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FiscHer, P. H., Duvat, M. & Rarry, A. 1933. Etudes sur les échanges respiratoires des littorines. Archives de zoologie

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(continued inside back cover)

ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

ANNALE VAN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE MUSEUM

Volume 104 °+#£2Band

March 1994 Maart

Part 1 Deel

AUouin NOVI WA

A NEW REDIVIVA BEE

(HYMENOPTERA, MELITTIDAE)

FROM THE NORTH-WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE,

SOUTH AFRICA

V. B. WHITEHEAD

K. E. STEINER

Cape Town Kaapstad

The ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

are issued in parts at irregular intervals as material

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D2908

A NEW REDIVIVA BEE (HYMENOPTERA, MELITTIDAE)

FROM THE NORTH-WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE,

SOUTH AFRICA

V.B. WHITEHEAD

Entomology Department, South African Museum, Cape Town

K. E. STEINER

National Botanical Institute, Kirstenbosch, Claremont

(With 5 figures and 1 table)

[MS accepted 21 September 1993]

ABSTRACT

A new oil-collecting bee, the smallest in the winter rainfall region, is described. It is

restricted to mountainous areas, from Clanwilliam to Springbok. Females collect oil from

Hemimeris racemosa and Colpias mollis (Scrophulariaceae) and are the only known

pollinators of the latter. The species can be recognized by its small size, the presence of

white hair bands on the apical margins of the metasomal terga and the shape of the genitalia

and terminal sterna of the male.

CONTENTS

PAGE

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IRCLETENCES oe art cir gar. Case oeoaat cocci ate eeiocela aeaaec eee aloo een Mt

INTRODUCTION

For the past ten years we have been investigating the relationship between

oil-collecting bees of the genus Rediviva and oil-secreting host plants in the

Scrophulariaceae and Orchidaceae in southern Africa (Whitehead & Steiner

1985, 1992, 1993; Steiner & Whitehead 1990, 1991). In the arid areas of the

western Cape, we have discovered several new species of Rediviva. One of the

most distinctive of these, a small dark bee with prominent white banding on the

abdomen, is described below.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 104 (1), 1994: 1-11, 5 figs, 1 table.

2 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

METHODS

Details of the methods of preparation and measurement of the various body

parts are given in Steiner & Whitehead (1990) and Whitehead & Steiner (1992).

The location and structure of hairs specialized for oil-collecting were deter-

mined by sampling pubescence from several areas on the tarsi of the anterior

and middle legs. These hairs were dehydrated in 96 per cent ethyl alcohol and

mounted in Euparal. Illustrations were made using a drawing tube at a magnifi-

cation of 125 times. Morphological terms follow Michener (1981), except for

numbering of individual tarsal segments, which was necessary to characterize

more precisely the location of the various forms of the oil-collecting hairs

(Whitehead & Steiner 1993). Surface sculpturing terms used are those of Harris

(1979).

DESCRIPTION

Rediviva albifasciata sp. nov.

Figs 1-5

Diagnosis

Rediviva albifasciata is the smallest of the oil-collecting bees in the winter

rainfall region, with a body length of 8-10 mm in females and 7-8 mm in

males. In addition, it is the only bee in this area that has white hair bands on the

apical margins of metasomal terga 1-4. Forelegs of females are not attenuate

and are approximately three-quarters the length of the body. The dorsally

flattened apical half of the gonostylus, the shape of the apical and lateral lobes

of S7 and the entire (not emarginate) apical margin of S8 in males, are

additional characters that make this bee distinctive.

Rediviva albifasciata may be confused with the small form of R. politissima

(Cockerell) of the eastern Cape, which also has white hair bands on the apical

margin of the metasomal terga. However, the latter species can be distinguished

by the smooth, shiny appearance of the metasomal terga, longer front legs of the

female, and differences in genitalia and sterna 7-8 of males.

Type locality

Cape Province, 23 km south of Springbok, farm Mesklip, 2917DD.

Etymology

Albus and fascia, Latin for white and a band, referring to the prominent

bands of white hairs on the apical margin of the metasomal terga.

Material examined

Type material. Holotype: SAM-HYMB000384, female, Cape Province,

23 km south of Springbok, farm Mesklip, 2917DD, K. E. Steiner, 10 Aug.

