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ANNALS

OF THE

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

VOLUME XIV

ANNALS

OF THE

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

VOTO WHAIH WCIENG

269106

PRINTED FOR THE

TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

BY NEILL AND CO., LTD., 212 CAUSEWAYSIDE, EDINBURGH.

1915-1924.

TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM.

The Right Hon. Joun Xavrer Merriman, P.C.

Sir Tuomas Murr, Kt., C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E.

The Hon. JoHn WILLIAM JacGceEr, M.L.A., F.R.Stat.S.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN

MUSEUM.

Louis ALBERT PhRINGUEY, D.Sc., F.Z.8., F.E.S., Director.

KerpreL Harcourt BARNARD, M.A., F.L.S., F.R.S.S.Afr., Assistant Director and

in Charge of Fish and Marine Invertebrate Collections.

Star GARABEDIAN, B.A., Assistant in Charge of Herbarium.

RecinaLD Freperick Lawrence, B.A., Assistant in Charge of Arthropoda

(Insects and Crustacea excluded).

ALBERT JOHN HeEssk, B.Sc., Ph.D., Assistant in Charge of Insects.

ArTHuUR Lewis Haun, M.A., Hon. Keeper of the Geological and Mineralogical

Collections.

Sipney Henry Haveuton, B.A., D.Sc., F.G.S., F.R.S.S.Afr., Hon. Keeper of the

Palaeontological Collections.

CONTENTS.

G. ARNOLD. PAGE

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa : F : : 1

LIST OF NEW GENERIC AND SUBGENERIC NAMES

INTRODUCED IN THIS VOLUME.

PAGE

Leptopone subg. n. (Formicidae, Ponerinae, Glyphopone) ARNOLD 5 = liG3

Pseudosysphincta g. n. (Formicidae, Ponerinae) ARNOLD . : : 5 GI

Zealleyella subg. n. (Formicidae, Camponotinae, Plagiolepis) ARNOLD . 5 B79

DATE OF ISSUE OF THE PARTS

Part 1. 11th February 1915.

Part 2. 20th May 1916.

Part 3. 9th August 1917.

Part 4. 1920.

Part 5. October 1922.

Part 6. April 1924.

LIST OF PLATES.

PLATE

Cerapachys peringueyi Emery.

( Probolomyrmex filiformis Mayr.

Platythyraea lamellosa Roger, race rhodesiana Forel.

Platythyraea cribrinodis Gerst.

Streblognathus aethiopicus Smth.

Paltothyreus tarsatus F.

Megaponera foetens F.

‘ M. (Hagensia) havilandi Forel.

( Ophthalmopone berthoudi Forel.

Ophthalmopone hottentota Emery.

Centromyrmex constanciae Arnold.

Pachycondyla laevissima Arnold.

Pachycondyla granosa Roger.

Euponera caftraria Smth.

Euponera wroughtoni Forel.

Euponera peringueyi Emery.

Euponera fossigera Mayr.

Kuponera sennaarensis Mayr.

II.

a Euponera caffraria Smth.

Plectroctena subterranea Arnold.

Leptogenys maxillosa Smth.

Anochetus levaillantei Emery.

L Anochetus punctaticeps Mayr.

Leptogenys arnoldi Forel.

Dorylus fulvus, race badius Gerst.

Dorylus helvolus L.

Dorylus affinis Shuck.

D. (Rhogmus) fimbriatus Shuck.

Aenictus rotundatus Mayr.

Aenictus eugeniae Emery.

Technomyrmex arnoldinus Forel.

Technomyrmex albipes Smth., race foreli Emery.

Iridomyrmex humilis Mayr.

Tapinoma voeltzkowi Forel, race rhodesiae.

Tapinoma arnoldi Forel.

Semonius schultzei Forel.

III.

IV.

vill

PLATE

VII.

Inst of Plates.

Simopone marleyi Arnold.

Sima natalensis Smth., race cuitensis Forel, var. bulawayana Forel.

Sima clypeata Emery, race bransi Forel, var. equidentata Arnold.

Melissotarsus beccarii Emery.

Ocymyrmex weitzaeckeri Emery, var. arnoldi Forel.

Ocymyrmex barbiger Emery.

Leptothorax angulatus Mayr.

Cardiocondyla emeryi Forel.

Monomorium afrum Andre.

Messor barbara L., race capensis Mayr., var. pseudoaegyptiaca Emery.

Monomorium arnoldi Forel.

Monomorium albopilosum Emery, race thales Forel.

Monomorium emeryi Mayr.

Pheidole crassinoda Emery, race ruspolii Emery.

Pheidole punctulata Mayr.

Pheidole xocensis Forel.

Pheidole excellens Mayr, race rhodesiana Forel.

Pheidole spinulosa Forel, race nexa Forel.

Pheidole liengmei Forel.

Cremastogaster tricolor Gerst.

Cremastogaster sordidula Nyl, var. rectinota Forel.

Cremastogaster bulawayensis Forel, var. oraclum Forel.

Cremastogaster kneri Mayr,. var. amita Forel.

Cremastogaster neuvillei Forel, race cooperi Forel.

Cremastogaster tricolor Gerst., var. mediorufa Forel.

Solenopsis punctaticeps Mayr.

Carebara vidua Smth.

Pheidologeton perpusillum, race arnoldi Emery.

Cremastogaster bulawayensis Forel, var. rhodesiana Forel.

Cremastogaster peringueyi Emery.

Atopomyrmex mocquerysi Andre, var. curvispinosa Forel.

Tetramyrma braunsi Forel.

Myrmicaria eumenoides Gerst.

Myrmicaria striata Stitz.

Myrmicaria nigra Mayr.

Myrmicaria nigerrima Arnold.

Triglyphothrix arnoldi Forel.

Triglyphothrix constanciae Arnold.

Triglyphothrix marleyi Forel.

Tetramorium longicorne Forel.

Tetramorium joffrei Forel.

Tetramorium solidum, var. signata Hmery.

Tetramorium jauresi Forel.

Tetramorium popovici Forel.

Tetramorium setuliferum Emery.

Tetramorium simulator Arnold.

Tetramorium grandinode Santschi, var. Lopensis Forel.

Tetramorium squaminode Santschi.

Tetramorium grassi Emery.

Tetramorium guineense Mayr, race striata Stitz.

T. (Xiphomyrmex) fossulatum Forel.

T. (Xiphomyrmex) humbolti, var. victorensis Forel,

PLATE

VIII.

IX.

List of Plates. : hs

Tetramorium laevithorax Emery.

Tetramorium decem Forel.

Rhoptromyrmex transversinodis Mayr.

Calyptomyrmex arnoldi Forel.

Meranoplus peringueyi Emery.

Meranoplus nanus Andre, race nanior Emery.

Strumigenys arnoldi Forel.

Strumigenys escherichi, race limbata Forel.

Cataulacus baumi, race batonga Forel.

Acantholepis longinoda Arnold.

Acantholepis foreli Arnold.

Acantholepis egregia Forel.

Plagiolepis custodiens Smth.

Plagiolepis steingroveri Forel.

Polyrachis schistacea Gerst., race rugulosa Mayr. >

Polyrachis arnoldi Forel.

Polyrachis gagates Smth.

Polyrachis militaris Fab.

Polyrachis schluteri, race indigens Forel.

Polyrachis spinicola Forel.

Polyrachis revoili Andre.

Polyrachis viscosa Smth.

Prenolepis longicornis Labr.

Oecophylla smaragdina Fab.

Camponotus troglodytes, var. rhodesiana Forel.

Camponotus petersi Emery.

Camponotus sericeus Fab.

Camponotus mayri Forel.

Camponotus braunsi Mayr.

Camponotus fulvo-pilosus de Geer, race storeatus Forel.

Camponotus ostiarius Forel.

Camponotus longipes Gerst.

Camponotus mystaceus Emery.

Camponotus cuneiscapis Forel.

Camponotus scalaris Forel.

Camponotus dofleini Forel.

Camponotus angusticeps Emery.

Camponotus emarginatus Hmery.

Camponotus maculatus Fab.

Camponotus maculatus Fab., race liengmei Forel, var. hansingi Forel.

Camponotus maculatus Fab., race liengmei Forel, var. importunoides.

Camponotus maculatus Fab., race pictiventris Mayr.

Camponotus maculatus Fab., race traegaordhi Santschi, var. muger Forel.

Camponotus crepusculi Arnold.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SUBGENERA.

Acantholepis

Aenictus

Aeromyrma

Alaopone subg. .

Allopheidole subg.

Anacantholepis subg.

Aneleus

Anochetus

Anomma subg. .

Anoplolepis subg.

Aphomomyrmex

Atopogyne subg.

Atopomyrmex .

Bothroponera subg.

Brachyponera subg.

Calyptomyrmex

Camponotus

Cardiocondyla

Carebara .

Cataulacus

Centromyrmex .

Cerapachys

Colobopsis subg.

Cremastogaster.

Decamorium subg.

Decracrema subg.

Dichthadia subg.

PAGE

552,

171,

115,

171,

554

136

256

133

450

578

254

103

114

593

552

544

190

PAGE

Dicroaspis 171, 362

Dinomyrmex subg. . 6 - 612

Diplomorium o = Lil, 240

Discothyrea 5 6 : ~ IBY

Dorylus. 5 a : qi UN

Ectomomyrmex subg. 6 oe

Kpitritus . ; lO 384

Euponera . s : ; 6 Gk

Glyphopone. : ; Gs:

Tridomyrmex . : j . 145

Leptogenys 3 : : 5 Ye

Leptopone subg. : c = IG

Leptothorax : a wi25 251

Lobopelta subg. ‘ : 6) OF

Megaponera AG

Melissotarsus 171, 188

Meranoplus 171, 363

Mesoponera subg. . 64

Messor 172, 404.

Microdaceton 170, 383

Mitara subg. 204, 238

Monomorium U7, 203

xi Index of Genera and Subgenera.

Myrmablys subg.

Myrmepomis subg.

Myrmicaria

Myrmophyma subg.

Myrmopsamma subg..

Myrmosaga subg.

Myrmosericus subg.. .

Myrmosphincta subg. .

Myrmotrema subg.

Myrmoturba subg.

Ocymyrmex

Odontomactus .

Oecophylla

Ophthalmopone.

Orthonotomyrmex subg.

Oxygyne subg. .

Pachycondyla

Pachysima subg.

- Paltothyreus

Pheidole

Phyracaces

Plagiolepis

Platythyrea

Plectroctena

Polyrachis

Ponera

Prenolepis

Probolomyrmex

Pseudosysphincta

PAGE

613

. 614

171, 261

612, 661

612, 672

613

614

613

612, 617

172, 194

103, 108

608

613

542

173, 174

Rhogmus subg.

Rhoptromyrmex

Semonius .

Sima

Simopone .

Solenopsis.

Streblognathus .

Strumigenys

Sysphincta

Tapinoma.

Technomyrmex

Tetramorium

Tetramyrma

Tetraponera subg.

Trachymesopus subg. .

Triglyphothrix .

Typhlopone

Xiphomyrmex subg. .

Zealleyella subg.

PAGE

115, 129

172, 351

114, 125

274, 345

ANNALS

OF THE

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

VOLUME XIV.

PART I. containing :—

1,—A Monograph of the Formicide of South Africa (Ponerinae ;

Dorylinae), By Grorae Arnontp, M.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.E.S.,

Curator of the Khodesia Museum, Buluwayo, (Plate I.)

ISSUED FEBRUARY 11th, 1915. PRICE 7s. 6d.

PRINTED FOR THE

TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

By West, Newman & Co., Lonpon.

ANNALS

OF THE

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM.

(ols 2IDY,)) nian Insthti7a

< aN

< Ae - \

Se | Muse

1.—A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa.—By GrorcE

Arnoup, M.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.E.S., Curator of the Rhodesia

Museum, Bulawayo.

INTRODUCTION.

Up to the present time, no work has been published which deals

with the Formicidae of South Africa in monographic form. The

descriptions of nearly three hundred species are scattered over a

large number of scientific journals, of which many are rare or

otherwise difficult to obtain. The task of identifying the ants of

this region is therefore rendered very arduous, if not altogether

impossible, since each isolated description has to be searched for

amongst numerous, and often very obscure publications, many of

which are not to be found in the few scientific libraries of South

Africa. It is therefore not to be supposed that the following

pages contain a complete account of all the known South African

species, since some may have escaped my notice, but it is hoped

that they will serve as a basis of study for future workers.

The difficulty of obtaining such publications for reference has

been surmounted in this instance largely through the kindness of

friends and of officials of kindred institutions. Many descriptions

of species which I have not been able to see, have been copied for

2 Annals of the South African Musewm.

me in London by Miss M. Munro. Dr. Louis Péringuey has given

me most generous aid in searching for references, and in lending me

books from the library of the South African Museum, and also in

submitting to my inspection the whole of the collections of ants

in that institution. I have also received much valuable help from

Dr. Hans Brauns, of Willowmore, who has lent me selections

from his library and has collected for me many specimens which

I could not otherwise have obtained. I am particularly indebted

to Dr. A. Forel, who has identified nearly all the species which have

been taken by my friends or by myself, and without whose generous

assistance the difficulties in attempting this work could hardly have

been overcome. Messrs. Cooper, Marley, Zealley, and Macgregor

have also collected for me, and to them and to Father Kendal, S.J.,

of Bulawayo, who most kindly corrected translations from the

Italian for me, I wish to tender my sincere thanks. I also wish to

express my gratitude to the Royal Society of South Africa for a

grant of £45 in aid of this work, whereby I was enabled to travel

to Capetown and copy many references from the works in the

library of the South African Museum, and to proceed subsequently

to Willowmore and Durban for the purpose of collecting the ants

of those regions.

The title, ‘South African,” chosen for this work is admittedly

rather indefinite, for in the geographical distribution of the ants,

as in the case of nearly all the Aculeate Hymenoptera, no definite

limits, such as Sclater’s original South African Region, or its various

modifications, can be adopted. Our present knowledge of the ants

of Africa is not sufficient to enable us to draw any solid deductions

from a survey of their distribution. The Sahara, however, forms

a fairly strong boundary, separating off the North African (i.e.

Mediterranean) forms from those of the Ethiopian Region, yet

several species pass through it by the gap of the Nile Valley;

there are also not a few species which occur all along the Hast

Coast from Abyssinia downwards, and several species originally

discovered in the equatorial regions of the Congo have been taken

by myself in Southern Rhodesia.

Tt is therefore with a view to reducing the work to convenient

proportions that I have decided to limit this monograph to the

inclusion of those species which have been found in British South

Africa, part of Portuguese Hast Africa, and German South-west

Africa, but also including some species which, although recorded

outside these limits, may yet be expected to be found in them in the

future.

A Monograph of the Fornucidae of South Africa. 3

In the following pages I have copied the original descriptions of

those species of which I have not been able to see specimens, such

copies being indicated by inverted commas. For the generic

descriptions and keys to genera, I have borrowed to a large extent

from Prof. Emery’s work on the Ponerinae in the ‘“ Genera

Insectorum,” an invaluable work which is indispensable to all

students of the family.

Species represented in the Rhodesia Museum’s collection are

anlerrer, oF cnfron L, or forwards.

<<<

[POSLETUO r, or behind, or backwards 5.

Fie. 1.

HUPONERA SENNAARENSIS, Mayr. ?.

1, 2, 3 = pro-, meso-, and meta-notum.

E = epinotum.

P = Petiole.

J, II, Ill, IV, V = Ist-5th segments of abdomen.

BA = base and apex of the whole gaster (abdomen).

A = apex)

B = base J

Thorax and head shaded ; true abdominal segments unshaded.

of the different parts and segments.

indicated by the initials R.M., in that of the South African Museum

by 8.A.M., and in my own collection by G.A.; such initials being

placed after the descriptions of the species.

It is hardly necessary to give an introductory outline of the

external anatomy of the Formicidae, since that information is easily

obtained in various entomological textbooks.”

But it will be necessary, for the understanding of the following

descriptions, to give a short explanation of certain features in the

anatomy of these insects, and of some modifications in the termin-

ology which I have thought desirable to adopt.

As is well known, the posterior portion of the “thorax”’ of the

* A very clear and full account may be seen in Wheeler’s ‘‘ Ants,” Columbia

Uniy. Biol. Series, 1910.

4 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hymenoptera is not a true thoracic segment, but is composed of an

abdominal segment which has shifted forwards during embryonic

development. Hence arises what at first sight appears to be a

needlessly confusing terminology of the different parts. Since the

posterior portion of the thorax, variously termed the propodeum,

epinotum, middle segment, metanotum, etc., is in reality the true 1st

abdominal segment, the 1st joint of the petiole is therefore the true

2nd abdominal segment. For taxonomic purposes, and more particu-

Fie. 2. Fie. 3.

THORAX OF PACHYCONDYLA KruGErt, STREBLOGNATHUS AETHIOPICUS. Om

Forel. ¢. Seen obliquely from the side and above.

d = dorsum )

s = side

pn = pronotum.

sc = scutum of mesonotum. of epinotum.

M.f = Mayrian furrows.

ps = parapsidal furrow.

p = parapsis.

J = face or declivity )

n = node of petiole.

vl = ventral lamella of petiole.

sct = scutellum of mesonotum.

met = metanotum.

ep = epinotum.

tg = tegula.

J = 1st abdominal segment.

mes = mesonotum.

pr = pronotum.

larly in dealing with the comparative dimensions of head, thorax,

and abdomen, the epinotum is regarded as a part of the thorax, the

petiole (whether of one or two joints), is treated of as a distinct

region, and the lst segment behind the petiole is described as the

1st abdominal segment. The latter is termed by some authors the

post-petiole, and the segment following it is in that case called

either the lst abdominal segment or simply the 2nd segment. In

this work, the segment following the petiole, whether the latter be

of one or two joints, will always be treated as the 1st abdominal.

A glance at Fig. 1, p. 3, will explain more clearly the terminology

adopted.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 5)

Another important point which the reader should particularly

note is that if we regard the epinotum as the basal segment of the

abdomen, the thoracic and abdominal regions are contiguous at

their bases, ¢.c. the metanotum on one side and the epinotum on

the other. Hence the bases and apices of the separate segments of

those two regions lie im opposite directions ; it should therefore be

distinctly remembered that when the base of the epinotum is referred

to, that portion of it is indicated which adjoins the meso-metanotal

part of the thorax. In the worker caste the metanotum is usually

InN PL

Fie. 4.

HEAD oF EUPONERA SENNAARENSIS. 2. Fia. 5.

mm = masticatory or terminal margin

of mandible. HEAD OF OPTHALMOPONE BERTHOUDI. ¢.

bm = basal margin of mandible.

en. = external margin of mandible.

c = clypeus (dotted).

fe = frontal carina.

fs = frontal sulcus.

E = (compound) Eye.

o = ocellus.

om = occipital margin of the head.

Showing fa = frontal area.

small, and so completely fused with the mesonotum as not to be

recognizable, so that the dorsal suture which separates the metanotal

region from that of the epinotal is commonly called the meso-

epinotal suture, although strictly speaking it should be called the

meta-epinotal. In the male and female the metanotum is distinctly

defined (see Figs. 1 and 2, pp. 3, 4). The epinotum is so closely

attached to the thorax, in the worker, that its boundaries are not

always easily distinguishable. For purposes of description it will

be convenient to treat of it as composed of three parts, viz. the

sides, the dorsum, and the declivity (see Fig. 3, p. 4). The

declivity is the sloping part of the epinotum, adjoining at its apex

the base of the petiole. The dorsum, when flat or concave, is

6 Annals of the South Africdn Museum.

tolerably distinct from the sides, but is confluent with them when

it ig rounded or convex. Similarly the dorsum merges into the

declivity when the slope of the latter is very gradual.

For the convenience of the student who wishes to consult the

original descriptions of the Continental authors, the following

glossary of synonyms is appended :—

Hpistome = clypeus.

Arétes frontales = frontal carinae.

Fosses antennaires = antennal sockets, or antennal hollows in the

Odontomachini.

Metanotum, in the ¥ =epinotum.

Propodeum = epinotum.

Face basale, of epinotum or metanotum = dorsum of epinotum.

Post-petiole = first abdominal segement.

Sillons de Mayr=convergent Y-shaped grooves on the mesonotum

in the male, or, Mayrian furrows.

Famiry FORMICIDAE.

The family Formicidae is divided into five sub-families, viz.

Ponerinae, Dorylinae, Myrmicinae, Dolichoderinae, and Campono-

tinae. Of these the first, with which we are now concerned, is the

most primitive, and from which, it is generally agreed, the others

have originated.

The Ponerinae flourish chiefly in the tropical regions of the globe,

being poorly represented in the temperate zones; in South Africa

they compose about 20 per cent. of the known ant fauna, a not

inconsiderable portion.

The phenomenon of polymorphism which is so frequently observed

in the Dorylinae, Myrmicinae, and Camponotinae is almost entirely

absent in this sub-family. Megaponera foetens may possibly furnish

an exception : in this ant the individuals are of two sizes, the smaller

form, which differs considerably in appearance from the larger, having

been described originally as a distinct species (crassicornis, Gerst.).

It is, however, very probable that the larger form represents an

ergatoid female, in which case this species is exceptional in haying

not onesuch female as is usually the rule when they occur, but as

many or more females as there are true workers.*

* See note to the description of this species, p. 48.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. T

In many species of the larger Ponerinae no winged females have

ever been discovered, from which it may be assumed that the

functions of the female are usurped by one or more of the workers.

Where winged females occur, they are seldom much larger than the

workers.

The larvae of the Formicidae, like those of all the Aculeate

Hymenoptera, are legless grubs. The larva has a small head and

thirteen segments. Three of these belong to the thorax, and the

rest to the petiole plus the abdomen. The mouth-parts of the larva

consist of a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae, and an unpaired

labium. The spinning glands, with which the larva spins its cocoon,

open on little papillae situated on the labium. lLHyes are entirely

absent. In some species the larvae are naked, but usually are pro-

vided with chitinous hairs which vary very considerably in their

structure and arrangement according to the species. The hairs may

be simple pointed setae, or plumose, furcate, serrate, or ramose.

They prevent the larvae from lying in direct contact with the moist

soil of the nest, and also help to hold the young ones together in

packets, thereby enabling the nurses to transport large numbers

from place to place with little trouble. In addition to the hairs,

some larvae, especially of the Ponerinae, have tubercles on some or

all of the segments. In Ponera some of the segments are provided

with pairs of dorsal tubercles, secreting a glutinous substance which

serves to attach the larva to the walls of the nest.

In the Dolichoderinae, Camponotinae, and some of the Myrmicinae,

the larvae are fed with liquid food regurgitated by the workers. In

the Dorylinae, Ponerinae, and some of the Myrmicinae on the other

hand, the larvae are nearly always fed with pieces of solid food,

which in the case of the two former families is nearly almost

invariably animal matter (Dorylus orientalis, which feeds on the

soft bark of plants, is a notable exception). Possibly Ponera

semmaarensis, Mayr, is also an exception to the rule: this ant preys

unceasingly on termites, but its nest very often contains considerable

accumulations of grass seeds, which may perhaps be used as food.

The economic value of the Ponerinae in tropical countries can

hardly be overestimated, for it may be safely asserted that at least

80 per cent. of their food consists of termites, and they thereby con-

stitute one of the chief checks to these pests of the tropics.

Certain species are exceptional, such as Plectroctena mandibularis,

which feeds chiefly on millipedes and beetles, and Platythyrea

Arnoldi, For., whose food consists entirely of small beetles, mostly

Tenebrionidae.

8 Annals of the South African Museum.

The colonies are usually small in Ponerine ants, but may be very

numerous in some species, such as Paltothyreus tarsatus, Mega-

ponera foetens, Huponera sennaarensis, many species of Leptogenys

and Odontomachus haematoda.

The habit of foraging in files has been observed in several species

of Ponerinae in different parts of the world. In our region this habit

is displayed by Megaponera foetens, and to a slight extent by Palto-

thyreus tarsatus. The former marches in double file, and the

striking disparity in size between the two forms composing the

colony has a very singular appearance. Their prey consists entirely

of termites, and when a suitable hunting-ground containing these

animals has been found, the columns break up and pour into every

hole and crack which leads to the invaded galleries. The method

then adopted is as follows: Hach ant brings to the surface one or

more termites, and then re-enters the galleries to bring up more

victims. This is continued until each ant has retrieved about half a

dozen termites, which, in a maimed condition, are left struggling

feebly at the surface. The whole army reassembles again outside,

and each marauder picks up as many termites as it can conveniently

carry, usually 3 or 4. The columns are then re-formed and march

home. Less order is shown by P. tarsatus, but I have often seen

this ant carrying termites, in short single files composed of about a

dozen workers.

According to my experience of the Ponerinae of Rhodesia, para-

sites and ant’s-nest guests are remarkably scarce in the nests of

these ants. I have never met with any of the larger Paussidae

which are known or suspected to frequent their nests.* But in the

colonies of nearly all the Ponerinae, and in a large number belonging

to the other sub-families, a very common Thysanuran, of a slaty

colour, is found in abundance, and also a white Isopod. I have also

found in the nests of Platythrea cribrinodis a Cossyphodes (Arnoldi,

Brauns) in small numbers.

Probably all the Ponerinae are able to make stridulatory sounds,

which in the case of the smaller species may be of so acute a pitch

as to be imperceptible to our ears. The stridulation is produced by

transverse striae on the under and upper surfaces respectively of the

Ist and 2nd abdominal segments. In larger species, such as

Paltothyreus tarsatus and Megaponera foetens, the sound is plainly

audible at a distance of several feet.

Other bionomic notes, when available, will be appended to the

* Cerapterus natalensis has been found in the galleries of Platythyrea cribrinodis

in Natal.—Tur Eprror.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 9

descriptions of the species, but it must be admitted that we know

very little of the life histories of the Ponerinae, and a considerable

amount of work remains to be done before we can claim to have a

comprehensive knowledge of their natural history.

In the following descriptions, the length is given for each species,

from the apex of the closed mandibles to the apex of the abdomen.

It is also convenient to treat of the short downy hairs as distinct from

the longer, thicker, and more rigid ones. The former kind is termed

the pubescence, the latter the pilosity. Occasionally the one merges

into the other, in which case the whole hairy covering is treated as

the pilosity.

Unless otherwise stated, the density and size of the punctures and

other sculptural characters are understood to be visible with a lens

magnifying from 20 to 25 diameters, or less.

The dimensions of the head (length compared to width), and the

shape, are given exclusive of the mandibles.

Key to the Sub-Famulies of the Formicidae. Workers.

(8). 1. Petiole one-jointed.

(3). 2. A more or less distinct constriction between the Ist and 2nd abdominal

segments; % always with well-developed sting; pupa always enclosed in

A} COE oo 65 oo 06) 06 66 bo 90 bo 00 100 co JPOMGIIMEG.

. No constriction between Ist and 2nd abdominal segments.

. Anal aperture transverse.

6). 5. Eyes entirely absent; clypeus very small; sting present, sometimes

vestigial ; pupae naked or enclosed inacocoon.. .. .. .. Dorylinae.

(5). 6. Eyes always present; clypeus not very small; sting very small and

mimeo! ~s5 oe ba, oo db | og 06 660 0g. 00 on Deolhiolnodioronaie.

(4). 7. Anal aperture circular. Sting absent; pupae usually enclosed in cocoons.

: Camponotinae.

(1). 8. Petiole two-jointed ; sting present; pupae alwaysnaked .. Myrmicinae.

Seo

“1

YS —

He OO

In some 8 Dorylinae the petiole is almost two-jointed, but the

absence of eyes, and the small clypeus will distinguish them from

the Myrmicinae.

Sup-Famiry PONERINAKH.

(Dalla Torre. Cat. Hymen., vol. 7, p. 13).

Characters.

Except in some males of the Ponerini, and in the Odontomachini,

the 1st abdominal segment is marked off by a more or less distinct

constriction from the 2nd segment.

10 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Females and workers with well-developed sting.

Females and males. The anterior wings generally have 2 closed

cubital cells.

Nymphs always enclosed in a cocoon.

Emery divides the Ponerinae into three sections, based on

characters derived from the larvae and males, but of which there are

no corresponding characters in the female and worker. As far as

our present knowledge enables us to judge, these divisions appear to

be sufficiently natural, and are as follows :—

I. Proporyninar. Larva uniformly hirsute, without piligerous

tubercles; g. Mandibles well developed; genital armature

retractile, sub-genital valve widely excised; cerci absent.

IT. PRoponrRiInaE. Larva as in I.; g. Mandibles well de-

veloped; genital armature usually non-retractile ; sub-genital valve

entire ; cerci absent.

III. Huponerinaz. Larva with piligerous tubercles; g. Man-

dibles more or less reduced; genital armature non-retractile;

sub-genital valve always entire; cerci present.

The first section includes the following South African genera,

Cerapachys, Phyracaces, and Simopone.

The second section includes Platythyrea, Sysphincta, and Probolo-

myrmex.

To the third section belong all the other South African Ponerinae.

The following dichotomic tables of the tribes, based on the

characters of the @ and 8, is derived from Hmery’s work (‘ Gen.

Insectorum’’). Unfortunately the males of many species are still

unknown, and moreover, in quite a large number of species winged

females have never been found, so that a key for these sexes (in many

genera) cannot be provided. There is a tendency among the

Ponerinae for the suppression of the winged ?, which is replaced

by ergatoid females differing but little from the workers except in

size and pilosity.

Key to the Tribes of the Ponerinae, based on the Characters of the

8 and &.

(Bo to Clays josey so 6-64 60 66 06 00 50 ALG pOgeIOTO, INORG.

. Claws simple or toothed. ;

(4). 3. Mandibles articulated to the middle of the anterior margin of the

Ingen) 56 5000 66 bo. bo 06 96 oo vo Odlonuomaoiini, Mayr

. Mandibles articulated to the anterior angles of the head.

(6). 5. At least one ocellus in the % ; body elongate, pygidium armed at the

sides with several stumpy spines .. ... Cylindromyrmicini, Emery.

—

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. iti

(5). 6. Usually no ocellus in the % ; pygidium without spines at the sides.

. Insertion of the antennae not covered by the frontal carinae.

(9). 8. Abdomen strongly reflexed ventrally, or, if not, the frontal carinae are

fused together and to the clypeus .. .. .. .. Proceratiini, Emery.

