LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Acocks, Anrrup;—Natural History Notes from H. M.’s Indian

Marine Survey Steamer ‘Investigator, Oommander Aurrep

Carrrnter, R. N., D.S. O., commanding. No. 10. List of

the Pleuronectide obtained in the Bay of Bengal, in 1888

and 1889, with pce of new and rare go aha

XVI—XVIII), ........0e

———— — ;— NM Ahad! Lesions ‘Notes ‘fan T. Me s Tadeo

Marine Survey Steamer ‘Investigator,’ Commander Aurrnp

Carpenter, R. N., D. S. O., commanding No. 12. De-

scriptions of some new and rare species of Fishes from the Bay

of Bengal obtained ee. the season of 1888-89. (Plate

Page

SD AL ND ie ray ea rrr Sareonrr teers

Anpersoy, Henry H. prey on iaaates ‘Rotifers, Bias XIX

—XXI).. apn Act seaiesiteetsa

Atkinson, H, 7 — 4 new reper wat ihe of Dados (Plate b,

a Sanne hci alpha dd on Indian Rhynchota; Heteroptera,

;—Indzw to the first five Papers on Indian Rhyn-

chota, completing the Family Pentatomide :—I Journ. lvi.

pt. ii, p. 22, 1887; IT, 2b., p. 144: ITT, 2b. vii, p. 1, 1888: IV

ib, p. 118: V, ib. lviii, p. 20, 1889, bibs caeser pan nrmenes

3ancuAy, A.;—A Descriptive List of the Uvedines, occurring tn the

neighbourhood of Simla (Western Himalayas). Part II. Pue-

cinia, (Plates XII.—XIV.) . : Leterrier htt

3ourNE, ALrrep Gipes ;—On carian Th eee mre fase the W. aac nv

Himalayas and Dehra Dun. (Plate IIL.)

Donerty Winiiam;—Notes on Assam Butterflies. (Plate X. om dipasky's

—_—— -—On certain Lycenide from Lower Tenas-

serim. (Plate XXIII), ssessssesceesvecserereeeeeeceseewrnseeenee secs

Hinu, 8. A.;—ZLhe Tornadoes and Hailstorms of April and Mes

1888 in the Doab and Rohilkhand. (Plates IV.—IX),. ... 000...

Kiya, Grorer ;—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Leraierry, M. L. ;—Definitions of three new Homoptera, ..+-. ser

Lypexker, R.;—On the Tortoises described as Chaibassia. (With

two Wood-cuts), soe dN ieephad Mead thee tvcieasees ag Magarchiieewatanetind

279

441

135

359

252

327

List of Contributors.

Mouxnopapuyay, Asutosn ;—-The Geometric ome of pple

Differential Hquation to all Conics,.. % ets

— ;—Some Sp btiatiene “of “Elliptic Buen

tions to Problems of Mean Values. (Kirst Paper). (Witha

VEDIO Sik pec tecve apne cits ts said OPM RCC or CCutiak Cistedyslocsvaireheseties

— ;—Some applications of Hlliptie Functions

to Problems of Mean Values. (Second Paper)... Pees Pa

Oarrs, Evanns W.;—On the Species of Thelyphonus inhabiting

Continental India, Burma, and the bia: Peninsula. (Plate

BE vy

Prpuer, ts die ia Volatility Re some “of the tetas. af ae.

cury and of the metal itself. . Sy easter al fey iyi re

Pray, D. ;—Novicie Indice i “Bind abidtonih species of Pedi-

GCUNGTTA c.syaes ae praaae

Scuater, W. L. aa fotabin: ae a Bhp’ 8 ieee ‘alied to Sere

dybowskii, Tac., procured from the Darjeeling Bazaar, (Plate

Simon, EH. ;—H'tude sur les Arachnides de ? Himalaya recueillis

par M M. Otpuam et Woop-Mason et faisant partie des collec-

tious de V Indian Museum, Iv¢ Partie,.......00+ eels

Woop-Mason, J. ;—WNotice of a Neolithic Celt ipfot Teak a in rie

Chota Nagpur District. (Plate XV.) sscssccossecsvessrsoscesseoare

—;—The Ethiopian and Oriental Representatives of

the Maniodean Subfamily Vatidee, ...:.ccreceruve sce cenavvevencoensees

Supplement No, 1

Arxinson, EH. T.;—Catalogue of the Insecta of the Oriental Region

No. 1. Order Coleoptera, Family Cicindelider, ........sceecee ee

;—Catalogue of the Insecta. Order Rhynchota.

Sub-order Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Family Capsida, ....see0s

Supplement No. 2.

Warrrnousn, J.. Conn, W. H. and Popr, T. A.; trie Weights

and Measures prepared for the use of the Photographic and

Lithographic offices, Survey of India, ... +r

Page

189

Dates of issue of the different numbers of the Journal, Pt. II, 1889.

No. 1.—Containing pp. 1—184, with Plates I, II, & III, was issued

on May 21st, 1889.

No. 2.—Containing pp. 135—254, with Plates IV, V, VI, VII, VIII,

IX, X, XI, XI, XIII & XIV, was issued on September 3rd,

1889.

No. 3.—Containing pp. 255—3826, with Plate XV, was issued on

November 7th, 1889.

No. 4.—Containing pp. 327—440, with Plates XVI, XVII, XVIII,

XIX, XX & XXI, was issued on December 30th, 1889.

No. 5.—Containing pp. 441—448, with Plates XXII & XXIII, and

Title-page, Index, &c., to the Volume, was issued on September

3rd, 1890.

Dates of issue of the different numbers of the Journal, Pt. II, Supplement,

1889.

No. 1.—Containing pp. 1—199, was issued on January 17th, 1890.

No, 2.—Containing pp. 1—15, was issued on October 24th, 1889.

LIST OF PLATES.

v I.—Pseudopulvinaria sikkimensis, n. sp.

v U.—Indian species of Thelyphonus.

vIII.—Typhceus Masoni, sp. nov. and Pericheta houlletu.

« TV—IX.—Maps illustrating barometric pressure in the Doab and

Rohilkhand.

X.—Assam Butterflies.

X1.— Head of Cervus dybowskii.

XII.

XIII. ? Species of Puccinia found in the neighbourhood of Simla.

XIV.

4 XV.—Neolithic Celt from Jashpur.

v XVI. \

exavall: Pleuronectide from the Bay of Bengal.

~ XVIII.

IXX., | Indian Rotifers.

*XXI.

*XXIIT.—New and Rare Fishes from the Bay of Bengal.

*XXIII.—Lycwnide from Tenasserim.

Y=, NEW SERIES, VOL. LVINL, COLE XXIX,

JOURNAL

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

Vol. LVIII, Part II, No. 1.1889.

EDITED BY

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PRINTED By f, ff, ROUSE, AT THE PaAPTisT MussION PRESS,

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Issued May 21st, 1889.

CONTENTS.

T—A new Species and Genus of Coccide.—By E. T. Atkinson, B.A,

(With Plate Me arieeerienes ty deiceren isi ty reseed ALTA ee

II.—On the Species of Thelyphonus inhabiting Continental India,

Burma, and the Malay Peninsula.— By Everunn W. Oates,

F. Z, 8. Oommunicated by Tur SUPERINTENDENT oF THE

Tnpian Museum, (With Plate II.)

III.—Notes on Indian Rhynch

ATKINSON, B, A....eseeceses- Weesupseeseneseceseraveaesessauscstseses

LV.—On certain Harthworms from the Western Himalayas and Dehra

Dun.— By Aurrev Gisps Bourns, D. Sc. (Lonp.), C. M. %. §

¥,L.S., Fellow of University College, London, and Madras Uni-

versity. Communicated by Tun SUPERINTENDENT OF THE Inpray

RIUSRUM, OCW ith Plate TL) ieeinsevns anctstedsonucasseicovess

V.—Notes on Assam Butterflies —By Wiutam Douzrry, Cincinnati,

U.S. A. Communicated by Tun SurrrinteNpEnt or THE INDIAN

Musnum. (With Plate X.).cccsee

ota; Heteroptera, No. 5,— By Hi. T.

eee ee ete eee re ses veeneeonbare ren

—_———oT

Plate X, illustrative of Mr. Doherty’s article on Assam Butterflies,

will be issued with the next number, ’

Page’

110

118

coy -iecmererams ais

ee eee

ier

SIS}

JOURNAL

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

= @@ete

Part I1—NATURAL SCIENCE.

No. I1.—1889.

fa Oe ne

L—A new Species and Genus of Coccides.—By EH. T. Arxtyson, B. A.

[Received September 80th ;—Read November 7th, 1888, ]

(With Plate I.)

The Coccid described below was received from Mr. F. Gammie, who

procured it at Munghphu (8800 feet) in Sikkim on Quercus incana,

Castanea indica, and O. tribuloides. I forwarded specimens to Mr. W. H.

Maskell of Wellington, New Zealand, who devotes much attention to

this family, and he has kindly sent me the drawings of the insect in its

different stages shown on the accompanying plate. This coccid clearly

belongs to Maskell’s group Hemicoceina, which is characterised by

having, in the larval stage, the anal tubercles of the Ooccina, and, in the

adult female, the abdominal cleft and lobes of the Lecanina. I had

provisionally placed this insect in the genus Pulvinaria of the group

Lecanina, as the adult female does not appear to differ from the adult

females of that genus. Mr. Maskell was at first of the same opinion,

but, having examined the larval form in its earliest stages, he found

that it presented undoubted and distinct ‘anal tubercles’ (Fig. 11),

which at once remove it from the Lecanina.

It cannot be placed in the genus Kermes of the group Hemicoccina

owing to structural differences, so that we have to form a new genus, to

which the name Pseudopulvinaria, as suggested by Mr. Maskell, has

K. T, Atkinson—New Species and Genus of Coccides. [No. 1,

been given to show its connection with the lecanid genus Pulvinaria, iy

The insect is really a hemicoccid possessing more lecanid appearances

than any other of the group hitherto known. The position of the insect

on the tree during its several stages is rather curious. The larve and

the females of the second stage cluster along the midrib of the lower

surface of the leaf, whilst the adult female alone is found along the twig

to which the leaves are attached (Fig. 1). ‘The secretion is closer than sa

in Pulvinaria, and quite as cottony during the larval stage, but, in the

second stage, becomes more waxy, so as to approach in appearance the

genus Orthezia, and the masses of wax on the leaves are more like

detached or attached plates (Fig. 2) than threads. Unfortunately the

male has not yet been secured.

It is satisfactory to know that the adult female is subject to the

attacks of several species of hymenopterous and dipterous parasites,

which we may hope to characterise hereafter, for, otherwise, from the

size and number of these coccids on the leaves and twigs affected, much

damage must ensue, should they increase to any extent. It disappears

during the rains (July—September), but comes on abundantly at the

close of the rains, and matures about April.

doe

Genus PsrUDOPULVINARIA nor. =

Adult females naked, without a waxy fringe, somewhat cirenlar or

oval and flattish. In Kermes, the adult female is entirely globular,

except a small incision where it rests on the twig to which it is attached,

and appears to have neither legs, antenns, nor rostrum,

PsEUDOPULVINARIA SIKKIMENSIS, n, Sp. ‘

Adult ?, above reddish-brown, naked, somewhat convex, irregularly

circular or oval in shape, varying in size, skin smooth, punctulate. The

insect frequently falls off, leaving the white cottony ovisac attached

to the twig. Furnished beneath with eyes, antennw, legs and rostrum ;

the abdominal cleft and lobes distinct (Fig. 5): antenne borne on a

tubercle, 6-jointed, second joint longest, unarmed; others with sete

varying in length (Fig. 6): claw with four digitules, the upper pair

longest (Fig. 7). The ovisac on which the female rests is formed of a >a

compact white cerous substance, following and extending beyond the

outline of the insect itself. The spinnerets (filiéres: Fig. 8) are

scattered irregularly over the nether caudal surface and are not arrang

in groups or circles. Found only on the twigs: long, 5—9 mill,

The 9 of the second stage (Mig. 9) with its waxy plates is found on

the lower surface of the midrib of the leaf. These plates seem to be {

1889.] E. T. Atkinson—New Species and Genus of Coccide. 3

attached transversely to a longitudinal median ridge and give this form

a peculiar ribbed appearance.

The larval form is furnished with antenna, legs, rostrum, and anal

tubercles bearing long sete (Fig. 10). These tubercles are very distinct

in the earliest stage of the larva (Vetat embryonnaire: Fig. 11), and are

characteristic of the group.

The 3 is unknown.

Hab. Mungphu (3800 feet), Sikkim.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Fig. 1. Insect on twig and leaves: slightly reduced.

2. Waxy masses on leaves, magnified.

3. Adult ¢, dorsal aspect, cotton removed: magnified about 4.

4. Same, ventral aspect, cotton removed: magnified.

5. Same, abdominal cleft, lobes, anogenital ring and spinnerets: do.

6. Same, antenne: x 90.

7. Same, claw and digitules: x 90.

8. Same, spinnerets: magnified.

9. § of second stage, dorsal aspect, with waxy plates.

10, Larva, ventral aspect: x 90.

11. Anal tubercles just before emerging from the egg : magnified.

12, Edge of the body of larva with hairs &.: x 350,

H. W. Oates—On the Species of Thelyphonus inhabiting [No. 1,

II.—On the Species of Thelyphonus inhabiting Continental India, Burma,

and the Malay Peninsula—By Euauns W. Oarus, F. Z. 8. Com-

municated by THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE INDIAN MusnumM.

[Received January 24th ;—Read April 3rd, 1889.]

(With Plate IT.)

The obscure animals which belong to this genus are very little

known. I have steadily collected them for some years now with the

best results, and not long since I took the opportunity of studying the

specimens contained in the Indian Museum, all of which were very

kindly placed at my disposal by Mr. J. Wood-Mason, the Superintendent

of the museum. ;

There are now thirteen species known within the above limits, of

which three have been already described, eight are new to science, and

two are unknown to me, and in my opinion insufficiently described to be

ever determinable. These two were described by Mr. A. G. Butler many

years ago and in terms which, when applied to these animals, are

altogether insufficient. For this reason I have excluded them from

this paper, and I hope to notice them on a future occasion, when I have

had time to examine the types, which I understand are in the British

Museum. These two species are J’. sepiaris, described from Tonghoo

and Ceylon, and 1’. nigrescens, from Tenasserim (Cist. Ent. vi, p- 129).

The Thelyphoni live under timber and stones, lying concealed during

the day time and creeping about at night only. When discovered, they

seem overcome with surprise, but they speedily recover and hurry away

with considerable speed into holes and crevices. They are frequently

found at the roots of trees under accumulations of dead leaves and

rubbish. They require moisture, but must have well drained goil.

I have never found two species together, and my experience is that

each species inhabits a tract of country to the exclusion of others. For

instance, in Rangoon 2’, rangunensis is found ; proceeding 80 miles north,

this species ceases and 1, sylvaticus occurs. Similarly, further north

T’. savatilis is alone found to occur. Reef and Double Islands each has

its peculiar species. The species which so far as I know has the largest

area of distribution is 7’. indicus, but the localities “ Western Bengal

and Southern India” attached to the few specimens I have been able

to examine are so vague that no certainty can be attached to this

point.

The Thelyphoni, when once you get into the way of finding them, are

sufficiently abundant. I have frequently found twenty in one morning,

1889.] Continental India, Burma, and the Malay Peninsula. 5

and, on one occasion, while visiting the lighthouse on Double Island, I

secured 360 in three hours’ work, myself and one man.

All the species I have met with emit a peculiar odour, more like

aromatic vinegar than anything else I know, but more pungent. This

odour emanates from a liquid which is ejected from an orifice near the

root of the tail, and so powerful is it that it has frequently betrayed to

me the position of the animal. On one occasion, when examining a live

animal, I had a drop of the liquid injected into my eye, but it proved to

be harmless.

These animals, it is hardly necessary to state, are quite incapable of

inflicting injury to anything large than an insect. They have no sting and

their cheliceres are very weak. A writer in the “ Scientific American”

sometime ago graphically described how a species common in Florida

was in the habit of killing horses, so powerful was its sting. This is

of course all nonsense.

I have not been able to discover anything regarding the breeding

of these whip-scorpions. I have taken the very young only a-quarter

of an inch in length and also what appeared to be pregnant females,

but I could find neither eggs nor embryos in them. Mr. Kea, the ener-

getic Italian naturalist now working in Burma, informs me, however,

that he once discovered a female carrying a bunch of egg under her

cephalothorax by the aid of her first pair of legs, This is all I know

about the matter,

The two sexes of the Thelyphoni grow up absolutely alike till full

grown. At this stage, the male, by some process upon which [ am able,

Iam sorry to say, to throw no light, undergoes a transformation and

emerges from it totally different from the female. That this is fact can

admit of no doubt. Adult males are nearly as abundant as adult females,

but half or three-quarter grown males with the external characters of

the adult male, or with any characters at all not possessed by the

female, are unknown. Once adult the sexes are as different as possible in

appearance.

The immature animals resemble the adult female in all characters

except colour, and in this latter respect the differences are not great,

reds being replaced by olive-yellows or greens and black tints by pink

ones.

In growing up, they seem to undergo numerous moults just like

the scorpions and spiders.

The adult sexes are markedly different in all the species I know,

The more marked difference is in the size and armature of the cheliceres,

but there are minor differences, such as the grooving or entirety of the

first lower abdominal segment, the size of the abdomen, and the colour

of the cheliceres.

6 E. W. Oates—On the Species of Thelyphonus inhabiting [No. 1,

Adults of both sexes may be recognized by a certain redness and

tumidity of the first lower abdominal segments not apparent in the

immature animal.

T append a key to the eleven species known to me, and, in the plate,

I have figured some parts of certain animals which will be of great

assistance in the discrimination of the species.

In my descriptions I have only dwelt upon those characters which

are of importance, chiefly the details of the cheliceres, the colours, and

the important points of the cephalothorax and abdomen. I have not

found the legs to vary in any appreciable degree in the different species,

and therefore I have omitted them.

It will be noticed in the key that the females of some species cannot

be discriminated from each other. I do not mean by this that the

females are absolutely alike, but merely to express my inability to

diagnose them in intelligible brief terms. Compared with each other

they are sufliciently distinct, varying in shade of colour, shape of

cheliceres, and in other points.

There are many immature specimens in the Indian Museum which

I have hesitated to describe till mature animals are available. It is to

be feared that many of the descriptions of these animals are based on

young specimens, and, if so, they are useless, as the young of many

species (which, when adult, are perfectly distinct) are absolutely alike.

On examining the specimens which the late Dr. Stoliczka referred

to 7’. angustus, Lucas (J. A. 8. B. 1873, pt. ii, p. 134), I found that the

specimens were referable to the young of 1’. assamensis, T, formosus, and

a species from Penang, the adult of which is unknown,

Key to the Species.

a. With a sharp ridge between the central and lateral

eyes.

a’, First joint of cheliceres with a lateral spine

as well as a terminal one,

a’, <Apophysis of the fourth joint of the cheli-

ceres cylindrical, smooth on both edges,

the outer edge rounded off at the tip

(Big. 13), seosccccscssseesenesearsceveseevesverssees Assamensis, o.

b”, Apophysis of the fourth joint of the cheli-

ceres sharply triangular, serrated on both

CULES, cssresencescovsrneeesearcemessesssesarersneses GSSAMENSIS, Po

b’, First joint of cheliceres with only a terminal

spine; second joint generally with 6 tecth,

1889. ] Continental India, Burma, and the Malay Peninsula, 7

e’, First lower abdominal segment divided longi-

tudinally by a groove (Fig. 3 and 4).

a’, Groove very deep and distinct (Fig. 3).

a*, Moveable finger of cheliceres festooned

interiorly (Fig. 5); the terminal joint

of the cheliceres of large size, broader

~. than the fourth joint, vrs. Midicus, d.

b*. Moveable finger of cheliceres simply

rounded interiorly (Fig. 11); the ter-

minal joint of the cheliceres weak,

much narrower than the fourth, ...... johorensis, 3,

Groove very shallow and indistinct (Fig.4), indicus, 9.

ad’, First lower abdominal segment entire, with

no trace of a QYOOVE, secs sevevsseeeee Johorensis, @.

6. With no sharp ridge between the eee al and

lateral eyes, this region being rounded.

ec’. Apophysis of fourth joint of cheliceres long and

cylindrical, smooth on both edges, suddenly

and quadrately widened out on the terminal

quarter of its length (Fig. 12), ......eeeeeee andersont, 3,

« d’. Apophysis of fourth joint of cheliceres oplisian

cal, smooth on both edges, suddenly narrowed

on the terminal half of its length (Fig. 10), wood-masoni, &.

e’, Apophysis of fourth joint of cheliceres abso-

lutely cylindrical, the two edges being

parallel throughout their length and smooth

(Fig. 7).

e’, Length of abdomen and cephalothorax 1:3

ING. veh exdapaaecernee . insularis, 3,

jf”. Uength of abdomen and aealonitt ota 1 sheet Jormosus, &.

i: Apeplives of fourth joimt of cheliceres ap-

proximately cylindrical but the edges more

or less swollen towards their extremities

(Fig. 9).

gj. (Inner edge of the fourth joint of the cheli-

~+- ceres coarsely granulated ; the inner edge

of the third joint double the length of the

front edge of the second,. eh Aen .. binghami, @.

hn’, Inner edge of the fourth Seth of ha) “ae

ceres smooth ; inner edge of third joint

equal to the front edge of the second.

ce’, The three hinder pairs of legs uniformly

o/”

Seana aie

MGC wmaaak el insarr als epeseeserattorierie Coe tee: saxatilis, &

E. W. Oates—On the Species of Thelyphonus inhabiting [No. 1,

d’/’’, Coxe and femora of the three hinder

pairs of legs reddish-brown, the other

joints red.

a*, Apophysis of fourth joint gently swollen

near the tip ONLY, ...secesvscsssessocesersees TANGuNEnsis, B.

b*. Apophysis of fourth joint greatly swollen

over the terminal third of its length, sylvaticus, 3.

g'. Apophysis of the fourth joint of the cheliceres

triangular, sharply pointed, serrated on both

edges (Fig. 2 and 8).

vw”. First lower abdominal segment broadly

rounded posteriorly (Fig. 3) allthe legs red, binghami, ?.

j”. First lower abdominal segment sharply pro-

truding posteriorly (Fig. 4).

wood-masont, 9.

e’’, All the legs uniformly red, .......0..sceseeee {nears Q.

formosus, 2.

fj”. Coxe and femora of all the legs reddish-

brown, the other portions red, ............ rangunensis, Q.

g’. The three hinder pairs of legs uniformly

red ; the first pair reddish-brown,......... savatilis, 2.

1. TuunypHonus assamunsis. PI. I, Fig. 13.

Thelyphonus assamensis, Stoliczka, J. A. 8. B. 1869, pt. ii, p. 205, pl. xix, fig. 1;

18738, pt. ii, p. 133, pl. xii, fig. 2.

Thelyphonus scabrinus, Stoliezka, J. A. S. B. 1878, pt. ii, p. 180, pl. xii, fig. 1.

Theliphonus psittacinus, Butler, Cist. Ent. vi, p. 129, pl. v, fig. 2 (1878).

3. Cheliceres and cephalothorax black; abdomen black tinged with

red; legs and tail very deep red; below, first joint of cheliceres black

with a rufous tinge ; cephalothorax, abdomen, and legs deep blood-red.

Q. Similar in coloration to the male, but with the cheliceres slightly

tinged with red.

Immature animal. Entirely dull reddish, the legs tinged with

olivaceous brown.

Length 1'7 inches; cheliceres ‘75 inch.

Many animals of this species are of an uniform madder-brown

colour and this is probably the normal colour immediately after the

change of skin, Analogous cases occur among the scorpions.

Structure. 3. Cheliceres densely and coarsely granulated in every

part; second joint with five teeth on the front and lateral edges, always

distinct, two large spines below; third joint with a very long sharp

spine below; fourth joint very large, with a small spine below and a

See

1889. ] Continental India, Burma, and the Malay Peninsula. 9

large apophysis on the interior-front corner, long and cylindrical, ter-

minated with a large spine and furnished below with numerous teeth

like a coarse file (Fig. 13) ; fifth joint much narrower than the fourth,

fixed finger short and tringular almost smooth on both edges, movable

finger long and curved, serrated below, in shape much as in Fig. 11;

one sharp spine on the lower projecting angle of the joint; first joint

of cheliceres below densely punctured and slightly wrinkled in places;

the anterior process with a lateral spine as well as a terminal one;

cephalothorax densely granulated all over with a very pronounced sharp

ridge between the lateral and middle eyes.

First lower abdominal segment wrinkled in the middle, not divided

by a groove; posterior edge well rounded.

Structure 9. Cheliceresas densely granulated as in the male ; second

joint with five very distinct teeth in front and two spines below; third

joint with a blunt spine on the interior edge and a long, sharp one be-

low; fourth joint with a minute spine below and a triangular, pointed

apophysis on the interior-front corner serrated on both edges (Fig. 8) ;

fifth joint very narrow and feeble, fixed finger short and sharply trian-

gular, serrated on both edges, movable finger longa nd sharply pointed,

curved (Fig. 6), serrated on the inner edge; first joint of cheliceres

below as in the male.

Cephalothorax as in the male. First abdominal segment below

differing in no respect from that of the male.

Found throughout Assam and Sikkim, and the hill-ranges of

Eastern Bengal and Cachar.

The late Dr. Stoliczka appears to have been ignorant of the great

difference of structure between the sexes of these animals, and he de-

scribes the two sexes under different names. His name has priority over

Mr. Butler’s by four years. This species is widely distributed and

appears to be common, and was consequently, we may suspect, known te

the earlier writers on these animals, but to identify it with any of their

names is now impossible. It will be well, therefore, to adopt Dr.

Stoliczka’s name instead of making fruitless attempts to find an earlier

one.

2. TuutyrHonus inpicus. Pl, II, Figs. 1—6.

Thelyphonus indicus, Stoliezka, J. A. 8. B, 1873, pt. ii, p. 188, pl. xii, fig. 5.

beddomei, 55 J, A. 8. B. 1878, pt. ii, p. 142, pl. xii, fig. 6,

&. Cephalothorax and abdomen dull chestnut-brown; cheliceres

bright chestnut ; legs and tail deep red below, cheliceres deep chestnut ;

abdomen, sternum, and legs bright chestnut. Length 13 inches.

9, Similar to the male in colour,

10 E. W. Oates—On the Species of Thelyphonus inhabiting [No. 1,

Structure, &. Cheliceres strong; basal joint slightly punctured.

and wrinkled towards the front; second joint densely and coarsely

granulated, the anterior portion rounded, with five or more sharp distinct

teeth on the edge and two stronger ones on the lower surface; third

joint thickly punctured all over and wrinkled towards the interior edge,

which is angular and furnished with one spine, another spine below ;

fourth joint sparingly punctured all over and slightly granulated towards

the origin of the apophysis which is triangular (Fig. 1) and slightly

curved backwards, closely serrated on the outer edge and furnished with

a few blunt spines on the inner; fifth joint large, broader than the

fourth, sparingly punctured all over, fixed finger triangular, short and

broad, finely serrated on the outer edge, the inner edge rough and

furnished with a few small spines; movable finger slightly curved, the

upper edge sinuated, finely serrated and with a blunt tooth near the tip

(Fig. 5,), the lower edge simply curved and ronghly serrated.

Cephalothorax densely granulated with a sharp sinuated ridge

between the lateral and central eyes.

First lower abdominal segment of huge size, tumid, divided longi-

tudinally by a groove and broadly rounded posteriorly (Fig. 3),

Structure, 9. The abdomen much larger and the cheliceres shorter

and slighter ; the apophysis of the fourth joint of the cheliceres is also

much broader at the base, but of about the same length, and consequently

much blunter ; the first abdominal lower segment is pointed posteriorly

and barely grooved (Fig. 4). The movable finger is also of a very

different shape and size (Fig. 6).

An examination of the late Dr. Stoliczka’s types and of some other

specimens more recently acquired by the Indian Museum demonstrates

that his 7. indicus is the male and 7’. beddomet the female of the same

species.

The number of teeth on the front edge of the second joint of the

cheliceres varies much in this species as may be seen from the following

enumeraticn of examples examined.

&. 7 teeth on right; 5 on left with traces of 3 more.

3. 6 on right one being bifid ; 5 on left with trace of another.

&.6 on right; 5 on left.

&. 6 on right; 5 on left.

9. 7 teeth on each side (7. beddomet).

All the specimens I have examined came from Southern India and

Western Bengal, but no precise locality is attached to them.

Mr. Butler identifies his 7. sepiaris with this species (Ann. & Mag.

Nat. Hist, ser. 4, vol. xii, p. 116), but as he gives 7. sepiaris from

Tonghoo and Ceylon, and allows 7’. beddomei to be a good distinet species,

1889.] Continental India, Burma, and the Malay Peninsula. 1

I fear the matter is too involved for me to arrive at any conclusion on

the subject without the examination of his type, and for this I have had

no opportunities.

3. 'THELYPHONUS JOHORENSIS, nu. sp., Pl. II, Fig. 11, &.

3. Cheliceres very deep red ; cephalothorax nearly black ; abdomen

deep red; legs deep madder, brighter towards the extremities; below,

first joint of cheliceres deep red; abdomen, sternum and exinguinal

joints of legs blood red. Length 1'2 inches; cheliceres ‘5 inch.

9. Similar in colour to the male; slightly smaller.

Immature animal. Cephalothorax and abdomen red, legs brighter,

cheliceres bright coral-red.

Structure, 3. First joint of cheliceres densely punctured all over ;

second densely punctured, with six teeth on the anterior and lateral

edges and two strong spines below; third densely punctured all over,

with a very strong spine below ; fourth joint densely punctured, with a

long recurved triangular apophysis, serrated on the outer edge, and with

a few teeth on the outer; fifth joint (Fig. 11) weak, narrower than the

fourth, sparingly punctured, fixed finger serrated on the outer edge, with

a few spines on the outer and down tke side of the joint; movable

finger weak, serrated on the inner edge, with a few spines on the lower

edge.

Cephalothorax densely granulated all over, the space between the

central and lateral eyes ridged. —

First lower abdominal segment deeply grooved longitudinally (Fig.

3), extremely swollen large and rounded,

Structure, 9. Similar to the male, but the apophysis of the fourth

joint of the cheliceres shorter and broader at base ; first lower abdominal

segment without a longitudinal groove, and pointed posteriorly.

I have much pleasure in naming this species after the territory of

the Sultan of Johore, where Mr. Wood-Mason discovered it.

4, 'THELYPHONUS ANDERSONI, n. sp., Pl. II, Fig. 12.

&. Cephalothorax and cheliceres dark red, the legs paler red, the

abdomen of intermediate colour; below, cheliceres dark red; abdomen,

sternum and exinguinal joints of legs pale red; tail rather paler than

the legs. Length 1 inch.

@. Similar in colour to the male and of same size.

Immature animal. Unknown.

Structure, 3. Cheliceres smooth with a very few minute punc-

tures; first joint normal; second with a few obsolete teeth on the

anterior and lateral edge and two strong spines below; third with a

12 E. W. Oates—On the Species of Thelyphonus inhabiting [No. 1,

sharp tooth on the lower surface ; fourth with an indistinct spine on the

lower edge and with a long apophysis on the interior angle. This

apophysis is about the same length as the joint to which it is attached,

perfectly cylindrical for three-quarters of the length, and suddenly

widened out on the terminal quarter of its length to a width half as

wide again as the cylindrical portion and terminating ina single recurved

spine (Fig. 12); fifth joint feeble, narrower than the fourth, the interior

edge toothed and furnished with hairs, the exterior edge of the fixed

finger serrated; movable finger curved, sharply pointed, furnished

with hairs and serrated below. Cephalothorax densely granulated, except

ona portion between the lateral and central eyes, which is smooth and

tumid but not ridged. First lower abdominal segment large, broadly

sinuated behind, but not grooved.

Structure, 2. Differs from the male in the structure of the cheli-

ceres and first lower abdominal segment. Second joint of cheliceres

with five distinct teeth, one on the middle of the anterior edge and

four on the lateral, the foremost, situated at the angle of the two edges,

being twice as large as the others, which are all of equal size, two small

spines on the lower surface; third joint with a small tooth on the

interior edge and one below; fourth joint with a short and sharply

triangular apophysis, both edges serrated ; fifth joint as in the male,

The first lower abdominal segment is longer and pointed posteriorly.

I have much pleasure in naming this species after Dr. John Ander-

son, the late Superintendent of the Indian Museum, who discovered it in

Upper Burma. The male was taken in the second defile of the Ivawadi

river and the female on Pudeepyoo mountain. Both are preserved in

the Indian Museum.

The only female of this species is much mutilated, but I have de-

scribed it to the best of my power. I regret, however, to have to leave it

out of my key; when writing which I had not access to the specimen.

5. 'THELYPHONUS WOOD-MASONI, n. sp., Pl. II, Fig. 10.

&. Cheliceres and cephalothorax pitchy-black; abdomen black

tinged with red; legs blood-red ; tail like the legs; below, first joint of

cheliceres dark reddish-brown; legs and sternum with first abdominal

segment blood-red, remainder of abdomen darker red.

¢. Similar to the male in colour.

Immature animal. Cheliceres coffee-brown, cephalothorax and

abdomen dull rufous, the legs dull reddish vandyke-brown.

Length, male 1 inch; female, °95.

Structure, &. Cheliceres very sparingly punctured and nearly

smooth all over, the exterior angle of the second joint transversel ly

1889.] Continental India, Burma, and the Malay Peninsula. 13

wrinkled; second joint with 3-6 obsolete teeth on the anterior and

interior edges and two blunt spines below; third joint with one spine

below, the interior edge equal in length to the anterior edge of the

second joint; fourth joint very broad, no spine below, with a long

apophysis springing from the antero-lateral corner, the first half cylin-

drical and broad, the terminal half about half the thickness of the first

and constricted in the middle, quadrately terminated and furnished

with a small spine at the end (Fig, 10), the inside of the apophysis at

the end with a large rounded process; fifth joint large, rounded, broader

than the fourth joint, the imner edge scooped out to receive the rounded

process on the apophysis of the fourth joint, causing the fixed finger to

stand out as a cylindrical tooth serrated on both edges; movable finger

moderately curved, serrated on the inner edge.

Cephalothorax densely granulated, the space between the anterior

and the lateral eyes tumid.

Structwre, 9. Cheliceres with the first joint normal; second with

five teeth on the anterior and lateral edges and two spines below: third

joint with a lateral spine and one below ; fourth with a spine below and

a sharply-pointed triangular apophysis serrated on the inner edge and

and with 3 spines on the outer; fifth jomt weak, narrower than the

fourth, the fixed finger sharply triangular and serrated on both edges,

the movable finger gently curved and serrated on the inner edge.

The cheliceres, as in the male, are nearly smooth, being very slightly

punctured in a few places only.

Described from specimens taken on Muleyit mountain in Tenasserim

and now in the Indian Museum, I have named it after Mr. J. Wood-

Mason, the energetic Superintendent of the Indian Museum,

6. THELYPHONUS INSULARIS, un. sp., Pl. II, Figs. 7, 8.

3. Cheliceres, cephalothorax, and abdomen deep black; legs and

tail bright red; below, the first joint of cheliceros deep red, the other

joints black, abdomen and legs bright red. Length 1:3 ins. ; cheliceres

“75 ins.

@. Of the same colour as the male. Length 1:3, chel. ‘5 in.

Immature animal. Fourth and fifth joints of the cheliceres pink,

second and third pinkish-brown ; cephalothorax and abdomen greenish ;

coxal and femoral joints of legs pale greenish-brown, the remaining

joints and the tail pale orange-yellow; below, first joint of cheliceres

pale red, the other joints, and the legs, of the same colour as the upper

surface, abdomen pale greenish-brown. With age the colours become

firmer and the changes to the adult stage are very gradual. In half-

grown specimens the legs are nearly uniform red and the cheliceres

becoming blackish.

KE. W. Oates—On the Species of Thelyphonus inhabiting [No. 1,

Structure, &. Second joint of cheliceres punctured all over, granu-

lated and wrinkled at the anterior lateral corner, teeth on the interior

and anterior margins indistinct, very variable in number and in all cases

small and obsolete, no distinct spine below. Third joint punctured all

over and coarsely granulated on the inner edge, with a spine below.

Fourth joint with very few punctures, nearly smooth, apophysis long

and cylindrical, terminated with two blunt teeth and with a large

rounded process interiorly near the end (Fig. 7). Fifth joint very large

and round, very nearly smooth, fixed finger short, triangular with a

broad base, serrated on both edges, movable finger rather shorter than

the fifth joint, serrated and sinuated within (Fig. 5). First joint beneath

very sparingly punctured.

Cephalothorax granulated all over and transversely wrinkled behind

the central eyes.

First lower abdominal segment smooth in the middle, not divided

longitudinally by a groove.

Structure, @. The upper surface of cheliceres sparingly punctured

throughont, 2nd joint with five very distinct teeth on the front and

lateral edges, of which the two on the front edge are the largest, two

teeth on the lower surface; third joint with a tooth on the interior edge

and one below; fourth joint with a tooth below, the apophysis trian-

gular, finely serrated on the outer edge, with two or three teeth on the

inner (Fig. 8), Fifth joint narrower than the fourth, fixed finger sharply

triangular, serrated on the outer edge, also on the inner edge nearly

down to the bottom of the joint; movable finger shorter than fifth

joint, gently curved throughout and serrated interiorly.

Cephalothorax and other parts, as in the male, except the first lower

abdominal segment, which is pointed posteriorly.

This species is remarkable for the huge cheliceres of the adult male.

It is common on Double Island at the entrance of the Moulmain River,

to which island it appears to be confined, for on the opposite coast of the

mainland P. formosus only is found. This island, which is crowned by a

lighthouse, is very rocky, and only a few acres in extent. Some soft soil

is found here and there under the rocks and under the bricks used for

the staircase up to the summit of the island, and under these this animal

occurs in incredible numbers.

7, THELYPHONUS FORMOSUS.

Thelyphonus formosus, Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. ser iy, vol. x, p. 201,

pt. xiii, f, H,

7 a Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. 1878, p, 137, pt. xii, f. 4.

S. Cheliceres shiny-black ; cephalothorax black slightly tinged

—

1889.] Continental India, Burma, and the Malay Peninsula. 15

with red; abdomen reddish-brown tending to black; legs entirely dark

red; lower surface dark chestnut, the first joint of the cheliceres much

deeper; tail paler than the legs. Length 1 inch.

@. Similar to the male in colour, and somewhat larger.

Immature animal. Cheliceres brownish-red turning to almost pure

red at the end; cephalothorax black; abdomen olivaceous-brown : first

three joints of all the legs olive-green; remainder of the legs and the

whole lower surface pale reddish-yellow, darker on the first joint of the

cheliceres.

Structure, &. Cheliceris very sparingly punctured all over, the

second joint with a few wrinkles across the exterior portion, and with

five more or less obsolete teeth on the anterior and interior edges ; two

spines on the lower surface; third joint with one spine below ; fourth

joint with a minute spine below and a long cylindrical apophysis on the

interior-front angle, terminated below by a bifid tooth, and with a large

rounded tubercle within; fifth joint large, broader than the fourth with

a spine beneath, the fixed finger very short and triangular, serrated on

both edges; movable finger sharp and curved (Fig. 11), finely serrated

interiorly.

Cephalothorax finely granulated all over; space between lateral and

frontal eyes swollen but not ridged.

First abdominal segment below smooth, not divided, broadly round-

ed posteriorly.

Structure, @. Second joint of cheliceres with five very distinct

teeth on the front edge and two spines below ; third joint with a spine

below; third joint with a minute spine below and a short, bluntly-

triangular apophysis on the interior-frontal angle, serrated interiorly

and with a few teeth on the outside; fifth joint weak and narrow, the

fixed finger triangular, sharply pointed and serrated on both edges, the

movable finger weak, sharply curved and serrated within.

Cephalothorax as in the male.

First abdominal segment below smooth, the middle posterior portion

abruptly lengthened.

Found in the neighbourhood of Moulmein in Tenasserim, where it

appears to be common.

8. THELYPHONUS BINGHAMI, N. Sp.

&. Cheliceres and cephalothorax deep black; abdomen black

tinged with red; legs bright red ; below, first joint of cheliceres and the

abdomen deep eds legs bright red.

@. Of the same colour as the male, but the shetisorss strongly

tinged with red,

16 E. W. Oates—On the Species of Thelyphonus inhabiting [No. 1,

Immature animal. Yirst and second joint of cheliceres reddish-

brown, the others coral-red; cephalothorax and abdomen dark brown ;

first three joints of all the legs olive-green, the others pale yellowish-

red; below, the cephalothorax and abdomen reddish-brown.

Length 1:1 inches; cheliceres, 9 °55; 9 ‘45 inch.

Structure, &@. Cheliceres sparingly granulated and punctured all

over, Second joint with five ill-defined teeth on the front and lateral

edges and two small spines below; third joint very long and cylindrical

with one spine below ; fourth joint long, the inner side granulated ; with

a blunt spine below and a long cylindrical aphophysis on the anterior-

lateral corner, slightly constricted in the middle and enlarged at the

tip (Fig. 9) terminated with a rather sharp spine and a tumid process

interiorly; fifth joint as broad as the fourth, serrated and festooned on

the inner edge; fingers remarkably small, the fixed one triangular,

nearly smooth on the inner edge, serrated on the outer, the movable

one gently curved and serrated interiorly.

Cephalothorax minutely and densely granulated, the space between

the lateral and frontal eyes barely tumid.

First lower abdominal segment entire, elevated and projecting

posteriorly.

Structure, 9. Cheliceres as in the male, but the second joint with

five sharp and well-defined teeth, one on the anterior edge and four on

the inner lateral edge; apophysis of fourth joint triangular with a few

large spines on the inner edge and closely serrated on the outer; the

fifth joint is much narrower than the fourth but the two fingers are the

same as inthe male. The third joint is much shorter and broader than

the same one in the male and the whole cheliceres are shorter and

stouter.

Cephalothorax exactly as in the male.

First abdominal segment entire, and rounded posteriorly as in the

male.

The males and females of this species approach each other very

closely in structure with regard to the cephalothorax and abdomen and

the only point of distinction lies in the cheliceres.

This species is very abundant on Reef Island at the entrance of the

Tayoy riverin Tenasserim. It is a densely wooded island crowned

by a small lighthouse. It is probably this species which Mons. Simon

records from Tayoy and not 7’. formosus.

I have much pleasure in naming this species after Major C. T.

Bingham, of the Forest Department of India, who has greatly assisted

me in collecting these obscure animals.

1889.] Continental India, Burmah, and the Malay Peninsula.

9. THELYPHONUS SAXATILIS, n. sp.

¢. Cephalothorax, cheliceres, and abdomen black; first pair of

legs reddish-black, except the tarsal joint, which, with the three other

pairs of legs, is bright red; tail reddish-brown ; below, the first joint

of cheliceres black tinged with red; sternum and base of legs red ; legs

the same colour as the superior surface ; abdomen reddish brown.

@. Resembles the male in colour.

Immature animal. Cheliceres reddish-brown turning to pink on

the last two joints; cephalothorax and abdomen dark olive-brown;

first pair of legs olive, except the tarsal joint, which, with the three

other pairs of legs, is pale red; below, uniform pale red, except the

base of the cheliceres, which is reddish-brown.

Length 1:1 inch; cheliceres of male, ‘5.

Structure, &. Second joint of cheliceres punctured all over, the

exterior-front corner wrinkled, the anterior and lateral edges with a

a few obsolete teeth, varying in number, one spine below ; third joint

punctured on the upper surface, granulated on the inner, and one blunt

spine below; fourth joint nearly smooth, merely with a very few

punctures, no spine below, apophysis long and cylindrical, constricted

in the middle, rather swollen at the end with a tumid process on the

inner side near the tip (Fig. 9) ; fifth joint large, nearly entirely smooth,

fixed finger short and triangular, serrated on the outer edge, nearly

smooth on the inner; movable finger rather long, curved throughout,

the inner edge festooned and serrated.

Cephalothorax densely granulated, the space between the lateral

and frontal eyes rather swollen.

First lower abdominal segment entire, rounded posteriorly.

Structure, 9. Cheliceres much shorter than in the male but simi-

larly punctured, ete. ; second joint with five sharp distinct teeth on the

front and internal edges and two spines below; third jomt with one

long spine below; fourth joint with a spine below and a triangular

apophysis with a few spines or teeth on the inner edge and densely

serrated on the outer; fifth joint narrow and feeble, fixed finger trian-

gular, serrated on both edges, movable finger curved, sharply pointed

and servated on the inner surface.

First lower abdominal segment entire, sharply protruding posterior-

ly in a blunt point.

This species is very common at Thayetmyo in Burma being found

under stones and bricks and in mud walls. Mr. D. K. Macdonald of

the Public Works Department collected large numbers of this animal

for me at that place.

18 E,W. Oates—On the Species of Thelyphonus inhabiting [No. 1,

10, THELYPHONUS RANGUNENSIS, n. sp.

&. Cephalothorax, cheliceres, and abdomen deep black ; coxes and

femora of all the legs reddish brown, remainder of legs deep red ;

beneath, the cheliceres dark reddish-black ; sternum and legs deep red ;

abdomen deep reddish-brown.

9. Of precisely the same colour as the male.

Immature animal. Cheliceres deep reddish-brown turning to red at

the tips; cephalothorax and abdomen nearly black ; coxse and femora of

all the legs and the tibial joint of the first pair of legs deep olive-green,

remainder of legs pale red.

Length 1 inch ; cheliceres, ‘45 in the male, ‘35 in the female.

Structure, &. Second joint of cheliceres sparingly punctured, with

a few obsolete teeth on the front and interior margins and two spines

below, of which one is very large and one very small; the exterior upper

corner wrinkled ; third joint rather closely punctured on the upper and

outer sides, granulated within, with one tooth below; fourth joint

nearly smooth, very broad, no spine below, apophysis very long, cylin-

drical, and of nearly equal width throughout, slightly wider near the

extreme tip; fifth joint large, nearly smooth, fixed finger triangular,

serrated on both edges, movable finger curved, sharp-pointed, and ser-

rated within.

Cephalothorax densely granulated all over, the space between the

lateral and frontal eyes slightly prominent and obsolately ridged.

First lower abdominal segment entire, with the margin posteriorly

rounded.

Structure, 9. Cheliceres short; second joint with two spines

below and five sharp, distinct ones on the front and inner edges, spar-

ingly punctured all over but not wrinkled; third joint sparingly

punctured all over with a spine on the inner surface ; fourth joint with

a few punctures, a spine below, and a triangular apophysis with a few

large teeth on the inner edge and serrated on the outer edge; fifth

joint sparingly punctured and serrated on the inner edge, fixed finger

triangular and serrated on both edges, movable finger short and

curved and serrated within.

Cephalothorax as in the male.

First abdominal segment below sharply produced posteriorly, entire.

This species is very common in Rangoon and the whole district

round, being found under old timber, stones, and bricks.

11. THELYPHONUS SYLVATICUS, n. sp.

3. Cheliceres pitchy black; cephalothorax and abdomen dull

1889.] Continental India, Burmah, and the Malay Peninsula. 19

black; first pair of legs and the coxe and femora of the other legs very

dark red, remainder of the legs bright red.

@. The adult female is unknown, but will, without doubt, be

found to have the same coloration as the male in respect to the legs.

Immature animal. Cheliceres pinkish brown; cephalothorax and

abdomen dull blackish; coxe: and femora of all the legs deep olive, the

other parts of the legs pale rufous.

Length ‘9 inch ; cheliceres, “4: inch.

Structure, 3. Cheliceres very slightly punctured, nearly smooth ;

second joint wrinkled on the exterior front corner with a few obsolete

teeth on the front and interior edges, varying in number, one spine

below ; third joint without any spine; fourth joint broad with no dis-

tinct spine below, apophysis long, the first half very narrow and cylin-

drical, suddenly widening out to double the width on the terminal

third ; a tumid process on the interior surface near the tip; fifth joint

fairly large, greatly sinuated on the interior edge, fixed finger triangular,

smooth on the inner edge, serrated on the outer; movable finger sharp-

ly curved, and pointed, serrated on the inner edge.

The cephalothorax is densely granulated and the first abdominal

segment entire and rounded posteriorly.

This species which is remarkable for the colour of its legs is no

doubt common in the Tharrawaddy District of Burma, but I only pro-

cured an adult male and an immature animal of it, the former at Zigon,

and the latter at Minhla. They were found in forest.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Fig. 1. Apophysis of the fourth joint of the cheliceres of T. indicus ot.

» 2 ” ” ” ” ” », T. indicus F.

» 8. First lower abdominal segment of 7. indicus ot.

» 4 ct co A 5 », T. indicus ?.

» 5. Terminal joint of cheliceres of T. indicus od.

kin ee Ri f 5 5, T. indieus ¢.

» 7. Apophysis of the fourth joint of the cheliceres of 7. insularis d.

» 8. ” ” ” ” ” ” y ©. insularis 2.

» 9 ” ” ” ” ” ” » T. saxatilis 3.

ar oe ~ 5 5 % 43 re 5, TI. wood-masont 3.

» 11. Terminal joint of cheliceres of 7. johorensis .

» 12. Apophysis of the fourth joint of the cheliceres of T. andersoni dl.

ay gS x o iy As + 3 5, T. assamensis oi.

De A RAR AR RRNA ATARI

KE. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

III.—WNotes on Indian Ruyncnora; Hererorrera, No. 5.

By Hi. T. Arxtnson, B. A.

(Received, May 18th ;—Read June 6th, 1888. ]

Subfamily, AcanrHosomina, Stal.

Oefvers. K. V.-A. Forh. (3), p. 32, 39 (1872): En. Hem. v, p. 108 (1876) :—

Acanthosomida, Stal, Hem. Afric., i, p. 88, 219 (1864).

a, b, c, as in Subfam. Pentatomina (J. A. S. B., pt. ii, p. 192,

1887).

(d.) Tarsi 2-jointed: scutellum not reaching the middle of the

dorsum of the abdomen, generally very narrow at the apex; and fur-

nished with frena extended almost to the apex: tibia obtusely rounded,

rarely furrowed. It contains those genera of the family Pentatomide

of Dallas which have the scutellum triangular, subequilateral, or not

much longer than broad, not reaching or barely extending beyond the

middle of the dorsum of the abdomen, the apical part placed behind the

frena, generally small, short, and narrow, the frena generally extended

for a distance towards the apex of the seutellum, rarely reaching only

the middle of the scutellum, apical margin of corium straight, rarely

rounded towards the exterior apical angle, tibiae obtusely rounded,

and the sixth ventral segment, in 9, rather strongly sinuated at the

apex in the middle before the genital valvules.

Genus MicropEutERUs Dallas.

List Hem. i, p. 299 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p. 390 (1868) : Stal, Oefvers,

K, V.-A. Forh., p. 640 (1870): En. Hem., v, p. 110, 112 (1876) :—Acanthosoma, pt.,

Herr. Schiff, Wanz. Ins., viii, p. 5 (1848).

Body elongate-ovate: head large, broad, gradually sinuately

narrowed behind the middle, sides anteriorly parallel or barely diverg-

ing, apex broadly and obtusely rounded, tylus and juga subequal in

length: antenne 5-jointed, basal joint short and stout, not extending

beyond the apex of the head, second joint minute, third joint largest,

nearly as long as the two following taken together, fourth longer than

the fifth : rostrum rather long, reaching the base of the ventral spine ;

2 and 3 joints about equal, the fourth shorter, basal joint half concealed

within the head: pronotum anteriorly and sides distinctly margined,

margins narrowly elevated and smooth, unarmed: seutellum rather

small, longer than broad; frena not extending beyond the middle of

the scutellum : membrane with longitudinal veins: mesostethial lamina

reaching the head: sixth ventral segment, in ?, furnished, towards the

1889. | K. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 21

sides at the anterior margin, with a small cavity or hollow; pectus

with a strong ridge, which is more elevated anteriorly, and cut off

obliquely at its posterior extremity to make room for the ventral spine

which is short, scarcely passing the posterior coxe.

295. MIcRODEUTERUS MEGACEPHALUS, Herr. Schiff.

Acanthosoma megacephalum, Herr. Schiaff., Wanz. Ins., viii, p. 5, t. 251, £. 783

et B (1848), 9.

Microdeuterus megacephalus, Stal, Oefvers. K, V.-A. Férh., p. 640 (1870); En.

Hem., v, p. 112 (1876).

9. Entirely dark ochreous-yellow ; finely, impressly punctured :

base and apex of scutellum red-brown, the base with four yellow spots

(sometimes obsolete) : the pronotum somewhat red-brown towards the

margin and in the middle: spots on the posterior part of segments of

the connexivum and its posterior prolongation, brown with a violet

tint: beneath unicolorous: rostrum reaching the end of the second

ventral segment; the ventral spine extending as far as the base of the

first pair of feet (Herr. Schiff). Stal notes that the rostrum, at least

in the 4, reaches somewhat the apex of the third ventral segment :

the venter with a median ridge is continued up to the apex of the sixth

segment, which, in the middle, is a little shorter than the three preced-

ing taken together, and somewhat obtuse-angularly emarginate at the

apex: lower margin of the genital segment clothed with long, dense

hairs, lateral lobes gradually acuminate. Long, 12 mill.

Reported from Bengal, Caleutta, Sikkim (mihi).

296, MICRODEUTERUS DALLASI, n. sp.

Microaevterus megacephalus, Dallas (nec Herr. Schiff ?), List Hem., ii, p. 300, t.

10, f. 4 (1851): Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p. 390 (1867): Stal, Oefvers, K. V.-A. Forh.,

p. 640 (1870) ; En. Hem., v., p. 118 (1876).

Differs apparently chiefly in the spinose posterior prolongations of

the connexivum : these are present, but are much less produced.

Reported from N. India.

Genus AcanTHosoma, Curtis.

Brit. Ent. i, p. 28 (1824): Dallas, pt, List Hem. i, p. 198, 303 (1851) ; Walker,

Cat. Het , ii, p. 392 (1867): Stal, Oefvers, K. V.-A. Forh., p. 368 (1870); (3) p. 39

(1872) ; En. Hem., ii, p. 61 (1870) ; v, p. 110, 113 (1876): Distant, Biol. Centr. Am.

Rhyn., p. 100 (1879).

Head punctured, small or moderate, flat, triangular, gradually

narrowed, narrow at the apex, with the tylus longitudinally impressed ;

22 E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota, [No. 1,

pronotum levigate, sides immarginate, process of the lateral angles not

turning forwards, short, triangular, somewhat depressed: scutellum

narrow at the apex, frena extended for a distance towards the apex,

apical margin of corium straight: first joint of the antenne extending

beyond the apex of the head: mesostethial ridge high, laminated

posteriorly, abruptly lower before the intermediate coxe, not produced

hindwards between them ; not or only very slightly extending beyond

the anterior margin of the mesostethium, more or less distinctly rounded

at the apex: apical angles of the sixth abdominal segment in & rounded

at the apex.

297. ACANTHOSOMA PROXIMA, Dallas.

Acanthosoma prozimum, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 3038 (1851): Walker, Cat. Het,

ii, p. 888 (1867).

Acanthosoma proxima, Stal, Hn. Hem., v, p. 113 (1876); Distant, Scient. Res. 2nd

Yarkand Miss., p. 7 (1879).

Above brownish or yellowish green: very like A. hemorrhoidalis,

Linn., the lateral angles of the pronotum are less prominent, rufous,

punctured black: apex of scutellum, black (Dallas). Long, 153—16

mill.

Reported from Murree (Panjab) : Rawal Pindi (mihi).

298, ACANTHOSOMA DISTINCTA, Dallas.

Acanthosoma distinctwm, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 304 (1851): Walker, Cat. Het.

ii, p. 393 (1867).

Acanthosoma distincta, Scott, A, M. N. H. (48.) xiv, p. 290 (1874): Stal, En.

Hem., v, p. 113 (1876): Reuter, Berlin Ent. Zeitschr., xxv, p. 75 (1881): Distant,

Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 415 (1883).

&. Above pale olive-green, rather thickly punctured with black,

head pointed in front, finely punctured: pronotum with a transverse

impunctate space towards the anterior margin; lateral angles promi-

nent, subspinose, obtuse, ferruginous: scutellum brownish, becoming

green towards the apex, with the apex itself whitish, membrane brown-

ish, semitransparent, with a dark line at the base, surrounding the

apical margin of the corium: abdomen above red, with the mar-

gins bright orange, with a black band at the junction of each seg-

ment: body beneath pale testaceous: abdomen with the emargina-

tion of the apical segment very deep reaching the middle of the abdo-

men; the margins spotted with black: legs pale greenish, with the

tarsi fulvous. Antenne rather long, pale greenish, with the two apical

joints dusky ferruginous (Dallas). Long, 13—13} mill.

Reported from N, H. India, Murree (Panjab), Darjiling, Japan,

—

=,»

1889. ] HE. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 23

299, AcANTHOSOMA DIFFIcILIs Dallas.

Acanthosoma dificile, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 804 (1851): Walker, Cat. Het. ii,

p. 899 (1867) : Stal, En, Hem., v, p. 118 (1876),

3. Pale olive-green, tinted red and orange, punctured: head red-

dish ; juga wrinkled and with a few black punctures: pronotum rather

thickly punctured, black; anterior and lateral margins reddish, lateral

angles prominent, deep red: scutellum deep orange, with numerous

scattered black punctures, disc of corium thickly and rather finely

punctured, outer margin orange, rather strongly punctured black:

membrane transparent, nearly colourless: margins of abdomen not

spotted: body beneath dark orange: abdomen with the apical segment

not very deeply emarginate: legs ferruginous-orange: antenne with

the three basal joints somewhat ferruginous (Dallas). Long, 13—14

mill.

Locality unknown.

300. AcANTHOSOMA pDUBIA, Dallas.

Acanthosoma dubiwm, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 804 (1851): Walker, Cat. Het., ii,

p. 399 (1867) : Stal, En. Hem., v, p. 118 (1876).

dé. Closely allied to and hardly distinct from the preceding :

differs in haying the head anteriorly somewhat rounded: angles of pro-

notum less prominulous, rounded: third joint of the antenne black at

the apex (Dallas). Long, 13—14 mill.

Locality unknown.

301. ACANTHOSOMA LABYICORNIS, Dallas.

Acanthosoma laevicorne, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 311 (1851): Walker, Cat. Het.

ii, p. 399 (1867).

3, @. Above pale yellowish-olive: head triangular, pointed in

front, with the tylus passing the juga, the surface slightly wrinkled,

pronotum thickly and rather coarsely punctured; lateral angles pro-

duced into long, impunctate horns which are sometimes yellow, horns

directed forwards and of the same thickness from the base to near the

apex which is acute and slightly recurved: scutellum rather strongly

but not very thickly punctured; hemelytra very thickly punctured

membrane transparent, brownish: body beneath, orange or pale olive :

abdomen impuncetate, but very finely wrinkled towards the sides; apex

sometimes bright red: legs and rostrum testaceous or pale alive:

antenne testaceous, with the third joint black, except at the base

(Dallas). &, long, 15-16; 9, 21 mill, ;

Locality unknown.

302. AcANTHOSOMA FoRFEX, Dallas.

Acanthosoma forfex, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 308 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het., ii,

p. 894 (1867); Stal, Hn. Hem,, v, p. 115 (1876); Distant. Scien. Res, 2nd Yarkand

Mias., p. 7 (1879).

3. Elongate, above pale olive-green, rather densely and strongly

punctured black: head pale, with a few fine black punctures; the apex

somewhat pointed, with the tylus longer than the juga; eyes black :

pronotum with the lateral angles prominent, forming a short, obtuse

spine on each side; two yellowish impunctate patches close to the an-

terior margin, the lateral margins and angles reddish brown: scutellum

with the disc reddish brown, with a yellowish, impunctate, median,

longitudinal line ; the lateral margins and the apex olive-green: mem-

brane transparent, brownish. Body beneath, pale greyish green, tinted

with red: abdomen impunctate, obtusely ridged in the middle; sexual

organs greatly developed, the latenal pieces produced into two curved

processes of a bright orange colour, bearing a small brush of hair at

their apices, and nearly as long as the abdomen: the internal pieces

black at the tip: prostethium densely and finely punctured: legs pale

yellowish-green, with the tips of the claws black: rostrum testaceous,

extreme tip pitchy black: antenne pale yellowish-green, becoming brown

towards the apex (Dallas). Long, 123 mill,

Reported from N. India: Murree.

303. AcanrHoOsOMA ELONGATA, Dallas.

Acanthosoma elongatum, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 309 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het.,

i, p. 394 (1867) ; Stal, Hn. Hem., v, p. 115 (1876).

9. Hlongate, above yellowish-green, punctured with black: head

slightly rugose, impunctate, somewhat pointed in front, with the tylus

longer than the juga: eyes black: pronotum yellowish-green in front,

reddish behind, coarsely and rather thickly punctured with black, with

the exception of a transverse band near the anterior margin; lateral

angles produced into strong, deep crimson spines, with the apex obtuse:

scutellum coarsely but sparingly punctured with black, and with a

reddish-brown, triangular mark in the middle of the base: coriaceous

portion of the hemelytra reddish internally, the outer margin and the

greater portion of the apex, yellowish-green; the whole surface densely

and strongly punctured with black and somewhat rugose: membrane

brownish transparent: body beneath, bright yellow, shining: abdomen

impunctate, with a strong median ridge; sexual organs much developed,

but much less so than in A. forfex ; lateral processes bright red; pieces

flat, yellow, widened, emarginate at the tip which is black: prostethium

E, T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota, [No. 1,

1889.] HE, T, Atkinson—WNofes on Indian Rhynchota,

with a few black punctures; posterior margin of the metastethium

thickly and finely punctured: legs greenish-testaceous with tarsi dusky,

and the tips of the claws black: tip of the rostrum, blackish; antennae

with the basal joint greenish-testaceous : the remainder brown, becoming

darker towards the apex (Dallas). Long, 143 mill.

Reported from N. India.

304, AcAnTHosomA (?) BrINoTATA, Walker.

Acanthosoma binotata, Walker, Cat. Het., ii, p. 395 (1867).

Testaceous, elongate-oval, roughly punctured; punctures brown:

head elongate, smooth in front ; tylus hardly extending beyond the juga:

rostrum extending to the last coxe; tips black: antennew slender, less

than half the length of the body; joints successively increasing in

length ; first extending a little in front of the head: pronotum in front

with a smooth band, of which the fore border is a curved pale testace-

ous line; sides and a slender stripe, pale testaceous; hind angles form-

ing two long, acute, slightly recurved, spines: scutellum with a slender

pale testaceous stripe, on each side of which there is a brown patch ;

tip also brown: pectoral ridge well developed: abdomen beneath

slightly ridged, with two incomplete macular brown stripes; spine ex-

tending to the intermediate coxw: hemelytra clouded with brown,

around a smooth, transverse, pale-testaceous spot on the disc; membrane

cinereous (Walker). Long, 63—?7 mill.

Reported from India; differs from O.punctata, Dallas, by the tho-

racic spines.

305. ACANTHOSOMA ASPERA, Walker.

Acanthosoma aspera, Walker, Cat. Het., ii, p. 895 (1867) : Distant, Scien. Reg.

2nd Yarkand Miss., p. 7 (1879).

Testaceous, elongate-oval, thinly and roughly punctured; punctures

mostly black: head elongate; tylus extending very little beyond the

juga: rostrum extending a little beyond the hind cox; tip black: an-

tenn slender, a little more than half the length of the body; first

joint extending a little beyond the front of the head; second as long as

the third ; fourth a little shorter than the third; fifth black, testaceous

towards the base, shorter than the fourth: hind angles of the pronotum

forming two red, long, stout, acute, very slightly recurved and ascending,

spines: pectoral ridge much developed: abdomen beneath slightly

ridged; spine extending to the intermediate coxe: legs rather slender :

membrane cinereous (Walker). Long, 9—9% mill.

Reported from India, Murree.

E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. (No. I,

306. AcanrHosoma (P) TRUNcATULA, Walker.

Acanthosoma truncatula, Walker, Cat. Het., ii, p. 396 (1867).

Testaceous, broad, nearly oval, roughly punctured: head mostly

smooth ; tylus extending very little beyond the juga: rostrum exten-

ing to the last cox; tip black: antenna slender, about half the length

of the body ; first joint extending beyond the front of the head; second

as long as the third: pronotum with a smooth band in front, and with

a slender paler stripe ; hind angles forming two long, stout, hardly acute,

directly diverging horns: pectoral ridge well developed: abdomen

beneath smooth, slightly ridged; spine extending to the intermediate

cox: legs rather slender: membrane cinereous (Walker). long, 63

mill.

Reported from India.

307. AcantHosoma (?) mmmunDA, Walker.

Acanthosoma immunda, Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 573 (1868).

Reddish testaceous, elongate-oval, roughly and rather thinly punc-

tured: head elongate, triangular, blackish above, excepting the sides,

which are reddish and slightly elevated: eyes red: antennw testa-

ceous, more than half the length of the body ; first joint extending beyond

the front of the head ; second longer than the first and than the third ;

fourth a little longer than the third; fifth piceous, luteous at the base,

longer than the fourth : pronotum with two stout acute spines which are

black towards their tips and are nearly as long as half the breadth of

the pronotum: scutellum with a black stripe, which is abbreviated

towards the base: sternal ridge deep: ventral spine extending to the

intermediate coxe: legs testaceous, slender: membrane pale cinereous,

with a broad blackish stripe (Walker). Long, 7} mill.

Reported from India.

808. AcanTHosoma (P) ALATICORNIs, Walker.

Acanthosoma alaticornis, Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 573 (1868).

Tawny, elongate-oval, shining, roughly punctured: head elongate,

slightly acute; sides reflexed: eyes piceous, not prominent: rostram

extending to the last coxw; tip black: antenne piceons, slender ; first

and second joints testaceous; first extending much beyond the head;

second as long as the third; fourth longer than the third ; fifth shorter

than the fourth : pronotum pale testaceous along each side in front, with

a broad testaceous band between the horns which are as long as the

intermediate breadth and are broad and linear from the base to near the

1889. ] E. T. Atkinson—WNofes on Indian Rhynchota. 27

tips, where they are black, dilated and recurved ; scutellum less than half

the length of the abdomen: pectoral ridge pale testaceous, extending to

the head: abdomen ferruginous, pale testaceous ulong each side, black

at the tip; beneath with a pale testaceous stripe; ventral spine pale

testaceous, lanceolate: legs slender, pale testaceous: hemelytra pale

testaceous towards the base and along the hind border, and with a large

pale testaceous apical spot which extends to the costa; membrane

brown: wings cinereous (Walker). Long, 113 mill.

Reported from India.

309. AcANnrHosoma (?) NIGricorNis, Walker.

Acanthosoma nigricornis, Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 574 (1868),

Tawny, elongate-oval, roughly and thinly punctured, testaceous

beneath: head slightly acute, transversely and finely striated; sides

reflexed: eyes piceous, not prominent: rostrum extending to the inter-

mediate cox, tip black: antennsw black, slender; first and second

joints tawny; first extending much beyond the front of the head ;

second a little longer than the third; fourth longer than the second and

than the fifth : pronotum with a transverse callus on each side in front ;

horns black, stout, shorter than the intermediate breadth, very slightly

curved backward, tapering from the base to the tips, which are slightly

rounded: scutellum very slightly ridged, less than half the length

of the abdomen, much attenuated at the tip, which is rounded: pectoral

ridge deep, extending to the head: abdomen black towards the tip

above; ventral spine extending to the middle cox: legs testaceous,

slender: hemelytra with a brown costal stripe, which widens towards

the tip; membrane brown: wings brownish cinereous (Walker), Long

143 mill.

Reported from India.

Genus Sasrracana, Am. & Serv.

Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém., p. 155 (1813). Includes Acanthosoma, pt., Dallas, List

Hem., i, p. 303 (1851): Stal, Oefvers. K. V.-A. Férh., p. 688 (1870); Hn. Hem.,

y, p. 110, 118 (1876).

Pronotum anteriorly levigate; within the levigate and more or less

distinctly elevated apical margin with fewer punctures, which are placed

in a row sometimes confused or here and there double ; process of the

lateral angles obtusely rounded, horizontal, not turning forwards:

scutellum narrow at the apex: apical angles of sixth abdominal seg.

ment, in @, straight or somewhat acute, not rounded: mesostethial

ridge not produced hindwards, not, or but yery slightly, extending be-

28 E, T, Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

yond the anterior margin of the prostethium, more or less distinctly

rounded at the apex.

310. SAsTRAGALA UNIGUTTATA, Donovan.

Cimex wniguttatus, Donovan, Ins. Ind. Hem., t. 8, f. 5 (1800).

Acanthosoma uniguttatum, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 811 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het.,

ii, p. 894 (1867).

Sastragala uniguttata, Stal, En. Hem., vy, p. 118 (1876); excl. syn. Distant, A. M.

N. H., (5 s.) iii, p. 45 (1879).

&. Pronotum with acute spines, ferruginous; scutellum marked

with a large white dot (Donov.).

Donovan’s figure agrees best with the description of S. heterospila,

Walker, except that the latter has a black band or line between the

lateral angles.

Reported from Madras, Assam.

311. SAsTRAGALA LinwATA, Dallas.

Acanthosoma (Sastragala) lineata, Dallas, \Trans. Ent. Soc., v, p. 194 (1849):

Walker, Oat. Het., ii, p. 396 (1867) : Stal, Hn. Hem., v, p. 115 (1876).

Above dusky testaceous, strongly punctured with brown: head

yellow, with a brown line on each side of the tylus, and a row of brown

punctures on each of the juga; eyes brown: pronotum with the lateral

spines acute, slightly recurved, pitechy brown; a transverse band near the

anterior margin, and a narrow longitudinal line along the middle of the

pronotum impunctate, yellow : scutellum, yellowish brown, paler towards

the apex, and with a yellow spot in the middle of the base: hemelytra

dusky testaceous, thickly and strongly punctured, the apex yellowish ; a

short, transverse, impunctate, orange band, near the outer margin, consi-

derably beyond the middle, directed towards, but not reaching, the internal

angle; membrane transparent, faintly clouded with brown: abdomen

above deep red, the margins yellowish; head pronotum and abdomen

beneath, with the legs, rostrum and antenne testaceous ; the antennse

rather darker ; ventral spine short, scarcely reaching the intermediate

legs (Dallas). Body long, 7 mill.

Reported fron Sikkim.

312. Sasrragana pinorara, Distant.

Sastragala binotata, Dist., Trans, Ent. Soc., p. 353, t. 12, £. 12 (1887).

Apex above brownish ochracous; corium with the lateral margins

—widened into a spot in the middle—dull ochraceous, inwardly shaded

blackish, membrane bronzy: head transversely wrinkled: antenne

1889. ] H, T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 29

ochraceous, third joinf much longer then the second: pronotum and

scutellum sparingly and coarsely punctured, the corium more thickly

punctate: lateral angles of pronotum produced into long, somewhat

conical spines, their apices subacute, and very slightly reflexed hindwards :

body beneath and legs ochraceous ; apex of rostrum pitchy (Dist.). Long,

13; exp. angl. pron. 10 mill.

Reported from Sikkim (mihi).

313, SASTRAGALA RUFISPINA, Distant.

Sastragala rufispina, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 325 (1887).

Body above dark ochraceous, pronotal angles purplish red: head

finely and transversely wrinkled, apical part of tylus foveated and ex-

cayated: pronotum, scutellum and corium somewhat sparingly and

coarsely punctate: lateral angles of the pronotum produced in obtusely

pointed spines: membrane pale hyaline, blackish at the base: body

beneath very pale ochraceous, legs a little darker in hue: apex of the

rostrum pitchy, reaching second abdominal segment; last abdominal

segment with two small black spots at the apex: pronotal spines red,

beneath as above (Dist.). Long, 17; exp. angl. pron., 11 mill.

Reported from N, India,

314, SASTRAGALA MUSTELINA, Distant.

Sastragala mustelina, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 852 (1887).

Body above ochraceous; membrane pale brownish; connexivum

with the segmental spines black: antenne ochraceous, apical half of

third joint infuscate, third joint much longer than the second; head

somewhat obscurely transversely wrinkled, eyes pitchy: pronotum,

scutellum and corium coarsely punctate: lateral angles of the pronotum

produced into long, straight, somewhat conical, subacutely pointed spines ;

body beneath, rostrum and legs coloured as above: extreme apex of

rostrum pitchy (Dist.), Long, 13; exp. angl. pron., 11 mill.

Reported from Naga Hills (Assam).

315. SASTRAGALA HETEROsPInA, Walker.

Acanthosoma heterospila, Walk., Cat., ii, p. 894. (1867).

Testaceous, elongate-oval, roughly punctured: head and fore-part

of the pronotum with a reddish tinge; elongate, tylus extending very

little beyond the juga; rostrum extending a little beyond the hind coxm;

tip black: antenne slender, about half the length of the body; first joint

extending beyond the front of the head ; second much shorter the third ;

H. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No 1,

fourth longer than the third: pronotum with a black band, which

occupies the hind border and includes the hind angles; these form two

long acute directly diverging spines: scutellum black, with a large

luteous spot in the disc; tips whitish: pectoral ridge well developed :

abdomen slightly ridged beneath ; spine extending to the intermediate

.coxe: legs rather stout: hemelytra black along the hind border and

irregularly black along the outer border; membrane brown, cincreous

along the outer border, including a white costal spot at its base

(Walker). Tong 94 mill.

Reported from the Panjab: Bunkoti in Jaunsar, 9000 feet (mihi).

316. SAsTRAGALA PARMATA, Distant.

Sastragala parmata, Distant, Trans. Ent, Soc., p. 353 (1887).

Body above brownish-ochraceous; spines on pronotum reddish-

brown; scutellum with a large cordate ochraceous spot, surrounded with

blackish ; antennge ochraceous, 3-4 jointssubequal in length, a little

shorter than the fourth: eyes purplish-brown: pronotum sparingly

and coarsely punctate, the lateral angles produced into long, thick,

rounded spines, very slightly reflexed at the apices: scutellum with the

median spot levigate, remainder coarsely punctate, apex ochraceous;

corium coarsely punctate, with the lateral margin Iuteous and levigate :

body beneath and legs ochraceous ; apex of rostrum pitchy (Dist.). Long,

12; exp. angl. pron., 9 mill.

Reported from N, India.

Genus AwaAxanprA, Stal.

En, Hem. vy, p. 110, 113 (1876).

Mesostethial ridge long, rather prominent to a distance before the

anterior margin of the prostethium, with the apical part before the same

margin prominulous, gradually narrowed or acuminated: process of the

lateral angles of the pronotum turning outwards, slightly upwards

and distinctly forwards, pronotum at the anterior margin with punc-

tures arranged confusedly in somewhat like two rows; apical angles of

the sixth segment of the abdomen, in c, somewhat obtuse.

317, ANAXANDRA RUFESOENS, Dallas.

Acanthosoma rufescens, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 31] (1851) ; Walker, Cat. Het., ii,

p. 399 (1867).

Anaxandra rufescens, Stal, En. Hem., y., p. 114 (1867): Reuter, Berlin. Ent.

Zeitschr., xxv, p. 77 (1881).

9. Head dull olive, impunctate, pointed in front, with the vertex

1889. ] BE. T, Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 31

orange: pronotum with the anterior portion olive, rather coarsely but

sparingly punctured with black, and with a broad, impunctate, orange

band near the anterior margin; posterior portion ferruginous, rather

thickly punctured with black; lateral angles produced into long, acute,

red spines, which are directed a little forwards, but have the apex

slightly turned back; the basal portion of these spines is coarsely

punctured with black, the apex smooth. Scutellum ferruginous olive,

sparingly and irregularly punctured with black; the apex testaceous :

hemelytra thickly and rather strongly punctured with black, with the

outer margin, as far as the submarginal vein, olive; membrane trans-

parent, brownish: body beneath orange; pectus yellowish; abdomen

with the posterior angles of the last segment, and the posterior margins

of the intermediate and apical vulvar plates, bright red; legs pale

yellowish olive, with the base of the femora and the tarsi orange-testa-

ceous: rostrum short, testaceous: antenne pale olive (Dallas). Long,

16—17 mill.

Reported from India, Darjiling (mihi).

318. ANAxANDRA corNuUTA, Dallas.

Acanthosoma cornutum, Dallas, Trans. Ent. Soc., v, p. 193, t. 19, f. 6 (1849);

List Hem., i, p. 312 (1851) ; Walker, Cat. Het., ii, p. 394 (1867).

Anaxandra cornuta, Stal, En. Hem., v, p. 114 (1876).

&, 9. Above olive, slightly clouded with yellowish, rather thickly

and strongly punctured: pronotum with the lateral angles strongly

cornuted; the processes being more darkly coloured than the rest of the

surface: the antero-lateral margins of the pronotum beneath are greenish :

scutellum acute, slightly sinuated on each side, immediately before the

apex; hemelytra thickly and strongly punctured ; membrane brownish at

the base, particularly at the internal angles: joints of the antenns con-

colorous with the body, the apex, and sometimes the whole of the joints

pitchy : legs pale brownish yellow, with the tibiw and tarsi somewhat

darker: ventral spine long, reaching as far as the base of the anterior

legs.

&. With the pronotal processes dark olive green, rounded at the

apex, beneath flat, but not grooved: the membrane is pale and semitrans-

parent; the abdomen above red, with broad whitish margins: the body

beneath is pale ochraceous, with a reddish tinge towards the apex of the

abdomen: ventral spine pale.

9. With the pronotal processes pitchy, very acute, the apex recury-

ed and tipped with bright orange, strongly channelled beneath ; the mem-

brane is brownish; the abdomen beneath pitchy brown, darkest at the

apex, and palest on the outer margins and along the median ridge ; ven-

82 E. T, Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [No, 1,

tral spine pale, tipped with brown: pectus brownish, with the sternal

ridge semitransparent: head beneath brownish (Dallas). Long, 13;

breadth of pronotum 10 mill.

Reported from Sikkim (mihi),

319. ANAXANDRA NIGRO-LINDATA, Stal.

Anaxandra nigro-lineata, Stal, En. Hem., vy, p. 114 (1876).

@. Olivaceous-flavescent, sparingly punctured above; three apical

joints of the antenne, lateral margins and longitudinal line (anteriorly

abbreviated, posteriorly fissured) on the head, longitudinal line on the

pronotum before the middle, apical interior spot on the last segment

of the connexivum, basal band (posteriorly bisinuate) on the last

dorsal segment, and a transverse line on the mesopleurs, black: flayes-

cent spot on the scutellum, exteriorly and posteriorly margined with

black ; exterior margin of scutellum punctured in rows at that spot:

lateral angles of the pronotum produced in a very long process, spar-

ingly punctured, smooth towards the apex, acuminate and slightly

recurved at the apex: dorsum of abdomen sub-sanguineous: mem-

brane slightly infuscate, exterior margin (base excepted) deeper fus-

cous: wings infuscate (Stal). Body long, 17; breadth of pronotal pro-

cesses, 183 mill.

Reported from India, Darjiling (mihi),

In form and punctuation very like A. cornuta, Dallas: pronotal

processes longer and turning less upwards.

320. ANAXANDRA SIGILLATA, Stal.

Anaxandra sigillata, Stal, Hn. Hem. vy, p. 114 (1876).

@. Closely allied to A. nigro-lineata, Stal, but smaller, pronotal

processes shorter, above black, anteriorly at the apex more strongly

rounded, membrane more obscure, exterior limbus pale at the base,

margins of the head concolorous, and pronotum without a black longi-

tudinal line ; spot on the scutellum at the very narrowly blackish ante-

rior margin sparingly punctured (Stal). Long, 13; breadth of pronotal

processes, 10 mill.

Reported from India.

321. ANAXANDRA NIGROCORNUTA, Reuter.

Ananandra nigrocornuta, Reuter, Berlin. Unt. Zeitschr., xxv, p. 77 (1881).

@. Olivaceous, greenish, head a little, pronotum and sentellum

sparingly irregularly, and hemelytra more densely punctured black;

head, sutures towards the base of the clypeus, and two approximated

1889,] HE. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 83

dots on the margin of the vertex, black; apical half of third joint of the

antenne and two last joints, black; anterior band on the pronotum and

its sides posteriorly towards the angles, base of scutellum, clavus towards

the apex and corium at the claval suture, ferruginons ; lateral angles of

pronotum produced outwards in a very long horn, entirely black up to

the sparingly punctured apex, acuminate at the apex and distinctly

recurved, convex on the anterior margin; this horn is as long as the

base of the scutellum, slightly rising: membrane smoky with a small

whitish dot at the base of the exterior margin: dorsum of abdomen red,

apex black, the dorsal genital lobes, in 9, however, have a red spot;

posterior angles of segments of connexivum, black; body beneath pallid.

Horns of pronotum beneath olivaceous-virescent-ferruginous, punctured

black; pectus palely flavescent, colour verging somewhat into ruddy ;

prostethium punctured, anterior lateral margin virescent, meso- and

meta-stethium somewhat smooth: inferior margin of mesostethial plate

rounded: venter slightly rufescent, apical angles of the segments of

the connexivum, narrowly black: dorsal genital lobes, in 9, obliquely

rounded outward, there before the base abruptly strongly oblique, slightly

concave (fteuter). Long, 135 mill.

Reported from Darjiling.

322. ANAXANDRA FULVICORNIS, Distant.

Anaxandra fulvicornis, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 354 (1887).

Body ochraceous, with an olivaceous tinge: anterior lateral margins

of the head, a median narrow longitudinal stripe commencing before

the apex of the head and ending on the dise of the pronotum, and the

lateral margins of the scutellum (united before the apex), black: basal

joint of antenne ochraceous: pronotum with the disc posteriorly coarsely

punctate, lateral angles produced into long, slightly ascending, and

directed forwards, dull-luteous spines, of which the apices are very

slightly reflexed and subacute: basal two-thirds of scutellum Iuteous,

posteriorly rounded, and margined black: corium coarsely punctate

and rugulose: membrane brown: body beneath and legs ochraceous:

mesonotum with an oblique black line on each side. Closely allied to

A nigro-lineata, Stal, but differs in the smaller expanse of the pronotal

angles (Dist,). Long, 15; exp. angl. pron. 14 mill.

Reported from Sikkim.

323. ANAXANDRA TAURIFORMIS, Distant.

Anazandra tauriformis, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soe., p. 354 (1887).

Body above bright castaneous: lateral margins of the head, ante-

34 E. T, Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

rior and lateral margins and posterior dise of the pronotum, lateral

margins of the scutellum, lateral margins of the corium and the mem-

brane, ochraceous: 1-2 joints of the antennw, ochraceous: head trans-

versely wrinkled and with a few dark punctures: eyes greyish-brown,

margined inwardly ochraceous: pronotum on the disc sparingly and

coarsely, on the anterior margin thickly, punctate; humeral angles

produced upwards and forwards into long spines of which the apices are

distinctly truncately reflexed hindwards, these spines are sparingly

punctate for about half theirlength: scutellum sparingly and coarsely

punctate: corium thickly punctate: abdominal spines above and

beneath castaneous, but beneath inwardly margined blackish: body

beneath and legs ochraceous (Dist.). Long, 15; exp. angl. pron. 143

mill.

Reported from Khasiya Hills (Assam).

324, ANAXANDRA HAMATA, Reuter.

Anawandra hamata, Reuter, Berlin. Hnt. Zeitschr., xxv, p. 78 (1881).

3. Very like A. rufescens, Dallas, differs however in the lateral

horn of the pronotum, also (in &) in anterior margin before the apex

itself, being a little more distinctly convex, entirely sanguineous, and

especially in the structure of the genitalia in the 3.- First genital

segment about one-third shorter than preceding, apical margin slightly

sinnate, second segment uncovered on the margin, straight in the middle,

with two small bands subvertically placed in the middle itself, shortly

but densely fulvous-pilose, apical angle produced in a long, somewhat

ineurved horn, this horn furnished at the apex with a densely fulvous

pilose fascicula, its exterior margin as long as the lateral margin of the

preceding segment, inferior margin as long as the margin of the apical

segment: stylt briefly biramose at the apex, upper rataus narrow and

acutely acuminate, apex somewhat curved, inferior broader and more

obtuse, abruptly dentately contracted at the apex (Reuter). Long with

membrane 15 mill.

Reported from Darjiling.

325. ANAXANDRA COMPACTA, Distant.

Ananandra compacta, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 355 (1887).

Body above ochraceous, with an olivaceous tinge; head with the

basal margin, a spot behind each eye, and the margins of the tylus (not

reaching the apex), two circular enclosing lines near anterior margin

of pronotum, and a large median rounded spot near the base of the

scutellum, black: angles of the pronotum, castaneous: both pronotum

1889. ] E. T, Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 35

and seutellum very obsoletely and obscurely punctate; the corium finely

but distinctly punctate: angles of pronotum produced in short, robust

spines of which the apices are rounded above and subtruncate: body

beneath ochraceous, much tessellated with black: the pronotal spines

above castaneous (Dist.). Long, 10; exp. angl. pron., 10 mill.

Reported from Sadiya (Assam).

Genus Crivocoris, Hahn, Stal.

Pt. Wanz. Ins. ii, p. 70 (1834); Stal, Oefvers. K. V.-A. Foérh., xxix (3), p. 39

(1872); En. Hem., v, p. 110, 114 (1876). Includes Sastragala, Fieber, Hur, Hem. p.

78, 327 (1861) ;—Elasmostethus, pt, Fieber, 1. c., p. 78, 828 (1861) :—ZHlasmucha, Stal,

A. S. E. F. (4 8.) iv, p. 54 (1864); Oefvers. K. V.-A. Férh. p, 638 (1870) :—

Meadorus , Muls. and Rey, Pun. France, Pgnt., p. 315 (1866).

Antenne 5-jointed, two-thirds of the length of the body, inserted

under the margin of the head forwards in a small elevation, the first

joint stout and almost as long as the third; the second as long as the ©

fourth but thinner; the third somewhat shorter than the fourth which

however is stouter and almost as stout as the rounded fifth joint:

rostrum 4-jointed ; ocelli small, placed near the posterior margin of the

head: corium besides the strong vein on the inner margin, witha

longitudinal vein arising at the base and bifurcated before the middle:

membrane with a transverse cellule-like vein emitting six longitudinal

veins towards the external margin: feet comparatively long and slender.

The mesostethial ridge posteriorly is produced hindwards between the

intermediate coxw: the posterior lateral margins of the pronotum are

narrowly depressed and slightly amplified; the furrow from the orifices

short, or somewhat so’: two apical ventral segments in 9, without a

subimpressed, opaque, lateral spot.

326. Crtnocoris Recurvus, Dallas.

Acanthosoma recurvum, Dallas, List Hem., i, p, 810 (1851) ; Walker, Cat. Het. ii,

p. 394; (1867).

Olinocoris recurvus, Stal, En. Hem., v, p. 114 (1876).

9. Ovate, above pale olive, punctured with black: head thickly

and finely punctured with black, the tylus longer than the juga: pro-

notum thickly and strongly punctured with black; the lateral angles

produced into strong, acute, slightly recurved, deep red spines; the

disc with a broad, transverse, yellowish white band across the middle :

membrane transparent, brownish: margins of the abdomen dull orange,

with a black spot at the posterior angle of each segment: body beneath

fulvous, punctured with black ; the abdomen sparingly and finely, the

36 H. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

pectus more thickly and coarsely punctured: ventral ridge, impunctate,

well marked, but not very prominent: legs yellowish testaceous, with

the claws black: rostrum testaceous, with the apex black: antennse

testaceous, with the apical half of the fifth joint black (Dallas). Long,

103 mill.

Reported from N. India.

327. Crinocoris punetatus, Dallas.

Acanthosoma punctatum, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 8306 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het.

ii, p. 398 (1867).

Clinocoris punctatus, Stal, En. Hem., v, p. 114 (1876).

@. Greenish testaceous, coarsely punctured: head punctured with

brown; tylus passing the juga: pronotum strongly and closely rugosely

punctate, the punctures brown: scutellum triangular, with the apex

much attenuated and produced, strongly but not thickly punctured

with brown: corium very coarsely punctured, but with a small

impunetate patch on the dise a little behind the middle: mem-

brane transparent, colourless: margins of the abdomen with a

small spine at the posterior angles of each segment, and with a small

black spot on each segment at the posterior margin: abdomen beneath

coarsely and sparingly punctured on the sides, the disc impunctate and

with a very distinct median longitudinal ridge: pectus thickly and

strongly punctured, especially on the sides: legs orange-testaceous :

antenne testaceous, with the two apical joints brown (Dallas). Long,

9—9F mill.

Reported from N, India,

328. CLrInocoris crucIcER, Reuter.

Clinocoris cruciger, Reuter, Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr., xxv, p. 80 (1881).

?. Saturated ochraceous, head with some fine punctures, prono-

tum, scutellum and hemelytra strongly impressly-punctured: third

joint of the antennse subequal in length to the second, two last equally

long, last black, base pallid: anterior lateral margins of the pronotum,

with an arch just behind the apical margin, a longitudinal line and

another transverse line just behind the middle forming a cross with

the former, and lateral angles, impunctate, levigate ; these lateral angles

straightly, spinosely produced outward, with a distinct spine slightly

recurved, not quite acute; membrane hyaline, with a band irregularly

streaked fuscescent: abdomen above unicolorously ochraceous, beneath

with two discoidal bands and a lateral row of spots on both sides, pale

yellowish, Rostrum not extending beyond the last coxe: the part of

1889. | H. T, Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 37

the posterior margin of the pronotum between the margin of the

corium and angle, equal in length to the remaining part, towards

the base much, and towards the angle slightly sinuated, the latter part

within the margin of the corium straight, very slightly oblique, whence

the basal margin slightly and very broadly sinuate, basal angles very

obtuse: scutellum with almost two rows of dots towards the apex which

is not quite acute: exterior margin of corium, behind the middle,

strongly roundly amplified towards the apex: pectus sparingly, proste-

thium strongly, punctured fuscous; mesosternal plate much higher

towards the apex than before the intermediate cox, apex almost extend-

ing beyond the prosternum, and apical margin obliquely truncate, inferior

margin slightly rounded towards the apex and towards the intermediate

coxee gradually broadly but strongly sinuate: ventral spine reaching the

apex of the mesosternal plate: sixth ventral segment, in 9 , emarginate

at the apex: apical margin truncate in the middle, folded at the angles of

the emargination ; superior genital lobes short, very slightly rounded at

the apex, contiguous to entire interior margin (Reuter). Long, 64; with

membrane, 8 mill.

Reported from Darjiling.

329. CLINOCORIS SCUTELLATA, Distant,

Clinocoris scutellata, Dist., Trans, Ent. Soc., p. 855 (1887).

Body above ochraceous, thickly and coarsely punctate: spines of

pronotum rosy red: scutellum with a blackish median longitudinal band

extending from about the base to the middle: antenns ochraceous:

lateral angles of the pronotum straightly produced into subacute spines

of which the apices are slightly reflexed hindwards, and the posterior

margins are somewhat sinuated : membrane pale hyaline, with reflections

of the red upper surface of the abdomen: body beneath and legs

ochraceous: sternum coarsely punctuate (Dist.). Long, 8; exp. angl.

pron., 6 mill.

Reported from Naga Hills (Assam).

330. Crinocoris MAcuLATA, Distant.

Olinocoris maculata, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soc., 355 (1887).

Body above black ochraceous: pronotum and scutellum coarsely but

sparingly punctate, corium thickly punctate: spines of pronotum

black: corium with a levigate, ochraceous spot on the disc of the apical

area: punctuation entirely dark-brownish and the corium is therefore

much darker than the pronotum or scutellum: lateral angles of

pronotum produced into stout spines of which the apices are subacute

38 K, T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

and prominently reflexed, and their posterior margins sinuated: mem-

brane very pale ochraceous, pitchy towards the s apex: body beneath

apparently ochraceous (Dist.), Long, 8; exp. angl. pron. 6 mill.

Reported from N. E. India,

Subfamily Urosrynia, Dallas.

Urostylide, Dallas, Trans. Ent. Soc., n. s. ii, p. 15, (1852); List Hem., i, p. 313

(1851) ;—Urolabidina, Stal, En. Hem., v, p. 115 (1876).

Antenn 5-jointed, basal joint extending toa distance beyond the

head: rostrum short, scarcely passing the anterior coxw, basal joint

enclosed in a groove: head small, tylus as long as the juga, lateral

margins not trenchant; antenniferous tubercles exserted: genitalia

generally more or less produced : odoriferous orifices spinose : Dae not

sulcated (Dallas).

I. Ocelli present.

a, Basal joint of the antenne nearly as long as the head and the

pronotum taken together ; antenns very slender :—2. Urostylis.

b. Basal joint of the antenne not twice the length of the head,

much shorter than the head and pronotum; antéhne stouter:—l.

Urochela.

II. Ocelli wanting :—3. Urolabida.

Genus Urocurta, Dallas,

Trans. Ent. Soc., n. 8., i, p. 2 (1850) ; List Hem., i, p. 318 (1851) ; Walker, Cat.

Het, ii, p. 410 (1867); Stal, Hn, Hem. vy, p. 115 (1876).

Head small, short, broader than long, abruptly narrowed, just before

the eyes; juga and tylus produced, distinct, rounded; tylus longer than

the juga; eyes large, prominent, globose ; ocelli moderate, situate close

to each other at the back of the head; antennw longer than the body,

5-jointed, inserted in a tubercle which appears beyond the margin of the

head, just before the eyes; first joint stoutest, as long as the pronotum,

cylindrical, thinner at the base; second about half as long again as the

first, and a little stouter than the second; fourth about as long as the

first, slender ; all clothed with fine skokt hairs which are longer on the

first joint: rostrum inserted close to the’ anterior margin of the head,

short, reaching only to the middle of the mesostethium, 4-jointed, 1 and

3 joints nearly equal, fourth shorter, second longest ; the first at its base

enclosed in a small groove of the underside of the head; labrum reach-

ing the middle of the second joint of the rostrum, transversely striated.

Body broad, very flat above, convex beneath: pronotum trapezoidal,

shghtly margined laterally, much narrowed in front, the anterior

1889, ] E. T, Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 39

margin being considerably narrower than the head and eyes: scutellum

rather short, triangular, with the sides nearly straight and the apex

acute. Hemelytra ample, the coriaceous part larger than the membra-

nous, with the basal half of its outer margin much elevated ; a vein

which arises from a strongly elevated line at the base, runs about two-

thirds the length of the corium, where it emits a branch on its inner

side which reaches the base of the membrane, and passing into it, gives

rise, after running singly for a short distance, to five veins on the disc

of the membrane, of which the two inner and the two outer ones are

united at the base before joining the common trunk: the membrane

reaches beyond the apex of the abdomen, and has six veins, of which

the outer one is very short, placed at the basal angle. Abdomen convex

beneath, the margins thin, projecting a little beyond the hemelytra on

each side: the anal apparatus, in d, consists of two claw-like processes

which project nearly as far as the posterior angles of the terminal

segment of the abdomen, with their points turned outwards; a small

triangular plate is situate at the base of these which it partially covers,

and within the cavity appears the apex of a second triangular piece,

which is probably the margin of the dorsal portion of the segment; all

these parts are clothed with long woolly hairs, which nearly fill the

intermediate spaces: in the ¢@, the vulvar plates are not remarkable :

the pectus is flat; mesostethium broad, placing a considerable interval

between the insertions of the anterior and the intermediate feet; on

each side of the metastethium close to its anterior margin and near the

intermediate coxs is a small spine directed outwards and forwards,

these appear to be perforated on their posterior surface, at about half

their length and are evidently formed by the produced margins of the

odoriferous apertures: legs moderate, slender, the posterior pair long-

est; tarsi 3-jointed, 1 and 3 about equal, the second minute (Dallas).

Distinguished from Urostylis, Westw., by its stout antenns of which

the first joint is not much longer than the head.

331. UrocurnaA QUADRIPUNCTATA, Dallas.

Urochela 4-punctata, Dallas, Trans. Hnt. Soc. (n. 8s.) i, p. 3, t. 2, f. 1 (1850) :

Walker, Cat. Het., ii, p. 410 (1867) ; Stal, Hn. Hem. v, p. 115 (1876).

Body elongate-ovate, above ferruginous grey, finely and thickly

punctured: pronotum narrowly margined with yellow and with a narrow,

impunctate, longitudinal line on the disc, of the same colour; a small

black spot on the lateral margin, near the lateral angle: scutellum with

a narrow longitudinal yellow line, continuous with that of the pronotum,

the lateral margins yellowish: the basal third of the outer margin of the

hemelytra and a small line in the yellow basal portion, a spot on the

40 E. T, Atkinson——Notes on Indian Rhynchota, [No. 1,

disc, and another at the middle of the apical margin, black ; membrane

pale brown, with the veins paler. Connexiyum banded with yellow and

black; abdomen beneath smooth, impunctate, yellow ; a spot on each side

of each segment within the stigmata, and another on the lateral margin,

black; head beneath, pectus and rostrum, testaceous; the apex of the

latter, pitchy: legs dusky testaceous, femora punctured with pale

brown: antenne with the basal joint dusky testaceous, second black,

pale at the base, 3-4 joints black, basal portion of the latter, yellowish

white (Dallas). Long, 9 mill. Type.

Reported from Bhutan, Sikkim; very common on Observatory

Hill, Darjiling, at the end of the rains (mihi), and at Mungphu.

33%. Urocuena currunata, Stal,

Urochela guttulata, Stal, Hn. Hem., v, p. 115 (1876).

@. Palely grey-flavescent, above more densely and more distinctly,

beneath more remotely and more finely, punctured fuscous; antenns

blackish ; first joint altogether or only towards the base, 4-5 joints

towards the base, greyish-flavescent : a line on the pronotum and scutel-

lum, more or less distinct, levigate, anterior scars inwardly blackish ;

hemelytra with a small fuscous spot on the disc and at the middle of the

apical margin, sometimes absent : membrane fuscous with small rounded

pallid spots, here and there confluent; lateral streak on the pectus and

lateral spots arranged in longitudinal rows, black (Sidl). Long, 12;

broad, 53 mill.

Like U. quadripunectata, Dallas, but larger, antenne shorter and

more slender, lateral margins of pronotum dilated, before the middle

obtusely roundly-amplified and obsoletely sub-serrate, slightly sinuated

in the middle, the levigate line on the pronotum and seutelluam much

less distinct, sometimes partly evanescent; membrane sprinkled with

pallid dots ; pectus very distinctly streaked with black.

Reported from Darjiling, Mungphu (mihi).

333. URocHELA PILosA, Stal.

Urochela pilosa, Stal, Hn. Hem., v, p. 116 (1876).

&. Palely greyish-flavescent, pilose: pronotum, scutellum, heme-

lytra and prostethium somewhat strongly punctured black, the former

further adorned with fine subferruginous dots: 2-5 joints of antenne

black ; 4-5 joints flavescent at the base: lateral limbus of pronotum

and hemelytra also dorsum of abdomen, weakly ferruginous: mem-

brane fuscous-vinaceous: two spots on the hemelytra, a band on the

segments of the connexiyum, and the circuit of the spiracula, black:

1889. | EH. T, Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 41

sides of venter, punctulate. The d has the genital segment retuse ;

sides emitting a process turning upwards, acuminate at the tip, some-

what longer than broad at the base. Long, 105; broad, 45 mill,

Distinguished from the preceding by being somewhat broader,

dorsal punctuation stronger, without the ventral spots arranged in rows

or the levigate line on the pronotum and scutellum : lateral margins of

pronotum anteriorly obtusely rounded, prominent, not sinuated in the

middle, (Stal).

Reported from Darjiling.

334. UROCHELA BIMACULATA, Dallas.

Urochela bimaculata, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 313 (1851); Walker, Cat., Het, ii,

p- 410 (1867); Stal Hn. Hem., vy, p. 116 (1876).

@. Head, pronotum and scutellum brownish grey, thickly and

finely punctured with black: head with two black streaks on the ver-

tex: pronotum with the lateral margins considerably waved: corium

whitish, finely punctured with brown and with numerous scattered

coarse black punctures; the middle of the dise with a large brown spot,

membrane semitransparent, brownish: margins of the abdomen dark

brown, with a yellow line on each of the sutures: body beneath fulvous :

abdomen with the dise shining, faintly wrinkled transversely and

rather sparingly punctured with black; the sides somewhat opaque,

thickly and finely punctured with black ; the stigmata and two rows of

spots on each side of the abdomen black: pectus rather thickly and

finely punctured on the sides, with the sternum nearly impunctate :

femora testaceous, very thickly covered with fine black or brown points ;

tibies brownish at the apex; tarsi with the apical jomt brown: rostrum

testaceous, with the tip pitchy: antenne with the basal joint grey-

ish-testaceous, thickly covered with very minute black points; 2—3

joints black; 4--5 black, with the base yellow (Dallas). Long, 13—]4

mill.

Reported from N, India.

335. UnrocHEna opscura, Dallas.

Urochela obscura, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 314 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het., ii,

p. 410 (1867); Stal, En. Hem., v, p. 116 (1876).

3. 9. Above brown, somewhat obscure, densely and finely punc-

tured; head impunctate, black, with a spot on each side within the eyes, a

spot on the middle of the vertex, and the apices of the juga, brown : lateral

margins of the pronotum waved, narrowly edged with yellow: scutellum

‘rather coarsely punctured with black, with the basal angles yellowish ;

42 E. T, Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No, 1,

the apex with an indistinct reddish longitudinal ridge: hemelytra

clouded with blackish; membrane brown, opaque: margins of the

abdomen black, with a yellow line on each of the sutures: body beneath

reddish: abdomen impunctate, minutely transversely rugose, with the

stigmata black : pectus finely punctured with black on the sides; pectus

impunctate, black: legs brownish; femora with brown dots: rostrum,

brownish testaceous, with the tips pitchy ; antenne with the basal joint

pitchy brown, paler at the base ; 2—4 joints, black; fifth joint orange,

tip black: anal plate, in &, is entire, convex, and encloses a second plate,

within and above which the sexual organs are visible (Dallas). Long,

103—12 mill.

Reported from India.

| 336. UrocHena piscrEePpans, Walker.

Urochela discrepans, Walker, Cat. Het., ii, p. 411 (1867).

Tawny, clongate-elliptical, thinly punctured, a little paler beneath ;

punctures brown or black: head with a black spot on the hind border ;

tylus conical, extending much beyond the juga ; rostrum extending nearly

to the hind border of the third ventral seement; tip black: antennee

black, more than half the length of the body; first joint extending mach

beyond the front of the head; second as long as the first ; third about

half the length of the second; fourth a little shorter than the second ;

| fifth reddish, piceous towards the tip, a little shorter than the fourth :

| pronotum with four incomplete and irregular black stripes and with

black, slightly reflexed sides: scutellum with two broad black stripes,

and witha black dot on each fore angle: pectus and under side of

abdomen with four rows of black points: hemelytra with two black

dots, one on the dise and one on the middle of the outer border: mem-

brane lurid cinereous. Distinguished from U. bimaculata by the tylus

being more prominent, and the first joint of the antennw being more

| slender (Walker). Long, 12;—13 mill.

Reported from India.

337. UROCHELA PULCHRA, Distant.

| Urochela pulchra, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 356, t. 12, £. 8 (1887),

Body above ochraceous, shaded, and punctured brownish: head

and pronotum brownish, margins of pronotum, olivaceous; antenna

brownish, second joint longer than the first: scutellum oliyaceous, with

scattered, coarse, brown punctures, with some mottled markings and a

spot in each basal angle of the same colour: corium olivaceous, with

large, irregular, coarse, brown punctures on inner area; clavus brown-

1889. ] B. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 43

ish; membrane brownish, apex paler: body beneath brownish, laterally

spotted ochraceous; connexivum ochraceous, spotted black: legs och-

raceous, femora speckled brownish: apex of rostrum pitchy (Dist.).

Long, 15 mill.

Reported from Sikkim (Rangbi, mihi).

338. UrocusLa rerruainea, Distant.

Urochela ferruginea, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 856 (1887).

Body above brownish ochraceous, very thickly and darkly punctate :

eyes and two median lines on head, fuscous: antenns fuscous, 1-2

joints subequal in length, third very short: pronotum with a median

longitudinal line and the margins, narrowly luteous: scutellum with a

median longitudinal line, a linear spot at the basal angles, the apex and

the margin, narrowly luteous: corium with the margins narrowly, and.

some longitudinal discal lines Iuteous : membrane fuscous : connexivum

fuscous, with lineate ochraceous spots: body beneath brownish och-

raceous, tinged with fuscous, and with fuscous lateral spots, connexi-

vum as above: legs brownish ochraceous, apices of the tibia and the

tarsi fuscous (Dist.). Long, 12 mill.

Reported from Assam.

Genus Urosrynis, Westwood.

Pt. Hope, Cat. Hem., i, p. 45 (1837): Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 818 (1851); Stal,

En. Hem., v, p. 117 (1876).

Antenne very long and slender, basal joint nearly as long as

the head and pronotum taken together: rostrum and pronotum as in

Urolabida, Westw. : body less elongated : ocelli present : membrane with

seven longitudinal veins: abdomen, in o, simple, not armed with a for-

ceps; in 2, terminated by a true, corneous, curved, recurved stylus,

bifid at the apex.

339. Urostynis puNcTIGERA, Westwood.

Urostylis punctigera, Westwood, Hope, Cat. Hem. i, p. 45 (1837); Dallas, List

Hem. i, p.315 (1851); Walker Cat., Het., ii, p. 411 (1867); Stal, En, Hem., v, p.

116 (1876) ; Distant, A. M. N. H., (5 s.) iii, p. 45 (1879).

Rufescent-Iuteous, punctured, above more or less tinted virescent ;

pronotum with two somewhat large black spots in the middle towards the

anterior margin (sometimes absent) ; hemelytra with a somewhat large

black spot in the middle of the corium: antenne fuscous, base of the

fourth joint, Inteous: body beneath and feet concolorous (Westw.).

Body long, 103 mill.

Reported from Bengal, Nepal, common in Sikkim (mihi), Calcutta,

E, T. Atkinson— Notes on Indian Rhynchota, [No. 1,

340. Unrostynis aractuis, Dallas.

Urostylis gracilis, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 815 (1851); Walker, Cat. Hem., ii,

p. 411 (1867) ; Stal, Hn. Hom., v, p. 116 (1876); Distant, A. M. N. H., (5 s.) iii, p. 45

(1879).

3. Head impunctate, orange: eyes black: pronotum, seutellum

and hemelytra green, rather thickly and finely punctured: membrane

semitransparent, brownish: body beneath yellow, legs fulvous; tibiw

pale; tarsi brownish: rostrum testaceous, with the tip black: antenne,

very long and slender; basal joint orange ; second greenish ; 3—8d joints

brownish, the two latter with the base greenish-white (Dallas). Long,

105 mill.

Reported from N. India, Sikkim (mihi).

341. Urostyits pantipa, Dallas.

Urostylis pallida, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 315 (1851); Walker, Cat, Het., ii.

p. 411 (1867); Stal, Hn. Hem., v, p. 117 (1876).

9. Above pale greenish yellow: head brownish: pronotum finely

punctured with brown, with the lateral margins waved: scutellum

more strongly punctured with brown than the thorax: coriaceous por-

tion of the hemelytra thickly and finely punctured, with the inner and

outer portions of the apical margin black, the median portion yellow :

membrane transparent whitish, with a black spot in the inner basal

angle: body beneath orange: abdomen with the disc smooth and shin-

ing, the sides reddish and faintly wrinkled: legs testaceous; femora

covered with brown points, which, towards the apex, form a short line

on each side: rostrum yellow with the tip black: antenne with the

basal joint testaceous; the remainder pale brown (Dallas). Long,

133—14 mill.

Reported from N. India, Sikkim (mihi).

342. Urosrynis notunara, Dallas.

Urostylis notulata, Dallas, Trans., Ent. Soc., (n. s.), ii, p. 16 (1852); Stal, En.

Hem., v, p. 117 (1876).

9. Ovate, pale testaceous: head rather small, triangular, broader

than long; impunctate, faintly wrinkled, with a small oblique pit on each

side within the eyes; the apex of the lobes and the whole underside of

the head, pale yellow; eyes dark brown, occlli reddish; antenniferous

tubercles, brown: antenne clothed with very small whitish hairs;

the basal joint testaceous, becoming dusky towards the apex and covered

with very minute brown punctures; 2—4 joints brown, the last rather

paler; rostram pale yellow with the extreme tip black: pronotum

——_

—~

—

1889, ] E, T. Atkiuson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 45

broader than long, trapezoidal, with the anterior angles rounded off;

pale testaceous, rather thickly punctured with brown, with an abbrevia-

ted longitudinal red line on the middle of the anterior portion; the

disc with a faint transverse furrow or impression before the middle ;

the portion between this furrow and the anterior margin elevated ;

beneath testaceous, finely punctured with brown, and with a pale reddish

patch within each antero-lateral angle: scutellum testaceous, rather

thickly punctured with brown: meso- and meta-notum beneath, pale

fulvous, smooth, impunctate, with a large dull, pale-brown patch on

each side. Legs clothed with fine whitish hairs: femora yellow-testa-

ceous, covered with fine brown points; tibie and tarsi dusky; claws

brown: corium testaceous, thickly and rather finely punctured; the

punctures pale brown, the apical margin’brown, with the median por-

tion yellow: membrane transparent, colourless, with a dark brown spot

on the inner basal angle: wings semitransparent, brownish: abdomen

above bright red, shining, very finely wrinkled transversely, with a

blackish line on each side within the margins: the margins brownish

testaceous, edged with brown: abdomen ‘beneath with the disc pale

fulvous, flat, shining, finely wrinkled transversely, covered with very

minute brown points; the sides red; the margins testaceous (Dallas),

Long, 125—135 mill.

Reported from N. India.

€

348. Unrosrynis rumiaata, Walker.

Urostylis fumigata, Walker, Cat. Het, ii, p, 418 (1867): var., Distant, Scien.

Res., 2nd Yarkand Miss., p. 7 (1879).

Testaceous, fusiform, very finely punctured: head very small:

rostrum extending to half the space between the first coxe and the

intermediate pair, apex black: antenna nearly as long as the body,

first joint almost as long as the pronotum, second much longer than

the first, third piceous, a little more than half the length of the second,

4-5 piceous, pale testaceous towards the base, fourth a little shorter

than the second, fifth much shorter than the fourth: pronotum with

a very slight transverse impression ; sides very slightly reflexed, abdo-

men with large apical appendages ; the upper segment lanceolate, armed

beneath with two spines: membrane brownish cinereous (Walker).

Long, 95 mill.

Reported from Silhat, Murree (Marri).

344, UrostryLis PHILOIDES, Walker.

Urostylis philoides, Walker, Cat. Het., ii, p. 418 (1867).

Testaceous-ereen, fusiform, very finely punctured, testaceous beneath :

4G E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

head small: rostrum extending almost to the intermediate coxm, apex

black: antenne a little longer than the body ; first joint a little longer

than the pronotum, second as long as the first; third black, about half

the length of the second, fourth blackish, pale testaceous at the base, a

little longer than the second: pronotum with a very slight transverse

impression, sides hardly reflexed: scutellum ochraceous towards the tip

and with an ochraceous callus on each side at the base; abdomen, in

the &, with very large apical appendages; two long, stout, slightly

ascending spines, above which there are two small spines: hemelytra

pale green; membrane lurid-cinereous. Distinguished from the preced-

ing by the longer and more slender basal joint of the antennxy and by

the protuberances on the scutellum (Walker). Long, 72 mill.

Reported from Burma.

345. Urostyiis toporpes, Walker.

Urostylis lopoides, Walker, Cat. Het., ii, p. 414 (1867).

Testaceous, elongate-elliptical, minutely punctured; punctures

brown: head small: rostrum extending to half the space between the

first cox and the intermediate pair: antenne pubescent, as long as the

body ; first joint rather stout, as long as the pronotum, second black,

testaceous at the base, as long as the first; third black, about half the

length of the second ; fourth black, whitish for nearly half the length

from the base; shorter than the second; fifth whitish, black towards

the tip, shorter than the fourth: pronotum with a pale testaceous longi-

tudinal line and with a slight transverse impression, pale testaceous and

slightly reflexed on each side and along the fore border ; an elongated

black point in front of each hind angle: scutellum with a pale testaceous

line: legs moderately long and slender: hemelytra with four small

brown spots, first and second costal; first near the base, second at a little

before the middle, third on the disc; fourth on the middle of the outer

border; membrane lurid-cinereous (Walker). Long, 81—9! mill,

Reported from India.

346. URoOsTYLIs NIGROMARGINALIS, Reuter.

Urostylis nigromarginalis, Reuter, Berlin, Ent. Zeitschr., xxv, p. 85 (1881).

g. Testaceous, above erectly pallid pilose : pronotum, scutellum,

and corium externally sparingly punctured with large impressed fer-

ruginous dots; scutellum with a subtriangular, fuscesent spot towards

the base, a little more densely punctured ; corium internally and towards

the apex very finely and obsoletely concolorously punctured, impressed

at the clayal suture with a row of minute dots, clavus also at the

1889.] E, T, Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 47

seutellary margin with a row of strongly impressed dots, lateral margin

of corium itself thinly black: membrane hyaline-white, interior and

basal margins also excurrent streak on apex of membrane, fuscous.

Long, 12} mill.

Rostrum reaching somewhat the middle of the mesosternum:

antenne longer than the body, rufous-testaceous, two first joints with

long pallid exserted hairs placed close together, third briefly pilose, last

sub-glabrous, first joint subequal in length to pronotum and half the

head taken together, second joint almost one-third longer than first and

a little over 25 time longer than third, the third twice shorter than

fourth, basal halves of fourth and fifth, pallid ; the fifth shorter than

the fourth: anterior lateral margins. of pronotum ochraceous, finely

serrulate, with long pale hairs, slightly reflexed in the middle: pros-

ternum without a median ridge (2): mesosternum longitudinally

obsoletely subsuleate at the base, equally convex on the disc: feet

pallid-pilose, apices of the tibie and tarsi, ferruginous: sixth ventral

segment, in 2, about two-thirds longer than preceding, apical margin

very slightly rounded; dorsal genital lobes seen from above triangular,

very slightly et) on the exterior margin, interior broadly distant

with margin subsinuated, impressed on the disc, inward in the form of an

arch, red; seen from beneath, elongate, with the apex acutely rounded,

interior margin carinate, ventral lobes turning upwards (Reuter).

Reported from Darjiling.

Genus Uronapia, Westwood.

Pt., Hope, Cat. Hem., i, p. 4% (1837); Dallas, List Hem., i. p. 818 (1851);

Trans. Ent, Soe. (n. 8.) ii, p. 16 (1852): Stal, Hn. Hem., v, p. 117 (1876). Includes

Urostylis, pt., Westwood, L, c., p. 45 (1837): Calliprepes, White, M. N. H., (n. 8.) iti,

p, 543 (1839) ; Trans, Ent. Soc. iii, p. 93 (1842) :—Typhlocoris, Herr, Schaff., Wanz.

Ins. v, p. 79 (1839) ; ix, p. 175 (1850),

Body elongate-ovate, slender, sides parallel, pronotum as broad as

the abdomen, posterior angles not prominent: head small, clypeus

short: ocelli wanting: rostrum hardly reaching, or extending beyond,

the intermediate cox: antenns, in the 3, very long, slender, longer than

the body, 1-2-4-5 joints of equal length, the third joint shorter .

antenne in the 9 shorter: hemelytra elongate; membrane with twelve

very indistinct longitudinal veins: feet elongate, slender: abdomen, in

3, terminated by two styli bearing a forceps and with a shorter inter-

mediate spine; in the 9, terminated by a curved, corneous, recurved

appendage produced almost to half the length of the abdomen or not

produced, Type, U. tenera, Westw.

E. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

347, Urotapipa Gray, White.

“Calliprepes Grayii, White, Mag. N, H., iii, p. 543 (1839); Trans. Ent. Soc., iii,

p. 93 (1841—43),

Urolabida Grayti, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 316 (1851); Trans. Ent. Soc. (n. s.)

ii, p. 16 (1851) ; Walker, Cat. Het., ii, p. 415 (1867); Stal, En. Hem., v, p, 117

(1876).

Virescent-Inteous : pronotum with two posterior triangular dorsal

spots, and scutellum with two basal spots, red : membrane with an obscure

basal line, coriaceous part with a green transverse line at the apex,

obloug-elliptical: head small, with a distinct neck, in front slightly

trilobed: antenns placed on the upper side of the head on a slightly

projecting lobe, in front of the eyes which are very prominent ; first

joint not so long as the head and pronotum, ciliated, cylindrical, rather

thickest at the tip: a depression between the eyes which narrows and

is continued to the back part of the head, the narrowest part being

impressed on the sides, no ocelli: rostrum short, not reaching far bey-

ond the first pair of legs, apparently 3-jointed, second joint longer

than first and third: pronotum semicircular, not so broad as the heme-

lytra, somewhat truncated behind, in front emarginate and margined.

as are also the slightly sinnated distinctly ciliated sides: seutellum as

long as head and pronotum together, pointed : hemelytra large, reaching

beyond the abdomen; the membrane with seven veins, the two interior

veins almost united at the base, the two exterior united at the apex :

legs slender, hairy; tarsi 3-jointed, first joint as lone as the second

and third together, claws furnished with pulvilli: abdomen flat above,

slightly convex below, margined (White). Distinguished by the geni-

talia in the Q being of the ordinary form and not produced into large

forceps-like process. Long, 142; breadth of pronotum, 52 mill.

Reported from Nepal.

348. URoLABIDA HISTRIONICA, Westwood,

Urostylis histrionica, Westwood, Hope, Cat. Hem., i, p. 46 (1837) ; Walker Cat.

Het. ii. p. 411 (1867).

Typhlocoris semicircularis, Horr. Schaff., Wanz. Ins., v, p. 79, £. 525 (1889).

Urolabida semicircularis, Walker, 1. e. p. 414.

Urolabida histrionica, Stal, En. Hem., v, p. 117 (1876).

Rufescent Inteous, punctured; pronotum and hemelytra tinted

virescent; pronotum posteriorly with a testaceous semicircle running

through the scutellum to its apex, sides of pronotum testaceous; a black

spot at the apex of the corium in the middle; antenne fuscous, varied

with fulvous ; body beneath concolorous, feet paler (Westwood). Body,

long, 104 mill.

~$-

1889, ] Wj, T, Atkinson—Noées on Indian Rhynchota. 49

Walker (J. c. supra) describes this species as U. semicircularis,

thus :—Ochraceous, fusiform, very finely punctured: head small; ros-

trum extending nearly to the intermediate coxw; antenne blackish,

slender, nearly the length of the body, first joint reddish, as long as the

pronotum, second a little longer than the first, remainder successively

decreasing in length, fifth joint reddish at the base: pronotum with

three bright green patches, one in the middle and one on each side of

the hind border ; sides slightly reflexed: abdomen and posterior legs,

ferruginous: fore legs greenish testaceous; tibia black and slightly

dilated at the tips; tarsi black at the base: hemelytra with two pale

green streaks, and with a deeper green costal streak; an irregular black

mark along the outer side; membrane slightly ochraceous; wings

pellucid. <A variety has the antennw pale green, joints with blackish

tips, first entirely blackish; legs pale greenish testaceous. Distinguished

from U. binotata, chiefly in the length of the antenne. Long, 104 mill,

Reported from India, Sikkim (mihi), Calcutta.

349. URoLABIDA TENERA, Westwood.

Urolabida tenera, Westwood, Hope, Cat. Hem., i, p. 45 (1837); Dallas, List Hem.,

i, p. 816 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het., ii, p. 414 (1867); Stal, En, Hem., vy, p. 117

(1876).

Palely luteous, punctured; pronotum and hemelytra, virescent-

Inteous; pronotum posteriorly fulvescent: body beneath, antenne and

feet pallid (Westwood). Long, 143—15 mill.

Reported from India.

350. UROLABIDA UNILOBA, Stal.

Urolabida wniloba, Stal, En. Hem, vy, p. 117 (1876).

3. Closely allied to U. tenera, Westwood, but smaller, antennss

shorter, less slender, first joint as long as the pronotum, extremity of

the base of the second joint, all the third joint and apical part of the

two apical joints, black: genital segment without a lateral process,

median process much shorter, gradually narrowed, abruptly recurved

from the base, depressed, above with a transverse tubercle almost in the

middle, apex bilobed (Stal). Long, 10; broad, 45 mill.

Reported from Darjiling.

851. Uronanipa BrnotaTa, Walker,

Urolabida binotata, Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p. 415 (1867).

Greenish testaceous, fusiform, very finely punctured: head small -

50 EH. T, Atkinson—Noftes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

rostrum extending a little beyond the first coxw, apex black: antenns

slender, a little longer than the body, first jot as long as the pronotum,

second as long as the first, 3-5 joints black towards the tips, 3 shorter

than 4, the fourth shorter than 3, fifth shorter than 4: pronotum trans-

versely impressed in front; sides slightly reflexed: abdomen with two

apical lamine: hemelytra with a black longitudinal streak extending

from the dise to the outer border of the corium: membrane pellucid

(Walker). Long, 103 mill.

Reported from Silhat.

352. UroLaBipa CHENNELLI, Distant.

Urolabida chennelli, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 856 (1887).

Body above reddish ochraceous, marked with black and luteous :

head with the median and anterior portions luteous, the eyes fuscous ;

first joint of antennse reddish ochraceous: pronotum with a blackish,

discal, semicircular line, between which and the base the colour is paler

and thickly punctured with fuscous; on the anterior disc are two

levigate, luteous spots: scutellum luteous with three black basal spots,

one median and one at each angle, a large round, reddish-ochraceous

spot divided by a median longitudinal luteous line, and the apical area,

distinctly punctured fuscous: corium with the inner claval and the

apical margins, black, these black lines outwardly and broadly margined

luteous, the costal margin of the same colour: membrane pale hyaline:

body beneath and legs luteous, apices of the femora beneath, and apices

of the tarsi and rostrum, blackish (Dist,). Long, 15 mill.

Reported from Naga Hills (Assam).

353. UROLABIDA KHASIANA, Distant.

Urolabida khasiana, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 857 (1887).

Above Iuteous with reddish-ochraceous markings, a small black

spot at each lateral pronotal angle, and two black spots on the apical

margin of the corium: head with some reddish ochraceous markings

behind the eyes which are blackish; 1-2 joints of the antennew, ochrace-

ous: anterior and lateral margins of the pronotum and transverse bands

on disc, also lateral margins of the scutellum and the corium, reddish

ochraceous: lateral, claval and apical margins of corium Inteous, last

with two distinct black spots: membrane pale hyaline: body beneath

and legs, luteous: apex of rostrum, a spot on apices of femora beneath,

aud apices of tarsi, black (Dist.). Long, 14 mill.

Reported from N, Khasiya Hills (Assam).

1889, ] u. T, Atkinson—WNoles on Indian Rhynchota.

Genus Hurnyncurocoris, Reuter.

Berlin Ent. Zeitschr. xxv, p. 84 (1881).

Body oblong, parallel, somewhat flattish; head horizontal, equal

in length to breadth with eyes; juga acuminate, almost twice shorter

than clypeus, the latter dilated towards the apex, porrect, gens subacu-

minate at the apex, the superior margin more strongly rounded and a

very little longer than the juga, buccule twice shorter than the head,

Jaminately dilated towards the apex, very lowat the base: rostrum

long, slender, reaching almost the apex of the fourth ventral segment,

first Joint extending beyond the buccule, second a little less than twice

longer than the first, third about one-half shorter than second and as long

as the fourth joint: first joint of the antenne as long as the head, second

almost one-third longer than the first, third twice shorter than second, the

prosternum obtusely carinate in the middle, and the mesosternum at the

base (ltewter).

354, HURMYNCHIOCORIS sPARstPUNCTATUS, Renter.

Eurhynchiocoris sparsipunctatus, Reuter, Berlin Ent. Zeitschr., xxv, p. 85 (1881).

$. Ferruginous-fuscous, opaque ; pronotum somewhat margined

at the base by a transversely impressed line, disc obsoletely rugose,

irregularly sparingly sprinkled with rather large, impressed, black dots,

here and there, however, irregularly formed into black spots : anterior

lateral margin very slightly sinuate in the middle, black, testaceous at

the basal angles: scutellum with the basal angles, two patches on the

disc, and a spot before the apex, black; towards the base, finely and

sparingly, towards the apex, strongly and densely, punctured black :

clavus with a row of dots here and there abrupt at the scutellary margin ;

corium with a row of impressed dots at the claval suture and some large

black dots close to this suture and many others situate in the exterior

area, disc almost impunctate in the middle, several irregular spots on

the exterior margin, median spot on the corium and another at the mid-

dle of the apical margin, fuscous : membrane fuscous with 6—7 paler

veins: pectus with four black-fuscous marginal dots on each side, first in

the middle of the side of the prostethium, second in basal angle of

mesostethinm, and two last on the metastethium: dorsum of abdomen

red, connexivum testaccous, segments broadly banded black in the

middle, spiracula on the venter placed amid black dots, sides of sezments

here with a median point and more internally a small streak on the

basal margin, black (Reuter), Long, 11 mill,

Reported from Silhat,

E, T, Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No, 1,

Sub-fam. Trssaratomina, Stal.

Hem. Afric., i, p. 33, 233 (1864); En, Hem., i, p. 60 (1870) :—2dessidae, pi.,

Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 316 (1851).

(a) as in sub-fam. Panraromina (Jour. As, Soc. Ben. pt. II, p. 129,

1887).

(b.) Spiracula of the basal ventral segment not hidden by the

posterior part of the metastethium, sides of the basal segment scarcely

shorter than those of the second seement.

Stal makes the following sub-divisions of the Asiatic species :—

Tarsi 3-jointed: antenne 4-jointed, second joint shorter than the

two apical taken together: apical margin of corium straight or some-

what rounded: membrane at the base with several areolas emitting

longitudinal veins; hamus usually distinct; primary and subtended

veins entirely distant: segments of abdomen single.

I, Metasternum much elevated and freely produced forwards:

scutellum distinctly produced behind the frena, produced part triangu-

lar or spoon-shaped: thorax more or less produced hindwards at base

in the middle before the scutellum :—Div. Tessaratomaria.

TI. Metasternum simple or elevated, never freely produced for-

wards: scutellum equilateral, narrowly and slightly produced at the

apex behind the frena, rounded or truncated at the apex: thorax not

produced posteriorly :---Div. Husthenaria.

The other divisions are Oncomeraria chiefly from Australia; Pri-

onogastraria and Oyclogastraria from Africa.

Div. TrssaRaToMaria.

Genus Emuotosrerna, Stal,

En. Hem. i, p. 66 (1870).

Allied to Tessaratoma Serv., differs in having the head more acute,

perpendicular ; eyes larger, ocelli nearer the eyes: lateral angles of

pronotum cornuted, anterior lateral margins not flattened out, and apical

part of scutellum broader. Body large, obovate; head perpendicular,

small, triangular, narrow at apex, subacute ; lateral margins somewhat

straight, jaga much longer than the short tylus and contiguous before it;

buccule much elevated ; eyes large, transverse ; ocelli very close to the

eyes: antenne short, somewhat slender, first joint on a level with the

apex of the head, second joint a little longer than the third, and some-

what shorter than the fourth: pronotum much declined before the middle,

posteriorly amplified and produced hindwards, lateral angles produced

outward in a depressed horn, anterior lateral margins somewhat straight,

1889. ] K. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 53

obtuse towards the anterior margin, not flattened ont, posterior lateral

margins sinuate : scutellum somewhat equilateral, apical part behind the

frena broad, somewhat equilateral, slightly concave: apical margin of co-

rium straight, rounded towards the exterior apical angle: hamus present ;

prostethium furrowed, the margins of the furrow somewhat amplified :

mesostethium with a rather high ridge, prominulous between the first

pair of cox: metastethium elevated, produced anteriorly in a process

which is gradually compressly narrowed, gradually increasing in height

forwards, roundly truncated at the apex, and abbreviated between the

first pair of coxe, very obtusely sinuated at the base: apical angles of

the abdominal segments, acute, prominulous: feet short, rather stout:

femora bispinose beneath at the apex: tibia furrowed above (Stal).

355, HMBonosterRNA TAURUS, Westwood,

Tessaratoma taurus, Westw., Hope, Cat. Hem., i, p. 27 (1837).

Tessaratoma cornuta, Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 342 (1851) ; Walker, Cat. Het, iii,

p, 462 (1868),

Black, very thinly punctured: corium more castaneous : apex of

scutellum luteous: sides of pronotum produced on both sides in a very

large, obtuse horn: body beneath fuscous-luteous; feet short ; femora

bispinose at the apex (JVestw.). Long, 26-27 mill.

Above chestnut-brown: pronotum anteriorly thickly rugosely punc-

tured, disc moderately punctured and faintly wrinkled transversely :

lateral angles produced into broad, blunt horns, convex above and con-

cave beneath; posterior margin much produced over the base of the

scutellum of which the apex is broad, golden-yellow : membrane brassy

black: body beneath tawny, abdomen opaque with the median ridge

and the lateral margins shining, faintly wrinkled: pectus thickly

clothed with a flne golden pubescence, with the sutures deep dark

brown, legs castaneous ; rostrum deep castaneous with the apex black :

antenne pitchy (7. cornuta, Dallas), Long, 29}; exp. hnm, 22 mill.

Reported from Malacca, Ligor, Borneo, China.

Genus Trssaratoma, St, Farg. & Serv.

Enc. Meth., x, p. 590 (1825) : Am. and Serv., Hist. Nat, Ins. Hém., p. 164 (1843) :

Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 340 (1851): Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 459 (1868) : Stal, Hem.

Afric., i, p. 229 (1864) ; En. Hem,, i, p. 68 (1870).

Head somewhat small, triangular, rounded at the apex, flat; the

juga longer than the tylus, and. anteriorly contiguous; antenniferous

tubercles very slightly prominulous, unarmed; buccule rather elevated :

ocelli near the eyes: antenne 4-jointed, short, somewhat stout: rostrum

54 E. T. Atkinson—Nofes on Indian Rhynchota. [No., 1,

short, reaching somewhat the middle of the mesosternum, first joint

posteriorly extending somewhat beyond the buccule: pronotum rather

produced posteriorly over the base of the scutellum which is somewhat

produced at the apex, hardly covering the interior basal angle of the

membrane; frena extended to a distance beyond the middle of the

scutellum: the apical margin of the corium rounded towards the ex-

terior apical angle : membrane with several areolas at the base, emitting <>

longitudinal veins: prostethinm anteriorly slightly dilated, sinuated

behind the eyes, canaliculate in the middle: mesostethium with a

robust ridge, furrowed behind the middle: metastethium much eleva-

ted, somewhat sinuated posteriorly, produced to a distance anteriorly,

the produced part compressly narrowed forwards, extended to the

first pair of coxe, touching the mesosternal ridge: second ventral

segment elevated in the middle in an obtuse tubercle, and touching

the base of the metastethium: feet robust, femora usually spinose

beneath at the apex; tibie furrowed above; tarsi 3-jointed (Stal).

356. TrssSARATOMA NIGRIPES, Dallas.

Tessaratoma nigripes, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 841 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het., iii,

p. 461 (1868); Stal, Ofvers. K, V.-A, Forh., p. 642 (1870); En. Hem,, i, p. 67

(1870). «

Tessaratoma javanica, var. nigripes, Voll., Faun. Ent. Ind. Néerl. p. 26 (1868).

@. Colour and form of ZL. papillosa, Drury: head with the mar-

gins narrowly edged black: lateral margins of pronotum rounded,

broadly reflexed : spex of scutellum broad and rounded, hollowed above

and black: abdomen above black, somewhat shining, finely wrinkled

transversely, margins dark brown; beneath dull red, somewhat opaque,

very thickly covered with minute confluent punctures, with the median

ridge, the lateral margins and an irregular interrupted band on each

side of each segment deep pitchy brown: pectus spotted black: sternal

ridge deep chocolate brown: legs, rostrum and antenne, black (or

deep brown), the last long and slender (Dallas). Long, 32-33 mill.

Reported from Java, Philippines, Sikkim (mihi).

357. TrSSARATOMA MALAYA, Stal.

Tessaratoma malaya, Stal, Wn, Hem,, i, p. 67 (1870): Distant, A. M. N. H. (5 s.), r

iii, p. 45 (1879).

@. Ochraceous: antenne, extreme margin of head, rostrum,

at least half of the apical part of the scutellum behind the frena, spots

on the pectus at the coxe, and a large transverse lateral- spot, also the

feet, black or fuscous-piceous: dorsum of abdomen gsubsangnineous ;

1889. E, T, Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 55

wings fulvescent. Differs from 7. javanica, Thunb., in its larger size, and

especially in having the metastethial process gradually higher forwards,

freely prominulous anteriorly, not quiescent on the sternum, flattened

lateral part of pronotum much and gradually rounded, entirely some-

what reflexed: anal yalyules, in 9, as in 7. Javanica (Stal). Long,

30; broad, 19 mill,

Reported from Malacca, Ligor, Assam, Sikkim (mihi),

308, TESSARATOMA JAVANICA, Thunberg.

OCimen javanicus, Thunberg, Noy. Ins. Spee., ii, p. 145 (1783): Gmelin, ed.

Syst. Nat., i (4), p. 2158 (1788) : Stoll, Punaises, p. 9, t.1,f. 2, and larva, t.38,f 271

(1788).

Tessaratoma javana, Burm., Handb. Wnt., ii (i), p. 850 (1835),

Tessaratoma proxima, Westw., Hope, Cat, Hem., i, p. 27 (1887): Walker, Cat

Tlet., iii, p. 462 (1868).

Tessaratoma papillosa, Blanchard, Hist, Ins, Hém., p 142, t. 6, f. 2 (1840).

Tessaratoma angularis, Dohrn, Stettin Ent. Zeit., xxiv, p. 349 (1863): Walker,

1, c., iii, p. 462 (1868).

Var. a.—Tessaratoma conspersa, Stal, Trans. Ent. Soc., (3. 8.) i, p. 595 (1863) :

En. Hem., i, p, 67 (1870) : Walker, 1. c., p. 462 (1868) : includes stictica, De Haan.

Var. b.—Tessaratoma timorensis, Vollen., 1. ¢ , p. 26, t. 3, f. 4 (1868) : Walker, 1.

c., p. 464 (1868).

Tessaratoma javaniea, Am. and Serv., Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém, p- 16 (1843):

Dallas, 1. c., p. 340 (1851) : Voll., Faune Ent, l’Arch, Ind. Néerl., iii, p- 25, t. 8, f. 4b

(1868) : Walker, 1. ¢., 1, p. 461-2 (1868): Stal, En, Hem., i, p. 67 (1870).

Varies in coloration from almost ferruginous to light olive brown.

In T. javanica, the anal segment, in o, is truncate at the apex, and the

apical angles are rounded: in T. papillosa, the anal segment, in 3, is

sinuate at the apex and the apical angles acute. In the latter, the

lateral anal valvules, in the 9, are more distinctly sinuate at the apex

and less obliquely than in the former; the interior apical angle, too, is

acute and tooth-shaped. Thunberg describes this species as :—‘ glabrous,

Inteous, anus obtuse, antenne and feet ferruginous.’ Stoll describes it —

antenne 4-jointed, black; eyes prominent, distinct: margins of pronotum

produced forwards, body red-brown with a pectoral spine: feet black.

‘When alive entire body beneath covered with a white powdery substance,

above of the colour of Russian leather or hazel, anterior margin of the

head weakly emarginate between the lobes: eyes and ocelli yellowish or

glaucous ; antenne blackish-violet, pilose: lateral margins of pronotum

sometimes dilated so far as to form a quadrant: apex of scutellum often

brown: beneath, entire body, or some patches on the pectus, sternal and

abdominal ridges and the margin of the abdomen of a deep blackish

brown, or the entire lower surface of that colour: feet black-brownish or

violet (Voll.). The 9 is smaller, sides of thorax rounded, a little

56 ki. T, Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota, [No. 1,

dilated towards the posterior angles: antenne and feet fuscous, body

beneath and abdomen above more carneous: anus formed of a single

quadrate lobe (7. proxima, Westw.). Long, 26 mill. The length ap-

parently varies from 25 to 35 mill.

Var. a:—T. conspersa, Stal, 3. Testaceous-flavescent, rather dense-

ly punctured, above remotely and minutely sprinkled fuscous: pro-

notum rugosely punctured at the anterior lateral margins which are

obtusely roundly subangulated in the middle: metasternal ridge some-

what reaching the first cox: femora bispinose beneath at the apex

(Stal). Long, 25; broad, 14 mill. Celebes, Java, Arakan (mihi), In

the Arakanese specimen, the entire scutellum is black. Vollenhoven

makes the apex of the scutellum and the antenne black; body beneath

hardly more obscure: pectus with some transverse brown patches: feet

obscure brown-red,

Var. b :—T. timorensis, Voll.: small; pronotum not dilated, colour

hazel, anterior and lateral margins finely rugose: antenns and feet

obscure, almost black. Timor, Sibsdgar (Assam).

Reported from E. Archipelago, Malacca, Sikkim, Assam (mihi.).

359. THssARATOMA PAPILLOSA, Drury.

Cimex papillosus, Drury, Ill. Nat, Hist., i, p. 96, t. 43, f. 2(1770): Wolff, Ic.

Cim., i, p. 12, ¢. 2, f. 12 (1800) : China.

Cimew chinensis, Thunb., Nov. Ins. Spec., ii, p. 45, t. 2, £. 59 (1783): Walker,

Cat, Het., iii, p. 461 (1868): China.

Cimew sinensis, Gmelin, ed. Syst. Nat., i (4), p. 2158 (1788): Japan, China.

Tessaratoma chinensis, Guérin, Régne An., Texte, Ins, iii, p. 845 (1829-44): Dallas,

List. Hem., i, p. 340 (1851) ; Walker, 1. c., p. 461 (1868): China.

Tessaratoma sonneratit, St. Farg. and Serv., Ene. Méth., x, p.590(1825) : Guérin,

1, c., Icon., t. 55, f. 4 (1833): India.

Larva, Tessaratoma ossa-cruenta, Gray, Griffith, An, King., xv, p. 289, t. 46,

f, 1 (1832).

Tessaratoma papillosa, Hahn, Wanz. Ins. ii, p. 123, t. 67, f, 204 (1834): Am, and

Serv., Hist. Nat, Ins. Hém., p, 16 (1843): Walker, 1. c., p. 461 (1868): Stal, En.

Hem., i, p. 68 (1870).

Head small, yellowish-olive, eyes of the same colour: antenns

black: pronotum yellow-olive, elevated above the level of the head,

sides rather projecting at the ligature of the wings: scutellum triangu-

lar, terminating in a point near the middle of the abdomen, upper part

of it lying beneath the pronotum: hemelytra opaque, yellow-olive;

membrane almost transparent; wings yellow-brown: abdomen above

dark red, beneath clay-colour, serrulate on the sides, or with a tooth on

each segment: anus terminates in two angular points, with a small

spine or cornicle on each side: pectus pale clay colour, haying a black

fA.

—

1889. ] E. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 57

spot directly under the fore-legs and another on each side of the inter-

mediate pair: all the legs brown-yellow: rostrum brown (Drury).

Long, about 25-26 mill.

Flavescent, anus 4-toothed, sternum porrect (Gmelin, 1. ¢.).

g. Above entirely testaceous: beneath with head and pronotum a

little lighter and abdomen a little ferruginous : lateral margins of prono-

tum almost round, posterior margin truncate, almost straight: sternal

process widened, not extending beyond the base of anterior cox: abdo-

men dentate on the sides, last segment with four small angles, the two

interior formed by an emargination; all femora beneath with two short

spines, placed side by side, a little before the tip (7. sonneratii, Serv.).

Long, 25-26 mill. Serville observes that he had a specimen of the & in

which there was no oliyaceous colour, posterior margin of the pronotum

yellow, tip of scutellum alone brown: antennw and feet brown ferru-

ginous. Probably this $ belongs to the preceding species. Stal ob-

serves that the lateral valvules, in the 9, are distinctly sinuated at the

apex and less obliquely so than in 7’. javanica, the interior apical angle

is acute and dentiform.

Reported from China, Java, India. The Indian Museum has

specimens from Amoy, Assam, Calcutta.

360. Trssararoma (?) rurctrerRA, Walker.

Tessaratoma furcifera, Walker, Cat. Het. iii, p. 463 (1868).

Testaceous: head, pronotum and seutellum thickly and very mi-

nutely punctured : head obliquely and finely striated on each side,

rostrum piceous ; antenne black, second joint a little longer than the

third: thorax with the sides piceous, forming two very much rounded

angles, posterior angles rounded : scutellum slightly grooved towards

the tip which has a black forked spot: pectus partly black, ridge ferru-

ginous, reaching the fore coxe : abdomen ferruginous, posterior angles

of the apical segment, elongated, acute: legs ferruginous: hemelytra

thickly and minutely punctured; membrane pale testaceous-cinereous,

Thorax diverging directly from the head less than in 7’, papillosa, sides

of thorax almost angular (Walker). Long, 27+ amill.

Reported from Siam.

Genus Sreunus, Stal.

Trans. Ent. Soc. (3 s-), i, p. 597 (1863); Hn, Hem., i, p. 68 (1870): Walk., Cat.

Het. iii, p. 467 (1868).