1985. Allotype: SAM-HYMB000385, male, Cape Province, Springbok, Hester

A NEW SPECIES OF BEE FROM NORTH-WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE 3

Malan Nature Reserve, 2917DB, M. Struck, 30 July 1986. Paratypes (64 2°,

14 $3)—Cape Province: 1 2°, 6.2 km south of Clanwilliam, 3218BB, K. E.

Steiner, 10 Sept. 1989; 1 2, 7 km south of Clanwilliam, 3218BB, K. E. Steiner,

3 Sept. 1986; 1 2, on N7 1 km north of Clanwilliam, 3218BB, K. E. Steiner,

20 Aug. 1988; 4 2°, 18 km south of Ramskop Camp, Clanwilliam, 3218BB,

V. B. Whitehead, 24 Aug. 1984; 5 °°, 6.2 km south of Clanwilliam, on old

road to Citrusdal, 3218BB, V. B. Whitehead, 10 Sept. 1984; 2 2°, 6 km south

of Ramskop Camp, Clanwilliam, 3218BB, V. B. Whitehead & M. MacPherson,

30 Aug. 1985; 3 2°, 7 km south of Clanwilliam, 3218BB, V. B. Whitehead,

3 Sept. 1986; 1 2, 7.9 km east of Garagams, 3017BD, K. E. Steiner, 28 July

1985; 4 2°, 7.9 km east of Garagams, 3017BD, K. E. Steiner, 10 Aug. 1985;

3 22, Kamieskroon, farm Bakleikraal, 3018AA, K. E. Steiner, 19 Aug. 1988;

5 22, 40 km north of Kamieskroon, 2917DD, V. B. Whitehead, 5 Sept. 1986;

1 2, Kamieskroon, 4.3 km north of turnoff to Leliefontein, 3018AA, V. B.

Whitehead, 19 Aug. 1988; 3 22, 40 km north of Kamieskroon, 2917DD, V. B.

Whitehead & M. MacPherson, 24 Aug. 1985; 3 °°, 20 km east of Karkams,

3017BD, V. B. Whitehead, 10 Aug. 1985; 4 2°, 8 km east of Karkams,

3017BD, V. B. Whitehead, 28 Aug. 1985; 3 2°, 23 km south of Springbok,

2917DD, K. E. Steiner, 10 Aug. 1985; 1 °, 23 km east of Springbok, 2918CA,

K. E. Steiner, 23 Aug. 1989; 2 29, 1 6, Hester Malan Reserve, Springbok,

2917DB, K. E. Steiner, 23 Aug. 1989; 1 3, Hester Malan Nature Reserve,

2917DB, M. Struck, 30 July 1986; 2 dd, Hester Malan Nature Reserve,

2917DB, M. Struck, 2 Aug. 1986; 1 3, Springbok, Spektakel Pass, 2917DA,

V. B. Whitehead, 9 Aug. 1985; 3 2°, 20 km south of Springbok, 2917DD,

V. B. Whitehead, 10 Aug. 1985; 5 22, 3 d6, Hester Malan Reserve,

Springbok, 2917DB, V. B. Whitehead, 12 Aug. 1986; 1 2, Messelpad at

Buffels River, 2917DC, Springbok, V. B. Whitehead, 23 Aug. 1990; 2 64,

farm Mesklip, Springbok, 2917DD, V. B. Whitehead, 4 Aug. 1992; 1 °, 3 3d,

23 km south of Springbok, 2917DD, V. B. Whitehead, 24 July 1993; 5 29,

Springbok, Goegap Reserve, 2917DB, V. B. Whitehead, 13 Aug. 1993; 3 29,

Springbok, Goegap Reserve, 2917DB, V. B. Whitehead, 24 Aug. 1993.

Description

Female

Measurements and ratios. Holotype: body 8.8 mm, forewing 7.7 mm, head

width 3.0 mm, head length 2.4 mm, interocular distance 2.0 mm, eye length

1.8 mm, and length to width ratio of malar space 0.29 mm. Other material:

measurements and ratios of 30 specimens from entire distribution area are given

in Table 1.

Integumental colour. Body black to dark brown; distal third of mandibles,

apical margin of clypeus and metasomal terga 1-4 reddish-brown; tegula light’

brown; coxa, trochanter and femur on all legs dark brown, tibia and tarsus light

brown; costa and stigma of forewing light brown, other veins dark brown;

flagellum light brown on underside; pygideal plate dark brown to black, zien

brown at base.

