceae, Verbenaceae, Bignoniaceae, Rubiaceae, Caprifoliaceae.

It is noted that the majority of these families are mainly tropical

in their distribution, notable exceptions being Cyperaceae, Betula-

ceae, and Chenopodiaceae.

SUMMARY

There may be a relationship between the melting point of a fat

or oil of a plant and the temperature of its environment. Such a

relationship is known to exist in the case of oils of marine and

terrestrial animals.

Oils are found in at least 83 (30 per cent) plant families out of

277 listed by Engler and Prantl.

Some 318 oils have been studied from these 83 families: 62 are

drying, 83 are semi-drying, 71 are non-drying, and 102 are fats.

Oils found in seed coverings may have higher melting points than

oils of seed kernels.

Waxes are found more abundantly on tropical plants than on

plants of temperate climates.

There is close agreement between the oils of the different species

of a genus.

The physical and chemical properties of oils may be more or less

definitely correlated with specificity.

Tables of iodine numbers, saponification values, and specific

gravities of over 300 oils are included. These may aid in differential

analysis.

The oils of most of the smaller families are in close intrafamilial

agreement, while those of the larger families are often in better

agreement considered in tribal groups.

Tropical and subtropical plants are more likely to have fats and

non-drying oils than semi-drying or drying oils, i.e., tropical and

subtropical oils have higher melting points than the oils of temperate

climates.

As to the possible relation between high melting-point oils and

tropical origin a list of 40 families is given. Of this list three are

mainly temperate in habitat.

SAPONIFICATION VALUES OF OILS, FATS AND WAXES

2.49

46.76- 60.0

50.3 - 51.3

62.9 - 63.1

63.0(?)

65.8

78.4 - 88.3

101.51-162.0

113.0(?)

114.5

140.0

142.8

153.0 -191.0

156.2

157.0

157.1

159.6

165.1 -177.5

165.58-191.6

166.2 -170.6

167.9

168.5

170.0(?)

170.1 (?)

170.14

170.3 -177.8

170.4

170.8

170.9

171.3 -180.1

171.52

171.6

171.8 -192.3

172.1

172.26-175.3

172.3

172.8

172.9 -178.5

173.0 -183.1

173.4

173.4 -212.01

173.6

173.8 -181.6

174.0 -176.0

174.4

174.4 -180.3

174.5 -193.05

174.7 -178.9

175.1(?)

175.2

176.0

176.3

176.5

Attalea funifera

Pedilanthus Pavonis

Raphia Ruffa

Euphorbia antisyphlitica

Coriandrum sativum

Philadelphia coronarius

Cprypha cerifera

Linum usitatissimum

Pyrus communis

Papaver somniferum

Euphorbia stenoclada

Euphorbia xylophyl-

loides

Myristica officinalis

Picramnia carpinterae

Acer platanoides

Rhus laurina

Vohemaria Messeri

Cpffea arabica

Pistacia vera

Strychnos nux-vomica

Saccharum officinarum

Fraxinus excelsior

Laurus indica

Sapindus rarak

Ceiba pentandra

Sinapis alba

Eruca sativa

Hyoscyamus niger

Nasturtium Nasturtium-

aquaticum

Ribes rubrum

Brassica Napus

Asclepias gigantea

Brassica campestria

Butyrospermum Parkii

Brassica juncea

Sorghum cernuum

Brassica sp. (Jamba oil)

Medicago sativa

Crataegus Oxyacantha

Brassica campestris

Ximenia americana

Armoracia rusticana

Sterculia foetida

Lecythis ollaria

Raphanus sativus

Raphanus Raphanistrum

Eruca sativa

Brassica oleracea

Poga oleosa

Brassica Rapa

Galega officinalis

Onobrychis sativa

Anethum graveolens

Garcinia tonkinensis

Petroselinum sativum

-183.0

-185.1

-186.4

-178.4

-191.4

-205.7

-192.6

176.7 -186.6

176.8

177.3

178.0

178.1

178.2

178.22

178.3

178.4

179.0

179.1

179.3

179.4

179.4 -193.5

179.5

179.6

179.7 -197.8

179.8

179.9

180.0

180.3 (?)

180.5

180.7 -194.6

181.0 -205.0

181.2

181.3

181.4

181.75-187.7

181.9 -203.0

182.0

182.0 -190.0

182.3 -183.8

182.3 -198.2

182.4

182.5

182.5 -188.6

182.6

182.8 -190.3

183.0

183.1

183.2

183.4

183.6 -192.0

Ricinus communis

Ptychotis ajowan

Sinapis chinensis

Hydnocarpus edulis

Pongamia glabra

Lepidium sativum

Tilia americana

Apium graveolens

Sinapis dissecta

Mucuna urens

Carum Carvi

Pimpinella Anisum

Secale cornutum

Stillingia sebifera

Aleurites moluccana

Cuminum Cyminum

Sinapis arvensis

Daucus Carota

Oryza sativa

Crambe maritima

Palaquium sp. (Surin

fat)

Kickxia elastica

Prunus Cerasus

Acer Pseudo-platanus

Eriobotrya japonica

Barbarea praecox

Cheiranthus Cheira

Vicia sativa

Lophira alata

Ceiba pentandra

Foeniculum officinale

Isatis tinctoria

Trifolium incarnatum

Acanthosicyos horrida

Cydonia vulgaris

Pentaclethra macro-

phylla

Coriandrum sativum

Sinapis nigra

Olea europea var. sativa

(seed)

Prunus Armeniaca

Lens esculenta

Amorpha fruticosa

Mimusops Djave

Cicer arietinum

Triticum sp.