(8). 9. Abdomen not reflexed ventrally; frontal carinae distinct from each

other. Antennal sockets delimited laterally by carina.

Cerapachyini, Forel.

(7). 10. Insertion of the antennae at least partly covered by the frontal carinae.*

(12). 11. Frontal carinae with a lateral lobe; antennae inserted close together.

Ponerini, Forel.

(11). 12. Frontal carinae with a lateral lobe, but antennae inserted widely apart ;

clypeus flat, and whole body covered with a very fine pruinose pubescence.

Platythyreini, Emery.

—

Section PRODORYLINAH, Emery.

Tre CERAPACHYINI, Forel.

Characters.

Frontal carinae nearly vertical in all the sexes, and not covering

the insertion of the antennae. 8% without ocelli; petiole narrowly

articulated to the Ist abdominal segment.

Wings with only one closed cubital cell.

Including two South African genera, distinguished as follows :—

1. Last antennal joint much larger than the preceding, forming a single-jointed

club; petiole not margined .. .. . - oe oe Cerapachys, F. Smith.

2. Last antennal joint only slightly larger then the preceding, not forming a club;

petiole with lateral margins sharply defined .. .. .. Phyracaces, Emery.

GENUS ee

Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. Soe. Zool., ii., p. 74, 1857.

Characters.

%. Head emarginate posteriorly and the posterior angles promi-

nent. Clypeus very short and fused with frontal carinae, which are

short and close together; the latter do not cover the insertion of the

antennae. The antennal socket (or more accurately, the space on

the front of the head surrounding the socket) is limited laterally by a

carina. Antennae with 9 to 12 joints, the terminal joint large and

forming a club, and at least as long as the three preceding joints

together.

* Tixcept in Opthalmopone, in which the insertion is almost bare.

12 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Thorax without, or with indistinct sutures. Lateral margins of

the petiole not sharply defined. The Ist abdominal segment sharply

constricted off from the 2nd. The latter as long as the succeeding

segments taken together.

@. Winged and resembling the worker, or apterous and ergatoid.

g. Antennae of 13 joints; anterior wings with only one complete

(closed) cubital cell.

Key to the % % of Cerapachys.

(4). 1. Eyes absent, small reddish yellow species.

(3). 2. First abdominal segment wider than long, nearly as wide behind as the 2nd

seoment .. .. . .- Wroughtoni, Forel, v. rhodesiana.

(2). 3. 1st abdominal SoA as nom as wide, distinctly narrower than the 2nd

segment .. .. do oc to oo oo IJiponialoiopy, \atoweil.

(1). 4. Eyes present, black or brownien species.

(6). 5. Puncturation of head, thorax, petiole, and 1st abdominal segment dense

and very large; posterior dorsal margin of the petiole bisinuate.

Cooperi, Arnold.

(5). 6. Puncturation small and not very dense; posterior dorsal margin of petiole

straight.

(8). 7. Body black and very shining, sparsely punctured, pubescence and pilosity

SOM, 64 6 .. .. cribrinodis, Emery, v. natalensis, Forel.

. Body castaneous Brown: not very shining, more closely punctured, pubes-

cence and pilosity rather abundant .. .. .. .. Peringueyi, Emery.

—

C. CRIBRINODIS, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 43, p. 463, 3, 1899.

“8%. 37 to 4mm. Blackish brown, shining; the front of the

head, mandibles, antennae, tarsi, and apex of Srahineh rusty red,

last jot of antennae and tarsi ferruginous.

Head a little longer than wide, the sides rounded, as wide in front as

behind and widely emarginate posteriorly; the posterior angles sub-

acute. The eyes large and flat, inserted in about the middle of the sides

of the head : the frontal carinae fused with the clypeus, forming on

each side a projecting lobe, itself bilobed anteriorly. The antennae

are therefore placed farther forwards than in other species of the

genus; the frontal carinae are parallel in front, high and close

together, but separated by a groove; posteriorly they are fused

together and abruptly terminated by a depression continuous with

the antennal sockets. The genal carinae are raised anteriorly into

a prominence, below which is a depression sufficiently large to

accommodate the scape when the latter is directed forwards.

Mandibles narrow, their apical margin very oblique, with four

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 13

small and obtuse teeth at the base, and a larger obtuse tooth in the

middle of the basal margin.

Antennae 12-jointed, the scape reaches back to the posterior edge

of the eyes. All the joints of the flagellum are broader than long,

except the terminal joint which is as long as the four preceding

taken together.

The thorax is parallel-sided, depressed dorsally but not marginate

and without trace of sutures; the declivity of the epinotum finely

marginate.

Head and thorax smooth, sparsely and finely punctured, a hair

being inserted in each puncture. The puncturation of the petiole is

much coarser, that of the Ist abdominal segment a little smaller, the

rest of the abdomen finely punctured. The petiole is half as wide

again as long, truncate anteriorly and posteriorly, round above and

not marginate; below and in front there is a large rounded projection.

The 1st abdominal segment is as wide at its base as the posterior

edge of the petiole, widening towards the apex ; the 2nd segment is

longer than the petiole, but the 2nd and following segments are

together shorter than the petiole plus the lst segment. The legs are

hirsute.

Hab, Cameroons.”

The type species does not occur in our region, but I have thought

it best to reproduce the original description which applies in the

main to the following variety.

Var. NATALENSIS, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 423, 1910.

%. This is a little larger than the type, and has the petiole

sparsely punctured.

Hab. Natal.

C. PERINGUEYI, Emery. (Plate I., fig. 1, 1a.)

Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., vol. 18, p.335, %, 1886.

8. 4mm. Castaneous brown, scape, apical joint of flagellum and

legs ferruginous. In some specimens the head and abdomen darker,

almost piceous. Shining ; thorax, petiole and Ist abdominal segment

largely and coarsely punctured, the punctures of the petiole being

particularly large. Head and 2nd abdominal segment with smaller

and more abundant punctures, the remaining abdominal segments

finely and sparsely punctured ; antennae finely and closely punctured.

The whole body covered with rather long whitish recumbent hairs,

14 Annals of the South African Museum.

densest on the apical margins of the abdominal segments. Head

longer than wide, convex above, moderately emarginate behind,

posterior angles sub-acute, sides convex. Hyes rather large, situated

a little in front of the middle of the sides of the head. Clypeus

narrow and sloping inwards. Frontal carinae very narrow and

raised, continued in front (along the margin of the clypeus), round to

the antennal socket ; above, the carinae are angularly bent near their

middle, then converge and end abruptly. There is a semicircular

carina on each cheek, externally.

The scape, strongly incrassate towards the apex, hardly reaches to

the posterior margin of the eyes: Ist to 10th joints of the flagellum

wider than long, apical joint much longer than wide, as long as the

6th-10th joints taken together.

Thorax slightly narrowed in the middle, submarginate anteriorly,

with pronounced anterior lateral angles, all the sutures obliterated,

the sides seen from above moderately convex; the thorax is as long

as, or only very little longer than the petiole and lst abdominal

segment taken together. The declivity of the epinotum vertical and

bounded by a feebly raised margin. Petiole wider than long, slightly

narrower in front than behind, convex above, moderately so at the

sides, vertically truncate in front and behind.

First abdominal segment wider behind than in front, one-fifth

longer than the petiole, convex above and at the sides; the constric-

tion between the Ist and 2nd abdominal segments deep and strong ;

2nd segment one-quarter longer than the Ist, globose, and with the

sides very convex. The ventral lamella of the petiole is produced

anteriorly and is sharply truncate.

Hab. Cape. (G.A., S.A.M., R.M. colls.)

Var. LATIUSCULA, Hmery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 19, 1895.

3. 4mm. This differs from the type in its slightly larger size, and

in haying the petiole broader by one-quarter than it is long, the Ist

abdominal segment is also a little broader. The puncturation is also

slightly closer and larger.

Hab. Makapan.

C. CooPERI, n. sp.

3. 33mm. Piceous, clypeus and anterior part of the head a little

lighter ; mandibles, antennae, and legs yellowish red. The whole

body, including the tibiae, femora, and antennae covered with long,

yellowish, semi-recumbent hairs, the pilosity being more plentiful

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 15

and longer than in Peringueyi or cribrinodis. The whole body sub-

nitidulous, the head above, thorax, petiole, and 1st abdominal segment

closely and coarsely punctured. The punctures on the head are

smaller and more regular than elsewhere ; the cheeks below the eyes

are smooth and impunctate. The puncturation of the thorax becomes

coarser towards the posterior end. The punctures of the petiole and

1st abdominal segment are large and deep, but strongest on the

petiole. The declivity of the epinotum, and the anterior and

posterior faces of the petiole are smooth and shining. The 2nd

abdominal segment is evenly but sparsely punctured, the punctures

being smaller than those on the head; the margins of the remaining

abdominal segments, the scape of the antenna and the legs sparsely

punctured. The head is a little longer than wide, a little narrower

in front than behind, with the sides moderately convex and the

posterior margin straight. The eyes, situated in the middle of the

sides of the head, are more convex than in C. Peringueyr. The

mandibles are very finely denticulate on the masticatory margin.

Antennae 12-jointed, the scape strongly incrassate towards the apex

and not reaching back quite as far as the posterior margin of the

eyes. The one-jointed club is more globose and comparatively

larger than in our other species, and is as long as the 2-10 joints of

the flagellum together ; the latter are twice as wide as long, and the

ist joint is as wide as long. The angles terminating the genal

carinae are more prominent, but otherwise the characters of the

head are similar to those of C. Peringueyi. The thorax is flatter

above than in that species, and much more distinctly wider behind

than in front. The declivity of the epinotum is nearly vertical,

strongly margined above, less strongly at the sides, the junction of

the dorsal and lateral margins being produced into a small and

inconspicuous angle on each side. The petiole is slightly wider

behind than in front and moderately convex above from side to side;

the sides are almost straight or only feebly convex, the anterior and

posterior faces vertical, the anterior dorsal margin straight, the

posterior margin above bisinuate so as to form a median and two

lateral rounded angles. The first abdominal segment is nearly half

as wide again as long, the 2nd segment as wide as long. Otherwise

like C. Peringueyt.

?. 4mm. Similar tothe % except for the usual sexual differences.

The pro-mesonotal suture is unusually angular, so that the mesonotum

and scutellum together, seen from above, have the outline of a lozenge.

The mesonotum is strongly but sparsely punctured, smooth, and

shining between the punctures. The dorsum of the epinotum is

16 Annals of the South African Musewm.

three times as wide as long. Tegulae ferruginous, wings pale

yellowish, the nervures and stigma a little darker.

Umgeni, Durban. (C. B. Cooper.) The types in my collection.

(S.A.M., R.M. coll.)

The strong puncturation, especially of the petiole and 1st

abdominal segment, the longer and more prominent club, and the

bisinuate posterior dorsal margin of the petiole suffice to distinguish

this species from all the other members of the genus in South

Africa.

C. WrovueGutTont, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 422, 3, 1910.

“3. 2-93 mm. Mandibles smooth, punctured, narrow, and with

terminal margin oblique. The insertion of each antenna lies in a

depression bounded externally by a lateral carina concave inwards,

internally by the frontal carina, and posteriorly by a transverse ridge

which joins the lateral and frontal carinae. Head rectangular, one

and a quarter times as long as wide, sides convex, as wide at the back

as in front, and with a lateral raised margin on each side of the

occiput. Hyes absent.

Scape thick, hardly reaching the middle of the head; 1st joint of

the flagellum broader than long, 2nd—6th joints twice as broad as

long, last joint slightly swollen and as long as the four preceding

joints together.

Dorsum of thorax sub-depressed, faintly and obtusely marginate

and about three times as long as wide. Pronotum and epinotum of

about equal size; mesonotum shorter and narrower; declivity of

the epinotum sub-vertical, smooth, and marginate at the sides and

above. Petiole seen from above, almost square, corners rounded, as

long as wide. First segment of abdomen also almost square, one and

a half times as long and as wide as the petiole, and with apical margin

straight. The articular portions between the Ist and 2nd segments

form a stridulatory surface. The whole body and legs smooth and

shining, largely and clearly punctured; of a reddish-yellow colour

and covered with a yellowish, short and oblique pubescence.”

Hab. Natal. (R. Wroughton.) (G.A., 8.A.M.)

Var. RHODESIANA, Forel.

Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. Beiheft, p. 112, ¥ , 1913.

2°3mm. This differs from the type in its larger size, in the shape

of the node which is wider than long (in the type as long as wide),

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 17

in the less developed carina above the base of the antennae, and in

the much less distinct pro-mesonotal suture. The lst segment of

the abdomen is also much wider than long, whereas in the type it is

as wide as long. The thorax is also a little shorter.

Hab. Bulawayo. (G.A. coll.)

Genus PHYRACACHS, Emery.

Rend. Accad. Se. Bologna, p. 27, 1901.

Characters.

% and @. Antennae 12-jointed, apical joint not clubbed and not

longer than the two preceding together. Petiole, and sometimes the

1st abdominal segment with distinctly defined lateral margins. Hyes

in the 8 large, otherwise resembling Cerapachys.

&. Unknown.

This small genus, with the exception of two species from Mada-

gascar and the two described below, is confined to the Australian

region.

P. Braunsi, Emery.

Loe. cit.

“%. 35 mm. Piceous; mouth, antennae, apex of abdomen a little

lighter, shining, with numerous fine hairs which are most abundant

on the abdomen. Pubescence on the legs obliquely exserted, scape

with some long hairs; all the body finely punctured, more densely

so on the abdomen.

Head with rounded sides and with the occipital margin almost

straight, or arcuate; the eyes occupy a little less than one-half of

the sides. The mandible, narrow at the base, gradually enlarges

towards the masticatory margin which is obtusely dentelate on the

buccal portion. The frontal carinae are raised and parallel, but

dip down and converge abruptly posteriorly. The scape does not

extend further back than the eye, is shorter than the half of the

flagellum, and is incrassate towards its apex; the 2nd—6th joints of

the flagellum are wider than long, the terminal joint being longer

than the preceding but not wider.

Thorax short and stout; the declivity of the epinotum: marginate.

Petiole with sharp, lateral margins, seen from above, much wider

than long, the anterior face fairly straight, the sides arcuate, and the

a“

18 Annals of the South African Musewm.

posterior margin deeply excavated below the lateral angles, which

project backwards and are rounded.

The 1st abdominal segment is wider and longer than the petiole,

but less than the following segment, and is rounded at the

sides.

Hab. Willowmore, Cape Prov. (Brauns.)”

“ P. CooPeERt, n. sp.

%. 42-45 mm. Black, femora and mandibles piceous, tibiae,

tarsi, and antennae dark ferruginous. Petiole, abdomen, and legs

with a very sparse pale pubescence. Whole body with a scanty

pilosity of long, whitish yellow oblique hairs, more abundant on the

abdomen, shorter and denser on the legs. Whole body shining,

head and thorax particularly so. The head is smooth and impunc-

tate between the eyes and below them, rugoso-punctate between the

frontal and genal carinae, and above, from the posterior margin of

the eyes to the occipital margin, coarsely and irregularly punctate.

The thorax is punctate-striate anteriorly and posteriorly, almost

impunctate in the middle except at the lateral margins where there

are a few large punctures. The petiole and 1st abdominal segment

are closely and strongly punctured, the punctures are large, and on

the petiole somewhat elongated. The 2nd abdominal segment is

closely and rather finely punctured, the punctures being much

smaller and more even than those of the Ist segment; 3rd—d5th

segments finely punctured but less densely than the 2nd

segment.

Head a little longer than wide, narrower in front of the eyes than

behind them, sides moderately convex, occipital margin concave,

posterior angles sub-acute. Hyes convex, occupying a little more

than one-quarter of the sides of the head, and situated somewhat

dorsally just within the anterior half of the head. Frontal carinae

considerably raised and parallel, convergent posteriorly and meeting

at a point at a level with the anterior margin of the eyes. Seen

from the side, the profile of the carinae is strongly convex in its

anterior half, then shallowly concave for a quarter of its length and

straight along its posterior quarter. The posterior margin of the

clypeus is raised, and meets on each side a low genal carina which

runs forward from the inner margin of each eye, and forms with

it a distinct angle or tooth, just above the base of the mandibles.

A shallow crenate groove surrounds the posterior two-thirds of the

eye, and is continued below it to the base of the mandible. Antennae

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 19

12-jointed; the scape extends very slightly beyond the posterior

margin of the eyes, it is strongly incrassate towards the apex, and

is longer than half the flagellum, or as long as the Ist—9th joints

together ; the 2nd-9th joints of the flagellum wider than long, the

apical joint not wider than, but about as long as the two preceding

joints taken together. Mandibles triangular, masticatory margin

concave and without teeth. Thorax without trace of sutures, twice

as long as wide, widest at its posterior fourth, margined above, very

distinctly so anteriorly and posteriorly, but less so at the sides.

Seen in profile, the dorsum of the thorax is decidedly convex longi-

tudinally, and the sides are vertical. The declivity is almost vertical

and strongly margined all round. The petiole is sharply margined

above, and three-quarters as wide again as long; the anterior face

is vertical, the anterior dorsal margin almost straight, the sides are

moderately convex, the posterior margin depressed, and the posterior

lateral angles are raised and form a blunt triangular tooth on each

side. The 1st abdominal segment is as wide as the petiole, a trifle

wider than long, the sides parallel; the sides are somewhat angularly

but obtusely delimited from the dorsum, but not marginate. The

2nd abdominal segment hardly longer, but one-quarter wider than

the 1st. Posterior metatarsi longer than the tibiae.

Nesting under the roots of a tree. Umgeni, Durban. (C. B.

Cooper.)

This species appears to differ from P. Brawnst, which is known

to me only from the description, by its larger size, smaller eyes,

longer scape, and much stronger puncturation.

Type in my collection. (R.M.,S.A.M. and G.A. colls.)

Tre CYLINDROMYRMICINI, Emery.

Characters.

8 and ?. Frontal carinae elongate and projecting laterally so

as to form a short scrobe into which the base of the scape can be

inserted. Hyes large, at least one ocellus in the ¥. Body elongate.

Pygidium furnished laterally with short stumpy spines.

g. Antennae 13-jointed; scape short, Ist joint of flagellum very

short, the following joints longer than wide.

This tribe includes two genera, Cylindromyrmex, Mayr, which is

confined to South America, and Simopone, Forel, of which 5 species

20 Annals of the South African Musewm.

are known, 3 being recorded from Madagascar and 2 from Africa,

viz., S. conradti, Emery, from the Cameroons, and the new species

described below.

Genus SIMOPONEH, Forel.

In Grandidier’s Hist. Madagascar, vol. 20, p. 139, 1891.

Characters.

%. Body more or less cylindrical; head parallel-sided. Antennae

11-jointed, scape very flattened and strongly incrassate towards the

apex. Thoracic sutures usually indistinct. Petiole articulated to

the 1st abdominal segment by a narrow surface. The constriction

between the lst and 2nd abdominal segments very wide and rather

low down. Legs short; claws dentate or pectinate.

?. Unknown.

g. Clypeus very short; frontal carinae convergent behind and

separated by a longitudinal sulcus. Mandibles triangular and

edentate. Antennae 13-jointed, scape short and thick, 1st joint of

flagellum very small. Mayrian furrows on the mesonotum strongly

defined. Petiole nodiform; the constriction between the lst and

2nd abdominal segments very strong. Anterior wings with two.

cubital cells, not completely closed.

SmmoponeE MARLEYI, 0. sp.

8. 7mm. Reddish ochreous yellow, mandibles and flagellum a.

little darker, apical segment of abdomen except at its extreme base,

and the articular surface between the 1st and 2nd abdominal seg-

ments, black. Posterior half of thorax, petiole, legs and scape very

shining, the rest of the body moderately shining. Head, thorax,.

petiole and Ist-4th abdominal segments sparsely and shallowly

punctured; the punctures are ill-defined and largest on the head,

smallest on the abdomen. The legs, antennae and mandibles are

sparsely and finely punctured. The anterior half of the head is

microscopically longitudinally striate. The pubescence is sparse

and consists of short recumbent golden hairs. It is more abundant.

on the Ist and 2nd segments of the abdomen, and very scanty on

the head and thorax. The apical margins of the petiole and

abdomen, and the sides of the apical segment bear some longer and

thicker hairs; legs and antennae very sparsely pubescent.

Head slightly narrower in front than behind, almost one-third

longer than wide, sides moderately convex, posterior margin feebly

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 21

arcuate, posterior angles rounded. Clypeus smooth and without

carinae, sloping inwards, fused posteriorly in the middle with the

frontal area ; its posterior margin is raised, and bears on each side

just below and external to the frontal carinae, a rounded, prominent

tubercle which projects over the mandible when looked at from the

side. The frontal carinae are flattened and produced into a rounded

lobe in front, they diverge in front and behind and terminate at a

point on a level with the anterior margins of the eyes. The latter

are very large. The ocelli are very small; the space between them

is fuscous. ‘The mandibles are triangular, very convex dorsally, the

external margin shallowly concave, the masticatory margin edentate.

The scape of the antenna is strongly compressed dorso-ventrally,

widest at the apex and almost triangular, or twice as long as the

apical width ; it just reaches back as far as the anterior margin of

the eyes. The flagellum is 10-jointed, the 1st joint is about as long

as wide, the 2nd—9th joints much wider than long, the apical joint

longer than wide, and half as long again as the preceding.

The thorax is parallel-sided, its dorsum is flat longitudinally and

feebly convex from side to side. The pro-mesonotal suture fairly

distinct, the meso-epinotal ill-defined. The pronotum is distinctly

margined anteriorly by a dark raised line; the declivity of the

epinotum is similarly margined above and at the sides. The petiole

is wider behind than in front and feebly convex above. The anterior

face of the node is vertical and slightly concave; it is margined

above by a fine but very distinct and dark raised line, which is con-

tinued along the sides inferiorly to the dorsal margin of the posterior

face; the posterior angles are produced backwards, so that the

posterior margin is arcuate. The Ist abdominal segment is at least

one-third longer than the petiole, and as wide as long; it is separated

from the 2nd segment by a wide and deep constriction; the 3rd and

following segments are wider than long. The pygidium is produced

at the apex into a bidentate projection. Behind this projection the

pygidial area of the 5th segment is flattened, smooth and shining in

the centre, rugoso-punctate at the sides and armed on each lateral

margin with six short spines or teeth (see figs. 46, 46a, Plate V.).

Legs short, posterior metatarsi as long as the tibiae and nearly

as wide.

Three specimens were found by Mr. Marley in hollow stems of

the castor-oil plant, Stella Bush, Durban. At first glance this

species bears a deceptive resemblance to Suma natalensis, Smith.

The type in my collection.

22 Annals of the South African Museum.

Section PROPONERINAE, Emery.

Pee, PAYEE emery,

Comprising only the following genus.

Genus PLATYTHYRHA, Roger.

Berlin Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 7, p. 172, 1863.

Characters.

%. Whole body finely punctured, covered with a pruinose pubes-

cence. Clypeus flat and indistinctly defined posteriorly ; frontal

area generally indistinct; frontal carinae widely separated, thick

and dilated in front. Mandibles triangular, with the masticatory

edge large, finely dentate or without teeth. Maxillary palps 6-jointed,

labial palps 4-jointed. Antennae 12-jointed, eyes moderately large,

no ocelli. The pro-mesothoracic suture slightly mobile, the rest of the

thorax completely fused together. Petiole large but not squamiform,

narrowly articulated to the 1st abdominal segment at about the

centre of the latter, the abdominal constriction not very deep. Middle

and posterior tibiae with two calcaria; claws unidentate.

?. Winged; resembling the worker but slightly larger; eyes

larger and ocelli present : pronotum large, mesonotum depressed.

3g. Clypeus more convex than in the %; frontal carinae not

dilated in front; mandibles triangular. Antennae 13-jointed, scape

slightly shorter than the 3rd joint. Eyes and ocelli very large.

Pronotum large, not covered by the mesonotum, the latter not very

convex, and with Mayrian furrows indistinct. Wings with 2 cubital

cells. Petiole asin the 8. Pygidium rounded, cerci present.

Key to the % % of Platythyrea.

(10). 1. Dorsum of mesonotum as high as, or higher than the epinotum; con-

striction between the Ist and 2nd abdominal segments moderate.

(7). 2. Node of petiole with the posterior dorsal margin produced on each side

into a more or less distinct tooth.

. Larger species, 14-16°5 mm. Whole body black .. cribrinodis, Gerst.

. Smaller species, less than 10 mm., legs and antennae red.

6). 5. Posterior dorsal margin of node with a median rounded tooth, longer

than the lateral angles ; puncturation feeble, 7 mm.

Mocquerysi, Emery, var. matopoensis, Arnold.

(5). 6. Posterior dorsal margin of node without a median rounded tooth;

puncturation moderately strong, 8°5-9°5 mm. .. .. Schultzei, Forel.

(2). 7. Node of petiole without lateral dorsal teeth on the posterior margin.

Se Oe

He CO

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa, 23

(8). 8. Larger species, 12-13 mm. Node at least twice as long as wide.

Arnoldi, Forel.

(8). 9. Smaller species, 6°5 mm. Node not more than half as long again as wide.

Cooperi, Arnold.

(1.) 10. Dorsum of the mesonotum on a lower level than that of the epinotum ;

constriction between the 1st and 2nd abdominal segments very strong.

(12). 11. Node of petiole truncate posteriorly .. .. .. .. Jlamellosa, Roger.

(11). 12. Node of petiole rounded posteriorly.

lamellosa, Roger, race longinoda, Forel, and var. rhodesiana, Forel.

P. crIBRINODIS, Gerstaecker. (Plate I., fig. 4.)

Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 3%, p. 504, 1858. Emery, Ann.

Mus. Stor. Nat. Genoa, vol. 37, p. 154, g, 1896?. Forel,

Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. Beiheft, p. 208, g, 1913.

8. 14-165 mm. Black and dull, calcaria and last two joints of

the tarsi ferruginous. Whole body covered with an exceedingly fine

pruinose pubescence, yellow and somewhat longer on the clypeus ;

apical abdominal segment clothed with short reddish-yellow hairs ;

apex of anterior tibiae and anterior tarsus beneath clothed with

short golden hairs.

The head (excluding clypeus and anterior half of frontal carinae)

thorax, node of petiole and lst abdominal segment, punctured; the

spaces between the punctures are microscopically rugulose, the

punctures are fairly evenly distributed, round and shining, and

the floor of each puncture is pitted with two or three minute points.

The punctures are larger and closer on the posterior half of the head

and on the node. 2nd to 5th abdominal segments rugulose but

impunctate,

Head with posterior angles well defined, occipital margin straight,

sides moderately convex. Eyes of medium size, situated at about

the middle of the sides of the head. Mandibles triangular, slightly

shining, and striato-punctate. Posterior margin of clypeus indistinct,

but produced into a wide angle between the frontal carinae. The

latter are broad in front and flat, much narrower and convergent

behind. The scape reaches beyond the occipital margin. The

flagellum is as long as the thorax, with the 2nd joint longer than

the drd.

Pronotum wider than long, anterior margin arcuate and with

prominent anterior angles. Pro-mesonotal suture well defined,

meso-metanotal suture absent.

The epinotum has a short triangular and blunt tooth on each side

above the declivity ; the latter is very steep, excavated, and with the

dorsal margin considerably raised, the lateral margins less so. Node

24 Annals of the South African Musewn.

of petiole longer than wide, distinctly wider behind than in front,

slightly convex, rounded above and truncate in front and behind ;

the posterior dorsal margin is bi-emarginate, so as to form a tooth

on each side and a median obtuse angle. The ventral lamella of

the petiole is produced anteriorly into a truncated lobe. First

abdominal segment narrower at the base than at the apex, a little

shorter and narrower than the 2nd segment. Abdominal constriction

distinct.

g. 13mm. Black, pruinose pubescence as in the ¥. On the

head, epinotum, and petiole the puncturation is much sparser than in

the % ; the Ist abdominal segment is sparsely and very shallowly

punctured, so as to appear almost impunctate. Mesonotum strongly

punctured in its basal half, scutellum feebly punctured. Head

somewhat triangular, occipital margin straight, posterior angles

rounded. Hyes very large and prominent; ocelli large but not

raised. The frontal carinae reach far back, frontal area distinct.

Clypeus convex, posterior margin very ill-defined. Mandibles large,

sinuate externally, masticatory margin obtusely denticulate, the

apex incurved. The antennae reach back as far as the posterior

extremity of the thorax; the scape is slightly shorter than the

2nd joint of the filiform flagellum; the 1st joint of the latter is

very short.

Pronotum exposed, one-third as long as the mesonotum, and with

a short lateral fovea on each side of the apical margin; the parapsi-

dial areas are marked off by a raised line. The declivity of the

epinotum sub-concave and marginate, the dorsal lateral teeth very

much reduced. The petiole is like that of the % but is less dis-

tinctly truncate posteriorly, and the posterior dorsal margin is only

sub-angular and not toothed on each side. The abdomen is as in

the %. Pygidium with apex rounded. Wings smoky, especially

round the stigma; nervures pale brown, stigma dark brown, legs

slender.

Hab. Southern Rhodesia. (G.A., S.A.M., R.M. colls.)

V Var. PUNCTATA, 0. V.

This variety differs from the type in having the posterior region of

the head, the pronotum and epinotum more densely punctured. The

node of the petiole is as wide in front as behind, the posterior lateral

teeth shorter and more obtuse, and the ventral lamella acute

anteriorly, the apex of the projection not being truncate as in the

type.

Hab. Victoria Falls. (G.A., §.A.M.)

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 25

P. ScHuLTzet, Forel.

Schultze, Zool. Anthrop. Reise Siidafrika, vol. 4, p. 3, 1910.

“ 8. 85-9:'5mm. Black, mandibles, frontal carinae, antennae and

legsred. Mandibles moderately shining, exceedingly finely rugulose,

punctured, and with the anterior margin sharp. Clypeus with

anterior margin feebly and obtusely projecting, posterior margin

prominent and distinct between the frontal carinae. The latter are

strongly curved and convex exteriorly. Head trapezoid, slightly

wider behind than in front, feebly concave posteriorly and a little

longer than wide. The eyes are situated a little in front of the

middle of the sides, moderately convex and occupying nearly one-

quarter of the sides of the head. Scape flattened at the apex, and

nearly reaching beyond the back of the head to the extent of its own

width ; 2nd joint of flagellum longer than the 1st and 3rd, 6th—10th

joints slightly wider than long, the rest longer than wide.