Structure (Table 1). Head wider than long, inner eye margins converging

strongly above and only slightly below (Fig. 1F); interocular distance greater

4 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

than eye length (2.9: 1.8); head seen from front with ocelli on slightly raised

area of vertex (Fig. 1F); inner distance between lateral ocelli greater than ocell-

ocular distance (26: 18) and 4-5 times distance of lateral ocellus to occipital

ridge. Antenna: length of first flagellomere less than half length of scape

(9: 20), greater than length of flagellomeres 2 and 3 together (9 : 8). Mouth-

parts: (Fig. 1A-G) glossa one-third length of prementum, not extending beyond

second basal segment of labial palp, paraglossa reaching to a little beyond half

length of glossa; labial palp about twice length of glossa (62 : 29), segments 2

and 3 expanded slightly distally (Fig. 1A); ligular arms occupying basal two-

thirds of prementum; cardo slightly shorter than stipes (21 : 25); stipes 3.5 times

as long as wide (13 : 48), posterior margin with long hairs, longest towards base

(Fig. 1D); maxillary palp extending beyond tip of galea (Fig. 1D); apex of galea

rounded with stout hairs on posterior margin, decreasing in length posteriorly

(Fig. 1D); mandible slightly curved, bidentate (Fig. 1G); labrum (Fig. 1E)

subtriangular, wider than long (21: 12). Mesosoma: foreleg not attenuate, three-

quarters length of body (Table 1); hind tibia as wide as basitarsus, tibial spurs

finely serrated, hind basitarsus trapezoidal in shape with small shiny-brown

scale-like projection on distal dorsal angle (Fig. 4B). Wings (Fig. 4A): forewing

with second submarginal cell wider than long (28: 19), receiving first recurrent

vein at middle, third submarginal cell twice as wide as long (40: 21), receiving

second recurrent vein beyond middle (12 : 28), basal vein curved, 2.5 times

length of the first abscissa of RS, meeting Cu at junction with Cu-V. Jugal lobe

of hind wing less than half length of vannal lobe (36: 81); 9-10 hamuli; median

mesoscutal line extending three-quarters length of segment, lying in a shallow

longitudinal depression; propodeal triangle small, apical two-thirds parallel-

sided or expanded slightly at apex, surface finely coriaceous at base, rest of

propodeal surface coriaceous.

TABLE 1

Rediviva albifasciata. Mean measurements (+ S.D.) of body, foreleg, forewing and foreleg

to body ratio of females and males (all localities), and head and eye measurements and length

to width ratio of malar space of females and males (Springbok only).

Females Males

Mean + S.D. Range Mean + S.D. Range

(n = 30) (n = 6)

Foreleg (mm) 6.9 + 0.08 6.5-7.3 6.3 + 0.23 5.9-6.5

Body (mm) 9.0 + 0.16 8.2-10.3 8.2.+ 0:85 6.9-8.5

Forewing (mm) 7.6 + 0.09 7.2-8.0 7.1 + 0.26 6.9-7.4

Foreleg/body 0.77 +0.02 0.66-0.83 0.77 + 0.08 0.67-0.90

(n = 10) (n = 5)

Head width (mm) 3.0 + 0.12 2.8-3.1 Dil, 10209 2.6-2.8

Head length (mm) 2.5 + 0.07 2.4-2.6 2.5 + 0.06 2.4-2.5

Interocular distance (mm) 2.0 + 0.07 1.9-2.1 1.8 + 0.10 1.2-1.9

Eye length (mm) 1-3 + 0:07 1.6-1.8 1.7 + 0.03 1.6-1.7

Malar space length/width 0.28 + 0.03 0.24-0.32 0.38 + 0.04 0.32-0.42

A NEW SPECIES OF BEE FROM NORTH-WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE

1mm

Fig. 1, Rediviva albifasciata sp. nov. Female, head and mouth-parts.

A. Labium, posterior view. B. Anterior view of base of prementum with

fragmentum (f), mentum (m) and lorum (1). C. Inner view of galaea to show

galeal comb. D. Outer view of maxilla. E. Labrum. F. Front view of head.

G. Right mandible.

6 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

LLLL———z_____

LEZ 2 =

Yio

Lied

Gjly

LE,

Fig. 2. Rediviva albifasciata sp. nov. Female. A. Tarsus of foreleg, dorsal

view. B. Tarsus of foreleg, anterior view. C. Tarsus of middle leg, dorsal

view. D. Tarsus of middle leg, anterior view.