Tamarindus indica

Anthriscus Cerefolium

Vicia sepium

Pithecoctenium echina-

tum

Trigonella Foenum-

graecum

Lycopersicum esculen-

tum

55

56 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

183.8

184.0

184.1

184.5

184.5 -198.9

184.6 -187.7

184.7

184.7 -191.6

184.8

185.0

185.1

185.3

185.6

185.6 •

185.8 •

186.0 -

186.0

186.2

186.5

186.58

186.6 •

-196.0

-196.9

-197.0

-206.1

-188.0

-194.6

-202.0

-197.5

•191.7

186.6

186.7

186.8

187.0

187.2

187.4

187.5

187.6

187.8

187.9

188.0

188.1

188.2

188.3

188.4

-193.3

-202.9

-192.6

-191.5

-192.0

-188.5

-190.3

-195.8

-194.6

-193.0

-194.0

-198.5

-195.5

-196.2

-190.2

Setaria italica

Phalaris canariensis

Vpandezia subterranea

Pisum sativum

Parkia africana

Payena oleifera

Moringa oleifera

Vicia Faba

Ricinodendron afri-

canum

Tilia parvifolia

Lallemantia iberica

Lupinus luteus

Funtumia elastica

Sterculia appendiculata

Dialyanthera otpba

Elaeococca vernicia

Ornithopus sativus

Vigna Cat jang

Melia Azadirachta

Arachis hyppgaea

Hevea brasiliensis

Myagrum sativum

Bassia butyracea

Datura Stramonium

Lupinus angustifolius

Canavalia ensiformis

Joliffa africana

Carica Papaya

Stearodendron Stuhl-

mannii

Carthamnus tinctorius

Thuja occidentalis

Citrullus Colocynthis

Canarium pachyphyllum

Garcinia indica

Cucumis Chate

Trifplium hybridum

Bassia longifolia

Dolichos Lablab

Phaseplus Mungo

Manniophyton fulvum

Argemone mexicana

Luffa aegyptiaca

Melilotus albus

Strophanthus hispidus

Pinus cembra

Diospyros virginiana

Vicia Faba

Sesamum indicum

Helianthus annuus

Caryodendron prinocense

Prunus domestica

Cajanus bicolor

Acrocomia sclerocarpa

Thea sasangua

Bassia villosa

Torreya nucifera

Citrus Limonia

Melampyrum arvense

Trifolium agrarium

Cucurbita Pepo

188.5 Cephalotaxus drupacea

188.5 -190.5 Jessenia polycarpa

188.6 Cupressus sempervirens

188.6 Linaria reticulata

188.6 -192.6 Manihot Glaziovii

188.6 -195.3 Couepia grandifolia

188.7 Phaseolus inamoenus

188.7 -191.9 Vateria indica

188.7 -203.0 Olea europea var. sativa

(pulp)