Thorax constricted a little posteriorly, anterior angles obtuse.

Pro-mesonotal suture distinct, with traces of sutures behind the

meso- and the metanotum.. Basal area of epinotum convex, some-

what longer than the declivity, which is terminated above by two

flat, triangular teeth. Petiole longer than wide, slightly wider

behind than in front, convex above, vertical in front and behind,

the posterior margin convex in the middle and dentate laterally.

Ventral lamella projecting longitudinally.

Abdomen feebly constricted, 2nd segment as long and as wide as

the Ist.

The whole body, including the legs and antennae fairly densely

reticulate-punctate and slightly shining; intermixed, are some

rather coarse and shallow punctures, especially on the head. The

coarse puncturation is absent on the clypeus, frontal carinae, legs,

and abdomen, excepting the Ist segment. Finely and sparsely

covered with yellow pubescence. Pygidium with short yellow hairs.

Hab. Hereroland, Windhoek, G.S.W. Africa. (Schultze.)”

Lonely Mine, 8. Rhodesia. (Dr. Swale.) (G.A., coll.)

P. LAMELLOSA, Roger.

Berlin Ent. Zeitschr., 4, p. 295, 3, 1860.

“%. 125 mm. Black, dull, and pruinose, antennae and legs

brown-black, mandibles and tarsi red.

Head quadrangular, only slightly narrower behind than in front.

Hyes moderately convex and situated at about the middle of the

sides of the head. Frontal carinae broad and fused with the clypeus,

26 Annals of the South African Musewm.

which is rounded anteriorly and flat. The scape projects beyond

the back of the head, and is gradually thickened from the middle to

the apex. The flagellum is 11-jointed, the 2nd joint is one-third

longer than the 1st, the rest progressively shorter, except the last

joint which is only slightly longer than the preceding. Mandibles

short and triangular, curved in front and below, convex above, finely

rugose and edentate. The whole body is finely rugulose, with a few

coarse punctures.

Pronotum rounded at the sides, anterior angies obsolete, slightly

arched dorsally and separated from the mesonotum by a deep suture.

Meso- and metanotum fused. The declivity of the epinotum is

steep, shallowly excavated, with two small obtuse teeth close

together on the upper margin. The puncturation of the thorax is

similar to that of the head, but somewhat more strongly punctured

on the prothorax and the pleurae. Petiole seen from above

cylindrical, longer than it is wide or deep, rounded in front, abruptly

truncated behind and coarsely punctured all over. Ventral lamella

anteriorly, with a tooth-like projection, truncated at its apex. The

1st abdominal segment anteriorly moderately truncate but without a

distinct edge, broader than long, campaniform, constricted at its

apex; 2nd segment wider that long, longer than the Ist, both

segments finely punctured.

The legs are long; posterior tibiae with 2 calearia, the outer

pectinate. Metatarsi much shorter than the tibiae, and slightly

shorter than the tarsi together. Anterior tarsi and metatarsi with

thick golden pubescence beneath. A few erect hairs occur on the

last abdominal segment.”

Hab. Cape Province. (G.A., S.A.M. colls.)

Sub-sp. Lonernopa, Forel.

Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 9, p. 75, 3, 1894.

“‘ Like the type, but as far as I can judge from Roger’s description

without seeing the type, differing in the following characters-

Mandibles with 3 to 4 teeth, separated from each other. Head

rectangular, longer than wide. Mesonotum wider than long, very

short, and separated from the metanotum by a plainly visible even

if somewhat indistinct suture. The mesonotum is fairly flat and

depressed, lying at a lower level than the pro- and mesonota.

Declivity of the epinotum excavated, the margins sharply defined,

above with two very stumpy rounded bosses (in place of teeth),

Petiole cylindrical, more than twice as long as wide, hardly wider

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 27

behind than in front, roundly truncate in front and behind.

Puncturation similar to that of P. cribrinodis.

Valdezia, Transvaal. (Rev. P. Berthoud.)’’

Race longinoda. Var. RHODESIANA, Forel. (Plate L., fig. 3.)

Anasoce nt wbele.. volo, iv. p. 10) 3 gy 1913. bids px 34%,

OP, aS}.

8. 12-13 mm. This variety differs from lamellosa, in being more

finely punctured, especially on the petiole ; the latter is almost twice

as long as wide, and is widest in its posterior half, whereas in the

type it is hardly more than one-quarter as long again as wide, and

is widest in the middle; the projection of the ventral lamella is

smaller and more acute, not widely truncated at the apex as in the

type; the two obtuse tubercles or teeth of the epinotum are also

much less prominent in this variety. It differs from race longinoda

by its stronger puncturation, its larger size, the slightly longer

petiole, and the greater width of the head behind.

“@?. 14mm. Almost identical with the 3. Thorax nearly as

wide as the head. Mesonotum and scutellum short. The teeth of

the epinotum broader and more noticeable than in the % ; other-

wise identical, but the antennae, tarsi, and mandibles are distinctly

reddish. Dealated.”’

$. 135 mm. Black, tarsi brown, extreme base of scape

ferruginous. Pruinose pubescence as in the %. Whole body finely

rugulose and irregularly punctured with small shining punctures,

most abundant on the head and thorax, sparser and much shallower

on the abdomen. Head, including the mandibles, nearly half as

long again as wide, widest across the eyes, posterior angles con-

siderably rounded. Clypeus large and convex, posterior margin

clearly defined. Mandibles large, triangular, shining and finely

punctured ; masticatory margin denticulate, with an elongate sub-

apical tooth, apex incurved and moderately acute. Antennae reach

back as far as the base of the 1st abdominal segment; the scape is

very nearly as long as the 2nd joint of flagellum; the 1st joint of

the latter is very short, not one-third as long as the scape; 2nd-10th

joints sinuate externally, so that they are all much wider at the apex

than at the base. Frontal carinae wide. Hyes large and convex,

the ocelli situated on a raised area.

Pronotum exposed, sides slightly concave, anterior margin round;

pro-mesonotal suture distinct. Mesonotum very convex in front,

flatter at the base, and raised well above the level of the pronotum.

28 Annals of the South African Museum.

Mayrian furrows well defined, and with a short shallow groove

between the fork. Scutellum triangular, very gibbous and seen

from the side, much higher than the mesonotum. Epinotum as

long as the meso- and metanotum together, the dorsum is sloping

and moderately convex ; the declivity is short and gradual, excavated

dorso-ventrally, shining and bounded by a raised margin all round.

Petiole long, two and a half times as long as wide, widest a little

before the apex, the extreme base is angularly emarginate above,

with the angles raised into two small flaps. Seen from the side, the

petiole is convex above and concave below. The ventral lamella is

produced into a small blunt angle at the extreme base. First

abdominal segment almost triangular, the apical margin is quite

four times as wide as the basal. 2nd abdominal segment is as long

as the Ist, wider than long and moderately convex at the sides.

Pygidium sub-acute. The apical third of the posterior wings, and

two-thirds of the anterior wings externally, dark fuscous; stigma

and nervures dark brown. Legs long and slender.

Hab. §. Rhodesia. The nest of this species is so distinctive that

it cannot be mistaken for that of any of our other Ponerinae. The

entrance is surmounted by a dome, from 6 to 8 inches high, by

about 12 inches broad at the base. The dome is built up of very

even-sized small pebbles, about 5 to 8 mm. in their largest diameter.

The entrance is situated in the centre above, and this is generally

the only entrance, very exceptionally there may be a smaller and

less regular opening at the base of the mound. The type form

appears to be replaced entirely throughout 8. Rhodesia by this race.

(G.A., 5.A.M., R.M. colls.)

P. ARnoupt, Forel.

Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. Beiheft, p. 206, 8, 1913.

8. 12-13 mm. Black, mandibles castaneous red. At first glance

this species is not unlike lamellosa, especially var. rhodesiana of the

race longinoda. It can, however, easily be distinguished from those

three forms by the structure of the dorsum of the mesonotum,

which is as high as the epinotum, and not on a lower level as in

those forms. The 2nd segment of the abdomen is longer than

wide, and is not wider than the Ist, whereas in lamellosa the

2nd segment is wider than the Ist, and distinctly wider than long,

and the inter-segmental constriction 1s much more pronounced.

The apex of the abdomen clothed with rufous hairs, otherwise

the pubescence and pilosity as in lamellosa, var. rhodesiana. As

in the latter, the whole body is microscopically rugulose, but the

A Monograph of the Fornucidae of South Africa. ~ 29

head is less closely punctured, and the pro- and mesonotum dorsally,

and abdomen, are almost impunctate. The epinotum has some

punctures, large and very shallow on the dorsum, but smaller and

deeper at the sides; the sides of the petiole are rather strongly

punctured. Mandibles shining and punctate-striate, masticatory

margin concave, apex acute but not ending in a tooth. The eyes

are larger and flatter and placed farther forwards than in lamellosa-

rhodesiana, and the head is not very noticeably wider than the

pronotum. The epinotum is not unlike that of lamellosa, but the

dorsum is wider and flatter, and the declivity is distinctly and rather

sharply margined laterally and above, the margin above ending on

each side in a rounded angle, hardly large enough to be called

a tooth. The dorsum of the thorax is slightly angularly marked

off from the sides, ¢.e. sub-marginate. The declivity of the epinotum

is less sloping than in lamellosa. The node of the petiole, seen from

above, is twice as long as wide, slightly concave in the middle of

the sides, rising from front to back, rounded in front and truncate

behind; the posterior face is moderately concave and feebly mar-

gined all round ; the ventral lamella is produced at the extreme base

into a blunt triangular tooth.

Abdomen oblong, lst segment inverted cup-shaped, slightly wider

than long; 2nd segment longer than wide, longer but not wider

than the Ist, the constriction between the two segments feeble.

Legs not so long as in lamellosa.

Shiloh, S. Rhodesia. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

I have met with this species on only one occasion. The nest,

situated on an open piece of ground, was surmounted by a mound

with the entrance at the apex, as in lamellosa, v. rhodesiana, but

unlike that species the mound of Arnoldi contains no large pebbles.

The surface of the mound was covered with the elytra and carcases

of hundreds of beetles, mostly Tenebrionidae. Workers were seen

carrying live beetles to the nest, the prey being held by its mandibles

in a position above and parallel to the body of the ant. Since a

careful examination of the rubbish-heap of this nest failed to show

the remain of other insects, it is probable that this species feeds

entirely on Coleoptera, differing in this respect from most of the

other members of the genus, which in Rhodesia, at any rate, are

eminently termitophagous.

Pr P. COOPERI, 0. sp.

%. 65mm. Brownish black, mandibles, anterior half of head and

3rd—5th abdominal segments brownish red, antennae, coxae, and legs

30 Annals of the South African Museum.

rust-red ; apical margins of Ist and 2nd abdominal segments, and

sometimes also the posterior half of thorax, slightly tinged with red.

Covered all over with a dense, yellowish recumbent pubescence, less

abundant, however, on the flagellum. Pilose hairs entirely absent.

Exceedingly finely punctate-striate all over, with a few shallow

punctures on the sides of the head above the eyes, the petiole and

first two segments of the abdomen. The head much narrower

across the clypeal region than elsewhere, looks apparently much

longer than wide, it is, however only one-sixth longer than its

greatest width, 2.e. across the eyes. The sides of the head are

almost straight, but the eyes project considerably beyond the

level of the same; the posterior angles of the head are rounded,

the posterior margin moderately arcuate. The eyes are large and

situated at about the middle of the sides. The clypeus is approxi-

mately triangular, the posterior margin hardly distinguishable, the

anterior margin straight. The frontal carinae are very wide,

obtusely angular above the insertion of the antennae (behind which

they are a little wider even than in front), nearly parallel, not

convergent posteriorly, and extending back to about the level of the

middle of the eyes. A shallow depression extends from the posterior

margin of the clypeus to about the middle of the vertex. Mandibles

triangular, finely rugulose, edentate, the extreme apex truncate.

Scape not reaching the occipital margin, incrassate towards the

apex; flagellum about one-third longer than the scape, Ist and

Qnd joints subequal, a little longer than wide, 3rd—10th joints

a little wider than long, apical joint not quite as long as the 9th and

10th joints together.

The dorsum of the thorax and epinotum is flat or only very feebly

convex, and is angularly and obtusely delimited from the sides.

Pronotum a little wider in front than behind, as long as wide, the

anterior angles or shoulders almost obsolete. Pro-mesonotal suture

distinct, the meso-epinotal indicated by a slight depression; the

mesonotum is nearly as long as the pronotum, but a trifle narrower.

The declivity of the epinotum is almost vertical, angularly emar-

ginate above (A-shaped), and distinctly concave; the lateral margins

of the declivity rather tumid, forming at the junction with the

dorsum a wide and rounded angle at each side. Node of petiole

one-third longer than wide, nearly as wide as the epinotum, the

sides almost straight, higher and wider behind than in front, the

anterior face very rounded, the posterior face vertical and feebly

margined. Ventral lamella of the petiole produced at the extreme

base into a rounded projection. Abdomen elongate and narrow,

A Monograph of the Fornucidae of South Africa. 31

about as long as the thorax, the sides feebly convex. lst and

2nd segments distinctly longer than wide, 2nd segment longer

than the Ist. Legs rather short, anterior femora thick and broad,

posterior coxae not toothed.

3. 65mm. Rust-red, antennae and tarsi yellowish red, eyes

black. Puncturation and pubescence as in the $, but the pune-

turation is a little finer, and the pubescence shorter and less

dense.

Head, excluding mandibles, as long as it is wide across the eyes.

The latter very large, the internal margins sinuate, occupying more

than three-quarters of the sides of the head. Mandibles large and

shaped as in the %. Clypeus similar to that of the 38, but the

posterior margin is more distinctly defined. The frontal area is

an elongate triangle, indistinctly defined but continued into the

median depression of the vertex, which ends at the anterior ocellus.

The ocelli not very large and not situated on a raised area. The

frontal carinae are widely divergent behind. Antennae filiform,

extending back as far as the lst abdominal segment; scape short,

not longer than the distance separating the two posterior ocelli;

1st joint of flagellum less than half as long as the scape, 2nd joint

as long as the third. Pronotum rounded in front and at the sides,

at least three times as wide as long. Mesonotum rather flat

posteriorly, moderately convex in front and at the sides, not rising

very much above the level of the pronotum. Mayrian furrows and

parapsidal sutures very distinct. Scutellum a little wider than

long, not gibbous. Dorsum of the epinotum much wider at the

base than at the apex, where it forms a distinct angle with the

declivity. The latter is distinctly margined all round, nearly

quadrangular, not vertical as in the 8, but sloping very obliquely.

The node of the petiole is similar to that of the %, but is

not so high, nor truncated behind, the dorsal profile forming a

continuous curve rising from front to back. The abdomen as in

the % ; the pygidium ends in a short curved spine. Legs longer

and thinner than in the %. Wings smoky, nervures pale brown,

stigma black.

Types 8% and g in the Durban Museum.

Stella Bush, Durban. (C. B. Cooper.)

This species differs from the allied forms, frontalis, modesta, tenuis,

Emery, etc., by the entire absence of teeth on the posterior dorsal

margin of the node, and by the widely separated frontal carinae.

(R.M., S.A.M., G.A. colls.)

32 Annals of the South African Museum.

P. Mocquerysi1, Emery.

Bull. Ent. Soc. Ital., vol. 31 p. 270, % 9, 1900.

/ Var. MATOPOENSIS, N. v.

? 7-75 mm. Black, mandibles, clypeus, antennae, legs and

apex of the abdomen more or less ferruginous. Pubescence pruinose

and rather thin, pilosity absent except on the last segment of

the abdomen. Microscopically rugulose, sparsely and shallowly

punctured on the head, meso- and epinotum, petiole and first two

segments of the abdomen. The pronotum and apical segments of

the abdomen with very sparse and minute punctures; the punctures

on the sides of the head and on the epinotum are larger and deeper

than on the rest of the body. Head sub-quadrate, as long as

wide, sides feebly convex, posterior margin almost straight, posterior

angles rounded. The anterior margin of the clypeus feebly arcuate,

posterior margin indistinct. Mandibles dull, finely punctuate-

striate, triangular, external margin convex or very slightly sinuate,

masticatory margin finely denticulate. Frontal carinae broad, nar-

rower and slightly convergent behind. LHyes large, their posterior

margins lying in front of the middle of the sides of the head. Scape

of the antenna reaches back a little beyond the occipital margin ;

Ist-5th joints very little longer than wide, 6th—l0th joints about as

long as wide, apical joint half as long again as wide. The pronotum

is a little wider than the rest of the thorax, and narrower behind,

the sides of the rest of the thorax nearly parallel. Pro-mesonotal

suture distinct. The declivity of the epinotum is very steep but not

vertical, concave and distinctly margined, the margin above ending

on each side in a broad, rounded and stumpy tooth. Node of

petiole half as long again as wide, a little longer than high, convex

from side to side, a trifle wider behind than in front, anterior face

nearly vertical but considerably rounded above, posterior face

vertical and produced dorsally into three obtuse teeth, the median

tooth being wider and longer than the lateral teeth. Ventral lamella

very slightly produced. Abdomen oblong, 1st segment very little

longer than wide, 2nd segment longer than the Ist, and one-fifth

longer than wide. Legs rather short, posterior coxae armed on the

inner margin with a blunt tooth..

Matopo Hills, 8. Rhodesia. Type in my collection.

This variety appears to differ from the type form of Madagascar

only by the longer node of the petiole.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 33

Tre PROCHRATIINI, Emery.

Characters.

8%. Frontal carinae do not cover the articulations of the

antennae, they are close together and are sometimes even fused

into a single vertical lamella which is fused to the elypeus.

Mandibles triangular; antennae 9 to 12 joints; eyes small or

wanting. Thorax usually without dorsal sutures; petiole nodiform

or squamiform; lst abdominal segment large, separated by a con-

striction from the 2nd segment which is large and forms the greater

part of the abdomen. Tibiae with only one spur; claws simple.

?. Winged; eyes and ocelli well developed, otherwise resembling

the &.

3. Clypeus and frontal carinae much the same as in the 8 ;

antennae 13-jointed ; wings with only one closed cubital cell.

This tribe contains five genera, two of which are represented in

South Africa.

1. Clypeus very short, but not projecting in a roof-shaped mass above the mouth;

body not filiform, apical segments of abdomen incurved under the 2nd segment

and reflected, so that the apex points forwards .. .. .. Sysphincta, Roger.

2. Clypeus fused with the frontal carinae and the cheeks, and projecting in a

roof-like manner above the mouth; body filiform; apical segments of abdomen

straight, not incurved and reflected -- -- «- .- Probolomyrmex, Mayr.

Genus PROBOLOMYRMEX, Mayr.

Ann. K.K.N.H. Museum, Vienna, vol. 16, p. 2, 1901.

Characters.

%. Body filiform, head long and narrow. The clypeus is fused

with the frontal carinae and the cheeks, forming a projecting ledge

over the mouth, in front of the antennae; the frontal carinae, fused

in front, are separate behind. The mandibles are hidden by the

clypeal projection, and are elongate-triangular and dentate. Antennae

12-jointed ; scape long, flagellum clayiform but not forming a club

of a definite number of joints. Eyes wanting. Thorax without

sutures, the declivity of the epinotum surrounded by a raised edge.

Node of the petiole compressed, higher behind than in front, longer

than wide; ventral lamella produced into a vertical projection,

pointing backwards. Abdomen elongate, not reflexed ventrally; a

slight constriction between the lst and 2nd segments.

2? and g. Unknown.

34 Annals of the South African Musewm.

P. FitirorMis, Mayr. (Plate I., fig. 2, 2a.)

Loc. cit.

%. 3mm. Head nearly twice as long as wide, posterior angles

feebly rounded. ‘The anterior portion of the head is produced into a

roof-like projection or ledge which reaches as far as or a little

beyond the apex of the closed mandibles. This projection is formed

by the clypeus and the anterior portion of the fused frontal carinae

and all that part of the face which lies between a point a little

behind the antennal sockets, and the anterior margin of the clypeus.

Viewed from the side, the antennae are seen to be inserted on this

ledge half-way between its anterior and posterior limits, and

therefore le above the middle point of the mandibles when the

latter are closed. The frontal carinae which arise a little in front of

the antennal sockets, leaving them uncovered, are curved inwards,

fused together for half their length, diverge again posteriorly and

reach to a point about as far back as the base of the mandibles.

The fused portion of the carinae forms a rounded and raised crest,

lying between the insertion of the antennae. ‘The latter are

12-jointed ; the scape, somewhat flattened, reaches back two-thirds

of the head; the flagellum is gradually thickened towards the apex.

The last joint is twice as long as the two preceding, and all the joints

except the Ist and 3rd, are noticeably wider than long, the Ist joint

is two-thirds as long again as it is wide, the 3rd joint is about as

long as wide, and the 2nd joint is very small and nearly twice as

wide as long.

The colour is a rich burnt sienna, with the antennae, legs, and

apex of abdomen lighter, or ferruginous yellow. The whole body is

dull and microscopically and densely punctulate, intermixed with

larger and shallower punctures on the Ist and 2nd abdominal

segments and the back of the head. The general puncturation is

only observable with a magnification of 60 diameters, and the larger

punctures are barely recognizable under a magnification of even 20

diameters.

Other characters as for the genus.

Port Elizabeth. (Brauns.) 1 8 in my collection presented by

Dr. Brauns. *

Genus SYSPHINCTA, Roger.

(Sysphingta), Berlin Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 7, p. 175, 1863.

Characters .

% and ?. The anterior margin of the clypeus is produced into a

point (not in S. Arnoldi). Flagellum very slightly, if at all,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 30

incrassate towards the apex. Hyes very small, situated in the

middle of the sides of the head. Petiole nodiform.

3g. Clypeus produced anteriorly in an obtuse point; frontal

carinae separated by a sulcus. Scape longer than one-third of the

flagellum. Hpinotum truncate. Petiole not so high as in the

%. 2nd segment of abdomen only feebly incurved. Wings with

one cubital and one discoidal cell.

S. Arnoupt, Forel.

Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. Beiheft, p. 210, ¥ , 1913.

%. 38mm. Reddish yellow, the margins of the frontal carinae

and the epinotal teeth piceous. Covered all over with a very

dense yellowish-white semi-erect pubescence longer on the abdomen

than elsewhere, very short on the flagellum ; a few short pilose hairs

on the front of the head, long pale hairs on the ventral surface and

sides of the abdomen. Whole body, excluding the legs and flagellum,

dull, very minutely, shallowly and irregularly rugose, 2nd abdominal

segment and legs slightly shining. Head globose, very little longer

than wide, sides moderately convex. Hyes very minute, placed

slightly behind the middle of the sides and consisting apparently of

only a single facet. Clypeus very short and fused with the frontal

carinae ; the latter are linear, convergent in front, divergent behind.

Mandibles coarsely punctured, with about 4 blunt teeth on the

masticatory margin. Scape strongly incrassate towards the apex,

reaching back not quite as far as the occipital margin; flagellum

11-jointed, nearly half as long again as the scape, the terminal joints

do not form a club, 1st joint a little longer than wide, last joint as

long as the three preceding taken together, all the other joints wider

than long. Thorax about one-fifth longer than the head, widest in

front, but not so wide as the head, narrowing gradually to the

epinotum, very convex from side to side and rounded in front. The

dorsum of the epinotum is depressed towards the apex which carries

a minute blackish tooth on each side; the declivity is short and

vertical. The dorsum is faintly, and the declivity distinctly

margined laterally by a raised dark line, confluent with the epinotal

teeth. Node of petiole not squamiform, but thick and sub-globose,

wider than long, convex at the sides and above, vertical in front and

behind; ventral lamella very strongly produced, excised below

posteriorly so as to form a sharp tooth pointing backwards. Seen

from above, the abdomen is oblong, the 1st segment as long as wide

and not much, if at all wider at the apical margin than at the base,

36 Annals of the South African Museum.

2nd segment longer than wide, and one-third longer than the 1st

segment. Seen from the side, the lst segment is much deeper at the

apical margin than at the base, the extreme base below is produced

into a strong obtuse tooth pointing forwards; the 2nd segment

is very convex above and posteriorly and covers the remaining

segments, which are incurved and reflected, so that the apex of the

abdomen points forwards. Seen from above, the apical segments

are completely hidden from view by the 2nd segment.

Bulawayo. 1 taken under a stone, and 1 taken in the nest of

Platythyrea cribrinodis, Gerst. (G.A., coll.)

As I have adopted the scheme of classification for the genera

given by Emery in the ‘‘ Genera Insectorum,” I have retained this

species under the genus Sysphincta. Dr. Forel in his description

refers it to the genus Proceratiwm, and points out that this and

other species share some of the characters of both genera, so that he

considers it necessary now to sink Sysphincta to a sub-genus of

Proceratium.

Section HUPONERINAH, Emery.

Tring PONERINI, Forel.

Characters.

8 and @. Mandibles articulated near the anterior angles of the

head; frontal carinae convergent posteriorly and nearly always

produced into a lateral lobe anteriorly, which covers the insertion of

the antennae. A more or less marked constriction between the 1st

and 2nd abdominal segments. Claws simple or dentate.

g. Claws simple or dentate.

Key to the 8 and 9.

(2). 1. Middle pair of tibiae with two simple calcaria; posterior tibiae with two

calcaria, the inner large and pectinate.. .. .. Centromyrmex, Mayr.

(1). 2. Tibiae not so formed.

(14). 3. Middle and posterior tibiae with two well-developed calcaria, the inner

the larger, and pectinate.

(5). 4. Node of the petiole compressed above and forming a sharp edge, with a

slight notch behind which is in front of a terminal blunt tooth; clypeus

produced into a blunt tooth in the middle of each side; very large

BIGGS c5 so of 00 “00 00 Streblognathus, Mayr.

. Petiole not compressed above.

(7). 6. Clypeus with a median raised portion; the latter is deeply excavated in

the middle and projects beyond the anterior margin of the head; Ist

—

‘

Or HE & vO

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 37 |

abdominal segment produced ventrally at its junction with the petiole

into a blunt, compressed tooth .. .. .. .. .. Paltothyreus, Mayr.

. Clypeus otherwise formed.

. Eyes situated behind the middle of the head; claws with a minute sharp

tooth close to the base. Head narrow, excluding mandibles, at least one

and a third times as long as wide across the eyes Opthalmopone, Forel.

. Hyes situated ei akout the middle or a little in front of the middle of the

head.

. Claws with a single blunt tooth a little distance from the base.

Megaponera, Mayr.

. Claws simple.

. Meso-metanotal suture obsolete in the %, medium-sized species,

10-14 mm. ax - .. .. Pachycondyla, Smith.

. Meso-metanotal patie more or ase ‘Retin small species, mostly less

thanl10mm. .. . .. .. Huponera, Forel.

. Middle and posterior lee “aie aly o one wall developed calear, which is

also pectinate ; the other is rudimentary or absent.

. Sculpture fine ; at least the abdomen is Le outer calcar absent ;

small species, lees than 10mm. .. .. .. Ponera, Latr.

. Abdomen not pubescent ; whole ody very dittatinn , evenly and largely

punctured ; medium-sized or very large species .. “Plactnapiana, Smith.

Key tothe 33.

. Middle tibiae with two very small calcaria, posterior tibiae with one

large pectinate calcar .. .. .. .. «. «.. Centromyrmex, Mayr.

. Tibiae not so formed.

. Middle and posterior tibiae with two calcaria, the inner pectinate.

. Scape not considerably shorter than the 2nd joint of the flagellum.

. Scape a little longer than the 2nd joint of the flagellum ; frontal carinae

rudimentary... .. ... .. Megaponera, Mayr.

. Scape a little shorter bey the ond sofia of the flagellum ; frontal carinae

distinct Se . .. Opthalmopone, Forel.

. Scape soruclidtenste aTrouior ffnorn ie ond stout of the flagellum.

. Pygidium prolonged into a curved spine; clypeus truncate or feebly

produced .. .. .. Pachycondyla, Smith, Huwponera, Forel (pars).

. Pygidium blunt or pointed, but not produced into a spine.

. Ventral lamella of petiole not furnished with an acute spine pointing

backwards.

. First abdominal ventral segment produced at its extreme base into a

sharp tooth pointing backwards; large species, 15 mm. at least.

Paltothyreus, Mayr.

. First abdominal ventral segment simple, small species.

Euponera, Forel (pars).

. Ventral lamella of petiole produced posteriorly into an acute spine

pointing backwards .. .. .. . «> .. Streblognathus, Mayr.

. Middle and posterior tibiae with a gael calear.

. Pygidium pointed or produced into a spine; scutellum depressed or

moderately convex; integument finely punctured, small species.

Ponera, Latreille.

. Pygidium obtuse; scutellum prominent; intesument coarsely punctured,

WEES CUSPECICSiitnee Nfl se) cil ues) ) bows (ste ye) Evecbnoctenassmith

38 Annals of the South African Museum.

Genus CENTROMYRMEX, Mayr.

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 16, p. 894, 1866.

Spalacomyrmex, Emery, Ann. Mus. Stor. Genova, vol. 27, p. 489,

1889.

Characters.

%. Clypeus projecting far backwards between the frontal carinae ;

the latter expanded in front, not close together, and with a long

suleus between them.

The scape of the antennae is rather flattened, the flagellum

incrassate towards the apex. Hyes absent.

Mandibles long, the masticatory margin unusually so, with fine

denticulations or without teeth.

Pro-mesonotal suture distinct, meso-epinotal suture obsolete.

Pronotum sharply marginate in front, the part below the margin

almost vertical. The dorsum of the epinotum is contracted at its

base so as to form a median saddle-shaped ridge, and is raised into a

hump towards the apex above the declivity.

Node of petiole somewhat conical, with a fine sharp spine beneath.

Abdomen ovate.

Legs very short and stout, the femora and tibiae broad and flat.

Posterior tibiae with two calcaria, the inner pectinate, the outer

simple; middle tibiae with two simple calcaria.

?. Similar to the ¥ but winged, slightly larger, with medium-

sized eyes placed nearly in the middle of the sides of the head ;

small ocelli present, situated close to the occiput.