Sculpture. Head: clypeus coarsely punctate, punctures sparser apically, area

between punctures shiny; supraclypeal area coarsely punctured, surface between

punctures roughened; coarse punctures on paraocular areas, becoming finer and

coalescing towards vertex; frontal line extending from lower level of antennal

sockets two-thirds distance to anterior ocellus (Fig. 1F). Mesosoma: scutum

finely and densely punctate, punctures becoming finer and less dense in median

A NEW SPECIES OF BEE FROM NORTH-WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE 7

longitudinal depression, where surface between punctures is more shiny; disc of

scutellum and metanotum finely and densely punctured. Metasoma: tergum T1

shiny with scattered fine punctures on apical quarter; T2~T4 with punctures

becoming progressively coarser and denser on each segment, area between

punctures shiny; T5 with areas between punctures finely variolate. Sterna with

coarse punctation apically, surface between punctures shiny, basally impunctate

or with scattered punctures, surface substrigulate.

Vestiture. Head: stout, light brown, unbranched hairs on anterior margin of

labrum, mixture of white and black stout branched hairs on clypeus, finely

branched pubescence on supraclypeal area, stronger hairs, more sparsely

branched, on inner eye margins, black plumose hairs on vertex. Mesosoma:

lateral areas of scutum, scutellum and all of metanotum with dense light brown

pilosity, with some black hairs interspersed; fine decumbent light brown

pubescence surrounding discal area of scutum and covering discal area of

scutellum; propodeal triangle bare, rest of propodeum covered with light straw-

coloured plumose hair; episternum and sternum with cream to white branched

pilosity with similar pubescence on coxa, trochanter and femur of all legs; front

and middle legs having anterior and posterior surfaces of tarsomeres II-IV

densely covered with curved flattened scrapers (Fig. 2A), dorsal surface of

tarsomeres II-IV of foreleg with mixture of straight stiff unbranched and finer

branched hairs (Fig. 2B), corresponding dorsal surface of middle leg with

straight stiff unbranched and broad flattened multi-tipped hairs (Fig. 2D);

basitarsus of front and middle legs with mixture of strong unbranched and finer

branched pubescence (Fig. 2D); anterior surface of hind tibia with strong, light

brown, unbranched hairs protruding through underlying mat of finely branched

hairs, pubescence becoming darker brown to black towards tibial plate, mat of

finely branched hairs extending to narrow dorsal and distal edge of segment;

posterior surface of hind tibia with strong light brown unbranched hairs without

underlying mat of finely branched pubescence; anterior surface of hind

basitarsus with strong light brown, unbranched pubescence, becoming darker

towards distal area of segment where some branched hairs are present, dense

underlying finely branched hairs also darkening towards distal edge of segment;

stiff black unbranched hairs forming a penicillum on distal margin; posterior

surface of hind basitarsus with strong unbranched light brown pubescence

without underlying mat of fine pubescence. Metasoma: white hair bands on

apical margin of T1-T4, short decumbent hairs on basal two-thirds of T2-T4,

some longer suberect hairs on T4, fimbrium on T5 brown on disc, white

laterally; long suberect brown hairs on anterior margins of sterna S2-S5.

Male

Measurement and ratios. Allotype male, body length 7.8 mm, forewing

6.8 mm, head width 2.7 mm, head length 2.3 mm, interocular distance 1.8 mm,

eye length 1.6 mm, length of malar space one-third its width. Mean measure-

ments of paratype males are given in Table 1.

Integumental colour. Body black, tip of mandible reddish-brown; dorsal

surface of antenna black, ventral surface light brown; tegula and veins at base of

wing light brown; tarsus of anterior and middle legs light brown, tibia and

tarsus of hind leg brown.

8 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

1mm

Fig. 3. Rediviva albifasciata sp. nov. Male, genitalia and terminal sterna. A. S6, ventral

view. B. S7, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view. C. S7, side view. D. Dorsal and ventral

view of S8. E. S8, side view. F. Genital capsule, dorsal view (left) and ventral view

(right). G. Genital capsule, side view.

A NEW SPECIES OF BEE FROM NORTH-WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE 9

1mm

Fig. 4. Rediviva albifasciata sp. nov. A. Left wings of female.