188.8 Limonia Warneckei

188.9 -192.2 Guizotia abyssinica

189.3 Pinus monophylla

189.0 Anthyllis vulneraria

189.0 -196.8 Papaver somniferum

189.2 Phaseolus vulgaris var.

albus

189.2 Parthenocissus quinque-

folia

189.2 -190.0 Echinops ritro

189.1 -192.5 Prunus Persica

189.2 Phaseolus lunatus

189.4 Carthamnus Oxyacantha

189.4 Trifolium repens

189.5 Rubus fruticosus

189.5 Trigonella Foenum-

graecum

189.5 Trifolium repens

189.5 -191.5 Bassia Mottleyana

189.5 -195.4 Prunus Amygdalus

189.6 Pinus montana

189.6 Phaseolus coccineus

189.6 Carya ovata

189.7 Coula edulis

189.7 -191.8 Citrullus vulgaris

189.7 -192.3 Amoora Rohituka

189.7 -192.6 Zea Mays

189.7 -200.2 Canarium polyphyllum

189.8 Juglans Sieboldiana

189.8 Pinus sylvestris

189.8 -192.0 Aleurites cordata

189.9 Trifolium pratense var.

perenne

189.9 -192.4 Adansonia Grandidieri

190.0 Nicotiana Tabacum

190.0 -193.0 Cannabis sativa

190.1 Vaccinum Vitis-idaea

190.2 -192.7 Linum usitatissimum

190.3 Omphalea megacarpa

190.4 Vaccinium Myrtillus

190.5 Cucumis Melo

190.5 Celosia cristata

190.5 Pinus Picea

190.5 Hedera Helix

190.5 -191.7 Adansonia digitata

190.6 Caragana arborescens

190.6 -192.5 Glycine hispida

190.7 Lotus corniculatus

190.8 -193.8 Rhus glabra

190.9 Petroselinum sativum

190.9 -193.4 Perilla nankinensis

VEGETABLE OILS

57

Sterculia chica

Nigella sativa

Aesculus Hippocastanum

Gynandropsis penta-

phylla

Mpronobea coccinea

Blighia sapida

Garcinia morella

Cucurbita maxima

Anacardium occidentale

Lycopodium

Oenothera biennis

Citrus aurantifolia

Abelmoschus esculentus

Cucumis sativus

Vitis vinifera

Carapa guianensis

Cucurbita Pepo

Citrus Limonia

Secale cereale

Elaeis guineensis

Calotropis gigantea

Daphne Cnidium

Moquilea tomentosa

Astrocaryum vulgare

Lappa minor

Sambucus racemosa

Gynocardia odorata

Canarium oleosum

Canarium luzonicum

Pentadesma butyracea

Laurus nobilis

Martynia louisiana

Basiloxylon brasiliensis

Hodgsonia Kadam

Caryocar butyrosum

Carya Pecan

Trichilia emetica

Carapa grandiflora

Citrullus vulgaris

Datura Metel

Skaphium lanceatum

Xanthophyllum lancea-

tum

Spartium junceum

Quercus agrifolia

Aegiphila obducta

Myrtus communis

Hydnocarpus Kurzii

Croton Elliotianus

Palaquium oblongi-

folium

Trichilia subcordata

Nerium Oleander

Pyrus Malus

Vernonia anthelmintica

Hyptis spicigera

Terminalia Catappa

Citrullus Naudinianus

Hydnocarpus Wightiana

Trichilia emetica

Mesua ferrea

58 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

203.8 -210.4

205.0

205.7 -217.0

205.9

206.2 -212.0

208.0

209.2

210.98

211.0

213.9

215.02

215.3 -227.0

216.2

217.5 -237.5

218.8 -220.3

220.6

221.5

223.5(?)

224.4

224.72

227.4 -234.6

229.2

234.8

235.0 -235.6

238.5

Stillingia. sebifera

Magnolia hypoleuca

Myricacerifera

Pithecolobium dulce

Hydnocarpus anthel-

minticus

Sorbus Aucuparia

Arbutus Unedo

Oenocarpus distichus

Phoenix dactylifera

Betula alba

Mimuspps elengi

Myristica canarica

Scnleichera trijuga

Chorisia Peckpltiana

Rhus sylvestris

Virola bicuhyba

Rhus diversiloba

Virola guatemalensis

Celastrus senegalensis

Magnolia hypoleuca

Cyperus esculentus

Areca catechu

Luffa acutangula

Apeiba sp.

Irvingia Oliveri

Scyphocephalium

ochocoa

239.5 -240.2

241.2 -250.0

241.39

242.2

242.36

242.5 -243.3

244.0

244.7

245.2

246.2

246.3 -250.0

246.4

251.0

251.0 -268.4

252.4 -256.5

255.0

255.6

256.6 -349.0

262.2

268.2

270.0 (?)

273.6

277.3

280.0

282.0

283.8

339.6(?)

Myristica platysperma

Irvingia spp.

Machilus Thunbergii

Allophylus racemosa

Salvadora oleoides

Astrpcaryum vulgare

Myristica surinamensis

Litsea zeylanica

Salvadora persica

Mauritia vinifera

Elaeis guineensis

Akebia quinata

Polygala butyracea

Cocos nucifera

Attalea cohune

Myristica angolensis

Lindera sericea

Attalea excelsa

Telfairia occidentalis

Lepidadenia Wightiana

Capsicum annuum

Lindera praecox

Ulmus campestris

Hordeum vulgare

Lindera triloba

Cinnamomum Cam-

phora

Citrus aurantifolia

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF OILS, FATS AND WAXES AT 15° C.

0.832 -0.836 RaphiaRuffa .9137-

.8594- .9177 Butyrospermum Parkii .9143

.865 Mucuna urens .9147

.866 Polygala butyracea .9148

.867 Salvadora persica .9149

.868 Attalea funifera .915

.868 - .871 Attalea cohune .915

.8686 Attalea excelsa .915

.8715 Virpla bicuhyba .915

.8916 Lepidadenia Wightiana .915

.8943- .9175 Bassia villosa .9155-

.895(7) Lecythis ollaria .9156

.898 Oncoba echinata .9158

.9002 Luffa acutangula .9158

.9011 Rhus laurina .9158

.9072 Torreya californica .9158-

.9072- .9171 Sambucus racemosa .916 -

.9083- .998 Linum usitatissimum .916

.9092- .9285 Prunus Cerasus .916

.9099- .9225 Fagus sylvatica .916 -

.9119 Elaeis guineensis .9161

.912 Carapa guianensis .9162

.912 Ribes rubrum .9163

.9125 Picramnia Lindeniana .9164

.9126- .916 Sinapis alba

.9127- .920 Moringa oleifera .9165-

.9127- Garcinia tonkinensis .9165-

.9127 Garcinia indica .9165-

.9128- .9225 Canarium commune .9169

.9137 Sorbus Aucuparia .917

.9167 Mimusops Djave

Citrullus vulgaris

Canarium polyphyllum

Brassica campestris

Melia Azadirachta

- .921 Jatropha Curcas

Adansonia digitata

Vateria indica

- .918 Stillingia sebifera

.9158 Brassica sp. (Jamba oil)