3. Head rounded, the clypeus very convex. Mandibles short,

triangular and edentate. Thorax rather short, the mesonotum with

Mayrian furrows. Hpinotum very convex. Node of petiole emar-

ginate above. Abdominal constriction feeble. Pygidium not pointed.

Wings short, not reaching the end of the abdomen. Calearia of

middle tibiae simple and small; posterior tibiae with two calcaria,

the inner pectinate.

No CONSTANCIAE, 0. 8p. (Plate II., figs. 14, 14a, 146, 14c.)

8. 5-5°3 mm. Dark reddish yellow, posterior half of head,

anterior portion of pronotum, mesonotum, and epinotum above, the

basal half of the abdominal segments, apices of the joints of the

flagellum, except the apical, and the anterior tarsi, castaneous.

There is no pubescence, and the whole body is very smooth and

shining. Sides and posterior part of the head with very distinct

small punctures; scape and frontal carinae and the central portion

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 39

of the clypeus with a few small punctures; mandibles very finely

and sparsely punctured ; depressed area below the antennal sockets

very finely striate. Pronotum above rugulose; mesonotum with

about 15 large punctures on each side, the central longitudinal area

impunctate. The pleurae, femora, tibiae, and abdominal segments

very sparsely and finely punctured.

The pilosity consists of yellow hairs arising from the punctures,

rather short on the thorax and vertex of head, longer on the abdomen

and node of petiole. There is a long hair on each side of the middle

of the clypeus.

Head seen from the side, nearly flat above, truncate behind and in

front. Seen from above, the head is wider behind than in front, the

posterior angles very rounded.

Mandibles very convex longitudinally, more than two-thirds the

length of the head, and with the masticatory margin almost smooth.

Clypeus transversely impressed behind the straight anterior margin,

raised in the middle (the raised portion forming a vertical and sub-

quadrate area, shining and punctured), produced backwards between

the frontal carinae as far as the beginning of the frontal sulcus,

which is long and deep and ends abruptly in the middle of the

vertex. The frontal carinae much widened anteriorly but not lobed.

Scape about as long as the mandibles, considerably flattened

dorso-ventrally ; flagellum 11-jointed, not quite so long as the head

and mandibles together, Ist joint nearly as long as the 2nd, 3rd

and 4th together, 2nd joint very short, 2nd to 8th joints wider than

long, apical joint as long as the two preceding together. Hyes and

ocelli absent.

Pronotum with a raised margin anteriorly, the region between

the latter and the neck, vertical. Seen from above, the pronotum

has a crescentic outline, obtusely pointed in the middle in front.

Mesonotum twice as long as the pronotum, with a raised margin in

front, and at the sides anteriorly. The dorsum of the epinotum is

depressed and saddle-shaped anteriorly and raised into a hump

posteriorly, but the declivity also enters partly into the formation of

the latter. The petiole is elongate, with a minute lateral tooth on

each side of the extreme base; the node is slightly excavated and

sub-vertical in front, very convex above and at the sides, vertical

behind. The ventral lamella is produced at its anterior third into a

short, sharp spine, pointing forwards. The node does not rise

higher than the epinotum.

Abdomen ovate, the Ist segment sub-truncate in front, and one a

half times as long as the 2nd; the constriction between these two

40 Annals of the South African Museum.

segments is feebly indicated dorsally. Sting very long, three-

quarters the length of the abdomen.

Coxae, especially of the Ist pair of legs, very large. Anterior

femora and tibiae flattened and wide. The intermediate tibiae

short, only half as long as the femora; the posterior tibiae also

short, but a little longer than the intermediate. The 2nd, 3rd, and

4th joints of all the tarsi wider than long; the apical angles of all

the tarsal joints produced into stout, blunt spines ; the posterior

metatarsi with three or four stout spines, the intermediate tibiae

with two rows of spines on their external margins.

?. Tmm. Similar to the % but much darker, the Ist abdominal

segment dark reddish brown, the apical margin lighter; the 2nd—4th

segments piceous, the 5th ferruginous in the middle, piceous at the

sides. The margin of the pronotum is much more prominent than

in the %, the mesonotum is flatter, raised more above the pronotum

and is vertically truncate in front. The scutellum is distinct, black,

shining, and impunctate, and separated from the mesonotum by a

shallow sulcus. The metanotum is very short; epinotum not

forming a hump as in the %, the dorsum short, the declivity steep,

rounded above and at the sides.

Eyes and ocelli present; the former moderately large, their

distance from the base of the mandibles being about two-thirds of

their own length; the ocelli are set far back, close to the occipital

margin. The legs are proportionately more slender than in the 8.

Winged (de-alated in the single specimen in my possession).

Bulawayo, Bembesi, under large stones. The genus is termi-

tophilous, but this species does not appear to be so, since it was not

found in or near the nests of termites. The species cannot be

mistaken for any other Ponerine ant of our region, on account of

the striking fossorial structure of the legs, and the marginate

pronotum. This species is apparently closely related to C. sellaris,

Mayr, from the Cameroons, although not having had an example of

the latter for inspection, it is not easy to compare the two species,

since Mayr’s description of sellaris is based mainly on a comparison

between it and C. Feae, Emery, an Indian species. Judging, how-

ever, by the descriptions of these two species, Constanciae has the

following characters to distinguish it from sellaris. The colour is

much darker; the striae below the antennal sockets do not extend

back to the posterior angles of the head, hardly passing beyond the

middle line of the head; the limits of the declivity above (seen from

behind) are distinctly marked off from the humped shaped portion

of the dorsum of the epinotum. The declivity is also distinctly

A Monograph of the Fornucidae of South Africa. Ai

convex from above to below, and from side to side, not flat in the

middle and below as in sellaris. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A., coll.)

Genus STREBLOGNATHUS, Mayr.

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 716, 1862.

The genus includes only a single species.

S. AETHIOPICUS, Smith. (Plate I., fig. 5.)

Cat. Hymen. Brit. Museum, vol. 6, p. 91, 3, 1858. Emery, Ann.

Soe. Ent. Belg., vol. 43, p. 468, g, 1899.

%. 18-22 mm. Black, mandibles piceous, anterior tarsi beneath

with dense golden hairs. Head and thorax dull, petiole and abdo-

men shining. A very short pale pubescence on the whole body,

dense on the head and thorax, exceedingly scanty elsewhere. The

pilosity consists of short thick hairs, dense on the head, scape and

legs, scanty on the rest of the body. ‘The head is very finely

reticulate-punctate, the thorax finely striate, the abdomen smooth

and shining, with a few fine punctures; 3rd—5th segments a little

more strongly and closely punctured, and with longer hairs.

Head, excluding mandibles, almost rectangular, with the posterior

angles rounded ; considerably wider than the thorax.

Clypeus somewhat projecting, and sharply truncate inwardly in

front, so that a deep depression liesbetween it and the labrum; it

is raised roof-shaped in the middle, the declivity on each side ending

at about half the distance from the external angles; on each side

anteriorly it is produced into a blunt tooth which lies about half-

way between its centre and the base of the mandible. Frontal area

elongate and sharply defined, produced backwards almost two-thirds

the length of the frontal carinae. The latter are short, dilated in front,

and project over the insertion of the antennae. Mandibles two-thirds

the length of the head, oblongo-triangular, coarsely punctured on the

masticatory margin, which is oblique and longer than the basal.

Antennae long, the scape reaching back to the middle of the

mesonotum, scape and flagellum together reaching a little beyond

the middle of the 1st abdominal segment; flagellum filiform, the Ist

joint two-thirds the length of the 2nd. Eyes more dorsal than

lateral, moderately large and situated in about the middle of the

length of the head.

Pro-mesonotal suture distinct, the meso-metanotal suture less so.

Mesonotum raised higher than the pronotum; the metanotum and

42 Annals of the South African Museum.

epinotum narrow and compressed. The dorsum of the epinotum

flat, with slightly raised lateral margins which end just before the

apex in two short teeth which are continuous with the sharply raised

lateral margins of the declivity (see Fig. 3, p. 4). Petiole convex

anteriorly, sharply truncate and slightly concave posteriorly, com-

pressed laterally so as to form an acute dorsal ridge which ends

posteriorly in a curved point, with a small notch at its base. - The

posterior apex of the petiole lies considerably higher than the thorax.

Ventral lamella produced along nearly its whole length into a

blade-like expansion which is truncate in front and semicircularly

emarginate behind.

Abdomen pear-shaped; Ist segment nearly as long as the 2nd,

the latter as long as the remaining segments together. The apical

segment is microscopically rugulose and with a sparse but coarse

pilgerous puncturation.

The legs are long, the posterior metatarsi as long as the tibiae.

@. Unknown.

3. 18mm. Testaceous, scutellum and last two abdominal seg-

ments darker. Head, between the eyes and ocelli and posteriorly,

black and shining. Wings pale fuscous, nervures and stigma

piceous. Head strongly transverse. Hyes and ocelli very large, the

former occupying almost the whole of the sides of the head.

Clypeus trapezoid, arcuately emarginate in front, and separated

from the frontal area behind by a suture. The frontal area is large

and projects back in an acute angle between the antennal sockets.

Frontal carinae rudimentary. Antennae filiform and very long,

reaching back to the apex of the 4th abdominal segment; the

scape very short, about as long as the long diameter of the

ocellus.

The mesonotum is dull and finely punctured, rounded, and with a

shallow furrow on each side which extends from the posterior margin

to a point beyond the anterior edge of the tegulae. A feeble ridge

in the centre extends from the pro-mesonotal suture to about the

middle of the mesonotum. Scutellum raised above the level of the

rest of the notum; it is sloping in front and behind, somewhat

compressed laterally and separated from the mesonotum by a deep

and clathrate suture.

Epinotum with a faint median sulcus at its extreme base; the

declivity is not steep, but forms a continuous curve with the dorsum

and its lateral margins are defined by rather feeble ridges which

converge towards the base and almost meet below the median

sulcus. The declivity smooth and shining below, the rest of the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 43

epinotum duller and feebly punctured. Node of the petiole longer

than wide, convex in front, truncate behind and obtusely pointed

above. The ventral lamella in the middle is produced into a sharp

spine, pointing backwards.

Abdomen smooth and shining, apical dorsal segment slightly

carinate and ending in a short, sub-acute point.

The whole body covered with a fine, pale pubescence. Pilosity

absent except on the ventral surface of the abdomen, which is

clothed with long pale hairs. Willowmore. (Brauns.) (S.A:M.,_

aes Gaal Colle)

Genus PALTOTHYREUS, Mayr.

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 735, 1862.

Formica (pars), Fabricius.

Pachycondyla (pars), Smith. Cat. Hymen. Brit. Mus., vol. 6, p. 105,

1858.

Characters.

8%. Clypeus with the central portion raised, roundly truncate in

front and projecting beyond the rest of the clypeus. This raised

portion is deeply excavated in the middle, shining, and with two or

three longitudinal striae; the sides of the raised part are also

striate. Frontal carinae triangularly dilated in front, slightly

divergent behind ; the frontal area, fused with the clypeus, reaches

backwards as far as the ends of the frontal carinae, beyond which

lies a short, shining depression.

Mandibles elongate and triangular; the masticatory margin is long

and furnished with numerous small teeth. Flagellum of antennae

filiform; scape arcuate and somewhat flattened at the apex, longer

by one-third than the head (excluding the mandibles). Hyes moder-

ately large and situated in front of the middle of the sides of the

head. Pro-mesonotal suture distinct, meso-epinotal suppressed dor-

sally. Thorax widest in front, gradually thinning towards the base.

Node of petiole high and rounded; ventral lamella produced into a

broad, triangular tooth. First abdominal segment, at its junction

below with the petiole, produced into a blunt tooth; the segment is

vertical in front, and the basal margin above has distinet but obtuse

lateral angles. Abdominal constriction feeble. Claws with a small

tooth between the base and the middle.

?. Winged, larger than the % ; thorax depressed, with the

pronotum largely visible.

44 Amnals of the South African Museum.

3. Clypeus triangular, with a small conical protuberance on the

anterior margin. Frontal carinae very short and feebly developed.

Ocelli small. Head not wider than the pronotum at its widest.

Antennae filiform and long, reaching back to the apical margin of

the 2nd abdominal segment; scape a little longer than the distance

between the two posterior ocelli. Pronotum moderately long and

plainly visible from above. Mesonotum with a central depression

extending from the base to a little beyond the middle, and with traces

of lateral grooves. Node of the petiole similar to that of the ¢,

but not so high and with the lamellar tooth less acute. The basal,

ventral tooth of the 1st abdominal segment is larger than in the 83.

Abdominal constriction feeble. Pygidium pointed, but not spined.

P. rarsatTus, Fabr. (Plate I., figs. 6, 10.)

Suppl. Ent. Syst., p. 280, 1798. (Formica tarsata.) Mayr, Verh.

Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 16, p. 894, 9, 1866. Forel, Gran-

didier Hist. Madag., vol. 20, p. 186, 9, 1891. Smith, Cat.

Hymen. Brit. Mus., vol. 6, p. 92, 9, 1858. (Ponera spiniventris.)

Ibid., p. 105, 9. (Pachycondyla simuillima.)

%. 17-20 mm. Black, masticatory margins of mandibles, lobes

of frontal carinae and tarsi reddish black. Head, thorax, legs and

antennae with a fine, isconspicuous yellow pubescence, and sparsely

and irregularly beset with longer yellow hairs. Pilosity and

pubescence of abdomen scantier, apical segment with yellowish-red

bristles. Mandibles with a row of large punctures along the masti-

catory margin, elsewhere with a few shallow punctures.

Head evenly and finely striate, the striae running diagonally from

the centre outwards. Pronotum with larger striae running arcuately

from front to base. Meso- and epinotum transversely and rather

obliquely striate, the striae finer than on the pronotum. Mesopleurae

finely punctate. Dorsum of epinotum long, the declivity short

and gradual. Node of petiole above with a few almost obsolete

striae. Abdomen shining, 1st and 2nd segments with a few

irregular punctures on the dorsum near the base, their apices more

closely punctured. Third and 4th segments evenly and fairly closely

punctured; apical segment microscopically rugulose at the base,

shining and impunctate at the apex. Anterior tarsi densely clothed

beneath with golden, bristly hairs.

? 23 mm., including the mandibles; similar to the % except for

the usual sexual differences. Pronotum more than twice as wide

as long; mesonotum wider than long, one-quarter longer than the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 45

pronotum. Node of petiole a little wider and thicker above than

in the ¥. Wings brownish yellow, nervures and stigma brown.

Alar expanse 29 mm.

g.14 mm. Black; wings fuscous, nervures brown, stigma

piceous. Head and thorax with a close yellow pubescence, especially

on the epinotum and posterior face of the node, and a fairly abundant

pilosity of yellowish hairs. Abdomen with a pale inconspicuous

pubescence, less abundant on the 3rd and following segments ;

ventral segments with long, pale hairs.

Head and thorax moderately shining, irregularly and shallowly

punctured ; the base of the mesonotum punctate-striate ; the scutel-

lum finely punctured. Abdomen very shining and with a bluish

reflection, all the segments very finely and sparsely punctured.

The 1st segment has on each side of the apical margin a trans-

versely elongate, and almost obsolete, angle or hump. Pygidium

very smooth and shining, with a few fine punctures. Other

characters as for the genus.

This species is widely but locally distributed. Generally the 8 8

go about singly, but occasionally forage in short columns, in single

file. The food is varied, but consists largely of termites. The nests

have several entrances, which are sometimes surrounded by large

heaps of finely divided earth. The species has a most powerful

and offensive smell, which appears to me to resemble that of the

juice in a foul tobacco pipe.

Bulawayo, Victoria Falls, Bembesi and Matoppos, Rhodesia ;

Willowmore. (Brauns.) Zululand. (Marley.) (S.A.M., R.M.,G.A.

coll.)

Var. DELAGOENSIS, Emery.

Ann, Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 48, p. 468, ¥, 1899.

This differs from the type in having the median longitudinal

raised line of the clypeus extending further back, and in the less

distinctly striated mandibles.

Delagoa Bay. (S.A.M. coll.)

These characters are variable in Rhodesian specimens, in which

as a rule the mandibles are only very faintly striate, and it appears

to me doubtful whether the above form is worthy of even varietal

distinction. If it is, the Rhodesian examples ought perhaps to be

referred to it. In a specimen from West Africa in my possession

the mandibles are almost smooth, and the clypeus projects back

only a short distance between the frontal carinae, but the striation

of the head is much stronger than in the Rhodesian examples.

46 Annals of the South African Museum.

Genus MEGAPONERA, Mayr.

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 734, 1862. Emery,

Megaloponera, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genoa, vol. 9, p. 368,

Wey

Ponera (pars), Guérin, Gerstaecker, Roger.

Formica, Fabricius, Latveille.

Characters.

%. Clypeus rounded anteriorly, with the anterior border and

middle portion raised, the latter convexly so, and produced back-

wards angularly between the frontal carinae. The latter are

slightly lobed in front, convergent in their middle portion and

diverge before ending at about the level of the eyes. Mandibles

triangular, the masticatory margin beset with alternating large and

small teeth. Eyes a little in front of the middle of the sides of the

head. Pronotum long, twice as long as the mesonotum; the latter

margined all round by a tolerably distinct suture. Node of petiole

large, trapezoid in horizontal cross-section ; the ventral lamella is

produced into a blunt tooth, pointing backwards. Abdominal con-

striction obsolete. Claws with a short tooth near the base.

2. (See footnote, p. 48.)

3. Clypeus gibbous, anterior margin rounded, posterior margin

not projecting between the frontal carinae, which are short and

indistinct. Mandibles very short and edentate. The antennal

sockets are further apart from each other than they are from the

sides of the head. Antennae moderately long, scape long, being

longer than the longest joint (2nd) of the flagellum; the latter

filiform. Hyes slightly sinuate on their inner margins, and occupy-

ing less than half the sides of the head. The posterior dorsal

margin of the head is produced into arim or collar. Mesonotum

prominent and twice as long as the pronotum. Abdominal con-

striction feeble. Pygidium not spined. Claws with 3 or 4 minute

teeth near the base.

M. FoETENS, Fabr. (Plate I., figs. 7, 8, 8a, and text-fig. 6.)

(Formica), Ent. Syst., vol. 2, p. 354, ¥, 1793.

(Megaloponera), Mayr, Sjostedt. Zool. Exp. Kilimandjaro, Formi-

cidae, p. 9, &, 1907.

(Ponera crassicorns), Gerstaecker, Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,

p. 262, % mi., 1858.

% major. 16mm. Black, covered with a fine, yellow pruinose

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. _ AT

pubescence, and with golden-red hairs on the inner margin of the

mandibles, the clypeus and apical abdominal segment. The latter

is ferruginous at the apex. The apex of last joint of flagellum, the

spines of the tarsi, and the calcaria also ferruginous. The apices of

the dorsal segments of the abdomen dark ferruginous.

Mandibles very strongly curved, the convexity being dorsal, two-

thirds as long as the head from clypeus to occiput, and shallowly

and sparsely punctured. A carina extends on the cheek from the

anterior margin of the eye to the clypeus.

Head, pro- and mesonotum and abdomen moderately shining, and

the whole body impunctate. The pronotum has a longitudinal

central impressed line anteriorly. The dorsum of the epinotum is

flat, with a faint longitudinal impression centrally, and widens

towards the brow of the declivity, which bears on each side a blunt

prominence (hardly a tooth); the declivity is somewhat excavated

and vertical. Mesapleurae, epinotum, and node of petiole duller

than the rest of the body.

Antennae reach back as far as the base of the 1st abdominal

segment; scape as long as the head from the clypeus to the occiput,

thickened and flattened towards the apex ; 2nd joint of the flagellum

longest, but not quite twice as long as the first.

3 minor, 9-11 mm.=WM. crassicornis, Gerst.

It differs from the % major in being considerably smaller and

less pubescent. The abdomen, the vertex of the head, the pro-

and mesonotum are much more shining than in the larger form.

It also differs by the thicker and shorter scape, which is widest

in the middle, and by the node of the petiole, which is less acute

dorsally.

Nevertheless small examples are met with which are just as

pubescent and dull as the larger sort.

g. 12mm. Black, the apical margins of all the abdominal

segments widely ferruginous. The dorsum of the epinotum is

short, not longer than the pronotum, and only slightly indented

at the apex centrally. Wings short and narrow, fuscous, with the

apical half darker, the nervures light brown, the stigma, costa, and

whole of the marginal cell dark brown. Third, 4th, and 5th ventral

segments of the abdomen with dense golden fimbriae. For the rest

the characters of the genus.

Formerly the small workers were separated as a distinct species,

crassicorms Gerst., but the two forms are found together in the same

nest, and the distinction cannot therefore be maintained. It is a

common ant in Rhodesia, and lives almost exclusively on termites,

48 Annals of the South African Museum.

which are carried off by means of carefully arranged raids in which

the ants march in double file. This is the species which is popularly

called the ‘‘Matabele”’ ant, and like its cousin Paltothyreus, it is

also endowed with a very offensive odour. They stridulate very

loudly when disturbed, and their sting is exceedingly painful. The

entrance to the nest consists of one or more simple holes, without

any mounds of earth around them.* (S.A.M., R.M., G.A., coll.)

* Since the above descriptions were written, I have had the good fortune to

witness the singular spectacle of a migration of this species, and to obiain thereby

a specimen of the real queen of this ant. As I intend to give a fuller account

elsewhere of the manner in which the migration was carried out, it will suffice

here to remark that the old and new nests were situated about 60 feet apart, and that

the journey was accomplished by the colony in stages, in the following manner.

At about 15 feet from the old nest the first camp was formed and a halt made,

until all the eggs, larvae, and pupae were collected together, and until most of the

stragglers had come in. Similar halting-places or temporary camps were formed

every 15 feet or so. I saw the queen in the first camp, but failed to seize her with

my forceps; the same thing occurred when she was seen once again in the second

camp, and it was only in the third camp that I managed to capture her, not an easy

task when the viciousness of the % & is taken into account.

In the Introduction to this work (p. 6) I pointed out that if Emery’s suggestion

be correct that the larger worker-like form is the ergatoid ¢ , the species would be

peculiar in having normally more queens than workers in the nest. The discovery

of the true, although ergatoid, queen, disposes of this anomaly, and at the same

time indicates the remarkable fact that the workers of this Ponerine ant are

dimorphic. I append herewith a description of the queen, from which it will

be seen that although similar in general appearance to the % major, it differs

from it radically in important particulars, notably in the shape of the epinotum

and petiole.

@. 18°5 mm.; length of abdomen, 9 mm. (in the § major, 45-5 mm.) ; width

of abdomen, 4mm. (in the § major, 2°3mm.),. The pubescence is a little more

abundant and longer than in the ¥ major, but the pilosity of the body is much

more abundant, especially on the sides of the pronotum, the mandibles and the

margins of the abdominal segments. The fine sculpturation is similar to that

of the 8 major, but the mandibles are more coarsely punctured, and the head,

thorax, petiole, and abdomen have some scattered, shallow, and fairly large

punctures, from which arise the pilose hairs, almost entirely wanting in the

% major.

The head, pro- and mesonotum as in the ¥ major, but the meso-epinotal suture

is much deeper and wider. The dorsum of the epinotum is not longer than the

pronotum (much longer in the ¥ major). Seen from the side, it is not horizontal

as in that caste, but convex longitudinally from the base to the apex, and convex

from side to side, not sub-margined as in the § 8. A longitudinal and very

distinct median groove runs from the base almost to the brow of the declivity ;

this groove is but faintly indicated in the ¥ major. The declivity is similar to

that of the ¥ major, but not so steep, and the lateral tubercies above are flatter or

less dentiform. The node of the petiole is not sub-cubic as in the § 3, but almost

squamiform and slanting forwardly, so that the anterior and posterior faces are

not vertical or almost so, as in the § 8, but obliquely sloping. ‘The anterior face is

strongly concave, and the posterior face is only a little less so. Seen from the side,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 49

Genus OPTHALMOPONE, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. Vol. 34, C.R. p. 118, 1890.

Pachycondyla (pars), Emery, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., vol. 18, p. 360,

1886.

Characters.

%. Clypeus rounded in front, moderately convex, produced back-

wards angularly between the frontal carinae; the latter are short,

close together and narrow, sometimes lobed anteriorly. Mandibles

triangular, long, and beset with alternating long and short teeth.

HKyes large, placed behind or in the middle of the sides of the head.

Pronotum much longer than the mesonotum ; the latter is cireum-

scribed by a distinct suleus. Node of petiole thick, truncate behind,

and with the ventral lamella produced into a more or less sharp

point. Constriction between the 1st and 2nd abdominal segments

very slight. Claws simple.

?. Unknown.

&. Head longer than the pronotum; clypeus gibbous and pro-

jecting beyond the base of the mandibles; frontal carinae distinct,

divergent behind. Mandibles moderately long and pointed. An-

tennae about as long as the head and thorax together; scape shorter

than the 2nd joint of the flagellum. Pronotum largely exposed, at

the node is four and a half times higher than long (about two and a half times in

the ¥ major). Seen from above, the node is three and a quarter times as wide as

long (about as wide as long in the ¥ major) ; the node above is longer, i.e. thicker

in the middle than at the sides; it is also convex from side to side, but more acute

dorsally than in the § %. The anterior face of the 1st abdominal segment is not

perpendicular as in the § ¥, but slopes forwards. The abdomen is much larger

than in the ¥ major, and all the segments are much wider than long. The teeth

of the mandibles are larger and more acute. Other characters as in the ¥ major.

Bulawayo.

7 Tiorax of- od i

Fic. 6.

MEGAPONERA FOETENS, Fabr.

50 Annals of the South African Museum.

its widest only slightly, if at all, wider than the head across the eyes.

Node of petiole thick, lamellar projection beneath arcuately emar-

ginate, with a posterior tooth pointing backwards.

There are two South African species, distinguished as follows:

(2). 1. %. Head, excluding mandibles, only slightly longer than wide across the

eyes.

g. Frontal area very shining and indistinctly defined; mandibles

narrow and obliquely truncate at the apex; 6th ventral segment furnished

on each side with a flat and spatulate appendage .. hottentota, Emery.

(1). 2. %. Head, excluding mandibles, one and two-thirds as long as wide across

the eyes.

$. Frontal area dull and distinctly defined ; mandibles broad and acute

at the apex; 6th ventral segment simple ee) 2 Benthouds, Borel:

O. BertHovunl, Forel. (Plate I1., figs. 11, 13.)

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 34, C.R. p. 112, %,1890. Mitt. Schweiz.

Ent. Ges., vol. 6, p. 76, 3, 1894.

3. 12mm. Black, masticatory margin of mandibles, extreme base

of scape and 2nd—5dth joints of all the tarsi dark red, calcaria reddish

yellow. The whole body microscopically rugulose and covered with

a very close and fine dull golden pubescence; the inner margin of

the mandibles, the clypeus and last two segments of abdomen with a

few golden bristles, more abundant on the last segment. Clypeus

broadly angular in the middle and with three small grooves on each

side of the middle area behind the anterior margin, the innermost

the longest. Head very long, parallel-sided and rounded behind.

The mandibles strongly convex longitudinally; seen from the side,

as long as from the apex of the cheek to the posterior margin of the

eyes. The latter are large and situated behind the middle of the

sides of the head.

The clypeus produced posteriorly between the frontal carinae,

beyond which is a narrow, shining depression. The frontal carinae,

divergent in front and behind, only just reach a point level with the

anterior margin of the eyes. Antennae reach backwards as far as

the base of the Ist abdominal segment; scape slightly thickened

towards the apex, and as long as the head, excluding the

mandibles.

Pronotum two and a third times as long as the mesonotum. Epi-

notum laterally compressed, with a shallow but distinct longitudinal

groove in the middle, stretching from the base of the dorsum to the

brow of the declivity. The latter is very steep, and seen from

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 51

behind is angular at the sides and bluntly so above, the lower and

central portion of its face slightly gibbous. Node of petiole not so

high as the 1st abdominal segment, rounded in front, truncate in

front and behind, and with a well-defined posterior dorsal margin

which is bisinuate in the middle and feebly angled at the

corners. The ventral lamella ends in a sharp tooth pointing

backwards, and does not extend beyond the middle of the petiole.

Abdomen somewhat conical and widest at the base. Ist and

2nd segments sub-equal in length, constriction obsolete. Legs

long and thin.

3. 11mm. Black, 3rd and following joints of flagellum ferru-

ginous yellow, lighter towards the apex ; 1st joint of flagellum, base

and apex of scape, the last joint, and apices of all the joints of the

tarsi, dark rusty red. Wings fuscous, darker towards the apex,

neryures pale brown, stigma piceous. ‘The whole body microscopi-

cally rugulose and covered with a greyish pruinose pubescence

similar to that of the Platythyreini. Base of head, the thorax and

abdomen with large but shallow, piligerous punctures, sparse on the

head and thorax, closer on the petiole and abdomen. The hairs are

longer on the prothorax, epinotum, node of petiole and abdomen,

shorter elsewhere, and of a fulvous colour.

Head narrowest at the base, the portion which Bends from the

base to a line joining the anterior margin of the eyes having the

shape of an inverted triangle. Mandibles broad and acute at the

apex; clypeus large, slightly acuminate in the middle in front,

rounded at the sides and gibbous at the base. Antennae filiform,

1st joint of flagellum very short, the rest diminishing in length to-

wards the apex. Frontal carinae broad and reaching to a point

beyond the middle of the eyes. The latter are very large and placed

in front of the middle of the sides of the head; ocelli not very large.

Posterior margin of the head reflexed above and at the sides, forming

a slight collar similar to that of the g¢ of MW. foetens. Pronotum

widely exposed, two-thirds as long as the mesonotum. Pro-

mesonotal suture distinct; mesonotum separated from the scutellum

by a deep and wide sulcus; there is also a narrow lateral groove on

each side reaching to a level beyond the anterior margin of the

tegulae. The scutellum is sub-conic and finely striated at the sides.

The base of the epinotum and the brow of the declivity rugose; the

declivity is oblique. The tooth of the ventral lamella of the petiole

is thinner and more acute than in the 8. Pygidium narrow, shin-

ing, and ending in a short spine. Abdomen of a similar shape to

that of the %, the hairs on the 3rd and following segments very long

52 Annals of the South African Museum.

and bright fulvous. 3rd to 5th ventral segments with long golden

hairs on their apical margins.