Body obovate: head rather large, obtusely triangular: antennm

4-jointed : pronotum somewhat produced posteriorly, posterior lateral

margins slightly sinuate : scutellum triangular, narrow at the apex :

58 BE. T. Atkinson—Noles on Indian Rhynchota, [No. 1,

metastethium elevated, produced like a horn forwards: feet short,

robust, unarmed. Allied to Tessaratoma, head larger, pronotum not so ""

produced posteriorly (Séal).

861. Sreanus aucipes, Stal.

Siphnus alcides, Stal, Trans. Ent. Soc., (3 s.) i, p. 597 (1863); Hn. Hem., i., p. 68 dee

(1870) : Walker, Cat. Het. iii, p. 467 (1868).

3. Yellow-castaneous, shining, hemelytra more obscure: antenns

obscurely subeeneous, apical joint weaker towards the apex: lateral mar-

gins of pronotum and abdomen, also costal margin of hemelytra anterior-

ly greenish-brassy : membrane fuscous: pronotum one-fifth shorter than

breadth, sparingly, distinctly punctured, anterior margin somewhat

sinuate in the middle, lateral margins slightly rounded behind the mid-

dle, not reflexed, posterior margin slightly rounded : scutellum sparingly,

distinctly punctured: hemelytra finely, remotely punctured (Stal).

Long, 31; broad, 165 mill.

| Reported from Cambodia.

362. SrpHNnus HeoToR, Stal.

Siphnus hector, Stal, Trans. Ent. Soc., (3 s.), i, p. 597 (1863); En. Hem., i, p. 68 aa

(1870): Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 467 (1868).

3. Narrowly obovate, weakly castaneous, remotely obscurely punc-

tured: scutellum, antenne and feet, fuscous-castaneous: apex of two

apical joints of the antenne, apex of scutellum and basal part of femora,

yellow-castaneous : hemelytra castaneous, veins sparingly sprinkled

flavescent: membrane fuscous: anterior lateral margins of pronotum,

margin of abdomen and irregular, transverse spots on venter, arranged

in four rows, subseneous-fuscous. Narrower than the preceding, more

densely and more distinctly punctured: pronotum one-third shorter

than breadth, anterior lateral margins slightly incrassate, straight,

anteriorly very slightly rounded, anterior margin slightly somewhat

sinuate in the middle, basal margin somewhat straight (Stal). Long,

\ 29; broad, 15 mill.

IH Reported from Malacca.

363, SrpHnus DiLATAtus, Walker.

Siphnus dilatatus, Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 467 (1868).

Tawny, elongate-oval: head finely and transversely striated : ros-

trum extending nearly to the intermediate coxw; tip black: pronotum

= 1 - .

and scutelium thinly and roughly punctured: pronotum with a very

—_

1889. | HK. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota, 59

slight transverse ridge near the fore-border and with a black marginal

line extending on each side from the fore-border, to the hind angle

which is rounded and prominent: scutellum darker than the pronotum,

triangular, acute, abruptly attenuated and slightly furrowed near its

tip: pectus testaceous; sternal ridge lanceolate, extending to the first

cox, its posterior extremity concave, contiguous to the broad, round,

ventral spine, abdomen blackish: beneath piceous, very thickly and finely

punctured, its middle part longitudinally and very minutely striated ;

hind angles of the apical segment elongated, acute, not extending so far

as the appendages, which are acute: legs piceous; femora tawny at the

base: hemelytra piceous, thickly and minutely punctured: wings black

(Walker). Long, 3835 mill.

Reported from Siam.

Genus Hyprencua, Am. and Serv.

Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém., p, 166 (1843): Stal, En, Hem., i, p. 68 (1870).

Head rather pointed: antenne a little longer than in the genus

Tessaratoma, with the joints proportionately more slender and not short,

. stout and incrassate: rostrum not reaching the insertion of the inter-

mediate feet: pronotum transverse, the posterior angles prominent,

though rather rounded; the posterior margin slightly rounded and sinu-

ated, not extending over the base of the scutellum: sternal ridge ex-

tended in a point which becomes lower at the insertion of the inter-

mediate feet and advances in the form of a recurved hook, compressed

and obtuse, beyond the first pair of feet: scutellum not reaching the

middle of the abdomen, its tip canaliculate or spoon-shaped : abdomen

oval, not or only very slightly enlarged on each side: feet as in Tessara-

toma but the internal or posterior spine ab the end of the intermediate

and last femora is notably more robust than the external or anterior

spine: there are apparently no spines at the tip of the first femora:

the other characters as in Tessaratoma (Am. and Serv).

364. Hyprncua Luctuosa, Stal.

Hypencha luctuosa, Stal, Trans, Ent. Soe., (3 s.) i, p. 596 (1863) ; Stal, Hn. Hem,

i, p. 69 (1870).

Tessaratoma luctuosa, Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 463 (1868).

3. Obovate, subseneous black; above sparingly, distinctly, on

hemelytra more finely, punctulate; beneath, densely and finely rugu-

losely punctured: apical joint of antenns (except the base), head be-

neath and meso- and meta-stethium yellow-testaceous: lateral angles of

pronotum hardly prominent, Allied to H. apicalis, St, Farg., but

60 H. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

narrower, lateral angles of pronotum rounded, hardly prominent out-

wards and in no sense forwards : margins of abdomen immaculate; last

femora beneath near the apex armed with two spines (Stal). Long, 28 ;

broad, 15 mill.

Reported from Burma.

3865, Hypnnona aproais, St. Fargeau & Serville. a

Tessaratoma aprealis, St. Farg. and Serv., Enc. Méth. x, p., 591: Burm., Handb.

Ent., ii (i), p. 351 (1835): Voll., Faune Ent. Arch. Ind. Neérl., iii, p. 26 (1868) ;

Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 462 (1868).

Var.—Hypencha reriki, Ellenr., Nat. arene Ned. Ind., xxxiy, p. 160, f. 30

(1862); Walker, 1. c., p. 462 (1868).

Tessaratoma wpicea, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 341 (1861).

Hypencha apicalis, Am. & Sery., Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém., p. 166 (1843) ; Stal, En.

Hem., i, p. 68 (1870).

@. Deep pitchy brown, shining: last joint of antenne ferruginous,

black at the base: membrane bronzed: sides of pronotum dilated,

rounded, its posterior margin very little advanced over the scutellum, of

which the apex is spathulate: sternal ridge elongate, rising at its an-

terior part and extending beyond the base of the first pair of coxe: ab-

domen a little denticulate on the margin, by reason of the posterior

angles of the upper segments extending beyond those which follow:

last segment with four, almost spinose, angles, the two interior formed

by one emargination: all the femora with two spines beneath placed

side by side a little before the apex, those of the first pair very short

those of the last pair long, like the posterior spine of the middle pair

(Serv.). Long, 33-34 mill,

Var. 2. Shining-black or piceous, with very numerous, small,

brassy-green impressed punctures on the pronotum and _ seutellum:

hemelytra violaceous black, varied with purple and cerulean; anterior

angle of the pronotum unidentate: abdomen attenuated hindwards,

with the margin serrated, posterior teeth longer, curyed and arcuate :

the posterior angle of the scutellum fuscous-brunneous, with a foveola,

containing an intumescence: antenne black, apex of the last joint

ochraceous-brunneous: feet piceous: beneath fuscous-black; sternum,

neck and face ochraceous (H. reriki, Ellenr.). Long, 283—29 mill.

Reported from Java, Sumatra, Borneo.

366. Hyprncna opHrHanmica, Stal.

Hypencha ophthalmica, Stal, Trans. Ent. Soe., (3s. ) i, p. 596 (1863) ; En, Hem.

i, p. 69 (1870).

Tessaratoma ophthalmica, Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 463 (1868).

@. Distinctly punctured, obscurely ferruginous, tinted subcupreous ;

1889. | H. T, Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 61

beneath with feet, apex of scutellum and marginal spots on abdomen,

sordid testaceous-flavescent: tibie above margined black: eyes large :

lateral angles of pronotum somewhat prominent, anterior lateral margins

somewhat straight: last femora beneath with two spines at the apex

(Stal). Long, 24; broad, 12 mill.

Reported from Ligor, Malacea,

Genus Pycgovtarys, Dallas.

List Hem.,i, p. 838 (1851): Walker, Cat. Het., i, p. 459 (1868) ; Stal, En. Hem., i,

p. 69 (1870).

Head not broader than long, somewhat pointed in front, scarcely

emarginate with the lateral margins plane: antennsw 4-jointed, rather

stout, basal joint not reaching the apex of the head, second joint longer

than the third, fourth about equal to the second: rostrum 4-jointed,

reaching the middle of the space between the anterior and intermediate

coxee, second joint longest; basal joint very thick, about as long as the

fourth, fourth longer than the third : pronotum with the lateral angles

produced into broad flat processes, or strong, pointed spines; the pos-

terior margin produced in a semicircle over the base of the scutellum:

pectus with a very strong ridge, attached to the metastethium, where it

is somewhat pentagonal, deeply emarginate posteriorly for the reception

of the ventral spine, produced anteriorly in a long free spine, reaching

far forwards and considerably depressed at its apex ; mesostethium with

a distinct canal in which the apex of the rostrum reposes : scutellum

somewhat obtuse at the apex, distinctly channelled: abdomen oblong,

nearly as broad at the apex as at the base, projecting far beyond the

hemelytra on each side, with the posterior angles of the apical segment

produced; vulvar plates very broad; basal plates received in a semicir-

cular emargination in the middle of the apical sigment of the abdomen;

lateral plates transverse, with their apices acute and with a strong tooth

in the middle of their posterior margins; median plates united, forming

a single, somewhat quadrate piece, widened behind, with two strong

spines on its posterior margin and its lateral angles rather acute ; there

are thus eight teeth in the space between the posterior angles of the

abdomen: legs moderate; femora unarmed ; tarsi 3-jointed (Dallas).

367. Pyaornatys acurus, Dallas.

Pygoplatys acutus, Dallas, List Hem,, i, p. 340 (1851) ; Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p,

460 (1868) ; Stal, Hn. Hem., i, p. 69 (1870).

Pygoplatys roseus, Voll., Faun. Ent, Arch, Ind. Néer., iti, p. 24, note, (1868).

g. Above pale brown, thickly and rather strongly punctured : pro-

62 K. T. Atkinson—Nofes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

notum with a long, stout, acute spine on each side: margins of abdomen

with a brassy-green spot on each segment: body beneath and legs some-

what fulvous; sternal ridge bright fulvous; antenns pitchy brown

(Dallas). Long, 17{; breadth of shoulders, 162 mill.

Above rosy, except the base of the head and the anterior inclined

part of the pronotum which like the body beneath are luteous: posterior

part of pronotum punctured black; lateral horns rather long, turning a

little forwards, rounded at the apex, (P. roseus, Voll.). Long, 18 mill.

‘Reported from Malacca, Burma.

368. PyGorbatys miInAx, Vollenhoven.

Pygoplatys minae, Voll., Faune Ent. ? Arch, Ind. Néerl., iii, p. 23, t. 3, £.3

(1868).

9g. Above obscurely fulvous, beneath, luteous-ochraceous: head

reddish ochraceous; eyes glaucous, ocelli yellow placed on small, black,

cuneiform spots ; antenns of a deeper red, pronotum very broad; lateral

angles in the form of horns, rather broad at the base, recurved, diminish-

ing in size towards the tip which is obliquely truncated, their colour

is of a deeper red than the disc, marked with small black impressed

punctures, the rest of the pronotum is indistinctly punctured, except the

transverse part near the anterior margin, posterior margin yellowish:

scutellum lightly sprinkled with impressed dots, apex channelled: corium

very finely punctured, disc paler; membrane hyaline, colourless: the

portion of the abdomen extending beyond the hemelytra is broad, slightly

purplish red; the angles of the segments are denticulate and touch almost

a submarginal black band: feet and tibie with a reddish tinge (Voll.).

Long, 19 mill.

Reported from Borneo: Indian Museum has a specimen from Johore.

Possibly P. ralandii, Voll. (1. ¢.), is only a variety.

Genus Amissus, Stal.

Trans. Ent. Soc., (3 s.) i, p. 595 (1863): En. Hem. i, p. 70 (1870).

Body, large, oval: head subelongate; juga very long, contiguous be-

fore the tylus; buccule much elevated: ocelli remote from the eyes :

antenne 4-jointed: posterior margin of pronotum roundly produced in

the middle above the base of the scutellum, which is itself produced at

the apex: apical margin of corium straight, apical angle rounded ;

membrane furnished at the base with many areolas, emitting longitudinal

veins: mesostethium elevated, anteriorly somewhat produced and cleft:

metastethium slightly elevated, posteriorly very broadly sinuate: se-

cond yentral segment slightly elevated and produced at the base in the

1889, | K, T, Atkinson--Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 63

middle : feet somewhat short, femora armed with two spines beneath at

the apex : last pair of tibie about equal in length to the femora: 1-2

joints of tarsi equally long: allied to Hypencha, Am. & Serv. but

structure of head and of sterna different (Sta/).

369. Amissus arias, Stal.

Amissus atlas, Stal, Trans. Ent. Soc., (3 s.) i, p. 596 (1863); Walker, Cat. Het.,

iii, p. 466 (1868) ; Stal, En, Hem., i, p. 70 (1870).

?. Fuscous-castaneous: narrow limbus and posterior part of

pronotum, apex of scutellum, hemelytra, coxse, trochanters and margin

of abdomen, weakly castaneous: antenne, veins of hemelytra and the

tarsi sub-castaneous-yellow: apical angles of abdominal segments,

black: pronotum robustly cornuted: head with the sides subparallel,

and slightly sinuate in the middle, subtruncate at the apex, more than

twice longer than the breadth: second joint of antenne somewhat

longer than the third, but shorter than the apical : pronotum remotely

distinctly punctured, posteriorly somewhat smoother, lateral angles

obliquely produced forwards in long, depressed, slightly arcuate horns ;

anterior lateral margins crenulated: scutellum remotely, distinctly,

punctured, smooth at the apex: hemelytra densely punctured, veins

smooth: beneath densely alutaceous (Stal). Long, 41; broad, 19 mill.

Reported from Singapore, Tenasserim.

Div. Husrupnarta (p. 52).

Genus Kvstuunes, Laporte.

Ess. Hém. p, 64 (1882); Am. & Serv., Hist. Nat. Ins, Hém., p. 167 (1843) ;

Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 842 (1850) ; Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 467 (1868): Stal, Hem.

Afric., i, p. 225 (1864) ; En. Hem., i, p. 71, 230 (1870).

Head almost squarely truncate at the tip: antenney rather long :

pronotum transverse, lateral margins defined, posterior angles prominent

but rounded, posterior margin not extending itself over the scutellum :

sternal ridge not prolonged beyond the intermediate pair of feet and

consisting only of a kind of plate placed between those and the last pair,

straightly truncate posteriorly, and rounded anteriorly, narrower in the

& : scutellum not reaching the middle of the abdomen, its tip ending in

a small, almost square and spoon-shaped, prolongation : four vulvar pieces

in ?, square at their tip; anal plate, in &, not near so broad as in

Tessaratoma: feet very robust, first pair rather small, intermediate

longer; posterior femora much longer and stouter than the intermediate,

especially in the &, with a strong hook-like spine at the base; all the

femora with two weak spines towards their tips, those of the first pair hard-

64 H, T. Atkinson—WNoles on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

ly visible: posterior tibie, in &, strong, curved inside at their base; tarsi

strong and large, second joint almost as large as the third (Am.§ Serv,).

a. First pair of femora beneath near the apex unarmed or furnished

on both sides with a small spinule : intermediate femora beneath, near the

apex, with a moderate or small distinct spine: mesostethial ridge

or wrinkle depressed, often broadly and distinctly furrowed, posteriorly

broader, convex and more elevated : metastethium anteriorly narrowed,

not however compressed, touching the elevated base of the mesostethial

ridge, posteriorly not or but very slightly inflexed: second ventral seg-

ment more or less elevated in the middle, usually touching the base of

the metastethium.

b. Feet obscurely piceous or piceous-black : wings usually obscurely

fuscous and slightly tinged violaceous.

c. Tarsi and feet concolorous; spiracula cinctured flavescent. ZH.

robustus, St. Farg., and FH, scwtellaris, Herr. Schiff.

cc. Tarsi pale castaneous or yellow-castaneous; wings somewhat

violaceous-fuscous.

HB. hercules, Stal; H. cupreus, Westwood, H. ewrytus, Dist.

bb. Feet, a great part of the first joint of the antenn and the apex

of the scutellum, weakly castaneous: last pair of femora sometimes

fuscous-castaneous.

Fi. polyphemus, Stal.

aa. Fourth joint of the antenne, yellow-testaceous at the base:

wings and dorsum of the abdomen black-violaceous: first pair of femora

beneath near the apex, with a somewhat robust spine on the anterior

side, with a very minute spinule or unarmed, on the posterior side : mid-

dle femora near the apex with a rather large spine on both sides:

metastethium anteriorly and posteriorly gradually compressly narrowed:

second ventral segment not elevated in the middle, not higher than the

first segment: apical angles of the abdominal segments not so pro-

minulous as in the preceding.

EH. sevus, Stal.

370. HustHenes ropustrus, St. Fargeau & Serville.

Tessaratoma robusta, St. Farg. & Serv., Enc. Méth. x, p. 591 (1825).

Oncomeris robustus, Blanchard, Hist. Ins. p. 142 (1840).

Busthenes elephas, Dohrn, Stettin Ent. Zeit., xxiv, p. 851 (1863); Walker, Cat.

Hot., iii, p. 468 (1868).

Busthenes robustus, Am. & Serv., Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém., p. 167 (1848): Dallas,

List Hem., i, p. 342 (1851): Walker, Cat. Het., 1. c. p. 468 (1868): Vollenhoven,

Faune Ent. l Arch. Indo-Néer., iii, p. 27 (1868): Stal, Hn, Hem., i, p. 71, 230 (1870) :

Distant, A. M. N. HL, (5 8.) iii, p. 45 (1879).

g. Body broad, blackish-brown: antenne black: pronotum and.

1889. ] H. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indinn Rhynchota. 65

scutcllum covered with transverse wrinkles which give it a leathery

appearance: apex of scutellum and hemelytra brown-ferruginous: sides

of pronotum a little dilated, lateral margins dilated, rounded: abdomen

dentate on the margins: anus emarginate: all the femora beneath with

two spines, side by side, before the apex; posterior femora long, very

stout, having a large, strong and very pointed spine towards their base ;

tibiw very arcuate, especially at the base (Serv.). The anal plate in the

S is short and almost straightly truncate at the tip: in the °, the anal

plate is bilobed, and also the pronotum is more deeply wrinkled, and the

ventral grooves are neither so long nor so deep.

Pronotum distinctly broader than the base of the hemelytra, anterior

lateral margins somewhat dilated, distinctly rounded behind the middle,

lateral angles distinctly prominent, obtuse: apical part of scutellum

produced behind the frena, somewhat broadish, subquadrate, obtusely

rounded at the apex, flavescent-castaneous: mesostethial wrinkle or

ridge posteriorly convexly elevated: the metastethium not pallescent,

at least in 9, narrowed somewhat forwards before the middle, behind

the middle, first narrowed somewhat hindwards, then furnished with

parallel sides, truncated at the base, broader at the base than at the

apex: second ventral segment elevated in the middle and touching the

metastethium: venter marked obliquely behind the spiracula with a

small yellow-castaneous spot: last tibie in &, curved; in 9, straight,

narrowly furrowed beneath from the base, hardly beyond the middle :

last tarsi with the first jomtat the apex and second at the base yellow-

castaneous : wings obscurely subyiolaceous-fuscous : dorsum of abdomen

opaque (Stal). Long, 86-46 rill.

Reported from Java, India, Sibsagar (Assam).

371. Eustrin

Tesseratoma scutellaris, Herr. Schiiff., Wanz. Ins, iv, p. 81, t. 188, f. 410 (1839) :

Walker, Oat. Het., iii, p. 468 (1868).

Busthenes minor, Voll., Faun. Ent. 1’ Arch Indo-Néer., iii, p. 29 (1868).

Eusthenes scutellaris, Stal, En. Hem., i, p. 71, 231 (1870); Distant, A. M. N. H.

(5 s.) ili, p. 45 (1879).

$ scurpLuARIs, Herrich Schiffer.

Dark castaneous-brown : head, seutellum, abdomen, antenns and feet

darker, apex of the fourth joint of the antenne ferruginous: above spar-

ingly punctured: pronotum and seutellum transversely rugose ; apex of

scutellam narrow, produced: last femora incrassate, having near the

base inwards, a very long , somewhat curved tooth and before the apex

two teeth: last tibis stout, arcuate (Herr. Schiff’), ¢, beneath usually

of avery obscure brown with a violet tinge, and the 9 of a brown-red.

Stal remarks that this species differs from 1. robustus, Sery,, in its smaller

66 E. T, Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

size, pronotum not so broad, anterior lateral margins somewhat straight,

or very slightly rounded, apex of scutellum narrower, longer, behind

the middle, gradually narrowed, angulated at the apex, mesostethial

ridge posteriorly broader and more tumid, metastethinm pallescent,

apparently shorter and broader, abdomen especially behind the middle

narrower, posterior angles of sixth segment more acute and produced to

a greater distance, anal lobes longer and narrower, last pair of feet a

little shorter, last pair of femora not reaching sixth ventral segment,

first joint of last tarsi shorter, its apex, also base of second joint conco-

lorous, which, however, varies much: wings paler, palely sub-fuscous

ochraceous; dorsum of abdomen subvyiolaceous-shining. Long, 25-27

mill.

Reported from Java, Sumatra, India, Khasiya Hills (Assam, mihi).

372. Hustamnis uurcones, Stal.

Eusthenes Hercules, Stal, En, Hem. i, p. 231 (1870).

Above rufesent piceous; beneath piceous-flavescent; a narrow

median band on the venter, fuscous, spiracula with a pale cincture ;

scutellum and feet fuscous-piceous, last pair of feet more obscure; tarsi

flavescent-castaneous: dorsum of abdomen obscurely somewhat ferru-

ginous, obsoletely punctulate: connexivum subviolaceous-black, basal

spot on segments yellow-castaneous: apex of scutellum castaneous.

&. Anal segment amplified hindwards, broadly somewhat trun-

cated at the apex, somewhat sinuated in the middle, posterior angles

rounded at the extremity of the apex: apical angles of the sixth seg-

ment of the abdomen not so produced, obtuse at the apex itself:

metastethium equally narrowed forwards and hindwards from the mid-

dle, equally broad at the base and apex, posteriorly slightly inflexed :

second ventral segment not elevated in the middle, not touching the

metastethium, punctuation as in the other speices of the genus; stature

and form of pronotum like H. robustus, Sery.; differs in having the

pronotum not broader than the hemelytra, the mesostethial ridge poste-

riorly very slightly elevated aud furrowed almost to the base, the colour

of metastethium, of the lower side of the body and tarsi; also the first

joint of the last pair of tarsi longer: last tibie in &, stout, hardly

curved towards the base, beneath narrowly convex, almost third basal

part broadly depressed, gradually narrowed (Stal). Long, 39; breadth

at base of hem. 20 mill.

Reported from Silhat, Naga Hills (Assam).

1889.] E. T. Atkinson—Wotes on Indian Rhynchota. 67

373. HustHmnEs nuryTUS, Distant.

Husthenes ewrytus, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 358 (1887).

Allied to H. hercules, Stal, but smaller, the pronotum much less

rounded at the antero-lateral margins, and the lateral angles even less

produced than in that species: antennew entirely black, except the apical

joint which is very narrowly ochraceous at the apex: tarsi bright ochra-

ceous (Dist). Long, 36; exp. angl. pron. 16 mill,

Reported from India.

374, HustHENnns cUPREUS, Westwood.

Tessaratoma cuprea, Westwood, Hope, Cat. Hem., i. p. 27 (1837).

Eusthenes cuprevs, Dallas, List Hem., i. p, 342 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het., 1,

p, 467 (1868): Stal, En. Hem., 1, p. 71,231 (1870); Distant, A. M,N. H., (5 8.) ili,

p. 45 (1879).

Castaneous, coppery or brassy, more or less shining ; scutellum

black: antenne as long as half the body, first joint very minute, 2-3 joints

equal, fourth longer, extreme tip rufescent ; posterior femora (@) long

and much thickened, furnished with a long spine before the middle and

with teeth towards the apex: pronotum and scutellum more or less deeply

transversely furrowed: anal apparatus in &, formed of two lobes; in @ »

quadrilobate (Westw.) Long, 27 mill.

Reported from Nepal, Assam, Sikkim (mihi). N. India, Penang»

Siam.

Stal notes (Hn. Hem. i, p. 231) that in collections two species are

confused, one (long, 24; breadth of hem. 12 millims) known by its

smaller size, a little more shining, anterior part of pronotum and the

hemelytra at base olivaceous, somewhat snescent, antenne shorter,

anterior lateral margins of the pronotum not reflexed, dorsurh of ab-

domen with a large shining brassy-green disc. The other species is

larger (long, 29—35; breadth of hem. 143—17} millims), less shining,

pronotum anteriorly more obscure, but scarcely olivaceous or senescent,

antennsw longer, extreme part of the anterior lateral margins of the

pronotum very narrowly reflexed, dorsum of abdomen without a brassy-

green disc. The longer of these species is H. cupreus, Westw., and the

other is H. theseus, Stal.

375. HustHenns runseus, Stal.

Eusthenes theseus, Stal, En. Hem., i, p. 231 (1870).

Characters as noted above under H. cupreus, Westw.

EB. T. Atkinson—Wores on Indian Rhynchota. [No. f,

376. HUSTHNNES POLYPHEMUS, Stal.

Eusthenes polyphemus, Stal, Trans, Ent, Soc., (3 s.) i, p. 598 (1863) ; En. Hem,, i

p. 72, 232 (1870): Walker, Cat, Het., iii, p. 468 (1868),

3, 9. Above more or less obseurely wnescent-castaneous ; beneath

with feet, apex of scutellum, a great part of the first joint of the antenna

and small dorsal marginal spots on the abdomen, yellow-castaneous :

last pair of femora somewhat fuscous-castaneous. In the 9, the me-

tastethium is posteriorly much broader than in the @, in which the

form of the metastethinm is very like that of H. hercules, Stil, and also

the form of the second ventral and anal segments, but differs in having

the mesostethial ridge more elevated and there without a furrow, the

last pair of tibiz not so stont, and the lower flattened part longer, reach-

ing the middle of the tibie. The last tibiew, in the 3, are very slightly

curved. Differs from HH. robustws, Serv., in having the anterior lateral

margins of the pronotum, not, unless posteriorly, slightly rounded,

lateral angles somewhat more prominulous, the very large spine on last

pair of femora and the last pair of tibie more curved: the last tibiee, in

¢é, are very slightly curved. Long, 33; broad, 17 mill.

Reported from the Dekhan, N. India,

377. HustHenes smyus, Stal.

Eusthenes sevus, Stal, Trans. Ent. Soc., (3 s.) i, p. 597 (1863) ; Walker, Cat. Het.,

iii, p. 468 (1868); Stal, En. Hem., i, p. 72, 2382 (1870).

3, 9. Olivaceous-black, slightly turning into ferrucinous: be-

neath with the base of the apical joint of the antennew and the apex of

the scutellum, yellow testaceous, here and there purpurascent and

senescent. Smaller than 1. robustus, Serv., and longer than Zi. cupreus,

Westw., differs in having the antenne a little stouter, also in the colour

of the apical joint of the antennew and of the apex of the seutellum, es-

pecially, in having the elevated part of the metastethium narrower pos-

teriorly, and the large spine of the last pair of femora in the @ placed

nearer to the base; the other spines on the last femora are fewer and

smaller than in 7. robustus: apical angeles of sixth abdominal segment, in

3, somewhat straight, hardly acute: anal segment in @ posteriorly ;

broadly and obtusely sinuated, posterior angles obtusely rounded ( Stal.)

Long, 27-30; broad, 18 mill.

Reported from N. China: Dekhan, Sikkim (mihi).

378. HUSTHENES ANTENNA'TUS, Distant.

Eusthenes antennatus, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 357 (1887).

Head, pronotum and corium purplish brown: legs ochraceous ;

1889. } KE T. Atkinson—Wotes on Indian Rhynchota, 69

seutellum very dark olivaceous with the apex castancous: membrane

shining brassy brown: basal and apical joints of the antenne: ochraceous,

the last with the apex blackish, 2—3 joints blackish, base of second

joint very narrowly ochraceous: apical joint somewhat longest, 2 very

slightly longer than 3: body beneath brownish-ochraceous, or, in some,

castaneous: legs castaneous, tarsi very slightly pale: pronotum finely,

transversely striate; scutellum more coarsely striate; corium thickly

and finely punctate: posterior femora with a long Spine and a double

row of short spines on apical half of the under surface, of which the two

last are the longest. The elongate form of the body and the colour of

the antenne distinguish this species which is variable: connexivum

generally purplish brown, with a more or less distinct ochraceous spot

at the base of the segments (Dist.). Long, 35-36 ; exp. angl. pron.,

12 mill.

Reported from Khasiya Hills (Assam) ; Nepal,

Genus Evrostus, Dallas.

List Hem., i, p. 842 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 468 (1868): Stal, Hem.

Afric., i, p. 225 (1864); Hn. Hem., i, p. 72 (1876).

Head longer than broad, narrowed in front, with the apex slightly

emarginate: antenn® 4-jointed, second joint longer than the third,

fourth about equal to the second: rostrum 4-jointed, searcely reach-

ing the middle of the mesostethium, second joint longest, 3-4 nearly

equal, shorter than the first ; pronotum with the lateral angles unarmed ,

posterior margin not produced: seutellum, short, not reaching the middle

of the abdomen; the apex small and rounded, somewhat spoon-shaped :

abdomen unarmed at the base: sternum without a ridge: legs stout;

the four anterior femora with two spines beneath close to the apex, last

pair much inerassated (3), with a very long acute spine near the base,

two shorter ones near the apex, and a double row of minute spines, or

acute tubercles, running along the under surface (Dallas).

379. Hurostus vaLipus, Dallas.

Eurostus validus, Dallas, List Hem, i, p. 348, t. 11, f. 2 (1851); Walker, Cat

Het. iii, p. 468 (1868) : Stal, En. Hem. i, p. 72 (1870),

¢. Hlongate-ovate, deep chestnut, punctured: head finely rugose :

pronotum minutely punctured, faintly transversely rugose, with the an-

terior and lateral margins, black: sentellum coarsely rugose, with the

dise finely, the margins coarsely, punctured; with the lateral margins

and the tip blackish: corium rather paler than the rest of the surface,

very thickly and minutely punctured: membrane brownish, semitrans-

70 E. 'T, Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

parent: margins of abdomen black: the abdomen beneath, smooth and

shining, impunctate, tinted with violet; stigmata yellowish: pectus

violet-black, strongly wrinkled; prostethium castaneous with a violet-

black, wrinkled patch; sternum pale: legs pitchy castaneous, slightly

shining, with numerous minute tubercles; tarsi paler: rostrum castane-

ous, with the tip black: antenne black; apical joint bright orange, with

the base black (Dallas). Long, 30-31 mill.

Reported from China, India (?).

380. Hurostus arossipps, Dallas.

Eurostus grossipes, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 843 (1851): Walker, Cat. Het., iti, p.

468 (1868): St3l, En. Hem., i, p. 72 (1870) : Distant, A. M. N. H. (5 8.) iii, p. 45

(1879).

Head, pronotum and seutellum opaque, pitchy, with a greenish

tinge: pronotum faintly wrinkled transversely, with a leathery appear-

ance ; Jateral margins narrowly edged with brown: scutellum coarsely

wrinkled, with the whole surface also finely wrinkled and sparingly

punctured ; the apex much hollowed, impunctate, dull orange: coria-

ceous portion of the hemelytra deep pitchy brown, opaque; membrane,

pale brown, opaque: margins of the abdomen of the same colour as the

pronotum with a dull orange band at the base of each segment: ab-

domen beneath dull violet, opaque, with the lateral margins and the

obtuse median ridge, pale fulvous brown: pectus dull violet, wrinkled,

with the margins and the sternum brown: legs pale fulyous brown;

posterior femora very stout: rostrum brown: antenne with the basal

joint brown, second black, extreme tip of fourth joint slightly ferruginous

(Dallas). Long, 35-36 mill.

Reported from Assam, Sikkim (mihi).

Genus Marripnus, Am. & Serv.

Hist. Nat, Ins. Hém., p. 168 (1843): Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 344 (1851);

Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 468 (1868): Stal, Hem. Afric. i, p. 225 (1864); En. Hem.,

i, p. 72 (1870).

Pronotum dilated laterally, transversely quadrate, anterior angles

long, rather pointed, anterior margins slightly roundly emarginate :

sternum with a rather narrow ridge, very distinct, situate between the

intermediate and last pair of feet: abdomen not or scarcely extending

beyond the hemelytra on each side: the other characters as in Pycanwm

(Am. & Serv.).

1889.] E. T. Atkinson—Wotes on Indian Rhynchota. 71

MArtIPHuUs LATICOLLIS, Westwood,

Busthenes laticollis, Westw., Hope, Cat. Hem., p. 27 (1887). Java.

Mattiphus carrenoi, Am, & Sery., Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém., p. 168 (1843). India.

Mattiphus laticollis, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 344, (1851) ; Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p.

468 (1868) ; Stal, En. Hem., i, p. 72 (1870), Malacca.

Castaneous, shining: pronotum transverse, quadrate: scutellum

castaneous-black, extreme tip whitish: antenne blackish, apices of joints,

white: sides of abdomen, black, immaculate: body beneath, with feet,

Inteous: abdomen shining brassy, sides with a row of transverse black

lines (Westw.). Long, 27 millims.

Reported from Java, India, Malacca.

381. Marrienus opnoneus, Dallas.

Mattiphus oblongus, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 344 (1851): Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p.

468 (1868) : Stl, En. Hem., i, p. 75 (1870).

3, @. Above brilliant brassy green, generally becoming dull

pitchy brown after death: pronotum transverse, quadrate, with the an-

terior angles rather less than right angles, the anterior margin nearly

straight, with a small median emargination for the reception of the

head ; the lateral margins also nearly straight, the posterior margin

gently rounded ; the surface of the pronotum is faintly wrinkled trans-

versely and minutely punctured: scutellum transversely wrinkled, and

rather thickly and finely punctured: margins of the abdomen projecting

beyond the hemelytra on each side, especially at the apex; the posterior

angles of the apical segment very prominent, acute, making the apex of

the abdomen apparently truncated, and giving an oblong form to the

whole body: body beneath golden yellow: legs pale fulyous brown:

antenne darker, with the tip of the third and base of the fourth joints

yellow or orange; the remainder of the fourth joint black (Dallas).

Long, 6 25; 9, 27 mill.

Reported from N, India. The Indian Museum has specimens from

Assam.

382. Marripnus meuartnosus, Stal.

Mattiphus eruginosus, Stal, Trans. Ent, Soc., (3 8.) i, p. 600 (1863); Hn. Hem., i,

p. 73 (1870): Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 469 (1868).

3. Oval, above brassy-green, punctulate; pronotum transversely

slightly rugose, behind the middle and the hemelytra inwards, turning

into ferruginous: beneath with feet, the extremity of the apex of the

scutellum, apex of third and base of fourth joint of the antenna, also

small marginal spots on the abdomen, testaceous-flayescent: pectus and

72 H. T. Atkinson—Wotes on Indinn Rhynchota. [No. 1,

venter shining golden purplish: femora unarmed. Stature of Pycanwm

rubens, Fabr., nearest to M. reflexus, Dallas, from the Philippines, dis-

tinct in having the lateral margins of the pronotum straight from the

apex beyond the middle, thence obtusely roundly angulate, antenn

stouter, and marking otherwise (S/al). Long, 21; broad, 11 mill.

Reported from Ceylon.

Genus AsiArcHa, Stal.

En. Hem., i, p. 73 (1870).

Body oval : head somewhat short, equally long and broad between the

eyes ; juga contiguous, rounded at the apex, lateral margins straight:

ocelli scarcely twice as far from the eyes as from each other: rostrum

reaching the intermediate coxwe: second joint of the antenne longer

than the third: sides of pronotum dilated: abdomen gradually slightly

narrowed hindwards, apical angles of segments acute, a little prominul-

ous, angles of sixth segment altogether prominulous hindwards, in @,

acute: prostethium furrowed: mesostethium with a longitudinal fur-

rowed ridge or wrinkle: metastethium elevated, anteriorly and pos-

teriorly, narrowed, higher than the base of the mesostethium: first

ventral segment elevated in the middle in a tubercle, touching the base

of the metastethium: feet moderate, femora beneath with two rows of

very minute teeth, last pair armed inwards near the apex with a largish

spine: last tibixv somewhat straight, as long as the femora. Near

Mattiphus, Am, & Sery., differs in having the head shorter, more ob-

tuse, the structure of the sterna, the angles of the last abdominal seg-

ment in o acute, produced, and the first ventral segment elevated in the

middle (Stal).

383. ASIARCHA NIGRIDORSIS, Stal.

Mattiphus nigridorsis, Stal, Trans, Ent. Soc., (3 s.) i, p. 600 (1863): Walker, Cat

Het., iii, p. 469 (1868).

Asiarcha nigridorsis, Stal, Bn. Hem., i, p. 73 (1870).

3, 92. Above black, obsoletely verging into ferruginous, beneath

with antenne and feet testaceous-flavescent ; extreme margin of venter

black, the fourth joint of antenne, black, flavescent at the base, the

third joint (except apex) infuscate: membrane greenish eneous, Allied

to M. oblongus, Dallas, but differsin being larger, above black : pronotum

more amplified forwards, lateral angles more produced, smaller, part of

anterior margin reflexed, posterior angles of sixth abdominal segment

produced more acutely and a little farther. Head obtuse, about as long

as the intraocular breadth; pronotum gradually distinctly amplified for-

1889.] BE. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 73

wards, lateral angles distinctly produced forwards: posterior angles of

sixth abdominal segment acute (Stal). Long, 29; broad, 15 mill.

Reported from India, Panjab.

Genus Carpona, Dohrn.

Stettin, Ent. Zeit., xxiv, p. 851 (1863): Stal, En, Hem., i, p. 74 (1870). Includes

Virbius, Stal, Hem. Afric,, i, p. 225 (1864).

Form of the pronotum as in Dalcantha dilatata Am. & Serv., the

lateral margins are produced in the form of an equilateral triangle with

the apex on a level with the eyes: form of the abdomen is very like

that of Pygoplatys, Dallas, and entirely different from Dalcantha, Am. &

Serv., moreover the metastethium is unarmed, which distinguishes it

from Pygoplatys; likewise the abdomen is not prolonged in a thorn or

spine; the last femora are a little thicker than the others and the apex

of each femur has two teeth: first joint of the antennew not reaching

beyond the level of the head (Dohrn).

384. CaRPONA ANGULATA, Stal.

Pycanum angulatum, Stal, Trans. Ent. Soc., (3 8.) i, p. 601 (1863): Walker, Cat.

Het., iii, p. 471 (1868).

Virbius angulatus, Stal, Berlin Ent. Zeit., p. 158 (1868).

Pycanwm smaragdiferum, Walker, |. ¢., p. 472 (1868).

Carpona angulata, Stal, En. Hem., i, p. 74, (1870).

9. Subeneous-black, beneath fuscous-ferruginons, tinted brassy-

green: small marginal spots on abdomen yellow-testaceous: sides of

pronotum angulated, amplified, angles turned forwards, anterior margin

of the lateral dilated part sinuate, lateral margins subparallel: femora

beneath with two spines near the apex: last tibie distinctly curved

(Stal). Long, 32; broad, 16 3 mill.

Reported from Siam.

385. Carrona runesta, Dohrn.

Carpona funesta, Dohrn, Stettin Ent. Zeit., xxiv, p. 351 (1863); Walker, Cat.

Het., iii, p. 474 (1868): Stal, Hn, Hem., i, p. 74 (1870).

Obscurely black-piceous, opaque, very finely and densely punctured :

head strongly rugose, juga somewhat exarcuate, tylus shorter; eyes and

ocelli brownish, the latter of a lighter colour: first joint of the antennss

extending somewhat beyond the head, second joint about four times as

long as the first; lateral margins of head, margins of gular plates, and

base of second joint of rostrum light brown-yellow: anterior margin of

pronotum is semilunately emarginate, and ends on each side in a yellow

74, HE, T, Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [No 1,

protuberance; here also the somewhat exarcuate fore border separates

from the lateral borders in a rather equilateral produced triangle which

approaches the other side of the lateral margins in a rounded pointed

angle of about 75°: humeral angles rounded and with the posterior half

of the pronotum and the strongly rugose scutellum shining, the anterior

half of the pronotum and the corium are dull: membrane dark brown

with a metallic lustre: beneath dull piceous-brown, the margins of each

part of the pectus, two spots in the middle of the mesostethium, the

margin of the corium and a spot on the base of the margin of each ab-

dominal segment light yellow brown: feet dark piceous-brown with

prominent beaded edges. Very like O. angulata, Stal, and hardly

specifically different: it is however, distinguished by the pronotum be-

ing more opaque, dilated part more finely and more densely rugulose,

venter finely and densely punctulate, apical angles of pronotum ochra-

ceous at the apex, prominulous in a tooth to the eyes, anterior margin of

lateral dilated part of pronotum straight, at anterior angles only not

entirely gradually sinuate, juga less narrowed towards the apex, there

more rounded outwards. Long, 34 mill.

Reported from Cambodia.

386. CaRPONA AMPLICOLLIS, Stal.

Pycanum amplicolle, Stal, Trans, Ent, Soc., (3 s.) i, p. 600 (1863) ; Walker, Cat.

Hot,, iii, p. 470 (1868).

Carpona amplicollis, Stal, En. Hem., i, p. 74 (1870).

@. Black, minutely rugulose, punctulate, beneath turning into ferru-

ginous; pronotum transverse, lateral angles produced forwards, stature

almost that of M. oblongus, Dallas, pronotum proportionately broader,

more dilated forwards and the lateral angles more produced: 2 and 4

joints of antenne of equal length, third somewhat longer: pronotum

gradually somewhat amplified from the base forwards, then abruptly

forming on both sides an angle somewhat produced forwards: scutellum

more distinctly punctured than the pronotum: beneath very densely,

finely rugulosely punctulate: femora beneath near the apex armed with

two spines, the interior spine on the last femora robust : last tibie slight-

ly curved behind the middle (Stal), Long, 32; broad, 18 mill.

Reported from N. India.

887. Carpona Amyot1, Vollenhoven.

Pycanum amyoti, Voll., Tijdsch. yoor Ent.,(2 8.) i, p. 219, t. ii, f. 7 (1866) ; Paune

Ent. Arch. Indo. Néer, iii, p. 34, t. 3, f. 8 (1868): Walker, Cat, Het., iii, p, 471(1868).

Carpona amyoti, Stal, En. Hem. i, p. 74 (1870).

Of a deep cherry-brown, a little lighter beneath: antenne black, tip

1889. ] BE. T, Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 75

yellow: eyes light brown, ocelli yellow: pronotum dilated, dise finely

transversely rugose and irregularly punctured: seutellum distinctly rugose,

its apex lighter : hemelytra very finely punctulate, the margin obscure

near the base: membrane transparent brown: rostrum, marks on the

pectus, the cox, and the reflexed margin of the hemelytra, yellowish :

some small triangular white patches on the lateral margins of the

abdominal segments; the sixth segment is acuminate in both sexes, the 4-6

segments a little dilated in the 9 : feet stout, with long spines on the

femora (Voll.). Scarcely differs from the preceding, compared with

Vollenhoven’s figure it differs in haying the angles of the dilated part of

the pronotum produced much more forwards than in 0. angulata, Stal.

Long, 32; broad, 19 mill.

Reported from India (?), Sumatra (?).

Genus Prcanum, Am. & Serv.

Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém., p. 171 (1843): Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 345 (1851): Walker,

Cat. Het., iii, p. 470 (1868): Stal, Hem. Afric., i, p, 225 (1864): Hn. Hem., i, p. 75

(1864).

Head rather pointed, anterior margin slightly emarginate: antenns

long, joints rather robust, the first scarcely extending beyond the an-

terior margin of the head, the rest almost canaliculate, the second a

little larger than the third which is as long as the fourth : rostrum

reaching the middle of the space lying between the insertion of the

first and that of the second pair of feet: pronotum semilunate, rather

recularly rounded in front, posterior border almost straight and not pro-

duced over the scutellum, lateral margins flat and a little reflexed: no

sternal ridge: scutellum rather broad at the base, but short, not reach-

ing the middle of the abdomen; its apex very small, extended a little in

form of a long square and its tip spoon-shaped: abdomen oval, margins

flattened and almost foliaceous, extending on each side a little beyond

the hemelytra: venter tumid: base not elevated: feet moderate ; femora

beneath with two more or less prominent spines at the apex (Am. §

Serv.).

388. Pycanum rupens, Fabricius.

Cimex rubens, Fabr., Ent. Syst., iv, p, 107 (1794) + Stoll, Punaises, p. 21, t. 4,

£, 25, 29 (1788).

Cimex amethystinus, Weber, Obs. Ent., p. 115 (1801).

Edessa amethystena, Fabr., Syst. Rhyng., p. 150 (1803).

Edessa rubens, Fabr., Syst. Rhyng., p. 151 (1803).

Tessaratoma alternata, St Farg. & Serv., Enc. Méth., x, p. 591 (1825),

Aspongopus amethystinus, Burm., Handb. Ent., ii (i), p. 351 (1835) ; Herr. Schiiff.,

Wanz. Ins., iv, p. 85, t. 185, f. 417 (1839) ; Blanchard, Hist. Ins., p. 143 (1840).

76 H. T. Atkinson— Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

Pycanum amethystinum, Am. & Serv., Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém., p. 172 (1843);

Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 345 (1851) ; Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 470 (1868).

Dinidor amethystinus, Herr. Schiiff., Wanz. Ins., vii. p. 76 (1844).

Pycanum rubens, Vollenhoven, Faune Ent. Arch. Indo-Néer., iii, p. 32 (1868) ;

Stal, Hem. Fabr. i. p. 40 (1868); En. Hem. i. p, 75 (1870); Distant, A. M. N. H., (5

z.) iii, p. 45, 52 (1879).

Antenne pilose, black, last joint a little rufescent at the apex:

head greenish, shining, blackish at the apex: pronotum ruddy, anterior

and lateral margins virescent: scutellum greenish, shining, with a

flayescent spot on the apex: hemelytra ruddy, spotless: wings obscure:

abdomen reddish, last segment greenish and the margin spotted yellow:

feet black (O. rubens, Fabr.). Head with the margin a little reflexed;

juga wrinkled at their base, brown-violaceous above: antenne black,

briefiy pilose ; apex of the last joint slightly brownish: eyes brown, ocelli

lighter ; pronotum of a semicircular form, not dilated, red-brown, trang.

versely rugose, especially posteriorly, its lateral margins reflexed : seutel-

lum of the same colour, transversely rugose, apex yellowish : hemelytre

concolorous, very finely punctulate, interior and exterior margins trans-

versely rugose: membrane nacreous brown: the portion of the abdomen

extending beyond the hemelytra has alternate yellow and black bands:

body beneath ochraceous, mottled with hght brown and a, little violet :

feet brownish, more obseure above. Long, 12-16 mill,

Var. a. Light yellowish brown above: borders of head and the an-

tenne violet grey: venter a little more violet than the type. Sumatra.

b. Rather obscure brown violet: head and anterior margin of

pronotum with a dull green reflection: beneath mottled with light

brown, violet and bronzy green: margin of abdomen with square alter-

nate yellow and violet spots. Sumatra,

c. Obscure brown violet: head, anterior margin of pronotum and

the scutellum of a dull green: below of a beautiful violet, with ochra-

ceous patches: feet black. Banca, Biliton : a variety of P. amethystinus

Fabr. and found in Assam (mihi).

d. Blackish violet: posterior margin of pronotum and posterior

half of hemelytra, bronzed green: pectus brown violet; venter very

deep violet, spotless; feet brown. Sumatra.

e. Head, pronotum and scutellum of a brilliant green: hemelytra

cherry-red: entire body below golden green with brownish-yellow

patches; margin of abdomen yellow with patches of an obscure brown:

femora red: tibiee deep brown. Malacca (Voll.).

In Assam and Sikkim the representatives of this species are usually

of an uniform ochraceous colour above.

Reported from the Hast. Arch., Assam, Sikkim (mihi),

1889. | E. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 77

389. Pycanum pRuTIOsUM, Stal.

Pycanum pretiosum, Stal, Gifvers. K. V.-A. Foérh.. p. 284 (1854); 1. ¢., p. 64, t. La,

f.2 (1856); l.c., p. 645 (1870) ; En, Hem. i, p. 75 (1870): Walker, Cat. Hat. iii, p.

471 (1868).

Pronotum, scutellum and hemelytra obscurely sanguineous, violaces-

cent: beneath violaceous, sanguineous: anterior part of head violaceous

green, rugulosely punctured; antenne black, fulvescent at the extreme

apex, last joint much longer than the preceding: pronotum broadly

truncate anteriorly, sinuate behind the head, sides oblique, somewhat

straight, rugosely punctured, anteriorly and with two basal spots, metal-

lic green: scutellum rugosely punctured, green at the base on both sides,

luteous at the apex: hemelytra at the apex virescent, rather finely punctu-

late : membrane cupreous: pectus and abdomen on bothsides varied green,

its margin above and. below luteous, spotted black : feet obscurely fuscons,

castaneous ; femora spinose at the apex. Long, 26; broad, 14 mill. Re-

ported from Penang. Hardly differs from P. rwbens, and should belong to

yaviety (d) ; only a slight dissimilarity in the form of the pronotum and

the length of the third joint of the antenne.

390. Pycanum ponprRosum, Stal.

Pycanum ponderosum, Stal, Gifvers. K. V.-A. Foérh., xi, p. 234 (1854) ; 7. c. xiii,

p. 68, t, 1 a, f. 1 (1856) ; Walker, Cat. Het, iii, p. 471 (1868) : Stal, En. Hem, i, p. 75

(1870).

Daleantha Sancti Fargavii, Voll., Tijdschr. Ent., (2 s.) i, p. 218, t. 11, £. 6 (1866).

@ Sordid Iuteous above and beneath, scutellum and hemelytra

Iuteous ; rugosely punctured: head triangular, subemarginate at the

apex, margined black: antenna black, fulvescent at the extreme tip :

pronotum transverse, equally broad, anteriorly and posteriorly, sinuate

behind the head, dilated anteriorly on both sides, rugulosely punctured,

except the basal margin, very narrowly margined black: seutellum

rugosely punctured, more weakly Inteous at the apex : hemelytra densely

punctured ; membrane sordid hyaline ; beneath with three large patches

on both gides of the pectus, one on both sides on the abdomen, oblong,

broad, much sinuated inwards, metallic green : abdomen above with black

mareinal spots: feet obscurely castaneous, femora spinose at the apex

(Stdl). Long, 33; broad, 18 mill. Differs from P. rubens, Fabr., in being

larger and stouter and in the longer last joint of the antenn#; the pro-

notum, moreover, is rectangular, dilated anteriorly on both sides. The

D. Sancti Fargavii, Voll., is luteous, head and sides of pronotum margin-

ed black: abdominal limbus spotted fuscons, antenne, black. Long, 28-

35; broad, 20-21 mill.

Reported from Silhat, Assam, Damdim (mihi).

E, T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota, [No. 1,

391. Pycanum sAspiprum, Herrich Schiiffer.

Pycanum jaspidewm, Herr. Schiiff., Wanz. Ins., ix, p. 308, t. 323, f. 1009 (1852):

Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 470 (1868): Stal, En. Hem,. i, p. 75 (1870).

Aineous-cupreous, beneath and feet obscurely testaceous: like P.

vubens, Fabr., antenne longer and thinner, second joint much longer than

the third; first joint brown yellow, apex of third and base of fourth

joint, white yellow: lateral margins of the pronotum strongly reflexed,

ventricosely advanced, its surface and that of the scutellum strongly

transversely rugose: feet and beneath brown-yellow without a metallic

lustre : the incisures of the margin of the abdomen alone yellowish (H.

S.). The color of the feet and marking of the antennw in this species

would place it in Mattiphus, but the spined femora bring it into Pycanwm.

Long, 25 mill. ?

Reported from Assam.

392. Pyoanum (P) RuBIDUM, Walker.

Pycanum rubidum, Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 471 (1868).

Deep red: sides of head and pronotum, antennm, legs and costa of

the hemelytra, at the base, black: head thickly aud very minutely pune-

tured, obliquely striated on each side in front ; eyes testaceous; rostrum

tawny; second joint of antennwa little longer than the third, fourth much

longer than the second : pronotum transversely and finely striated, minu-

tely and rather thinly punctured, sides slightly rounded, obliquely

striated: scutellum less finely striated than the pronotum: pectus and

underside of the abdomen metallic-green: luteous spots on each side of

the abdomen, femora blackish red: hemelytra very thickly and minutely

punctured, membrane lurid. Pronotum more dilated than in P, rubens,

possibly only a variety (Walker), Long, 27+ mill.

Reported from Mount Ophir.

393. Pycanum (?) srapinn, Walker.

Pycanum stabile, Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 472 (1868).

Dark dull red: sides of the head and of the pronotum, legs and

costa of the hemelytra, at the base, black: head extremely minutely pune-

tured, with an eneous tinge: rostrum piceous: pronotum transversely

and finely striated, minutely and rather thinly punctured; fore part

nearly smooth; sides in front longitudinally striated, dilated and form-

ing two rounded right angles: scutellum less finely striated than the

pronotum: pectus metallic green; lobes mostly bordered with tawny :

abdomen with black lateral spots, underside with two very broad me-

1889. ] Hi. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 79

tallie green stripes; disc longitudinally and very finely striated : heme-

lytra extremely minutely and thickly punctured, partly and slightly

tinged with eneous-green; membrane cinereous (Walker). Body

long, 32-33 mill.

Reported from India: appears to be intermediate between P. pon-

derosum, Stal, and Oarpona angulata, Stal, (Siam).

394. Pycanum (P) panuipns, Walker.

Pycanwm pallipes, Walker, Oat. Het,, iii, p. 473 (1868).

Blackish green, pale Iuteous beneath: head, pronotum and seutel-

Ium very thickly and minutely punctured: head pale luteous behind,

and with an interrupted stripe of that hue: eyes pale luteous, with

ferruginous disc: antenna luteous; second joint more or less brown

above; third brown, yellow towards the tip, much shorter than the se-

cond; fourth black, yellow towards the base, a little shorter than the

second: pronotum with a very narrow luteous border, transversely and

finely striated; fore part on each side much dilated, longitudinally

striated, forming a well defined right angle: scutellum transversely ru-

gulose: abdomen above purple; connexivum deep green, bordered with

brown, and, at the tip, with pale luteous: hemelytra blackish, irregularly

red about the borders; membrane emerald green: wings blackish cinere-

ous (Walker). Body long, 25 mill.

Reported from N. India, Walker notes that it appears to be a

link between Pycanum and Dalcantha, and is close to D, staliw, Voll.

Genus Oxytosts, Stal.

En. Hem,, i, p. 75 (1870).

Body ovate: head small, gradually somewhat sinuately narrowed

before the eyes ; juga contiguous, rounded at the apex; ocelli twice as

far from each other as from the eyes: rostrum reaching middle of

mesostethium: antenne 4-jointed, fourth joint longer than the second :

sides of pronotum dilated: prostethium longitudinally sulcate: mesoste-

thium with a depressed, continued ridge or wrinkle, furrowed through

its entire length: metastethium not elevated: abdomen gradually amp-

lified hindwards, angles of segments acute, very slightly prominulous,

sixth segment very broad, apical angles acute, produced to a distance :

basal segments of venter not elevated in the middle: feet moderate ;

tibie straight; last pair somewhat equal to femorain length: differs

from Pycanum in the shape of the abdomen (Sial).

BE. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota, [No. 1,

395. OXYLOBUS NIGRO-MARGINATUS, Stal.

Pycanum nigro-marginatwn, Stal, Trans, Ent. Soc., (3 s.) i, p. 601 (1863): Walker,

Cat. Het., iii, p. 470 (1868).

Dalcantha servillei, Voll., Tijds. voor Ent., (2 s.) i, p. 220, t. 11, £9 (1866).

Oxylobus nigro-marginatus, Stal, En. Hem., i, p. 75 (1870),

6. Pale subolivaceous flavescent, or virescent ; above remotely dis-

tinctly, on the hemelytra a little more densely and more finely punctured,

beneath densely and minutely rugulosely punctulate: narrow lateral

margins of the pronotum, costal margin of hemelytra towards the base,

apex of apical angles of last segment of the abdomen, also its lateral

margins, black: membrane vitreous: antenne corulean-black towards

the apex. Head somewhat longer than the intraocular breadth, obtuse

at the apex: second joint of the antennw longer than the third, shorter

than the apical: pronotum as in M. laticollis, Westw., broadly rounded at

the base, gradually somewhat narrowed from the base forwards, thence

anteriorly on both sides forming abruptly a right angle, rounded at the

apex : abdomen gradually somewhat amplified towards the apex, apical

angles of last segment acutely, obliquely produced hindwards to a dis-

tance, diverging : first femora unarmed, posterior femora with a distinct

spine on the posterior side beneath towards the apex (Sfdl). Long, 20;

broad 10 mill.

Reported from Tringani, Malacca.

Genus Daucantua, Am. & Serv.

Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém., p. 170 (1843) : Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 8345 (1851) : Walker,

Cat. Het., iii, p. 473 (1868): Stal, Hem, Afric., i, p. 225, 280 (1864); Hn. Hem., i, p.

76 (1870).

Head short, somewhat broad ; juga longer than the tylus, anteriorly

contiguous, obtuse at the apex, lateral margins posteriorly rather deeply

sinuated: antenniferous tubercles not prominulous, unarmed; buccule

rather elevated, reaching the base of the head: ocelli remote from the

eyes: rostrum short, first joint extending somewhat beyond the buccule

posteriorly : pronotum posteriorly broadly rounded: scutellum small,

triangular, subequilateral, slightly produced atthe extreme apex; frena

extended almost to the apex of the scutellum: membrane at the base

with many areolas, emitting longitudinal veins: prostethium anteriorly

scarcely dilated, furrowed in the middle: mesostethium furnished with

an obtuse, somewhat furrowed, ridge, or with two parallel ridges : meta-

stethium not elevated: venter unarmed at the base, not elevated: feet

moderate, somewhat robust, femora sometimes spinose at the apex be-

neath; tibis prismatic, above furrowed: tarsi 3-jointed (Sidl). Differs

little from Mattiphus and Pycanwm except in the shorter and broader

head,

1889.] H. T, Atkinson—WNofes on Indian Rhynchota. 8

396. DancanrHa piuarata, Am. & Serville.

Dalcantha dilatata, Am. & Serv., Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém. p. 171 (1843); Dallas,

List Hem., i, p. 345 (1853) ; Walker, Cat. Het,, iii, p. 473 (1868) ; Stal, Hn. Hem, i,

p. 76 (1870).

@. Head, pronotum, scutellum and hemelytra of a deep green above,

thickly and finely punctured or tuberculated : pronotum edged brown on

the sides, on the dise with two red elongate rings pointing towards the

external margin: lateral margins and apex of the scutellum, of a reddish

yellow; membrane and wings, transparent nacreous, yellow-greenish :

abdomen above of a yellow-red, the lateral dilatations brown-reddish,

marked with some yellowish lines: body beneath yellow, mottled with

brownish: feet yellowish : antenne black, first joint yellowish, tip of

the fourth joint sulphur yellow (Am. § Serv.). Long, 27 mill.

Reported from India.

397. DancantHa Srani, Vollenhoven.

Daleantha Stalii, Vollenhoven, Tijdschr. y. nt. Ned. Ind., (2 Ser.) i, p. 220, ¢,

11, f. 8 (1866); Stal, En. Hem., i, p. 76 (1870).

Dalcantha regia, Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 474 (1868).

Purplish or fuscous black above, testaceous or Iuteous beneath

with margins infuscate: head, pronotum and hemelytra, extremely minute-

ly and thickly punctured: head finely and obliquely striated on each

side in front: eyes testaceous; disc piceous: antennse black, first joint

tawny, testaceous beneath ; third hardly longer than second; fourth

testaceous towards the tip, shorter than the second: pronotum, fore

part excepted, transversely and very finely striated, the fore part dilated,

very slightly angular on each side: scutellum transversely and minutely

rugulose, pale yellow at the tip: abdomen widening from the base to

the fourth segment where it extends much beyond the hemelytra; 5-6

segments much narrower : membrane brown; pronotum less dilated than

in D. inermipes, from which it differs also in the femora having two

spines near the tips (Walker). Long, 25; breadth of abd, at base, 12;

in fourth segment, 18 mill.

Reported from Silhat, Sibsagar (Assam),

398. DancanrHa InERMIPHs, Stal.

Dalcantha inermipes, Stal, Trans. Ent, Soc., (3 s.) i, p. 599 (1863); Walker, Cat.

Hoet., iii, p. 473 (1868) ; Stal, En. Hem., i, p. 76 (1870).

&, Above obscurely ferruginous-xneous, beneath with feet and

costal limbus of hemelytra from base almost to middle, testaceous-

flavescent, sparingly varied ferruginous ; median longitudinal line on

82 E. T, Atkingson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No.1, f

venter and antennew (the yellow-testaceous basal joint excepted), black.

Allied to D. dilatata, Am. & Serv., differs in having the pronotum a

little shorter, lateral part more dilated and rounded, antenna more

slender and femora unarmed (Sidl). Long, 20; broad, 10 mill.

Reported from the Punjab.

The following genera and species require further examination before

admitting them to the Asiatic list. <=

Div. Oncomeranra, Stal.

Tarsi 3-jointed: apical margin of corium more or less distinctly

sinuate, very rarely rounded : membrane without basal areolas, transverse

basal vein emitting longitudinal veins : scutellum longer than broad, part

placed far behind the frena: primary and subtended veins of wings ap-

proximate or contiguous, diverging towards the apex: hamus wanting.

Genus Prezosturnum, Amyot & Serville.

Hist. Nat. Ins, Hém., p. 161 (1843): Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 338 (1851); Walker,

Cat. Het., iii, p. 437 (1868) : Stal, Hem. Afric, i, p. 224, 227 (1864); En, Hem., i, p. 63

(1870). Includes Salica, Walker, 1. ec. p. 469 (1868).

Body large, obovate: head small triangular ; juga longer than the

tylus, and anteriorly contiguous ; antenniferous tubercles entirely visible

from above, very close to the eyes, a little prominulous, unarmed; buc-

cule continuous, much elevated, higher in front than behind ; eyes rather

prominulous ; ocelli near the eyes: antenns 5-jointed, shortish, rounded,

first jomt extending beyond the apex of the head, second longer than the

third; rostrum extending beyond the first pair of coxa, first joint ex-

tending a little beyond the bucculw posteriorly : lateral margins of

pronotum very narrowly reflexed, basal part produced hindwards and

covering base of scutellum which is triangular, longer than broad, acute

at apex; frena extended beyond the middle of the scutellum: apical ‘

margin of corium sinuate, exterior apical angle acute: membrane with

simple longitudinal veins, emitted from the transverse basal vein, proste-

thium simple: metastethium much elevated, posteriorly truncate, ante-

riorly produced, the produced part gradually compressly narrowed A

forwards, extended to the first cox, quiescent on the mesostethium : 4

apical angles of the abdominal segments prominulous in a tooth; second

ventral segment somewhat elevated in the middle at the base and

touching the truncate posterior part of the metastethium: feet moderate

last pair distant ; femora unarmed ; tibie slightly furrowed above; tarsi

3-jointed (Sta7). From America and Africa,

1889, ] E. T, Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 83

399. Piezosternum (?) firmatum, Walker, Cat. Het. iii, p. 458 (1868).

Piezosternum cribratum, Walker, 1. c., 3, ?s

Testaceous, elongate-oval, paler beneath: head minutely punctured ;

rostrum extending rather beyond the first cox; antenne piceous, se-

cond joint longer than the third: pronotum and seutellum thinly and

roughly punctured: pronotum with an irregular smooth band near the

fore border, sides transyersely striated, lateral angles produced into

horns which are as long as half the intermediate space, slightly inclined

forwards and ascending, with black punctures towards the tips which

are slightly acute; hind border rounded, extending over the base of the

scutellum which is attenuated, acute, pale-greenish and slightly grooved

near the tip: pectoral ridge lanceolate extending to the first coxee: ab-

domen narrowly bordered black, hind angles of the apical segment form

ing two spines which extend a little beyond the eight intermediate-

spines: hemelytra rather thinly and roughly punctured with a blackish-

patch on the disc: membrane pale cinereous (Walker). Body long, 14-

15 mill. P. cribrafum is a little smaller, horns more inclined forwards

and scutelluam smaller.

Reported from Malacca.

400. Piezosternum (?) ingenwum, Walker, Cat. Het, iti, p. 459 (1868).

Testaceous : head minutely punctured; rostrum extending a little

beyond the first cox, tip black; antenns Inteous, less than half the

length of the body, 2-3 joints abont equal in length, fourth longer than

the third: pronotum and scutellum thily and roughly punctured,

minutely and transversely striated along each side; horns directly diverg-

ing, with blackish punctures, rounded at the tips, longer than their

breadth at the base; hind border rounded, extending over the base of

the scutellum which is acute, grooved and much attenuated towards the

tip: the pectoral ridge lanceolate, extending to the first pair of cox,

notched at the base: hind angles of the apical segment of the abdomen

elongated, acute, not extending beyond the anal appendages: hemelytra

very thickly and minutely punctured, with variable rosy patches: mem-

brane pale cinereous (IValker). Body long, 19 mill,

Loeality not given (Malacca ? ).

Genus Muscanpa, Walker.

Cat. Het. iii, p. 576 (1868).

Body nearly elliptical, thickly and rather roughly punctured: head

small, conical in front, a little longer than broad; juga contiguous much

beyond the tylus ; eyes prominent ; rostrum stout, extending to the first

84, H, T, Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota, [No. 1,

cox; antenne slender, a little more than half the length of the body

first joint extending to the front of the head, second a little shorter than

the third, fourth much longer than the third, fifth shorter than the

fourth: pronotum with a slight transverse ridge between the horns

which are broad, slightly tapering, truncated at the tips, slightly ascend-

ing, extending obliquely forward, about half the length of the inter-

mediate breadth of the pronotum; a transverse callus on each side in

front: scutellum a little less than half the length of the abdomen, at-

tenuated towards the apex which is rounded: pectus withont a ridge;

abdomen without a ventral spine: legs rather long and slender: mem-

brane with longitudinal veins some of which are fuscate. Distinguished

from Piezosternwm, A. & 8., by the long horns of the thorax and the

much less acute scutellum (Walker).

401. Muscanpa restacea, Walker.

Muscanda testacea, Walker, Cat. Het. iii, p. 577 (1868).

Testaceous including eyes: abdomen thinly punctured on the disc

beneath, where there are black points along each side on the hind angles

of the segments: membrane cinereous (Walker). Body long, 21 mill.

Reported from Darijiling.

Genus Busstpa, Walker,

Cat, Het. ili, p. 577 (1868).

Body elongate-oval, thickly and somewhat roughly punctured: head

longer than broad, narrow and rounded in front; juga contiguous much

beyond the tylus; eyes small, not prominent: rostrum extending to the

first cox; antenns slender, about one-third of the length of the body ;

first joint not extending to the front of the head, second very much

longer than the third, fourth longer than the third, fifth a little longer

than the fourth: pronotum with a small slight transverse ridge between

the horns which are stout, acute, very slightly inclined forwards and not

longer than their breadth at the base; transverse callus on each side

near the fore border; sides straight, slightly serrate: scutellum attenua-

ted, rounded at the tip, more than half the length of the abdomen which

is truncated at the tip: legs moderately long and stout (Wi alker).

402, BussrpA scurennarts, Walker.

Bessida scutellaris, Walker, Cat, Het., iii, p. 578 (1868).

Ferruginous, ochraceous beneath; antenne, scutellum, abdomen

1889, | HE. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 85

and legs ochraceous: membrane lurid (Walker). Body long, 123-13

mill,

Reported from Burma.

Subfam. Drntmorina, Stal.

En. Hem. i, p. 79 (1870) ; Ofvers. K. V.-A. Férh. (3), p. 32 (1872) :—Hdesside,

pt., Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 316 (1851): Dinidorida, Stal, Ofvers. 1. c. p. 522 (1867).

a, b, as in Subfam. Penraromina (Jl. Pt. II, p. 192, 1887).

(c)—Seutellum never extending beyond the middle of the dorsum

of the abdomen, apical part broad: hemelytra and wings usually com-

plete, rarely abbreviated : membrane very large: primary and subtended

veins of wings distant, converging at the apex, the space between not

amplified there.

Genus Crctoprtta, Amyot & Serville.

Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém., p. 172 (1848) ; Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 346 (1851); Walker,

Cat. Het., iii, p. 477 (1868) ; Stal, En. Hem., i, p. 80 (1870) :—Includes Dinidor, Stal,

(nec Latr.), Hem, Afric., i, p, 81, 211 (1864),

Head rather broad, but small, almost straightly truncated and

slightly emarginate in front; juga longer than the tylus; eyes small,

prominulous ; ocelli very distinct : antennew rather long, 4-jointed, rather

flattened ; first joint short, though extending a little beyond the anterior

margin of the head, second longer than the third which is a little shorter

than the fourth: rostrum reaching the insertion of the middle pair of

feet: pronotum almost semicircular anteriorly, the posterior margin

slightly rounded: scutellum scarcely reaching the middle of the abdo-

men, its apex broad and Innately rounded: membrane with irregular

areolas formed of transverse and longitudinal veins, not extending beyond.

the apex of the abdomen: the abdomen broad, rounded prosteriorly,

margins flats and extending on eachside beyond the hemelytra ; feet

moderate, rather robust : femora with some spines beneath towards the

apex (Am. § Serv,).

403. CycLorenta opscura, St. Farg. & Serville.

Tessaratoma obscura, St. Farg. & Sery., Enc. Méth, x, p. 592 (1826). Java,

Aspongopus alternans, Westwood, Hope, Cat. Hem., i, p. 26 (1837).

Aspongopus depressicornis, Herr. Schiff., Wanz. Ins., iv, p. 85, t. 185, £, 418 (1839)

Dinidor depressicornis, Herr. Schiff, 1. c., vii, p. 76 (1844).

Cyclopelta obscura, Am. & Serv. Hist. Nat. Ing. Hém., p, 173 (1848); Dallas,

List Hem., i, p. 847 (1851) ; Walker, Cat. Het. iii, p. 479 (1868) ; Vollenhoven, Faune.

Ent. PArch. Indo-Néer., iii, p. 37 (1868); Stal, En. Hem. i, p. 30 (1870) ; Ofvers,

K, V.-A. Férh., p. 645 (1870) ; Distant, J, A. 8. B., xlviii (2), p. 37 (1879); Lethierry,

An. Mus. Gen., xviii, p. 649 (1883).

@. Body entirely dull brown mingled with shades of reddish ;

86 H. T, Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [No.1,

antenne black: abdomen scarcely denticulate on the lateral margins,

upper border black with red patches, lower, red with black patches:

femora with two small spines placed side by side near the apex and

others along them (Serv.). A. depressicornis, Herr. Schaff., is described

as :—Fuscous, ovate; above very flat, coriaceous, coarse, dark red-brown,

dull; fore-border of pronotum and both the humeral protuberances

smoother, redder : antenne 4-jointed, 2-3 joints depressly dilated: spots

at base and apex of scutellum and on the connexivum, orange: venter

convex, smoother, sordid orange varied brown: feet castaneous.

This species varies much in colour: sometimes blackish, sometimes

obscurely ferruginous, beneath paler, sometimes ferrugino us-flavescent ;

connexivum and ventral limbus marked with ferruginous or yellow-

ferruginous spots: basal spot on the scutellum distinct [sometimes

absent]. Long, 14-15 mill,

Reported from Assam, Sikkim (mihi), Caleutta, Madras: China,

Philippines, Malacca, Java, Borneo.

404, CYcLOPELTA TRIMACULATA, Vollenhoven.

Oyclopelta trimaculata, Voll., Faune Ent. l’Arch. Ind. Néerl, iii, p. 37, t. 4, £. 4

(1868) ; Stal, En, Hem., i, p. 80 (1870).

Black-purplish: a small line or oblong spot on the side of the prono-

tum, triangular spot at base of scutellum united by a median line with

a spot on the apex and two submarginal streaks on venter, yellow: ros-

trum, feet and border of connexivum, red (Voll.). Probably only a local

variety, Long, 13-16 mill.

Reported from Malacca, Borneo.

405. Cycnopmnra TarTarnA, Stal.

Cyclopelta tartarea, Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A. Férh., p. 234 (1854) ; 1. c. p. 64 (1856) ;

Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 480 (1868) : Stal, Hn. Hem. i, p. 80 (1870): Distant, A. M.

N. H. (5 8.) iii, p. 45 (1879).

3. Entirely blackish or subcupreous blackish above, coriaceous,

punctured, transversely rugose: sometimes a minute sanguineous spot

at the base of the scutelluam: membrane fuscous ochraceous : beneath

black, somewhat shining wruginose. Differs from 0. obscura, only in

haying the connexivum concolorous, neither broadly red, nor spotted

black, and in the feet being more obscure. Long, 15; broad, 9 mill.

Reported from Himalaya, Bombay, Ceylon, very common in Sikkim

(mihi). Long, 10-11 mill. I have an entirely black small species from

Vizagapatam and Dehra Dun. On the whole, the links between these

three species are rather fairly established, and the two latter may be

1889. ] H, T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 87

considered local varieties, The uniform blackish variety being more

common in India and those with yellow spots on pronotum, scutellum

and connexivyum being more common in Burma and southwards.

Genus Asroncopus, Laporte.

Ess. Hém., p. 58 (1832); pt. Am. & Serv., Hist. Nat. Ins, Hém., p. 178 (1843) 5

Herr. Schiff., Wanz. Ins. vii, p. 77 (1844): Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 348 (1851) ; Walker,

Cat. Het., iii, p. 480 (1868): Stal, Hem, Afric. i, p, 81, 212 (1864) ; En. Hem. i, p. 81

(1870). Includes, Spongopodiwm, Spinola, Ess. Hém., p. 305 (1887) :—Amacosia,

Spin., Gen, Ins. Artr. p, 118 (1852) :—Peltagopus, Signoret, A. 8. E. F. (3 s.), viii,

p. 396 (1861).

Body oval or ovate: head small, subfoliaceous, juga sometimes a

little longer than the tylus; buccule much elevated, foliaceous, sub-

semicircular : rostrum extended almost to the intermediate coxe, first

joint extending beyond the buccule: antenne 5-jointed: lateral angles

of pronotum not prominent, obtuse: apical part of scutellum, broad :

frena extended to or a little beyond the middle of the scutellum: veins

of membrane more or less anastomosed: venter unarmed at the base ;

feet robust, femora often spinulose (Stal).

Stal distributes the species of this genus amongst the subgenera

Colpoproctus and Aspongopus. The first is found in Africa, the second in

India, and is distinguished by having the head subequilateral or scarcely

transverse, the lateral margins straight or slightly sinuated, the eyes not

stylated: the anal sezment, in &, is entire at the apex, rounded, and is

rarely furnished with an obsolete sinus in the middle.

406. Asponcorus BRUNNEUS, Thunberg.

Cimew brunneus, Thunberg, Nov. Ins. Spec., ii, p. 45 (1783); Gmelin, ed. Syst.

Nat., i, (4), p. 2158 (1778).

A. (Aspongopus) brunneus, Stal, Hn. Hem. i. p. 82 (1870); Distant, A.M. N. H.

(5 s.), iii, p. 45, 52 (1879).

Above brunneous, beneath fuscous, antenne pilose (Thunb.) : closely

allied to and frequently confounded with 4. obscurus, Fabr,, it is thus

differentiated by Distant (1. ¢.).

Abdomen above red.

Third joint of the antennas, a little longer than the second, brunneus

Thunb.

Abdomen above black.

Second and third joints of the antenne equal. obscwrus,

Fabr. Long, 16-17; broad, 10 mill,

Reported from India, Assam,

88 E, T, Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

407. Asponcopus opscurus, Fabricius.

Cimex obseurus, Fabr., Ent. Syst., iv. p. 107 (1794).

Hdessa obsewra, Fabr., Syst. Rhyrg. p. 151 (1803) ; Wolff. Ic. Cim., p. 177, £. 171

(1811),

Aspongopus obscurus, Burm., Handb. Ent., ii (i), p. 852 (1835); Herr. Schiff,

Wanz, Ins., vii. p. 80 (1844); Dallas, List Hem., i. p. 349 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het.,

iii, p. 482 (1868): Vollen., Faune Ent, ’Arch, Inds. Néerl., iii, p. 38 (1868): Stal,

Hem, Fabr., i, p. 38 (1868).

A. (Aspongopus) obscurus, Stal, En, Hem. i, p. 82 (1870).

Body, wings and feet, fuscous: pronotum, hemelytra and seutellum

obscurely olivaceous: head and antenne (except the yellow last joint)

black: anterior margin of pronotum fuscous : scutellum more obscure at

the base: margins of abdomen obsoletely spotted yellow (fabr.).

@. Yellow-castaneous, shining somewhat cupreous, densely pune-

tured : antenne black, last joint yellow-testaceous : margins of pronotum

concolorous: upper and lower marginal spots on the abdomen, castane-

ous-flavescent: dorsum of abdomen testaceous: wings sordid yellow,

violaceous-fuscous at the apex (Stal). Long, 17; broad, 92 mill.

Reported from Australia, Celebes, Aru, Bourn, Jaya, India, Ceylon,

N. Bengal, Silhat, Pondicherry: Assam (mihi), Sikkim (mihi), Cal-

eutta.

408. Asponcorus sAnus, Fabricius.

Cimen Janus, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 714 (1775); Spec. Ins., ii, p. 857 (1781) ; Mant,

Ins., ii, p. 295 (1787); Gmelin, ed., Syst. Nat., i (4), p. 2152 (1788); Pabr., Ent. Syst.,

iv. p. 107 (1794); Wolff, Ic, Cim., i, p. 13, t. 2, £, 13 (1800) ; Stoll, Punaises, p. 30, t.

6, £, 41 (1788).

Cimen afer, Drury, Til. Nat. Hist., iii, p. 66, t. 46, £. 7 (1782),

Cimex surinamensis, Gmelin, ed. Syst. Nat., i. (4), p. 2134 (1788),

Edessa Janus, Vabricius, Syst. Rhyng., p. 151 (1803).

Pentatoma Janus, St. Farg. & Serville, Enc. Méth., x, p. 56 (1825).

Aspongopus vicinus, Westwood, Hope, Cat. Hem., i, p. 25 (1837).

Aspongopus Janus, Lap., Hss. Hém. p. 58 (1832) ; Burm., Handb, Ent. ii (i), p.

352 (1835) ; Am. & Serv., Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém., p- 173 (1843); Herr. Schiiff., Wanz.

Ins., vii, p. 78, t, 240, f. 747 (1844) ; Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 848 (1851) ; Walker, Cat.

Het. iii, p. 482 (1868); Distant, A. M. N. H., (5 8.) iii, p. 45 (1879).

A, (Aspongopus) Janus, Stal, Bn, Hem., i, p. 83 (1870).

Head deep black, immaculate: pronotum rufous, anterior segment

black, elevated margin rufous: scutellum black, rufous at the apex :

hemelytra rufous ; wings black : abdomen black with the elevated margin,

rufous : feet black (Fabr.). A. vicinus, Westw., differs only in the smaller

size and the rufeseent colour being more luteous. Long, 16 mill.

Reported from Philippines, Java, Borneo, Siam, India, N. Bengal,

1889. ] E. T, Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 89

Assam, (mihi), Tranquebar, Bombay, Karachi (mihi), Trivandrum

(mihi).

409. Aspongopus ocHREUS, Westwood.

Aspongopus ochreus, Westw., Hope Cat. Hem., i, p. 25 (1837): Walker, Cat. Het.,

iii, p. 483 (1868): Stal, En. Hem., i, p. 85 (1870): Distant, A, M.N. H., (5 s.) iii,

p. 45, 52 (1879).

Entirely luteous-ochraceous: pronotum and scutellum transversely

rugose: antenn and feet fuscous : last joint of antenne and tarsi pale :

body beneath concolorous (Westw.). Long, 17-18 mill.

Reported from Bengal.

410. Asponaorus stcctronius, Westwood.

Aspongopus siccifolius, Westw., Hope, Cat. Hem., i, p. 26 (1837): Stal, En. Hem.,

i, p. 85 (1879) : Distant, A. M,N. H. (5 s.) iii, p. 45 (1879).

Cyclopelta siccifolia, Dallas, List Hem., i,"p. 347 (1851): Walker, Cat. Het., iii,

p. 479 (1868).

Obscurely coppery-fuscous, very much punctured ; antenne short,

apical joint pale ; membrane luteous-fulvous, irregularly reticulated with

concolorous veins; pronotum transversely subfoveolate; first femora

denticulate beneath (Westw.). Body long, 144-15 mill.

Reported from Ceylon, India, Gogo, N. Bengal, Assam.

411. ASPONGOPUS NIGRIVENTRIS, Westwood.

Aspongopus nigriventris, Westw., Hope, Cat. Hem., i, p. 26 (1887); Dallas, List

Hem., i, p. 349 (1851) ; Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 482 (1868) ; Vollenhoven, Faune Ent.

VArch. Indo-Néerl., iii, p. 39 (1868) : Stal, Hn, Hem., i, p. 85 (1870): Distant, A. M.

N. H., (5 8.), iii, p. 45 (1879).

Altogether black-fuscous, above just tinted with cupreous, very

finely punctured: pronotum transversely substriated: membrane with

about twelve longitudinal veins of which some are forked: last tibia, a

little dilated in the middle (Westw.). Long, 17-18 mill. A. chinensis,

Dallas (List 1. ¢.), differs almost only in having the second joint of the

antenne much longer than the third and may perhaps be united with

this. o&, long, 17-18; 9, long, 18-19 mill.

Reported from China, Borneo, Sulu, India, Silhat, Assam, Sikkim

(mihi).

412. AspPonGoPUS SANGUINOLENTUS, Westwood.

Aspongopus sanguinolentus, Westwood, Hope, Cat. Hem., i, p. 26 (1837); Dallas,

List Hem., i, p. 850 (1851) ; Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 483 (1868) ; Stal, En. Hem., i, p.

85 (1870).

Closely allied to A. nigriventris, Westw., differs especially in having

90 E, T, Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota, [No. 1,

the abdominal margin sanguineous, last tibise simple, and the veins of

the membrane less regular and more forked (Westw.). Long, 14-15 mill.

Reported from India, Java.

413. Asponcopus ruscus, Westwood.

Aspongopus fuscus, Westwood, Hope, Cat. Hem., i, p. 26 (1837); Dallas, List

Hem., i, p. 849 (1851) ; Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 483 (1868) ; Stal, Hn. Hem., i, p. 85

(1870) ; Gfvers. K. V.-A. Foérh., p. 645 (1870).

Closely allied to A. sangwinolentus, Westw., and perhaps only a

variety of that species; colour more piceous, and interrupted on the

Inteous sides of the abdomen by black dots; membrane with more areolas

at the base (Westw.). Long, 153-16 mill.

Reported from Java.

414, ASPONGOPUS NEPALENSIS, Westwood.

Aspongopus nepalensis, Westwood, Hope, Cat. Hem., i, p. 26 (1837); Dallas, List

Hem., i, p. 349 (1851) ; Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p, 483 (1868) ; Stal, En. Hem., i, p. 85

(1870); Distant, A. M, N. H. (6 s.), iii, p. 45 (1879).

Allied to but much longer than A. nigriventris, Westw., altogether

fuscous-piceous: membrane concolorous with about 12 veins, some of

which are forked and areolated at the base: sides of the pronotum al-

most straight (oblique); last tibize a little dilated before the middle

(Westw.). long, 18-19 mill.

Reported from Nepal, Silhat, Assam, common in Sikkim (mihi).

415. Asponcorus untconor, Dallas.

Aspongopus unicolor, Dallas, List Hem., i, p, 849 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het., iii,

p. 480 (1868) ; Stal, Hn. Hem., i, p. 85 (1870).

?. Closely resembles A. obscwrus, Fabr., entirely fuscous except

the black antennew: body beneath paler than the upper surface: legs

brown, posterior tibis dilated before the middle and with a long oval

pit on the dilated portion: antennz black with the basal joint brown.

Long, 164-17 mill.

Reported from India ?

416, ASPONGOPUS MARGINALIS, Dallas.

Aspongopus marginalis, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 350 (1851): Walker, Cat. Het.,

iii, p. 483 (1868): Stal, En. Hem., i, p. 85 (1870).

&. Black piceous, somewhat obscure: pronotum and scutellum

very thickly and minutely punctured and faintly wrinkled transversely :

Be \ ad

1889,] E. T, Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 91

membrane brownish: margins of the abdomen banded with black and

orange, the middle of each segment being orange: the abdomen is thick-

ly and finely punctured beneath; the margins orange with a black spot

on each of the sutures: legs black: antenne black with the apical joint

bright orange; second joint much shorter than the third (Dallas), Long,

16-165 mill.

Reported from Tenasserim.

417. Asponcorus crrcumcinetus, Walker.

Aspongopus circwmcinctus, Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 483 (1868).

Aeneous-black, thickly and very finely punctured, brassy-piceous

beneath : eyes piceous: rostrum tawny: antenne black, second joint a

little longer than the third ; fourth longer than the second; fifth a little

shorter than the fourth: sides of pronotum and of abdomen, testaceous,

deeper on the latter: pronotum and scutellum transversely and very

slightly striated, the latter piceous at the tip: corium piceous, membrane

lurid (Walker). Long, 15-16 mill. Allied to A. Miilleri, Voll, (Java),

but differs in the dark colour of the head and of the under-gide of the

body and is probably only a local variety.

Reported from India.

418. ASPONGOPUS NIGRO-AENEUS, Reuter,

Aspongopus nigro-aeneus, Reuter, Ent. Mon. Mag. xvii, p. 284 (1881),

Entirely brassy-black: head, pronotum and scutellum densely and

finely punctured, obsoletely transversely rugose: sides of head distinctly

sinuate: second joint of the antenne a little over half longer than the

first, 2-3 compressed, third longer than the second: apical margin of the

corium slightly rounded: prostethium triangularly impressed in the

middle, margins of impression scarcely reflexed. Differs from A. ochre-

ous, Westw., in the colour, the impression on the prostethium, being less

deep, the denser punctuation, and the faint wrinkles (Ieufer), Long,

164 mill.

Reported from Siam,

Genus Mrcymenvm, Laporte.

Ess. Hém., p. 52 (1832) : Boisd., Voy. Astrolabe, Ins., ii, p. 632 (1835): Guérin,

Voy. La Coquille, Ins., ii, p. 171 (1838): Stal, 6fvers. K. V.-A. Férh., p. 522 (1867

En, Hem., i, p. 86 (1870). Includes :—Pseudaradus, Burm., Silb, Rey. Hnt., ii, p. 19

(1884) : Amawrus, Burm., Nov. Act. Acad. Leop. xvi, Suppt. p. 294 (1834) : Platydius,

Westw., Zool. Journ. v., p. 446 (1835).

Head large or somewhat so; juga much longer than the tylus and

92 H, T, Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota, [No. 1,

contiguous before it: antenns 4-jointed, 2-3 joints much compressed : me-

sostethium deeply furrowed : buceulw much elevated, rounded : spiracula

of the first ventral segment visible.

Stal distributes the species of this genus amongst the subgenera

Pseudaradus, Megymenwm, Anoplocephala and Pissistes. The two first

are found in India, the third in the Hastern Archipelago and the last in

China,

Pseudaradus:—Head with the sides tumid at the eyes, unarmed:

pronotum anteriorly with a tubercle in the middle: lateral margins of

the abdominal segments distinctly produced posteriorly in a lobe or

tooth ; prominulous before the middle, or almost in the middle, in a tooth,

or small very obtuse lobule; 2-3 joints of antenns amplified on both sides.

Megymenum :—Head furnished before the eyes on both sides with a

tooth, or, oftenest, a very distinct spine: pronotum anteriorly in the mid-

dle not, or only very slightly, tumescent: lateral margins of abdominal

segments posteriorly distinctly produced in a lobe or tooth, prominulous

before the middle, or, in the middle, in a tooth, or very obtuse small

lobule: 2-3 joints of the antenns amplified on both sides,

Div. Psruparapvs.

419. Muraymrmnum srevicorne, Fabricius,

Cimex brevicornis, Fabr., Mant. Ins., ii, p. 294 (1787); Gmelin, ed. Syst. Nat.,

(4), p, 2152 (1788).

Edessa brevicornis, Faby., Syst. Rhyng., p. 154 (1803).

Amaurus brevicornis, Burmeister, Handb. Ent., ii (i), p. 350 (1835).

Megymenum brevicorne, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 364 (1851) ; Walker, Cat. Het.

iii, p. 500 (1868) ; Stal, Hem. Fabr., i, p. 38 (1868).

M. (Pseudaradus) brevicorne, Stal, Hn. Hem., i, p, 83 (1870).

Ovate, obscurely cupreous or brassy-black: head black, much canali-

culate ; antenne short, compressed: pronotum with the sides expanded,

spine anteriorly acute: scutellum and hemelytra obscurely cupreous,

immaculate: wings sordidly whitish, abdomen above black, beneath

cupreous: feet blackish, first pair of femora dentate inwards (Fabr.).

Closely allied to M. inerme, Herr. Schiff., differs in having the 2-3 joints

of the antenne broader, the former shorter, the latter longer, and the 3-4

joints together longer than the second. The pronotum is unarmed,

margins bisinuate; margin of abdomen somewhat dentated, Long, 15

mill.

Reported from China, Assam.

1889. ] H, T, Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 93

420. Mrcrmenoum inermu, Herr. Schiffer,

Amaurus tnermis, Herr. Schiiff., Wanz. Ins., y. p. 62, t. 163, f. G. H. (1839).

Megymenwm inerme, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 364 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het., iii,

p. 501 (1868) ; Distant, A. M. N.H. (5 s.), iii, p. 45 (1879).

M. (Pseudaradus) inerme, Stal, En, Hem., i, p. 86 (1870).

Hardly differs from M. subpwrpurascens, Westw., except in having

the antenns smaller or more slender, the spines on the anterior angles

of the pronotum entirely obtuse, also the angles a little prominent.

Long, 15 mill.

Reported from Bengal, Assam, China.

Diy. MreymMenum.

421. MucGymMEnuM sUBPURPURASCENS, Westwood.

Platydius subpurpurascens, Westwood, Zool. Journ., v, p, 446, t. 22, £. 8 (1834).

Megymenum cupreum, Guérin, Voy. La Coquille, Zool. Ins., ii, p. 172 (1888) ;

Am. & Serv., Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém., p. 182, t. 3, £. 10 (1843) ; Dallas, List Hem., i, p.

363 (1851) ; Vollenhoven, Faune Ent. Arch. Indo-Néer,, iii, p. 47, t. 4, £. 8 (1868) ;

Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 504 (1868).

Amaurus cupreus, Herr. Schiff., Wanz. Ins., v. p. 61, t. 163, £. 503 (1839),

Megymenwm meratii, Le Guillou, Rey. Zool., p. 261 (1841).

M. (Megymenum) subpurpurascens, Stal, Hn. Hem., i, p. 87 (1870).

Head, pronotum, scutellum and corium, fuscous-purple: membrane

fulvescent and obscurely veined : antennew and feet black: body beneath

purple (Westw.). In stature approaching M. brevicorne, Fabr., but very

close to M. spinoswm, Burm., from which it differs chiefly in having the

angulose posterior part of the pronotum prominulous in a small tooth

and the scutellum a little amplified behind the lateral sinus. Le

Guillou’s, M. meratii is described as:—Fuscous black, pronotum with

anterior angles acute, lateral margins anteriorly deeply sinuate, dilated

behind the sinus: margin of abdomen sinuate, somewhat dentate. Long,

body, 143-15 mill. ; breadth of the abdomen, 8-84 mill.

Reported from New Guinea, Celebes, Ceram, Borneo, Java, Philip-

pines, Siam, Cambodia, Penang, India, Silhat (mihi).

Genus THatma, Walker.

Cat. Het., iii, p. 503 (1868).

Body elliptical, convex, very thickly and minutely punctured :

head not longer than broad ; juga contiguous beyond the tylus, rounded

on the outer side and the tips, a porrect spine on each side before the eyes

which are not prominent: rostrum reaching the last cox: antenne 4-

jointed dilated ; 2-3 joints dilated ; the third much shorter than the second ;

94. E. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

fourth fusiform, slender, shorter than the third: pronotum unarmed, sides

rounded, posterior angles not prominent, posterior border slightly rounded :

scutellum less than half the length of the abdomen, much rounded at the

apex: abdomen with the upper apical membrane entire; two broad

lamin beneath: legs stout: tarsi 2-jointed, second joint much longer

than the first: hemelytra reaching the apex of the abdomen: membrane

with five longitudinal veins and with a few transverse veins. Differs

from Megymenum, in the structure of the pronotum, the less reticulated

membrane, the stouter body and the sides of the abdomen not dentate.

422. THAtmA Biaurrata, Walker.

Thalma biguttata, Walker, Cat, Het., iii, p. 503 (1868).

Purplish black, dingy ochraceous beneath: antenne black, last

joint Inteous at the apex : pronotum tinged metallic-green on each side:

a luteous dot at base and apex of scutellum: beneath punctured black,

pectus with three irregular black stripes faintly visible on the venter :

abdomen above with luteous spots along each side: legs black: heme-

lytra blackish ; corium beneath dingy testaceous ; wings purplish blue

(Walker). Long, 163 mill.

Reported from Amboina, Burma (?).

Genus Arrtipis, Dallas.

A.M. N. H., (2 8.) x, p. 359, 486 (1852): Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 500 (1868):

Stal, 6fvers. K. V.-A. Forh., p. 522 (1867); En. Hem., i, p, 89 (1870).

Body somewhat ovate, broadest behind the middle: head foliaceous;

juga reflexed at the sides, much longer than the tylus, with their inner

margins contiguous throughout nearly their whole length, gaping slight-

ly at the apex; tylus very small; lateral margins with a strong spine in

front of the eyes: eyes very prominent: ocelli small, placed close to the

base of the head and about equally distant from one another and from

the eyes: antenne 4-jointed, stout, basal joint short, not extending be-

yond the apex of the head ; 2-3 joints prismatic ; the second longer than

3-4 together, furnished with three longitudinal furrows; third joint

black and hirsute like the second ; fourth orange, somewhat pilose, with

the base black, perhaps a little longer than the third, elliptical, elongate ;

8-4 joints much thinner than the second : rostrum rather slender, reach-

ing the intermediate coxw, inserted about the middle of the under sur-

face of the head, between two somewhat triangular lamelle ; basal joint

rather stout, passing the anterior margin of the prosternum; second

joint longest, thinner than the first; third joint shorter than the first,

about equal to it in thickness; fourth joint shortest and thinnest :

1889.] E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 95

pronotum subquadrate, rather narrower in front than behind, lateral

angles slightly spinose : scutellum short and broad, with the apex broad

and rounded: hemelytra very short, covering only the two first segments

of the abdomen (not always), with their apical margin truncated, some-

what membranous : sternum with a narrow longitudinal canal: abdomen

nearly circular, slightly convex above, very convex beneath, with the

apex somewhat truncated : the two lateral vulvar plates bearing stigmata :

leas stout, femora unarmed ; tibie prismatic, the posterior pair slightly

dilated internally and channelled beneath; anal apparatus, ind, seen

from beneath, appears to consist of a plate of a semicircular form, broad-

ly notched on its posterior margin and occupying a broad emargination

of the last segment of the abdomen ; seen from above, it presents a cir-

cular corneous ring, the upper portion of which is very narrow, whilst

the lower portion is produced and emarginate posteriorly : the opening

of the ring is narrowed irregularly by a large tooth on each side,

close to which the margin of the ring is clothed with yellowish hairs.

423. ATDLIDES CENTROLINEATUS, Dallas.

Atelides centrolineatus, Dallas, A. M. N. H., (2 8.) x, p. 306, 486, t, 5, £. 1-5 (1852):

Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 500 (1868): Stal, Hn. Hem., i, p. 89 (1870).

@. Head above, brassy black, somewhat obscure, rather finely

rugose, with the lateral margins tinged with chestnut, and with a longi-

tudinal orange yellow band down the middle ; beneath brownish fulvyous,

with the orbits brassy: eyes brown; ocelli yellow: antennae with the

first two joints black, thickly clothed with short stiff hairs, but with the

furrows of the second joint naked; basal joint fulvous at the base;

apical joint fulvous : rostrum pale chestnut with the basal joint fulvous:

pronotum blackish, somewhat brassy, with the annular spots near the

anterior margin and an indistinct patch within each lateral angle chest-

nut, the surface minutely punctured and wrinkled transversely ; the disc

with a smooth orange-yellow band continuous with that on the head ;

the sides broadly margined with dull orange, with the extreme edges

black: scutellum black, very thickly and minutely punctured and. trans-

versely wrinkled, with a smooth orange-yellow band continuous with

that on the thorax: pectus brownish fulvons, sparingly punctured, with

a broad, brassy black, rugose longitudinal band on each side within the

lateral margins: legs pale chestnut brown: hemelytra blackish, some-

what brassy, finely granulose; outer margin broadly fulvous, edged with

black; the submarginal vein, a streak on the disc and the base of the

inner margin fulvous; membrane brown: abdomen above blackish, some-

what brassy, flnely granulose, with the sides dull chestnut irrorated with

black points; the middle with a longitudinal orange band continuous

96 E. T. Atkinson—Nofes on Indian Rhynchota, [No. 1,

with that on the scutellum: margins pale chestnut-brown, with the

edges and a band on each of the sutures black; abdomen beneath pale

chestnut-brown, minutely granulated, with a blackish brassy band down

each side within the line of stigmata: stigmata black ; apical and lateral

vulvar plates edged with black (Dallas). 9, long, 19-20; &, 16-17

mill.

Reported from Silhat. The Indian Museum has specimens from

Assam.

Add :—Sagriva vittata, Spin., Gen. Ins. Art., p. 117 (1852).

Subfam. PuytiocerHanina, Stal.

Ofvers. K. V.-A. Forh., p. 645 (1870) ; 1. c. (3), p. 32 (1872): En. Hem., v, p.

117 (1876) :—Phyllocephalide, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 350 (1851) :—Phyllocephalida,

Stal, Hem. Afric., i, p. 32, 234 (1864).

(a) Asin Subfam. Pantaromina (Jl. Pt. II, p. 192, 1887).

(b)—Rostrum short, not extended behind the first coxa, two basal

joints very short, entirely, or for the greatest part, hidden between the

buccule: head usually foliaceous or elongated and triangular, with the

juga produced to a distance before the tylus, and usually contiguous :

spiracula of the basal ventral segment hidden by the posterior part of

the metastethium : tarsi 3-jointed : antennz 5-jointed.

Genus Cresson, Dallas.

List Hem., i, p. 358 (1851): Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 494 (1868): Stal, Hem,

Afric., i, p. 234 (1864) ; En. Hem., y, p. 117, 118 (1876).

Body oblong, ovate: head small, gradually narrowed anteriorly,

rounded at the apex, sides less strongly dilated ; juga contiguous at the

apex, not much longer than the tylus; entire antenniferous tubercles

prominulous beyond the sides of the head: eyes moderate; ocelli dis-

tant, placed very close to the eyes: antenns 5-jointed, about as long as

he head and pronotum, rather stout, basal joint short and stout, passing

the apex of the head, remainder nearly equal in length: rostrum 4-

jointed, passing the anterior cox, rather stout, basal joint very short,

entirely concealed within the deep groove on the underside of the head,

third joint longest, fourth a little longer than the second: furrow of the

orifices long: pronotum with the lateral angles produced into long, stout,

straight horns which project forwards beyond the apex of the head and

are somewhat compressed towards the apex which is notched ; lateral

margins of the pronotum strongly dentate, the denticulations continued

along the under surface of the lateral horns and terminating a little be-

fore the apex of these in a large flat tooth: scutellum of the usual form

1889.] H. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indinn Rhynchota. 97

and size ; frena extended beyond the middle of the scutellum: membrane

with longitudinal veins: legs stout, tibie quadrangular with the angles

prominent, especially on the anterior pair; tarsi 3-jointed, basal joint

longest (Dallas).

424, Ormssona vALIDA, Dallas.

Cressona valida, List Hem., i, p. 858, t. 11, f. 3 (1851) ; Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p.

494 (1868); Stal, En. Hem., v, p. 118 (1876).

@. Entirely ochreous, densely and finely punctured: pronotum

with two close longitudinal lines of brown punctures down the middle:

coriaceous part of the hemelytra with some more or less distinct, black

points on the middle of the disc ; membrane brownish, semitransparent,

with numerous brown points: wings transparent, nearly colourless : ab-

domen above, brown at the base and within the lateral margins; margins

ochreous, punctured: abdomen beneath, thickly punctured with brown,

and with numerous black points ; 3-5 segments each with a large whitish

patch on each side of the disc: pectus brownish obscure with a large

shining castaneous-brown patch on each side of the mesostethium: legs

concolorous, femora covered with brown points: rostrum with the tip

black: antenne testaceous, covered with brown points; last joint brown

with the base testaceous (Dallas). Jong, 25 mill.

<0 oe

Reported from India: Sikkim (mihi).

Genus Dansira, Am. & Serv.

Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém., p. 175 (1843) ; Phyllocephala, pt., Dallas, List Hem., i, p-

352, (1851); Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 492 (1868): Stal, En, Hem,, y, p. 118, 119

(1876).

Head short, almost equally long and broad: antenne longer than

the pronotum: rostrum extending beyond the insertion of the anterior

feet : lateral margins of the pronotum rounded, posterior margin trun-

cated, almost straight: scutellum extending a little beyond the middle

of the abdomen, sinuated on the sides : membrane almost as large as the

coriaceous portion, more or less transparent, with rather regular longi-

tudinal veins: wings a little shorter than the abdomen which is rather

a little tumid beneath: feet tolerably robust and short, nearly equal in

length (Am. § Serv.).

BE. T. Atkinson—Wotes on Indian Rhynchota. (No. I,

425, Dastra GLANDULOSA, Wolff.

Edessa glandulosa, Wolff, Tc. Cim., v, p. 176, t. 17, f. 170 (1811).

Aelia glandulosa, Burm., Handb. Ent., ii (i), p. 857 (1835).

Phyllocephala glandulosa, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 353 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het.,

iii, p. 492 (1868).

Dalsira glandulosa, Stal, En. Hem., v, p. 119 (1876) ; Distant, A. M. N. H., (6 s.)

iii, p. 45 (1879).

Antenne 5-jointed, filiform, black, first joint short: head, prono-

tum, scutellum and hemelytra obscurely ferruginous; head rounded at

the apex, impressly punctured, lateral margins somewhat elevated, im-

pressed at the apex with two small lines which diverge posteriorly ;

ocelli behind the greyish eyes, distant; rostrum 4-jointed, very short,

black, placed between two rounded plates at the base: pronotum im-

pressly punctured, convex, posterior angles prominent, somewhat acute:

scutellum longer than half the abdomen, impressly punctured and very

finely transversely rugose, with a large deep black, marginal gland on

each side at the base, transversely rugose, oblong, placed obliquely, pos-

teriorly girth with a somewhat tumid border: hemelytra very finely im-

pressly punctured, with six yellow longitudinal lines alternately abrre-

viated ; membrane fuscous, striated whitish: wings cinerescent, veins

fuscous: abdomen above fuscous, margin paler, somewhat dentated ;

beneath brunneous, with a row of elevated points on both sides: pectus

concolorous, impressly punctured: anus obtuse: feet unarmed; femora

fuscous, with two ferruginous longitudinal lines ; tibie angulated, ferru-

ginous, exterior side with 4-5 deep black points: tarsi fuscous, 3-jointed

(Wolff). Long, 23 mill.

Reported from China, Bengal, Assam (mihi).

Genus Basrcryprus, Herrich-Schiiffer.

Wanz. Ins., VII, p. 81 (1844): Stal, En. Hem., y. p. 119 (1876) :—Phyllocephala,

pt., Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 352 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 487 (1868).

Dallas included Phyllocephala, Lap., Dalsira, Am. & Serv., Schizops,

“Spinola, and Basicryptus, Herr. Schiff., in his genus Phyllocephala.

The three last oceur in India and near them lies Gonopsis: they may be

thus differentiated :—

1-6. Pectus without a levigate streak near the cox.

2-5. Seutellum without a flavescent, continued streak.

3-4. Costal margin not, unless anteriorly, levigate or sparingly

punctate :—Dalsira,

4-3. Costal margin of corium entirely pale, levigate and smoothish,

sometimes marked by transverse spots or impressions, or by black points

arranged in remote transverse rows :—Basicryptus.

1889.] K. T. Atkinson—Wotes on Indian Rhynchota. 99

5-2. Continued lateral streak on scutellum, intramarginal before

the middle, marginal behind the middle, also entire costal limbus, fla-

vescent :—Schizops.

6-1. Pectus with a levigate lateral streak (posteriorly abbreviated)

near the cox; the streak generally pale :—Gonopsis.

First joint of rostrum is hidden between the oval lateral pieces of

the head beneath ; second joint free, shortest; 3-4 of equal length; third

reaching first coxe; the fourth reaches the middle of the carinate

mesosternum: membrane hardly half the size of the coriaceous portion

of the hemelytra.

Genus Bastcryprus, Herr. Schiff,

Wanz. Ins., vii, p. 83 (1844): Stal, En. Hem., v, p. 119 (1876).

Juga rounded at the apex, contiguous beyond the tylus; first joint

of rostrum entirely hidden, second shortest, 3-4 equally long, third

reaches the first pair of feet, fourth the middle of the finely ridged

mesostethium: membrane half as large as the coriaceous portion.

426. Basicryptus ILLuMrNAtTUS, Distant.

Basicryptus illuminatus, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 358 (1887).

Body above dull dark reddish, pronotum with a broad, discal, trans-

verse, luteous band, margined black, attenuated at each end, and slightly

notched at the middle: eyes dull ochraceous; 1-3 joints of antenna red-

dish: lateral margins of the pronotum somewhat finely crenulated, the

lateral angles broadly and subacutely produced; seutellam with a small

luteous spot in each basal angle and a few very small luteous spots at

the apex, and with some median and lateral black punctures: base of

lateral margin of corium narrowly Iuteous, and with some very small

and irregular scattered black spots: membrane pale hyaline, somewhat

thickly ornamented with small fuscous spots: body beneath and legs

dull reddish, with black punctures : dise of sternum and some sublateral

streaks to abdomen obscure luteous: tarsal jot somewhat ochraceous

beneath (Dist.). Long, 14; exp. angl. pron., 10 mill.

Reported from N. India.

Genus Scuizors, Spinola.

Schyzops, Hss., p. 297 (1837): Schizops, Am. & Serv., Hist. Nat. Ins, Hém., p. 176

(1843) ; Stal, pt., Hem, Afric., i, p. 234, 239 (1864) ; En. Hem., v, p. 118, 120 (1876),

Head triangular, juga produced much beyond the tylus and forming

the apex of the triangle, rounded, bifid, the cleft: very narrow, contracted

100 BE. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

hindwards and reduced near the end of the tylus to a simple impression

where abut two other like impressions that mark the separation of the

three lobes: labrum and rostral canal start from the end of the tylus, the

former is transversely striated and covers the whole of the first and at

least half the second joint of the rostrum: head beneath convex; the

rostral canal does not reach its base and receives the whole of the first

joint of the pronotum and part of the second joint; the rostrum does not

reach the mesostethium, the apex of its fourth joint rests on the pos-

terior margin of the prostethium between the first pair of feet ; there is

no yentral groove: prostethium flat, acuminate, its sides with a simple

margin: mesostethium flat, apex tumid, concealing the middle of the

first seement: the second segment without spine or protuberance, venter

uniformly convex and even somewhat tumid: femora simple; tibie tri-

angular, edges not dilated; first joint of tarsi as long as the other two

together: abdomen extending beyond the hemelytra: membrane occupy-

ing one-third of the hemelytra, veins variable,

Differs from Dalsira, Am, & Sery., in having the lateral streak con-

tinued through the scutellum, intramarginal before the middle, marginal

behind the middle, also costal limbus, entirely flavescent.

427. Scurzops rnstenis, Walker.

Schismatops insignis, Walker, Cat. Het. iii, p. 495 (1868).

Schizops insignis, Stal, Hn. Hem., v, p. 120 (1876).

Tawny, very thickly and minutely punctured, slightly clouded: with

blackish beneath: head a little longer than its breadth; juga lanceolate,

contiguous, except at their tips: eyes livid, not prominent: rostrum ex-

tending to the first cox: antenne black; second joint a little longer

than the third: pronotum between the hind angles with a transverse

ridge and an anterior slight metallic-green transverse furrow, the latter

abbreviated at each end; space between the ridge and the hind border

mostly piceous ; hind angles acute, prominent : scutellum piceous, round-

ed at the tip, with two testaceous stripes which are bordered with bright

green on the outer side near the base: legs tawny: hemelytra piceous ;

costa testaceous ; membrane cinereous with many black points (Walker).

Body long, 17-18 mill.

Reported from Burma.

Genus Gonorsis, Amyot & Serville.

Hist. Nat. Ins. Hem., p. 180 (1843): Stal, En. Hem., v, p. 121 (1876).

Allied to Megarhynchus, Lap.: head with the juga distant : posterior

angles of pronotum very prominent in a pointed spine: extremity of ab-

1889. | E. T, Atkinson—Wotes on Indian Rhynchota. 101

domen, in @, almost straightly truncate; in ?, slightly roundly emargi-

nate (Am. § Serv.).

428. Gonopsis RUBESCENS, Distant.

Gonopsis rubescens, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 859 (1887).

Body above sanguineous: head somewhat obscurely punctate; an-

tennw reddish, third joint shorter than second or fourth, fifth joint

longest and pilose: lateral margins of the pronotum finely crenulate, the

lateral angles produced into short subacute spines between which is a

transverse ridge, before which the surface is obliquely deflected towards

the head; pronotum is also transversely rugulose, except two levigate

spots on the anterior area: scutellum longitudinally rugose, with a row

of black punctures on the basal half of the lateral margins: corium

obscurely punctate and finely rugulose, with a few black punctures near

the inner apical angle: membrane pale hyaline: body beneath and legs

pale reddish; the body is very finely and darkly punctate, and the tibise

have a fuscous spot on under side of apices (Dist.). Long, 14; exp.

ang. pron., 7 mill.

Reported from Sikkim.

Genus DreLorntnus, Am. & Serv.

Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém., p. 178 (1843): Dallas, List. Hem., i, p. 859 (1851) ; Walker

Cat. Het., iii, p. 494 (1868): Stal, En. Hem., v, p. 118, 122 (1876).

Juga prolonged, broad, divaricate, pointed: 2-3 joints of the an-

tenn of equal length: pronotum posteriorly rugose and strongly punc-

tured, lateral angles produced in a process which is obtuse or abruptly

somewhat acuminate at the apex, turning outwards, sides crenulate:

scutellum less strongly punctured than the pronotum: veins of mem-

brane, straight, black on a pale ground: posterior tibix straight.

429, DIPLORHINUS QUADRICORNIS, Stal.

Diplorhinus quadricornis, Stal, Hn. Hem., v, p. 122 (1876),

3. Very close to D. furcatus, Westw., differs in the longer juga,

gradually acuminate, more divaricate, furnished with straight lateral

margins; pronotum more strongly rugose, lateral margins more remotely

and more obtusely denticulate, process of the lateral angles twice as long,

body narrower (Stal). Long, 20; broad, 83; breadth of pronotal pro-

eesses, 124 mill.

Reported from N. H. India, Assam (mihi).

E. T, Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

430. DreLoRHINUsS FURCATUS, Westwood.

Atelocerus ? furcatus, Westwood, Hope, Cat. Hem., i, p. 20 (1837).

Phyllocephala distans, Herr. Schiff, Wanz. Ins., vii, p. 71, t. 237, f. 740 (1844).

Orthoschizops ? furcata, Walker, Cat, Het., i, p. 232 (1867).

Diplorhinus furcatus, Am, & Sery., Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém., p. 178, t. 8, f. 6 (1843) :

Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 859 (1851) ; Walker, 1. c, iii, p, 494 (1868) : Voll., Faune Ent,

V Arch. Ind. Néerl., iii, p. 41 (1868) : Stal, En. Hem., v, p. 122 (1876). <n

Fuscous: hemelytra and scutellum a little paler: head large, por-

rect, bifurcate: antenne short, very slender, pale: pronotum scabrous,

sides serrate and posteriorly produced on both sides in a prominent

angle: median line on hemelytra, blackish: membrane hyaline, with

eight straight, black, longitudinal veins: feet lutescent (Westw.). In.

P. distans, H. S., the lateral margin of the hemelytra and a small longi-

tudinal line at base of the scutellum are ochreous; beneath dark brown,

more red-brown posteriorly : feet yellow-brown. Long, 18-19 mill.

Reported from Java, Sumatra.

Genus Macrina, Amyot & Serville.

Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém., p. 179 (1843): pt., Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 360 (1861);

Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 496 (1868): Stal, Hom. Afric., i, p. 234, 244 (1864); En.

Hem., v, p. 118, 122 (1876). =

Body oblong-ovate: head triangular; juga flat, very acute, contigu-

ous or Somewhat so; in Indian species, the second joint of the antennss

extends at least by half beyond the apex of the head: sides of prono«

tum produced behind the middle in a gradually acuminated process,

turning outwards and more or less forwards: posterior angles of the

genitalia, in 3, hardly prominulous, rounded.

431. Macrina pitarara, Distant.

Macrina dilatata, Distant, A. M. N. H., (5 8.) iii, p. 45, 52 (1879): Waterhouse,

Aid, t. 6,

Broad, ovate: head broad, triangular, moderately covered with deep

dark punctures ; juga slightly sinuated, divided at the apex, meeting be-

yond the tylus which is much shorter: antenne with the third joint

shortest ; fourth rather longer ; fifth longest, black, with the base rufous

(the first four joints vary in different specimens from rufous to luteous) :

rostrum reaching anterior cox: pronotum with the base slightly rugu-

lose, somewhat crescent-shaped in front where it is bordered with a pale

Iuteous band between the lateral angles, which are produced into two

stout spines directed forwards ; spinal apices black: anterior portion of

the pronotum abruptly deflexed to the head, transversely costate, mo-

—_-

1889.] HE. T. Atkinson—Wotes on Indian Rhynchota. 103

derately punctured with brown ; lateral borders denticulated : scutellum

reaching beyond the base of the membrane, with five longitudinal, in-

distinct, somewhat catenulate elevated ridges, which are sprinkled with

luteous, the median ridge generally most indistinct: membrane pale

fuscous, extending beyond the apex of the abdomen: beneath and legs

concolorous, thickly and finely punctured with brown: tibie sulcated

(Distant). ¢, long 16, breadth at base of corium 8; exp. angles pronot.

11 millims. 9, long 17, breadth at base of corium, 83, exp. angles

pronot. 12 mill.

This species approaches M. coccinea, Walker, but differs in its much

greater breadth: some specimens are of a much darker colour than

others.

Reported from the Naga hills 2000-6000 feet; N. Khasiya hills

1500-3000 feet.

432. Macrina cocoinna, Walker.

Maerina coccinea, Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 497 (1876); Distant, A. M. N. H., (5

s.), iii, p. 45 (1879).

Bright red, very elongate-oval; head acute, a little longer than

broad; tylus transversely striated ; juga contiguous, obliquely striated :

eyes not prominent: rostrum partly black, extending to the first coxe:

antenns slender; second joint much longer than the third, as long as

the fourth ; fifth longer than the fourth, sometimes mostly black: prono-

tum and scutellum transversely rugulose; the former with a ridge be-

tween the posterior angles, which are acute, elongated and slightly in-

clined forward; sides in front serrated; a transverse, sometimes testa-

ceous, callus on each side near the anterior margins: scutellum much

attenuated, rounded at the tip, with a few or many yellow speckles:

abdomen truncated at the tip; legs slender: hemelytra thickly and

minutely punctured; membrane pellucid (Walker). Body long, 143-15

mill.

Reported from Penang, India, Assam, Sikkim (mihi).

Genus Trrropa, Am. & Sery.

Hist. Nat. Ins, Hém., p. 177 (1843): Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 355 (1851); Walker,

Cat. Het., iii, p. 493 (1868) : Stal, Hem. Afric., i, p. 234 (1864) ; En. Hem., v., p. 118,

122 (1876).

Head with the juga long, gradually acuminate, slightly diverging

outwards, somewhat straight, and tip slightly rounded; narrowed from

the eyes, not incised at the eyes, lateral margins for the most part

straight: second joint of antenne a little shorter than the third, rest

104 E. T. Atkinson—Wotes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1, ‘|

almost equal in length: sides of pronotum laminated, produced anterior-

ly in a depressed porrect process, sides scarcely crenulate: scutellum

extending scarcely beyond the middle of the abdomen, ending in a

rounded point: veins of membrane rather straight.

433. TurropEs HISTEROIDES, Fabricius.

Acanthia histeroides, Fabr., Ent. Syst. Suppt. p. 526 (1798).

Aelia furcata, Fabr., Syst. Rhyng., p. 188 (1803) : Stoll, Punaises, p. 109, t. 28, f.

197 (1788).

Aelia histeroides, Fabr., Syst. Rhyng., p. 189 (1803),

Phyllocephala furcata, Herr. Schiaff., Wanz. Ins., vii, p. 70, t. 237, £. 738 (1844).

Megarhynchus 4-spinosus, Westw., Hope, Cat. Hem., i, p. 19 (1837); Walker, 1.

©. p. 493 (1868) ?

Tetroda histeroides, var. swnatrana, Hllenr. Nat. Tijds. v. Ned. Ind., xxiv, p.

171 (1862).

Tetroda histeroides, Am. & Serv., Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém., p. 178 (1848) ; Dallas,

List Hem., i, p. 356 (1851) ; Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 493 (1868); Stal, Hem. Fabr.,

i, p. 41 (1868); En. Hem., v, p. 122 (1876) ; Vollenhoven, Faune Ent. l’Arch. Indo-

Néer., iii, p. 41 (1868); Distant, A.M. N.H., (6 s8.), iii, p. 45 (1879) ; Scott, Trans.

Ent. Soc., p. 306 (1880).

Head black, bifid, with the rostrum inserted below the lobes; pro-

notum obscure, flat, the anterior angle much produced on both sides, at

somewhat spinose: scutellum black with a white marginal line on both

sides : hemelytra black: body obscure (fabr). Long, 17 mill.

Reported from Java, Burma, Bengal, Sikkim (mihi), Assam (mihi),

Sinkip island.

434, TETRODA DIVARICATA, Dallas.

Tetroda divaricata, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 356 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p.

493 (1868); Stal, Un, Hem., v, p. 124 (1876).

3. Fuscous, punctured : juga divaricate: membrane whitish, veins

black: body beneath more obscure: antenne black, two basal joints

fuscous (Dallas). Long, 13-14 mill. Hardly different from 7. histeroi-

des, Fabr.

Reported from Nepal, Sikkim (mihi).

435. Tetroda atomaria, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 356 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het., ¥

iii, p. 493 (1868).

3. Head testaceous, thickly and faintly punctured; juga nearly

meeting at the apex, lateral margins straight: pronotum with the an-

terior portion testaceous, obscure, punctured, becoming dark brown

posteriorly, with numerous small elevated testaceous points: seutellum

—.

1889. ] K. T. Atkinson—Nofes on Indian Rhynchota. 105

dark brown, nearly black, punctured, with numerous small warts similar

to those on the pronotum, and on each side at the base a yellow impune-

tate line, which tapers to a point posteriorly : coriaceous portion of the

hemelytra dark brown, punctured, with several irregular longitudinal

testaceous lines formed of small raised points; membrane whitish,

opaque: body beneath testaceous, with an interrupted black band down

each side within the lateral margins, on the line of the stigmata; stig-

mata white: pectus punctured with brown: legs testaceous; femora

punctured with brown: rostrum pale testaceous: antennse yellowish-

white (Dallas). Long, 12} mill.

Reported from N. India.

436. TurRODA BILINBATA, Walker.

Tetroda bilineata, Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 494 (1868).

Fawn-colour or blackish, or of an intermediate hue, very thickly and

minutely punctured : head very much longer than broad ; juga separate,

lanceolate, twice the length of the tylus: eyes rather prominent : rostrum

extending to the first coxee : antenne black, about one third the length

of the body; second joint a little longer than the third ; fourth longer

than the second ; fifth a little longer than the fourth: pronotum and

scutellum transversely and slightly striated : pronotum with the anterior

angles porrect, much elongated, very acute: scutellum attenuated

rounded at the tip, with two whitish stripes which taper and converge

from the base nearly to the tip and are bordered with black on the outer

side : abdomen beneath in the blackish individuals of a dull dark red

hue: membrane cinereous; veins black (Walker). Body long, 14-17

mill.

Reported from Java, Sumatra, Malacca, Burma, India, Sikkim

(mihi).

Genus Guutta, Stal.

Hem. Afric., i, p. 234, 243 (1864); Hn. Hem., vy, p. 118, 122 (1876).

Body oval: head much dilated, foliaceous, lateral margins distinctly

incised at the eyes, abruptly dilated at the eyes and forming an angle,

thence rounded before the incisure ; juga very slightly distant: anterior

lateral margins of the pronotum produced forwards in a depressed lobe.

437, GuEnniA NIGRIPENNIS, Dallas.

Tetroda nigripennis, Dallas, List Hem., i, p- 357 (1851) ; Walker, Cat, Het,, iii,

p. 493 (1868).

Gellia nigripennis, Stil, En, Hem., v, p. 123 (1876).

3. Reddish testaceons, thickly and finely punctured: head with

106 E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota, [No. 1,

the lateral margins abruptly dilated a little before the eyes ; juga foliace-

ous, rounded externally and nearly meeting at the apex : pronotum faintly

rugose transversely, and with a distinct transverse ridge not far from

the posterior margin: scutellum with its lateral margins brownish and

with a black streak at each side at the base: hemelytra with the dise

brownish ; membrane black: margins of the abdomen ferruginous: body

beneath with an irregular blackish band on each side on the line of the

stigmata which are white: legs testaceous; tibie at the apex and the

tarsi ferruginous : rostrum and antenne testaceous, the latter somewhat

ferruginous (Dallas). Long, 123-13 mill,

Reported from N. India, Karachi (mihi).

438. Gernira optusa, Dallas.

Tetroda obtusa, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 357 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 493

(1868).

Gellia (?) obtusa, Stal, Hn. Hem., v, p. 124 (1876).

3. Testaceous, very thickly and finely punctured: head with the

juga foliaceous, rounded at the apex, with the inner angles obtuse, not

meeting; lateral margins with a minute black spine, tipped with yellow,

on each side in front of the eyes: pronotum with an indistinet, trans-

verse ridge near the hinder margin: scutellum with several scattered

black points, and a black streak on each side at the base: membrane

whitish, opaque: abdomen beneath thickly and rather coarsely punc-

tured, with a large transverse impunctate pit on each side of each seg-

ment, touching the posterior margin of the preceding segment; the

space around each of the stigmata with an irregular patch of black

punctures: pectus rather coarsely punctured, with a few scattered black

points, and a black shining spot on each side of the metastethinum: legs

testaceous; femora with brown points: rostrum testaceous, with the

apex black: antennw testaceous (Dallas), Long, 13}-14 mill.

Reported from N. India,

Genus Mrcarnyncuus, Lap.

Kss, Hém., p. 65 (1832): Am. & Sery., Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém., p. 179 (1843):

Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 861 (1851): Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 498 (1868): Stal, Hem.

Afric., i, p. 234 (1864) ; En, Hem., v, p. 118, 123 (1876).

Body very elongate: head very long, ending in a sharp, bifid point,

the bifurcation so close as to appear above but a longitudinal grooye in

the middle of the head: eyes very small, hardly prominulous: antennae

long, 5-jointed, first very short, rest of equal length to each other: ros-

trum yery short, hardly reaching the insertion of the firsf pair of feet,

‘

]

1889. | H. T. Atkinson—WNoles on Indian Rhynchota. 107

joints rather equal: pronotum nearly continuing the triangle formed by

the head, without posterior spines turning forwards; posterior angles

not prominulous: scutellum elongate, rounded at the tip, extending a

little beyond the half of the abdomen: hemelytra hardly allowing the

margin of the abdomen to be seen; membrane shorter than the coria-

ceous portion: wings shorter than the hemelytra: abdomen flat above,

slightly tumid beneath, elongate, as broad at its base as the pronotum,

gradually narrowing and abruptly truncate at the tip, nearly at the end

of the hemelytra: feet robust, long, unarmed ; tarsi long (Am. § Serv.).

439. MrGARHYNCHUS ROSTRATUS, Fabricius.

Aelia rostrata, Fabr., Syst. Rhyng., p. 188 (1803): Burm., Handb. Ent, ii (i), p.

397 (1833).

Lygeus hastatus, Fabr., Syst. Rhyng., p. 289 (1803).

Meyarhynchus elongatus, Laporte, Ess. Hém., p. 65 (1832).

Megarhynchus hastatus, Dallas, List Hem., i, p. 361 (1851); Walker, Cat. Hem.,

iii, p. 498 (1868): Voll., Faune Ent. Ind. Néer., iii, p. 42 (1868).

Megarhynchus rostratus, Am. & Serv., Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém., p. 180 (1843) : Herr.

Schaff., Wanz. Ins., ix, p. 303, t. $22, f. 999 (1853): Ellenr., Nat. Tijddskr. Ned. Ind.,

xxiv, p. 172, f. 31 (1862); Stal, Hem. Fabr., i, p. 41 (1868); Ofvers. K. V.-A. Férh,,

p. 645 (1870); En. Hem., v, p. 123 (1876).

Clypeus of the head very long, bifid, with acute lobes; head, prono-

tum, hemelytra, body and feet, cinereous, immaculate; antenne alone

entirely rufous (AJ. rostrata, Fabr.). Very elongate: head porrect,

subulate, acute, suleate in the middle: antenne inserted beneath the

head, pale at the base, rufous at the apex: pronotum smooth, a little

produced on both sides posteriorly, pale deep black before the margin :

the margin itself white: scutellum elongate, smooth, flavescent ; margin

white: hemelytra ferruginous, margin white: wings hyaline : body fla-

vescent, with a deep black spot on both sides at the apex (Z. hastatus,

Fabr.). Long, 20 mill.

Reported from Philippines, Jaya, Sumatra, Cambodia, Cochin-China,

Siam, Burma, India, China, Sikkim (mihi).

440. MrGARHYNCHUS TRUNCATUS, Westwood.

Megarhynchus truncatus, West., Hope, Cat. Hem., i, p. 20 (1837); Dallas, List

Hem., i, p. 361 (1853): Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 498 (1868) : Voll., Faune l’ Arch. Ind.

Néer., iii, p. 43 (1868): Stal, Hn. Hem., vy, p. 128 (1876).

Meyarhynchus testaceus, Am, & Serv., Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém., p. 180 (1843):

Walker, 1. c., iii, p. 498 (1868).

Large: .sub-parallel, testaceous-Iuteous, punctured fuscous: head

acuminate, scarcely bifid, pronotum simple, as broad as the abdomen,

108 E, T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

sides oblique, serrated: hemelytra fugcous, marked with pale lines :

apex of the abdomen truncated (Westw.). Form somewhat similar to

the broader examples of M. rostratus, Fabr., head and pronotum punc-

tured fuscous ; anterior lateral margins of the pronotum narrowly palles-

cent, not so strongly transversely rugose; distinct median longitudinal

line and fine anterior transverse wrinkle levigate ; posterior angles pro-

duced in an acuminate tooth (Stal). Long, 21 mill. NS

Reported from Java, Penang, India, China, Assam (mihi).

441, Murcgarnyncuus timatus, Herr. Schiiff.

Megarhynchus limatus, Herr. Schiiff., Wanz. Ins., ix, p. 303, t, 322, f. 998 (1853) :

Stal, En. Hem., vy, p. 124 (1876) : Distant, A. M. N. H., (5 s.), iii, p. 45 (1879),

Elongate-obovate, broadest over the pronotum: head bifid, a little

longer than broad: pronotum and scutellum grossly punctured, trans-

versely rugose: sides of pronotum serrulate, roundly prominulous and

moderately acute, though the angles are hardly prominent: scutellum

with five weakly elevated longitudinal lines: the hemelytra finely punc-

tured between the elevated veins: dark ochreous yellow; the feet more

ferruginous ; hemelytra between the veins, purple-red. Like and closely

allied to M. truncatus, Westw., from which it differs in having head and

pronotum shorter, stature broader, punctuation stronger, concolorous or al

weakly ferruginous, rarely fuscous on the head: the lateral margins of

the pronotum are not pallescent, they are strongly rugose, posterior

angles slightly and somewhat obtusely prominulous, no levigate longitu-

dinal line or only a very obsolete one, no anterior transverse wrinkle or

ridge. Long, 20-21 mill,

Reported from Assam (mihi).

442. MnGARHYNCHUS TRANSVERSALIS, Westwood.

Tetroda transversalis, Westw. in Royle’s Ill. Bot. Him , p. liv, t. 10, f, 7 (1889) ;

Dallas, List Hem., i, p, 856 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 493 (1868),

Megarhynchus(?) transversalis, Stal, En. Hem., vy, p. 124, (1876).

Fuscous-black: acutely bicornuted; anterior angles of pronotum

produced acutely forwards: pronotumandscutellum transversely striated :

corium black, very thinly punctured; membrane whitish: antennes and

feet black (Westw.). Long, 153; broad, 7} mill. a

Reported from the Himalaya.

443. Mucarnyncuus prvursus, Walker.

Megarhynchus, diversus, Walker, Cat. Het., iti, p. 498 (1868).

Testaceous, subfusiform, narrowest at the tip of the abdomen, thick-

1889. ] K. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 109

ly and minutely punctured ; some of the punctures black: head a little

longer than broad; juga lanceolate, connected: eyes not at all promi-

nent: rostrum extending to the fore coxee: antennsw slender, second joint

much longer than the third, as long as the fourth; fifth longer than the

fourth: pronotum with the posterior angles prominent and nearly rect-

angular; sides in front serrated: scutellum attenuated, rounded at the

tip, with some black speckles along each side near the base: abdomen

with the hind angles of the apical segment extending beyond the anal

appendage: hemelytra more minutely punctured than the pronotum :

membrane pellucid (Walker). Long, 123 mill.

Reported from India. Differs from M. truncatus, Westw., in having

the posterior angles of the pronotum more determinate and the thorax

more abruptly contracted.

TEE ES EEE SS"

A. G. Bourne— On certain Harthworms from the [No, 1,

IV.—On certain Harthworms from the Western Himalayas and Dehra

Dun.—By Aurred Gipss Bournz, D.Se. (Lond.), C.M Z.S., F. L. Sey,

Fellow of University College, London, and Madras University. Com-

municated by THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE INDIAN Museum.

{Received December 15th, 1888 ;—Read January 2nd, 1889. ]

(With Plate III.)

Introduction.—These specimens were collected and placed in my

hands for examination by Mr. J. Wood-Mason, Superintendent of the

Indian Museum, Calcutta. They come from two localities, Dehra Dun

and Masouri. Dehra Dun lies at the foot of the Western Himalayas

and at no great elevation. Masouri lies at an elevation of 5—6000 feet

on the southern slopes of the Western Himalayas.

The worms from Dehra Dun belong to the three genera Pericheta,

Perionyx, and Typheus. There is one species of each of these genera,

The Pericheta is P. houlleti, HE. Perrier. The specimens of Perionyx are

none of them in a sufficiently mature condition to enable me to charac-

terize the species; they differ in the shape of the sete and in colour

from P. salians, Bourne ; neither can they be referred to P. excavatus,

K. Perrier ; nor to P. m’intoshi, Beddard. The Typhcus I have referred

to a new species, 7. masont. The worms from Masouri include three

species of Lumbricus, or at any rate of some genus or genera of the

Lumbricide, and two species of Perionyx. The specimens of the latter

are, like the specimens of Pertonywx from Dehra Dun, immature, and do

not moreover appear to belong to any of the hitherto described species

of this genus. I refrain from naming the species of Lwmbricus, because

I could only give an incomplete description and thus hamper any future

observer who obtains them in a fresh condition. The literature with

regard to the genera and species of the Lumbricide is already in great

confusion. I am now acquainted with seven distinct species belonging

to this family which occur in India.

We have not at present many data with respect to the relation

between the altitude and the worm fauna.

T have stated* that Perichceta stwarti is to be found at an elevation,

of 5000 ft. and also at one of 1000 ft., but this has proved to be a mistake

which arose from my collector having mixed specimens from the two

localities. I cannot find P. stuarti at any great distance down the

ghaut.

* On Indian Earthworms, Part I. Preliminary Notice of Earthworms from

the Nilgiris and Shevaroys. Proc, Zool, Soc, 1886, p. 667.

1889, ] Western Himalayas and Dehra Dun. 111

Fletcher* has recorded specimens of the same species of worm from

different altitudes, e. g., Lwmbricus novee-hollandie from the sea-level at

Sydney and from 2,700 ft. at Capertee; Pericheta ewiqua from the sea-

level near Sydney and from Springwood on the Blue Mountains,

There is, I presume, nothing like the difference in climate between

these Australian localities that exists between that of any hill-station in

India and of the plains. So faras my observations go all the species

from hill-stations differ from those of the plains. I have found species

of Pericheta, Acanthodrilus, and Moniligaster on the hills and other

species in the plains, but I have never found Lumbricus in the plains.

I do not know how far the present collection is an exhaustive one from

the district, but so far it appears that T'yphus is confined to the plains

or moderate elevations, while there is an undoubted Perionyx from

Dehra Dun, and of the three species of Perionyx previously described

P. saltans comes only from considerable elevations, P. excavatus and

P. wintoshi come presumably from the plains, so thatthe genus Perionyx

is also to be found at varying elevations.

None of the species in the present collection are identical with any

which I have hitherto found in Southern India.

PERICHATA HOULLUTI.

I do not propose to give any lengthy account of this worm without

examining it in a fresh state. It is the less necessary to do so as the

existing accounts enable one to recognise it with great certainty. It

was originally described by Perrier,+ and Beddard subsequently published

two notes upon the species,

In oneft of these he has described the sete which are placed on

the clitellar somites as much smaller than the sete of the ‘“ anterior

pre-clitellar’’ somites, and states that they terminate in a “ dis-

tinctly bifid extremity ; the two points in which the seta ends diverge

at a considerable angle from each other, but are connected by a

delicate membrane. The opposite extremity of the seta, which is

imbedded in the body wall, is abruptly truncated. The whole seta

has not the S-shaped curve, which is so constant a character in the

group, but is curved only in one direction. As in the other set of the

same species, and in the setze of earthworms generally, the middle part

is somewhat thicker; but this region does not lie in the middle of the

* Notes on Australian Harthworms. Proc. Linn, Soc. N. 8. W. 1886, p. 54

1887, p. 387.

+ KE. Perrier, Recherches pour seryir a I'Histoire des Lombriciens Terrestres,

Nouv. Arch, d. Mus. t. viii, 1872.

t Proce. Zool, Soc. 1887, p. 389.

iD 5

[No. 1,

112 A. G. Bourne—On certain Harthworms from the

sete, but is closely approximated to the posterior extremity; the part of

the seta which lies behind the dilated region is straight. The general

shape of these clitellar sets, apart, of course, from the bifid extremity»

is like that of imperfectly developed ordinary sete. That this is not

really the case with these sete is, however, clearly shown by the fact that

all the setee of the several rows comprised in the clitellum have precisely

the same shape, and also by the fact that in two specimens of the worm,

which were the first that came to hand, the structure of these clitellar

sete was precisely identical.”

The ordinary sete present also some variations in size. The seta

immediately on either side of the median ventral line is usually if not

always larger than the others. The sete on the clitellar somites in

my specimens agree with the minute description quoted above.

Perrier states that the gizzard occupies somite IX, but I have found

that the septa separating somites VIII—IX and IX—X are absent, so

that the gizzard may be said to occupy somites VIII, IX, X. This is

the position ascribed to the gizzard in P. few, P. indica, P. peregrina,

and is moreover its probable position in P. sieboldi, P. japonica, P.

musica, and P. annulata. These are all worms possessing other special

characters in common, and further investigation will probably add to the

list P. affinis, P. birmanica, P. swumatrana, P. hasselti, P. robusta, P.

aspergillum, P. quadragenaria, P. elongata, P. schmarde, P. capensis, and,

possibly, P. queenslandica and P. darnleiensis.

The organs described by Perrier as testes are doubtless seminal

reservoirs; in position and structure they agree with these organs in so

many other worms. I have not, however, been able to find the true

testes, but could doubtless do so in fresh specimens, The spermathecee

and prostates have been described and figured by Perrier. I have

figured them in PI, ITI, Figs. 4.and 5. The number, position, and struc-

ture of the spermathece: have been largely used as specific characters.

The structure of the prostate glands is a character of no less specific

importance.

TYPHUS MASONI, Sp. n.

External characters—Length 180 m.m.; width 6 m.m. Prosto-

mium is short and broad and can be retracted so as to be hidden by the

first or buccal somite. The latter is but very slightly marked off from

the second somite and is as usual devoid of sete, The other pre-clitellar

somites consist of two, three, or even four annuli.

The clitellam when fully developed extends completely round the

body in somites XIV, XV, XVI, nearly the whole of XVII, and a small

portion of XIII.

—

“4.

1889. ] Western Himalayas and Dehra Dun. 113

The clitellum presents ventrally a very curious appearance owing

to the structures about to be described. Between somites XV and XVI,

and also between somites XVI and XVII, there is a pair of oval depres-

sions in the middle of each of which stands a little papilla. Between

somites XIX and XX there are similar structures, but the depressions

are much less marked and the whole thing is smaller. These structures

are a very little further from the ventral median line than are the

ventral pair of sete on each side. The male pores are placed in somite

XVII a little further still from the median ventral line; they are on

papillss which lie in very deep pits. These structures are shewn in PI.

III, Fig. 1.

The oviducal pores are placed anteriorly to the sete in somite XIV ;

they are separated from one another.

The spermathecal pores are very well marked slit-like apertures

placed between somites VII and VIII; they lie nearer the middle

line than do sete 3.* The dorsal pores, intersomitally placed, are

visible behind the clitellum ; they are especially well marked at the

posterior end of the body.

Nephridiopores are not visible. There are eight sete in each

somite ; they are confined to the ventral surface of the body. Their

arrangement in eight longitudinal rows is what chiefly strikes one on

examining a spirit specimen. In about the anterior two-thirds of the

body sete 1 and 2, and 3 and 4, lie nearer to one another than do sete 2

and 3, that is to say, the sets are placed in couples, but this arrangement

gradually changes and in about the posterior third of the body the eight

sete still lying in a row on the ventral surface are almost equidistant

from one another. The ventral gap remains however a trifle wider than

the interspace between any two sete.

The full complement of sets is present in the clitellum, but in

somite XVII set 1 and 2 are replaced by the groups of penial sete

described below.

Septa.—The most anterior septum is septum IV—V (i. e., the

septum which forms the boundary between somite IV and somite V).

This and septum V—VI are very thick being exceedingly muscular.

The next septa which are developed are, I think, septa VILI—IX, IX —X,

and X—-XI. These are all fairly muscular and placed close together,

that is to say, they do not correspond in position with the external

divisions between the somites. It is therefore exceedingly difficult to

* T adopt the conyenient system of numbering the sete suggested by Benham,

seta 1 being the seta which lies nearest the median ventral line on either side; seta

2 the seta immediately beyond seta 1 and so on,

lid A. G. Bourne—On certain Harthworms from the [No, 1,

state with certainty which segments they really bound. All the re-

maining septa are very thin.

Alimentary Oanal.—The mouth occupies the usual position and

when the prostomium is protruded is overhung by it, but, as stated above,

the Prostomium can be retracted so as to be completely hidden by the

buccal somite; the mouth then appears to be terminal,

The buccal cavity and pharynx resemble those of 7. orientalis.

The gizzard has precisely the structure described for that species.

It is “divided into two portions an anterior small thin-walled com-

partment and a large thick-walled portion, the gizzard proper, this last

has a nacreous appearance on the outside and is lined by a very thick

chitinous layer.” It lies between septum V—VI and septum VIII—

IX and thus extends over three somites (VI, VII, VIII). Muscular

bands are attached to the walls of the gizzard and pass to the body wall.

The alimentary canal is considerably dilated in somite XT or XII,

a pair of csophageal glands being present. From the gizzard up to

this dilation the csophagus is narrow, and beyond the latter, until it

widens out at about somite XVI, it is also narrow.

There are four pairs of glandular bodies placed on the intestine in

the hinder region of the body. They are all bi-lobed and lie below the

dorsal vessel and not above it. (Beddard states that they lie above the

dorsal vessel in ’, orientalis.)