.917 Corylus Avellana

Gary pear tomentosum

Brassica juncea

Blighia sapida

Trichilia emetica

.9558 Bassia butyracea

.9196 Olea europea var. sativa

Astrocaryum vulgare

Thea japonica

.9213 Prunus domestica

Jessenia polycarpa

Quercus agrifolia

Thea sasanqua

Pentaclethra macro-

phylla

.920 Arachis hypogaea

.9178 Raphanus sativus

.9248 Ximenia americana

Canavalia ensiformis

Trifolium incarnatum

VEGETABLE OILS

59

.917 Trifolium repens .922

.917 - .920 Brassica Rapa .9221

.917 Bassia Mottleyana .9222-

.917 - .927 Thea sasanqua .9224-

.9172 Canarium pachyphyllum .9225

.9172- .921 Brassica Napus .9226

.9175 Vicia Faba .9228

.9175- .9186 Raphanus Raphanistrum .923

.9175- .921 Brassica campestris .923

.9175- .923 Datura Stramonium .923 -

.9176 Voandezia subterranea .923 -

.9177 Eruca sativa .923

.9177- .9195 Prunus Amygdalus .923 -

.9178 Thea sinensis .923 -

.9179 Phaseolus vulgaris var. .9232

albus .9232

.918 Bertholletia excelsa .9232

.918 - .9185 Telfairia pedata .9235

.918 - .9215 Prunus Persica .9235

.9184 Carya Pecan .9235

.9184 Cicer arietinum .9235

.9184- .9191 Olea europea var. sativa .9235-

.9184- .922 Citrullus vulgaris .9236

.9185- .9188 Pistaciavera .9237

.9186 Coula edulis .9238

.9187 Adansonia Grandidieri .9238-

.9187 Crambe maritima .9239

.919 Hodgsonia Kadam .9239-

.919 - .923 Sinapis nigra .924

.919 - .926 Cucurbita maxima .924

.9191 Chelidonium majus .924

.9191- .9219 Lophira alata .924

.9192- .9256 Trichilia emetica .924 -

.9193 Pisum sativum .924 -

.9195(7) Rhamnus cathartica .9241

.9198 Phaseolus coccineus .9243

.9198 Eruca sativa .9244

.9198- .9226 Brassica oleracea .9244

.920 Dialyanthera otoba .9245

.920 - .9238 Lepidium sativum .9245

.920 - .926 Aleurites moluccana .9245-

.920 Balanites aegyptiaca .9247-

.9203 Chisocheton Cumingi- .9248

anus .9248

.9204 Prunus Armeniaca .9248-

.9205 Nasturtium Nasturtium- .9249

aquaticum .9249

.9206 Mauritia vinifera .925

.9208 Lens esculenta .925

.9208 Arbutus Unedo .925

.9209- .9245 Elaeis guineensis .925 -

.921 - .9225 Cornus sanguinea .925 -

.921 - .926 Luffa aegyptiaca .9251

.9212 . Medicago sativa .9252

.9213 Jatropha mahafalensis .9255

.9214 Barbarea praecox .9256

.9214 Scyphocephalium .9256

ochocoa .9256-

.9215 Ornithopus sativus .9257-

.9215- .922 Zea Mays .9259

.9219 Citrullus vulgaris .926

.922 Onobrychis sativa .926

Cydonia vulgaris

Sinapis dissecta

.9279 Glycine hispida

.926 Myagrum sativum

Datura Metel

Strychnos Nux-vomica

Sinapis aryensis

Sinapis chinensis

Anthyllis yulneraria

.926 Sesamum indicum

.924 Cucumis sativus

Prunus Laurocerasus

.925 Cucurbita Pepo

.925 Gossypium sp. (cotton)

Armoracia rusticana

Pimpinella Anisum

Nicqtiana Tabacum

Lupinus angustifolius

Lupinus luteus

Lupinus albus

Melia Azedarach

.9236 Ceiba pentandra

Apium graveolens

Daphne Cnidium

Torreya nucifera

.9258 Manihot Glaziovii

Vicia sativa

.9302 Hevea brasiliensis

Pimpinella Anisum

Cheiranthus Cheira

Cucumis Chate

Schleichera trijuga

.926 Helianthus annuus

.927 Papaver somniferum

Virola guatemalensis

Petroselinum sativum

Diospyros virginiana

Myrtus communis

Delphinium elatum

Morus alba

.9374 Triticum sp. (wheat)