This species is an exceedingly fast ant which occasionally may be

seen foraging in very irregular columns. It is common in the neigh-

bourhood of Bulawayo, and nests under stones or in deserted

termite mounds.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

O. HortentoTa, Emery. (Plate II., fig. 12.)

Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., vol. 18, p. 360, 3, 1886.

%. 10-1lmm. Black; very similar to Berthoudi, but differs in

the following features. The pubescence is denser and of a more

fulvous tint. The head is shorter and not so parallel-sided, the eyes

are placed farther forwards and the mandibles are broader and not

so long. The epinotum is less compressed laterally and broader on

top, and not so long or so flat; it is compressed near the base and

then rises in a slight hump and is continued in a gradual curve to

the brow of the declivity. The latter, seen from above, has a much

less angular outline than in Berthoudi. Seen from above, the node

of the petiole is much narrower in front than in Berthoudz, and is

only slightly emarginate in the middle posteriorly, and also not

bisinuate nor obtusely angled laterally. The tooth of the ventral

lamella is shorter and more acute.

g. 11-12 mm. Black. Mandibles obtuse and obliquely trun-

cate at the apex; posterior margin of the head not reflexed so as to

form a collar. Frontal area shining and indistinctly defined. The

head is more transverse than in Berthowdt, since the base of the

head is much wider than in that species. Antennae, mandibles,

tarsi and apical third of all the femora, ferruginous.

It is easily distinguished from Berthoud: by the following characters.

Head, thorax and base of abdominal segments with golden, not

pruinose, pubescence. Piligerous punctures entirely absent, the

whole body shining, especially the abdomen and node of petiole.

The latter is more sharply truncate posteriorly and feebly sinuate

in the middle. The ventral segments are more densely fimbriated

and the 6th ventral segment is produced on each side into a long, flat

and spatulate appendage, densely fimbriated at the apex. Wings

wider and longer than in Berthoudi.

Willowmore. (Brauns.) Cape Province generally, and Sebakwe,

Mashonaland. I have not met with it in Matabeleland.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 53

Genus PACHYCONDYLA, Smith.

Pachycondyla (pars), Cat. Hymen. Brit. Mus., vol. 6, p. 105, 1858.

Characters.

% and ¢. Clypeus rounded in front, or obtusely pointed, pro-

longed backwards angularly between the frontal carinae. Mandibles

sub-triangular, dentate. Eyes situated in the anterior third of the

sides of the head. Cheeks not carinated. Pro-mesonotal suture

distinct ; meso-epinotal suture obsolete above. Petiole generally

with a thick, squarish node. Abdominal constriction usually dis-

tinct. Claws simple.

3. Head more or less transverse. Clypeus rounded and gibbous

in the middle, or broadly carinate. Ocelli large; eyes very large,

occupying nearly the whole of the sides of the head. Frontal

carinae very feebly developed or obsolete. Antennae long, scape

shorter than the 2nd joint of the flagellum. Pronotum largely ex-

posed dorsally. Mesonotum usually with two lateral grooves and

Mayrian furrows. Node of petiole compressed laterally and smaller

than in the % . Ventral lamella with a small tooth. Abdominal

constriction distinct. Pygidium prolonged into a sharp spine.

Claws simple. Wings very broad, the greatest width being only a

little less than half the length.

The genus comprises three sub-genera, viz. Pachycondyla, Ecto-

momyrmex and Bothroponera. Of these the first is confined to

America, and the 2nd is mainly Asiatic. The following characters

distinguish Bothroponera and Hctomonyrmex.

1. Dorsal surface of the head marked off from the cheeks and the posterior occipital

region by a tumid angular margin; the mesothoracic episternum divided from

the sternum in the ¥ by a strong suture -. .. .. Hctomomyrmex, Mayr.

2. Dorsal surface of the head not marked off from the rest by a margin; meso-

thoracic episternum fused with the sternum, inthe %. Bothroponera, Mayr.

SuB-Genus ECTOMOMYRMEX, Mayr.

Tidjschr. y, Entom. vol. 10, p. 830, 1867.

P. (EcromomyrmMex) Brounot, Forel.

Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. Beiheft, p. 205, 8 , 1913.

%. 446mm. Black, apical segments of abdomen lighter. Legs,

frontal carinae and antennae dark yellowish red, the apical halves

of the 2nd—10th joints of the flagellum darker, coxae and trochanters

54 Annals of the South African Musewn.

brown, mandibles ferruginous. Legs, antennae, and body covered

with a pale yellowish and rather long pubescence; mandibles,

clypeus, and apical margins of abdominal segments with long pale,

semi-erect hairs. Head dull, very finely and closely punctured.

Thorax slightly shining, evenly but less closely punctured than the

head. Abdomen shining, Ist segment finely and distinctly, 2nd

segment faintly punctured. i

Head, excluding the mandibles, a little longer than wide, sides

convex, occipital margin straight, posterior angles rounded but

distinct. The angulation of the surface of the head, between the

dorsal and genal regions, characteristic of the genus, is so feeble in

this species as to be hardly noticeable.

Clypeus shining and very short, anterior margin moderately

convex, raised in the middle to form a shining carina which is fused

with the frontal carinae. Mandibles triangular, shining, sparsely

punctured, furnished with about 7-8 teeth. Scape reaching back as

far as the occipital margin, flattened and incrassate towards the

apex ; flagellum strongly incrassate towards the apex, the last

4 joints forming a club; Ist joint longer than wide, 2nd—10th joints

wider than long. Eyes consisting of about 6 ill-defined facets, very

small and flat, situated in the anterior fifth of the sides of the head.

Frontal carinae wide, their external margins very convex. Pronotum

not quite so wide as the head, wider than long, rather flat above and

at the sides, rounded in front and with the anterior angles rounded

but fairly distinct. Pro-mesonotal suture strong, meso-epinotal suture

feeble. Mesonotum ovoid, wider than long, hardly two-thirds as

long as the pronotum. Dorsum of epinotum very narrow, widening

towards the apex ; declivity rather abrupt and nearly vertical, smooth

and shining. The upper surface of the node, seen from above, is in

the shape of a wide-based triangle, the apex very rounded ; seen from

the side, the node is convex above from side to side, the anterior face

slopes backwards and is concave from below to above, the posterior

face vertical and concave from side to side. Ventral lamella of

petiole produced and widely truncate at the apex. Abdomen

elliptical, Ist segment with the anterior face sloping forwards, wider

at the apex than at the base, as wide as long; 2nd segment a little

longer than the lst, the constriction between the two segments

moderate. Anterior femora and tibiae stout.

gS (hitherto undescribed). 4:2 mm. Black, scape and Ist joint

of flagellum, trochanters, apices of femora and tibiae, extreme bases

of tibiae and all the tarsi pale brownish yellow. Head and thorax

very shallowly punctured, abdomen impunctate. Whole body

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 50

shining, clothed with a long adpressed pale pubescence, closer on

the head and legs, very dense on the antennae and scantier on the

thorax and abdomen; abdomen sparsely pilose with semi-erect long

pale hairs, the rest of the body with a very scanty blackish pilosity.

Head wider than long, excluding the clypeus nearly twice as wide as

long. Clypeus raised roof-shaped towards the middle line, anterior

margin straight and depressed; seen directly from above, the

clypeus projects considerably in front of the line of the mouth.

Frontal carinae flat and nearly obsolete. Mandibles atrophied to

two triangular flaps at the sides of the mouth. Hyes large, not very

prominent, their internal margins moderately concave. Ocelli large,

on a slightly raised area. Antennae long and filiform, reaching

back as far as the base of the 2nd abdominal segment ; scape shorter

than the distance separating the two posterior ocelli, Ist joint of

flagellum a little shorter than the scape, 2nd joint three times as

long as the Ist, last joint nearly as long as the two preceding

together.

Pronotum exposed, not quite so wide as the head. Mesonotum

a little longer than wide, with the parapsidal sutures and anterior

Mayrian furrows sharply defined. Scutellum moderately gibbous,

less than one-third the length of the mesonotum, from which it is

separated by a deep crenate suture. Dorsum of epinotum wider

than long, sloping gradually into the declivity. Node of petiole

like that of the %, but narrower and more parallel-sided. First

segment of abdomen convex in front and at the sides, 2nd segment

a little longer than the Ist, and wider than long. Pygidium pro-

duced into a long spine. Wings hyaline, nervures and stigma pale

yellow.

Bulawayo, under stones, in small colonies of less than a dozen

individuals. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Sus-Genus BOTHROPONERA, Mayr.

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 717, 1862.

Key to the 8 % of Pachycondyla. (Sub-Genus Bothroponera, Mayr.)

(10). 1. Head, thorax, and basal segments of abdomen coarsely punctured.

2. Mandibles striated.

3. Node of petiole widely emarginate posteriorly .. .. Cariosa, Emery.

(3). 4. Node of petiole sharply truncate posteriorly .. .. cavernosa, Roger.

(2). 5. Mandibles not striated.

(7). 6. Node of petiole widely emarginate posteriorly, a golden pubescence on the

wells Iaerhy 66 “96 66. 00 00 oa 60 goby oo oo (UREPORT Intoyeerr

56 Annals of the South African Museum.

(6). 7. Node of petiole truncate posteriorly, no golden pubescence.

(9). 8. Third, 4th, and 5th abdominal segments dull .. .. strigulosa, Emery.

(8). 9. Third, 4th, and 5th abdominal segments more or less shining.

pumicosa, Roger.

(1). 10. Head, thorax, and basal segments of abdomen finely punctured.

(14). 11. Larger species, 11 mm. or more.

(13). 12. Head and thorax dull; head ovoid .. .. .. .. .. Kiigeri, Worel,

(12). 13. Head and thorax shining ; head quadrate .. .- laevissima, Arnold.

(11). 14. Smaller species, 8 mm. He ool) 500 oo OG 6) dal wan. HOMOne lasts:

P. Kricert, Forel.

Ann, Soc. Ent. Belg. vol. 54, p. 23, %, 1910.

3. 11 mm. Black; mandibles and last four joints of all the

tarsi, apical half of last joint of flagellum, and extreme base of the

scape, castaneous brown. Calcaria dirty yellow. Extreme apex of

abdomen ferruginous.

Whole body covered with a short and inconspicuous golden-grey

pubescence, punctured all over with very fine, close, and shallow

punctures ; these punctures are coarser and confluent on the head,

thorax and node of petiole. Intermixed with these are some larger

shallow piligerous punctures, which are most abundant on the

epinotum, node of petiole and first two abdominal segments. The

hairs are short, erect, and black, but on the apical abdominal segment

longer and golden brown.

Clypeus raised in the centre and somewhat projecting, ending

anteriorly in a blunt point, emarginate laterally and fringed with a

few golden bristles on the anterior margin. It is produced behind

angularly between the frontal carinae. The latter are broad in

front, arcuate at the sides and divergent behind, and extend back-

wards to a point level with the posterior margin of the eyes. The

latter are not large, and are placed at the middle of the sides of the

head. Mandibles triangular, very finely striate and with a row of

coarse punctures on the masticatory margin, which is furnished

with about 8 or 9 teeth.

Antennae reach back hardly as far as the node of the petiole.

Scape flattened and incrassate apically, not longer than the head

excluding the mandibles. Flagellum very slightly clavate, apical

joint longest, the rest sub-equal.

Pronotum large, rounded in front. Pro-mesonotal suture distinct.

Epinotum rounded above, the declivity gradual and with the lateral

margins well defined. Node of petiole, seen from above, trapezoid,

wider behind than in front; seen from the side, sharply truncate in

front and behind, rounded above. Ventral lamella not produced.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 57

First abdominal segment nearly twice as wide as the node of petiole,

and with a small truncate projection below at the extreme base

Abdominal constriction well marked. Second segment slightly wider

than the 1st, but not longer. Anterior tarsi with thick golden-

brown hairs beneath.

Transvaal.

Var. RHODESIANA, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 109, 1913.

This differs from the type in its larger size, 13 mm. 8, and more

abundant pilosity. The node of the petiole is not so smooth, and is,

like the abdomen, duller.

$ (hitherto undescribed), 10 mm. Head black; mandibles,

clypeus, antennae, legs, and last abdominal segment occasionally,

reddish yellow. Thorax dark castaneous brown, pronotum somewhat

lighter. Epinotum, petiole, and abdominal segments reddish brown,

the apical margins of the latter testaceous yellow.

Head transverse ; clypeus produced and raised in the middle

anteriorly. The frontal carinae are very short and indistinct.

Hyes very large and reniform. Antennae filiform, reaching back

as faras middle of 2nd abdominal segment. Pronotum only slightly

exposed dorsally. Mesonotum with a central impressed line,

broken in the middle; the Mayrian furrows distinct, the lateral ones

less so. A crenate sulcus separates the mesonotum from the

rather gibbous scutellum. Epinotum rounded, the declivity with a

raised central line. Node of petiole sloping in front, rounded above

and with a faint median impression, vertical behind and longer than

wide. Seen from above, the petiole has a minute tooth on each side

at the extreme base, and a slightly larger tooth beyond the latter.

The ventral lamella is produced intoa very short obtuseangle. First

abdominal segment beneath with a truncate process at the extreme

base similar to that of the ¥. Abdominal constriction distinct.

Legs long and slender. Wings hyaline, nervures yellow, stigma

dirty yellow. Body rather shining and covered with a silky grey

pubescence. There is a sparse pilosity on the margins of the last

three abdominal segments. Head and thorax very finely, closely,

and shallowly punctured; base of epinotum a little more coarsely

and rugosely punctured. Abdomen impunctate.

This variety is common round Bulawayo. The nest is generally

placed under a stone, with several entrances which are surrounded

by loose earth; the male is very common at light.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A.)

58 Annals of the South African Museum.

/ P. LAEVISSIMA, n. sp. (Plate IL., figs. 15, 15a.)

8. 12mm. Black; antennae, mandibles, outer angles of frontal

carinae, and articulations of the legs piceous red; extreme margins

of abdominal segments pale. The whole body is very shining,

punctured all over with very fine, sparse punctures, from which

arise the pubescent hairs. Intermixed are other larger punctures

which are very shallow and scanty on the 1st abdominal segment,

deeper, larger and more abundant on the node of the petiole and on

the head, and very sparse on the thorax. The pubescence on the

body is very scanty and inconspicuous, but less so on the apical

segments of the abdomen. Pilosity of the body meagre, consisting

of a few short hairs; pale and denser on the legs.

Head quadrate, sides slightly convex, posterior margin straight,

very convex above, posterior angles rounded. Mandibles triangular,

moderately shining and very finely striate, sparsely and strongly

punctured, the punctures larger and elongated along the masticatory

margin. The latter carries 7 teeth, and is but little shorter than the

basal margin. Clypeus striato-rugose, angularly produced in the

middle, sub-carinate, and with a row of deep punctures along the

anterior margin. The frontal carinae are very broad in front, and

excepting their extreme lateral margins which are smooth and

shining, are more closely punctured than the rest of the head.

Eyes rather small, situated a little in front of the middle of the sides

of the head. Antennae extend back as far as the apex of the

epinotum; scape incrassate towards the apex, the flagellum only

slightly so. First joint of flagellum two-thirds as long as the 2nd,

the latter hardly longer than the 3rd.

Pro-mesonotal suture distinct, meso-epinotal suture obsolete.

Pronotum convex above, rounded in front and at the sides, a little

wider than long. Mesonotum as long as the pronotum. Dorsum of

epinotum merges into the declivity by a very gradual curve. The

declivity is very oblique and feebly margined laterally. (The profile

of the thorax is a segment of a circle and more convex than

P. cavernosa, Roger.) Node of petiole trapezoid, wider behind

than in front, wider than long, rounded above, vertically truncate in

front and behind, and nearly as high as Ist abdominal segment.

The sides of the 1st and 2nd abdominal segments very convex, the

constriction between them strong. The lst segment is narrower at

the base than at the apex, as long as the 2nd segment but not quite

so wide. Legs moderately long.

Saldanha Bay, Cape Prov., Type in my collection.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 59

P. soror, Emery.

Ann. Soe. Ent. Belg., vol. 48, p. 472, % 2, 1899.

%. 7-85 mm. Black; mandibles and legs dark chestnut-red.

Scape, flagellum, and clypeus red-brown, the last joint of flagellum

dark red at the apex. Calcaria, and the long hairs on the thorax

and abdomen, orange. A fine golden-grey pubescence all over, as in

P. Kriigert. Occipital margin of head straight, the corners rounded,

the sides slightly convex. Clypeus raised and sub-carinate in the

centre, rounded in front, the raised area shining. Frontal carinae

wide in front, narrow behind and divergent. Mandibles smooth and

shining, with a few large, deep punctures, chiefly on the inner

margin. First joint of flagellum a little longer than the 2nd, 3rd to

6th joints as long as broad, 7th to 10th slightly broader than long,

apical joint flattened and nearly twice as long as the penultimate.

Head and thorax finely and closely punctured, node of petiole more

coarsely punctured, lst and 2nd abdominal segments finely but very

distinctly punctured. There are large, shining, piligerous punctures on

the body, proportionately larger than in Kriigert. The epinotum has

the declivity widest in the middle, lozenge-shaped, slightly shining and

distinctly margined at the sides. Proportionately the node of the

petiole is wider than in Ariigert, and is also flatter on top, otherwise

similar. The abdominal constriction is not so marked as in that

species. In size and general appearance this species is deceptively

like Huponera caffrarva, from which it can be distinguished on closer

inspection by the thick node of the petiole, which in caffraria is

squamiform.

This is a rather rare species in the neighbourhood of Bulawayo.

It usually nests under stones, and has a very strong smell of

cockroaches. The colonies do not usually comprise more than two

dozen individuals. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. coll.)

P. cariosa, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Hut. France, vol. 63, p. 20, ¥, 1895.

“8. 11mm. Black; mandibles, flagellum, articular portions

of the legs and tarsi rufescent, margins of the abdominal segments

and the anus narrowly testaceous; very coarsely punctured and

also longitudinally striate, with a dense flavous pubescence. Clypeus

carinate and produced in the middle, mandibles striate and punctured,

node of petiole sub-trapezoid, widely emarginate behind. . . . The

petiole is wider behind than in front, depressed in the middle of the

posterior margin so as to make it appear widely emarginate. The

60 Annals of the South African Musewn.

insect is dull, more so than in pwmicosa, which is due to the spaces

between the large punctures being also closely punctured, or almost

striated in parts; . . . the pubescence is longer and more recum-

bent than in strigulosa; the last two abdominal segments are not

striated. The mandibles are finely striated and punctured.

Delagoa Bay.”

P. CAVERNOSA, Roger.

Berlin Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 4, p. 288, ¥, 1860.

“ %. 13 mm. Brownish black; antennae, mandibles, and legs

red, slightly shining, covered with very short reddish-yellow pubes-

cence. The whole body is densely punctate with coarse and

somewhat confluent punctures. The punctures of the 2nd abdominal

segment are sparser, shallower, and smaller, giving this segment a

rather smooth appearance. The head is wider than the thorax,

quadrangular, rounded in front and behind, and also very feebly emar-

ginate behind. The eyes are situated in front of the middle of the

sides of the head. The frontal carinae are thick, lobate, horizontal,

and divided by a deep central line. The 12-jointed antennae are

inserted in a deep depression at some distance from the anterior

margin of the head, as well as from each other ; the scape is sparsely

clothed with erect hairs and reaches back as far as the occiput; the

2nd and 3rd joints of the flagellum of equal length, and a little

longer than the Ist; the apical joint as long as the two preceding

together. Clypeus arched in the middle, feebly carinate and slightly

impressed transversely along the anterior margin. The mandibles are

triangular, not much elongated, finely and longitudinally striate or

rugulose, more coarsely on the inner margin, which has 6 to 7 blunt

teeth. The prothorax is wider than the rest of the thorax, rounded

at the sides, narrow and lower in front and separated from the

mesothorax by a depressed line; the rest of the thorax without

sutures, compressed laterally and feebly convex towards the base,

the declivity of the epinotum abruptly truncate. The sides of the

thorax not rugose. The node of the petiole is as wide as the

epinotum but narrower than the 1st abdominal segment, higher than

long, perpendicular behind, rounded in front and strongly so above ;

ventral lamella with a small tooth. The 1st abdominal segment is

perpendicular in front, rounded above, wider than long, rounded at

the sides and constricted behind. The 2nd abdominal segment is

wider than long, with a fine median longitudinal line. All the tibiae

with pectinate calcaria. The tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi almost of

equal length. The front legs have the metatarsi shorter than the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 61

tibiae, and like the latter at their apices, are densely clothed with

golden hairs. Claws simple. Cape.”

P. stRIGULOSA, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 19, 8, 1895.

“ 8. 10 mm. Black; mandibles, antennae, and tarsi piceous,

margins of abdominal segments and anus smooth and testaceous ;

closely punctured with very coarse punctures and very finely longi-

tudinally striate, dull, scarcely pubescent, and with a pilosity of

short golden hairs. Clypeus carinate and produced in the middle,

coarsely punctured but not striate; node of petiole truncate posteriorly.

Kimberley.”

“Closely allied to punvicosa, which it resembles in the shape of the

body, unstriated mandibles and puncturation intermixed with fine

striae; the latter, however, are more numerous and stronger, giving

this species a duller appearance. The abdomen is wholly dull, even

the apical segments. In pwnucosa the last three segments are

shining, the antepenultimate less strongly striated than the pre-

ceding, and the following segments only punctured.”

P. aranosa, Roger. (Plate II., fig. 16.)

Berlin Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 4, p. 290, ?, 1860.

“8%. Black, apex of abdomen and tarsi rufescent, moderately

shining, pilosity very short, pubescence golden yellow, punctured all

over, node of petiole sub-emarginate posteriorly. 14mm.”

«This species is very similar to cavernosa, but differs from it in the

following characters : the whole body is covered with a very fine

recumbent yellow or yellowish-red pubescence, which gives the body

when seen from the side a yellow silky tinge. The sculpture of the

head is noi so coarse as in cavernosa, the punctures are farther apart

and are not confluent ; the punctures are also shallower. The space

between the punctures is finely striate. The apex of the frontal

carinae is smooth, shining, and of a reddish colour; the mandibles

are dark red, shining, not striated but punctured with rather coarse

and fine punctures intermixed. The head is somewhat longer than

in cavernosa. The clypeus is sharply carinate. The punctures of

the thorax are large and shallow, the interspace rugulose. The node

of the petiole is slightly rounded in front, the posterior face is

vertical but the dorsal margin of same widely emarginate, flat above,

narrower in front than behind; below, the ventral lamella is produced

into a tooth pointing backwards. The 1st abdominal segment, seen

62 Annals of the South African Museum.

from above, is almost quadrangular and with the sides only slightly

convex, a little wider than long, and like the node strongly but not

closely punctured, more strongly so than the thorax. The 2nd

segment is more feebly punctured than the Ist, the rest only

indistinctly. The apical margins of the abdominal segments are

reddish. The claws are small and simple.”

P. pumicosa, Roger.

Berlin Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 4, p.'290, 3, 1860. Forel, Rey. Suisse

Zool., vol. 9, p. 244, g, 1901.

8. 12-13 mm. Black; mandibles, flagellum, apex and base of

scape, the legs, and apex of abdomen dark castaneous red. A thin

golden pubescence all over; a golden-brown pilosity on the node of

the petiole and on the abdomen. The sides of the head, thorax, node,

and 1st abdominal segment strongly and deeply punctured. The

punctures on the node and Ist segment are very large and rather

confluent, making the sculpturation almost rugose. The vertex of

the head somewhat finely punctured. Second abdominal segment with

shallower punctures than the 1st segment,* 3rd and 4th very finely

punctured, pygidium impunctate. The spaces between the punctures

on the first three segments striate, very finely so on the 3rd segment.

Sides of head slightly convex, rounded at the corners in front and

behind, hardly emarginate posteriorly. Clypeus feebly produced and

carinate in the middle, the carina obtuse at the apex. Frontal

carinae wide in front, smooth and moderately shining, as in granosa.

Mandibles triangular, shining and punctured. Eyes nearer the

middle of the sides of the head than in granosa. The scape of the

antenna hardly reaches back as far as the occiput; flagellum more

clavate than in granosa, 7th to 10th joints wider than long. Pro-

mesonotal suture distinct; declivity of epinotum shining, and less

steep than in granosa. Node of petiole narrower in front than

behind, rounded in front and above, sub-trapezoid, posterior face

vertical and slightly concave. Ventral lamella angularly produced,

but not toothed. Otherwise similar to granosa.

“9, 95mm. Testaceous yellow ; head brown; mesonotum and

scutellum brown with yellowish patches. The eyes occupy the

whole of the sides of the head. Ocelli large and placed on a raised

area. Wings pale yellowish, with nervures and stigma also pale.

Sub-opaque, very finely punctured and pubescent.”

Cape Prov. (Brauns, Drege.) Natal. (Haviland.)

* Roger says, ‘‘ As coarsely punctured as the lst segment”; the punctures are as

large, but certainly not so deep, when seen from above.

A Monograph of the Fornucidae of South Africa. 63

Race Brertuount, Forel.

Rev. Suisse Zool., vol. 9, p. 344, 8, 1901. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.,

WO, Bi; yO OS); AUSyls\,

This form has been sunk to the rank of a race by Forel, but I can

find only the following differences, which appear to me to be worthy

of only varietal rank. The node is slightly narrower posteriorly than

in the type, the puncturation of the head is a little larger and the Ist

abdominal segment a little wider. I append the following description

of the 9, since that of the type is so meagre.

g. 10mm. Legs, pleurae, epinotum, node, abdomen, and antennae

bright ochreous yellow; head dirty yellow below the antennal sockets,

brown above. Thorax yellow-brown. Clypeus slightly raised in the

middle. Frontal carinae obsolete. The eyes occupy the whole of

the sides of the head; the ocelli large, and situated on a raised area.

Antennae filiform, reaching back almost to the apex of the Ist

abdominal segment. Prothorax very little exposed. Pro-mesonotal

and meso-metanotal sutures distinct. The scutellum gibbous with

the sides strongly striated. Mesonotum very shallowly punctured.

Epinotum punctured at the sides, very shining and smooth above.

Node of petiole narrow and parallel-sided, rounded above and in

front, and less so behind. Lamellar tooth distinct but small. Con-

striction between the 1st and 2nd abdominal segments distinct.

Abdomen impunctate. The whole body clothed with a dense, downy

and pale pubescence.

Willowmore, Cape Prov. (Brauns.) Valdezia, Transvaal.

(Berthoud.) (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. coll.)

Genus HUPONHERA, Forel.

Grandidier’s Hist. Madagascar, vol. 20, p. 126, 1891.

Ponera (pars), Smith, Roger, Mayr, etc.

Formica (pars), Fabricius.

Characters.

%. Mandibles sub-triangular, the masticatory margin dentate and

forming a distinct angle with the basal margin. Hyes placed on or

in front of the anterior third of the head, sometimes absent or con-

siderably atrophied. Meso-epinotal suture distinct, otherwise like

Pachycondyla.

9. Always winged.

g. As in the sub-genera.

64 Annals of the South African Musewn.

The genus is divided into four sub-genera as follows :—

Key to the % % of the Sub-Genera of Euponera. \

(2). 1. Mandibles elongate, the masticatory margin long, with numerous teeth ; 1st

joint of flagellum usually shorter or of the same length as the following,

rarely, longer =. .. .. Jlesoponera, Emery.

(1). 2. Mandibles rather Shot sii few feet 1st joint of flagellum much longer

than the 2nd.

(4). 3. Length 9-10 mm. ; mandibles with 8 teeth; Madagascan species.

Euponera, Forel,

3). 4. Insect much smaller.

(6). 5. Mesonotum gibbous; surrounded by a deep suture; Ist joint of tarsi of the

middle pair of legs not bristly on the dorsal surface. Brachyponera, Emery.

(5). 6. Mesonotum depressed, the surrounding suture not deep; tarsi of the middle

pair of legs short, and bristly on the dorsal surface.

Trachymesopus, Emery.

Sus-Genus MESOPONERA, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 45, p. 48, 1901.

Characters.

%. Clypeus rounded, rarely pointed on the anterior margin.

Mandibles elongate, with numerous teeth. Maxillary palpi 4-jointed.

1st joint of flagellum shorter or of the same length as the 2nd, rarely

longer. Thorax generally elongate; mesonotum more or less oval

and surrounded by a suture; dorsum of epinotum in the elongate

species equal in length to the pro- and mesonotum together. Legs,

and especially the tarsi of the middle pair, long and slender, the tarsi

rarely bristly.

®. Asim the 3.

3. Emery remarks (‘‘ Genera Insectorum ”’) that he knows of no

character sufficient to distinguish the g g§ of this sub-genus from

those of Pachycondyla.

Key to the 8 8 of Mesoponera.

. Large species, more than 6 mm. long.

. Insect 9mm. long, whole body dull .. .. .. .. .. caffraria, Smith.

. Longer than 9 mm., at least the Brentey part of ne body shining.

. 10°5 mm. long, head duller than the thorax and abdomen, foyea on the

mandibles shallow and transverse... .. .. .. .. Peringueyi, Emery.

(4). 5. 11-13 mm. long, head not duller ion the thorax and abdomen, fovea on the

mandibles deep, sharply defined and oblique... .. .. Havilandi, Forel.

(1). 6. Small species, less than 6 mm. long.

. Colour black or nearly so .. .. - .«. fossigera, Mayr.

(7). 8. Colour brown cr yellowish brown .. leno, Morel var. rotundata, Emery.

AI SS

mo Woe

ie)

—

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 65

HE. (MESoponERA) CAFFRARIA, Smith. (Plate II., fig. 17, 17a, and

Plate III., fig. 22.)

Cat. Hymen. Brit. Mus., vol. 6, p. 91, 9, 1858. Mayr, Ann. Nat.

Mus. Wien, vol. 10, p. 124, 9, 1895.