Nephridia.—There are large tufts of nephridial tubules in the

pharyngeal region and a series of smaller tufts in the other pre-clitellar

somites. I have especially noted the tufts which are placed near the

spermatheecal ducts. Iam unable, from the specimens I have, to enter

into further details with regard to the nephridia, but I have observed

nothing which differs from Beddard’s account of these organs in 7’.

orientalis and T. gammt.

Generative organs,—I am anxious to examine other specimens before

giving a full account of these organs,

A. pair of ovaries are present in the usual position in, I believe,

somite XIII, but the specimens being very contracted in this region it is

impossible to be quite certain as to the number of any particular somite.

The oviducts open to the exterior by a pair of pores placed in the

anterior half of somite XIV.

T have been unable to see the testes.

I have found a single pair only of seminal reservoirs and near them

a pair of bodies with a nacreous appearance which seem to be ciliated

rosettes, as, connected with these, I find the vasa deferentia.

T cannot be quite certain, but apparently both the seminal reservoirs

and the ciliated rosettes belong to somite XI; as mentioned above, the

1889.] Western Himalayas and Dehra Dun. 115

septum which I have calculated to be septum X—XI isa thick one, and

they certainly lie posterior to it. The seminal reservoirs are very large

and extend backwards over three or four somites.

The prostates (I reserve for the present any expression of opinion

as to the desirability of retaining this term or substituting for it the

term atria) are large and lie one on either side of the body. Hach

consists of an irregularly coiled, almost orange-coloured, glandular tube

which is connected at one end with a muscular duct opening to the

exterior in somite XVII. The vas deferens is connected with this just

before it penetrates the body wall. There is a muscular sac containing

several very long and slender penial sete ; these project from the little

papilla which lies in the depression round the male pore. These sete

are shewn in Pl. III, Fig. 3. There are two varieties, one of which is

nearly a quarter of an inch in length and much longer than the other.

There is a single pair of spermathecm, the apertures of which lie be-

tween somites VII and VIII, as shewn in Pl. II, Fig. 1. Hach sperma-

theca is large, somewhat reniform in shape, and has arising from the hilus

a short, very stout and muscular efferent duct. Opening into the duct

near the hilus is a pair of diverticula. One of these is so deeply bi-lobed

as to almost form two separate little sacs, while the other is slightly

tri-lobed. Both have a very nacreous appearance which is not possessed

by the spermatheca itself.

General Remarks.—There can be no doubt but that this worm

belongs to the genus T'yphwus, Beddard. Two species of this genus have

been described, 1’. orientalis* and T. gammi.t

I should have hesitated about placing this worm without further

information in a separate species had not Beddard described this second

species 7. gammi; but this worm differs as much from either 7. orientalis

or 7’. gammi as these latter do from one another. Beddard denies the

existence of a prostomium. If this is non-existent it isa very remarkable

fact. Beddard states that sete 3 and 4 are absent from the somites

which form the clitellum in T. orientalis. He does not mention their

presence or absence in speaking of 7’. gammt. They are present in my

species, although not always visible on a mere external examination,

Beddard says nothing with regard to the arrangement of the sete in the

posterior region of the body, so that I am justified in concluding that

the arrangement which I haved noted is peculiar to my species; it gives

the worm such a striking appearance that one could hardly fail to notice

it, Beddard does not mention csophageal glands as present in either

2, orientalis or T'. gammi.

* Beddard, Ann. & Mag, Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xii, 1883,

+ Beddard, Quarterly Journ, Microse. Science, vol, xxix, 1888.

116 A. G. Bourne— On cerlain Harthworms fron the [No. i,

There is still some doubt, I think, with regard to the position of

the septa in all species, and, until this is resolved, it is difficult to fix the

position of the testes, seminal reservoirs, and ciliated rosettes. Beddard

states that in J’. ganvmi the two most anterior septa are septa [V—V

and V—VI; that one septum, presumably VI—VII, is absent and that

“farther back are three’ thickened septa which lie between segments

VIII, [X and X.” Now, I believe, that in ascribing: a position to the

internal organs we should determine the somite by the septa which

bound it. It is true that the septum often appears to have a position

which is not in accordatige with the limits of the somites as marked

externally, but this may be seen in longitudinal sections to be due

to the fact that the muscular fibres of the septum adhere for some

little distance, either backwards or forwards, to the body wall. Bed-

dard’s statement that three septa lie between three ‘‘segments” is

misleading. Three septa bound two somites. I would interpret the

“three thickened septa’ mentioned above as septa VITI—IX, IX—X,

and X—XI. Ifthis be the case the single pair of testes and ciliated

rosettes lie in somite XI. According to Beddard’s account of 7. gammz

they lie in somite X, while judging from his figure they would appear to

be in somite XII.

I propose to define the present species as follows :—

T. masont.—Penial sete of two varieties lying together in the same

sac; the one variety very long, with a slight S-shaped curve and a sub-

terminal dilation at the distal extremity, while the proximal extre-

mity presents irregular transverse markings ; the other variety shorter,

somewhat spear-shaped, the distal extremity flattened and furnished

with obscurely marked chevron-shaped ridges.

The setee in about the posterior third of the body are not arranged

in couples as in the anterior two-thirds, bub are equi-distant from one

another, the ventral gap being slightly larger than the interspace

between any two setee.

The spermathecse are provided with two diverticula, the one bifid

the other obscurely trifid.

I do not suggest any modifications of Beddard’s definition of the

genus, but expect that some will be ultimately necessary, As far as we

know, neither the character of the diverticula of the spermathece nor

the number of these organs themselves is of generic value. The number

of intestinal glands probably varies in different species, and, further, I am

not quite sure about the position of the testes.

1889, ] Western Himalayas and Dehra Dun. 117

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III,

Fig. 1. Typheus masoni. Ventral view of the anterior somites. m. mouth;

sp. Spermathecal pore; 2. oviducal pores; ¢'. male pores; p*p*p*p*. copulatory

papillee ; c. clitellum. The roman numerals indicate the numbers of the somites.

Fig. 2. Prostate gland, etc., of the left side from the same worm. eat. aperture

to the exterior (male pore) ; v. d. vas deferens ; m. d. muscular duct of the prostate

gland; pr. the prostate gland ; p. Ss. sac containing penial setze.

Fig. 3. Penial sets from the same worm. One of each of the two varieties a.

and 0. is drawn.

Fig. 4, Perichewta houlleti. Prostate gland of the left side. ext. aperture to

the exterior ; m. d. muscular duct ; pr. prostate gland.

Fig. 5. Spermatheca of the same worm seen turned forwards: sp. Sperma-

thecal sac proper ; ap. large cecal diverticulum ; ap?. small coecal diverticulum.

118 W. Doherty—WNotes on Assam Butterflies. [No. 1,

V.—Notes on Assam Butterflies—By Wittam Douurty, Cincinnati,

U.S.A. Oommunicated by tun SueurinrenpEent or tHe INpIAN

Muszrum.

[Received and Read January 2nd, 1889.]

(With Plate X.)

A collection of butterflies made on the Upper Assam frontier be-

tween August and December, afforded material for the following notes.

The specimens were taken partly in the hills beyond Margherita, on

the border of the independent Naga country, fifty miles due south of

Sadiya and the Brahmaputra, and partly on the Dibang and Dikrang

rivers north of Sadiya. The season was a very poor one, the cold

weather commencing earlier than usual. The number of species taken

was so small, and some groups were so poorly represented, that I have

thought it best to postpone publishing a list of the butterflies of the

district till after my return there next spring.

The dry-season, non-ocellate brood of Mycalesis, Melanitis, Junonia,

etc., appeared about the end of September, and none but rubbed and

ragged individuals of the wet-season brood were seen flying after that

date. Avmona amathusia, a morphid, turned out to be also dimorphic,

as indeed might have been expected. My theory of the effect of drought

and humidity (somewhat like that of heat and cold on certain Huropean

species) on the shape and ocellation of these butterflies has now re-

ceived confirmation from various sources. In Hastern Java and the

neighbouring islands of Sumba, Sambawa, and Timor, the seasons are

the reverse of those in India, the winter months—December, January

and February—being the rainy ones. I found the broods of the Safyrida

similarly reversed there, the wet-season form coming out late in the

autumn, and the dry-season one in the spring. This is of course only

indirect evidence, but direct evidence has not been wanting. Mr, de

Nicéville, who early adopted my views on this subject, some time ago

reared Mycalesis mineus from the eggs of M. visala and has lately bred

both forms of Melanitis leda under natural conditions from the eggs of

the ocellate one. This, however, took place at the time of the change

of monsoon. At any other time it must be very unusual for both forms

to come from the same parent. Two years ago in the early part of the

dry season in the island of Sambawa, I succeeded in obtaining both

Melanitis leda (determinata) and tsmene from the eggs of leda by keep-

ing a wet sponge in the box in which the former species was reared.

I particularly recommend this experiment to naturalists living in the

East, as Melanitis lays its eggs with unusual facility in captivity, and the

larva feeds on young growing rice, which is always obtainable. My

1889.] W. Doherty—Notes on Assam Butterflies. 119

chief difficulty with this and other species resulted from my constant

change of abode. The dimorphism of many other species yet remains

to be demonstrated by breeding. But in these cases, the evidence of

the prehensores, in itself irresistible, added to the thousand Signs and.

tokens of identity obvious to any unbiassed field-naturalist, settles

beforehand what the results will be.

Another group in which much may be done by breeding is that of

the Hwuplveas included by Mr. Butler in Salpinz. Mr. Moore has de-

scribed a number of Assam species forming the majority of his genus

Pademma. These are not local varieties. In a single glade in the

forest one may find them all, together with dozens of intermediate

forms. I have collected species of Salpine in various regions from

Malabar to Timor, and even in the smaller islands, where Huploas of

other types are among the most constant of insects, they varied to a

remarkable extent. In Upper Assam, where midamus is the dominant

Huplea, the Pademmas more or less resemble that species, and after

various fluctuations in the border-country between midamus and core,

they finally assume, in Lower Bengal, a tolerably fixed and constant

form (kollari) as a mimic of the latter,

In general, however, it seems to me that the results expected from

breeding will never be realized, and the formula now much in yogue

but

till careful breeding has proved that such is the case, we prefer to keep

them distinct”’—is about as dangerous as can well be imagined. The

burden of proof is thus thrown on the unfortunate breeder, and the

describer feels that he can safely neglect the ordinary means of proving

a species, examination of a series of both sexes from more than one

locality, and an attempt to associate some structural peculiarity of form,

sex-mark or prehensores, with the proposed species. The Pieride have

especially suffered in this regard, and in particular Terias, Ivias, and

Teracolus have been thus reduced to confusion thrice confounded,

Breeding can probably accomplish little with such genera, <A group of

these butterflies, sitting together on the wet sand, will, in three cases out

of four, consist of but one variety, varying little ; or, if there is another

present, it will usually appear quite distinct. The next stream-bed may

contain quite another breed. There is no reason for supposing that these

varieties would not, ina majority of cases, breed true. It would be

only now and then that the breeder, having overcome the great and

greatly underrated (at least in the moister parts of the Fastern tropics)

difficulties of rearing a new generation, will find any great variation in

his specimens. But even this will prove nothing, because hybridism,

which undoubtedly takes place occasionally between butterflies unques-

among lepidopterists—‘ these forms may be only varieties of

120 W. Doherty—Notes on Assam Butterflies. [No, 1,

tionably distinct, must play a great part in such unstable races as those

of Terias. The results of Mr. de Nicéville’s previously mentioned experi-

ment with Melanitis (though not, I think, those of mine) may with

apparent justice be attributed by some to this cause. It is not by breeding

that species like those of Terias described by Mr. Moore from Mergui

will be invalidated. On examining the forms of different regions, one

observes that the genus varies similarly almost everywhere, that the

races have no well-marked habitat, and that every fresh locality and

season adds links connecting them. The cutting down of forests seems

to produce a general amalgamation of varieties which perhaps bred

truly before. vias is a much more variable genus in the serub jungles

of Mount Abu, than in the high forests of Burma. In the open country

around Calcutta and Rangoon, there is an inconstancy in the specimens

of Terias which will rarely be found in the neighbouring tracts still left

in their original state. The plants these butterflies feed on, instead of

growing here and there in open spaces in the forest, are spread uniformly

over extensive districts, and the wandering habits thus originated lead

to hybridism and the obliteration of local races. The varieties of

Teracolus, which are, so far as my experience goes, confined to dry, open

country, are by no means so locally true as those of the forest-haunting

genera,

It was perhaps the general destruction of forests in the long-settled

parts of the Hast-India, China, Java—whether by the agency of nature

or by that of prehistoric man, that gave rise to seasonal dimorphism

in the Satyride. In the wet, dark woodland, their ocelli served them as

a protection, Then came the change; the country was partly deforested,

and, instead of the former uniformly damp climate, there was a long dry

season in which the rank vegetation withered, the sunlight entered

everywhere, and the ocellate butterflies were rendered conspicuous.

Some species disappeared from the regions thus affected, while others lost

their ocelli and assumed the angular shape and dull neutral colouring

of dry leaves, and so survived. In the less variable climate of the

equatorial regions, this has rarely taken place, and generally only the

ocellate broods are found there. And in desert regions, instances may

perhaps occur where the ocellate form has altogether disappeared.

Other interesting examples of the effect of environment on insect

life may be mentioned. The large dark form of Hypolimnas bolina

called jacintha oceurs along with the typical race in many neigh-

bourhoods. But I have generally taken jacintha in shady jungle,

while the other variety may be common in the dry, open country half a

mile away. In Assam I observed a remarkable case of similar change

in the female of Appias rippoides. The normal form is dark above and

1889. } W. Doherty—Notes on Assam Butterflies. 121

below, and but slightly clouded with whitish and dirty yellow. It was

usually taken in the forest, moving slowly about in the deep shade, or

lying perdue among the leaves. The other was almost as brightly

coloured with pure white and rich yellow as the male, differing chiefly in

the absence of the subapical yellow spot on the forewing below. Like

the male it was always flitting up and down the sunny paths at the

edges of the wood, only alighting from time to time for a moment or

two. Intermediate specimens occurred, and there was no possibility

that the species could be different; but the forms were so unlike that

they might almost claim to he called dimorphic. I might have hesi-

tated to adopt the conclusion that the differences corresponded with,

or perhaps resulted from, the difference in station and habits, if I had

not observed precisely the same thing in Appias nero in Borneo and

the Malay Peninsula. Here again a female almost as richly-coloured

as the male,* flies about with it in the sunlight, and a dusky, dull

orange form lies hidden in the woods. But it is possible that these

differences in the female may correspond with those very slight ones in

the male on which Mr. Butler has based his Appias figulina, and that

two distinct species are in question.

In Huthalia and its allies, great differences exist in allied species

in the costal vein of the forewing, which in some species is free, and in

some anastomosed with the first subcostal branch, I here give a list

of the species taken in Assam, and those in the Indian Museum, ar-

ranged with reference to this peculiarity :

With the costal vein free,

Symphedra nats,

Levias teuta,

Lexias teutoides,

Lexias recta,

* Unless my memory fails me, Mr, Forbes, in his “ Wanderings in the Eastern

Archipelago,” observes that the females of Belenois, Catopsilia, Appias, and Hebomoia

are more conspicuously coloured than the males. Seen against the white floor of a

cabinet-drawer, or against a dusty road, they may be, but white backgrounds are

not to be found in the jungle as nature made it. There the male of Appias nero

goes by like a flash of living fire, and the pure white of the male of Appias leis or

the green-white of the male of Catopsilia are of a brightness almost luminous, The

dark variegations of the female obyiously mitigate their brilliancy. Besides, even

the brightest-hued females are more retiring and fonder of the shade than the

males are, and hence less obvious. In all probability the female ig only more con-

spicuous than the male in such extraordinary species as that justly called Hypolimnas

anomala by Wallace, and perhaps in a few such Lycenide as Bidwanda thesmia and

Catapecilma delicatum.

W. Doherty—Notes on Assam Butterflies. [No. 1, |

Dophla evelina,

Dophla derma,

Dophia? dunya,

Euthalia lubentina,

Euthalia phemius, (a mimic),

Buthalia aconthea,

Huthalia jama, »

Futhalia telchinia, (a mimic),

Huthalia kesava,

Huthalia vasanta,

Huthalia garuda,

Huthalia ? francie,

Huthalia ? sahadeva,

HLuthalia ? anyte,

ELuthahia ? patala,

Euthalia ? nara.

But of these, one out of five specimens of nara and patala had the

costal vein anastomosed. And while all the seventeen males of kesava

examined had no anastomosis, it was invariably present in the eighteen

females placed under this species in the Calcutta Museum.

With the costal and first subcostal veins wnited. |

Huthalia ? durga,

Lexias ? dirtea,

Lexias ? cyanipardus,

Felderia lepidea, (apparently a protected species),

Felderia macnairi, (apparently protected) ,*

Felderia iapis,

Felderia andersonit, (apparently protected),

Felderia satropaces, (apparently protected),

Felderia cocytina,

Tanaécia pulasara, |

Tanaécia cibaritis,

Tanaécia nicevillet, (a mimic),

Tanaéciaj ahnu, I

Tanaécia adima,

Tanaécia apiades,

Tanaécia puseda,

Tanaécia ? anosia.

* It is mimicked by a new and remarkable species of Herona (?) of which both

sexes were taken by me in Borneo, and are now in Mr. Neumoegen’s possession,

1889, ] W. Doherty—WNotes on Assam Butterflies. 123

In dwrga one out of six males had no anastomosis, and similar cases

occurred in dirtea and cyanipardus, and apparently in satropaces. It is

obvious that this feature is not absolutely constant. I have a specimen

of Symphedra dirtea, female, in which no less than three very conspi-

cuous anastomoses occur, the costal vein being united with the first sub-

costal branch, the latter with the second, and that with the third. The

variation in Prothoé is mentioned below. 'Two years ago I made a list

of the Malayan species similar to the above, and it exhibited similar

irregularities.

The specimens described below are in Mr. Neumoegen’s collection,

unless the contrary is stated.

Family Saryripa,

Mycauusts (SADARGA) cHaRaKA, Moore, (oculata). Margherita, only

the ocellate form taken.

Lute naGa, n. sp. Pl. X, Fig. 4, 9. Frmaun, above dark fuscous.

Forewing with a broad white oblique band from the costa (near which

it is broader and whiter) to the submedian, above which it is suddenly

bent downwards, passing close by the end of the cell but not touching

it, its inner border distinct, its outer diffused. Hindwing with two pale

submarginal lines, the ocelli showing through the wing, especially the

white pupil of the fifth. Below uniform light fuscous-brown with a slight

bronzy lustre. Forewing, base unmarked except by a very obscure darker

line across the cell, the white band as above, two straight pale submar-

ginal lines and five perfect subequal ocelli (ringed with pale violet), set

in nearly a straight line between the lower median and the lower

subcostal branch, Hindwing, with two irregular transverse darker lines

placed unusually close together, and enclosing a narrow space obscurely

glossed with violet. They originate below the costal vein, the inner

crossing into the cell at the origin of the upper discocellular, and

continuing parallel with it to the hind margin of the cell halfway

between the forkings of the median vein, continued obseurely through

the submedian space. The outer line runs in a parabola from the costal

vein to the upper median, skirting but not touching the end of the cell,

and, crossing the base of the upper median space, disappears above the

last ocellus. Ocelli six, all large, perfect, with white pupils surrounded

by black and ochreous and set in a large violet-whitish ring. The first

is within the line of the others, and is extremely large, the next three

subequal, the next larger, the sixth geminate, with two separate white

pupilled black spots ina yellow field. Two wavy submarginal pale

lines.

124 W. Doherty—Notes on Assam Butterflies. [No. I,

A single female, near Margherita. It is very large—about three and

a half inches in expanse. The hindwing has almost no outer angle, the

forewing has the outer nargin straight (rounded in verma, ete.) and the low-

er angle not cut away (as in hyrania). The last bifurcation of the median

vein of the hindwing takes place a little before the end of the cell. The

species has no near allies. Lethe margarite, Elwes (Neorina* margarite,

Marshall and de Nicéville), which it apparently connects with the other

Lethes, obviously differs in the white band of the hindwing below, and the

white scales diffused over the under surface. As in margarite, the white

band of the forewing is probably absent in the male,

Family Enymntap2.

Dyoris puautt, Wood-Mason, Pl. X, Fig. 3, 9. Sadiya and Mar-

gherita, The rmmMAun differs greatly from the male in this handsome

species. The tails are much longer than in the male—longer even than

in Hlymnias caudata, Above, the wings are tinted with blue instead

of violet. Forewing with the subcostal band very obscure, the coll dark,

the disc pale, Hindwing with a conspicuous rufous-orange anal spot

oceupying the entire breadth of the submedian space, the violet submar-

ginal band of the male replaced by a short bluish fascia thence to the

large discal and apical pale area. Below, the entire forewing, except the

cell and the outer margin, is clouded with large violet-white stri~, and

so is the apical and part of the discal area of the hindwing.

Family Morrarips,

AiMONA AMATHUSIA, Hew. (pealit, W.-M.). 2. pealvi appears to be

the wet-season form of amathusia, differing only in the less acute and

faleate forewing, the more distinct ocelli, and brighter colouring below,

the usual differences between seasonal forms in India. I took two

specimens of pealii near Sadiya in September. The outer margin of

the forewing was convex throughout, but the apex was slightly more

acute than in the type. On the first of December, I caught a single

ragged specimen of amathusia near Marcherita, apparently quite

typical.

* That species is of course a Lethe. The true Neorinas are singular insects, and

can only be retained in the Satyride on account of the difficulty of putting them

anywhere else. I have often observed N. lowii in Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, and

Eastern Java (where, however, the local representative may be distinct). It ig

continually changing its perch, flitting round and round the passers-by, and alieht-

ing with the wings partly or wholly open. When flying, it has the strongest possi-

ble resemblance to Papilio helenus, and it may possibly be advantageous for a

scarce, rather weak-flying insect of morphid or satyrid affinities to resemble a com-

mon Papilio of powerful and irregular flight,

1889.] W. Doherty—Notes on Assam Butterflies, 12?

Family Apaturip”.

Poramis (or ApaTuRA) ULUPI, n. sp. Pl, X, Fig. 2, &,

Matn, above, forewing, black, quite unglossed, markings light och-

reous-fulvous, the base, costa, hind-margin, and a few submarginal

touches diffused rufous-brown; two small light ochreous spots above

the radials, the upper largest; an obliquely transverse fulyous macular

band from the subcostal vein to the lower angle, the first three spots

being elongate-quadrate, separated only by veins, the last with a pale

space beyond it, the fourth well separated from the first three, outwardly

incised, the fifth subquadrate, diffused, close to the outer margin,

with a large black spot partly enclosed by its inner border, the sixth

slender, lying along the margin of the interno-median Space; another

transverse band from the upper edge of the cell to the submedian vein

sloping obliquely outwards, and divided into three parts by the median

vein and its lower branch, occupying the middle half of the cell (with

a diffused streak at the lower angle, almost separated from it by an

oblique black crescent), the basal half of the lower median and half of

the interno-median space. Hindwing ochreous-fulvous, the abdominal

margin as far as the lower, and in the middle of the disc the

upper median branch, covered with diffused black scales, the apical part

also sordid, the veins dark, the marginal line and a broader submarginal

line thickened at the crossing of the veins, black, within which is a line

of five partly united dark spots diminishing anally to mere streaks, A

large and distinct black spot discally in the lower median space.

Below, forewing, paler tawny, the black spaces above replaced by

dusky fulvous ones, except a large black spot in the lower median space,

anda diffused blackish one below it, near the lower angle of the wing.

The two subapical spots, and a touch on the costa beyond the cell, lilac-

white. Hindwing light fulvous, the base slightly glossed, pale; a large

ocellus pupilled with purple in the lower median space; a lustrous lilac-

white band across the wing discally, bordered inwardly by a darker

ferruginous band broadest near the costa; a submarginal ferruginous

line, within which are a few obscure lilac-white touches, between which

and the lilac band lie four good-sized lilac-white spots and some ferru-

ginous touches.

One male taken by Lieut. Hartert on the Dikrang near Sadiya, an-

other by me at Kobong between Sadiya and Margherita,

others were seen.

This butterfly has no near allies. In general appearance it is

something like Dilipa morgiana or Sephisa dichroa. In its small body

and rather weak flight it resembles Apatura (Hulacewra) osteria, and if

One or two

126 W. Doherty—Notes on Assam Butterflies. [No, 1,

the female turns out to have two parallel raised processes on the under-

side of the abdomen, as in that species, it might be classed with it.

But it seems nearer the Huropean zris, though so differently coloured.

The border is less serrate, the forewing more falcate, and its costa longer

than in any other Apatwra. The abdominal margin of the hindwing

is long and the outer margin not much rounded, The radial veins of

the forewing are unusually approximate basally, and the last bifurcation

of the subcostal is unusually near the margin. It is remarkable

that the varieties of Apatura namouna and Dilipa morgiana found in

the Naga Hills, judging from the specimens in the Indian Museum,

differ from Sikkim specimens and somewhat resemble this species in

their smooth-bordered elongate wings, weak bodies, and dull colouring.*

ProtHon ruGcauis, Butler, var. One ragged male taken near

* Tn a paper which appeared in this Journal in May, 1886, the corrections to which

arrived too late for publication, Potamis (Apatura) namowna was by a clerical error

placed among the Nymphalide, instead of among the Buripine at the top of the

preceding page. This group, like the Doleschalline and Charaxide (which by a

similar error were placed between the Apaturide and Nymphalide) seem inter-

mediate between the Apatwride and Satyide. As Charawes is partially connected

with the Buripine by Prothoé and Mynes it had better be placed as a sub-family

at the end of the Apaturide. The name Bybliade must be substituted for Hwrytelida.

Kallima, it seems, isa true apaturid, near Rhinopalpa and Hiypolimnas. There

is no important difference between the Junonia and Apatura groups, though the

Vanessa group seems distinct enough. So much confusion arises from the use of the

names Nymphalis and Apatura, that it is a pity that they cannot be dropped

altogther, The Apaturide might then stand as the Vanesside, the Nymphalide

as the Neptide. The latter including Limenitis, Adelpha, Neptis, Euthalia, Parthenos

and their allies is a well separated group ; the former can only be separated from the

Satyride and Morphide by an artificial line. The long series of genera from the

most primitive morphid to the highest apaturid (Cynthia or Cethosia for instance)

forms almost an unbroken chain. The anomalous genus Pseudergolis, in which the

forelegs of the female, though small, are quite perfect, might be formed into a sepa-

rate family, or subfamily. The undescribed female of P. avesta, which exhibits this

peculiarity, has but little resemblance to the male, but is a close mimic of Precis

iphita.

Libythea seems more allied to Hamadryas and the Neotropide than to the

Pieridae. Of the Erycinide, the American Lemoninw (with their reticulate eges) seem

yery much nearer the Lycenide than their Eastern allies are, though no doubt all

three are related. The arrangement adopted with the Hesperiadie cannot stand,

and I have altogether remodelled it. The statement that the enclosed spaces (later-

ally) on the eggs of Lycenide were tetragonal was inadvertent. They are trigonal,

tetragonal, hexagonal, or wholly irregular, according to the genus and sub-family.

My work on eggs and young larve still progresses, and on acconnt of the great,

number of genera covered, it may, I hope, prove a useful supplement to the labours

of Seudder and Hdwards.

1889. } W. Doherty—Notes on Assam Butterjlies. 127

Margherita, and one seen near Sadiya, The former agrees with regalis in

the dusky underside, and the very broad blue band and five blue spots

of the forewing above, but the hindwing and the base of the forewing

have an obvious violet gloss, though they are not, as in angelica, powdered

with bluish-white scales. The costal and first subcostal veins of the fore-

wing are well separated. Mr. de Nicéville thought that this occurred

only in P. caledonia (Mynes calydonia, Staudinger). But P. angelica has

the veins sometimes free and sometimes united,

Family Nympuanip2.

Tanaticra ApIMA, Moore. Margherita. This species has the hindwing

sometimes wholly brown, sometimes with a narrow macular band of

blue over three or four spaces marginally. These and intermediate

forms are all found in the same locality. I am inclined to think the

species distinct from aptades, though very near it.

Family Lyomnipm,

Sub-family Lycanina.

PITHECOPS FULGENS, n. sp., Pl. X, Fig. 6, ¢, Matz, above black,

forewing with the cell, the interno-median space and the disc to the

lower radial, resplendent cyaneous blue in some lights, dull violet in

others, the black border wide, extending one-third towards the base.

Hindwing similarly blue from the lower subcostal to the submedian,

the black border somewhat narrower, especially towards the anal angle.

Cilia of hindwing whitish except at the ends of the veins, Frmana,

above blackish, the costa and outer margin of the forewing darker,

Cilia of the forewing pale, of the hindwing white.

Below, both sexes pure white, a very slender dark marginal line,

a narrow submarginal white band containing a line of six minute dark

transverse streaks in the forewing and five in the hindwing, within

which is a narrow transverse ochreous-brown fascia very clearly defined

(in the hindwing by an obscure dark line on its inner border), extend-

ing across the whole breadth of the forewing and on the hindwing from

the upper subcostal to the submedian vein. Traces of slender discal

streaks in the forewing near the lower angle within the ochreous band.

Apex of forewing obscured with black scales, hindwing with a large

and conspicuous subapical black spot extending from the costa to the

lower subcostal vein.

Margherita, where it perhaps takes the place of P. hylaw. Accord-

ing to Mr. de Nicéville, that species is in Sikkim much commoner than

Neopithecops, which I did not sce in Assam at all. But in the Chittagong

128 W. Doherty—WNotes on Assam Butterflies. [No. 1,

Hill Tracts, at Sandoway and Bassein in Burma, in Tenasserim,

and in the Malay Peninsula, Pithecops is the rarer form, In Jaya it is

Neopithecops that is rare, another instance of its close faunal resem-

blance to the Himalayas. In the Celebes, I did not observe any Neo-

pithecops, but a large protected Pithecops (P. phoenix, Rober) is very

common and conspicuous. On the other hand, Neopithecops seems to

occur alone in Malabar (where I found it as far north as the Gersapa

Falls in North Kanara), and Ceylon, and also, so far as my experience

goes, in the islands of Lombok, Sambawa, and Sumba east of Java.

The genera differ m many important points. As regards prehen-

sores, the clasp (harpago) of Neopithecops, seen from the side, is simply

clavate at the tip, while that of Pithecops is long and slender and ends

in two opposing points like a pair of pincers. As to the egg, in that

of Neopithecops the raised lines form triangles laterally, in that of Pithe-

cops quadrangles. Both genera are apparently more or less protected,

and are mimicked by certain rare species of Logania (Gerydinw) and

Oyaniris (Lyceenine).

Sub-family Porrrmy2.

MAssaGaA HARTERTI, n. sp. Pl. X, Fig. 1, d. Mann, above black,

markings in some lights lustrous sea-green, in others more or less

bluish, the tips of the scales being blue and slightly bent down-

wards. Forewing with six submarginal spots, the upper five small

and subequal, arranged in a linear series, the lower slightly nearer the

base, oblong and much larger than the others; a slender oblique fascia

beyond the cell, divided by the radials into three parts, the lowest

longest; a stripe along the lower side of the median vein, extending to

the base, a small part of it lying beyond the lower median branch,

which divides it; beyond this a widér transverse discal spot, divided by

the middle median into two portions outwardly dehiscent; another

stripe along the hind margin almost from the base, the outer end in-

clined upwards, with a minute spot above its termination, separated

from it by the internal vein, Hindwing with a large pale costal area,

a tuft of long hairs, appressed in the direction of the apex, on a gland

which forms a raised elliptical line on the underside above the origin

of the first subcostal vein; submarginal spots four, a diffused one ex-

tending from the median halfway to the submedian vein, a large obliquely-

semicircular one dark in the middle, in the lower median space, a narrow

crescent close to the marginal black line in the upper median space,

small diffused spot in the next space, partly united with the upper

Discal spots three, one oceupying the submedian space

constricted in the middle, the clayate end occupying

and a

discal spot.

from its base,

1889, ] W. Doherty—Notes on Assam Butterflies. 129

the whole breadth of the space; beyond this two spots of moderate size

in the median spaces discally. Below rufous-brown with a slight bluish

gloss. Forewing with a broad white band beyond the cell, from the costa

(where it is narrowest) almost to the hind margin; beyond it a broad

space of darker, richer brown, then a row of seven delicate whitish

transverse submarginal streaks, of which the upper three are most

distinct, crescent-shaped, the others obscure and irreoular, Beyond

these a paler space, with three whitish streaks, parallel with and close

to the upper three of the inner series. Margin chestnut brown, cilia

chiefly light. Hindwing, basal part unmarked, a broad white band

crossing the wing from the costa, occupying the outer third of the cell,

its inner margin well defined, and but slightly irregular. The dise is

covered with large rufous-brown markings in two very irregular series,

the first four (those above the radial) on a white ground, the others on

aground obscurely clouded with violet and whitish scales. Two of

these spots in the inner series and the median Spaces, are much larger

than the others, the outer one quadrate, A dark wavy outer discal line

extends ona white ground to the upper median, where it is interrupted,

and from there to the anal angle on a whitish ground. Marginal line

orange-brown, bordered inwardly by a silvery line, between which and

the wavy discal line are, in the upper median space a blackish area, in the

lower median space a gray area, and thence to the anal angle a blackish

line inwardly bordered with reddish, Cilia basally grey, outwardly

dark.

From Poritia phalena, Hewitson, (Singapore), of which it seems to

be the northern representative, it differs in the narrow streak below the

cell in the forewing, with the bifid spot beyond it, and in the long mark

in the hind margin. The hindwing below is quite different, much legs

white, the discal spots larger and of the general ground-colour, the

submarginal spots absent and the apical rufous-brown Space greatly

reduced.

In the right forewing the first subcostal branch is wholly ab

This interesting aberration may be of frequent oceurrenc

sent,

e in this group,

and may have been the cause that Moore, Felder, and Distant passed

over this vein in their descriptions of the genus,

The ege probably agrees with that of the other Species of the

subfamily. It is a truncate pyramid, the base somewhat convex, nearly

twice as long as wide; a horizontal apex, two vertical and two sloping

sides, the former trapezoidal, reticulate near their upper edges, the

latter and the apex nearly square, delicately reticulate. In the

ovarian tubes of the female, these eggs are found in pairs, attached by

their bases. Along with those of Liphyra brassolis, they are the sane

remarkable eggs in the family.

1380 W. Doherty—Notes on Assam Butterjlies. [No. 1,

The chrysalis somewhat resembles those of the Hrycinide and

strikingly illustrates the singularity of the group. It is suspended,

not girt, but rigidly inclined towards the surface of the leaf. It is less

compact in form than that of other Lycenide, and is studded with

bristles. Of these a number on the side of the head are white, with

two black ones on each side of the top of the head, and one black one on

each sile of the thorax above the thoracic angle. The second, third, and

fourth abdominal segments have each a lower white aud an upper black

bristle approximate laterally, while the last segments have a number of

white lateral and of black subdorsal ones. The ground colour is ochreous

much marked with dark, especially on the upper surface of the abdo-

men, each segment haying a black line near its hind margin, except

the first which has two distinct black spots dorsally. The wing-covers

are veined and bordered with brown.

I name this species after my fellow traveller in Assam, Lientenant

Ernst Hartert, the ornithologist and African traveller, who obtained the

sole specimen,

Sub-family Tupeiina.

Zmruyrus Pavo, de Nicéville. A sivele specimen taken near Mar-

gherita at only four hundred feet elevation. Though a male, it precis-

ly agreed with Mr. de Nicéyille’s description of the (unique) type,

which was very likely also a male, though described as a female.

TicherRA Aactn, Moore. The very distinct dry-season form, non-

ocellate and dusky fuscous below, was first seen in November, as well as

that of Cheritra freja, while that of Lewura atymnus appeared early in

October.

Dacatana vipurA, Horsf. This species, which is rare in Assam,

though common in the Malayan region, has the habit of alighting on

the underside of leaves (with closed wings), disappearing in the act as

if by magic. It is a ground butterfly, living among bushes. Neomy-

rina hiemalis, which alights in precisely the same manner, is on the

other land a tree butterfly, and rarely descends within reach of the

net. When flying it strongly resembles the white species of Oyrestis

and the moths of the genus Urapteryx, the latter being apparently a

protected group.

Family Paprnionipa.

Parrnio (Panenranopsts) eLePHENOR, Doubleday. Two males of

this rare species, Dikrang near Sadiva.

Paptnio (Kupiaorsis) tenrarcuus, Hew. The undescribed female

of this species appears to be dimorphic, one form resembling the male,

Notes on Assam Butterflies. 131

/ 1889.1 W. Deherty

and the other the female, of Huplea midamus (linnei). Both were

taken on the Dikrang near Sadiya.

Family Husperiapa.

Gehlota-group.

Grvetora, n. g. I separate Plesioneura sumitra, leucocera and their

allies under this name. The typical Plesioneura, alysos, Moore (? =curvt-

fascia, Felder), is closely allied to Astictopterus and Kerana. Like them

it lies quiet in shady places, flying only now and then, and slowly 5

alighting with closed wings. The egg, like that of Kerana, is of the

lowest type among butterflies. It is limpet-like, greatly flattened, red,

leathery, nearly smooth (the ribs are visible only near the base), with

a broad transparent basal carina. Swumitra is on the other hand one of the

swiftest and most active of insects, incessantly whirling around flowers,

or patrolling up and down a path, almost invisible from the rapidity

of its flight. Like its allies of the Tagiades group, it alights with open

wings. The egg is more than three-fourths as high as wide, generally

white, with very numerous (three times as many as in J'agiades), sharp-

ly cut ribs, and a greatly contracted base without carina. I postpone

a comparison of the structure of the imagines.

GEHLOTA PINWILLI, Distant. One male, Margherita, agreeing well

with Mr. Distant’s description and fieure. The species resembles

hypsina and other Cethosias in colouring. If this is a case of mimicry

it lias its parallel in that of an Agarista only two inches in exparse,

which obviously mimics the great Bornean Hestias. The enemies of

butterflies seem not quite able to grasp the fact that they do not grow.

Suastus-yroup.

PLASTINGIA MARGHHRITA, n. sp., Pl. X, Fig. 5, &. Mats, above black,

with licht golden-ochreons trarslucent markings, and richer orange-

ochreous opaque ones, Of the former there are on the forewing, two

unusually large, elongate-quadrate, snbapical ones, separated by a vein,

the lower longest: one large oblique cellular one of hour-glass shape 3

and three discal ones in echelon, of which one is very large, occupying

the entire breadth of the lower median space, irregularly pentagonal,

twice as lone as broad, separated from the cell-spot only by the black

median vein; the other two smaller, elounvate, broadest outwardly. Also

with the following opaque markings :—one above the cell and one in the

| ijterno-median space, extending obliquely from the internal vein, not

far from the base, to the lower median vein, which separates it from the

basal part of the larger discal spot. Hindwing with a large irregular

132 W. Doherty—Notes on Assam Butterflies. [No. 1, |

ochreous patch in the disc just beyond the cell, consisting of two trans-

lucent areas joined by the opaque orange-ochreous base of the upper

median space, the outer one larger, obliquely quadrate, between the

lower subcostal and upper median branches, the other occupying the

basal part of the lower median space.

Below blackish, the veins, except near the abdominal margin of both

wings, widely bordered with reddish-ochreous. Forewing with the

rufous costal area extending over the upper part of the cell ; that in the

interno-median space much larger and paler than above. Hindwing

with a number of lustrous lilac markings in the black spaces between

the reddish nerve-rays, namely, two in the cell, the basal one elongate,

one at the base of the costa, elongate, two in the upper subcostal space,

the outer one elongate, one in the lower subcostal space, quadrate, and

three in the median and submedian spaces, in a line receding from the

border. Cilia ochreous.

One male, Margherita, and a similar one, Sadiya. The species is :

local form (differing in the large subapical spots, the absence of the

outer—fourth—discal spot, the undivided cell-spot separated from the

interno-median one, and in the ochreous patch of the hindwing con-

sisting of two hyaline and one opaque space and confined to the disc)

of another found in the three Indo-Malayan islands, the Malayan Pen-

insula, and Mergui, but everywhere rare. The Javanese form (calli-

neura) seems, judging from my specimens, to differ but slightly. The

single, very worn Mergui specimen, taken by Dr. Anderson, has been

identified by Myr. Moore as Plastingia latoia, Hewitson. But that

species (and P. callinewra, Felder, which is regarded as conspecific

with it) has been described and figured by Hewitson, Felder, and Dis-

tant with ochreous submarginal spots on the hindwing below, no blue

ones being mentioned. In any case the above-mentioned characters

separate my species as a distinct local form.

The ego of several species of Plastingia examined by me generally

resembles that of Swastus. But like those of Hesperia satwa, de Nicéville,

and the species of Cupitha, though in a lesser degree, it possesses a

large crown-like mass of white cells apically, surrounding the micro-

pyles, as delicate in structure as the finest lace. They are the most

beautiful butterfly-eggs known to me.

Ismene-growp.

CapibA sAYApEVA, Moore. One female, Margherita. I mention this

species because according to Mr. Elwes it has never been recorded from

anywhere except Sikkim,

1889. ] W, Doherty—Notes on Assam Butterflies. 138

Tagiades-group.

SATARUPA NARADA, Moore. Margherita, where §. bhagava also

occurs.

CaLLIANA PiERtDoIpEs, Moore. ‘This extraordinary genus and

species were described from a single bad specimen without locality,

from Grote’s Indian and Burmese collections. I obtained several males

near Margherita, but no females. ‘They fly in the darkest parts of the

forest towards the end of the afternoon,* alighting, like the other

butterflies of the Tugiades group, with outspread wings. In the morn-

ing they lie concealed, adhering closely to the underside of leaves.

No one who sees it floating lazily with level wings up and down

the bed of a stream, its pure-white upper surface singularly conspicuous

in the gloom of the jungle, can doubt that the species is protected.

I see no 1eason to suppose that it mimics any Pierid. In a very vague

way it resembles the geometrid genus Huchera, which is likewise pro-

tected, and has somewhat similar habits.

The entire body and wings of this butterfly are saturated with a

powerful and delicious odour of mingled vanilla and heliotrope. This

is often perceptible as it flies past. After pinching the insect, the scent

is sometimes obvious for hours afterwards on one’s fingers. After lying

two weeks in its paper,adried specimen still gave out perfume. None

of the sweet-smelling lepidoptera known to me, not even the Lethes,

Fupleas, or Callidulas have a more powerful odour. Yet it seems to

have no specialized scent-organs (such as those genera have), unless

the tufts on the hind-tibies, present in many other hesperians, be so

considered,

I unluckily caught no female, though I once saw a male circling

round a dark-coloured hesperian, which escaped. It is perhaps rash

to speculate where certainty may before long be attained, but the

female is most likely dark. For the male seems protected only by the

intensity of its sweet odour (just as the aromatic herbs of Hymettus

and Cyllene, as the shepherds there told me, are protected from cattle

by the same pleasant fragrance that attracts the bees), and no female

known to me has any sweet odour at all. Odours common to both

* Prof, Wood-Mason tells me that this isa common habit among the Hesperiade.

In Cachar a great many species used to come late every afternoon to visit a certain

plant with blue flowers. This seems to me a most interesting fact, illustrating the

close relationship between the Hesperiad and the Sphinges. I have never observed

anything similar myself, though some of the Ismenes, especially the house-haunt-

ing sorts like Parata curvmus, ev. often fly about at sunrise and sunset, alighting

on rocks and walls.

/ 34 W. Doherty—Notes on Assam Butierflies. [No. 1, 1889.]

sexes are, asin Agarista, Radena, and Acrea, invariably bad. And I

know of no case where a female has any peculiar odour of its own.

I add figures of Remelana yajna (Himalayas) and Castalius man-

luena, Felder, (Nicobars), described in this Journal in 1886.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

Massaga hartertii, n. sp., &, p. 128.

Potamis (or Apatwra) ulupi, n. sp., d', p. 125.

Dyctis pealii, Wood-Mason, ¢, p. 124.

Lethe naga, n. sp., 2, p. 123.

Plastingia margherita, n. sp., a, p. 181.

Pithecops fulgens, n. sp., d", p. 127.

Remelana yajna, Doherty, d, p. 134.

Castalius manluena, Felder, g, p. 134.

CONTENTS

OF THE NATURAL HISTORY PART (PT, It.) OF THE

JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL FOR 1888,

No. 1, Gssued June 8th, 1888). Notes on Indian Rurnonora ;

Heteroptera, No. 3.-By E. T. Arxinson, B. AW—A General Theorem

on the Differential Equation ef Trajectories—By Asvtosn MuKHoPapnyay,

M.A. FR. A. S., F. RB. 8. E.On Poisson's Integral. By Asurosr

Moxnopapuyay, M. A., F. R.A. S., F. R. S. E. (With a Woodeut.)

On the Nature of the Toxie Principle of the Aroidew.—By A. Pupizr,

H.C. S. (Lond. and Berl.), Professor of Chemistry, Presidency College,

and C. J. H. Warpen, F. C. 8. (Lond. and Berl.), Professor of Chemistry,

Medical College, Calcutta.

No. 2, (issued July 19th, 1888). Notes on Indian Rayncuora ;

Hureroprera, No. 6.—By H. T. Arxiyson, B. A. On recent Tornadoes

im Bengal with special reference to the Tornado at Dacca on April 7th,

1888. In two Parts. Part I. A Description of the Meteorological Condi-

tions in Bengal which accompanied the Formation of the Dacca Tornado.—

By Awnx. Puptrr, Ofig. Meteorological Reporter to the Government of

Bengal, Part I. A full Description of the actual Phenomena of the

Dacca Tornado.— By A, Crombiz, M. D., Civil Surgeon of Dacca. (With

Plates XXIV.—X XIX.)

No. 8, (issued October 10th, 1888). Natural History Notes from

H. M's Indian Marine Survey Steamer ‘Investigator,’ Commander

Atrrep Carrenter, R. N., D. S. O., Commanding. No. 9. Furthey

Notes on the Amphipoda of Indian Waters.—By G. M. Gums, M. Ba

F. R. C. 8., Surgeon-Naturalist to the Marine Survey. (With Plates

VI—XII.) On Hupetaurus, a new form of Flying Squirrel from

Kashmir.— By Orprirup Tuomas, British Museum. (Natural History).

Conmunicated by Tun Natura History Sucretary, (With Plates

XXII and XXIIT.)

No. 4, (issued March 23rd, 1889.) On new or little-known Butterflies

from the Indian Region.— By Lionet pz Nice’yinun, F. EB. S., C. M. Z. Ss,

(With Pls. XUT and XIV.: A List of the Ferns of Simla in the N. W.

Himalaya between Levels of 4,500 and 10,500 fret.—By H. F Buanror D,

F,R.S. (With Pls. XVI.—XXT.) On the Differential Haquation of all

Parabolas.—by Asuvosh Muxnopapuyay, M, A., F. R. A. S., F. RB. SB.

New or little-known India Rhyuchota.— By HW. T. Arxinson, B.A. (With

Pl. XV.) The Butterflies of the Nilgiv District, South India.— By G, F.

Parag

i ©

i 2 beret ae CAN SE ey tl ae. ae se) hoes

ke : ra ar Tue le MTS coy tt Pm ay cy ,

$ i Shas ae a Pe ear gal TA on

EAA,

tee

Se en ni Se Pes

Hampson, B. A., Coll. Bxon., Oxon. Communicated by THE SUPERINTEN-

pENT or tHE Inpian Musuum. The Psychrometer and the Condensing

Hygrometer.—By 8, A. Hiun, B. Sc., Meteorological Reporter to the

Government of the North-Western Provinces and Outh. Anoplophrya

wolosomatis, a new Ciliate Infusorian parasitic in the Alimentary Canal of

Aolosoma chlorostictum W.-M., MSS.—By Henry H. Anpurson, B. A.

Communicated by Tun Microscorican Socrwry or Cancurta. (With

PL I) On certain Features in the Geological structures of the Myelat

District of the Southern Shan States in Upper Burmah as affecting the

Drainage of the Country—By Bricavinr-Gensran HH, Cotturtr, C. B.

Communicated by Dr. D. D. Cunntyanam. Notes on some Objects from a

Neolithic Settlement recently discovered by Mr. W. H. P. Driver, at Ranchi

in the Ohota Nagpore District.—By J. Woov-Mason, Superintendent of the

Indian Musewm, and Professor of Oomparative Anatomy in the Medical

College of Bengal, Caleutta, (With Pls., IT.—V.)

nt el

NEW SERIES.

VOL. LVIII,

— a a uti

JOURNAL»

Vol. LVIII, Part II, No. 11.—1889,

;

EDITED BY

pe Woop- Mason, Esa

VICE-PRESIDENT,

man or produced by nature.’—Sir Witiiam Jones,

*,* Communications should be sent under cover to the Secretaries, Asiat. Soc.,

to whom all orders for the work are to be addressed in India ; or, in Lon=

don, care of Messrs. Tritbner and Co., 57 § 59, Ludgate Hill.

WCALCUTTA:

PRINTED BY B. fi. Rouse, ar THE Paptisy Mission PREss,

AND PUBLISHED BY THE

PSIATIC SOCIETY, 57, PARK STREET,

(

4 4

‘The bounds of its investigation will be the geographical limits of Asiu: and /

within these limits its inquiries will be extended to whatever is performed by |

1889.

Ld ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. $|

Price (exclusive of postage) to Subscribers, Re. 1—To Non-Subscribers, Ro, i-8

Price in England, 2 Shillings and sixpence,

= Issued September 3rd, 1889.

CONTENTS

VI.—The Tornadoes and Hailstorms of April and May 1888 in the

Doab and Rohilkhand.—By 8. A. Hit, B, Se., Meteorological

Reporter to the Government of the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh.

(With 6 Charts—Plates IV.—IX.) .

VII.—The Geometric Interpretation of pte 8 Differential Bauation

to all Oonics.—By Asurosn Mouxuopapuyay, M. A., F. R. A. 8.,

ee Eve teinper avatar

VIII.— Description of a ia Féad) “allied: ea (Soe: cighonste

Tac., procured from the Darjeeling Bazaar.—By W. L. Scare,

Deputy Superintendent of the Indian Musewm. (With Plate XI.) —

IX.—On the Volatility of some of the compounds of Mercury and of

the metal itself—By ALnx. PEDLER fa

X.—Some applications of Elliptic Functions to “Paahleins of ae

Values. (First Paper). By Asvurosa Muxnopapuyay, M. A.,

F.R.A.S., F.R. 8. E. (With a Wood-cut)... ate

XI.—Some applications of Hiliptic Functions to Probie of Mean

Values, (Second Paper).—By AsutosH Muxnopapuyray, M. A.,

Hs R.A, 9 deat, IS) ol Uh cance aes

XII—A Descriptive List of the Urerines ss oceurr ma in | the dehak

bowrhood of Simla (Western Himalayas). Part II. Puccinia,

—By A. Barctay, M. B., Bengal Medical Service. (With

Plates XIIL—XIYV.) ..

XI1I.— Definitions of three new Pica By M. L. (eee

Communicated by H. T. Arrinson, Esq,

XIV.—Notice of w Neolithic Celt: from Jashpur in the Chota Nagpur

District:—By J. Woop-Mason, Saperintendent of the Indian

Museum, and Professor of Comparative Anatomy in the Medical

College of Bengal, Oaleutta. (With Plate XV.)

Page.

135

181

Plate X illustrative of Mr. W. Doherty’s “ Notes on Assam Butterflies,”

published in the preceding Number.

Plate XY will be issued with the next Number,

JOURNAL

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

=O @ Ot.

Part IL—NATURAL SCIENCE.

No. II.—1889:

VI.—The Tornadoes and Hailstorms of April and May 1888 in the Doab

and Rohilkhand.—By 8. A. Hitn, B. Se., Meteorological Reporter to

the Government of the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh.

[Received October 6th ;—Read November 7th, 1888. ]

(With Plates IV—IX.).

The early part of last hot weather was remarkable for the number

and severity of the atmospheric disturbances which occurred all over

Northern India. In the beginning of April the most violent disturbances

took place in Bengal, and chief amongst these was the tornado at

Dacca, an account of which has been published in this Journal (Vol.

LVII, Pt. IZ, p. 185) by Mr. Pedler and Dr. Crombie. At the end

of April and in the beginning of May there were several very destruc-

tive storms of a similar character in Rohilkhand and the Upper Doab,

together with a number of less violent disturbances accompanied by

hail on the outer Himalayas. The peculiar and distinctive feature of

the three most important storms of this period was the extraordinarily

destructive character of the accompanying hail, which, owing either to

the immense size of the hailstones and the velocity with which they

fell, or to the great quantity of the hail and the low temperature it

caused, was most unusually fatal to human and animal life, as well as

136

destructive to crops and trees.

8. A. Hill—Tornadoes and Hatlstorms of April

[No. 2,

All the storms referred to occurred

on the 30th April or the 1st May; though in some places there was a

slight tendency to their recurrence on the 2nd May.

The general features of the weather of Northern India during the

GENERAL WEATHER OF THE Prrtop.

week ending with the 2nd May may be gathered from the following

tables compiled from the telegraphic reports published by the Simla

Meteorological office.

26th April, 1888.

8 TEMPERATURE. WIND.

ae:

a a g

= @ bs

Sration. oo 3 B=)

» | 4 8

eg |e sid| a@ |s

) 5 B 2 :

e|@ela| e/a! 8 \a#

re || cece k (area tl eae & |s4

Ay Q ola |e a) =)

Simla es. | 23°160] +.009) 58°0} 70°7|/ 53:1] N. E. fot

Chakrata ... | 23 169] + .022) 63°7| 71:3) 54°3 EK. 6

Mussooree... | 23°328} + .030| 66'0| '73°5|56°0|N. N. E.| 12

Ranikhet .., | 23°996| + .020|65°6| 74°5)/59°0| S. BH. 8

Lahore _... | 29681] —.022) 83:2) 100°6] 62:0 C. 2

Ludhiana ... | 29°666) —.011| 82°2| 102-8) 68°0 Cc. 2

Roorkee 29°675| —.005)'79°3| 98:6) 65:2 C. 6

Meernt 29°693) + .004) 82°9| 99°3)68°5) N. W. 5

Bareilly... | 29°700) +.025|80°9| 99°7)/68°5| HE. 5

Gorakhpur... | 29°756)] + .047) 743) 95°8/70°8} i. 5

Ajmere «, |29°749| — .068! 86°3| 101°3) 81:5 W. 8

Jeypore ... | 29°758! — .037| 84°6| 100-1) 740 W. 5

Agra .. | 29°723) — 021) 85°7| 103°0| 76°5 Ww. 6

Lucknow ... | 29°740| + .041|78°7|105°8| 65:4) = -E. 6

Allahabad ... | 29°716) + .027| 86:3) 101°5| 70°6) S. E. 7

Benares... | 29:726) + .056/79°6|102°8/69:6) CC. 7

Patna _... | 29°766| +.041)78'5| 97°5|70°2| B. 7

Gya +s. |29°744) + .025) 86°7| 102°5] 68'8 Cc, 6

Sutna ... |29°756| +.027|/83°2| 99-1] 68:6] N. W. 9

Nowgong ... | 29°743| + .006] 83°7| 100°1|/75°6} S. W. 4

Jhansi ++» | 29°725] — .001| 84°5| 102°5) 76:9] N. W. 6

Humidity 8 A. M.

Cloud 8 a. M.

oun:

Rainfall.

Weather

Remarks.

Fine.

Clear.

Fine.

Hot wind,

Threatening,

Dust haze.

Hot wind.

Fine.

”

Fine.

On the 26th the atmospheric pressure was nearly normal all over

Upper India, but the westerly winds of the previous days had fallen off

in strength and many calms were reported, whilst easterly winds were

advancing over Behar and eastern districts of the N..W. Provinces.

1889. ] and May 1888 in the Doab and Rohilkhand. 137

27th April.

e TRMPERATURE. WIND.

.|2

a a, :

4 eis

Sration © | 8 £4), Weather

: ws a: | ' 8 Joo) = Remarks.

Pat | a1 el a [a he

a e-letels| 8 {Ee Ises

n ak a BS) a 15) q mM] #4

s/s8/4/8 /8| £ |e lee] 4

a s) ee Ie sees A a RO] x

Simla ... | 23°225] + .065] 62:5) 72°5/53°1) N. H ee (56) 2].

Chakrata ... | 23°240] + .071| 67:2) 76°8|60°3| S. W. f 24 .|| eae

Mussooree,,, | 23°390| + .062| 66-5) 76:0) 60°5} NN. La 87) .c} 8,

Ranikhet ,., | 24°028) + .032|'70°0} 77:0) 63°5) W. Supe cs |maes

Lahore .., | 29°705) + .024) 86°7| 103:1| 699 Cc. 2 /38) 2) ... Clear.

Ludhiana .,, | 29°679} + .013 83°7| 1048} 73-0 C 1 [37/ 8] ...

Roorkee ,., | 29°727] + .052] 83°8} 103'1/ 7271 8. BTA lates, Hot wind.

Meerut... | 29°742) + 049] 81'9) 103°8, 71:9) N. W. 3 |37| 4) ..

Bareilly... | 29'744) + .044| 80°4/ 101°3) 705! S. E. 4 |64)...) ..

Gorakhpur... | 29°783] + .027|74°3| 94°8/70°3] 8. 8. H.| 6 |74) 4 ..

Ajmere —.., | 29°798! + .049/ 843) 103°8}82°5) — W. 15 |50)...) .. Strong wind.

Jeypur—_.... | 29°774| + 016] 88°6] 105'1) 789} N. W. | 7 |88}...| .. Dust haze.

Agra we. | 29°725] + .002} 91'2/ 107°0| 80°9) = W. 3 28). Hot wind.

Lucknow .., | 29°768} + .028|77°7/ 1063) 73°8| HH. sedi fill Poa

Allahabad .., | 29°741| + .025) 80°7] 105°6/ 74°1|— E 6 {60} 1) ... Dust haze.

Benares ,,, | 29°746| + .0201'77°6| 1048] 74°0 EH. N. H.| 7 |70)...]

Patna vee | 29°779] + .013] 75:0} 91:4) 68°7|H. N. H.| 9 |81)/10) ...

Gya we. | 29°746] + .002| 83:7] 1025) 73°3) N. H. GUGO eels.

Sutna +e. | 29°720|] — 036) 90°7| 1046) '74°1 N. OD USl | sce Hot wind.

Nowgong .., | 29°74) —.002/86°8| 106°6/75°6| W. 8 |25)...) we

Jhansi ... | 29°721| — 004) 90°7| 108°5| 85'4)N. N. W.| 5 [84/...) ..

Pressure had increased slightly on the 27th but the distribution was

almost unaltered. The weather was still fine and rainless, but the

easterly winds continued and humidity was increasing over the eastern

districts.

28th April.

WIND.

Be ee

. ee ‘TeMPERATURE, é 3

» “ee q FI FI 3 “A 4 Weather

) gop) ile) eal | os fe "

Sree ay] Se J g ‘ a Be P lg i S Remarks.

ie:

7 eahystad| See fed |e 5) o 2) 3

4 io) ola |a =) aS la|O|] a

Simla ... | 23°196] ~.029] 63'2| 76:0/57°4; W. 35] 3

Chakrata ... | 23°193) —.047) 69'1) 74:8) 61:3 N. 19) 4

Mussooree... | 23°350| —.040|'70°0} 76°5|/610| = C. 14 |36) 7

Ranikhet .., | 24°020} —.008}71°5| 77:0) 61:0 W. O. (B8l..,

Lahore... | 29°660] —.045] 81°2) 104°1|70'4) = C, 1 /45) 8) . Gloomy.

Sn EEE

8. A. Hill—Tornadoes and Hailstorms of Aprit [No. 2,

[2 |] 0 3

4 | &.. | TEMPERATURE. Winp :

Sma, 5 Bon qd FI 5 Bled]. Weather

4 of k 2 B 2 *S [35 Jo0 3 Remarks.

iF Beit a at 5: 3) d a ee 3 on

8/8 |4|4/8| & (|sei8le| 4

a Ss) rou). | el a S |qld| a

Ludhiana ... | 29°619| —.060 [85-2 |107°8 71-0) CC. « [82/8 =

Roorkee ,,, | 29°657| —.070 |80 8 |103°6|7071| N. EH. 5 |27) 6] .. Hot wind.

Meerut... | 29°658) —.084|85°8|105-2|72'9] N. W. | 3 (40)...| ...

Bareilly... | 29°676| —.068 81°9 |102°8 |70°0 8. H. 4/54) 3)...

Gorakhpur... | 29°767| —.016 |77°7| 92°8|73'8| 8.8. H.] 1 |75) 1)... }

Ajmere.., | 29°750| —.048 |84°8 |103-3 |81-5) — W. 16 |50| 5} .. | Strong wihd. |

Jeypore... | 29°742| —.032|87°6|105'1|75°9] N. W. | 8 |44/ 6] ...

Agra «| 29°695] — 080 |90°7 |109°5 |81-4] W. 7 l24).,.) Hot wind.

Lucknow ... | 29°780} — .038 |82°2 |105:3 |75-8 K, 5 /62)..,] «

Allahabad ... | 29°713} —.028 |87°3 |105°6 |77°6 i. 4, |49). Dust haze.

Benares.., | 29 707) — 089 /82°4/101'8|79-0| 4H. 6 {61}...

Patna .«. | 29°761} —.018 |80°6 | 90°9|72°7]| EE. 6 |74l...

Gya v«. | 29°735) —.011 |85-7 108-1 |73 3; N. EB. 4 |56

Suina s+ | 29°711] —.009 |92°7 |107°2 |77°6| W. 12 |15 “ Strong wind, i

Nowgong ,.. |29°723} —.018 |91'8 |107-1|74°6| W. 4 }18}... |

Jhansi bee |29°708 — .018 |90°6 |108°5 /84°4| N. W. 7 \31) 2

The barometer had now commenced to fall briskly on the N.-W. j

Himalaya and at adjacent stations, and this fall was accompanied by a

further advance of the easterly winds along the outer hills. The “

humidity was slightly less at most of the observing stations, but cloud

had increased over the hills. There was still no rain.

29th April.

A > | =

< ches TEMPERATURE. WIND. 8 t

a ae q va Weatl

- ; 8 ; bl <4 eather

PLATILON: “a of i S | & alo} a Remarks.

Bi wel | el a) OS a\g| &

a 3 Ay . 2 =i B/S] 4

cma tal ooh Se H 8/2] a

Ay oD [v) =| P| A jo}

Simla ... | 28°144| — .052| 64°5) 77°5)59°3) N. EB. ae ae | ot eee

Chakrata ... |23°179| —.014| 68:2] 79°3/59-3| C. 6 /40| 2]... Fine.

Mussooree.,. | 23°334) —.016| 69:0} 77-0) 60°0 N. 13 /48) 2) ,,

tanikhet ... | 24014] —,006| 68°5| 79'5|62°5) Ww. 8 |45)...

Lahore... | 29°605) —.055) 81°7/104'1/69'9) CC. 2 |47| 4) .

Ludhiana .,. | 29°586] — 038) 86'7) 107°3/ 746) C. ... [39] Al ,.

Roorkee... | 29 622) —.035) 85°3) 104°1|73'1) 8. 3/35} 2] ,

Meornt ... | 29°645| —.013] 81:9] 106-2|73'9|. N. 2 165/10)

Bareilly ... | 29°644) —.032) 85-9] 102°8/78°0| 8S. HB. 3 [55] 4) , mi

Gorakhpur... | 29°692) —.075] 81°2| 95°3|77°3) 8. 8. H.| 5 67) 2) ..,

Ajmere —... | 29°666) — 084) 85°3 1043) 82:0) =W. 13 (52) 6 Hotwind.

Jeypore ... | 29°661| —.081| 87°6| 105°6| 79:4) H. 8.E.| 7 |36| 8

Acra + | 29624] — .071| 89°2|110'5| 84-4) -W. 6 32) 8}

Lucknow .., | 29°673} — .057| 86°6] 102°3| 788). C. 2 |50) 5 Fine.

Allahabad ... | 29°637| — .076| 88°8| 106°6) 79°3. H. N. B.| 4 |48! 4) ...

Benares .., | 29°655| —.052| 84-9] 1048) 81-4/ 5 |59) 3) ..,

Patna «., |29°74'7) —,014| 80°1| 94:9) 75-7 H. BuiSAls sel sc5

Gya ws. |29°691| — 044] 89:7|101°5)75°3 OC. 4 |56| 7...

Sutna wae | 29°616] — 095) 93°7| 107-2) 77:1 W. 10 23)... ... | Strong wind.

Nowgong ... |29°641| — .082/ 92:8}108°1/77-6 —W. 5 [25| 5| ... | Hot wind,

Jhansi... |29'690] —.018) 90-6] 109:5| 849 N. W. | 6 |28\ 4! |) Fine.

«>

1889.] and May 1888 in the Doab and Rohilkhand. 139

On the 29th there was a further considerable fall of the barometer,

especially over the western desert. Pressure was now unusually low

everywhere. Strong west winds were blowing over Rajputana and

Bundelkhand and the temperature im the day time was very high,

maxima of 110° and upwards being reported for the previous afternoon

at Agra and other places. The humidity had increased considerably on

and near the hills, and there was more or less cloud everywhere, but still

there was no rain except a few drops at Delhi.

30th April.

5 TEMPERATURE. WInp.

‘E

3 a

a gy C

< e |G Weather

STATION, (2) 8 nap ees) oe RN oe

43 3 i ; : 2 |o/= Remarks,

Oo |leia

q Guarelien g E 8 = Biol a

@| Pela] 2) 8] 8 | a fale| 4

oe eB ete | eae | heen | ets # 8 |8/8| “3

a iS) ola la fai aS iio] «a

Simla .«. | 23°077| — .067| 60°8) 72 5| 50°0| N. EH 52} 6) 0°48

Chakrata ... | 23°110| —*069| 60°6) 74°3)48°2) HE. | 10 |54/10/0:14) Strong wind.

Mussooree... | 23°264| —.070| 63-0) 74°0/52°5} N. H. | 20 /48/ 8} ... |Distant lightning,

Ranikhet ... | 23°934| —.080/ 66°6) 76°5)58-0) © 55| 5) o. Fine,

Lahore ..e | 29°457] — 148) 86:2) 101°6) G85) 8. 8. H, | 36) 8}.

Ludhiana ... | 29'476] —-110)| 86°7/ 105°3) 766) C. 34] 8) ...

Roorkee... | 29°566] — .056) 80°8} 103°6) 71:1 8 59) 4) 0'18)Thunder storms,

with hail.

Meernt ... | 29°574) —.071| 82'4) 1062) 739} N. HE, 58 sap

Bareilly... | 29°570| —.074) 82°9] 104-3) 73°0|} 8. EH. 53 eae

Gorakhpur... | 29°626] —.066/71'3) 99°8) 66'8 s. 88] 50°86) Dunst storm.

Hot wind.

Ajmere —... | 29°G00} —.066| 83°8) 103°3) 80°5} =W

re Dust haze.

Jeypore ... | 29°600} — 061] 85°6| 106°6) 75'4) N. W.

Agra ..» | 29°568) — 056] 88°2) 109-5 81°9

Lucknow ... | 29'590) —.083] 82°7| 105°3! 74'8

Allahabad ... | 29°623) —.014) 84'3) 105-1) 81°6

ray

Dawnoannwab Hane wf PHOS:

wo wT on en bo

i=)

55) 6) ae Dust haze.

Benares_... | 29°637| —.018] 80'6}106'8|79°0} NN. 64) 7)... i

Patna ... | 29°680} — .067| 69°5| 97-0| 69°7) N. N. B.} 95|10| .., {Distant lightning.

Gya se» | 29°619} —.072| 88-2] 104-5) 75°3) —C. 57| 8) 0°01

Sutna ... |29°578] —.038] 95"2| 107°7/ 85:5) W. S. W.| 12 |18) 4) ... Dust haze.

Nowgong ... | 29°576] —.065) 93°8| 108°1 85°7| — W. 20} 3} ... Dust storm.

0-9} W. 26 oa Dust haze.

Jhansi .. | 29°552] —.138) 93°7 aia

On the morning of the 30th there was a still further fall of pressure,

especially in the Punjab, but the distribution remained almost unaltered,

and resembled that which obtains about the beginning of the rainy

season. The winds were easterly over the hills and the whole of the

country north of the Ganges. The changes of humidity were various,

140 8. A. Hill—Tornadoes and Haitlstorms of April [No. 2,

but the sky was generally clouded. Slight rain had fallen on the hills

the previous evening and there had been a thunderstorm with hail at

Roorkee.

1st May.

3 TEMPERATURE. WIND.

oie:

4 A i

s 2 ‘ Weather

ih °° + |<]. j

SRA: 3 A , S lao} Remarks,

3 a g * : soak Behe

o 2 =| g 8 iS BS fea) ra

P| fs/4|4]4] 2 a fesl4

Son Sica a el et A & |s\2| 3

a |o Blt |e a eB |/O} 64

Simla se» | 28°099| + .022/52°0) 70°1/49°5| S. BE. -» {70) 8/0°38

Chakrata ... | 23°175| + .065|47°4| 73°8)/46:2) 1B. 11 |90)10|0°36 — Drizzling.

Mussooree.., | 23°330) + .065) 48°5) 73:5) 47-0) N. N. E.| 20 |87|10/ 0:59 Thunder storm,

Ranikhet ,,, | 24°077) +.148)51°5| 75:5) 50:0 KE, 8 92,10 0°61) Raining.

Lahore _,,, | 29'415! — .042) 842) 101°1/73°4) S. W. 7 |34/10] ... | Dust storm.

Ludhiana ... | 29°514) +.038) 80°7| 99°83) 78-1 8. 3 /43)...) ... ‘a

Roorkee... |29°711] +.145) 70°83) 98°6| 67-7] EB. 5 /74) 9) 0°26 Distant lightning.

Meerut _,.. | 29°677) +.103)'75-9| 1013) 67-0) N. B. 6 |71]...} 0°30)

Bareilly ... | 29°689) + 119) 78-9] 102°8| 70°5| E. 8. E.] 9 |61) 20°15) Dust storm.

Garakhpur.,. | 29°751| + .125|78°2| 87°3/73°8| HH. 6 72) 1) ...

Ajmere .., | 29°651) +.051|'79°8) 101'3) 77-6) W. 17 |65)...) ... | Strong wind.

Jeypore .., | 29°625] +.025) 85:6) 105°1, 814) W. 6 {43)...| ... Dust haze.

Agra +». | 29°645| + .077| 85°2/ 107°5| 79:9} 8S. H. 9 /49) 2) ...

Lucknow .. |29 714) +.124) 80.7) 104°8)'75:8} HE. | fos a

Allahabad .., | 29°715) + .092/ 83°3] 1051) 78°1 KR. 8 |62)...] v1 Dust haze.

Benares... | 29°782| + .095| 79-1/ 103'3) 75°5} =H. TAlealecclcass

Patna +». | 29°735)] + .055| '79°6] 87-4) 72-2 KE. 7 |78)...10°03 Showery.

Gya .. | 29°739) + .120| 84:2} 99-0)'72:8 N. 11 |63) 4) ...

Sutna ++ | 29°686) + .108) 92:2) 107 2) 80°6)W. N. W.| 15 |23)...) ... | Strong wind.

Nowgong ... | 29°686) +.110) 89°3| 107°1) 83:2 W. W IB0l3| cos Hot wind.

Jhansi +.» | 29'643] + .091) 88°6| 1105) 86:4) 8S. W. Bola sl say

A rapid rise of pressure had now taken place over the whole region

except in the Punjab. The gradients were steeper than usual and the

winds strong. Hasterly winds continued over the same region as before.

Temperature was still very high in Bundelkhand, but had fallen elge-

where. Many dust-storms were reported with slight rain,

1889. ] and May 1888 in the Doab and Rohilkhand. 141

2nd May.

5 TEMPERATURE. WInp.

. | 8

a1 8 |

4 | Beale

Srarion. re) S] se tls Weather

43 a= ‘ 9S |o|* Remarks.

3 a . iS} -

o g qi a i ens e

d | Sy S| Sc ee 1 plore

a PB) 2) a || 3 |e ERle

iP go | 4 a A 4 o |5/ S| “3

Peele ola |e A & (GO|

| |

Simla ... |23 179) +.080 57°5 68°0'55°1) 8S. E. va [62] 9)... Dust haze.

Chakrata .., | 23243) +,068 55°6 57°8/49:2| —. 12 |7710 0°56, Strong wind.

Mussooree,,, | 23°394) + .064 59:0 55°0) 46°5| 8.8. E.| 13 |76 4 1:04) Hail Storm.

Ranikhet ... | 24°081) +.004/58°6 €3°2/49°0| —C. 8 73| 40°73, Threatening.

Lahore _,.. | 29°680) + .265|75°1, 88°1/65°5} C. 11 |56)10) ... Dust storm,

Ludhiana ... | 29°698) +.184) 81:2 90°2,78°1 Ss. TAD ces “4

Roorkee _ .., | 29°753| +.042/'75°8) 82:6) 69°7 8. 4 |\62 4| 0°35 Distant lightning.

Meerut... | 29°764| + .087,77°9 82°2/69:0| 8. B. 5 |63 8) 0°1

Bareilly... | 29°755| + .066)82°4, 92-1) 72'0) H. 8. H.} 9 |52) 2/0°10

Gorakhpur... | 29°756) +.005 79°7, 92'8)73°3/ B.S. E.| 5 |74/...) 0.

Ajmere ., |29°776| + .125) 81°3} 98°8)72°6) S. W. | 11 |82/.| .., Dust haze,

Jeypore .., | 29°775) + .150 81-6 102'1/74°9\N. N. W.| 10 |25):..| .., e

Agra vee | 29°743) + 098) 85°2) 104°5| 77:0 KE. SSL alae Hot wind.

Lucknow ... | 29°750) +.036 86°6, 102'3 76:3) §. HE. GOON. | ks Dust storm.

Allahabad ... | 29-747) + .032| 88°3) 105°6| 80°6) §. S. H.|} 6 |66)...| ... Dust haze.

Benares _ ... | 29°737| + .005; 84-4) 103°8, 804) A. 6 |701..

Patna ve» | 29°748) +.0138/85°6] 97-0) 76°7 C. 7 72 .

Gya ves 29°762) + .023] 86°2| 102-0) 76 8 N.E 5 |68}...| .

Sutna w. | 29°759) +.073| 93°2|106°2)76°6' W. ES, Wal een

Nowgong ... | 29°754) + .068) 89°8| 105:1|75°6| -W. POLED eel re. Hot wind,

Jhansi vee | 29°731) + 088) 89°6} 106°5 es S.W.| 8 4., F

There was a further very large increase of pressure over the whole

region, especially in the Punjab, where it exceeded a quarter of an inch.

The barometric depression in the Punjab had nearly filled up and a

secondary depression had appeared in the eastern districts of the N.-W.

Provinces. The winds were still easterly along the foot of the Himalaya,

and very strong easterly winds had been blowing at the hill stations the

previous afternoon. A great fall of temperature had taken place since

the previous day and many dust-storms with rain had occurred. Hail

had fallen at Mussooree and Delhi. On the 3rd a further fall and redis-

tribution of pressure took place with the effect that westerly winds again

set in over the whole region.

These observations indicate that, from the 26th April to the end of

the month, there was a steady influx of moist air from the east over the

northern half of the Gangetic plain and the outer Himalaya; that

during this time there was a constant high temperature over the regions

142 S. A. Hill—Tornadoes and Hailstorms of April [No. 2,

to the south of the Ganges and Jumna; whilst from the 28th onwards

the barometer fell steadily, so that on the morning of the 30th it stood

unusually low, especially in the Punjab. Something then occurred to

cause a rapid fall of temperature and rise of pressure, so that on the

morning of the 2nd May the distribution of pressure was greatly altered,

and its absolute value everywhere much higher than on the 30th, whilst

the temperature at the northern stations had fallen many degrees. To

account for these changes the morning observations show only a few

dust-storms with hail in one or two places. There had been in the

interval several violent tornadoes; but as none of them (except one

which passed over Delhi) went near any of the meteorological observa-

tories, the daily reports give little or no indication of their occurrence.

The weekly reports of rainfall compiled by the district officers

also throw very little light on the origin or progress of these storms.

They only record the quantity of rain which fell, or, in the case of hail,

the quantity which happened to remain and get melted in the funnel of

the gauge. When hail falls with great velocity and rebounds to a

considerable height, the part which is caught and melted in the gauge

is evidently always much less than the total quantity which falls into

it, and bears no constant relation to what falls.

The district returns of rainfall for the Meerut, Rohilkhand, Kumaon,

and Sitapur divisions for the four days from the 29th April to the 2nd

May, inclusive, are as follows (the rainfall is recorded at 6 Pp. m., any

which falls after that hour being included in the total for the next day):

| APRIL. May.

‘a District. Station. ra

'E 29th. | 80th. | Ist. | 2nd. 6

a B

( ( Mussooree al at 0-40 | 1:27 a 1:67

| Kalsi ... se Sct aie bel 110 | 1:10

Dehra ... ays a O14 | 0°54 aot 0°68

Debra Dun «+4 | Ghakrata ws| o- | 04] 036! 056] 1-06

| Ambari th on 0:20 | 0°70 a 0:90

I |) Bhogpur | aves As 0-70 re 0-70

f Saharanpur te | ee 0:40 | 060] 4. 0:90

toorkee a, vee vee 0°80 . 0:80

z | Nee ef 5 bi: ~ 0710 f 010

B eoband its is Bee 0-70 Prd O70

g3|Sebaranpur = «4 | Hardwar os] oe | 0°35] 045] .., | 0-80

=| Muhammadpur ...| ... O10] O80] .., 0:90

| Naiashahr ws oe ies mee »

| Jarauda : rer Ass

i ( Shamli.., rae eae a 0°20 | 0°70 | 0:90

Budhana we ee 0°10 +t. ied O10

Muzaffarnagar iss deg 1:05 | 0:30 a 135

| Muzaffarnagar o Jaoli Jansath tos oe 1°80 | 0:20 ie 2°00

| Bhainswal ve nus ae | “

L L) Kandhla

Moradabad

Rohilkhand.

eo Ne

Pilibhit

——— >,

Bareilly

HAS

Budaun

Rohilkhand (concluded).

Shahjahanpur ...

Sa ae paste a moto ot oO oo ee

‘| Thakurdwara

(S}

a District. Station.

Sardhana ee

Meerut’...

Mawana er

Meerut Bagpat das. oe

Ghaziabad

t | Hapur an

oS Garhmukhtesar...

a Sikandarabad tee

= Bulandshahr Ag

& 4 | Bulandshahr ae ae As

2 Narora... fre

E Dayanatpur wn

® Khair ... ose

= | Aligarh ad

Atrauli... ;

Aligarh Iglas ... oe

Hathras eer

Sikandra Rao

i Balanpur

Bijnor ... eos

f Nagina...

3ijnor Dhampur

| Najibabad

| Chandpur

Moradabad

Amroha

| Hasanpur

Sambhal

Bilhari...

Pilibhit (City) ay

Pilibhit (Kutchery)

Bisalpur fag

Puranpur

Amaria...

Mirganj

Nawabganj

Aoula ...

| Barielly

| Karor ...

| Faridpur

| Baheri ... te

| Bisauli

| Gunnaur td

Sahaswan

Budaun eee

| Dataganj

Pawayan

| Tilhar .. tes

Shajahunpur Py:

Jalalabad

and May 1888 in the Doab and Rohilkhand.

APRIL.

29th | 30th | Ist

‘ 0°30

0:30

0:20

’ 0:60

0°30

. . 0:10

0°58 | 0°30

=¥s 0:90

0:10 | 020

Sn 0°70

0°60 | 2°50

on 1:40

1:45

0°20

' 0°30

0°30 | 040

‘ 02 0°36

0°10 | 0°20

0710 | O14

0:30 | 0°30

1°50

; 010

0°18

ih 0-70

610 | 0-70

Peel aaic

BL eee sg) LOS

.. | 150

1:56

0-10

1:56

8. A. Hill—Tornadoes and Hailstorms of April [No. 2,

F APRIL. May.

i=}

2 District. Station. =

& 29th | 80th | Ist | 2nd | $

i= i

fe (| Champawat «| 028 | 240]... Ean 2G

| Pithoragarh ... | 0°05 | 0-69 | 0-78] 017 | 1:69

| Almora «. | O17 | O40 | 1:20 | 0:26 | 2:08

Kumaun 4 | Naini Tal see | OBO) D0) 2:40) 4... 3°80

; Haldwani + | 0°50 | ‘1°60 nee AK 2710

8 | Ranikhet Obsry. ...| ... | 0-16] 1-23] O11} 1-50

a4 i » ‘Treasury...| 0°29] ... | 0°94] 0-43] 1:66

BY Pauri <9 Mee ee 0°92 | 0112 | 1:04

hd | | Garhwal 4 Srinagar we | on | 0°70] O70 | 0-10} 1:50

Rudarpur wh 1a 0°60 | 0°70 “te 1:30

Tarai Kilpuri... | Pare ees O20) 0°20

[ or sp Kashipur vo} we | OO!) -0190"| <O-109] 1710

Satarganj ser | ee 0°10 | 0:30 vue 0:40

ig Sitapur... : Bw ae O56] ... 0°56

rc Biswan ... Hie ieees “ss ha 0°50 | 0°50

Eaeepir tis Sidhauli xn ay | | el ‘5

Misrikh see *

| Hardoi ... ere ves wt at ae Sts

Rid n Shahabad rersie Mice dios f6 an 7

we 4 Sandila... ie PE CD aah a Ad

be Bilgram on 3s oi bes ve ne

Kheri ... ea | 0:07 Ba 0°04 tue O11

Kheri Ss i Muhamdi felt ork Ae O20) Pease 0:20

l Nighasan te vay a3 ane . tne

The disturbances which produced rain or hail on the 30th April

and Ist May were thus pretty general over all the north-western dis-

tricts of the N.-W. Provinces, but in most places they were of an ordinary

character like the thunder-storms which freqnently occur in the hot

weather months. The storms which were of tornado-like violence and

destructive to human life were much more limited in their scope, as

may be seen from the district reports and newspapers.

Nomper, Tins OF OCCURRENCE, DURATION AND Patus or THE TORNADOES

or THE 380TH Aprin AND Ist May.

On hearing of the violence of the Moradabad storm and of the occur-

rence of the same storm, or others nearly coincident with it, in the sur-

rounding districts, I issued a circular to the chief civil officers of Meerut,

the Tarai, and all the districts of the Rohilkhund Division. The circular

and the replies are printed in the Appendix. Of the Delhi storm I have

received no local reports except those which appeared in the newspapers,

some cuttings from which are also appended.

The somewhat conflicting evidence of these reports regarding the

time at which the storm visited each place may be summarized as

follows :—

1889. ] and May 1888 in the Doab and Rohilkhand. 145

I. Storm of 30th April.

Place. District, sama Character of Storm.

occurrence.

Gunnaur Budaun. 6p. M. | Slight, without precipitation,

Sahaswan Do. 6p. m. | Slight, with small hail.

Budaun Do. 6 Pp. mM. | Moderate, with hail.

Hapur Meerut. 4-5 p. mM. | Slight, with small hail.

Mawana Do. 8-10 Pp. m. | Severe, with hail.

Meerat Do. 6p. M. | Slight dust storm only.

Amroha Moradabad Evening. | Slight, with hail.

Moradabad Do. 6p. M. | Most destructive, very sevére hail-

storm.

Thakurdwara Do. Evening. | Slight, with hail.

Baheri Barielly. 6-8 p. mM. | Destructive, heavy hailstorm, several

men killed.

Nawabganj Do. 7-9 P. M. Ditto. ditto.

Bisalpur Pilibhit. 10-12 p. mM. | Severe, with large hailstones.

Puranpur : Do. 7-10 p. M. | Slight. with hail.

Several places ... Bijnar. Eyening. | Very slight, with hail in places.

From this summary, taken in connexion with the rather indefinite

ideas of time possessed by the native tahsildars on whose statements

it is founded, it appears that there were at least three distinct storms

of the character of tornadoes over the Rohilkhand plain on the after-

noon and evening of the 30th April, not to mention the hailstorms which

occurred the same day at Naini Tal, Mussooree, and other places on the

hills.

(1.) The Moradabad tornado, appears to have originated or been

first felt near the ground, in the vicinity of Hapur, the southern tahsil

of the Meerut district, between 4 and 5 p.m. Thence it proceeded

eastwards, gradually increasing in intensity, passing to the south

of Amroha and striking Moradabad with full force about 15 minutes

past 6. It then crossed the Rampur State, reaching Baheri and

Nawabganj in Bareilly about 8p. m. and being still of destructive

violence. Afterwards it passed eastwards across the Pilibhit district

to the border of Kheri, which it probably reached between 9 and 10 Pp. m.,

the violence of the storm at the same time gradually abating. Its

course, shown on both the charts for the 30th April, was about 150 miles

in length and the time oceupied in traversing it about 5 hours. The

velocity of translation was thus something like 380 miles per hour. Re-

garding the time of passage of the central most violent region over any

given point no exact data are obtainable. The Collector of Moradabad

estimates it at 15 or 20 minutes, but says, “It is of course not easy to

determine the exact point of time when the storm stopped.” The

breadth of the strip of country over which the trees were blown down

146 8. A. Hill—Tornadoes and Hailstorms of April [No. 2,

does not seem to have been anywhere quite a mile, and if this be ac-

cepted as the diameter of the dangerous area, the duration of the

destructive wind, with the above-mentioned rate of progression could

not much exceed two minutes.

(2.) The Mawana storm wasa small one occurring late in the

evening. It passed eastwards, crossing the Ganges into the south of

the Bijnor district, and the north of Moradabad (Thakurdwara). It

may have originated in the afternoon and crossed over into the Doab

from the districts west of the Jumna, but I have no information on

this point.

(3.) The Budaun storm, also of no great importance, probably

travelled nearly from west to east along a path stretching from Gunnaur

to the north of the Budaun tahsil, parallel to, and simultaneously with,

the Moradabad storm. Regarding the time of occurrence there is,

however, a conflict of opinion; it is stated to have occurred later as

Gunnaur than at Budaon. If this be so, it must have travelled from east

to west in a contrary direction not only to the other storms of the same

and following days but contrary also to the usual course of all tornadoes

which have been observed, at least in extratropical countries.

The probable courses of (2) and (3) are shown on the charts, but

there is no means of determining the whole distance traversed or the

velocity of progression.

II. Storms of the 1st May.

ee Time of =,

Place. District. eiienoat Character of Storm.

Delhi ie Delhi. 3-4 P. M. Destructive, enormous hailstones,

Ghaziabad AS Meerut. Afternoon. Ditto. ditto,

Sambhal ..» | Moradabad. | Evening, | Slight.

Hasanpur ad Do. Do. Slight.

Jaintipur ... [Shajahanpur.| 2-3 P.M. | Very destructive with hail.

Tilhar rey Do. 3 P.M. Ditto. Hailstones enormous.

Shahjahanpzr ... Do. 4-5 Pp. M. | Destructive, hail moderate.

Dataganj +a Budaun. 4p. ™M. | Moderate with hail.

The above table shows that there were at least two violent storms

over the region on the afternoon of the lst May, one of which passed

over Delhi and Ghaziabad and the other over Tilhar and Shajahanpur.

(1.) The Delhi storm apparently approached that city from the

west or north-west, passed over Delhi about half-past 38 in the

afternoon, crossed the Jumna to Ghaziabad, where it was still of extreme

violence and accompanied by enormous hailstones, and in the course

of evening, time not stated, reached the Sambhal and Hasanpur tahsils

1889. ] and May 1888 in the Doab and Rohilkhand. 147

of Moradabad district, but died out before reaching Bilari. The dis-

tance from Delhi to Sambhal is about 85 miles and the whole course of

the storm was probably not less than 100 miles. As the times of its

passage are not exactly stated, no estimate can be made of its rate of

progression, The breadth of the belt of country damaged by it is

estimated by the Pioneer correspondent at 2 miles.

(2.) The Tilhar storm commenced near Datoganj in the eastern

part of Budaun district probably about 2 p. m., though the local report

from Datoganj says 4.p.m. Ib passed over Jaintipur about 2-30, and

Tilhar at 3 or 3-30 Pp. M., reaching Shajahanpur between 4 and 5 P, M.,

its intensity at the same time gradually diminishing, Beyond Shahja-

hanpur it has not been traced as a violent storm, but the disturbance

probably passed into Sitapur district and was the occasion of same rain-

fall there. If the assumed time of commencement be correct, this storm

took about 24 hours to travel from Datoganj to Shahjahanpur, a dis-

tance of about 35 miles; or if we may suppose that the times assigned

to its passages over Datoganj and over Jaintipur and Tilhar are equally

erroneous, the one being as much too early as the other is too late (an

assumption which would make the time of its passage over Tilhar agree

with the statement of the Pioneer correspondent), the time occupied in

passing over this distance would be about an hour less. In the one case

the velocity of translation would be 14 miles an hour, and in the other

93, both of which estimates are considerably loss than the velocity

found for the Moradabad storm. No exact details of the breadth of

country affected by the storm or of the duration of its passage have

been received.

In these estimates of the rate of progression of the several distur-

bances mentioned, it is assumed that the destructive tornado and the much

more widely felt hailstorm are identical. This assumption is open to

question, but I know of no criterion by which the two phenomena can be

satisfactorily distinguished. It seems to me that a tornado is only a vio-

lent whirlwind which reaches to the ground, whilst an ordinary thunder-

storm or a hailstorm may be quite as intense in its gyratory motion as a

tornado, but at some level considerably above the ground.

DiREcTION AND Forcn oF THE WIND IN THESE Storms.

The reports all agree in stating that the storms commenced with

a strong west wind which unroofed houses, uprooted trees, and did

damage in various other ways, and that after a short time the wind

shifted to North-West, or North, at the same time slacking considerably.

In one or two cases a further veering to North-Hast or Hast is reported.

though, after the storm was over, the wind again blew from the west.

148 8. A. Hill—Tornadoes and Hailstorms of April [No. 2,

There can be no doubt, therefore, that as in the case of the 600 tornadoes

in the United States investigated by Finlay, the wind blew in whirls

according to the usual law of cyclonic circulation for the northern hemi-

sphere ; but the whirling movement was combined with a rapid move-

ment of translation from West to Hast which had the effect of

greatly increasing the velocity of the westerly currents blowing on the

south side of the centre, and partially or completely annulling that of

the easterly currents on the north side. The velocity of the wind in the

Moradabad storm has been roughly estimated at 60 miles per hour. If

this be accepted as the velocity of rotation, the actual velocity of the

west winds must have been about 90 miles, and of the easterly ones only

30 miles per hour.

It is greatly to be regretted that in none of the storms mentioned

was any competent Huropean officer able to devote his time to the

local investigation of the direction and force of the wind, by the exami-

nation of its destructive effects on buildings and trees, a task which hag

been so ably performed by Dr. Crombie in the case of the Dacca tornado.

Tt is also to be regretted that no local meteorological observations are

forthcoming ; though, as Mr. Mackintosh, the Collector of Moradabad,

very justly remarks, when people’s roofs have been carried off, or are

tumbling in, the circumstances are not conducive to the taking of correct

observations.

Except at Moradabad no estimate has been made of the velocity of

the wind. The Collector of Bareilly estimates its pressure at Baheri

and Nawabganj during the passage of the Moradabad storm at 28 Ibs, to

the square foot, which would correspond to a velocity of about 75 miles

an hour, and is probably not far from the truth. At Tilhar, the forco

must haye been very considerable. Trees were blown to distances of

10 or 15 yards, and roofs were carried 25 or 30 yards. For the Budaun

storm the tahsildars give curious and fanciful estimates of the wind’s

force, which at one place was considered equal to the strength of 3

elephants and in another to 16 horses combined. One curious effect

of the pressure of the wind is given by the Moradabad correspondent of

the Owil and Military Gazette. A train of empty goods waggons, stand-+

ing on a siding ab Moradabad station, was blown along the line toa

distance of nearly two miles, where it came into collision with a strong

bullock, and whether owing to this accident or to a shift of the wind’s

direction it was there derailed, and tore up the line for a considerable

distance.

As regards ascending currents near the centre of the tornado, the

Moradabad report indicates the probability that there was a strong

aspiration in an upward direction. The way in which the verandahs

G-

1889. ] and May 1888 in the Doab and Rohilkhand. 149

of the Collector’s house were “shorn away,” and the massive masonry

portico dislodged by the wind, as well as that in which the roofs of

houses were lifted bodily off and carried to a distance, are hardly ex-

plicable except on the assumption of a powerful upward component in

the wind’s motion.

Enucrrican Purnom ENA.

Except at Delhi, the existence of thunder and lightning in connexion

with the storm is not expressly mentioned; for by an oversight, no

direct inquiry was made regarding this point in my circular. I have

been privately informed, however, by a resident of Moradabad, that the

tornado commenced there also as a thunderstorm, and there can be little

doubt that as in almost every case investigated by Finley in the United

States, all these storms were accompanied by electrical disturbances.

No casualties from lightning are mentioned except the death of one

man in the Bareilly district.

Hatn.

At every place without exception, from which anything like a full

account of the local storm has heen received, hail is reported. In

many instances, the fall was light and the hailstones were small, not

larger than a “grown seed,” that is, about as big as a pea, and similar to

what falls in ordinary hailstorms. In the Moradabad storm, however, the

quantity of hail and the velocity with which it fell seems to have been

enormous, though the size of the hailstones was not great, not larger

than a pigeon’s egg. The hail which accompanied the same storm in

its passage over the Bareilly district later in the evening was of a similar

character, the average weight of the hailstones being about an ounce

( chittack), The extraordinary thing about this hail was its fatal

effect upon human beings. It is difficult to believe that over 230

people could have been killed in one district and 16 in another by

showers of ice pellets no bigger than boys’ marbles; but such would

seem to have been undoubtedly the case. The Collector of Moradabad

reports that men caught in the open and without shelter were simply

* pounded to death” by the hail. The hailstones were therefore pro-

bably falling from such a height that they approached the ground with

a velocity in something approaching to the same order of magnitude

as that of a rifle bullet. It should be borne in mind, however, that

immediately before the storm, the temperature had been very high, and

that many, if not the majority, of the deaths due to it may have been

occasioned by the persons exposed to its fury being knocked down and

temporarily packed in ice. The shock to the system, especially of a

150 8. A. Hill—Tornadoes and Hailstorms of April (No. 2,

thinly clad native of India, under such circumstances, would probably

in many cases be sufficient to cause death. At Bisalpur in Pilibhit dis-

trict some of the hailstones are said to have been # seer (14 tb) in

weight, but these must have been aggregates of many individual stones.

At Puranpur they were the size of plums, that is to say, about the

same size as at Moradabad.

The hail which fell on the lst May, though less fatal to human

life, owing to the longer warning given of its approach, consisted of

very much larger stones. The Delhi correspondent of the Pioneer

youches for one stone as much as two pounds in weight, though this

was doubtless an aggregate of several smaller ones; for the writer says

that for two minutes the fall presented the appearance of a shower of

lumps of ice. The stone as big as a man’s fist and weighing 2} chittachs

(44 ounce) picked up by the same observer may have been a single one,

for the oceurrence of such is confirmed by a writer in the Qivil and

Military Gazette, who says that at Ghaziabad many hailstones as large

as cricket balls fell. The form of the stoues was a “ flat oval’ pro-

bably like the disc or button shape often observed in smaller hailstones,

Many persons are said to have been cut and wounded by these large

hailstones, and at least one was killed outright, having his head split

open. At Tilhar the hailstones which fell the same afternoon appear

to have been almost equally large. The Assistant Collector says they

were larger than goose eggs at Tilhar, while, in the west of the tahsil,

they averaged nearly 3 inches in diameter, The Pioneer correspondent,

a Huropean gentleman who was in camp near Tilhar, says, however,

they were only as large as turkey’s eggs. They were probably not

spherical, and three inches was perhaps about their longest dimension,

instead of the mean diameter.

Finlay has found (Professional Papers of the Signal Service, No. VIT)

that, out of 192 cases of tornadoes accompanied by hail in the United

States, the hail preceded the tornado in 135 cases, followed it in 76, and

coincided with it in 4 cases. In these Indian storms the hail seems in

all cases to have occurred either simultaneously with the most violent

phase of the storm or after its first fury had passed. From the Morada-

bad report it appears that the “ hurricane” and hail occurred simul-

taneously. In the Tilhar storm, at every place where it was observed,

the first and most violent wind came from the west and afterwards it

suddenly veered to the north, when the hail commenced. At Jaintipur

there was a distinct pause between the two eusts of violent wind,

probably coincident with the passage of the actual centre of the storm.

The hail seems therefore to have fallen chiefly over the western half of

the area affected by the storm at any given instant,

1889.) and May 1888 in the Doab and Rohilkhand. 151

Desrruction or Lirg ann Property,

By far the most destructive of these storms was that which pass-

ed over Moradabad. Over 230, and probably close upon 250, people

were killed in Moradabad alone, chiefly by the hail. Sixteen men were

killed by hail, one by lightning, and 7 by falling trees and other causes

in the Bareilly district, and 5 men are reported as killed in Pilibhit.

The casualties thus amounted to about 280 in all, not counting any

which may have occurred in the native state of Rampur, over which the

storm passed.

In the Tilhar storm only about a dozen men were killed altogether,

and the number of fatal cases at Delhi was about the same.

The damage done to crops and trees has been yariously estimated,

and probably but little reliance can be placed on any of the reports

regarding this point. The estimates of the value of animals killed and

buildings injured or destroyed are more trustworthy. At Moradabad,

where by far the greatest destruction of property as well as of life

took place, the total damage done is estimated by the Collector at

Rs. 100,000.

RELATIONS oF Tire TorNapors TO oTHER MerroronodicaL PHrENomena.

Under the head of general weather it has been stated that, for several

days preceding these storms, there had been a steady influx of moist

easterly winds into the area affected by them, and that latterly this

was combined with a general fall in the barometer, whilst after the

storm there was a rapid increase of pressure, and west winds set in

again over the whole region. There may, therefore, have been some

direct and obvious connexion between the distribution of pressure and

the genesis of the storms, though the observations mde at 8 A. M., when

the air is still undisturbed by the convection currents set up by the daily

action of the sun, do not show this connexion clearly. Atall the stations

mentioned in the preceding tables, and at several others in the same

region, meteorological observations were made at 10 A. mw. and 4 Pp, m.,

as well as at 8 a. mM. The principal observations made at these hours

on the 29th and 30th April and the Ist and 2nd May are here given, the

actual pressures as well as their values at sea-level being shown. Jor

the hill stations the latter are of course very doubtful, and in reality

have no meaning whatever; but the region affected by the storm lies

so close to the hills that its relation to the general trend of the isobars

could not be properly shown without extending these over a part of the

mountain region. In reducing the observations of the hill stations

to sea-level, the temperature has been assumed to increase downwards, or

152 8. A. Hill—Tornadoes and Hailstorms of April [No. 2,

to diminish upwards, at the following rates, which have been determined |

from observations in the day time in the month of May in North-Western

India, and are given at p. 358 of a paper on the Winds of Northern

India, published in the Phil. Trans., Vol. 178.

Height. Temperature Decrement.

Sea-level to 1,000 ft. Moe le.

1,000 to 2,000 ,, Gal hy

2,000 to 3,000 ,, 51

3,000 to 4,000 ,, 41

4,000 to 5,000 ,, 3°2

5,000 to 6,000 ,, 2:3 |

6,000 to 7,000 ,, 15 |

7,000 to 8,000 ,, 0:8

Some of the barometric observations appear to be in error to the

extent of a tenth or a twentieth of an inch. These are marked with

a note of interrogation,

1889.]

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1889. ] and May 1888 in the Doab and Rohilkhand. 157

Wor 4 p.m., the hour nearest to those at which the storms occurred,

the sea-level pressures and wind directions have been laid down ona

chart for each day, and the isobaric lines have been drawn for differences

of ‘05 inch. On the charts for the 30th April and 1st May the tornado

tracks are also shown.

On the 29th, there was apparently at 4 p.m. an anticyclonic area

over the Nepal Himalaya and North Behar, with an extension running

north-westwards over Northern Oudh and the outer hills. The lowest

pressure was in the vicinity of Sirsa on the border of the western

desert, and a long V-shaped depression extended from it towards Agra

and Bundelkhand, An independent region of (hypothetical) low pres-

sure occupied the interior of Kumaun and Garhwal.

On the 39th, the pressure had fallen considerably in most places, but

risen at Chakrata and Simla, and the gradients between Simla and

Ludhiana were very steep. The lowest pressure was at Lahore, but a

succession of V-shaped iscbars projected south-eastwards to Suitna.

The winds were light and somewhat irregular, though on the whole

consistent with the distribution of pressure. The three storms whose

tracks are marked appear to have originated in or near the line of

lowest sea-level pressure and to have proceeded eastwards nearly at

right angles to the isobars, that is to say, up the slope of pressure, a

statement which appears somewhat paradoxical, seeing that the strongest

winds were from the west, or in the same direction as the paths along:

which the storms progressed.

On the Ist May, there had been a considerable rise of pressure over

the whole region, especially over the hills of Kumaun and Garhwal. In

Dehra Dun the gradients producing S. EH. or S. winds at low levels were

excessively steep, but over the rest of the region they were much the

same as on the previous day, The line of lowest pressure indicated by

the vertices of the V-shaped isobars was however shifted a good deal

to the south, and now extended from the vicinity of Sirsa through

Alwar to Sutna. Over the Gangetic plain, the winds were light and

irregular, but, west and south of the Jumna, they blew steadily in the

directions indicated by the distribution of pressure. Both the storm

tracks shown lay well to the north of the line of lowest pressure, and,

as on the 30th April, the storms progressed in opposition to the baric

gradient,

On the 2nd May, there were still steep gradients over the Hastern

Punjab and adjacent hills, but over Rajputana, the N.-W, Provinces, Oudh,

and Behar the pressure was nearly uniform, and the two isobars shown

on these regions of the chart took peculiar and unngual courses. The

anticyclone over North Behar and Nepal had disappeared, and the caster-

158 8. A. Hill—Tornadoes and Hatlstorms of April [No. 2,

ly winds over the submontane belt were dying out. Next morning, as

above stated, westerly winds reasserted themselves right up to the

mountains of Nepal,

It is clear from the study of these four charts that there was no-

thing in the general distribution of pressure at sea-level, even just

before or during the progress of the tornadoes, to account for their

formation. The general features of this distribution on the first three

charts are identical, yet violent storms occurred in several places on

the 30th April and lst May, whilst there was nothing of the kind on

the 29th April, if we except a small hailstorm which came on late in the

evening over the Siwalik hills and Roorkee.

In his Tornado Studies for 1884 (Professional Papers of the Signal

Service No. XVI), Finlay has found that tornado tracks in the United

States lie almost invariably to the 8. H. of a region of low pressure, that

is to say, they lie on the side of the depression covered by warm moist

winds from the Gulf of Mexico. The analogous position for the upper

Gangetic plain would be the N. H. side of the depression over which

moist winds from the Bay of Bengal blow, and this is where the storms

under discussion actually occurred. But while the American tornadoes

in all cases travel almost parrallel to the isobars and in very nearly the

same direction as the 8. W. winds proper to the octant in which they

are found, four at least of the five storms here described, and very

probably the fifth also, travelled against the baric gradient and against

the wind previously existing at the level of the plain. It is extremely

likely therefore that the conditions of pressure which produced these

tornadoes were not those existing at sea-level (for these, in a region

including high mountains, are to a great extent hypothetical merely),

but rather those obtaining at some definite higher plane in the atmo-

sphere, probably, as pointed out by Mr. Archibald in a review of a

French work on the experimental production of such disturbances on a

small scale (Nature, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 104), at the place where cloud for-

mation begins. If once a tornado is commenced at this level, it may be

maintained for an indefinite time by the energy converted from the poten-

tial to the kinetic form in the condensation of vapour; and the moyement

may be rapidly propagated downwards by means of the viscosity of the

air, and by indraught from below towards the partial vacuum in the

vortex.

Now, though the situation of the Rohilkhand plain and Upper Doab

at the foot of the Himalayas does not favour a proper understanding of

the distribution of pressure at sea-level, it has he advantage of enabling

us, by observations made at adjacent plain and hill stations, to get a

very fair idea of the vertical distribution of temperature up to a height

1889.] and May 1888 in the Doab and Rohilkhand. 159

of 7,000 or 8,000 feet ; and, knowing the vertical distribution of tempera-

ture, we can compute approximately the pressure at any given height.

The three stations of Roorkee, Dehra, and Mussooree lie within a hori-

zontal distance of little more than 20 miles, but their elevations above

sea-level are respectively 887, 2,233 and 6,881 feet. From observations

made at these places we may therefore determine the distribution of

temperature almost exactly up to about 7,000 feet, and with some ap-

proach to accuracy for one or two thousand feet further. The computed

temperatures up to 10,000 feet for 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. each day, derived

from the observations of these three stations, are the following :—

29th April. 30th April. 1st May. 2nd May.

Height.

104.M.|4 P.M. ]10A.mM./ 42, M.}104.M.] 4 P.M. |104.m.| 42, M.

Sea-level ss. | 100°2°] 106:0°| 944°) 94°9°| 72:°3°| 82°99} 90:5°| 95'0°

1,000 Feet a 942 98-4 890 92°7 70-0 82°38 86'5 91:4,

2,000 ,, 888 915 84°2 89'8 673 80'5 82°5 873

3,000 ,, ee 84°0 85'4 80°0 86:2 64:2 T75 785 83°0

4,000 ,, af 798 80°1 T6'4 81:9 60°6 73'3 745 78:3

5,000 ,, 762 | 754) 734] 768\ 567] 679) YO) 734

6,000 ,, «| 732 715 71:0 71:0 52°3 61:3 66°5 68:1

7,000 ,, i 70'8 68°3 69°2 644: 475 53'S 62°5 62'5

8,000 ,, ee 69:0 658 68°0 571 42°3 445 585 56°6

9,000 _,, an.| 0775 64:1 674 | 49°1 36'6 B43 | 545 50°3

10,000 ,, ves 67:2 63:0 674: 40°3 30°6 22:9 50°5 43'8

The temperatures given in the last three lines are of course subject

to doubt, but up to 7,000 feet they may be accepted as correct. They

have been computed by theformula ¢=¢, + ah + bh*, the three constants

being determined by the observations of Roorkee, Dehra, and Mus-

sooree.

On the 29th April, both at 10 a. m. and 4 p. M., the vertical distri-

bution of temperature was similar to the normal distribution in May,

given on page 152, that is to say, the decrease on ascending was at first

very rapid, but became less and less rapid as the height increased.

When the decrease is more rapid than 1° in. 183 feet, or 546° in 1,000

feet, the equilibrium of the atmosphere is unstable and convective

movements are almost certain to occur. Under ordinary circumstances,

as on the 29th April, these disturbances commence at the level of the

plain and probably bring about an interchange between the lowest layers

of the atmosphere and others at a considerable height,* such move-

* To this interchange the hot west winds are probably due, the feeble and

irregular currents of the lower atmosphero being replaced during the hottest hours

ef the day by steady west winds descending from an upper layer,

160 S. A. Hill—Tornadoes and Hailstorms of April [No. 2,

ments being often accompanied by whirlwinds of any size from the

little dancing “ devil” or bhiit toa big dust-storm. As long, however,

as they do not extend up to the cloud layer, they produce no precipita-

tion, draw upon no important source of energy, and give rise to no

violent tornadoes.

At 10 a.m. on the 30th, the conditions were similar to those just

described, though the temperature over the plain was considerably lower

than on the previous day; but by 4p. M. a rapid decrease of tempera-

ture at high levels had commenced, and above 5,000 feet the conditions

were such as to produce convection currents extending upwards to an

unknown height. During the night the greater nocturnal fall from

the mean temperature at the lower stations restored the conditions of

stable equilibrium, but by 10 4. m. on the 1st May unstable conditions

again appeared at heights of 7,500 feet and upwards, and by 4 p. m. these

conditions extended down to below 5,000 feet. On the 2nd May, the

temperature at 10 4, m. decreased uniformly upwards at the rate of

4:0° for 1,000 feet—a rate consistent with stable equilibrium ; but in

the afternoon conditions likely to produce convective disturbances reap-

peared at heights above 6,000 feet. On the 3rd, the normal conditions

were completely re-established.

Tt would therefore .seem that the occurrence of the tornadoes of

the 30th April and 1st May was intimately connected with a sudden fall

in the temperature of the air from 5,000 or 6,000 feet upwards—a fall so

rapid that powerful vertical convection currents were certain to super-

vene. What the cause of this fall of temperature may have been is not

known, but presumably it was connected with the influx of easterly

or south-easterly winds of a moderate temperature, at a time when the

temperature at the level of the plains was excessively high. On the

30th, the disturbances, which were probably due to this relatively low

temperature at high levels, commenced rather late in the afternoon—

after 4 P.m.; but on the lst May, when unstable conditions appeared as

early as 10 a. u., the tornadoes took place at an earlier hour, probably

commencing about 2 Pp. M.

When no source of energy is drawn uponinan atmospheric distur-

bance, except the sensible heat of the air and its actual energy of

motion, the disturbance is not likely to be very violent or of long dura-

tion ;, but when the indefinitely large supply of energy which is stored

in the form of the latent heat of vapour begins to be converted into

the kinetic form, the disturbance may be greatly intensified and pro-

longed to an indefinite extent. Hence the dust-storms of the hot

weather never acquire any great violence, unless they extend upwards to

such a height that condensation of vapour occurs, and in very dry

wilh

1889.] and May 1888 in the Doab and Rohilkhand, 161

weather this does not take place until a height but seldom attained is

reached. In the cases now under discussion it is probable that, owing

to the moist air brought in by easterly winds and the upward diffusion

of the vapour during the three or four very hot days preceding the 30th

April, the plane at which condensation commenced when the rapid fall

of temperature set in that afternoon was unusually low for the time of

year. If we adopt Hann’s formula for the vertical distribution of

aqueous vapour, and compute its constants from the observations of

Bareilly, Roorkee, Dehra, Mussooree, Chakrata, Ranikhet, and Pithora-

garh (a large number of observations of this somewhat erratic element

being desirable), we get the following results for 4 p. m. each day :—

29th April, log f = 9 7352 — ‘0846 h.

30th =, = log f = 9°7412 — -0275 kh.

Ist May, log f = 9°76380 — ‘0370 h.

Tn these formule f is supposed to be expressed in decimals of an

inch of mercury and / in thousands of feet. In Hann’s general formula

for all seasons and places the co-efficient of his 0462. On the 30th

of April therefore the rate of diminution of vapour pressure with

increase of height was only 223 or # of the average rate, whilst the

decrease of temperature from 5,000 feet upwards was very rapid. On

the lst May, the vapour diminished rather more quickly, but the decrease

of temperature was so rapid as to overtake it and cause condensation at

the same or a lower level. If we compare the pressure of saturated va-

pour at the temperature of the air with the actual vapour tension given by

the above formule, we find that, on the 29th, the relative humidity was

below 50 per cent., even at 10,000 feet, whilst on the 30th condensation

commenced at about 9,300 feet and on the lst May at 8,000 feet :—

Tension of vapour at 4p. M.

29th April. 380th April. 1st May.

Height. = !

| |

Saturated.| Actual. | Saturated.| Actual. | Saturated. Actual,

= J |

Sea level | ago7 | «saa | 16s" | 551” | 9 11a7” | «585%

1 000 feet wee 1-809 “502 1537 B18 1105 +538

2,000 4, | y4g1 | +463 1404 | 488 oa | “apg

3,000 4, iy 1221 “428 1-253 | 459 945 | +453

4,000 5, “| y029 | +395 1091 | 432 “821 ‘416

5,000 4, i “881 | °365 923 | +406 684 | +382

6,000 ,, “i 773 | ‘387 ‘760 | -382 544 | “361

7,000, * ‘693 | ‘31 606 | +360 411 322

8,000, ue] 686 | 287 ‘468 | °338 295 | (296)

9,000; at ‘600 | ‘265 ‘350 | 318 199 | (272)

10,000, “| spiy7 | +245 251 | (300) | 122 | (+250)

162 § A. Hill—Tornadoes and Hailstorms of April [No. 2,

The figures in brackets are computed by the above logarithmic for-

mul for the actual distribution of vapour up to the highest observing sta-

tions, but as they exceed the pressures of saturation at the probable tem-

peratures of the air they do not represent actual facts. The differences

between them and corresponding pressures of saturated vapour re-

present in fact the vapour which must have been condensed. It thus

appears that on the afternoon of the 30th April, and probably throughout

the greater part of the following day, the distribution of temperature

was such as to cause vertical movements of the atmosphere above the

level of 5,000 or 6,000 feet, and that the cloud level, even supposing no

such movements to be in progress,* was probably at the comparatively

low elevation of 8,000 or 10,000 feet. The conditions were therefore

fayourable for the development and intensification of any disturbances

casually occurring in the currents set up. It now remains to inquire

whether any relation can be traced between the places of occurrence

and tracks followed by the tornadoes and the distributions of pressure

at or near the cloud level where they in all probability commenced.

Hor this purpose, the 4 P.M. observations of pressure on each of

the two days of the storms have been reduced to a level of 9,000 feet

above the sea, and the resulting values are laid down on the last two

charts. These high-level pressures have been computed on the as-

sumption that the temperature decreased each day on ascending accord-

ing to the scale above shown—an assumption which is probably not far

wrong as regards the Himalaya stations, and the line of nearest stations

ou the plains, viz., Ludhiana, Roorkee, Barielly, and Gorakhpur, but

perhaps rather wide of the truth as regards more distant places. If the

decrease of temperature above the more distant stations was less rapid,

as is probable, the effect of the assumption made must be to diminish

the pressures towards the south of the area covered by charts, making

the gradients for westerly winds less steep, though in other respects

producing little change. Thus the pressures as computed for Bareilly

and Agra are almost identical on the 30th April, and differ by only

0:217” on the Ist May ; whilst, if we assume for Agra the rate of decrease

of temperature found by Glaisher in his balloon ascents in clear

weather, the excess of Agra over Bareilly at the 9,000 feet level is

0:247” on the 30th and 0°333' on the lst. The computed pressures at

9,000 feet are given in the following table and have been laid down on

charts V and VI :—

* Tn an ascending current, since there is no diminution of the quantity of vapour

until condensation commences, cloud will be found wherever the expansion due te

upward motion has reduced the temperature to the dew point.

dow

1889. | and May 1888 in the Doub and Rohilkhand. 163

Pressures at 9,000 feet 4 P. M.

Station. 30th April.| lst May. Station. 30th April.) 1st May.

Simla Het 21494 21°505’4 Jeypore 4 21613” 21-602”

Chakrata ai 21:492 | 21499 | Meerut ia 21'473 | 21°346

Mussooree ar 21°516 | 21°541 | Delhi xe 21524 | 21:378

Ranikhet ae 21°505 | 21542 |] Agra Sp 21°540 | 31:614

Pithoragarh eet 21°550 | 21°551 | Lucknow tas 21601 | 21°614

Katmandu s89 21:579 | 21°643 | Allahabad a 21'610 | 21°662

Ludhiana oes 21°425 | 21:362 | Benares * 21585 | 21°641

Dehra Los 21:509 | 21°523 | Ghazipur A 21°586 | 21°634

Roorkee vhs 21463 | 21°411 | Patna ‘3 21:415 | 21°563

Bareilly mae 21541 | 21°397 | Gya ven 21°521 | 21614

Gorakhpur +as 21°425 | 21491 | Sutna Yap 21°625 | 21°655

Durbhanga abe 21°317 | 21-467 | Nowgong “pe 21649 | 21°664

Lahore at 21°287 | 21-288 | Jhansi ye 21:638 | 21°640

Sirsa br 21503 | 21:494 | Neemuch iy 21°654 | 21°651

Sambhar 21°570 | 21-560 | Ajmere re 21-590 | 21°587

The charts indicate very clearly that on both afternoons there was at

the cloud-level a low pressure region overlying the Punjab and another

over Behar, and that these two regions were connected by a long narrow

trough of low pressure extending over Rohilkhand and the north of

Oudh. The conditions were therefore both days such as were likely

to generate eddies by the interference of the easterly and westerly

currents along the low-pressure axis; but at 4 p.m. the isobars were

more regular and the conditions likely to generate tornadoes better

marked on the lst May than on the 30th, April. On the 30th, at this

hour in the afternoon, the low-pressure trough over Rohilkhand was

almost completely blocked by a region of relatively high pressure near

Bareilly, caused apparently by the upheaval of the pressure planes

there, on account of the local high temperature (99°8°). Towards sun-

set this obstruction doubtless disappeared with the fall of temperature

below, and then the distribution of pressure became similar to that

of the Ist May. At any rate, whatever may have been the reason, the

tornadoes of the 30th did not commence until near sunset, whilst on

the following day they began in the middle of the afternoon.

The tornado tracks shown on the two high-level charts have a very

definite relation to the isobars. They commenced a little to the south of

the low pressure axis, and approached slightly or ran parallel to tt for

a certain distance, but in no case sueceeded in crossing it. These storms,

as regards the horizontal components of their motions, appear therefore

to have been eddies formed in the strong westerly currents of the lowest

164 8. A. Hil—Tornadoes and Hailstorms of April [No. 2,

cloud layer where these began to be retarded on approaching the low-

pressure axis, and they were carried forward with the current in which

they originated. Regarding the vertical movements and the produc-

tion of hail, of the origin of which Ferrel’s theory appears to me to

be the true one, it is impossible for want of information to enter into

any detail. The form of the storm-cloud, so indicative of vertical suc-

tion as well as of horizontal whirling movements, and to which so much

attention has been paid in America, is not even mentioned in any of the

local reports.

APPENDIX I.

Circunar Lerrer or Inquiry anp Rupuirsy rrom District Orricers.

Oircular.

Having been charged by the Meteorological Reporter to the Govern-

ment of India with the preparation of an account of the origin and history

of the destructive storm which recently visited Moradabad, I have the

honour to request the favour of your assistance in furnishing materials

for discussion regarding the storm in go far as it affected your district.

From the reports received from your tahsils and thanas I have to re-

quest in particular that you will be good enough to furnish me with an

abstract of the information on the following points :—

1. The date and hour at which the storm commenced in those

places where it was felt, and its duration at each place

2. The direction of the wind at each place at the beginning,

middle and end of the storm

3. An estimate of the faired of the wind from observation of the

damage done by uprooting trees, unroofing houses, &e.

4, Whether the storm was accompanied by hail or not, and

hail was observed, what was the average size of the hailstones ?

5. How many people wore killed, if any, and how they were killed,

whether by lightning, falling in of houses, or from what cause ?

6. What was the estimated value of the total damage done by

the storm P

As the path of the storm seems to have avoided the regular

meteorological observations, I shall be glad if you happen to be able to

furnish any barometric or thermometric observations made during its

passage,

1889. ] and May 1888 in the Doab and Rohilkhand. 165

ReEpwins.

1272

(1) Letter No. Xi agg “ated 30th May, 1888, from the Collector of

Moradabad to the Meteorological Reporter to Govt. N.-W. P. and Oudh.

With reference to your 417 dated 16th May, 1888, Ihave the honour

ig dated 7th May, 1888, which gives

nearly all the information which I have been able to collect regarding

the late storm.

2. Although, as I shall mention hereafter, there were slight storms

at other places, the really severe storm was confined to Moradabad and

a small area round it. It took place on 30th April. The dust-storm

began about 6 Pp. M., the hurricane and hail about a quarter past 6.

The hurricane and hail lasted between a quarter of an hour and twenty

minutes, It is of course not easy to determine the exact point of time

when the storm stopped. There was a good deal of wind, and very

strong wind for some time afterwards.

3. As far as I myself noticed the wind was north-west throughout.

Some of the tahsildars say that the wind was first west and then

changed to north, One tahsildar says that the wind was east, but I

have no doubt that this is a mistake.

4, The wind was certainly travelling at about 60 miles an hour,

at least so I am informed by people who know more of such things than

I do.

5. There was a terrific hailstorm; the bigger hailstones were of the

size of small pigeon’s eggs.

6. For an answer to your question 5, see para. 5 of my report.

7. Itis very difficult to estimate the amount of the damage done.

Fortunately there was little damage done to crops, but there was a great

deal of damage to houses. The total damage done cannot have exceed-

ed, in my opinion, a lakh of rupees. It was the loss of life which made

the storm so noteworthy,

8. Regarding the tahsils, there was no storm of any kind at

Bilari. There were slight storms with a little hail and rain at Thakur-

dwava and Amroha on the evening of the 30th and slight storms at Sam-

bhal and Hasanpur on the Ist of May. But all these storms were go

slight that they probably would not have been noticed had it not been

for their connection with the great storm at Moradabad.

Moradabad does not boast a barometer, and thermometric observa-

tions do not appear to have been taken by any one during the storm.

Must people’s roofs were either blown off or tumbled in, a state of things

to enclose a copy of my report

166 8. A. Hill—Tornadoes and Hailstorms af April [No. 2,

which I am sure you will understand does not conduce to the taking of

correct meteorological observations. It was bitterly cold during the

storm and for a considerable time after it.

(la.) Letter No. twa dated 7th May, 1888, from the Collector

of Moradabad to the Commissioner, Rohilkhand Division, Barielly.

In accordance with the instructions contained in your ie “gi, dated

5th May, 1888, I have the honour to submit a brief report regarding the

storm which occurred on the 30th April 1888, of the main features of

which His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor and yourself have been

already apprised.

2. I myself only arrived in Moradabad on the 30th, so that at the

time of the calamity I was under the disadvantags of having no local

knowledge of the place. I took charge in the afternoon and about 6

in the evening I drove to the house usually occupied by the Collector,

standing on the rising ground on the further side of the race course.

I briefly mention what happened to myself because the house where

I chanced to be and the adjoining one, standing as they do on the ridge

of the rising ground on which the station of Moradabad is situated,

were the houses on which the fury of the storm first fell and which

seem to have suffered more than any others. Soon after I entered the

storm commenced. It became quite dark and the house was filled with

dust. The doors were burst open by the wind. <A terrific storm of hail

followed breaking all the windows and glass doors. The verandahs were

shorn away by the wind. A great part of the roof fell in and the

massive pucca portico was blown down. ‘The walls shook. It was

nearly dark outside and hailstones of an enormous size were dashed

down with a force which I haye never seen anything to equal.

3. As soon as the storm abated I went out. The race course

was mostly covered with water. There were also long ridges of hail

on the higher ground one or two feet or more in depth. The roads were

strewn with trees; there were very few to be seen standing; many of

the largest ones had been torn up by the roots. The roof of the first

house I saw had been blown altogether away, leaving only the broken

walls standing. The double-storeyed barracks had stood though serious-

ly injured, but one of the single-storeyed ones had collapsed. There

is not a single house in the civil station which did not sustain the most

serious injury. Had the hurricane lasted a few minutes longer scarcely

a house could have been left standing. But little harm comparatively

1889. ] and May 1888 in the Doab and Rohilkhand. 167

was done in the city. It stands lower than the civil station, and the

streets being narrow and the houses closely packed together the wind

had less power, and there was more protection from the hail. Damage

of course there was. Tiles were blown off, windows broken and bal-

conies and badly built utcha walls shaken or sometimes blown down,

but there was nothing like the damage which there wag in the civil

Station,

4, The really destructive hail seems to haye been confined to a

very small area, about six or seven miles round Moradabad. There

were slight storms at Thakurdwara, Bilari, and Sambhar, but nothing

of any consequence. The rest of the district appears to have escaped

altogether.

5. There have been up to date 222 inquests on bodies of persons

killed in the storm. There are afew more reports in cases in which it

was not possible to hold inquests. 230 deaths in all have been reported

up to the present time. Ther are no doubt some deaths which have

not been reported, but not many. The total mortality may safely be

put as under 250. The vast majority of the deaths were caused by

the hail. Some were caused by the falling of trees or walls, but these

were comparatively few. Men caught in the open and without shelter

were simply pounded to death by the hail, 14 bodies were found on the

race course, 4 almost immediately in front of the house known as the

Collector’s. There were no deaths from hail in the city itself and

not many in the environments. Most of the deaths were in the bare

and level plains round the station where people were caught unawares.

More than one marriage party was caught by the storm near the banks

of the river and was annihilated. No Europeans were killed.

6. The police report that 1,600 head of cattle, sheep, and goats

were killed, but probably a good many strays were, as was very natural,

put down at first as killed. Beyond the cattle and the damage done to

‘ere was not much loss. There were fortunately no crops on

id to be destroyed. Most of the grain had been threshed and

stored. The grain was blown away from some threshing-floors, but the

loss in this way was not considerable. I should not omit to mention

that many valuable groves and mango trees haye been destroyed.

7. The most serious damage was done in the Cantonment. TI at

once offered the officer commanding all the assistance in my power.

The Municipal staff which could be spared was deputed to assist in

clearing the roads &e., and I procured as many workmen as possible.

Owing mainly to Captain Mackenzie’s energy all that was possible has

been done to remove the signs of the disaster, but it will I fear be

many years before Moradabad is itself again.

168 S. A. Hill—Tornadoes and Hailstorms of April [No. 2,

8. To sum up so far as the people are concerned, the loss of pro-

perty was comparatively small owing to the fortunate circumstance of

there being no crops on the ground. Had there been such, they must

have been utterly destroyed. The damage to the houses will of course

be repaired by the people themselves. The loss in grain from the

threshing-floors was trifling. It may be necessary to ask for an in-

creased takavi grant for the purchase of cattle; but the people of this

district are averse to taking these advances, and I cannot say at present

whether any increase of budget provision will be requisite. Almost all

the public buildings require special repairs, most of which have been

already taken in hand.—Should any special assistance be required from

Government it will be applied for hereafter.

(2.) Report on the occurrence of a violent storm accompanied by hail

on the lst May, 1888, at Shahjahanpur.

The storm occurred with violence only in two tahsils, Tilhar and

Shahjahanpur.

(a.) In the west of the Tilhar tahsil (Jaintipur) the storm began

at 2 on Ist May 1888 and lasted (along with the hailstorm) till 3-30

or so.

In Tilhar itself it began at 3 Pp. m. and lasted till 4 P. M.

(b.) In Shahjehanpur the storm began at 4p. m. and lasted till about

5 P, M.

2. (a) Inthe west of Tilhar tahsil the wind first came from the

west, then it stopped for about 5 minutes and a north wind accompanied

by hail set in. :

(v). In Tilhar itself the wind blew from the west, then it turned

to the north with hailstones.

(c.) In Shahjehanpur the wind began from the west, then it

turned round quite suddenly without warning to the north and hail

fell.

3. Trees were blown in several cases 10 to 15 yards. Thatched

roofs were blown 25 or 80 yards where the wind got a proper hold of

them.

4, The storm began with a west wind which was very violent.

The north wind brought hail and was not so violent by any means.

(a.) I have asked a great many inhabitants of the west of Tilhar

tahsil about the size of the hailstones. They all agree that the stones

average nearly 3 inches in diameter and that many were longer,

(v.) Im Tilhar the stones are estimated as bigger than goose

eggs.

fot—)

(c.) In Shahjehanpur the stones were longer, but nothing so very

extraordinary.

—

1889.] and May 1888 in the Doab and Rohilkhand. 169

5. I cannot tell how many exactly were killed, but not more than

10 or 12. Every one had had full warning before, as a heavy dust-

storm had been going on nearly an hour before the hurricane commenc-

ed. At least 2 men were killed by hail, 2 by the falling of a house, 1

by the falling of a cart loaded with bhusa, and the rest by trees. The

hail wounded a very large number.

6. It is impossible to estimate the total damage done inthe district

by the storm,

Quite 2,000 trees must have been uprooted and very many others

sadly knocked about. The melon crops were injured. The damage

done to Government buildings in the two tahsils roughly estimated at

Rs. 360.

Unfortunately I have not been able to hear of any baormetric &e.

observations made during the storm.

When the north wind began to blow there was a considerable fall

of temperature.

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1889. ] and May 1888 in the Doab and Rohilkhand. 171

(4.) Letter No. a dated 27th June, 1888, from the Collector of

Bareilly to the Meteorological Reporter to Govt. N.-W. P. and

Oudh.

I have the honour to reply as to—

Point I. At (a) Behari, commenced 6 p. m., continued to 8 P. m.

(0) Nawabganj, commenced 7 P. m., continued to 9 p, m.

Point IT. (a) at commencement N.-W. then W. finally E.

(b) at commencement W., then cyclonic, finally W.

Point ITI. Force about 28lbs. to square foot.

Point IV. Hailstones averaging about 3 chattack.

Point V. (a) 16 men by hail, 1 by lightning and 7 by falling

boughs and other causes.

Point VI. About 4,000 to 5,000.

Baheri is the purgannah stretching right across the north of the

District of Bareilly. Nawabganj lies to the south-east of it.

S. A. Hill—Tornadoes and Hailstorms of April

(5.) Statement showing particulars of the Storm of 30th April, 1888.

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WOT} PUIM JO Od1OF bs z

oy} «jo oyeuUIyso uy 3 3

e& ao

ay bs

. = Lan!

w1048 oy4 JO pus pus a BS ee

a[pprur ‘Suruurseq ory ad 28

ye coed youve 4B purm a 6 OF

ey} jo woyvanp oly, a 5

Suse o jo)

-eovyd 2 a ©

yqove ye uolemp s91 mm 3 me

pus 4[9z SVM 41 OTOYA : Eos eo

soov[d osoy} UL poououL : re a =

100 ULI04S OY} YOR 3 ga me ga

ye qoy puv oyep syy, aa es 6a =

oO oO

3 P

. = foi

a 4 :

a a a

a s 3 s

= P| ie a

a aa] ay

*LOLWLSICL LNAI

1889.] and May 1888 in the Doab and Rohilkhand. 173

(6.) Letter No. oe dated 22nd May, 1888, from the Collector of

Bijnor to the Meteorological Reporter to Govt. N.-W. P. and Oudh.

In reply to your letter No. 425 dated the 17th instant, I have the

honour to state that the storm of 30th April was very slightly felt in

this district, and was not accompanied by much wind. In a few places

small hailstones fell, but no damage was caused. No persons were killed

so far as I have been able to discover. If necessary I shall submit a

further report, but as the storm was so slight, I do not think I shall be

able to furnish the information required.

(7.) Letter No. ars dated 21st May, 1888, from the Superintendent,

Tarai District, to the Meteorological Reporter to Govt. N.-W. P. and

Oudh.

In reply to your No. 429 dated the 17th instant, I have the honour

to furnish information on the points noted, with reference to the de-

structive storm which recently visited Moradabad.

J. A slight storm but nothing of any moment passed over the

Tarai on the 30th April, and lasted from about 5°30 to 6 P. M.

2. The wind was from the west.

3. No estimate was made of the force of the wind, and no parti-

cular damage was done by it.

4, The storm was not accompanied by hail.

5. No people were killed either by lightning, falling of houses,

or any other cause.

6. No damage was done by this storm.

7. No barometric or thermometric observations were available.

The Tarai was not in the line of the storm.

(8) Letter No. a dated 23rd June, 1888, from the Collector of

Meerut to the Meteorological Reporter to Govt. N.-W. P. and Oudh.

In reply to your No. 418 of the 16th May, 1888, I have the honour

to say that I have caused enquiries to be made in the different tahsils

of the district. This enquiry was undertaken as there had been no

definite report of any severe damage caused by a dust-storm and the

making of it has caused the delay in replying.

29. The Moradabad storm occurred, I think, on April 30th last.

On the evening of that day in Meerut itself there was a slight dust.

174 S.A. Hill—Tornadoes and Iailstorms of April [No. 2,

storm from the north-west which did no damage at all; it came on

about 6 p.m.

3. In Hapur between 4 and 5 p. m. there was a dust-storm which

lasted about ten minutes accompanied by same rain and a little hail of

small size. There was no damage done. The wind was strong at first

and from the north, it then turned east and boxed the compass.

4. In Mowana the storm occurred later and lasted from! about 8

to 10 p. m. The wind was strong at the beginning and at the end.

Several trees were uprooted and same houses unroofed, but no persons

were killed. In the uplands hail was small, about the size of a gram

seed, in the Ganges valley it was larger and did some damage to_melons.

In no other tahsil was there any disturbance that day.

APPENDIX II.

(1.) Exrracrs rrom tre Twnrcrapnic AnD Corrusponprnce CoLumNs

Op THE PIoNrER (ALLAHABAD).

Dethi, 1st May.

A severe thunderstorm passed over the station this afternoon,

Two trees have been struck by lightning and there is no doubt that

other damage has been done, as several crashes have been heard. It

has been raining and blowing hard since 3 o'clock, and there was a

sharp and most destructive shower of hail between 3 and 4 o’clock,

some of the stones being of extraordinary size. I picked up one as big

as a man’s fist which weighed two and a quarter ounces. This, I

fancy, decides the fate of our mango crop

generally,

Since preparing the above for despatch I hear that a lad aged four,

who ran out during the hailstorm to pick up some of the ste~

killed on the spot.

and our fruit prospects

2nd may.

As far as is known at present the hailstorm last evening would

appear to have been local in its effect, all the damage up to the present

being reported from the city and civil station of Delhi,

suburbs of Sabzimandi and Paharganj.

travelled in a south-easterly direction, for after

and the western

The storm seems to have

passing over Delhi and

crossing the Jumna, it went on in the direction of Meernt and Buland-

shahr.

Several persons are reported to have been killed

during the storm,

ow |

1889.] and May 1888 in the Doab and Rohilkhand. 175

but the details need confirmation, A house outside the city was struck

by lightning, but it was fortunately untenanted at the time. The light-

ning descended through the roof inthe centre room and struck the floor ;

it then glanced off and, darting through a side room, passed out into

the open.

3rd May.

The hailstorm on Tuesday afternoon was quite phenomenal in

character. Later reports show that it was a far more remarkable occur-

rence than would appear from my telegrams. The stone picked up by

me weighed two and a quarter chittacks, not ounces, as erroneously

stated at first; and, incredible as it may seem, one picked up in the

hospital garden in the fort weighed one and a half pounds. More ex-

traordinary still, another hailstone secured near the telegraph office was

of the size of an average melon, and turned the scale at two pounds,

Theso stones were weighed in the presence of reliable witnesses by

two gentlemen of unquestionable veracity, and I have satisfied myself

that there is not the least reason to doubt the authenticity of these

reports. As it is possible, however, that many will still feel disinclined

to credit my statement, and as the Meteorological Department will

doubtless require full and reliable information in regard to what is here

believed to be the most remarkable fall of hail on record, I am prepared

to furnish any further particulars which may be needed, and to give

the names and addresses of the gentlemen who weighed the enormous

hailstones referred to.* Iam also in a position to produce any further

evidence which may be required to substantiate my facts.

The fall for about two minutes presented the appearance of a

shower of lumps of ice, most of which smashed on coming in contact

with the earth, only those which fell into soft earth having been secured

intact. The shape of the stones generally was a flat oval, very few

being round like ordinary hail. All kinds of rumours are flying about

in regard to persons killed and injured during the storm, but, as several

of these are doubtless exaggerated, if not absolutely imaginary, it

would be unsafe to give particulars at present. It is a fact, however,

that out of a flock of some fifty geese and ducks which were ina tank

near the Ridge when the hail descended only nine were spared to the

owner. It is true also that the lightning struck a thatched building

in the same vicinity, and killed a man and woman who had taken shelter

in it.

5th May.

Up to the present eleven persons are reported to have been killed

* References to these gentlemen have been giyen to me,

176 8. A. Hill—Tornadoes and Hailstorms of April [No. 2,

during the storm on Tuesday last. One man literally had his head

split open, and over 200 persons are said to haye been injured more or

less. The full extent of damage to fruit and vegetable crops has not

yet been correctly ascertained, but it is reported to be very serious.

7th May.

I have little to add to the particnlars already furnished by tele-

graph in reference to the recent hailstorm at this place except that two

or three additional deaths have been reported, and that the damage

to the fruit and vegetable crops has been quite as serious as I had

surmised, On both banks of the Jumna for about two miles above the

railway bridge, and for a mile below that point, the melons have almost

been completely destroyed owing to the necessarily exposed situation of

the fields; and in the city and surrounding gardens very few mangoes

are now to be seen. It is very fortunate, indeed, that the hailstorm

was confined to so limited an area, or the damage would almost haye

amounted to a district calamity. The country to the north and south

of Delhi, within a couple of miles of the city on either side, does not

appear to have felt the effects of the storm in the least, and as the dis-

tance from the Jumna Bridge to the borders of the Rohtak district is

only about 25 miles, the actual area effected in this district could

scarcely exceed some 50 square miles.

Moradabad, 2nd May.

A terrific storm of hail and wind occurred here on the evening of

the 50th ultimo. Most of the houses in the civil station have been un-

roofed, but little damage comparatively speaking has been caused in the

city. Above 150 deaths are reported up to date, mostly from hail.

Some details have reached us of the terrific storm referred to in our

telegram from Moradabad. The storm began on the evening of April

30th. The wind blew with tornado-like strength, rain fell in torrents,

and at intervals there were heavy showers of hail. Nearly every tree

in the station was uprooted and the roads were blocked for miles by the

fallen timber. Large numbers of mud huts were beaten down, while in

the cantonment much damage was also done. The majority of the

houses were unroofed, the north-west wall of the racquet-court was

blown bodily down, and the house of the Judge adjoining was also dam-

aged, The portico of Mr, Fisher’s house fell, smashing up the Collec-

tor’s horse and trap which were standing beneath it. But the most

serious consequences resulted from the showers of hail, the stones being

of phenomenal size. Natives who were exposed in the open were, to

quote a correspondent, “ half-frozen by the cold wind and then killed

outright by the hailstones.” Others were struck by falling trees or

1889. ] and May 1888 iz the Doab and Rohilkhand. 177

injured by the collapse of their huts. One hundred and fifty deaths had

been reported up to Tuesday evening, and the full returns had not even

then been received. There were signs that day of a renewal of che

storm, but the danger passed over. The temperature remained almost

as low as in February, the change being most marked after the recent

great heat. Masses of frozen hail were to be seen lying about the

station long after the storm had ceased.

Our Moradabad correspondent writes under date 2nd May :—‘ People

here say nothing like the storm was ever known before. About 6 4. M.

I was looking at the house which I had taken, the one usually ocenpied

by the Collector here, standing on the race-course. The house suddenly

became dark and full of dust. <A terrific storm sf wind followed. Most

of the doors were brust open and the glass broken by the hail that fol-

lowed almost immediately. Part of the roof fell in. The verandas

were blown asunder. The heavy masonry porch fell, crushing the horse

and phaeton standing underneath. When I came out the race-course

was covered with water. Many of the houses in the civil station had

been completely unroofed, including one of the barracks, Most of the

trees had been blown down and were strewn on the road. Not much

damage seems to to have been done in the city. One hundred and sixty

deaths have been reported up to the time I write, and no doubt some

more reports will come in. Most of the deaths were from hail, a few

from the falling of walls and trees. The hail appears to have stopped

within a few miles of Moradabad. Most of the district escaped com-

pletely. One of the two companies of the Seaforth Highlanders station-

ed here is leaving for Bareilly in consequence of the unroofing of the

barracks.”

A correspondent writes from Camp Tilhar, Shahjehanpur district,

3rd May :—‘‘It may be interesting to trace the course of the storm of

the 1st. This place is 12 miles west of Shahjehanpur on the O. and R.

line. The whole of that day a strong east wind had been blowing :

about 3-30 p. Mm. a bank of dust came up from the west and the wind

then changed. It only appeared at first one of the usual dust-storms,

but after a slight fall of hail the storm became very violent, rain poured

in streams, and hailstones fell, the size of which astonished all, and I am

not exaggerating when I say that many were the size of a turkey’s egg,

while the smallest were the size of a pigeon’s. Lregretted afterwards J

had not been able to weigh some, but I would not venture out myself

and so could hardly ask anyone else. The storm lasted until 4-30. The

destruction to trees has of course been great, but I have only heard of

the loss of one life.

“The opium cultivators who were congregated in the groves of trecs

178 S. A. Hill—Tornadoes and ITailslorms of April [No.2,

escaped in a most miraculous way, for branches of trees were falline all

round them, but only one man was slightly injured. The shed which

has been built for their convenience had half the roof blown down,

while houses innumerable have been unroofed. In all the years that T

have been in India it was the severest storm that it had ever been my

lot to witness.”

A Naini Tal correspondent writes under date 2nd May :—“ Another

sharp thunderstorm, with heavy rain, broke over the station last evening

about 6-30 P. m., and one or two minor ones occurred during the night.

The great storm of yesterday did much damage, the roads being strewn

with the leaves of trees, cut off by the hail, and all flowers, fruit trees,

&e., exposed to its violence were cut to pieces. Government House

it suffered severely, and nearly two hundred panes of glass were broken

by the hail. Clouds are still hanging about, and the distant roll of ‘

thunder proves that the disturbance of the elements is not yet over.

The traditional ‘ oldest inhabitant’ cannot remember such gevere wea-

ther in the month of May, but it seems to be part of the same storm

that has broken over Caleutta, Darjeeling, &c.”