.9259 Argemone mexicana

Juglans Sieboldiana

Nigella sativa

.9263 Guizotia abyssinica

Cucurbita maxima

Strophanthus hispidus

Cephalotaxus drupacea

Myristica surinamensis

Trifolium hybridum

.927 Secale cornutum

.931 Cannabis sativa

Isatis tinctoria

Linaria reticulata

Payena oleifera

Cuminum Cyminum

Rubus f ruticosus

.9265 Juglans regia

.9259 Rhus glabra

Cocos nucifera

Laurus indica

Aesculus Hippocastanum

60 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

.926 - .928 Cucurbita Pepo

.9262 Dolichos Lablab

.9264 Illicium verum

.9265 Garcinia morella

.9265 Anthriscus Cerefolium

.9266 Croton Elliotianus

.9267 Ptychotis ajowan

.9267- .9277 Carthamnus tinctorius

.9268 Carum Carvi

.9268 Cajanus bicolor

.9268 Pinus Picea

.9269 Arctium Lappa

.927 Pentadesma butyracea

.9275 Apeiba

.9275 Setaria italica

.9276 Cucumis Melo

.9276 Phaseolus inamoenus

.928 Asparagus officinalis

.928 Galega officinalis

.9281 Cajanus bicolor

.9282 Phaseolus lunatus

.9282 Sorghum cernuum

.9283 Oenothera biennis

.9284 Coriandrum sativum

.9285- .9286 Madia sativa

.9286 Ricinodendron Rauta-

nenii

.9288- .932 Echinops ritro

.9289 Citrullus Colocynthis

.929 Sterculia foetida

.929 Funtunia elastica

.929 Trifolium agrarium

.929 Medicago sativa

.9295 Illicium religiosum

.9295 Tilia pravifolia

.9296 Daucus Carota

.9298 Stearodendron Stuhl-

mannii

,9298 Vigna Catjang

.930 Pinus Cembra

.9301 Vaccinium Vitis-idaea

.9304 Fpeniculum officinale

.9307 Pinus Gerardiana

.9315 Irvingia spp.

.9315- .9335 Hesperis matronalis

.931 - .9386 Amoora Rohituka

.9316 Pinus Cembra

.9316- .941 Linum usitatissimum

.9317 Rubus idaeus

.9318 Pinus montana

.932 Gynocardia odorata

.9326 Pinus sylvestris

.9327 Kickxia elastica

.9328 Dialyanthera otoba

.9329 Salvadora oleoides

.933 Pinus monophylla

.933 - .935 Elaeococca vernicia

.9331 Vaccinium Myrtillus

.9332- .953 Laurus nobilis

.9336 Palaquium sp.

.9336 Phaseolus Mungo

- .939

- .996

.9337 Cinnamomum Cam-

phora

Perilla frutescens

Fragaria vesca

Carapa grandiflora

Trigonella Foenum-

graecum

Anethum graveolens

.9382 Ricinodendron afri-

canum

Plukenetia conophora

Aleurites cordata

- .993 Pedilanthus Pavonis

Pongamia glabra

Lotus corniculatus

Perilla nankinensis

Lallemantia iberica

Tilia americana

Melilptus albus

Telfairia occidentalis

Hyoscyamus niger

Euonymus europaea

Allophylus racemosa

Crataegus Oxyacantha

Machilus Thunbergii

Amorpha fruticosa

Celastrus senegalensis

Croton Tiglium

Symphonia glpbulifera

Myristica officinalis

Stillingia sebifera

Myristica angolensis

Dipteryx odorata

Trigonella Foenum-

graecum

Litsea zeylanica

Oryza sativa

.9525 Coffea arabica

Bassia longif olia

Buchanania latifolia

Vicia Faba

Hydnocarpus Kurzii

Hydnocarpus anthel-

mintica

.9679 Ricinus communis

Ulmus campestris

Euonymus verrucosa

Polygala Senega

Theobroma Cacao

Hydnocarpus Wighti-

anus

Aegiphila obducta

Triticum spp. (wheat)

Eriobotrya japonica

Saccharum officinarum

Couepia grandifolia

Pithecolobium dulce

Euphorbia antisyphli-

tica

.9717 Mimusops elengi

.975 Rhus succedanea

.9786 Ongokea Klaineana

.9342

.9345

.9346

.935

.9352

.9355-

.936

.9369

.937

.9371

.938

.939

.9403

.9406

.9417

.9426

.9435

.9437

.945

.9458

.9468

.9471

.9492

.9495

.951 -

.9518

.953

.9577

.958

.959 -

.960

.9591

.9594

.9625

.9637

.964 - .976

.965

.9656

.967

.968

.9694

.9697

- .986

VEGETABLE OILS

61

62 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

64.15

64.2

64.7 - 65.6

65.0

65.1

65.29

65.4

65.9

66.0 - 80.5

66.0 - 96.0

66.08

66.5

67.7

68.3

68.5

69.0

69.4 - 79.3

69.44

69.6 - 72.9

69.8 - 72.5

70.0

70.52

71.0

71.1 - 74.5

71.4

71.6

71.64

72.2 -112.6

73.02-101.6

73.4

73.75

74.8 - 75.7

75.2

75.9

76.14- 87.0

76.4

76.7 - 77.8

77.28- 91.7

77.3 - 94.0

77.9

78.38

78.4 - 81.8

78.9

80.0 - 85.0

80.1

80.4

80.78

81.0

81.4 - 90.6

81.44-110.6

81.5

81.5 - 82.0

81.8

81.88

81.9

82.0

82.3

82.4

Aegiphila obducta

Symphonia globulifera

Canarium commune

Trichilia emetica

Sapindus rarak

Lindera sericea

Myristica angolensis

Trifolium hybridum

Laurus nobilis

Hodgsonia Kadam

Machilus Thunbergii

Mimusops elengi

Onobrychis sativa

Lupinus luteus

Trif plium repens

Ornithopus sativus

Strychnos Nux-vomica

Ceiba pentandra

Melia Azadirachta

Lophira alata

Lotus corniculatus

Asclepias gigantea

Vernonia anthelmintica

Secale cornutum

Melilotus albus

Anthyllis vulneraria

Lecythis ollaria

Moringa oleifera

Strophanthus hispidus

Jessenia polycarpa

Tropaeolum majus

Astrocaryum vulgare

Limonia Warneckei

Trifolium agrarium

Sterculia foetida

Basiloxylon brasiliensis

Adansonia digitata

Olea europea var. sativa

Pongamia glabra

Apeiba sp.