8. 9mm. Black and dull; mandibles castaneous red; flagellum,

tarsi, and last abdominal segment dorsally, brown. The whole body

covered with an excessively fine and,short pubescence, which is,

however, dense enough to give the surface, viewed obliquely, a

greyish-yellow tinge. Head, thorax, and apical half of all the

abdominal segments microscopically punctured, the basal invagin-

able portion of the latter shining and impunctate. A scanty pilosity

of short, thin, pale hairs on the head and thorax, and longer on the

abdomen, particularly the last three segments. Clypeus raised in

the middle, with a central shining line, hardly produced backwards

between the frontal carinae. Mandibles smooth, with a few large

punctures on the inner margin. Frontal carinae only slightly

widened anteriorly, the impressed line between rather faint. Scape

of antenna hardly reaching the occiput; flagellum feebly incrassate

towards the apex. Hyes small, their long diameter not exceeding

two-thirds the length of the apical joint of flagellum. Sides of head

convex, anterior and posterior corners rounded, the former widely

so; posterior margin feebly arcuate. Head wider than thorax.

Pronotum convex in front and at the sides; dorsum of epinotum flat,

narrowest at the base, where it is less than half as wide as the

mesonotum; declivity shining and steep, lateral margins tumid. Node

of petiole squamiform ; seen from above, triangular ; thickest at the

base, much wider above than below, rounded above ; posterior face

perpendicular and shining. Ventral lamella with an obtuse projec-

tion. Abdomen oblongo-ovate, 1st and 2nd segments of about

equal length, the constriction between them feeble. The 1st seg-

ment ventrally, has a slight median projection at its junction with

the petiole.

?. 10°5 mm. Mesonotum and scutellum together, seen from

above, more than twice as long as the pronotum. Dorsum of

epinotum short, not so long as scutellum. Wings smoky, nervures

and stigma brown. Otherwise like the 8.

3. 8mm. Black and dull; tibiae and tarsi yellow-brown, the

margins of the abdominal segments impressed, shining and _tes-

taceous brown. Head, thorax, petiole and abdomen, except the

apical segment, closely, finely and reticulately punctured ; the sides

of the posterior portion of the mesonotum deeply excavated, shining

66 Annals of the South African Museum.

and striated. Head about one-third wider, across the eyes, than it is

long. Clypeus raised and carinate in the middle. Frontal carinae

distinct but very short. Antennae long and filiform, reaching back as

far as apical margin of 3rd abdominal segment, scape very short,

barely twice as long as the 1st joint of flagellum ; 2nd joint three and

a half times as long as the scape. Hyes not very large, occupying

but little more than the anterior half of the sides of the head; ocelli

small, situated on a slightly raised area. Pro-mesonotal suture dis-

tinct ; the gibbous scutellum is separated from the mesonotum by a

crenate impression. Pronotum exposed, seen from above only two-

thirds as long as scutellum; dorsum of epinotum as long as the

scutellum, the declivity oblique and not abrupt. Node of petiole

similar to that of the 2, but smaller and more convex posteriorly ;

ventral lamella not produced. The abdomen widens towards the

apex; lst segment not so wide as the 2nd and 3rd, the latter almost

twice as wide as long; constriction between the 1st and 2nd feeble.

Apical segment shining and nearly impunctate ; pygidium ending in

a Short spine. Legs thin and slender; tarsi of middle and hind legs

as long as the tibiae. Wings slightly smoky, nervures pale brown,

stigma dark brown.

S. Rhodesia, common; Willowmore. (Brauns.) Natal. (Cooper

and Marley.)

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

E. (MEsoponeRA) PERINGUEYI, Emery. (Plate IL., fig. 19.)

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 48, p. 474, %, 1899.

3.105mm. Black; antennae, tibiae, and tarsi piceous brown,

mandibles ferruginous brown. Shining, especially the abdomen and

pronotum. Clypeus and sides of pronotum very finely rugulose,

pleurae finely striate, all the rest of the body finely and evenly

punctured. The punctures are very dense on the head and epinotum.

Mandibles shining, with irregular and coarse punctures and a shallow,

lateral and transverse fovea near the base. A fine grey pubescence

on the whole body, inconspicuous and rather irregular; pilosity

absent. Head very similar to that of H. sennaarensis, Mayr, but

the frontal carinae are more divergent behind, and reach to the level

of the posterior margin of the eyes. The latter are relatively smaller

and more convex. The clypeus is obtusely carinate in the middle,

smooth and shining. Mandibles with 12-14 alternating large and

small teeth. Antennae long, reaching back as far as base of lst

abdominal segment; flagellum very slightly incrassate towards the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 67

apex. Sides of head moderately convex, posterior angles rounded.

Pronotum wider than long, the dorsal region distinctly, and rather

angularly delimited from the sides. Mesonotum ovoid, narrower at

the base. Pro-mesonotal suture well defined, meso-epinotal suture a

little less distinct. Dorsum of epinotum narrow, very little longer

than the mesonotum ; declivity triangular, with a faint median longi-

tudinal impression. Node of petiole rounded above, convex from

side to side in front, and flat behind. Seen in profile, vertically

truncate in front, steeply sloping behind, and with sharply defined

lateral margin separating the anterior and posterior faces. Ventral

lamella triangularly produced along its whole length. The basal face

of the 1st abdominal segment is vertically truncate, forming a dis-

tinct, though obtuse, angle with the dorsal surface. Below, at its

junction with the petiole, the segment is produced into a strong

tooth. Second abdominal segment slightly wider and longer than the

1st, the constriction between the two segments feeble. Seen from in

front or behind the node of the petiole is wider above than below,

and of an ovoid shape. Legs comparatively long. Claws with a

small tooth near the base. ;

Nord Hoek and Saldanha Bay, Cape Prov. (Péringuey.) (S.A.M.

and G.A. colls.)

E Havinanpi, Forel. (Plate I., fig. 9.)

(Megaponera, sub-genus Hagensia), Rev. Suisse Zool., vol. 9,

p. 333, %, 1901.

(Huponera sulcigera), Mayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 54,

p. 593, 2, 1904.

%. 11-12mm. Black, mandibles more or less castaneous red, legs

and antennae brownish black. The whole body sub-opaque, the pos-

terior face of the node of the petiole shining, finely pubescent,

closely and very finely punctured all over, except the posterior face

of the node which is less densely punctured, and the declivity of the

epinotum which is reticulate-punctate or very finely rugulose. A

few long hairs on the mandibles and apex of the abdomen. Head

very little longer than wide, with the posterior angles considerably

rounded, the sides moderately convex. Clypeus very convex in the

middle, hardly carinate. Frontal area lanceolate, the depression or

sulcus behind it moderately long. Hyes within the anterior half

of the head, and separated from the base of the mandibles by a

distance a little longer than their own long diameter. Mandibles

shining, finely striate near the base, sparsely and coarsely punctured

near the apex, with 13-15 irregular teeth, and a deep oblique fovea

68 Annals of the South African Museum.

near the base, much more sharply defined than in Peringueyt-

Scape of antenna cylindrical and reaching back beyond the occi-

pital margin; 2nd joint of flagellum longer than the Ist, all the

joints long and cylindrical. Pronotum as long as wide, its dorsum

convex, sub-quadrangular, and margined behind and at the sides by

a raised line (more pronounced than in Peringuweyi), which ter-

minates before the anterior margin. Pro-meso, and meso-metanotal

sutures well defined, the latter more strongly so than in Peringueyt.

Dorsum of epinotum more compressed and much narrower than in

Peringueyt, the declivity is triangular but narrower, and its sides

are more sharply marginate than in that species. The declivity

above, at its junction with the dorsum, has a longitudinal depression,

which is bounded on each side by the lateral margins. Node and

abdomen as in Peringueyi, but the abdomen is longer and narrower

in proportion, and the constriction between the 1st and 2nd segments

is entirely absent; the lst segment below, at its junction with the

petiole is also produced into a strong tooth, as in Peringueyz, but the

ventral lamella of the petiole is larger and less blunt at the apex

than in that species. Legs long and slender, with two calcaria to

the middle and hind legs, and the claws of the tarsi with a small tooth

near the middle.

3S (hitherto undescribed). 12 mm. Black, legs brownish black

with the tarsi paler, mandibles ferruginous. Head and thorax very

finely punctured, but more densely so than in the 3; the mesonotum

is almost reticulate-punctate, the epinotum shallowly rugulose, the

petiole impunctate, lst abdominal segment very sparsely and finely

punctured, the remaining segments microscopically punctate. The

whole body pubescent as in the % , but the pubescence on the thorax

is very sparse. Head dull, thorax sub-nitidulous, abdomen very

shining. Head wider across the eyes than it is long, considerably

contracted in front of the eyes. The latter large, occupying about.

one-third of the sides of the head, the internal margins feebly sinuate.

Ocelli large, situate on a raised area. Clypeus very convex from

side to side and rather long (as long as the scape), the anterior

margin almost straight. Mandibles oblong, very small, hardly

meeting together when closed, edentate. Frontal carinae obsolete.

Antennae very long, reaching back almost to the apex of the abdomen,

scape half as long as the 3rd joint of the flagellum ; the lst joint of

the latter is very short, being less than half as long as the scape,

the 2nd joint a little longer than the 3rd, all the joints except the

1st long and cylindrical. Pronotum only slightly exposed, meso-

notum as long as wide, raised, round in front and convex from side

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 69

to side, concave posteriorly, and on each side with a slight depression

internal to the parapsidal sutures, which are well defined. A raised

central line runs back from the anterior margin of the mesonotum

for about one-third of its length. A deep crenate sulcus separates

the mesonotum from the scutellum ; the latter is gibbous, somewhat

triangular and with the sides striate. Metanotum short, with a

small tubercle in the centre. The dorsum of epinotum, as long

as the mesonotum, merges gradually into the declivity; the latter

has on each side a small boss above, but its lateral limits are feebly

defined. Petiole long, three times as long as wide, slightly raised

into a node at its middle third; at its extreme base, furnished with

a minute recurved tooth at each side, and a little posterior to these,

there is a distinct lateral tubercle. Abdomen lanceolate, Ist segment

distinctly longer than wide and very narrow at the base, 2nd seg-

ment also longer than wide and about as long as the Ist, the other

segments wider than long. Pygidium produced into a sharp curved

spine. Apex of abdomen piceous. Legs very long and slender, with

two calearia to the middle and hind tibiae; claws furnished with

a small tooth, nearer to the apex than in the 8. Wings smoky,

stigma dark brown, a closed radial cell present, as in LH. caffraria

and sennaarensis. Alar expanse 20 mm.

1 gS taken with the workers by the Rev. R. Godfrey at King

William’s Town, type in §.A. Museum.

Natal. (Haviland, Wroughton.) Grahamstown. (Hewitt.)

The 8% % from King William’s Town are slightly larger than the

original specimens from Natal (138 mm.), but have the mandibles

without any striae and a much more strongly defined and deeper

fovea. They are also much more finely punctured and shining, not

sub-opaque as in the Natal form, and the punctures are quite discrete

and not reticulate. Iam deterred from raising this form to varietal

rank by an examination of a 8 from Vredefort, in the 8.A.M. col-

lection, in which the puncturation is somewhat intermediate between

the two described above, but in which there is also a very deep fovea

on the mandible.

The characters in the male sex alone make it clear that the species

is an Huponera. Moreover, in the worker the similarities to the ¢

of H. Perinqueyi, Emery, are very marked. An examination which

I was able to make of the two specimens in Dr. H. Brauns’ collec-

tion, named by Mayr as Huponera sulcigera, made it certain that

Mayr’s species is the same as the one now described. Mayr’s name

must therefore be sunk as a synonym, and at the same time Forel’s

sub-genus must also be deleted. Should the characters of the ¢ of

70 Annals of the South African Musewn.

H. Peringueyt Emery, at present unknown, prove to be similar to that

of Havilandt, it might be desirable in the future to re-erect Hagensia

as a sub-genus of Hwponera, or even to make it a separate genus of

the Ponerini. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

EK. (Mrsoponrera) Exizaz, Forel, var. ROTUNDATA, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 20, ¥, 1895. Forel, Ann. Soc.

Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 108, %, 1913.

The above variety alone has been found within our limits. It

differs from the type from Madagascar in having the metanotum

(epinotum) shorter, with a more rounded profile, and not in the

least angular.

3. 45 mm. Colour rather variable, castaneous brown or

piceous brown, with the posterior half of the head, the margins of

the pronotum, the sides of the epinotum and the apical margins

of the Ist and 2nd abdominal segments much paler; 3rd—5th

segments ferruginous. Antennae, mandibles, legs, and clypeus fer-

ruginous yellow. Covered all over with a fine and dense yellowish

pubescence. The flavous pilosity is very short and scanty on the

head, thorax, and first two abdominal segments, longer and more

abundant on the clypeus and apical abdominal segments. Head and

thorax shining, the abdomen much more so. Head very shallowly

and finely punctured, the rest of the body impunctate or nearly so,

the mesopleurae very smooth and shining Head longer than wide,

almost parallel-sided, the posterior corners gently rounded. Clypeus

raised sub-angularly in the midale, the anterior margin bearing in

the centre a minute spine, plainly visible under a magnification of

30 diameters. Frontal carinae very narrow in the middle, diverging

posteriorly.

Mandibles elongate and rather narrow; the masticatory margin

with about 12 alternatingly large and small teeth, the apical tooth

very acuminate. The scape extends back nearly as far as the

occiput; 6th—-8th joints of flagellum as broad as long. LHyes small

and flat, situated within the anterior fourth of the head. Pro-

mesonotal suture distinct. Pronotum twice as long as the meso-

notum, rounded in front, the sides somewhat flattened, Dorsum of

epinotum short, about the same length as the mesonotum, very

narrow at the base and widening towards the declivity. The latter

is very smooth and shining, with the sides tumid, and a little longer

than wide. Node of petiole, seen from above and in front, narrower

than in EH. fossigera, and only very little wider above than below,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 71

rounded above, slightly convex anteriorly, and steeply sloping pos-

teriorly. The ventral lamella prolonged into a large triangular tooth,

pointing backwards.

Anterior portion of Ist abdominal segment flattened and sloping

inwards. Abdomen more oblong and parallel-sided than in H. fosse-

gera; 1st and 2nd segments of about equal length, and very little

wider than long, the constriction between them feeble.

? (hitherto undescribed). 55-6 mm. Like the ¥%, differing

only in the following characters.

The colour is darker. The eyes are larger, and separated from

the base of the mandibles by a little less than their own length.

The ocelli are small. Pronotum, seen from above, half as long as

the mesonotum. Pro-mesonotal suture distinct. The mesonotum

is separated from the scutellum by a deep and wide groove. Dorsum

of epinotum very short or almost obsolete. The epinotum is not

compressed laterally as in the $%, but is rather broad, with the sides

slightly convex.

This species is not uncommon near Bulawayo. The nest is always

placed under stones or logs, and seldom contains more than half

a dozen workers. The latter avoid the light and are never seen at

work in the open. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Var. REDBANKENSIS, Forel.

OGG Clin {Os MOS),

A little smaller than the type, the head a little broader, and the

puncturation a little less dense. (G.A. coll.)

HK. (MesoponEeRA) FossiGERA, Mayr. (Plate II., fig. 20.)

Ann. K.K. Nat. Mus. Wien, vol. 16, p. 3, %, 1901.

%, 5mm. Black and moderately shining, thorax a little brighter.

Mandibles, antennae, and legs ferruginous brown, 3rd and 4th abdo-

minal segments yellowish brown, 5th segment dirty yellow. The

whole body is covered with a fine, grey pubesence, and with some

scattered longer hairs on the head and apical portion of the abdomen.

Closely and very finely punctured all over. Clypeus raised towards

the middle but not carinate, with a longitudinal median and shining

line, and the anterior margin acuminate in the centre. Mandibles

elongately triangular, covered with a moderate, yellow pilosity and

furnished with rather small teeth ; near the basal margin, externally,

lies a small and shallow fovea. Frontal carinae narrowed in the

middle of their length and divergent posteriorly. Hyes situated far

72 Annals of the South African Musewm.

forwards and low down on the sides of the head, oval, and not

longer than the 8th joint of the flagellum. Scape of antenna reach-

ing back almost as far as the occiput; flagellum more clavate than

in sennaarensis, 3rd and 4th joints a trifle wider than long, the 2nd

and 5th-10th joints as long as wide, the apical joint twice as long as

the preceding. Head very little longer than wide, the sides parallel,

the posterior angles widely rounded. Pro-mesonotal suture distinct.

Dorsum of epinotum narrow, twice as long as wide at the base and

rounded at the sides; declivity oblique, its lateral margins distinct.

Node of petiole wider above than below, the dorsal edge considerably

rounded, much more so than in sennaarensis, convex in front, flat

and vertical behind. First and 2nd abdominal segments sub-equal,

wider than long; the constriction between them feeble.

Port Elizabeth. (Brauns.)

(G.A. coll.)

SuB-GEenus BRACHYPONERA, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 45, p. 48, 1901.

Characters.

%. Clypeus rounded in front and convex. Mandibles short and

broad, with small crowded teeth. Maxillary palpi 3-jointed. First

joint of flagellum much shorter than the 2nd. LHyes flattened,

placed close to the anterior margin of the head. Thorax rather

short; mesonotum gibbous, surrounded by a deep suture; dorsum

of epinotum narrow at the base; declivity sometimes excavated so

as to lodge the anterior face of the node. Node of petiole high and

broad, squamiform and much thinned above. First joint of the tarsi

of middle legs not furnished with stiff hairs or bristles on the upper

surface.

?. Similar to the %, excepting the usual sexual differences, but

considerably larger.

3. Larger than the ¥, not much smaller than the 29. Antennae

in our sole species short. Petiole sqamiform and high. Abdomen

not elongate, ovoid; constriction between Ist and 2nd segments

feeble. Pygidium pointed or produced into a short spine.

HE. (BRACHYPONERA) SENNAARENIS, Mayr. (Plate II., fig. 21.)

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 721, 3, 1862.

3. 5-6 mm. Black; antennae, all the tibiae and tarsi, the

emora at the base and apex, ferruginous. Mandibles castaneous,

A Monograph of the Fornucidae of South Africa. 73

the margins black. Covered all over with a fine and close pubes-

cence. The pilosity on the head and thorax very scanty, apical

abdominal segment and clypeus with some longer yellowish-red hairs.

Mandibles with short yellow hairs, very minutely striate and coarsely

punctured, the apical tooth large. Head, thorax, and abdomen very

finely and closely punctured. Head wider than the thorax, the sides

convex, the posterior margin widely and rather deeply emarginate ;

including the mandibles the head is as long as the thorax. Clypeus

raised but not projecting in the middle, excavated at the sides

between the anterior margin and the antennal sockets. Frontal

carinae nearly as wide in front as they are long. Antennae reach

back as far as the petiole, flagellum gradually incrassate towards the

apex, 1st joint slightly longer than the 2nd. Hyes moderately iarge,

separated from the base of the mandibles by about their own length.

Pronotum, seen from above, one-third longer than the mesonotum,

excluding the scutellum. Hpinotum compressed at the base,

widening and raised towards the declivity; the latter oblique but

not descending abruptly from the dorsum. Petiole, seen from above,

convex in front, with the posterior face concave in its lower half,

vertical and shining, the upper half sloping slightly forwards. The

anterior and posterior surfaces meet at the sides and above in a

rather sharp edge. Ventral lamella produced into a blunt tooth

pointing backwards. The abdomen is more shining than the rest

of the body. Constriction between the lst and 2nd segments

almost obsolete. The Ist and 2nd segments sub-equal. Legs

slender.

?.. 89mm. Black; mandibles castaneous with the margins

black. Antennae and all the tibiae and tarsi more or less ferruginous;

femora dark reddish brown. Puncturation, pubescence, and pilosity

asin the 8. Head very little wider than the thorax and as long as

the same, excluding the epinotum.

Pronotum as long as the scutellum. Hpinotum wide, the dorsum

very short or about two-thirds the length of the scutellum; the

declivity very steep, rounded above, the lateral margins slightly

prominent. Wings pale yellowish, nervures and stigma dark yellow.

Otherwise like the ¢%.

3. 665mm. Black; all the tarsi and last four joints of the

flagellum brownish yellow; scape and basal portion of the flagellum

brown; femora and tibiae at the extreme base and apex ferru-

ginous. Pubescence similar to that of the @ ; a few long hairs on

the scutellum, epinotum, and node. Mesonotum finely punctured

laterally at the base; scutellum with very faint rugosity, the rest of

74 Annals of the South African Museum.

the body impunctate. Head and thorax shining, the abdomen

more so, especially the pale apical margins of the segments.

Head square, not so wide as the prothorax, rounded posteriorly

and feebly convex at the sides. Eyes rather prominent, occupying

a little less than half the sides of the head. Clypeus rounded, the

anterior margin depressed. Frontal carinae very short. Antennae

filiform, reaching back as far as the petiole; scape two and one-third

times as long as the Ist joint, and a little shorter than the 2nd joint

of the flagellum.

Pronotum moderately exposed. Mesonotum with well-developed

Mayrian furrows, and short, narrow, parapsidal sutures; separated

from the very gibbous scutellum by a deep crenate impression.

Kpinotum as wide as the mesonotum behind the tegulae, sloping in

a continuous curve from base to apex, so that there is no distinct

dorsum. Petiole squamiform, very thin above, vertically truncate in

front and behind, and seen from the front, apparently circular; seen

under a high magnification, it is in reality of an angular outline and

has a slight dorsal emargination. Ventral lamella produced into a

large tooth, pointing backwards. Abdomen pyriform, in its widest

part wider than the thorax. All the segments much wider than long.

Pygidium angular but not spined. Legs slender. Wings hyaline,

nervures and stigma pale yellow.

This is the commonest Ponerine ant around Buiawayo. A

crateriform mound of fine earth generally surrounds the entrance

to the nest, which is as often situated in the open as it is under

stones. The economic value of this little species can hardly be

over-estimated, since it is exceedingly plentiful and preys unceasingly

on termites. It is, however, omnivorous, since it will eagerly collect

bread-crumbs, insects of all sorts, and seeds of grass. Heaps of the

latter are often found in the nests. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Sus-Genus TRACHYMESOPUS, Emery.

Genera Insectorum, Ponerinae, p. 84, 1911.

Characters.

8 and @. Anterior margin of clypeus rounded or produced into

a blunt and short point. Mandibles sub-triangular, with a distinct

angle between the basal and masticatory margins; the latter usually

furnished with only a few teeth. Maxillary palpi 4-jomted. First

joint of flagellum distinctly longer and generally thicker than the

following joint. Hye close to the anterior margin of the head.

Mesonotum depressed, the surrounding suture not very deep. Tarsi

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 75

of the middle pair of legs short; the 1st joint of the tarsus with

stout hairs or bristles on the dorsal surface.

3. Abdomen with a distinct constriction between the Ist and

2nd segments. Pygidium produced into a sharp point.

HK. (TRaAcHYMESopuS) WrouGHTONI, Forel. (Plate II., fig. 18.)

Rey. Suisse Zool., vol. 9, p. 341, 8 g, 1901.

8. 5-53 mm. Head, thorax above excepting the mesonotum,

petiole and dorsal portion of 1st and 2nd abdominal segments, dark

brown. Mesonotum and ventral surface of abdomen reddish brown.

Third, 4th, and 5th abdominal segments rusty yellow. The sides of

the head castaneous. Antennae, mandibles, margins of pronotum,

meso- and metapleurae and legs more or less ferruginous, the tarsi

paler. Clothed all over with a fine golden pubescence. The pilosity

consists of fairly long flavous hairs, evenly distributed. Head and

thorax dull, abdomen slightly shining, declivity of epinotum and

both faces of the petiole very shining.

Scape, head, and thorax very finely, closely and shallowly

punctured. Abdomen exceedingly finely punctured. Neck of pro-

notum transversely rugulose. Head, excluding the mandibles,

nearly quadrate or slightly longer than wide, sides moderately convex,

posterior angles rounded, posterior margin shallowly emarginate.

Clypeus short, sub-truncate anteriorly, raised and carinate in the

middle. Mandibles finely striated, with a few coarse punctures on

the masticatory margin, a long groove on the external margin, and

an.elongate fovea near the basal margin; the masticatory margin

furnished with about 9 blunt teeth. Frontal carinae extend a little

beyond the level of the posterior margin of the eyes. The latter

small and flat, situated within the anterior third of the head, and

separated from the anterior margin by a distance equal to their own

length. Scape of antennae reaches back almost to the occiput ;

flagellum one-third longer than the scape; 3rd to 10th joints wider

than long.

Pronotum rounded, with a distinct neck, and one and a half

times as long as the mesonotum. ‘The latter wider than long.

Dorsum of epinotum round above; one and two-thirds as long as

the mesonotum. The declivity rather steep, the margins slightly

raised, especially above. Node of petiole in front convex from side

to side, slightly concave dorso-ventrally, and concave behind. The

summit a little flattened, the anterior and posterior faces do not

meet laterally in such a sharp edge as in sennaarensis. The

76 Annals of the South African Museum.

constriction between the Ist and 2nd abdominal segments much

stronger than in that species. Second segment a little longer than

the 1st. Legs rather stout, and shorter than in sennaarensis.

“9. 7-8 mm. Black; tarsi reddish brown; maxillary palpi

5-jointed. Mandibles rudimentary, without teeth. Antennae fili-

form; scape scarcely longer than broad; Ist joint of flagellum

broader than long, 2nd joint very long and cylindrical. ‘Head

rounded, convex behind.

Pronotum exposed; scutellum gibbous. Dorsum of epinotum

fairly long, distinct from the declivity. Node of petiole thick, sub-

conical. Hirst segment of abdomen small and short, the constriction

between it and the following segment very strong, the other

segments only feebly constricted. Sub-genital plate elongate and

entire, pygidium produced into a long point. Wings brown.

Sculpture and pilosity as in the %, but the mesonotum and

scutellum are dull, with longitudinal striae.”

Natal. (Wroughton.) Knysna. (Brauns.)

(G.A. coll.)

Var. CRUDELIS, Forel.

Loe cut.

“8. 6-7 mm. Head larger, almost square, at least as wide as

long, less contracted in front. The sides of the mesonotum have

a dentiform angle on the anterior margin (less marked in the type).

Dorsum of epinotum wider and shorter. Pilosity a little more

abundant. Colour varies from a reddish testaceous yellow to a

slightly reddish brown.

$. Identical with the type form and of the same size.”

Natal. (Haviland.)

Genus PONERA, Latreille. (Emery, emend.)

Hist. Nat. Crust. Insect., vol. 13, p. 257, 1805. Emery, Ann. Soc.

Ent. Belg., vol. 45, p. 41, 1901.

Characters.

%. Head sub-elongate, sides slightly convex, wider behind than

in front. Anterior margin of clypeus arcuate, or prolonged into

a rounded lobe. Mandibles broad and triangular, with small teeth ;

maxillary palpi one- or two-jointed. Antennae clavate, with

5-jointed club, or only incrassate. Hyes small or absent. Meso-

epinotal suture usually distinct. Node of petiole squamiform or

thick.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. ue

2. Very similar to the %,and winged. The eyes larger, and

ocelli are present. The node of the petiole is generally higher and

thinner than in the 8.

3. In some species the g is ergatoid; in the ordinary winged

form the scape is nearly always shorter than the 2nd joint of the

flagellum. Mesonotum gibbous, overhanging the pronotum. Pygi-

dium generally aculeate. The eyes and ocelli large. Node of

petiole similar to that of the %.

The following key to the % ¥ of the genus is admittedly

imperfect, but may be better, I hope, than none at all. Our

various species of Ponera are so small and so much alike that

it is not easy to pick out differences between them which can be

seized at a glance, so that, unreliable as colour differences often

are, | have nevertheless preferred to use them here rather than base

the key on subtle distinctions requiring a minute inspection with

the aid of a high-power lens. As I have not seen a specimen of

P. coarctata, race boerorum, Forel, and since that author’s descrip-

tion 1s very meagre, it is not possible to include it in the key.

Key to the % 8 of Ponera.

(2). 1. Black species we Soren ater dese Me DUMenOtE mores

(1). 2. Yellowish or reddish species.

(4). 3. Larger, 3°7 mm. long, colour ar chestnut tea head finely but clearly

jounaveinomel = 56 Ga) =) 2. spet, Horelt

(3). 4. Smaller, not more iho 3 mm, nee puactinaton of the head less

obyious.

(8). 5. Head, excluding mandibles, clearly at least one-quarter longer than

wide.

(7). 6. Head one and a quarter times as long as wide; 2nd abdominal segment

wider than long.. .. . .. .. Gleadowi, Forel.

(6). 7. Head one and a half wbmes & as “sa as . aiidlas 2nd abdominal segment.

longer than wide.. .. .. .. Ragusae, Km., r. Bulawayensis, Forel.

(5). 8. Head, excluding mandibles, not obviously longer than wide, certainly

less than one and a quarter times as long as wide.

(10). 9. Dorsal surface of the node distinctly thicker in the middle than at the

sides, or greatest thickness equals one-third of the width.

ergatandria, Forel, r. cognata, Santschi.

(9). 10. Dorsal surface of node very little thicker in the middle than at the sides,

or greatest thickness equals one-fifth of the width .. .. dulcis, Forel.

P. spxt, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 423, ¥, 1910.

8. 37mm. Head, thorax, and node dark yellowish red, legs

dirty yellow, abdomen rusty red, apex paler; the whole body

78 Annals of the South African Museum.

shining. Head finely and closely punctured, 1st and 2nd abdominal

segments a little more coarsely punctured, thorax nearly impunc-

tate. Covered all over with a fine and close grey pubescence, and

with a few scattered and rather short pilose hairs on the thorax

and abdomen. Head, excluding the mandibles, rectangular, and

one-fifth longer than wide ; the posterior angles widely rounded, the

sides slightly convex, the posterior margin concave. Eyes very

small, composed of four facets, situated in the anterior fourth of

the head. Clypeus raised gradually towards the middle, the

anterior half minutely sub-carinate on each side of the median

line, and the anterior margin feebly bisinuate in the centre.

Frontal carinae convergent posteriorly and very small. Man-

dibles smooth, shining and sparsely punctured ; teeth very small.

The scape reaches back as far as the occiput, flagellum one and

a half times as long as the scape, incrassate towards the apex,

2nd—-10th joints broader than long. Pro-mesonotal suture distinct,

meso-epinotal much less so. Pronotum one-third wider and longer

than the mesonotum. Pro- and mesonotum convex. Dorsum of

epinotum convex transversely and widening towards the apex,

where it joins the declivity in a gradual curve; declivity with the

lateral margins slightly raised. Node of petiole twice as wide as

long, rounded above and at the sides, vertically truncate behind and

obliquely truncate in front. Ventral lamella of petiole produced

into an obtuse point. Abdominal constriction moderate; abdomen

a little longer than the thorax; lst segment narrower in front than

behind.