(2.) Exrracts rrom tap Civil and Military Gazette (Lanorn),

Moradabad, 1st May, ra

A perfect cyclone swept over Moradabad last evening. The wind

was so high that it blew sixty empty goods vans from the sidings in

which they were standing for at least two miles ont of the station alone

| the line in the direction of Chundonsie. This was not sufficient. Dame

| Nature, not content with a rather heavy goods train, thought she might

! as well have a mixed train, and sent after them thirteen empty lower

class carriages. All these seventy-three vehicles went careering gaily

along the line by themselves for two miles without let or hindrance,

when the foremost of them met with an unfortunate bullock lying across

the line, and no cow-catcher being at hand, it was, as Stephenson

predicted, bad for the “coo”; but it was still worse for the empty

goods vans, for the first one, in coming in collision with the bullock,

got derailed, and all the others followed suit, tearing up the track for a

\| distance of about two miles. Some of the vans were turned upside

down, and looked somewhat like huge tortoises on their backs. The

train, which should have reached Bareilly at 3-14 a. M., never turned up

at all. But the train from Allyghur, due at 10-2 p. ., did not arrive

till 3-14. A very large peepul tree between Chundousie and Moradabad

had been torn up by its roots and sent right into the telegraph posts,

|e which not only knocked them down, but destroyed them entirely for a

i considerable distance on both sides, The wreck of broken and damaged

carriages Was amazing,

is)

L889. | and May 1888 in the Doab and Rohilkhand. 17

Bareilly, 1st May.

A violent storm of quite a cyclonic character burst on and in the

vicinity of the Rohilkhand and Kumaon line last evening. At Bareil-

ly it began to blowin violent gusts about half-past 7and raged at

intervals, subsequently accompanied by rain till about 12 o’clock, in

fact, even up to 4 this morning there were heavy showers. The cor-

rugated iron roofs of the Deonarain and Richha Road stations, re-

spectively at 21; and 27{ miles from Bareilly, were blown off, and the

stations considerably wrecked by the violence of the wind. The whole

length of line from Atmora, 16} miles from Bareilly, to Baheri, 31+

miles, a distance of upwards of fifteen miles, was strewn, not only with

branches torn off from adjacent trees, but many of the trees themselves.

In consequence of the line having to be cleared of these obstructions,

the Naini Tal train, which should have arrived at Bareilly junction at 3-

20, did not reach that station till half-past 7, being upwards of four

hours and ten minutes late. The Moradabad train is also late; it

ought to have arrived here at 3-44 Pp. m. and is not here yet 20 past 8.

Ghaziabad, 4th May.

The hailstones which fell here during the storm of the Ist were of

phenomenal size. Some selected ones, to which accredited witnesses tes-

tify, were three and four inches in diameter and weighed from four to

eight ounces. Those of medium size were as large as cricket balls.

They were not quite round, but spheroidal, and the rebound of the large

ones was not less than fifty feet. A gentleman, many years a resident

here, had never seen anything like it,

Shahjahanpur, 4th May.

An exceedingly violent hurricane burst over the city and station of

Shahjahanpur on the evening of the lst. The wind began to rise about

4 o’clock pv, m., and blew violently from an easterly direction, when on a

sudden it veered round to a westerly direction. The consequence of this

sudden change in the direction of the current of air must have been a

considerable downward pressure of the opposing currents; and the trees,

both through the city, the civil station, and cantonment, suffered very

much, I arrived at the Shahjahanpur Railway station from Bareilly at

Il p.m. There was not asingle ticca gharry* inattendance, owing to

trees and branches of trees of all sizes lying across the road from the

Railway station to the city and all round. In going round the city on

the morning of the 2nd I found enormous trees and branches strewed

about in all direction, and many roofs and walls crushed in by them,

* Thika gdvi, hackney carriage.

180 8. A. Hill—Tornadoes and Hailstorms of April, §c. [No. 2,

The thatched roofs of the three porticoes of the Government Native

School were blown clean off. I hear several people in the city have been

killed from the falling in of roofs and walls, which have been crushed

in and knocked down by the falling branches and trees. The kutcherry*

compound had an appearance as if the trees had been eut down for the

purpose of forming an abattis to stand a siege. The oldest inhabitant of

Shahjahanpur says he cannot remember ever to have experienced so severe

a hurricane. The accounts from Moradabad (native accounts) are most

wonderful, even in the way of imagination. One is that that there were

several shocks of earthquake at the time the tempest occurred in that

station, and that here and there cracks appeared in the earth. Another,

that a party of five hundred souls forming a wedding procession be-

tween Moradabad and Powajan were caught in the storm, and all perigh-

ed, the bridegroom amongst them, with the exception of five men. A

third, that many poor people who were watching their cucumber, melon,

and water-melon beds in the vicinity of the Ramgunga River were

overwhelmed in the dense columns of sand-dust borne along by the

storm-wave, and being daily dug out and carried into Moradabad for

identification, The weather to-day, the 4th of May, is quite cool

» need-

ing no punkha even in the middle of the day.

* Magistrate’s Court.

1883.] A. Mukhopadhyay—Monge’s Differential Equation. 181

VIL.-—The Geometric Interpretation of Monge’s Differential Equation to all

Conics.—By Asurosw Muxuorapuyay, M. A., F.R. A.S., F. R.S. EL

[Received May 22nd ;—Read June 6th, 1888. ]

ContTENtTS,*

§ 1. Historical introduction.

§ 2. Geometric interpretation.

§ 1. Historical Introduction.

Before proceeding to give the true geometric interpretation of

Monge’s differential equation to all conics, which I have recently dis-

covered, and which it is the object of this paper to announce and establish,

a brief survey of the past history and present position of the problem

may not be wholly unprofitable. In the first place, then, we remark

that the differential equation of all conics was, more than three-quarters

of a century ago, first discovered by the illustrious French mathema-

tician Gaspard Monge, and published by him in 1810.¢ It should be

remembered that, in his paper, Monge does not furnish us with any clue

to the method by which, from the integral equation of the conic, he

derived the differential equation which now appropriately bears his

name: neither is there any attempt at a geometric interpretation ; it

is simply stated that the differential equation to all conics of the second

order as obtained by the elimination of the constants from the equation

Ay* + 2Buy + Ca*® + 2Dy + 2He +1=0

9g8t — 45grs + 4073 = 0,

where, as usual,

dy _ dy dy _ dy déy

de I= ge T= ag ae P= de®?

and this statement is followed by a verification that the differential

equation of all circles

(1 + p*)r = 8pq?

leads, on differentiation, to the differential equation of all conics.

After Monge’s paper, we come to the following statement made by

the late Dr, Boole :£

* For a full analysis of this paper, see the Proceedings for 1888, pp. 157-158 ;

see also Nature, vol. xxxviii, p, 173.

+ Sur les Hquations différentielles des Courbes du Second Degré. (Bulletin de

la Soc. Philom. Paris, 1810, pp. 87-88; Corresp. sur I’H’cole Polytech, (Hachette)

Paris, 1809-18, t. ii, pp. 51-54),

} Differential Equations, Fourth Hdition, pp, 19-20,

182 A. Mukhopadhyay—Monge's Differential Equation. [No. 2,

“Monge has deduced the general differential equation of lines of

the second order, expressed by the algebraic equation

axn® + bay + cy* + cx + fy=l.

It is

9 (By dey Ag d?y d®y dy 40 (@) = 0

age)? de® ” dat dad det da®

But, here our powers of geometrical interpretation fail, and results such as

this can scarcely be otherwise useful than as a registry of integrable forms.”

The subject seems to have attracted the notice of Hnglish mathe-

maticians from the above statement of Boole, and, during the thirty

years which have elapsed since these remarks were first made, there

appear to have been two attempts to interpret geometrically Monge’s

differential equation to all conics. The first of these propositions, by

Lieut.-Col. Cunningham, is that the eccentricity of the osculating conic

of a given conic is constant all round the latter.* The second proposi-

tion, by Prof. Sylvester, is that the differential equation of a conic is

satisfied at the sextactic points of any given curve.f I have elsewhere

considered in detail both these propositions, and I have fully set forth

my reasons for holding that neither of them is the true geometric inter-

pretation of Monge’s defferential equation to all conics.{ In fact, as I

have already remarked, there are two tests which may be applied if we

wish to examine whether a proposed interpretation of a given differ-

ential equation is relevant or not, viz.,

1st. The interpretation must give a property of the curve whose

differential equation we are interpreting; in fact, it must give a geo-

metrical quantity which vanishes at every point of every curve of the

system.

2nd. The geometrical quantity must be adequately represented by

the differential equation to be interpreted.

Lieut.-Col. Cunningham’s interpretation cannot be accepted as it

satisfies neither of the tests; it fails to give such a property of all conics

as would lead to a geometrical quantity which vanishes at every point

of every conic ; moreover, it is not adequately represented by the differen-

tial equation to be interpreted, inasmuch as it is really the geometric in-

terpretation of the differential equation

(#28 Ty

1-@ 990’

* Quarterly Journal of Mathematics (1877), vol. xiv, pp. 226-229,

+ American Journal of Mathematics (1886), vol. ix, pp. 18-19.

f Journal, A. 8. B. (1887), vol. lvi, part ii, pp. 184-145; P. A. 8. B, (1887),

pp. 185-186; P. A. 5. B, (1888), pp. 74-86.

nit

1889. ] A. Mukhopadhyay—Monge’s Differential Equation. 183

where

T, = (1-+p*) (3qs — 48) — 8g (pr — 348)

U = 39s — 573,

and, by actual calculation, I have proved this differential equation to be

one of the five independent first integrals of the Mongian equation.*

Professor Sylvester’s interpretation is, similarly, wholly out of mark,

as satisfying the second test but not the first, inasmuch as it gives a

property not of all conics but of an extraneous curve.

So far my criticism has been purely negative, as I have confined

myself to the statement that the true interpretation of the Mongian

equation still remains to be found. I now proceed to give what 1 be-

lieve to be the long sought for interpretation of the differential equation

to all conics.

§ 2. Geometric Interpretation.

Consider the conic of closest contact at a given point of any curve;

refer the system to rectangular axes through any origin; then, if «, y

be the coordinates of the given point, and a, B those of the centre of

aberrancy, I have already established the system of equations

3qr

ie *~ 30s — br?

3q (pr — 39°)

aot lay 3qs — 5r?

If now dy be the angle between two consecutive axes of aberrancy, p the

radius of curvature, and ds the element of arc, of the “aberrancy curve ”

(which is the locus of the centre of aberrancy), we have

ds*= da? + dB?

__ ds

Pr dy’

Now, from the above expressions for a, 8 we get easily

Baa Ui

—=—prT

FG a:

* See Nature, vol. xxxvili, pp. 318-319, where Lieut,-Col. Cunningham sub-

stantially acknowledges the correctness of my criticism.

* See my paper “On the Differential Equation of all Paraholas”, J, A. S. B,

(1888), vol. Ivii, pt. ii, pp. 316—332 ; cf. p, 824,

where

‘

ri (8qs — 5r?)®

Pa ater bi

~ (8gs — 572)?”

T = 99%¢ — 45qrs + 4073,

Therefore

nee) ENON” 2)T2

(2) - (=) ae ) = ae a

and

ds_ ds da dx

Peni oases

pay da dy est ie dy’

But

dx de dw

dy dw’ dy

and, as proved in my former paper,* we have

do__4

dx 1p”

and

dp \3 d*p

dy 1644 ( °) dw?

<2 >

dw O69 + (z )

where

2) 4

Oph (4) = (J te ) { 18+ (rp — agp '

dw Ge

dp\# dap _ cae 8

so that

dy (1+p*) (89s — 5r*)

da 78+ (rp —3q?)?

Hence, finally,

da 1+ (rp — 39?)

dy “q (3qs— Br)

and

bole

{18+ (rp — sq? }

REE SS

g (8¢s — 5r8)$

184 A. Mukhopadhyay—Monge’s Differential Equation.

* J. A. S. B, (1888), vol. lvii, pt. ii, pp. 316-332; ef, p. 322

[No. 2,

1889.] A. Mukhopadhyay—Monge’s Differential Equation. 185

This result may also be obtained without calculating the value of

ax . .

ae For, a, 8 being the coordinates of the centre of aberrancy, we have

Lat

UU * \ag

me Sete

dpe

and

da da dx r

dp dx dB

do dx d fda id

apt dp dx (F)= ~ aD dx (*)

Taw ? gq 38qs—5r?

~ pl de (= =a) pL (pr —3q)?

__ g (3qs—5""

same —3¢? =)

Substituting, we get, as above,

(a4 cp—a}

uz qg (3qs — 5r?)8

This, therefore, is the most gener al expression for the radius of cur-

vature of the “aberrancy curve” of any given cuzve. Now, when

AVX)

we have (ee tUh,

But a0)

is known to be the differential equation to all conics; hence, obviously,

the geometric interpretation of Monge’s differential equation to all

conics is as follows :—

The radius of curvature of the aberrancy curve vanishes at every potnt

of every conic.

This geometrical interpretation will be found to satisfy all the tests

which every true geometrical interpretation ought to satisfy, and I

believe that we have at length got here the interpretation which has

been sought for by mathematicians during the last thirty years, ever

since Boole wrote his now famous lines.*

19th May, 1888.

* For some remarks (which, however, seem to me to be very weak) on this

interpretation by R, B. H. (Hayward ?), see Nature, vol. xxxvili, pp. 197, 564,

619,

186 W. L. Sclater—On a Stag allied to Cervus dybowskii. _[No. 2,

VIIL.— Description of a Stag’s head allied to Cervus dybowskii Tac., pro-

cured from the Darjeeling Bazaar.—By W. L. Scnarer, Deputy Super-

imtendent of the Indian Musewn.

[Received 27th Feb.,—Read 6th March, 1889, ]

(With Plate XI.)

Some months ago a stag’s head was sent to the Museum by Mr,

Dunne, who wished the head to be mounted to hang up in his hall.

Mr. Fraser, the 2nd assistant to the Superintendent, on examining

the head, at once saw that it was something out of the common, that it

was the head of neither Sambur, Tibet deer, or Kashmir deer, and he

drew my attention to the fact.

On my writing to Mr. Dunne he most kindly consented to ex-

change the head for one of a Sambur, and further informed me that he

had bought the head in the bazaar at Darjeeling, but that, beyond that,

he knew nothing about it.

I sent the head to Simla to Mr. Hume in order that he might

compare it with the heads in his own magnificent collection; Mr. Hume

wrote to me telling me that he had nothing like it in his collection, but

drew my attention to the description of Cervus dybowskii of M. Tacza-

nowski. published in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1876,

and further said that he thought it probable that the specimen in question

was either identical with, or nearly allied to, that interesting species.

I propose first of all to describe the head and afterwards to make

some remarks on its affinities.

The head which I exhibit this evening, and of which the accom-

panying plate gives a good idea, is at once distinguished by the entire

absence of the second brow antler which is so characteristic of the

Hlaphine group of the genus Cervus.

With regard to the skull, the most noticeable feature is the curious

expansion of the nasal bones, which spread out over the suborbital

vacuity, causing the vacuity to be much smaller than in either the

Sambur or the Tibetan or Kashmir stag ; the suborbital pit too is larger

than that of the Kashmir or Tibetan stag (Cervus cashmeerianus and

C. afinis), but is smaller than that of the Sambur (0. aristotelis) ; the

other noticeable points in the skull are the form of the auditory bulla

and the molar teeth.

The auditory bulla is distinctly Elaphine; as in the Tibetan and

Cashmir stags, it is small, compressed, and rugged, and not swollen, while

the bulla of the Rusine stags is much swollen and quite smooth.

The molar teeth have three well marked columns on the external sur-

<p»

1889.] W. L. Sclater—On a Stag allied to Cervus dybowskii. 187

face of each tooth; the intermediate ones, however, are not so well

marked ; this also shows an Elaphine rather than a Rusine affinity.

The antlers are placed on moderate pedestals, the brow antler spring's

at almost a right angle to the beam, and subsequently is slightly turned

up at the point; half way up the beam there is another anteriorly

directed tine, that on the right antler being considerably shorter than

on. the left; above this, the median tine, there are two more anteriorly

directed tines, the lower one of considerable length, the upper one short,

but surpassing the distal unbranched end of the beam in length.

The horns are thin and slender, marked with longitudinal ridges,

and rather worn, so that they were probably soon about to be shed; the

animal was therefore probably killed in early spring or late winter, if

there is any analogy to be drawn from the time of horn-shedding of the

Kashmir stag.

The head when it arrived had been preserved with the skin on; this

was carefully removed and cured.

The rhinarium agrees with that of the Rusine rather than with that

of the Elaphine group ; it is fairly extensive, but does not quite sur-

round the nostrils; the prenarial portion, forming the isthmus between

the narial and labial portion, is rather narrow; but the infra-narial

portion, the absence of which is so marked in the Hlaphine group, is

here well developed.

The hair on the head is rather coarse, it is dark brown in colour,

each hair being provided with a subterminal band of yellow, so thatthe

general appearance of the fur is of a speckly yellow ; the hair round the

rhinarium and upper lip is white.

The above description leaves little or no doubt that the animal

belongs to the group Pseudaxis as defined by Sir V. Brooke in his well-

known paper on the Cervide (P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 907).

There are only two species of the group Pseudaxis which approach

our specimen in size; these are C. mantchuricus and O. dybowskii; of

these O. mantchuricus, though figured, is nowhere very fully described.

Cervus dybowskii is well described by Taczanowski (P. Z. S. 1876,

p: 29), and seems to agree with our specimen in nearly all respects;

there are, however, only 8 points to the antlers described by Taczanowski,

while our specimen possesses 10 points; in every other respect except

size our specimen agrees with the description given by M. Taczanowski;

the colour speckly brown, the white muzzle, and also the curiously shaped

nasals, which are clearly shown in the wood-cut accompanying the

description, though not mentioned in the text,

In size the Cervus dybowskii seems slightly inferior to our specimen,

as will be seen by the measurements in inches of the two specimens given

188 W. L. Sclater—On a Stag allied to Cervus dybowskii. [No. 2,

below ; in the case of OC. dybowskii the centimetres have been reduced to

inches.

Darjeeling specimen. C. dybowskii.

Right antler left antler

Length of antlers along

the curve, we ©6BOD 35'S 22:0

Between the antlers at

their base, “i 35 3°5

Spread, ee 32°0 16:0

Length of basal tine,... 75 8:0 5:8

Length of 2nd tine, ... 8:0 12°5 50

Length of 3rd ditto,... 11:5 9'5 50

Length of 4th ditto, .., 3°5 4:5 —

Tip of beam, vi 2:0 2°5 —

The following are the usual skull measurements given in inches :—

Length of skull from tip of premaxillaries to

the occipital condyle, wee a gry lee7o

The palate from the tip of the premaxillaries to

the posterior nares, o re nae 320)

Extreme breadth behind the orbits, is See pS

Length of the three molars, os Ae eu)

Width of palate between the posterior molars, ee Bed,

Length of the suborbital pit, eth 2°0

The types of Cervus dybowskii were procured by M. Dybowski in

Southern Ussuri, which lies to the south of the Amur river and to the

north of Vladivostok, the great Russian Port in J apanese seas.

The specimen which I here exhibit was, as I have mentioned above,

bought by Mr. Dunne in the Darjeeling bazaar, so that there is abso-

lutely no evidence as to whence the stag came, but it seems probable that

it was brought from Tibet, and, as the skin and horns were in good con-

dition, it does not seem likely that it came from a very distant part of

Tibet.

If therefore the stag in question really does turn out to be speci-

fically identical with the stag from Ussuri-land, the range of the Cervus

dybowskit must be very great, reaching from Tibet all through Western

China and Manchuria to Ussuri, in which case it is very remarkable that

it should not have been oftener procured by scientific collectors.

1889.] A. Pedler—Volatility of some of the Compounds of Merewry, 189

IX.—On the Volatility of some of the compounds of Mercury and of the

Metal itself—By Aux, Pupumr.

I propose only in the present paper to add a few facts to those

already known on the subject of the volatility of mercury and of some

of its compounds. Popularly, the liquid metal mercury, or quicksilver,

may be considered to be a typical case of a liquid which is non-volatile.

This, however, is not the case, and the volatility of mercury has been

the subject of many researches. Faraday* was one of the first to notice

that mercury is sensibly volatile even at the ordinary temperature of

the air, and he states that this is the case between 155° and 27°, but not

at 6°7°, both in spaces filled with air and in vacuo. This volatility of

mercury was proved by suspending gold leaf for 2 months in a vessel

over mercury, when the leaf became amalgamated. This volatility is

also proved by the old process of daguerreotyping, and by the fact that,

if a current of electricity is passed through a Torricellian vacuum or

through Geissler’s tubes which are being exhausted with a mercurial

pump, the spectrum of mercury can be seen. Numerous writers such

as Regnault,+ Berthellot,t Ramsay and Young,§ Karsten, || Merget and

McLeod** have all proved the volatility of mereury. Merget in particular

has shown that even at a temperature of-—44°, it possesses a sensible

vapour tension, while McLeod has been able to estimate the actual

weight of mercury which existed in the form of vapour in a vessel at

the ordinary temperature of the air. In one experiment it was found

that in a flask 19 litres capacity the weight of mercury vapour was only

the very small amount of 0°00009 gram.

In India, where we deal usually with atmospheric temperatures

considerably above those where all the published experiments on this

subject have been made, it may naturally be expected that the volatility

of mercury will be a very appreciable quantity. This fact has lately

been proved to mein a very striking way. At Buxar (Behar) there is

a Government Meteorological Observatory where there is a mercurial

barometer suspended on the inner wall of a house, but immediately

opposite a doorway, and in such a position that though exposed to the

* Faraday, Schw. 82 482, and Pogg. 9, also Watts’s Dictionary of Chemistry,

article on Mercury.

+ Compt. rend. Lxxiii.

t Ditto ditto 100, 18, 26-1328.

§ Journ, Chem. Soc. Trans. 1886, 37-50,

|| Poge. 7, 245.

§ Compt. rend, Ixxiii, 1356,

** Chem, News, 48, 251,

190 A. Pedler—Volatility of some of the Compounds of Mercury. [No. 2,

reflected glare from the ground, it is protected from the actual direct

rays of the sun. It was not receiving any direct rays of the sun at the

time the following facts were observed, and its position is such that,

except for perhaps a very brief period during the winter season, it is

never reached by the sun’s rays. This observatory was inspected on

October 28rd, 1888, and in the Torricellian vacuum of the barometer, at

some little distance above the surface of the mercury in the tube and

immediately behind the usual position of the vernier, I found a deposit

of from 100 to 120 small globules of mercury ranged all round the

inside of the tube, the size of which averaged about half that of an

ordinary pin’s head. I could not actually determine the weight of

mercury which had thus distilled upwards, but I estimated it roughly to

have been more than half a gramme. The Superintendent of the obser-

vatory has informed me that the deposit of mercury was first noticed on

September 20th, 1883, and that after having been removed and the

instrument put right by me on October 23rd, the deposit had again

commenced to form on the 15th of November. In this case then it is

proved that mercury can at the temperature of Buxar for the period

named give off sufficient vapour in vacuo to effect an actual slow dis-

tillation. The meteorological elements for Busar in October 1888,

were :—

mean maximum temperature 90°1° F = 32'3° C

mean minimum temperature 70°0° F=21:1° C

and the mean temperature of the solar radiation thermometer in Behar

in October was about 139°1° F=59°5° C.

The cause of the mercury collecting in the portion of the vacuous

part of the barometer tube shaded by the vernier is easily understood,

for it is this part which is protected from the glare from the ground

heated by the sun, and will therefore be at a slightly lower temperature

than the rest of the tube. The only other cause which could be acting

in this case would be the difference between the highly illuminated

and shaded parts of the tube. If this were the cause it would show

that the distillation was caused by the astion of light, but this alter-

native can probably be neglected.

The fact of this slow distillation of mercury in a barometer tube

should be carefully noted by meteorologists, particularly in tropical

countries. In the case in question the barometer was one of Fortin’s

principle, and the presence of the globules of distilled mercury did not

introduce any error into the barometric readings, but if the instrument

had been constructed on the Kew principle, as is the case very largely

now with barometers, the presence of this sublimed mereury would haye

entirely vitiated the accuracy of the readings of the barometer.

1889.] A. Pedler—Volatility of some of the Compounds of Mercury. 191

The volatility of certain compounds of mercury has also been

brought to my notice in the course of a number of experiments which I

have been carrying out on the action of light on various chemical com-

pounds. The usual method of experimenting has been as follows :—A

small quantity of a compound is placed in a glass tube sealed at one

end, and if a solid, a small plug of cotton wool is placed above it. The

tube is then considerably narrowed before the blowpipe at about 3 to 4

inches from the closed end, and above the constricted part a stick of

caustic soda or a piece of metallic sodium or other reagent is placed, to

decompose or combine with any vapour which may be evolved by the

compound which is being tested. The tube is then rendered vacuous

by a Sprengel pump and hermetically sealed, the whole tube being 8 to

10 inches long. It is afterwards exposed to the sunlight or kept in the

dark as the case may require.

The following mereuric compounds have been tested :—mercuric

oxide, mereuric cyanide, mercuric iodide, mercuric oxalate, mercuric

chloride (corrosive sublimate), and mercuric bromide. Of the mercurous

salts only mercurous chloride was tested, for it is well-known that such

compounds as mercurous oxide, mercurous iodide, ete. are very readily

decomposed.

Red mercuric oxide was placed in a sealed tube im vacuo with

a few freshly eut pieces of metallic sodium in the upper part of the

tube. The experiment was commenced in March 1387, and the tube

was exposed daily to sunlight for about a year. On examination the

pieces of sodium were all found completely covered with a decided

layer of oxide, and on removing the oxide, part of the sodium surfaces

appeared like a piece of sodium amalgam. After acting on the sodium

with water a considerable number of distinct and moderate sized

globules of mercury were obtained.

The oxide of mercury, which was of a bright red colour at the

commencement of the experiment, was examined. It was of a dark

chocolate brown colour, and on examination it was found to consist of

unchanged red mercuric oxide with a distinct quantity of mercurous

oxide. Metallic mercury was tested for but none could be detected.

The éxperiment therefore proves conclusively that mercuric oxide is

fecbly volatile at temperatures such as those obtained in sunlight, for

the only way in which the mereury could have passed to the sodium is

by yolatilization of the oxide. No metallic mercury was found in the

oxide after the action of sunlight, and therefore no upward distillation

of mereury as such could have happened.

Observations haye already been made showing that mereurie oxide

when exposed to sunghine turns black superficially and partially de-

composes. CGuibert* states that the decomposition yields mercury and

oxygen, while Donovan* states that mereurous oxide and oxygen ave

formed. Donovan’s explanation therefore of the reaction appears to be

the correct one, and not that advanced by Guibert.

Jacob Myers (Deut. Chem. Ges. Ber. VI. 11) has also shown that

mercuric oxide apparently commences to decompose in vacuo in a very

feeble manner at about 150°C, but that even at 240° the tension of the

evolved oxygen is only 2 m.m., but it is clear that the phenomenon

described in the previous experiments is quite different from that

alluded to by Myers.

Mereuric cyanide in vacuo appeared quite non-volatile, and, even

after exposure to the direct rays of the sun for a month in the hot

season of the year, the compound itself seemed to be quite unaltered.

Mercurie iodide appeared also quite non-volatile at ordinary air

temperatures in vacuo, even when exposed to the rays of the Indian sun,

and it also appeared practically unchanged in composition by the direct

action of sunlight, and, though there was a slight darkening in colour

under the influence of light, the change was to a great extent temporary,

and disappeared when the iodide was exposed to the air.

Mercurie oxalate was exposed to the direct rays of the sun in

vacuo for seven and a half months during the hot season of the year.

There was no evidence whatever of the substance being volatile, but

the colour of the salt darkened rapidly under the influence of the sun

and changed to a deep grey. The grey mass after treatment with

solution of potassic cyanide, and afterwards with ammonic chloride, left

a black residue from which globules of mercury were obtained by the

usual process, and which black residue gave all the tests for metallic

mereury. This salt, though not volatile at ordinary temperatures in

vacuo, appears therefore to decompose by sunlight according to the

equation :—

Hg ©,0,= He+2C05,,

Mercuric chloride was the next salt tested, and this yielded rather

important results. One of the experiments may be described as fol-

lows:—On March 6th, 1886, a glass tube + of an inch internal dia-

meter was filled at its closed end with 10-876 grams of pure mercuric

ehloride. It was drawn out, &e., in the usual manner, and a stick

of caustic soda placed in the upper part of the tube, which was then

rendered vacuous and hermotically sealed. After sealing, it was daily

exposed to the sun’s rays with the end of the tube containing the

caustic soda upwards. After a few days a grey deposit of metallic

* Gmolin’s Chemistry, Vol, VI, p. 10,

192 A Pedler—Volatility of some of the Compounds of Mercury. [No. 2,

1889.] A. Pedler—Volatility of some of the Compounds of Mereury. 193

mercury commenced to form on the surface of the caustic soda, and this

gradually increased until the whole surface of the caustic soda and part

of the interior surface of the glass was covered with a grey film. The

experiment was allowed to go on till June 10th, 1887, when the tube

was opened and examined. The mercury salt in the lower end of tho

tube was weighed, and found to be 10°8628 grams and had therefore lost

00132 gram. The mercury salt was examined, and was found to have

been partly reduced to mercurous chloride (calomel), and 0°018 gram of

this salt had been produced. This calomel when examined under the

microscope was of a distinct crystalline nature, and crystals belonging to

the usual form for calomel* were found; these crystals also answered

to all the tests for calomel. No free mercury was found in the corrosive

sublimate,

The amount of mereury which had been deposited in the upper

part of the tube, and which was due to the decomposition of the vapour

of the mercuric chloride was also estimated, and was found to weigh

0:0112 gram, or very nearly the amount which would be calculated from

the loss of weight, etc. of the mercuric chloride. It is clear therefore that

mercuric chloride is very decidedly volatile at ordinary air temperatures

in vacuo and when exposed to sunlight, and from a nearly circular sur-

face of the powdered salt about + inch in diameter a very appreciable

weight of mereuric chloride had evaporated and had passed up a tube

nearly six inches in length, while a further appreciable weight of the

mercuric chloride had changed into mercurous chloride,

To test whether this decided volatility was in any way facilitated

by the strong light used in the experiment, another tube § inch diameter

had been similarly prepared, but had been kept in the dark. This ex-

periment was started on April 19th, 1887, The action in this case

did not commence so rapidly asin the previous case. After a month

only about 2 of an inch of the lower end of the stick of caustic soda,

was covered with the deposit, and the deposit gradually but slowly in-

creased. The tube was opened on January 2nd, 1889, and the incrusta-

tion was found of a yellow to a yellow brown colour. The deposit was

examined under the microscope, and no metallic mereury could be

detected. The deposit was weighed, and found to be only 0:0016 gram.,

and it was found to consist practically entirely of mercuric oxide

(Hg0).

Thus it is clear that the mercuric chloride is volatile at ordinary

air temperatures, but the volatility appears to be increased by the direct

action of light. The reactions in the two cases are also slightly different,

*® Watts’s Diet, Chem. Vol. II, P. 185 fig. 287,

194 A, Pedler—Volatility of some of the Compounds of Mercury.’ [No. 2,

for, while in full sunshine mercury only is deposited by the action of the

caustic soda on the mercuric chloride vapour, in the dark mercuric oxide

is deposited, and the reaction appears to be Hg Cl,+2NaH0 = He0+

H,0+2NaCl.

So far as I have been able to ascertain the partial decomposition

and volatility of solid mercuric chloride at ordinary atmospheric tem-

peratures and under the influence of sunlight have never previously been

noticed. J, Davy* apparently investigated the properties of mercuric

chloride, and says the salt does not suffer decomposition when exposed

in the state of powder to sunshine. The salt is also well-known to be

volatile at high temperatures, for it melts at 265° and boils at 295°, but

beyond some vague statements that mercuric chloride is more volatile

than mercurous chloride, which is itself volatile only at about a red heat,

no precise statement is made that I can find, that this body is at all

volatile when im the solid state or at any temperature below its melting

point.

Solutions of mercuric chloride are known to undergo slight change

when exposed to sunlight, and the reaction is generally said to yield

mercurous chloride, oxygen, and hydrochloric acid,+ or by others oxychlo-

ride and hydrochloric acid. In order to verify this point some experi-

ments were made by exposing such solutions to the rays of an Indian

sun. After exposure for about six months a solution of the mercuric

chloride gave a small quantity of a grey or greyish white precipitate,

and also some prismatic crystals of moderate size, which were colourless

and transparent. Both the crystals and the greyish white powder

were found to be mereurous chloride. No metallic mercury could be

detected. The decomposition of the solution of mercuric chloride under

the influence of sunshine is therefore parallel to the decomposition of the

salt in the solid state as above described. The decomposition of the

mercuric chloride is of course in both cases very incomplete,

It has been proved by Hannay? in his paper on ‘‘ new processes of

mercury estimation, &e.,” that when a solution of mercuric chloride is

evaporated a portion of the salt is volatilized with the aqueous vapour,

and he made some quantitative experiments and showed, that in one case

over 5 per cent. of the salt could thus pass away. He also states

(p. 572) “that when solutions of mereuric chloride are evaporated or

boiled in a room even when well ventilated, the salt which is thus thrown

into the atmosphere is very injurious to the human system, in fact all

* Gmelin’s Chemistry, Vol. 6, P. 55.

+ Gmelin’s Chemistry, Vol, 6, P. 55.

{ Journ. Chem, Soe, 1878, P, 565-575,

\'s

1889.] A, Pedler—Volatility of some of the Compounds of Mercury. 195

the symptoms of mereury poisoning are strongly manifested.” Tf,

however, the solution of mercuric chloride contains hydrochloric acid

or apparently other acids also, the salt does not volatilize at all when

evaporated, and it would appear to be only when pure solutions are

evaporated that this volatilization takes place,

The power which steam has of carrying forward vapours of other

bodies which under ordinary circumstances are fixed or difficultly-volatile

is well-known, and there is thus perhaps nothing very surprising that the

vapour of a hody which boils at 295° should be carried over by steam,

but the fact that the addition of an acid such as hydrochloric to the

solution renders the salt non-volatile with steam requires explanation.

The possible reason why the volatility then ceases may perhaps be found

in the fact proved by A. Ditte* that hydrochloric acid has the power

of forming direct crystallizable compounds with mercuric chloride such

as HgCl,, 2HCl 7H,0, &e. The behaviour of mercuric chloride in solu-

tion in water in being volatile and in yielding mereurous chloride in

sunlight is thus almost parallel to the behaviour now observed with

mercuric chloride in the solid state.

The next mercuric salt examined was mercuric bromide, which was

placed in a sealed tube in vacuo with sodium hydrate in the upper part

of the tube. After exposure to sunlight for about a year it was found

that the end of the stick of sodium hydrate nearest the bromide for

a space of about an inch had become coated with an incrustation. The

incrustation was very thick at the end of the stick and of a dark grey

brown colour; it was also tolerably thick over at least six-tenths of an

inch of the hydrate and the remaining part was thinner and of a brown

colour. This incrustation was examined and was found to consist

almost entirely of mercuric oxide, of which there was rather a large

amount, but a few small globules of metallic mercury were also de-

tected. The mercuric bromide still in the tube was examined, and it

was found that only a very few needle-shaped crystals were left after

the mass was treated with boiling water. These needle-shaped crystals

were apparently mercurous bromide but the quantity examined was

small.

The action of mercuric bromide in sunlight and ém vacuo is there-

fore almost parallel with that of mercuric chloride, but the bromide is

sensibly less volatile at the ordinary temperature of the air than the

chloride is. I have not been able to find any determination of the

melting and boiling point of the bromide, but it is known that the salt

can be sublimed, but at a higher temperature than the chloride.

* Compt, rend, 92, 353-355.

196 A, Pedler—Volatility of some of the Compounds of Mercury. [No. 2,

Very few of the mercurous compounds lend themselves to the

detection of whether they are volatile at the ordinary temperature of

the air or not, for it is known that many of them under the influence

of light or of sunlight decompose. This is the case with mercurous

oxide, iodide, &c, An attempt was, however, made to determine whether

calomel would be volatilized in vacwo in sunlight; and, in the case of some

experiments conducted in a manner similar to that previously described, it

was shewn that a very small deposit of mercury was formed on the sticks

of caustic soda. On examining, however, the mercurous chloride re-

maining in the tube after being exposed for some months to sunlight,

it was found that the salt was of a grey instead of the original white

colour. On testing the calomel carefully no trace of mercuric chloride

could be detected, but free mercury was found in distinct quantities.

The decomposition which therefore had taken place under the influence

of sunlight was

Hg, Cl, = 2He + Cly.

As mercury had been itself formed by the decomposition of the

mercurous chloride, and as it is well-known that mereury is volatile, the

presence of the mercury on the caustic soda is a little ambiguous, but

from the manner in which the deposit took place, and from the similar

nature of the action to that of mercuric chloride, which could be

watched as the experiment went on, it appeared to be highly probable

that the mercurous chloride itself was volatile in an exceedingly feeble

manner at the temperatures experimented with,

As in the above experiments no actual record of the temperature

could be given day by day or hour by hour, it is perhaps desirable that

the general atmospheric temperatures during the experiments should be

stated. All the experiments were made in Calcutta, where the average

maximum monthly temperature during 1888 varied from 97° F, or 36°

C. in June to 74° F. or 23° C, in January, while the highest maximum air

temperature was 107°2° F or 40°7° OC. The average minimum daily tem-

perature on the other hand varied from 80° F. or 27° O.in June to 55°

F, or 13° C. in December. The average monthly temperature of solar

radiation in Calcutta in 1888 also varied from about 152° F. or 67° C, in

May to 124° F. or 51° ©. in January,

The very decided volatility of mercury and of such of its com-

pounds as mercuric oxide, mercuric chloride, mercuric bromide, and

perhaps even mercurous chloride in such a climate as Calcutta having

been proved, it remains to give a word of warning to all those who use

these substances in any way. In India, in particular, mercuric chloride

is used rather freely, for many of the preparations which are largely

used to preserve books from the attacks of insects contain mercuric

wtcr

1889.] A. Pedler—Volatility of some of the Compounds of Mercury. 197

chloride as the active ingredient. Preparations, too, for preserving

wood, fabrics, &c. and for protecting them from white ants and other

destructive insects and animals frequently contain this substance, and

it is but fair to state that mercuric chloride fulfils such purposes most

effectually. Also some vermin and rat-poisons contain mercuric chloride

as the active ingredient. Again, within the last few years I believe the

use of mercuric chloride as an antiseptic in surgical and other cases has

spread rapidly, and Lister* uses, I believe, a kind of gauze containing one

per cent. of this salt or even cotton wool charged with five per cent. of it

as a dressing in surgical cases. Mercurie chloride has undoubtedly a

wonderful power of destroying germs of various kinds, and a solution of

one part in 20,000 of water is said to effectively kill germs such as

those of anthrax. In all such cases, however, it must be borne in mind

that mercurial vapours may be under certain circumstances generated,

and in persons who may be peculiarly susceptible to mercurial poisoning

very unpleasant effects may be produced. Two cases of mercurial

poisoning in Hurope which are on record can in my opinion only be ex-

plained by the volatility of mercurial chloride which has now been

proved.

The two cases are described by H. Hager} (who is I believe con-

nected with the Imperial Health Office, Berlin) and the following

is a translation of his descciption :—f{

‘‘ What sad consequences breathing and living in rooms, to the

walls of which atoms of mercuric chloride adhere may have, the writer

intends to illustrate by two examples, the first of which will be sufficient

to condemn the use of the substance as a disinfectant.

“* An apothecary, Mr, Z., addressed the writer with reference to a

kind of disease from which he had been suffering for some years, and of

which no medical advice had been able to relieve him. His gums were

dreadfully livid in appearance, his teeth had lost their hold and had

fallen out one after the other, he had lost his hair, &e., &c.; Mr. Z.

complained also of a peculiar weakness in his stomach and had lost all

his former strength. Symptoms of mercurial poisoning were at once

recognized. The advice which was given to Mr, Z, was to search for

the seat of the poison, to take up the boards of the floor and examine

the sand under the boards optically and chemically, &. The advice

was followed but the search proved abortive. Finally, however, it was

found that a wooden staircase had been attacked by fungi some years

* British Med. Journ. October 23rd, 1884,

+ Chemisches Central Blatt No. 17 and 18, 1886,

{ Tam indebted for these references to Mr. P, Brihl.

198 A. Pedler—Volatility of some of the Compounds of Mercury.

previously, and to save it from destruction it had been painted with oil-

paint to which some corrosive sublimate had been added. The staircase

was removed, and soon the normal conditions returned. The other in-

habitants had suffered much less or not at all; from which it appears

that some persons are more liable to mercurial poisoning than others.’

““« The other instance is the following :—A. landowner had poisoned

rats by means of corrosive sublimate, the rats chiefly infesting his

stable. His coachman, a sober and robust young man, who used to sleep

in the stable, became pale, lost his appetite and easily got tired. When

on a visit ati the gentleman’s, the writer happened to see the servant,

and when on his advice the boards were taken up the remains of 40

rats were found, The foundations were renewed, fresh sand being used

for the purpose; all holes in the walls were closed with cement, and the

servant was soon cured.’ Here the corrosive sublimate was prevented

to a certain extent from evaporating by the ammonia disengaged from

the dung; the doors of the stable remained open during the warmer

part of the day, and nevertheless the servant was poisoned by the mer-

curial vapour. These two cases ought to suffice to prove that mercuric

chloride is a dangerous and malicious enemy.”

Hager in his paper apparently traces these cases of poisoning

principally to the small particles of solid mercuric chloride which may

have been mechanically thrown off into the air, but, in view of the un-

doubted volatility of this salbin the solid state and eyen at ordinary

atmospheric temperatures, itismuch more probable that the poisoning was

produced simply by the vapour of mercuric chloride. It might of course

be argued that the amount of mercuric chloride vapour would be so

small as to be unable to produce mercurial poisoning, but mercuric

chloride is certainly as volatile as mercury is itself, and there isa case on

record proving that mercury gives off sufficient vapour ab the ordinary

temperaturo of the air to cause saliyation. This is described by Bur-

nett.* He says, ‘ A ship on the Spanish coast was carrying a cargo of

mercury Some of the mercury had escaped from the packages and got

into the hold. All the exposed metal surfaces in the ship appear to have

become coated with mereury in consequence, and the whole ship’s

company were effected with violent symptoms of salivation.”’

If therefore such cases of mercurial poisoning as are described by

Hager, can take place from the use of mereurie chloride at Huropean

air temperatures, the very greatest care should be taken in a country

like India where such violently poisonous substances as mercuric chloride

are used in preserving books from the attacks of insects, as a yermin-

* Phils, Trans, 1828, P. 402,

[No. 2,

athe

1889.] A. Mukhopadhyay—Wiliptie Functions and Mean Values. 199

killer, &c. and where such high air temperatures prevail. It is probably

the fact that the custom in India of having almost all doors and win-

dows constantly open has proved a safeguard against such poisoning in

the case of libraries, ete., where mercuric chloride has been and is being

used, but it does not appear to be desirable to rely on this fact, and

it would be safer to discontinue altogether the use of such an insidious

poison as mercuric chloride for the purposes above described.

X.—Some Applications of Elliptic Functions to Problems of Mean Values.

(First Paper).—By Asuvosa Muxknopapuyay, M. A., F.R. A.S,,

F. R. 8. BE,

[Received July 25th ;—Read August 1st, 1888.]

(With a Woodcut.)

ConrEnts.

§ 1. Expression for the area common to an ellipse and a concentric circle inter-

secting it.

Mean value of the common area when the intersecting circle is of variable

radius.

Expression for the angle of intersection of the ellipse and the circle.

Mean value of the angle of intersection.

Mean value of the angle of intersection of the lines joining the opposite

corners of the figure formed by the intersection of the ellipse and the

mmm

aoe w

circle.

§ 6. Mean value of the are of tho circle intercepted by the ellipse.

§ 1. Hzxpression for Common Area.

The object of the present paper is to discuss some problems of

Mean Values which are chiefly interesting from the mode in which the

application of Elliptic Functions simplifies the calculations.

Tn the first place, let us consider an ellipse and a concentric circle

intersecting it; then, if the ellipse be NPA, and the circle NPR, the

area of the portion common to both the curves may be found as follows,

viz., the ellipse being

oe ue 1

a® — be

and the circle,

wu? 4 y? mat x

200 <A. Mukhopadhyay—Hlliptic Functions and Mean Values.

[No. 2,

the coordinates (a, 8) of P, the point of intersection of the two curves,

is easily found, viz.,

role

ons

gia

2] 2

bole

Hence, if y be the angle which the central radius vector OP makes with ite

OR, which is the axis of #, we have

Bb fa®—7?\2

sin eee pon

P ==2(5-% 2

sie a a® — }2

Bab (= 72\3

te ae tee —_——.

a Na me eee )

Now, the whole area common to the two curves is

4.QORP = 4 (sector POR + sector POQ).

But

; 1

2 Leth AOPAENG

sector POR = $r°y =e sin ~ } { : oo y : ts

Again, from the equation of the ellipse,

at 92

72 5a 1,

we have the polar equation

8 athe

p= Gren 30 + b? cos? @’ ‘

so that

sector POQ = tf 2 tdd

= 1a2p? 2 Ls con,

f a®sin®@ + b%cos?6

Tv =<

7 6 a al

= 3ab j fant (; tan a) : .

b 5 d=

J rea Ns

= Tt BE tay (Sa)

{, 2 ya ~ b2 J

But it is easy to prove that

1889.] A. Mukhopadhyay—Zlliptic Functions and Mean Values.

@— ,8\3 Ph Ns

tan~1 (F=5) + sin7! ; (5-4) Ary

{Linki 6)

Hence the

201

a® — 2

( 2 He =

1p angel el Tipit ae Vea ae

sector POQ = 3ab sin (Gee) ;

Therefore, finally, the whole area common to the two curves is

1 1

= + =I r= beNs go. -1 (Ofer \2

= 2ab sin { (= = i + 272 sin = a)

r\a? — b?

For purposes of verification, we may note that, when r=a, this

becomes wab, and when r= 5, it reduces to wb, as are geometrically

evident.

$2. Mean value of the Common Area.

Let us now investigate the average area common to an ellipse and

a concentric circle of variable radius which always intersects it

Let A be the common area when the radius of the circle is r; then

the required mean is given by

M = ———_—_-,,

J dr

whence

(a—b)M= if A dr

But, from the formula proved in § 1, we have

amet 72 — b2\! 9.4 ot. -1 6b fat — r*\?

A = 2ab sin~! { =) ; +27? sin {~ ae

f Ai e2ab PaO:

tol

Hence,

where

202 A. Mukhopadhyay—Zlliptic Functions and Mean Values. [No. 2, '

a b fat :

. ae me 2

(ay — if 7 gin~1 { s (S=3) dr.

Consider now

Let 7? — $2

matey

Gia = sin a

so that, when

r=a, é >?

Prt, wey

and 7 = a? sinté + 02 cosré,

rdr = (a8 — LU) sin &. cos &. dé,

sin € cos €. d &

(a? sin? € 4 b? cos? £)?

es aed

P= (a*—*) fi é.sin& cosédé

> ©(a sin? € + b? cos? €)?

ae : af (at sin*® € + b* cos* o?}

Tutegrating by parts we have

dr = (a? — }2)

Henee,

é Tv

é Saat

P= { é (a? sin? € + b? cos? £)2

é=0

_ 1

=I (a? sin? € + B? eos? )? dé,

aes i we

a aes (a* sin? € + b® cos? €)? dé,

Next consider

pole

-—] Spd

Q= r® sin ni La dr.

b r \a? — b?

¢ 1889.] A. Mukhopadhyay— Elliptic Functions and Mean Values. 203

Let

so that, when

and

gee a* b2

~ a? sin? + b? cos? >

a? b?(b? —a?) sin? cos ¢ db

(a? sin? > + b? cos? )”

_ ab(b? —a®) sin cos¢ do

(a? sin? > + b? cos? $)?

rdr =

Hence,

eatin (at

(a? sin? > + b? cos? ¢)2

2 d 2 gin? b2 $0) at

ne eS: ~.d (a? sin? > + b? cos? ¢)

— 3@ 5

Le}

Integrating by parts, we get

? ae Tv

q=- 10s} ——_¢ __] ’

(a® sin? ? + b? cos? $)2 o-0

: T

+ 5a8b3 (——— :

~F (a? sin? > +b? cos? )?

2 (a? sin? > + b? cos? $)? 6

Therefore, we have

(a—b)M = rath —

2 i

= vf (a? sin? € + b* cos? 2" d€

204 <A. Mukhopadhyay—Zlliptic Functions and Mean Values. [No. 2,

e 3

(a? sin? $ + b? cos? $)?

To effect further reductions, we observe that generally

Tv vis

2 ak 2 oh =

(a? sin? 6 + 6? cos? 6)? d6= (a? cos? 6 + b? gin? 6)? dé,

ie) oO

for, putting

T > -

| 6 =. (ke

| so that, when

pj ie)

0 9 6 ’

a= 0) = 5,

dd=—-dé,

we get, by substitution,

Tv Tv

2 is ay 2 ES sor

(a? sin? # + b2 cos? 6)? dO = (a? cos? 6’ + b2 sin? 6’)? d 6’,

oO 0

=| ~ (arcoste + 88 sin? 9)? a8,

as the variable is of no consequence in a definite integral. By a similar

reasoning’, we have

} | T T -

{ 2 __4¢ La dp

Jo (a sin? > + 6? cos? $)? o (a® cos? & + b2 sin? $)2

and in general

2 y UF 4

f (a® sin? + 0? cos? o)” do= [5 (a® cos? > + b% sin? p)” d $,

Oo oO

which is a particular case of the more general formula

7 T

| 2 2

| J (sin #) dx = f (cos x) dx.

han oO oO

Therefore, we have

—~

—

1889.] A. Mukhopadhyay—Elliptic Functions and Mean Values.

(a — b) M=za*b — 37b8

+ a | 5___#¢

} (a® cos? € + 0? sin? é)?

Tt:

— 1

_ an (a? cos® £4 b2 sin? ) 2 dé.

205

Now, we have

T Tv

f 2 dé 1 (3 dé

= 1 eee ———_—

(a* cos? E+ basin? és)? “ JO

ce)

(1 — é sin? €) 2

where the eccentricity of the ellipse is given by

a® — b2

slo dé

0 Sadi

_ (1 — e® sin? @)2 2

Therefore, we get

Tv T

3 dé yi 1 2 dé

a as sa

» (cost E+ sing? © J

(1—e? sin? é)2

1 Tv

“saw f° cron:

We have also ;

fe (a® cos? € + b? gin? é)? dé= of? (1 — é? sin? é? dé,

where, as before,

But we have generally*

a® — $2

e= =

a®

Hence,

(a-b) M= wath -2 08 45 a (1 — @ sin? £2

* See Dr. Schloemilch’s Théorie des

Intégrales et des Fonctions Elliptiques, par

Dr. Graindorge, (1878), p. 14.

. Mukhopadhyay—Elliptic Functions and Mean Values.

2a (1—é? sin? 62 dé

ie)

A Al

= 7atb 5 7b? — 3 a®b Hy

where

i, =f

| || te)

| || so that Hi, is the complete elliptic integral of the second kind with the

| || eccentricity for modulus. Therefore,

meee Ae

38a—b

If J be the perimeter of the ellipse, we have

—y

hla

(1—é sin? €)? dé

{ m (3a? — b%) —4a°B, } j

| Tv

|| tata (3 qd — & sin? £)? d&é=4ak,.

| Le}

Hence, finally, we have the

THEOREM. The average area common to an ellipse and a con-

centric circle of variable radius which always intersects it is

pare {

= eae

er mw (3a* — b*) al},

where a, b are the semiaxes, and 1 the perimeter of the ellipse.

§ 3. Hazpression for Angle of Intersection.

| | If w be the angle of intersection of the ellipse and the circle, its

| | value may be easily calculated as follows. The coordinates of the point

| of intersection P being a, 8, we have

i aoe |

a Jaa VJ W,

B= amas / ar.

The tangent to the circle at P is a

at + By = 7%,

and the tangent to the ellipse is

ax By _

ere ae

whence we have

1889.] A. Mukhopadhyay—Hlliptic Functions and Mean Values. 207

CRON as

ee:

ano= 12 aa

wa Bi

eae @ a®Be

a® " B° a®B?+ b'a?

= { (a* — r?) (7? — 0?) } r

Hence,

ab tan wo = J (a — 7%) (7#— b*).

§ 4. Mean Value of Angle of Intersection.

Let us now find the mean value of the angle of intersection of an

ellipse and a concentric circle of variable radius which always intersects

it. Let w be the angle of intersection when the radius of the intersect-

ing circle is r; then, if Q be the mean value required, we have

whence

@-pas w dr.

Integrating by parts, we have

rTr=a@

T= a

(2-3) 9=| re | ce | ne

Now, from § 3, we have

ab tan w= { (a® — 7?) (7? — 6”) \ -

which shews that, when

t= Gs w= 0,

10; w= 0,

so that the integrated part vanishes at both limits. We also easily calcu-

late by logarithmic differentiation that

dw ab(a? + b2 — 2r7)

i fie

dr r(a? + b* — 7?) (a? —r?)? (r? —b?)?

208 <A. Mukhopadhyay—Elliptic Functions and Mean Valucs. [No. 2,

Substituting, therefore, in the equation

ae Lo

(a—b) Q= [ | - rdw,

r=b us

els)

we have

b] 2 —. Dyr2 <.

@- Hasna f, a ale a x 7 ar. ('

b (a? + 2 —r?)(a? —r?)? (r? — b?)2

(a? — 7?) = (r? — b?) tan? 6,

so that, when

Assume

T= 0s d= f

and we have also the relations

a” + b? —2r? = (b? —a?) cos 26,

a? + b?—r?= aq? sin? 6 + b? cos? 8,

a? —r2 = (a? —b?) sin? 6,

7? —b? = (a? —b?2) cos? 0,

(b? — a?) sin 6 cos 0

(a° cos? 0 + b? sin® 9)2

Making these substitutions, we have

anios 3 ab (a? — b?) cos 26 dé

> (47 cos? 6 + b? sin? 9)? (a? sin? 6 + b? cos? 6).

dr= dé. =

es, = 2 (1 — 2 sin? 6) d6 Be

aah 2) o (a? sin? 0 + b? cos* 8) (a? cos? 6 + b? sin? 9)?

a dé

f (a? sin? 6 + b? cos? @)(a? cos? 6 + b? sin? 6)?

a) 2 sin? 9 dé z*

(a? sin? 0 + b? cos? 6)(a? cos? 6 + b? sin? 0)?

Putting

aeetoantos we oe ee

? = (as at Re] a2”

we get

1889.] A. Mukhopadhyay—Zlliptic Functions and Mean Values. 209

30 3 a6

a+b f (1 + msin? 6)(1—k? sin? 9)?

ms 3 sin? 6 dé

eH 1

f (1 + sin? 0)(1— #? sin? 6)?

=,.P—2R.

But, from a known formula (*), we have

R= ‘ (F —P)

Therefore,

Qb 2 2 2 a® +0? 202

pommonemmens‘soee - —F)= - oie AY a ce = ee

a+b hae 7 ) (1+5)e ak at — U2 aon *

This shews that the average value of the angle of intersection of the

two curves may be expressed in terms of two complete elliptic integrals

of the first and third kind. It is interesting to note that the result de-

pends simply on the ratio of the axes of the ellipse, viz., if b=aA,

we have

(1-A) Q= (x + x) P—2AF.

Hence we may enunciate the

THEOREM. The average value of the angle of intersection of an

ellipse and a concentric circle of variable radius which always intersects

it is

1+? 2d

d(1—A) P ae

where A is the ratio of the axes ( == ‘), and F, P denote complete ellip-

tic integrals of the first and third kind respectively, the modulus being

1-8

(1—A?) and the parameter xy

§ 5. Mean Value of another angle.

If we join the opposite corners of the curvilinear area formed by

the intersection of the circle and the ellipse, the joining lines will evi-

dently intersect in the common centre of the two curves; we shall now

proceed to investigate the average value of the acute angle included by

these two diameters.

* See Dr. Schloemilch’s Théorie des Intégrales et des Fonctions Hlliptiques, par

Dr. Graindorge, (1873), p. 63; Cayley’s Elliptic Functions, p. 15, § 33.

210 A. Mukhopadhyay—Hlliptic Functions and Mean Values. [No. 2,

Since the angle POR= y, we have to find the average value of 2y.

If, therefore, I be the average value required, we have

i a

2y.dr

) b

Lr=— ;

| || dr. ~ he

| b

Hi | whence

i | do-nre ("+a

| b

Integrating by parts, we have

r=a r=a .

ra-yr=[ry | of rd p.

i—20. r

|| But, from the formulas in § 1, we have

Bb fa®—72\2

| tny=E=2 (SF) i

so that, when

| T= 4d, y=0 +

| Tv

| r= 0, y= 3

| Therefore,

| ste

I pe-yr=-2_ f rdw.

ai | t= b

|| Assume

| 7? = a? cos* yn + b2 sin? 7

| so that

a® — 72 = (a? — 82) sin? x,

72 — 0% = (a® — b) cos? 7,

| and, accordingly,

j b

| tan py = rs tan 9

sek ydy = . sec? n.d 7

a! b

| dy= pode eben Meg 1h

¥ a® cos? y + 63 sin? 7 +2

| rdw = ab ad q.

(a? cos? n + 0? sin? y)?

1889.] A. Mukhopadhyay—Zlliptic Functions and Mean Values. 211

Therefore

TOA —

adn.

pole

(1 — é sin? 7)

We have also, when

Therefore, finally,

b 5 1

y(a—b)T=-F +b i ae

¢ Gates

and

TC — (2 H * 7)

l ?

which shows that the average value of the angle between the diameters

can be expressed in terms of a complete elliptic integral of the first

kind with the eccentricity for modulus. If J be the perimeter of the

ellipse, since we have

2 1

l=4a (1—e? sin’ y)2 dy

Ge 7 5 /

1 pee a2 =-eF,

ois o (l—é sin? 7)?

we may enunciate the

THEOREM. The average value of the acute angle of intersec-

tion of the diameters of the curvilinear quadrilateral formed by the

intersection of an ellipse and a concentric circle of variable radius is

b l1ldf/il

ma lttsal(s)

where a, b are the semi-axes, e the eccentricity, and 1 the perimeter of

the ellipse.

and

§ 6. Mean Value of Intercepted Circular Are.

We shall no-v investigate the average value of the two circular

arcs PL and MN intercepted by the ellipse. Since, PR=7rw, we have

212 A Mukhopadhyay—Hlliptic Functions and Mean Values. [No. 2,

to find the mean value of 47y; so that, if o be the average value re-

quired, we have

4ry.dr

o> ——-——

o-nans f, ry dr.

Now, from the formulas proved in § 1, we have

; Ths GFE

sm v=7 (Goa) -

whence

Therefore,

Assume

so that, when

r= a, > = 0,

=, Lae

1 (0) 3

and we have

a2b?

pa ee

a? sin? > + b? cos? >

a2b? (b2 — a?) sin ¢ cos $ dp

rar =

~ (a? sin? $ + BF cos® >)?”

Hence, by substitution,

(a—b)o= af? a®b? (a2 —b?) ? sin $ cos $ dP

(a? sin? $ + b? cos? $)?

= 2a (3 bd | (a? sin? p+ V* cos! ae

Integrating by parts, we have

1889.] A. Mukhopadhyay— Elliptic Functions and Mean Values. 213

p ie

r =— 2a%h2 | ————____

(a — b) c=— 2a*h E sin? ? + L? cos* a 0

a: Dalpt-aly PL __ esa

2 a® sin? > + b? cos? p

aba oy,

Therefore,

oc=7b.

Hence we have the

THEOREM. If an ellipse is intersected by a concentric circle of

variable radius, the average value of the circular arc intercepted is 7b.

25th July, 1888.

XI.—Some Applications of Elliptic Functions to Problems of Mean Values.

(Second Paper).— By Asurosn Muxnorapnyay, M. A., F. RA. S.,

F. R.S. E.

[Received October 22nd ;—Read November 7th, 1888. ]

ConrTENTS.

§ 1. Introduction.

§§ 2—5. First case.

(§ 2). Expression for common volume.

(§ 3). Expression for the mean value.

(§ 4). Geometric interpretation.

(§ 5). Canonical form for volume.

§ 6. Second case.

§ 1. Introduction.

In my first paper on ‘Some Applications of Elliptic Functions to

Problems of Mean Values,” which was read before the Society in

August last,* I discussed, among other questions, the problem of deter-

mining the average area common to an ellipse and a concentric circle

of variable radius always intersecting it; the present paper is devoted

to a discussion of the corresponding space-analogue. Given the ellipsoid,

ae yah

ait gat aot (1)

* See above, pp. 199—213; P. A. 8. B. (1888), pp. 184--5. Fora full analysis

of the present paper, see P. A. 8. B, (1888), pp. 207—8,

214 A, Mukhopadhyay—Hlliptic Functions and Mean Values. [No. 2, F

we have to determine the average value of the volume common to this

ellipsoid and the concentric sphere

x4 y2+ 2278 (2)

which always intersects it. We have obviously two distinct cases,

according as four or two vertices of the ellipsoid are exterior to the

sphere : in the first case, we have

Cae BOL SH F305 tL

and in the second case

Ga tax 07 6,

so that the limits of 7 are, in the two cases,

r=b : r=a

r=C r=b ;

respectively. In the following investigation, we shall consider the two

cases separately.

§§ 2—6. First Case.

§ 2. Haxpression for the Common Volume.

Suppose four vertices of the ellipsoid to be exterior to the sphere,

and let V be the portion of the common volume lying in the positive

octant; then if v be the portion of the sphere outside the ellipsoid in the

same octant, we have 2

V=i9r—y (uh

If 2’, 2” be the ordinates of the spherical and the ellipsoidal surface

respectively, corresponding to the same system of values of wand y,

we have

v -f fe-e dx dy,

where

2a 7% — gh — 92

gilt at

Hence

S ae ay 3 | 1 _¥\F r

v= (72 — ¢% —y?2)2 —¢ ee saa dx dy (4)

Eliminating z between (1) and (2), we have for the equation of the a

curve of projection on the coordinate plane of ay

mB a

(1-5) + (1-5) ware (5).

For integrating 2’ dx dy, put

x=p COS, Yy=p Sin w,

1889.] A. Mukhopadhyay—2lliptic Functions and Mean Values.

which gives

2 de dy = V/ 2 —p® p dp dw,

and, by the same substitution, (5) is transformed into

ee ab h ve — ce

acd: a*b* —c?(? cos? w+ a® sin? w)

Similarly, to integrate 2” dx dy, put

x y .

eR SeRS, ee @,

which gives

2” da dy=abe asi p® pdp da,

and the same substitution transforms (5) into

raf 72 — ¢2

e a® cos® w+ b2 sin? w—c2 §

By these two substitutions, the formula (4) becomes

=f [vm pdpdw

—abe f [vr pdp dw,

Tn the first double integral, the limits are

p=0 w=0

, Tv

=e ea

and in the second

= () w=0

ak i

p=Pp ae

We obtain immediately

J/ Soe 7 ¢ a2h?—72(b2 cos? wt a? sin? w)

Sie 3 3 (ath? —c2(b? cos? w+a2 sin? w)

lL ¢ a® cos? w+? sin? w— 7? ae

a* cos? w+ b? sin? w—c? §

The formula (8) reduces to

v=5 (78 —abc) —3c3 A+ iabe B

where the values of A and B are given ‘by

a 3

— 2 § a®h? —72(b2 cos? w+ a* sin? w) a i

= ¢ ab? — 02 (3 cos? w+? sin? w) t tg

215

(6)

(7)

(8)

(10)

216 A. Mukhopadhyay—Zlliptic Functions and Mean Values. [No. 2,

a 3

2 § a* costw+ b? sin? w—r? Q ®

a is cos*® w+ 6? sin? 5} deo (11)

co)

Therefore, finally, from (3) we get

v=; abe+ 30° A—tabcB (12)

§ 3. Hapression for the Mean Value.

We now proceed to calculate the mean value of the volume common

to tke sphere and the ellipsoid. If M be the average value sought,

we have

af Vdr

M e

which gives

b—c :

— M= V dr

aa!

b b b

Hanae f dr ne f A tr tate f Badr,

c c c

b b

5 Ono se ae: = A dr—ab B dr. (138)

c 8 6

a c

To calculate

A dr,

= a®b

~ b2 cos? w+ a? sin? w’

whence

substitute in (10)

NX:

so that

sin w cos w dw

AddA= —a*l?(a?—b*)

(0? cos? w+ a? sin? w)?

cos?w= Bere sinew = al at

MN a®—L®? Ne gt — 4?

A(a®—8)2(R—02)®

—_

_— oe

1889.] A. Mukhopadhyay—Hlliptic Functions and Mean Values.

and for

Therefore

b AP — of (a? D2)? (A2— 02)?

Hence, since 2 is independent of 7, we have

217

b a x b

5 Adr =ab fi eee (A? —72) 2dr.

c bd (a? —D2)2 (MB —B2)2(M—c8)? J g

Substituting

r=) sin >

dr=X cos $ do,

we get

b sin~1 .

a AS dr

‘I A tread ( r is ; if dp.

2 b (a? — A®) 2(A2 — b?)2 (AB — 8)? Hy cone

But

cost ? dp=5 sin? cos $—jsin® pcos $+ 8.

Hence, finally,

b of Qa

A dr=ab 3.

b (a— na)? (2 ~02)2 (A802)?

b 5c c®

Pere

where

1 b3 1 be 168 ec

ar CN A CRE Mw

Seeree Se eae

+381 5 Fg Se

To calculate

Badr,

pe? =a? cos? w+L? sin? a,

substitute in (11)

(14)

218 <A. Mukhopadhyay—Elliptic Functions and Mean Values. [No. 2, NS

so that

pd p= —(a*—b?2) sin w cos o dw

252 ean:

ype Ci agen ce

cos ae oar ee sin o= ow

ime ee

I 1)

re 2 Oy

(a? — p?)® (u? — 08) -

and for { rf

o> 3 > R= b,

w=0 , p=a

Therefore

a 3

Be ie ( io) eee

b \we-@& a x

(a? — pB)? (qu? — 62)?

Hence, since m is independent of +, we have

b 5

i. 52 ae pee a a, (p2 — 12)? dr,

(a2 — pn)? (ua — 0) 2 (yi (u2 — 2)?

Substituting

r=psin > a

dr= cos > dd,

we have

. +16

sin ‘

a ear jee z 3 cos* > dp,

(a2 — 8)? (W218) 2p — 08) 8 dene

sin

or putting

Awa

sin~}2 >

> be

f cost db= f (uw),

gin ©

we have

f. 2 Bd =f, — fH) pe pes "

D(a? —p9)? (ud 08)2 (uae)!

or, since the variable is of no ob te in a definite integral, we get

fe . REPRE r (18)

Cc b (a?— a2)? (a b2)2(A2 — 2)?

1889.] A. Mukhopadhyay=- Elliptic Functions and Mean Values. 219

Substituting from (14) and (16) in (13), we have

3(b— b

3(b- a ead j-2 [ sara fo Badr

“3 ee

b (a?—d8)2(08— a)? (A? — cc?) 2

ae b f(A) BAD —

a (a? ~)2)? (8 b2)2 (A3— 8)?

Therefore, finally,

EOE fl ° FOYER (17)

abe 8 6 Ya (a? —d8)2 (42 — 2)2 (02 — 08)

where f (X) has the value defined in equation (5); this equation gives

the required mean value.

To evaluate this definite integral, we notice that there are six

terms in f (A), say

f Q)=P,+P,+9,+Q,+8,+R,,

where

5b (A? —b2)2

Soa Ae

Be (A — c?)2

i alae Sm

Be (A2—b2)2

Q,= eat re

a (ee)?

=F re

3 b

R, =3 sin~ ;

1p! Re sin LS

Now,

‘ P, Bar

a (a? —D2)2 (A2 — 82) 2 (42 — 08)?

an Yo ye

=e se ae 1?

a (a* —A?)2(dB—c?)2

so 1

= sree Sane [wa

a® (a®@—w)?2(w—c?)?

u= be

SBE Pn —)

= | sin =

u=a*

Again,

: P, AB dd

a (a? — 2)? (a2 — 88) 2 (12 — 8)?

Ka Se ddd

a (a? —d2)2 (42 — 48)?”

_ _9¢ i du

16 Jg2 (a? —u)?(u—32)2

NV 5de[ . _4 /u _ p22 u=o?

~~ fiat Ba]

u=a*

__ 7c

wel Ge

Again,

: Qu ds aA

a (@—28)# (2B) (e— )?

TT gas dd

=-F ——_—;——;,

a@ (a®@— D2, 2(A% — 2)

| 1

b8 { we dv

a. 1 (@v- 1)2(1 - cy)?

F 1

9—40=75

_ [gt few HB

~ 4ac at —c* 1

220 A. Mukhopadhyay—Dlliptic Functions and Mean Values. [No. 2,

(18)

[u=2,

aff

(19)

FSR

ls, oa

1889.] A. Mukhopadhyay—Hiliptic Functions and Mean Values. 221

Again,

i Q, A8 dd

I r 1

. (a? —d2,2 (A2— 82) 2 (02 02)?

be Gs P dX

a ie EN aa

g A(a®—A*)2 (42 B2)2

__ a t » do 1

=S—_— — v=—,

8 J 1 (a%—1)3(1— bee)? [ x

re)

2 cect

= aie sin~2 i ii : :

4ab a* —b? 1

C= —.

Le -

ae oe

In order to evaluate the parts involving Ry, R», let us first assame

A8 dr

(a? —2)2 (8 B)2(NB— ay?

dQ=

and substitute

=a? cos? p+? sin? y

Ad A= —(a*—0*) cos w sin p dy

a®— d= (a? — 6?) sin? yp

2 — b? = (a® — b?) cos? w,

which give aca en

a* cos? y+ 0? sin? y

dQ= —————Y y

(a? cos? y+ b? sin? y —c2)2

ce +4 { (a? —c®) —(a® — 6?) sin? y

ueee

{ (a? —c?) — (a? —82) sin? y } 2

ce dy

' —— (a? —08)?(1— Hsin’ y)? ay,

(a?—c®)? (1—A? sin? y)?

where

9 _ eB

~ a8

Hence we have

ca 2 62)? B

a ee 4 aioe y)—(@ —c)? Hk, Y); (22)

at®—c*)2

222 =A. Mukhopadhyay—WZHlliptic Functions and Mean Values. [No. 2,

and since for

x=5, E44

A=a, y=0,

we have also

A=)

[ 2 | =— at — (a? —c?)? 1D 2

(a? —c?)? (

NF |

and. [ Q | — oh

since the elliptic integrals F and E are taken betweon 0 and y.

Now

if R, 8 dA

7 (a? —d8)2 (2 ~ Ba) 2 (02 es 2)?

N=0

a) a et

= af sin (;).40

Ae meses peli

ae Q sin x aa raat EEE 3

A=a h=a A(AB—1?)2

x 1 ee

80g A=b gy(aP—12)? (3 ___Asiny dy i

~ To ‘ 8 5 at cos? p+ 0? sin? y” ai

Similarly, we have

. Ry dd

a (a? — 8)? (AB —52)2 (AB — 08)?

3 he c

=e in71 (-) 10

= sin nda?

af. eG

KS A=

3 cede < 3 ‘ Q dr

=-——-| Q sin : Te ab

8 oe N=a A(AP—C?)?

Ny r

fo oh mee)

+o)

Eee]

K Soe Q sin y cos y dy ~ (24)

(a? cos? p+U? sin? y) (a? cos? p+ 0? sin? y —c?)*

—

1889.] A. Mukhopadhyay—Hlliptic Functions and Mean Values. 223

The required average value of the volume is obtained by substi-

tuting from (18), (19), (20), (21), (23), and (24) in (17), viz., we have

b-e, a (8b 3)

erg 3 5 Teas

5b Ue—c%\2 258 c (at— oe?

_ 98 al ee cd Ra fe a

z cos (ee Be sin 3 —)

2 1

ef jearoaerastes ——. F, (hk) + (a? — 8)? E, (fh)

2 b (a® — c?)2

ag T

_ b (a®@— 22)? 2 Osnydy

Aaa: , & — k® sin? wy

A c(a®— 22) 3 QO sin p cosy dw (25)

19 Sart

(a?—c8)# Jo (& — Msin® y) (1-2? sin? y)?

wherein

ga tn

€ Frat

and Q is expressed in terms of elliptic functions by equation (22).

These two integrals occuring in the expression for M, can be ex-

pressed in terms of Jacobi’s functions, viz., putting

d ay

ae 1k sin? p

w=amé

Pi €. dé

sin p=sn €

cos w=cn é

(1—#* sin? y)? =dn é

fa — i gin? y)? d = fae é dé

=£ = fs é. dé,

which give, from (22),

2 ne

o——= ioe , §—(a—0?)2 ericeet Foe dé

(a® ae c?) 2

8 ab .H

us C' ~~ 26 : (zé+8z),

(a®—c*)2 K

we have

and

ray

224 A. Mukhopadhyay—EHlliptic Functions and Mean Values. [No. 2,

so that the integrals become

Q sn &. dn €&. d&

— et dnt Ee

and

QO sn &. on E. dé,

+ dnt E x

. i.

respectively.

It can easily be shown as follows that the result is expressible in

terms of circular and logarithmic functions only when the ellipsoid

degenerates into a prolate or an oblate spheroid. Thus, consider the

portion of the definite integral in (17) which is due to R, and R,; then

since

: b r/R 2 — Me Be

R,+R,=§ sin7} RUST aa

this portion becomes

3 b 3 : -if b /B—A - 0 r/R)

ba Lita datonswt sin ea ss on

Bg (a®—d2)? (AB da) 2.2 — |

Assume o

yo 2be cos +c?

sin? 6

which gives

perens b cos O—c

PEG fe eek as

oan sin 0

Warr = b 6 608 0

sin 0

bni/B— 8 —cr/B—LI= Msin O

Aa = _ (bcos O~c)(b—c cos 0) 16

sin? 9

Substituting, we get

a3 0 (—b2+2be cos 0 —c?) dd

se ee et

‘ sin? 9 f —a* cos? 0+ 2be cos +08 — D203 } 2 ~

= 5 | ay VP cos OF Bie cD FALL, a9

i ae

4 \ Se cos® 8+ 2be cosO-tat Bs bae—pe— ee

rt i =

1889. A. Mukhopadhyay—Hlliptic Functions and Mean Values. 225

padhyay ip

In order that these may be reducible to logarithmic and trigonometric

functions, the expression under the radical must be a perfect square, the

condition for which is

b2c? = a2(b? + c# — a?)

or (c? — a®) (b? -—a®)=0

therefore, either

c= ar

or b? =a?

§ 4. Geometric Interpretation.

It is interesting to remark that the geometry of the ellipsoid fur-

nishes an interpretation of the quantity called Q in (22). First consider

the ellipsoid

Cub > inal

then if S be its superficial area, we have, by Dr. Jellett’s theorem,*

1 —ee!2 x?) dc

S=2ny?+ 2naB Siesta i

9 (leu)? (1 —e'? 2)?

where

giv, 9 Suerar

g=——* = :

a B

Hence, if dS be an element of the superficial area, we have

AS—27ry. dx 1-6 e% a?

Darais = = 7 da.

os (1 — ex?) 2(1 — ea)?

Assume

ex=sin 6, eda=cos 9. dé

Therefore

Fe Geli id

27a PB

1 1—e’ sin? 8 dé

role

1 — — sin? 6)

rm)

do a .!

ae ( 74 :) ee +e(1 _ <— sin? 8) dé,

e e2 5

(1 SSR sin? 8)

which is an expression of the same form as dQ,

* Hermathena, vol, iv, 1883, p. 477,

226 A. Mukhopadhyay—Elliptic Functions and Mean Values. [No. 2,

If now, we assume

a=0a, pao z y=00,

where o is a constant to be suitably chosen presently, we have

at—c8 gt

a a t

et @t— he A 1 ca ~

pala, SS pea REE es By -—e=

2 te ? z

e at—eé e a(a?— ct)?

Therefore

dS — 27 — cos 0 dé

Tas — 2

atc

De Maky

TO b

2 1 Renee

= Sasa pe oacis +b vu crs / 1—k sin? 6 sin’ 6 dé.

a J/ @—e /1—i8 sin?4 a

As o is an arbitrary quantity, we may, for the sake of symmetry, assume

c= —

so that now _

1 1 1

Cc i p= a ee a

and

dS — ss cos 6 dé

arn/ at — 8 __ a

2a a, @

be 1

Hence if dS be the superficial element of the ellipsoid whose axes are

reciprocal to those of the ae Mil we have

s+ = her: sin 0,

a ae ak —

which is the geometrical relation in question furnishing the meaning of

§ 5. Canonical Form for Volume. a

It may be observed that the expression for the common volume

furnished by (12) involves two definite integrals A, B, whose values as

given in (10) and (11) are not expressed in terms of known functicns.

They may easily be reduced to the standard elliptic forms, but that would

only increase the difficulty of integration with respect to 7, Thus,

from (10), we have

1889.] A. Mukhopadhyay—Flliptic Functions and Mean Values. 227

a 3 § b? (a®—1*) +0? (b? 7°) tan*® o 2 de

b? (a®—c#) +a? (b? —c?) tan? w ,

te)

Substitute

a® (b?—7*) tan? w= b? (a*—7*) cot® 8,

so that for

o=5, §=0

owie Ban,

19)

Again, from the above transformation,

b? — 7

sec? w da= af (s—) ee

a\b?—72J gin? 6

sig eee a® 52 — 72 (0 cos? o+a* sin? @)

p= a® (b2@—r?) sin? 6 Y

whence

lox Bid LH as soa ~

rj ath? —72 (68 cos? 6+. a? sin® 6)

Making these substitutions and putting

gi Fi: ek Aimee of!

OF Bae at OB Re

we get

ae lw a (08 79)"

b (boty? wa aE (1—f? & sin? 0)(1—e s Se sin? | rs

But since

1 oe 1 1 it

(1—f? é sin? 0) (1—e? sin? 6) B?—-11—? & sin? 6 B?—-11—2 sin? 6

we have

le dd

(1—f?e sin? 0) (1—e sin 6)?

_ ie Se dé

aa, oF =a os ae: > <i 1

eee (1— fe? sin? 0) (L—e* sin? 0)?

228) A. Mukhopadhyay—EZilliptic Functions and Mean Values.

fhe je do

1 (168 sin? 6)?

But from a well-known transformation,* or from the identity

a in 0 + 1-& 1

— (1-e sin? 9)? — = ——____,

(1—e? sin? 9)? © “ (1-é sin? 0)?

we have at once

b) 9 a

fe 0 t. ee (1—é sin? 0)°d6,

0 ©6 (1—e* sin? 6)? *

and consequently

2 dé

eS ————

o © (1— fe? sin? 6) (1—e sin? 6y2

a: ls do

PLY (1 — fie sin? 6) (1-8 gin’ 0)?

SED ia (l-é sin? 6)*a0

Dea

roy k | FE

=a page Pi (Ae, e)

B2(B@—c®) (a2 19) (9? —c2) |

~ B(ae— ey (—e Bee

By making a similar transformation, we have, from (11),

a4 3

= 2 (a? —7?) + (22-72) tan? w ; EE

Bef | Got tan? w a

1 (8)? fe dé

(08)? (at—7)? J, (1-8 sin? 8) (1—2 sin? 0)2”

where

b2— (3

ech

* See my paper on “ Poisgon’s Integral,” J. A. S, B, 1888, vol. lvii, pt, ii,

pp. 100—106,

1889.] A. Mukhopadhyay—Elliptic Functions and Mean Values. 229

and

cf 2 6

o «= (1—f'%e2 sin? 6) (1-2 sin? 6,2

U2 —¢2 ;

aa aaa P, (—B%e*, e)

b? — 2 (q®—72) (7? —¢®)

ae ae ary E, (e),

Making these substitutions in (12), we get

_ mabe

ac b2— 72

“D Gigiwcate Peo eae

Snag hae Sind 09 De 92d Ne

and since pase rb

= M= if Vdr,

we have, by substituting for V and eliminating M between this equation

and (25), a remarkable relation connecting four definite integrals.

§ 6. Second Case.

We now proceed to the consideration of the second case where only

two of the vertices of the ellipsoid, viz., the extremities of the longest

axis, are outside the intersecting sphere, so that we have

GPT OT:

It is not necessary to repeat the whole of the previous calculation for

this case, as by Prof. Catalan’s beautiful transformation,* it may be

made to depend on the preceding investigation. Thus, if we put

w=an'’, y=by’, 2=cz!

Mien eM Ae ST Nd

oe a ee

equations (1) and (2) are transformed into

wet y+ 2/8=]

/ a! NB \ 2

(7) +(3) +@)'=

a b c

COZ GeO cal ae all

2b Zal

Cael ea lean,

We have also

* Problémes de Calcul Integral par EH. Catalan, Jowrnal de Mathematiques

(Liouville), ser. i, t, vi (1841) pp. 419—440 ; cf, p, 439,

230 A. Mukhopadhyay—BHlliptic Functions and Mean Values.

Hence these two surfaces have the same relation as the sphere and the

ellipsoid in the present case. The volume common to these two surfaces

may, therefore, be obtained from (12) by putting

t=25.0=05. C=C. 7— 1,

Hence, remembering that

dx dy dze=abe dx’ dy’ dz,

we infer that the volume common to the surfaces

ai yh 2272

xe y® 2B

at at am?

when nh es ee Li Teme

is obtained from (12) by writing

r a 7

ae ats Ay Se ie

and then multiplying the result by abc.

Making these transformations in (10) and (11), we find, calling the

a a’ ‘

new values of A, B, 48’, -,A’, respectively,

? 7

a*(b2 cos? w+c* sin? w) — b?c?

Making these substitutions in (12) and multiplying the result by abc, we

get for the required volume

V =1nre—ia3A’+ abe B’.

Hence, if M be the average value required, we have

ah Vadr

M b

so that

aw 2 a® ¢ r®?—(0? sin? w+? cos* w) ) ? A

=, 5 = eS TPR Sap 5 Bar aC gee ay gn QQ tase 1020)

7 r® ¢ a®— (U* cos? w+c* sin? w)

mae {2 _ (oo cos? w+ c® sin? w) — 02? i Fs ae:

1889.] A. Mukhopadhyay—Hlliptic Functions and Mean Values. 231

=i (at— 4) — 58 ft Aldr+ gabe ‘i Bdr

v7)

which gives

3(a—b) (M a ‘

as Fee U2

. Q 8 ~ 54 (a+b) (a®+0?)

a a

1 i - 1

= —30 A’dr-+ xbe Bldr xe) pte

b d

If we compare the right hand side of this equation with the right hand

side of (13), we find that, if in (13) we interchange a and c, we obtain

exactly the same expression as in (28) ; similarly, the values of A’ and

BY in (26) and (27) are derivable from the values of A and B in (10)

and (-1) by interchanging a@ and ¢ in the latter; hence, the value of the

right hand side in (28) is obtained from the value of the right hand.

side of (13) by interchanging a and ¢ in the latter.

232 A. Barclay—Descriptive List of the Uvedines [No. 2,

XII.—A Descriptive List of the Uredines ocewrring in the Neighbourhood

of Simla (Western Himalayas). Pt. II. Puccinia.—By A. Barcuay,

M. B., Bengal Medical Service.

[Received 27th March ;—Read 8rd April, 1889.]

(With Plates XII., XIII, & XIV.)

In this second instalment of a descriptive list of the Uredinew of

Simla (commenced in this Journal, Vol. LVI, Pt. IT, No. 3, 1887), I

propose giving the characters of all the Puccinia with which I am

acquainted, dividing them artificially into two classes, (a) those occur-

ring on hosts other than the grasses (and sedges), and (b) those on the

grasses and sedges. The former list is, I believe, fairly complete, but

doubtless many additions will be made in future to the latter. These

fungi on grasses are often so inconspicuous that they readily escape even

trained observation.

I had hoped to have completed the list of Acidial forms by de-

scribing those on the Oonifere, one on Jasminum grandiflorum, L., and

another on Geraniwm, sp., before proceeding to the teleutosporic forms ;

but, as I must delay the publication of a description of the former until

I shall have filled up certain gaps in my notes of them by further

observation, I think it better to proceed with the other forms rather

than to delay the whole series, more especially as my recent absence

from India for a year has already interfered with work too long.

In the list now given, sixteen species are described in the first list,

of which three, I believe, are new; and nine in the second list, of which

four are perhaps new. In the case of those species which occur on grasses,

it is extremely difficult to decide which should be considered new, and

which should not. Any classification of them must remain extremely im-

perfect until their life-histories are known, Of the new species in the first

list, that which I have named Puccinia Rose is interesting in giving rise

to a powerful odour, and in possessing an all-pervading mycelium in the

shoots attacked. P. Galii, Pers., exhibits an instance of very unusally

long retained power of germination in the uredospores. P. Rubi

appears to be a complete autcecious Uredine in which ecidial fructifica-

tion has dropped out.*

I have arranged the species in List I. under group headings Lepto-

puccinia, Micropuccinia, &e., as is done by Winter in kis work}; but I

* As this paper was passing through the press, I haye been able to confirm this,

and further details will be found in ‘Scientific Memoirs by Officers of the Army of

India’, Part V.

+ Die Pilze Deutschlands, &e,

1889. ] oceurring in the neighbourhood of Simla, 933

have not attempted the same subdivision in List II., because I am by no

means sure that uredospores are not produced in those cases in which

I do not happen to have found them.

List I.

a. (Leptopuccinia).

1, Puccrnta Rosa, nov. sp.

on Rosa macrophylla, Lindl.

This curious fungus does not occur in Simla, but is abundant at

Narkanda, some forty miles distant from Simla towards the interior. It

is curious in several respects. In the first place the mycelium pervades

the whole of the tissues of the shoots attacked, and almost every leaf

in such a shoot bears spores. The affected shoots are paler in colour

than normal and somewhat hypertrophied.

All attacked leaves are discoloured and much smaller and thicker

than the normal ones. The diminished size is due to the fact that

apparently only the young leaves are attacked and, when attacked, are

arrested in growth. Another peculiarity in this fungus is that, when the

spores are formed, the whole affected part of the plant has a most offensive

foetid smell, which I can only compare with the smell of the stalk of

flowers of certain Arisema. It is a smell which suggests the attraction.

of flies to the part ; but I never actually saw flies thus attracted. The only

other Puccinia emitting a powerful odour with which I am acquainted is

P. suaveolens, (Pers.), and this fungus likewise gives rise to deformity

in the host’s tissues. The fungus is so far away from Simla that I have

had no opportunity for closely studying it. The mycelium appears to be

perennial, but I have not been able to prove this. The teleutospore

pustules are large, brown, and powdery, the spores being very deciduons,

breaking off from their beds with only a fragment of stalk adhering to

them. This fungus is met with in May and June: after that the parts

bearing the fungus wither.

The spores when examined by transmitted light are orange-red, falling

off readily from their beds with generally only a small fragment of stalk

adhering. The spores measure about 36 y in total length, and 18 to 22 p

in width at the septum. The epispore is very characteristically marked

by longitudinal, or more frequently oblique, striation passing continuously

over both cells, giving the spore a twisted appearance somewhat like the

ovary of orchids. These stris are interrupted ridges, as may readily be

seen in empty spores after germination (Figs. 6, 7, Pl. XII). Placed in

water they germinate readily immediately after ripening. The upper

cells germinate first usually, The yellow contents of the spore wander

234 A. Barclay—Descriptive List of the Uredinese [No, 2,

into the germ tube. The promycelium divides into four compartments,

but usually only the distal three bear sporidia, though occasionally all

four do so. Sterigmata are formed at the middle of the compartments,

excepting in the case of the terminal cell, where the sterigma is terminal.

The promycelium of the lower cells emerges from a point near the sep-

tum. The sporidia measure 10 » in diameter.

2. Puccria Urtica, Barclay.

on Urtica parviflora, Roxb.

I have described this Puccinia elsewhere,* but will here briefly

recapitulate its characters. The leaves in antumn (October) often bear

numerous pustules on the under surface, varying from the size of an

ordinary pin’s head to 3 mm. in diameter. These pustules are very

convex towards the under surface of the leaf with a corresponding

concavity above. The invaded areas are at first pale yellow both above

and below, but afterwards become brown below and orange yellow with

a pale green margin above. The pustules consist of aggregations of

minute circular prominent spore beds. The spores are firmly adherent,

brown, thickened at the apex, and vary greatly in size and shape (Fig. 9,

Pl. XII). One of average size measures 40 p in total length (upper cell

18 wand lower 22 ») and 17 in greatest breadth. Double-headed spores

are not uncommon. They germinate immediately after ripening in water,

throwing out promycelia in 24 hours, the upper from the apex and the

lower from a point near the septum. The sporidia measure 12 x 8 p.

No uredospores are ever formed so far as my observations extend.

This puccinia has no connection whatever with the life history of the

well known Acidiwm Urtice, Schum.

3. PuccInIA SAXIFRAGE CILIATH, nov. sp.

on Saxifraga ligulata, Wal., var. ciliata, Royle.

This, so far as I am aware, is an uncommon parasite, and I have found

it only in two localities. In one place, I found it in July, in the other, as

early as the end of February. An attacked leaf displays a large number

of minute dark chesnut-brown pustules about the size of an ordinary

pin’s head, always on the lower surface, each surrounded by a conspicuous

yellow zone (Hig. 7, Pl. XIII). The unburst pustules are of a pale rosy

yellow colour, They are very irregularly scattered over the surface of the

leaf, and their positions beneath are indicated above by red spots. The

spore beds are well raised and hemispherical. The spores are light brown

* Alcidium Urtice, Schum., var. Himalayense, ‘Scientific Memoirs by Medical

Officers of the Army of India’ 1887, Part II, p. 38.

1889. | occurring in the neighbourhood of Simla. 235

and firmly adherent to their beds, breaking off with a long piece of the

stalk adhering (70 long in one case measured). ach cell has a clearly

defined nuclear space (Wig. 8 a,b, Pl. XI). The free end of the spore is

considerably thickened and pointed. The spore is elongated, spindle-shap-

ed, well constructed at the septum, and narrowing at both ends (Fig. 8,

Pl. XIII.) The whole spore measures when moist from 51—65 p in

length, the upper cell from 26—36 p in length by 16 win greatest breadth,

and the lower from 25— 31 in length by 14, in greatest breadth.

The septum measures 11—12 pin breadth and the thickening at the

free end 6—11 p in depth. After lying 24 hours in water some spores

germinated throwing out short promycelia with colourless contents. The

upper promycelinm emerges from a point to one side of the apex, and the

lower from a point near the septum. They did not go on to the forma-

tion of sporidia.

Ttemarks——These characters do not agree with those given by

Winter,* for P. Sawifrage, Schlechtd., or P. Adoxwe, D. ©. In the

former case, the teleutospore pustules are aggregated together in irregu-

lar and variously coloured areas (seldom isolated), and the spores are

deciduous and much smaller than those of the Simla species. The teleuto-

spore beds of P, Adowe likewise coalesce, and the spores are deciduous

and considerably smaller (80—45 u long). In one point, however, there

is a resemblance: in both the free end has often a pale lengthened

thickening or projection. But, as P. Adoae is an autccious Nwpuccinia,

I am inclined to regard the Simla species provisionally as distinct,

4, Puccrnta Crrcmam, Pers.

on Circa alpina, Linn.

This fungus is met with at higher elevations than Simla, namely,

about 9000 feet. I found it occurring plentifully in the forests near

the “Chor” mountain. Hach attacked leaf usually displays numerous

dark brown pustules on its lower surface (50 and more) varying in size

from a minute point to 1 to 2 m. m. in diameter, and each surrounded by

a zone of discolouration. Hxamined with a lens each pustule is seen to

consist of numerous minute hemispherical beds aggregated together.

The teleutospores are firmly adherent and when scraped off become

detached with a long piece of stalk adherent and usually come off in

masses. ‘The spores are very small, brown, elongated, constricted at the

septum, much thickened at the free end with the lower cell narrowing

towards the stalk (Fig. 11, Pl. XIV). The free end is more or less pointed.

Herbarium specimens of spores when moistened measure from 30 to 32

in total length (the upper and lower cells being usually equal in length)

* Loc. cit,

236 A, Barclay—Descriptive List of the Uredinese [No. 2,

and 7 to 9m in width at the septum. The apical thickening is 6 to 7 «

in depth.

Remarks.—This fungus is probably identical with P. Circew, Pers.

I only once visited the locality where it occurs, in October, and do not

know therefore whether earlier spores of a somewhat different character

are formed as is the case with P. Circe.

b. Micropuccinia.

5, PoccintA GpRANt sinvatict, Karsten.

on Geraniwm nepalense, Sweet.

During April to June I have on several occasions found this

plant attacked by a Puccinia-bearing mycelium with this peculiar

character that, when it attacks the stem, as it frequently does, it

gives rise to very considerable hypertrophy of the host's tissues. The

fungus is by no means a common one and usually attacks the leaf blades,

distorting and crumpling them (Fig. 10, Pl. XII), and forming spore

beds in little dark reddish brown pustules on the under surface. A few

isolated pustules occasionally open on the upper surface. The pustules

are aggregated together in patches of various size, but generally large,

sometimes involving half the whole surface of the leaf. On the leaf,

the individual pustules are so closely packed together that a superficial

examination would induce one to believe that the whole patch is one large

spore bed. When the stem or petiole is attacked, the individuality of each

pustule is more marked probably because of the hypertrophy always at-

tending such cases. In one specimen I found the fungus had attacked a

node of the stem where three shoots were given off, causing great hyper-

trophy (Fig. 11, Pl. XII) with pale rosy discoloration of the superficial

tissues. Petioles were often found attacked and hypertrophied. The

pustules on the stem and petioles were often oblong or linear. The my-

celium apparently has a distinct preference for invading the vascular tis-

sues, because, even when the leaf blade is attacked,it is frequently observed.

that the mycelium runs mainly along a main nerve, which is then hyper-

trophied, and the space in the angle between two attacked nerves is often

filled with numerous confluent pustules. The upper surface of the leaf,

opposite the spore pustules below, is paled and somewhat reddish,

Small patches of invasion on the leaf blade are usually convex above,

the lower or concave surface bearing the spore beds.

The spores are brown and powdery very easily detached from their

beds with only a small fragment of stalk adhering. The upper and lower

cells are usually equal in size, and there is little or no constriction at the sep-

tum, They are very uniform asa rule in size and shape (Fig. 12, Pl, XIf).

1889. | occurring in the neighbourhood of Simla. 237

A fresh typical spore just moistened measured 30 pin total length (15 p

to each cell) and 16» in breadth at the septum. Spores which had lain

some hours in water measured on an average as follows :—whole length

30.6 4; length of upper cell 15°6 p; length of lower cell 14°84; breadth

at septum 17°6 «. Among the spores were some fine paraphyses. There

is a curious tendency in these spores to divide into more than two

cells : for example I once saw a spore divided into 4 cells each 10 yp in

length, the breadth of the septa being 194; on two other occasions I

saw a spore divided into 3 cells suggesting a comparison with Phrag-

midiwm spores. The epispore is beset with coarse warts or tubercles

over both cells. I frequently placed these spores in water with a view to

observing their germination, but on two occasions only succeeded in seeing

commencing germination only in the upper cell. In one case after five

days I saw a spore with a promycelium from the free end of the

Spore 22 4 long and 8m broad with colourless granular contents. In

another case I saw the same after 48 hours, but in neither case did

development proceed any further.*

Remarks.—I have named this species provisionally Puce. Geranti

stlvatici, Karsten, but it is quite possibly a new species, It does not agree

with the characters of P. Geranii, Cda.

e. Hemipuccinia.

6, Puccinta Rosconn, nov. sp.

on Roscoea alpina, Royle.

In September the leaves of this plant are often found attacked with

a Puccinia-bearing fungus. Small pustules with a tendency to coalesce

are found on the under surface of leaf blades, each surrounded by an

area of paled tissue. Sometimes neighbouring areas coalesce, but as a

rule each pustule remains distinct from its neighbour. Hach pustule

usually contains some uredopores also, which are oval, beset externally

with a few spines, containing orange-yellow matter, and measuring

28 x 18 » when moist (Fig, 1, Pl. XII). The teleutospores measure

when moistened 32 in total length each, all being nearly equal in size

(16 » in length). The upper cell is usually somewhat broader than the

lower, measuring 17 » against 15 pw, and is thickened at its free extremity,

The spore is constructed at the septum (Fig. 1, Pl. XII), These spores

commence to germinate readily in water at once after ripening, but I have

not observed the formation of sporidia. These are probably formed only

* As this paper was passing through the press, I observed the complete develop-

ment of promycelia in the normal way. The promycelia are short and bear sporidia

measuring 12 x 6. Secondary sporidia are occasionally formed.

238 A. Barclay—Descriptive List of the Uredinex [No. 2,

after the spores have rested for a time. I only observed the germination

immediately after ripening when a promycelium was emitted from each

cell, that from the upper emerging from the apex, the other from a point

near the septum (Fig. 1, Pl. XII). The promycelium measures about

6 » in diameter. I never observed the uredospores germinate.

7. Puccrnia rLoscunosorum, (Alb. et Schw.)

on Taravacum officinale, Wigg.

The leaves of this plant are frequently seen from Spring to Autumn

bearing dark brown pustules mostly on their upper surfaces. Generally

only the youngest entire leaves are thus attacked. Little or no discolour-

ation of the leaf tissue is at first occasioned.

Each pustule contains numerous Puccinia and a few uredospores,

These uredospores are chestnut-brown with resistent epispores beset

with spines, and thus resemble Uromyces teleutospores rather than uredo-

spores; but their germination reveals their true character (Fig. 3, Pl.

XII). When wetted, they are round or oval, measuring 24 u in dia-

meter, sometimes 28 x 22 or 20 m (Fig. 2, Pl. I). Hach uredospore has

two germ pores. A few pale single-celled spores may also be found

(Fig. 2, Pl. XIT) with vacuoles, but these are probably immature uredo-

spores.

The teleutospores are readily detached from their beds with only

a fragment of stalk adhering. They are chestnut-brown, slightly con-

stricted at the septum, rounded at both ends and thickened at neither

(Fig. 2, Pl. XII). They measure when wetted 36 m in total length and

22 wide at the septum, which usually divides the spore into two equal

parts. The epispore of both upper and lower cell of the spore is dis-

tinctly tuberculated. I never succeeded in getting these spores to ger-

minate.

Remarks.—This is probably P. flosculosorwm (Alb. et Schw.) or P.

Tarawact, Plow, the characters of the uredo- and teleuto-spores agreeing

in every respect. But while the Huropean species is associated with

eecidial fructification, this is never found in Simla. Two varieties of

the European species are described,* (a) Forma crepidis and (b) Forma

Hieracii (Schum.) The former (a) is associated with an cidiwm, the

latter (6) is not. Magnus produced teleutospores of the latter (6) by

sowing wcidiospores from Tarawacum on the leaves of Hieracium, Sp.

As we have no form (b) in Simla and no Meidiwm on Taraxacum, it

would appear that form (b) with its associated Acidium is an entirely

different fungus.

* Winter, loc. cit., p, 207.

1889.] occurring in the neighbourhood of Simla. 239

8. Pucctnta Gari, Pers.

on Galium aparine, D, C.

This fungus may be found very largely distributed in autumn,

commencing about October. Small circular dark brown pustules are

formed on the under surfaces of the narrow leaves with often a paled

yellowish area on the corresponding opposite or npper surface. Hach

leaf usually contained two, or three, or even more such pustules I once

counted 13 pustules on a single leaflet. These pustules contained

Puccinia spores, with always a few uredospores, but, although I looked

carefully earlier in the season, I never found simple uredo pustules.

The uredospores are oval, measuring 23 ~ 20 « when well moistened,

with a brown tuberculated epispore. These spores germinate readily in

water, throwing out a simple germ tube after the usual manner of uredo-

spores (Fig. 5, Pl XII). One such germ tube measured 0°315 mm. in

length and 5 to6in diameter. Into this tube the protoplasm of the

spores wandered, collecting in the distal end. Hach spore appears to

have two germ pores, but only one germ tube is emitted. A curious

feature about those uredospores is the comparatively long time they

retain their vitality. In a cultivation of teleutospores with material

collected in October, and set in water on the 26th March following, all

the uredospores present, of which there were several, germinated in 24

hours, whilst the teleutospores still remained in statw quo.

The teleutospores are brown bodies, not easily detached from their

beds, and breaking off with a portion of stalk adhering. In each cell

a distinct nuclear vesicle is seen. The spore is constricted in the

middle at the septum, and the free end is considerably thickened. The

septum usually divides the spore into equal halves (Fig. 4, Pl. XII).

The whole length of the spore when well moistened is about 44 p,

and the breadth at the septum 14 p. The greatest breadth of the

upper cell is 21», whilst that of the lower is 16m. The portion of stalk

adherent to the detached spore is generally about 380 in length. The

thickening of the free end of the spore is 7 to 13m. The above are

average measurements, but the spores are not very uniform in size,

These spores germinate freely in spring throwing out promycelia from

the apex of the upper cell, or from a point a little to one side of it, and

from a point near the septum of the lower cell. The promycelia as

usual divide into 4 cells each forming a sporidium at the extremity of

a sterigma. The sporidia measure about 13 x 9mand germinate by

éhrowing out a narrow germ tube 2 » in diameter.

Remarks.—l have named this P. Galii and not P. Valantic, Pers.,

as, on the whole, the characters of the teleutospore agree better with

240 A. Barclay—Descriptive List of the Uredines [No. 2,

those of the former. Moreover, the latter is a Leptopuccinia without

uredospores. On the other hand, the uredospores of the former are

somewhat larger than those I have described above, and the Huropean

species is associated with an awtecious wecidiwm, which we never find in

Simla. Another difference in the Simla species is that the spore beds

are always isolated, small, and circular, whilst those of P. Galii have a

tendency to coalesee into irregular masses,

9, Puccinta Acrtosa, Schum.

on Rumex nepalensis, Spr.

This fungus is very common in Simla and is chiefly remarkable

for an apparent lichenoid symbiosis between the mycelium and the

chlorophyll-containing cells of the host, such as is described by Dr. D

D. Cunningham, F. R. S., in Ravenelia.*

The areas of the leaf blade invaded by the mycelium remain bril-

liantly green long after the rest of the leaf is yellow. The parasite

is first met with in October, when the leaves may be seen to bear dark

brown minute circular pustules, often with a distinctly circinate ar-

rangement, both on the upper and lower surfaces, often in extraordinari-

ly large numbers. At this time, if the spores be examined, they will be

found to consist of round or oval single-celled bodies of a pale brown

colour measuring from 24, in diameter to 28 x 21 #. These spores are

easily detached from their beds without any portion of the stalk adher-

ingasarule. They have a fairly stout epispore beset with well marked

warts, and are thickened very slightly at the free end (Fig. 13, Pl, XII).

The contents are sometimes finely granular throughout, but frequently

several oil globules are found in the granular protoplasm. These are

uredospores, and they germinate readily in water, throwing out very long

simple germ tubes. Ihave found uredo pustules with a few teleuto-

spores in them in March on green leaves, and the spores from them

germinate very readily. I do not know whether these pustules had

developed recently, or whether they had remained over from the previous

autumn, My impression is that they were of quite recent formation.

Later, the same pustules produce puccinia, which are brown, rounded, and

with little or no constriction at the septum (Fig. 13, Pl. XII).

spores are very readily detached from their beds, breaking off with only

a minute fragment of the stalk adhering. They have a characteristic

knob-like thickening ati the free end. The total length of the moisten-

ed spores varies from 40 to 32 4, and the breadth at the septum from 18 to

These

* On a new Genus of the Family Ustilaginec, ‘ Scientific Memoirs by Medical

Officers of the Army of India,’ Part IT, p. 31,

1889. | occurring in the neighbourhood of Simla. 241

22. The average length is 35, and the average breadth at the sep-

tum, which usually divides the spore into two equal parts, is 19°38. I

have never observed the germination of these spores.

Remarks.—These characters agree on the whole with those of P.

Acetosce, and I think there can be no doubt that the Nuropean and the

Simla forms are identical. In the Simla species I have never observed

pustules on the petiole or stalk as in the Nuropean species.

10. PuccrntA nunyerica, Schroter.

on Rubia cordifolia, Linn,

In July, soon after the rains have commenced, this plant puts out

new leaves, which are early attacked by a uredo-bearing fungus, differ-

ing from most similar fungi in the uredo-pustules being brown and

being intimately associated with spermogonial production. On the

upper surface of the leaf, a number of pale yellow circular patches are

seen, irregularly scattered about, each measuring about 3 mm. in diam.

(Fig, 5, Pl. XIII.) The number of pustules on each leaf varies from one

to 120, andeven more. Within the paled circular area, a circle of minute

brown uredo pustules are produced, which sometimes remain separate,

but which sometimes coalesce laterally, and within this brown circle, in

the centre of the yellow patch, is a group of spermogonia. Viewed

from the lower surface (Fig. 4, Pl. XIII) of the leaf, the yellow discolo-

ration is less marked, but the circinate arrangement of uredo pustules is

even better marked than above, and, in the centre, on the lower surface

also, is a smaller group of spermogonia. The circles of brown uredo

pustules on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf are exactly opposite

sach other.

Those brown pustules contain brown uredospores, borne singly on

stalks, with a few paraphyses among them. The spores, which are

oval, are readily detached, coming off without any portion of stalk adher-

ing, although the place of union with the stalk is generally clearly re-

cognisable on the detached spore. The spores have a well defined

epispore beset with sharp spines, and, when just wetted with water,

on an average 268 ® 21:2. The stalks measure about 50 p

measure

These uredo pustules are found also on the petioles and

in length.

stalks.

In the autumn, when the persistent leaves are drying, they are

covered with black teleutospore beds, mostly exhibiting the same cir-

cinate arrangement above described, but many are also isolated as

6, Pl. XIII). These teleutospore pustules are mostly on the

shown in (Fig.

eaf, but a greab many are formed also on the under

upper surface of the J

surface. The dried leaves remain attached to the dry stalks throughout

242 A. Barclay— Descriptive List of the Urediner [No. 2,

the winter, and, indeed, do not fall off until the rains commence, when

they fall, but by this time new young leaves have already been unfold-

ed. It would thus appear that the teleutospores germinate at the com-

mencement of the rains, infecting the new leaves, though a few experiments

I made with a view to verifying this did not succeed.* If infection

of the new leaves by the teleutospores on the old ones does actually take

place, we have an autcecious Uredine in which the excidial fructification

has dropped out, for I am quite certain that no wecidium is produced by

this fungus. It, however, remains to be proved that the teleutospores

give rise to the production of uredospores. In the meantime, the fungus

must be classed with such forms as P. suaveolens, (Pers.), P. Oreoslini

(Strauss), and P. Vinew, D. C., among the Hemipuecinia, all of which

produce spermogonia together with uredo- and teleuto-spores, without

any scidium.

The teleutospores are plump brown spores, constricted at the sep-

tum, with well marked apical thickening, which is rounded usually, but

which is sometimes conical either in the centre or laterally. The lower

cell narrows towards the stalk, which is long and adherent. The surface

of the epispore is smooth (Fig, 14, Pl. XII). Hach cell usually displays a

clear nuclear vesicle. The freshly gathered spores, when moistened,

measure from 49 to 54 y in total length (upper cell from 25 to 80 w, and

lower 24 ~) and 13 to 15 at the septum. The apical thickening is 8

to 9 » in depth.

Remarks.—I have called this P. helvetica with some hesitation. In

the European species no mention is made of the existence of spermogo-

nia, &@ prominent and invariable feature in the Simla species; but the

measurements of the uredo and teleutospores correspond fairly well.

ll, Pucotnta Mentua, Pers,

on Origanwm vulgare, Linn,

While writing this list, I found, in March, this host harbouring a

Puccinia-bearing fungus. Some plants were very extensively attacked,

bearing dark brown pustules on the under surface of the blade. The

pustules are small, round, and hemispherical, and do not tend to coalesce.

Sometimes each leaf bears a very large number of such isolated pustules,

sometimes only one. The position of these pustules is indicated on the

upper surface of the leaf by dark spots surrounded by a zone of slight-

ly paled tissue. The pustules contain both brown uredospores and

telentospores, the former the more numerous (at this season ab any

rate). Both spores are very easily detached from the spore bed.

* As this paper was passing through the press, I sueceeded in reproducing the

uredo stage with the sporidia of teleutospores gathered in the preceding autumn,

1889, ] occurring in the neighbourhood of Simla. 243

The uredospores are light brown, mostly round, some oval or pyri:

form, with a tuberculated or spiny epispore. They measure, when just

moistened, about 25 « in diameter. They germinate very readily in

water, throwing out an ordinary germ tube, simple and unbranched.

When germinating, they are seen to possess 2 to 3 germ pores.

The teleutospores fall off easily, with a short piece of stalk adher-

ing. They are brown, rounded at both ends, little or not at all con-

stricted at the septum, without apical thickening as a rule, and with a

tuberculated or spiny epispore. When just wetted, they measure about

28m in total length by 20 » atthe septum. The septum divides the

spore into two equal halves. These spores also germinate readily at

once. The promycelium is short, and usually produces 8 to 4 sporidia

on very short sterigmata. The sporidia are oval, measuring 8'5 x 6°5

to 10 x 8. They germinate readily, throwing out a fine long germ

tube (Figs. 15, 16, Pl. XII).

Remarks.—I have called this P. Menthe, provisionally, as the uredo-

spores and teleutospores agree in characters with those of that species.

It must be observed, however, that the wcidium is unknown here, and

I have therefore placed the parasite under Hemipuccinia, and not under

Autewpuccinia, as is of course done in Hurope, where the wxcidium also

occurs on the same host. In this respect, both this Indian species and

that on Tarawacwm officinale (see above) are interesting in being unac-

companied by eecidial fructification. Biological evidence may show,

later, either that the species is distinct from the European, or that the

wcidial fructification on the same host in Europe is not genetically re-

lated with the uredo- and teleuto-spores,

d. Kupuccinia (hetercecious).

12. Puccinta Portinta, Barclay.

on Pollinia nuda, Trin,

This is an exceedingly abundant species, and is related to the

Alcidium on Strobilanthes Dalhousianus, Clarke (Afcidiwm Strobilan-

this, Barclay*). Uvedopustules are situated mostly on the under surface

of the leaf, and are not numerous: they are oval or shortly linear. The

uredospores are pale brown, and the epispore is beset with tubercles,

They measure on an average 21°6 x 20°2p.

The teleutospore beds are usually very numerous on each attacked

leaf, mostly in the lower surface ; they are long, linear, and black. The

spores germinate readily immediately after ripening, as well as after a

* On the Life History of a new Aeidium on Strobilanthes Dalhousianus, Clarke.

‘Scientific Memoirs by Medical Officers of the Army of India,’ Part 11, Caleutta, 1887.

244; A. Barclay—Descriptive List of the Urediness [No. 2,

winter rest. They are firmly adherent, and a portion of stalk remains

on detached spores. The spores are rounded at both ends, but little

constricted at the septum, and with the free end slightly thickened.

The epispore is studded with fine tubercles. The spores measure 36 p in

total length, and 16 at the septum. The upper promycelium emerges

from the apex of the spore, a little to one side, and the lower from a

point near the septum. The sporidia measure from 10x6p tol2 x 7p

(see also J. A. S. B., Vol. LVI, Pt. II, No. 3, 1887).

13. Puccinta Caricts, Schum.

on Carex setigera, Don.

This is a widely distributed species and stands in genetic relation-

ship with AMeidiwm Urtice, Schum, var, Himalayense, Barclay.*

Uredopustules are not very numerous, and are found on the upper

surfaces of the leaves: they are inconspicuous, small, brown, and linear

or oblong. The spores are elliptical or pyriform, and are beset with

prominent tubercles. They are pale yellow, and measure on an average

from 19°8 x 13°5 w to 192 x 12°8 yu.

The teleutospore pustules are minute, circular, and black, mostly

on the upper surfaces of the leaves. The spores are dark brown, firmly

adherent, constricted at the septum, thickened at the free end, and

usually narrowing towards the stalk. They germinate readily imme-

diately after ripening as well as after a winter rest. They measure on

an average 56, in total length and 15m at the septum. The promy-

celium of the upper cell emerges from the apex, and that of the lower,

from a point near the septum. Four sporidia are formed usually on

each promycelium, measuring 12 x 8 p.

e. Epuccinia (anteecious.)

14. Pucctntra Vionm, Schum.

on Viola serpens, Wall.

15, Puccryia Fracarta, Barclay.

on Fragaria vesca, Linn.

For descriptions of these two Puccinia, see J. A. S. B., Vol. LVI,

Part II, 1887.

16. PocctnrA Prvprnetia, Strauss.

on Pimpinella diversifolia, D. C.

J have described the characters of this fungus in the Journal of

—

1889. | occurring in the neighbourhood of Simla. 245

this Society above quoted. I then noted that the teleutospores are

formed in autumn, and that I had not observed their germination.

Karly this Spring (middle of February), however, I observed a few

young seedlings with teleutospore pustules on the young green leaves

of the same characters as those I found in autumn, and these germin-

ated early in March in water. The promycelium of the upper cell

emerges from the upper half of the upper cell, but not from its apex

(see Fig. 12, Pl. XIII), whilst that from the lower cell emerges from a

point nearer the stalk than the septum, and takes a course in a direction

opposite to that of the upper promycelium, The sporidia are long nar-

row bodies, about 26m to 18m in length and 8 y in width, on short

pointed sterigmata, and the promycelial tube opposite a sterigma is

about 10 in diameter. The sporidia frequently germinate while still

attached to the promycelium.

Early in March, I found similar young seedlings already attacked

by an Acidium, but, although I made several attempts to reproduce

the wcidiwm with these freshly gathered and germinable teleutospores,

I did not sueceed. Iam therefore forced to believe that the teleuto-

spores are not genetically related with the ccidiwm-bearing fungus on

the same host. The matter requires further investigation,

LIST II.

17. PuccointA ARUNDINELLA, Noy. sp.

on Arundinella setosa, Trin., and A, Wallichii, Nees.

This fungus is not uncommon. The teleutospore beds are oval or

slightly linear on the under surface of the blade. The uredo pustules

are peculiarly brilliant brick red, and are formed in July and August.

The teleutospores are brown bodies slightly constricted at the septum,

somewhat thickened at the free end, and breaking off usually with a

long portion of stalk adhering (Figs. 7, 8, Pl. XIV). In each cell a nuclear

vesicle is often present. The whole length of the spore when moisten-

ed is about 46 4, of which 24» belong to the upper cell, and 22 » to the

lower. The breadth at the septum is about 20 w.. After a winter’s rest,

these spores readily germinate in water, each cell throwing out a charac-

teristic promycelium. That from the upper cell usually emerges first

from the apex of the spore, while that from the lower cell issues

from a point near the septum (Fig. 7, Pl. XIV). Hach promycelium

forms four sporidia on as many sterigmata, and the sporidia, which are

oval or kidney-shaped, measure on an average 10 x 7p, varying from

9x5 pm toll x 7m. The portions of stalk adhering to the spore

measure 110 to 120 @ in length,

246 A. Barclay—Deseriptive List of the Uredinex [No. 2,

This fungus on A, Wallichit is not common. It forms linear black

pustules on the lower surface of the leaf. 1 have not found uredospores

on this host. The teleutospores are brown, rounded at both ends,

equally divided into two by the septum, not constricted at the septum

and thickened at the free end. Freshly gathered spores moistened

measure on an average 40 » in total length and 18 » at the septum. The

thickening at the free end measures about 8 pw in depth. The free end is

usually rounded, but sometimes more or less pointed. The spores break

off from their beds with a long piece of stalk adhering (Fig. 11, Pl. XIII),

Rtemarks.—I have grouped these two fungi together, as the teleuto-

Spores resemble one another closely; but subsequent observation may

prove them to be distinct. It is I believe a new species,

18. Puccrnta Anpropoat, Schw.

on Andropogon tristis, Nees.

This is not a common fungus, and I have only found teleutospores.

Pustules of these spores are formed on the lower surface of the leaf;

they are linear or oval, tending to coalesce, and very numerous on each

attacked leaf. The spores are firmly adherent, in long stalks, brown,

rounded usually at both ends, and thickened at the free end. The spore

is slightly constricted at the septum (Fig. 13, Pl. XIV). Freshly gather-

ed spores, when moistened, measure from 34 to 41 in total length ; the

upper cell varies from 17 to 21» and the lower from 16—20. The

width at the septum is 16 to 224, and the apical thickening about 8 y in

depth.

Remarks.—Two species of Puccinia on species of Andropogon are

described in America,* one referred to P. Phragmitis (Schum) and the

other to P. Andropogi, Schw. If the Indian species is identical with

either, it is more probably with the latter, and I have therefore named

it accordingly for the present.

19. Pocornta AnrnistiRia, nov. sp.

on Anthistiria anathera, Nees.+

The leaves, haulms, and glumes of this grass are often attacked by

a fungus, bearing large conspicuous beds of sooty black teleutospores,

sometimes so confluent, and so largely involving the surface area of the

part attacked as to suggest the idea that it is one of the Ustilaginec.

Small linear or oval beds are also met with, and indeed the large beds

are the result of the coalescence of these primarily small beds. The

* Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, vol. ii, art. iii,

Parasitic Fungi of Mlinois, pt. i, by T, J. Burrill, 1885.

} Lam not quite certain that this host has been correctly determined : it may

prove to be a species of Bromus,

1889. ] occurring in the neighbourhood of Simla. 24:7

spores are very firmly adherent, and, when scraped off, become detached

with a long piece of stalk attached (Fig. 6, Pl. XIV). The spores are

spindle-shaped, pale brown when seen by transmitted light, well con-

stricted at the septum, and with a distinct apical thickening. Hach cell

of the spore usually displays a clearly defined nuclear vesicle. The

fresh spore, when moistened, measures on an average 45°64; the upper

cell is usually a little longer than the lower, which contracts towards the

stalk. The width at the septum is about 13, and the thickening at

the free end is 6 to 7. Towards the end of March these spores ger-

minate in the usual way. The sporidia are oval, and measure 8 x 6p,

I have not met with any uredospores on this grass.

Remarks.—This is probably a new species.

20. Puccrnta Curysovoai, nov. sp.

on Chrysopogon gryllus, Linn.

This is avery abundantly distributed parasite, forming well raised

plump, oval, or broadly linear dark brown pustules: they germinate very

readily in spring in water. After 24 hours in a water cultivation they

were observed to have thrown out long promycelia, into the distal ends

of which the orange-yellow contents of the spore had wandered. The

end of the promycelium divides into four cells, each of which produces

a sporidium on unusually long sterigmata. The sporidium (14 x 12 p),

which is oval, often germinates while still attached to the sterigma, for-

ming a secondary sporidium, The germ tube of the primary and secondary

sporidium is often slightly spiral (ig. 10, Pl. XIV). The promycelium

of the upper cell emerges from a point near the apex of the cell, and

that from the lower from a point near the septum (Fig. 9, Pl. XIV). The

promycelia were often observed to acquire unusual forms, such for ex-

ample as is represented in the figure, where the promycelium of the

upper cell has divided into three cells, two of which have thrown out

remarkably long and stout sterigmata, which, however, remained sterile.

The cultivation was in water. The spores are slightly constricted at the

septum, and the apex is little if at all thickened. On an average the

moistened spore measures 43 in total length, and 24 at the septum,

In each cell a well defined nuclear vesicle is usually seen. The de-

tached spore has usually avery small portion of the stalk adhering to

it. The spores ave firmly set in their beds.

The teleutospores are preceded by uredospores, which are round or

oval orange-red bodies. Young teleutospores are often seen in fully

developed uredopustules, The uredespores measure, when moistened,

from 23 » in diameter to 33 x 26 p, the average being 25°7 xX 265 pm.

Remarks.—This is probably a new species.

A. Barclay—Descriptive List of the Urediness [No. 2,

21. Puccrnta coronata, Corda, j

A. on Brachypodiwm sylvaticwm, Beauv. fh

This fungus is not very common, and is usually found in localities

where an Aicidium on Rhamnus dahuricus, Pall., occurs. I have already

expressed my belief that it is related to this ecidium,* although I have

not been able to prove it by experiment. The teleutospore beds form y

very minute black points on the upper surfaces of the blade, sometimes

arranged linearly; but they never coalesce to form linear beds. The

uredo pustules are much larger, orange-yellow, and also on the upper

surface of the leaf.

The uredospores are pale saffron-yellow bodies, with a finely pune- ‘

tated epispore, measuring when just moistened 20 to 24 in diameter

(Fig. 3, Pl. XITI), They germinate in the usual way by throwing out a

single germ tube. There are three or four germ pores, but only one germ

tube is emitted (Fig. 5, Pl. XIV).

The teleutospores are brown with the characteristic crown of

generally regularly arranged processes (Fig. 3, Pl. XIII and Figs. 1, 4, Pl.

XIV). They are borne on short stalks, and each cell usually displays a

well defined nuclear vesicle. The total length of the just moistened

spores is 88 to 44 p, the upper cell measuring from 18 to 22 p, and

the lower, 19 to 26 ; the width at the septum is 10 to llw. The spore

| narrows gradually towards the stalk, and is scarcely at all constricted

at the septum. They do not germinate until after a winter’s rest. In

the spring they germinate freely; the promycelium from the upper

cell emerging from a point immediately under the crown (Fig. 1, Pl.

XIV), and that from the lower cell, from near the septum. Four sporidia

are usually formed at the ends of short pointed sterigmata (Fig. 1, Pl.

XIV). The sporidia are oval bodies measuring on an average 11 x 6°8 p,

varying from 10 x 6 to 18x 9p. They germinate readily (Fig. 2, Pl.

XIV). The promycelium at the base measures 6 to 7 p, but opposite the “

sterigmata only 4 to 5 pm. }

B. on Chrysopogon ceruleus, Neos.

This is an uncommon parasite resembling the above in the teleuto-

spores being coronated, but I am inclined to think it is a distinet species,

because the spores themselves have a different form, and the crown of

processes is usually very irregular, contrasting with the usually regular

crown of the fungus above described. Other noteworthy differences

are the following :—The teleutospore pustules are linear, and on the

lower surface of the leaf. Uredopustules are placed also on the under !

# J, A. 8S, B, vol, lvi, pt, ii, no. 8, 1887,

1889.] occurring in the neighbourhood of Simla. 249

surface, and these are produced throughout the winter, as I have found

them late in autumn, and very early in February, whilst I have never

found the uredo pustules of the foregoing fungus after summer,

The uredospores are circular, oval or pyriform, and, when just mois-

tened, vary from 17 » in diameter to 26 x 21. Their contents are pale

orange-yellow, but their coloured matter is characteristically confined to

the centre of the spore, leaving a colourless periphery about 2 ~ in depth ;

the epispore is smooth (Fig. 3, b, Pl. XIV).

The teleutospores are adherent, falling off with a small portion of

stalk attached. The crown processes, as already noted, are remarkably

irregular, and the individual processes are often very long (Figs. 9, a, b, ¢,

Pl. XII and Fig. 3, a,c, Pl. XIV). The freshly gathered spores, when just

moistened, have the following dimensions :—whole length 43 to 55 p,

the mean being 49 to 50 4; the upper cell on an average 25m long, and

the lower 24; the breadth at the septum 8 to 12 or 14p. These

spores, I found, germinated very freely in water so early as the 15th

Feburary, when most other teleutospores were still incapable of doing

so, and when the spores of the foregoing fungus only commenced to

germinate, without proceeding to the formation of sporidia. The lower

cell usually germinated first. Four sporidia are usually formed on each

promycelium ; these are oval and measure about 9 X 7 p.

C. on Agrostis Hookeriana, Manw.

A third form occurs on Agrostis Hookeriana with characters more near-

ly resembling form B. than form A, The teleutospores are almost identi-

cal in form and measure 44 to 50» in total length, and 8 to 10 at the

septum (Fig, 12, Pl. XIV). In the absence of biological data, however,

it is impossible to say definitely whether all these forms belong to one

species, but until these are forthcoming they may conveniently be

grouped together. I have not seen any uredo form on Agrostis.

22, PocornrA Graminis, Pers.

on Festuca gigantea, Vill.

In certain localities this Puccinia is very abundant. The teleuto-

spore beds are very narrow and long, forming black lines on the upper

surface of the blade. These pustules, when not very numerous on a single

leaf, are generally found on the distal half, but otherwise the whole of

the upper surface is uniformly involved.

Saffron-yellow uredopustules, mostly on the lower surface, precede

the formation of telentospores. The uredospores are round or oval, and

orange-yellow, with an epispore beset with spines. The orange-yellow

contents are often aggregated in the centre, leaving the periphery filled

250 A. Barclay—Deseriptive List of the Uredinew [No. 2,

with granular uncoloured matter. The fresh spores measure on an

average 30°6 x 27°6 w varying from 28 » in diameter to 32 x 28 p.

The teleutospores are long, narrow, and characteristically square

shaped (Fig. 10, PI. XIII), the free end being squarely thickened. The

total length of the fresh spore, when moistened, varies between 34 and

41 4; the upper cell measuring 16 to 20» in length, and the lower, 17 to

2], At the septum the breadth of the spore is 8 to 10 p.

Remarks.—I have named this P. graminis, as I find Plowright*

mentions the same host as bearing this species, although the meagure-

ments of my teleutospores are smaller than those given by him. The

Berberry ecidium, as I have already noted, is very common in Simla.

23. PUCCINIA CARICIS FILICINA, noy. sp,

on Oarea filicina, Nees.

This is not a common fungus, and is usually very inconspicuous,

bearing very minute circular teleutospore beds (resembling in this re-

spect the same beds of P. caricis on Carex setigera, which, though small,

are yet considerably larger than those on Carew filicina). Only a few

minute spore beds are usually formed on each leaf, and always on the

lower surface. Spore beds are also occasionally formed on the sheath,

I have not seen any uredo pustules on this plant.

The teleutospores are borne on long stalks, and are firmly adherent,

They are brown, much constricted at the septum, and thickened at the

free ends (Fig. 1, Pl. XIII). When freshly gathered and moistened, a re-

presentative spore measured 44 in total length, of which 24 pe be-

longed to the upper cell, and 20, tothe lower. The breadth at the

septum was 12, and the apical thickening was 8 p in depth. These

spores germinate freely in spring in water, after a winter's rest. The

promycelium of the upper cell emerges from the apex, through a pore

which is clearly visible before germination, and that of the lower, from

a point near the septum. Lach promycelium usually produces four

sporidia in the usual way (Fig. 2, Pl, XIII). The sporidia are oval, some-

what more pointed at the attached end than at the free end, and

measure 9X 6p to 12% 6p. These sporidia usually emit a germ

tube from the side, and not from either end.

Remarks,—1 frequently placed these telentospores on leaves of

Urtica parviflora, Roxb., but the well known Wetdium Urticw, Schum, was

never produced. It is therefore certainly distinct from P, Caricis,

Schum. The characters of P. limosw, Magnus, and P. stlvatica, Schroter,

do not agree with those above described.

The former is connected with an Aveidiwm on Lysimachia, and we

* British Uredinew and Ustilayinew, Plowright, Keegan, Paul, Trench & Co., 1889.

”

“>

1889.] occurring in the neighbourhood of Simla. 251

have no corresponding Adcidium in Simla, and the latter, with an Alci-

dium on Taravacum, and we have similarly no corresponding A‘cidium

here. The only Adcidium on any member of the Composite that I have

met with is that on Myriactis nepalensis, Less., and I have never found it

actually in Simla.* I must therefore regard this Puccinia as a new

species, at any rate for the present.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES,

Prate XII.

Vig. 1. Puccinia Roscoew, uredospore and two teleutospores ; one with two pro-

mycelia. 2. P. flosculosorum, two uredospores and one teleutospore. 3. P. flosculo-

sorum, uredospore germinating. 4. P. Galii, teleutospore. 5. P. Galii, uredospore

germinating. 6. P. Rose, teleutospore showing commencing germination in upper

cell, x400. 7. P. Rose, teleutospore showing promycelium of upper cell with two

sporidia, x 400. 8. P. Rosw, sporidium germinating, x 250. 9. P. Urticw, teleuto-

spores, with branched promycelinm from lower cell. 10. P. Geranii silvatici,

natural appearance of attacked leaf, natural size. 11, P. Geranii silvatici, showing

hypertrophied node caused by mycelium, natural size. 12. P. Geranit silvatici,

teleutospore, after lying 24 hours in water, x400. 13. P. Acetosw, two uredo-

spores and one teleutospore. 14. P. helvetica, teleutospore. 15. P. Menthe,

germinating teleutospore with sporidia. 16, P. Menthe, germinating sporidium,

PratE XIII.

Fig. 1. Puccinia Caricis filicine, germinating teleutospore. 2. P. Caricis fil-

cine, end of promycelium showing sporidial formation. 8. P. coronata, from Brachy-

podium silvaticum, showing representative teleutospore and uredospore. 4. P.

helvetica, lower surface of leaf in uredo stage. 6. P. helvetica, upper surface of

leaf in uredo stage. 6. P. helvetica, upper surface of leaf in teleutospore stage. 7.

P. Sawifrage ciliate, natural appearance. 8,a. & 8,b. P. Samifage ciliate, teleutospore.

9. P. coronata, from Chrysopogon ceruleus: a., showing an upper cell with pro-

mycelium and sterigmata, from which the sporidia have fallen: 4, germinating

sporidium : c., another teleutospore. 10. P. graminis, teleutospore. 11. P. Arun-

dinelle on A, Wallichii, teleutospore. 12. P, Pimpinelle, germinating teleutospore

with sprouting sporidia still attached.

Prats XIV.

Fig. 1. Puccinia coronata, from Brachypodiwm sylvaticum, teleutospore with pro-«

mycelium. 2. P. coronata, germinating sporidia. 8. P. coronata, from Chrysopogon

ceruleus; a. and c., forms frequently met with on this host: b., two uredospores are

also shown. 4. P. coronata, typical teleutospore from Brachypodium sylvaticum.

5. P. coronata, germinating uredospore (Brachypodium sylvaticwm) 6, P. An-

thistirie, teleutospore. 7. P. Arundinellw, on A. setosa, germinating teleutospore.

8. P. Arundinelle, typical teleutospore. 9. P. Chrysopogi, germinating teleuto-

spore, with abnormally long sterile sterigmata from upper promycelium ; 6., germina-

ting sporidium. 10, P. Chrysopogi, germinating sporidium. 11, P. Circa,

teleutospore. 12. P coronata, from Agrostis Hookeriana, 18. P. Andropogi, teleu-

tospore, 14, P. Fragaric, teleutospore.

N. B,—Uniless otherwise specified all figures are x 350,

* J, A. S. B. vol. lvi, pt. ii, no, 3, 1887,

L. Lethierry—Definitions of three new Homoptera. [No, 2,

XIII.— Definitions of three new Homoptera.—By M. L. Lututerry.

Communicated by H. T. Arxinson, B. A.

[Received Feb, 28th ;—Read April 3rd, 1889. ]

The following descriptions refer to the small homopterons found in

such abundance on the mango tree in the early part of the year and

indeed up to the rains, Some account of these insects has been given in

‘Indian Museum Notes,’ Vol. I, No. 1; and their life-history is now being

investigated.

IpIochRUS NIVEOSPARSUS.

Flavescens, fusco et albo-variegatus: vertice subtilissime aciculato-

strigoso, medio infuscato, vertice utringue puncto minutissimo nigro: fronte

subtilissime aciculato-strigosa, flava; clypeo flavo, macula basalt nigra :

pronoto flavo, fusco-irrorato: scutello basi utringue macula triangulari,

medioque vitta angusta usque ad medium continuata, tbique punctis duobus

minutis, nigris; summo apice albo: tegminibus nitidis, griseo-flavis, sub-

pellucidis, venis fuscis, fascia subbasali interrupta alba, maculaque parva

irregulart ad apicem corit alba; lateribus maculis duabus, wna media,

oblonga, altera apicali, nigris, spatio insigni albo-hyalino interruptis :

corpore cum pedibus subtus fusco-variegato, unguiculis nigris—Long. 4

milim. &,9. I. notato, Fabr., afinis: maculis lateralibus nigris et

spatio laterali hyalino tegminum distinctus.

Has. Saharanpur, Calcutta.

IDIOCERUS ATKINSONI.

Hlongatus, flavescens: vertice medio infuscato, puncto basali, punc-

toque laterali medio utringue distinctissimo, nigris, ornato: fronte flava:

clypeo flavo linea media longitudinali parva nigra, strigisque lateralibus

minutissimis fuscis : pronoto flavo, linea longitudinali angusta media fusca,

punctisque duabus anticis nigris: seutello bast utringue macula triangulari

nigra, medioque vitta angusta antice et postice dilatata, fusca, punctisque

duobus fuscis: tegminibus subpellucidis, venis fuscis, immaculatis : corpore

subtus cum pedibus flavo, wngwiculis fuscis.—Long. 5 millim. 8,2.

Has. Calcutta, Baliganj.

IptocrRUs CLYPEALIS.

Minor, flavescens: vertice flavo, aut iimmaculato, aut punctis duobus

lateralibus (uno utringue) nigris ornato: fronte flava, aut immaculata,

1889.] L. Lethierry—Definitions of three new Homoptera. 253

aut punctis duobus mediis nigris ornata: clypeo flavo, in medio semper

vitta angusta nigra, ad basim latiori, ornato: pronoto flavo, immaculato :

scutello flavo, basi utringue macula obtuse triangulari nigra ornato :

tegminibus flavis, nitidis, venis concoloribus, vena costali dilutius flava,

intus in medio nigro angustissime cincta: corpore subtus flavo, macula

laterali sat magna prosterni nigra: pedibus cwm unguiculis flavis. Long.

z millim. 3,2. Species pictura clypet insignis,

Has, Calcutta.

J. Wood-Mason—Neolithic Oelt from Jashpur. (No. 2, 1889.]

XIV.—Notice of a Neolithic Celt from Jashpur in the Chota Nagpur

District—By J. Woov-Mason, Superintendent of the Indian Museum,

and Professor of Comparative Anatomy in the Medical College of

Bengal, Calcutta.

(With Plate XV.)

An interesting stone implement of Neolithic age has recently been

found, in lat. 22° 58’ N., long. 83° 41’ E., about one mile to the east of

Bagicha, a village of the Tappa Kakea zemindary in the Jashpur State

situated 30 miles W. N. W. of Jashpur and 31 miles H. S. H. of Bisram-

pur, in the Chota Nagpur District ; it was obtained by the zemindar

himself, who very kindly gave it up to Lala Hira Lal, an assistant in the

Geological Survey of India, by whom it has been presented to the Indian

Museum.

When received by me it was still covered with the red clayey earth

of the spot in which it had been found.

It is a rather narrow double-edged celt with one face nearly level

longitudinally and but slightly convex transversely, the other face

longitudinally rather more strongly arched than the broader of the

cutting edges, and the two sides plane; and when viewed from either

side somewhat resemble a strung bow in outline.

It measures 163 mm. in extreme length, by 41'25 in breadth at the

broader cutting edge, which is regularly arched, and 25°75 at the

narrower cutting edge, which is irregularly arched, by 25:0 in extreme

thickness in the middle; so that it is just about four times as long as

it is broad at the broader cutting edge, whence it gradually tapers

to its narrower cutting edge, which is equal in breadth to the extreme

thickness of the stone.

It is weathered to a pale clay-brown colour.

The rock of which it is made appears to be a trap.

The accompanying plate renders a more detailed description un-

necessary.

CONTENTS

OF THE NATURAL HISTORY PART (PT. Il.) OF THE

JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL FOR 18f8.

ipo

No. I¢ issued une 8th, 1888). Notes on Indian Ruynonota ;

Hurnrorr I FNo, 3—By E. T. Arxinson, B. A.—A General Theorem

on the Differ>ntial Bquation of Trajectories.—By Asutoso MukHoPapuYay,

M. A, F. RB. A. S., F. BR. S. BE. On Poisson's Integral.—By AsvtosH

Muxnopapnray, M. A., F.R. A.S., F. BR. 8S. E. (With a Woodeut.)

On the Nature of the Toxic Principle of the Aroides.— By A. Pupier,

F. 0. S. (Lond. and Berl.), Professor of Chemistry, Presidency Oollege,

and C. J. H. Warpen, F. C. 8. (Lond. and Berl.), Professor of Chemistry,

Medical College, Calcutta.

No. 2, (issued July 19th, 1888). Notes on Indian Ruyyonora ;

Hurnroprera, No. 5.—By H. T. Arxinson, B. A. On recent Tornadoes

in Bengal with special reference to the Tornado at Dacca on April 7th,

1888. In two Parts. Part 1. A Description of the Meteorological Condi-

tions in Bengal which accompanied the Formation of the Dacca Tornado,.—

By Avnx. Pupimr, Ofig. Meteorological Reporter to the Government of

Bengal. Part Il. A full Description of the actual Phenomena of the

Dacca Tornado.— By A. Cromeiz, M. D., Oivil Surgeon of Dacca. (With

Plates KXIV.—XXIX.) |

_ No. 3, (issued October 10th, 1888). Natural History Notes from

Hl. Ms Indian Marine Survey Steamer ‘Investigator,’ Commander

Atrrep Carpenter, R. N., D. 8. 0., Commanding. No. 9. Further

Notes on the Amphipoda of Indian Waters.—By G. M. Giuns, M. B.,

F. RB. ©. §., Surgeon-Naturalist to the Marine Survey. (With Plates

VI—XII.) On Bupetaurus, a new form of Flying Squirrel from

Kashmir.—By Otprietp Tuomas, British Musewm (Natural History).

Communicated by Tus Naruran History Sucretary. (With Plates

XXII. and XXIIT.)

No. 4, (issued March 23rd, 1889.) On new or little-known Butterflies

from the Indian Region.—By Lionzt pa Nicer/vinuz, F. H. §., 0. M. Z. S.

(With Pls. XIII and XIV.) A Dist of the Ferns of Simla in the N. W.

Himalaya between Levels of 4,500 and 10,500 feet.—By H. F. Buanrorp,

F.R.S. (With Pls. XVIL—XXI.) On the Differential Hquation of all

Parabolas.—By Asvtosh Muxnopapuyay, M. A., FP. R. A.S., F. R. 8. E.

New or little-known India Rhynchota.— By H. T, Arxtyson, B.A. (With

Pl. XV.) The Butterflies of the Nilgiri District, South India.— By G. F,

Hampson, B. A., Coll. Buon., Oxon. Communicated by THE Suprrinten-

DENT OF THE INDIAN Musrum. The Psychrometer and the Condensing

Hygrometer—By 8. A. Hitt, B. 8e., Meteorological Reporter to the

Government of the North-Western Provinces and Outh. Anoplophrya

wolosomatis, a new Oiliate Infusorian parasitic in the Alim y Canal of

Aolosoma chlorostictum W.-M., MSS.—By Huyry H. & Ss on, B. A.

Communicated by Tux Mrcroscorican Socruty oF Canoun,,<- (With

PLT.) On certain Features in the Geological strackwres. my the Myelat

District of the Southern Shan States in Upper Burmah as ffecting the

Drainage of the Cowntry.—By Bricapipr-GeneraL H. Ccxrrmty, 0, B.

Dommunicated by Dr. D. D. Cunninanam. Notes on some Objects from a

Neolithic Settlement recently discovered by Mr, W. H. P. Drivar, at Ranchi

sn the Chota Nagpore District. —By J. Woov-Mason, Superintendent of the

Indian Museum, and Professor of Comparative Anatomy in the Medical

College of Bengal, Calcutta. (With Pls. II.—V,) -

SUP THY

NEW SERIES. VOL. LVI, COXCUL,

SJ VOLLVMG exc,

JOURNAL

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

Vol. LVIII, Part II, No. III.1889.

ee ey

VICE-PRESIDENT,

PAD AAR

——

;

}

)

} j. YWoop- Mason, Fsa.

‘

“The bounds of its investigation will be the geographical limits of Asia: and ;

{ within these limits its inquiries will be extended to whatever is performed by

( man or produced by nature.’—Sir Wiuttam Jones. 2

*,* Communications should be sent under cover to the Secretaries, Asiat. Soc.,

to whom all orders for the work are to be addressed in India; or, in Lon-

don, care of Messrs. Tritbner and Oo., 57 J 59, Ludgate Hill,

RRA Anan

(

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{

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CALCUTTA:

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' 2

PRINTED By f, ff, Rouse, ar THE BaAPTIs? Mission PRESS, ;

AND PUBLISHED BY THE 2

ASIATIC SocieTY, 57, PARK STREET, !

1889.

— SESS eS

ee,

Price (exclusivs of postage) to Subscribers, Re. 1.—'l'o Non-Subseribers, Re, 1-8

Price in England, 2 Shillings and sixpence,

Issued November 7th, 1889.

ee 2 oe OT

ae! Pre er

“4

Wile .

ae ae

two papers on Fishes, will be issued with the next Number,

CONTENTS.

XV.—Novicie Indicw I. Some additional species of Pedicularis.

By D, Pratn, Oommunicated by Dr. G. Kine, F. RB. S. .....

XV1I.—Natural History Notes from H. M.’s Indian Marine Survey

Steamer ‘Investigator,’ Commander Atrred CARPENTER,

R.N., D.S. 0.; commanding.—No.10. List of the Pleuronec-

tide obtained in the Bay of Bengal im 1888 and 1889, with

descriptions of new and rare species—By ALrRED ALCOCK,

M. B., (Azmr.), Swrgeon-Naturalist to the Marine pao

(With Plates XVI., XVII., and XVIII)...