Akebia quinata

Polygala Senega

Sterculia chica

Medicago sativa

Ximenia americana

Petroselinum sativum

Thea japonica

Chisocheton Cuming-

ianus

Lycopodium

Ricinus communis

Sambucus racemosa

Moquilea tomentosa

Ungnadia speciosa

Terminalia Catappa

Secale cereale

Trigonella Foenum-

graecum

Vicia Faba

Thea sasanqua

Sterculia appendiculata

82.5 - 90.8

83.2

83.3 -105.0

83.36

83.6

83.61- 87.8

83.65-179.5

83.7

83.9 - 90.2

84.0

84.2 -100.7

84.27

84.5

85.'24-129.0

85.4

85.7 - 99.5

85.89- 91.2

86.0

86.1

86.2

86.7

86.99- 87.8

87.1

88.0

88.0 - 90.49

88.3

88.5 -102.5

88.7 - 89.1

88.7 -133.4

89.53

89.9

89.7 - 93.3

89.94

90.0

90.4 -108.7

90.4 -104.4

90.42

90.6

91.2 -104.0

91.6

91.65-107.0

91.8

92.1 - 97.68

92.5 -109.7

92.7

92.8 -122.6

92.85-112.4

93.0

93.0 -101.26

93.1

93.6 -101.9

94.4

94.7

94.8

Hydnocarpus anthel-

minticus

Lupinus angustifolius

Arachis hypogaea

Coula edulis

Betula alba

Pistacia vera

Couepia grandifolia

Carapa grandiflora

Corylus Avellana

Anacardium occiden-

tale

Joliffa africana

Calotropis gigantea

Capsicum annuum

Eriodendron anfractuo-

sum

Dryopteris Filix-mas

Pentaclethra macro-

phylla

Coffea arabica

Calophyllum inophyllum

Canavalia ensiformis

Garcinia tonkinensis

Celastrus senegalensis

Olea europea var. sativa

Tamarindus indica

Nerium Oleander

Thea sasanqua

Coriandrum sativum

Hydnocarpus Wighti-

anus

Mesua ferrea

Cucurbita maxima

Magnolia hypoleuca

Caesalpinia Bonducella

Poga oleosa

Hydnocarpus edulis

Parthenocissus quinque-

folia

Hordeum vulgare

Prunus Armeniaca

Hydnocarpus Kurzii

Thea sinensis

Illicium religiosum

Prunus domestica

Parkia africana

Oryza sativa

Hedera Helix

Cuminum Cyminum

Sinapis alba

Prunus Persica

Crambe maritima

Prunus Cerasus

Raphanus sativus

Acer Pseudo-platanus

Prunus Amygdalus

Illicium verum

Brassica oleracea

Dolichos Lablab

Torreya californica

Apium graveolens

VEGETABLE OILS

63

Citrus Limonia

Magnolia hypoleuca

Petroselinum sativum

Anthriscus Cerefolium

Tilia americana

Vicia sepium

Fagus sylvatica

Phaseolus Mungo

Jatropha mahajalensis

Isatis tinctoria

Voandezia subterranea

Datura Stramonium

Cydonia vulgaris

Sinapis nigra

Triticum sp.

Phalaris canariensis

Datura Metel

Echinocystis oregana

Acanthosicyos horrida

Diospyros virginiana

Cucumis Chate

Citrullus vulgaris

Madia sativa

Cucumis sativus

Manihot Glaziovii

Hevea brasiliensis

Pinus Gerardiana

Cicer arietinum

Nicotiana Tabacum

Laurus indica

Phaseolus inamoenus

Nigella sativa

Gynandropsis penta-

phylla

Anethum graveolens

Trif olium repens

Omphalea megacarpa

Cucurbita Pepo

Helianthus annuus

Argemone mexicana

Citrullus Naudinianus

Citrullus Colocynthis

Pinus Abies

Pinus Pinea

Pinus Picea

Pyrus communis

Cucurbita maxima

Zea Mays

Martynia louisiana

Citrullus vulgaris

Tilia parvifolia

Glycine hispida

Trifolium pratense var.