Natal. (Wroughton.) Algoa Bay. (Brauns.)

(G.A. coll.)

P. DiprErot!, Forel.

Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. Beiheft, p. 203, 3 2 g, 1913.

%. 3mm. Black, legs, antennae, and mandibles dark yellow.

Pilose hairs absent except on the clypeus, covered scantily all over

with a short pale pubescence. Microscopically punctured, sparsely

and shallowly on the thorax and first two abdominal segments,

more densely on the head and sides of epinotum. Head a little

longer than wide, sides and posterior margin almost straight or

only very feebly convex, posterior angles rounded. Clypeus raised

in the middle but not carimate, anterior margin convex. Frontal

carinae small, moderately angulated laterally in front. Hyes small,

situated low down and far forwards, separated from the base of the

mandibles by a distance equal to their own diameter. The scape

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 79

reaches back as far as the occipital margin, 1st joint of flagellum

nearly twice as long as wide, as long as the two following joints

taken together, 2nd joint not much wider than long, 3rd—10th joints

decidedly wider than long, terminal joint as long as the two pre-

ceding together. Mandibles shining, sparsely punctured, masti-

catory margin with about 4 or 5 small teeth, the apical tooth well

developed. Thoracic sutures well defined. Pronotum almost as

long as wide, anterior margin convex, much narrower in front

than behind. Mesonotum two-thirds as long as the pronotum ;

dorsum of epinotum flat, and as long as the declivity, the

latter not very oblique, its sides slightly margined. Node of petiole

convex from side to side in front, narrow above, vertical behind,

and nearly so in front, quite twice as wide as long; ventral lamella

produced into a convex projection at the base. 1st abdominal seg-

ment a little shorter than the 2nd, wider than long, the face of the

ist segment in front vertical, intersegmental constriction feeble.

?. 37 mm. Hyes larger than in the ¥. Pronotum twice as

wide as long; mesonotum two-thirds as long as the pronotum,

dorsum of epinotum half as long as the pronotum, the declivity less

oblique than in the 8, and with the brow of the declivity obtusely

emarginate. First and 2nd abdominal segments a trifle wider than

long, 2nd segment a little longer than the Ist. Wings with a

yellowish tinge, nervures very pale. Other characters as in the 8.

3. 36mm. Black, legs, antennae, and apical segment of abdomen

light brown. Clothed with a very sparse pale pubescence. Whole

body shining. Head, thorax, and petiole very shallowly and finely

punctured. The points of insertion of the pubescent hairs on the

abdomen are so shallow that they can hardly be called punctures.

Head sub-quadrate, excluding the clypeus, a little wider than long.

The clypeus projects rather far forwards and is gibbous, the anterior

margin obtusely angular in the middle. Mandibles truncated at the

apex, the apices not meeting. Hyes very large, situated within

the front half of the head. Ocelli small, placed on a very slightly

raised area. Frontal carinae feebly developed, with a deep im-

pressed line between them which reaches back as far as the anterior

ocellus. Antennae filiform or only slightly thickened towards the

apex ; scape twice as long as the Ist joint of the flagellum, but not

longer than the distance separating the two posterior ocelli. The

antennae reach back as far as the brow of the epinotum. Pro-

notum short and exposed; mesonotum about one-third wider than

long, anterior margin round, parapsidal furrows well defined,

separated by a deep suture from the scutellum. The latter is

80 Annals of the South African Museum.

moderately gibbous, and half as long as the mesonotum. Dorsum

of epinotum as wide as long, and as long as scutellum and meta-

notum together, the declivity very smooth and shining. Node of

petiole like that of the %, but not so thick. Abdomen ovate, 1st

segment as long as the 2nd, all the segments much wider than long.

Knysna. (Dr. H. Brauns.) (8.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

P. Racusaz, Emery, race BULAWAYENSIS, Forel.

Emery, Il Natural Sicil., 1895. Emery, Mem. Accad. Sc. Bologna

(5), vol. v., pp. 292, 297, 1895. Forel, Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr.

Beiheft, p. 203, 3, 1913.

%. 2:4-2°8 mm. Reddish yellow. Antennae and body covered

with a whitish pubescence, somewhat sparse on the head and

thorax. Head and thorax dull, microscopically punctured. Head

a little wider behind than in front, half as long again as wide, sides

feebly convex or almost parallel-sided, posterior margin moderately

concave, posterior angles rounded. Eyes absent. Mandibles trian-

gular, masticatory margin with about 6 or 7 small teeth. Clypeus

short, anterior margin obtusely angular in the middle. Frontal

carinae broad and flat. Scape of antenna widened towards the

apex, not reaching back as far as the occipital margin; the whole

antenna reaches back as far as the base of the epinotum ; flagellum

clavate, Ist joint a little longer than wide, and as long as the three

following joints taken together, 2nd—l0th joints wider than long,

last joint a little longer than the two preceding joints together and

twice as long as wide. Thorax rather flat dorsally ; pro-mesonotal

suture distinct, meso-metanotal obsolete. Pronotum as wide as

long, but narrower than the head, anterior margin and sides convex.

Meso- and epinotum narrower than, and, taken together, one-

quarter longer than the pronotum; declivity of the epinotum

oblique, smooth and shining. Node of petiole seen from above

sub-quadrate, the sides slightly convex, narrower in front than

behind, a little wider than long, and not including the ventral

lamella, only a trifle higher than thick; seen in profile, convex

above from side to side, anterior and posterior faces vertically

truncate; ventral lamella produced into a long keel, slightly nicked

in the middle. Abdomen elongate, as long as thorax and petiole

together. First segment as long as, or a little longer than wide,

2nd segment one-quarter longer than wide and longer than the

1st; the anterior face of the latter is vertically truncate, the brow

rounded,

Bulawayo. (G.A. coll.)

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 81

P. ERGATANDRIA, Forel, race coanaTA, Santschi.

Forel, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 365, 1893. Santschi, Ann,

Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 56, p. 153, 1919.

3. 38mm. Castaneous brown, head darker than the rest of the

body, legs, antennae, clypeus, and mandibles brownish yellow.

Clothed with a pale pubescence, very short on the head, and with

pale pilose hairs on the 3rd—dth abdominal segments. Head very

minutely and rather closely punctured, thorax less densely and much

more shallowly punctured, a few large punctures on the mandibles,

the rest of the body impunctate ; the whole body nitidulous. Head,

excluding the mandibles, nearly one-quarter longer than wide, sides

moderately convex, posterior angles rounded, posterior margin

feebly concave. The scape does not reach back to the posterior

margin; the flagellum strongly incrassate towards the apex, the

last 4 joints forming a club; Ist joint of flagellum as long as the

three following joints taken together, 2nd-10th joints wider than

long, apical joint as long as wide, and as long as the two preceding

joints together. Clypeus not so short as in Ragusae or dulcis, raised

in the centre and impressed transversely above the anterior margin,

which is slightly produced. Frontal carinae short and converging

posteriorly, separated by a faint impressed line reaching to the

middle of the head. Mandibles triangular, shining, with about 6

small unequal-sized teeth on the masticatory margin, the apex

ending in a sharp strong tooth. Eyes small, situated within the

anterior fourth of the head. Pronotum only a little narrower than

the head, one-third wider than long, very convex in front and at the

sides. Mesonotum nearly round, as long as the pronotum, and a

little wider than long. The profile of the dorsum of the thorax is

almost straight, and the thoracic sutures quite distinct. Dorsum of

the epinotum as long as the mesonotum, a little wider at the apex

than at the base ; the declivity is not so oblique as in Ragusae or

dulcis. ‘The node of the petiole is much thicker above than in those

species, nearly twice as wide as long, and with the anterior and

posterior faces vertical. Seen from above, the margins of the dorsal

surface of the node are convex in front, straight behind and feebly

convex at the sides. Abdomen elongate, as long as the thorax and

petiole together; Ist and 2nd segments subequal, the constriction

between them not very marked. Sting exserted.

Found in some numbers round the almost dried bones of a buried

snake in which small white Poduridae abounded, and on which the

ants were seen to prey.

Bulawayo. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

82 Annals of the South African Musewm.

P. puucis, Forel.

Ann, Mus. Nat. Hung., vol. 5, p. 2, %, 1907.

%. 27-3 mm. Brownish yellow, mandibles, antennae, and legs

ochreous, abdomen yellowish brown. Thorax very shining, abdomen

and head moderately so; head, scapes, and first two segments of

abdomen microscopically punctured, elsewhere impunctate. A short

pale sparse pubescence on the limbs and body, a little denser on the

abdomen; the clypeus and apical abdominal segments with a few

long pale pilose hairs. Head one-fifth longer than wide, slightly

narrower in front than behind, sides convex, posterior margin almost

straight, posterior angles rounded but distinct. Eyes small and

black, situated within the anterior fifth of the sides of the head.

Mandibles shining, triangular and with a few shallow punctures

along the masticatory margin, which is feebly denticulate. Frontal

carinae short, separated by a shallow impressed line which reaches

back a little beyond the middle of the head. Clypeus short and

similar to that of P. Ragusae. The antennae reach back as far as

the brow of the declivity, the scape reaching a little beyond the

occipital margin. Scape moderately, flagellum more strongly

incrassate towards the apex. First joint of flagellum longer than

wide, as long as the three following segments taken together ; 2nd—

10th joints wider than long, apical joint longer than wide, and a

little longer than the two preceding segments together. Thorax

narrower than the head. Pronotum a little wider than long, the

sides and anterior margin convex, the dorsal surface rather flat.

Pro-mesonotal and meso-epinotal sutures sharply defined. Meso-

notum half as long as the pronotum, nearly round, and elevated

slightly above the level of the latter. Dorsum of epinotum narrow,

as long as the pronotum and sloping towards the brow of the

declivity ; the latter is oblique. Node of petiole squamiform; seen

from in front it is semicircular above, and wider above the middle

line than below it. The anterior face is almost vertical or with only

a slight slope from below backwards, and is also feebly convex from

side to side. The posterior face is vertical and concave dorso-

ventrally. First segment of abdomen as long as the 2nd, both

segments almost as long as wide. Intersegmental constriction

feeble.

%. (Hitherto undescribed.) 3:6 mm. Whole body reddish

yellow, mandibles and anterior region of the head castaneous. Eyes

black, very large, occupying more than one-quarter of the sides of

the head. Pronotum nearly twice as wide as long, and very convex

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 83

in front. Mesonotum wider in front than behind, as wide as long,

and twice as long as the pronotum. Scutellum ovoid transversely,

one-third as long as the mesonotum. Dorsum of epinotum rather

short, twice as wide as long, the declivity much less oblique than in

the %: seen from in front, the brow of the declivity is feebly but

distinctly concave from side to side. The node of the petiole is

thinner above than in the ¥. Abdomen elongate, very nearly as

long as head and thorax together. Dedalated. Other characters as

in the 8.

Under stones, Bulawayo. (S.A.M., G.A. colls.)

P. GuEADOowI, Forel, race AETHIOPICA, Forel.

Type: Mem. Ace. Bolog. 5, p. 60, ¥, 1887. Race: Rev. Ent. Caen,

vO, AS, jo. IGA , ISON

3. 25 mm. Head, thorax, and legs reddish yellow, the head

somewhat redder ; abdomen brown-yellow, the Ist and 2nd segments

dark brown with the basal margins paler. This species is very

similar to spez, from which it is clearly distinguished by the following

characters.

Head much longer proportionately than in that species, one and a

quarter times as long as wide. Eyes very minute; flagellum more

incrassate. The clypeus has a bisinuate anterior margin as in spet,

but is convex from side to side, and rather abruptly raised in the

middle so as to form a sub-carinate hump below the frontal carinae.

The epinotum is proportionately wider than in spev, and the declivity

is not sub-margined laterally. The abdomen is _ impunctate.

Willowmore, Cape Prov. (Brauns.)

(G.A. coll.)

P. coarcrata, Latreille, race BokRORUM, Forel.

Type: Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, vol. 3, p. 65, 3 2, 1802. Race:

Rey. Suisse Zool., vol. 9, p. 339, ¥, 1901.

“8. 24-2-38mm. Yellow, slightly reddish, head more or less

dark brown, thorax brownish red or yellow. Legs, mandibles,

antennae, and abdomen always paler. Meso-metanotal suture very

deep. The scape does not quite reach the occiput. Node of petiole

very much as in the type form; the clypeus is shorter and the

mandibles longer.

Natal, 1,600 metres above sea-level. (Haviland.)”

I have copied Forel’s rather meagre description omitting only

84 Annals of the South African Museum.

some comparisons made between this race and some extra-ethiopian

species.

Genus PLECTROCTENA, Smith

Cat. Hymen. Brit. Mus,, vol. 6, p. 101, 1858.

Characters.

%. Clypeus very narrow, anterior margin straight, except above

the base of the mandibles where it is shallowly emarginate; labrum

very large. Mandibles long and narrow, with a deep sulcus from

base to apex on the upper inner side; one large tooth below the

middle, and a small and very obtuse one between that and the apex ;

the latter is obtuse. Frontal carinae large, slightly convergent

behind, overhanging and apparently fused with the clypeus in front.

Antennae incrassate gradually towards the apex. Eyes small,

placed far forwards close to the base of the mandibles. Head much

wider than the thorax. Thorax large, pro-mesonotal suture wide

and deep, meso-epinotal suture slight or obsolete. Declivity of

epinotum with the lateral margins raised into strong ridges. Con-

striction between the lst and 2nd abdominal segments strong.

Node of petiole thick, longer than broad. Inner calcear of middle

and hind legs well developed, outer calcar absent.

?. A winged ? is not known in mandibularis ; in subterranea,

Arnold, and mwnor, Emery, winged @ 2 occur which are very

similar to the 8.

3. Clypeus triangular ; frontal carinae well developed but short.

and considerably raised. Antennae long, reaching back as far as.

the base of the 2nd abdominal segment ; scape less than half the

length of the 2nd joint of the flagellum, Ist joint of the latter very

short, only one-third the length of the scape. Hyes moderately

large, occupying less than half the sides of the head; ocelli not

situated on a raised area. Pronotum exposed; Mayrian furrows on

the mesonotum strongly marked; scutellum raised, pyramidal and

grooved longitudinally. Declivity of epinotum with raised lateral

ridges as in the ¥. Node of petiole higher than long. Abdominal

constriction distinct. Pygidium bluntly pointed.

\ P. SUBTERRANEA, 1X. sp. (Plate III., figs. 23, 23a.)

8. 75 mm. Castaneous red; all the joints of the flagellum,

except the apical, reddish brown. Except in size, puncturation,

colour, and dimensions of the eyes, this species is very similar to

mandibularis. Pubescence entirely wanting except on the legs and

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 85

flagellum which bear a scanty microscopic pubescence. Pilosity

also absent, except on the last two segments of the abdomen, the

clypeus, mandibles and margins of the apical abdominal segments,

which bear a few long golden hairs. The whole body very shining

and polished, finely, evenly and sparsely punctured. The depressed

areas behind the antennal sockets finely striate.

The head is parallel-sided, and nearly one-fifth longer than it is

wide ; in mandibularis the head is as long as wide and the sides are

slightly convex. The scape of the antennae is only a little longer

than half the head; the flagellum is as long as the head, all the

joints except the apical wider than long, the apical joint as long as

the three preceding together. The eyes are exceedingly small, less

than 0-1 mm., slightly sunk below the surface, and composed of

about 24 ill-defined facets. They are separated from the anterior

margin of the head by a distance less than their own length.

Mandibles as in mandibularis. Pro-mesonotal suture distinct, meso-

epinotal entirely obsolete. Pronotum without a median longitudina

impression. The lateral margins of the declivity of the epinotum

are raised into much stronger ridges than in mandibularis ; the

ridges are abruptly truncate above. Seen in profile, the thorax is

much flatter dorsally than in mandibularis. The node of the petiole

is not much narrower in front than behind, and the angular projec-

tion of the ventral lamella is truncate at the apex, otherwise like

mandibularis. The 2nd abdominal segment is less globose, and the

legs are stouter and shorter proportionately than in that species.

The Ist and 2nd abdominal segments are distinctly longer than wide.

?.10mm. Similar to the % but winged, and with well-

developed eyes, 0°3 mm. long, and three small ocelli. The colour

of the head and thorax is darker than in the %. The mesonotum

is a little wider than long, and two and a half times as long as the

pronotum. The parapsidal sutures are deep and well defined only

on the posterior half of the mesonotum. All the transverse thoracic

sutures distinctly defined. The scutellum is half as long as the

mesonotum. Dorsum of epinotum as long as the scutellum, with a

feeble median impression at the extreme base. The projection of

the ventral lamella of the petiole blunt, but not truncate at the apex

asin the %. Other characters as in the 3.

The single specimen of this sex was found alive and dealated

under a stone. Of the % 3 I have two specimens, one considerably

damaged. The latter was taken dead on the rubbish-heap belonging

to a nest of Tetramorium Blochmanni, Forel, vr. continents, Forel,

and the other in a similar situation, and also dead, from the nest of

86 Annals of the South African Museum.

Pachycondyla Kriigert. From the very small size of the eyes in

the % sex, I am inclined to think that this ant leads an almost

entirely subterranean existence. The presence of the dead % %

on the rubbish-heaps of other ants is doubtless due to accidental

intrusions into the galleries of the latter.

Bulawayo,1 %,1 9. Shiloh, 8. Rhodesia, 1 ¢.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

P. MANDIBULARIS, Smith.

Cat. Hymen. Brit. Mus., vol. 6, p. 101, ¥ g, 1858.

Var. MAJOR, Forel (= ergatoid 9).

Mittl. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 9, p. 11, 1894.

%. 145-165 mm. Black; flagellum, mandibles, outer angles of

frontal carinae and tarsi piceous ; apices of all the femora and tibiae

castaneous; 2nd—5th abdominal segments at their extreme apical

margins pale brown. Legs with a sparse and coarse golden pubes-

cence, antennae with a close and finer pubescence. Anterior margin

of clypeus and masticatory margin of mandibles with a few long

golden-brown hairs. The margins of the abdominal segments, except

the Ist, with a few short golden hairs. The rest of the body

without pilosity or pubescence. Head, mandibles, scape and

abdomen very shining. Head evenly and sharply punctured, the

punctures being larger at the sides. Abdomen sparsely, evenly and

finely punctured. Thorax duller than the head or abdomen, more

closely and strongly punctured, the space between the punctures

very finely striate. Node shining and as coarsely punctured as the

thorax. Head, excluding mandibles, almost square, posterior angles

rounded, posterior margin arcuately emarginate. The antennae

reach back as far as the middle of the epinotum. Pronotum as long

as the mesonotum, slightly flattened above, rounded at the sides and

in front, with a central longitudinal impression broken in the

middle. The scutellar region is slightly indicated by a shallow

impression at the sides and behind. Dorsum of epinotum nearly

as long as the mesonotum and with a feeble median longitudinal

groove ; declivity shining and microscopically punctured, the lateral

margins raised into somewhat tumid ridges. Node of petiole convex

from side to side in front, and above, the sides moderately convex,

vertically truncate behind and nearly so in front, posterior angles

fairly sharp but slightly rounded. Ventral lamella produced anteriorly

into a wide angle.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 87

First abdominal segment campaniform, 2nd segment longer than

the Ist. Legs rather slender; anterior tarsi beneath clothed with

dense, golden bristles. Sting short and blunt. For the rest, the

characters of the genus.

?. 20 mm. The large form which I regard as an ergatoid ¢,

differs from the % chiefly in size, but the head and abdomen are

proportionately wider and longer. The longitudinal impression on

the pronotum is shallower, while that of the dorsum of the epinotum

is deeper and wider.

In a nest of three dozen or so individuals, not more than two or

three of these large forms are to be found, and usually only one.

g. 145mm. Black; 3rd segment of abdomen piceous, last three

segments ferruginous. A golden-grey pubescence on the whole

body, excepting the last four abdominal segments. The margins of

all the abdominal segments except the lst carry a few golden hairs;

elsewhere there is no pilosity. Head moderately shining, closely,

finely and shallowly punctured, a little more coarsely in front and

at the sides. Pronotum reticulate-punctate, the posterior margin

transversely striate. Mesonotum rugosely punctate anteriorly,

laterally sparsely and shallowly punctured, the space between the

punctures rugulose. Scutellum and metanotum with very large

reticulate punctures; epinotum rugose, coarsely at the sides,

finely so above. Node of petiole shining above, closely punctured

and dull at the sides. Abdomen microscopically rugulose, shallowly

and very sparsely punctured, the punctures somewhat larger and

more abundant on the lst and 2nd segments.

Head wider than long, sides convex, occipital margin reflexed

and forming a small collar. Clypeus widely emarginate; frontal

carinae short, raised above the antennal sockets; frontal sulcus

extends back as far as the anterior ocellus. Antennae filiform,

reaching back as far as middle of Ist abdominal segment. Mandibles

short, edentate and blunt at apex. Prothorax produced neck-like

in front. Mesonotum with well-developed Mayrian furrows and an

elongate median triangular area in front, which is shining and

impunctate. Scutellum pyramidal, with a large longitudinal sulcus,

and separated from the mesonotum by a coarsely crenate impression.

Metanotum with a short central carina. Declivity of epinotum

deeply excavated, transversely rugose; the lateral margins ridged

as in the 3. Node of petiole sub-globose seen from above; seen

from the side the dorsal portion is convex, the posterior face vertical,

the anterior face almost so; ventral lamella produced at the extreme

base into a triangular tooth pointing downwards. Seen from above the

88 Annals of the South African Museum.

shape of the node is distinctive, the base being emarginate with small

lateral angles, behind which on each side lies a flattened projection.

The node of the petiole is only half as wide as the 1st abdominal

segment. The latter is nearly as long as wide, sub-campaniform,

and separated from the 2nd segment by a well-marked constriction.

The 2nd segment is two-thirds wider than long, the sides slightly

convex. Abdomen as long as thorax and petiole together. Pygidium

narrowly truncate. Legs slender. Wings sub-hyaline, somewhat

darker towards the apex, stigma brown, nervures pale brown; 2

sub-marginal cells, radial cell lanceolate.

This species is fairly generally distributed. Specimens from

Willowmore and Grahamstown are rather small, but otherwise

agree with the type. They are intermediate in size and puncturation

between the type form and the smallest form which I have received

from Durban. The entrances to the nest are generally indicated by

large heaps of earth. The chambers are placed deep below the

surface, seldom less than 2 feet, and the number of individuals

seldom exceeds 50. It is a sluggish and timid ant, the workers

foraging singly. The food includes termites, but consists chiefly of

millipedes and beetles.

(S.A.M., R.M., and G.A. colls.)

Var. stRIGOSA, Emery.

Ann. Soe. Ent. Belg., vol. 43, p. 469, 8, 1899.

This differs from the type form in having the dorsal surface of the

head, thorax and Ist segment of abdomen finely and regularly

striate, longitudinally so on the head and thorax, transversely on

the petiole, concentrically on the 1st abdominal segment and

slightly so on the 2nd. The petiole is a little shorter than in

the type form. Natal.

Trin LEPTOGENYINI, Forel.

Characters.

% and @. Mandibles articulated near the anterior angles of the

head; abdominal constriction between the Ist and 2nd segments

feeble. Claws pectinate.

g. Claws pectinate.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 89

Genus LEPTOGENYS, Roger (Forel).

Berlin Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 5, p. 12, 1861 (s. stricto); Jahrb.

Hamburg Wiss. Anst., vol. 10, p. 6, 1893 (s. latiore).

Characters.

8. Clypeus usually carinate, and produced in the middle

anteriorly as a lobe or small platform. Mandibles linear or tri-

angular with the masticatory margin dentate, or narrow and

edentate. Antennae generally filiform. Meso-epinotal suture

usually distinct.

?. Itis probable that all the 2 2 of this genus are ergatoid.

3. Claws pectinate, thereby differing from the g 3 of all other

Ponerinae. Scape short. Mensonotum with well-defined Mayrian

furrows.

This genus is divided into 4 sub-genera, of which the two following

alone are represented in our region.

1. Mandibles very elongate, crossing each other only slightly and enclosing a

large space between them and the clypeus; linear and acute, or ending in

two small teeth placed close together .. .. . .. .. Leptogenys, Roger.

2. Mandibles triangular, dentate, or narrow and aia a terminal tooth; in the

latter case they are much shanien than in Leptogenys, and do not enclose a

large space in front of the clypeus Liens ae eovopelianm Many.

SuB-Genus LEPTOGENYS, Roger.

Berlin Ent. Zeitschr. vol. 5, p. 12, 1861.

Key to the % 8 of Leptogenys, s. str.

(2). 1. Body entirely dull, covered with a pruinose pubescence .. mawillosa, Smith.

(1). 2. Body without any pruinose pubescence.

(8). 3. Whole body shining.

(7). 4. Node of petiole seen in profile, sane seen from above much

wider behind than in front.

(6). 5. Head wider at the anterior margin than it is across the eyes. 10-11 mm.

Stuhlmanni, Mayr.

(5). 6. Head not wider at the anterior margin than it is across the eyes, 9°5 mm.

Schwabi, Forel.

(4!. 7. Node of petiole seen in profile, not quadrant-shaped, seen from above only

a little wider behind than in front,4:‘7 mm. .. .. .. Ferrarii, Forel.

(3). 8. Body dull, except the posterior portion of the abdomen, 5:5 mm.

cribrata, Emery.

L. maxinnosa, Smith. (Plate IIL, fig. 24.)

Cat. Hymen. Brit. Mus., vol. 6, p. 93, 3 3, 1858.

%. 6-65 mm., excluding the mandibles. Black; antennae,

mandibles (except the extreme base which is piceous), femora, tibiae

90 Annals of the South African Museum.

and apical segment of abdomen reddish brown; the coxae piceous,

the tarsi dark red. The whole body covered with an exceedingly

fine pruinose pubescence, similar to that of the Platythyreini ;

there are a few long hairs on the clypeus, and the apical segment of

the abdomen is densely clothed with moderately long golden hairs.

Head, scape of antenna, thorax, femora, tibiae, petiole, lst and 2nd

abdominal segments microscopically rugulose, and excepting the

antennae and legs closely punctured with small, shallow punctures ;

the 3rd and 4th abdominal segments very finely punctured. Head

trapezoid, wider in front than behind, posterior margin slightly

emarginate, posterior angles very round. ‘The eyes occupy a little

more than one-quarter of the sides of the head, and are placed far

forwards and separated from the base of the mandibles by less than

their own length. Clypeus shining and coarsely punctured, the

anterior margin membranous and translucent, with a feebly crenate

depression just in front of the membranous area; the median portion

very slightly raised, not carinate, projecting backwards between the

frontal carinae. The latter are narrow, not divergent behind,

separated along their posterior half by a narrow suleus which is

continued back to about the level of the middle of the eyes.

Antennae reach back as far as the base of 1st abdominal segment,

the scape reaches back as far as the middle of the pronotum.

Mandibles very long, linear, acute at the apex, finely striate and

shining. Pronotum about as long as wide, rounded in front, sides

moderately convex. Pro-mesonotal suture distinct. Mesonotum

hardly more than half as wide as the pronotum, and considerably

less than half as long. Dorsum of epinotum widening towards the

declivity and as long as the pro- and mesonotum together; declivity

shallowly excavated, the lateral margins raised. Node of petiole sub-

quadrate, very slightly wider than long, rounded above, vertical in

front and behind ; ventral lamella bluntly produced at the extreme

base. Abdomen elongate, 1st segment as high as, and one-third

wider than the node, spinously produced below at the base; 1st and

2nd segments sub-equal, their apical margins narrowly ferruginous.

“go, 93 lines. Black and slightly shining, finely punctured ;

eyes and ocelli very large, the latter glassy bright and very promi-

nent; the legs and antennae fusco-ferruginous; the antennae

towards their apex, the articulations of the legs, the tarsi and tip of

abdomen ferruginous ; wings fusco-hyaline; abdomen and node of

peduncle as in the female (= worker).”’

Thave not seen any g ¢ of this species, and have therefore copied

Smith’s very scanty description. It is not a common species; the

A Monograph of the Fornucidae of South Africa. gn

colony is rather large as a rule, comprising as many as four or five

dozen individuals.

(S.A.M., B.M., G.A. coils.)

L. CRIBRATA, Emery.

Ann. Soe. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 20, 8 , 1895.

“8. 5-55 mm. Piceous; clypeus, antennae, legs and apical

segment of abdomen rufescent, dull, abdomen posteriorly and below

shining, very densely and finely punctulate all over, with a scanty

pubescence and fine pilosity; mandibles linear, acuminate; node of

petiole thick, convex above, truncate in front and behind.

Vryburg, Bechuanaland.”

“This species is remarkable chiefly by its sculpture ; the whole

body is finely and closely punctured, the head being entirely

dull; the thorax and abdomen are slightly shining, especially the

posterior portion and ventral surface of the latter; the legs and

antennae are also punctulate and almost dull. The sides and

posterior portion of the head are plentifully punctured, the thorax

with larger punctures; the punctures become gradually smaller on

the petiole and abdomen, being simply piligerous points on the

posterior segments. The head is nearly square or slightly narrower

behind than in front, the eyes large, situated in front of the middle

of the sides of the head and separated from the base of the mandibles

by less than the length of their own diameter. The clypeus is widely

lobate, round and with a membranous margin. Mandibles narrow,

linear, arcuate near the base, then straight and again curved near

the apex, which is acute. Thorax relatively stout, the epinotum as

long as the pro- and mesonotum together; the meso-epinotal

suture deep ; the declivity of the epinotum has the same sculpture

as the rest of the thorax, and the lateral margins are raised. Petiole

seen from the side, nearly as wide as high, sharply truncate and

smooth behind, convex and rugose above and in front; seen from

above, hardly wider than long, and slightly narrower in front than

behind.”

L. StunuMannti, Mayr.

Jahrb. Hamburg Wiss. Anst., vol. 10, 2, p. 6, %, 1893. Forel, Rev.

Brat pals gl oO8:

“ %. 10-10°6 mm. Black or brownish black, the scape brown,

the mandibles, flagellum, and apex of abdomen lighter, the legs

reddish brown or lighter. The whole body is covered with an erect

92 Annals of the South African Museum.

pilosity ; pubescence wanting except on the flagellum and tarsi.