B. Hind tibia and basitarsus of female (pubescence removed).

Structure. Head: inner distance between lateral ocelli greater than ocell-

ocular distance (29:21) and nearly five times distance of lateral ocellus from

occipital ridge (29 : 6); first flagellar segment less than half length of scape

(16 : 34), equal in length to flagellar segment 2, segment 2 shorter than flagellar

segment 3 (15: 18). Mesosoma: foreleg approximately three-quarters length of

body, mean foreleg to body ratio not different from that of females (Table 1);

small light brown spur at dorsal apex of tibia of middle leg; hind tibia slightly

wider (at widest point) than basitarsus, spurs finely serrated, basitibial plate

longer than broad, broadly pointed distally; jugal lobe of hind wing less than

half length of vannal lobe. Metasoma: apical margins of S2-S5 straight, S6 with

both apical and lateral lobes poorly developed (Fig. 3A), translucent area on

disc, S7 with deeply emarginate apical margin and conspicuous apical lobes,

lateral lobes large, oval, and translucent with papillae on proximal half

(Fig. 3B-C), S8 (Fig. 3D-E) expanded slightly apically, apical margin entire;

genitalia (Fig. 3F-G) with gonostylus fused to gonobase, extending a little

beyond apex of penis valve, apical half dorsally flattened; volsella well

developed with denticles on opposing surfaces of digitus and cuspis, opening

posterolaterally.

10 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Sculpture. Clypeus, paraocular and supraclypeal areas coarsely punctured,

surface between punctures shiny, punctures becoming sparser towards vertex;

scutum finely punctured, more coarsely punctured on scutellum and metanotum;

punctation on propodeal triangle and terga as in female; S6 with surface of basal

half substrigulate, apical half coarsely punctured, area between punctures shiny.

Vestiture. Head: light brown unbranched hair on labium, rest of head

covered in long silky, white plumose pubescence, with black hairs along inner

margin of eye, epistomal suture and on vertex. Mesosoma: scutum, scutellum

and metanotum with pale brown plumose hairs, some black hairs on disc of

scutellum, rest of mesosoma covered in long white to pale straw-coloured

plumose vestiture. Metasoma: S6 covered with pale branched straw-coloured

hairs on most of segment but with tuft of short black hairs on lateral lobe; S7

with strong recurved branched hairs on outer face of anterior lobe (Fig. 3B-C);

rest of pubescence as in female except fimbrium, which is pale straw-coloured.

Host flower records

Females collect oil and pollen from Colpias mollis E. Meyer ex Benth. and

Hemimeris racemosa (Houtt.) Merrill (Scrophuiariaceae) and nectar from Oxalis

pes-caprae L., Oxalis sp. (Oxalidaceae) and Cysticapnos vesicularis (L.) Fedde

(Fumariaceae). Males have been captured taking nectar from Othonna arbuscula

(Thunb.) Schultz-Bip. (Asteraceae), Oxalis pes-caprae L. and O. comosa

E. Meyer ex Sond. (Oxalidaceae). Males also patrol the two oil-producing

plants presumably in search of receptive females.

1159 E 7 19 21

29°s | 29°S

Cape Province

= Ft ft 31

33 4

15°E 17 19 21

Fig. 5. Known distribution of Rediviva albifasciata. @ = collection sites;

O: CT = Cape Town; CW = Clanwilliam; K = Kamieskroon; P = Port

Nolloth; S = Springbok.

A NEW SPECIES OF BEE FROM NORTH-WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE iE

Distribution

Rediviva albifasciata occurs mainly in the mountainous regions of northern

Namaqualand, but also has disjunct populations 300 km south in the Clan-

william area (Fig. 5).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation of the Cape

Province is thanked for permission to work on the Goegap Reserve (formerly

Hester Malan) at Springbok. The assistance of Senior Conservators J. (Kobus)

Kritzinger and N. J. (Klaas) van Zyl, who were in charge of the above reserve

during our period of research, is much appreciated. We are grateful to

Dr Michael Struck of Botany Department, University of Cape Town, for the

donation of several male specimens of the new species. We would also like to

express our appreciation to the referees for their constructive comments and

suggestions and for detection of some basic errors in the table.

REFERENCES

Harris, R. A. 1979. A glossary of surface sculpturing. Occasional Papers in Entomology,

State of California Department of Food and Agriculture 28: 1-31.

MICHENER, C. D. 1981. Classification of the bee family Melittidae with a review of the

species of Meganomiinae. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 18 (3):

i-ili, 1-135.