perenne

Cheiranthus Cheira

Citrus aurantifolia

Cucurbita Pepo

Daphne Cnidium

Celosia cristata

Guizotia abyssinica

Rhus glabra

64 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

142.2 Torreya nucifera

143.3 Armoracia rusticana

143.3 Morus alba

145.6 -160.7 Stillingia sebifera

145.7 Pinus montana

147.1 Pinus sylvestris

147.7 -148.2 Aleurites Ricinodendron

147.8 Rubus fruticosus

147.8 Arbutus Unedo

148.0 -166.0 Cannabis sativa

148.9 Oenothera biennis

149.0 -161.3 Elaeococca vernicia

149.7 -161.5 Humulus Lupulus

151.6 -171.7 Aleurites cordata

152.5 Papaver somniferum

152.5 Ribes rubrum

152.8 Gynocardia odorata

152.8 Crataegus Oxyacantha

153.6 Lappa minor

153.9 Citrus aurantifolia

154.2 Medicago sativa

154.8 Thuja pccidentalis

154.9 -155.3 Hesperis matronalis

155.0 Rhamnus cathartica

155.0 -164.0 Aleurites moluccana

156.3 Pinus Cembra

156.5 Juglans Sieboldiana

159.2 Pinus Cembra

161.0 Robinia Pseudoacacia

162.1 Lallemantia iberica

167.2 Vaccinium Myrtillus

169.2 Vaccinium Vitis-idaea

170.0 -201.0 Linum usitatissimum

171.0 Hyptis spicigera

174.8 Rubus idaeus

177.3 -204.0 Plukenetia conophora

180.3 Fragaria vesca

193.3 -195.0 Perilla nankinensis

196.45 Perilla frutescens

Taxaceae §

Cephalotaxus (D)

Torreya (ND)

Torreya (D)

Pinaceae *

Pinus (D)

Thuja (D)

Cupressus (D)

Gramineae §

Paniceae

Panicum (D)

Maydeae

Zea (SD)

Oryzeae

Oryza (ND)

Andropogoneae

Sorghum (SD)

OIL GROUPS

Phalarideae

Phalaris (SD)

Hordeae

Secale (SD)

Triticum (SD)

Hordeum (SD)

Palmae J

Phoenix (ND)

Corypha (W)

Mauritia (F)

Raphia (W, F)

Ceroxylon (W)

Klopstockia (W)

Jessenia (ND)

Euterpe (SD)

Oenocarpus (F, SD Kernel)

Areca (F)

Elaeis (F)

VEGETABLE OILS

65

Attalea (F)

Cocos (F)

Acrocomia (F)

Astrocaryum (F)

Liliaceae §

Asparagus (D)

Myricaceae J

Myrica (F)

Juglandaceae *

Juglans (D)

Carya (SD)

Betulaceae *

Corylus (ND)

Betula (ND)

Fagaceae *

Fagus (SD)

Quercus (ND)

Ulmaceae §

Ulmus (ND)

Moraceae J

Morus (D)

Maclura (D)

Ficus (W)

Humulus (D)

Cannabis (D, W)

Olacaceae J

Ongokea (D)

Ximenia (ND)

Coula (ND, F)

Chenopodiaceae §

Bassia (F)

Amaranthaceae J

Celosia (D)

Ranunculaceae *

Nigella (SD)

Delphinium (SD)

Lardizabalaceae

Akebia (ND)

Magnoliaceae * J

Magnolia (SD)

Illicium (SD)

Myristicaceae

Virola (F)

Scyphocephalium (F)

Lauraceae t

Cinnamomum (F)

Persea (F)

Machilus (F)

Tetranthera (F)

Lepiadenia (F)

Litsea (F)

Lindera (ND)

Lauras (F, SD)

Papaveraceae *

Chelidonium (SD)

Argemone (D)

Papaver (W, D)

Cruciferae *

Barbarea (SD)

Nasturtium (SD)

Cheiranthus (D)

Armoracia (SD)

Hesperis (D)

Eruca (SD)

Sinapis (SD)

Brassica (SD)

Lepidium (SD)

Myagrum (D)

Isatis (SD)

Crambe (SD)

Raphanus (SD)

Capparidaceae f t

Gynandropsis (SD)

Resedaceae f

Reseda (D)

Moringaceae J

Moringa (ND)

Saxifragaceae *

Philadelphus (W)

Ribes (D)

Rosaceae *

Chrysobalaneae

Moquilea (ND)

Couepia (D)

Pruneae

Prunus (ND)

Rubeae

Rubus (D)

Potentilleae

Fragaria (D)

Pomeae

Cydonia (ND)

Sorbus (D)

Pyrus (SD)

Eriobotrya (F)

Crataegus (D)

Leguminosae §

Ingeae

Pithecolobium (F)

Mimoseae

Parkia (F)

Pentaclethra (ND)

Amherstieae

Tamarindus (SD)

Caesalpinieae

Caesalpinia (SD)

Genisteae

Lupinus (ND)

Spartium (SD)

Trifolieae

Trigonella (ND)

Medicago (D, ND)

66 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

Melilotus (ND)

Trifolium (ND, SD)

Ornithopus (ND)

Loteae

Anthyllis (ND)

Lotus (ND)

Galegeae

Amorpha (D)

Galega (ND)

Robinia (D)

Caragana (D)

Hedysareae

Onobrychis (ND)

Arachis (ND)

Dalbergieae

Pongamia (F)

Dipteryx (F)

Vicieae

Cicer (SD)

Lens (SD)

Vicia (SD)

Pisum (SD)

Phaseoleae

Cajanus (SD)