XVII.—Natural Piston Notes from H. M.’s tories Maris ine Saray

Steamer ‘Investigator,’ Commander ALFRED Giles

R.N., D.S. 0., commanding.—No. 12. Descriptions of some

new and rare species of Fishes from the Bay of Bengal, ob-

tained during the season of 1888-89.—By Aurrup A.cock,

M..B., (Aper.), Surgeon-Naturalist to the Marine Survey,

(With Plate XXII.) ...

XVIII.—The Ethiopian and Orsentale ihe ioninbiver of the Man.

todean Subfamily Vatidee.—By J. Woov-Mason, Superinten-

dent of the Indian Museum, and Professor of Comparative

Anatomy in the Medical Oollege of Bengal, Calcutta, o..c..ceces.

Page

255

296

306

Plates XVI, XVII, XVII, and XXII, illustrative of Dr, Alcock’s

JOURNAL

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

OO OK

Part IIL—NATURAL SCIENCE.

No. III.—1889.

XV.—Noviciew Indicw. I. Some additional Species of Pedicularis.

By D. Prain. Communicated by Dr. G. Kina, F. R. 8S.

[Received Jan, 18th ;—Read Feb. 6th, 1889.]

The account of the genus Pedicularis, Linn., in the Flora of British

India, vol. iv, pp. 306-317, was issued in January 1884 and since then

Dr. King’s Himalayan collectors have contributed several new forms.

The details of a critical examination of the Indian material of this

genus preserved at Calcutta, and also of that at Saharanpur, kindly

lent for study by Mr. Duthie, are about to appear in another place ;

meanwhile, diagnoses of the forms new to India, arranged according to

the method of the Flora, may prove of interest. The numbers of the

inner serial list are those of the Flora; the references opposite are to

descriptions and figures published between 1884 and 1889,

Serius I. Cauline leaves whorled or opposite.

* Upper lip beaked.

1. (1). P. puorratra Wall.

a, Var. typica; leaves pinnatipartite segments pinnatifid, calyx

teeth triangular acute. Wall,, Cat. 420; Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii, 810,

t, 2, f. 25.

B. Var. palans; leaves pinnatisect segments pinnatipartite, calyx

256 D. Prain—Some additional Species of Pedicularis. [No. 3,

teeth oyate acuminate. P. pectinata Wall. var. pyramidata Hook. f., Flor.

Brit. Ind. iv, 806 (syn. P. pyramidata exclus.). P. pyramidata Herb.

Ind, or. H f. & T. T. (nec Royle).

The habit of this species and that of P. pyramidata vary equally ;

apparently intermediate forms prove on dissection to be either P. pectt-

nata var. palans or P. pyramidata with much incised leaves. The geogra-

phical limits are distinct in the outer Himalayan ranges and hardly over-

lap in theinner. There is not at Saharanpur or at Calcutta an example

of either variety of P. pectinata from Kashmir or from Afghanistan, where

P. pyramidata seems to be the representing form. The diagnosis is as

follows :—P. pectinata ;—beak of corolla gradually tapering to middle

then slender, tube sacculate in front at staminal insertion hardly ex-

ceeding calyx, lower half of galea erect, stamens inserted opposite top

of ovary, filamants densely pilose at insertion as well as above: P-

pyramidata ;—beak of corolla slender from base, tube narrow straight

half exceeding calyx, lower part of galea inclined forwards, stamens in-

serted above middle of tube, filaments glabrous at insertion, slightly

hairy above.

2. [1]. PP. pyramrpara Royle.

Stem tall stout 3-4-fariously hairy, cauline leaves petioled whorled

lanceolate pinnatisect or-partite, segments 2-pinnatifid, calyx teeth

ovate acuminate entire, corolla tube half exceeding calyx, lip 3-fid

obcordate substipitate central lobe small, beak long slender narrowed

from base, stamens inserted above middle of tube glabrous at insertion

sparingly hirsute above. P. pyramidata Royle, Benth. Seroph. Ind., 52;

Lindley, Bot. Reg. n.s. xiv, Pl. Mise., 155; Benth., DC. Prodr. x, 565 ,

Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii, 810, t. 2, f. 27.

Wusrrry Hiwataya: Lahul, (Hay! Brandis!) ; Kashmir, (Royle!

Sedgwick !); Gilgit, (Biddulph! Tanner! Giles!) ; Afghanistan, (Col-

lett! Aitchison !),

Stems 30-80 cm., Spikes 10-30 cm., rootstock stout, leaves 3-4-

nately whorled, calyx 10 mm. glabrous or hirsute, corolla purple, tube

13-16 mm. hood inflated rectangularly curved, beak 14mm. apex entire,

ovary ovoid, stigma exserted, capsule 9-11 mm. hardly exserted ovate

acuminate, seeds 3°25 mm. pale deeply furrowed and reticulated.

3. (3). P. tenurtrosrris Benth.; Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii, 811, t. 2,

f, 26.

Add to description of F. B. I., iv, 307:—capsule ovate 10 mm,

hardly exserted, seeds 3 mm. pale deeply furrowed and reticulated.

Fruiting specimens (Duthie 1873!) have now been obtained ; the type

of this distribution preserved at Saharanpur still retains corollas,

1589. ] D. Prain—Some additional Species of Pedicularis. 257

4, (—). P. Otrvmrtana Prain.

Tall slender glabrous, leaves 4-nately whorled petioled ovate acute

pinnatisect, segments lanceolate pinnatifid, spike interrupted, bracts

lanceolate pinnatifid serrate, calyx campanulate, corolla tube slightly ex-

ceeding calyx, lip 3-lobed obcordate lateral lobes ovate twice as large as

central orbicular, galea angularly curved deflexed beak long flexuous,

stamens inserted in middle of tube filaments glabrous. P. Oliveriana

Prain in Ann. Roy. Bot. Garden, Calcutta, iii ined.

Hasrern Himanaya: Phari, (Dr. King’s collectors !).

Roots not collected, portions of stem gathered 20-30 em., calyx

5-6 mm. 5-toothed teeth lanceolate acute serrate equal, corolla purple

tube 7 mm. beak 10 mm., ovary ovate acuminate, stigma exserted ;

capsule not seen,

Repeats habit and foliage of P. semitorta Maxim.; diagnosed by the

narrow simple bracts, the uncleft calyx and the edentulous throat.

5. (4). P. aractnis Wall.; Hook. f.

6. (5). P. porreota Wall.

7. (6). P. BRuvirotta Don.

8. (—). P. mnsrar Prain.

Glabrescent stems short or tall slender, cauline leaves few paired or

whorled distant short ovate oblong or lanceolate pinnatifid pubescent

segments crenate, spikes elongated interrupted, bracts foliaceous, calyx

campanulate, corolla tube half exceeding calyx, lip 3-partite lobes ob-

ovate subequal, galea angularly bent beak narrow slightly decurved tip

acute entire, stamens inserted above middle of tube filaments glabrous.

a Var. typica; stems solitary tall simple strict, radical leaves

evanescent petioled cauline 4-nately whorled sessile ovate oblong, beak

shorter than lip, capsule broadly ovate + exserted. P, instar Prain ;

Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii, 815, t. 2, f. 32.

Hastrern HimanayaA: Ong-la-thang and Pey-kiong-la, 13,000 feet,

(Dr. King’s collectors !).

8B. Var. paradova; stems single or many from base simple or

branched dwarf erect or ascending, radical leaves densely tufted

cauline opposite or 3-nately (rarely 4-nately) whorled all linear lanceo-

late petioled, beak as long as lip, capsule lanceolate acute + exserted.

Eastern Hrmanaya: Niapokri and Bijan, 11-12,000 feet, (Dr.

King’s collectors !).

Stems of type 30-60 em., of vAR. paradowa 3-8 cm., calyx 4-6 em.

5-toothed not cleft upper tooth deltoid entire lateral ovate or lanceolate

serrate corolla dark red tube 6-8 mm. beak of type 4mm. of var. paradowa

6 mm., filaments inserted midway between top of ovary and mouth of

tube, ovary ovate mucronate apex oblique, stigma exserted, capsule of

type 8 mm. of var. paradowa 10-11 mm., seeds 15 mm. pale distinctly

reticulated.

D. Prain—Some additional Species of Pedicularis. [No. 3,

Var. typica repeats habit, foliage, calyx and capsule of P. denudata,

vAR. paradoxa those of P. polygaloides, two species that differ as widely

in appearance as do the two varieties of P. insfar. In these however «

diagnosis may be effected by means of the stamens,—glabrous in P,

polygaloides, hirsute in P. denudata; in P. instar van. typica the filaments

are glabrous as they are in VAR. paradoxa and the forms are not separa-

ble as species.

9. [6]. P. conrertirnoRa Prain.

Stems dwarf or elongated usually branching from the base pubes-

cent or villous, leaves oblong pinnatisect segments ovate incised serrate

radical petioled densely tufted cauline opposite one or more paired sub-

sessile, bracts laciniate segments 3-7 crested at tips, flowers subcapitate

or with lowest pair or whorl shortly removed, calyx campanulate, corolla

tube twice as long as calyx, lip 3-fid lateral lobes broadly ovate much

wider than rounded central, galea angularly curved beak very long

narrow slightly decurved apex obtuse entire slightly recurved, stamens

inserted in middle of tube filaments glabrous. P. coxfertiftora Prain

in Ann. Roy, Bot. Garden, Calcutta, iii ined. P. brevifolia Herb. Ind.

or. H. f, and T. T. (mec. Don).

Eastern Himanaya: Sikkim, (Hooker!) ; Chumbi and Phari, (Dr.

King’s collectors !).

Roots slender stems 6-15 cm, erect simple or many from base cen-

tral erect the others ascending or decumbent, calyx 6-7 mm, 5-toothed

teeth long narrow lanceolate upper entire the rest with entire bases and

serrate tips, corolla pink or white tube 11 mm. lateral lobes of lip nearly

meeting behind galea, beak 10 mm., ovary ovate apex mucronate, stigma

exserted, capsule 10 mm. ovate lanceolate apex oblique } exserted, seeds

1:25 mm. ovoid tawny distinctly reticulated.

Capsule and seeds resemble those of P. imstar and P. brevifolia.

Differs from both as to calyx and bracts; P. instar var. paradoawa is ab

once separable by its deeply 3-partite lower lip, P. brevifolia by its

emarginate apex of beak.

10. (—). P. Hyper Prain.

Stems villous ascending simple, leaves densely pubescent lanceolate

acute pinnatifid segments acute serrate radical long petioled tufted

eauline 3-paired lower shortly petioled upper sessile, bracts foliar

sessile, flowers few subspicate pedicels almost equalling calyx, calyx ob-

long villous, corolla tube 5 longer than calyx, lip small sinuately 3-lobed

lobes semi-rotund equal margin eroso-crenulate, galea angularly curved

beak long falcate apex acute entire, stamens inserted above middle of

tube filaments glabrous, 2. Heyder Prain in Ann. Roy. Bot. Garden,

Calcutta, iii ined,

1889. ] D. Prain—Some additional Species of Pedicularis. 259

Wesrern Himanaya: Labul, (Watt!) ; Pangi, (Heyde !).

Roots tufted fusiform fleshy, stems numerous slender, calyx 8 mm.

5-toothed teeth lanceolate subequal upper entire the rest serrate, corolla

dark red tube 12-14 mm., beak 8 mm. twice as long as lip, ovary ovate

acuminate, stigma exserted, capsule ovate 11 mm. 4 exserted straight

acuminate,

The villous habit of this species recalls P. brevifolia Don, with

which some gatherings of ib have been placed. The straight capsule,

entire apex of beak, high staminal insertion, long corolla tube, and

tufted fleshy roots indicate a closer alliance to P. porrecta than to

P. brevifolia ; its lanceolate leaves, however, at once distinguish it, and

the calyx is quite different from that of P, porrecta, while the very

small scarcely lobed lip removes it equally from both.

11. (7), P. rumxuosa Hook, f.; Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii, 810, t. 2,

f. 35.

12, (—). P. cHumsica Prain.

Dwarf stems simple slender glabrous tufted, leaves ovate oblong ob-

tuse pinnatisect segments ovate serrate-dentate long petioled radical

densely caespitose cauline opposite 1-paired or 0, bracts foliar shortly

petioled, flowers few subcapitate pedicels short, calyx campanulate shortly

cleft, corolla tube thrice as long as calyx, lip 3-sect lobes rotund sub-

equal, galea angularly curved throat 2-sinuate beak long straight slender

apex acute entire, stamens inserted below middle of tube filaments

glabrous. P. chuwmbicw Prainin Ann. Roy. Bot. Garden, Calcutta, iii ined.

Hasturn Himanaya: Chumbi, 11-12,000 feet, at Za-ne-cang and

Put-lo, (Dr. King’s collectors !).

Roots fibrous slender, stems 4-7 em., calyx 5 mm, 5-toothed upper

tooth entire subulate the others lanceolate serrate, corolla pink or pur-

ple tube 14-17 mm, beak 8 mm., anterior filaments inserted at middle

of tube posterior opposite top of ovary, stigma exserted, capsule 11 mm.

+ exserted ovate lanceolate apex straight acute, seeds 1:25 mm. few

ovate dark minutely reticulated.

In habit resembles P. confertiflora but with a much longer tube and

with altogether different capsule and seeds that ally it to P. flexuosa.

13. (—). P. runurcaunis Prain.

Stems slender decumbent or ascending, leaves long petioled 2-pin-

natisect ultimate segments pinnatipartite radical caespitose cauline ]-2-

paired opposite, bracts foliar, flowers axillary opposite distinctly pedicel-

led lower remote upper subcapitate, calyx campanulate slightly cleft,

corolla tube slightly exceeding calyx, lip 3-fid lobes rotund lateral 2 ex-

ceeding central, galea angularly curved beak straight apex acute entire,

stamens inserted in middle of tube anterior filaments hirsute. P, tenwi-

caulis Prain in Ann, Roy. Bot. Garden, Calcutta, iii ined.

260 D. Prain—Some additional Species of Pedicularis. [No. 3,

Eastrrn Himanaya: Chumbi, 11,000 feet, at Pan-ka-be-see-mo and

Tan-ka-la, (Dr. King’s collectors!) ; EH. Nepal, at Pey-kiong-la, (Mr.

Pantling’s collectors !).

Stems short 8-12 cm. or elongate 20-25 cm. branching from base,

calyx 6 mm. 5-toothed teeth entire upper lanceolate acute the others

ovate obtuse, corolla pink tube 8 mm., beak 10 mm., ovary ovate lanceo-

late, stigma exserted, capsule 12 mm. narrowly lanceolate > exserted,

seeds 2 mm. acutely ovate minutely reticulated.

Like a slender glabrous form of P. flexuosa from which, however, it

is easily distinguished by the nonserrate calyx teeth, the entire apex of

beak, and the much shorter corolla tube.

14. (—). P. Gamurmana Prain.

Stems sparingly branched from base villo-pubescent, canline leaves

2-3 pairs small shortly petioled ovate oblong obtuse 2-pinnate, bracts

sessile pinnatipartite, flowers few subcapitate, calyx campanulate

shortly pedicelled, corolla tube more than twice as long as calyx, lip 3-

lobed lobes depressed rounded lateral twice as large as central, galea

arcuate beak straight short deeply emarginate, stamens inserted in mid-

dle of tube anterior filaments bearded above. P. Gammieana Prain

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Garden, Calcutta, iii ined.

Hastprn Hiwataya: Lang-mang-nang-zo, 10,000 feet, (Pantling !).

Stems in the solitary Calcutta gathering 6-8 cm., roots simple

fibrous slender, radical leaves 0 cauline very small 5-8 mm. by 2-4 mm.,

calyx 7 mm. deeply 5-toothed upper tooth lanceolate entire smaller than

the others with narrow entire bases and expanded elliptic acutely serrate

tips, corolla purple tube 16 mm., beak 4 mm., ovary ovoid apex acute,

stigma exserted.

The corolla differs from that of P. binaria Maxim, only in having the

lower lip eciliate and the central lobe of lip less depressed but the habit

of this Himalayan plant is quite unlike that of Maximowicz’ Szetschuan

plant.

15. (—). P. scuizorruynona Prain,

Dwarf stems tufted slightly pubescent, leaves long petioled oblong

lanceolate acute pinnatipartite segments lanceolate serrate-dentate

radical densely caespitose cauline opposite 1-paired or 0, bracts foliar

petioled, flowers few subcapitate pedicels short, calyx tubular slightly

cleft nerves pubescent, corolla tube slightly exceeding calyx, lip 3-partite

margin ciliate lobes subobovate lateral slightly larger than central, galea

arcuate subinflated beak short straight apex truncate bifid segments

laciniate, stamens inserted above middle of tube anterior filaments dense-

ly hirsute. P. schizorrhyncha Prain in Ann. Roy. Bot. Garden, Cal-

cutta, iii ined.

Hasturn Himataya: Chumbi, (Dr. King’s collectors!) ; Sikkim,

(Jaffrey !); E. Nepal, (My. Pantling’s collectors !).

1889. ] D. Prain—Some additional Species of Pedicularis. 261

Stems simple slender 4-6 em. erect, roots fibrous tufted rootstock

crowned with narrow scales, calyx 9 mm, 5-toothed teeth triangular

subequal margins serrulate, corolla purple tube 10-12 mm., beak 4 mm,

lateral sezments each 3-fid, ovary ovoid, stigma exserted, capsule 10 mm.

ovate apiculate slightly exserted, seeds ovoid trigonous grey distinctly

reticulated.

16. (9). P.inrnertronia Hook. f.; Maxim., Mel. Biol xii, t. 2, f.

23.

* * Upper lip shortly or not beaked.

17. (—). P. AuAscuantca Maxim.

Stems stout branching from the base villous ascending, leaves 2-4-

nately whorled petioled pinnatifid segments lanceolate decurrent serrate,

lower bracts foliar upper with bases entire membranous tips foliaceous

pinnatilobed or serrate, flowers sessile in interrupted spikes, calyx mem-

branous inflated ovoid, corolla tube hardly as long as calyx, lip 3-fid

lobes rotund lateral thrice as wide as central, galea inflated angularly

curved beak conical apex truncate entire, stamens inserted opposite top

of ovary anterior filaments bearded.

Var. typica; whorls 4-leaved, calyx nerves and margin villous teeth

serrate except upper, beak as long as galea. P. alaschanica Maxim.,

Mel. Biol. x., 91 and xii, 860, t. 5, £. 86, a.

Eastern Himanaya: Chumbi and Phari, (Dr. King’s collector !).

Var. tibetica; stems short, leaves opposite, calyx densely pubescent

teeth entire, beak distinctly shorter than galea. P. alaschanica VAR.

tibetica Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii, 860. t. 5, f. 86, 0.

Eastern Hrmataya: Phari, (Dr. King’s collector !).

Stems of type 15-20 cm., of var. tibetica 5-8 cm., calyx 12 mm, 5-

toothed teeth triangular subequal, corolla yellow tube 11 mm., beak in

type 2-2°25 mm. in var. ¢ibetica 1-15 mm., ovary ovoid, stigma exserted,

capsule ovoid 11 mm. not exserted, seeds large 3 mm. pale deeply fur-

rowed and reticulated.

Disrriz. 8. Mongolia; W. China,

18. (9). P. auosrrera Hook. f.; Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii, 869, t. 5,

tAQpe

19, (10). P. cuninanruironiA Schrenk; Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii,

869.

20. (11). P. Royizr Maxim., Mel. Biol. xi, 288 and xii, 891, t. 4,

f, 122. P. verticillata Benth., DC. Prodr. x, 563 (pro parte nec Linn.) ;

Hook. f., Flor. Brit. Ind. iv, 309. P. amena Adam. var. —; Maxim,

Mel. Biol. x, 97.

This Himalayan species repeats the habit and foliage of P. verticil-

lata Linn,, which is, however, distinct. The diagnosis is as follows :—

262 D. Prain—Some additional Species of Pedicularis. [No. 3,

P. Roylei; bracts pinnatisect or -partite, calyx deeply toothed hardly

cleft upper tooth entire the others serrate, corolla tube bent in the mid-

dle obtusely, filaments inserted near middle of tube all glabrous anthers

ovate acute, capsule ovate acuminate % exserted, seeds 1:25 mm, pale

distinctly reticulated: P. verticillata ; bracts ovate subentire, calyx hard-

ly toothed cleft to the middle margin entire, corolla tube abruptly bent

at junction of middle and lower third filaments inserted opposite top of

ovary anterior pair hirsute anthers broadly elliptic muticous, capsule

lanceolate acute more than 3 exserted, seeds 2 mm, nigrescent minutely

reticulated.

Reichenbach f., (Icon. Fl. Germ., t. 1762, f. 1-14) unfortunately

omits the always present hairs from the anterior stamens of P. verti-

eillata. Lange (Bot. Tidskr. Kjob. iv, t. 2, f. 3) figures the seeds of P.

verticillata, which differ markedly from those of P. Roylei, very exactly.

21. (—). P. opsrocerHaua Maxim.

Stems sparsely hirsute erect or ascending simple few leaved, leaves

pinnatipartite lanceolate segments oblong subacute incised serrate radical

long petioled caespitose cauline short petioled 2-4-nately whorled, calyx

campanulate hardly cleft, corolla tube obtusely bent in middle expanded

upwards longer than calyx, lip 38-lobed lobes obcordate emarginate

lateral } exceeding central, galea slightly curved apex subacuminate,

stamens inserted below middle of tube filaments glabrous. P. ophio-

cephala Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii, t. 5, £. 94.

Norta-West Hrwaraya: Kamaon, 13-17,000 feet, Ralam Valley,

Bidang and Lebang, (Duthie!) ; W. Nepal, Nampa Gadh, (Reid !).

Rootstock slender or stout crowned with scales, stems 6-15 cm.,

whorls 3-5-flowered usually approximate, calyx 9 mm. 5-toothed nerves

pubescent upper tooth lanceolate or deltoid entire the others subequal

serrate, corolla red tube 12 mm., staminal insertion a little above top of

ovary, ovary ovoid disc anteriorly thickened, stigma exserted.

22. (12). P. penupara Hook. f.; Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii, 867.

23. (35). P. ponyaanorpns Hook. f.; Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii, 881,

t. 5, £. 118.

This species, which has opposite leaves and repeats the habit and

foliage of P. instar VAR. paradoxa, bears the same relationship to P.

denudata which that variety bears to P. instar var. typica, except that

the stamens of P. polygaloides are all glabrous those of P. denudata all

hirsute.

24, (—). P. arppura Prain.

Dwarf branched from the base stems prostrate 2-fariously hairy,

leaves few radical evanescent cauline opposite distant ovate pinnati-

partite segments pinnatifid petioles very long, bracts foliar, flowers

1889. ] D. Prain—Some additional species of Pedicularis. 263

racemose distinctly pedicelled, calyx campanulate slightly cleft, corolla

tube 4 longer than calyx bent forward and expanded at top, lip 3-lobed

lobes rounded emarginate equal, galea straight erect apex acuminate,

stamens inserted in middle of tube anterior filaments hirsute. P. gibbera

Prain in Ann. Roy. Bot. Garden, Calcutta, iii ined.

Easrrrn Himaraya: East Nepal, 13-14,000 feet, at Tha-moo-tsa,

Esan-an-gi, Pey-kiong-la and Bijan, (Dr. King’s collectors !).

Annual, roots slender, stems 2-15 em. simple or once branched,

racemes few flowered pedicels as long as calyx, calyx 45 mm. 5-toothed

with crisp white hairs on nerves upper tooth minute the rest lanceolate

with obtuse serrate apices, corolla rose-pink or white tube 6 mm. ex-

panded at top, galea twice as wide as tube, ovary lanceolate, stigma sub-

included, capsule lanceolate acute 9 mm. 3 exserted, seeds few (4-6)

3 mm. relatively very large black hardly pitted.

Closely related to P. pygmaea Maxim. This, however, differs as to

bracts, in the corolla tube being bent at the top and not in the middle,

in the galea being erostrate, and in the anterior filaments being hirsute.

The lanceolate capsule, the very large hardly pitted dark seeds, and

the leaves seem to indicate considerable affinity with P. jlexwosa and its

allies.

25. (13). P. monnis Wall. ; Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii, t. 4, £, 126.

26. (—). PP. rragtnis Prain,

Stems simple elongated sparingly hairy, leaves 3-nately whorled sub-

sessile membranous elliptic acute pinnatipartite segments lanceolate

mucronate serrate, flowers axillary pedicels very short, calyx wide cam-

panulate, corolla externally puberulous tube straight cylindric twice as

long as calyx, lip sub-quadrate 2-plicate above anteriorly 3-lobed

lateral lobes narrowly ovate acute half as wide as central obovate cucul-

late projecting, galea slightly dilated straight with very short wide

truneate beak, stamens inserted near base of tube anterior filaments

hirsute near apex. P. fragilis Prain; Maxim, Mel, Biol. xii, t. 5, f. 83.

Pedicularis, sp. O. B. Clarke, Jour, Linn, Soc. xxv, ol.

Assam: Khasia Hills, 5-6000 feet, (Mann!); Barél Mts, 6-8000

feet, (Prain!), N. Manipur, 6500 feet, (Clarke, n. 420440).

Stems 15-30 em. lower third decumbent nodes aphyllous bulbifer-

ous above rooting below upper two thirds erect leafy, roots slender

disc-bearing, flowers in axils of 3-7 topmost whorls, calyx 5 mm, not

cleft teeth 5 narrowly linear lanceolate equal upper entire the others

subserrate, corolla green tube 9 mm., lip marginally ciliate, beak 1'5

mm., ovary ovate acuminate, stigma included, capsule 5 mm. subglo-

bose acuminate not exserted, seeds small 1 mm. spherical pale with dark

lateral raphe distinctly reticulated.

- Astor, 13,000 feet, (Tanner!) ; Lahul, (Hay! Stoliczka! Watt!) ; Pangi,

264, D, Prain—Some additional species of Pedicularis. [No. 3,

A very distinct species semi-saprophytic in humid shady forests of

the Assam range, in which parasitism was carefully looked for but

could not be detected. Attachment of roots to decaying vegetable

matter was made out in the field in the specimens obtained in the Barél

range.

27. (—). P. Kinam Prain.

Stems elongate very slender flexuose branching sparingly hairy,

leaves opposite long petioled ovate pinnatisect segments subalternate

2-pinnatifid, flowers pedicelled racemose axillary, calyx campanulate

deeply cleft, corolla straight tube wide cylindric twice as long as calyx,

lip subquadrate 2-plicate above 3-lobed in front lateral lobes ovate

acute half as wide as central rounded concave, galea slightly bent

forward rounded in front apex eucullate, stamens inserted near base

of tube anterior filaments distinctly bearded above. P. Kingti Prain;

Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii, 895, t. 4, £. 127.

Hasrurn Hiwanaya: Sikkim, at Gang-tuk, (Dr. King’s collectors !).

Rhizome slender crowned with few stoloniferous scales, stolons

very slender 5-15 cm. with scales at tips, leaf segments nearer stem

distinetly petioluled, flowers in leaf axils towards points of stem and

branches, calyx 4 mm. membranous cleft to base anteriorly teeth 5

small entire deltoid upper very minute, corolla tube 8°5 mm., anther

lobes acutely tailed tips exserted, ovary ovate disc slightly thickened

anteriorly, stigma subexserted ; capsule not seen.

A very distinct and remarkable species.

28. (14). P. pyonanraa Boiss.; Hook. f., Flor. Brit, Ind. iv, 310

(syn. P. Alberts exclus.).

Var. typica; bracts subentire, lip distinctly shorter than galea

lobes rounded, stamens inserted just below middle of tube. P. pycnantha

Boiss., Diagn., ser. i, xii, 45 and Flor. orient. iv, 484; Maxim., Mel.

Biol. xi, 291 and xii, 895, t. 4, f. 127. P. Olgae Regel, Acta Hort.

Petrop. vi, 348 and Plant. Fedsch., 61. Pedicularis, sp. Aitchison,

Trans. Linn. Soe. n, s. iii, 9.

Western Himanara: Gilgit, 9-10,000 feet, (Giles !) ; Afghanistan,

Kuram valley, (Aitchison !), Disrris.: Northern Persia, Western Tur-

kestan,

Var. Semenowt; bracts serrate, lip nearly equalling galea lobes

shortly emarginate, stamens inserted opposite top of ovary. P. Seme-

nowt Regel, Bull. Soc. Imp. Mose. xli, 108 and Plant. Semenow., n. 810;

Maxim., Mel. Biol. xi, 294 and xii, 894, t. 4, £.129. P. orthantha

Griseb. var. —; Maxim., Mel. Biol. x, 129.

Western Hrmanaya: Rantak-chu, (Falconer !) ; Kunawar, (Royle!);

1889, | D. Prain—Some additional species of Pedicularis. 265

11—16,500 feet, and Upper Sutlej, 17000 feet, (Heyde!); Hazara,

(Stewart) ; Gilgit, (Giles!). Drsrrim.; Hastern Turkestan, Altyn and

Alatau Mts.

P. Alberti has alternate, not opposite, leaves ; its stamens too are all

glabrous while the anterior pair in this species have hirsute filaments :

though the leaves of P. Alberti much resemble those of P. pycnantha its

centrifugal inflorescence allies it more closely to P. Oederit which also

has alternate leaves.

29, (—). P.1yrata Prain.

Dwarf, simple or many headed, pubescent, leaves opposite subcordate

ovate obtuse widely crenate denticulate petioled, bracts foliar, flowers

subracemose shortly pedicelled, calyx tubular hirsute pubescent, corolla

tube straight + exceeding calyx, lip 3-lobed 2-plicate above lobes rotund

eroso-crenulate subequal central emarginate, galea curved apex angu-

larly cucullate prolonged shortly downwards then bifid with segments

laciniate, stamens inserted near base of tube filaments glabrous. P.

lyrata Prain; Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii, 890, t. 4, f, 135.

Eastern Hymanaya: Phari and Ting, (Dr. King’s collector !).

Stems 3-6 cm., root slender branching, petioles of radical leayes

as long as blade of cauline short, bracts sessile, calyx 8 mm. deeply

5-toothed hardly cleft upper tooth subulate the others with short narrow

entire base and elliptic serrate-dentate lamina, corolla white tube 12

mm, slightly widened above glandular ciliate within, galea teeth 3-fid

lowest segment subulate longer than the other two triangular, ovary

lanceolate disc thickened in front, stigma included, capsule 14 mm,

oblong-lanceolate acute nearly half exserted, seeds small 1°5 mm, ovoid

rufous distinctly reticulated.

P. lutescens Franchet, to which this species is most nearly allied,

differs by its shorter corolla tube, its 5-fid galea teeth, and its disc

prolonged anteriorly into a spur,

30. (—). P. comproniavorra Franchet.

Stems tall erect puberulous terete strict simple or sparingly branched

above, leaves coriaceous shortly petioled 4-nately whorled linear oblong

acuminate pinnatifid segments rounded margins cartilaginous minutely

toothed, flowers short pedicelled numerous in interrupted spikes, bracts

foliar mucronate-serrate longer than campanulate membranous calyx,

corolla tube bent obtusely below middle expanded above three times as

long as calyx, lip stipitate broadly ovate 2-plicate above shortly 3-fid

lobes crenulate central rounded prominent smaller than ovate lateral,

galea erect straight shortly beaked apex obliquely truncate with lateral

subulate teeth below, stamens inserted opposite top of ovary filaments

all pilose at insertion anterior pair hirsute above. P. comptonefolia

Franchet; Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii, 871 t. 5, f. 96.

266 D, Prain—Some additional species of Pedicularis. [No. 3,

Borma: Shan Hills, Fort Stedman, 6000 feet, (Collett !). Digrnip. :

Yunnan,

Stems 80-100 cm. thicker than crowquill, roots not seen, spikes

8-12 cm., calyx not cleft 6 mm. irregularly 5-toothed glabrous teeth

deltoid unequal entire margins villous, corolla dark red tube 14-16

mm. obtusely bent at top of calyx internally glandularly hairy, ovary

ovate, stigma exserted, capsule 75 mm. oyate acuminate slightly

exserted, seeds 2°5 mm. testa rufous distinctly reticulated.

3l. (—). P. rmx Clarke. :

Stems tall erect glabrous simple or sparingly fastigiately branching

above strict 4-angled or slightly 4-winged, radical leaves evanescent

cauline petioled 4-nately whorled whorls alternate lower petioles dilated

at base upper winged connate in a campanulate perfoliate sheath

laminae elliptic pinnatisect rhachis winged segments lanceolate acute

pinnatifid, bracts foliar connate at bases in membranous tubes longer

than calyx, flowers laxly interruptedly spiked, calyx subsessile thinly

membranous deeply cleft and bifid, corolla tube straight 2-3 times as

long as calyx, lip stipitate strongly 2-plicate 3-lobed lateral lobes sub-

rotund half the size of central cucullate projecting elliptic broader than

long, galea curved hardly beaked bidentate below apex, stamens inserted

opposite top of ovary filaments rufous-villous above. P. rex Clarke;

Maxim., Mel. Biol, xii. 875, t. 5, f. 103.

Assam: Khasia Hills, (Mann! Clarke). Burma: (Brandis !),

Distriz: Yunnan; Kwei-tschou.

Stems 40-120 cm. roots fusiform, spikes 8-30 em. in 4-flowered

whorls 20-80 mm. apart, bract sheaths 10-12 mm. deep, calyx 10 mm.

cleft to base below and }-3 above segments deltoid entire or minutely

2 or 3-toothed at apex, corolla yellow tube 24-30 mm. 2-plicate like lip

glandularly ciliate within, galea teeth long subulate, ovary ovate dise

prolonged anteriorly as an erect conical spur equalling ovary, stigma

included, capsule rhomboid hardly exserted from bract sheath, seeds

3 mm. elliptic black minutely reticulated.

Most nearly allied to P. superba Franchet, where also the flowers

are sheathed by connivent bracts, but which has a very different calyx

and corolla.

32. (—). P. conzara Prain.

Dwarf stems slender 2-fariously hairy single or tufted, leaves long-

petioled radical caespitose cauline 1-pair opposite or 0 oblong acute

pinnatipartite segments ovate pinnatifid serrate, bracts foliar 2-pairs

opposite, flowers 3 or 4, pedicelled, calyx oblong glabrous, corolla tube

wide cylindric straight almost twice as long as calyx, lip 3-lobed 2-

plicate lobes large rounded nearly equal, galea straight erect acuminate

1889. ] D. Prain—Some additional species of Pedicularis. 267

2-dentate below apex, stamens inserted near base of tube anterior

filaments bearded above. P. collata Prain in Ann. Roy. Bot. Garden,

Calcutta, iii ined.

Eastern Himanaya: Chumbi, at Cho-la, (Dr. King’s collector !) ;

Eastern Nepal, at Pey-kiong-la and Ny-e-gu, 11-13000 feet, (Mr. Pant-

ling’s collectors !).

Stems 1-4 em., rootstock slender crowned with scales roots tufted

fibrous, flowers opposite in both pairs of bracts, or in lower pair only

with single terminal flower, calyx 10 mm. 5-toothed upper tooth entire

subulate the others ovate obtuse serrate with short narrow entire bases,

corolla pink tube 18 mm. dilated above externally lineate-pilose within

glandularly hairy, ovary ovate lanceolate dise anteriorly thickened,

stigma exserted ; capsule not seen.

A very distinct dwarf species with large handsome flowers. The

habit repeats that of dwarf forms of P. Roylet.

Series IT. Cauline leaves alternate.

* Upper lip beaked.

33, (15). P. rricuognossa Hook. f.; Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii., 842,

t. 3, £. 68.

34, (16). P. Crarxrr Hook. f.; Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii., 840, t. 3,

f. 60.

30. (17). P. tacnNoeiossa Hook. f.; Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii., 837,

t. 3, f. 55.

36. (18). P. uxcunsa Hook, f.; Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii., 828, t. 3,

f, 44,

387. (19). P. macranrHa Klotzsch.

VAR. typica; leaves pinnatipartite, flowers rosy red, beak conical

gradually narrowing, central lobe of lip as long as lateral lobes. P.

macrantha Klotzsch in Reis. Pr. Wald., Bot., 108, t. 59; Hook. f,

Flor. Brit. Ind., iv, 311.

Western HimanayA: Garhwal, (Strachey and Winterbottom,) ;

Kamaon, (Duthie, n. 3216!) ; Kunawar, (Hoffmeister !).

var. lutescens; leaves pinnatisect, corolla tube and lip yellow galea

and beak dark purple, galea slightly crested beak slender narrow from

the base, central lobe of lip shorter than lateral. P. ochroleuca Duthie;

Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii., 790, t. 1, £. 5, (not of Schlosser).

Western Hiaraya: Kamaon, 14-15000 feet, in Nipschang Val-

ley ; West Nepal, at Nampa Gadh, (Duthie nn. 3219! 5848 !).

38. (—). P. Garcxeana Prain.

Slender hirsute stems erect leafy, leaves petioled linear lanceolate

pinnatifid segments mucronate dentate, flowers numerous axillary race-

268 D. Prain—Some additional species of Pedicularis. [No. 3,

mose long pedicelled, calyx cylindric hirsute distinctly cleft, corolla

tube twice exceeding calyx, lip deeply trifid lateral lobes ovate central

cuneate truncate projecting, galea falcate not inflated beak slender

circinnate apex bifid, stamens inserted below apex of tube filaments

hirsute anterior densely posterior sparingly. P, Garckeana Prain ; Maxim.,

Mel, Biol. xii, 788,

Easturn Himaraya: Chumbi, Phari, and Jongri, (Dr. King’s collec-

tors !).

Stems 5-15 em. rootstock stout cylindric horizontal branching, pedi-

cels longer than calyx lower pedicels elongating in fruit slender rigid

erect 2-3 times as long as capsule, calyx 12 mm. distinctly reticulate-

veined within 5-toothed teeth subequal elliptic serrate cristate, corolla

dark red tube 22-30 mm. externally pubescent, beak 8 mm. as long as

galea tips of apex segments acute, ovary ovate, stigma exserted,

capsule ovate acuminate 18 mm. 4 exserted, seeds 2 mm. rufous ovate

subacute above distinctly reticulated.

39. (20). P. Exwusir Hook. f.; Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii; 793;

ts Unt. Ss.

Add to description of F. B. I. iv, 312 :—capsule 15 mm. ovate acu-

minate ; exserted, seeds 25 mm. ovate pale distinctly reticulated appen-

daged below, with dark furrow on one side.

40. (2). BP. ropustra Hook. f.

4], (—), P. nepatensis Prain.

Dwarf glabrous tufted almost stemless, leayes mostly radical all

long petioled linear lanceolate pinnatifid segments ovate mucronate-

dentate, flowers few (3—5) long pedicelled axillary calyx cylindric with

nerves sparingly haired cleft } anteriorly, corolla tube twice as long as

calyx, lip 3-lobed margin crenulate lobes truncate lateral ovate twice as

large as central rounded, galea inflated reflexed at base then subfalcate

with short vertical bifid beak, stamens inserted above middle of tube all

filaments hirsute. P. nepalensis Prain in Ann, Roy. Bot. Garden, Cal-

cutta, iii ined.

Easturn Himataya: H. Nepal, at Ka-gling, 13000 feet, (Dr. King’s

collector !).

Stems 0-1 em, rhizome short roots tufted fleshy, pedicels 25-35 mm.,

calyx 15 mm, 5-toothed teeth elliptic serrate upper narrower others

subequal, corolla purple tube 25-28 mm. beak 4'5 mm., ovary lanceolate

stigma included capsule oblong oblique 20 mm. } exserted, seeds 2 mm,

pale broadly ovate reticulations distinct but shallow,

42, (—). P. Scuntyana Prain,

Stems hirsute erect strict stout simple leafy, leaves petioled lan-

ceolate acute pinnatipartite rhachis dentate segments oblong lanceolate

_—_

1889. ] D. Prain—Some additional species of Pedicularis. 269

pinnatifid serrate dentate, flowers pedicelled axillary in dense racemes,

calyx subglobose inflated hirsute corolla tube hardly as long as calyx, lip

3-lobed lateral lobes ovate twice as large as central orbicular, galea much

inflated abruptly bent beak half as long as galea directed downwards

deeply bifid, stamens inserted in middle of tube filaments hirsute. P.

Scullyana Prain ; Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii,.789, t. 1, £. 6.

CmnrraL anp Eastern Himanaya:—Nepal, (Wallich! Scully !) ;

Jongri, (Dr. King’s collectors !),

Stems 24-50 em. as thick as little finger, rootstock horizontal thick

fleshy, leaves with white crisp hairs, pedicels shorter than calyx, calyx

20 mm, 5-toothed teeth equal ovate lanceolate deeply serrate, corolla

yellow tube 18 mm. expanded above externally pilose, beak 4 mm. seg-

ments acute, ovary lanceolate stigma exserted, capsule ovate acuminate

23 mm. } exserted, seeds 3 mm. pale appendaged below, reticulations

small but deep.

43, (21). P. mecanantHa Don,

VAR. fypica ; flowers numerous densely racemose, corolla tube 2-3

times as long as calyx, lateral lobes of lip twice as wide as irregularly

triangular central. P. megalantha Don. Prodr. Flor, Nepal. 94; Wall.,

Cat. 411; Benth., DC. Prodr. x, 564; Regel, Gartenflora, t. 943 ; Hook.

f., Flor. Brit. Ind. iv, 312. P. Hoffmeisteri Klotzsch, Reis. Pr. Wald.,

Bot., 108, t. 60.

Apinn Himantaya: Kashmir to Chumbi and Bhutan.

vaR. pauciflora ; flowers few (3-6) axillary; corolla tube 4-5 times

as long as calyx, lateral lobes of lip deeply emarginate 4-5 times

as wide as subligulate central. P. megalantha var. pauciflora Prain;

Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii, 793.

Easvorn Himanaya: Chumbi and Jongri, (Dr. King’s collectors !).

Corolla tube, of type 50-55 mm., of VAR. pauciflora 80 mm. Flowers

in West Himalaya golden-yellow, in Nepal pink galea with yellow tube

and lip, in Sikkim and Bhutan rose-purple, in 8S. Tibet dark purple,

44, (22). P. picornnura Klotzsch,

45, [26]. P. nnupHanrormers Benth.

Stems pubescent simple stout erect leafy, leaves petioled linear

oblong pinnatifid segments obtuse crenate, flowers numerous crowded

racemose pedicelled, calyx inflated glabrous, corolla tube hardly exceed-

ing calyx, lip deeply 3-lobed lateral lobes ovate 3 wider than central

oblong, galea slightly inflated beak narrow very long slender flexuous

apex reflexed obtuse entire, stamens inserted near apex of tube filaments

glabrous. P. elephantoides Benth., Scroph, Ind. 53, and DC. Prodr, x,

564; Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii, t, 1, f. 4.

270 D. Prain—Some additional species of Pedicularis. [No. 3,

Western Htmanaya :-—Kashmir, (Royle, Sedgwick !).

Stems as thick as goose quill, pedicels half as long as calyx, calyx

15 mm, 5-toothed slightly cleft teeth ovate serrate upper 4 the size of

others densely reticulate between the nerves, corolla yellow or with

galea and beak purple, tube 15 mm., beak 24 mm, margins of filaments

undulate, ovary lanceolate acute, stigma exserted, capsule not seen,

Repeats habit and foliage, calyx, corolla tube and lip of P. bicornuta

from which, however, it differs in the throat not being contorted and in

the beak, which is nearly twice as long and is quite entire at apex.

Apparently uncommon and not reported either at Caleutta or Saharan-

pur since collected by Dr. Royle till communicated by Major Sedgwick,

R. H.in 1885. In Sedgwick’s plant the hood and beak are dark purple

the tube and lower lip golden yellow.

46. (23). P. sutra Hook. f.; Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii. t. 1, f. 3.

47. (—). P. Prapwatsxi Maxim.

Dwarf almost stemless, radical leaves tufted narrowly oblong im-

bricate-crenate densely pubescent, flowers few axillary pubescent, calyx

cylindric slightly cleft, corolla tube almost thrice as long as calyx, lip

deeply 3-lobed lobes rounded subequal, galea erect slightly inflated beak

straight bifid halfway, stamens inserted near top of tube filaments all

hirsute. P. Przewalskii Maxim., Mel. Biol. x, 84, and xii, 787, t. 1, f. 2.

Hastern HimanayA:—Phari, (Dr. King’s collector!), Disrris:

N. Tibet; China, Kansu and Szectschuan.

Rootstock fusiform somewhat slender, calyx densely hirsute 11 mm,

5-toothed upper tooth entire very small the others crested anterior pair

smaller than lateral, corolla rose-pink tube 30 mm. puberulous externally,

beak 7 mm. segments slightly expanded at tips, ovary oblong, stigma

subinclnded, capsule oblong oblique shortly cuspidate.

48. (—). P. Davront Prain.

Densely pubescent stems short erect, leaves petioled linear pinnati-

fid segments ovate mucronate-dentate flowers axillary pedicels very long,

calyx cylindric 3 cleft anteriorly densely hirsute, corolla tube + exceed-

iug calyx lip 3-fid margin crenulate lobes rounded lateral + larger than

central, galea inflated slightly reflexed then arcuately curved beak

straight } bifid stamens inserted above middle of tube filaments all hir-

sute. .P. Daltoni Prain in Ann. Roy. Bot. Garden, Caleutta, iii ined,

P. asplentifolia var. pubescens Hook. f., Flor. Brit. Ind. ivy, 315. Pedi-

cularis n. 20, Herb. Ind, Or, H. f. and T. T.

Hastern Huianaya: Sikkim, Donkia-la, (Hooker! Dr, King’s

Collector !), and Ze-lep-la, (Dr. King’s Collector !); Chumbi, Perm-la

and Chum-la-ree, (Dr. King’s Collectors!) ; Phari, (Dr. King’s Col-

lector !).

1889. ] D, Prain—Some additional species of Pedicularis. 271

Stems 2-6 em. high, 2-20 from stout branching rhizome, petioles

slightly dilated at base, pedicels 25-60 mm. rigid elongating in fruit,

valyx 10-12 mm. 5-toothed segments elliptic serrate upper smallest,

corolla red tube 16 mm, distinctly widened at apex nearly glabrous

externally, beak 5 mm. segments with acute tips, capsule oblong oblique

shortly cuspidate nearly } exserted, seeds ovoid pale distinctly reticu-

lated.

49, (24). P. sipnonanrna Don ; Hook. fi

Var. typica; leaf segments lanceolate, corolla tube 4-5 times as lone

as calyx, throat acutely bidentate. P. siphonantha Don, Prodr. Flor.

Nepal., 95; Wall., Cat. 417; Benth., DC. Prodr. x, 565. P. Hookeriana

Wall., Cat., 421; Beuth., Scroph. Ind. 53, and DC. Prodr. x, 564,

P. himalayca Klotasch, Reis. Pr. Wald., Bot., 107, t. 58.

In two very distinct forms:—a, “ siphonantha vera”, with short

decumbent stems or stemless, leaf segments contignons=P. siphonantha

Don; Wall,; Benth. 1l. ec., the more usual form in Sikkim and Nepal,

comparatively unusual in Kamaon and not apparently occurring in

Kashmir or W. Tibet; and 8. “ Hookeriana”, with long ascending or

erect stems, leaf segments distant subalternate = P. Hookeriana Wall. ;

Benth. Il. ce. and= P. himalayea Klotzsch 1. ¢., the form characteristic

of Kashmir and W. Tibet but occasionally reported from Sikkim also.

There are, however, forms intermediate in habit and as the floral struc-

ture is identical they cannot be looked upon as distinct varieties.

Var. brevituba; leaf segments ovate, corolla tube 2-3 times as long:

as calyx, teeth of throat obtuse or almost absent, P. Hlephas Boiss.,

Diag., Ser. i; iv, 81, and Flor. orient., iv, 489; Benth., DO. Prodr. x,

565. P. punctata Dene, Jacquem. Voy., Bot., 111, t. 122; Beuth., DO.

Prodr, x, 565.

Also in two very distinct forms:—y. “ Hlephas”, with short stems

and contiguous imbricate leaf-segments = P. Hlephas Boiss. ll. ec. as to

description but excluding “ Griffith 1060” which has apex of beak

entire and is, as Sir J. D. Hooker points out, P. rhinanthoides :—and 6.

“ punctata ”’ with tall rigid erect stems and distant alternate leaf-seoments

= P. punctata Dene ; Benth. Il, ec., frequently distributed with specimens

of form f. as “ P. Hookeriana.” Specimens intermediate as to foliar

characters certainly occur but “ punetata” differs from Wall. Cat. 421

by its shorter tube, indistinct teeth, and very large lower lip the lateral

lobes of which embrace the throat and meet behind the galea; these

characters though constant are not however of specific value.

The forms of var. typica repeat the habit and foliage of the two

forms of P. longiflora, those of yar. brevituba repeat the habit and foliage

of the two varieties of P. rhinanthoides.

272 D. Prain—Some additional species of Pedicularis. [No. 3,

P. labellata Jacquem. is excluded from P. siphonantha by its entire

apex of beak, its edentulous throat, its inflated galea and its 5-toothed

calyx, while P. Hoffmeistert Klotzsch, an original specimen of which

Dr. Garcke of Berlin has kindly sent to the Calcutta herbarium, is

P. megalantha Don, var. typica.

50. (27). P. ronairnora Rudolph, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., iv, 345,

t. 3, (1811) ; Bunge, Ledeb. Flor. Ross. iii, 276 ; Maxim., Mel. Biol. x, 86.

P. tubiflora Pischer, Mem. Soc. Mose., iii, 58, (1812) ; Steven, Monogr,

Pedic., 30; Benth,, DO. Prodr. x, 565; Hook.f, Flor. Brit. Ind. iv, 314.

P. tubiformis Klotzsch, Reis. Pr. Wald., Bot. 106, t. 57.

51. (26.) P. nuinantuorpes Schrenk.,

Var. typica ; stems short 5-10 cm., beak 6 mm, as long as galea

shorter than lip, anterior stamens sparingly hirsute. P. rhinanthoides

Schrenk, Enum. Pl, Nov., i, 22; Benth., DC. Prodr. x, 565; Bunge,

Ledeb. Flor. Ross. iti, 276.

Not in India. Disrrie: Alatau, (Schrenk) ; Hindoo Koosh, (Griffith

1060 !); Turkestan, Ishomori, (A. Regel !).

A gathering from Tehri-Garhwal with short stems 3 ecm. high,

(Duthie 576!), has the short beak of var. typica with the stout stems

and densely hairy anterior stamens of the following variety which it

thus connects with the typical plant,

Var. labellata ; stems stouter 8-40 em., beak 10-14 mm. longer than

galea and equalling or exceeding lip, anterior stamens densely hirsute.

P. labellata Jacquem., Dene, Jacquem. Voy., Bot., 117, t. 123; Benth.,

DO, Prodr. x, 565; Maxim., Mel. Biol. x, 83, and xii, 792. P

thoides Hook. f., Flor. Brit. Ind. iv, 813, excluding synonyms.

52. (—). P. aruina Franchet.

Branching from base central stem erect others decumbent stems

hirsute leafy, leaves very small short-petioled pinnatipartite seements

distant oblong recurved margins cartilaginous serrate, flowers axillary

racemose distant long pedicelled, calyx hirsute campanulate, corolla tubo

slightly exceeding calyx, lip broader than long 3-lobed lateral lobes

rhomboid 4 times as large as central orbicular, galea inflated bidentate

beak long slender apex decurved acute entire, stamens inserted above

middle of tube filaments hirsute. P. gruina Franchet ; Maxim., Mel.

Biol xu, 799, ¢. 1,4. 15,

Burma-YUNNAN rrontier: Momyen, (Anderson !). Distrie: Yunnan,

Roots slender fibrous, central stem 8-10 em. sparingly shortly

branched, decumbent stems simple rooting below, pedicels longer than

calyx, calyx 6 mm. 5-toothed teeth equal ovate acute with narrow entire

bases and deeply retroserrate margins above, corolla red tube 7:5 mm.,

beak 10 mm., oyary oblong lanceolate, stigma hardly exserted.

. rhinan-

1859. ] D. Prain—Some additional species of Pedicularis. 273

Momyen, the locality of the single Calcutta gathering, is just within

the Yunnan frontier, technically therefore this species does not deserve a

place in the Indian Flora; as, however, when Upper Burma becomes

botanically better known this is likely to be met with the diagnosis is

given a

538. (25). P. carnosa Wall.; Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii, t. 3, f. 52.

54, (28). P. mrcrocatyx Hook. f. ; erin Mel. Biol. xii, 452, t, 4,

ffl

55. [29]. P. acprrnora Prain.

Dwarf tufted glabrous stems short or 0, cauline leaves 0 radical

numerous caespitose long petioled oblong-lanceolate pinnatisect seg-

ments distant ovate mucronate-dentate, flowers few shortly pedicelled

subcapitate or the lower scattered lower alternate upper subopposite,

calyx cylindric-campanulate hardly cleft, corolla tube twice as long as

calyx lip 3-lobed lobes rounded lateral } exceeding central galea arcuate-

ly curved beak conical faleate apex obtuse crenulate not bifid, stamens

inserted in middle of tube filaments glabrous. P. albiflora Prain in Ann,

Roy. Bot. Garden, Calcutta, iii ined. P. aspleniifolia var. albijlora

Hook. f., Flor. Brit. Ind. iv, 315.

Hasturn Himanaya; Sikkim, (Hooker, Dr. King’s Collectors !).

Stem 0-8 cm., rootstock slender with few ovate scales, bracts 4

longer than calyx 3-sect dilated at base, calyx 8-10 mm. 5-toothed teeth

lanceolate entire obtuse except upper smallest acute, corolla white tube

20-24 mm. uniform throughout beak 3°5 mm., ovary lanceolate stigma,

subexserted ; capsule not seen.

56. (29). P. Watnicui Bunge, Bull. Sc. Acad. St. Petersb. viii,

251, (name only), and Walp. Rep. ii, 415, P. asplenifolia, Wall. Cat.

416A, (not of Floerke and excluding specimen B). P aspleniifolia,

Hook. f, Flor, Brit. Ind. iv, 315, (not of Floerke, and excluding varieties

and synonyms).

This differs from P. albiflora in having both pairs of stamens hir-

sute, in its wide subinflated calyx, its numerous lanceolate rhizome scales

and its few radical leaves. Wall. Cat. 416B is P. Oedert Vahl, var.

heteroglossa,

57. (30). P. ruacennaris Benth.; Hook. f.

58. (81). P. rurrovracea Wall. ; Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii, t, 3, f. 59,

59. [81]. P. Panviiner Prain.

Stems single or several from base unbranched rigid tall leafy 3-5-

fariously hairy above, leaves long-petioled furfuraceous beneath broadly

ovate pinnatilobed lobes ovate serrate, flowers axillary in dense racemes

pedicelled, calyx campanulate hirsute, corolla tube widened above as

long as calyx, lip 3-lobed margin ciliate lateral lobes ovate thrice as

274 D. Prain—Some additional species of Pedicularis. [No. 3,

large as central orbicular, galea inflated bent at a right angle beak

straight apex bifid segments emarginate, stamens inserted opposite top

of ovary anterior filaments puberulous. P. Pantlingii Prain in Ann.

Roy. Bot. Garden, Calcutta, iii ined. P. furfuracea var. integrifolia

Hook, 7, Flor. Brit., Ind. iv, 316. Pedicularis n, 30, Herb. Ind. or

H, f. and T. T.

Eastern Himanaya: Sikkim, (Hooker, Pantling!); Chumbi, (Dr.

King’s collectors !).

Rootstock slender, stems as thick as goose quill strict 30-40 cm.

calyx 8 mm. nerves densely pilose 5-toothed not cleft teeth large upper

deltoid entire others ovate incised serrate, corolla red-purple tube 8 mm.,

beak 8 mm. inner lobe of apex segments larger, capsule 17 mm. broadly

lanceolate acuminate $ exserted, seeds 2 mm. ovate acute black hardly

reticulated.

Very similar and nearly allied to P. furfwracea Wall. but with less

incised leaves and more rigid thicker stems. The diagnosis is as

follows :—P. furfuracea ; calyx glabrous § cleft in front 5-or 3-toothed

teeth minute, or margin not toothed, corolla pale pink or white tube some-

what longer than calyx, lobes of lip all truncate emarginate eciliate,

galea glabrous throat 2-sinuate apex of beak deeply bifid segments emar-

ginate outer lobes large ovate, filaments glabrous, capsule narrowly

lanceolate acuminate } exserted; P. Pantlingit; calyx hirsute not cleft

5-toothed teeth large, corolla dark-purple tube not exserted, lobes of lip

rounded entire margin ciliate, galea furfuraceous throat entire apex of

beak less deeply bifid segments emarginate outer lobes triangular

minute, anterior filaments puberulous, capsule wide lanceolate acuminate

3 exserted. The flower and fruit in P. Pantlingiit are larger than in P,

furfuracea, In which calyx is 6 mm., corolla 10 mm., capsule 14 mm.

60. (—). P. Rugerrana Prain.

Dwarf stemless, leaves pinnatisect segments ovate pinnatifid toothed,

flowers axillary long pedicelled, calyx campanulate nerves hirsute,

corolla tube $ longer than calyx expanded above, lip 3-fid lobes rounded

lateral § exceeding central, galea much inflated arcuate throat 2-dentate

beak very short truncate apex entire, stamens inserted above middle of

tube anterior filaments densely posterior sparingly hirsute, P, Regeliana

Prain in Ann. Roy, Bot. Garden, Calcutta, iii ined.

Hastern Himanaya: Phari and Jongri, (Dr. King’s collectors !).

Roots slender fibrous, leaves long-petioled, pedicels stout 2-4 times

as long as calyx, calyx 10 mm. 5-toothed 4 cleft in front teeth serrate

upper smallest lateral larger than anterior pair, corolla purple tube 15-

18 mm., galea with teeth directed downwards and crested above as far

as the origin of beak, beak 1°5 mm., ovary ovate, stigma exserted,

1889, ] D. Prain— Some additional species of Pedicularis. 275

capsule 18 mm. narrowly ovate apex acuminate } exserted, seeds few

2'5 mm, ash grey striate but hardly reticulated.

Repeats habit and foliage of P. acaulis Wulff. but is smaller in all

its parts. The calyx teeth are smaller and the galea is widely different ;

the capsule on the other hand is larger.

61. (—). P. oponrorHora Prain,

Stems short puberulous several from rootstock, leaves long petioled

radical few finally evanescent cauline 1-2 alternate pinnatisect segments

pinnatifid, flowers few axillary rather crowded shortly pedicelled, calyx

campanulate, corolla tube twice as long as calyx slightly widened above,

lip 3-lobed lobes ovate later } exceeding central, galea 2-dentate slightly

inflated widely arcuately curved beak straight apex emarginate, stamens

inserted in middle of tube anterior filaments densely hirsute throughout

posterior sparsely hirsute below glabrous above. P. odontophora Prain

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Garden, Calcutta, iii ined.

Hasrorn Himanaya :—Sikkim, Na-tong, (Dr. King’s collectors !) ;

Phari, Do-tho, (Dr. King’s collector !).

Rootstock creeping with squamous nodes and crowned with scales,

stems 2-4 em. calyx 7 mm. 5-toothed teeth entire upper tooth and lower

pair deltoid intervening subulate, corolla tube white 13 mm. with dorsal

line of hairs outside extended along erect portion of galea which is

bidentate anteriorly, inflated part of galea and beak pink, beak 5 mm.,

ovary ovoid, stigma exserted ; capsule not seen.

A very distinct species.

62. (?32). P. curvirns Hook. f.; Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii, 919.

Not yet received in flower, Add to locality of F. B. I. iv, 316 ;—

Assam: Naga Hills, 9000, (Clarke !),

63. (33). P. poticHorrniza Schrenk, Enum. Pl. Noy. ii, 23;

Walp. Rep. iii, 426; Bunge, Ledeb. Flor. Ross. iii, 291; Benth., DC.

Prodr. x, 570; Maxim., Mel. Biol, x, 117 and xii, 905, t. 6, f, 146.

P. cabulica Benth. DC. Prodr, X, 575. P. fissa Turcz. ? Hook. f,

Flor. Brit, Ind. iv, 316.

Wesrurn Himanaya: Iskardo, (Dr. Falconer’s collectors !); Ladak,

(Henderson !); Gilgit, (Tanner !, Giles!); Hindu Koosh, (Griffith,

[3941 Kew distribution] !, Giles!); Afghanistan, Kurzar, (Griffith,

[1143 Journ.] !).

Gilgit and W, Tibet gatherings quite agree with specimens of P.

dolichorrhiza received from St. Petersburg ; it is not possible to separate

P. cabulica from P. dolichorrhiza even as a variety.

* * Upper lip shortly or not beaked,

64, (34), P. Oupurt Vahl in Hornem., Oekon. Plantel., ed. ii,

276 [No. 3,

D. Prain—Some additional species of Pedicularis.

580, (1806) and ed. iti, 674; Hartm., Flor. Skand., 199; Caruel in

Parlatore, Flor. Ital. vi, 429; Reichb. f., Flor. Germ, xx, 76, t. 1759,

f, 2; Lange, Nomenclator Flor. Dan., 2; Trauty., Increm, Flor, Ross,

ii, 77. P. versicolor Wahlenberg, Veg. Helvet., 118, (1813) and Flor.

Suec. i, 389; Hartm., Vet. Ak. Handl., 185; Steven, Monogr. Pedic.,

52; Reichb,, Iconog. i, 31, t. 14; Ledeb., Flor, Altaic. ii, 437; Turez.,

Flor, Baic.-Dahur. iii, 875; Bunge in Ledeb. Flor. Ross. iii, 800;

Walp., Rep. ui, 428; Royle, Ilustr. t. 72, f.2; Benth., DO. Prodr. x,

578; Maxim., Mel. Biol. x, 133 and xii, 918, t. 7, £.177; Hook. f., Flor.

Brit. Ind. iv, 316. P. flammea Oeder, Flor. Dan., t. 80, (1761) ; Allioni,

Flor, Pedemon. i, 63; Haencke in Jacquin. Collectan. ii, 70; Poiret in

Lamk, Enecyclop. v, 185; (not P. flammea Linn.). P. flammea var.

major Wahlenberg, Flor, Lappon., 168, (1812). P. hirsuta Smith in

Rees, Cyclop. vol, xxvi, (1819) ; (mot P. hirsuta Linn.).

Var. typica ; galea wider and shorter than tube, central lobe of lip

not projecting, calyx teeth triangular equal apices acute.

Western Himataya:—Kashmir, (Royle!); Tibet, (Falconer !,

Thomson !, Stoliczka!, Brandis!, Hllis!). Disrri: Arctic and Alpine

Europe; Arctic and Alpine Siberia; Arctic America.

The Kashmir and Tibet plant is the same as the Dahurian form

having the calyx hirsute and the teeth, except the upper, serrate; the > a

lobes of the lip are entire as in the Scandinavian and Arctic form, (P.

Oederi Vahl), where the calyx is also hirsute but all the calyx teeth

are entire, and not emarginate as in the Swiss plant, (P. versicolor

Wahlbg, Veg. Helvet. 118), where the calyx teeth are also entire the

calyx being glabrous,

Var. heteroglossa ; galea narrower than in type and as long as tube,

central lobe of lip projecting, calyx teeth narrowly lanceolate all, or

upper excepted, with expanded orbicular serrate tips. ‘An eadem ac ~

P. asplenifolia ?” Wallich in sched., Wall Cat., 416 B.

WestERN AND Cuntrat HimanayA:—Kamaon, (Royle!, Wallich !,

Collett !, Duthie!, Reid!) ; Nepal, (Scully!). Disrrin: N. Tibet, N.

China, H. Kansu.

The Kamaon form is Wall. Cat. 416B which that author only

doubtfully referred to his P. asplenifolia. It may be the plant intend-

ed by Royle, (11L, t. 72, f. 2), since he there figures a plant with small

lower lip, which is true of this, and since Kamaon specimens of this

obtained by him are preserved at Saharanpur. But the lip of his

figured plant is too small even for this form and he cites Kashmir in

the text as its locality ; his Kashmir specimens are true var. fypica only.

The various Kamaon gatherings exactly agree;—calyx hirsute upper |

tooth linear lanceolate acute, ip of corolla +4 smaller than in var. gt

_#.

1889. ] D, Prain—Some additional species of Pedicularis. 277

typica margin crenulate central lobe ovate lanceolate, galea 4 longer

than in VAR. typica as narrow as tube. Dr. Scully’s Nepal gathering

differs considerably ;—calyx glabrescent all the teeth with ovate ex-

panded tips, corolla lip 3 times as large as in var. typica margin entire

lobes orbicular, galea narrower than tube. The greatest difference is

in the much larger lip; perhaps var. heteroglossa should be considered

a species distinct from P, Oederi with the Nepal plant as a definite

variety of this new species.

65. (—). P. Prarytana Maxim.

Krect strict stout hirsute stem leafy simple, leaves oblong linear

sessile deeply pinnatifid segments oblong acute deeply irregularly

serrate, bracts linear oblong serrulate at apex, flowers densely spiked,

calyx campanulate hirsute, corolla tube slightly exceeding calyx, lip

3-fid lobes obovate equal margins ciliate, galea sparsely hairy navicular

beakless, stamens inserted in middle of tube filaments glabrous, P.

Prainiana Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii, 844, t. 3, f. 66.

Hastern Himatsya: Chumbi, at Lu-ma-poo, (Dr, King’s collec-

tor !).

Stem 30-40 cm., upper bracts shorter than flowers, calyx 16 mm.

5-toothed upper tooth entire deltoid the others lanceolate serrate, corolla

yellow tube 17 mm., galea rounded in front hiant, ovary ovoid, stigma

exserted ; capsule not seen.

Repeats habit and foliage of P. Olarkei. Is nearly allied to P,

rudis Maxim, and was originally distributed from Calcutta under that

name ; ib is, however, as Mr. Maximowicz points out, perfectly distinct.

66. (£6), P. Purrorrerm Benth, ; Maxim,, Mel. Biol. xii, t. 1. f, 1.

67. (—). P. corymposa Prain,

Stems stoutish short irregularly angular or flattened 2-3 fariously

hairy branching, leaves petioled pubescent fleshy oblong acute narrowed

at the base crenate lobes serrate, bracts sessile, flowers capitate and very

shortly pedicelled at apices of stem and branches, calyx oblong pubes-

cent fleshy, corolla tube twice as long as calyx slightly expanded above,

lip 3-fid lobes oblong equal, galea hardly inflated widely arcuately curved

and scarcely beaked, stamens inserted opposite top of ovary filaments

glabrous. P. corymbosa Prain in Ann, Roy. Bot. Garden, Calcutta,

iii ined.

Burma: Shan Hills, Pwehla and Tamakan, 4000 feet, (Collett !) ;

Maymyo Hill, 4000 feet, (Dr. King’s collector !).

Stems 10-15 em., branches axillary subcorymbose, roots fibrous,

bracts wide-based serrate crenate } longer than calyx, calyx 11 mm,

deeply 2-fid, cleft in front teeth ovate crested tube densely pube-

scent externally and reticulated between the nerves within, corolla

278 D. Prain—Some additional species of Pedicularis. [No. 3,

tube white 18-24 mm., lip white with pink margin, galea rose-pink, ovary

ovate lanceolate, stigma exserted.

Evidently nearly allied to P. crenata Maxim. which differs in hay-

ing smaller flowers (22 mm. in place of 35-38 mm.), calyx not cleft both

lobes 2-dentate and not reticulated internally, galea distinctly beaked,

lip with ciliate margin, and anterior filaments bearded.

68. (—). P. Cotnerrit Prain.

Very tall stems purpurascent pubescent terete rigid strict sparingly

fastigiately branched towards apex, leaves and bracts coriaceous sub-

scabrid ovate acute sessile crenulate serrate, flowers axillary sessile

densely spiked, calyx coriaceous oblong densely pilose deeply 2-fid, corolla

tube exceeding calyx expanded above glandular ciliate internally, lip

widely stipitate 3-fid lobes orbicular equal, galea externally furfuraceous

arcuately curved with short truncate beak emarginate at apex, stamens

inserted near base of tube filaments rufous villous at insertion, glabrous

above. LP. Colletti Prain in Ann. Roy. Bot. Garden, Calcutta, iii ined.

Borma: Shan hills, Koni, 4000 feet, and Toungyi, 5000 feet, (Col-

lett !).

Stems 120 em., rootstock stout horizontal, bracts longer than calyx,

calyx 14 mm. } cleft in front, } behind, segments wide below, lanceolate

above, tips oktuse entire, corolla purple tube 16 mm. ovary lanceolate

acuminate, stigma exserted.

A very striking species with considerable affinity to P. zeylanica

but with galea larger in proportion to tube and very different foliage

and habit.

69. (37). P. znyuanica Benth. ; Maxim., Mel. Biol. xii, t. 3, f. 45.

INSUFFICIENTLY REPRESUNTED,

70. (—). Prptcutarts sp. with alternate leaves.

Manirour: Sirohifurar, (Watt !).

In leaf only; certainly not the same as any in the above list;

seems a member of the section ‘ SrpHonanruan,”’ and is possibly

conspecific with one or other of the Yunnan species of that section.

[Mr. Maximowiecz in a letter received since the above was written

says of this plant that it “looks like a Siphonantha or (less so) a

Oomosa.”” He does not recognise init any of the Yunnan species (of

which he has given full descriptions in Mel, Biol. xii) ; it should there-

fore be a species yet to be described. |

‘ino

1889.] A. Alcock—List of Pleuronectide from the Bay of Bengal. 279

XVI.—WNatural-History Notes from H. M. Indian Marine Survey Steamer

‘Investigator,’ Commander Aurrep CaRpeninr, Bi. Nes 2D OE

commanding.—No. 10. List of the Pleuronectide obtained in the Bay

of Bengal in 1888 and 1889, with descriptions of new and rare

species.—By Aurrep Acocks, M. B, (Aper.), Surgeon-Naturalist to the

Marine Survey.

[Received and Read August 9th, 1889, ]

(With Plates XVI.—XVIIL)

CoNTENTS.

Introduction.

List, with Descriptions, of the Shallow-Water Forms obtained during

Season 1888-89.

§ 3. List, with Descriptions, of the Shallow-Water Forms obtained during

Seasons previous to 1888-89.

§ 4, Descriptions of the Deep-Sea Forms obtained from Commencement of

Survey to Date.

§ 1. Introduction.

This paper gives merely a list of the Pleuronectide obtained by

the trawl and dredge in the Bay of Bengal during tw seasons’ work of

H. M.I. M. Survey Steamer ‘Investigator,’ with descriptions of new

and rare species. Complete synonomies are not given, mainly because

the systematic exploration of the Bay can only be regarded as begun,

and it would be premature to catalogue any one group until the whole

basin has been more thoroughly explored.

This initial list contains the names of 29 species, of which 11

appear to be new to science, 3 are rare species not before met with in

Indian waters, while the remaining 15 are well-known forms,

Again, of these 29 species, 23 are from the Orissa coast and the

Ganjam coast north of Gopalpur, 3 are from the deeper open waters of

the northern end of the Bay, while 2 are from the east coast of Ceylon,

and 1 from Cocanada. These last 6 species are the fruit of occasional

dredgings, so that we are left with 23 species representing four months

regular trawling off the Orissa coast, or rather off the eastern coast of

the peninsula between False Point on the north and Gopalpur on the

south—a region nearly corresponding with the debouchement of the

Mahdnaddi Delta.

The physical features here are those of all Indian deltas where the

land is making precarious advances on a shoaling muddy sea. Low-lying

wastes of drifting sand alternate with still lower-lying estuarine

swamps ; the coast line presents the unbroken level of a recently formed

ab | TY

280 <A. Alcock—List of Pleuronectides from the Bay of Bengal. [No. 8,

alluvium ; the bed of the seais an almost imperceptible slope of fine

sand and mud, and the more or less turbid waters are conscquently so

shallow that the twenty-fathom line is distant from five to thirteen miles

from shore, while the hundred-fathom line ranges from fifteen to twenty-

two miles, as was determined by the ‘Investigator’ in her recent

survey. Towards the south the sea deepens, and the bottom beeomes

more sandy.

The waters of this region swarm with crustaceans and fishes.

Pencide, Paguride, and all the families of the Brachyura exist in the

greatest abundance, while the surface waters are crowded with the

lower crustacea and with crustacean larve, The commonest fishes

are Sciena, Kurtus, Polynemus, Hquula, Arius, Pellona; Carcharias

Scyllium, Trygon ; and, among the Pleuronectids, Pseudorhombus and

Cynoglossus.

§ 2. List, with Descriptions, of the Shallow-Water Fishes obtained (in

the above reyion) during season 1888-89.

1, Psurroprs promet, (Bloch).

Giinther, Catalogue, iv, 402; Day, Fishes of India, p. 422, pl. xci, fig. 4,

Met with from False Point to Ganjam, from 10 to 23 fathoms.

2. ARNOGLOSSUS MACROLOPHUS, n. sp., Pl. XVIII, Fig. 2.

D. 88-90. A. 67. L, Lat. 55.

Body rather elongate, its height being one-third of the total length.

The length of the head is contained nearly 43 times in the total, and is

equal to its height. The lower jaw projects slightly. The snout is

obtuse, almost as long as the eye, and excavated in front of the upper

eye.

Hyes on the left side, large, their diameter being contained nearly

3% times in the length of the head. A large patent nostril in the

excavation of the snout above the upper eye; and two in front of the

interorbital space, the anterior being valved. Cleft of mouth very

oblique, The length of the maxilla is contained 2+ times in the length

of the head. A single row of small sharp close set uniform teeth in

each jaw, The head of the vomer is very prominent. The tongue is

styliform, Gill-cleft very wide: the margin of the opereulum forms a

semicircle. Gill-rakers distant, short, slender, and without any serra-

tions. Integument covered with small scales, strongly and sharply

ctenoid on the coloured, cycloid, thin, and excessively deciduous on the

blind side. The scales invest the base of the caudal and the lower

third of the rays of the vertical fins, at least on the coloured side.

1889,] A. Aleock—Tist of Pleuronectidw from the Bay of Bengal. 281

Lateral line with a semi-circular curve above the pectoral. Fins.

The dorsal fin begins in front of the anterior nostril and extends exactly

up to the base of the caudal: its first six rays are prolonged, the longest

being more than half the total length of the body. The anal is

separated from the ventral by a median double-toothed spine, and

extends exactly up to the base of the caudal: its rays are similar to the

posterior rays of the dorsal. The caudal consists of 17 branched rays,

of which the longest are one-sixth the total length of the body: it is

obtusely pointed. The pectoral is much more developed on the coloured

side, where it is as long as the head exclusive of the snout, and consists

of 9 vays: the right pectoral is one-third less than the left in length, and

consists of 6 rays. The ventrals are both well developed, and both co-

loured: the left has 6 rays arranged in a line from the throat to the

anal, the right is of the usual form.

Colours in life, dull smoky brown with a circumferential row of

ill-defined dark blotches just inside the vertical fins, and others alone

the lateral line. Both ventrals nearly black. Coloured pectoral with a

transverse black band in its posterior half.

Total length 3,5, inches.

Locality of capture, 5 miles south of Ganjam in 25 fathoms, on a

clean sandy bottom. Only one specimen,

8. BracuyPLeuRA XanTHosticra, n. sp., Pl. XVII, Fig. 3.

B.6. D. 68-69. A. 44-46, L. lat. 30.

Body rather elongate, its height being one-third of the total length.

The length of the head is one-fourth of the total and equal to its height,

The lower jaw projects and forms the tip of the snout, and there is a

sharp knob at the symphysis, The snout is pointed and is as long as

the eye. Eyes on the right side, large, being one-fourth of the head-

length in diameter; they are separated by a sharp ridge ; the upper is

in advance and is very oblique. Nostrils in front of the interorbital

space, the anterior being valved : on the left side they are very incon-

spicuous and are placed almost on the dorsal profile. Mouth wide and

forming an almost vertical arch: the maxilla extends behind the level

of the lower mid-orbit and is slightly over half the length of the head.

Numerous close-set, pointed, conical, curved teeth in both jaws and on

the strongly projecting head of the vomer: those in the premaxilla are

arranged in a double series anteriorly, and those in the lower jaw are in

a double series throughout, the imner row being incuryed, while at the

symphysis they are in a thick patch. Gill-cleft very wide. Margin of

the opercle trilobed. Gill-rakers few, distant, lanceolate and coarsely

serrated on their upper surface. Integument covered with large, thin

282 A, Alcock—LDist of Pleuronectidsw from the Bay of Bengal. [No. 3,

deciduous scales, which are finely ctenoid on the coloured, cycloid on the

blind side. Lateral line with a wide curve above the pectoral. Fins.

The dorsal begins almost on the upper lip of the blind-side, below the

nostrils on that side: the 4th to the 10th rays are elongated in the

male only, the 5th to the 7th being nearly half the total length of the

body. ‘The anal arises some distance behind the ventrals, its rays are

rather less than one-third the body height inlength. All the rays of

the vertical fins are simple. The caudal has 16 rays, its shape is rhom-

boidal, and its length one-fifth of the total. The pectorals are set on very

obliquely on the coloured and almost horizontally on the blind side:

they have 11 rays, and the right (coloured) is rather longer than the

left and equal to the caudal. The ventrals have 6 rays ; the left arises

behind the right. Oolowrs during life—body and fins on right side a

light sandy brown with numerous longitudinal rows of large bright-

orange spots. Internal anatomy: there is a simple saccular stomach ;

the intestine is short and has three long diverticula arising at different

levels behind the pylorus.

The length ranges from 33 in. to 42 in,

Captured 28 miles S. W. of Puri, and 5 miles 8. of Ganjam, on

both occasions in 25 fathoms and on a clean sandy bottom.

This fish goes beyond the confines of the genus Brachypleura

(Giinther, Cat. iv, 419) in the double row of teeth in the lower jaw, and

in the curved lateral line; but one hesitates to construct a new genus

on these characters, when there are so many other important points of

agreement,

4, PsEUDORHOMBUS RUSSELL, (J. H. Gray).

Giinther, Cat. iv. 424; Pseudorhombus arsius, Day, Fishes of India, p. 423, but

not Plewronectes arsius of Hamilton-Buchanan’s description, Fishes of Ganges, pp.

128 and 373.

Met with commonly near river-mouths and in estuaries.

5. PsmrvuDORHOMBUS JAVANICUS, Bleeker.

Ginther, Cat. iv. 427; Day, Fishes of India, p. 424,

Met with every where from 7 to 23 fathoms. The specimens taken

from hard sand are more brightly coloured than those from mnddy

bottoms.

6. PsmupoRHOMBUS MALAYANUS, Bleeker.

Bleeker, Atlas Ichthyologique, tom. vi, pp. 7-8. pl. cexxxiv, fig 2.

Bleeker distinguishes this species from P. russellit by its scales,

which are ctenoid on both sides, and by the concavity of the lower

1889.] A. Alcock—List of Pleuronectide from the Bay of Bengal. 283

border of the preopercle. But for these characters it is impossible to

distinguish the one species from the other, even by colour. Found in

the more shallow and turbid waters.

7. PSEUDORHOMBUS TRIOCELLATUS, (Bloch).

Giinther, Cat. iv, 428; Day, Fishes, 424; Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. tom. vi, p. 29,

pl, cexxxix, fig, 1.

This is a very common species. It was taken everywhere usually

in 7 to 8 fathoms and on sandy bottoms, where its coloration ig much

more brilliant than in turbid waters,

8. RHOMBOIDICHTHYS AZURDUS, n. sp., Pl. XVI, Fig. 3.

D. 84, A. 64, L.1. cire. 55,

This species approaches very closely to the description of R. leo-

pardinus (Giinther, Cat. iv, 434), but its scales are much less numerous

—55 rows instead of 80,—and they are remarkably deciduous.

Body oval, its height being a little over half its length, without the

caudal. The head is short and deep, with the anterior profile concave

between the eyes, its length 83 in the total without the caudal, and

considerably less than its height. The snout projects conspicuously, its

length is hardly half the diameter of the eye, and in the male it bears

a short horizontal horn. The length of the eye is two-sevenths of the

length of the head; the inner orbital margins are very sharp and

in the male knobbed. The lower eye is nearly half a length in advance.

The interorbital space is deeply concave, scaly only in its posterior half,

and in the male is nearly one diameter, in the female half a diameter

of the eye in width.

The nostrils on the blind side are very minute.

The cleft of the mouth is narrow and almost vertical ; the length

of the maxilla is contained 3} times in the head-length. Teeth in a

single series in the upper and a double series in the lower jaw; they are

close-set, sharp and uniform like the teeth of acomb Gill-rakers few

and distant, on the first arch there are only six. Integument covered

with delicate deciduous scales, which are ctenoid on the coloured,

cycloid on the blind side. Lateral line with very prominent tubes,

and with a strong curve above the pectoral. Fins. Dorsal with its

longest rays in the anterior part of its last half, where they equal nearly

half the head-length, A projection of the humeral arch forms a sharp

spine in front of the anal fin.

Length of caudal 5f inthe total; there are 17 rays. The pectoral

on the coloured side is the more developed, having 10 rays, while the

right has only 9. The left ventral is much longer and broader than the

284 A. Aleock—List of Pleuronectide from the Bay of Bengal. [No, 3,

right, and occupies the whole median line from the throat to the anal

fin: each has six rays. Colowrs during life—dull smoky brown with a

series of darker blotches round the coloured side inside the vertical fins.

Vertical fins with dark speckles. The male with ten or eleven small

brilliant azure spots arranged in two rows on the snout and in front of

the interorbital space. Length: male 3} inches, females 32 to 4,%, inches.

Met with in 7 to 18 fathoms, from 8 to 20 miles S. W. of Puri on

muddy bottoms, and once on clean sand.

The fish next to be described might, at first sight, be taken for the

immature form of some larger Plewronectid. But after due considera-

tion, and after finding a second very similar yet quite distinct form, I

venture to describe both as new, and to provisionally unite their common

characters into the diagnosis of a new genus, for which the name

Scianectes, in allusion to the delicate transparency of the tissues, is

suggested.

ScIANECTES, gen, nov.

Jaws and dentition equal on both sides. Dorsal fin commencing

before the eye, on the snout. Body pyriform and delicate. Mouth

small, the length of the maxillary being less than one-third of the

length of the head. Teeth minute in a single series in both jaws.

Vomerine teeth. Eyes on the left side and close together. All the

rays of the vertical fins simple, elongated, weak, and filamentous.

Scales minute, membranous, and deciduous. Lateral line with a curve

above the pectoral. Gill-membranes united at the throat. Gill-rakers

distant and short.

9, ScIANECTES LOPHOPTERA, nu. sp, Pl. XVI, Fig. 2.

B.5? OD. 86-88. A. 66.

Body pyriform, transparent and delicate, its height being contained

2# in the total, without the caudal. Head short, its length being 33

in the total without the caudal, and three-fourths of its height. Snout

obtuse, barely equal to the eye in length. yes on the left side situated

in the extreme anterior part of the head, separated from each other by

a longitudinally grooved ridge; the lower slightly in advance; their

diameter one-fifth of the head-length. The cleft of the mouth forms an

almost vertical arch, The length of the maxilla is one-fourth the

length of the head. Minute teeth in a row in both jaws, and on the

vomer. Gill-cleft very wide. Opercle almost membranous. Gill-rakers

in the form of distant delicate spines.

Integument covered with minute, delicate, excessively deciduous

scales. Lateral line salient, with a semicircular curve above the pectoral,

1889.] A. Aleock—List of Pleuronectidw from the Bay of Bengal. 288

and continued on to the end of the candal. Vertical fins of striking

height, extremely weak and slender. The longest dorsal rays, which

are near the middle of the fin are equal to the head-length in height,

and the longest anal rays are slightly longer. The interneural and

interhemal spines are very elongate. The pectoral is much more

developed on the coloured side, where if laid forward it reaches to the

vertical from the hinder edge of the upper (posterior) orbit.

The ventrals are distinct from the anal: the left is more expanded

than the right.

The caudal is long and pointed, being contained five times in the

total: it has 17 rays.

Colours in life. Transparent white with minute black dots. Three

narrow black lines along the body, one of which is the lateral line, while

the others follow the lines of origin of the interneural and interhemal

spines respectively. Vertical fins black with irregular milk-white

blotches. Left ventral black. Left pectoral grey tipped with black.

On the right side, owing to the transparency of the body, the three black

lines of the coloured side shew through. Length, 34 inches.

Two specimens were taken in 68 fathoms 16 miles EH. of the mouth

of the Devi river in the Mahanaddi delta, from a soft bottom of very fine

sand. The second species of Scianectes will be described among the fishes

from a deeper and more open part of the Bay.

10. Sonna ovata, Richardson.

Giinther, Cat. iv, 472; Day, Fishes, p. 426, pl. xciii, fig. 1.

Met with everywhere, more often on a soft bottom of fine sand and

mud, but also on hard sand,

11. Sonna ocunus, n, sp., Pl. XVIII, Fig. 3.

D. 98. A. 65. L.1, 100-102.

This species resembles Solea hartzfeldii (Giinther, Cat. iv. 471,

and Bleeker, Atlas. Ichth. tom. vi, p. 25, pl. cexlvi, fig. 1,), from

which it differs in the form and arrangement of the dorsal and ventral

fins, in the proportions of the head to the body, and in coloration.

Body ovate, its height one-third of the total length. Head with a

symmetrically rounded profile, its height being a little greater than its

length, which is nearly 43 in the total. The snout forms a rostral hook,

which curves round behind the symphysis of the lower jaw, touching

the vertical from the front edge of the anterior eye. Eyes situated in

the middle of the head, the upper half-way in advance of the lower:

their diameter is 6} in the head-length, and they are about half a

diameter apart.

286 <A. Alcock—List of Pleuronectidw from the Bay of Bengal. [No. 8,

On the coloured side two nostrils in front of the lower eye and near-

ly on the upper lip, the anterior forming a tube nearly equal to the eye

in length, the posterior being a small foramen. On the blind side two

nostrils, of which the anterior is perforated in a large fleshy sucker-

like papilla.

The cleft of the mouth forms a semicircle with the convexity for-

wards and upwards, its angle reaches the vertical from the middle of the

lower eye. Small villiform teeth in the jaws on the blind side. Gill-

eleft narrow, No fringe beneath the lower jaw. Integument invested

with small scales ctenoid on both sides. The lateral line is straight on

the coloured side, but on the blind side it has a Y-shaped break just be-

hind the gill-cleft.

Fins. The dorsal extends from the tip of the rostral hook to the

base of the caudal, and the anal is continuous with the right ventral,

the united fins extending from the point where the rostral hook opposes

the lower jaw to the base of the caudal. The basal fourth of the vertical

fins, both rays and interradial membrane, is regularly and evenly invest-

ed, on the coloured side only, with rows of small scales.

The caudal has 18 rays; its length is one-eighth of the total. Ven-

trals with 5 rays: the coloured ventral continuous with the anal, and

left ventral connected with its fellow and- with the anal by a flap of

skin.

Pectorals absent.

Colours during life. Ground colour light brown, intersected by a

most elegant network of irregular light olive-green lines forming a

somewhat pentagonal pattern. Along the dorsal curve are five large,

perfect, and complicated ocelli with light-green centre, brown irides,

and light green margins. Four similar ocelli along the ventral curve,

and another smaller one at the base of the caudal. A few small

incomplete ocelli along the lateral line, and numerous dark brown dots

and rings scattered all over the body. Fins transparent grey-green,

every fourth or fifth ray uniform dark brown, and the intermediate rays

streaked with brown.

Length 4 inches. Two specimens.

Taken in 7 fathoms, from a hard sandy bottom, about 32 miles

S. W. of Puri.

12. Sywaprura quacaa, (Kaup).

Giinther, Cat. iv, 485. [Synaptura zebra of Day, Fishes of India, p. 430, but

not Cantor, nor Bloch’s descrip. ]

Found all along the coast in 7-10 fathoms.

- Pes

1889.] A. Alcook—List of Plouronectidm from the Bay of Bengal. 287

13. Sywnaprura cornura, (Kaup).

Day, Fishes of India, p. 480, pl. xciv, fig. 4, Aesopia cornuta, Kaup, Giinther,

Cat. iv, 487,

Only one specimen was obtained, a female, in 7-8 fathoms.

14. Cynocnossus cARPENTERI, n. sp., Pl. XVIII, Fig. 1.

D, circ. 100, A, circ. 80, V.4. ©. 10. L. lat. cire. 95,

This species is one of those which has on the left side two nostrils,

one of them interorbital, and three lateral lines.

Body tapering acuminately backwards from the gill-opening, the

ventral profile bulging strongly just behind the head, and the tail long

and slender. The height of the body is nearly 33 in the total length,

and equal to the length of the head. The snout is an obtuse-angled

triangle, and is one-third the length of the head. The rostral hook

ends behind the symphysis of the lower jaw. The eyes are prominent,

in length one-tenth of the head, separated by a concave space narrower

than the eye: the upper is nearly half a length in advance. Two nos-

trils on the coloured side, one in front of the inter-orbit, the other in

front of the lower eye, and tubular. Mouth large, its angle is a whole

eye-length behind the posterior border of the lower (hinder) orbit and

equidistant between the tip of the snout and the gill-opening. Lips not

fringed. Tongue very large, completely filling the mouth. The gill-cleft

is high. The opercle is conspicuously expanded below and behind, and

the branchiostegal rays and membrane extend a considerable distance

behind its edge, giving the appearance of a broad fringe. The integu-

ment is invested with small strong scales, which on the blind side and

anterior half of the coloured side are cycloid, and on the posterior half

of the coloured side sharply ctenoid, Three lateral lines on the left side,

the middle separated from the upper by 17, and from the lower by 22

rows of scales at the respective points of greatest divergence: none on

the right, ins: one ventral united with the anal. The vertical fin-

rays are delicate ; the longest are nearly equal to the snout in length,

Colours in life. Left side uniform bright chestnut-brown; the fins

a brighter red-brown; the caudal in the female specimen black. The

whole of the opercle is blue-black, owing apparently to the pigmentation

of the gill-membrane, the extension backwards of which beyond the

opercle is black. Intestine nearly one-third longer than the body and

convoluted, without diverticula. The ovary of the female was enlarged

and crowded with eggs ;4, of an inch in diameter,

Length of male 6% inches, of the female 62 inches.

Two specimens were taken in 68 fathoms, 68 m. H. of the month of

the Devi river in the Mahdnaddi delta, on a soft bottom of very fine sand.

o7 ?

288 A. Alcock—List of Pleuronectidew from the Bay of Bengal. [No. 8,

I have named this species after the distinguished officer in charge

of the Marine Survey of India, Commander Alfred Carpenter, R. N., D.

S. O., the pioneer of scientific hydrography in India.

15. CynoaLossus MAcROLEPIDOTUS, Bleeker.

Giinther, Cat, iv, 496 ; Day, Fishes of India, p. 434, pl. xevi, fig. 3.

Met with usually on soft and muddy bottoms, in 7 to 10 fathoms,

off the central part of the delta, where it is exceedingly common, and

grows to a length of one foot.

16. Cynoagtossus ontconnrts, Bleeker.

Gunther, Cat. iv, 49€ ; Day, Fishes of India, p. 433, pl. xev, fig. 4.

This species was always found with C0. macrolepidotus, chiefly on

soft bottoms, in 7 to 10 fathoms, where it reaches a length of nearly fif-

teen inches.

17. Cynognossus QUADRILINEATUS, Bleeker.

Giinther, Cat. iv, 497; Day, Fishes of India, p. 435.

Met with by the ‘Investigator’ only on bottoms of hard sand, in 6

to 10 fathoms, in the southerly part of the region, 15 to 30 miles S. W.

of Puri.

18. Cynoanossus nip, Bleeker.

Giinther, Cat. iv, 498; Day, Fishes of India, p. 436, pl. xevii, fig. 3.

A number of specimens were taken on one occasion, with a large

number of O. quadrilineatus.

19. CyNoGLossUs INTERMEDIUS, n. sp. P

D.106. A, 85. L. 1. 100-103. V.4. ©. 10,

This is a form which has characters similar to those of both 0. Iida

and (. bengalensis. Only one specimen was taken at the same time with

C. quadrilineatus, to which also it has a strong superficial resemblance,

and with O. lida. In appearance it is hardly to be distinguished from

the latter, but the ventral fin is united with the anal, the scales are more

numerous and less ctenoid, and the head is proportionately longer. In

appearance it would not be confounded with the specimens of 0. bengal-

ensis in the Indian Museum, though the description is not remark-

ably different. In describing it from a single specimen it is not yet

intended to establish a new species.

Symmetrical semicircular snout, abruptly pointed tail.

On the left side.two lateral lines separated by 14 rows of scales ;

1889.] A. Aleock—Dist of Pleuronectide from the Bay of Bengal. 289

and two nostrils, one in front of the interocular space, the other in front

of the lower angle of the lower eye. One lateral line on the blind side.

Length of head 42 in the totaland a little more than its height. Length

of eye 103 in the head; the upper eye slightly in advance. Interocular

space two-thirds the length of the eye in width. The rostral hook ends

beneath the eye. The angle of the mouth is in the vertical from the

posterior border of the lower orbit and: nearer to the gill-opening than to

the tip of the snout. Lips not fringed. The length of the snout is 2% in

the head-length. The height of the body is a little over one-fourth of

the total length. One ventral fin united with the anal. The height of

the vertical fins is one-fifth the height of the body. Scales ctenoid on

both sides. Sepia-coloured, each scale with a light centre and with a

dark spot near the middle of its posterior margin,

Total length 8 inches.

In 7 fathoms on a bottom of hard sand 32 miles 8. W. of Puri,

The specimen is a female.

20. Cynocnossus puNnoriceps, (Richardson).

Giinther, Cat. iv, 500; Day, Fishes of India, p. 487, pl. xevii, fig. 1.

A single male specimen was taken in 8 fathoms on a. soft bottom,

off Puri.

21. Cynoctossus Brevis, Giinther.

Giinther, Cat. iv, 500; Day, Fishes of India, p. 437, pl. xevii, fig. 2.

A single female specimen was taken, on a clean sandy bottom, in 7

to 8 fathoms, off the Chilka Lake bar.

22. Cynoanossus smmirascrarus, Day.

Day, Fishes of India, p. 486, pl. xevii, Fig. 5.

A single specimen was got in 6 to 10 fathoms on a soft bottom,

north-east of Puri.

23. CyYNOGLOSSUS MELANOPTERUS, Bleeker.

Giinther, Cat. iv. 502. [Cynoglossus monopus, Bleeker Atlas Ichth. tom. vi,

p. 38, pl. cexly, fig. 4.]

Six specimens of a fish which appears to be this species were taken

in 7 fathoms, between 30 and 35 miles 8. W. of Puri. They were

caught in the small hand-dredge, which came up full of grass-like sea-

weed. The movements of this fish, when placed in a large tub of water,

were singularly rapid, and it is surprising that it should have been

caught in the very narrow mouth of a slow-moving dredge. The larger

ss . . . .

specimens differ from Bleeker’s description in the following particulars :

C Tey TAP DD} * oO ote aor

(1) the number of transverse rows of scales is over 120; (2) the lateral

290 A. Aleock—List of Pleuronectides from the Bay of Bengal. [No. 3,

lines are separated by 18 to 19 scales at the level of greatest divergence ;

and (8) the upper lateral line is sinuous.

During life, the eyes of this Cynoglossus almost resemble the stalked

eyes of a gastropod mollusk.

There is a simple saccular stomach, and a simple intestine much

convoluted, and exceeding in length the total length of the fish,

This completes the list of the Orissa Coast collection.

Here also may be mentioned the following, as its habitat is very

similar to that of the Orissa fishes :—

26. PLAGUSIA BILINEATA, (Bloch).

Giinther, Cat, iv, 492: Day, Fishes of India, p. 431.

Taken on a muddy bottom in 4 to 5 fathoms, near the Sacramento

shoal, off the Godavari Delta,

§ 3. List, with Descriptions, of the Shallow Water Forms obtained during

Seasons previous to 1888-89.

24, ARNOGLOSSUS POLYLEPIS, n. sp., Pl. XVI, Fig. 1.

D cire. 82. A. cire. 60, L. 1. 90 to 100.

Body oval, its height being a little over half the total length,

without the caudal. Length of head a little over one-third the same

length ; its height greater than its length; its dorsal profile slightly

concave in front of the upper eye. Length of the snout not much

more than half the length of the eye, which is one-third the length

of the head. The lower eye in advance, The interorbital space is a

grooved ridge. Nostrils on the coloured side both sub-tubular. Mouth

large, the maxilla being two-fifths the length of the head. Teeth small,

sharp and uniform, in a single series in both jaws ; in the upper jaw

close-set like the teeth of a comb; in the lower jaw extending further

backwards on the right side.

Gill-rakers rather close; lanceolate.

Integument clothed with very small deciduous scales, which are

ctenoid on the coloured, cycloid on the blind side. Lateral line on the

coloured side with a strong curve above the pectoral, on the blind side

gradually rising without a marked anterior curve. First two rays of

the dorsal fin broad and thickened in their basal half, tapering above. The

longest dorsal rays, just behind the middle of the fin, are a little more

than one-fourth the body height: behind them the rays rapidly shorten,

giving the fin an angular outline. The longest anal rays, about the

middle of the fin, are two-sevenths of the body height, and the rays be-

hind them diminish in the same way as the posterior dorsal rays, There

1889.] A. Aleock—List of Pleuronectide from the Bay of Bengal. 291

isa sharp median pre-anal spine. Left pectoral the more developed,

consisting of 8 rays while the right has but six. The left ventral ori-

ginates in front of the right and is more expanded: both have 6 rays.

The caudal has 17 rays, and is 52 in the total length. Colours in spirit,

Olive brown, with numerous small but complete dark rings, a series of

which form a ring round the body just inside the vertical fins. Two

conspicuous dark ocelli along the straight part of the lateral line, and

another on the posterior limb of the curved part.

Fins speckled with black.

Total length 33%; inches, Taken in 34 fathoms off the E. coast of

Ceylon.

25, Samaris oristatus, Gray, Pl. XVII, Fig. 4.

Giinther, Cat. iv, 420.

D. 80. A. 52. L. lat. 75.

Height of body nearly 22 in the total, without caudal. Length of

head nearly 4} in the total without the caudal ; its height being much

greater. Length of snout about half the length of the eye; lower jaw

slightly prominent. Eyes large, their length 2$ in the head length ;

the lower barely in advance ; separated from each other by a prominent

sharp ridge. Pupil with a semilunar flap from the iris above and below.

On the coloured side a long tubular nostril overhangs the upper lip,

in front of a simple perforated nostril. Mouth small ; its cleft oblique :

maxilla one-third the length of the head. Teeth villiform ; in several

bands in both jaws. Gill-cleft wide. Scales very small, ctenoid on the

coloured, cycloid on the blind side. The dorsal fin commences on the

snout, its first ray being connected with a flap of coloured skin which

passes obliquely across the snout, behind the mouth, on the blind side.

The first thirteen rays are elongated, so that, when laid back, they reach

in two specimens to the 67th ray, and in one beyond the base of the

caudal, These rays are broad and stout. The remaining dorsal rays

are slender, those in the posterior fourth being longer than the rest,

and equal to half the height of the body. The longest anal rays are

equal to, and opposite these. The right pectoral, which consists of four

stout rays, is elongate, and equal to the greatest height of the head:

it is set on very obliquely. There is no pectoral fin on the left side,

Ventrala with 5 rays, those of the right fin elongate, and spatulate at

their free ends; the first ray being of nearly equal length with the pec-

toral. Left ventral well developed, but not prolonged. Caudal with 16

rays, inclined slightly downwards ; its length is about one-fifth of the

total. Sepia-coloured, in spirit, beautifully mottled with purple-brown

and black, in a sinuous ring round the whole side: outside this the

292 A, Alcock—List of Pleuronectide: from the Bay of Bengal. [No. 3,

ground colour is lighter. The colours and their arrangement recall the

appearance of certain stone-encrusting lichens. Snout white: anterior

prolonged dorsal rays black at the base, and pure milk-white through-

out their free extent: the rest of the dorsal fin, and the anal, dark sepia

with black blotches and a row of small white dots: pectoral black s right

ventral striped black and white: left ventral grey tipped with black.

The total length of the specimens ranges from 2 to 24 inches.

Taken in 34 fathoms, off the E. coast of Ceylon.

§ 4, Descriptions of the Deep-Sea Forms obtained from the

Oommencement of the Survey to date.

Three new deep-sea fishes have next to be described, namely, a

second species of the new genus Scianectes, and two species of the genus

Aphoristia.

27. ScIANECTES MACROPHTHALMUS, n. sp., Pl. XVI, fig. 4.

B.6. D.88. A. 68.

Body pyriform, transparent and very delicate; its height not quite

25 in the total, without caudal. The length of the head is one-third of

the total, without caudal, and the height rather more. The snout is

obtuse and half as long as the eye. Hyes on the left side, their diameter

32 in the length of the head ; the lower slightly in advance, and separat-

ed from the upper by a downward shelving ridge. Cleft of mouth

nearly vertical: the maxilla being 33 to 35 in the length of the head.

Minute teeth in a row in each jaw, and in a patch on the vomer, Gill-

cleft wide; opercles thin; branchiostegal rays prolonged. Gill-rakers

distant, lanceolate. Body covered with minute, thin, and very decidu-

ous scales. Lateral line salient: it has a rather shallow curve above the

origin of the pectoral, and is continued along the caudal. The dorsal

fin commences on the snout; its longest rays are a little more than half

the length of the head, and slightly shorter than the longest anal rays,

Interneural and interhaemal spines long. A small median pre-anal

spine. The pectoral is more developed on the coloured side, where if

laid forward it reaches to the middle of the lower (anterior) eye.

Ventrals six-rayed; the left more expanded than the right. Caudal

long and pointed, with 17 simple rays; its length one-fifth of the total.

Colours—left side white, with a few minute black dots. The body is

traversed by three narrow black longitudinal lines, one of which is the

lateral line, while the others follow respectively the outlines of the

tips of the neural and haemal spines; vertical fins black; left pectoral

grey at its base and black in its posterior two-thirds ; left ventral black ;

prolongation of the left branchiostegals and membrane black. Total

length 323 inches. One specimen,

1889.] A. Aleock—List of Pleuronectide from the Bay of Bengal. 293

Taken 40 miles 8. W. of Akyab, in 100 fathoms,

The two species of Aphoristia have certain points in common: both

sides of the body are coloured, there are two nostrils on the eye side, the

cleft of the mouth is almost horizontal, and the anterior dorsal rays are

rather widely separated and inter-connected by membrane only at their

bases,

28. APHORISTIA ines, n, sp., Pl. XVIL, Fig. 2.

D. 97-98, A, 83-85. 0.14. V. 4.

Body lanceolate ; its greatest height, which is anterior tothe vertical

middle, is just over one-fourth of the total. The head is much expand-

ed downwards in the opercular region; its length is contained 45

times in the total, and is 55 times the length of the snout, the outline

of which anteriorly is abruptly truncated.

The snout and jaws are covered with small Scales.

The eyes are well within the anterior third of the head, and almost

exactly on the same level: their length is nearly one-eighth that of the

head. The interocular space is scaly, the scales encroaching on the

margins of the eyes. A simple perforated nostril in the anterior part of

the interorbit, and a tubular one about half as long as the eye midway

between the lower eye and the tip of the snout. No nostrils on the

blind side. Cleft of mouth horizontal, with a slight down-curve at its

angle, which is in the vertical from the middle of the eye.

Dentition feeble; on the blind side only. Gill-cleft narrow and

low : branchiostegal rays and membrane prolonged downwards and back-

wards considerably beyond the edge of the operculum. Scales of

moderate size, ctenoid on both sides, and so deciduous that their number

could not be correetly counted. The dorsal fin begins over the middle

of the upper eye: its first eight rays are separated by wide interspaces,

and (apparently) connected by membrane only at their bases: the long-

est rays are near the middle of the fin and are contained 25 times in the

body height. The distance of the origin of the anal from the snout is

equal to the body-height : the longest anal rays are slightly longer than

the longest dorsal.

The ventral arises between the gill-covers, and is separated from

the origin of the anal by little more than an eye-length. Length of

caudal 83 in the total.

Both sides are coloured, recorded in lifeas “ Earth colour with

parallel brown lines.” In spirit, it is yellow with numerous fins parallel

brown lines extending along the body from head to caudal: fins brown.

Total length, 4% inches, One specimen.

Locality. Lat 20.°17'N, Long 88.°51’E. 193 fathoms, I have

294 A. Aleock—List of Pleuronectidew from the Bay of Bengal. [No. 3,

named this species after Dr. G. M. Giles, who, in the ‘ Investigator,’

has added so many deep-sea fishes to the Indian collection,

29, APHORISTIA WOOD-MASONI, n. sp., Pl. XVII, Fig. 1.

B.5. D.90. A.78 C.14. V.4. L, lat. circ, 85. L. tr. cire. 34,

Body lanceolate; its greatest height, which is just behind the

vertical middle, is 42 in the total. Head much expanded in the oper-

cular region ; its length 54 in the total, and 43 times the length of

the snout, which terminates in an abrupt straight edge.

Snout and jaws covered with small scales. Hyes situated just within

the anterior third of the head; the upper very slightly in advance;

their length one-seventh that of the head.

The interocular space is scaly, with two rows of scales, which en-

croach on the margins of the eyes. There is a simple nostril between

the eyes anteriorly, anda tubular nostril as long as the eye midway

between the lower eye and the tip of the snout. Cleft of mouth hori-

zontal, with a slight down-curve at its angle, which hardly passes behind

the vertical from the front edge of the lower eye. Dentition feeble,

and more developed on the blind side. Gill-cleft low: branchiostegal

rays and membrane prolonged beyond the opercular edge. Scales

ctenoid on both sides: rather deciduous. The dorsal fin begins above

the middle of the upper eye: its first two rays are approximated, but

the next seven are separated by wide interspaces and connected together

only in their lower part: the longest dorsal rays, near the middle of

the fin, are contained 3% times in the body height, and the longest anal

rays are slightly longer. The distance of the origin of the anal from

the snout is equal to the body-height. The ventral is separated from

the anal by almost its own length. Length of the candal one-ninth of

the total. Colours in spirit, bluish-grey on both sides, with a broad

blue-black band all round each side, occupying the whole extent and

breadth of the regions of the inter-neural and interhaemal spines, and

very numerous parallel black lines extending from snout to candal

through the middle of each row of scales: opercle black: fing black,

except the caudal which is grey. Total length 5 inches. One specimen.

Dredged 75 miles H, of North Cinque Island (Andamans), in 490

fathoms, by Professor Wood-Mason on board the ‘ Investigator,’

1889.] A. Alcock—List of Pleuronectide from the Bay of Bengal. 295

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Pratt XVI.

1. Arnoglossus polylepis, n. sp.

\ Fig. 2. Scianectes lophoptera, n. sp.

Fig Rhomboidichthys azwreus, n. sp., female.

< Fig. 4. Scianectes macrophthalmus, n. sp.

Puatr XVII.

1. Aphoristia wood-masoni, n. sp.

Fig. 2. Aphoristia gilesti, n. sp.

8. Brachypleura xanthosticta, n. sp., male.

Fig. 4. Samaris cristatus, Gray.

Pratgs XVIII.

1. Oynoglossus carpenteri, n. sp., female.

Wig. 2. Arnoglossus macrolophus, n. sp.

Fig. 8. Solea oculus, n. sp.

296 A. Alcock—Descriptions of some new and rare [No. 3,

XVII.—Natural History Notes from H. M.’s Indian Marine Survey

Steamer ‘Investigator,’ Commander, Atrrep Carprnter, R. N.,

D.S. 0., Commanding. No. 12. Descriptions of some new and rare

species of Fishes from the Bay of Bengal, obtained during the season of

1888-89.—By Atrrep Ancocx, M. B. (Abzr.), Surgeon-Naturalist

to the Survey.

[Received Sept. 18th ;—Read November 6th, 1889. ]

(With Plate XXII.)

The fishes described in this paper were taken by the trawl during

the last season’s survey work on the Hast Coast of the peninsula. There

are in all ten species, of which seven are new to science, while the

remaining three appear for the first time as Indian fishes,

One only is a strictly shore fish: the others were obtained in depths

ranging from 25 to 68 fathoms, most of them in the greater depth.

The deep-sea forms met with by the ‘Investigator’ will be con-

sidered separately; but from this present account of the produce of a

few occasional hauls of the trawl, made, when time permitted, in the

eourse of delimiting the hundred-fathom line, it will be seen how rich

and how full of promise are the extra-littoral waters of India.

Though the fishes now described are from the off waters of the Hast

Coast, some of them were met with in other localities, and these localities

are also recorded.

Family Prrowa.

An Apogon-like fish, near Chilodipteus, Pomatomus, and Scombrops,

its closest resemblance being to the last, was taken on two occasions in

moderate depths. It is distinguished from Scombrops most conspicu-

ously by the structure of the spinous dorsal, and of the preoperculum.

In recognition of its nearest alliance I propose the name Parascombrops,

diagnosed by the following characters.

Seven branchiostegals. Jaws with canines : villiform teeth on palate

and vomer: tongue smooth. Two separate dorsal fins, the first with

9 spmes. Anal with 2 spines. Operculum naked, with weak spines.

Preopercuium with a double serrated edge. Scales large and decidu-

ous. Pseudobranchie.

PARASCOMBROPS PELLUCIDUS, g. et sp. nov., Pl. XXII, Fig. 1.

B.7. D.9/;. A.3. L, lat. circ, 28. Cac. pyl. 5. P.17. V.1/5. C. 24,

Body rather elongate and compressed ; its height a little more than

one-fourth the total. Head compressed and somewhat angular, with

arent

1889, ] Species of Fishes from the Bay of Bengal. 297

well-developed muciferous cavities: its length (excluding a membra-

nous extension backwards of the operculum) 3} in the total. The lower-

jaw is strongly prominent, with a strong sub-symphysial knob, which

forms the tip of the snout. Preoperculum with a double border: the

outer border recurved at its angle and strongly serrated there and along

its horizontal limb; the inner with three small spines at its angle.

Operculum naked, with two weak spines; its angle has a membranous

extension backwards to the level of the anterior third of the pectoral fin.

Snout, with the projecting lower jaw, as long as the eye, which is 34

in the head as above limited. Interorbital space narrower than the eye,

nearly flat from side to side, and marked with obliquely converging lines

which bound the muciferous cavities of the skull. Nostrils large.

Cleft of mouth yery oblique, and wide: the mandibles emarginate

on either side of the symphysis. Villiform teeth in premaxilla, vomer,

palatines, and front of mandibles: in addition, a pair of strong fang-like

canines anteriorly in the upper jaw, and four large and five or six small

upstanding recurved teeth on each side of the lower, and a single similar

tooth of medium size near the symphysis. Gill-cleft wide: gill-rakers

close-set, numerous, and nearly half as long as the eye. Scales exces-

sively deciduous: one from the abdomen is =3; of an inch in diameter,

with a vertical, crenated posterior edge. The dorsal fins are separated

by an interspace equal to three-fourths the leneth of the eye: the

spinous is considerably the higher: the 1st spine is small, the 3rd is

the longest and is equal to two-thirds of the body height, the 4ith is

nearly aslong. The lst anal spine is short, the 2nd as long as the

eye. Caudal forked almost to its base, forming two distinct lobes.

Pectoral delicate; its length equals the distance from the tip of the

snout to the anterior pre-opercular edge. Ventral long, reaching two-

thirds of the distance to the anal: its spine is long, having its outer

edge set-close with small uniform recurved spines. Colours in life,

transparent light brown suffused with the pink reflex of the great

vessels: opercular and visceral regions like burnished silver.

Total length 3.3; inches. The intestine is long and much coiled;

and there are five very large pyloric cmca.

Taken in 68 fathoms 16 miles east of the Devi mouth of the Maha-

naddi delta, A similar sized female specimen with ripe ovaries was

taken in 65 fathoms (temperature 62° Fahr.) in Lat. 20° 18’ N., Long.

90° 50’H. -

Family ScorPaNnipa.

Two species of Sebastes were obtained in less depths than the above.

One of them appears to be Sebastes serrulatus, (Richardson) ; and I

venture to describe it under that name.

A, Aleock—Descriptions of some new and rare

SEBASTES SERRULATUS. Pl. XXII, Fig. 2.

Richardson, Report on the Ichthyology of the Seas of China and Japan, p. 215 ;

Giinther, Cat. ii., 106.

D. 12/75. Az. UL, lat. cire. 45; P.15. V.1/5. OC. 38/14/3.

Body compressed ; its height 34 in the total, and equal to the length

of the head. Head uniformly scaly, with all its erests low and crenated.

Preorbital edge crenate; preopercular border dentate; opereulum with

a single weak spinous point. The occipital and temporal regions are

traversed each by a rugose ridge ; and the cheek is crossed, from pre-

orbital to pre-opercular angle, by a broad double-erested crenate ridge.

Snout deep with a narrow excavation between the premaxille: its

length is equal to that of the eye, which is 3% in the head-length. The

interorbital space is a deep scaly furrow ending anteriorly in a pit. The

supraorbital ridge is three crested, the edge of each crest being crenat-

ed. Cleft of mouth very oblique. The maxilla reaches beyond the

level of the middle of the eye; its hinder expanded end is scaly, and its

anterior two-thirds has a median longitudinal upstanding serrated crest.

Each limb of the lower jaw is traversed by three parallel serrated

crests with scaly interspaces. Tongue free. Villiform teeth in the jaws

and on the projecting head of the vomer: none on the palate. Gill-

opening wide: the last gill-cleft is reduced to a small foramen. Scales

very thick, of moderate size, bluntly-ctenoid on the back and sides,

eycloid on the abdomen, ‘The first two and the third and fourth dorsal

spines are isolated: the first is short; the third, fourth, and fifth are of

equal length—two-fifths of the head. The soft dorsal is separated from

the spinous by a deep notch ; its middle rays are half the length of the

head; its last ray is double. The 8rd anal spine is the longest and

strongest. The length of the caudal is a little more than one-fourth

the total. The pectoral is broad and long with a scaly base : it reaches

as far as the posterior edge of the base of the anal. The ventral rays

are equal in length to the anal. Colours in life, bright scarlet, with a

series of five indefinite transverse red-brown bands not reaching the

abdomen : a large iridescent dark-blue circular patch on the operculum :

pectoral rays bright yellow: irreeular rows of dark brown blotches on

the fins. Length, 4 inches.

One specimen taken off Ganjam in 23 fathoms, on a soft bottom.

SEBASTES MUCTPARUS, sp. n., Pl. XXII, Fig. 3.

B.7. D.12/k. Ag L.lat.70, P.19. V.1/s. 0. 2/16/1.

Height of body 34, length of head about 3, in the total. Snont

sharp, as long as the eye, which is 33 in the head-length; with a wide

[No. 3,

1889.] Species of Fishes from the Bay of Bengal. 299

inter-maxillary notch, into which the knobbed symphysis of the lower

jaw fits. A pair of upstanding nasal spines, and a pair of short nasal

filaments. The pre-orbital margin has four spiny points; the preoper-

cular margin four sharp spines and a short filament; and the operculum

two diverging bony stays ending in flat spines. The interorbital space

narrows in the middle, where its width is only half an eye-length ; along

its floor is a median groove with serrated edges. The supra-orbital

ridge is sharp and salient, with four large reverted spines, and with a

short supra-ocular filament below. Two sharp reverted spines, one

behind the other, in the occipital region ; and a row of three in the tem-

poral region. A strong ridge, with six similar spines, extends across

the cheek. Cleft of mouth oblique; the maxilla, which is naked,

reaches the vertical from the hinder margin of the orbit, Villiform

teeth in both jaws and on the very strongly projecting head of the

vomer: none on the palate. Tongue free. A large muciferous canal,

with several distant large circular openings, extends along the free

margin of the preoperculum and the limb of the lower jaw up to the

symphysis, Gill-opening wide. One strong humeral spine.

Scales ctenoid; small, and becoming very minute on the head and

abdomen. The lateral line shows as 22 double keel-like spines. 1st

dorsal spine very short ; the 4th and 5th are the longest and strongest—

equal to =°; the body height in length: the middle rays of the soft dorsal

are equal to half the body height. 1st anal spine very short, the 2nd

stout, the 3rd the longest, but slender. The length of the caudal is

about 45 in the total: that of the pectoral isa little greater than the

body height, The ventral spine is very strong. Colours: body and fins

bright red: a series of four transverse broad dark bands across the back

and sides, and irregular rows of dark-red and brown spots on the fins: a

black blotch in the posterior part of the spinous dorsal. Total length,

# inches,

Japtured 26 miles N. by EH. of Gopalpur in 45 fathoms : bottom

mud.

One specimen.

MInous INmRMIS, sp. n., Pl. XXII, Fig. 4,

B.7. D.39. A. 2. P.l/l V.1/5 C.18.

Distinguished by feeble armature of head, and flexible spines.

Head and body much compressed. Height of body about one-fourth,

length of head about one-third of the total. Hdge of pre-orbital with

two short flat diverging spines. Preoperculum with a spine at its angle,

and dentations along its lower edge. Operculum with two weak diverg-

300 A. Alcock—Descriptions of some new and rare [No. 3,

ing stays not, or hardly, projecting as spines. A low crenate ridge

across the cheek ; and a similar ridge across the occipital, and another

across the temporal region. Snout as long as the eye, or one-fourth

the length of the head. Interocular space narrower than the eye;

with a median longitudinal groove; and bounded by thin sharp crenate

supra-orbital ridges.

Cleft of mouth wide and oblique. The maxilla is much expanded

behind. A barbel about the middle of the limb of the lower jaw. Villi-

form teeth in the jaws and palatines. Gill-opening wide: the posterior

gill-cleft isa small foramen. Gill-rakers close-set and numerous. Integu-

ment comparatively thin, without scales: it invests all the fins. The

lateral line shows as 17 to 18 tubular papilla. All the fin-rays are

simple, Dorsal fins continuous, the soft portion being the higher: all

the spines are weak and flexible, the lst being very small. Anal spines

hidden, the lst being visible only on reflecting the skin. Caudal about

one-fifth of the total length. Pectoral as long as the head: its free

filament reaches to the 38rd anal ray. Ventral nearly half as long ag

pectoral. Colours in life :—rosy red with white and gray mottlings and

minute black dots; throat and barbels white; pectoral, ventral, and

anal fins edged with black. Total length 2% inches.

Taken in 70 fathoms, east of the Sacramento shoal on the Godavari

coast.

Two specimens ; the body of one of them almost completely invested

by a colony of hydroid polyps (Podocoryne, sp.).

Family Scrmyipa.

SCIMNA OPHICEPS, sp. n.

z 2 60 6-7

| yar lat. =. L, Tr. —— (ug

D. 10/ y A 7 L. lat 50 L, ir aha (usually 16),

P.20, V.1/5. 0.17.

Body elongate low and compressed ; head long low and pyramidal.

The dorsal profile makes a straight ascent, at an angle of about 2! $3

from the tip of the snout to the first dorsal spine, and thence abruptly

makes an almost straight descent, at an angle of about 10° with the

horizon, to near the base of the caudal. Height of the body 4+ to 42,

length of head 35 to 38, in the total. The height of the head equals its

length behind the middle of the orbit. The snout is acutely pointed;

its length is equal to a diameter and a half of the eye, which is 58 in the

head-length ; not overhanging the mouth, The upper jaw overlaps the

lower, so that when the mouth is shut the anterior canine-like teeth pro-

ject like fangs. The tip of the snout has three large pores, and a free

bi-lobed flap of skin with a wide pocket-like pore between the lobes, each

hy =

1889.] Species of Fishes from the Bay of Bengal. 301

lobe with a similar pore. The interorbital space is nearly flat from side

to side, and as broad as the eye islong. Nostrils large. Mouth oblique ;

the maxilla reaches the vertical from the posterior border of the orbit.

Lips thick, and beset with filiform papille, the upper lip most thickly

so. Villiform teeth in both jaws: in the premaxille an outer row of

sharp curved teeth of which the anterior four are canine-like; in the

mandibles an inner row of distant sharp conical teeth, Preopercular

margin finely serrated, with some small spiny teeth at its angle: two

weak opercular points. Gill-rakers on the inner edge of first arch

bacillate; on the other arches in the form of sharply-toothed double-

crowned tubercles. Scales ctenoid, except on snout and infra-orbital.

All the dorsal spines weak and flexible; the Ist very small, the 8rd and

4th the highest and equal to nearly half the body height. 1st anal spine

almost invisible; the 2nd a little longer than the eye, and not half the

length of the rays. Pectorals large and falciform, in length equal to the

head without the snout, or to the body height. Ventrals two-thirds the

length of the pectorals, Caudal a sharp-pointed wedge; its length 52

to 5 in the total. Colours in life: back silvery shot with metallic

green and red ; belly like burnished silver: a blue blotch on operculum ,

pectorals yellow, the other fins grey suffused with orange. The stomach

with its cecum occupies nearly the whole length of the abdominal cavity :

its walls are very thick, and in addition to the simple tubular follicles of

the mucosa, there are some coiled tubular glands in the submucosa.

There are six pyloric appendages. The air-bladder is large and strong,

with a long terminal spur and 28 lateral arborescent appendages on

each side.

The largest specimen is 11 inches long.

Localities: off the Mahanaddi delta in 5 to 9 fathoms; and off the

Godavari delta in 4 to 5 fathoms.

Family Tracninipm.

An Uranoscopus which agrees in almost every detail with Uranos-

copus cognatus (Cantor) was taken at two or three stations near shore;

and Ohampsodon vorax (Gthr.) was found three times in deep water.

URANOSCOPUS COGNATUS.

Cantor, Catalogue of Malayan Fishes, p. 21, (or J. A. S, B, Oct. 1849, p. 1003) ;

Giinther, Cat. ii, 227.

Our specimens haye not the pectoral rays tipped with scarlet; and

the L5th dorsal ray seems to be only a branch from the base of the 14th.

Some have a small supra-ocular filament. There are 24 vertebra. The

302 A. Alcock—Descriptions of some new and rare [No. 3,

opercular border is completed by a tough membranous extension upwards

of the suboperculum. Of the three pairs of spines beneath the lower jaw,

the anterior are the sharp ends of the clavicles, and the others are pro-

cesses from the pubic bones. A specimen dissected had the ovaries

much enlarged, the ova being {5 of an inch in diameter.

Length of largest specimen, 5{ inches.

Localities: Off False Point, in 10 fathoms: 28 miles 8. W. of Puri,

in 25 fathoms: 5 miles south of Ganjam, in 25 fathoms.

CHAMPSODON YORAX.

Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p. 102; and Zool. Challenger, vol. i, pt. vi,

pp. 52, 48, and 56, pl. xxiii, fig. A, and vol. xxii, p. 49.

Our specimens all have the radial formula D, 5/21, A. 19. There is

a pair of sharp diverging spines on each pre-orbital margin, and a

similar pair on the lower border of the preoperculum. ‘Two parallel

ridges pass from the snout, above each eye, to the occiput, where they

diverge to terminate in a sharp bifid spine on the tympanic region.

There are transverse rows of small milk-white (in spirit) papille on the

head and body. Diameter of scales j5 inch, the free edge with four or

five sharp teeth about two-thirds the diameter of the scale in length.

Colours in life:—dorsum metallic green; belly silvery: spinous dorsal

black: caudal with a dark base and black edge.

Total length of the largest specimen 5 inches.

Localities: 16 miles E. of mouth of Devi river in the Mahanaddi

delta, in 68 fathoms: [Bay of Bengal, Lat. 20° 18’ N. Long 90°

50’ E., in 65 fathoms, bottom temperature 65° Fahr.: 40 miles 8. W.

Akyab, in 100 fathoms, bottom temperature 62° Fahr.]. In the ‘ Investi-

gator’ collection from the Malabar coast is a single specimen an inch and

a half long, taken in 28 fathoms.

Family Prpicunatt.

Specimens of a small Lophius were taken on one occasion in a

moderate depth. It bears a close resemblance to L. setigerus (Wahl),

but Iam unable to identify it with the descriptions of that fish, and

propose to regard it as a distinct species.

LOPHIUS INDICUS, sp, un.

D. 3/3/8. A.6-7. C.8. P.23. V.5.

Cephalic disk enormous; half the total length, including candal ;

its vertex studded with spinous tubercles, and its margin completely

fringed with skinny appendages which are continued along the middle

1889, ] Species of Fishes from the Bay of Bengal. 303

line of the body and tail to the base of the caudal. Long diameter of

the eye about one-tenth the head length. The supra-orbital margin

prominent, with two large simple spines. Interorbital space concave ;

two eye-lengths in breadth. Mouth as broad as the disk: the anterior

part of its floor, with the tongue and upper surface of the branchial

arches, coloured like the body. Teeth sharp and depressable inwards :

in two series in the upper, three in the lower jaw, the outer series in

both jaws being very small. Two teeth on each side of the vomer, and

three or four ina row on the palatines, Gills three. Branchiostegals

five. Humeral spine bifid. First dorsal spine slender, naked, and

ending in a tuft: the second with a fringed edge: the third bristle-like,

Colours in life: dorsum dark grey reticulated with narrow black

vermicular lines: belly and throat colourless. The stomach is a globu-

lar sac; the intestine long and coiled; and the two pyloric appendages

very large and long. Total length; 1 inches.

Locality: 5 miles 8. of Ganjam, in 25 fathoms, on a clean sandy

bottom.

Among the ‘ Investigator’ collections is a specimen of this fish 32

inches long, taken in 28 fathoms off the Malabar coast. In this

specimen the humeral spine has two smaller diverging spines at its base.

Family Corripa.

PRIONOTUS ALUPIS, sp. n., Pl. XXII, Fig. 5.

This little fish seems to be very closely allied to Prionotus biros-

tratus (Richardson), from which it differs in having a scale-less integu-

ment. Before describing it, its points of community with P. birostratus

may be reviewed, after Jordan and Hughes’ scheme (Proc. U. 8. Nat.

Mus. 1886, vol. ix, pp. 327-338).

Dorsal spines 10, rays 13: anal rays 11. Mouth comparatively

large, the maxilla being two-fifths of the head-length, and the mandible

extending to the vertical from the front edge of the eye. No cross

groove on the top of the head. Free rays of pectoral tapering, and not

expanded at the tip. Black patch on spinous dorsal diffused over more

than two spines, and not ocellated. Preopercular spine with a distinct

smaller one at its base. Gill-rakers slender and tapering.

Pre-orbital produced beyond the snout. Spines on the head well-

developed. Pectoral fins truncated.

Description.

D.10/13. A.1l. P. 12/3, V.1/5. C. 20,

Head of enormous relative size, being longer (caudal excluded),

higher, and wider than the compressed body. Outline of the body

triangular, with a crescentic expansion abt the base of the caudal. Snont

“a

804 A. Alcock—Desecriptions of some new or rare {No. 3,

bill-shaped, with two horizontal, advanced, serrated horns formed by the

prolongation of the preorbitals, and with a strong median knob. The

eyes, which are rather more than two-sevenths the length of the head,

diverge from one another behind, where they are a little more than a

diameter apart. The concave interorbital space is bounded by pro-

minent sharp supra-orbital margins, in the middle of which is a broad |

upstanding spine with recurved tip. On each side of the origin of the -

spinous dorsal is a sharp serrated occipital spine, as long as the eye.

Operculum with a transverse ridge ending-in a small spine. Preoper-

culum with two spines at its angle, one behind the other; and three

dentations along its lower border. Mouth large and broad. Minute

teeth in jaw, palate, and vomer,

Gill-openings wide: the branchiostegals a good deal uncovered by

the operculum, in repose. Gill-rakers close-set; in form like long

pointed bristles. No scales. The lateral line, which consists of 16

close-set prominent tubes diminishing in size from before backwards,

extends only as far as the vertical from the Ist dorsal ray. The spinous

dorsal is higher than the soft; the 2nd, 8rd, and 4th spines are the

strongest and highest, being rather over half the height of the head.

The anal rays are longer than the soft dorsal rays. The caudal is very

large, deeply forked, and half as long as the head. The pectoral a

reaches as far as the base of the last anal ray; and the first free ray

nearly as far. The ventral is four-fifths the length of the pectoral :

its spine is very strong and sharp. Colours in life: body light sea-

green with two irregular lines of purple-brown blotches along the

dorsum: head mottled with tortoise-shell, green, and blue: spinous

dorsal light brown, with an oval black patch extending from the third

to the sixth spines: soft dorsal transparent grey, traversed by an oblique

dark band: anal yentrals and caudal transparent grey, the last witha

I V-shaped dark band at its base. Pectorals mottled and blotched with

| green, brown, orange, and yellow: their free filaments rosy red.

—

Two specimens, the longer of which is 1,2; inch.

Taken in 68 fathoms, 16 miles east of the mouth of the Devi river in

the Mahanaddi Delta.

The discovery of a Pitonotus in the Indian Seas is highly inter-

esting. ,

Family Murayipa. r

In the same very productive 68 fathoms haul a most curious Mu-

renid was obtained. In Dr. Giinther’s scheme (Giinther, Cat. viii, 19-

20), it would come between the Myrina and the Ophichthyina, having a

dentition similar to some Ophichthyines, with a Myrine tail, Its most |

peculiar character is found at the tip of the snout, where there is a boss

—

1889. | Species of Fishes from the Bay of Bengal. 305

of bone, formed apparently by an expansion of the premaxillaries, cover-

ed with teeth. I do not think this fish can be placed in any hitherto

established genus; and I propose for it the generic name Bathymyrus,

with the following diagnosis (after Dr. Giinther’s scheme) :—

Branchial openings in the pharynx are wide slits. Tail longer than

the trunk, Heart situated immediately behind the gills. Muscular and

osseous systems well-developed. Gill-openings separated by an inter-

space. Nostrils labial. Tongue not entirely free. End of the tail sur-

rounded by the fin, Pectorals well-developed. Dorsal fin commencing

immediately behind the gill-opening, ‘Teeth in the jaws uniserial,

Inter-maxillary forming the end of the snout.

BATHYMYRUS ECHINORHYNCHDS, gen. eb sp. n., Pl. XXII, Fig. 6.

Body cylindrical anteriorly, compressed posteriorly. Tail longer

than the body by one-half. Head, excluding the branchiostegal region,

one-seventh of the total: cylindrical, tapering slightly; the muciferous

cavities well-developed. The snout projects beyond the lower jaw; it

is as long as the eye, which is one-fifth of the head as above limited ;

and its tip is formed by a massive upward and lateral expansion, stud-

ded with small curved teeth, of the premaxillaries. The nostrils are in

contact with the margin of the upper lip; the anterior being tubular and

situated near the end of the snout, the posterior being valved and placed

in front of the lower border of the eye. The gape of the mouth extends

a little behind the vertical from the posterior border of the orbit. There

is a single series of close-set, uniform, small sharp teeth in the maxille

and in the mandibles: a few similar teeth on the vomer at its junction

with the premaxillaries, and a cluster of sharp down-curved teeth on the

extra-oral rostral expansion of the premaxillaries. The tongue is long

and attached up to its tip by an extensible frenum. The gill-openings

extend obliquely from the upper edge of the base of the pectoral almost

to the middle line of the abdomen, where they are separated by a narrow

interspace. The gill-lamine are long, coarse, and cylindrical. The

branchiostegal region is one-third the length of the head. There is

an oblique bony stay across the operculum. The integument is scale-

less. The pectorals are longer than the greatest body height. The

dorsal begins above the origin of the pectorals. The caudal is well-

developed, confluent with the vertical fins, and with a truncated tip.

Colours in life, transparent grey with numerous minute specks of black.

Total length of the single specimen 103 imches.

Locality : 16 miles east of the mouth of the Devi river in the Maha-

naddi delta in 68 fathoms,

I have to record my deep obligations to Professor Wood-Mason for

the advice and help which he has so kindly given me in all my work,

306 J. Wood-Mason—EHthiopian and Oriental Representatives [No. 3,

XVIII.—The Ethiopian and Oriental Representatives of the Mantodean

Subfamily Vatide.—By J. Woov-Masoy, Superintendent of the

Indian Museum, and Professor of Comparative Anatomy in the

Medical College of Bengal, Calcutta.

[Read November 6th, 1889.]

Genus 1. Danurta, Stal. |

| Danuria, Stal, Ofy. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Férh. 1857, p. 169; 1872, p. 887, #; |

Bih, Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1877, pp. 69-70, & 2.—Saussure, Mél. Orthopt. 1870,

t. i, p. 309.

Disrrisution.—South and Hast-African sub-regions of the Ethio-

pian Region.

| 1. Danvria taunsrrat, Stal. |

Danuria thunbergi, Stal, Ofv. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Foérh, 1857, p- 169; 1872,

p. 883, g'.—Saussure, Mél. Orthopt. 1870, t. i, p. 444, pl. v, figs. 66, 66a, 67, g 9.—

de Bormans, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1881, vol. XXV, p. 28.

Has.—Natal (Stal) ; South Africa (Saussure, de Bormans).

2. DanuRiA BOLAUANA, Saussure, -

Danwria bolawana, Saussure, Bull. Entom. Suisse 1869, t. iii, p. 79, #3 Mél.

Orthopt, 1870, t. i, p. 310, #.—de Bormans, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1881, vol. xxy,

p. 22,

Has.—Zanzibar (Saussure) ; South Africa (de Bormans).

3. Danurta supercrniarts, (Gerstaecker),

Mantis (Danuria?) superciliaris, Gerstaecker, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 1869, xxxv

| Jahrg., i Band, 8. 210, et v. d. Decken’s Reigen in Ost-Afrika, iii Band, ii Abt., S. 15, 7

Taf. 1, fig. 7, 7a., 7b., 9 nymph. ;

I Has.—Wanga, Hast-Africa.

Possibly an immature female of the preceding.

4, Danurta ELonaata, de Borre.

Danuria elongata, de Borre, Liste d. Mant. Mus. Roy, Hist. Nat. Belg. 1883

p. 19, #. ,

Has.—Southern Guinea,

5. DaAnuria BUCHHOLZI, Gerstaecker,

Danuria buchholat, Gerstaecker, Beitrag

1] 1883, p. 55, o.

Has.—Akkra, Gold Coast.

Zz. Kennt. Orthopt.-Fauna Guinea’s

1889. ] of the Mantodean Subfamily Vatide. 307

Genus 2. Popa, Stal.

Popa, Stal, Ofy. Kongl. Vot.-Akad. Férh, 1857, p. 169; 1871, p. 886 ; Bih. Kongl

Sy. Vet.-Akad. Handl, 1877, p. 70.

Disrrisurron.—South-African and Malagasy sub-regions of the

Ethiopian Region,

6. Popa unpara, (Fabr.).

Mantis undata, Fabr., Ent. Syst. 1793, t. ii, p. 19, no. 28,9 .—Charpentier,

Orthopt. Dese. et Depict. 1841, tab. 38, #7 2.

Theoclytes ? undata, Serville, Hist. Nat. d. Orthopt. 1839, p. 152, 9,

Popa spwrea, Stal, Ofv. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Férh. 1857, p. 189; et 1872, p. 387, a.

Popa wndata, Bates, P. Z. 8, 1863, p. 473.— Saussure, Mél. Orthopt. 1872, t. ii,

p. 79, $ (redesc.).

Two males differ from seven females from British Caffraria, and

agree with a very large (63 mm, long) male from Delagoa Bay, in the

Indian Museum, in the absence of lobes in the posterior legs, the sole

character upon which P. spwrca is founded by Stal, who was acquainted

only with the male sex, of which lobeless hindlegs would appear to be

a very usual, if not an invariable, peculiarity.

Bates had already united these two supposed species.

Hazs.—Cape of Good Hope (Charpentier, Serville) ; Natal (Stal,

Bates) ; South Africa (Sausswre) ; Bedford, British Caffraria; Delagoa

Bay ; Madagascar (Bates).

Genus 3, Hurmrocumra, Westwood.

& 2. Body greatly elongated, bacilliform, without foliaceous lobes

and spines.

Head between the points of the sharp conical corneal spines nearly

twice as wide as the pronotum at its dilatation; vertex concave, its

median and sub-median lobes lower than its extensive lateral lobes,

which with the eyes are bent forwards at obtuse angles to the rest of

the vertex.

Organs of flight coloured: tegmina with the marginal field ir-

regularly reticulate, the anterior radial forked just before the apical

fourth, the posterior radial simple, the anterior prong of anterior ulnar

simple, the posterior 4-branched, the dividens anastomosed with the

posterior ulnar just before the posterior margin, and the plicate vein reach-

ing the margin, but sending its three or four branches through the anal

gusset, which is hence venose: wings with the anterior area narrow

and the anterior ulnar simple and unbranched.

308 J. Wood-Mason—Zthiopian and Oriental Representatives [No. 3,

Forelegs: coxs obclavate, with the inner crest armed at base with

lobate saw-like teeth ; femora narrow, sinuous above, weakly arched be-

low, where they are armed on the outer edge with 5 very long and

sharp spines, on the inner edge with 13 alternately shorter and longer,

and on the disk with 4. Posterior legs without foliaceous lobes, but

furnished with genicular spines; tibise slightly thickened fusiformly,

five-crested; Ist tarsal joint hardly longer than the two next together.

Disrripurion.—East-African sub-region of the Kthiopian Region,

7. Hnrrrocemta Trenurpes, Westwood.

Tonodera tenwipes, Westwood, Ann, Nat. Hist, 1842, vol. viii, p. 272.

Touodera (Heterocheta) tenwipes, Westw. Arc. Entom, 1842, vol. i, p. 163, pl

41, f.—

Heterocheta tenuipes, Gerstaecker, Beit. z. Kennt. Orthopt.-Fauna Guinea’s

1883, p. 56, 2 et # nymph,

Has.—West and Hast-Africa: Senegal (Westwood) ; Bagamojo,

Zanzibar mainland (Gerstaecker).

Genus 4. Hrrrrocumruna, nov.

$2. Sexes alike. Body small, delicate, long, slender, bacilliform,

Head transverse, depressed, nearly horizontal, pentagonal; vertex

much produced above the level of the eyes, distinctly divided by notches

and grooves into five lobes, a median, two sub-median, and two lateral,

the median with the inner parts of the sub-median forming the upper,

the outer parts of the sub-median and the lateral with the eyes to the

corneal spines on each side, the two superolateral, and the corneal spines

to the labrum on each side, the two infero-lateral sides of the pentagon ;

middle of vertex concave or convex or level according as the median lobe

or the sub-median lobes are the higher or all are of equal height; eyes

compressed, laterally very salient, with a short simple or a bifid non-

faceted corneal spine at the upper and outer angle; facial shield a

transverse band deeply indented by the antenne and not very distinetly

defined basally, and concave apically; a small tubercle between the

antennal scrobe and the eye on each side homologous with the curved

ridge in Toxodera.

Pronotum transversely convex, transverged from the base to beyond

the middle of the anterior lobe by a fine raised median line, which at

the apex of the posterior and throughout in the anterior lobe is lodged

in a shallow groove; its deflexed sides very finely toothed and its disk

very minutely and sparsely granulose.

Terminal tergum of the abdomen transverse, truncated at the ex-

tremity. Cerci short, broadly foliaceous.

~t\y

1889. ] of the Mantodean Subfamily Vatides. 309

Organs of flight coloured. Tegmina: the veinlets of the marginal

field long and very oblique and rarely branched and anastomosed so as to

form a reticulum with very Jong and narrow meshes, posterior radial sim-

ple, anterior prong of anterior ulnar o& 2-branched, ° 1-branched, posterior

prong o& 2-branched, 9 3-branched, dividens not quite reaching the

margin, plicate vein reaching the margin, but sending its two branches

through the anal gusset, which is hence venose, all the veins straight and

much more oblique than in the preceding genus. Wings with the an-

terior area narrow and the anterior ulnar simple.

Forelegs of the same proportions is in the preceding; the coxe above

depressed and unarmed; femora armed below on the outer edge with 4

spines (order of length 2, 1, 3, 4), on the inner edge with 18 or 14 alter-

nately shorter and longer (up to the 10th, which is followed by 2 or 3

short ones, the series being completed in each case by one which is

somewhat longer than any of the rest), and on the disk with 4; tibia

blunt roof-shaped. Posterior lees without foliaceous lobes, but provided

with genicular spines; lateral genicular lobes of feebly 4-cristate femora

short or acuminately produced ; tibie filiform, terete above, feebly bi-

cristate below; 1st joint of tarsus not longer then the next two taken

together.

Distrisution.—Indian sub-region of the Oriental Region.

8. Hprprocratuna tricotor, W.-M.

Heterochwta tricolor, Wood-Mason, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1876, vol xviii, ser. 4,

p. 441, 2.

Has.—?, Calcutta, Bengal (type); ¢ 9, Khurda, Orissa (var.),

9. H{nrnRocHm@TULA FISSISPINIS, n. Sp.

Ripe Nymph. Corneal spines bifid. Submedian lobes of vertex

conically or triangularly prolonged above the median so as to form an

occipital concavity for the reception of the rounded anterior end of the

pronotum. Anterior femora triangularly produced in the mid dorsal

line over the knee joint, with the last long spine of their lower and

inner margin preceded by three shorter ones. Lateral genicular lobes

of the four posterior femora acuminately produced, especially in the

anterior pair, in which they are twice the length of those of the

posterior pair. Tip of abdomen broken off.