STEINER, K. E. & WHITEHEAD, V. B. 1990. Pollinator adaptation to oil-secreting flowers—

Rediviva and Diascia. Evolution 44 (6): 1701-1707.

STEINER, K. E. & WHITEHEAD, V. B. 1991. Oil flowers and oil bees: further evidence for

pollinator adaptation. Evolution 45 (6): 1493-1501.

WHITEHEAD, V. B. & STEINER, K. E. 1985. Oil-collecting bees in South Africa. African

Wildlife 39 (4): 144-147.

WHITEHEAD, V. B. & STEINER, K. E. 1992. Two new species of oil-collecting bees of the

genus Rediviva from the summer rainfall region of South Africa (Hymenoptera,

Apoidea, Melittidae). Annals of the South African Museum 102 (4): 143-164.

WHITEHEAD, V. B. & STEINER, K. E. 1993 A new Rediviva bee known to collect oil only

from orchids (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Melittidae). African Entomology 1 (2): 159-166.

6. SYSTEMATIC papers must conform to the /nternational code of zoological nomenclature (particu-

larly Articles 22 and 51).

Names of new taxa, combinations, synonyms, etc., when used for the first time, must be followed

by the appropriate Latin (not English) abbreviation, e.g. gen. nov., sp. nov., comb. nov., syn. nov.,

etc.

An author’s name when cited must follow the name of the taxon without intervening punctuation

and not be abbreviated; if the year is added, a comma must separate author’s name and year. The

author’s name (and date, if cited) must be placed in parentheses if a species or subspecies is trans-

ferred from its original genus. The name of a subsequent user of a scientific name must be separated

from the scientific name by a colon.

Synonymy arrangement should be according to chronology of names, i.e. all published scientific

names by which the species previously has been designated are listed in chronological order, with all

references to that name following in chronological order, e.g.:

Family Nuculanidae

Nuculana (Lembulus) bicuspidata (Gould, 1845)

Figs 14-15A

Nucula (Leda) bicuspidata Gould, 1845: 37.

Leda plicifera A. Adams, 1856: 50.

Laeda bicuspidata Hanley, 1859: 118, pl. 228 (fig. 73). Sowerby, 1871: pl. 2 (fig. 8a—b).

Nucula largillierti Philippi, 1861: 87.

Leda bicuspidata: Nicklés, 1950: 163, fig. 301; 1955: 110. Barnard, 1964: 234, figs 8-9.

Note punctuation in the above example:

comma separates author’s name and year

semicolon separates more than one reference by the same author

full stop separates references by different authors

figures of plates are enclosed in parentheses to distinguish them from text-figures

dash, not comma, separates consecutive numbers.

Synonymy arrangement according to chronology of bibliographic references, whereby the year is

placed in front of each entry, and the synonym repeated in full for each entry, is not acceptable.

In describing new species, one specimen must be designated as the holotype; other specimens

mentioned in the original description are to be designated paratypes; additional material not regarded

as paratypes should be listed separately. The complete data (registration number, depository, descrip-

tion of specimen, locality, collector, date) of the holotype and paratypes must be recorded, e.g.:

Holotype

SAM-—A13535 in the South African Museum, Cape Town. Adult female from mid-tide region, King’s Beach, Port Eliza-

beth (33°51’S 25°39’E), collected by A. Smith, 15 January 1973.

Note standard form of writing South African Museum registration numbers and date.

7. SPECIAL HOUSE RULES

Capital initial letters

(a) The Figures, Maps and Tables of the paper when referred to in the text

e.g. ‘. . . the Figure depicting C. namacolus .. .’: ‘. . . in C. namacolus (Fig. 10)...’

(b) The prefixes of prefixed surnames in all languages, when used in the text, if not preceded by

initials or full names

e.g. DuToit but A.L.du Toit; Von Huene but F. von Huene

e.g. Therocephalia, but therocephalian

Punctuation should be loose, omitting all not strictly necessary

Reference to the author should preferably be expressed in the third person

Roman numerals should be converted to arabic, except when forming part of the title of a book or

article, such as

‘Revision of the Crustacea. Part VIII. The Amphipoda.’

Specific name must not stand alone, but be preceded by the generic name or its abbreviation to initial

capital letter, provided the same generic name is used consecutively. The generic name should

not be abbreviated at the beginning of a sentence or paragraph.

Name of new genus or species is not to be included in the title; it should be included in the abstract,

counter to Recommendation 23 of the Code, to meet the requirements of Biological Abstracts.