Glycine (D)

Canavalia (SD)

Mucuna (SD)

Phaseolus (SD)

Voandezia (SD)

Vigna (SD)

Dolichos (SD)

Tropaeolaceae

Tropaeolum (ND)

Linaceae

Linum (D, W)

Zygophyllaceae 1 1

Balanites (SD)

Rutaceae J

Limonia (F)

Citrus (SD)

Simarubaceae \

Simaruba (F)

Brucea (ND)

Irvingia (F)

Picramnia (F)

Burseraceae J

Canarium (ND, F)

Meliaceae $

Melieae

Melia (F, D)

Trichilieae

Chisocheton (ND)

Amoora (D)

Carapa (F)

Trichilia (F)

Polygalaceae §

Polygala (ND, F)

Xanthophyllum (F)

Skaphium (F)

Euphorbiaceae J

Plukenetia (D)

Euphorbia (W)

Pedilanthus (W)

Croton (SD, D)

Manniophyton (SD)

Caryodendron (SD)

Ricinus (ND)

Aleurites (D)

Elaeococca (D)

Jatropha (SD)

Hevea (D)

Manihot (D)

Omphalea (SD)

Stillingia (D, F, seed coat)

Anacardiaceae J

Anacardium (ND)

Buchanania (F)

Pistacia (ND)

Rhus (F, SD, seed kernel)

Celastraceae *

Euonymus (SD)

Celastrus (ND)

Aceraceae *

Acer (D?)

Hippocastanaceae

Aesculus (ND)

Sapindaceae |

Paullinia (F)

Allophylus (F)

Sapindus (ND)

Schleichera (F)

Nephelium (F)

Blighia (F)

Ungnadia (ND)

Rhamnaceae §

Rhamnus (D)

Vitaceae f

Vitis (ND)

Parthenocissus (SD)

Tiliaceae t

Apeiba (ND)

Tilia(SD)

Malvaceae $

Abelmoschus (SD)

Gossypium (W, SD)

Bombacaceae t

Adansonia (F)

Eriodendron (SD, W)

Sterculiaceae J

Theobroma (F)

Sterculia (ND)

Basiloxylon (F)

Ochnaceae J

Lophira (F)

VEGETABLE OILS

67

Caryocaraceae

Caryocar (F)

Dipterocarpaceae t

Shorea (F)

Vateria (F)

Theaceae f J

Thea (ND)

Guttiferae J

Moronobeae

Symphonia (F)

Pentadesma (F)

Cariniceae

Garcinia (F)

Calophylleae

Calophyllum (ND)

Mesua (ND)

Flacourtiaceae |

Oncoba (F)

Hydnocarpus (F)

Gynocardia (D)

Caricaceae f t

Carica (F)

Combretaceae J

Terminalia (ND)

Thymelaeacae §

Daphne (SD)

Myrtaceae J

Myrtus (SD)

Lecythidaceae t

Bertholletia (SD)

Lecythis (ND)

Rhizophoraceae J

Poga (ND)

Onagraceae *

Oenothera (D)

Araliaceae J *

Hedera (ND)

Umbelliferae *

Anthriscus (SD)

Cuminum (SD)

Apium (SD)

Petroselinum (SD)

Pimpinella (SD)

Anethum (SD)

Cornaceae *

Cornus (ND)

Ericaceae *

Arbutus (D)

Vaccinium (D)

Sapotaceae J

Payena (F)

Mimuspps (F)

Palaquium (F)

Araganum (ND)

Mimusops (F)

Ebenaceae f t

Diospyros (SD)

Oleaceae * J

Fraxinus (SD)

Olea (ND)

Salvadoraceae

Salvadora (F)

Loganiaceae J

Strychnos (F)

Apocynaceae J

Kickxia (D)

Funtumia (D)

Nerium (ND)

Strophanthus (ND)

Asclepiadaceae I

Asclepias (W)

Calotropis

Cynanchum (W)

Verbenaceae J

Aegiphila (F)

Labiatae *

Lallemantia (D)

Perilla (D)

Hyptis (D)

Solanaceae |

Hyoscyamus (D)

Capsicum (SD)

Lycopersicum (SD)

Datura (SD)

Nicotiana (SD)

Scrophulariaceae §

Linaria (D)

Melampyrum (ND)

Bignoniaceae J

Pithecoctenium (F)

Pedaliaceae f t

Sesamum (SD)

Martyniaceae t

Martynia (SD)

Rubiaceae J

Coflfea (ND)

Caprifoliaceae f

Sambucus (ND)

Cucurbitaceae t

Hodgsonia (F)

Telfairia (ND)

Acanthosicyos (SD)

Luffa (SD, F)

Bryonia (SD)

Citrullus (SD)

Cucumis (SD)

68 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

Cucurbita (SD) Madia (D)

Echinocystis (SD) Echinops (D)

Compositae§ Jfppa (D)

Vernonia (ND) Carthamnus (D)

Helianthus (D) Mogumia (W)

Guizotia (D) Lactuca (SD)

* Temperate f Subtropical t Tropical § Widely distributed

D= Drying SD= Semi-drying ND= Non-drying F=Fat W=Wax

THE LIBRARY OF THE

FEB141938

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

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