Length of pronotum 14 millims., of which the anterior and posterior

lobes are respectively 3°75 and 10°25; of anterior coxa 6°66, femur 8,

Hazs.—Bangalore, Mysore.

310 J. Wood-Mason---Dthiopian and Oriental Representatives [No. 3,

Genus 5, AlrHarocHroa, W.-M.

Aithalochroa, Wood-Mason, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, vol. xix, ser. 4, p.

808, Sf.

Arsacia, Stal, Bih. Sv. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1877, Bd, iv, No. 10, p. 70, ¢.

39. Sexes alike. Body greatly elongated, bacilliform.

Head of moderate size, not wider than the dilatation of the

pronotum; occiput concave; vertex divided by grooves into five

lobes, two lateral, which are always conoidally produced or swollen,

two sub-median, which may or may not be. produced, and one median

forming a horizontal transversely convex elevation of considerable

antero-posterior extent which widens slightly to its abrupt termi-

nation immediately above and behind the stemmata in a vertical

flab area with a semicircular or symmetrically sinuous prominent

margin, which appears to coincide with the forks of the epicranial

suture and may or may not be produced in the middle line into a horn,

which may be simple or bifid; furnished at the ocular margins of the

forehead with a small spine-like tubercle and lower down at the same

margin with a faint wrinkle, on each side; eyes higher than broad,

strongly prominulous, tumid, and furnished at the upper and outer

angle, or at the junction of the upper and the lateral parts of their con-

tour, with a conical non-faceted spine or at least with a minute round flat

smooth tubercle; stemmata large on a three-way tubercle; facial shield

pentagonal with its basal angle obtuse and somewhat projecting ;

clypeus with a strong mesially interrupted sub-apical transverse ridge;

labrum convex ; antennee setaceous, much shorter than the prothorax,

Prothorax granulose: pronotum greatly elongated, steeply roof-

shaped as to its slightly bowed posterior lobe, with the top of the ridge

surmounted in the female by a prominent raised median dorsal line

extending into the anterior lobe, which dorsal line is present in the

male only for a short distance from the two ends of the pronotum;

gradually widening from the dilatation to either end,

2-6 sterna of abdomen with a short sharp carina ending in a point

at the middle of their hinder margin, @ 7-8 sterna emarginate at the

extremity ; terga with a raised median line which is produced to a point

at the hinder end and increases, the point concomitantly decreasing, in

strength to the extremity of the abdomen ; 10th tergum flatly roof-shaped,

short, about twice as broad as long, rounded at the extremity. Cerci

broadly foliaceous, spatulate, rounded or truncate-rounded at the extre-

mity.

Organs of flight when closed hardly extending beyond the apex of

the fifth abdominal segment; their marginal fields subcoriaceous,

semiopaque, the rest of the tegmina membranous, ? semi-transparent,

1889.] of the Mantodean Subfamily Vatide. 311

3 hyaline, the rest of the wings membranous, ¢ hyaline or at most

obsoletely tesselated, 9 more or less distinctly and extensively tesscla-

ted with pellucid brown: longitudinal veins of tegmina very slightly and

widely sinuous, almost straight; anterior radial forked at or just before

its apical third, posterior radial simple, anastomosed to the anterior for

a short distance soon after its origin, becoming again free at the stigma,

which is indistinct, colourless, and in the radio-ulnar interspace ; anterior

prong of anterior ulnar 1 or 2-braached, posterior prong 4 to 5-branched ;

dividens running to posterior margin or into posterior ulnar; plicata

sending its main stem direct to the margin, its branches through the anal

gusset, which is hence venose ; and the transverse veinlets curved: wings

with distinct anal emargination, unbranched anterior ulnar, and first

plicate vein forked at or before the end of its basal third.

Anterior coxe triquetrous, their crests, especially the posterior,

granulose-spinulose, the anterior or upper expanded at the apex into a

short foliaceous lobe; femora with their upper margin concave, cristate

at the apex, their lower armed on the outer edge with 5 spines, of which

the first two are sub-equal and longer and the last three sub-equal and

shorter, on the inner edge with 12-14 alternately shorter and longer,

of which the two last are long ones, and on the disk with 3 small ones ;

tibie weak, curved, slightly enlarged to either end from their thin mid-

dle, but especially to the armed end, terete above to within a little of the

apex, which is faintly crested, paucispinose, being armed only on the

apical fifth of their outer edge and on the apical half of their inner

edge, terminal claw long and rather abruptly hooked.

Posterior legs rather short, strongly crested; femora prismatic,

without genicular spines, with four crests, which may or may not be

expanded into foliaccous lobes and in the latter case are spinulose, their

knee-lobes short, submucronate-triangular ; tibiss triquetrous, equal to

or a trifle longer than the femora, with three crests, one dorsal and two

ventral, with or without foliaceous lobes, in which latter case they are

5-sided and fusiformly enlarged ; first tarsal joint short, only about as

long as the two following taken together.

Disrripurion.—Indian and [South Indian and]* Ceylonese sub-

regions of the Oriental Region.

The discovery of two species with well-developed corneal spines has

led to the detection of vestiges of those structures in the typical species.

* The brackets are intended to indicate that no representative of the genus

has yet been recorded from the portion of the subregion the name of which is

enclosed.

312 J. Wood-Mason—Hihiopian and Oriental Representatives [No. 3,

10. ATHALOCHROA ASHMOLIANA, (Westw.)

Vates ashmolianus, Westw., Ann. Nat. Hist. 1842, vol. viti, p. 272; Arcana

Entomol. 1843, vol. ii, p. (note +) ?.

Aithalochroa ashmoliana, Wood-Magson, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, vol. xix,

ser, 4, p. 808, &' ¢.—P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 584.

Arsacia ashmoliana, Stal, Bih, Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand. 1877, Bd. iv, no. 10, p.75, °.

6&9. Margin of anterior end of median lobe of vertex bisinuous

with a minute blunt projection on each side of the middle line. Hyes

with a minute, slightly convex circular non-faceted spot or tubercle

representing a corneal spine.

Teomina: a finger-print-like mark at the base forming a curved

band across the closed organs of flight, a marbling along the marginal

field, and some short streaks on the longitudinal veins—deep rich brown,

and some obscure brown blotches on the membrane, which in the 9? is

clouded with greyish whity-brown, but in the male is almost perfectly

hyaline; the anterior and posterior prongs of the anterior ulnar are

respectively 1- and 4-branched; the dividens runs to the posterior

margin.

Wings: o& the anterior margin and apex marbled with dark brown

and the rest hyaline: @ the anterior margin and apex more extensively

and deeply marbled with dark brown ; a tesselated pellucid violet-fuscous

blotch of greater or less extent near the base of the posterior area,

which is followed by broken and anastomosed concentric waves of the

same colour, and also of varying extent and intensity, extending be-

tween the seventh plicate vein and the anterior margin to the outer

margin, and, when less developed, leaving an ante-apical roundish patch

of sub-hyaline in the anterior area.

Four posterior femora with three sub-triangular foliaceous lobes

near the apex, one on the upper or posterior of the dorsal crests, and

two on the two ventral crests, all arched proximally and sub-dentate

distally; tibiee with one foliaceous lobe extending from the knees to

the middle of the joint on its dorsal crest and with their two ventral

crests foliaceously expanded throughout increasingly from the base, so

much so in a female from Ceylon that the joint when viewed from below

has a long spatulate outline.

Total length, ¢ 100, 2 115 millims.; length of pronotum 2 33,

¢ 40, of which the anterior and posterior lobes are respectively, 3

76, 2 95and ¢ 254, 9 305; width of prothorax at supracoxal dila-

tation, & 4°5, @ 5'6, at hinder extremity, 3 36, 9 4.5; leneth of

abdomen, & 46, 9 52, width at middle, ¢ 3:5, 9 5; length of teg-

mina, 3 45, Y 55, width at middle, 3 9, 9 11, near base 6,11 9 125;

length of wings, 3 42, 9 52, breadth & 22°5, 9 27; length of fore coxa,

-_-

‘

1889. ] of the Mantodean Subfamily Vatidee. 313

3 15, 9 165; femur, & 165, 9 19°75, breadth at angulation ¢ 2,

9 3; tibia, from base to insertion of tarsus, ¢ 12, 9 15; of immediate

femur, & 12:5, 9 15°5; tibia, ¢ 12:5, 9 15:5; of posterior femur,

3 15, 9 19; tibia, J 15, 9 19; of antennw, & 23, 9 18; of cerci,

3 75, 9 85; width cd 2, 9 2:6.

HAzs.—Bombay (var. simplicipes) ; Calcutta, Berhampur, and Jal-

piguri, Bengal; “ N. India” (var. insignis); Hllore, Godavery District,

Madras Presidency (Sir Walter Hllioti’s drawings) ; Colombo, Ceylon.

11. ATHALOCHROA AFFINIS, n. sp.

3. Anterior end of median lobe of vertex produced upwards in

the middle line into a small blunt spine or tubercle. Hyes with a sharp

regularly conical non-faceted corneal spine.

Organs of flight coloured as in the preceding. In the tegmina the

anterior and posterior prongs of the anterior ulnar are 2- and 4-branched

respectively and the dividens is anastomosed with the posterior ulnar.

Legs as in the preceding. Fore tibie with 4-5 spines outside and

7-8 inside.

Total length 78°5 millims.; length of pronotum 26, of which the

anterior and posterior lobes are respectively 6 and 20, breadth at supra-

coxal dilatation 4, at hinder end 3°25; leneth of meso- and metanotum

with seg. med. 14; of abdomen without seg. med. 38, breadth at

middle 4; length of tegmina 36°5, breadth near base 9, at middle 7; length

of wings 35, breadth 20; length of fore coxa 11, femur 14, breadth at

angulation 3, length of tibia, from base to insertion of tarsus, 10; of

intermediate femur 9, tibia 9; of posterior femur 1], tibia 11; of an-

tenn (broken) ; of cerci 5'5, breadth 1°75.

Has.—Sind.

12. ATHALOCHROA SPINIPES, 0, sp.

3. The lateral and sub-median lobes of the vertex are more point-

ed than in the preceding and the anterior end of the median lobe is pro-

duced upwards into a bifid process. The eyes bear a blunt conical,

almost finger-shaped, corneal spine, Antenne greyish whity-brown.

The organs of flight are almost perfectly pellucid and almost colour-

less throughout, only the marginal field of both pairs being slightly opaque

and obsoletely mottled with brownish, and the posterior area of the

posterior pair presenting faint vestiges of the basal blotch with sueceed-

ing waves of amethystine fuscous which forms so conspicuous a feature in

the female of the typical species. In the tegmina the anterior and

posterior prongs of the anterior ulnar are respectively 2- and 5-branched

and the dividens is anastomosed with the posterior ulnar,

814 J. Wood-Mason—Bthiopian and Oriental Representatives [No. 3,

The fore tibis 4-spined outside and 7-spined inside; the last spine

on each side more oblique than the rest. The posterior legs bear no

foliaceous lobes: the femora are all armed on each of their two ventral

crests with six small spines, so that the spines of the one crest are

opposite to those of the other, and the four mean spines subequal and

larger than the two extreme in each case; the tibie are fusiformly

thickened, five-sided, bearing five crests, one double dorsal, two lateral,

and two spinulose ventral, the intervals between which are transversely

nearly level.

Total length 73 millims.; length of pronotum 23, of which the

anterior and posterior lobes are respectively 5 and 18, breadth at dilata-

tion 3, at hinder end 3; length of meso- and metanotum with seg. med.

11:5; of abdomen without seg. med. 33°5, breadth at middle 2°5 ; length

of tegmina 31, breadth near base 7°5, at middle 6; length of wings 82,

breadth 16°5; length of fore coxa 10, femur 11°5, breadth at angulation

2, length of tibia, from base to insertion of tarsus, 8; of intermediate

femur 7, tibia 7:25; of posterior femur 9°75, tibia 10; of antenne 16;

of cerci 5:25, breadth 1°65.

Haz.—Karachi, Sind,

Genus 6. ParapAnurta, W.-M.

Paradanuria, Wood-Mason, Ann, & Mag. Nat, Hist. 1877, vol. xix, ser. 4, p. 220,

§ nymph.

@ (nymph). Body elongated, small and delicate, slender bacilli-

form. Integument granulose and longitudinally coarsely paucirugose.

Head depressed, thin, horizontal, higher or rather longer than

broad, rather broader than the prothorax at its dilatation, with vertex,

forehead, and face in the same plane; vertex with its lateral lobes

produced above and slightly outwards over the eyes to a blunt tubercle,

so as to form an occipital concavity for the reception of the rounded

fore end of the pronotum, its median lobe on the disk elevated into a

huge convex boss, which is roundly prominent posteriorly or superiorly,

appearing in a front view to project above the concave occipital line,

and is separated anteriorly or inferiorly by a transverse grooye from the

subquadrate stemmatal eminence, which bears a blunt conical tubercle at

the middle of its posterior margin. Eyes narrow, wall-sided, with the

upper part of their contour at right angles to the lateral and a short

stout bluntly mammilliform non-faceted corneal spine at the angle.

Pronotum roof-shaped with distinct rounded dilatation, and a raised

dorsal line, which is continued to the extremity of the abdomen,

Terminal tergum of abdomen triangular with arched sides, Cerci

foliaceous extending by fully rds of their length beyond the extremity of

1889. ] of the Mantodean Subfamily Vatide. 315

the 7th sternum, equalling in length the four terminal abdominal terga

taken together, and widening from the base to the apex, which is divid-

ed by a shallow notch into two points.

Anterior legs long and slender; coxe expanded along the apical

fourth of their anterior crest into a conspicuous dentate foliaceous lobe ;

femora nearly straight above, weakly arched below, with acute genicular

lobes and a conspicuous supra-genicular lobe at obtuse angles to the

upper margin, armed below on the outer edge with 6 spines, of which

the first is equal to the third and the 2nd to the 6th form a slighty de-

creasing series, on the inner edge with 12 alternately shorter and longer,

and on the disk with 3; tibis as broad as high, above terete, perfectly

straight and uniformly wide throughout from base to insertion of tarsus.

Posterior legs very short; the femora stout, slightly tapering at both

ends, prismatic, with four strong crests, a blunt ridge on each side

between the dorsal and ventral crests, the upper or posterior of the

ventral crests foliaceous, long slender genicular and supragenicular

lobes, but no genicular spines; tibie rather longer than the femora,

above terete, below bicristate; 1st joint of tarsus not quite so long

as the three succeeding taken together.

Disrripurion.—Indian sub-region of the Oriental Region.

Winged specimens of this genus will be described and figured by

Professor Westwood in his forthcoming * Revisio Mantidarum,

13. PARADANURIA ORIENTALIS, W.-M.

Paradanuria orientalis, Wood-Mason, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, vol. xix,

ser. 4, p. 220, 2 nymph.

Has.—Bangalore, Mysore.

Genus 7. HUTHYPHLEPS, nov.

¢. Body long, rather small and delicate, slender bacilliform. In-

tegument granulose and spinulose especially in the prothorax.

Head somewhat depressed; vertex slightly declivous, its median

lobe separated from the submedian lobes by two longitudinal depres-

sions of the disk, the latter triangularly produced backwards, upwards,

and outwards so as to form an occipital cavity for the reception of the

fore end of the pronotum; forehead and face convexly more declivous,

so that, when the head is viewed from the side, the eyes appear

to be separated from the submedian lobes of the vertex by a deep

notch one side of which is formed by the eyes, the other by the

submedian lobes, and the bottom by the narrow lateral lobes of the

vertex. Stemmata large, on a considerable eminence, which bears a

316 J. Wood-Mason—Hihiopian and Oriental Representatives [No. 8,

spike-like erect tooth at the middle of its hinder margin, and is separat-

ed off from the vertex by a tramsverse groove. Hyes narrow, oval,

conyex laterally, produced above the level of the lateral lobes of the

vertex, armed at the upper and outer angle with a large stout blunt

somewhat curved finger-shaped non-faceted corneal spine.

Pronotum roof-shaped with transversely convex sides, surmounted

by a raised dorsal line, which is continued to the extremity of the

abdomen.

Abdominal sterna produced in the middle of their hinder margin;

terga 1-7 produced in the middle posteriorly to a delicate filamentous

process, the last a broadly concave-truncate triangle with the sides

arched, Cerci broadly foliaceous, 13-jointed, broadest at the antepenul-

timate joint, reaching but little beyond the 7th sternum, the upper apex

of their last four joints produced so that their upper margin is bluntly

dentate and their apex bifid.

Organs of flight extending nearly to the extremity of the abdomen.

Tegmina semiopaque, sub-coriaceous, parallel-sided; the marginal field

irregularly reticulate; the longitudinal veins of anterior area nearly

parallel to the margins with their interspaces narrow and divided by

false yeins; the posterior area and its gusset produced, with its longitu-

dinal veins very oblique; the anterior prong of anterior ulnar simple

and unbranched, posterior prong 6-branched; the dividens anastomoses

with the posterior ulnar some distance before the margin, the 4-branched

plicata goes to the margin, its lst and 2nd branches running parallel

with it, but dissolving into a common reticulum at varying distances

from the margin, and its 3rd and 4th traversing the anal gusset, which

is hence venose. Wings hyaline except in the anterior margin and

apex ; apex blunt not extending far beyond that of the posterior area ;

anal emargination slight, obtuse-angular; anterior ulnar forked at about

the junction of second and apical thirds of its length.

Fore-legs long and slender; cox expanded for fully the apical

third of their antericr crest into a conspicuous dentate foliaceous lobe ;

femora narrow, slightly sinuous above, that is to say, faintly convex

basally and then shallowly concave to the apex, which is produced, as

in the preceding genus, forwards and upwards over the femoro-tibial arti-

culation into a supragenicular spine, below weakly arched at base, armed

on the straight outer edge with 5 spines, on the inner with 11, and on the

disk with 3; tibiae straight, paucispinose, terete above. Posterior legs

similar but longer and slenderer than in the preceding genus, and fur-

nished with curved acicular genicular spines longer than the genicular

lobes, the lateral ones of which are longer than the dorsal.

Disrripu1i0n.—Himalo-[ Chinese] subregion of the Oriental Region.

“=

1889. ] of the Mantodean Subfamily Vatide. 317

14, HUTHYPHLEPS RECTIVENIS, n. sp.

9. Body the colour of a dead twig.

Tegmina semitransparent pale yellowish brown with the marginal

field and a long linear streak on the basal half of the anterior prong of

the anterior ulnar opaque bright cinnamon-brown. Wings hyaline

with the anterior margin semitransparent pale yellowish brown and a

decreasing series of four or five streaks on the veins at the apex cinna-

mon brown.

Fore tibie armed on the outer edges with 4-4 and on the inner with

6-7 spines, the last of which is strongly directed obliquely towards the

apex.

Posterior legs with a slight lobe on the upper or posterior dorsal

crest and a well developed one on the upper or posterior ventral crest,

which is divided, by a more (posterior pair) or less (intermediate pair)

distinct emargination, into two lobes, a smaller trilobulated proximal and

a larger crescent-shaped obsoletely dentate distal,

Total length 70 millims.; length of pronotum 19:5, of which the

anterior and posterior lobes are respectively 4°25 and 15:25, breadth at

supracoxal dilatation 3°25; length of meso- and metanotum with seg.

med. 13; of abdomen without seg. med. 33, breadth at middle 2°75 ;

length of tegmina 43, breadth at middle 7; length of wings 39,

breadth 17; length of fore coxa 10, femur 16, breadth 1°75, length of

tibia, from base to insertion of tarsus, 11; of intermediate femur 10,

tibia 10:25; of posterior femur 12, tibia 14; of antenne 19; of cerci

3°5, breadth 2.

Has.—Kulu, Kangra, N.-W. Himalayas, 3,600 feet (A. Graham

Young).

Genus 8. ToxopHRopsis, nov.

39. Body greatly elongated, bacilliform.

Head similar to that of the genera Toxodera and Paratoxodera, but

not nearly so wide, its long axis forming with that of the eyes a much

narrower angle; median and submedian lobes of the vertex a little

higher than the lateral lobes, slightly arched, separated by a transverse

groove from the prominent eminence which bears the large stemmata,

and is produced at the middle of its upper or hinder margin into a

short erect process, which may be acute or blunt and sub-bifid; eyes

oval, convex, produced slightly above the level of the lateral lobes of

the vertex, and bearing at their upper and outer angles a long sharp

slender incurved conical non-faceted corneal spine; a small tubercle

close to the inner and anterior margin of each eye, representing the

curved ridge in YTowodera; facial shield divided into three parts, one

318 J. Wood-Mason—Zthiopian and Oriental Representatives [No. 3,

median prominent semicircular below and between the antennm, and

two lateral sunken subquadrate, between which and the eyes a very

narrow space intervenes.

Prothorax subrugose, and roughly granulose, especially on tho

edges of the pronotum, much elongated, but shorter than in Toaodera

and Paratowodera, being not quite equal in length to the basal 33 seg-

ments of the abdomen exclusive of seg. med,, quite straight from end

to end; the posterior lobe of its pronotum less steeply roof-shaped with

the sides slightly convex transversely and the ridge line, which is dis-

tinctly compressed, especially in front, very sharp, and feebly arched

longitudinally ; the anterior lobe with a raised median line lodged in

a shallow furrow, enlarged at the extremity in @, as in Aithalochroa.

Abdomen smooth and polished, without foliaceous lobes, subparallel-

sided, very slightly and gradually widening, and bluntly carinate above,

from the base of the 4th to the apex of its 6th segment, thence nar-

rowing more rapidly to its extremity, the last four segments forming a

carinated roof-shaped mass with serrated sides; terga 1-6 with a notch

accompanied by a very small and delicate filamentous process at the

middle of the hinder margin; sterna with the posterior margin arcuate-

ly prominent, subcarinate, but without foliaceous duplicatures of the

integument, in the middle line at hinder end; 10th tergum trian-

gular a little broader than long. Cerci foliaccous, lanceolate, acutely

bifid, as in Lowodera.

Organs of flight in shape and structure very similar to those of

Toxodera, both pairs having the apex anterior, and the tegmina, the inter-

space between the posterior radial and the anterior prong of the anterior

ulnar wide and multicellular. In the tegmina, the marginal field is

opaque and only moderately wide, irregularly and strongly reticulate

the stigma, which is long and linear, lies as obliquely as possible upon

the posterior radial, extending a very short distance into the interspace

on each side of the vein; the anterior prong of the anterior ulnar, like

the posterior radial, simple, the posterior prong being 3 or 4-branched ;

the dividens anastomoses with the posterior ulnar, and may or may not

give off an anterior branch which does not do so; the plicata runs either

direct, or after anastomosis with the posterior ulnar, to the posterior

margin, but in either case sends all its branches through the anal gusset,

which is hence venose. In the wings there is a distinct anal emar-

gination and a simple and unbranched anterior ulnar.

Anterior legs long and slender ; coxee with the anterior crest for the

apical two-fifths of its length expanded into a conspicuous dentate

foliaceous lobe; femora narrow, above nearly straight and cari-

nate, the carina ending in a sharp supra-genicular lobe somewhat

> a

}

——=

1889, | of the Mantodean Subfamily Vatidee. 319

longer than the lateral lobes, also almost straight below, where they are

armed on the outer edge with 5 or 6 spines, on the inner edge with 11,

and on the disk with 3; tibie straight, terete above, paucispinose, the

spines in a single short series decreasing from the apex,

Posterior legs short and weak; femora prismatic, slightly tapering

to both ends, with four strong crests and a strong blunt crooked ridge on

each side giving them the appearance of being bent down near the apex,

with three equal acuminate genicular lobes and an acicular genicular

spine, which is longer than the lobes in the anterior pair, with the two

dorsal crests slightly lobed and the upper or posterior ventral crest ex-

panded into a foliaceous lobe, which is divided into two or more lobules ;

tibia longer than the femora, terete above, (?) obsoletely bicristate

below; first tarsal joint shorter than the two succeeding joints taken

together.

Disrrinurion.—Indian sub-region of the Oriental Region.

This genus is closely allied to Toxodera and Paratowzodera, agreeing

with both, amongst other things, in the oblique truncation of the

extremities, resulting in the forward position of the apices, of the organs

of flight, and with the former, but not with the latter, in the radio-ulnar

cell of its tezmina being wide and multicellular, and in the anal cerci

being lanceolate and acutely bifid at the extremity; but it may be

distinguished readily from both by the possession of a distinct though

small frontal horn, foliaceously amplified fore coxe, paucispinose fore

tibie, with the spines of each side in a single short and decreasing

series, 6-spined fore femora, a short first joint to its four posterior

tarsi, a simple and unlobed abdomen, a straight pronotal long axis,

and a venose anal gusset to its tegmina.

15. TOXODEROPSIS SPINIGHRA, n. sp,, Westw. & W.-M.

Towodera spinigera, Westwood, MSS.

Q. Dark vandyke-brown the colour of a dead twig or of rotten

leaves.

The frontal horn is a sharp spike-like projection,

Tegmina with the marginal field opaque dark yvandyke-brown, an

opaque whity-brown longitudinal streak extending from the base to

beyond the middle of the wing immediately posterior to the anterior

radial, diffusing itself along each side of the veins of the disk, and

including the long polished stigma and the base of the anterior radial,

the anal area smeared with dark vandyke-brown, and the longitudinal

veins marked with somewhat blurred and smear-like spots and streaks of

the same colour, especially at the apex, where every vein has a streak at

its extremity. The posterior fork of the anterior radial is distinotly 4.

4).

320 J. Wood-Mason— Bthiopian and Oriental Representatives [No. 8,

branched on one side, indistinctly so on the other. The dividens gives

off an anterior branch which is connected both with its own main stem

and with the posterior ulnar, thus furnishing the only instance known

to me in which this vein is branched. The main stem of the plicate runs

to the posterior margin direct.

Wings pellucid, increasingly from the base very pale smoky-quartz-

colour, with the opaque anterior margin, the longitudinal veins, and

the very fine, though very distinct, transverse veinlets, all increasing-

ly from the base, and with streaks on the apical ends of the veins of

the anterior area, vandyke-brown.

The fore femora, which have three pale rings especially well marked

on the inner and under sides, are armed below on the outer edge with 6

spines and on the inner with 11; and the tibie with 3 on the outer

edge and 7 on the inner edge.

The dorsal crests of the four posterior femora are slightly produced

triangularly opposite to the bend in the lateral ridges; and the upper

or posterior ventral foliaceous lobe is divided by a narrow rounded emar-

gination into two lobules, one much smaller and proximal, the other

much larger and distal, which are again subdivided by angular notches

into two obliquely pointed lobes.

The upper angle of the penultimate joint of the cerci though acute

is not produced.

Total length 93 millims.; height of head 4, breadth between the

points of the corneal spines 6°75, length of corneal spines 1°25 ; of prono-

tum 28°75, of which the anterior and posterior lobes are respectively

5°79 and 23, breadth at supracoxal dilatation 4, at hinder end 4°25;

length of meso- and metanotum with seg. med. 16 ; length of abdomen

without seg. med. 47, breadth at middle of 4th seg. 4, at apex of 6th

seg. 6°25; length of tegmina 47°5, breadth at middle 8°25; length of

wings 42°5, breadth 19; length of fore coxa 14°5, femora 19:5, breadth

2; length of tibia from base to insertion of tarsus 13; of intermediate

femur 7°5, tibia 9°5, lst tarsal joint 2; of posterior femur 8°25, tibia 11,

Ist tarsal joint 2°25; of antenne (absent) ; of cerci 8, breadth 2,

Has.—Bombay.

16, 'ToXODEROPSIS TAURUS, n. sp.

392. Smaller. Colouring the same.

The frontal horn is truncate and in the female distinct bifid.

Tn the tegmina the main stem of the plicata runs to the margin

after anastomosis with the dividens, which is simple and unbranched.

The fore femora are armed below with 9 5—5, & 5—6 spines only

on the outer edge and with 9 10—11, ¢ 11—11 on the inner; and the

1889.] of the Mantodean Subfamily Vatidee. 321

tibie with & 94—4 on the outer edge and 9 7—8, & 6—7 on the

inner,

In the posterior femora, the upper or posterior dorsal crest bears

two or three saw-like teeth and the distal lobule of the ventral folia-

ceous lobe is divided right to its base and has a minute sharp spinule

in front of it, of which but slight traces are to be seen in the other

species.

The upper angle of the penultimate joint of the cerci is as much

produced and as sharp as the tips of the terminal.

Total length & 78, 9 &8 millims.; length of pronotum, & 21°5,

26°5, of which the anterior and posterior lobes are respectively &

4:5, 9 5:75 and 3 17, 2 20°75, breadth at supra-coxal dilatation ob 3:5,

Q 4, at hinder end 3 3°5, 2 4; length of meso- and metanotum with

seg, med. d 15°5, 9 16; length of abdomen without seg. med. & 39, 2

42, breadth at middle of 4th seg. d 2°75, 2 3:5, at apex of 6th o& 4:5,

2 6; length of tegmina ¢& 37, 9 44, breadth at middle ¢ —, @ 75;

length of wings 3 36, 2 40, breadth ¢ — 9 —; length of fore

femur 3 15:5, 9 18, tibia, from base to insertion of tarsus, 3 10, 9 12;

length of intermediate femur 3 — 9 7°25, tibia ¢ — 9? 10°25, Ist tarsal

joint & — 9 2; of posterior femur ¢ — 9 85 tibia ¢ — Q 11, Ist

tarsal jot ¢ — ¢ 2°75; of cerci & (broken off), 9 6°25, breadth @ 2.

Has.— o Sind; 9 Khurda, Orissa (W. C. Taylor).

The two succeeding genera differ from all the preceding in having

the fore tibie multispinose on both edges, with the spines of both edges

divided at irregular intervals into several irregular series by some of

their number being longer and stouter than the others, and in haying

a long first joint to their four posterior tarsi, and from all except

Heterocheta and Heterochetula in not having the upper crest of the fore

cox in the slightest degree foliaceously amplified at the apex.

Genus 9. Toxoppra, Serville.

Torodera, Serville, Ann. Soc. Ent, Fr., 1837, t. vi, p. 27.—Hist. nat, d. Orthopt.

1839, p. 168, ¢.

3°. Sexesalike. Body greatly elongated, bacilliform.

Head broad, triangular; vertex between the eyes regularly arched,

divided by two broad and shallow discal impressions into a median and

two submedian lobes, which are separated from the unarmed stemmatal

eminence by a transverse groove, and the two latter of which are limited

off by fine grooves from the ample lateral lobes, which, with the eyes,

are almost in the same plane with the rest of the vertex, being scarcely

at all bent forwards; a strong ridge curves inwards and upwards on

each side from a point at the ocular margin which is opposite to the

$22 J. Wood-Mason—Fihiopian and Oriental Representatives [No. 3,

anterior margin of the antennal scrobe to the ends of the epicranial

suture and is so directed at its upper end that it would if continued far

enough pass into the groove which separates the lateral from the sub-

median lobes of the vertex; the facial shield has not shared in the widen-

ing of the head, a wide space intervening between it and the eyes; it

may be described as a transversely elongated rectangular plate giving off

a broad tongue-shaped process from its upper or basal margin, or as a

broad isosceles triangle the two adjacent equal sides of which are deeply

indented by the antennal scrobes. The eyes are compressed and some-

what drawn out superolaterally, where they bear a huge straight slender

conical non-faceted spine. Stemmata large on a prominent cuboidal

frontal eminence.

Prothorax very greatly elongated, as long as the abdomen to the

middle of the sixth segment, Pronotum with its lateral margins eranu-

lose, becoming spinulose in front, deflexed in the posterior, nearly

horizontal in the anterior lobe, which is bent up at an obtuse angle to

the posterior lobe, is transversely convex, bears a few tubercles on each

side of the middle line, and presents on its posterior enlarged end

a broad and shallow longitudinal depression, which is continuous with a

similar one on the enlarged anterior end of the posterior lobe, which

is higher than broad, so strongly compressed as to be very steeply voof-

shaped, and, with the sternal region, so strongly arched as to have the

form of a bow, being concave ventrally and correspondingly convex

dorsally, where it is surmounted by a blunt rather ill-defined raised line,

on which, especially anteriorly, where some are collected into a small

clump deforming ‘the surface, are a few small mammilliform tubercles,

and which at the 9 broadly truncate-rotundate, @ triangularly pro-

duced (?), posterior end gives off a very narrow spirally coiled leathery

process.

Mesonotum, metanotum, and seg. med. with a very strong

raised dorsal line, which is continued decreasingly to the end of the

4th abdominal tergum, where it ends to begin again at the anterior end

of the fifth tergum to be continued increasingly to the last.

The abdomen is of uniform width to the 6th segment, thence taper-

ing in slightly arched outlines to its rounded extremity ; all its terga

bear in the middle line posteriorly a fringed cup-shaped foliaceous lobe

the upper lip of which terminates in a delicate recurved filament, and

which in the 5th and 6th is large, in the 5th very large, and conspicu-

ous; @ sterna 2-6 with subequal foliaceous sub-quadrant-shaped dupli-

catures of the integument at middle of hinder margins; 10th tergum

semioval, roof-shaped, 1} times as broad as long. Cerci foliaceous,

lanceolate, divided at the extremity by a deep notch into two sharp points,

extending by more than two-thirds of their length beyond the abdomen.

1889. ] of the Mantodean Subfamily Vatide. 323

Organs of flight equally well-developed in the two sexes, when closed,

not quite reaching up to the foliaceous lobe of the 5th tergum, obliquely

truncate at the extremity, so that the apex in both is subacute and falls

just behind the anterior margin, and that there is no anal emargination

in the hinder pair, All the longitudinal veins remarkably straight.

Teemina with the marginal field tolerably expanded at base, irregu-

larly reticulate, and semiopaque, the anterior radial forked at junction

of outer and middle third and its upper prong running to the apex, the

posterior radial simple, the stigma long and narrow placed as obliquely

as possible across the radio-ulnar interspace and extended on to the

two bounding veins, the anterior prong of the anterior ulnar forked, the

cellules of the wide middle part of interspace between the anterior ulnar

and the posterior radial in five transverse rows, the posterior prong

of the anterior ulnar 2-branched, the dividens anastomosed with the

posterior ulnar some distance short of the margin, the plicate, which

all but reaches the posterior margin, broken up into a reticulum contri-

buted to by its three branches, none of which enters the anal gusset,

which is hence reticulate. Wings with the anterior ulnar simple.

Legs tolerably long and slender. Fore coxw strongly triquetrous,

spinulose on the front crest, rough on the others, the front and outer

ones produced at apex to sharp rough spines; femora strongly curved,

obelavate, strongly sinuous and carinate above and angulate-rounded

near the base below, at the apex trispinose, armed on the outer edge of

the lower margin with 6 spines, on the inner edge with 14, on the disk

with 3; femoral brushes thick, on distinct eminences; tibize multi-

spinose, the spines divided into several irregular series by long spines,

the Ist, 8th, 12th, 16th, 19th, and 22nd of the inner edge, and the Ist,

Sth, 7th, 9th, 11th, and 13th of the outer edge, being subequal and

longer than any of those between them. Four posterior femora shorter

than the tibix, 4-crested, with a ridge on each side, both dorsal crests

and the posterior ventral crest furnished with large lobulated foliaceous

lobes, lateral genicular lobes long, but only half the length of the curved

supra-genicular lobe, which is equal in length to the acicular genicular

spines, tibiae filiform, terete, without a trace of a crest either above or

below, their calcaria acicular; 1st joint of tarsus long, longer than the

three following taken together,

Disrripurion.—Malayan subregion of the Oriental Region.

17. ToxopERA DENTICULATA, Serville.

Towodera denticulata, Serville, op. et loc. supra cit. pp. 25 et 169, pl ii, et pl.v, os

¢. Differs only in its larger size, and in having the tegminaa little

more clouded with the brown blotches larger and deeper-coloured, and

the posterior lobe of the pronotum more bowed,

324 J. Wood-Mason—Hthiopian and Oriental Representatives [No. 3,

The fore tibies are armed on the inside, right with 23 spines, of

which the Ist, 8th, 12th, 16th, 19th and 22nd, left with 22, of which

Ist, 7th, Ith, 15th, and 18th, the 7th short one being absent, and on

the outside, right (malformed) with 10, of which 1st, 4th, and 7th,

left with 13, of which Ist, 5th, 7th, 9th, llth, and 18th, from the

apex are subequal and stouter and longer than any of the rest.

Total length 150 millims.; height of head 7, breadth between

ips of corneal spines 13°5, length of corneal spines 2°5; length of

pronotum in a straight line 57, of which-the anterior and posterior

lobes are respectively 11°25 and 46, breadth at supra-coxal dilatation

7°25, at hinder end 6, at middle of posterior lobe 3:9; height at middle

of posterior lobe 5°9; length of meso- and metanotum witb seg. med.

23; of abdomen without see. med. to end of ovipositor, 70, to end of

10th tegmina 66, breadth at middle of 4th seement 6'5, height of folia-

ceous lobe of 5th tergum 10, of 6th tergum 8; length of tegmina 67°5,

breadth at middle 14, of marginal field 3°25; length of wings 60,

breadth 31; length of fore coxa 22, femur 30, breadth at angulation 3,

length of tibia, from base to insertion of tarsus, 22:25, Ist tarsal joint

6; of intermediate femur without genicular lobes 22:5, tibia 27:5, 1st

tarsal joint 7; of posterior femur without genicular lobes 22, tibia 32,

1st tarsal joint 10, lateral genicular lobes 3, supra-genicular lobe 5,

genicular spines 5, of antenne 43; of cerci 14, breadth 3°5.

Has.—Java.

Genus 10. Pararoxoprra, nov.

9. Body greatly elongated, slender bacilliform.

Head much as in the preceding genus, but the lateral lobes of the

vertex with the eyes distinctly bent forwards at an obtuse angle to the

median and submedian lobes, and the facial shield broad triangular.

Prothorax also much ag in the preceding, but the posterior lobe

of its pronotum is straight; furnished in the mid dorsal line with

three conspicuous equidistant thorn-like horns, the one basal thin and

foliaceous springing entirely from the raised dorsal line, and the two

others stout, rigid and hard, minutely bifid developed from the disk ;

and triangularly produced at its hinder end.

5th and 6th abdominal terga with large erect foliaceous lobes which

do not end in a recurved filament; the preceding terga having only

rudiments of lobes; sterna 3-4: with subequal quadrant-shaped foliaceous

duplicatures of the integument at the hinderend. Cerci short, extending

very little beyond the seventh sternum, broad pyriform in outline,

their upper third bent outwards and downwards at an obtuse angle to

the remainder.

| en a ey

wee Wee a

1889. of the Mantodean Subfamily Vatidee. 825

The organs of flight do not reach beyond the end of the fourth

abdominal tergum, but they are of much the same shape and structure,

the chief differences being that in the tegmina the stigma is triangu-

lar and in the radio-ulnar interspace, extending on to the two bounding

veins, the posterior prong of the anterior ulnar is 7-branched,- the

interspace between the anterior prong of this vein and the posterior

radial is simple, not wide and multicellular, and the anal gusset is

venose, being traversed by the posterior branch of the plicate; and

that in the wings a slight anal emargination is present.

The crests of the fore coxw are not produced at the apex; the

femora and tibie are of similar shape and structure, but the former

are 7-spined on the outside and 15—16-spined on the inside.

The four posterior legs are also similar, but the lateral genicular

lobes are not acuminately produced, and the posterior calcaria of the

tibiz are foliaceous, lanceolate.

Disrripuri0on.—The Malayan sub-region of the Oriental Region.

This genus is very closely allied to Toxodera, with which it agrees

in the peculiar and remarkable character of the armature of the fore

tibie, in the anterior lobe of the pronotum being tilted upwards at an

obtuse angle to the posterior, and in having large erect and anteriorly

buttressed foliaceous lobes at the hinder end of the 5th and 6th terga

with rudiments of similar ones, which no doubt stood erect during the

larval life of the animal, on all the preceding terga of the abdomen;

but it differs therefrom, amongst other things, in having the fore femora

7-spined below on the outer edge, the posterior lobe of the pronotum

quite straight and cornigerous, the radio-ulnar cell of the tegmina sim-

ple and similar to the other cells of the disk, the anal gusset of the

tegmina venose, and the anal cerci very short and broad pyriform in

outline, in characters, in fact, which, in my estimation, amply justify

the foundation of a new genus.

18, PARATOXODERA CORNICOLLIS, n. sp.

¢@. Body and legs brown the colour of a twig, with the hinder

end, including the foliaceous appendage which arises therefrom, whity-

brown.

Foliaceous horn at base of pronotum very strongly hooked and pro-

duced forwards, the second horn erect, divided transversely into two

sharp points, and the third, which is inclined forwards and rather larger

than the second, divided longitudinally into two points.

Marginal field of tegmina to anterior radial, which is thrice an-

nulated with whity-brown, and a large irregular triangular mottling

326 J. Wood-Mason—Zthiopian §* Oriental Vatidee. [No. 38,

extending therefrom in the transverse direction nearly halfway across

the diseoidal area and in the Jongitudinal direction for about two-

thirds of the distance between the stigma and the apex, opaque rich

vandyke-brown, the rest of the orgaus semitransparent whity-brown

with a touch of grey.

Anterior margin of wings semitranslucent whity-brown marbled,

with the veins at the apex streaked, with vandyke-brown, the rest hya-

line with the veins whity-brown.

Fore tibiae armed on the inner edge ‘with, right 32 spines, of which

number the Ist, 8th, 14th, 19th, and 28rd, left 34, of which the Ist,

10th, 16th, 21st, 27th, and 29th, and on the outer edge with, right 18

spines, of which the Ist, 8th, 12th, and 16th, left 19, of which the Ist,

8th, llth, and 15th, are much larger than the rest, the basal fourth

and the basal third respectively being unarmed.

In the four posterior femora, the foliaceous lobe of the posterior

or upper ventral crest is divided by a wide and deep rounded emargina-

tion into two bifid lobules, of which the distal is the larger; that of the

upper dorsal crest, into three, of which the proximal is small and simple,

the middle is rather larger and bifid, and the distal much larger and

also bifid; and that of the lower or anterior dorsal crest, into two, of

which the proximal is the larger and bilobed and the distal is the smaller

and only obscurely sub-divided.

Male unknown.

Total length 112 millims.; height of head 5, breadth between tips

of corneal spines 8°5, length of corneal spines 1'5 ; length of pronotum

44, of which the anterior and posterior lobes are respectively 5:6 and

38:4, breadth at supracoxal dilatation 4, near hinder end 4, at middle

9-5, height at middle 2°6; length of meso- and metanotum with seg.

med. 16; of abdomen without seg. med., to end of 10th tergum 51, to

end of cerci 54, breadth at middle of 4th segment 6, height of foliaceous

lobe of 5th tergum 10°5, of 6th tergum 2°5; length of tegmina 43,

breadth at middle 8:25, of marginal field 2°25; length of wings 41,

breadth 21; length of fore coxa 15:5, femur 19, breadth at angulation

2°75, length of tibia form base to insertion of tarsus 15°25; of inter-

mediate femur 13°5, tibia 14, 1st tarsal joint 4:5; of posterior femur

14, tibia 16°25, Ist tarsal joint 55; of antenne (wanting) ; of cerci 5,

breadth 3°6.

Has.—Java.

CONTENTS

OF THE NATURAL HISTORY PART (PT, II.) OF THE

JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL FOR 1888,-

No. 1, (issued June 8th, 1888). Notes: on Indian RayNoHora ;

Hurproprera, No. 3.—By E. T. Arxiyson, B. A—A General Theorem

on the Differential Hquation of Trajectories—By Asurosn MoxkHopapuyay,

M.A, FR. A. S,, F. B.S. BE. On Poisson's Integral.—By Asvrosn

Muxnorapayay, M. A., F. R.A. S., F. R. S. 2B. (With a Woodeut.)

On the Nature of the Towic Principle of the Aroides.—By A, PrEpirr,

F.C. S. (Lond. and Berl.), Professor of Chemistry, Presidency College,

and O. J. H. Warpen, F. C, 8. (Lond. and Berl.), Professor of Ohemistry,

Medical College? Oalcutta.

No. 2, (issued July 19th, 1888). Notes on Indian Rayncwora ;

Hourerorrera, No. 5.—By H. T. Arxiyson, B..A. On recent Tornadoes

in Bengal with special reference to the Tornado at Dacca on April 7th,

1888. In two Parts. Part I. A Description of the Meteoroloyical Oondi-

tions in Bengal which accompanied the Formation of the Dacca Tornado.—

By Avux. Pupnrr, Ofig. Meteorological Reporter to the Government of

Bengal. Part II. A full Description of the actual Phenomena of the

Dacca Tornado.—By A. Cromain, M. D., Oivil Surgeon of Dacca. (With

Plates XXTV.—X XIX.)

No. 3, (issued October 10th, 1888). Natural History Notes from

Ht. Ms Indian Marine Survey Steamer ‘Investigator,’ Oommander

Airrep Carrrnter, R. N., D. S. O., Commanding. No. 9. Further

Notes on the Amphipoda of Indian Waters.—By G. M. Gites, M. B.,

F. R. C. S., Surgeon-Naturalist to the Marine Survey. (With Plates

VI—XII.) On Eupetaurus, a new form of Flying Squirrel from

Kashmir.—By O.priztp Tuomas, British Museum (Natural History),

Communicated by Tun Narvran History Sucrerary, (With Plates

XXII. and XXIII.)

No, 4, (issued March 23rd, 1889.) On new or Iéttle-known Butterflies

from the Indian Region.— By Lionnn pu Niow/vitie, F. 2B. S., C. M. Z. 8,

(With Pls. XII] and XIV.) A List of the Ferns of Simla in the N. W.

Himalaya between Levels of 4,500 and 10,500 feet.—By H. F. Branrorp,

BW. R.S. (With Pls. XVI.—XXI.) On the Differential Equation of all

Parabolas.—By Asuvosh Muxnopapnyay, M, A., F.R. A. 8., F. R. 8. E.

New or little-known India Rhynchota,— By E, T. Arxingon, B, A, (With

Pl. XV.) The Butterflies of the Nilgiri District, South India.—By G, ¥

Hampson, B. A., Coll. Bxon., Oxon. Ooimmunicated by Tan SuPERINTEN-

ppnr of THE INDIAN Muszum. The Psychrometer and the Condensing

Hygrometer.—By S. A. Hit, B. Sc., Meteorological Reporter to the

Government of the North-Western Provinces and Outh. Anoplophrya

sxolosomatis, a new Ciliate Infusorian parasitic in the Alimentary Canal of

Eolosoma chlorostictum W.-M., MSS.—By Huyry H. Anpmrson, B. A.

Communicated by Tun Microscorican Socrmry or Canourta. (With

Pl. 1.) On certain Features im the Geological structures of the Myelat

District of the Southern Shan States in Upper Burmah as affecting the

Drainage of the Cowntry.—By Bricapviur-Genmrat H. Cotuurr, C. B.

Communicated by Dr. D. D. Cunntnanam. Notes on some Objects from a

Neolithic Settlement recently discovered by Mr. W. H. P. Driver, at Ranchi

in the Chota Nagpore District.—By J. Woov-Mason, Superintendent of the

Tndian Museum, and Professor of Comparative Anatomy in the Medical

College of Bengal, Caleutta,. (With Pls. IL—V.)

NEW SERIES. ~ VOL. Evi. GOxCIV,

JOURNAL

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

Vol. LVIII, Part II, No. 1V.—1889.

EDITED BY

}. Woop- Mason, Esa.

VICH-PRUESIDENT,

A a eee

” «Phe bounds of its investigation will be the geographical limits of Asiu: and

within these limits its inquiries will be extended to whatever is performed by

; ‘man or produced by nature,’—Sir Wibtiam JONES.

{ es

{ #y* Communications should be sent under cover to the Secretaries, Asiat. Soc.,

to whom all orders for the work are to be addressed in India; or, in Lon-

don, care of Messrs. Tritbner and Oo., 57 5 59, Ludgate Hill.

{ Bon acne ee 5

| yy CALCUTTA:

PRINTED BY f. i. Rouse, AT THE Paprisy MIssION PRESS,

AND PUBLISHED BY THE

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: 1889.

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— Price in England, 2 Shillings and sixpence. ,

Issued December 30th, 1889.

— SS EEE TTY

Se Ie IG ee = ee ‘ eo *

CONTENTS.

—_——__.

Page >

XIX.—On the Tortoises described as Chaibassia.— By R. Lypnxxer,

B.A., E.G. 8. (With two MOogsctiin le yy cette wee: 327

XX.—H'tude sur les Arachnides de I’ Himalaya recueillis par MM,

OLpHAM et Woop-Mason et¢ Juisant partie des collections de’

Indian Museum. lve Partie. Par EB. Simon. Communicated

by Toe Supurinrenpent or tHe INpran Musrum, ............ 334

XXI.—Notes on Indian Rotifers— By H. H. Anprrson, B. A,

(With Plates XIX—XX1.), 0.00...

XXIL—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.— By

Guoren Kine, M. B., LL. D., F.R. S., FE. L.S., Superintendent

_ of the Royal Botanic Garden, Oalcutta,............. 359

XXUI—On certain Lycenide from Lower Tenasseriim.— By

Wittiam Donerry, Cincinnati, U.S.A, (With Plate XXIII), 417

Plates XVI, XVIL., & XVIII., illustrative of the former of Mr.

Alcock’s articles on Fishes in the preceding Number,

Plate XXII, illustrative of the latter of Mr. Aleock’s articles on

Fishes in the preceding Number, and Plate XXIII, illustrative of Mr.

Doherty’s article on Lycenide from Lower Tenasserim in the present

Number, will be issued with the Title-page, Index, etc,, of the Volume,

eo ET

JOURNAL

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

OS Stee

Part II1—NATURAL SCIENCE.

OEE ae ee a ete ee ee eed

No. IV.—1889.

ee Oe,

XIX.—On the Tortoises described as Chaibassia.

By R. Lypuxkcer, B. A, F. G. S.

[Received September 4th ;—Read Noy. 6th, 1889.]

(With two Wood-cuts.)

In endeavouring to determine the true affinities of the shell of a

fossil tortoise in the British Museum, obtained many years ago from the

Siwalik Hills, and which I have described and figured in the ‘ Paleon-

tologia Indica’* asa form apparently allied to Nicorta (Clemmys) tri-

juga, a certain peculiarity in the relation of the hypoplastrals to the

carapace suggested that it might prove to be identical with the im-

perfectly known existing form described as Ohatbassia tricartnata

(Blyth). Unfortunately, the British Museum possesses no recent exam-

ple of that form, and IJ, therefore, wrote to my friend Mr. J. Wood.

Mason, requesting the loan of a specimen by the aid of which it could be

decided whether the fossil shell was or was not an allied type. In reply

to this application, I received two specimens, one of which was the shell

of a female collected by Prof. V. Ball in Sirguja, Chota Nagpur, while

the second was a male specimen, preserved in spirit, which was obtained

from the Naga Hills in Assam, and was one of the types of Ohaibassia

theobaldi, Anderson.

A comparison of the two specimens with the Siwalik fossil at once

showed that we had to do with a form so closely allied to Ohaibassta

tricarinata that it was in all probability specifically identical; and the

question then arose whether there was any justification for the separation

* Series x, vol. iii. p. 176, pl. xxi, fig. 4,

328 R. Lydekker—On the Tortoises described as Chaibassia. [No. 4,

of the Assamese (. theobaldi from the typical Bengal form, and also

whether there were good grounds for regarding Ohaibassia as entitled to

generic distinction. In attempting to decide these points, I had the

advantage of consulting with my friend Mr. G. A. Boulenger, of the

British Museum, to whom all students of the Chelonia are so much

indebted for his recently published ‘ Catalogue ’* of that order; and,

after careful comparison and examination, we both came to the conclu-

sion that Chaibassia theobaldi was not separable from O. tricarinata, and

also that the genus Chaibassia itself was not a valid one. Having arriv-

ed at these conclusions, it seemed advisable to put them on record, and,

since the type of this so-called genus was first described in the ‘ Journal

of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,’ it appeared most appropriate to bring

them to the notice of the same Society.

The tortoise on which the genus Chaibassia was subsequently found-

ed was originally described by Blyth} under the name of Geoemyda tricart-

nata upon the evidence of a specimen obtained from Chaibassa, in Chota

Nagpur, Lower Bengal. Ihave had no opportunity of examining the

type specimen, even if that still exists, but, since the above-mentioned

female shell from the neighbouring region of Sirguja in the same district

agrees in all respects with the description of the type, it may be safely

regarded as specifically the same.

In founding the genus Ohaibassia, Mr. W. Theobaldt appears to haye

taken his description from the two specimens already alluded to as hay-

ing been obtained from the Naga Hills, which he regarded (and, as it

now appears, rightly) as identical with the so-called Geoemyda tricarinata,

These specimens showed that this tortoise differed from Geoemyda by

the presence of a temporal or zygomatic arcade, and Mr. Theobald

accordingly defined his new genus as “ habit of Geoemyda, but zygomatic

arch complete.” In the course of his description it is, however, inciden-

tally mentioned that Ohaibassia tricarinata may be distinguished from

Nicoria (Melanochelys) trijuga by the brown instead of white colour of

the iris; thereby implying a close similarity between the two forms.

A. difference in the claws of the two species is also noticed. Having

thus incidentally mentioned the similarity of C. tricarinata and N. tri-

juga, ib is very remarkable that Mr, Theobald should not have clearly

stated what he regarded as the generic distinction between the two, and

that the two forms were placed respectively in the so-called families

Testudinide and Hmydide, which have no real distinctive features, and

have therefore been united by Mr. Boulenger.

* Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and Crocodiles in the British

Museum: London, (1889).

+ J. A.S. B., vol. xxiv, p. 714 (1856), { Cat, Rept. British India, p. 6 (1876),

1589.] R. Lydekker—On the Tortoises described as Chaibassia. 829

Three years later Dr. J. Anderson* gave a further description of

Chaibassia, in which he described it as allied to Geoemyda, but with a

bony temporal, or zygomatic arch, the feet not webbed, and the hypo-

plastrals usually attached to the carapace only by ligament.f The Assa-

mese form was here described under the name of C. theobaldi, and was

stated to differ from the type species by the contour of the first vertebral

shield, the longer facial portion of the head, and certain slight details of

coloration.

In his ‘Catalogue of Chelonians,’{ Mr. Boulenger introduced the

genus Chaibassia, on the authority of Anderson, after Geoemyda, stating

that its characters required further investigation, and omitting it from

the number of well-authenticated genera, The characters of the two

so-called species were likewise given, as culled from the description of

Messrs. Theobald and Anderson.

On comparing the shell of the male specimen from the Naga Hills

(of which a lateral view is given in Fig. 1, A.) with that of the typical

female shell from Chota Nagpur (Fig. 1, B. O.), it is at once apparent that

the slight difference in the contour of the first vertebral shield, and also

the slight variation in colour, are but individual peculiarities ; and that

still more marked variations occur in the large series of specimens of

Nicoria trijuga preserved in the British Museum. There has, indeed, been

no opportunity of comparing the heads of the Assam and Bengal forms,

but I cannot regard the alleged longer muzzle of the former as anything

more than an individual variation. There is, indeed, one very striking

difference between the two shells, viz., that, whereas in the Bengal

specimen the hypoplastrals join the carapace merely by a ligamentous

attachment, in the Assam specimen there is a perfect sutural union

between the two. In the face, however, of the resemblance of the two

specimens in all other respects, it appears, both to Mr. Boulenger and

myself, that we haye again to do with a variation which cannot

be regarded as of more than individual importance, although, as

will be shown below, it is one which appears to be of comparatively

common occurrence. The result, then, of this comparison is to show

that Ohaibassia theobaldi is not specifically separable from the tortoise

described as O. tricarinata.

With regard to the generic position of this form it will be evident

from the preceding observations that the occasional ligamentous union

cf the hypoplastrals with the carapace can be of no importance from this

* Zoological Results of Yunan Expeditions, pp. 718-720 (1879).

+ Some confusion in this deseriptionis pointed out by Boulenger ‘ Catalogue,’ p.

139, note

t P. 139,

330 R. Lydekker—On the Tortoises described as Chaibassia. [No. 4,

Fig. 1. Nicoria tricarinata, } nat. size. A, Latoral view of a male from the

Naga Hills. B. Dorsal view of the carapace of a female from Chota Nagpur. C.

Left half of the plastron of the same individual.

1889.] R. Lydekker—On the Tortoises described as Chaibassia. 331

point of view,. Further, on comparison with the representatives of the

Oriental and Neotropical genus Nicoria (Melanochelys), it appears that

the chelonian under consideration agrees in all respects with the defini-

tion of that genus given by Mr. Boulenger,* which is as follows :

“Neural plates mostly hexagonal, short-sided behind, or alter-

nately tetragonal or octagonal. Plastron extensively united to the cara-

pace by suture, with short axillary and inguinal buttresses, just reaching

the first and fifth costal plates respectively ; entoplastron intersected by

the humero-pectoral sature. Skull with a bony temporal arch; alveolar

surface withont a median ridge; choans between the eyes. Upper

surface of head covered with undivided skin. Digits with a short web,

or without. Tail short, not longer in the young than in the adult.”

In the Sirguja specimen, with the exception of the one between the

hyo- and hypoplastrals, the whole of the sutures between the bones of

the shell are completely obliterated ; but, on raising the second vertebral

shield of the Assam specimen, it was seen that the underlying neural bones

have the characteristic features of Nicoria; while, on the plastron, the

intersection of the entoplastral bone by the suleus dividing the humeral

and pectoral shields is distinctly visible. ‘The short axillary and ingui-

nal buttresses are also displayed in the female shell ; while the skull of

the male exhibits the undivided skin on the upper surface, the presence

of a temporal arcade, the absence of an oral ridge, and the position of

the posterior nares (choans) on the transverse line of the orbits. The

digits have an almost imperceptible web, and in this respect approxi-

mate to the South American N. annulata, in which the web is totally

wanting. The shortness of the tail is well shown in the figure.

It appears, therefore, to be quite clear that the genus Chaibassia

should be included in Nicoria, and that the one species of the former

should be known as Wicoria tricarinata.

Mr. Boulenger+ divides the six species of Nicoria recognised by him

into two groups, the first of which is characterized by its tricarinate

carapace, and includes the Oriental N. spengleri and N. trijuga, while the

second has a unicarinate carapace, and is exclusively American, In

N. trijuga and apparently in N. spenglert the digits are distinctly webbed,

and the posterior portion of the carapace slopes gradually from the

vertex to the margin. The almost total absence of webbing in the

present species, and the abrupt descent of the posterior portion of the

carapace, indicate terrestrial habits ; and it thus appears that N, tricari-

nata 1s a representative of the Oriental tricarinate group of the genus

occupying an analogous position to that held in the Neotropical wnicari-

* Catalogue, pp. 118, 119, + Loc. cit,

832 R. Lydekker—On the Tortoises described as Chaibassia. [No. 4,

nate group by WV. annulata. In respect of coloration, N.. tricarinata is

strictly comparable with WV. trijuga, and especially with the varieties

thermalis and edeniana, in which the carapace is black, with more less

distinctly yellow carine; but the uniformly yellow plastron is very

distinctive of the present form, which may be defined as follows.

Carapace elongately oval, somewhat vaulted, with a sudden descent from

the vertex to the posterior margin, and tricarinate. Vertebral shields as

broad as, or broader than, long (with the exception in some cases of the first),

and much narrower than the costals; nuckal long and narrow. Plastron

moderately large; the width of the bridge considerably eaceeding that of the

posterior lobe, which is broadly notched ; front lobe comparatively long and

narrow ; im some cases a ligamentous union between hypoplastrals and

carapace. Pectoral and abdominal shields nearly equal in size; the longest

longitudinal suture is between the pectorals, the shortest between the femo-

rals; sutwre between the humerals as long as that between the anals, and a

little shorter than that between the gulars; an axillary but no inguinal

shield. Upper jaw not hooked, notched mesially ; the width of the man-

dible at the symphysis is less than the diameter of the orbit. Digits with-

out distinct web. Tail shorter than the head. Carapace dark brown or

black, with the ridges deep yellow ; plastron pale or orange-yellow. Head

and neck brownish, with an orange stripe from the nostrils over the eyes,

and a paler patch.on either side near the mandible; iris brown.

Length of carapace usually about, 13 to 14°5 centimétres.*

Han. Bengal and Assam.

That the present form is almost exclusively terrestrial is shown by

the practical absence of webbing in the digits, and the contour of the

posterior portion of the carapace, which approximates to that obtaining

in Testudo. The ligamentous union of the hypoplastrals with the cara-

pace in certain individuals is an interesting feature as showing an approx-

imation to Cyclemys, where the union between the plastron and carapace

is entirely ligamentous, and there is also in the adult a transverse hinge

between the two lobes of the plastron itself. The occasional occurrence

of this partial ligamentous union in the present form affords a curious

comment on the divisions of the Testudinata into sections according to the

nature of the union between the carapace and the plastron which have

been proposed by some writers. By all authors previous to Mr. Boulen-

ger, Hmys, Cistudo, and Cyclemys on the one hand and Clemmys and Ni-

coria on the other, had been approximated, or generically united, in the

system, on the ground of the presence or absence of the plastral hinge.

* Dr Anderson gives the length of the shell of the Assam form as 16 centi-

métres but in the male it s only 13 centimétres.

889.] R. Lydekker—On the Tortoises described as Chaibassia. 333

Having now sufficiently discussed the affinities of the recent form it

remains to say a few words in regard to the fossil shell, of which a figure

of the dorsal aspect is given in Fig, 2, The contour of the carapace is so

essentially that of the recent form that there can be but little hesitation

in referring the fossil specimen to the recent species. This conclusion is

confirmed by the circumstance (which first led me to think that the

fossil was allied to the so-called Chaibassia) that the hypoplastrals had

a ligamentous union with the carapace, as is shown by the smooth

surface on the inner side of the inguinal marginals. The fossil shell

is, however, decidedly larger than that of the existing race, its length

when entire haying been about 17 centimétres. The first and second

vertebral shields are also relatively wider than in either of the existing

examples; while all the vertebrals tend to assume a more decided

balloon-shape in the fossil, which it may therefore be convenient to

regard as a distinct race under the name of Nicoria tricarinata, var. siva-

lensis. The fossil specimen agrees with the recent Sirguja example in

the total obliteration of all the sutures between the component bones

of the carapace.

Fig. 2. Carapace of Nicoria tricarinata, var. sivalensis, from the Pliocene of the

Siwalik Hills, }. nat, size. The neural bones are restored in outline from N,. trijuga

TENS SESOOESEeSE SS SES SESS

334 KE. Simon—H!tude sur les Arachnides de I’ Himalaya. [No. 4,

XX.— Etude sur les Arachnides de I’ Himalaya recuetilis par MM.

OxtpHam et Woop-Mason et faisant partie des collections de V Indian

Museum. lre Partie. Par E. Stwon. Communicated by Tue Surur-

INTENDENT OF THE Inpran Museum.

[Received Oct. 9th ;—Read Nov. 6th, 1889.)

1, ADLURIDLUS QUADRIMACULATUS, sp. nov.

9. Long. 5.7 mm.

Cephalothorax sat elongatus, postice ampliatus, niger, pilis fulvo-

cinereis, marginem versus sensim albidioribus, crebre vestitus. Pili

oculorum supra fulyi infra oenulos albidi. Pili clypei densi, longi, et

albidi. Oculi antici viridi-metallici, in linea modice recurva. Oculorum

series postica cephalothorace non multo angustior. Abdomen oblongum,

antice obtuse truncatum, fulvo-cinereo dense pubescens, maculis elongatis

qnatuor biseriatis nigris notatum, subtus omnino albido-pubescens.

Sternum fuscum, nitidum, parce albo-pilosum. Pedes-maxill

anguste fusco-annulati. Pedes fulvi, confuse fusco-annulati, albo-cinereo-

hirsuti, numerose aculeati. Tarsi quatuor antici metatarsis breviores,

Patella cum tibia parium 3tii et 4ti circiter zquilonga, sed articuli 3i

paris robustiores. (Vulva haud plane adulta),

Jaonsar, Siri, 5000 pieds, (Oldham).

Species abdomine quadrimaculato, cephalothorace elongato fere ut

in genere Phlegra, tarsis anticis metatarsis brevioribus eximie

ares luridi,

distincta.

2, PuLrera Icrorpns, sp. noy,

@. Long. 5 mm.

Cephalothorax elongatus, humilis, parte cephalica nigra, parte

thoracica fusco-ravida, vitta media angusta vittaque m

luridis notata, supra pallide flavido marginem yersus albido-pubescens.

Pili oculorum et clypei crebrissimi et albidi. Oculi antici valde inz-

quales, in linea plane recta. Oculi seriei 2 paulo ante medium, inter

laterales anticos et posticos siti. Oculorum series tertia cephalothorace

vix angustior. Abdomen longe oblongum,

arginali latiore

pallide testaceum omnino

albido-pubescens, utrinque crebre fusco-punctatum et reticul

parte prima vitta longitudinali lineam mediam fuse

parte secunda arcubus transversis acutis 3-4 test

atum, in

am includente, in

aceis fuscisque notatum,

subtus omnino testaceum. Sternum obscure fuscum. Chelz, oris partes,

pedes-maxillares, pedesque omnino flayo-lurid

a, tibiis anticis inferne

2-3, metatarsis 2-2 breviter aculeatis, tibiis metatarsisque posticis parce

aculeatis, metatarsis aculeo exteriore parvo, aculeis interioribus parvis

binis atque aculeis apicalibus ordinariis tantum instructis, patellis

1889. ] H. Simon—H'tude sur les Arachwides de ? Himalaya. 335

cunctis muticis, Vulve area fulva, simplex, plana, postice margine

transverso in medio leviter angulato, limitata.

Jaonsar, Siri, 5000 pieds, (Oldham).

Species valde insignis, cephalothorace humili, pedibus posticis parce

aculeatis, patellis muticis etc. fere ut in genere Icio. P. semiglabrate,

Hj. Sim., ex Hispania, sat aflinis.

3. HOMALATTUS MUS, sp. nov.

@. Long. 5 mm,

Cephalothorax niger, coriaceus, crebre et longe albido-cinereo-pilosus,

circiter eque longus ac latus, utrinque ample rotundus, supra fere

planus. Pili oculorum fulvi. Pili clypei nivei, crebrissimi et longissimi,

chelis fere omnino obtectis. Oculi antici in linea subrecta, inter se sat

late remoti. Abdomen late oblongum, depressum, nigrum, supra albido-

cinereo, utrinque fulvo-pubescens, in lateribus lineis obliquis abbreviatis

albis 1-4 sectum. Pedes antici robustissimi, femore late clavato, nigri

tarso rufescenti, pedes reliqui obscure fusci, metatarsis tarsisque dilu-

tioribus sed fusco-annulatis, cuncti cinereo albidoque hirsuti. Tibi

antice robustissime, aculeis binis interioribus subapicalibus tantum

armate, metatarsi brevissimi (tarsis breviores) aculeis robustis binis

muniti. Pedes-maxillares parvi et graciles, rufescentes, tarso infuscato

leviter depresso. Plaga vulve simplex, plagula media obtuse triquetra,

medio depressa et antice aperta notata.

Jaonsar, Siri, 5000 pieds, (Oldham).

4, Puexippus payKuLu, Aud, in Sav., Ee. Ar, 1827, Pl. VII, F. 22.

Jaonsar, Thadyar, 2500 pieds ; Siri, 5000 pieds, (Oldham).

5. Prncerra virtpaNA, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. XXXVIIT, 1889,

p- 220, Pl. XX, F. 1 (Sphasus).—Pencetia viridana, KH. Sim., Ann. Gen.

xx, 1884, p. 326. ? Pencetia prasina, Thorell, Ann. Gen. 1887, p. 325,

Jaonsar, Thadyar, 2500 pieds, (Oldham).

6. SELENOPS MONTIGENA, sp. nov.

9, Long. 11 mm.

S. malabarensi, HE. Sim., valde affinis et subsimilis, differt oculis

mediis anticis lateralibus evidentius minoribus, metatarsis anticis inferne

3-3 aculeatis (in S. malabarensi 2-2 tantum aculeatis), vulve area

plana, nigra, subrotunda, antice stria arcuata limitata et plagulam

anguste longitudinalem ovatam includente (in S. malabarensi plaga

anteriore subrotunda vel cordiformi fulya ect margine postico crasso

336 Ki. Simon—L'tude sur les Arachnides del’ Himalaya. [No. 4,

fusco postice inciso notata).—Cephalothorax lete fusco-castancus, re-

gione frontali obscuriore, pallide lurido-pubescens. Abdomen ovatum,

depressum, antice truncatum, fusco-testaceum crebre pallide Inrido-

pubescens, Sternum pedesque fulvo-rufescentia,

Jaonsar, Kumia, 6000 pieds, (Oldham).

7. GASTHRACANTHA UNGUIFERA, sp. nov.

9. Long. tot, 5 mm. Long. scuti 3°5 mm. ; lat. scuti 5°5 mm.

Cephalothorax obscure fusco-rufescens, nitidus sed parum dense

transversim rugatus, crasse albido-pilosus, parte cephalica alta, apice

profunde sulcata. Oculi medii subequales, aream trapeziformem

latiorem quam longiorem et antice quam postice multo angustiorem

oceupantes, Clypeus oculis mediis anticis non multo latior. Scutum

abdominale fere } latius quam longius, transversim ovatum et leviter

excayatum, aculeis sex armatum, aculeis lateralibus lis parvis conicis et

acutis,-lateralibus 2is sat brevibus sed crassissimis, apice abrupte angus-

tioribus acutis et leviter uncatis, aculeis posticis lateralibus non multo

minoribus, ad basin crassis, ad apicem valde attenuatis atque acutis ;

scutum supra sat regulariter granosum sed in medio sensim levius,

puuctis ocelliformibus ordinariis impressum, obscure flayum aculeis

ravidis, vel olivaceum et zonis transversis dilutioribus confusis notatum,

vel antice linea longitudinali et macula media obtuse triquetra lete

flavis decoratum. Venter sat crebre granosus, ater utrinque leviter

fulvo-notatus, tuberculo medio maximo munitus. Sternum valde era-

nosum, atrum, antice macula dilutiore parum expressa notatum, Pedes

breves et robusti, obscure ferruginei, metatarsis tarsisque dilutioribus,

articulis eunctis apice latissme fusco-annulatis,

3. Long. 3 mm.

Cephalothorax fere ut in femina ged fronte medio paulo prominen-

tiore et clypeo retro-obliquo. Scutum abdominale fere ut’ in femina

sed magis quadratum, supra atrum, ad marginem leviter fulvo-variatum,

aculeis sex brevioribus et cunctis conicis subsimilibus instructum.

Venter plica transversa elevata munitus sed tuberculo carens. Pedes

paulo longiores, tibiis anticis ad basin leviter depressis, tibia li paris

intus, prope basin, aculeis binis brevibus sed validis et dentiformibus

atque ad apicem aculeo simili instructa. Pedes-maxillares breves et

robusti, atri, tarso supra ferrugineo.

Jaonsar, Thadyar, 2600 pieds, (Oldham).

Species valde insignis, aculeis lateralibus 2is fere ut in Stanneoclavi

mucronatis eximie distincta, sectionem novam in genere Gusteracantha

(scnsu stricto) formans,

1889. ] Hi. Simon— Etude sur les Arachnides de ? Himalaya. 337

8. GLYPTOGONA EXCHLSA, Sp. NOV.

9. Long. 4°5 mm.

Cephalothorax brevis, obscure fulvo-rufescens, marginem versus

infuscatus, parte thoracica valde declivi et glabra, parte cephalica antice

attenuata levissime acclivi et crasse albo-setosa. Oculi medi xquales,

aream subquadratam et subverticalem occupantes. Oculi quatuor

antici (antice visi) lineam leviter procurvam formantes, Clypeus altus

sed area oculorum mediorum paulo angustior, Abdomen breve, sub-

rotundum sed postice in tuberculum crassum et obtusum elevatum,

supra albidum, postice nigricanti marginatum. Venter nigricans, ma-

culis binis elongatis et utrinque prope mammillas puncto parvo albidis

notatus. Sternum, chele, et partes oris nigre. Pedes breves et robusta,

Inridi, femoribus quatuor anticis, basi excepto, infuscatis, articulis

reliquis ferrugineis, pedes quatuor postici femoribus, tibiis, metatarsis-

que ad apicem fusco-annulatis, tarsis fuscis, patellis tibiisque anticis

supra deplanatis, aculeis paucis albis instructis. Vulve uncus crassus

et brevis, ovatus apice attenuatus et obtusus, scapnm ungue obtectum,

subquadratum, nigrum, parte media rufula sulcata munitum,

Jaonsar, Dartar, 4500 pieds, (Oldham).

AG. sextuberculata, Keyserl., valde differt imprimis abdomine

supra unituberculato, oculis mediis inter se equis, clypeo area oculorum

mediorum paulo angustiore etc.*

9. CyYcLOSA SPIRIFERA, Sp. Noy.

©. Long. 6:7 mm.

Cephalothorax angustus et longus, luridus, tenuiter fusco-punctatus,

parte cephalica postice macula dilutiore V-formante notata et vittis

obliquis fuscis discreta, parte thoracica ad marginem infuscata. Oculi

medii postici subcontigui, antici posticis plus duplo majores. Clypeus

angustissimus. Abdomen longe oblongum, antice acuminatum et in

tuberculum obtusum subverticale elevatum, postice in tnbereulum

longius, utrinque ad basin obtuse mucronatum, productum, supra albo-

flavidum, in lateribus fulvum, fusco-reticulatum et oblique albo-segmen-

tatum., Venter erebre albido-punctatus. Sternum pallide fuscum, in-

quale, antice vitta transversa, utrinque maculis binis magnis et macula

apicali minore albidis notatum. Partes oris cheleeque fusco-rufescentes.

Pedes-maxillares pedesque luridi, femoribus, praesertim anticis, annulo

submedio fusco et supra et infra interrupto, tibiis metatarsisque annulo

medio annuloque apicali angustissimis et parum expressis (annulo

apicali tibie 4i paris excepto) notatis, metatarsis cunctis et pedibus

sex posticis muticis, femoribus tibiisque anticis aculeis paucis brevibus

* cf, E. Simon, Ann, Soe, Ent, Fr, 1884, p, 327.

KH. Simon—L'lude snr les Arachnides de V Himalaya.

[No. 4,

et debilibus armatis. Vulve uneus rufulus, transversim plicatus, hand

longior quam latior, late cordiformis, apice breviter et abrupte angus-

tior atque inflexus, scapum crassum convexum et transversum, fusco-

nitidum, utrinque rotundum, incisura media parva et acute triquetra

notatum,

é. Long, 5 mm,

Cephalothorax fusco-castaneus, in medio longitudinaliter dilutior,

parte thoracica Jatiore et ovata. Abdomen minus et brevius, antice

obtusum haud elevatum, postice breviter et obtusissime productum.

Pedes pallide luridi, latins et distinctius fusco-rufescenti annulati, me-

tatarsis parce aculeatis, tibia 2i paris tibia li paris paulo crassiore, levis-

sime curvata et intus aculeis nigris, robustis et biseriatis (3-4) armata.

Pedes-maxillares breves et robusti, fusci, bulbo rufulo disciformi, lamina

apicali maxima fusca apice valde spiraliter contorta, carinata atque acuta,

insigniter munito,

Jaonsar, Thadyar, 3500 pieds, (Oldham).

10. CYcLOsa FISsicAUDA, sp. nov.

@ (pullus). Long. 3 mm.

Cephalothorax obscure fuseus subniger, regione oculari leviter di-

lutiore, parte cephalica convexa, sulco semicirculari profundo discreta,

parte thoracica fovea media parva sed profunda et rotunda impressa.

Abdomen breviter ovatum, antice rotundum, paulo ante medium tuber-

culis binis obtusissimis, ad apicem tuberculo majore crasso, apice obtuse

bifido, munitum, supra testaceum, crebre fusco-variatum, subtus atrum,

maculis albis binis transversim elongatis vittam fere formantibus et

utrinque, secundum mammillas, punctis albis parvis binis ornatum. Ster-

num fuscum, antice vitta transversa, utrinque maculis binis maculaque

apicali albidis subconfluentibus ornatum. Pedes robusti et breves, sub-

mutici, femoribus ad apicem fusco-annulatis, patellis tibiis metatarsis-

que sex anterioribus ad apicem et in medio angustissime fusco-cinctis,

posticis apice distinctius annulatis, tarsis cunctis apice fuscis.

Jaonsar, Dartar, 4500 pieds, (Oldham).

Oycloscee oculate, Walck., affinis sed certe distincta,

11. Eprrma CAMILLA, sp. noy.

¢@. Long. 6°5 mm.

Ep. dromadarie, Walck., valde affinis et subsimilis, differt arca

oculorum mediorum antice quam postice evidentius latiore et oculis

mediis anticis evidentius majoribus, vulve carinis scapi parallelis (in

Hi. dromadaria antice convergentibus). Cztera ut in H. dromadaria,

Jaonsar, Deota, 7700 pieds, (Oldham).

1889. ] E, Simon—Ztude sur les Arachnides de ’ Himalaya. 339

12. Eprira taguatzut, EH. Simon, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 1877, p. 77.—

Epeira thelura, Thorell, Rag. Mal. ete., ii, 1878, p. 84. Hpeira laglaizet,

Thorell, 7. ¢., iii, 1881, p. 119.

Jaonsar, Thadyar, 2500 pieds, (Oldham).

13. Hpnrra HIMALAYANA, sp. nov.

@. Long. 75 mm.

Cephalothorax pallide luridus, levis, parce albo-pilosus. Area

oculorum mediorum vix longior quam latior et antice quam postice latior,

oculi medii antici posticis paulo minores. Oculi laterales a mediis sat

late remoti, inter se anguste separati, anticus postico paulo major.

Clypeus oculis mediis anticis non multo latior. Abdomen breviter

ovatum, antice leviter acuminatum, supra albo-opacum, in medio punctis

impressis minutis quatuor et utrinque punctis nigris parvis elongatis

(lineiformibus) quatuor uniseriatis ornatum, subtus fulvo-testaceum et

maculis albidis confusis quatuor, quadratum formantibus, notatum,

Sternum, chele, pedesque lurido-rufescentia. Pedes breves et robusti,

aculeis ordinariis numerosis fulvis et pellucentibus armati. Vulve

uncus sat brevis et crassus, non multo longior quam latior, apice at-

tenuatus sed obtusus et marginatus, fulvus et superne transyersim ru-

gatus.

Jaonsar, Deota, 7700 pieds; Bujkoti, 9000 pieds; Kumia, 6000

pieds, (Oldham).

EA, alpicee, . Kock, valde affinis et subsimilis, differt area oculorum

mediorum paulo breviore, oculis lateralibus utrinque disjunctis, ab-

domine antice magis acuminato et punctis elongatis nigris quatuor

utrinque ornato, aculeis pedum fulvis ete.

Li. predate, Cambr., ex Yarkand, certe affinis est H. himalayana

sed verisimiliter distincta.

14, HprtrA NYMPHA, sp. nov.

@. Long. 6 mm.

Cephalothorax obscure fulvus, crasse albido-pilosus, parte cephalica

paulo dilutiore et postice macula albida V-formante notata. Oculi

medii subequales, aream circiter sque latam et longam, et antice quam

postice non multo latiorem, occupantes. Oculi laterales a mediis non

late remoti, equi, et inter se angustissime separati. Clypeus oculis

mediis anticis haud latior. Abdomen circiter eque longum ac latum,

antice late rotundum, postice breviter attenuatum atque obtusum, ful-

yum, crebre testaceo-punctatum, utrinque vitta albidiore sinuosa sepe

intus anguste fusco-marginata notatum, subtus fulvum, yitta media lata

340 BE. Simon—B! tude sur les Arachnides de? Himalaya. [No. 4,

paulo obscuriore, anguste et parum distincte testaceo-marginata, nota-

tum, Sternum castancum. Chele obscure fulve apice dilutiores.

Pedes ‘sat longi et graciles, fulvi, femoribus ad apicem tibiis metatarsis-

que ad basin atque ad apicem, tarsisque ad apicem pallide fusco-annula-

tis, aculeis paucis, gracillimis fuscis, metatarsis, presertim anticis, sub-

muticis. Vulye uncus sat brevis et latus, subparallelus, apice obtusus

et marginatus supra fulyus planus et transversim rugatus, scapum

transversum, utrinque, secundum basin unci, subquadratum,

Jaonsar, Deota, 7700 pieds, (Oldham).

LE. triguttate, Fabr., ex Europa, sat affinis.

15, HIPEIRA MINUTALIS, sp. nov.

2. Long. 5 mm.

Cephalothorax obscure luridus, antice paulo dilutior, parce et

erasse albido-setosus, parum convexus et antice sat attenuatus, oculi

nigro-cincti. Oculi medii aream paulo longiorem quam latiorem et an-

tice quam postice vix angustiorem occupantes, antici posticis paulo

minores, laterales subsequales et subcontigui, a mediis non late remoti.

Abdomen sat longe ovatum, antice attenuatum et tuberculis humeralibus

obtusis munitum, postice leviter attenuatum atque obtusum, supra fulvo-

olivaceum et in parte secunda vittis fuscis binis flexuosis, figuram folii-

formem designantibus, ornatum, interdum latius nigricanti-marginatum,

Venter vitta media lata et parallela nigra et postice, secundum mammillas,

utrinque puncto albido notatus. Sternum nigrum. Chele castanes.

Pedes sat longi, luridi, femoribus ad apicem, tibiis metatarsisque in

medio atque ad apicem fusco-rufescenti-annulatis, tarsis apice infuscatis,

aculeis ordinariis nigris, parum longis. Vulve uncus fulvus, sat brevis,

triquetrus, apice attennatus eb subacutus, scapo obtecto,

Jaonsar, Deota, 7700 pieds, (Oldham).

Species valde insignis inter H. dioidiam et dromadariam, Walck.

16. LartniA QUADRINOTATA, sp. noy.

@ (pullus). Long. 8 mm.

Cephalothorax angustus et longus, pallide Inridus, crasse et longe

albo-hirsutus, linea media fusca oculos hand attingente sed antice in

maculam parvam ampliata, notatus. Area oculorum mediorum paulo

longior quam latior, medii postici inter se Juxte contigui, antici posticis

paulo majores. Oculi quatuor antici, antice visi, lmeam leviter recur-

vam formantes, medii a lateralibus quam inter se remotiores. Abdo-

men angustissimum, longum et parallelum, apice in candam obtusam

breviter productum, albido-cinerenm, parce albido-setosum, linea media

1889. ] HE. Simon—#'tude sur les Arachnides de V Himalaya. 341

integra albidiore et punctis nigris quatuor notatum, subtus longitudi-

naliter infuscatum, mammillis fuscis nigricanti-limbatis. Sternum, chelz,

partes oris pedesque omnino lurida, aculeis pedum sat numerosis tenui-

bus, cunctis albidis et pellucentibus. (Vulva haud adulta).

Jaonsar, Deikhera, 4000 pieds ; Thadyar, 2500 pieds, (Oldham).

L. chlorei, Sav., ex Algypto et L. pubiventri, E. Sim., ex Asia cen-

trali, affinis, imprimis differt ventre infuscato.

17. CrRorpIA PUNCTIGERA, sp. nov.

9. Long. 4°5 mm,

Cephalothorax niger, parte cephalica dilutiore et rufescente paree

rugosa, longe et crasse albido-setosa, lata vix attenuata et valde convexa.

Oculi medii equi, aream subquadratum oceupantes. Clypeus oculis

mediis anticis circiter duplo latior. Abdomen late oblongum, ad margi-

nem anticum obtuse prominens, utrinque levissime sinuosum, ad apicem

obtuse et breviter trimucronatum, mucrone medio lateralibus paulo ma-

jore et bilobato, supra subplanum, duriusculum, sat crebre et subtiliter

impressum, albido-flavidum, fusco-atomarium, tuberculis albidioribus ect

nigro-cinetis. Venter niger, crebre testaceo punctatus. Sternum che-

leque nigra. Pedes breves, robusti et fere mutici, obseure luridi, fe-

moribus ad apicem, tibiis metatarsisque ad basin atque ad apicem late

fusco-annulatis, annulis tibiarum anticarum sepe confluentibus. Vulvee

uncus parvus, angustus et rectus, scapum magnum, tripartitum, parte

anteriore (sub ungue) fulva ovato-transversa, partibus posticis crassis,

fuscis obliquis marginem formantibus.

3. Long. 3°5 mm.

Cephalothorax antice magis attenuatus, levis, nitidus, fusco-rufes-

cens, parte cephalica postice dilutiore et testacea. Abdomen fere paral-

lelum, antice posticeque obtusum, haud mucronatum, duriusculum et im-

presso-punctatum, supra fusco-olivaceum, vitta media albida, in medio

anguloso-dentata, et lineam mediam fulvam includente, notatum. Ven-

ter niger, utrinque testaceo-marginatus. Pedes luridi, confuse fusco-

rufescenti annulati, quatuor antici reliquis robustiores et evidenter

longiores, tibiis haud incrassatis, sat numerose aculeatis, metatarsis

muticis. Pedes-maxillares breves et robusti, tarso insigni, superne ad

basin in tuberculo magno erecto, obtuso et compresso producto,

Jaonsar, Deota, 7700 pieds; Bujkoti, 9000 pieds, (Oldham).

18, P ArqyRronpErRA aNGuSTATA, Stoliczka, J. A. 8S. B., XXXVITI,

1889, p. 241, Pl. XX, F. 7, (sub Nephila).

De nombreux indiyidus mais tous tros jeunes, ce qui laisse des

No. 4,

342 BE. Simon—F'tude sur les Arachnides de ? Himalaya.

doutes sur leur determination.—Pent-étre faudrait-il les rapporter a Meta

mixta Cambridge du Yarkand.

Jaonsar, Deota, 7700 pieds ; Dartar, 2500 pieds; Lokhar, 6900 pieds,

(Oldham).

19, Nupnia macunata, Fabr., Ent. Syst., 11, 1793, p. 425, (Aranea).

Dehra Dun, 2300 pieds, (Wood-Mason).

20, MIAGRAMMOPHS EXTENSA, sp. NOV.

9. Long. 10°5 mm.

Cephalothorax luridus, pilis pronis plumosis albidis sab dense vesti-

tus, multo longior quam latior, antice posticeque fere recte sectus, postice

sensim attenuatus, supra fere planus sed utrinque, pone oculos, impres-

sione arcuata notatus. Oculi longe ante medium siti, parvi, subequi

(medii lateralibus vix minores), lineam recurvam formantes, medii inter

se quam a lateralibus multo remotiores. Abdomen pallide-luridum, albido-

pubescens, supra linea media obseuriore ramosa notatum, longissimum et

subparallelum, antice recte sectum, Partes oris pedesque Iuridi, pedes

antici et postici ad extremitates paulo obscuriores et rufescentes, femori-

bus anticis parcissime et minute fusco-punctatis. Pedes antici reliquis ae

multo longiores et robustiores, femoribus validis cylindraceis, tibiis me-

tatarsisque leviter compressis, metatarsis 4i paris tibiis plus duplo bre-

vioribus, paulo crassioribus et compressis, inferne rugosis, superne, in

parte basali, leviter excavatis et calamistro, dimidium articulum saltem

occupante, munitis.

3 (pullus), Femina subsimilis sed metatarso 4i paris inferne setis

claviformibus validis regulariter uniseriatis instructo superne calamistro

munito. Pedes-maxillares (haud adulti) breves, inflati et pellucentes.

Jaonsar, Thadyar, 3500 pieds, (Oldham).

21. 'THERIDION SUBVITTATUM, sp. nov.

@. Long. 3 mm.

Cephalothorax brevis, levis, nitidus, fusco-luteus, marginem versus

leviter dilutior, parcissime albido-pilosus. Oculi antici equi, sat late et

zque distantes, in linea sat procurva. Oculi postici in linea plane recta, ae

medii paulo majores et a lateralibus quam inter se remotiores, Area

mediorum circiter eque longa ac lata et antice quam postice latior,

medii antici posticis minores. Clypeus verticalis, area oculorum latior.

Abdomen magnum, globosum sed antice obtusissime et levissime emargi-

natum, albido-opacum, antice macula media, utrinque vitta marginali,

postice ampliata, nigricantibus notatum, subtus fusco-testaceum eb prope

1889. ] H. Simon—Zi' tude sur les Arachnides del’ Himalaya. 343

plicam epigasteris punctis binis parvis albis notatum. Sternum fusco-

rufescens, leve, nitidum, longius quam latius, postice longe attenuatum,

cox postice spatio articulo paulo angustiore a sese distantes. Partes

oris subnigre. Chel clypeo longiores. Pedes modici, antici reliquis

longiores et paulo robustiores, luridi, femore tibiaque anticis ad apice late

rufulo fulvove annulatis. Vulva simplex.

Jaonsar, Siri, 5000 pieds, (Oldham).

T. vittato, Walck., sat affine sed differt pictura et forma abdominis

et proportione oculorum. J’. incerto, Cambr. (ex Yarkand), affine sed

cephalothorace levi et abdomine nigro-marginato certe differt,

22. CEDICUS BUCCULENTUS, sp. Nov.

9. Long. 13 mm.

Cephalothorax nigro-piceus in medio leviter rufescenti-tinctus sub-

levis, parte cephalica vix attenuata et valde convexa. Oculi postici in

linea subrecta, parvi (laterales mediis paulo majores), medii a lateralibus

quam inter se paulo remotiores sed spatio diametro oculi fere duplo ma-

jore inter se sejuncti. Oculi antici in linea leviter procurva, medii mi-

nutissimi ad sese appropinquati, laterales mediis duplo majores et late

ovati. Oculi laterales prominuli. Abdomen oblongum, atrum, fulvo-

pubescens, prope medium maculis parvis binis testaceis subgeminatis, in

parte apicali arcubus transversis valde angulosis 4-5 testaceis decoratum.

Venter obscure fulyo-testaceus. Sternum fulvo-rufescens nitidum. Chel

nigre, validissime, ad basin valde geniculate et prominentes, preeser-

tim in parte apicali, rugose, margine inferiore sulci dentibus quinque,

ultimig duobus reliquis majoribus, margine superiore dentibus quatuor,

ultimo majore. Pedes robusti et breves, fusco-rufescentes, femoribus,

presertim inferne, dilutioribus, aculeis longis ordinariis, tarsis posticis

utrinque aculeis paucis munitis. Vulve plaga fusca, plana, subrotunda,

postice fovea sat minuta testacea in parte secunda plagulam paryam

rufulam subquadratam includente notata.

Jaonsar, Kumia, 6000 pieds, (Oldham).

C. merenti, H, Sim., ex Asia centrali, affinis, presertim differt ar-

matura chelarum, pictura abdominis, et structura genitali.

23, CLUBIONA HYSGINA, Sp, NOV.

9. Long. 75 mm,

Cephalothorax fulvo-rufescens, antice leviter sensim infuscatus, haud

nigro-marginatus, pilis pallide luteo-sericeis vestitus, stria breyi sed

profunda. Oculi postici equi a sese late et fere eeque distantes. Oculi

antici equidistantes et spatiis diametro oculi angustioribus a sese se-

Ad,

344. E. Simon—H' tude sur les Arachnides deV Himalaya. [No. 4,

juncti, medii majores rotundi, laterales ovati atque obliqui. Abdomen

late oblongum, supra fusco-violaceum, pallide Inteo-sericeo-pubescens,

subtus paulo dilutins. Mammille, sternum, pedesque fulyo-rufescentia.

Tibia cum patella 4i paris cephalothorace circiter equilonga. Chel

fusco-rufule nitides haud rugats, robuste, sed non geniculate. Pedes

aculeis ordinariis, tibia 3i paris inferne aculeis binis uniseriatis, basilari

altera multo minore. Vulve area magna, fulva, convexa, postice leviter

prominens et obtuse secta, antice fovea longitudinali parva sed profunda

impressa,

Jaonsar, Deota, 7700 pieds, (Oldham).

O. germanice, Thorell, ex Europa, affinis, imprimis differt structura

vulve.

24, ANYPHMNA SORICINA, Sp. nov.

@. Long. 74 mm.

Cephalothorax obscure fulvo-rufescens, pilis longis cinereo-albidis

fulvisque dense vestitus, regione oculorum infuscata et parte cephalica

linea media exillima nigricanti-notata. Oculi postici in linea evidenter

procurva, medii inter se quam a lateralibus remotiores. Oculi antici

inter se parum disjuncti in linea levissime procurva (subsecta), medii

lateralibus minores. Area mediorum trapeziformis, multo longior quam

latior. Clypeus oculis anticis yix angustior. Abdomen late ovatum

conyexum, cinereo-lividum, supra parce et inordinate fulvo-violaceo

punctatum. Plica ventralis fere in medio sita. Mammille fulve. Ster-

num lurido-testaceum. Partes oris cheleque fusco-rufescentes. Chelz

leves, margine inferiore sulci serie dentium parvorum 4-5 munito.

Pedes modice longi (4, 1, 2, 3), fulvo-olivacei vel rufescentes, fusco-

variati, subannulati et sublineati, metatarsis tarsisque infuscatis, aculeis

ordinariis numerosis et longis. Vulvze plaga sat parva, nigra postice

leviter attenuata et truncata, antice fovea parva, ovato-longitudinali

profunda impressa,

Jaonsar, Deota, 7700 pieds, (Oldham).

A. accentuate, Walck., affinis, differt imprimis linea oculorum antica

levissime procurva (in A. accentwata recta), area vulye minore, pedibus

posterioribus anterioribus paulo longioribus, ete.

1889. ] H, H. Anderson—Notes on Indian Rottfers. 345

XXI.—Notes on Indian Rotifers.*—By H. H. Anpurson, B. A.

{Received Sept. 10th ;—Read December 4th, 1889. ]

(With Plates XIX—XXI.)

For the last few months I have devoted what little time I could

spare for work with the microscope to the study of Rotifers with the

twofold view of seeing what species already known to science I could

find in our Calcutta tanks and of discovering new forms. I commenced

on water and weed brought from the tanks on the further side of No. 2

Bridge, Entally, and I have found these so rich in specimens that I have

not yet turned elsewhere for my materials. I propose to give in this

paper a list of the known species that I have been able to determine,

with notes as to frequency of occurrence, date on which observed, and

other details which may be of use to future observers. I have also de-

scribed some that I believe to be new forms, but I have confined myself

to those which are species of some known genus. I have drawings and

descriptions of others in my notebooks for which new genera will, I

think, have to be framed, but these I have reserved for further investi-

gation. I have followed throughout Hudson’s and Gosse’s classification

and nomenclature, and have based this paper on their book, As, how-

ever, their work includes descriptions of British Rotifers mainly, and only

the most important of non-British species, there is some uncertainty

whether some of the forms which I have imagined to be new may not

be already known. Ihave studied Ehrenberg and Pritchard for con-

tinental forms, as well as such papers in scientific journals as I have

been able to get access to, so I trust I have not here described as dis-

coveries what have already been discovered. This paper is, I hope, only

a first instalment, for our weedy tanks teem with Rotifera, and I have no

doubt that a few months more work would enable me to giye a second

list as long as this one.

Order 1. RHIZOTA,

Family I. Flosculariade.

1. Fuogcunarta ornata, Ehrenberg.

Common, in many tanks, at all seasons, size ;’’, often much less.

* Communicated by the Microscopical Society of Calcutta, before which it was

read on Sept, 9th, 1889,

H. H. Anderson—Notes on Indian Rotifers. [No. 4

2, FLOSCULARIA CAMPANULATA, Dobie.

Only seen once or twice, size 5’.

3. FLoscunarta ampiaua, Hudson.

Fairly common, on Utricularia, during the rains, size 2,’’.

4, FLOSCULARIA TENUILOBATA, n. sp., Pl. XIX.

Lobes five, linear, knobbed, composing almost the whole of the

corona, the undivided portion being almost nothing, Knobs hemi-

spherical with the flat surface inclined at an angle with the inner surface

of the lobe, Sets long, radiating from the knobs, smaller ones on the

whole length of the lobe and on the smaller edge of the corona between

their bases. The long linear lobes with their peculiarly shaped heads, and

the very small undivided portion of the corona, are distinctive. The

lobes seem capable of independent motion and have the appearance in

certain positions of being jointed on to the neck. The neck ig much

narrower than the body, which again tapers gradually to its long and

narrow foot, so that the creature has a somewhat spindle-shaped ap-

pearance. The internal structure corresponds with that of other Flos-

cules, except that it seemed to me that the buccal orifice from the vesti-

bule into the crop was situated at the side rather than at the centre of

the crop, and that the tube leading from the one to the other hung against

the wall of the crop. I note that, in the figure originally drawn by me,

there is a projection atthe base of the corona which looks like an anten-

na. I have not been able to verify this by subsequent observation,

This species is a fine handsome creature from 3,” to 2,” in length. Itis

not at all shy, and I found it in great profusion last year (1888) during

the rains on leaves of a species of Utricularia. I first saw it in 1887,

and described it at a meeting of the Microscopical Society in the autumn

of that year,

Family II. Melicertadee,

5. Mauticnrra rinaens, Schrank,

I have only come across a few specimens in Entally tanks: these, I

saw in November, 1888. Mr. W. J. Simmons, however, tells me that he

has found this species in great profusion in water taken from tanks in

the Botanical Gardens.

I came across one specimen of a Melicerta with a tube very fluffy

and irregular in shape differing greatly from the regular compact tube

of M. ringens. The pellets, oval in shape, were not fecal, as I observed

1889.] H. H, Anderson—Notes on Indian Rotifers. 347

them in process of formation in the cup beneath the chin. I was unable

to discover any essential difference of structure.

6. Liyras cpratopnyii, Schrank.

Is extremely common and often occurs in large clusters.

7. Lrtyias Annunatus, Cubit.

I have only come across this species once, in water taken from a

gumlah in my orchid house, but on that occasion I found plenty of speci-

mens,

On the same date, January 21st, 1889, and in the same water, I found

one specimen resembling annulatus, but differing from it in having

the ridges very wide apart, 7. e., more than +4,”. The ridges were not

so decided as in annulatus, but still plainly visible, the antenne were

very short and not prominent in retraction, The tube was transparent,

but far more covered with débris than the tube of annulatus usually is.

8. CBPHALOSIPHON LIMNIAS.

Several specimens were seen, December 9th, 1888, but it is far from

common in these Hntally tanks.

9. CicHIsTes sTEPHANION, n. sp., Pl. XX, Fig, 2.

It differs from most Mchistes in having a very small corona, the

diameter of which is not more than half that of the body. The chin ig

very prominent, the distance from its tip to the upper wreath being al-

most as great as the breadth of the corona itself. The cilia of the ge-

condary wreath are larger and stronger below the chin than above it, and

the outline of the margin on which they are situated is very clear and

sharply defined. Immediately below the lowest point of the wreath are

situated the ventral antenne, which are very short and inconspicuous,

the sete on them being with difficulty distinguished from the lowest cilia,

with which they are almost in the same line. By watching the head of the

Cichistes, when closed, very carefully with a high power (900 diameters),

I saw what I take to be the dorsal antenna, which, as the animal unfolded,

T was able to follow to their position as minute pimples on the dorsal

side of the neck at the edge of its upper fold just at the bottom of the

corona. The jaws are many-toothed, the gastric glands round and clear.

The substance of the body is granular, somewhat opaque, far more go

than in most Rotifers; owing to this opacity the vascular system is

seen with difficulty. The cloacal aperture is situated half way down

848 H. H. Anderron—Nofes on Indian Rotifers. [No. 4,

the side, It is a curious fact that, though far above the top of the tube,

the mouth of the cloaca, when ejecting matter, was raised and pro-

jected just as is done by those species which have long tubes in order

to eject the fecal matter over the top of the tube. The foot is long;

when fully extended more than twice the length of the body : the lower

portion is generally wrinkled. The tube is very short. In habit the

creature is bold, expanding freely and rarely retracting, indifferent to

sharp taps on the glass slip or to movements of it. It resembles (i.

serpentinus, but the foot is comparatively much shorter, and, though

I looked carefully, I could see no horns or hook. It differs from other

Cichistes in the smallness of the corona, the position and small size of

the ventral antennew, and the very short tube. It is rare.

10. MErGALOTROCHA ALBOFLAVIGANS.

Very common. I have found it swarming at all seasons. There is

considerable variety in shape and size, the most striking form being one

in which the body is very large and inflated, the viscera having the aup-

pearance of being hung in the centre of a crystalline vase. In such

specimens the ringed appearance of the body as shewn in Ehrenberg’s

figures is very marked. I note that Hudson has not drawn these ring's

in the plates in his book, though my own experience is that they are

more or less visible in all our Indian specimens. I noticed some clusters

in which the epidermis at the base appeared spotted, but with a higher

power it could be seen that this appearance was due to the presence of

fine short spines or projections apparently of the same substance as the

epidermis, This spined epidermis remained as a sort of sheath or empty

skin when by pressure the cluster was broken up. In these specimens

the gastric glands were larger and more prominent than in the normal

type. Some specimens, apparently full grown, for they had eggs in the

cluster, were only 35” in length; the larger clusters contained speci-

mens =}; long. Great as is the difference in size and shape I hesitate

to divide them into different species as there were intermediate forms

which seemed to link them all together, Further and more careful study

may, however, show points of difference which I have overlooked.

The so-called white opaque spots are, in our Indian species, as seen

by direct illumination brownish green by daylight, brown by gaslight.

They are in most cases granulated in structure but in many there were

clear spaces, sometimes two or more clear spaces in one spot. As I have

never seen British specimens I cannot say whether this is a peculiarity ;

T find no mention of it cither in Pritchard or in Hudson and Gosse.

The male of this species has not, I believe, been previously observed.

I met with several specimens in the month of February. They were

1889.] H. H. Anderson—Notes on Indian Rotifers. 349

moving in and out of clusters of the female, but I did not see actual

connection. There is a certain amount of resemblance to the male of

Lacinularia, the chief difference being the presence of a very large, clear,

circular space situated in front of the sperm sac which had all the ap-

pearance of a contractile vesicle, though I did not see any contraction.

The body is cylindrical with a foot projecting from the lower side.

The foot glands are very large; the large nervous ganglion has branches

to the antenna and to the two eyes, and one proceeding backwards em-

bracing the top of the contractile vescicle. The imtegument, which is

very transparent, occasionally takes the ringed appearance noted above

as occurring in the female. There is a regular network of muscles

(these are not clearly shown in the figure). The cilia surroundimg the

head are large, setting up a strong current. The length is 4,5”, the

breadth ;3,”.

Order II. BDELLOIDA.,

Family III. Philodinade.

T have come across several different species of this family, but have

not been able to differentiate them with satisfaction to myself. I note

here those only about which I feel a tolerable amount of certainty.

11. Purnoprna cirrina, Ehrenberg.

Fairly common at all seasons.

12. Puitoprna arrsvtTa, (P), Pl. XX, Fig. 4.

This species is extremely common, and may be the P. hirsuta men-

tioned by Pritchard. There are fine hair-like spines all over the surface

of the body, but the colour is not pale yellow, nor is the foot “ prolonged

by dorsal spines.” The antenna is long and straight. The distinction

between stomach and intestine is very clearly marked, and the latter is

large. Two clear round (salivary) glands are very noticeable. It is

very common, and is almost always attached to the stems of Vorticella,

Eipistylis, &e. It apparently leads a very sedentary life, for I have had

specimens under observation for hours without their moving from their

attachment. The contraction of the stem to which they have fixed

themselves does not seem to disturb them, and, as soon as it uncoils,

they unfold their wheels even before the Vorticella or Carchesiwm has

opened out. Ihave often seen a couple attached on each side of the

stem of a Vorticella just below the bell, and sometimes more than two.

The fine hair-like spines are variable both in length and position, in

350 H. H. Anderson—WNotes on Indian Rotifers. [No. 4,

some cases covering the whole body, in others noticeable only on parts,

but they are never absent from the greater part of the body.

13. Rotirrr vuncaris, Schrank,

Here, as elsewhere, deserves its name,

14. RovireR macrocnRos, Gosse.

Many specimens seen,

15, Rovirer MENTO, n. sp., Pl. XX, Figs. 5 & 5, a.

It is with much hesitation that I describe this species, for when I

mentioned to a microscopist of considerable experience that I had found

a Rotifer inhabiting a tube, he smiled incredulously and said that I must

either have been mistaken or that the Rotifer had made use of a tube

built by some other creature. However, as its other characteristics are,

it seems to me, suflicient to mark it as a new species, I shall describe

them first. The characteristic which is the most striking on casual ob-

servation is the very distinct and projecting chin, with the buccal funnel

running down from it in a way that reminds one of a Melicerta. The

corona is small; the dorsal antenna very long and mobile; the frontal

column is thick, short, and stout, with the appearance of a hook at its

upper end; the eyes are round and bright and of a moderate size; the

jaws have two teeth; the body is deeply fluted and wanting in trans-

parency, so that the intestines were not very easily made out. It is

viviparous: a young one was seen in the body of one specimen which

must have been nearly as long as its parent; the wreath of the unborn

rotifer was often in motion, though I did not, at any time, observe the

jaws move. With relation to the tube; I have seen at different times

over a dozen specimens of this species. (In all cases the water was

taken from the same tank.) Hvery specimen except one was inhabiting

a tube, and these tubes were all of the same character and all small in

comparison to the size of the creature. The tube resembled that of an

(chistes, its substance appeared to be transparent, but it was so thickly

covered with foreign matter that it was practically opaque. The first

specimen I had under observation for nearly six hours and it did not

leave its tube. I turned the piece of weed over, then tore the tube off

the weed, and, though the Rotifer was now able to swim about dragging

its tube after it, it did not leave its hold. Finally, I crushed the tube,

and the Rotifer then swam off; and I was able to see that it had the foot

of its genus. When disturbed the Rotifer contracted and curled itself

into the tube. This was not a mere contraction of the body, but it took

1889, | H. H. Anderson—WNotes on Indian Rotifers. 351

a distinct curve which enabled it to fit itself into the tube, so that, short

as the latter is, the whole body of the rotifer is protected by it. This

fact seems to me to go far towards proving that the rotifer is accustom-

ed to live in a tube, though whether it makes it own tube or occupies

empty tubes made by other creatures, I am not in a position to decide.

Length about 3,". It is rare.

16. Aorinurus OvaTUS, un. sp., Pl. XX, Figs. 6 & 6, a,

Though differing in some particulars from the diagnosis of this

genus as given in Hudson and Gosse’s book, it can belong to no other.

It has the extreme length and tenuity of form, the joints of the long and

slender foot telescope into one another without sensible increase of

diameter ; the eyes are two, situated in the frontal column; the teeth

are two, diverging. But in complete contraction the shape of the body

does change. The joints of the foot fit into one another and may be

drawn back right into the body without causing it to bulge, but the

body itself is often lessened in length and increased in breadth till it be-

comes almost globular in shape. In this it resembles the genus Rotifer.

There is only one other known species of this genus, Actinwrus

neptunius. From this the species I am describing differs in the cha-

racteristic just mentioned of the contractility of the body. It also

differs in the shape of the body, which is not cylindrical but wider

posteriorly; viewed dorsally it is seen to be nearly twice as wide at the

hinder end of the body as it is at the neck. A side view shows that

the back rises in almost a straight line from the neck to near the ex-

treme end of the body, where it suddenly falls to the foot. The ventral

surface also is not flat but bulges slightly. When extended to its fullest,

the length of the body is about three times its breadth, in A. neptunius

it is about eight times as great.

The eyes are two, small, near the summit of the frontal column; the

corona small, constantly protruded, and in constant motion. The

mastax is not far from the corona, and has two gastric glands fairly

large and visible. The digestive canal is perfectly straight when the crea-

ture is fully extended, and there is a clear distinction between the

stomach and the intestine. The cloaca is situated at the bottom of the

second joint of the foot. The spurs are small, not two-jointed, and the

toes very long, often recurved. The surface of the body is deeply cor-

rugated longitudinally, but in some specimens is very transparent and

the viscera can easily be distinguished. These do not nearly fill the

body cavity and strong muscles may be seen which assist in the con-

traction. I was unable to make out the vascular system.

In very many of the specimens there were living young in the

352 H. H, Anderson—Notes on Indian Rotifers. [No. 4,

body cavity of their parents. In many cases, the young ones were longer

than the length of their progenitor, and the long foot might be seen

moving about, now drawn back into the body, and now extended to a

considerable length around the viscera, The mastax and, in more than

one instance, the cilia were in constant motion,

The frontal column when extended fully is tipped with cilia which

vibrate actively. It was only on rare occasions, though, that I was able “ty

to see them, as they seemed to be rarely extended.

The habit of this Actinwrus differs under different circumstances.

As usually seen it is in constant motion, creeping actively or swimming

over the field of view. But on one occasion I had enclosed a small

Lemma leaf and the Actinwri, under the cover glass, took their places

under this, fastening themselves well underneath, but so that their ‘

bodies projected when they were fully extended. On this occasion I

was enabled to get a very satisfactory view of the organs and internal

| arrangement, though, owing to the thickness of the leaf, I could not use

. a high power.

| There is one point on which I speak with some hesitation. I

noticed in one specimen that there was only one tooth on one ramus

and two on the other. I examined this specimen very carefully and

several others also with a high power (750 diameters), and in several of =*

the latter observed the same. In others I thought I could see the two

teeth on both rami. In Philodina erythrophthalma an unequal number

of teeth has been observed by Hudson, but in no species, as far as I

know, has only one tooth been seen. But in several instances the one

tooth, with the minute ridging parallel to it, was so very clear that

T do not think I can have been mistaken.

| The size of an average specimen when fully extended is 7,” to 35”

of which the body is about 7,’ and the foot ;;’, the breadth of the

body at its widest 1,”. Contracted the same specimen would be about

_1 "lone by -1” wide, but there is considerable variation in size.

| TOO } T2656 ?

Order III. PLOIMA.

Sub-order ILLORICATA.

| Family X. Notommatade. at

17. Norommata ansata, Ehrenberg.

First seen, December 14th, 1888, Not uncommon.

18. Novommara tripus, Khrenberg.

Common.

—o

1889. ] H. H. Anderson—Notes on Indian Rotifers. 353

19, Furcunarra rorricuna, Ehrenberg.

Seen in water from the Botanical Gardens.

20. Furcunarta tonersnta, Ehrenberg.

The first specimen I saw had toes very little longer than the body.

Other specimens obtained from the Botanical Gardens were nearer the

normal.

21, Dianena rorcrpata, Ehrenberg.

Common.

Sub-order LORICATA.

Family XI. Rattulidee.

22. Rarrunus tiaris, Miller.

Only one or two specimens seen.

Family XII. Dinocharide.

23. Scariprum Lonercaupum, Ehrenberg.

Common. In the specimens first seen the posterior dorsal surface

had not the sharp, clear-cut projection shewn in the figure in Hudson

and Gosse’s book, but was rounded as in Hhrenberg’s figures. I after-

wards came across specimens in water from the Botanical Gardens

which had the sharp projection. Ata later period, in water from the

Entally tanks, I found it in great profusion with rounded projections.

One specimen observed had inside it an egg covered with spines.

24. SrEPHANOPS DICHTHASPIS, n. sp., Pl. XX, Fig. 7.

Tu water from the Museum tank I came across this pretty little species,

and it was fairly plentiful. The lorica is ovate, prolonged behind into a,

shield, which is deeply notched in the centre, and extends as far as

the second joint of the foot. Ths neck is about half the breadth of the

body and has a distinct shoulder. The occipital shield is semicircular,

as broad as the body, and through it the head can be seen to have an

oval, not peaked shape, with its eyes very wide apart. It approaches

S. lamellaris and S. muticus, but differs from both in the shape of

the neck and of the body, and especially in the prolongation of the shield

. / vr

behind. Length ;4,° to zis -

B04 H. H. Anderson—WNotes on Indian Rotifers. [No. 4,

Family XIII. Salpinade.

I have had some difficulty in distinguishing between the species of

this family, as different specimens of the same species differ greatly from

one another.

25, Sanpina Bruvispina, Ehrenberg.

Is very common.

26. SALPINA BUSTALA, Gosse.

Not uncommon. In some the alvine spines were only slightly incur-

ved; in one the lumbar spine was irregular in shape, having a wavy ap-

pearance, and the sinus above the pectoral spine was less marked and

less deep than usual.

27. SaLPINA MACRACANTHA (?), Gosse.

The anterior and posterior ends of the ventral side of the lorica

were deeply excised, the spines, lumbar and alvine, were long, and in

size and shape the specimens answered to the description aud to the

figures in Hudson and Gosse’s work, but the surface of the lorica

was most plainly stippled, though in the work mentioned it is expressly

stated that the lorica surface is not stippled. Many specimens were

examined and they all had the stippling.

28. Saupina, sp., Pl. XXI, Figs. 8 & 8a.

A fourth species seems to be intermediate between S. macracantha

and S. brevispina, but it is so variable that I hesitate to make a new

species of it. Its most obvious distinction from S. brevispina is its size,

and, as I have had both specimens under observation at the same time, I

think this may be of some weight, though size by itself is probably not of

much yalue as a specific differential in our Indian species, which exhibit

a tendency to run either larger or smaller than their European congeners.

The sinus between the lumbar and alvine spines is not circular, but dis-

tinctly angled ; Ehrenberg’s figure of S. brevispina, however, has a some-

what angled sinus. The shell is narrower than Gosse draws it and

has no bulge on the ventral surface just before the anterior opening, but

KEhrenberg’s figure has not these characteristics. The most important

point of distinction is that the lumbar spine is a distinct spine, but this

varies, for in some it is as long as in S. macracantha, and in others quite

short, though never as short asin §S. brevispina. Had I not had this

species and 8. brevispina under the microscope at the same time, I should

have thought they were the same. It is as large as S. macracantha, but

the spines are not usually as long, they are never incurved, and the

1889.] H. H. Anderson—Notes on Indian Rottfers. ope

posterior ventral surface is not excised. It is very common. Its length

is about 5”.

Family XIV. Euchlanide.

29, Evcuiants macrura, Ehrenberg.

Not uncommon. It may be worth noting that one specimen was ob-

served with well defined sets on the foot. A few minutes afterwards it

was scen and the sets had gone, though there had been no disturbance

} of the slide or cover glass to account for this loss. If broken off they

must have been broken by the creature itself as it swam about; it had

plenty of water to swim in.

Family XV. Cathypnide.

30. CarHypNa LUNA, Ehrenberg.

Very common,

31. Monostyzta cornora, Ehrenberg.

A very small specimen seen, total length only 335”.

32. Monosryna QuaDRIpENTATA, Ehrenberg.

Not very common.

I obtained some specimens from the Museum tank on December

23rd, 1888 closely resembling this species, especially in having the typical

horns. They differed, however, in the following points; the mallei were

not shouldered, nor was the outline of the claws wavy, the horns also

i were straight, not curved. In a specimen killed with osmic acid the

points of the dorsal and ventral plates were very distinct and were

joined by amembrane. Length of lorica sie”, total length 335”.

33. MonosTyLA BULLA, Gosse.

Not common.

Family XVI. Coluride.

aa 34. Coxnurus caupatus, Ehrenberg.

The only specimen seen was much larger than the British species

apparently is. It was, too, rather longer in proportion to its breadth.

' 35. Meroprpid LEPADELLA, Khrenberg.

Only a few specimens seen; the one drawn by me was only zt,”

long.

H. H. Anderson—Notes on Indian Rotifers. [No. 4,

36. Meroprpta sonipus, Gosse.

Very common. I found it, an one occasion, teeming in water

which had been standing for many days, and in which Paramcecia swarm-

ed.

37. MbroprpiA TRIPTERA, Ehrenberg.

Common.

38. MbropipraA TORQUATA, n. sp., Pl. XXI, Figs. 9 & 9a.

The mos¢ striking characteristic is the stippling of the shell, which

is very slight, except around the anterior opening, to which it gives the

appearance of a collar. It differs from M. solidus, also, in being much \

more oval in shape, in having a larger anterior opening, and in being

more deeply incised on the anterior ventral surface. It differs from

M. lepadella in its size, it is more than twice as big, and in its flatness,

in which it resembles M. solidus, and in the shape of the openings

both in front and behind. Length ;+,”.

39. MUuTOPIDIA ANGULATA, n. sp., Pl. XXT, Fig. 10.

This pretty little form has a very distinctive shell. Seen dorsally = an

the lorica curves outwards from both the anterior and posterior openings

to meet in an angular point, the hinder curve being shorter than the front

one. A stippled collar is also very evident, as are the two horns, Two

contractile vesicles were seen in active operation. I did not see the

frontal hook, so that possibly the species is not a Metopidia. The two

eyes were small and inconspicuous. Length of lorie: iat

3560 * °

Family XVII. Pterodinade.

40. PQERODINA INTERMEDIA, n. sp., Pl. XXT, Fig. 11.

The lorica is inflexible, nearly circular, and where P. mucrovata has

a sharp point this species has a semicircular projection. Slight uneyen-

ness of frontal outline occurs in P. patina, but in this there is a very

distinct and regular projection. The surface is stippled and bosses are

visible though not conspicuous. The gastric glands are long, broad,

and rounded, oliation is conspicuous. Length of lorica +1,”.

41. Prproprya, n. sp. ?

The peculiarity of this species (?) is its internal organization. Only

one specimen was seen. It resembled P. patina in shape, &c., but it had

only one gastric gland on the right side and this sloped downwards

—

1889.] H. H, Anderson—Notes on Indian Rotifers. 357

round a clear space which I take to be a contractile vesicle, though I saw

no contraction. The stomach is on the opposite side and the intestine

below behind the foot. If this is not really a species, its internal ar-

rangement differs most curiously from the type form,

Family XVIII. Brachionide.

42. BRACHIONUS BAKHRI, Ehrenberg,

Specimens with the broad-based lateral spines drawn by Gosse, and

with the occipital spines comparatively small, are of common occurrence.

Others differ greatly from this type, the lateral spines being thin from

their base and curved outwards, and the central occipital spines almost

as long as the lateral ones, the intermediate pair being very distinct and

far from obliterate.

43. BRACHIONUS URCEOLARIS, Ehrenberg,

Fairly common,

44, BRACHIONUS MILITARIS.

Many specimens seen.

45, BRACHIONUS LoNGIPES, n. sp., Pl. XXI, Fig. 12.

The foot of this species is of extraordinary length. In a specimen

measured after death the loriea was +3,” and the foot 7.” and it was

wrinkled. In living specimens the foot is often extended go as to be

three times as long as the lorica. In shape it resembles B. wreeolaris

from which it differs in'some minor particulars. The occipital spines are

somewhat more deeply cut, the pectoral edge rises considerably and has 4

undulations the two middle ones of which are slightly notched. Viewed

dorsally the edge of the lorica appears round, and the spines bounding

the orifice of the foot cannot be seen except through the shell: a ventral

view shows that these spines are placed farther forward than the dorsal

extremity of the lorica, and a side view shows that the dorsal edge of

the lorica projects so that the shell from this edge to the spines is a

curve inwards. The dorsal view of the foot-orifice, 7. ¢., of the spines and

the space between them, is peculiar, the inner surface of the spines being

rounded and the edge between their bases having an outward curve.

Length of lorica 335”, of foot 75” to gy” total 2,” to 2,”

46. BRAcHIONUS BIDENTATA, n. sp., Pl. XXI, Fig. 13.

Occipital spines six, the outer the largest, each of these haying a

358 H. H. Anderson—Notes on Indian Rotifers. [No. 4, f

smaller spine or tooth springing from its ventral surface. The pectoral

edge rises abruptly from the base of the outer spines and is then nearly

straight. The lateral spines are very small and those bounding the foot

large rounded papille rather than spines. Length 5”, breadth 54,”.

47. NoTrUs QUADRICORNIS.

Fairly common. “,

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Prats XIX.

Fig. 1. Floscularia tenuilobata, n. sp., x 150.

Prats XX.

Fig. 2. Wchistes stephanion, n. sp., x 150.

3. Megalotrocha alboflavicans, 3, x 400.

Vie. 4. Philodina hirsuta, Pritchard? x 300.

Fie. 5. Rotifer mento, n. sp, x 190.

Fig. 5a. The same showing the head, x 5265.

Fig. 6. Actinwrus ovatus, n. sp., x 50.

Fig. 6a, The same in the retracted condition showing a living young one coiled

up in its body-cavity, x 100. ;

Fig. 7. Stephanops dichthaspis, n. sp., x 280. «,

PratEe XXI,

Fig. 8. Salpina, sp, from the side, x 140.

Fig. 8a, Another specimen viewed partly from one side and partly from below, so

as to show the ventral spines and the intervening sinus, x 140,

Fig. 9. Metopidia torquata, n. sp., dorsal view, x 400.

Fig. 9a. The same, ventral view, x 400. .

Hig. 10. Metopidia angulata, n. sp., x 400.

Fig. 11. Pterodina intermedia, n. sp., x 150.

Fig. 12. Brachionus longipes, dorsal view of lorica, x 150.

Fig. 12a. rs 3 ventral view of lorica, x 150.

Fig. 12b. 9 3 side view of posterior end of lorica, x 150.

Fig. 12c. sf ¥3 dorsal view of foot orifice, x 850. |

Fie. 13. Brachionus bidentata, n. sp., ventral view of lorica, x 200.

N. B.—Figs. 7, 8, 8a., 9, 9a., 10, 12, 12a—c., and 13 have been drawn with the

aid of the camera lucida,

—

1889.] G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 359

XXII.—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula —By Gnoran

Kine, M. B., LL. D., F. RB. S., F. L. 8., Superintendent of the Royal

Botanic Garden, Calcutta.

[Received and read July 3rd, 1889.]

As the Calcutta Herbarium contains a rich collection of Malayan

plants, 1 propose to publish from time to time a systematic account of

as many of them as are indigenous to British provinces, or to provinces

under British influence. In addition to the states on the mainland of

the Malayan Peninsula, these provinces include the islands of Singa-

pore and Penang, and the Nicobar and Andaman groups. The classi-

fication which I propose to follow is that of the late Mr. Bentham and

Sir Joseph Hooker. It is unlikely that, with the scanty leisure at my

command, I shall be able, under several years, to complete even the

meagre account of the Flora of which the first instalment is now sub-

mitted. The orders will be taken up nearly in the sequence followed

in the Genera Plantarwm of Bentham and Hooker, and in the Flora

of British India of the latter distinguished botanist. The natural orders

now submitted are Ranunculacew, Dilleniaceee, Magnoliacer, Menisper-

macece, Nympheeacee, Capparidee, and Violaree. The order Anonacee

should have come between Magnoliacew and Menispermacee ; but, on

account of its extent and difficulty, I have been obliged to postpone its

elaboration pending the receipt of further herbarium material. It will

however, it is hoped, soon be taken up.

Orprr I. RANUNCULACEA.

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite.

Stipules 0, or adnate to the petiole, rarely free. lowers regular or

irregular, 1-2-sexual. Sepals 5 or more, rarely 2 to 4, usually deciduous,

often petaloid, imbricate or valvate. Petals 0 or 4 or more, hypogynous,

imbricate, often minute or deformed. Stamens hypogynous; anthers

usually adnate and dehiscing laterally. Oarpels usually many, free,

1-celled; stigma simple ; ovule one or more, on the ventral suture, anatro-

pous, erect with a ventral, or pendulous with a dorsal raphe. Fruit of

numerous I-seeded achenes, or many-seeded follicles, rarely a berry.

Seed small, albumen copious; embryo minute. Distrib, Abundant

in temperate and cold regions: genera 30; known species about 310.*

* The above diagnosis of this order (copied from Sir Joseph Hooker’s Flora. of

British India) covers the entire order, which is usually sub-divided into five sub-

orders or tribes. Representatives of only one of these tribes (Olematidee) have

hitherto been discovered in the region under review. But, as exploration of the

central mountain ranges proceeds, plants belonging to one or two of the other tribes

360 G. King—WMaterials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 4,

Tribe I. Olematidee. Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite. Sepals

yalvate, petaloid, Oarpels 1-ovuled; ovule pendulous. Fruit of many

achenes.

Petals 0 oi ts wee ws» Ll. Clematis.

Petals many, linear a ay «. 2. Naravelia.

1, Cxrumaris, Linn.

Woody climbers. Leaves opposite, simple or compound, exstipulate.

Sepals 4 to 8, valvate. Petals 0. Stamens many. Carpels many,

with long tails. Ovule solitary, pendulous.—Distrib, Temperate climates ;

species about 100,

simple, (rarely pinnate) ovate, blunt, with broad sub-cordate bases, boldly

5-nerved, coriaceous, glabrous, entire or remotely serrate, 3 to 10 in. long

by 1:5 to 5 in, broad ; petioles nearly as long. Panicles axillary, few-

flowered, 6 to 12in. long. Flowers 1 to 1°5 in diam, Sepals 4 to 5, coriaceous,

oblong, reflexed, outside dull brown tomentose, inside purple. Filaments

linear, glabrous, the inner shorter with longer anthers. Achenes flat,

pubescent, with broad margins and long feathery tails. A tall glabrous

woody climber. DC. Prod., I., 10; Bot. Mag., t. 4259; H. £. et Th.

Fil, Ind., i, 6; Hook, fil, Fl. Br. Ind., i, 3. Miq. Fl. Ind., Bat, I, Pt. ii,

p. 2. O. sub-peltata, Wall., Pl. As., Rar. I, t. 20. O. Munroana, Wight

Ml. i, 5, t. 1. ? O. glandulosa, Bl., Bijdr. i, 1.

Penang, Curtis; but probably occurring also in the Central Range

of mountains in the Malayan Peninsula,

2. C. Gourtana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 670. An extensive climber, the

young parts pubescent, adult glabrous. Leaves shortly petiolate, pinnate,

2-pinnate or 2-ternate, the leaflets shortly petiolulate, membranous, ovate

to ovate-lanceolate, 5-nerved, sometimes sub-cordate, entire or irregular-

ly dentate-serrate, 2 to 3 in. long by °75 to 1°75 in. broad. Panicles many-

flowered, longer than the leaves ; flowers small (°3 to ‘5 in. in diam.) green-

ish-white. Achenes narrowly oblong, pubescent, emarginate, with long

silky tails. DOC. Prod. i, 3; W. A. Prod. 2; Wight Ic. 933-4. H. f.

et Th. Fl. Ind. 8; Hook. Fl. fil. Brit. Ind. i, 4. Mig. Ind. Fl Bat. Vol.

I, Pt. 2, p.4. C. cana and dentosa, Wall. Cat. C. javana, DC. Prod. i, 7.

Not uncommon at low elevations in the Indo-Malayan region.

2. Naraverra, DC.

Climbing shrubs. eaves 3-foliolate, terminal leaflet generally

transformed into a tendril. Sepals 4to5. Petals 6 to 12, narrow, longer

may be found. I therefore think it better to let the diagnosis stand, than to modify

it so as to include only the tribe Clematidew,

1889.] G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, 361

than the calyx. Achenes long stipitate, with long-bearded style.—Distrib.

Two H. Asiatic species.

N. taurirorta, Wall. Cat. Young parts puberulous, adult glabrous.

Leaflets broadly ovate, shortly acuminate, entire, boldly 5-nerved, 4 to 6 in.

long by 2°5 to 3 in, broad. Panicles longer than the leaves, many-

flowered ; petals long, linear, whitish green. Achenes cylindric, glabrous,

with stout sericeous tails. Hook. fil. et Th. Fl. Ind. i, 3.; Hook. fil. Fl.

B. Ind. i, 7: Miq. Fl. Ind, Bat. I, pt. ii, 2. N. Finlaysoniana, Wall.

Cat. 468 (with diseased fruit). Clematis similacina, Bl. Bijdr. I, 1.

Common throughout the whole Indo-Malayan region to the Philip-

pines.

Orprr II, DILLENIACE As.

Trees, shrubs or herbs, sometimes climbing. Leaves alternate, sim-

ple, entire or toothed (pinnatipartite in Acrotrema), exstipulate with

sheathing petioles, or more rarely with lateral deciduous stipules.

Flowers yellow or white, often showy. Sepals 5, imbricate, persistent.

Petals 5 (rarely 3 or 4) deciduous. Stamens many, hypogynous, many-

seriate ; anthers innate, with lateral slits or terminal pores. Oarpels

1 or more, free or cohering in the axis ; styles always distinct ; ovules

amphitropous, solitary or few and ascending, or many and attached to

the ventral suture. Fruit of follicles, or indehiscent and sub-baccate.

Seeds solitary or many, arillate, testa crustaceous, raphe short, albumen

fleshy; embryo minute, next the hilum.—Distrib. Chiefly tropical ;

species about 210.

Tribe I. Delimece. Filaments thickened upwards; anthers short,

cells remote oblique.

Carpel solitary re ene ww. L. Delima,

Carpels 2-5 ... an cod .. 2. Tetracera.

Tribe II. Dilleniew. Filaments not thickened upwards; anthers

with parallel cells.

Carpels 3; stemless herbs, leaves all radical, large... 3. Acrotrema.

Carpels 5-20 ; seeds arillate mer .. 4. Wormia.

Carpels 5-20; seeds not arillate ou ww» O. Dillenia.

1. Denna, Linn.

Woody climbers. Leaves parallel-veined. Flowers many, in ter-

minal panicles, hermaphrodite, white. Sepals5. Petals 2to5. Stamens

many ; filaments dilated upwards ; cells much diverging. Ovary soli-

tary, subglobose, narrowed into a subulate style; ovules 2 to 3, ascending.

Follicles ovoid, coriaceous, 1-seeded. Seed with a cupular toothed aril.

362 G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 4,

1. D. sarmmnrosa, Linn. Leaves 3 to 5 in., obovate, ovate or

broadly lanceolate, obtuse or acute, quite entire, serrate or crenate,

appressed pilose; both surfaces scabrid ; nerves 9 to 11 pairs, straight,

ascending, prominent: length 2°5 to 3°5 in., breadth 1 to 2 in., petiole

4 to'Sin. Flowers ¢ to § in. in diam., in tomentose or pilose spreading

panicles that are often leafy. Sepals reflexed. DOC. Prod. i.69; Wall.

Cat. 6632; Bot. Mag. t. 3058. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I, pt. ii, 7; Hook. sas

Fl. Fl. B. Ind. I, 31, D. intermedia, Bl, Bijdr. Tetracera sarmentosa,

Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 645. Leontoglosswm scabrwm, Hance in

Walp. Ann, iii. 812.

Var. 1. auasra; fruit glabrous.

Var. 2. nEBECARPA; fruit hairy. D. hebecarpa, DC. Prod. i, 70;

Deless. Ic. Sel. t. 72; Wall. Cat. 6633. D. intermedia, Blume. Davilla

hirsuta, Teysm, et Binn. Delimopsis hirta, Miq.

2. D. tmvis, Maingay MSS. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to narrowly

elliptic, acute, entire, the base cuneate or rounded; nerves 8 to 9 pairs,

ascending, prominent; upper surface smooth, shining; the lower pu-

berulous ; neither of them scabrid; length 5 to 7:5 in., breadth 2 to 3°5

in., petiole *8 in,, broad. lowers *5 in. in diam., in narrow tomentose

leafless panicles longer than the leaves. Sepals reflexed.

Malacca, Maingay No. 10. Collected only by the late Dr. Maingay.

2. Trrracnra, Linn.

| Climbing shrubs or trees, smooth, scabrid, or pubescent. Leaves

| with parallel lateral veins. Flowers in terminal or lateral panicles, her-

|| maphrodite or partially 1-sexual. Sepals 4 to 6, spreading. Petals 4 to 6.

Stamens many, filaments dilated upwards, anther-cells distant. Oarpels

3 to 5 ; ovules many, 2-seriate. Follicles coriaceous, shining. Seeds 1 to 5,

with a fimbriated or toothed aril.—Distrib, All tropical; species

about 25.

1. TT. Assa. DC. Prod. i. 68. Young branches striate, pubescent or |

sub-strigose. Leaves 2 to 5 in. long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, obscurely

sinuate or serrate, glabrous except the nerves beneath. Panicles axillary

and terminal, shorter than the leaves, few-flowered. Jollicles several-

seeded, W. and A. Prod. 5; Hassk. Pl. Rar. Jav. 177. Took. fil. and

Th. Fl. Ind. i, 63: Hook, fil. Fl, B. Ind. I. 31: Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I,

Pt. ii. 8. =

Common throughout Indo-Malaya, at low elevations.

2. 'T. Huryanpra, Vahl. Symb, iii, 71. Young branches tomentose.

Leaves rigid, 3 to 4 in. long, oblong or obovate-oblong, entire or obscurely

sinuate, above glabrous except the midrib, below minutely tomentose

when young. Panicles terminal and axillary, shorter than the leaves,

1889.) G. Kinge—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 363

few-flowered. follicles several-seeded. DC. Prod. I, 68: Roxb. Fl,

Ind. ii, 646; H. f. et Th. Fl. Ind. i, 63; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. I, 32:

Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Vol. T, pt. ii, 8. . lucida, Wall. Cat.

Straits Settlements, at low elevations. Distrib. Moluccas and New

Caledonia.

3. ‘T. mAcropHyina, Wall. Cat. 6628. Young branches pubescent.

Leaves broadly elliptic to obovate-elliptic, 5 to 7 in. long, margin sub-sin-

uate, scabrid on both surfaces. Panicle terminal, longer than the leaves,

many-flowered. Sepals rotund, not ribbed. ollicles 1-seeded. Hook.

fil. et. Th. Fl, Ind. I, 63: Hook. fil, Fl. Br, Ind. I, 832; Mig. Fl. Ind.

Bat. Vol. 1, pt. ii, 8.

Straits Settlements, in tropical forests. Distrib. Sumatra.

4, T. aranprs, King, n. sp. <A large tree. Young branches and

inflorescence shortly velvety-tomentose. Leaves large, coriaceous, broad-

ly elliptic, rarely slightly obovate, the apex truncate and minutely

apiculate; the edges obscurely crenate or undulate toward the apex,

entire below, recurved when dry ; the base rounded or slightly narrowed :

upper surface scabrous, lower minutely tomentose: nerves stout, 14

pairs, straight, erecto-patent; length of blade 8 to 10in., width 5 to 5 in.,

petiole about 5 in., stout. Injlorescence in little-branched, lateral or ter-

minal panicles a foot or more long. lowers shortly pedunculate.

Sepals 5, broadly ovate, sub-acute, concave, ribbed and tomentose exter-

nally, 5 in. long. Petals about as long as the sepals but narrower,

glabrous. Axthers truncate, narrowed to the long slender filaments.

Follicles with a slender curved beak.

Perak. Scortechini, No. 900.

Said by Father Scortechini to be a very large tree.

3. Adcrorruma, Jack.

Perennial stemless herbs with woody rhizomes. Leaves large, par-

rallel-nerved, with sheathing deciduons stipules. Scape short axillary,

bracteolate. Flowers large, yellow. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens nu-

merous, in 3 bundles which alternate with the carpels ; filaments filiform,

anthers erect, with longitudinal porous dehiscence. Carpels 3, slightly co-

hering : styles subulate, recurved ; ovules 2 or more. Fruit of 3 irregu-

larly dehiscing follicles. Seed with a membranous aril; the testa crus-

taceous, pitted.—Distrib. ten species, of which 8 are endemic in Ceylon,

1 Peninsular-Indian, and 1 Indo-Malayan.

A. costatum, Jack in Mal. Misc. ex. Hook. Mise. ii, 82. Whole

plant covered with stiff rufous or golden hairs, especially when young.

Leaves obovate, the margins dentate-ciliate ; the base narrowed, sagittate;

upper surface strigose, often blotched with white, petiole short. Racemes

364 G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 4,

shorter than the leaves, 8 to 10-flowered, setose ; bracteoles minute, lanceo-

late. Flowers an inch in diam. Stamens about 15. Hook. fil. and Th.

Fl, Ind. i, 65: Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. I, 32; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Vol. I,

Pt. ii, 10. A. Wightianum, W. and A. Prod. 6: Wight Ill. t. 9.

Straits Settlements; in damp shady spots at elevations of 500 to

2500 feet. Common.

4. Wormis, Rottb.

Trees, sometimes lofty; or shrubs. Leaves broad, sub-coriaceous ;

lateral nerves many, strong, parallel; petioles usually with deciduous

stipular wings. Flowers large, in terminal racemes or panicles. Sepals

5. Petals 5. Stamens indefinite, in several series, nearly free; anthers

linear, erect, cells opening by 2 pores. Carpels 5 to 10, scarcely cohering

in the axis; ovules numerous. J’rwit of indehiscent or follicular 3- or

more-seeded carpels. Seeds with a fleshy aril. Distrib. Tropical Asia

and Australia, and one in Madagascar; species about 9.

Sect. I. Oapellia, Blume (genus). Inner row of stamens much

longer than the outer and arching over them.

1. W. sureruricosa, Griff. Notul, iv. 706; Ic. iv. t. 649, f£ 1. A

small tree. Young parts floccose. Leaves with short, broadly winged,

petioles ; broadly elliptic or sub-obovate-elliptic, blunt or acute, dentate,

glabrous except the 12-20 pairs of nerves which are sparsely pilose be-

neath; length of blade 7 to 9 in.; breadth 4 to 5°5 in.: petiole ‘5 to

1:5 in, Racemes about as long as the leaves, leaf-opposed ; pedicels °5 to

Lin.long. Flowers 3 to 4 in, in diam., yellow. Sepals broadly ovate, nerved,

glabrous. Petals obovate, crenulate. Oarpels 5 to 7, 3 to 5-seeded. Hook.

fil. Fl. Br. Ind. I, 35. W. ewcelsa, H. f. and Th. Fl. Ind. I, 67 (not of

Jack). W. subsessilis, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. i. 618; Ann. Mus. Lugd.

Bat, i. 315, t. 9.

Malacca, Singapore; extends to Sumatra, Banka, Borneo and pro-

bably to other islands of the Archipelago.

2, W.osnonca, Wall. A tree. Young branchlets thin, sparsely

tomentose, the old glabrous. Leaves rather distant, on moderate

channelled (not winged) petioles, oblong to elliptic, acute at base and apex,

entire or distantly serrate or sub-serrate, nerves 9 to 12 pairs: length of

blade 6 to 8 in., breadth 8 to 3:5 in.; petiole 15 in. Cymes terminal or

leaf opposed, few-flowered, shorter than the leaves, tomentose; pedicels

about 1 in., thickened above, tomentose. Flowers 3 to 5 in. in diam. Sepals

ovate-rotund, tomentose externally, Petals obovate, entire, veined, yel-

low. Oarpels 8tol0. H. f. & Th. Fl. Ind, i, 67: Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind.

i, 35: Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Vol. 1, pt. ii, p. 11.

Straits Settlements in more or less dense forest. Distrib, Sumatra

i,’

1889.] G. Kine—WMaterials for a Flora of the Mulagan Peninsula. 365

Sect. II. Huwormia, Filaments all erect and nearly equal in

length.

3. W. puncHpnta, Jack. Mal. Misc. ex. Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. I,

221. A shrub. Young parts glabrous. Leaves on short narrowly winged

petioles, obovate or obovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, truncate or retuse,

sometimes mucronate, thickly coriaceous, glabrous; nerves 5 to 7 pairs ;

length of blade 2°5 to 4 in., breadth 1'5 to 2°5 in.; petiole*75 in. Flowers

solitary or in small cymes, axillary or terminal, 2 in. in diam. ; pedicels 2

in. long. Sepals broadly ovate, glabrous. Petals ovate. Carpels about

5. Seeds few, with pulpy arillus. H.f. and Th. FI. Ind. I, 68: Hook,

fil. Pl. Br. Ind. I, 36; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Vol. I, Pt. ii, p. 11.

Perak and Malacca; at elevations under 1,000 ft. Distrib. Su-

matra.

4, W. MELiosmaronia, King, n. sp. A small tree, the young parts

and leaf-petioles softly fulvous-tomentose. Leaves crowded near the

apices of the branches, coriaceous, obovate-lanceolate to obovate-elliptic,

acute or acuminate, entire or minutely and remotely serrate, base

acute, glabrous above except the 14 to 18 pairs of spreading pubescent

nerves, under surface minutely tomentose; length of blade 5 to 8 in,,

breadth 8 to 4 in., petiole about 1 in. lowers about 3 in. in diam.,

axillary, solitary, on slender tomentose peduncles 2 in. long, or in few-

flowered linear-bracteolate cymes ; peduncles 1 in. long. Sepals ovaite-

oblong, velvety-tomentose externally, glabrous internally. Petals ob-

lanceolate, pale yellow, veined, wavy. Stigmas about 12, linear, recurved.

Follicles with several compressed, arillate seeds. Dillenia meliosmae-

folia, Hook. fil. & Th. Fl. Br, Ind. I, 36,

Malacca, Perak.

Originally described as a Dillenia by Sir Joseph Hooker who had

not seen the fruit.

5. W. Scorrrcuinm, King, n. sp. <A tree 60 to 70 feet, Branchlets

thick, scarred, puberulous or glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, obovate-ob-

long, shortly acuminate, undulate-crenate, narrowed to the petiole: upper

surface shining, glabrous except the midrib and nerves which are minute-

ly pubescent as is the under surface: nerves prominent on the under

surface, 26-30 pairs each ending on the margin of the leaf in a tuft of

hairs ; length of blade 4 to 6°5 in., breadth 2 to 3; petiole 5 to 2in., winged

and expanded at the base. Oymes supra-axillary, sub-terminal, dicho-

tomous, pubescent; bracteoles oblong, *3 in, long; pedicels ‘25 in. long.

Flowers when expanded about 1 in. broad. Sepals 5, puberulous

externally, broadly ovate, coriaceous. Petals 0. Anthers equal in

leneth to the filaments, slightly hairy. Ovaries 3 to 5, usually 4. Itipe

fruit unknown.

366 G. King—WMaterials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 4,

Perak, Father Scortechini.

Collected only by Scortechini who left a MS. description of ib un-

der the name Wormia apetala, But, as that name is pre-occupied by a

species of Gaudichaud, I have rechristened it after its lamented

discoverer. In his description Father Scortechini says that, although he

opened many buds, he neyer could find any trace of petals. In stamens

this agrees with the Hwvormia section of Wormia: but whether it is

really a Wormia and not a Dillenia cannot be settled until ripe fruit is

found,

Species of which flowers are unknown.

6. W. Kunstimrt, King, n. sp. Young branches thick, rugose

pubescent. Leaves on channelled petioles, obovate-oblong, blunt, the base

narrowed, slightly sinuate-crenate, glabrous except the pubescent midrib

and 18 to 22 pairs of nerves: length of blade 6 to 8 in., breadth 3:5 to 4

in.; petiole nearly 2in. Cymes leaf-opposed, few-flowered, tomentose ;

peduncles about 1 in, Sepals broadly ovate, glabrous, thick. Young

seeds arillate.

Perak. King’s collector No. 5905. The only specimens have

unripe fruit.

6. Dinnenia, Linn.

Characters of Wormia except that the flowers are more often solitary

and are sometimes white; the carpels are rather more numerous, are

never dehiscent, cohere in the axis, and are enveloped in the thickened

accrescent calyx; while the seeds are exarillate.

1. D.1pica, Linn, Atree: the young branches tomentose.

Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, coriaceous, lanceolate or

ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, glabrous above, pubescent beneath

especially on the 30 to 40 pairs of stout nerves : length of blade 8 to 12 in.,

breadth 3 to 4 in., petiole 1 to 1°5 in., channelled, sheathing at the base.

Flowers 6 to 9 in. in diam., solitary, axillary, on short tomentose pedicels

2to 3in. long. Sepals orbicular, concaye, fleshy. Petals white, obovate-

oblong, undulate. Inner stamens longer than the outer and arching

oyerthem. Pistils about 20; the stigmas lanceolate, recurved, radiating.

Carpels 1-celled with many reniform hairy seeds. Ham. Linn. Trans.

XV, 99: H.f. and Th. Fl. Ind. I. 69, Hook fil. Fl. Br. Ind I, 36; Martelli in

Malesia ITI, 154. D. speciosa, Thunbg, Linn. Trans. i, 200: DC. Prod. i,

76; Roxb, Fl. Ind. ii, 651.; W. & A. Prod. 5; Wight Ic. 823; Miq. Fl. Ind.

Bat. Vol. I, Pt. ii, 11. D. elliptica, Thunbe, Linn. Trans. T, 200.

Tropical Forests of the Indo-Malayan Region. Distrib. India, Ceylon.

2. D, ovara, Wall. A tree, the branchlets as thick as a quill, soft-

ly tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, ovate or obovate-rotund, apex sub-

1889.] G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 367

acute, rounded or emarginate; minutely denticulate or sub-entire ;

glabrous above except the 16 to 20 pairs of sub-horizontal pubescent nerves,

fuscous-tomentose beneath ; blade 3-5 to 7 in. long by 2°75 to 3°5 in. broad,

petiole about 1 in. tomentose. Flowers solitary 6 to Sin. in diam. ; pe-

duncles stout, tomentose, 2°5 in. long. Sepals reflexed, ovate, concave,

thick, minutely adpressed-tomentose in the middle externally, the margins

and inner surface glabrous. Petals obovate, yellow, veined. Stigmas

about 15, long, linear, recurved. H.f. and Th. Fl. Ind. I, 70; Hook. fil.

FI). Br. Ind. I, 86: Miq. FL Ind. Bat. Vol. 1, Pt. ii, 12.

Penang and Perak. In tropical forests.

I have seen no ripe fruit of this, nor have I found any description of

the ripe fruit. I am therefore unable to say whether the sepals and

seeds are those of a Dillenia ora Wormia. This comes near D. awrea,

but the panicles are much laxer and the petioles longer.

3. D. aurna, Sm. Hx. Bot. 93, t. 92. <A tree, the branchlets as

thick as the little finger, glabrous, scabrid: young parts rufous-serice-

ous. Leaves obovate, blunt or acute, crenate-dentate, glabrous above

except the 20 pairs of pubescent, bold, sub-transverse nerves; under

surface softly puberulous: length of blade 5 to 8 in.: breadth 3 to 4°5

in.: petiole 1°25 to 2 in., sheathing at the base. lowers solitary, from

shortened branches, 4 to 5 in, diam. ; peduncles stout, 1 in. or more. Sepals

oblong, obtuse, concave, fleshy, adpressed-pubescent externally when

feb]

about 10, linear, radiate. DC. Prodr. i. 76; Wall Cat. 6624; H.f. & T.

Fl. Ind. 70. Hook. fil. Fl. Br, Ind. I, 37: Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Vol. I,

pt. ii, 12; Martelli in Malesia III, 155. D. ornata, Wall. Pl. As. Rav. i,

Pres

21, t. 23: Cat. 947. D. speciosa, Griff. Notul. iv, 703. Colbertia

young, when old glaucous, Petals obovate, yellow, veined. Stigmas

obovata, Bl. Bigdr. 6,

Throughout the Indo-Malayan region, at low elevations.

4. D. rericunata, King, n. sp. <A large tree. Leaves very coria-

ceous, obovate-elliptic, obtuse P, dentate; the base truncate, cordate ;

upper surface glabrous except the impressed midrib and nerves, which

are pubescent ; under surface pubescent, the midrib and nerves very

strong ; reticulations minute, very bold, areolar ; nerves 32 to 36 pairs, sub-

horizontal ; length of blade 10 to 18 in., breadth 7 to12 in., petiole 2 to 3 in,

winged, much expanded at the base. Cymes lateral and terminal, short,

branching, 10 to 12 flowered, pubescent ; pedicels stout, bracteolate. Sepals

thick, broadly elliptic to orbicular, 1 in. in diam., pubescent externally.

Petals oblong, concave, 1°5 in. long. Stamens in many series; the outer

inflexed, introrse ; the inner erect and extrorse. Pistils about 9, puber-

ulous; stigmas linear, radiating, ovules ex-arillate.

368 G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 4,

Perak. Father Scortechini.

Ripe fruit is unknown and it is possible that the seeds may be

arillate. It has, however, the facies of a Dillenta rather than of a Wor-

mia. In leaf this resembles D. ewimia, Miq., but that plant has broader

leaves much more narrowed to the base. It also resembles D. grandi-

folia, Wall., but is distinguished by its closer nerves and remarkable

areolar reticulations.

Species imperfectly known.

5. D. @ranprronia, Wall. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate,

softly hairy above, tomentose beneath; nerves about 40 to 50 pairs, trans-

verse: length of blade 24 in., breadth 9 in.; petioles stout, 5 to 6 in. long,

densely tomentose as is the midrib. H.f. & Th. Fl. Ind. I, 71; Hook.

fil. Fl. Br. Ind. I, 38. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat, Vol. I, pt. 11, 12.

Penang and Malacca.

Known only by a few imperfect specimens in Herb. Wallich.

D. eximia, Miq., from Sumatra, is a species also known only by a few

leaf specimens which I have examined. The two differ as above described

and may belong to Wormia.

Orper IIT]. MAGNOLIACEA.

Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, often aromatic, wood-tissue

with glandular markings. Leaves alternate, quite entire or toothed,

stipulate or not. Flowers axillary and terminal, often showy, white,

yellow or red, sometimes unisexual. Sepals and petals very deciduous,

hypogynous, arranged in whorls of 3. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous,

filaments flattened or terete, free or monadelphous ; anthers basifixed, ad-

nate cells bursting longitudinally. Carpels indefinite, free or partly

cohering in one whorl, or in several on an elongate axis; styles short or

rarely long, stigmatose on the inner surface; ovules 2 or more, on the

ventral suture, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit baceate, or follicular,

or of woody dehiscent carpels, which are sometimes arranged in a cone.

Seeds solitary or few, sometimes pendulous from a long funicle, testa

single and crustaceous, or double, the outer fleshy ; albumen granular or

fleshy and oily; embryo minute, cotyledons spreading, radicle short,

blunt, next the hilum.—Distrib. Chiefly natives of the tropical and

temperate Asiatic mountains and United States, a few are Australian ;

species about 80.

Tribe I. Magnolic. Flowers bisexual. Erect shrubs or trees. Sti-

pules conspicuous, convolute and embracing the leaf-buds, deciduous.

Carpels on an elongated axis.

Carpels not separating from the carpophore ;

dehiscing dorsally.

1889.] G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 369

Carpophore sessile, carpels closely packed,

Fruit, elongate, cylindric, ovules 2... 1. Magnolia.

5, ovoid, ovules 6 at, ww. 2. Manglietia.

Carpophore stalked, carpels distant «3. Michelia,

Carpels when ripe separating from the sessile

carpophore and dehiscing ventrally ae 4. Talawma.

> Tribe II. Winteric. Flowers usually bisexual. Shrubs

or small trees. Stipules 0. Carpels in one whorl 5. Illiciwm.

Tribe III. Schizandree. Flowers unisexual. Climb-

ing shrubs. Leaves exstipulate.

Carpels of fruit capitate .., ne ». 6. Kadsura.

1. Maenorsa, Linn.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves evergreen or deciduous; buds enveloped

in the convolute stipules, which are connate in pairs. Jowers large,

terminal. Sepals 3. Petals 6 to 12, 2 to4-seriate. Stamens numerous,

many-seriate, filaments flat; anthers adnate, introrse. Gynophore

sessile. Carpels many, imbricated on a long axis, 2-ovuled, persistent ;

stigmas decurrent on the ventral suture. Jrwit an elongated axis, with

; persistent adnate 1-2-seeded dorsally dehiscing follicles. Seeds pendu-

— lous from the carpels by a long cord; outer walls of testa fleshy :

albumen oily.—Distrib. Temp. N. America, temp. and trop. H. Asia and

Japan ; species about 16.

M. Maryeayt, King, n. sp. A tree. Young branches and inflores-

cence densely clothed with pale shaggy hair. Leaves membranous,

oblanceolate-oblong or obovate, acuminate, narrowed to the rounded

base ; upper surface glabrous, the lower glaucous, the midrib sparsely

villous ; nerves 16 to 20 pairs; length of blade 6 to 8 in., breadth 2°5 to 3

in., petiole ‘3 in. Flowers terminal, solitary, shortly pedunculate, buds

ovoid, the stipular hood villous like the pedicel. Sepals 8, oblong.

Petals about 6, of the same shape as the sepals but smaller, yellowish-

white, glabrous, 1 to 1°3 in. long. Ovaries villous. [Ripe fruit eylin-

dric, 1:5 in. long by ‘6 in. diam. ; the individual carpels ovoid, not beaked,

*35 in. long, villous.

Malacca, (Maingay No. 17), Perak, Penang ; in dense low forest up

to 2,500 feet.

, 2. Maneuietia, Blume.

Trees ; foliage and inflorescence of Magnolia. Sepals3. Petals 6 or

more, 2- or more-seriate. Stamens very numerous, many-seriate ;

anthers linear, adnate, introrse. Gynophore sessile. Ovaries many,

cohering in an ovoid head; stigma decurrent on the ventral suture;

870 G. King—Materials for a Vlora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 4,

ovules 6 or more. Fruit ovoid; carpels persistent, dehiscing dorsally.

Seeds as in Magnolia,—Distrib. Mountains of tropical Asia ; species 5.

1. M. Sepassa, Miq. Ann. Lugd. Bat. IV, 71. Ashrub. Adult

branches with pale shining bark; young tawny villous, as are the petioles

and spathoid hood of calyx. Leaves coriaceous, oblong or oblanceolate,

acute, much narrowed at the base, glabrous and shining on both surfaces,

bullate ; nerves 14 to 20 pairs, prominent; length of blade 11 to 14 in.,

breadth 4°5 to 7 in., petiole 1 in., much thickened at base. lowers

solitary, terminal, on villous peduncles 2 to 3 in. long. Spathoid hood

densely adpressed fulvous-sericeous. Sepals and petals about 9, fleshy,

pale yellow, from obovate to oblong, abruptly contracted into a claw at

the base, nearly 2 in. long. Stamens with very stout filaments. Pisfils

about 20. Ripe carpels (fide Miquel) oblong, lenticellate. Miq. Fl.

Ind. Bat. Suppl. 367. —

Perak, Kunstler ; in dense jungle, at elevations of about 1500 feet:

only once collected. Distrib. Sumatra.

The specimens colleeted by the late Mr. Kunstler are without fruit.

They agree in other respects with the Sumatran specimens on which

Miquel founded the species.

2. M. qracca, BI. Bat. Verh. IX, 149. A tall glabrous tree,

Leaves coriaceons, oval or obovate-oblong, slightly acuminate, the edges

slightly recurved when dry, glaucescent beneath ; nerves 12 to 14 pairs,

not prominent; length of blade 5 to 7 in., breadth 2°5 to 3 in.; petiole

‘75 to 15 in. Flowers terminal, solitary, on annulate peduncles 1 to 15

in. long, yellowish, about 1°5 in. long. Stipular hood broadly ovate,

glabrous. Sepals and petals 9, greenish-yellow, oblong, sub-acute, those

internal smailer. Filaments short. Pistils numerous. ipe fruit ovoid,

the size of a hen’s egg, glabrous. Seeds with a red fleshy arillus.

Bijdr, 8; Fl. Jay. Magnol. 22, t. 6. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Vol. I, pt. 2, p. 15.

Perak at 3,000 feet. Distrib. Java.

3. M. Scorrrcnint, King, n. sp. A tree. The young branches,

stipules and under surfaces of the leaves minutely rufous-pubescent.

Leaves thinly coriaceous, lanceolate, narrowed to base and apex, the latter

subacute; upper surface shining, reticulations minute, distinct on both

surfaces; nerves about 12 pairs; length of blade 3°5 to 4 in. breadth

1-25 in., petiole *8 to “4 in. Flowers solitary, axillary, on annulated pedi-

cels shorter than the petioles: stipular hood rufous, silky. Sepals and

petals about 12, similar, ‘5 im. long, linear-lanceolate. Stamens linear.

Fruit ovoid (young ‘5 in, long) on a short gynophore, rufous-pubescent.

Oarpels 6 to 8.

Perak. Father Scortechini,

The only specimens of this haye unripe fruit. The ovaries have

1889.] G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninzula. 371

only 1 ovule, but apparently it is a Manglietia and I put it into this genus

provisionally, The small rufous leaves, shining on the upper surfaces,

and small axillary flowers mark it as distinct from any other Indo-

Malayan Magnoliad.

3. Micnenta, Linn,

Trees. Leaves asin Magnolia. Flowers axillary, solitary or termi-

nal. Sepals and petals similar, 9 to 15 or more, 3- or more-seriate.

Stamens as in Magnolia. Gynophore stalked. Carpels in a loose spike,

stigma decurrent; ovules 2 or more. I’rwit a lax or dense elongate

spike of coriaceous dorsally dehiscing carpels. Seeds of Magnolia.—

Distrib. About 15 species; temp. and trop. Mountains of India.

1. M. Cmampaca, Linn. A tall tree, the branchlets pubescent.

Leaves membranous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rather abruptly narrow-

ed to the base, shining aboye, pale and glabrous or puberulous beneath ;

main nerves thin, 12 to 16 pairs; length of blade 4°5 to 9 in.; breadth

2°25 to 3°5 in.; petiole 1 to lin. lowers yellow, solitary, axillary or

terminal, shortly pedunculate ; buds narrowly ovoid, the stipular hood

silky, Sepals oblong, Petals about 15, narrowly oblong, 1 in. long.

Ripe fruit 3 to 6 in. long: individual carpels ovoid, lenticellate, woody.

DO. Prodr. i, 79; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 656; W. & A. Prod, i, 6; Wight

Tl. i, 18; Blume Fl. Jay. Magnol. t. 1, Bijdr. 7; H. £. & T. Fl. Ind. 79,

Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. I, 42: Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Vol. I, pt. ii, 16; IZ,

rufinervis, DC. 1. ¢. 79; BL Bijdr. 8; M. Doldsopa, Ham. ex DC. l.c.;

Don Prodr. 226; Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 3; M. awrantiaca, Wall. Cat.,

Plant. As. Rar. t. 147. M. Rheedii, Wight Ill. i. 14, 6. 5, f. 6. M. pub-

inervia, Bl. Fl. Jav. Magnol. p. 14, t. 4.

In temperate forests in the Straits Settlements, but not common,

Distrib. India.

2. M. montana, Bl. in Verh. Bat. Gen. IX, p. 153. <A glabrous tree.

Leaves thinly coriaceous, shining, obovate or oboyate-rotund, shortly and

abruptly apiculate, rather suddenly narrowed to the base ; nerves 10 to 12

pairs, thin, spreading; length of blade 6-75 in., breadth about 4 in, ;

petiole, slender *75in, lowers white, 1:5 in, in. diam., solitary, terminal

or axillary, on annulate peduncles about °5 in. long. Buds cylindric.

Sepals and petals about 8, oblanceolate or lanceolate. Pistils 3 to 4.

Oarpels usually single, sub-globular, 1:5 in. long, the walls lenticellate,

woody, *5 in. or more thick. Bl. Bijdr, 7, Fl. Jav. Magnol. p. 15, t. 5:

Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Vol. I, Pt. ii, 17.

Perak, at low elevations. Java,onthe mountains. Distrib. Eastern

Himalaya.

Specimens from the H. Himalaya have less obovate leaves, and rather

372 G. King-—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 4,

larger flowers on longer peduncles: but in other respects they agree with

the Java plant. This species is readily distinguished by its enormously

large, solitary, woody carpels.

4. Tanauma Juss.

Trees or shrubs. Zeaves and inflorescence of Magnolia. Sepals 3.

Petals 6 or more, in 2 or more whorls. Stamens very numerous, many- rae

seriate: anthers linear, introrse. Gynophore sessile. Ovaries inde-

finite, 2-ovuled, spiked or capitate: stigmas decurrent. Oarpels woody,

separating from the woody axis at the ventral suture, and dehiscing so

as to leave the seeds suspended from the axis by an elastic cord. Seeds

of Magnolia. Distrib. Tropics of Eastern Asia, & South America: Japan,

Species about 18.

1. T. paniaura, Hook. fil. & Th. Fl. Br. Ind. I, 40. A small tree.

Young leaves, petioles and branches, the peduncles, outer surface of the

stipular involucre enveloping the calyx, and the ovaries densely fulvous-

tomentose. Leaves sub-coriaceous, oblong or oblanceolate, abruptly

and shortly acuminate, narrowed at the base, when adult shining and

glabrous except on the lower half of the midrib below; length of blade 9

to 12 in., breadth 2:5 to 4 in.; petiole 1 to 1-5 in., thickened below.

Sepals and petals white, ovate, tomentose at the very base. Ripe fruit >

3 to 4 in, long by 2 in. broad; the carpels glabrescent when quite ripe,

beaked, 1°5 in. long.

In open forest on low hills; Perak and Malacca.

From Miquel’s description of his 7. villosa, (FI. Ind. Bat. Suppl.

366,) that species and this must be very closely allied; and, if they

are identical, Miquel’s name, dating 1860, must take precedence of Hf. I

& T.’s, which was published in 1875.

2, T. AnpamAntca, King, n. sp. A glabrous shrub or small tree.

Leaves sub-coriaceous, oblanceolate-oblong, rarely lanceolate, the apex

(usually rather abruptly) acute, below gradually narrowed to the petiole ;

both surfaces shining; main nerves 10 to 14 pairs, thin but prominent

below; length of blade 7 to 10 in., breadth 2:5 to 3°5 in.; petiole °5 to 1

in., expanded at the base. Flowers solitary, sub-globose, 15 in. lone:

on thick terminal annulated pubescent peduncles 1 in, long: stipular

hood of calyx glabrous. Sepals 3. Petals 6 ovate or obovate. Ripe

fruit globose, pyriform, 15 in. long; the individual carpels rhomboid,

6 in. long and nearly as broad, shortly beaked: seeds ‘4 in. long.

Andaman Islands, on Mount Harriet.

In leaf this closely resembles 7’. Rabaniana, H. f. and Th., but has

smaller flowers and fruit. The individual carpels of this are not more

than a third the size of those of 7. Rabaniana, which are more than

1 inch long and narrowly oblong and not rhomboidal.

<—

1889.] G. King—WMaterials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 373

3. T. murapinis, Bl. Fl, Jay. Magnol. p, 35, t. 10, 11, 12, fig. B. A

glabrous shrub. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at either end, slightly

unequal at the base, sub-coriaceous, shining on both surfaces; nerves

about 12 pairs, spreading; length of blade 5 to 8 in., breadth 2:25 to 2°75

in.; petiole ‘75-8 in , thickened at the base, minutely muriculate when dry

asisthe midrib. lowers solitary, terminal, on annulate peduncles about

15 in, long: stipular hood fuscous-villous. Sepals 3, broadly ovate.

Petals 6, in 2 whorls, broader than the sepals, sometimes obovate, concave,

connivent, passing from rosy green to reddish brown. Iipe fruit ovoid,

pubescent at first, ultimately glabrous: individual

carpels, rhomboid, lenticellate, with blunt recurved beaks *75 to 1°25 in.

long. Korth. in Ned. Kruik. Arch. II, 98; H. f. and Th, Fl. Ind. I, 74;

Hook, fil. Fl, Br. Ind. I, 40; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Vol. I, pt. ii, 14:

Manglietia Oandollei, Wall, Cat. (not of B1.).

In the Straits Settlements, in shady damp spots near water, Distrib.

The Malayan Archipelago,

A very variable shrub of which Blume distinguishes 38 varieties.

All the specimens I have seen from the Straits have glabrous leaves:

but Blume and others describe the leaves as often pubescent or even

pilose below.

4, 'T. Kunstnert, King, n.sp. A tree, 25 to 80 feethigh; glabrous,

except the peduncle and unripe carpels. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,

15 to2 in. long

oO?

acuminate at base and apex, thinly coriaceous, both surfaces shining,

nerves 10 to 14 pairs, length of blade 6 to 9 in., breadth 1:75 to 2°5 in.;

petiole *5-1°'25 in., slender, the base much thickened. lowers terminal,

solitary, on ovoid, scarcely expanding, *85 in, long, erect pubescent

annulate peduncles 1 in. long. Sepals 3 and petals 6 scarcely exceeding

the stamens, broadly elliptic, fleshy, glabrous, waxy white. <Avthers

sessile, more than ‘5 in. long. Pistils 6 to 8, linear, pubescent. Ripe

fruit ovoid, pointed, 1:25 in. long and °*75 in, in diam.; individual

earpels ‘75 to 1 in. long, with short stout sub-terminal beaks,

Perak, in dense forest at eleyations of from 3,500 to 4,000 feet.

I here subjoin a description of a new-species from Sumatra,

5. Tarauma Forbusm, King, n.sp. A small tree or shrub ; glabrous

except the peduncles which are adpressed villose. Leaves oblong-lanceo-

late, acuminate both at base and apex, green and shining on both sur-

faces, thinly coriaceous, nerves 12 to 15 pairs, length of blade 45 to 6 in.,

breadth 1 to 15 in. Flowers terminal, solitary, erect, *75 in, long, on

stout peduncles. Stipular hoo of calyx densely covered with adpressed,

fulvous silky hair; buds pointed. Sepals and petals about the same

length, white, nearly glabrous. Jtipe fruit 1°25 in, lone; the individual

varpels ‘6 in. long, ovate, rugose, with short terminal beak. Seeds 4 in,

broad, by 3 in, long, the base compressed. '

374 G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 4,

Sumatra, on Kaiser’s Peak &e. at elevations of 5,000 to 6,500 feet.

Forbes, Nos. 1853, 2066 and 2204.

This resembles 7’, pumila, but its leaves are not glaucous beneath

and they have more nerves: moreover the flowers are smaller and not

drooping, the petals ovate and not obovate, and the carpels are only about

half the length of those of that species.

5. Initcrum, Linn.

Evergreen aromatic shrubs or small trees. Leaves quite entire,

pellucid-dotted. Flowers bi-sexual or unisexual, solitary or fascicled,

yellow or purplish. Sepals 3 to 6. Petals 9 or more, 3- many seriate.

Stamens indefinite, filaments thick: anthers adnate, introrse. Ovaries

indefinite, 1-seriate, 1l-ovuled; style subulate, recurved. Frwit of spread-

ing compressed hard follicles. Seeds compressed, testa hard, shining ;

albumen fleshy. Distrib. North America, China, Indo-Malaya; species

about 6.

|, Camboptanum, Hance in Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 240. A small

glabrous tree. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3 or 4, coriaceous, ob-

lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, rarely lanceolate, acuminate, entire ;

length of blade 3 to 4°5 in., breadth 1 to 2 in,, petiole less than 5 in,

Flowers red to white, 4 in. in diam., on long, slender, axillary pedicels,

solitary or in groupsof 3 or 4. Sepals3 or4, rotund. Petals about 9, di-

minishing in size inwards, ovate-oblong, blunt. Sfamens 9 to 13 in a

sinele row, the filaments about as long as the anthers. ollicles 8 to 12,

beaked, radiate. Pierre, Flore Forestiere de la Cochin Chine, t. 4.

Perak, in dense forests at elevations of from 3,600 to 7,000 feet.

There igs some variability as to the shape and size of the sepals :

sometimes they are triangular and much smaller than the petals, im

other specimens they resemble the petals both in size and shape. The

stamens also vary in number, but they never form more than a single

row. The texture of the leaves in some plants is thin and membranous,

in others almost coriaceous. It is possible there may be two species

included in this.

T. gvmentum, King, n. sp. A small glabrous tree. Leaves very

coriaceous, opposite or in whorls of 3, oblanceolate or obovate-oblong,

the apex with an abrupt blunt short acumen, the base elongate-cuneate,

gradually narrowed to the short thick petiole; nerves undistinguishable

(when dry) ; length of blade 3:5 to 5 in., breadth 1:25 to 2 in.: petiole

‘3 in, or less. Flowers globular, 2 in. in diam., pedicellate, solitary or in

2. to 3- flowered racemes; pedicels with a few minute bracteoles near the

apex, about lin, long. Sepals and petals 8 or 9, rotund, fleshy, similar,

or the former a little smaller. Stamens 30 to 50, in several rows,

—%,

1889.] G. King—WMaterials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, 375

filaments shorter than the anthers ; connective of outer stamens narrow,

of the inner broad, Female flowers unknown.

Perak, Scortechini.

This species was collected only once by the late Father Scortechini.

All the flowers which I have seen are male; and, as no unisexual species

of this genus has hitherto been described, I have modified the generic

definition accordingly. This differs from 7. Cambodianum im having

very coriaceous leaves with shorter petioles, smaller flowers, and much

more numerous stamens.

6. Kapsura, Kaempfer.

Climbing glabrous shrubs. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers unisexual,

white, yellow or reddish, axillary, or in the axils of scales near the base

of short lateral leafy branches. Sepals and petals 9 to 12, imbricate in

about 3 series. o& Stamens 5 to 15 or more, in a spiral series ; filaments

very short, free or subconnate, often fleshy; anthers free or subim-

mersed in a fleshy head of confluent filaments, cells small remote. 2

Ovaries many, densely imbricated ; stigma sessile; ovules2 to4. Mrwit a

globose head of indehiscent, fleshy, l-seeded carpels. Seeds 1 or 2, sus-

pended, albumen fleshy, testa crustaceous ; embryo minute,—Distrib.

Temp. and subtrop. Asia : species about 7.

1. K. scanpans, Bl. Fl. Jav. Schizandree, p. 9, t. 1. A woody

glabrous climber 30 to 40 feet long; the bark dark-coloured, irregularly

striate. Leaves coriaceous, broadly ovate to ovate-oblong, shortly acu-

minate, entire, the base rounded very slightly decurrent towards the

petiole ; main nerves about 5 pairs, sub-erect ; length of blade 4 to 6 in,,

breadth 2 to 4.in.; petiole about 1 in., expanded at the base. lowers

axillary, with a few from the trunk below the leaves, solitary, on bracteo-

late peduncles, those of both sexes similar. Oaly« of 3 triangular sepals

much shorter than the petals and united at the base. Pefals ovate-

oblong, blunt, fleshy, erecto-patent, sub-concave. Male flowers with

numerous short, cuneate, equal, stamens densely packed on an ovoid,

fleshy, receptacle; the connective fleshy, the anthers sub-truncate, 2.

celled. Femule flowers without stamens, the ovaries numerous, com-

pressed; the stigmas sessile, elongate, fleshy. Jtipe fruit sub-globose,

2 to 2-5 in. in diam. ; the individual carpels sessile, globose or subcom-

pressed, fleshy, mucronate or beaked, less than ‘5in.in diam. Miq. ine

Ind, Bat. Vol. I, Pt. ii, 19; K. cauliflora, Bl. lc. p.11, t. 2; Sarcocarpon

scandens, Bl. Bijdr. 21.

Perak, Penang; at low elevations. Distrib. Java, Sumatra, and

probably in the other islands of the Archipelago.

YK. cauniriora, BL FL Jay. Schizand. 11, t. 2. A stout woody

376 G, King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 4,

climber, 30 to 40 feet long; bark of young shoots dark, smooth; that

of the main stem corky, furrowed, lenticellate. Leaves ovate-rotund or

broadly ovate, slightly and rather abruptly acuminate, the base broad and

rounded; nerves 5 to 7 pairs, ascending ; length of blade 6 to.7 in.,

breadth 3°4 to 45 in., petiole 1 to L'5 in. Flowers usually from the stem

below the leaves, solitary or fascicled, on bracteolate peduncles ; rarely

axillary, Sepals and petals as in the last, but larger and more ovate.

Curpels on pedicels ‘5 in. long. Mig. Fl. Fl. Ind. Bat. Vol. I, pt. 2,

p. 19.

Perak, Scortechini and King’s Collector.

This is very near K. scandens, but has corky bark, larger leaves,

larger and less orbicular petals, and the flowers are mostly on the old

wood and rarely axillary,

3. K. Roxpurgurana, Arn. in Jard. Mag. Zool. and Bot. II, 546. A

glabrous woody and stout climber, with rough bark. Leaves membranous,

ovate, obovate or oblong, acute or shortly acuminate, entire, the base

narrowed ; main nerves 7 to’8 pairs, not prominent; length 4 to 6 in,,

breadth 1:75 to 2°5 in, petiole Sin. Flowers 5 in. in diam., axillary,

solitary, on bracteolate pedicels ‘5 in. or more long. Sepals and petals

rotund, concave, fleshy. Filaments connate into a column, the upper

the smaller. Ripe fruit globose, 1 to 2 in. in diam. Oarpels cuneate with

rounded tops. Hook. fil. & Thoms. Fl. Ind. I, 88; Hook. fil, Fl. Br.

Ind. I, 45. Kadsura japonica, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 12. Uvaria

heteroclita, Roxb. V1. Ind. ii, 663,

Andamans. Distrib. The base of the Eastern Himalaya and Khasia

Hills.

4, K. LANCEOLATA, King, n. sp. A slender woody climber, 20 to

80 feet long. Leaves thinly coriaceous, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,

slightly unequal-sided, acuminate, the base cuncate or rounded, edges

slightly recurved when dry ; nerves obscure, about 12 pairs; length of

blade 3 to 4in., breadth 1:5 in., petiole *35 in. Flowers solitary, axillary,

globular, 3°5 in. in diam., on minutely bracteolate peduneles shorter

than the petioles. Sepals about 3, triangular, much smaller than the

petals. Petals about 9, rotund or broadly ovate, cream-coloured, fleshy,

slightly concave. Stamens as in K. scandens. Ripe frwit globular, *75 in.

in diam. or less. Pistils numerous, the stigmas minute, subterminal.

Carpels ovoid, the apices truncate, the minute, lateral stigmas persistent.

Perak, at elevations of from 500 to 1,000 feet.

A smaller plant than K. scandens, with smaller truncate carpels.

Orpen IV. ANONACEA. To be taken up subsequently.

1889.] G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, 377

Orper V. MENISPERMACHE AI.

Climbing or twining, rarely sarmentose, shrubs, Leaves alternate,

entire or lobed, usually palminerved ; stipules 0. Flowers small or

minute, solitary fascicled cymose or racemed, dicacious, sometimes 3-

bracteolate. Sepals 6 (rarely 1 to 4, or 9 to 12), usually free, imbricate

in 2 to 4 series, outer often minute. Petals 6 (rarely 0 or 1 to 5), free or

connate. o& Flowers: Stamens hypogynous, usually one opposite each

petal, filaments free or connate ; anthers free or connate, 9-celled. Rueii-

mentary carpels small or 0. 9 Flowers: staminodes 6 or 0. Ovaries 3

(rarely 1, or 6 to 12) ; style terminal, simple or divided ; ovules solitary

2 in Fibrawrea), usually amphitropous. tipe carpels drupaceous,

with the style-scar subterminal, or by excentric growth subbasal, Seed

usually hooked or reniform, often curved round an intrusion of the

endocarp (condyle Miers), albumen even or ruminate or 0; cotyledons

flat or semiterete, foliaceous or fleshy, appressed or spreading.—A large

tropical order; genera 32; species about 100.

Tribe I. Tinospore. Flowers 3-merous. Ovaries usually 38. Drupes

with a subterminal rarely ventral or subbasal style-sear. Seed oblong

or subglobose ; albumen copious or scanty ; cotyledons foliaceous, usually

spreading laterally.

Drupes with a terminal or subterminal style-scar.

Sepals 6; petals 6; filaments free... » 1, Tinospora.

Sepals 9; petals 6; filaments free ... a» 2. Tinomisciwm.

Sepals 6; petals 0; filaments free ... wed. Libraurea.

Drupes with a subbasal style-scar.

Sepals 6; filaments all connate ase we 4, Anamirta.

Sepals 9; outer filaments free is we 5. Cosciniwm.

Tribe Il. OCocculew. Flowers 3-merous. Ovaries usually 3. Drupe

with a subbasal rarely subterminal style-scar. Seed horse-shoe shaped,

albumen copious ; embryo slender, cotyledons linear or slightly dilated.

Sepals 3 to 10, all imbrivate ; petals 4 to 6, stamens

6 to 10, ovaries 3 to 6, style canaliculate sub-

8-lobed ss acs see ... 6. Hypserpa.

Sepals 9, the inner 3 valyate; petals 3 or 6,

ovaries 3, style compressed Ff, w. 7. Limacia.

Petals 6; ovaries 3 to 6; styles subulate ve 8 Oocculus.

Petals 6; ovaries 3; style forked ... we 9. Pericampylus.

Tribe ILI. Oissampelider. Flowers 3 to 5-merous. Ovaries usually

with a subbasal style-scar; endocarp dorsally muricate

solitary. Drupe

se-shoe-shaped, albumen scanty; embryo linear,

or echinate. Seed hor

cotyledons appressed.

Sepals 6 to 10, free ; petals of d and 2 3-5, free... 10. Stephania,

Sepals 4, free ; petals of &@ 4 connate, of Q 1. 11. Cdssampelos.

378 G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. (No. 4,

Sepals 4 to 8, connate ; petals of ¢ 4 to 8 connate,

of 9 1, anthers sessile on a central column .,, 12. Oyclea.

Tribe IV. Pachygonew. Flowers usually 3-merous. Ovaries usu-

ally 8. Drupes with a subbasal or ventral style-scar. Seed curved,

hooked or inflexed, albumen 0; cotyledons thick fleshy.

Sepals 8; petals 2; stamens 4 or8 .,, «. 13. Antitamis.

1. Trvospora, Miers.

Climbing shrubs, lowers in axillary or terminal racemes or pani- '

eles. Sepals 6, 2-seriate, inner larger membranous. Petals 6, smaller.

Male flower: stamens 6, filaments free, the tips thickened : anther cells

obliquely adnate, bursting obliquely. Female flower : staminodes 6, clavate.

Ovaries 3; stigmas forked. Drwpes 1-3, dorsally convex, ventrally flat;

style-scar subterminal: endocarp rugose, dorsally keeled, ventrally

concave. Seed grooved ventrally or curved round the intruded sub-

2-lobed endocarp; albumen ventrally ruminate ; cotyledons foliaceous,

ovate, spreading.—Distrib. Species about 8, tropical Asiatic and

African.

1. TT. crtspA, Miers Contrib. IIT, 34. Young shoots glabrous, the

older bark warted. Leaves membranous, glabrous, ovate-cordate or

oblong-acuminate, entire or repand, sometimes sub-sagittate ; length of

blade 2 to 6 in., breadth 1 to 4in., petiole 1 to3in. Racemes from the old

wood, solitary or fascicled. lowers 2 to 3, in the axils of ovate fleshy

bracts, *15 in. long, campannlate, green. Stamens adnate to the base of

the petals, anthers quadrate. Drupe elliptic-oblong, pale yellow, about

15 in. long or less. Hook. fil, Fl. B. Ind. I, 96; H. £. & T. Fl. Ind.

183; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I, pt. i, 78; Kurz For. Flor. Burmah, 52,

Menspermum erispum, L. M. verrucosum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 808. M.

tuberculatwm, Lamk. Cocculus erispus, DC. Prodr. i. 97; Hassk. Pl. \

Jav. Rar. 166. Coccwlus coriaceous, Bl. Bijd. 25. O. verrucosus, Wall, 7

Cat, 4966 A. B.

In all the provinces, but apparently not very common. Distrib,

Malayan Archipelago: tropical British India.

2. ‘I. untainosa, Miers Contrib. iii, 35. All parts glabrous, the

branches terete, the lax brown bark bearing many 4-lobed warts. Leaves

subcoriaceous, remote, ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, sub-repand-

sinuate or entire, the base cordate 5-nerved ; venation prominent ; length

of blade 3 to 4 in., breadth 1:5 to 2 in. : petiole slender, swollen at the base,

1 to 2 in, long. Racemes slender, axillary, longer than the leaves:

pedicels 1-flowered. Drupe as in T. crispa, but with thinner endocarp.

Hook, fil. Fl. B. Ind. i. 97. Hook fil. & Thoms. Fl. Ind, 103. Oocculus

petiolaris, Wall. Cat,

1889.] G. King—WMaterials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 379

Malacca, Maingay. Distrib. Java and Borneo.

A species of which I have seen no good specimen. The foregoing

description is chiefly copied from Miers.

4. Trvnomiscrum, Miers.

A scandent shrub, juice milky. Jowers racemed. Sepals 9, with

3 bracts. Pelals 6, oblong, margins ineurved. Male flower: stamens 6,

filaments flattened ; anthers oblong, adnate, bursting vertically. Radi-

mentary carpels 3. Female flower unknown. Drupes much compressed,

ovoid-oblong, style-scar terminal; endocarp much compressed, dorsally

convex, ventrally flat or slightly concave, not intruded. Seed almost

flat, oblong; cotyledons quite flat, nearly as broad as the thin layer of

albumen, very thin, closely appressed; radicle short cylindric.—Distrib.

3 H. Asiatic species.

T, peTronarE, Miers Contrib. iii, 45, t. 94. Young shoots and

rachises of inflorescence brown-tomentose: bark of older branches nearly

glabrous, pale brown, deeply striate, very sparsely verrucose. Leaves

membranous, glabrous, ovate-oblong, obtuse or shortly and suddenly

acuminate, entire, the base rounded or truncate, 5-nerved, the nerves

all sparsely pubescent and 2 of them small; length of blade 4 to 8 in.,

breadth 2 to 4°5 in.; petiole 2 to 5in., slender. acemes fasciculate on

stem tubercles, 4 to 8 in. or even 12 in., long. Flowers °35 in. in

diam.; sepals puberulous. Drupe elongate-ovoid, compressed, 1:25 in.

long, and ‘75 in. broad; endocarp rugose, woody. Mig. FI. Ind. Bat, i.

pt. i, 87; Hook. f£. Fl. B. Ind. i. 97.

Common in the Straits Settlements. Distrib. Sumatra,

ANAmtIrTA, Miers.

Climbing shrubs. lowers in panicles. Sepals 6, with 2 appressed

bracts. Petals0. Male flower : anthers sessile, on a stout column, 2-celled,

bursting transversely. Female flower: staminodes 9, clavate, 1-seriate.

Ovaries 3, on a short gynophore: stigma sub-capitate. reflexed. Drupes

on a 3-fid gynophore, obliquely ovoid, dorsally gibbous, style-scar sub-

basal; endocarp woody. Seed globose, embracing the sub-elobose hol-

low intruded endocarp; albumen dense, of horny granules: embryo

curved ; cotyledons narrow, oblong, thin, spreading.

1. A. Lovrurr1, Pierre Flore Forest. Cochin Chine, t. 110. Gla-

brous; bark of the younger branches brown, that of the older pale and

slightly striate. Leaves sub-coriaceous, shining, ovate-rotund to broadly

elliptic, abruptly and shortly acuminate, entire, the base sometimes

minutely cordate 5-nerved and with 4 small pits between the nerves at

380 G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, [No. 4,

their junction with the petioles; length of blade 4 to 5 in., breadth 3'5 to

4in,; petiole 3 to 3°5 in. slender, swollen and bent at the base. Ita-

cemes extra-axillary, slender, branched, 3 to 6 in. long. Male jlowers

sessile, 1 in.indiam., anthers9. Female flower unknown ; ripe inflores-

cence stout, woody, a foot or more long: pedicel of ripe fruit much

thickened, clavate, rugose; ripe drupe transversely ovoid, sub-com-

pressed, 1:25 long by nearly 1:5 broad; pericarp, thick, fibrous, pulpy ;

endocarp woody, rugose.

Malacca, Maingay No. 116,115 (Gin part). Perak, common, Dis-

trib. Cochin-China.

An enormous climber, often with a stem 4 in. in diameter. The

leaves and male flowers are excellently figured by M. Pierre, who how-

ever does not appear to have seen the ripe fruit.

Fipravrea, Loureiro.

Glabrous climbing shrubs. Leaves ovate to oblong, 3-nerved.

Flowers in panicles, Sepals 6, with 3 minute bracts, inner larger.

Petals 0. Male flower: stamens 6, filaments clavate: anthers terminal,

adnate; cells spreading, bursting vertically. Female jlower: stamt-

nodes 6. Ovaries 3, ovoid, 2-ovuled; stigma sessile, punctiform. Drupes

l-seeded, oblong, terete, style-scar subterminal; endocarp oblong,

dorsally convex, ventrally flattened and channelled, hardly intruded.

Seed oblong, terete, reniform on a transverse section; albumen copious,

horny; cotyledons foliaceous, longitudinally curved, oblong, very thin ;

radicle short, cylindric.

1. F. cunoronevca, Miers Contrib. iti, 42. Glabrous, the branches

striate; bark of the young branches brown, of the old pale. Leaves

coriaceous, ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate; the base rounded, 5-neryed

(2 of the nerves joining the central one halfan inch above the base) ; vena-

tion inconspicuous ; length of blade 5 to 9 in., breadth 2°5 to 4 in.; petiole

2 to 4 in., rather slender but swollen and curved towards the base. Pani-

cles extra-axillary, or from the stem below the leaves, slender, lax, their

branches horizontal, 3 to Sin. long. Male flowers 2 in, in diam., short-

ly pedicellate ; filaments clavate, flattened. Female flower unknown ;

the ripe female inflorescence slender, stouter than the leaf-petioles,

about 1 foot long. Ripe drwpes on rather slender terete pedicels which

are capitate at the apex and °5 in, long, ovoid, smooth, pulpy, rather

more than 1 in. long, *75 in. in diam., endocarp smooth.

Malacea, Perak; not uneommon. Distrib. Sumatra, Borneo.

This appears to me to be a different plant from Loureiro’s Ff. tinc-

toria, the type of which is in the British Museum.

1889.] G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 381

7. Coscrnium, Colebrooke.

Climbing shrubs. Flowers in dense globose heads. Sepals 6, with a

bract, orbicular. Petals 3, large, spreading, elliptic. Male flower: sta-

mens 6, filaments cylindric, 3 inner connate to the middle; anthers ad-

nate, outer 1- inner 2-celled, bursting vertically. Fem. flower: staminodes

6. Ovaries 3-6, subglobose; styles subulate, reflexed. Drupes globose;

endocarp bony. Seed globose, embracing a globose intrusion of the

endocarp; albumen fleshy, ruminate im the ventral face; embryo

straight, cotyledons orbicular, spreading, thin, sinuate, laciniate, or

fenestrate.—Distrib. Species 2; tropical Asiatic.

shoots faintly striate, shortly tomentose, often ferruginous, Leaves co-

riaceous, very slightly peltate, rotund-ovate, acute or shortly acuminate,

the base truncate and sometimes sub-sinuate, shining above, yellow-to-

mentose beneath, except the 7 stout glabrous nerves; reticulations pro-

minent; length of blade 5 to 7 in., breadth 4 to 6 in.; petiole 2 to 3in.,

swollen and bent at base. Flowers in small pedunculate heads, in extra-

axillary racemes shorter than the leaves. Petals orbicular and, like the

sepals, persistent. Ripe drupes on stout pedicels with capitate apices,

globose, tomentose, *75 in. in diam. ; cotyledons laciniate. Miers in Hook.

Bot. Mag, t. 6458 ; Jontrib. iii, 22, t. 88; H. f & T. FL. Ind, 178.

Hook. fil, Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 99. C. Maingayi, Pierre Fl, Coch. Chine. 0.

Wallichianwm and Wightianum, Miers in Tayl. Ann. Ser. 2, vil. 37,

Contrib. iii. 23. Menisp. fenestratum, Geartn. ; DC. Prod. i. 103; Roxb.

Fl. Ind. iii. 809. Oocculus Blumeanns, Wall, Cat, 4971, partly: Pereira

medica, Lindl. Fl. Med. 807.

Sivaits Settlements, at low elevations, not so common as the next.

Distrib. Ceylon, and perhaps some of the Malayan Islands.

The Ceylon Specimens have larger leayes and a more condensed

inflorescence than the Malayan; but the flowers are alike. Pierre’s

species O. Maingayi is founded on Maingay’s Malacca specimens (Kew.

Distrib. 117) but I cannot see that they differ specifically from his No.

118, or from Wallich’s,

2. GO. Buumuanum, Miers Contrib. iii, 23. Young shoots sub-striate,

tawny-tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, peltate, oblong, elliptic, rarely

ovate-rotund, obtuse or acute, the base rounded or truncate, sometimes

, shining above, white-tomentose beneath, the 7 nerves bold

sub-sinuate

and prominent on lower surface as are the reticulations, length of blade

8 to 12 in., breadth 4 to 7 in.; petiole 4 to 6 in, swollen at base and

apex. Male inflorescence 5 in. long, racemose, densely ferruginous-

tomentose ; the flower heads ‘35 in, in diam. Temale inflorescence from

the stem, 8 in. long, its branches horizontal: drupes globular, tomen-

382 G. King—WMaterials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 4,

tose. Hook. fil. & Thoms Fl. Ind, 179; Hook. fil. Fl. B. Ind. i. 99: Miq.

Fl. Ind. Bat. i. Pé. 1, 77: Cocculus Blumeanus, Wall. Cat. 5971 partly.

Climbing like the last on high trees, I have not seen specimens of

the ripe drupe.

Limacta, Loureiro.

Climbing shrubs or small trees: flowers in racemes or panicles.

Sepals 9, tomentose, in three series; the two outer smaller, ovate; tbe

inner large, rotund, concave, valvate. Petals 8 or 6, small, (as large as

the outer 3 sepals), obovate, clawed, glabrous, embracing the stamens.

Stamens 3 or 6, free, sub-equal; filaments short, erect,. thickened up-

wards; anthers connivent, cordate, 2-lobed. Fem. flower: sepals and petals

as in male; staminodes 6, clavate. Ovaries 3, hirsute. Style short,

Drupes 3, usually 1 by abortion, obovoid or reniform, fleshy ; style-scar

subbasal; endocarp 3-celled, the 2 lateral cells empty. Seed elongate,

embracing the intruded endocarp; embryo slender, the cotyledons

linear, plano-convex. Distrib, Tropical Asia.

1. LL. rrianpra, Miers Contrib. iii, 112. Branches closely striate,

puberulous when young, glabrous when adult. Leaves membranous,

ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved above the rounded base, length

of blade 8 to 5 in., breadth 1°5 to 2 in., petiole about °5 in. Racemes

supra-axillary, shorter than the leaves, usually solitary, puberulous ;

bracts and and flowers minute. Stamens 3, free, the filaments cuneate f

anthers large, the cells divergent. Hook. fil. Fl, B. Ind. i. 100: Miq.

Hl. Ind, Bat. i, pt. 1,80. Kurz For. Flor. Burm. 1,55; H. f. & T. FL.

Ind. 188. L. Amherstiana and Wallichiana, Miers lc. 112, 113.

triandrum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 816. Coceulus triandrus, Colebrooke in

Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 64; Wall. Cat. 4962, 4959 C. 4958 L,

Penang, Distrib. Burmah.

2. Li. opnonaa, Miers Contrib. iii. 109. Scandent or shrubby 3

branches minutely striate, rusty-puberulous when young. Leaves

membranous, glabrous, oblong-lanceolate or broadly elliptic, acute. or

mucronate ; the base rounded, 3-nerved ; reticulations few, bold, pubescent

like the nerves and petiole ; length of blade 4 to 7 in., breadth 2°25 to 3°5

in., petiole -75 to 1:25 in. Male panicles slender, extra-axillary,

usually in pairs, much longer than the leaves, branched, rusty-pubescent.

Stamens 6, filaments thickened upwards but not cuneate, Female in-

florescence much shorter. Drupe transversely reniform, compressed,

glabrous, pulpy, rugose when dry, *75 in, long, stylar scar on a sub-basal

projecting horn. Hook. fil. & Th. Fl. Ind. 189; Hook. fil. Fl. B. Ind. i.

100; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. Pt. i, 80. Cocculus oblongus, Wall, Cat.

Common in all the Sraits Settlements.

Menisp.

1889.] G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 383

Miers remarks that Wallich describes the species as a bush. Mr.

Kunstler, who collected it at various places in Perak, describes one set

of his specimens (No, 6184) as bushes of 8 to 10 feet: the other he

describes as climbers, Between the male flowers of these two I can

detect no difference. The species is at once recognised by the length of

the panicles of male flowers.

3. L. vunurina, Miers Contrib. iii. 110. Whole plant, but especially

the young branches, olivaceous-tomentose. Leaves thinly coriaceous,

ovate-oblong, often slightly obovate, obtuse, acute or shortly and finely

acuminate, the base acute or rounded; when adult glabrous and shin-

ing above except the midrib; beneath olivaceous-pubescent; 3-nerved;

length of blade 3°5 to 5°5 in., breadth 1°5 to 2 25 in. ; petiole 5 to °75 in.,

stout, terete. Cymes shorter than the petiole, umbellate, in axillary

fascicles of 2 to 6. Male flowers small. Stamens 6, filaments much

thickened upwards ; anthers large, 2-celled. Drwpes 1 or 2, transversely

reniform, very little compressed, sparsely tomentose ; otherwise as in the

last. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. I. 100; Miq FI. Ind. Bat. i. Pt. i, 80; Kurz

For. Flor, Burmah I, 55; H. £. & T. Fl. Ind. 189. ZL. inornata, Miers

lc. iii. t. 109. Oocculus velutinus, Wall. Cat. 4970.

Var. GLABRESCENS, leaves nearly glabrous. JL. distincta, Miers Con-

trib. iii, 111, t. 109.

In Forests in the Straits Settlements. Distrib. Sumatra.

A slender climber 15 to 20 feet long: readily recognised by the

yellowish olivaceous tomentum, and short cymose inflorescence.

4, lL. Kunsriuri, King, noy.spec. Branches, petioles, and nerves of

leaves softly pubescent. Leaves sub-coriaceous, glabrous, pale beneath,

shortly petiolate, lanceolate, mucronate, the base cuneate, 3-nerved ; re-

ticulations wide, distinct; length of blade 1-5 to 2:5 in., breadth ‘5 to 1

in., petiole 2 in. Oymes pedunculate, axillary, solitary, little longer

than the petioles ; or in terminal racemes. Male flowers small. Stamens

6, the filaments short, clayate; anthers large, cordate, 2-celled, ‘con-

nivent.

North Coast of Singapore near the Sea; King’s Collector, No. 70.

This very distinct species has been gathered only once. Only the

male flowers are known, but they are unmistakeably those of a Limacia,

The species is distinguished by its shortly petiolate small leaves, and

numerous short cymes which (toward the end of the branches) are

arranged in racemes,

Hypserpa, Miers.

Climbing shrubs. Flowers in short axillary cymes, Parts of

flower varying in number, Sepals in three rows, the outer 8 bractiform

ying ip ?

384 G. King—Waterials for a Flora of the Malayan Perinsule, [No. 4,

and hairy: the inner 6 to 8 much larger; all imbricate, glabrous. Petals

4. to 6, smaller than the inner sepals, oblong, incurved at the apex, rather

fleshy. Stamens 6 to 10, free, in two series; filaments compressed, thicken-

ed upwards: anthers ovate, 2-celled. Female flower (fide Miers) Sepals

8, oblong, all imbricate. Petals 5 or 6, oblong, concave. Staménodes 6,

clavate. Ovaries 6, rarely 3. Style very short. Drupes 2-8, trans-

versely ovate, fleshy ; endocarp bony, sub-globose, slightly compressed,

with radiating grooves, and with a single lunate cell: embryo terete,

slender; radicle as long as the cotyledons.

1. H. rrinora, Miers Contrib. iii, 102. Branches striate, the

youngest pubescent. Leaves small, sub-coriaceous, shining, glabrous, ob-

long-lanceolate, tapering gradually to the rather blunt minutely mu-

cronate apex; the base rounded, 3-nerved ; reticulations fine, but rather

obscure, as are the nerves; length of blade 1°5 to 3°5 in., breadth 5 to

1:25 in., petiole *8to*5in. Oymes about 3-flowered, little longer than the

petioles, usually solitary, axillary and supra-axillary, the female shorter.

Malacca ; Griffith, Maingay (Kew Distrib., 123): Perak; Scortechini,

King’s Collector. Distrib. Sumatra,

The Perak specimens agree with the types of Miquel’s Limacia mi-

craphylla from Sumatra in Herb. Caleutta; and they do not agree in

externals with the Indian Z. cuspidata. Ripe fruit of this is unknown.

But the flowers are so different from those of Limacia that I think it

ought not to be included in that genus, and I further venture to think

that Miers’s genus Hypserpa has a sufficiently sure basis on the struc-

ture of the flowers alone.

10. Coccunus, DC.

Climbing or sarmentose shrubs, rarely suberect. Petiole not dilated

at the base. Flowers in panicles. Sepals 6, 2-seriate, outer smaller.

Petals 6, smaller, usually auricled. Male flower : stamens embraced by the

petals; anthers sub-globose, cells bursting transversely. Female flower :

staminodes 6 or 0. Ovaries 3 to 6: styles usually cylindric. Drupes

laterally compressed ; endocarp horse-shoe-shaped, dorsally keeled and

tubercled, sides excavate. Seed curved, albumen fleshy ; embryo

annular ; cotyledons linear, flat, appressed.—Distrib. All warm climates.

1. C. Kunsrieri, King, n.sp. Glabrous; the branches striate, pale.

Leaves membranous, with long petioles, peltate, rotund, acute ; nerves Sh

radiating from the petiolar insertion, thin but prominent on the pale

under surface ; length of blade 3°25 to 4 in., breadth about ‘25 in. or Jess ;

petiole slender, terete, about 3 in. long. Panicles in fascicles of 2 to 4

from flat warty tubercles on the stem, narrow, the lateral branches only

about °5 in, long, few-flowered. Sepals imbricate, glabrous. Petals 6,

1889.] G. King—Materials for a #iora of the Malayan Peninsula. 385

each embracing a stamen. Filaments free, clavate; anthers broad, 4.

celled, Ripe drupes 1 to 1:25 in. long, and about 6 in. broad, narrowly

sub-obovoid, compressed ; pericarp of a thin pulp; endocarp horny, nar-

rowly horse-shoe-shaped, the edge boldly ridged, the sides with deep

radiating grooves and the central part with a deep vertical hollow: em-

bryo sausage-shaped, bent along the circumferential chamber of the

endocarp.

Perak, Ulu Bubong ; King’s collector, Nos. 4417 and 10282.

This has the flower of Cocculus, but the fruit of Rtephania. It

comes nearest to the Indian 0. macrocarpus, which has a similar though

smaller fruit, and, like that species, would belong to Miers’ genus Diplo-

clisia. It must be near D. pictinervis of that author.

11, Prricamprtus, Miers.

A climbing shrub. Leaves subpeltate; petioles slender, articulate.

Flowers in axillary cymes. Sepals 6, with 3 bracts, outer smaller, inner

spathulate. Petals 6, cuneate. Male jlower : stamens 6, filaments cylin-

dric ; anthers adnate, bursting transversely. Female flower: staminodes

6, clavate. Ovaries 3; styles 2-partite, segments subulate. Drupes sub-

globose ; endocarp horse-shoe-shaped, dorsally crested and echinate, sides

excavated. Seed curved; cotyledons elongate, flat, scarcely broader than

the radicle.

1, P. tncanus, Miers Contrib. iii. 118, & 3. Young branches

minutely tomentose, not striate. Leaves membranous, orbicular-reniform,

obtuse or acute, sometimes slightly retuse, mucronulate, the base trun-

cate or sub-cordate ; upper surface pubescent or glabrescent, lower to-

mentose ; nerves usually 5; length of blade 2 to 4 in., breadth about ‘5 in.

or more; petiole 1 to 2 in. Cymes pedunculate, axillary, in fascicles of about

4, 2-3-chotomous. lowers minute, crowded. Petals 6, obovate, larger

than the sepals. Lipe drupe the size of a pea. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. i.

102; Hf. & Th. Fl. Indica, 194; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i, Pt. 1, 83. P.

aduncus, assamicus, and membranaceus, Miers J. ¢. 119-122. Ooceulus

incanus, Coleb. in Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. 57. Cissampelos mauritiana,

Wall. Cat. 4980 (not of DC.). Menisp. villosum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 812

(not of Lamk.).

A common climber. Distrib. British India, Jaya, Sumatra, and

probably in other parts of the Malayan Archipelago.

12. Svernanta, Loureiro.

Climbing shrubs. leaves usually peltate. Flowers in axillary,

cymose umbels. Male flower : sepals 6 to 10, free, ovate or obovate. Petals

3 t0 5, obovate, fleshy. dAmnthers 6, connate, encireling the top of the

386. G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 4,

staminal column, bursting transversely. Female flower: sepals 3 to 5.

Petals of the male. Staminodes 0. Ovary 1; style 3 to 6-partite. Drape

glabrous; endocarp compressed, horse-shoe-shaped, dorsally tubercled,

sides hollowed and perforated. Seed almost annular; cotyledons long,

slender, }-terete, appressed.— Distrib. Tropics of the Old World.

1. §S. mpryAnpironiA, Walp. Rep. i, 96. Young branches striate,

glabrous, Leaves membranous, broadly ovate-rotund, acute or acuminate,

rarely obtuse, peltate; the base truncate, emarginate or sub-cordate ;

glabrous or sparsely pubescent; nerves about 10 radiating from the

petiolar insertion, dark-coloured on the pale or glaucous under surface,

reticulations open; length of blade 2°5 to 5 in., breadth 2°25 to 3 in.

petiole 1°75 to 2in. Umbels on long slender peduncles, many-flowered.

Petals 3 to 4. Drupes red, pisiform, compressed. Hook. fil. Fl. Br.

Ind. i, 103; Hf. & T, FL Ind. 196; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat, i, Pt. 1, 83.

Miers Contrib. iii, 222. 8. intertexta, latifolia, and hypoglauea, Miers 1. ¢.

224, 226, 227. Cissampelos hernandifolia, Willd.; DC. Prodr. i. 100;

Roxb. Fl. Ind. iti. 842; Wall. Cat. 4977 D, H, F, G, H, K. 0. discolor,

DO. lc. i. 101; Bl. Bijdr. 26. C. hevandra, Roxb. lc. iii. 842. Clypea

hernandifolia, W. &. A. Prodr, i, 14; Wight Ic. t, 939. Steph. discolor,

Hassk, Pl. Jay. rar. 168,

Common in shady places. Distrib, The Malayan Archipelago,

British India, Australia, Africa.

13. Crssamprnos, Linn.

Suberect or climbing shrubs. Leaves often peltate. Male flowers

cymose. Sepals 4, 5 or 6, erose. Petals 4, connate, forming a 4-lobed

cup. Anthers 4, connate, encircling the top of the staminal column,

bursting transversely. Memale flower : racemed, crowded in the axils of

leafy bracts. Sepals 2 (or sepal and petal 1 cach), 2-nerved, adnate to the

bracts. Staminodes 0. Ovary 1; style short, 3-fid or 3-toothed. Drupe

ovoid, style-scar sub-basal; endocarp horse-shoe-shaped, compressed,

dorsally tubercled, sides excavated. Seed curved; embryo slender;

cotyledons narrow, }-terete, appressed.—Distrib, All hot climates,

peltate, membraneous, orbicular-reniform or cordate, obtuse and mucro-

nate, rarely acute, base truncate to cordate, above glabrescent, below

pubescent to tomentose; length 1:8 to 3 in., breadth rather greater, pe-

tiole 1 to3in. Male cymes 2 or 3, axillary, slender. Female racemes

with large reniform or orbicular bracts. Ripe drupes scarlet, sub-globose,

hirsute, ‘2 in. in diam., Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. 1, 104; H. f. & Th. FL

Indica 198 ; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. Pt. 1. 85; DC. Prod. i. 100; Miers’

1889.] G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 387

lenlacea, Willd. Wall. Cat. 4979; W. & A. Prod. i. 14; Roxb.l.c. 0.

orbiculata, discolor and hirsuta, Ham. DC. 1. c. 101. C. diversa, gral-

latoria, eriantha, elata and delicatula, Miers 1. c. 187-189. 0. sub-peltata,

Thw. Enum. 138 & 399; Miers l.¢. 195. Menispermum orbiculatwm,

Linn.

A common climber in all parts of the Settlements. Distrib. Hvery-

where in the Tropics.

14, Cyonna, Arnott.

Climbing shrubs. Leaves usually peltate. Flowers in axillary pani-

cles; Male flower: sepals 4-8, connate into an inflated 4-5-lobed calyx.

Petals 4 to 8, more or less connate into a 4 or 8-lobed corolla. Anthers

4 to 6, connate, crowning the staminal column, bursting transversely.

Female flower: sepal 1, oblong. Petal 1, orbicular. Ovary 1; style

short, 3 to 5-lobed, lobes radiating. Drupe ovoid, style-sear subbasal ;

endocarp horse-shoe-shaped, dorsally tubercled, sides convex, 2-locellate

(as in Limacia). Seed curved; cotyledons slender, 4-terete, appressed.

—Distrib. Tropical Asia.

1. C. prnrata, H. f. & Th. FL Indica, 201. Branchlets striate,

reflexed, pubescent or glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, peltate, deltoid or

orbicular-ovate, acute or acuminate, often mucronate, the base truncate

to cordate; above glabrous or glabrescent, beneath pubescent to tomen-

tose, the 9 nerves rather prominent, length of blade 4°5 to 5°5 in,,

breadth 3°5 to 4-5 in.; petiole *2 to 2°5in., reflexed, pubescent or tomen-

tose, striate. Panicles usually longer than the leaves, the males often

much branched and spreading and a foot long, the females smaller.

Calyx campanulate, 4-lobed, glabrous or pilose externally. Corolla

much smaller. Drupe pisiform, pilose; endocarp much tuberculate.

Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind, i. 104: Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. Pt. 1, 86; Miers

Contrib. iii. 236; O. barbata, Arnottit, versicolor, laxiflora and pendulina,

Miers U. c. Menisp. peltatwm, Lamk. Cocculus peltatus, DC. Prod. i. 96.

Olypea Burmanni, W. & A,, in part. Cyclea Burmanni, Arnot in

Wight Ill. i, 22, Rhaptomeris Burmanni, Miers in Tayl. Ann. Ser. 2,

vil. 4,

Not common in the Straits Settlements. Distrib. Java, British

India, Ceylon.

2. C, unngans, King, noy. spec. Young branches spirally striate,

puberulous, as are the petioles and panicles; otherwise glabrous, Leaves

slightly peltate, membranous, shining on both surfaces, the reticulations

minute, distinct, ovate to ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate, the base

rounded or cordate, 7-nerved (4 of the nerves minute) ; length of blade

3 to 4 in,, breadth 15 to 2 in. petiole about 1in, Male and female

388 G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 4,

panicles sub-equal, slender, solitary, axillary, shorter than the leaves.

Male flowers crowded, minute ; anthers about 4, broad. Drupes pisiform,

slightly compressed, pulp thin, endocarp boldly tubercled.

Perak; at elevations of from 1500 to 2000 feet; King’s collector,

Scortechini. A slender creeper 15 to 25 feet long: not common.

Anmtiraxis, Miers. <>

Climbers or shrubs with penninerved leaves. Pedicels 1-flowered,

numerous, in axillary fascicles, flowers dicecious. Male flower: sepals

eight, in decussate pairs, the two outer pairs oblong, pubescent; the two

inner pairs rotund, concave, glabrous, imbricate, all increasing in size in-

wards. Petals 2, smaller than fourth row of sepals, rotund, concave.

Stamens 4 or 8, filaments clavate, anthers sub-globose, /emale flower un-

known. Drupes 1-3 (usually 1) sub-globose, or pyriform: endocarp

brittle, thin, sub-reniform, l-celled. Seed sub-globular, concave ventral-

ly, albumen none; cotyledons oblong, semi-terete, thick, incurved ; radi-

cle minute.—Distrib. Eastern Archipelago.

1. <A. xucrpa, Miers Contrib. iii, 357. A glabrous climber, bark

of young shoots dark and smooth, that of old shoots pale and warted.

Leaves coriaceous, shining, oblong or sub-obovate-oblong, acute or acu-

minate, the base slightly narrowed, nerves about 6 pairs, obscure, as are —

the reticulations; length of blade 3 to 3°5 in., breadth 1:25 to 15 in.,

petiole Sin. Female flowers (male unknown) in fascicles. Drupes 1 to 3,

(usually solitary) pyriform, glabrous, shining, about ‘5 in. long, pericarp

pulpy; endocarp thin, brittle.

On Ulu Bubong in Perak, King’s collector. Distrib. Java.

A slender creeper from 40 to 60 feet long. Male flowers of this are

unknown, and I put it into this genus on account of the structure of the

fruit and from its general resemblance to A. fasciculata, Miers, which

however differs in being non-scandent and in having tomentose drupes.

Kurz’s species A. calocarpa has 8 stamens (although he describes it as

having only 4), and is also a climber with glabrous drupes. I have

modified Miers’ description of the genus as to the number of stamens

and other particulars.

Orper VI. NYMPHAACH AL,

Aquatic perennial herbs. Leaves usually floating, often peltate,

margins involute in vernation.. Scapes 1-flowered, naked. Ploral-whorls

all free, hypogynous or adnate toa fleshy disk that surrounds or envelops

the carpels. Sepals 8to5. Petals 3to5,or many. Stamens many. Oar-

pels 3 or more in one whorl, free or connate, or irregularly sunk in pits

of the disk; stigmas as many as carpels, peltate or decurrent; ovules fow,

1889.] G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 389

or many and scattered over the walls of the cells, anatropous or orthotro-

pous. Fruit formed of the connate carpels, or of separate and indehiscent

carpels, or of the enlarged turbinate flat-topped disk with the nut-like

carpels sunk in its crown. Seeds naked or arilled; albumen floury or 0;

embryo enclosed in the enlarged amniotic sac.—Distrib. Temperate

and tropical; genera 8, species 30-40.

Suborder I. Nymphwce. Sepals 4-6. Petals and stamens inde-

finite. Carpels confluent with one another or with the disk into one

ovary. Ovules many. Seeds albuminous.

Sepals, petals and stamens 3-superior, inserted on the

disk which is confluent with the carpels .. 1. Nymphea.

Sepals inferior ; petals superior; carpels sunk in the

torus ate wad ze «. 2. Barclaya.

Suborder I. Nelumbiew. Sepals 4-5. Petals and stamens inde-

finite. Oarpels irregularly scattered, sunk in pits of the turbinate disk.

Ovules 1-2. Seeds exalbuminous... ae v3. Nelumbium.

1. Nymprma, L.

Large herbs; rootstock creeping. Flowers expanded, large, floating

on long radical scapes. Sepals 4, adnate to the base of the disk. Petals

in many series, inner successively transformed into stamens, all adnate to

the disk. Filaments petaloid ; anthers small, linear, introrse. Ovaries

many, 1-seriate, sunk in the fleshy disk and forming with it a many-

celled syncarp crowned by connate, radiating, stigmas: ovules many,

anatropous. rwit a spongy berry ripening under water. Seeds small,

buried in pulp.—Distrib. Species 20, most temperate and tropical

regions.

1, N. srennara, Willd. Leaves elliptic, deeply cordate, entire or

with obtuse shallow sinuate teeth, often blotched with purple below, 6 to 8

in, long. Flowers 1-5 to 9 in. in diam., blue (white, or pink in varieties),

petals 10 to 30, linear-lanceolate. Stamens 10 to 50, anthers with apical

appendages. Sligmatic rays 10 to 25. Fruit 15 to2in. indiam. Seeds

sub-striate. Hook. fil. Fl. B. Ind. i. 114: Hook fil. & Th. Fl. Ind. i. 248 -

Wight Ic. 348: Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat, i. Pt. ii. 90.

Common throughout the warmer parts of the Indo-Malayan region.

Distrib. Australia.

Var. 1. verstcotor, Hf. & Th. 1. c. Flower and leaves inter-

mediate between this and the next; the former white, rose or blue. N,

versicolor, Roxb. Hort Beng. 41; Fl. Ind. ii. 577; Bot. Mag. t. 1189;

Wall. Cat. 7257. N. punctata, Hdgew. in Trans. Linn, Soe, xx. 29. N,

Hdgeworthit and N. Hookeriana, Lehm, der Gatt. Nymph. 7 and 21,

Var. 2. pArvirnoraA. Hf. & Th. 7, ce. Leaves and flowers much

390 G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 4,

smaller than in the last, the latter usually blue and sometimes not more

than 1 to 2 in. in diam. UN. stellata, Willd. W. & A. Prod. i. 17.

2. Barciaya, Wallich.

Aquatic herbs with short villous root-stocks and floating leaves.

Peduncles elongate, sometimes extra-axillary. Flowers pink or claret-

coloured. Sepals 5, inserted at the base of the ovary. Petals numerous,

3-seriate, united below into a tube which is confluent with the carpels.

Stamens in many series inserted within the corolla tube, filaments slender,

short, reflexed; the anthers pendulous, the outer imperfect. Ovaries

about 6 to 8, confluent, the apex conical; styles tri-angular, connivent

into a 10-rayed cone, stigmatiferous within : ovules numerous, ortho-

tropous, parietal. Berry globose, pulpy, crowned with the corolla-tube

and annular torus. Seeds elliptic, aloumen floury, embryo small.

1. B.morriuyt, Hook. fil. in Trans. Linn. Soc, xxiii. 157, t. 21.

Leaves rotund, the apex sometimes bluntly apiculate, the base deeply

cordate, glabrous on the upper surface, otherwise tomentose as are the

peduncles ; length 3 in., breadth 3°5 in., petiole 3 to 7 in. Sepals tomen-

tose externally with long glabrous sub-apical tails. Petals linear, pink

or red. Seeds echinate.

In ponds at low elevations in the Forest. Malacca, Griffith ; Maingay,

Perak, Scortechini, Wray, King’s collector. Distrib. Borneo, Motley,

Lobb.

Var. Kunsrnurt, King. Leaves ovate-rotund, cordate, the under

surfaces and petioles pubescent or glabrous, as are the peduncles: petals

claret-coloured ; seeds rugose, occasionally echinate.

In similar situations with the last. Perak; King’s collector, Scor-

techini, Wray. The leaves of this are thinner in texture than those of

the typical form.

2, B. uonciroutA, Wall. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 442, t. 18. Leaves

oblong, obtuse, the base cordate, glabrous or glabrescent, length 6 to 8

in., breadth 1 to 1°5 in., petiole 4 to 8 in. Sepals elabrous or glabrescent

with short apical tails. Petals oblong, reddish within, green externally.

Seeds echinate, Hook. fil. Fl, B. Ind. i. 115; Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 809, 810;

Griff. Notul, 218, +. 57; H. f. & T. Fl. Ind, 246.

Andamans. Distrib. Burmah.

3. Nexumsium, Juss.

An erect large water herb with milky juice; rootstock stout, creep-

ing. Leaves raised high above the water, peltate.- Flowers rose-red

white or yellow. Sepals 4-5, inserted on the top of the scape, caducous.

Petals and stamens many, hypogynous, many-seriate, caducous. <Anthers

1889.] G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 391

with a clubbed appendage. Ovaries many, 1-celled, sunk in the flat

top of an obconic fleshy torus, attachment lateral; style very short, ex-

serted, stigma terminal, dilated; ovules 1-2, pendulous. Oarpels ovoid,

loose in the cavities of the enlarged spongy torus; pericarp bony,

smooth. Seed filling the carpel, testa spongy, albumen 0; cotyledons

fleshy, thick, enclosing the large folded plumule.—Distrib. Species 2,

one Agiatic and Australian ; the other W. Indian.

1. N. speciosum, Willd. Leaves 2 to 3 feet in diam., concave, glaucous.

Peduneles and petioles 3 to 6 feet long, smooth, or with small scattered

prickles. Flowers 4 to 10 in, diam.; petals elliptic, rose, rarely white.

Fruiting torus flat-topped 2 to 4 in. diam. Ripe carpels ovoid, about *5

in. long. Wight & Arn. Prodr, i. 16; Roxb. Fl. Ind. II. 647; Wight M1.

i t. 9; Hf. & T. FL Ind. 247; Mig. FI. Ind. Bat. i. Pt. 2, p. 91.

N. asiaticum, Rich. in Ann, Mus. xvii. 249, t. 9. Nelumbo Indica, Poir.

Eneycl. iv. 453. Nelwmbo, Smith Exot. Bot. i. 59, t. 31,32. C, mysticus,

Salisb, Ann. Bot. ii. 75. Nymphea Nelumbo, Linn.

In stagnant water thoroughout the Indo-Malayan region. Distrib.

Persia, China, Japan and tropical Australia.

Orprr VII. CAPPARIDEA.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, erect or climbing. Leaves simple or palmate-

ly 3 to 9-foliolate ; stipules 2 or 0, sometimes spinescent. Injlorescence in-

definite ; flowers solitary, racemed, corymbose or umbelled, regular or

irregular, usually 2-sexual. Sepals 4, free or connate, valvate or imbri-

cate, rarely open in bud. Petals 4 (rarely 2 or 0), hypogynous or seated

on the disk, imbricate or open in bud. Stamens 4 or more, hypogynous

or perigynous, or at the base of or on a long or short gynophore. Disk

0, or tumid, or lining the calyx-tube. Ovary sessile or stalked, 1-celled ;

style short or 0; stigma depressed or capitate ; ovules indefinite, on 2 to 4

parietal placentas, amphi- or campylo-tropous. Fruit capsular or berried.

Seeds angled or reniform, exalbuminous ; embryo incurved.—Distrib.

Genera 23, species 300, chiefly tropical,

1. Cxrromn, Linn.

Herbs. Leaves simple or digitately 3 to 9-foliolate. lowers solitary

or racemed, yellow, rose or purple. Sepals 4, spreading. Petals 4, re-

gular or ascending. Stamens 6 to 20, sessile on the disk. Ovary sessile

or with a short gynophore ; style short or 0; ovules many, on 2 parictal

placentas. Capsule oblong or linear, valves 2, separating from the seed.

bearing placentas. Seeds reniform. Distrib. Species about 80, chiefly

tropical.

392 G. King—WMaterials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, [WNo. 4,

1, C. Hotter, King, n. sp. A much-branched, sub-decumbent,

small shrub; the stem striate, puberulous, and with a few short prickles

in distant pairs. eaves dimorphous; those of the lower part of the

stem petiolate, trifoliolate, the leaflets obovate ; those of the upper part

simple, sessile, ovate ; all pubescent and from ‘5 to ‘75 in. long. Flowers

solitary, axillary, about ‘5 in. in diam. Stamens 6. Pedicels slender,

much longer than the leaves. Oapsules terete, striate, glabrous, about

1:5 in. long: seeds large, muricate.

Singapore, in dry place by road-sides.

This is allied to the Peninsular Indian species 0. aspera, Koen, and

0. Burmannit, W. & A., but differs from both in its dimorphous leaves.

Leaves the lower with long petioles, the upper sometimes sub-sessile,

3 to 5-foliolate ; leaflets obovate or ovate. Flowers in terminal corymbs,

on long pedicels. Petals yellow, reflexed, about ‘5 in. long. Stamens

12 to 20. Oapsule glandular-pubescent, striate, narrowed to the apex,

2 to 3'5 in. long. Seeds small, reniform, transversely ridged. Hook.

fil, Fl. Br, Ind. i. 170; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. Pt. 2, 97. BI. Bijdr. 52;

| | DC. Prodr, i. 242; Wall. Cat. 6968. Polanisia icosandra, W. & A.

Prodr, 22; Wight Ic. t. 2.—Rheede Hort. Mal. ix. t. 33.

A common weed at low elevations in the tropics.

| a

2. Gynanprorsis, DC,

An annual, glandular-pubescent or glabrate herb. Zeaves 5-folio-

late, long-petioled. Flowers racemed. Sepals 4, spreading. Petals 4,

spreading, long-clawed, open in bud. Stamens 6, filaments adnate be-

low to the slender gynophore, spreading above. Ovary stalked, ovules

many. Capsule elongate, stalked: valves 2, separating from the seed-

bearing placentas. Seeds reniform, black, scabrous.

1. G, punrapHynna, DC. Prod. i, 238. An erect, glabrous, or

pubescent, spreading herb, Leaves on long petioles, quinate, the leaflets

sessile, obovate or cuneate, acute or obtuse, entire or serrulate, 1 to 1:5

| in. long. lowers whitish or purple, in terminal racemes, ‘35 to ‘8 in.,

in diam., bracts 3-foliolate. Capsules cylindric, pointed, striate, nearly

glabrous, 2 to 4 in. long. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. i, 171: Mig. Fl. Ind.

Bat. i. Pt. 1,96. W.& A. Prod. 21: G. affinis, Bl. Bijdr. 51, Oleome

pentaphylla, Linn. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 126. —

Abundant in waste ground all over the tropics.

3. Capparis, Linn,

Trees or shrubs, erect, decumbent or climbing, unarmed, or with

stipular thorns. Leaves simple, rarely 0. Flowers white or coloured,

1889.] G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 893

often showy. Sepals 4, free, imbricate in 2 series, or 2 outer subvalvate.

Petals 4, sessile, imbricate. Stamens indefinite, inserted on the torus at

the base of the long gynophore. Ovary stalked, 1 to 4-celled; stigma

sessile; ovules many, on 2 to 6 parietal placentas. Frwit fleshy, rarely

bursting by valves. Seeds many, imbedded in pulp, testa crustaceous

or coriaceous ; cotyledons convolute.—Distrib. Species 125, natives of

all warm climates, except N. America.

Synopsis of Species.

Fruit globose or sub-globose.

Flowers solitary, axillary a0 wo L. O. Larutensis.

» umbellate ... it we 2, O. sepiaria.

» Yacemose ... te we DB. O. Scortechinit.

Flowers supra-axillary, in rows of 2 or 38.

Leaves 3 to 4 in. long... i 4. OC, micracantha.

» oto 7 in, long... ws DO. O. pubijlora.

Fruit much elongate, cucumber-shaped.

Fruit 4 to 7 in. long Hs «. 6. CO. Hinlaysoniana.

yy CO. LOND au nee se 7. O. cucurbitina.

1. OC. Larvreysis, King, n. sp. Scandent, the young branches and

petioles densely covered with minute, rusty, sub-deciduous, tomentum.

Stem sub-striate; prickles in pairs, short, hooked. Leaves glabrous,

coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or retuse, the midrib prominent,

the 5 or 6 pairs of nerves obscure; length 1 to 1:25 in., breadth 4 in.,

petiole ‘2 in. Flower-pedicels solitary, glabrous, more than half as long

as the leaves. Flowers *75 in. in diam., white to pink. Sepals fleshy,

glabrous, the outer pair ovate; the inner rotund, concave. Petals oblong,

glabrous. Stamens about 12. Gynophore slender, nearly 2 in. long.

Fruit globose, with an apical beak.

Perak, at Laroot, on trees. King’s Collector, No. 5103.

A. woody climber, 30 to 40 feet long. The petals change from

white tospink. Ripe fruit is unknown, This must be near C. erythro-

dasys, Miq.

with rather distant pairs of short recurved thorns, sub-striate, the younger

puberulous. Leaves membranous, shortly petiolate, ovate to oblong, pubes-

cent or glabrescent, nerves 4 or 5 pairs. lowers, ‘35 to *5 in, in diam., in

terminal umbels, the pedicels slender, ‘5 in long; buds globose. Sepals

oblong. Petals narrow, white. Ovary apiculate, gynophore ‘25 to °5 in.

long. Fruit pisiform, black. Hook. fil. FL Br. Ind. i. 177: Mig. FI.

Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 101: DO. Prod. i, 247: Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1.568: W. & A.

Prod. 26: Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 22: Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flora,

10: Kurz. For, Fl. Burm, i. 66.

394 G. King—Malerials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 4,

In hot dry places at low elevations, but not common in the Straits

Settlements. Distrib. India, Ceylon, Philippines, Timor, Australia.

inflorescence at all stages densely and minutely ferruginous-tomentose ;

older branches with 1 or 2 strie, glabrescent; thorns stipular, in pairs,

much shorter than the petioles, hooked. eaves coriaceous, broadly

lanceolate, acuminate, much narrowed at the base, smooth and shining

above and the nerves obsolete; under surface ferruginous-tomentose

when young, but becoming glabrescent, the midrib and 6 pairs of nerves

bold and prominent; length 5 to 8 in., breadth 2 to 3 in., petiole *5 in.

Flowers 1°5 in. indiam., on short lateral, leafly, bracteate, woody racemes.

Braets petiolate, ovate-acuminate, *75 in. long, deciduous. Sepals rotund,

concave, tomentose externally. Petals pink, broadly elliptic, sub-obovate,

blunt, notched, the base cuneate, glabrous. Stamens more than 20.

Fy wit globose, 8°5 to 4 in. in diam.; the gynophore transversely wrinkled,

2°5 in. long and °6 in, in diam.

Batang Padang district in Perak. King’s Collector No. 8083.

Scortechini, 191.

The fruit of this has been only once collected. The species is a

fine creeper, 15 to 20 feet long. It closely resembles C. trinervia, Hf. &

Th. in many respects: but the leaves are not triple but pinnate-nerved.

rous. Branches minutely striate ; the spines in pairs, stipular, one-third

the length of the petioles, divergent, polished, not hooked. Leaves thinly

coriaceous, shining, minutely reticulate, broadly lanceolate to oval,

acute, mucronate; the base narrowed or rounded; midrib stout, nerves

7 to 8 pairs; length 3 to 4 in., breadth 1°5 in,, petiole ‘3 in. Flowers

on short pedicels, 2 or 3 in a line, supra-axillary, 1 to 1:5 in. in diam,

Sepals and petals oblong; the former puberulous, the latter white.

Stamens 15 to 20, shorter than the gynophore. fruit sub-globose,

smooth. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. i. 179: Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 99:

Blume, Bijdr. 52. OC. conspicua and CO. Finlaysoniana, Wall. Cat. 6991

and 6992 A (not B).

Generally diffused at low elevations throughout the Malayan

region. Distrib. Burmah, Sir Joseph Hooker gives the size of the ripe

fruit (which I have not seen) as 2 to 3 in, in diam.

5. C.puptriora, DC. Prod. i, 246; var. Perakensis, Scortechini, MSS.

A straggling shrub 15 feet long, branched from the ground. Branchlets

compressed, striate, glabrous; thorns in pairs, minute. Leaves membra-

nous, elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate, the base narrowed or rounded,

glabrous on both surfaces, nerves (9 to 10 pairs) and reticulations rather

prominent ; length 5 to 7 in., breadth 2 to 2'5 in.; petiole ‘25 in., stout,

1889.] G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 895

channelled. lowers 1 in. in diam. on long slender pedicels, 2 or 3 in

a line, supra-axillary. Sepals oblong, concave, the two inner recurved,

the two outer pubescent externally. Petals white, oblong, the two

posterior united at the base by a gland so as to form a short spur.

Stamens numerous. Gynophore about 1 in. long, pubescent as is the

ovary.

Perak. Scortechini.

Collected only once, and without fruit. In Father Scortechini’s

field notes, he remarks that the petals are pubescent above and round

the margin of the gland, and have a purple blotch.

A. straggling but non-scandent shrub, almost unarmed, the thorns

being very small. This variety differs from the type as described by

De Candolle, and by Decaisne from Timor (Nouv. Ann. du Muséum, ii,

436) in having the venation of its leaves more straight and erect;

otherwise it agrees.

6. C. Fintaysonrana, Wall. Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. I, 179. Scandent,

glabrous ; the spines stipular, nearly straight, in pairs, very short, with

broad bases and blackish rather blunt tips. Leaves coriaceous, shortly

petiolate, broadly lanceolate to elliptic, shortly acuminate, slightly

narrowed to the base; the under surface pale (yellow when dry) the

midrib and 6 pairs of nerves very bold; reticulations minute, distinct

on the upper surface ; length 6 to 7°5 in., breadth 2°25 to 3 in., petiole

under ‘5 in. lowers (fide Hook. fil.) solitary or in pairs, supra-axillary,

larger than in micrantha. Sepals lanceolate, acute, glabrous. Ripe

fruit solitary, on a long stout stalk of which 1°5 in. is pedicel and the

remaining 1°5 in. carpophore, cylindric, tapering to the apex, 4 to 7 in.

long, and 1 to 1'°5 in. in diam., yellowish-red, glabrous. Seeds ovoid,

smooth, ‘4 in. long.

Singapore, Wallich: Ulu Bubong in Perak,

Sir Joseph Hooker, who describes this species in the Flora of Brit.

India from Wallich’s Singapore specimens (which are accompanied by

no field notes), is in doubt whether this is erect or scandent. Kunstler’s

field notes on the Perak specimens show it to be a ereeper 20 to 30 feet

long. It does not appear to be a common plant.

Species of which the flowers are unknown.

striate, nearly glabrous; the thorns stipular, in pairs, hooked, very

sharp, much shorter than the petiole. Leaves glabrous, shining, more

or less broadly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, the

base narrowed or rounded; main nerves 8 or 9 pairs anastomosing in

bold intramarginal arches, the secondary nerves bold as is the midrib,

*2-seriate, tips a little imbricate. Petals 0.

396 G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 4,

the reticulations distinct ; length 5:5 to 7°5 in., breadth 1°75 to 2:25 in, ;

petiole under ‘5 in., slender. Flowers unknown. Fywit cylindric, taper-

ing to each end, the apex shortly beaked; when ripe orange-coloured,

3 in. long, and 1-5 in, in diam, ; gynophore nearly *75 in., pedicel 1:25 in.,

slender. Seeds ovoid, smooth, ‘4 in. long,

Ulu Bubong, Perak. King’s Collector, Nos. 10027 and 10795.

A. creeper, 20 to 30 feet long; allied to CO. Finlaysoniana, Wall. by

its curious cucumber-like fruit, but with different leayes. Flowers

have not as yet been collected.

8. Capparis Kunstnrt, King, n. sp. Scandent, the branches glab-

rescent: thorns stipular, in pairs, hardly ‘linlong. Leaves membranous,

oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute, the base narrowed, both surfaces

glabrous, midrib and 7 pairs of sub-horizontal curving nerves prominent

below ; length of blade 4°5 to 5:5 in., breadth 1:5 to 2:25 in., petiole *5 in.

Fruit axillary, solitary, globose, 1:5 to 2 in. in diam., deep yellow ; gyno-

phore about 2 in. long, stout; pedicel rather shorter.

Gunong Bubu, in Perak, at an elevation of 800 feet, King’s Collec-

tor, No. 8337,

A creeper, 40 to 60 feet long. Only fruiting specimens have been

collected,

4, Roypsta, Roxb.

Large unarmed woody climbers, branches spotted white. Leaves

simple, Flowers yellow, racemed or panicled. Oalyx 6-partite, segments

Stamens indefinite, inserted

above the base of the short cylindric gynophore. Ovary ovoid, 3-celled

from the prolongation of the placentas ; styles 3, subulate, or single and

undivided ; stigmas small, terminal; ovules many, 2-seriate in the angles

of the cells, Frwit fleshy, with a woody 3-valved, 1-celled, endocarp,

I-seeded. Seed exect, cotyledons fleshy, unequal, longtitudinally folded,

the larger embracing the smaller.—Distrib. Species 3, tropical Asiatic.

1, R. Paryrrnora, Griff. Notul. iv. 578; Ic. Pl. Asiat. +. 607, f. 1,

A semi-scandent shrub, 4: to 8 feet high, glabrous, except the puberulous

inflorescence and tomentose sepals. Leaves membranous, oblanceolate

to obovate-elliptic, or sub-rotund, with an abrupt short blunt acumen;

both surfaces shining, the midrib bold; primary nerves 5 or 6 pairs,

prominent on the under surface, as are the intermediate nerves and

reticulations; length 3°5 to 4 in., breadth 1:5 to 2°25 in, ; petiole

‘oO to 6 in., slightly thickened in the upper half. Flowers in long naked

racemes arranged in a terminal leafless panicle much longer than the

leaves, shortly pedicellate, ‘2 in. in diam, Sepals 6, valvate, linear-

oblong, sub-acute, densely tomentose on both surfaces, reflexed. Stamens

—

1889.] G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 397

20: filaments equal, not compressed: anthers innate. Pistil as long as

the stamens; gynophore shorter than the glabrous, 2-celled, ovoid ovary.

Stigmas 3, globular, minute. Fruit unknown. Hook fil, Fl. Br. Ind. i.

409.

Perak. King’s Collector, No. 1611. Distrib. Burmah,

2. R. Scorrucumu, King, nu. sp. Scandent, glabrous except the

minutely pubescent inflorescence and sepals. Leaves membranous, ellip-

tie or obovate-elliptic, shortly and abruptly acuminate, narrowed to the

base ; upper surface shining ; the lower pale, the midrib and 6 pairs of

arching main nerves prominent: length of blade 5:5 to 6:5 in., breadth

3 in, ; petiole 1°25 in., thickened in the upper half and bent in the middle.

Flowers in terminal or axillary panicles or racemes, shortly pedicellate,

25 in. in diam. Sepals 6, slightly imbricate in bud, united at their bases,

linear-oblong, sub-acute, minutely tomentose on both surfaces, reflexed.

Stamens 30; the filaments unequal, slender, compressed, united by their

bases; anthers innate. Pistil as long as the stamens, the gynophore

shorter than the ovary, puberulous. Ovary glabrous. Style twice as

long as the ovary, cylindric ; stigmas 3, sessile, ovate, small. Ripe fruit

ovoid, smooth, yellow, 15 in. long and 1 in, indiam.; endocarp mem-

branous.

Perak ; Scortechini, King’s Collector, Nos. 8464 and 4225 : in open

rocky places from 500 to 1200 feet,

In his field note on No. 8464, the collector describes this as “a

splendid creeper 80 to 100 feet long”; in that on No, 4225, he says, “a

tree 40 to 50 feet high.” Fr. Scortechini’s specimens have no notes.

From the flexuose appearance of the dried twigs, I believe this is a

creeper, and not a tree. This and the last belong to the section of

Roydsia characterised by having an undivided style, for which Sir J.D.

Hooker, (F. B. I. i. 403), proposes the sectional name of Alytostylis, but

with an expression of doubt as to whether it should not be separated

off as a genus. To this group belongs also the Philippine species

R. floribunda, Planch. An undescribed species from Burmah in the

Calcutta Herbarium (Gallatly No. 499) also falls into this section.

5. ORATAVA, Linn.

Trees. Leaves 3-foliolate. Flowers large, yellow or purplish, poly-

gamous. Sepals 4, cohering below with the conyex lobed disk. Petals

4, long-clawed, open in bud. Stamens indefinite, adnate to the base of

the gynophore. Ovary on a slender stalk, 1-celled; stigma sessile,

depressed ; ovules many, on 2 parietal placentas. Berry fleshy. Seeds

imbedded in pulp.—Distrib. Species about 6, tropical and cosmopolitan,

398 G. King—WMaterials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 4,

10. A small glabrous tree with pale smooth bark. Leajlets sessile, or

nearly so, sub-coriaceous, obliquely elongate ob-lanceolate, the middle

one narrower than the outer, rather bluntly acuminate, the base much

narrowed; upper surface shining, lower pale dull with the midrib and

nerves prominent; length 4 to 5 in., breadth 1:75 in. to 2:25. Flowers

hermaphrodite, in terminal corymbose racemes, 2 to 3 in. in diam.

Petals obovate, obtuse, unguiculate. Stamens 10 to 15, longer than the

petals; anthers small, lanceolate, obtuse. Ovary ovoid, glabrous, the

gynophore as long as the filaments ; stigma sessile, discoid; placentas 2,

parietal, multiovulate. Hipe fruit on a stout lenticellate carpophore

3 inches long, ovoid, smooth, purple spotted with grey, 2:5 in or more

long by 2 in. in diam. Seeds embedded in pulp., compressed ovoid-

reniform, smooth on the sides, shortly tuberculate along the edge, nearly

‘dD in, long by *35 in. broad.

Malacca. Maingay (No. 125 Kew Distrib.), Scortechini No. 1771,

King’s Collector, No. 10461,

A species distinguished by its sessile leaflets and flat ovate-reniform

tubercle-edged seeds. Kurz’s figure of the seeds is bad; as he confes-

sedly worked with imperfect material in describing this plant. I have

seen no authentic specimens of C. magna, DC, or O. membranzfolia,

(Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 387) but, judging from the descriptions, they

probably refer to this plant; in which case the older name (magna)

would stand.

Journ, Bot. 1874, 196 tab. 148, figs. 6, 7. A small glabrous tree,

with pale striate lenticellate bark; the youngest branches dark-coloured.

Leaflets membranous, very shortly petiolulate, obliquely lanceolate, acumi-

nate at both base and apex, the lower surface glaucescent; nerves about

6 pairs, sub-horizontal ; length 3 to 4°5 in., breadth 1 to 1:25 in., petiole

‘lin. /rwit axillary, solitary or in fascicles of 2 or 3, cylindric, the

apex with a blunt beak when ripe, brownish, spotted with grey, 4 to 5 in.

long and 1‘5in. or more in diam. ; the carpophore and pedicel each about

2in. long, dark-coloured and faintly lenticellate. Seeds embedded in

pulp., °5 in. in diam., compressed but not flat, reniform, shortly muricate

over the greater part of the surface.

Trang; King’s Collector No. 1412. Distrib. Burmah,

Kurz founded this species on specimens from Burmah (in young

fruit) which are now in the Caleutta Herbarium. The Malayan speci-

mens (in mature fruit) agree with these. Kurz’s drawing of the seed is

misleading. Forit was made from a young seed which had neither

acquired its full size, nor its characteristic tubercles. Flowers of this

species are as yet unknown; but the ripe fruit shows that they cannot

1889.] G, King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 399

be in racemes as in the other species. The seeds approach in appearence

those of O. lophosperma, Kurz, but are more tuberculate.

Besides the foregoing, there are in the Calcutta Herbarium specimens

from Perak (King’s Collector No. 818) of a Crataeva with leaves and

flowers like O. Narvala, Ham. It is, however, described as having a

thorny stem,—a character, so far as I am aware, not known in this genus.

This is probably a new species, but, in the absence of fruit, I do not

venture to describe it. The seeds appear to me to afford in this variable

genus safer characters than any other part.

Order VIII. Viotacea.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or serrulate, stipulate.

Flowers regular or irregular, 2-bracteolate. Sepals 5, persistent, equal

or unequal, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, hypogynous, equal or unequal,

imbricate or contorted in bud. Stamens 5, filaments short, broad ;

anthers free or connate, their cells often with apical processes; connec-

tive broad, produced beyond the cells. Ovary sessile, 1-celled; style

simple; stigma capitate truncate or cupular, entire or lobed; ovules

many, on 3 parietal placentas, anatropous. Jrwit a 3-valved capsule.

Seeds small, albumen fleshy; embryo straight, cotyledons flat,—Distrib.

Genera 21, species 240; natives of temp. and trop. regions.

Tribe I. Violew. Corolla irregular; lower petal dissimilar, Stami-

nodes 0. Oapsuie loculicidal.

Sepals produced at the base tes Leelunknotan

Tribe II. Alsodeiew. Oorolla regular. Staminodes 0. Fruit a loculi-

cidal capsule.

2. Alsodeia.

1, Viowa, Linn.

Herbs, rarely shrubby below. lowers, on 1-, rarely 2-flowered

peduncles, often dimorphic, some large petalled which ripen few seeds,

others small petalled or apetalous and very prolific. Sepals produced at

the base. Petals erect or spreading; lower largest, spurred or saccate

ab the base. Anthers connate, connectives of two lower often spurred

at the base. Style clavate or truncate, tip straight or oblique; stigma

obtuse, lobed or cupular. Capsule 3-valved, Seeds ovoid or globose.—

Distrib. Species about 100, all temp. regions.

V. sureuns, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hd. Wall. ii. 449 (not of Cat.),

and DC. Prodr. i. 296; hirsute or glabrous, stolons or stems usually

long, leafy and flowering ; leaves ovate-cordate, obtuse or acute, crenate-

serrate ; stipules toothed or fimbriate, spur saccate ; sepals acute ; capsules

400 G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 4,

globose, few-seeded, glabrous or pubescent. Stigma very oblique or

quite lateral, often minute and perforated. Hook. fil. Fl. Br Ind. i. 184:

Miq. Fi. Ind. Bat. i. pt. ii. 113; Royle Ill. 74, t. 18, f. 1; W.& A. Prodr.

32, V. Wightiana var. pubescens, Thwaites Enum. 20. V. pilosa,

Blume Bijd. 57; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. ii. 118.

Perak ; on Ulu Batang Padang; L. Wray, Junior, Distrib. moun-

tain ranges of India, and of the Malayan Islands.

2. Atsopnta, Thouars.

Trees or shrubs. Jieaves alternate (rarely opposite), distichous ;

secondary nerves often numerous and parallel. Stipules rigid. Flowers

small, axillary or terminal, solitary, fascicled, cymose or racemose,

regular; peduncles with many bracts. Sepals 5, subequal, rigid. Petals

5, subequal, sessile. Stamens 9, inserted inside or upon an annular disk ;

with long or short often broad dorsal membranous connectival appen-

dages, the cells of the anthers sometimes with apical linear processes.

Ovary ovoid ; style straight, stigma terminal; ovules few or many. Oap-

sule B-valved, few seeded. Seeds glabrous in the H. Ind. species.—

Distrib. Species about 50, chiefly tropical American.

Sect. I. Prosthesia, Bl. (genus). Anthers witha subulate appen-

dage from the apex of each cell, and a broad (usually dorsal) appendage

from the connective.

1, A. Wantiontana, Hook. fil. and Th. Fl. Br. Ind. I, 187. A.

glabrous shrub. Leaves membranous, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, shortly

acuminate, entire or slightly serrulate, the base rounded or slightly nar-

rowed; nerves 10 to 15 pairs, arching, prominent, their axils beardless ;

length of blade 9 to 12 in., breadth 2°5 to 5 in., petiole 5 to 15 in.; yel-

lowish when dry especially on the under surface : stipules linear-lanceo-

late, glabreus, “75 in. long. tacemes shorter than the petioles, with

many deciduous linear bracteoles. Flowers 4 to 8, pedicellate. Perfect

male flowers; sepals acute, erect, lanceolate, equal to or longer than the

petals. Petals oblong. Filaments short, attached to a 5-lobed fleshy

disc. Anthers ovate with a small apical process on each lobe in frent,

and a single large orbicular hooded membranous appendage rising from

the dorsum. Pistils rudimentary, or none. Perfect female flower ; sepals

spreading, ovate-acute, shorter than the petals. Petals erect, oblong

obtuse, their apices recurved. Jilaments longer than in the perfect

male, the anthers without pollen. Ovary sessile, ovoid-conic, smooth ;

style cylindric. Fruit subglobular, obtusely 3-angled, granular, *35 in.

long, dehiscing into 3 blunt valves. Seeds mottled.

Penang; Wallich. Perak ; King’s Collector, Scortechini.

The flowers in this species are practically unisexual and apparently

1889.] G. King—WMaterials for a Flora of the Malagan Peninsula. 401

more frequently dicecions than monoecious. In flowers where perfect

stamens occur the ovary is either absent or rudimentary ; and in plants

with a well developed ovary the stamens, although in most cases per-

fectly formed, contain no pollen. These sexual differences are accom-

panied by slight differences in the leaves, those of the male plants

being oblong-lanceolate, narrowed to the base and serrulate, while those

with female flowers have entire elliptic leaves with rounded or slightly

narrowed bases. Specimens of the former, collected in Penang, were

issued by Wallich as No. 4024 of his Cataloeue under the name Penta-

loba macrophylla ; while specimens of the female were issued as Nos. 7501

and 7513 (un-named, but with the notes by R. Brown). These notes are

as follows: on No. 7501, “ Urticeae habitu ; arborescens ;’’ and, on No.

7513, “ Indeterminata fruticosa, decwmb.; foliis alternis integerrinis,

coriaceis, impunetatis, glaberrimis, peduncults axtllaribus.”

Wallich was wrong in referring this plant to the genus Pentaloba

of Loureiro, for that author describes no appendages to its stamens.

It belongs most certainly to the genus Prosthesia of Blume (Bijd, 866.)

2, A. Kounsinnrrya, King, n.sp. A glabrous shrub or small tree ;

the branchlets striate, sometimes lenticellate. Leaves subcoriaceous,

oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or caudate-acuminate, sometimes minutely

and obscurely serrulate, very much narrowed to the base; upper surface

smooth and shining; lower dull, rough from the numerous short trans-

verse secondary nerves and 14 to 16 pairs of prominent ascending main

nerves; the midrib bold and subrugose; the reticulations minute and

distinct; length of blade 6 to 10 in., breadth 2°25 to 8 in., petiole +25

to ‘5 in, Stipules lanceolate, ‘25 in, long, Female flowers in axillary,

often crowded, fascicles or very short racemes of 3 to 8, bracteolate, the

pedicels longer than the leaf-petioles. Sepals ovate, obtuse, imbricate,

strongly nerved, the edges ciliate, shorter than the petals, Petals erect,

the tips not reflexed, ovate-acute, rigid. Stamens with short flat fila-

ments, each inserted into the apex of a lobe of the deeply 5-lobed dise.

Anthers (without pollen) broad, adpressed to the ovary, each with 2 linear

anterior and one large dorsally-attached halbert-shaped membranous

appendage, the latter conniving into a cone round the upper part of the

ovary. Ovary sessile, ovoid-conic; the style exserted, cylindric. Oapswles

ovoid, glabrous, shining, smooth, *5 in, long, dehiscing into three

narrow compressed pointed valves; seeds one in each yalve, ovoid,

white, shining.

Singapore; Wallich, King’s Collector: Perak; Scortechini, King’s

collector ; at low elevations. This species is more often practically monce-

cious than A. Wallichiana, to which it is closely allied. It differs,

however, from that species in its much more acuminate rougher leaves,

and also in its capsules and seeds,

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, [No. 4,

402 G. King

3, A. Marnaayt, Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. i, 188, A small tree, glabrous

except the inflorescence. Leaves membranous, nearly sessile, elliptic,

acute or sub-acuminate, serrulate, the base rounded ; main nerves 10 to

12 pairs, prominent below as are the transverse secondary nerves ; length

5 to 6 in., breadth 2:5 to 2°75 in., petiole ‘15 in, ; stipules lanceolate, °25 in.

long. Umbels axillary, solitary, on peduncles *5 in. long, 8 to 16-flowered ;

the bracteoles, small, ovate. Sepals imbricate, ovate-rotund, or broadly

ovate, obtuse, villous in the middle externally. Petals longer than the

sepals, ovate, concave, villous in the middle externally and with a villous

line along the midrib internally. Stamens with short, thick, densely

tomentose filaments inserted on a thick, sub-glabrous, fleshy disc: con-

nective tomentose behind. Anthers elongate-ovate, with 2 ovate

setose anterior, and 1 broad sub-terminal ovate, dorsal appendages.

Ovary sub-globular, style thick, both densely villous-tomentose. Capsule

ovoid, sparsely strigose, the valves acute. Seeds with a white spongy

caruncle.

Malacca, Griffith.

4. A, mEmuprancna, King, n. sp. A tree or shrub, the young branches

shortly pubescent or tomentose. Leaves thin when dry, obliquely

obovate-elliptic, shortly and rather abruptly acuminate, serrate, the

base narrowed, rather unequal-sided, both surfaces glabrous, except

the midrib and 6 to 8 pairs of pubescent arching nerves, the reti-

culations wide; length 5 to 7 in., breadth 2°5 to 3 in.; petiole pu-

bescent, *5 in. long; stipules subulate, pubescent, ‘2 in. long. Ltacemes

axillary, condensed, sessile, shorter than the petioles, few-flowered.

Sepals 5, unequal, the outer 2 rather smaller than the inner, all broadly

ovate-obtuse, pubescent externally. Petals 5, obovate-oblong, obtuse,

the margins ciliolate with a few adpressed hairs on the back. Stamens

5, glabrous, the filaments very short, rising from a fleshy 5-lobed disc.

Anthers broadly cordate or sub-reniform, with 2 small subulate processes

on the apices of the cells and a large dorsal, cordate-acuminate, brown,

membranous appendage as wide as the anther. Ovary sessile, ovoid,

villose: style cylindric, glabrous; stigma enp-shaped. Capsule ovoid,

glabrous, the valves in dehiscence blunt: seeds sub-globular with a

peaked caruncle.

Perak at low elevations, Kings’ Collector, Scortechini. .

A shrub or small tree. This comes near A. dasycaula, Miq. in

externals; but has fewer-nerved, more glabrous leaves.

5, A. Hooxurtana, King, n. sp. A small glabrous tree, the branch-

lcts lenticellate, Leaves membranous, shining, shortly petiolate, elongate-

oblanceolate or lanceolate, apex shortly and rather bluntly acuminate,

entire or obscurely serrulate, gradually narrowed below the middle to

the base; nerves 7 to 9 pairs, arching, slightly prominent; length 5

Se lal

1889.] G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, 403

to 8 in., breadth 1'5 to 2 in,, petiole ‘25 in.; stipules avate, only ‘1 in.

long. acemes axillary, and on the older branches from the axils of

fallen leayes, numerous, rather dense when young, afterwards sparse

and open, from *75 to 15 in. long, bracteoles linear, pedicels as long as

or longer than the flowers. Sepals ovate, equal, pubescent or glabrous,

Petals lanceolate with linear blunt apex, longer than the sepals, glabrous,

or pubescent along the midrib externally. Stamens glabrous, the filaments

as long as the rather deep disc. Anthers broadly ovate, the base cordate,

almost sub-reniform, the cells each with an apical point and with a broad

membranous ovate acute dorsal appendage wider than the anther. Ovary

sessile, pubescent ; the style cylindric, glabrous; the stigma cup-shaped,

truncate. Capsule ovoid, compressed, obtusely angled, glabrous, reticu-

late, ‘5 in. long; the valves unequal, obtuse, compressed, sub-falcate: seeds

sub-globose, pale, minutely mottled at the apex, the base with a papillate

pitted caruncle.

Perak ; at low elevations, Scortechini, Wray, King’s Collector.

A tree from 20 to 30 feet in height; readily distinguished by its

open, comparatively long, racemes, This closely resembles Blume’s

Prosthesia Javanica.

6. A, Wrayt, King, n. sp. A sub-glabrous shrub, the branchlets

with pale brown puberulous bark, rarely lenticellate. Leaves membranous,

glabrous, shining, shortly petiolate, oblanceolate, shortly acuminate,

distinctly serrulate, narrowed to the base, length 3:5 to 4°5 rarely 6 to

7 in., breadth 1 to 2 in,, petiole ‘1 to 2 in,; stipules linear, only *1 in.

long. Jtacemes very short, crowded, axillary or extra axillary, ‘25 in.

long; bracteoles broadly ovate, pubescent. Sepals lanceolate, tomentose

externally, Petals oblong, obtuse, thickened and tomentose along the

midrib, Stamens from the inside of a disc which is as deep as the

filaments are long. Anther ovate-cordate, with a dorsal, ovate-acute,

membranous appendage as broad as itself, and a terminal apical processes

on each cell. Ovary sessile, densely villous as is the base of the

cylindric style: Stigma sub-capitate. Capsule minutely fulvous-velvetty

when young, glabrous when old, ovoid with obtuse angles, 1:25 in.

or more long and °75 in, in diam.; the valves blunt, narrow. Seeds

ovoid, brown, mottled, with sub-apical papillate pitted carnnecle.

Perak; at low elevations ; Scortechini, Wray, King’s Collector,

A shrub 8 to 10 feet high. In respect of leaves very like .A.

Hookeriana, but smaller. The very short racemes, more hairy flowers

and larger velvetty capsules distinguish it, however, from that species.

7. A, crnernA, King, n. sp. A glabrous shrub or small tree, the

branchlets whitish, sparsely lenticellate. Leaves membranous, elliptic-ovate

or lanceolate, sometimes oblanceolate, acuminate, narrowed at the base,

404 G, King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 4,

serrulate, pale when dry ; nerves 8 to 10 pairs, slightly prominent below ;

length 4 to 6 in, breadth 1:5 to 25 in., petiole ‘2 to "4 in.; stipules

scarious, pale, ovate-acute, striate, puberulous, *25 in. long. acemes

terminal, 4 to 6 in. long, bearing numerous 2 to 5 flowered cymules ; bracts

broadly ovate, scarious, concave, striate. Sepals ovate, ciliolate. Petals

oblong, obtuse, the apex undulate, erose or toothed, edges ciliolate. Sta-

mens from the edge of a deep fleshy disc; filaments very short, glabrous :

anthers oyate, with a broadly ovate appendage from the middle of the

back curving over the apex, the cells divergent at the apex and each with

a subulate terminal appendage. Ovary sessile, glabrous, globose:

Style cylindric, with a few white adpressed hairs: stigma obliquely

truncate, cup-shaped. Capsules ovoid, bluntly angled, glabrous, reti-

culate, °75 in. long; valves blunt: seeds globose with an ovoid beaked

hilum, pale, smooth.

Perak, at low elevations. King’s Collector.

Var. hirsutiflora, King. Sepals tomentose externally; filaments

sparsely villous; disc small: the cymules larger and the bracteoles

longer and narrower than in the typical form.

Perak; Changkat Jerin. L. Wray, junior,

The whole plant when dried has a characterestic grey colour, and

from this cireumstance I have given its specific name.

Sect. II. Pentaloba. Anthers with a broad, usually terminal, ap-

pendage from the connective ; but none from the cells.

8. A. pAncnonAra, Wall. (Pentaloba) Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. i. 188.

All parts, except the inflorescence quite, glabrous; bark of the young

branches pale. Leaves shortly petiolate, elongate-lanceolate, bluntly

acuminate, the base much narrowed; nerves 9 to 12 pairs, sub-erect ;

slightly curved, prominent especially below, secondary venation trans-

verse; length 5 to 8 in., breadth 1-25 to 1°75 in., petiole -2in. tacemes

about *5 in. long, 4 to 6-flowered, minutely bracteolate. lowers on short

pubescent pedicels. Sepals ovate, obtuse, thick, pubescent, about half as

long as the petals. Petals lanceolate, acuminate, sparsely villous towards

the middle. Filaments as long as the anthers, slender, glabrous, rising

from a small glabrous disc; anthers linear-lanceolate with a single

lanceolate terminal appendage. Ovary rudimentary in many flowers,

sub-globose and, like the cylindric style, villous. ruit sub-globose,

minutely pubescent, °35 in, long, valves in dehiscence beaked. Oudem.

in Ann, Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 68; Vareca lanceolata, Roxb, FI, Ind.

i. 648. Pent. lanceolata, Arn. in Jard. Mag. Zoo, Bot. ii. 544,

Penang ; Wallich, Stolickza, Curtis, King’s Collector,

A shrub 6 to 8 feet high: apparently confined to Penang. This

species is much more frequently truly hermaphrodite than some of

2,..

1889.] G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, 405

the others. The Sumatran species A. dasypyais, Miq, comes very near

this, but has longer racemes and more hairy fruit,

In Alsodeia lanceolata, Wall. there is a transition from Pentaloba

to Prosthesia. Many of the specimens of A. lanceolata have the single

terminal lanceolate appendage from the apex of the connective: others

(Curtis’s Penang specimen) have this appendage ovate and broader,

while from the apex of each anther there is a rudimentary apical ap-

pendage, thus approaching Prosthesia.

9, A. Scorrecuinu, King, n. sp. A small glabrous tree, the branch.

lets usually pale brown. Leaves membranous, shortly petiolate, obliquely

elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, shortly and bluntly acuminate, irreou-

larly serrulate ; main nerves about 12 or 13 pairs, rather bold ; secondary

nerves transverse, slightly prominent below; length 7 to9 in,, breadth

2 to 3 in., petiole "2 in. acemes sessile, about °5 in, long, several toge-

ther, axillary or extra-axillary, about 3 to 5-flowered, with ovate bracteo-

les. Flowers pedicellate. Sepals puberulous, broadly ovate, much shorter

than the petals. Petals 5, oblanceolate, with long bluntly acuminate

exserted apices. Stamens glabrous, shorter than the petals ; the filaments

twice as long as the anthers, slender, rising from a deep, 5-lobed, slight-

ly-notched disc; the anthers, short, ovate, with a single yery small

terminal appendage; ovary sessile, globose, glabrous, warted ; style

long, cylindric, glabrous or puberulous. Ripe capsule ovoid, pointed,

rather more than ‘5 in. long, glabrous, lenticellate ; valves compressed,

pointed. Seeds 2 in each yalve, sub-rotund, whitish, caruneulate.

Perak ; King’s Collector, Scortechini, Wray ; at low elevations.

A large shrub or tree 20 to 25 feet high. Externally this much re-

sembles A. Maingayi, but the flowers, and especially the anthers, differ

much.

10, A. conpENsA, King, n. sp. <A glabrous tree; the older branch-

lets pale, lenticellate. Leaves membranous, shortly petiolate, inequilateral,

elliptic to elliptic-oblong, sub-acute, serrulate, gradually narrowed below

the middle to the acute unequal base; shining above, darker and dull

beneath ; midrib and 13 to 15 pairs of prominent main nerves pale and

sub-erect beneath, secondary nerves transverse; length 8 to 14 in. ,

breadth 3 to 45 in., petiole 25 to ‘35 in. ; stipules subulate, *35 to -5 in,

Panicles axillary, crowded, much branched, spreading, 1 to 2°5 in. long,

(longer in fruit) puberulous or glabrescent; the bacteoles numerous,

ovate, acute. Sepals unequal ; the outer 2 or 3 larger, rotund ; the inner

3 or 2 ovate, pubescent on the back. Petals ovate, a little longer than

sepals, rhomboid, with pale edges, villous on the back externally and

along the midrib internally. Stamens glabrous, the filaments rather

short, from a fleshy disc: anthers cordate, with a single terminal white

406 G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 4,

ovate membranous appendage. Ovary sessile, globose, glabrous. Style

cylindric; Stigma cup-shaped. Capsule ovoid, pointed, glabrous, not

lenticellate : valves compressed, pointed ; seeds sub-globular, carunculate.

Perak, Scortechini, King’s Collector ; at low elevations.

A tree 30 to 40 feet high, approaching A. Scortechini in externals,

but with different flowers.

11. A. rnorrpunpA, King, n. sp. A shrub or tree, the young branches

minutely fulvous-tomentose. Leaves membranous, shortly petiolate,

oblong-lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, sometimes elliptic, acute or acumi-

nate, more or less obscurely serrulate ; the base rounded, rarely acute ;

upper surface glabrous except the pubescent midrib and nerves; under

surface minutely and softly tomentose, the midrib and 14 to 16 pairs

of rather straight nerves and the transverse secondary nerves promi-

ment; length 4°5 to 7 in, breadth 15 to 2'5 in,, petiole ‘1 to °2 in.;

stipules lanceolate, pubescent on the midrib, ‘25 in. long. Cymes axil-

lary, on peduncles 1 to 1°5 in. long, much branched, dichotomous, spread-

ing, many-flowered; bracteoles oblong, obtuse, pubescent. Sepals

unequal, the outer 3 ovate-rotund, the inner 2 ovate, all obtuse and pubes-

cent, Petals ovate-oblong, obtuse, longer than the sepals, the apices

usually reflexed. Stamens from a deep, pilose, 10-lobed, dise : filaments

expanded and pilose towards the apex, contracted and glabrous below ;

anthers clongate-ovate, with a single connectival ovate terminal ap-

pendage. Ovary sessile, villous, tomentose ; style cylindric, puberulous :

stigma truncate, cup-shaped Capsule ovoid, obtusely angled, adpressed-

pubescent, *35 in. long; the valves blunt; seeds sub-globose, angled ;

caruncle long, narrow.

Perak, at low elevations; very common.

Distrib, Sumatra; Lampongs, Forbes, 1719; Padang, Beccari, P.

S. 683.

Usually a tree, and sometimes attaining the height (jide Kunstler)

of 70 feet. But also, according to the same collecter, found as a shrub

6 to 8 feet high. This is allied to the Burmese species A. mollis, H. f.

and Th,, which however, besides having the anthers of a Prosthesia,

has much smaller cymes, and broader bracteoles and sepals.

12. A. ncurnocarPa, Korth. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. II, 360. A small

tree, the young branches fulvous or ferruginous-tomentose. Lenwves

membranous, shortly petiolate, obovate or ovate-elliptic, abruptly and

shortly acuminate, boldly and unequally serrate, the base rounded or

narrowed; upper surface glabrous except the pubescent midrib and

nerves; the lower softly pubescent, the midrib, 11 to 15 pairs of nerves

and transverse secondary nerves pale and prominent: length 6°5 to 9 in,

breadth 2:25 to 3:25 in., petiole "1 to ‘2 im.; stipules ‘25 in. long ovate,

—

1889.] G. King—MWMaterials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 407

acute, pubescent margins the scarious. Oymes axillary and extra-axil-

lary, sessile, condensed, 3 to 6-flowered; bracteoles lanceolate, keeled,

pubescent. Sepals slightly unequal, ovate, obtuse, ribbed, tomentose

externally, nearly as long as the petals. Petals oblong, obtuse, pubescent

externally, glabrous internally. Stamens from a short glabrous disc;

filaments longer than the anther, glabrous. Amnthers narrowly ovate,

the base cordate, with a single small terminal white appendage. Ovary

sessile, densely villous, style sparsely villous: stigma truncate, cup-

shaped, Oapsule when ripe from 1 to 2 in. across, densely eovered with

brownish, tomentose, branched, felted fibres: valves compressed, blunt

°75 in. long: seeds sub-globose, compressed, smooth, the caruncle ovate.

Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. i. 188; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. i, pt. 2, 116; Oudem,

Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 79; Miq. 1. e. iv. 216; PL Jungh. i. 122.

Singapore, Malacca, Perak, Penang, at low elevations, Distrib.

Sumatra, Bangka.

Usually a small tree 20 to 30 feet high. Sometimes shrubby.

13, <A. capinmata, King, n. sp. A small shrub, the young branches

rufous-tomentose. Leaves membranous, shortly petiolate, lanceolate,

acuminate both at apex and base, serrulate; upper surface glabrous

except the pubescent nerves and midrib; lower rufous-pubescent ; the

nerves about 11 pairs, bold, as are the transverse veins; length 6 to 7 in.,

breadth 1°5 to 1°75 in., petiole ‘25 in.; stipules lanceolate, pubescent ex-

ternally. Flowers in small, sub-sessile, 3 to 5-flowered, axillary cymes,

Sepals narrowly oblong, obtuse, tomentose externally, Petats linear-

oblong, the apex sub-acute and reflexed, hairy along the midrib externally.

Stamens alternating with the lobes of a deep, 5-lobed, glabrous dise ; fila-

ments slender, glabrous, longer than the anthers. Anthers small, ovate,

each with an ovate acute small terminal appendage. Ovary sessile,

globular, villous : style long, cylindric, sub-villous ; stigma truncate, eup-

shaped. Capsule *5 in. long, rusty—pubescent externally and densely

covered with unbranched, often hooked, soft, pubescent spines about

5 in. long and not felted. Seeds ovoid, smooth, pale, with dark semi-

circumferential band, and an oblong carunculus.

Laroot in Perak, King’s Collector No. 2462, A small bush 4 to

8 feet high. This comes near A. echinocorpa and comosa, but differs

notably in its flowers and seeds.

Section III. Anther cells each with a terminal subulate appendage ;

no appendage from the connective.

14, A. comosa, King, n. sp. A shrub or small tree, the young

branches densely ferruginous-tomentose. Leaves membranous, sub-sessile,

oblong-oblanceolate, caudate-acuminate, serrulate, the base rounded; upper

408 G, King—WMaterials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 4,

surface glabrous; the lower pubescent, especially on the prominent midrib

and 11 to 14 pairs of lateral nerves ; length 5:5 to 7°5 in., breadth 1°5 to

2°5 in., petiole 2 in.; stipules subulate, -3 in. long. lowers in dense

axillary bracteolate glomeruli. Sepals ovate, obtuse, tomentose. Petals

lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent externally, and (like the sepals) with

an apical tuft of hairs, glabrous internally. Stamens from a short

minutely toothed glabrous disc, the filaments shorter than the anthers:

anthers narrowly ovate, each cell with a terminal apical seta, but with-

out any appendage from the connective. Ovary elongate, sparsely

villous; style pubescent ; stigma truncate, cup-shaped. ‘Oapsule ‘5 in.

long, flocculent-tomentose, densely covered with unbranched, subulate,

soft, pubescent spines about *5 in. long, not felted. Seeds pale, ovoid,

smooth, with sub-terminal papillate caruncle.

Perak, Wray No. 3299 and 1254; King’s collector Nos. 406 and

554,

Species imperfectly known.

15, A. pacnycarpPA, King, n. sp. A small tree; the young branches

pale, glabrous, sparsely lenticellate. Leaves membranous, oblong-lanceo-

late to elliptic-lanceolate, sub-acuminate, minutely and rather irregular-

ly serrulate, the base slightly narrowed: both surfaces glabrous, the

lower darker in colour; nerves 11 to 14 pairs, thin, but prominent be-

low; length’5 to 7 in., breadth 2 to 3 in., petiole “4in, Sepals rotund,

pubescent, with thin glabrous edges. Capsules on short axillary branch-

es, usually solitary, about 1°25 in. long; the valves boat-shaped, com-

pressed, separating when ripe into two layers, the outer dark-coloured

and pubescent, the inner pale, smooth, cartilaginous, and bearing the

angular smooth carunculate seeds.

Perak, King’s Collector No. 10235: Scortechini (without number),

A tree 20 to 25 feet high. Fresh flowers being unknown, the sec-

tion of the genus to which this belongs cannot be determined. The

capsules, however, show that it is a distinct species.

In addition to the foregoing, there are in the Caleutta Herbarium

specimens of what appear to be five distinct species of this genus. The

materials are, however, insuflicient for accurate determination,

1889.] W. Doherty—Certain Lycrnide from Lower Tenasserim. 409

XXIII.—On certain Lycwnide from Lower Tenasserim.

By WititAM Donerty, Cincinnati, U.S. A.

[Received April 8th :—Read 38rd July, 1889. ]

(With Plate XXIII.)

The following list includes most of the Lycenide taken by me in

Tenasserim from January to March, 1889, inclusive. I have been unable

to identify four or five Arhopalas near A, vihara and metamuta, And I

can only mention the few species of Lampides and Nacaduba which I

happened to pin. Consisting wholly of low-country species (with but

one exception), taken in the driest part of the dry season, the list repre-

sents only a part of the Tenasserim Lycwnide. When all the species

are known, those of the mountains and those of the valleys, those of

the wet season and those of the dry, it seems to me quite possible that

the number may be doubled.

The Mergui species were taken at the Taw-jaung monastery a few

miles from the town, in low-country forest near the coast. The species

marked Myitta were taken at my various camps in the Tenasserim

valley, near the Siamese border, east of Tavoy. Except one species —

Surendra florimel—they were all taken below one thousand feet altitude.

After devoting much time to the study of the structure of butterflies,

and filling several note-books with descriptions of the young larva, tarsi,

scent-organs, prehensors, scales, ete, I had in 1887 the great mis-

fortune to lose most of them in the Malay Archipelago, together with a

great collection of insects. The chicf survivors were my notes on the

egg, a part of my drawings of prehensors, and the descriptions of a few

genera and species partly of this family which had been prepared for

publication in 1886, some of which will appear in Mr, de Nicéville’s

“ Butterflies of India.” I have therefore been obliged to commence

afresh, and as yet my material is too small to achieve one of my prin-

cipal objects, a proper classification of the Lycwnide, So the following

attempted generalizations must be held as provisional only.

In 1886, I divided the family into six subfamilies, based chiefly on

the form of the egg To these another must be added, the Liphyrine,

which besides our single Indian species, includes, perhaps, a few African

forms, In four of the six other subfamilies, the egg seems to afford

good characters for defining them, though a few small genera, which I

have as yet studied but imperfectly, seem difficult to place. The two

other groups, which I called the Theclinw and Amblypodine had better

be united, forming a large mass of genera and species very difficult to

arrange. In the Amblypodias especially, the egg seems to lose much of

410 W. Doherty—Oertain Lycsenide: from Lower Tenasserim. [No. 4,

its systematic value, and varies toa remarkable extent in forms mnch

alike in general structure and appearance. So it is with great hesitation

that I propose four sections based partly on it. Typically they are all

four distinct enough, but seem to be connected by certain low forms of

Arhopala, underlying them as it were, as if indicating the original an-

cestors from which they all sprang.

Hgg large, tubercular, indentations

obscurely hexagonal,.., vw. Aphneeus group.

Egg similar, not tubereular, .. Loxura group.

Egg small, tubercular, indentations

sharply cut, usually trigonal, ... Thecla group,

ge small, spiny, indentations sharply

cut, tetragonal, Bre .» Arhopala group.

The Aphnceus group has the egg convex above (as in all the sub-

family), yellowish, large and coarse, overlaid with a thick, rough,

vesicular, white or yellowish crust, covered with large blunt whelks or

knobs (often but little elevated) and indented with obscure hexagonal

spaces. ‘This type of ege reaches its extreme form in Neocheritra, in

which the indentations are fewest and coarsest, while in Ohrysophanus

they are numerous, and in Owretis numerous and cut into hexagons with

some distinctness. In Amblypodia, as now limited, the egg is much tho

same as in Neocheritra, and the genus had better be put here. It re-

sembles the Arhopalas in some things, but its venation shows it to be

a very isolated form. The male has a fifth subcostal branch wanting

in the female, and the middle discocellular, like the upper, is oblique,

and greatly thickened, seeming to be the basal part of the lower radial

vein. In Jraota, another genus hard to place, there is no middle dis-«

cocellular, the radials having a common origin. Most genera of the

Aphneeus group have elongate wings, with the outer margin of the fore-

wing more or less oblique, and the costal and subcostal veins some-

what crowded together, the cell being near the costa (remote in Arho-

pala), which is but little rounded. The hindwing has two tails in most

of the genera.

The Loxura group is obviously an offshoot of the Aphneeus group.

The egg is large and white, without tubercles. In the typical genera,

Loxura, Yasoda* and Hodaylides}, it has a cornice round the flat, table-

* Yasoda, gen. noy. Differs from Hoidxylides in having but one tail; from Lowura

in having only three subcostal veins (four in Loewra) in the forewing, and a large

black sex-mark on the hindwing of the male above, on the lower median vein.

y+ I described this genus as Marshallia, naming it after Colonel G. F. L.

Marshall, but the name turned out to be pre-oceupied. As the name Indomylides,

which I proposed instead of it, seems to have reached Mr. de Nicéville too late to

1889.] W. Doherty—Certain Lycwnida from Lower Tenasserim. 411

like apex (which is less than half the diameter of the base), the surface

very smooth, with numerous minute indentations, which, in occasional

imperfectly developed specimens,* are distinctly hexagonal. The other

three Indian genera—Drupadia, Biduanda and Suasa—are less peculiar,

and Swasa is obviously related to Zeltws, Oheritra, and other normal

aphnwiform genera. Their eggs lack the subapical carina. In Drupa-

dia and Biduanda, they are hemispherical, with rounded indentations

larger than in Lowwra. In Suasa the indentations are large, shallow, and

distinctly hexagonal, looking as if impressed with a die. These six

genera form a series, approaching the Aphneus group, but have some

features in common, They are all protected The forewing is short

and broad, the outer margin erect, the costa strongly arched, the hind-

wing elongate posteriorly. The prehensors are elongate and of a pecu-

liar facies.

An Arhopala, apparently ‘nornata, Felder, and one or two obscure

allied species undescribed from Malayana, have eggs somewhat as in

Loxura, but coarser and without the cornice, This peculiarity is asso-

ciated with others in the imago, on which I shall form the genus Jois, the

position of which is uncertain.

The Thecla group has much smaller eggs nearly always greenish,

the lines enclosing triangular spaces, six of them radiating from each

tubercle, which is roughly spherical, constricted at the base. This

sculpturing, which is very distinctly cut, is elsewhere found only in the

concave ege's of certain Lycenine. The section is a very indistinct one,

its members tending to unite severally with the Aphneus or Arhopala

groups. I have had few opportunities of studying Zephyrus, and haye

never examined the true Thecla. Asa group they seem to have both

wings short and broad, the costa much rounded, the veins slender, the

hindwing usually with one tail. Swrendra may be distinguished from

Zephyrus by the obsolescent discocellular veins. So far as these are

visible, they are very upright, the middle one of the forewing unusually

long, differing widely in these respects from all the succeeding genera,

be incorporated in his key to the genera of the Lycenide, he has called it Hotzylides.

My description of the genus as well as those of my genera Yasoda, Massaga,

Araotes and Taraka, all made in 1886, will appear in his next volume. I have record-

ed Hodscylides tharis from Bassein, Burma, but it did not turn up in Tenasserim.

* These curious eggs are usually rough or discoloured, and the sculpturing

differs more or less from that of the others. I have found them in all the sections

of the Lycenide. They are usnally exceedingly rare, but are more frequent in some

Arhopalas, so that their eggs may fairly be called dimorphic. They are not immature,

heing quite hard, and at least occasionally produce perfect larve. I think they are

atavisms, representing an earlier stage of development, the egg perhaps of some

remote ancestor,

412 W. Doherty—Certain Lycenides from Lower Tenasserim. [No. 4,

especially Arhopala. It includes four species resembling each other but

slightly.

A number of species connect these genera with the Arhopalas. The

egg varies greatly in these. Panchala (ganesa), Acesina and Flos (genus

novum) are distinguished by the long costal vein of the forewing, and

the structure of the third and fourth subcostal veins, which, after their

separation, are short, very unequal, and very close to the costa. In

Panchala and Acesina, the costa of the hindwing is slightly tilted up at

the apex, there is no lobe (a tail in Acesina only), and the underside is dull-

coloured. In los the costa of the hindwing is regularly rounded, there

is a conspicuous lobe and a tail, and the underside is richly marked.

The type is apidanus, and the genus is widely distributed, occurring

from the Himalayas to the Austro-Malayan islands. Darasana has the

subcostal veins as in Panchala and I’los, but a very short costal vein in the

forewing, the cell of which is more remote from the costa, It has no lobe

or tail, and seems a tolerably distinct genus. Some species of Flos have

an ege with triangular spaces. The typical species have, however, a

small green ege with rough vesicular raised lines enclosing hexagons,

and very small irregular knobs at their intersection. The egg of Mota

massyla is somewhat similar, but there are no tubercles, and the reticu-

lation is more delicate. The wings are not unlike those of Zephyrus

in structure with an additional tail; the colouring is somewhat as in Ilos.

In the Arhopala group the egg is a remarkable one, It is also

rather small, delicate, usually green with raised white lines enclosing

quadrangles (as in the Deudorigine), and bearing acute spines at their

intersection. This type of egg occurs in all the large swift-flyine Arho-

polas, and in many of the smaller and obscurer kinds. They all have

the costal vein of the forewing shorter than in Flos and its allies, and

the subcostal branches normal. They agree with those genera, and

differ from the other Theclinc in the position of the cell, which is remote

from the costa, and in the length, and slightly oblique direction of

the upper discocellular vein. A number of the obscurer species have

egos with tubercles and triangles as in the Thecla group, but I do

not know any structural points by which they can be separated from

the rest.

The Arhopalas are extremely uniform in structure, as in aspect,

and on account of their great numbers are difficult to arrange. In them

it would be advisable to admit generic distinctions wherever it is pos-

sible to make them.

The Thecla and Arhopala groups agree in many particulars, one of

the most striking resemblances being that of the prehensors, which in

all the genera known to me are short and thick, the branches of the

1889.] W. Doherty—Oertain Lyceenides from Lower Tenasserim. 4138

unci stout, the clasps broad and truncate. A careful examination will

probably result in the separation of the Aphnuws and Loxwra groups

from these under the name Aphnwine.

The small subfamily of Dewdorigine is characterised in the male by

the lower organ of the prehensors, the clasps or harpagones, being

aborted and functionless, adhering to the intromittent organ. The ab-

domen of the female is pointed, and ends in a pair of long ovipositors,

The egg is very small, green, covered with very numerous tetragonal

spaces, bordered by raised transparent lines, very delicately carved,

with little button-like tubercles at their intersection, The hindwing

has always a very prominent anal lobe, a single tail at the end of the

lower median, und a distinct angle at the end of the middle median vein.

Deudoria and its allies belong here, as well as Araotes* and Sithon, The

genera Bindahara and Lehera, which have also only one tail, can scarcely

be included in any definition of the subfamily, nor Neomyrina, which has

a very Deudori«-like egg.

The Poritine come near the Aphneus group of the Theclinw, I be-

lieve, the reticulations being hexagonal. On account of their relations

with the Lemontade they might be placed at the head of the family.

They can be distinguished by the joined costal and first subcostal veins

of the forewings, a character occurring in Sithon, in many Lyconine,

and also, I observe, in a remarkable insect described as Hypolyccena libna

and Logania andersonit, Moore, from Mergui, which may possibly connect

Poritia with the Lycwnine. I have described the egg of Poritia in a

former article. The base is quadrate, twice as long as wide, there is a

square apex, two square sloping sides, and two vertical rhomboid ones.

The Lycenine are distinguished by their decidedly concave eggs,

broadest above the middle. The reticulations are often irregular, and

vary greatly on different parts of the surface. Those on the sides con-

sist of small white knobs constricted at the base, from which spring

either four or six elevated lines, forming quadrangles or triangles. In

Catopecilma the spaces are hexagonal, and in Semanga irregular. I

include these genera here with much doubt; they are obyiously transi-

tional to the Theclinw. The typical Lycena group, containing the great

majority of the subfamily, has hairy eyes, though the hairs are few and

scattered in Castaléus and Zizera. The Pithecops group consists of

naked-eyed genera, of which the eggs of Megisba and Pithecops have

tetragonal spaces, and Neopithecops triangular.

* Araotes, gen. noy. nearest Sithon, but with an additional subcostal vein in the

forewing. The middle discocellular is obsolescent (distinct in Deudoriw and its

allies), the first subcostal touches the costal yein (united with it in Sithon, quite

separate in the other Deudoriyin), and there is but one tail (two in Biduanda, in

which the type-species lapithis was placed by Mx, Distant).

414 W. Doherty—Certain Lycenidse from Lower Tenasserim, [No. 4,

I place here a few genera of dubious position. Lyccncesthes with its

spiculate egg, flattened above, shows affinities with Deudoria, but is con-

nected with the Lycenine by Niphanda, which (N, tessellata) has concave

eggs. The egg of Spalgis is much flattened above, and delicately reti-

culated with irregular hexagons. Its position, like that of the following

genera, can hardly be understood till the insects of tropical Africa, the

great storehouse of low forms of Lycenidw, are better known. Next to

Spalgis I place the singular genus Taraka (mihi), of which the type is

Miletus hamada, Druce. This genus greatly resembles Neopithecops,

and like it is probably protected. It may be separated from it by the

narrow cell nearer the costa, and by the oblique discocellulars. From

Spalgis it differs in the antenns, which are much as in the Pithecops

group, slender, annulated, with a short, distinct terminal club, while

Spalgis has short stout antenne, gradually thickened. The prehen-

sors of Taraka are wholly lyceniform. The egg is remarkable, and bears

a decided resemblance to those of the Gerydinw, with which Mr. Druce

first placed it, The apex is flattened, a little concave, irregularly reti-

culate, with a strong crenulated carina projecting both upwards and

outwards, around the margin. Seen from the side, it is irregularly

quadrate, a little widest at base, the sides smooth. The genus is

evidently related to Liphyra and the older and more generalized forms

of the Gerydinw included in the genera Logania and Malais.

T have made a careful description of Taraha mahanetra, a very rave

Malayan species somewhat resembling Castalius elna in colouring, I

caught but a single pair of this species, and both I believe are now lost.

Generally, they agreed with JT. hamada in structure, but the forefoot

of the female (as well as that of the male) was imperfect, and the joints

of the tarsi immovable. As it is just possible that this peculiarity may

have been due to gynandromorphism, I merely mention it, and reserve

hamada as the type of the genus. The egg of mahanetra I, unluckily,

do not know. The description of this species will appear in Mr. de

Nicéville’s work.

The Gerydinw can best be defined by the prehensors, the ege, very

abnormal in most of the genera, approaching the lyceeniform shape in

Logania and Malais. The clasps (harpagones) are small and normal,

Fortunately, they are very variable in shape, and afford good specific

characters, which are especially valuable in the difficult genus Logania

and in Allotinus. The wnei or upper organs are developed into immense

knife-like blades, fitting into the tufted, scabbard-like, greatly elongate

last joint of the abdomen, Wach uncus has a branch, shaped something

like a human femur or humerus, fitting to the middle of the under

surface of the uncus with a ball-and-socket joint, and when at rest ap.

1889,] W. Doherty —Cerlain Lycenides from Lower Tenasserim. 415

pressed to the edge of the blade, the tip, which is clavate and ends in a

short hook not visible from the side, reaching the base of the uncus.

This construction varies but little in all the genera and species of the

group. A remarkable featuré of the subfamily lies in the fore tarsi be-

ing in both sexes similar to the middle and hind ones, just as in Fapilio

or Hesperia. This also occurs, according to Mr. Trimen, in certain

African genera, such as Arrugia, which from his account of them seem

to belong to this group. The legs of Gerydus are curiously flattened in

both sexes, those of Allotinus and Paragerydus are long and slender, those

of typical Logania have the ends of the tibie swollen, One or two

species hitherto included in this last genus have the legs slightly flatten-

ed and very short and stout, the tibie being thickest in the middle.

These fully deserve to form a separate genus, for which I propose the

name Malais It will include Z. marmorata and L. sriwa (probably the

same species), and one or two rare kinds undescribed, ranging from Pegu

to Borneo, Since the preceding remarks were written, I have taken a

true Loganie in Upper Assam,

The egg is usually very much flattened, but, in Logania and Malais,

it is scarcely more than twice as wide as high, as in many Lycenas.

Except in Paragerydus and a few Allotini, which have much flatter eggs,

there is usually a number of strong lateral horizontal carine, two,

three, four, or five according to the species, either simple or broken into

short teeth. These teeth are placed in vertical series, one above the

other, giving the outer margin of the egg, and indeed the egg itself if it

is much flattened, the appearance of a cogged wheel. Thus the usnal

oblique reticulations of the Lycaenidae give place on the outer border to

vertical (the teeth) and horizontal (the carine) lines, a remarkable

feature. The upper surface is, however, obliquely reticulated with

delicate raised. strie.

This vertical reticulation is more pronounced in the egg of Liphyra,

which, as might be expected from the strangeness of the insect itself,

is very unlike that of other Lycenide. It shows, however, an unexpected

resemblance to that of Logania and Taraka, The egg is of great size,

green, overlaid with white, shaped something like a section or “drum”

of a Dorie column, but somewhat widest at the base, the height, breadth

at apex, and breadth at base being to each other as 9, 18, and 153. The

top is marked with hexagonal reticulations, the lines turbinate in the

middle, the margin deeply channelled, and then strongly carinate, the

carina projecting both upwards and outwards, white, its contour even.

The base is also obscurely carinate. The sides are crusted with white,

and minutely indented, with about forty-five vertical ribs, slightly

irregular and even (very rarely) anastomosing, extending also over the

53 ‘

416 W. Doherty—Certain Lycwnide from Lower Tenasserim. [No. 4,

outer part of the base, the inner part being green and minutely reti-

culated with hexagons. The prehensors I do not know. The fore-

tarsi are, I believe, the same in both sexes, as in the Gerydinc.

Liphyra brassolis flies slowly with a distinct humming sound

and an uncertain circling flight, hesitating a long time before alighting.

Whether it is, as ib seems, a protected species, or whether, as | believe,

it flies chiefly at twilight and so escapes capture, I do not know. No

one would ever take it for a butterfly; few moths are more typically

moth-like in flight. It is probably the oldest type of Lycenid existing,

and unconnected with the rest, except through such primitive dwarf

forms as Taraka and the smaller Gerydine. It is the only Asiatic re-

presentative of the subfamily Liphyrine and its nearest allies are appa-

rently African.

A word.deserves to be spoken on the subject of green butterflies,

since it seems one little understood at home. Harly in the century

Horsfield professed to have found a green female of the Javanese

Arhopala ewmolphus, the true female of which is blue. Recently, Mr.

Distant has described, as the female of A. farquharit, a butterfly bright

ereen over the basal half of the wings above. Now, the real female of

farquharit (perhaps the form described as A. maawellii, Distant) is violet-

blue and one of the most constant of butterflies. Of the green form

mentioned, I took several specimens in the Malay Peninsula and in

Borneo, and they were all males. It is a rare species undescribed,

perhaps identical with the Horsfieldian form.

Grant Allen shows that, while greenish flowers are among the oldest,

really green flowers are the most recently developed of all and among

the most conspicuous. Very much the same thing is true of Lepidoptera.

Pale green moths, like Actias, Gleometra, and Pachyarches, are protected

by their colouring, which is common to both sexes, and are quite hidden

when resting among the leaves, Such seems also to be the case with

Lehera eryx*, a lyeenid which is greenish on the underside, and may

possibly be the case with some Oatopsilias. But bright metallic-green

is, L think, the latest developed colour among butterflies, and decidedly

the most conspicuous. No one who has not seen it can imagine the

prilliancy of Arhopala farquharit or Ornithoptera brookeana in the green-

est jungle. The brightest of the metallic-blue butterflies look dim

beside them. It may be confidently asserted of all such butterflies that,

unless the species is protected, only the male is green. The protected

Ornithopteras have sometimes assumed green colours as well as golden

* The underside is green or greenish in many Sonth American Theclas, but

such cases are very unusual in Hastern Lycenide,

1889.] W. Doherty—Certain Lycenides from Lower Tenasserim. 417

and orange, and the female shares in this useful ornamentation to some

extent. In non-protected butterflies the green is confined to the upper-

side, and is quite invisible except during flight. In the Lyceenide® it

is found in many Zephyri, in some Poritias and Massagas,+ in a few

Arhopalas, and in Lampides marakata, a rave butterfly I discovered in

the Malay Peninsula and named after its emerald tint above. Among’

all these, whenever the female is known, it is blue, orange, black, violet,

orany other colour but green, The conservative and, in butterflies,

unadorned sex, has not yet acquired the latest development in colours.

It is also remarkable that the green colours seem to occur where the

genus is most dominant, The Malay Peninsula and Borneo form the

great centre of development of the genera Arhopala and Lampides, and it

is there that most of the green species occur. The outlying Arhopalas,

those of the North-West Himalayas, and the Timorian islands, are all

blue. In Zephyrus, the green species are found only where the genus

is best represented and most vigorous. Zephyrus pavo, a species found

in the Bhutan and Assam hill-ranges, remote from the regular habitat of

the genus, has, I discovered, the male blue and greatly resembling

allied females from the Western Himalayas. The green and orange

Ornithopteras also occur only in the heart of the Ornithoptera yegion.

These remarks on green butterflies also apply in some degree to certain

other wnusual colours of great brilliancy, such as the shining coppery

gold of Ilerda brahma, and the fiery red of Thamala marciana, It ought

to be borne in mind that such colours must never be ascribed to a female

without careful examination.

Subfamily THECLIN A.

Arhopala Group.

1. ArwopanA (NILASERA) cnnTAURUS, Hew.

Mergui, Myitta.

2. ARHOPALA ANARTE, Hew.

One male, Myitta. This is the form described, from Sumatra ac-

cording to Kirby, by Hewitson in his Oat. Lyc. Brit. Mus., and is

* Some rare species of Neocheritra are green above in some lights, especially

N. martina, a Bornean species. The allied NV. hypolewca was also figured by Hewit-

son as green, apparently by mistake. The Neocheritvas are among the swiftest and

shyest of butterflies, and the bright colours of their upperside are only seen during

flight.

+ Massaya, gen. nov. nearest Deremas, Distant, but with only four subcostal

veins in the forewing, instead of five. From Poritia it differs in the upper radial

vein, which arises from the subcostal, a little beyond the end of the cell; in the cell

of the hindwing, and in the markings of the underside, which are not annular but

simple and linear. Sexes very unlike. Type Poritia pediada, Hew.

418 W. Doherty—Certain Lycenide from Lower Tenasserim. (No. \

altogether different from the female (from the Malay Peninsula)

described by him under the same name in the Diurn. Lepid. afterwards,

the male of which has been named agnis by Felder, who recognised

Hewitson’s error. Anarte is one of the most beautiful of Tenasserim

butterflies.

3, ARHOPALA AGNIS, Felder.

One female, Mergui.

4, ARHOPALA ANTHELUS, Doub.

Mergui, a very brilliantly coloured species.

5. ARHOPALA SUBFASCIATA, Moore.

Myitta. The costal and apical black is somewhat wider in the

female, which does not differ greatly from the male.

6. ARHOPALA PASTORELLA, n. sp, Plate XXIII, Fig. 12.

Male above light cerulean blue, brilliantly metallic, outwardly

slightly violescent and less resplendent ; forewing with a slender black

marginal and costal line, hindwing blue from the costal vein to the sub-

median, a marginal black line. Below rather dark fuscous brown, the

markings darker, bordered by slightly paler lines, only the basal spots

annular, the other like parentheses, so ( ). Forewing with three in the

cell, a transverse one below it, and one in the base of the lower median

space: Tbe transverse discal band is rather broad, the first four spots

united and compact, the first small, close to the costa, the second broad-

est, the fifth and sixth dislocated inwardly, compactly united; a sub-

marginal row of obscure dark spots bordered within and without by

obscure paler touches. Hindwing with the basal spots of moderate size,

annular, a transverse discal series of nine spots in a tolerably regular

semicircle, all somewhat annular, none approaching the terminal cell-

streak ; a submarginal row of obscure dark cordate spots bordered with

paler, a slight metallic green streak in the lower median space, and a

similar band from the lower median to the submedian vein, both bor-

dered with black. The lobe is small, black; there are slight projections

at the end of the lower median and submedian veins, but no distinct

tails ; the outer margin is regularly rounded without undulations. Expanse

two inches.

Myitta. In the colour of the upperside this butterfly perhaps re-

sembles A. lycenaria, Felder, a small species and tailed, It is very

near agelastus, But that species is more violet apically, and not dis-

tinctly metallic above; below, the transverse bands are more regular ;

the costal spot of the forewing absent, and the general colour duller,

more fuscous and less rufous.

7. ARHOPALA AGELASTUS, Hew,

A common species, Mergni, Myitta, where one or two similar forms

i ——

1889.] W. Doherty—Certain Lycenide from Lower Tenasserim. 419

occur which may or may not be distinct from it Mr, de Nicéville hag

pointed out to me that on the forewing of the male of the allied A. anti-

muta there is a curious clouded disc, perhaps of the nature of a sex-

mark. This is sometimes just traceable in agelastus.

8. ARHOPALA VIHARA, Feld.

Mergui. I obtained several species of this very difficult group,

but not having access to authenticated specimens of the allied species avoa,

atosia, yendava, ete., 1 am unable to identify them,

9. ARHOPALA METAMUTA, Hew.

Mergui, Myitta.

10. ArHoPaLA DAvisonu, de Nice, MS.

Mergui, Myitta, Tavoy. This species, which is quite distinct from

the preceding one, belongs to a most difficult group which can hardly, I

think, be understood without a careful study of the prehensors. A. davi-

sonii is one of the commonest and most ubiquitous of Malayan insects

and is abundant in Borneo.

11. ApwopaLa DUESSA, n. sp., Pl. XXIII, Fig. 6,

Male above bright cerulean blue over fully half of the forewing, the

apex widely, the costa and outer margin moderately, and the veins

slenderly black. Hindwing with the cell and extreme base of the lower

median space irrorated with blue scales. Below light brown, the costal

and apical half of the forewing, including the upper half of the cell, and

all the hindwing, glossed with pale violet, the markings violet brown

with violet-whitish irides, only the basal ones annular. Forewing with

three transverse spots in the cell, a double one in the basal part of the

lower median space, a very broad compact dark transverse discal band

unbroken from the costa to the submedian vein; the apex with « whitish

patch, Hindwing with basal annular spots, an irregular one at the end

of the cell, outwardly acuminate, and a very irregular transverse discal

band of which the first and second spots are compactly united with the

terminal cell-spot, the other five small and separate, forming an irregular

chain ; an outer discal pale fascia forming a large violet-whitish mass

near the apex, the disc also clouded with whitish; an obscure gub-

marginal line of pale violet lunules, the marginal line dark. No metallic

subanal markings. Forewing distinctly undulated ontwardly, hindwing

without tails, lobes or undulations. Hxpanse 1} inch.

Two males, Myitta. I know no species closely resembling this. It

may be allied to bazalus, but has no tail or lobe. The distribution of the

blue on the upperside is very unusual.

12. ARHOPALA PERISSA, un. sp., P]. XXIII, Fig. 11.

Male, above rich uniform purple blue over fully half the forewing

and two-thirds of the hindwing. Forewing with the costal border and

420 W. Doherty—Certain Lycwnide frou Lower Tenasserim. (No. 4,

y y

lower angle narrowly, and the apex widely black. Hindwing with the

costa widely and the outer margin narrowly black, the blue extending

beyond the submedian vein. Below dull fuscous-brown, the markings

but slightly darker, bordered by lines a little paler, only the basal spots

on the hindwing annular, the others with straight borders. Forewing

with three spots in the cell and a broad uniform band, unbroken and

but slightly curved from the third subcostal to the lower median vein, the

base of the lower median space and the upper and basal part of the inter-

no-median space dark, separated distinctly from an outer pale area in that

space ; a submarginal line of obscure darker spots bordered by a slight-

ly paler line. Hindwing with the basal spots small and well separated,

a streak across the end of the cell extending to the submedian vein, and

a transverse discal band dislocated outwardly below the lower subcostal

vein, continuous in the next four spaces ; submarginal markings as ou

the forewing, a metallic green fascia from the lower median to the sub-

median vein, and a touch of it in the lower median spot. The hindwing

is distinctly undulate outwardly ; it has no tail and but slight traces of

a lobe. BExpanse 15 inch.

Myitta. I know no species closely resembling it. It is a richly

coloured butterfly above, but the underside is unusually dull.

13. ARHOPALA MIRABELLA, 0. sp.

Male above bright violet-blue, dull violet in some lights, over fully

five-sixths of the forewing, the marginal black band moderate and nearly

equal on both wings. Below light fuscous, glossed with pale violet, the

markings large, numerous, distinct and crowded, consisting of deep

brown spots, paler in the middle, set in distinct violet-whitish rings or

parenthetic lines. Forewing with the three usual cell spots large, a double

series of costal marks, the transverse band much broken, the spot in the

lower radial space (the fourth) extruded; no distinct marks below the

cell, two submarginal violet-whitish lines, the inner lunular, the outer

straight, obscure. Hindwing with the basal spots annular, the basal

costal one obsolescent ; the transverse discal band with only the first pair

of spots continuous (the second touching the terminal cell-spot which is

large, parenthetic), the others irregular, the third dislocated outwardly,

the fifth inwardly ; two submarginal lunular lines, the anal angle with

three small black spots bordered with metallic green, behind which is a

narrow irrorated whitish fascia. Female with the blue somewhat paler

and covering only half the forewing, and the hindwing from the costal

yein (basally) and the upper subcostal almost to the submedian ; the

dark border rather wide. Both sexes have a slender tail tipped with

white, and a small, distinct lobe, Expanse 1} inch.

A male from Mergui, a female from Myitta. Nearest A. alitwus,

———E

1889.] W. Doherty—Oertain Lyceenidee from Lower Tenasserim, 42]

Hew. from the Celebes, but seems to be darker below, with a broader

black border above. From achelous, Hew. it also differs in the broader

black border, and the apex of the hindwing below is not lilac. The

blue above seems also darker and richer. From aida, de Nicéville, it

differs in the strong violet gloss and the large and crowded annulations,

occupying most of the cell of the forewing and extending thence nearly to

the costa, on the underside; the upperside is very similar, The figure

of A. mirabella was omitted by accident.

14, ArHoPaLA BELPHa@BE, n, sp., Plate XXIII, Fig, 18,

Male, above light, rather dull purple-blue over about half of the

forewing, the dark border wide on the hindwing, Below much like

méirabella, but the costal markings of the forewing are absent, and the

transverse discal band is composed of spots nearly annular on the fore-

wing and entirely so on the hindwing. The three upper spots on the fore-

ing form a line outwardly oblique, the next two are united, Hindwing

with the three basal spots small and crowded together, the others large,

distinctly outlined with violet white, that at the end of the cell irregular,

produced outwardly to a point in the lower median space as in A, duessa;

the transverse band annular, nearly regular, composed of slightly united

pairs, the middle pair out of line; a double line of obscure pale submar-

ginal lunules on both wings. Hxpanse 14 inch,

Myitta. This species is something like the female of the preceding

one, but the blue is paler and more lilacine. It has no tail and scarcely

any lobe. It has also some resemblance to A. agesias from Borneo,

15. ARHOPALA ALBOPUNCTATA, Hew.

Myitta. This species, like A. theba and A, aronya from the Philip.

pines and a beautiful undescribed Celebesian species, mimics the genus

Lampides both on the upper and underside, resembling L, elpis and its

allies Another Arhopala (critala, Felder, from the Moluccas) mimics

the danis group of Cyaniris most faithfully,

16. Arnopata Ammon, Hew.

Myitta. The Tenasserim form of this beautiful little Species may be

distinct from the Malayan one, but in the absence of an authentic spe-

cimen of the latter I cannot at present decide.

17. ARHOPALA FARQUHARH, Distant.

This species seems quite distinct from eumolphus. not, as Mr. Distant

says, on account of the dislocated transverse band of the forewing, which

often occurs in eumolphus, but on account of the uniform dull brown

colour of the underside, the pale rings enclosing slightly darker brown

spots, while in ewmolphus the wings are washed with bronzy grey, the

ground colour varying in different places, the spots small and distinct,

while the anal green area is usually obsolescent. The female of Sarquharii

422 W. Doherty—Certain Lyceaide from Lower Tenasserim. [No. 4,

is bright blue over fully half the forewing, its edge serrate, with a wide

brown border on both wings, darkening where it borders on and deeply }

indents the blue subapically. The species is extremely uniform every-

and is abundant from Tavoy and Mergui to south-eastern

where,

Borneo.

18, ARWOPALA HELLENORE, n. sp., Plate XXIII, Fig. 7.

Nearest ewmolphus. The green of the upperside is rather more ~.

tinged with golden, and the dark border is somewhat narrower on

the forewing and much narrower on the hindwing, extending less

than a third towards the base of the lower median space. Below both

wings are conspicuously marked with whitish, which forms a large apical

mass on the hindwing in which the transverse markings are very dis-

tinct, and across both wings in an obscure discal band. The subanal

metallie green markings are obsolescent. The dark markings are large,

as in farquharti, from which it seems quite distinct, though it may be

the local Tenasserim form of ewmolphus. One male, Mergui, Expanse

17 inch.

19, ARIHOPALA MAXWELLI, Distant. ( ? ).

Tam uncertain whether, as Mr. de Nicéville suggests, the female

taken by Mr. Biggs and figured by Mr. Distant as A. maswellii, is really

the female of farquharii, or whether, as I thought at first, it is the female

of a male taken by me at Myitta. This is a dark violet-blue butterfly,

very much like agaba above, but singularly like farguharii below, distin-

euished, however, by the large distinct basal spots of the hindwing, the

large costal spot of the fore wing opposite that at the end of the cell, and

by the first four spots of the discal band forming a very regular quadrate

Neither by the figure nor the description can I distinguish it

from maxwellit. But Mr Distant is much more likely to have obtained

farquharii, which is abundant, than this species, which is rare, and Mr.

de Nicéville’s theory is probably correct. In that case my male remains

mass

unidentified.*

20. ARHOPALA (SATADRA) AGABA, Hew.

Myitta, Tavoy. j

21. Armopana (SaTapra) arpA, de Nice, MS.

Mereui, a very common species. In typical species of Satadra, such

as aftrax and rama, the tail and lobe are well developed, but in others

they tend to disappear, so that it would be hard to define the genus.

29. MAWATHALA AMERIA, Hew.

Mereni, Myitta, common.

* Since this was written I have learned that Mr. de Nicéville will describe this

species as Arhopala adorea,

1889.] W. Doherty—Certain Lycwenide from Lower Tenasserim. 423

Thecla Group.

93. APprorASA ATKINSONII, Hew.

The genus and the species were both, I believe, founded on a single

specimen of uncertain sex and with the tails broken off. I took one

male and two females near Myitta, having spatulate tails much like

those of Mahathala, They differed from that genus in the less acuminate

apex of the hindwing, in the egg (which was covered with triangles and

tubercles instead of quadrangles and spines, a difference apparently of

small importance in these butterflies), and in the more undulate margin

of the hindwing, which gives it a most peculiar appearance. But the

insect has, when sitting on a tree-trunk, a marvellous resemblance to a

patch of lichen, and the irregular outline adds to this effect. Mimicry

of this sort is a sign of great flexibility of structure and such geners

must be judged by severer canons than others; so that it is doubtful

whether Apporasa can stand,

24. DaARASANA PERIMUTA, Hew.

Mergui, Myitta.

25. Fros armpanus, Cram.

Mr, Distant makes no mention of the singular scarlet costal area

at the base of both wings below in this species, though they had long:

ago been observed by Cramer and Codart, They are occasionally

present, though much less marked, on the forewing of some of the

Himalayan species of this genus, as Mr. de Nicéville has shown me.

One female, Mergui. This species is the type of my genus I’los,

the life-history of which I hope to publish before long. I have taken it

in Hastern Java, and slightly different forms occur in the Celebes and

in the mountains of Sambawa. For a partial description of Flos, see

above.

26. Fnos apsnus, Moore.

Myitta, agreeing perfectly with Sikkim specimens.

27. Fos arrnaat, n. sp., Pl. XXIII, Fig. 5.

Male, above, base azure, darkening outwardly to violaceous blue,

quite violet in some lights; on the forewing the blue occupies less than

half of the surface, the black border reaching the upper angle of the

cell, and extending unusually far up the hind-margin. Hindwing with

a blue area from the costal and upper subcostal veins to the submedian,

its outer margin irregular, the black border wide. Below, forewing light

brown, the costal half glossed with violet, a large triangular violet-

whitish area (somewhat as in Hlymnias) on the costa near the apex ;

three wide dark violet-brown transverse bands, edged with paler, one

in the cell; the second across its end, extending from the second

subcostal to the lower median; the third oblique, unbroken, with straight

54:

424 W. Doherty—Certain Lycenide from Lower Tenasserim. [No, 4,

sides, from the costa to the upper median, continued irregularly almost

to the lower median; margin, except at the apex, dark, a marginal

blackish line. Hindwing very deep chocolate brown, a paler, violet-

glossed band, edged by a paler line, across it from the costa to the sub-

median vein, crossing the cell; beyond this a dark transverse band ;

apex with a large dark area, its margin violet-whitish; disc mostly

glossed with violet, its lower part irrorated with violet-whitish scales ;

a dark submarginal fascia, rather wide and conspicuous subanally ; an

obscure metallic-oreen and black ocellus in the lower median space,

and one on the lobe, the green extending to the submedian vein. The

forewing is rounded outwardly, the hindwing shghtly scalloped, with

a distinet lobe and a very short tail at the end of the lower median vein.

Expanse 14 inch. In its small size and short tail it diffors from the

other species of the group. Two males, Mereui,

28. Sourunpra Quercutorum, Moore.

Myitta.

29. Surenpra amisena, Hew. (Rapala amisena, Dist.).

Mergui, Myitta. The female agrees well with Hewitson’s figure,

except that the transverse discal line of the forewing below is more

irregular, and like that of his figure of Surendra vivarna. The male

differs from Distant’s figure in being more angulate, the forewing being

acuminate and slightly faleate. The blue area above varies greatly,

sometimes occupying less than a third of the forewing and a sixth of

the hindwing, sometimes more than half of the forewing and a third of

the hindwing, In this species the male hag a short tail at the end of

the lower median vein, but scarcely more than an angle at the end of the

middle median; the lobe is much smaller than in §. quercetorum. The

female has two tails, both slender, the outer the shorter.

30. SURENDRA FLORIMEL, n, sp., Pl. XXIII, Figs. 17, 2; 4, 9.

Male, above, rich purple-blue, from the costal vein to the hind

margin, the blue area outwardly angled at the upper median vein, and

occupying nearly half of the forewing. On the hindwing it extends

from just below the lower subcostal to the submedian vein, leaving the

upper part of the cell dark; a narrow black marginal line. Below the

ground is light fuscons brown as in amisena, but with the cell and disc

of the forewing much darker and the basal and apical half of the hind-

wing deep violet brown. Forewing with a short oblique dark streak in

the middle of the cell, a larger one across its end, and one or two costal

ones; a transverse discal line of joined lunules (separated in amisena)

from the second subcostal to below the lower median, projecting ont-

wardly below the lower radial vein; apex widely and outer margin

narrowly pale fuscous, Hindwing with the transverse discal fascia con-

~¥

1889.] W. Doherty—Certain Lycwnide: from Lower Tenasserim. 425

sisting of a broken, dull silvery line on a deep-brown ground, an obscure

outer-discal transverse band, pale on the dark apical and dark on the

pale abdominal ground ; an obscure metallic patch in the lower median

space.

Female, above, dull brown, a slightly paler area in the middle of the

disc. Below the dark area of the forewing is confined to the neighbour-

hood of the median spaces on the disc, that of the hindwing to a band.

across the wing from the apex to the hind margin, crossing the end of

the cell; a distinct whitish spot basally between the costal and sub-

costal veins, the inner transverse line united, crossing the dark area sub-

apically; the outer one consisting of pale lunules bordered, especially

outwardly, by a dark band, in which there are two dark subapical spots,

the second larger. Expanse 1} inch, This species has the hindwing

strongly angled at the end of the middle median vein, and quite straight.

thence to the anal angle; there is no trace of tails or lobes. The

forewing is not falcate in either sex. The egg and venation are as in

amisena and quercetorwm, - It is a very distinct species, and the male is

very richly coloured.

One male and several females taken on the pass near Wagung,

Tavoy district, at 1,500 ft, altitude.

Loxura Group.

31, Loxura atymnus, Cram.

Mergui, Myitta.

39, Yasopa TRIPUNCTATA, Hew.

Mergui.

33, Drvpapta MoorEr, Distant, (boisduvalit, Moore).

Mergui, Myitta, common. I cannot find any constant difference

between Mergui and Perak specimens. The genus Drupadia differs

from Biduanda in having the third subcostal vein undivided (in Biduanda

it is forked just before its termination) and a conspicuous sex-mark on

the hindwing above, between the bases of the costal and subcostal veins.

Nevertheless, the two are extremely similar in the entire structure of the

egg, the larva, and the imago ; and in any system of classification ought

to be brought together.

34, Brwvanpa tHusmtA, Hew. ( fabricit, Moore).

Mergui, Myitta. I cannot find any constant difference between

Mergui and Perak specimens.

35, Bivanpa metisa, Hew.

One male of this rare little species, Myitta, A similar kind

occurs at high elevations in Perak, but whether it is this species or

B. sceva, Hew., 1 am unable to say.

426 W. Doherty—Certain Lycwnide from Lower Tenasserim. [No. 4,

36, BDUANDA NICEVILOEI, n. sp., Plate XIII, fig. 16.

Male, above, violet (much richer and bluer than in B. thesmia),

slightly paler in the middle of the forewing, a narrow, even black border,

Hindwing with two subanal black spots bordered inwardly by an area

irrorated with whitish scales ; a marginal black and white line subanally,

the cilia partly white, as wellas most of the tails. Below, much like

B. melisa, the markings more rufous, less fuscous, the basal spots simple,

not annular, the transverse discal band and the outer margin of the

forewing rufous brown and ferruginous of various shades, the apical part

of the outer margin of the hindwing light ferruginous, the metallic

green area large, extending unbroken from the upper median to the

internal veins, the submarginal line straighter, and less undulated on

both wings, Hxpanse an inch and a half, the species being larger than

either melisa or scudderti. Two males, Myitta.

T name the species after Mr. Lionel de Nicéville, whose great work

on Indian butterflies, equally important for the information which it

coniains, and for the impetus which it is certainly destined to give to

the study of insects in the Hast, is now in progress.

37. BrpvANDA scuppERu, n. sp., Pl. XXIII, Fig. 14.

Allied to thesmia and somewhat resembling the female of that

species. Male, above, dark fuscous, an orange area occupying about a

sixth of the forewing, including the lower angle of the cell, and the disc

from the base of the lower radial to below the lower median vein; a

somewhat large, obscure violet-blue subapical area (not refulgent in

any light), not reaching the costa or the outer margin; the hind

margin is also tinged with violet. Hindwing dull fuscous, a large dull

violet area from the cell to the outer margin, between the lower sub-

costal and the lower median vein, from the cell to the marginal black

line, its inner part densely irrorated with bluish-white scales, beyond

which lies a transverse darker discal fascia ; subanal area nearly black,

cilia whitish subanally, tails chiefly black except at the tip. Underside

much as in thesmia, expanse as in melisa. One male, Mergui.

T name the species after Mr. 8. H. Scudder of Cambridge, Massa-

chusetts, the first numbers of whose magnificent work on the New Hng-

land butterflies IT have just had the good fortune to meet with.

38. SvAsa trsipus, Hew,

Myiita.

Aphneus Group (Aphneine ?).

39. AMBLYPODIA NARADA, Horsf.

The Mergui form (andersonii, Moore) seems identical with that

found in the Malay Peninsula. It is of a brighter, richer blue than

the North Indian variety,

~—

1889.] W. Doherty—Certain Lyceenide from Lower Tenasserim. 427

40. TicHmrRaA Actr, Moore.

Mergui, Myitta. My single female (Myitta) is remarkable in having

the white spots on the lower part of the hindwing united into a short

very broad band, such as occurs in some specimens of Oheritra freia.

41. Cumrirra rreia, Fab,

Mergui, Myitta,

42. BINDAHARA PHOCIDES, Fab,

One female, Mergui.

43. Znurus mroLus, Fab. (etolus).

Meregui, Myitta.

44, SintHusa amBpa, Hew.

Myitta. Differs from §. nasaka in the richer blue of the forewing,

and the much broader blue area of the hindwing.

45, NH yroLyc@NA BRYLUS, Godt.

Mergui, Myitta.

46. Cuisria ornona, Hew.

Myitta.

47, CHLIARIA MERGUIA, n. sp., Pl, XXIII, Fig, 2.

Male, above, dull indigo blue over half the forewing from the costal

vein almost to the lower angle, and over the hindwing from the upper

subcostal to the submedian vein ; cilia dark, lobe with a marginal white

line, tails edged and tipped with white. Below pearl grey, the apex of

the forewing widely, and the costa slenderly light fulyous brown, both

wings with a double reddish streak across the end of the cell, and a

slender, straight, brighter fulvous, transverse discal fascia, very slenderly

bordered with blackish and whitish lines. On the forewing this is near-

ly straight, unbroken, on the hindwing it is dislocated inwardly below

the upper median, and again below the lower median. Forewing with

an obscure darker submarginal line, cilia dark. Hindwing mostly grey,

the apex slightly tinged with rufous, the lower and anal part whit-

ish with two submarginal lunular bands, a large black spot, edged anally

with orange but without metallic scales, between the lower medians ;

lobe black edged with white, a slender black edge-line, cilia basally

whitish, outwardly dark. Tails much as in othona, the anal one longest,

A single male, Mergui. The species somewhat resembles Zeltus

etolus, though easily distinguished by the short tails and the absence

of the blue reflections above. It has still more resemblance to Sinthusa

amba. On account of the closely appressed costal and first subcostal

veins, I place it in Ohliaria, though its long narrow wings give it quite

a different aspect.

48, Tasurta JANGALA, Horsf.

Mergui, Myitta.

423 W. Doherty—Certain Lycwnide from Lower Tenasserim. [No. 4,

49. Dera pontna, Hew.

Mergui, Myitta, males only.

50. DAcALANa vipuRA, Horsf.

Mergui. The specimens resemble those from the Malay Peninsula

in all respects. As there seems to be some uncertainty about Hors-

field’s type, I have not substituted Mr. de Nicéville’s name Arrhenothri«

for Dacalana.

51. THamana Marctiana, Hew. (miniata).

Mergui.

52. Horaaca onyx, Moore.

Mergui. My specimens differ from Sikkim ones only in the ground

colour of the underside, which is greenish yellow instead of ochreous

brown. Only females taken.

53. ApPHNmUS LonITA, Horsf.

Mergui, Myitta.

54. Curtis MALAYIcA, Feld.

My specimens are very inconstant, as is usually the case in this

genus.

Subfamily DEUDORIGIN A,

Genus ARAOTES, noy.

55, ARAOTES LAPITHIS, Moore.

Mergui, Myitta, scarce.

56. Dnuportx mprarsas, Moore, (epijarbas).

Myitta.

57. Rapaua surrusa, Moore.

Mergui.

58. RAPALA sCHISTACEA, Moore.

Mergui. An abnormal female was taken with the transverse discal

band below wholly obsolete on both wings.

59. RapaLa sPHINX, Fab.

Two males, Myitta. The male of this species sometimes has and

sometimes has not a large black patch of metamorphosed scales on the

forewing above.

Subfamily PORITIN A.

Genus Portia.

In this genus the upper radial of the forewing originates at the

end of the cell, so that there is a very short upper discocellular. The

middle discocellular is upright and very slender, the lower obsolescent,

1889.] W. Doherty—Certain Lycenide from Lower Tenasserim. 429

In the hindwing the discocellulars are also very slender, the upper

rather long; the second bifurcation of the median‘vein is‘opposite;the

end of the cell. The apex of the forewing is rather rounded, the upper

part of the outer margin being strongly rounded. The markings of the

underside are annular and exceedingly variable. The sex-mark at the

base of the hindwing of the male is a conspicuous tuft of black hairs on

a dark ground. The hindwing of the female is less angled outwardly

than in Massaga.

60. PorrrtaA prraatioa, Hew.

Mergui, common. My females have the ochreous areas small, even

less than in Mr. Distant’s figure. Mr. de Nicéville has one from the

Malay Peninsula in which the hindwing is more than half ochreous.

The male is very variable, but I have no specimen so green, or with so

large and solid a coloured area as in Mr. Distant’s figure. There is in

all my specimens a triangular dark patch below the cell and a macular

blue band across the apex.

61. Porirta newirsontt, Moore, var. TAVOYANA, noy.

Myitta, Tavoy, common, The males are remarkably variable ; many

are wholly indistinguishable from those of phraatica. I have taken

every variation from those resembling Mr. Distant’s figure of phraatica,

to those with an irregular blue area below the cell, wholly separate from

a long submedian streak and a solid oblique subapical band. The under-

side varies greatly and does not differ from that of phraatica. The

female is pale blue over fully a third of the forewing, and has more

resemblance to the male than to the northern female with its small blue

area. In the Tavoy form this extends from the cell to the hind margin,

projecting in the interno-median space within an eighth of the outer

margin; there is a blue spot in the cell and a variable subapical band

sometimes obsolete. The blue area on the hindwing is variable but

usually considerable. The ochreous discal spot of the forewing is oc-

casionally present, though obscure.

Genus MAssaGa, nov.

I described this genus in 1886, the type being M. clorinda, which

now turns out to be the male of Poritia potina, Hewitson. Lately, being

dubious of its generic value, I asked Mr. de Nicéville to omit it in his

“ Butterflies of India,’ which he accordingly did. Subsequent exami-

nation and the discovery of the female have reassured me as to its dis-

tinctness.

In the forewing the upper radial originates a little beyond the cell,

so that there is no trace of an upper discocellular vein; the middle dis-

cocellular is rather stout and oblique, the lower distinct, sinuous. In

430 W. Doherty—Oertain Lycwnide: from Lower Tenasserim. [No, 4,

the hindwing, the cell is longer than in Poritia, the upper discocellular

short, very oblique, the lower long. The second forking of the median,

vein is considerably before the end of the cell. On the underside the

ving-markings of Poritia are replaced by simple transverse lines. The

apex of the forewing is more pointed, and is usually slightly falcate in

both sexes, the upper part of the outer margin being slhtly excised.

The tuft of the male is inconspicuous in itself, but placed on a conspi-

cuous ochreous patch, The hindwing of the female is conspicuously

angled. The sexes are exceedingly unlike. The species are all very

rare.

This genus is close to Deramas and Zarona, which it greatly re-

sembles, but differs in having one subcostal vein less.

62. MassaGa prpiapa, Hew., Pl. XXIII, Vig. 15.

Male, above, velvety black ; forewing with the following markings

rich bluish-green, varying according to the light, namely, one below

the cell, clavate, one basal below the internal vein, its terminal part

crossing the vein, one a little beyond the cell, oblique, consisting of three

quadrate spots, a submarginal row of six spots, the last larger, subcor-

date. Hindwing with a longitudinal mark in the interno-median space

from the base, united terminally with the inner of a row of three tri-

angular spots crossing the disc; three submarginal spots in the same

spaces as the discal ones, the middle small, lunular, the outer two semi-

circular, enclosing black spots, the subanal one largest. Below dull

rufous brown with a pale violet gloss; forewing with a broken macular

line of minute whitish spots across the disc, an outer-discal line of small

and very obseure pale lunules, beyond which lies a pale band, the margin

brighter rufous Hindwing, base and costa dull rufous brown, most of

the rest irrorated with whitish scales, an obscure .darker transverse

line with two sagittate marks on the median spaces, a submarginal

dark zigzag line bordered inwardly by a pale line, a marginal bright

reddish line bordered inwardly by slender black and white lines which

do not extend to the apex.

Female, above blackish, cilia and costa paler. Below rufous brown,

much lighter than in the male, a darker rufous streak across the end

of the cell of both wings, a similar slender transverse discal fascia, con-

tinuous on the forewing, broken and lunular on the hindwing, a darker

onter-discal line, obscure on the forewing, blackish subanally on the

hindwing, placed ina paler band beyond a darker rufous one; some

submarginal blackish scales near the anal angle of the hindwing, the

margin of the forewing brighter rufous, hindwing with a brighter rufous

marginal line bordered inwardly by slender black aud white lines sub-

anally,

1889.] W. Doherty—Certain Lyceenide from Lower Tenasserim. 431

63. Massaca porina, Hew. (? = Simishkina fulgens, Distant), Pl,

XXIII, Fig, 3.

Male, above velvety black with the following rich blue markings

varying according to the light, one below the cell, clavate, extending

widely into the median spaces, one below the internal vein, with a spot

above the end of it, a series of three spots a little beyond the end of the

cell, the upper obscure, the lower quadrate ; a submarginal series of six

spots, the lower one large and cordate. Hindwing with a longitudinal

mark in the interno-median space, from the base two-thirds to the outer

margin, two discal spots in the next two spaces, three marginal crescents

in these three spaces, the subanal one large with a streak outside of it

beyond the submedian vein. Below rufous brown, brighter than in

pediada ; forewing with an obscure darker rufous streak across the end

of the cell, a darker rufous line across the disc as far as the lower

median, bordered outwardly by a darker bluish-tinged space, an outer-

discal obscure lunular line, bordered inwardly by a paler bluish one and

outwardly by a broad pale space, which is conspicuous and somewhat

ochreous near the apex. Hind margin and interno-median space chiefly

dull ochreous, shining; a bright reddish marginal line, cilia blackish.

Hindwing, base and costa dark rufous-brown, the rest paler rufous,

a brighter rufous streak closing the cell, a similar discal series of lunules

irregularly placed, an obscure dark outer-discal lunular line obsolete

subapically, bordered both inwardly and outwardly by a paler bluish

space, and then by a brighter rufous one; a bright rufous marginal

line bordered snbanally by slender black and white ones, cilia dark,

Female, above bright orange-tawny, the apex and outer margin (not

the costa) widely blackish, the ends of the three median and the inter-

nal veins brown or even orange, the orange area almost semicircular

outwardly; the hind margin and the basal half of the interno-median

-space are always more or less irrorated with black scales, which algo

enter the base of the cell; a marginal rufous line, the cilia darker.

Hindwing orange, generally strongly irrorated with black, the veins

less so; an obscure submarginal band of darker quadrate spots; a rufous

marginal line, the cilia darker. Some specimens have almost the

whole upper surface orange, except the apex and margin of the fore.

wing. Below light rufous brown, much paler than in the male, the

markings darker ferruginous, resembling those of the male, but more

distinct.

One male and five females (only one fresh), taken near Myitta, in

the Tavoy district. The male differs from the male of pediada in

having the markings larger, clearer, and not bluish-green, but blue,

The underside is less dark and uniform, Both sexes are more falcate

432 W. Doherty—Oertain Lycewnide from Lower Tenasserim. [No. 4,

than in pediada, and of larger size. The female generally sits on a leaf

with half-open wings, and might easily be taken for a small Owrrhochroa,

or sometimes for a Lowura. In any case its entire departure from the

usual colours of the group indicates that it is likely to prove a mimic,

The female is somewhat variable. I have no doubt that it will

turn out conspecific with Poritia potina,—from the Malay Peninsula—

which I only know from Hewitson’s figure.

It seems also probable that the insect named by Mr. Distant

Simiskina fulgens and placed by him in the Hrycinide, is identical*

with or at least very closely allied to this species. Unfortunately, he

gives no description of the genus, merely noting two particulars in

which, it is true, it differs from all Eastern Lrycinide, but agrees with

the Poritias and with most other genera of the Lycenide. The figure

faithfully represents a rather worn and faded female of this species.

The egg differs from that of Poritia in having the hexagonal reti-

culations very regular and delicate ; it has the same extraordinary shape.

It differs wholly from the eggs of the Eastern Nemeobiade, which are all

round in horizontal section and without the slightest trace of reticula-

tion.

Subfamily LYCAININ Al.

Genus of uncertain position.

64, CATOP@CILMA ELEGANS, Druce.

Mergui, Myitta.

Lycena Group.

65. CATOCHRYSOPS STRABO, Fab.

Mergui, Myitta.

66. CATOCHRYSOPS PANDAVA, Horsf.

Mergui.

67. Catocurysops cnetus, Fab.

Mergui.

68. NACADUBA ARDATES, Moore.

Mergui, Myitta.

69. Nacapupa atrava, Horsf.

Myitta.

70. NaAcADUBA PAVANA, Horsf.

Myitta. Like macrophthalma, but with the lines of the underside

slender and distinct, the basal ones absent.

* Mr, Distant has since informed me that this is not the case.

1889.] W. Doherty—Certain Lycenide from Lower Tenasserim. 433

71. Nacapuspa viona, Horsf.

Mergui, Myitta.

72. Nacapusa pana, de Nice, (?=almora, Druce).

Myitta.

73, Lamprpes muianus, Fab,

Mergui, Myitta.

74, Lamprprs suspita, Moore.

Mergui, Myitta.

75. LaAmpipes Bocuus, Cram.

Tam not aware of any difference between Jamides and Lampides,

and think it likely that the former genus will have to fall before the

latter, which occurs earlier in Hiibner. It is to be hoped that no more

species of this genus will be described without an examination of the

prehensores, which are fortunately of great diversity in the different

kinds, as if to counterbalance their puzzling similarity in colours and

markings.

76. Potyommatus Baticus, Linneus.

Myitia.

77. Tarucus PLiInius, Fab.

Mergui.

78, EVERES UMBRIEL, n. sp., Pl. XXIII, Fig. 1.

Male, above black, the cilia of the hindwing and of the lower

angle of the forewing whitish, except at the ends of the veins. Below

grey-white (much whiter than in in H. kala) with the following blackish

markings, the discal ones quadrate. Forewing with a streak across the

end of the cell, a broad straight transverse discal band, inwardly dis-

located below the middle median, the lower part outwardly oblique,

outer margin widely dark, containing an inner lunular and an outer

slender whitish fascia. Hindwing with a large subcostal, a smaller

cellular and a minute abdominal spot all near the base, a streak across

the end of the cell, and a broad discal transverse band broken into four

quadrate masses of which only the upper two touch each other, the

first covering two spaces, the second (strongly dislocated outwardly)

three, and the third (nearer the base, oblique), two; the fourth being

a small lunule between the submedian and the internal veins. Outer

margin broadly dark, containing a row of whitish lunules (the subanal

one orange) surrounding black spots of which the two subanal ones are

touched with metallic green. A whitish submarginal and a black

marginal line, both very slender, the cilia and the tip of the tail white.

The broad, unbroken, quadrate discal bands of the underside easily

distinguish this peculiar species from Hveres kala, de Nicéville, which

has rows of round black spots instead. 2. kala has somewhat the aspect

434 W. Doherty—Certain Lycwnide from Lower Tenasserim. [No. 4,

of a Zizera and EH. wmbriel that of a Catochrysops. Both species may turn

ont to be mimics. Since the above was written I have taken ala in the

Naga Hills from 5,000 to 10,000 feet, along with species mostly Paleearc-

tic, while wmbriel is a purely tropical species, apparently not infrequent

in Tenasserim. The type specimen of kala is in my opinion a male,

so that these two species have wholly lost the usual blue colour of their

allies, in this resembling Hveres nyseus. That species, which seems also

to occur near Myitta (though I did not capture any), differs slightly

from the typical Hveres in having the discocellular veins of both wings

meeting at a perceptible angle, but ib seems scarcely worth while to

retain the genus (Talicada) which has been founded on it, I took two

males of wmbriel in the Tenasserim Valley, and observed one or two

others.

79, Hvyorus PARRHASIUS, Fab.

Mergui.

80. Hvxnrzs puri, Kollar.

Mergui, Myitta, These two species are wide-ranging. I have

taken both in the islands of Sumba and Sambawa, east of Java,

81. Ziznra promma, Snell,

Mergui. This also occurs in Sumba and Sambawa,

82, ZizuRA sANGRA, Moore.

Mergui, Myitta.

83, CAsTALIUS RoxUS, Godt.

Mergui, Myitta, In this as well as in the preceding genus, the

eyes are but slightly hairy.

84, CAgranius uTHION, Doub.

Mergui, Myitta.

85. Castanius Rosmmon, Fab.

Mergui, Myitta.

36, Cyaniris rRANSPHOTA, Moore.

Myitta. Iam not sure that this species is distinct from puspa.

87. COYANIRIS PLACIDA, de Nice.

Myitta.

88, QYANIRIS MELM@NA, un. sp. Pl. XXIII, Fig. 13.

Male, above, dark dull blue, resplendent in some lights, the blue

extending over less than half the surface of the forewing, sometimes

extending above the upper radial vein beyond the cell, the black area

very large occupying the upper part of the cell, widening at the lower

angle, and extending over more than a third of the hind margin. On the

hindwing the blue occupies hardly more than a third of the surface, and

does not approach either the costal or abdominal margin. There is no

whitish patch on the upper surface. Cilia whitish. Below grey-white

- se

1889.] W. Doherty—Certain Lycenide from Lower Tenasserim. 4835

with a slight silvery lustre. Forewing with a streak acrogs the end of

the cell anda curved discal line of six dark streaks set in paler rings, the

second, third, fourth and fifth outwardly oblique, the fifth and sixth

removed inwardly : a submarginal row of joined ocellus-like spots, con-

sisting of a dark lunule enclosing a pale, dark-pupilled spot, a marginal

dark line. Hindwing with three distinct basal spots, a streak across the

end of the cell, a very irregular series of discal spots, the first very

large and black, near the costa, the second minute, near the first but more

basal, the next four forming an oblique crescent (the fifth small, the sixth

larger, nearer the base), the seventh large, removed outwardly, the

eighth (between the submedian and the internal veins) smaller and

nearer the base. The submarginal ocelli are as in the forewing, the

inner Junular line more serrate. Female unknown,

This species, which is the darkest Cyaniris known, was taken in

the Tenasserim Valley in February, but in the rains it is perhaps con-

fined to higher lands. An apparently identical species is found in the

Malay Peninsula at a considerable height, and seems to be C. jynteana,

Distant (nec de Nicéville).

The genus Oyaniris is better represented in the tropics than ig

generally supposed. I have myself taken ten species, including haraldus,

in the Malay Peninsula, eight confined to high elevations; also, seven

in the mountains of Hastern Java and four in the Celebes, besides C.

duponchelii, Godt. (P=puspa, Moore) in Sumba and Sambawa, and C.

akasa in Sambawa at 4,500 feet elevation.

Pithecops Group.

89. NuoprrHncorps zALMoRA, Butler.

Mergui, Myitta, commoner than P. hylax, The species occurs in

Java and Sumba, but is rare in both. It is common from the Chitta-

gong Hill Tracts to South-Hastern Borneo,

90, Piruncops uynax, Fab,

Myitta, Mergui, scarce.

91. Mucispa manaya, Horsf.

Myitta, Mergui, The species occurs unchanged in Borneo, Java,

Sumba, and Sambawa, Not being protected like the two preceding

genera, it has acquired narrower and more pointed wings, and a much

swifter flight.

Genera of Uncertain Position.

92. NipHanpA oympra, de Nice.

One male, Myitta. I have taken the allied N. fessellata in Province

Wellesley, and the Kedah State, Malay Peninsula, where it is very

rare.

436 W. Doherty—Certain Lycenide from Lower Tenasserim. ([No. 4,

93, LycCRNASTHES LYCENINA, Feld.

Mergui, Myitta.

94, LiyCHNHESTHES BENGALENSIS, Moore.

Mergui, Myitta.

95. Spatcis Epius, West.

Mergui, differing slightly from Indian specimens, the discal white

patch on the forewing below conspicuous. The genus is found every-

where from the Himalayas to Amboyna (occurring in all the islands

east of Java), and the species, if there are more than one, are very hard

to make out. They live in the drier districts only, the larva apparently

feeding on acacias.

96. TARAKA HAMADA, Druce.

Myitta. I have also taken it in Eastern Java at 4-5000 feet

elevation.

Subfamily GERYDIN A.

Genus MALats, nov.

Differs from Logania in the short, thick, slightly flattened legs, the

tibie being thickest in the middle.

97, Matazs sriwa, Distant.

One female (Mergui) is obviously of this species. It is possibly

distinct from DL. marmorata, Moore, but the bad state of the types of

that species makes its difficult to decide. I postpone a fuller descrip-

tion of the genus.

Of this genus another species occurs ab Bassein, Burma; it is one

of the smallest and obscurest of Indian butterflies. Logania malayica

geems rare in the Malay Peninsula (where a number of allied forms

occur), but it is rather common in South-Eastern Borneo. The genus

igs also represented in the Celebes. Logania andersonii, Moore, from

Mergui, which is probably the Hypolycena libna of Hewitson, is

apparently not related to the Gerydine, though the wretched state of

the sole type makes it difficult to say where it does belong, The

venation is extraordinary. There are only three subcostal branches

(according to Mr. de Nicéville’s phraseology two nervules besides the

nervure), the first of which is united with the costal vein for a very

short distance.

98, AxtoTinus NivaLis, Druce, (Paragerydus nivalis, Distant ;

Logania substrigosa, Moore).

This species must be placed in Allotinus, the third subcostal branch

being emitted immediately before the end of the cell, leaving a short

but distinct upper discocellular vein, as required by Felder’s definition

of the genus.

1889.] W. Doherty—Certain Lycwnide from Lower Tenasserim. 437

If substrigosa be distinct from nivalis, my specimens from Mergui

and Myitta must be called by that name. But I believe that the two

are merely extreme forms of a single species, in which the size and

distinctness of the markings of the underside vary greatly. It is a

common species from Tavoy to South-Hastern Borneo, and obviously

mimics Neopithecops zalmora, Butler, from which it is indistinguishable

when flying.

99. ALLOTINUS ALKAMAH, Distant,

This species represents the Javanese A. subviolaceus, Felder, from

Mergui to South-Hastern Borneo. The sexes are much alike. In my

Tenasserim females the dise of the hindwing is largely covered with

bluish scales.

In some specimens of Allotinus drumila the third subcostal originates

slightly before the end of the cell, leaving the upper discocellular very

distinct, while in others it originates after the end of the cell and

there is no upper discocellular just as in Paragerydus taras. It is algo

remarkable for the very irregular outline of the wings. This feature

is lacking in Allotinws multistrigatus, in which the subcostal originates

opposite the end of the cell, the upper discocellular being therefore

minute.

100. PARAGERYDUS HORSFIELDII, Moore, (Allotinus aphocha, Kheil).

This is the commonest of the Gerydine from the Chittagong Hill

Tracts to South-Eastern Borneo, found in great numbers wherever

there is deep shade. I am inclined to think that this species (and not

taras with its conspicuous reddish apex and margin) is the Allotinus wni-

color of Felder, but without examining the types of that species it is

impossible to decide,

The cell in this species ends halfway* between the bases of the se-

cond and third subcostals, which in the male are approximate, On

this character the genus Paragerydus has been formed, but it is impro-

bable that it can be retained distinct from Allotinus. The following

species seems to be structurally halfway between the two.

101. PaRacerypUs TARAS, n. sp., Pl. XXIII, Fig. 10.

Above, dark brown, deepest apically on the forewing, lacking both

the elongate discal brand of the male, and the pale discal area of the

female of P. horsfieldit. Below the ground is creamy whitish (dull bluish

grey in P. horsfieldii, the strie less numerous, especially discally and

basally, and less evenly distributed ; the apex of the forewing is widely

tinged with rufous brown, the cilia rather long and also rufous brown ;

a rufous brown marginal line; the transverse macular discal band is

* In the female. In some males it ig nearer the base of the second.

488 W. Doherty—OCertain Lyewnide from Lower Tenasserim. [No. 5,

nearly as obvious as in P. horsfieldii, but is composed of slender, crescent-

shaped markings, beyond which is a gubmarginal line of blackish dots,

of which the subapical ones on the forewing, situated in the brown

area, are touched outwardly with white.

In the male the forewing is longer and more acute than in P. hors-

fieldit, its outer margin but little curved, while in the female its upper por-

tion is strongly convex. In the hindwing the degree of marginal undu-

lation varies greatly, as is also the case with horsfieldit. The female is

paler than the male and while flying has almost the air of a white

butterfly.

The prehensores obviously differ from those of horsfieldii, the tips of

the unci (tegumina) being rounded and but slightly oblique, while in

P. horsfieldii they are very oblique and regularly tapering. As seen from "4

the side, the clasps (harpagones) end in two processes separated by a

deep sinus, the upper longest, and ending in a strong hook directed

upwards. In P. horsfieldii the upper process is obsolescent, represented

only by an angle in the upper contour of the other.

The types are from the Tenasserim Valley, east of Tavoy, Burma.

I have also taken it in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. An apparently

identical form occurs in the Malay Peninsula and South-Hastern Borneo, va

but I have no specimens now available for comparison. }

The venation of this species is interesting. The origin of the third

subcostal vein is immediately beyond the end of the cell, so that, as in

Paragerydus horsfieldii, there is no upper discocellular vein, In the

male, the second and third subcostal veins are remarkably approximate

throughout, and the bifureation of the latter is nearer the end of the

cell than the apex of the wing. Tn this it resembles Allotinus alkamah.

102. Gmrrpus ANCON, n. sp., Pl. XXIII, Fig. 8.

Male, above, forewing with the apex and outer margin black, and

the base (as well as the hindwing) dull fuscous leaving about two-fifths

of its area pure white. A white band extends obliquely from the costa

one-fourth from the base, widening to the middle median vein two-

thirds from the base, where it touches another white area extending

from the middle median vein to the hind margin, of which it occupies the

middle two-thirds, filling likewise nearly two-thirds of the interno- =

median space, and extending, except at its excised lower angle, within

one-eighth of the outer margin, leaving the basal third of the interno-

median space fuscous, and almost enclosing, with the superior band, an 4

elongate black area occupying the basal part of the lower median space '

and united with the fuscous basal area. The upper median vein é

is swollen where it crosses the white band, from just beyond its origin ‘

Below light rufous brown, the i

one-fourth towards its termination.

1889, W. Doherty—Certain Lyceenides from Lower Tenasserim. 439

iy. )

white areas of the upperside reduced in size and set in a wide blackish

area, a marginal dark line on the forewing, and a series of obscure dark

submarginal dots on both wings. Hindwing with obscure mottlings

of slightly different shades of pale brown; three of these between the

costal and subcostal veins are bordered by transverse blackish lines ;

an irregular blackish fascia extends obliquely across the dise from the

submedian space to the radial vein.

My single female lacks of course the swelling of the upper median

vein, The hindwing is slightly angled in the middle. The lower white

area of the forewing is much smaller, being narrow and oblique, occu-

pying only one-third of the hind margin, bent inwardly just above the

internal vein, its terminal quadrate portion (between the middle median

vein and the middle of the interno-median space) being dehiscent out-

wardly along the line of the lower median vein. The underside is

paler, less reddish and more variegated than in the male, with the mark-

ings very irregular, Expanse 2% inches,

Two males and a female, from the Tenasserim Valley, Tavoy district,

103. Gerrypus croTon, n. sp., Pl. XXIII, Fig. 9.

Male, above, dark brown, the apical part of the forewing black, an

obscure fuliginous whitish band extending obliquely from beyond the

end of the cell to the middle median vein two-thirds from its origin,

two obscure whitish spots beyond and below it, one on each side of the

lower median vein, the lower sometimes obsolete. Below very dark,

variegated with many shades of brown; the band is dull ochreous,

broad and well marked, the upper of the two spots is large and but

slightly separated from it, the lower very small, oblique and distinct,

there are some costal markings, a subapical cordate spot, and three sub-

marginal blackish dots. The hindwing has the basal half very dark

with some paler brown transverse markings edged with dark, a blackish

semicircular band with a slight bluish gloss extending across the wing

beyond the cell, after which comes a semicircle of joined cordate

reddish-brown macule, beyond which the ground is again dark, with

a light brown marginal band near the apex.

Female, upperside. The band is more distinct and nearly white,

extending obliquely almost to the costa and to the middle median vein

two-thirds from its origin, the upper of the two spots separated from it

only by the vein, the lower smaller and more isolated. Below much

lighter and more variegated than the male, the dark submarginal dots

forming a complete series on the forewing, the outer part of the hind-

wing pale brown, except a large sordid area centreing round the upper

median vein, Hxpanse over two inches,

The lower angle of the forewing is in this species somewhat less pr o-

duced inferiorly than in G, ancon, the hindwing of the female somewhat

440 W. Doherty—Certain Lycenide from Lower Tenasserim. [No. 4,

more angled in the middle, the upper median vein of the forewing of the

male is not swollen. The prehensors differ but slightly.

Three males anda female taken in the Tenasserim Valley. Like the

preceding species it has a strong irregular flight (quite different from

the feeble uncertain motions of the Paragerydi and Loganias), wheeling

many times round the same circle, or up and down a certain length of

the path, and would be difficult to catch but for its habit of returning

again and again to the same leaf.

104. Gurrypus Borspuvatit, Moore.

One female from the Tenasserim Valley, Tavoy district.

105. Gerrypus pias, Distant.

One female, Tenasserim Valley, These four species of Gerydus

differ somewhat in the length of the cell which increases in the follow-

ing order—croton, ancon, boisduvalit, biggsit. In the first, the end of the

cell is immediately beyond the origin of the second subcostal, in the

last halfway between those of the second and third, as in Paragerydus.

Another female Gerydus from the Tenasserim Valley resembles

G. biggsii, but the white of the forewing occupies the whole disc and

two-thirds of the cell, just reaching the hind margin and covering near-

ly half the area of the wing. The hindwing is all brown, and the under-

side much as in biggsiz.

Subfamily LIPHYRIN AL.

T saw what I supposed to bea male of this species, near Myitta,

flying slowly in tho twilight, Having no net with me, I lost it. The

species of Allotinus are also often seen flying almost till dark.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII.

Everes umbriel, n. sp, df, p. 433.

Chliaria merguia, n. sp., o, p. 427.

Massaga potina, Hew., @, p. 431.

Surendra florimel, n. sp., 9, p. 424.

Flos artegal, n. sp., @', p. 423.

Arhopula duessa, n. sp., d', p. 419,

Arhopala hellenore, n. sp., d', p. 422,

Gerydus ancon, n. sp., d'. p. 438.

Gerydus croton, n. sp., g, p. 439.

Paragerydus taras, n. sp., #7, p 437.

Arhopala perissa, nu. sp., &, p. 419.

OOoNTonk one

Arhopala pastorella, n. 8p., do, p. 418.

Cyaniris melena, n. sp., &, p. 404.

Biduandu scudderii, n. sp., &, p. 426.

Massaga pediada, Hewitson, d, p. 430,

Biduanda nicevillet, n. sp., o, p. 426,

Surendra florimel, n. sp, o', p. 424.

Arhopala belphobe, n. sp. 0", p. 421,

CONTENTS

OF THE NATURAL HISTORY PART (PT. I.) OF THE

JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL FOR 1888.

No. 1, (issued June 8th, 1888). Notes on Indian Ruynonora ;

Hnurnroprura, No. 3.—By H. T. Arxrnson, B. A.—A General Theorem

on the Differential Equation of Trajectories—By AsurosH MUKHOPADHYAY,

M. A, F R.A. S., F. R. 8S. EH. On Poisson's Integral.—By Asurosa

Moxrnopapuvay, M. A., F.R.A.S., F. R. 8. EH. (With a Woodent.)

On the Nature of the Towic Principle of the Aroides.—By A. Pupumr,

and C. J. H. Warven, F. C. 8. (ond, and Berl.), Professor of Chemistry,

Medical College, Calcutta.

No. 2, (issued July 19th, 1888). Notes on Indian Ruynxouora ;

Hursroprera, No. 5.— By E. T. Arxinson, B. A. On recent Tornadoes

in Bengal with special reference to the Tornado at Dacca on April 7th,

1888. Intwo Parts. Part I. A Description of the Meteoroloyical Condi-

tions in Bengal which accompanied the Formation of the Dacca Tornado.—

By Avex. Pepipr, Ofig. Meteorological Reporter to the Government of

Bengal. Part II. A full Deseription of the actual Phenomena of the

Dacca Tornado.—By A. Crompin, M. D., Civil Surgeon of Dacca. (With

Plates XXIV.—XXIX.)

No. 3, (issued October 10th, 1888). Natural History Notes from

H. Mls Indian Marine Survey Steamer ‘Investigator,’ Oommander

Atrrup.Carrenter, R. N., D. 8. O., Commanding. No. 9. Further

Notes on the Amphipoda of Indian Waters.—By G. M. Ginns, M.B.,

F. R. CO. S., Surgeon-Naturalist to the Marine Survey. (With Plates

VI—XII.) On Hupetaurus, a new form of Flying Squirrel from

Kashmir.—By O.primnp Tuomas, British Musewm (Natural History)

Communicated by Tou Narorat History SzcreraAry. (With Plates.

XXII. and XXII1.)

No. 4, (issued March 23rd, 1889.) On new or little-known Butterflies

from the Indian Region.— By Lioxet pz Nice/vitun, F. H. S., C. M. Z. 8.

(With Pls. XIII and XIV.) A List of the Ferns of Simla in the N. W.

Himalaya between Levels of 4,500 and 10,500 feet.—By H. I. Buanrorp,

F.R.S.. (With Pls. XVI.—XXI.) On the Differential Equation of all

Parabolas—By AsurosH Muxnoprapnyay, M. A., F. R. A.S., FL R.S. E.

New or little-known India Rhynchota.— By HK. T. Arxinson, B. A. (With

Pl. XV.) The Butterflies of the Nilgirt District, South India.—ByG

Hampson, B. A., Ooll. Bxon., Oxon. Oommunicated by Tur Supmrinren-

pent or tHE InptAn Musnum. The Psychrometer and the Oondensing

Hygrometer.—By S. A. Hinn, B. Sc., Meteorological Reporter to the

Government of the North-Western Provinces and Outh. Anoplophrya

wolosomatis, a new Ciliate Infusorian parasitic in the Alimentary Canal of

Aolosoma chlorostictum W.-M., MSS.—By Henry H. Anpurson, B. A.

Communicated by Tun Mrcroscoprcan Socrery or Cancurra. (With

Pl. 1.) On certain Features in the Geological structures of the Myelat

District of the Southern Shan States in Upper Burmah as affecting the

Drainage of the Oountry.—By Bricapimr-Gennran H. Connnrr, C. B.

Communicated by Dr. D. D. Cunnincuam. Notes on some Objects from a

Neolithic Settlement recently discovered by Mr. W. H. P. Driymr, at Ranchi

in the Chota Nagpore District. —By J. Woov-Mason, Superintendent of the

Indian Musewm, and Professor of Comparative Anatomy in the Medical

College of Bengal, Calcutta. (With Pls, II.—V.)

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ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL,

Vol. LVIII, Part II, No. V—1889.

EDITED BY

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within these limits its inquiries will be extended to whatever is performed by

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CONTENTS.

———

Page

XXIV.—Index to the first five Papers on Indian Rhynchota, com-

pleting the Family Pentatomide :—I, Journ. lvi, Pt. ii, p. 22,

1887 ; II, +b., p. 144; III, ib., lvii, p. 1, 1888 ; IV, 7b., p. 118:

V, 2b., lviii, 20, 1888.—By H. T, ArKinson, B. A. sce eececeseee 440

HW Oxnet avast sees: ireuut cast ket Airis COCO Hei SAD odeoe 44,9

Title-page &c.

Plates XXII and XXIII illustrating Dr. Alcock’s paper on new and

rare Fishes from the Bay of Bengal and Dr. Doherty’s paper on

Lycenide from Lower Tenasserim respectively.

Les Atkinson —Indowey 441

1889. ] (pers on Rhynchota.

XXIV.—Index to the first five Papers on Indian Rhynchota, completing

the Family Pentatomide :—I, Journ. lvi, Pt. ii, p. 22, 1887: II, 2.,

p. 144: IIL, ib, lvii, p. 1, 1888: IV, <b., p. 118: V, ib., lviii, 20,

1888.—By WH. T. Arxinson, B. A.

ABrEonA, lvii, p. 146,

gladiatoria, 146,

serrata, 146,

ACANTHTIA,

histeroides, lviii, 104,

ACANTHOSOMINA, lviii, p. 20.

ACANTHOSOMA, lviii, p. 21,

alaticornis, 26,

aspera, 25.

binotata, 25.

cornutum, 81,

difficilis, 23.

distincta, 22.

dubia, 23.

elongata, 24,

forfex, 24,

hamata, lvii, 150.

heterospila, lviii, 29.

immunda, 26,

laevicornis, 23.

lineatum, 28.

megacephalum, 21.

nigricornis, 27.

proxima, 22.

punctatum, 36.

recurvum, 35.

rufescens, 30.

truncatula, 26.

uniguitatum, 28.

ACATALECTUS, lvi, p. 45.

clarus, 46,

magnus, 45,

ACESINES, lvii, p. 131.

breviceps, 182.

ACROSTERNUM, lvii, p. 118,

gramineum, 118.

Apri, lvii, p. 34.

parvula, 34.

Anbrisa, lvi, p. 45,

clara, 46.

magna, 45.

AmDNUS, lvii, p, 14.

obscurus, 14,

similis, 14,

ventralis, 15.

ARLIA,

crucifera, lvii, p. 48.

depressa, 31.

furcata, lviii, 104,

glandulosa, 98.

histeroides, 104.

nubila, lvii, 48.

rostrata, lvili, 107.

AnniomorPna, lvii, p.

lineaticollis, 37.

AESOHRUS, lvii, p. 35.

obscurus, 36.

tuberculatus, 36.

AxscuRocorts, lvii, p. 35.

obscurus, 386.

tuberculatus, 36.

AxETuHUS, lvi, p. 46.

badius, 54,

borrei, 47.

brevipennis, 59,

brunneus, 54,

elongatus, 56.

foveolus, 58.

impressicollis, 47.

indicus, 47.

maurus, 49,

opacus, 54.

palliditarsus, 56.

perosus, 47,

perpunctatus, 48,

pygmaeus, 55.

varians, 50.

AGatus, lvii, p. 49,

mimusg, 51.

tessellatus, 50.

AGATHOCLES, lvii, p. 152.

limbatus, 153.

AGONOSCELIS, lvii, p. 48,

femoralis, 48.

indica, 48.

nubila, 48,

Axcimus, lvii, p. 66,

coronatus, 67,

flavicornis, 68,

ALPHOcORIS, !vi, p, 186,

lixoides, 187

AMACOSIA,

AMASENUS, vii, p. 160,

corticalis, 160,

AMAUROPEPLA, Ivi,

denticulata, 198.

AMAURUS,

brevicornis, lviii, 92.

cupreus, 93.

inermis, 98.

AMBIORIX, lvii, p. 144,

aenescens, 144,

Amissvs, Iviii, p. 62.

Atlas, 63,

Amynror, lyvii, p. 153,

obscurns, 154

AMYOTHEA,

dystercoides, lvii, p. 182.

nigripes, 182,

ANAnocts.

misellus, lvii, p. 42.

ANAXANDRA, lyiii, p, 30.

compacta, 34,

cornuta, 31.

fulvicornis, 33.

hamata, 84.

nigrocornuta, 32.

nigrolineata, $2,

rufescens, 80.

sigillata, 32.

tauriformis, 33,

Anrast1A, lvii, p. 185.

anchora, 135,

apicalis, 166.

cruciata, 187.

flavovaria, 140,

historio, 14.2.

modificata, 138,

pulchra, 136.

varipennis, 141,

APINES, lvyii, p. 138,

concinna, 139.

ApopiPuus, lvii, p. 4,

amyegdali, 4.

hellenicus, 5.

APODIPHYA, lvii, p. 4.

amygdali, 5.

hellenica, 5.

Axcroceris, lvi, p. 189,

44.2

incisus, 189.

ARMA.

geometrica, lvii, p. 177.

lurida, 181

spinidens, 177.

turbida, 183.

velata, 182,

AsIARcHA, lyiii, p. 72.

nigridorsis, 72.

Asoprn, lvii, p. 169,

Asopvs, lvii, p. 181.

argus, 182.

armiger, 175.

chiropterus, 173.

coeruleus, 169.

dystercoides, 182.

geometricus, 177.

luridus, 181.

mactans, 182.

malabaricus, 182.

nigripes, 182.

ulceratus, 173.

verrucifer, 172.

AsPIDESTROPHUS, lvi, p. 200.

lineola, 200.

morio, 200.

AsponaGorts, lviii, p. 87.

alternans, 85.

amethystinus, 75.

brunneus, 87.

circumcinetus, 91.

depressicornis, 85.

fuseus, 90.

janus, 88.

marginalis, 90,

nepalensis, 90.

nigriventris, 89.

nigroaeneus, 91.

obscurus, 88.

ochreus, 89.

sanguinolentus, 89.

siccifolius, 89.

nnicolor, 90,

vicinus, 88.

AstyAnax, lvii, p. 129,

trimaculatus, 130.

Asyta, lvii, p. 164.

indicatrix, 165.

ArpuipEs, lviii, p. 94.

centrolineatus, 94.

ArrnocERa, lviii, p. 102.

furcatus, 102.

AvpineriA, lvii, p. 176.

aculeata, 177.

spinidens, 177.

Axracastus, lvii, p. 128.

rosmarus, 129,

Baarana, lvii, p. 58.

picta, 58.

E. T. Atkinson—Index to first five Papers on Rhynchota.

Basicryprus, lviii, p. 99.

illuminatus 99.

BATHYCOELIA.

indica, lvii, p. 145.

BELLOCORIS, lvi, p. 187.

Bexorts, lvii, p. 9.

nnicolor, 9.

Buss1pA, lvii, p. 84.

scutellaris, 84.

Bracuta, lyii, p. 171.

duealis, 171.

Bonaca, lvii, p. 69.

nnicolor, p. 70.

BRACHYAULAX, lyi, p. 163.

oblonga, 164.

BRACHYPELTA, lvi, p. 49.

aterrimus, 50.

elevata, 50.

tristis, 50.

BRAcHYPLATY’S lyi, p. 26.

adjuncta, 30.

bistriga, 29.

pburmeisteri, 29.

cognata, 29.

nitidus, 29.

radians, 27.

silphoides, 28, 29.

subaeneus, 28,

Vahlii, 27.

Cc,

Carnina, lvi, p. 191.

variolosa, 191.

Cauacta, lvi, p. 24.

lugubris, 35.

rufo-notata, 24.

Caruipea, lvi, p. 166.

abdominalis, 181.

baro, 167.

basilica, 172.

bengalensis, 172.

coelestis, 178.

contraria, 191.

coxalis, 169.

dilaticollis, 181.

dispar, 149.

distinguenda, 167.

dorsalis, 179.

eques, 179.

fascialis, 189: lvii, p. 184

formosa, 179.

gibbula, 190.

grandis, 166.

histeroides, 190.

lanius, 163.

lateralis, 182.

morginella, 178.

nobilis, 165.

ocellata, 149,

obtusa, 183.

ornata, 176.

[No.

patricia, 172.

porphyricola, 176.

pulchella, 177.

purpurea, 174.

Roylii, 182.

Schwaneri, 179.

sceripta, 190.

sexmaculata, 168.

spinigera, 183.

Stockerus, 172, 174, 181.

Stollii, 175.

sumatran@ 181.

CannipnArA, lvi, p. 161, 164,

amethystina, 163.

baro, 167.

buquetii, 165.

dispar, 149. +

grandis, 166.

Lris, 168.

nepalensis, 163.

nobilis, Fabr., 162.

nobilis, Linn., 165.

oblonga, 164.

obscura, 165.

CALLIPREPES, Iviii, p. 47.

Grayi, 48.

Canrao, lvi, p. 149,

dispar, 149.

ocellatus, 149.

rufipes, 149.

Cantuncona, lvii, p. 173.

binotata, 174.

furcellata, lvii, p. 175.

tibialis, lvii, p. 174.

Cappana, lvii, p. 21. |

multilinea, 22 |

taprobanensis, 22. {

CarBut, lvii, p. 43.

bignttata, 44,

fusea, 44.

obscura, 44.

scutellata, 45.

Carenoscarrous, lvii, p. 127.

maculipes, 127.

Carpocorts, lvii, p. 29.

baccarum, 80.

nigricornis, 29, 183.

Caracantuus, lvii, p. 70.

aurantius, 71.

incarnatus, 71.

Cazira, lvii, p. 171.

chiroptera, 173.

internexa, 172.

ulcerata, lvii, p. 173.

verrucosa, 172, 173.

Oxrcyrina, lvii, p. 170.

platyrhinoides, 170.

Cephaloctenus, lvi, p. 37.

CrrHaocrevs, lvi, p. 37.

melolonthoides, 37.

CERATAULAX, lvi, p. 201,

=»

1889.] 4H. T. Atkinson—Index to first five Papers on Rhynchota. 443

Cuitocoris, lvi, p. 57.

nitidus, 57.

parumpunctatus, 58.

piceus, 58.

Curysocoris, lvi, p. 166,

170.

andamanensis, 171, 177.

atriventris, 170, 171.

coxalis, 169.

dilaticollis, 171, 181.

elatus, 170, 172.

eques, 171, 179.

fascialis, lvii, p. 184.

grandis, lvi, p. 166.

hypomelaena, 171,

Tris, 168.

marginellus, 171, 178.

ornatus, 171, 176.

patricius, 170, 172.

porphyricolus, 171, 176.

pulchellus, 171, 177.

purpureus, 170, 174.

Stockerus, 181.

Stolii, 171, 175, 181.

viridis, 170, 175.

CimeEx,

afer, lviti, p. 88.

amethystinus, 75.

anchora, lvii, p. 185.

aterrimus, lvi, p. 50.

aurantius, lvii, p. 71.

baccarum, 30, 31.

beryllus, 125.

bicolor, lvi, p. 60.

biguttatus, lvii, p. 44.

binotatus, 44.

bispinosus, lvi, p. 194,

boutanicus, lvii, p. 155.

brevipennis, lyi, p. 59.

brevicorne, lviii, p. 92.

brunneus, 87.

cappata, lvii, p. 183.

chinensis, lviii, p. 56.

cinerea, lyii, p. 183.

cinnamomeus, 23,

clavatus, lvi, p. 208.

coarctatus, 195.

coeruleus, lvii, p. 169.

cordiger, 184,

corneus, 183.

cribrarius, 31.

cruciatus, 137.

dama, 160,

dentatus, 7.

dispar, lvi, p. 149.

dominulus, lyii, p. 53.

Druraei, lyi, p. 153.

elector, lvii, p. 180.

eques, lvi, p. 179.

erynyti, lvii, p. 29.

fallam, 52.

fasciatus, lvi, p. 162.

festivus, lvii, p. 52, 58.

jimbriatus, 124,

flavescens, lvii, p. 148.

Frischii, 183.

fullo, 5.

furcellatus, lvii, p. 175.

gastricus, 14, «

graminews, 118.

grandis, lvi, p. 166,

guttatus, lvii, p. 6.

gultigerus, 39.

hamatus, 150,

hemichloris, 120.

histrio, 142,

Hiibneri, 143.

humeralis, 150.

incarnatus, 71.

Janus, lviii, p. 88.

javanicus, 55,

limbatus, lvii, p. 59.

luridus, 180.

mactans, 182.

malabaricus, 182,

marmoreus, 23.

maurus, lvi, p. 188.

melanopus, lyii, p. 71.

MUCOTEUS,

niger, lvi, p. 50.

nigricornis, lvii, p. 29.

niyripes, 71.

nobilis, Linn., lvi, p. 165.

nobilis, Fabr., 161.

nubilus, lvii, p. 48.

obscwrus, lviii, p. 88.

ocellatus, L49.

oculatus, Wabr., lvi, p. 202.

oculatus, Pabr.,lvii,p. 182,

ornatus, 54,

papillosus, lvili, p. 56.

patricius, lvi, p. 172.

pictus, lvii, p. 58.

picus, 23.

prasinus, 28.

purpureipennis, 183.

pustulatus, lvi, p. 165.

rubens, lviti, p. 75.

rubrofasciatus, lvii, p. 143,

Schranki, 183.

seladonicus, 118.

serratus, 150.

silphoides, lvi, p. 28.

sinensis, lviii, p. 56.

smaragdulus, lyii, p. 119.

spinidens, 177.

spinipes, lvi, p. 54

spirans, lvii, p. 120.

Stockerus, lvi, p. 174.

Stollii, 175.

sulcatus, lvii, p. 7.

surinamensis, lviii, p. 88.

taurus, lvii, p. 159.

testudinaria, 188,

torquatus, 120.

tristis, lvi, p. 50.

uniguitatus, lviii, p. 28.

Vahlit, lvi, p. 27.

verbasci, lvii, p. 31.

viridissimus, Poda, 28.

viridissimus, Wolff, 120.

viridulus, 120.

Cinx1A, lvii, p. 59.

limbata, 59.

Curnocoris, lviii, p. 35.

eruciger, 36.

maculatus, 37.

punctatus, 36.

recurvus, 35.

scutellata, 37.

Copoputna, lvii, p. 32.

maculicollis, 32.

COELOGLOSSA, lvi, p. 146.

Corntna, lvi, p. 191.

variolosa, 191,

Conpoproctvs, lviii, p. 87.

CompaAstEks, lvii, p. 154,

boutanicus, 155.

spinosus, 155.

truncatus, 155.

Coprosoma, lyi, p, 30.

assamensis, 35,

atomarium, 31.

brevis, 35,

cicatricosa, 34,

cincta, 33.

cinctum, 32, 33.

circumscripta, 32

cribraria, 31.

duodecimpunctata, 30.

fimbriata, Ivii, p. 10.

integra, lvi, p. 35.

nepalensigs, 32.

pardalina, 32.

parvula, 34,

punctiventris, 35.

sphaerula, 33.

tigrina, 35.

xanthochlora, 34.

COSMOOCORIS, lvi, p. 166,

169.

Craronortvs, lvii, p. 47.

coloratus, p. 47.

CrusPHontes, lvii, p. 184,

nigro-maculatus, 134,

Crussona, lviii, p. 96.

valida, 97.

Crituevs, lyii, p. 130.

lineatifrons, 131.

CuspPIcona, lvii, p. 147,

antica, 149.

curtispina, 148,

plagiata, 148.

Adds

smaragdina, 149,

virescens, 145.

Cyctorera, lviii, p. 85.

obscura, 895.

siccifolia, 89,

tartarea, 86.

trimaculata, 86.

CypninA, lvi, p. 36.

Cypnvs, lvi, p. 46, 49.

apicalis, 55,

aterrimus, 50.

bicolor, 60.

brevipennis, 59,

brunneus, 54:

brunnipennis, 50,

carbonarius, 50.

cyrtomenoides, 50.

elongatus, 56,

indicus, 47.

laticeps, 52.

latipes, 39.

nieritus, 52.

mubilosa, 60.

oblongus, 56.

pallidicornis, 55.

prowimus, 54,

yarociliatus, 55,

sanguinicollis, 50.

spinipes, Schrk, 50,

Fabr., 54,

spinipes, E

tristis, 50.

varians, 50.

DALCANTHA, lvili, p. 80.

dilatata, 81.

inermipes, 81.

regia, Sl.

Sancti Fargavii, 77.

Servillei, 80.

Stalii, 81.

Danpana, lvi, p. 202.

affinis, 206.

alternans, 205.

angulicollis, lvii, p. 1,

apicifera, 4.

asperse, lyi, p.

brevis, lvii, p.

brevivitta, 2.

bulvifera, 1.

cinctipes, 4.

clavata, lvi, p. 203.

concinna, 204

confusa, lvii, p. 3.

congobrina, 4.

nigricollis, lvi, p. 204.

nodifora, lvii, p. 4.

obtusicollis, 26,

oculata, lvi, p. 202.

pilicornis, 208,

remota, lvii, p. 23.

O02.

pro

B. T. Atkinson—Index to first five Papers on Rhynchota.

tecta, 3.

triguttata, 1.

trimaculata, 1.

varia, lvi, p. 205.

versicolor, 203.

DaxsirA, lviii, p. 97.

glandulosa, 98.

Diniporina, lviii, p. 85.

Dinipor, lviii, p. 85.

amethystinus, 76.

depressicornis, 85.

DipLoruInes, lviii, p. 101.

furcatus, 102.

quadricornis, 101.

DrprostirA, lvii, p. 127.

valida, 127,

Donycorts, lvii, p. 80.

baccarum, 30, 31.

indicus, 32.

verbasci, 31.

EDESSA.

amethustina, lvili, p. 75.

awrantia, lvii, p. 71.

brevicornis, lviii, p: 92.

dama, Ivii, p. 160.

glandulosa, lviii, p. 98.

guttata, lvii, p. 6.

hamata, 150.

Janus, lviii, p. 88.

marmored, lvii, p. 23,

nigripes, 71.

obscura, lviii, p. 88.

picus, lvii, p. 23.

rubens, lviii, p. 75.

taurus, lvii, p. 159.

ELASMOSTETHUS,

p. 35.

ELASMUCHA, Wiii, p. 35.

Enyvisura, lvi, p. 145.

Spinollae, 135,

EMBOLOSTHRNA, lvili, p. 52.

taurus, 53.

ERTHESINA, lvii, p. 5.

acuminata, 7,

fullo, 5.

guttata, 6.

miucored, oe

EUCORYSSES, lvi, p, 166.

grandis, 166.

pallens, 167.

swperbus, 166.

HuRHYNCHIOCORIS, lyiii, p. 51

sparsipunctatus, 51.

Evrostws, lviii, p. 69.

grossipes, 70.

validus, 69.

WurRyYAspts, lvii, p. 132.

transversalis, 138.

EuRYDEMA, lvii. p. 51,

lviii,

[No. 5,

albiventris, var., 52, 183.

Christophi, var., 184,

cruentatum, var., 52.

dauricum, 53.

decoratum, var., 183.

dominulum, 58, 183, 184.

Fallenii, var., 54.

festivum, 52, 183.

Hoffmanseggi, var., 54,

lhesgicum, var., 53.

maracandicum, var., 183.

mehadiense, var., 184,

multipunctata, 56,

ornatum, 54, 184,

pulchrum, 55.

sumatrana, 55.

ventralis, var., 54, 184.

Wilkinsi, 54.

Euryeaster, lvi, p. 187,

cognatus, 188,

maurus, 187,

nigra, var., lyii, p. 183.

orientalis, lvi, p. 188.

signata, var., lvii, p. 183.

EURYSASPIS, lvii, p. 182.

EUSARCORIS, Wii, p. 41.

EustHENES, lviii, p. 63.

antennatus, 68.

cupreus, 67.

elephas, 64.

eurytus, 67.

Hercules, 66.

minor, 65.

Polyphemus, 68.

r bustus, 64,

saevus, 68.

scutellaris, 65.

Theseus, 67.

Hysarcoris, lvii, p. 41,

distacta, 40,

dubia, 40.

epistomalis, 1838.

guttigerus, 39,

Helferi, 183.

inconspicuus, 42, 183,

insocius, 43,

Mayeti, var., 42.

megaspilug, 42.

misellus, 42,

nepdlensis, 89.

pseudoaenens, 183.

rugulosus, Var., 39,

simplex, 42.

ventralis, 41.

Firw, lvi, p. 191.

ardeng, 191.

Galostha, lvi, p. 166,

1889.] EH. T. Atkinson—Indew to first five Papers on Rhynchota. 445

eques, 179.

Stockerus, 181,

Gampsorss, lvi, p. 52,

parallelus, 52,

Gewui, lviii, p. 105.

nigripennis, 105.

obtusa, 106,

GHOBLA, lvi, p. 45.

GrocorIsan, lvi, p. 23,

Grotomus, lvi, p. 55.

abdominalis, 57.

elongatus, 56.

jueundus, 56.

minutus, 56:

pygmaeus, 55.

subtristis, 56.

GLOBOCORIS 1vi, p. 30.

Guypsvs, lvii, p. 179.

fuscispinus, 179,

Gonoesis, lviii, p. 100,

rubescens, 100.

GRAPHOSOMA.

trimaculata, lvii, p. 1380.

GynenicA, lvii, p. 45,

affinis, 46.

marginella, 46.

Hatyomorpna, lvii, p. 23.

murrea, 25,

picus, 23

sentellata, 24,

timorensis, 28.

Hanys, lvii, p. 7.

alternans, lvi, p. 205,

amygdali, lvii, p. 4.

assimilis, 10.

clavata, lvi, p. 208.

concinna, 204.

dentata, lvii, p. 8.

exsculpta, 4,

hellenica, 4.

mucored, 5.

nigricollis, lvi, p. 204.

nubila, lvii, p. 48.

obscwra, lvi, p. 204.

oculata, 202.

serricollis, lvii, p.'8.

serrigera, 7.

timorensis, 23.

versicolor. lvi, p, 203.

HOFFMANSEGILLLA, lvii,

p. 148.

curtispina, 148,

HopuistoperA, lvii, p. 68.

incisa, 69.

trimaculata, 180.

virescens, 69.

Horea, lvi, p. 184.

curculionides, 185.

diffusa, 186.

nigrorufa, 185.

Hy.uvs, lvii, p. 122.

aeruginosus, 128.

florens, 123.

Hyprncua, lviii, p. 59.

apicalis, 60.

Inctuosa, 59.

ophthalmica, 60.

Reriki, 60.

Hyrnroncos, lvi, p. 148.

lateritius, 148.

JURTINA, lvii, p, 145.

indica, 145.

Avie

LactistKs, lvi, p. 42,

rastellus, 43.

truncato-serratus, 44,

vicinus, 43.

LAmMpRocoris, lvi, p. 181.

lateralis, 182.

obtusus, 183.

Roylii, 182.

spiniger, 183.

LAMPROPHARA, Ivi,

164,

Laprivs, lvii, p. 138.

gastricus, 14.

varicornis, 13.

LEGNOTUS, lvi, p. 59.

brevipennis, 59.

Lye:

argus, lvii, p. 182.

hastatus, 107.

mactans, lvii, p. 182.

malabaricus, 182.

Macrina, lviii, p. 102.

coccinea, 103,

dilatata, 102.

Macroscytvs, lvi, p. 53

brunneus, 54,

expansus, 55.

foveolus, 53.

Marripuvs, lvyiii, p. 70.

acruginosus, 71,

carrenvi, tela

luticallis, 71,

nigridorsis, 72.

oblongus, 71.

Mucipna, lvi, p. 201.

indica, 201.

Mucaruyncuvs, lviii, p. 106.

diversus, 108.

elongatus, 107.

hastatus, 107,

limatus, 108,

quadrispinosus, 104,

rostratus, 107,

testaceus, 107.

transversalis, 108,

truncatus, 167.

Mreyvmenvm, lyiii, p. 91.

brevicorne, 92.

cupreum, 93,

inerme, 93,

Meratii, 98.

subpurpurascensg, 93,

MELANOPHARA, lvi, p. 199.

dentata, 199.

Menipari, lvii. p. 183.

MenipA, lvii, p. 189.

distincta, 141.

flavovaria, 140,

formosa, 140.

histrio, 142,

Signoretii, 139.

varipennis, I41.

MicRopEvutTERDS, lviii, p. 20.

Dallasi, 21.

megacephalusg, 21.

MorRMIDEA.

baccarwm, lvii, p. 31.

jflorens, 128,

nigriceps, 165.

nigricornis, 29, 30,

socia, 165.

Muscanpa, lviii, p. 88.

testacea, 84.

Myrocuani, lvii, p. 12.

NEUROSOTA, lvii, p. 48.

grata, 48.

sulciventris, 48,

NeEzARA, lvii, p. 119.

pellucida, 143,

prasina, 119.

smaragdula, 119,

viridula, 119.

Nipue, lvii, p. 19.

cephalus, 20,

elongata, 20.

ODONTOSCELARIA, lvi, p 188,

ODONTOTARSUS,

maurus, lvi, p, 188.

pictus, 188.

ODONTOTARSARIA, lvi, p.

186,

Oxstopis, lvii, p. 8.

terra, 9.

ONCOMERUS,

robustus, lvili, p. 64,

OncyLaspIs, lvi, p. 24.

ruficeps, 25,

OrtTHOSscHIZOPS, lvii, p, 10,

assimilis, 10,

44.6

OxypryMna, lvi, p. 145.

Spinolae, 145.

Oxytosvs, lviti, p. 79.

nigromarginatus, 80.

ies

PAcHYCORIS.

curculionides lvi, p. 185.

nepalensis, 150.

punctulalus, 185.

PALoMENA, lvii, p. 27.

amplificata, 28.

Reuteri, 27.

spinosa, 27.

viridissima, 28.

PARAMECOCORIS,

gastricus, lvii, p. 14.

Paramecus, lvii, p. 17.

ruficornis, 17.

Peroxys, lvi, p. 59.

brevipennis, 59,

pubescens, 59.

PreNnraToMa.

albonotata, lvii, p. 161.

aliena, 177.

anchora, 135.

arabica, 32.

aurantiacwn, 71.

baccarwm, 380, 31.

bengalensis, 161.

berylina, 120.

bimaculata, 44,

cephalus, 20.

chinensis, 120.

chloris, 120.

chlorocephalu, 120.

coerulewm, 169.

concinna, 169.

confusa, 31.

crassiventre, 162.

crossota, 124.

cruciata, 185, 137.

decorata, 183.

elongata, 20.

fimbriata, Westw., 162.

fimbriata, Fabr., 124.

jimbriolata, Germ., 184.

‘fimbriolatum, H. 8., 124.

flavicollis, 120.

flavicornis, 120.

formosa, 140.

grata, 48.

Halys, 23.

inconcisa, 1638.

inconspicuum, 42.

indica, 161.

Janus, lyiii, p. 88.

lateralis, Wlk., lvii, 163.

lateralis, Westw., 162.

latipes, 26,

Leei, 120.

BE. T. Atkinson—Index to first fie Papers on Rhynchota.

lineatocollis, 87.

Zuridum, 181.

maculicollis, 32.

misella, 42.

nepalensis, 39.

nigricornis, 29.

nigripes, 71.

obscura, 44,

ornata, 54.

pallicornis, 41.

pallida, 30.

parvula, 34.

picta, 52.

plicaticollis, 120.

propingua, 120.

proxima, 120.

pulchru, Westw., 55,

pulchra, Dallas, 136.

punctipes, 39.

pusilla, 183.

smaragdula, 119.

sublurida, 181

subsericea, 120.

taprobanensis, 22.

timorensis, 23.

trimaculata, 1.

tripunctigera, 120.

trispila, 164.

trivialis, 23.

unicolor, Westw., 120.

unicolor, Westw., 161.

varipennis, 141,

ventralis, 41.

verbasci. 31.

verrucosa, 172.

vicaria, 163.

violacea, 169.

PrntTatomipay, lvi, p. 23.

PrentTatomina, lvi, p. 192:

lvii, p 16.

PHYLLOCEPHALINA, lviii, p.

96.

PHYLLOCEPHALA. lvili, p. 97.

distans, 102,

furcata, 104,

glandulosa, 98.

Prcromenrvs, lvii, p. 177.

nigrivitta, 178.

obtusus, 178.

robustus, 178.

spinidens, 177.

Pirzoporvs, lvii, p. 143.

rubrofasciatus, 143.

PinzosTERNUM, lviii, p. 82.

cribratum, 83.

firmatum, 83.

ingenuum, 83.

PrLAcostTeRNUM, lvii, 158.

alces, 160.

dama, 160.

cervus: 159.

[No. 5,

taurus, 159.

PLATASPINA, lyi, p. 23,

Puaraspis, lyi, p. 24,

nitens, 24),

nitidus, 29.

rujiceps, 25.

subaenea, 28,

Vahlii, 27.

PLATYCEPHALA, lvi,p.26.

PLATYDIUS, lviii, p. 98.

subpurpurascens, 93.

PLATYPLEURUS, lvi, p.

187.

Puravrta, lvii, p. 124.

fimbriata, 124.

Puuxiprvs, lyii, p. 18.

dorsalis, 18.

Poptisus, lvii, p. 180.

angustus, var., 181.

luridnus, 180.

PopopariA, lvyi, p. 192.

Popoprs,

bispinosus, lvi, p. 195,

limosus, 197.

lwridus, 194,

niger, 196.

obscurus, 196.

spinifera, 196.

tarsalis, 195.

POEOILOCHROMA, lvi, p. <*

150.

Childreni, lvi, p. 150.

Druraei, 153.

Hardwickii, 151,

interrupta, 155.

lata, 152.

obesa, 158.

ornata, 153.

pulchra, 256.

purpurascens, 156.

rufigenis, 158.

Poxrcinocorts, lvi, p. 150.

anisospilus, 159.

Childreni, 157.

Druraei, 153.

Hardwickii, 150.

interruptus, 155,

latus, 152.

obesus, 158.

obsoletus, 154.

ornatus, 153.

pulcher, 156. A

purpurascens, 156.

rufigenis, 158.

PoOECILOMETIS.

mistus, lvii, p. 23.

PosxE1pon, lvi, p. 25.

malayanus, 26.

Prionaca, lvii, p. 157.

exempta, 158.

lata, 158.

1889.]

PrionocHiwvs, lvii, p. 156,

octopunctatus, 157.

Pycanum, lviii, p. 75.

amethystinum, 76,

amplicolle, 74,

Amyoti, 74,

angulatum, 73.

jaspideum, 78.

nigromarginatum, 80,

pallipes, 79.

ponderosum, 77.

pretiosum, 77,

rubens, 75.

rubidum, 78. °

smaragdiferum, 73.

stabile, 78.

Pyeortuarys, lyiiii, p. 61,

acutus, 61,

minax, 62,

roseus, 61.

RHAPHIGASTER.

albidens, lvii, p. 140,

apicalis, 166.

bisignatus, 167,

concinnus, 142.

flavolineatus, 143.

flavovarius, 140.

humeralis, 122.

macracanthus, 166.

oceanicus, 143,

orbus, 120,

patulus, lvii, p. 167.

prasinus, 119.

rubriplaga, 168.

smaragdulus, 120,

spectandus, 140,

spinosus, 122.

strachioides, 167,

subsericeus, 120.

torquatus, 120.

varipennis, 141,

virescens, 143.

Ruyncnocorartia, Ivii, p.

147,

Ruyncuocorts, lvii, p. 149,

humeralis, 150,

octopunctatus, 157,

serratus, 150,

SABAEUS, lvii, p. 121.

spinosus, 122,

SAGRIVA.

vittata, lyiii, p. 96.

SAsTRAGALA, lviii, p. 27.

binozata, 28.

heterospila, 29.

lineata, 28.

mustelina, 29.

H. T. Atkinson—Indee to first five Papers on Rhynchota.

parmata, 30.

rufispina, 29.

uniguttata, 28,

Scaprocoris, lyi, p. 39.

callidus, 41,

molginus, 89.

tabulatus, 40.

SCHIZMATOPS, Iviii. p. 100

Scuizops, lviii, p. 99.

insignis, 100.

SCHYZOPS, lviii, p. 99.

Scrocoris, lvii, p. 11,

indicus, 12,

lateralis, 11.

varicornis, 18.

Scoparirns, lvi, p. 44,

longirostris, p. 45,

Scorrvopuara, lvi, p. 193.

affinis, 193.

bispinosa, 194.

coarctata, 195.

limosa, 197.

lurida, 194,

nigra, 196.

obscura, 196,

spinifera, 196.

tarsalis, 195.

Scurecuari, lvi, p. 148.

ScurenLLERina, lvi, p. 145,

ScurenpeRa, lvi, p. 161,

amethystina, 163.

Buquetii, 165.

cincta, 33.

dilaticollis, 181.

dispar, 149.

Druraei, 153.

eques, 179.

fasciata, 162.

Hardwickii, 151.

interrupta, 155.

laniae, 163.

lateralis, 182.

nobilis, 161.

oblonga, 164.

patricia, 172.

pulchella, 182.

purpurascens, 156,

rubropunctata, 147.

Stockerus, 174, 175.

trimaculata, lvii, p. 180,

ScyLAx, lvii, p. 34,

macrinus, 85.

porrectus, 35.

Suunirvs, lvi, p. 60.

bicolor, 60,

SESHA.

manifesta, lvii, p. 171,

SIPHNvS, lviii, p. 57.

Alcides, 58.

dilatatus, 58,

Hector, 58.

447

SoLenosrrruium, lvi, op,

146

chinense, 147,

rubro-punctatum, 147.

SOLENOSTHEDIUM lvi, p.

146.

SOPHELA, lvi, p. 181.

spinigera, 188.

SPHAFROCORARIA, lvyi, p.

147.

SPHAEROCORIS, lvi, p. 148.

lateritius, 148,

Strnozyeum, lvii, p. 56.

speciosum, 57.

Strparopus, lvi, p. 38.

brunneus, 89.

callidus, 41.

flavidus, 41,

latipes, 39.

minor, 42.

molginus, 39,

tabulatus, 40,

testaceus, 42.

StorrHecoris, lvi, p. 197,

nigriceps, 197.

SvrruTRvus

coeruleus, lvii, 169.

Srousi, lyii, p. 38.

distacta, 40.

dubia, 40,

fuliginosa, 39.

guttigera, 39,

misella, 42.

rectipes, 40.

rugulosa, 39.

StTrRacHIA, lvii, p. 60.

afflicta, 61.

conspicua, 54,

crucigera, 60.

decorata, 184,

designata, 62,

dissimilis, 184,

festiva, 53.

flammutla, 60.

herbacea, 54.

heterospila, 65,

inornata, 61.

limbata, 59.

liturifera, 62.

ornata, 54.

pardalis, 64,

pectoralis, 184,

picta, Hahu, 52.

picta, Dallas, 58.

platyspila, 64.

pulchra, 55.

pustulata, 184,

securigera, 63.

speciosa, 57.

strangulata, 61.

velata, 65.

448 E. T. Atkinson—Index to first five Papers on Rhynchota. [No. 5, 1889. ]

Taricuna, lyi, p. 23.

chinensis, 35.

nitens, 24.

'TECTOCORIS.

affinis, lvi, p. 150,

Childrenit, 157.

Hardwichii, 150.

interrupta, 155.

nepalensis, 163.

nobilis, 162.

oblonga, 164.

obscura, 165.

perplexa, 162.

purpurascens, 156,

THSSERATOMINA, lviii, p. 52.

TssARATOMA, lviii, p. 53.

alternata, 75.

angularis, 55.

apicalis, 60.

chinensis, 56.

conspersa, 55.

cormuta, 538.

cuprea, 67.

furcifera, 57.

javana, 55.

javanica, 55.

luctuosa, 59.

malaya, 54.

nigripes, 54.

obsewra, 85.

ophthalmica, 60.

ossa-cruenta, 56.

papillosa, Drury, 56.

papillosa, Planch., 55.

picea, 60.

prowima, 55.

robusta, 64,

scutellaris, 65.

Sonneratii, 56.

taurus, 53.

timorensis, 55.

TETRARTHRIA, lvii, p. 159.

lineata, 160.

marginepunctata, 160.

quinquemaculata, 160.

tetraspila, 167.

yariegata, 160.

TETRATOMA, lvii, p. 37,

TrrrRisiA, lvii, p. 168.

bruchoides, 168.

TrrropA, lviii, p. 103.

atomaria, 104.

bilineata, 105.

divaricata, 104.

histeroides, 104,

nigripennis, 105.

obtusa, 106.

transversalis, 108.

THTYRA.

baro, lvi, p. 167.

bispinosa, 194, 195.

cribraria, 31.

dispar, 149.

Druraet, 153.

eques, 179.

lurida, 194.

maura, 187, 188.

nobils, 162.

patricia, 172.

picta, 188.

silphoides, 28.

Stockerus, 174,

Vahlii, 27.

TuHALMA, lviii, p. 94.

bigutta, 94.

THYREOCORIS.

austriacus, lvi, p. 188.

cinctus, 33.

cirewmscriptus, 32.

cribraria, 31.

duodecimpunctatus, 30.

nepalensis, 32.

nitidus, 29.

seminulus, 33.

septus, 28.

silphoides, 29.

sphaerula, 33.

Vahlii, 27.

variegatus, 33.

ToLuMNIA, lvii, p. 26.

latipes, 26.

Trrromuaas, lvi, p. 60.

bicolor, 60.

TROPICORARIA, lvii, p. 150.

Tropicoris, lvii, p. 151,

laeviventris, 151.

punctipes, 152.

Tytonca, lvi, p. 185.

Typnnocoris, lviii, p. 47,

semicircularis, 48,

UDAWNA, Ivi, p. 202.

Urocuegta, lviii, p, 38.

bimaculata, 41.

discrepans, 42.

ferruginea, 43.

eguttulata, 40.

obscura, 41.

pilosa, 40.

pulchra, 42.

quadripunctata, 39,

Uronanipa, lviii, p. 47.

binotata, 49.

Chennelli, 50.

Grayii, 48,

histrionica, 48,

khasiana, 5",

semicircularis, 48.

tenera, 49,

uniloba, 49,

UROLABIDINA,

38,

Urostrytina, lviii, p. 38.

Urosrynis, lviii, p. 43.

fumigata, 45,

gracilis, 44,

histrionicus, 48.

lopoides, 46.

nigromarginatus, 46,

notulata, 44,

pallida, 44.

philoides, 45,

punctigera, 43.

Vv.

VIRBIUS, lviii, p. 73.

angulatus 73.

Iviii,

‘ Z.

ZANGIS, vii, p. 125.

beryllus, 125.

Zicrona, lvii, p. 169.

coerulea, 169.

illustris, 169,

INDEX.

—=Re—

a=" Names of New Genera and Species have an asterisk (*) prefixed.

Acanthodrilus, 111 Alsodeia, 399, 400

Acesina, 412, iL, capillata, 407

Acrewa, 134 * cinerea, 403

Acrotema, 361, 363 » var. hirsutiflora, 404

costatum, 363 * comosa, 407

“ Wrightianum, 364 * condensa, 405

Actias, 416 dasycaula, 402

Actinurus, 352 dasypyxis, 405

49 neptunins, 351 echinocarpa, 406, 407

* oA ovatus, 351, 358 ‘ floribunda, 406

te ie 126 w Hookeriana, 402, 403

Aicidium, 238, 240, 242, 2438, 245, 248, | * Kunstleriana, 401

250, 251 F lanceolata, 404, 405

setosa, 251 Maingayi, 402, ib.

Strobilanthis, 243 i membrancea, 402

Urticw, 234, 250 mollis, 406

» var. Himalayense, | * pachycarpa, 408

234, 244 * Scortechinii, 405, 406

Wallichii, 251 Wallichiana, 400, 401

* AD lurillus quadrimaculatus, 334 - Wrayi, 403

A}mona amathusia, 118, 124 Alsodeie, 399

» pealii, 124 Alytostylis, 397

Aesopia cornuta, 287 Amblypodia, 409, 410

Bthalochroa, 310, 318 oA andersonii, 426

affinis, 313 narada, 426

ashmoliana, 312 Amblypodine, 409

% var. insignis, Anamirta, 377, 379.

313 Loureiri, 879

5 var. simpli- Andropogon, 246

cipes, ib. tristis, 246

spinipes, ib. Anonaces, 359, 376

Agarista, 131, 134 Anthistiria anathera, 246

Agrostis, 249 | Antitaxis, 378, 388

ms Hookeriana, 249, 251 A calocarpa, 388

Allotinus, 414, 415, 436, 437, 44,0 J fasciculata, 1b.

alkamah, 437, 438 5 lucida, id.

aphocha, 437 Anypheona accentuata, 344

drumila, ib. | * rv soricina, 344

multistrigatus, 15, Apatura, 126

nivalis, 436, ib. iris, 126

subviolaceus, 1b. namouna, ib.

unicolor, ib. : ulupi, 125, 134

”

+ For a general Index to names used in the papers on Rhynchota other than

Coccide in this volume and in the two preceding volumes, see pp. 441—448 of the

present volume.

450

Apatura (Hulaceura) osteria, 125

Apaturidee, 125, 126

Aphneine, 413, 426

Aphneeus,

410, 411, 413, 426

lohita, 428

Aphoristia, 292, 293

”

gilesii, 293, 295

wood-masoni, 294, 295

Appias, 121

”

»”

”

Apporasa,

”

figulina, 121

hippoides, 120

leis, 121

nero, tb.

423

atkingsonii, 423

Aranea, 342

*Araotes, 411, 413, 428

Argyroepe

Arhopala,

Arissma, 233

Aring, 280

lapithis, 428

ira angustata, 341

409, 410, 411, 412, 417

achelous, 421

adorea, 422

agaba, ib.

agelastus, 418, 419

agesias, 421

agnis, 418

aida, 421

albopunctata, ib.

alitzeus, 4.20

ammon, 421

anarte, 417, 418

anthelus, 418

antimuta, 419

aroa, ib.

aronya, 421

atosia, 419

bazalus, ib.

belphsebe, 421, 440

critala, 421

davisonii, 419

duessa, 419, 421, 440

eumolphus, 416, 42 1, 422

farquharii, 416, 421, 422

hellenore, 422, "440

inornata, 411

lyceenaria, 418

maxwellii, 416, 422

metamuta, 409, 419

mirabella, 420, 421

pastorella, 418, 440

perissa, 419, 440

subfasciata, 418

theba, 421

vihara, 409, 419

yendava, 419

(Nilasera) centaurus, 417

(Satadra) agaba, 422

5) aida, 2b,

Index.

”

’

Arundinella setosa, 2

”

Bromus, 246

Bybliadee, 126

Calliana pieridoides, 133

Callidula, 133

Capellia, 364

Capila jayadeva, 132

Capparidez, 359, 391

Capparis, 392

Carcharias, 280

*Arnoglossus macrolophus, 280, 295.

polylepis, 290, 295

Arrhenothrix, 428

Arrugia, 415

Arsacia, 310

ashmoliana, 312

Wallichii, 1b., 246

Astictopterus, 131

Auteupuccinia, 243

Barclaya, 389, 390

longifolia, 390

mottleyi, ib.

oo var. Kunstleri, ib,

*Bathymyrns, 305

echinorhynchus, ib.

"adele, 349

Belenois, 121

Biduanda, 411, 413, 425

fabricii, 425

lapithis, 413

melisa, 425, 426

nicevillei, 426, 440

sceeva, 425

scudderii, 426, 440

thesmia, 121, 425, 426

Bindahar a, 413

phocides, 427

Brachionidw, 357

, Brachionus bakeri, 357

bidentata, 7b., 358

longipes, #b., ib.

militaris, 357

urceolaris, ib.

er achy pleura, 282

xanthosticta, 281, 295

bf oa silvaticum, 251

sylvaticum, 248, ib.

conspicua, 394

cucurbitina, 393, 395

erythrodasys, 393

Finlaysgoniana, 1b., 394, 395,

396

Kunstleri, 896

Larutensis, 393

micracantha, 1b., 394, 395

micrantha, ib.

publiflora, 393, 394

”

Scortechinii, 393, ib.

sepiaria, 393

trinervia, 304

var. Perakeusis,394

Carchesium, 349

Carex filicina, 250

» Ssetigera, 244, ib.

Castalius, 413

* elna, 414

% ethion, 434

3 manluena, 134

4 rosimon, 434

roxus, ib.

”

Castanea indica, 1

- tribuloides, ib.

Catapcecilma delicatum, 121

Cathypna luna, 355

Cathypnidee, ib.

Catochrysops, 434

a eneins, 432

= pandava, tb.

¥ strabo, ib.

Catopeecilma, 413

a elegans, 432

Catopsilia, 121, 416

*Cedicus bucculentus, 343

ry. meerentus, ib.

Cephalosiphon limnias, 347

*Cercidia punctigera, 341

Cervide, 187

Cervus, 186

affinis, 1b.

aristotelis, 1b.

cashmeerianus, ib.

dybowskii, ib., 187, 188

» mantchuricus, 187

Cethosia, 126, 131

Chaibassia, 327, 328, 329, 331, 333

theobaldi, 327, 328, 329

tricarinata, ib., ib., ib,

”

»”

Champoodon vorax, 301, 302

Charaxes, 126

Charaxide, ib.

Cheritra, 411

freia, 427

as freja, 180

Chilodipteus, 296

Chliaria, 427

nd a merguia, ib., 440

ee othona, 427

Chrysophanus, 410

Chrysopogon ceruleus, 248, 251

gryllus, 247

Circa alpina, 235

Cirrhochroa, 432

Cissampelides, 377

Cissampelos, 386, ib.

caapeba, 386

convolenlacea, 1b.

delicatula, 387

discolor, 386, ib.

diversa, 387

elata, ib.

eriantha, ib.

grallatoria, ib.

”

Index.

Cissampelos hernandifolia, 386

e hexandra, ib.

re hirsuta, 387

i manritiana, 385

Fs orbiculata, 387

: Pareira, 386

a sub-peltata, 387

Cistudo, 332

Clematidem, 359, 360

Clematis, 360

+5 cana, ib.

‘3 dentosa, ib.

7 glandulosa, ib.

5 Gouriana, ib.

% javana, ib,

Py Munroana, 7b.

ay similacifolia, 7b.

” similacina, 361

sub-peltata, 360

Clemmys, 332

a trijuga, 327

Cleome, 391

Fe aspera, 392

as Burmanni, ib.

eae Hullettii, ib.

” pentaphylla, i.

ye viscosa, 392

Clubiona germanica, 344

* FA hysgina, 343

Clypea Burmanni, 387

» hernandifolia, 386

Coccidee, 1

Coccina, 7b.

Cocculeze, 377

Cocculus, ib., 384, 385

Blemeanus, 382

rr, Blumeannus, 381, ib.

+5 coriaceous, 378

‘3 crispus, ib.

A incanus, 385

* * Kunstleri, 384

macrocarpus, 385

“: oblongus, 382

- peltatus, 387

petiolaris, 378

triandrus, 382

velutinus, 383

a verrucosus, 378

Colbertia obovata, 367

Coluridze, 355

Colurus candatus, ib.

Comosa, 278

Composite, 251

Conifers, 282

Coscinium, 377, 381

Blumeanum, 381

fenestratum, ib,

Maingayi, ib.

Wallichianum, ib.

a Wightianum, 2b.

Cottides, 303

451

452

Crateva, 397, 399

hyg srophila, 398

lophosperma, 399

macrocarpa, 397

magna, 398

membranifolia, ib.

Narvala, 399

Cupitha, 132

Curetis, 410

3s malayica, 428

Cyaniris, 128, 435

Ff akasa, 435

9 danis, 421

”

ay duponchelii, 435

haraldus, 7b.

AS jynteana. ib.

gt othe meteona, 434, 440

by placida, 434

sf puspa, ib.. 435

transpecta, 434

Cyclea, 378, 387

4s Arnotiii, 387

by barbata, ib.

Be Burmanni, ib.

hee elegans, ib.

a laxiflora, <b.

5 peltata, 2b.

‘ pendulina, ib.

versicolor, ib.

Cyclemys, 332

*Cyclosa fissicauda, 338

x oculata, ib.

FN te spirifera, 337

Cyllene, 183

Cynoglossus, 280, 290

Pe bengalensis, 288

ss brevis, 289

* es carpenteri, 287, 295

* 53 intermedius, 288

~ lida, ib.

+4 macrolepidotus, 7b.

oe melanopterus, 289

or monopus, 1b.

“ oligolepis, 288

4 puncticeps, 289

” quadrilineatus, 288

‘3 semifasciatus, 289

Cynthia, 126

Cyrestis, 130

Dacalana, 428

ss vidura, 180, 428

Danuria, 306

Aj bolauana, ib.

ay buchholzi, ib,

ss elongata, ib.

” superciliaris, 7b.

thunbergi, ib.

Darasana, 412

A perimuta, 423

Davilla hirsuta, 362

Delima, 361

Tudex.

Delima clabra, 362

A hebecarpa, 7b.

by intermedia, ib.

Fe, levis, ib.

» Sarmentosa, ib.

var. glabra, 7b,

» hebecarpa, ib.

” ”

Delimez, 361

Delimopsis hirta, 362

Deramas, 417, 480

Dendoriginss, 412, 418, 428

Dendorix, 413, 414 |

a epiarbas, 428

” epijarbas, ib.

Diglena forcipata, 353

Dilipa morgiana, 125, 126

Dillenia, 861, 365, 366, 367, 368

5 aurea, 367

aS elliptica, 366

ri eximia, 368

ra grandifolia, 7b.

nm indica, 366

% meliosmeefolia, 365

4s ornata, 367

” ovata, 366

be reticulata, 367

speciosa, 366, ib.

Dilleniacem, 359, 361

Dilleniez, 361

Dinocharide, 353

Diploclieia, 385

pictinervis, ¢b.

Doleschallinae, 126

Dophla derma, 122

» dunya, ib.

» evelina, 2b,

Drina donina, 428

Drupadia, 411, 425

” boisduvalii, 425

” moorei, 425 |

Dyctis pealii, 124, 134

Elymniada, 124

Elymnias, 423

i candata, 124

Emydide, 328

Emys, 332

Eéoxylides, 410, 411

3 tharis, 411

Epeira alpica, 339

» camilla, 338

zs dioidia, 340

3 dromadaria, 338, ib,

* ,, himalayana, 339

bs laglaizei, 339 t

* 4, minntalis, 340

» nhympha, 339

» preedata, ib.

ah thelura, id.

triguttata, 340

Epistylis, 349

Kpuccinia, 244

Equula, 280

Erycinide, 126, 180, 432

Euchera, 133

Buchlanide, 855

Euchlanis macrura, ib.

Enulaceura osteria, 125

Enptcea, 119, 133

ay core, 119

, kollari, ib.

a, linnei, 131

45 midamus, 119, 131

Enptoeopsis telearchus, 130

Bupuccinia, 235, 243

Huriping, 126

Eurytelide, ib.

Euthalia, 121, id.

33 aconthea, 122

” anyte, 122

re durga, ib,, 1238

$y franciw, 122

i garda, ib.

s jama, ib.

> kesava, ib.

is lubentina, ib.

93 nara, ib.

ot patala, ib.

” phemius, ib.

' 8 sahadeva, ib.

5 telchinia, 1).

vasanta, ib.

*Huthyphleps, 315

Fs rectivenis, 317

a a 365, 366

Everes, 434

3 kala, 483, 434

33 nyseus, 434,

i parrhasius, ib.

+, putli, ib.

is umbriel, 433, ib., 440

| Fapilo, 415

Felderia andersonti, 122

» cocytina, ib.

‘ iapis, ib.

| $5 lepidea, ib.

% macnairi, ib.

satropaces, ib., 123

Festuca gigantea, 249

Fibraurea, 377, 380

mF chloroleuca, 380

v a tinctoria, ib.

*Flos, 412, 423

» abseus, 428

» apidanus, 412, 423

( * ,, artegral, 428, 440,

Floscularia ambigua, 346

Pm campanulata, ib.

oe ornata, 345

* 5 tenuilobata, 346, 358

Flosculariads, 345

Forma crepidis, 238

5 Hieracii, ib.

Index.

Fragaria vesea, 244

Furcularia forficula, 353.

3 longiseta, ib.

Galium aparine, 239

Gasteracantha, 336

si ° unguifera, ib.

*Gehlota, 131

e hypsina, i.

6 pinwilli. ib.

Geoemyda, 328, 329

1 tricarinata, 328

Geometra, 416

Geranium, 232

nepalense, 236

Gerydine, 128, 414, 416, 436, 437

Gerydus, 415, 440

aes ancon, 4388, 439, 440

+ biggsii, 440

mv boisduvalii, ib.

res croton, 439, ib.

*Glyptogona excelsa, 337

. sextuberculata, ib.

Gynandropsis, 392

4 affinis, 392

pentaphylla, 1b.

Hamadryas, 126

Hebomoia, 121

Hemicoccina, 1

Hemipuccinia, 2387, 242, 243

Herona, 122

Hesperia, 415

mw satwa, 132

Hesperiade, 126, 131, 133,

Hestias, 131

Heterocheeta, 807, 321

+ tenuipes, 308

tricolor, 309

*Heterochetula, 308, 321

“ fissispinis, 309

53 tricolor, ib.

Hieracium, 238

*Homalattus mus, 335

Horaga onyx, 428

Hymettus, 133

Hypolimnas, 126

Hy anomala, 121

bolina, 120

jacintha, 1b.

Hypolycaena erylus, 427

libna, 413, 436

Hypserpa, 377, 383, 384

a triflora, 384

Icio, 3385

*Idiocerus atkinsoni, 252

spi te clypealis, 1b.

* 4,, niveosparsus, 1b.

“ notatus, 1b

Tlerda brahma, 417

Illicium, 369, 374

Illoricata, 352

Indoxylides, 410

”

453

454

Tois, 411

Traota, 410

Ismene, 1382, 138

Txias, 119, 120

Jamides, 433

Jasminum grandiflorum, 232

Junonia, 118, 126

Kadsura, 369, 375

= cauliflora, 375

z japonica, 376

ee; lanceolata, ib.

iy Roxburghiana, ib.

scandens, 375, id.

Kallima, 126

Kerana, 131

Kermes, 1, 2

Kurtns, 280

Lacinularia, 349

Lampide, 409

Lampides, 417, 421, 433

| ei elianus, 433

oe bochus, ib.

II Ls elpis, 421

if marakata, 417

subdita, 433

Larinia chlorei, 341

A pubiventri, ib.

Ay quadrinotata, 340

Lecanina, 1

Lehera, 413

» eryx, 416

Lemoniadz, 413

| Lemoning, 126

Leontoglossum scabrum, 362

Lepidoptera, 416

Leptopuccinia, 332, 283, 240

Lethe, 124, 133

*; hyrania, 124

» Margarite, ib.

5 naga, 123, 184

tt verma, 124

Lexias cyanipardus, 122, 123

» dirtea, 7b., id.

Ns recta, 121

» teuta, id.

», teutoides, ib.

Libythea, 126

| *

“ Ambherstiana, 382

» cuspidata, 384

| A distincta, 383

3 inornata, ib.

m Kunstleri, ib.

4 microphylla, 384

” oblonga, 382

3 triandra, ib.

» velutina, 383

Wallichiana, 382

Limenitis, 126

Limnias annnlatus, 347

Index.

Limacia, 377, 382, 383, 384, 387,

) 3 var. glabregcens, id,

Limnias ceratophylli, 347

Liphyra, 414, 415

a brassolis, 129, 416

Liphyrine, 409, 416, 440

Logania, 128, 414, 415, 436, 440

43 andersonii, 413, 486

a malayica, 436

3 marmorata, 415, ib.

af sriwa, 415

substrigosa, 436, 437

_Lophins, 302

3 indicus, ib.

44 setigerus, ib.

Loricata, 353

Loxura, 410, 411, 418, 425, 432

+ atymnus, 130, 425

Lumbricidz, 110

Lumbricus, ib., 111

3 novee-hollandi, 111

Lyceena, 418, 415, 482

Lyczeneesthes, 414

3 bengalensis, 486

lyezenina, ib.

Lycwnide, 121, 126, 127, 130, 409, 411

414, 415, 416, 416, 432

Lycrenine, 127, 128, 411, 418, 414, 432.

Lysimachia, 250

Magnolia, 369, 370, 371, 372 r

* 5 Maingayi, 369

Magnoliaces, 359, 368, 370, 371, 373

Magnoliad, 371

Magnolia, 368

Mahathala, 423

ameria, 422

*Malais, 414, 415, 436

35 sriwa, 436

Manglietia, 369, 371

7 Candollei, 373

* glauca, 370

* 4 Scortechini, ib.

Sebagsa, id,

Mantis undata, 307

» _ (Danuria) superciliaris, 306

Marshallia, 410

*Massaga, 411, 417, 429

F clorinda, ab.

bd et hartertii, 128, 134

* pediada, 430, "431, 432, 440

fp potina, 431, 440 |

Megalotrocha alboflavicans, 348, 358 v

Megisba, 413

a malaya, 435

Melanitis, 118, 120

y. determinata, 118 t

»5 ismene, 7b.

rs leda, ib.

Melanochelys, 331

trijuga, 328

Melicerta, 346, 350

ringens, 346

Melicertade, 346

Menispermacer, 359, 377

Menispermum crispum, 378

oF fenestratum, 381

A orbiculatum, 387

» peltatum, ib.

le triandrum, 382

ve tuberculatum, 378

re verrucosum, 7b.

villosum, 385

Meta Taxa, 342,

Piha acta 356

ay angulata, ib., 358

my lepadella, 355, 356

a4 solidus, 356

eae oe. torquata, ib., 358

‘3 triptera, 356

- *Miagrammopes extensa, 342

Michelia, 369, 371

% aurantiaca, 371

i Champaca, 1b.

45 Doldoopa, id.

ae montana, id.

* pubinervia, ib.

‘5 Rheedii, 1d.

rufinervis, ib.

Micropuccinia, 232, 236

Miletus hamada, 414

*Minous inermis, 299

Moniligaster, 111

Monostyla bulla, 355

yy cornuta, ib.

“ quadridentata, 1b.

Morphide, 124, 126

Mota massyla, ‘412

Murzenide, 304

Mycalesis, 118

a mineus, 7b.

cs visala, ib.

” (Sadarga) charaka, 123

% oculata, 7b.

”

Myitta, 409

Mynes, 126

»» calydonia, 127

Myriactis nepalensis, 251

Myrina, 304

Nacaduba, 4.09

fe almora, 433

3 ardates, 432

Ps atrata, ib.

3 dana, 433

99 macrophthalma, 432

a pavana, 1.

viola, 433

Naravelia, 360

th Finlaysoniana, 361

7 laurifolia, 361

Nelumbiez, 389

Nelumbium, 7b., 390

ry asiaticum, 391

$5 mysticus, 1b.

* speciosum, 1b.

Index. 455

Nelumbo, ib.

4 Indica, i,

Nemeobiadaw, 432

Neocheritra, 410, 417

+ hypoleuca, 417

“ martina, ib.

Neomyrina, 413

hiemalis, 160

Neopithecops, 127, 128, 418, 414

43 harpago, 128

wt zalmora, 435, 437

Neorina, 124

ie lowii, ib.

margarita, 1b.

Neotropide, 126

Nephila, 341

43 maculata, 342

Neptide, 126

Neptis, 1b.

Nicoria, 331, 332

+5 annulata, 7b., ib.

34 edeniana, 332

ai spengleri, 331

i thermalis, 332

+ tricarinata, 330, 331, 332

” var. civalensis, 333

A trijuga, 328, 329, 331, 332, 333

» ” var. edeniana, 332

” ” ” thermalis, ib.

Se (Clemmys) trijuga, 327

¥ (Melanochelys) 331

9 5 trijuga, 328

Nilasera centaurus, 417

Niphauda, 414

a cymbia, 435

| tessellata, 414, 435

Noteus quadricornis, 358

Notommata ansata, 352

vi tripus, ib.

Notommatade, ib.

Novicize Indicw, 255

Nympheea, 389

A Edgeworthii, 389

i Hookeriana, ib.

Hs Nelumbo, 391

= punctata, 389

A stellata, 1b., 390

“4 + var, parviflora, 389

” » versicolor, 7b.

a versicolor, ib.

Nymphzacez, 359, 388

Nymphalide, 126, 127

Nymphalis, 126

Aichistes, 847, 348, 350

. serpentinus, 348

* “yh stephanion, 347, 358

Ophichthyina, 304

Origanum vulgare, 242

Ornithoptera, 416, 417

brookeana, 416

Orthezia, 2

456

Pachyarches, 416

Pachygonex, 378

Pademma, 119

Paguridw, 280

Panchala, 412

a ganesa, ib.

Pangeranopsis elephenor, 130

Papilio, 124, 415

helenus, 124

(Euptoeopsis) telearchus, 130

he (Pangeranopsis elephenor, 7b.

Papilionidz, ib.

Paradanuria, 314

orientalis, 315

Paragerydus, 415, 437, 440

horafeldiy, 437, 438

~ nivalis, 436, 437

5 taras, 487, 440

Paramecia, 356

*Parascombrops, 296

* 4 pellucidus, ib.

Parata chromus, 183

pr emi ROEte, 817, 818, 319, 324

\} “ cor nicollis, 325

| Parthenos, 126

Pedicularis, 255, 268, 264, 27

”

| *

0, 274, 278

bella, ib.

bicornuta, 269, id.

a binaria, 260

brevifolia, 257, 258, 259

‘ cabulica, 275

» carnosa, 273

| ft cheilanthifolia, 261

| ir chumbica, 259

is Clarkei, 267, 277

collatia, 266, 267

| ” Colletti, 278

| Ay comptonizefolia, 265

A confertiflora, 258, 259

A corymbosa, 277

x crenata, 278

33 curvipes, 275

‘i Daltoni, 270

” denudata, 258, 262

; dolichorrhiza, 275

7 elephantoides, 269

7 Hlephas, 271

Llwesii, 268

| +4, acaulis, 275

| “4 alaschanica, 261

Ml +5 i var. tibetica,

| 261

i - var. typica, tb.

| a Alberti, 264, 265

id albiflora, 273

3 amoona, var, 261

| am aspleniifolia, 273, 276

| » os var. albiflora,

! 273

| ” ” 3 pubescens,

270

Index.

Pedicularis excelsa,

267

fissa, 275

flagellaris, 273

flammea, 276

3 var. major, 276.

flexnosa, 259, 260, 263

fragilis, 263

furfuracea, 273, 274

i var. integrifolia,

274

Gammieana, 260

Garckeana, 267, 268 ;

gibbera, 262, 263

globifera, 261

gracilis, 257

gruina, 272

Heydei, 258

himalayea, 271

hirsuta, 276

Hoffmeisteri, 269, 272

Hookeriana, 271

instar, 257, 258

syne eae ao aay 257,

258, 262

rl i 1b.,ib., ib.

integrifolia, 261

Kingii, 264

labellata, 272 {

lachnoglossa, 267

longiflora, 271, 272

lutescens, 265

lyrata, ib, 5

macrantha, 267

a var. lutescens,ib.

» typica, ib.

mega ilantha, 269

5 var. pauciflora,

269

” x __bypica, ib.,

272

microcalyx, 273

mollis, 263

nepalensis, 268

ochroleuca, 267 |

odontophora, 275

Oederi, 265, 275, 276, 277

a var. heteroglossa,

273, 276, 277

», typica, 276, 277

Olgac, 264

Oliveriana, 257

ophiocephala, 262

orthantha, var. 264

Pantungii, 273, 274

pectinata, 255, 256

Pr var. palaus, 25:

256

i eS pyramidata,

256

» bypica, 25

E errottetii, 277

Index.

Pedicularis polygaloides, 258, 262

3 porrecta, 257, 250

on Prainiana, 277

i Przewalskii, 270

on punctata, 271

: pycnantha, 264, 265

” 3 var. Semenowi,

264

” ” ” typica, ib,

” pygmaea, 263

es pyramidata, 256

‘ Regeliana, 274

fs Rex, 266

if rhinanthoides, 271, 272

“ i var. labellata,

272

” sy », typica,id.

i robusta, 268

i. Roylei, 261, 262, 267

zy rudis, 277

a schizorrhyncha, 260

¥ Scullyana, 268, 269

A Semenowi, 264

rf semitorta, 257

af siphonantha, 271, 272

$y » Hookeriana, 271

PP 4, var. brevituba, id.

ve ay ,(Elephas), ib.

ra “ ,,(punctata),id.

” is typica, ib.

9 5 vera, ib,

3 superba, 266

nt tenuicaulis, 259

= tenuirostris, 256

¥, trichoglossa, 267

*i tubiflora, 272

s tubiformis, 1b.

nt versicolor, 276

95 verticillata, 261, 262

, Wallichii, 273

ra zeylanica, 278

Pediculati, 302

Pellona, 280

Penzide, ib.

Pencetia prasina, 335

a viridana, ib.

Pentoloba, 401, 404, 405

+ lanceolata, 404

ue macrophylla, 401

Percidx, 296

Pereira medica, 381

Pericampylus, 377, 385

‘4 aduneus, 385

4 assamicus, id.

” incanus, ib.

” membranacus, 70.

Pericheeta, 110, 111

Py affinis, 112

” annulata, 7b.

4 aspergillum, ib.

* birmanica, ib.

Perichseta capensis, 112

43 darnleinsis, 1b,

i elongata, ib.

“9 exigua, 111

en feo, 112

it hasselti, ib.

7 houlleti, 110, 111, 117

is indica, 112

9 japonica, ib.

" musica, ib.

* peregrina, ib.

i‘ quadragenaria, ib,

5 queenslandica, ib,

i robusta, ib,

1 schmarde, ib,

x! sieboldi, ib,

” stuarti, 110

i sumatrana, 112

Perionyx, 110, 111

a excayatus, ib., ib.

r m’intogni, ib., ib.

He saltans, ib., ib,

Philodina citrina, 349

‘3 erythrophthalma, 352

% hirsuta, 349, 3&8

Philodinadaw, 349

Phlegra, 384:

ae icioides, ib.

rf semiglabrate, 335

Phragmidium, 237

Pieridae, 119, 126

Pimpinella diversifolia, 244

Pithecops, 128, 413, 414, 485

* f fulgens, 127, 134

hylax, 127, 485

¥ phoenix, 128

Plagusia bilineata, 290

Plantarum, 359

Plastingia, 132

callinenura, 1b,

A latoia, ib.

* ee margherita, 131, 134

Plesioneura alysos, 131

eurvifascia, ¢b.

leucocera, tb.

5 sumitra, ib.

Pleuronectes arsius, 282

Pleuronectid, 284

Plenronectidee, 279

Plexippus paykulli, 385

Ploima, 352

Podocoryne, 300

Polanisia icosandra, 392

Pollinia nuda, 243

Polynemus, 280

Polyommatus beeticus, 433

Pomatomus, 296

Popa, 307

spurea, ib,

5, undata, id.

Poritia, 418, 417, 428, 480, 482

”

*Poritia hewitsonii, var. tavoyana, 429

» pediada, 417

»» phalena, 129

» Pphraatica, 429

» potina, 429, 432

Poritiine, 128

Poritinee, 513, 428

Potamis (Apatura) iris, 126

i ‘5 namouna, 126

sb ulupi, 125

Precis iphita, 126

ge eonotnn, 804,

a alepis, 303

s birostratus, ib.

Prosthesia, 400, 301, 405, 406

7 Javanica, 403

Prothoé, 123, 126

35 angelica, 127

33 caledonia, ib.

F regalis, ib.

6 var., 126

Psettodes erumei, 280

Pseudaxis, 187

Pseudergolis, 126

avesta, 7b,

*Psendopulvinaria, 1,2

sikkimensis, 2

Psendorhombus, 280

a arsius, 282

55 javanicus, ib.

~ malayanus, 7b.

fi: russellii, ib.

triocellatus, 283

*Pterodina, 356

a intermedia, ib., 358

a mucronata, 356

patina, 4b.

Pterodinad, ib,

Puecinia, 232, 233, 284, 286, 237, 238,

239, 240, 242, 244, 246, 249,

251

+ Acetosee, 240, 241, 251.

1 Adoxa, 235

ins Andropogi, 246, 251

Paes: Anthistiria,, ib., ib.

Wie Sy Arundinelle, 245, 251

i 3s Caricis, 244, 250

ee te y filicinze, 250, 251

ey Chrysopogi, 247, 251

” Circzes, 235, 236, 251

= coronata, 248, 251

4 flosculosorum, 238, 251

BS Fragaria, 244, 251

a Galii, 232, 239, 240, 251

” Geranii, 237

» » _ Silvatici, 236, 287, 251

my Graminis, 249, 250, 251

re helvetica, 241, 242, 251

ml limosea, 250

it Mentha, 242, 248, 251

+ Oreoslini, 243

458 Index.

Puccinia Phragmitis, 246

3 Pimpinelle, 244, 251

+9 Pollinixw, 243

me Mss Rose, 232, 233, 251

vy ee Roscoe, eit 251

Ho Rubi, 23

95 Ss eM 235

rs y ciliatee, 234, 251

s silvatica, 250

suaveoleus, 233, 242

+ Taraxaci, 238

» Urticew, 234, 251

‘ Valantix, 239

3 Vines, 242

V: iolee, 244

Pulvinaria, 1,2

Quercus incana, 1

Radena, 134

Ranunculaces, 359

Rapala amisena, 424

4 schistacea, 428

+s sphinx, ib.

S suffusa, ib.

Rattulide, 353

Rattulus tigris, ib.

Ravenelia, 240

Remelana yajna, 134

Rhamnus dohuricus, 248

Rhoptomeris Burmanni, 387

Rhinopalpa, 126

Rhizota, 345

sean pl azureus, 283, 295

leopardinus, 283

Rosa macr ophylla, 233

Roscoea alpina, 237

Rotifer, 350, 351

9 macroceros, 350

we; mento. ib., 358

9 vulgaris, 350

Roydsia, 396, 397

+ floribunda, 897

ms parviflora, 396

Sy Scortechini, 397

Rubia cordifolia, 241

Rumex nepalensis, 240

Sadarga charaka, 128

y oculata, ib,

Salpina, 354, 358

i brevispina, 354

Ms eustala, ib,

ei macracantha, ib.

Salpinade, ib.

Salpinx, 119

Samaris cristatus, 291, 295

Sarcocarpon scandens, 375

Satadra, 422

> agaba, ib.

wy aida, 1b.

wt atrax, ib.

¥ rama, 1b,

Satarupa bhagava, 133

Satarupa narada, 133

Satyride, 118, 120, 128, 124, 126

Saxifraga ligulata, var. ciliata, 234

Scaridium longicaudum, 353

Schizandrew, 369, 375

Scizena, 280

a as ophiceps, 800

Scieonide, ib.

*Scianectes, 284, 285, 292

* re lophoptera, 284, 295

wig ra macrophthalmus, 292, 295

Scombrops, 296

Scorpzenidex, 297

Scyllium, 280

Sebastes, 297

Pr muciparus, 298

v5 serrulatus, 297, ib.

Selenops malabarensi, 335

st montigena, ib.

Semanga, 413

Sephisa dichroa, 125

Simiskina fulgens, 481, 432

Sinthusa amba, 427

¥ nasaka, ib,

Siphonantha, 278

Siphonanthae, ib.

Sithon, 413

Solea hartzfeldii, 285

* ,, oculus, ib., 295

» ovata, 285

Spalgis, 414

o epius, 436

Sphasus, 335

Sphinges, 133

Stanneoclavi, 336

Stephania, 377, 385

re discolor, 386

rf, hernandifolia, 7b.

a hypoglauca, ib.

ny intertexta, ib.

A latifolia, ib.

*Stephanops dichthaspis, 353, 358

‘3 lamellares, 353

ey muticus, ib.

Strobilanthes Dalhousianus, 243

Suasa, 411

» lisides, 426

Suastus, 131, 182

Sumitra, 131

Surendra, 411

amisena, 424, 425

* florimel, 409, 424, 440

Quercetorum, 424, 425

35 vivarna, 424

Sympheedra dirtea, 123

4 nais, 121

Synaptura cornuta, 287

- quagga, 286

59 zebra, 286

Tagiades, 131, 133

Tajuria jangala, 427

Index. 459

Talauma, 369, 372

e. Andamaniea, 372

af Cambodianum, 374, 375

aaa sy evenium, 374

e oy Forbesii, 373

Ja Kunstleri, ib.

33. lanigera, 372

“ mutabilis, 373

iS pumila, 374

ss Rabaniana, 372

villosa, ib.

Talicada, 434

Tanaecia, adima, 122, 127

eS anosia, 122

“ apiades, 1b., 127

; cibaritis, 122

jahnu, ib.

nicevillei, ib.

is pulasara, 1b.

- puseda, 7b.

Taraka, 411, 414, 415, 416

hamada, 414, 436

”

” mahanetra, 414

i mihi, ib.

Taraxacum, 238, 251

4s officinale, 288, 243

Tarucus plinins, 433

Teracolus, 119, 120

Terias, ib., 1b.

Testndinata, 3382

Testudinidss, 328

Testudo, 332

Tetracera, 361, 362

Assa, 362

Euryandra, ib.

* grandis, 363

lucida, 1b.

macrophylla, ib.

$y sarmentosa, 362

Thamala marciana, 417, 428

a miniata, 428

Thecla, 410, 411, 412, 416, 423

Theclinew, 130, 409, 412, 413, 417

Thelyphonus, 4, 5

* andersoni, 7, 11, 19

angustus, 6

assamensis, 6, 8, 19

beddomei, 9, 10

* binghami, 7, 8, 15

formosus, 6, 7, 8, 14, 16

indicus, 4, 7, 9, 10, 19

* insularis, 7, 8, 13, 19

* johorensis, 7, 11, 19

nigrescens, 4

psittacinus, 8

* rangunensis, 4, 8, 18

* saxatilis, 4, 7, 8, 17, 19

scabrinus, 8

sepiaris, 4, 10

* sylvaticus, 4, 8, 18

* wood-masoni, 7, 8, 12 19

460

Theoclytes undata, 307

Theridion incertum, 343

Theridion subvittatum, 342

% vittatum, 343

Ticherra acte, 130

Tinomiscium, 377, 379

petiolare, 379

Tinospora, 877, 378

1 crispa, 378

i uliginosa, ib.

Tinospores, 377

Toxodera, 308, 317, 318, 319, 321, 325

% deniieulats, 323

n% spinigera, 319

7 tenuipes, 308

(Heterocheeta) tennipes, 308

*Toxoderopsis, 317

” spinigera, 319

|| * taurus, 320

|] Trachinidse, 301

| Trichera acte, 427

| Trygon, 280

Typheeus, 110, 111, 115

» gammi, 114, 115, 116

3.” ey masoni, 110, 112, 116, 117

Bs orientalis, 114, 115

Uranoscopus, 301

cognatus, +b.

Urapterys, 130

Uredinesx, 232, 250

Urtica parviflora, 234, 250

Ustilaginess, 240, 246, 250

Utricularia, 346

Uvaria heteroclita, 376

Vanessa, 126

Index.

Vanessidax, 126

Vareca lanceolata, 404

Vates ashmolianus, 312

Vatidee, 306

Viola, 899

» pilosa, 400

» serpens, 244, 399

» Wightiana, 400

Violacez, 399

Violares, 359

Violez, 399

Verticella, 349

Winterix, 369

Wormia, 361, 364, 366, 367, 368

ae apetala, 366

_ excelsa, 364

Ly, Kunstleri, 366

aan meliosmeefolia, 365

ny oblonga, 364

¥ pulchella, 365

ee ls Scortechinii, ib.

3 subsessilis, 364

suffruticosa, 4b.

¥*Yasoda, 410, 411

a) tripunctata, 425

Zarona, 430

Zeltus, 411

» setolus, 427

53 etolus, ib.

Zephyrus, 411, 412, 417

a pavo, 130, 4l7

Zizera, 413, 434

» pygmea, 434

» Sangra, 10,

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CONTENTS

OF THE NATURAL HISTORY PART (PT. Il.) OF THE

JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL FOR 1888.

No. 1, (issued June 8th, 1888). Notes on Indian Ruynonora .

Heverorrra, No. 3.—By H. T. Atkinson, B. A.—A General heorent

on the Differential Hquation of Trajectories—By AsurosH MUKHOPADHYAY,

M.A, F.R. AS. F. R. S. EH. On Poisson’s Integral.By. Asurost

Muxnorapuyay, M. A., F. R. A. S., F. R. 8. E. (With a Woodeut.)

On the Nature of the Toxie Principle of the Aroides.—By A. Pupimr,

F. 0. S. (Lond. and Berl.), Professor of Chemistry, Presidency Oollege,

Medical College, Oaleutta.

No. 2, (issued July 19th, 1888). Notes on Indian Ruynonora ;

Herrroptera, No. 5.—By EH. T. Arxinson, B. A. On recent Tornadoes

in Bengal with special reference to the Tornado at Dacea on April 7th,

1888. In two parts, Part I, A Description of the Meteorological Oondi-

tions in Bengal which aecompanied the Knrmation of the Dacca Tornado.—

By Aunx, Puvunr, Offy. Meteorological Reporter to the Government of

Bengal. Part Il. A full Description of the actual Phenomena of the

Dacca Tornado.—By A. Cromsin, M. D., Oiwil Surgeon of Dacca, (With

Plates XXIV.—X X1X.)

No. 8, (issued October 10th, 1888). Natural History Notes from

H. M2s Indian Marine Survey Steamer ‘Investigator’ Oommander

Aurrep Carpenter, R. N., D. 8. O., Commanding No. 9. Further

Notes on the Amphipoda of Indian Waters:—By G. M. Giuns, M. B.,

F. B.C. S., Surgeon-Naturalist to the Marine Survey. (With Plates

VIL—XII.) On Eupetaurus, a new form of Flying Squirrel from

Kashmir.—By Ouprienp Tuomas, British Museum. (Natural History)

Communicated by Tux Navurnan History Secretary. (With Plates

XXII. and XXII1.)

No. 4, (issued March 28rd, 1889.) On new or little-known Butterflies

from the Indian Region.—By Lionst pr Nion'vinun, F. HE. 8., C. M, Z. 8.

(With Pls. XIII and XIV.) A List of the Ferns of Simla im the N. W.

Himalaya between Levels of 4,500 and 10,500 feet—By H. ¥. Buanrorp,

F.R.S. (With Pls. XVI.—XXI.) On the Differential Hquation of all

Parabolas.—By Asutosn Muxuopapnyay, M.A., F. R. A. S., F. B.S.

New or little-known India Rhynchota.—By H. T. Atkinson, B. A. (With

Pl. XV.) The Butterflies of the Nilgiri District, South India.—By G.

Hampson, B. A., Coll. Hxon., Oxon. Communicated by Ton SuprrintTEn-

DENT OF THE InpIAN Museum. The Psychrometer and the Oondensing

Hygrometer.—By S.,A, Hinz, B. Sc., Meteorological Reporter to the

Government of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh. Anoplophrya

xolosomatis, a new Oiliate Infusorian parasitic in the Alumentary Canal of

Hlolosoma chlorostictum W.-M., MSS.—By Haney H. Awnperson, B. A.

Communicated by Tan Mricroscopican Sociury or Oancurra. (With

PILI.) On certain Features in the Geological structures of the Myelat

District of the Southern Shan States in Upper Burmah as affecting the

Drainage of the Cowntry.—By Bricgapier-Gunerat H. Counurr, 0. B.

Communicated by Dr..D. D. Cunnincuam. Notes on some Objects from a

Neolithic Settlement recently discovered by Mr. W. H. P. Drivur, at Ranchi

in the Chota Nagpore District—By J. Woov-Mason, Superintendent of the

Indion Museum, and Professor of Comparative Anatomy tn the Medical

College of Bengal, Calcutta. (With Pls. 11.—V.)