Mandibles nearly smooth, with here and there some indistinct longi-

tudinal striae and pilose punctures, moderately long, narrow, with a

distinct and very oblique masticatory margin at the apex, which ends

in a curved pointed tooth. When the mandibles are closed there is

a large space between them and the clypeus. The head is smooth,

with sparse and shallow pilose punctures, somewhat stronger on

the sides of the head; the latter is of a reversed trapeze shape, being

much wider in front than behind, and also wider there than across

the eyes. Clypeus short, sharply carinate, with striae on each side

of the carina which extend back a short distance between the

antennal sockets and the base of the mandibles; the carina is

produced in front to form a short and rather indistinct projection

or snout, which is almost wider than long. On each side of the

projection the anterior margin of the clypeus is curved slightly

S-shaped. The eyes are nearer the base of the mandibles than the

posterior angles of the head. The lower margin of the mouth is

without a small tooth. All the joints of the flagellum longer than

wide, the 2nd joint nearly twice as long as the lst. The pronotum

is more or less coarsely but shallowly strigose, with a few large

shallow punctures at the side; the mesonotum, which is similarly

sculptured, is as long as wide, fairly round, and slopes backwards in

such a way that the pro- and mesonotum together form a curve,

moderately bowed from front to back. The thorax is not deeply

constricted between the meso- and epinotum. The latter is long,

about as long as the pro- and mesonotum together, and its dorsum

rises gradually backwards and then falls rather abruptly towards the

rounded boundary between it and the declivity; the dorsum is

irregularly rugose, the declivity coarsely and transversely striate ;

the sides of the meso- and epithorax are obliquely striate.

The node of the petiole is finely wrinkled and sparsely punctured ;

it is longer than wide, much wider and higher behind than in front,

the posterior face vertical, flat and transversely striate. The abdo-

men is almost smooth, barely constricted between the 1st and 2nd

segments. Legs long and thin, the claws distinctly pectinate.

Quilimane.”’

Durban.

The male of the type form is not known, but since the male sex

usually varies but little in sub-species and varieties, it may be of

some assistance to the student to be able to refer to the description

by Forel of the race erythraea, Emery, which is herewith appended.

“ Stuhlmanni, race erythraea, Emery.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 93

3g. 95 mm. Mandibles very wide at the base, attenuating

abruptly to the apex, and curved inwardly. Clypeus broad and

carinate, with a short and rounded lobe anteriorly. Head one and

a half times longer than wide, narrowed behind the eyes and raised

collar-like at the articular margin. The pronotum extends consider-

ably in front of the mesonotum (?.e., not depressed below the latter).

Mesonotum with two deep convergent furrows; it is feebly convex

infront and behind. Seen from the side, the node of the petiole forms

almost an equilateral triangle, obtuse and rounded above. Sculp-

ture, pilosity and colour as in the 3, but the head is smoother and

the metanotum (epinotum) more hairy. Wings with a slight rusty

tinge. Bourka, South Africa.”

I have met with this species only in Natal, where it appears to

feed exclusively on woodlice; the entrance to the nest can be plainly

distinguished by the accumulation of the remains of their prey,

bleached a dead white, scattered around it. The nest is not in-

dicated by any mound or other accumulation of earth; but in the

neighbourhood of Durban at least, it is very frequently found in, or

immediately adjacent to the nests of Myrnucaria ewmenordes, Gerst.

I am inclined to think that this Leptogenys dispossesses the latter

species of a part of their large nest, rather than take the trouble of

excavating one for itself. It also has a very noticeable smell,

resembling essence of pears. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

L. Scuwast, Forel.

Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. Beiheft, p. 208, 3, 1913.

%. 96 mm. Very similar to Stwhlmanm. Black, mandibles,

flagellum, extreme base and apex of scape, the tarsi and apex of

abdomen more or less ferruginous, the clypeus, tibiae and femora

piceous. Whole body very smooth and shining, sparsely covered

with long yellowish or golden hairs, which arise from very small

punctures. Puncturation otherwise wanting. Pubescence entirely

absent. The mesonotum is transversely and shallowly strigose

above, obliquely so at the sides; the epinotum is also transversely

strigose above, but more strongly so than the mesonotum, especially

over the brow of the declivity. The sides of the epinotum obliquely

striated.

Head a little longer than it is wide in front, much wider in front

than behind, but at the anterior margin it is not wider than across

the eyes. The latter large, situated a little in front of the middle of

the sides. Clypeus like that of Stwhlmanni, but the apex not pro-

94 Annals of the South African Museum.

duced so much in the middle. Mandibles long, longer than the head,

shining, sparsely punctured, the apical portion a little wider than the

rest, and concavely excised so as to form a distinct tooth at the apex.

Antennae long, reaching back as far as the base of the 2nd abdo-

minal segment, the scape reaching back as far as the posterior

margin of the mesonotum; 2nd joint of the flagellum nearly twice

as long as the Ist, all the joints cylindrical and much longer than

wide. Thorax similar to that of Stuhlmanni, but the pronotum is

smooth, and the epinotum more strongly strigose. The rest of the

characters similar to those of Stwhlmanni. In both these species

the node of the petiole seen from the side is approximately

quadrant-shaped, the curvature being anterior and dorsal.

Bulawayo.

This species is crepuscular or nocturnal, and preys on termites.

I have never seen it about during daylight.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls).)

L. FERRARI, Forel.

Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. Beiheft, p. 209, % , 1913.

8. 47 mm. Brownish black, mandibles, clypeus, antennae,

legs and apex of abdomen ochreous red. Very similar to Lobopelta

mitida and castanea, but owing to the structure of the mandibles,

this species is a true Leptogenys, s. str. Legs and body covered with

short, yellow, semi-erect hairs, longer on the petiole and abdomen.

Smooth and shining. Head very finely and somewhat sparsely

punctured. Thorax with large and shallow irregular punctures; at

the sides and on the node these punctures are very elongated, almost

forming short grooves. The declivity of the epinotum strongly and

transversely striate.

Head longer than wide, a little wider in front than behind, the

sides and posterior margin moderately convex. Clypeus with a

sharp median carina, which, seen from the side, projects at the apex

distinctly beyond the level of the mouth. Mandibles smooth, shin-

ing, sparsely punctured, shorter than the head, curved feebly from

the base to the apex, a little broader near the apex, with a very short

but distinct masticatory margin. Eyes moderately large, situated

just in front of the middle of the sides of the head. Scape not ex-

tending much beyond the occipital margin, about two-thirds as long

as the flagellum; 7th—9th joints as wide as long, the rest longer

than wide, Ist joint as long as the 2nd.

Pronotum convex in front and above, wider than the rest of the

A Monograph of the Fornucidae of South Africa. 95

thorax and wider than long; mesonotum wider than long. Pro-

meso, and meso-epinotal sutures well defined; epinotum as long as

the pro- and mesonotum together, widening a little towards its apex,

convex from side to side above; the declivity rather short, very

steep but not vertical. Node of petiole sub-quadrate, a little wider

behind than in front, and a little wider behind than it is long,

anterior and posterior faces vertical, but the former rounded at the

brow ; the dorsal profile of the node slopes down from behind to

the front. First abdominal segment as long as the 2nd, both seg-

ments a little wider than long; intersegmental constriction weak.

Bulawayo. (G.A. coll.)

Sus-Grenus LOBOPELTA, Mayr.

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 733, 1862.

Characters.

?. Mandibles triangular and dentate, or narrow and with an

apical tooth ; in the latter case the mandibles are much shorter than

in Leptogenys and do not enclose a large space in front of the

clypeus. Clypeus usually with a pointed or carinate lobe, or with

a tooth on each side of the middle.

2. Hrgatoid.

3. Not distinguishable from that of Leptogenys.

Key to the % 8 of Sub-genus Lobopelta.

(10). 1. Black species.

(9). 2. Node of petiole as long as, or only slightly longer than wide.

(4). 3. Impunctate or nearly so; dorsum of epinotum very smooth.

nitida, Smith.

(3). 4. Puncturation distinct ; dorsum of epinotum more or less strigose.

(6). 5. Pronotum distinctly punctured Peringueyt, Forel.

(5). 6. Pronotum not punctured, but rugose.

(8). 7. Node of petiole a little wider than long; 8th-10th joints of flagellum

wider thanlong .. .. .. Arnoldi, Forel.

(7). 8. Node of petiole longer Thera Fito: " 8th_ 10th satin of flagellum longer

than wide.. .. .. . .. .- Havilandi, Forel.

(2). 9. Node of petiole two yall one- third “fans as fiere as it is wide posteriorly.

attenuata, Smith.

(1). 10. Reddish yellow or castaneous species.

(12). 11. Larger species, 4-4°5 mm. ; scape of antenna impunctate. .nitida, Smith.

(11). 12. Smaller species, less than 4 mm. ; scape of antenna finely but distinctly

punctured.

(14). 13. Head almost quadrate, only slightly longer than wide .. parva, Forel.

(13). 14. Head distinctly longer than wide .. .. .. .. «. castanea, Mayr.

96 Annals of the South African Museum.

L, (Lopopreuta) HavinaAnnt, Forel.

Rey. Suisse Zool., vol. 9, p. 3382, 3, 1901.

“ ¥%. 65mm. Mandibles narrow, slightly broader towards the

apex, the apical margin forming a cutting, edentate edge, concaye,

curving into the inner margin, smooth and punctured. Head sub-

rectangular, hardly longer than wide, wider in front than- behind,

with posterior margin and angles rounded; the posterior margin is

confluent with the straight articular margin. Eyes large and flat

and situated a little in front of the middle of the sides. Lobe of

clypeus triangular, short, obtuse and rounded at its median point,

margined in front along its whole length by a whitish edge. The

scape reaches beyond the occiput by about one-quarter of its own

length. Thoracic sutures distinct. Dorsum of epinotum as long as

the pro- and mesonotum together. A narrow but deep sulcus

between the meso- and epinotum. Node of petiole sub-cubic,

slightly longer than wide, wider behind, posterior face vertically

truncate and at least one and a half times as high as the anterior

face, which is also truncate. Abdomen elongate, constriction

between Ist and 2nd segments distinct. The lst segment is not

wider, perhaps even narrower than the 2nd. Head densely and

strongly punctured, almost dull, except the clypeus which is longi-

tudinally striate. Thorax and node fairly dull, very irregularly and

rather coarsely rugose, finely reticulate between the rugosities.

Abdomen smooth, with a few coarse irregular punctures, especially

on the apical margin of the lst segment. Legs and scapes finely

punctured. Anterior and posterior faces of the node and anterior

face of the lst abdominal segment smooth and shining. Pilosity

erect, yellow and fairly dense all over, somewhat oblique, longer on

the abdomen, short and scanty on the legs. Pubescence scanty on

the body, abundant on the legs. Black; mandibles, antennae, legs

and apex of abdomen reddish brown. Natal. (Haviland.)”

L. (LopopettTa) PERINGUEYI, Forel.

(L. Havilandt, race Peringueyt), Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. Beiheft,

p. 210, 8, 1913.

Similar in general features to L. Havilandi, but smaller and with

entirely different sculpturation and differently shaped head and

mandibles. Dr. Forel treats it as a race of Havilandz, but in view

of the marked differences, I have adopted the suggestion made in his

description that it should perhaps be treated as a distinct species.

8. 6 mm. Black, mandibles, legs, flagellum and apex of

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 97

abdomen brown, tarsi and joints of legs brownish red. Very

sparsely pilose and pubescent, the pilose hairs yellowish and very

short. Whole body moderately shining, clearly but not densely

punctured, the punctures being sharply defined but not deep; the

sides of the meso- and epinotum obliquely punctate-striate.

Head a little longer than wide, as wide behind as in front (in

Havilandi it is much narrower behind than in front), posterior

angles considerably rounded, sides and posterior margin moderately

convex. Clypeus strongly carinate in the middle, more so than in

Havilandi, and more acute at the apex. Mandibles smooth, with a

few coarse punctures, widening towards the apex, which has a

masticatory margin not so distinct as in Havilandt, ending in

a small tooth below. The eyes are smaller than in Haviland: and

are placed within the anterior half of the head. The scape extends

back beyond the occipital margin, but is not so long as in Havilandi ;

the 1st joint of the flagellum is very little longer than the Ist or 3rd

{nearly twice as long as the Ist in Havilandi). The thorax is more

constricted in the middle, and the pro- and mesonotum and the

dorsum of the epinotum are more convex. Ths node of the petiole

as long as wide behind, more convex above and not so sharply

truncate in front and behind, and not quite so long as in Havilandt.

It is also less sharply margined behind than in that species.

Table Mountain. (Dr. L. Péringuey.) (S8.A.M., G.A. colls.)

L. (LOBOPELTA) ATTENUATA, Smith.

Cat. Hymen. Brit. Mus., vol. 6, p. 91, 3, 1858.

%. 8mm. Black ; mandibles, scape, apical segment of abdomen

and tarsi yellowish brown; flagellum and extreme base of scape

dark yellow; apical margins of Ist and 2nd abdominal segments,

the whole of the 3rd and 4th segments, all the coxae and the petiole

piceous red. The sides of the head and the pleurae have in some

lights a bluish reflection. A scanty and short greyish pilosity on

the body and legs; flagellum and tarsi pubescent. Impunctate.

Head wider in front than behind, longer by nearly one-third than it

is wide, sides convex, posterior margin strongly emarginate, posterior

angles acute. Clypeus broadly triangular, with a sharp and narrow

median carina; anterior margin slightly produced and pointed in the

middle, finely and longitudinally striate. Frontal carinae very short

and narrow ; frontal sulcus narrow, deep, and extending back to

about the level of the anterior margin of the eyes. The latter are

large, convex, and situated a little in front of the middle of the sides.

Antennae long; scape extends beyond the occiput by one-third of

98 Annals of the South African Museum.

its own length; flagellum filiform, all the joints much longer than

wide, 2nd joint two-thirds longer than the 1st. Mandibles shallowly

punctured and shining, slightly widening from the middle to the

apex, masticatory margin edentate and rather long. Pronotum

slightly longer than wide, rounded above, in front and at the sides.

Mesonotum rectangular, flat, longer than wide ; pro-mesonotal and

meso-epinotal sutures distinct. Dorsum of epinotum almost as long

as pro- and mesonotum together, very narrow at the base, widening

towards the brow of the declivity ; the latter is very short and has a

small angular projection above on each side. Node of petiole seen

from above, two and a third times as long as wide, widest behind

and strongly compressed laterally ; seen from the side the node is

almost triangular, the posterior margin vertically truncate, the dorsal

profile from the base to the upper margin of the posterior face

convex. The posterior face is smooth and shining. Ventral lamella

angularly produced at the extreme base. The constriction between

the Ist and 2nd abdominal segments is not deep. First segment

campaniform, with a sharp angular projection at its base below, at

the junction with the petiole. Fourth and apical segments strongly

compressed laterally. Legs long and slender.

Algoa Bay. (Brauns.) Durban.

3. T mm. (hitherto undescribed). Colour and pubescence as

in the %, with the antennae entirely ferruginous. Whole body

shining, head with a few small punctures between the eyes and

antennal sockets, prothorax smooth and impunctate, mesonotum

with a few large shallow punctures, epinotum transversely striate.

Head a little longer than it is wide across the eyes. The latter

large, occupying more than half the sides of the head and separated

from the base of the mandibles by a distance equal to the length of

the Ist joint of the flagellum. Antennae filiform, reaching back as

far as the base of the 8rd abdominal segment; scape three and a.

quarter times as long as the Ist joint, 2nd joint of flagellum one and

a half times as long as the scape. Clypeus long, sub-carinate

medially, the anterior margin produced into a pronounced beak in

the middle. Mandibles ochreous, oblong, rounded at the apex and

edentate. Pronotum exposed, quite twice as wide as long; meso-

notum a quarter longer than wide, the Mayrian furrows wide and

well defined. Epinotum as long as the mesonotum, longer than

wide, widest at the base and narrowing towards the apex, and three

times as long as the declivity. The latter is oblique, margined above

and at the sides, the margins produced at each side above into short

blunt angles. Node of the petiole as in the 8, but a trifle wider at

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 39

the base above. The constriction between the 1st and 2nd abdominal

segments quite as distinct as in the %. Legs long and slender.

Wings fuscous, stigma, and nervures yellowish brown.

Durban. (C. B. Cooper.) (S8.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

L. (Lopopetta) Arnoup!, Forel. (Plate III., figs. 27, 27a, 28.)

Ann. Soe. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 110, 3 g, 1918.

8. 63 mm. Black; extreme apex of abdomen piceous, man-

dibles, flagellum, base of scape, basal half of tibiae, and tarsi reddish

brown. Head shining, thorax and petiole slightly dull, abdomen

very shining and impunctate. Head closely and finely punctured,

especially at the sides, very finely striate in front between the

clypeus and the eyes. Median dorsal portion of pro- and meso-

notum shining and impunctate, the sides of the same, the pleurae,

epinotum and the node very finely rugulose and dull. The declivity

of the epinotum strongly and transversely rugose. Legs and

antennae with an inconspicuous and sparse pubescence. The whole

insect covered with long, oblique yellowish hairs, which are denser

and longer on the clypeus and abdomen. Head a little longer than

wide ; including the mandibles, somewhat oval. Clypeus triangular,

carinate in the middle, the anterior margin narrowly membranous.

Frontal carinae narrow. Mandibles shining and sparsely punctured ;

they are wider towards the apex than at the base, convex above

from base to apex and‘also on the external margin; the masticatory

margin is edentate, joining the inner margin in a gradual curve, the

apex acuminate. Hyes large, convex, and situated at the middle of

the sides of the head. The antennae reach back as far as the base

of the abdomen, the scape is rather flattened dorso-ventrally, the

flagellum slightly incrassate towards the apex, 8th to 10th joints

wider than long. Thoracic sutures distinct; pronotum as long as

wide, mesonotum quadrate, margined all round by a distinct sulcus.

Dorsum of epinotum not quite as long as the pro- and mesonotum

together, wider at the apex than at the base; declivity rather

abrupt, triangular in outline and with strong transverse striae.

Node of petiole sub-cubic, very slightly wider than long, rounded

above and at the sides, vertically truncate behind and in front, and

wider behind than in front. First abdominal segment convex at the

sides, shorter than the 2nd segment, the constriction between the

two distinct. Apical segment slightly compressed laterally. First

segment produced at the base ventrally into a blunt tooth.

2. LErgatoid (hitherto undescribed). 9 mm. Abdomen, 4 mm.

long, lst segment 1°5 mm. wide. This differs from the 3 by its

100 Annals of the South African Musewmn.

size and the proportionately longer abdomen. It is also a duller

insect, which is due to the denser pilosity, especially on the abdomen

which has a short pubescence intermixed with the pilosity. The

mesonotum is also larger and longer than in the ¢.

g. 885mm. Black; apex and base of scape pale ferruginous,

flagellum ochreous, the last five joints fuscous above; tarsi reddish

yellow, and all the tibiae and femora ferruginous at the base and

apex. Head almost impunctate, anteriorly slightly rugulose. Thorax

and petiole very finely rugulose, the epinotum reticulate. Abdomen

shining and impunctate. A fine grey pubescence on the whole body,

longer and sparser on the abdomen, more abundant on the sides of

the thorax, very inconspicuous elsewhere. Head, thorax, and sides

of petiole dull, disc of metanotum, apex of node and the whole

abdomen shining. Head lozenge-shaped, widest behind the eyes,

narrow in front and more so behind. Clypeus gibbous in the middle,

anterior margin convex. Frontal carmae obsolete. Mandibles con-

siderably atrophied, represented by a spatulate yellow appendage,

hardly larger than one of the ocelli. Eyes large, oval, situated at

about the middle of the sides of the head ; ocelli well developed, not

situated on a raised area. Scape short, not extending beyond the

posterior margin of the eyes, widest at the apex, twice as long as

wide. First joint of flagellum as wide as long, 2nd joint one and a

third times as long as the scape, all the joints flattened dorso-

ventrally, especially the last five joits which are spirally curved.

Pronotum exposed, the anterior free margin reflexed. Pro-meso-

notal suture weil defined. Mesonotum rounded at the sides,

depressed above, separated from the scutellum by a distinct but

narrow sulcus; mesonotum including the scutellum, almost three

times as long as the pronotum. Epinotum as long as the meso-

notum, the dorsum continuous with the declivity in a gradual curve;

the declivity transversely striated. Node of petiole as long as wide,

thicker above than below, obtusely and obliquely truncate in front

and behind, sides convex. The node is less than half as wide as the

1st abdominal segment. Abdomen elongate, lst segment convex in

front and at the sides, 2nd segment slightly wider than the Ist, and

one-third longer. Pygidium rounded at the apex. Abdominal con-

striction distinct. Wings slightly smoky, nervures fuscous, stigma

brown. Legs thin and slender.

I have taken this species on only one occasion. The nest,

situated in sandy ground, contained several hundreds of 8 8 and

3 & and one ergatoid 9°.

Plumtree, 8. Rhodesia. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

A Monograph of the Fornucidae of South Africa. 101

L. (LoporEeuta) NiTIDA, Smith.

Cat. Hymen. Brit. Mus., vol. 6, p. 92, %, 1858.

%. 4-43 mm. Ferruginous, the legs and apical margins of the

abdominal segments, and the whole of the last three segments lighter;

the 2nd abdominal segment and vertex of the head castaneous

red; or entirely black with flagellum ferruginous. A scanty pubes-

cence on the legs and antennae; a sparse pilosity on the body and

legs, more abundant on the last segment of the abdomen. The

whole body very shining and impunctate. Head oblong, about one-

quarter longer than wide, sides very slightly convex, posterior

margin straight, posterior angles rounded. Clypeus carinate in the

middle, the carina ending in a sharp point; produced backwards in

an acute angle between the frontal carinae. The latter are very

narrow behind the antennal sockets. Mandibles shining and coarsely

punctured, slightly wider towards the apex, which ends in a sharp

tooth, the masticatory margin concave and moderately large. Eyes

small, situated within the anterior third of the head. Scape of

antenna extends back as far as the middle of the pronotum, flagellum

slightly incrassate towards the apex, lst and 2nd joints sub-equal,

8th-10th joints as long as wide. Pronotum rounded above, in front

and at the sides, convex in profile, twice as long as the mesonotum ;

pro-mesonotal suture feeble, meso-epinotal well defined. Epinotum

as long as pro- and mesonotum together. Dorsum of epinotum flat,

narrower at the base, declivity gradual and rather short. Node of

petiole higher than the epinotum; seen from above almost triangular,

with the anterior face very rounded, the sides very slightly convex ;

truncated in front and behind, and strongly convex above. Abdomen

elongate, Ist and 2nd segments sub-equal, Ist segment rounded at

the base, nearly twice as wide as the node of the petiole, the con-

striction between the Ist and 2nd segments fairly deep. Legs long

and slender.

Ladismith, Cape Prov. (light variety). (Brauns.) Estcourt, Natal,

(Wroughton.) (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

L. (LoBopELTA) CASTANEA, Mayr.

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 734, ¥% , 1862.

%. 36mm. Very similar to the pale variety of nitcda in colour

and general appearance, but lighter and narrower. It may be dis-

tinguished from that species by the following characters.

The scape of the antenna is considerably flattened, and distinctly

but finely punctured, and the flagellum is much thicker. The eyes

102 Annals of the South African Museum.

are proportionately larger. The posterior angles of the head are not

so round, thereby making the head look longer and more rectangular

than in mitida. The 3rd—dth abdominal segments are narrower,

being rather strongly compressed laterally.

Algoa Bay. (Brauns.) (S.A.M., G.A. colls.)

L. (Lopopretta) parva, Forel.

Rev. Suisse Zool., vol. 9, p. 332, ¥ g, 1901.

“8. 33-34mm. Related to castanea, but the head is square,

hardly longer than wide, the scapes not extending beyond the occiput,

the flagellum with the 2-10 joints transverse, a little wider than long

and the last jomt moderately thick and long; the eyes are very

small and flat, with a dozen atrophied facets; the node of the petiole

is much more squamiform, wider than long. Mandibles narrow,

smooth and shining, punctured, nearly as narrow at the apex as at

the base, the terminal margin concave. The lobe of the clypeus

forms a narrow beak, pointed and sharply carinate. Dorsum of

thorax horizontal, without sutures. Declivity of epinotum oblique,

but quite distinct from the dorsum. Legs shorter than in castanea.

Otherwise in colour, sculpture and pilosity resembling castanea,

which however is much narrower and differently shaped.

“3, 35mm. Mandibles very short, not reaching together in the

middle. Scape hardly shorter than the 2nd joint of the flagellum,

the 1st joint of which is globose. Head sub-circular, a little longer

than wide. Eyes small. Thorax as wide as the head; mesonotum

with two convergent sulci. Wings sub-hyaline, nervures and stigma

very distinct. Dark brownish yellow, antennae brown.

Natal. (Haviland.)”’

Tre ODONTOMACHINI, Mayr.

Characters.

% and @. The head has an irregular hexagonal outline ; this is

due to the inflection of the sides, at about the level of the eyes, so as

to form two oblique minor sides anteriorly. Mandibles inserted near

the middle of the anterior margin of the head, parallel, pointing

forwards and furnished with two or three teeth. When quite open,

the mandibles lie parallel with the anterior margin of the head, and

can be shut by an instantaneous movement which in some species is

done with such force as to produce a very distinct clicking noise.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 103

Owing to the insertion of the mandibles being so closely approxi-

mated, the clypeus which lies between their bases and the frontal

carinae is very narrow and short. Abdominal constriction absent in

Odontomachus, and in some species of Anochetus. Claws simple.

g. Abdomen similar to that of the 3, but in Odontomachus

there is a slight constriction. Claws simple, hardly dentate.

Key to the Genera of Odontomachini.

1. § and ¢. Antennal hollows confluent posteriorly: ¢ pygidium spined.

Odontomachus, Latreille.

2. 8 and ¢. Antennal hollows not confluent posteriorly ; ¢ pygidium not spined.

Anochetus, Mayr.

Genus ANOCHETUS, Mayr.

Hurop. Formiciden, p. 53, 1861.

Characters.

%. Antennal hollows not confluent; no large depressions on the

sides of the head. The shape of the mandibles is very variable.

Node of petiole squamiform, or bidentate and nodose, conical or

terminating in a spine.

2. Similar to the %, winged, in some species ergatoid.

$. Mandibles and antennae as in Odontomachus; node of petiole

more or less pointed or emarginate. Abdominal constriction absent.

Pygidium not spined.

Key to the 8 8 of Anochetus. ~

(6). ‘1. Node of petiole squamiform or nearly so, almost linear dorsally.

(3). 2. Pro- and mesonotum strongly rugose 60 150 OG) 06 ABAG OKI, Mortal.

(2). 3. Pro- and mesonotum not rugose.

(5). 4, Pro- and mesonotum strongly punctured; dorsum of node, seen from in

front, very convex from side to side Seah .. .. talpa, Forel.

(4). 5. Pro- and mesonotum very feebly and sparsely Saebrurede dorsum of node

almost horizontal .. .. .. .. punctaticeps, Mayr.

(1). 6. Node of petiole thick, dorsal paritce a finan .. Levaillanti, Emery.

A, Brequazrtt, Forel.

Rey. Zool. Africaine, vol. 2, p. 309, 3%, 1913.

9. 5 3-5:5 mm. Head dark ochreous red, thorax brownish

black, abdomen black, legs and antennae dirty yellow. A very fine

and scanty pubescence on the head, antennae, and legs. Body, but

not the legs, with scattered yellowish hairs, longer and stouter on

the abdomen. Head sub-opaque, densely and finely striated from

104 Annals of the South African Museum.

end to end, except the occipital surface, the cheeks and antennal

hollows which are smooth and shining. Thorax dull, closely reticu-

late-punctate, intermixed with some larger rugae, which are more or

less longitudinal on the pronotum, and transverse on the mesonotum;

abdomen and petiole smooth and shining, legs finely and closely

punctured. Head a trifle longer than wide, widest across the eyes,

widely excised behind, occipital portion not contracted ; the sides in

front of and behind the eyes moderately concave. The antennal

hollows are wide and bounded anteriorly and externally by a broad

rounded ridge. Clypeus smooth and shining, extending back between

the frontal carinae in a narrow elongate triangle; anteriorly the

clypeus is bilobed and concave dorso-ventrally. Mandibles a little

more than half as long as the head, internal margins unarmed,

ending in three teeth, the sub-apical shortest and arising from the

apical. Eyes large. The scape is widest near the middle, and

extends back a little beyond the occipital margin; the flagellum

moderately thickened towards the apex. The pronotum is as long

as wide, widest in the middle and twice as wide behind as in front.

Mesonotum short, wider than long. Pro-meso- and meso-metanotal

sutures well defined. HEpinotum as long as pro- and mesonotum

together, with two distinct broad teeth at the apex of the dorsum ;

declivity vertical, convex and more finely sculptured than the

dorsum. The node of the petiole is squamiform, higher than

wide, vertical behind and in front; ventral lamella produced into

a large oblong piece pointing forwards. The upper surface of the

node is almost linear and slightly excised in the middle (this can be

seen more clearly if it is viewed from the front). First and 2nd

segments of the abdomen sub-equal, with no distinct constriction

between them.

2 (hitherto undescribed). 6mm. Very similar to the worker,

except the usual sexual differences. The pronotum is wider than in

the ¥ and wider than long; the mesonotum is nearly as long as the

pronotum, wider than long, finely and longitudinally striate; the

scutellum is small. Dorsum of epinotum shorter than in the 8

Wings pale brownish yellow, stigma and nervures pale brown.

Other characters as in the 3.

$ (hitherto undescribed). 65 mm. Moderately shining. Pale

brownish yellow, head dark brown, scutellum and base of epinotum

pale brown, mesonotum with a Y-shaped brownish area. Covered

with a rather dense pilosity, composed of short stiff dark hairs on

the mesonotum, of longer and paler hairs elsewhere. Legs and

antennae clothed with a dense pubescence, somewhat erect on the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 105

antennae. Head and thorax shallowly and irregularly rugoso-

punctate, epinotum shallowly and transversely striate, abdomen with

very minute piligerous punctures. Head much wider than long.

Hyes very large, occupying three-quarters of the sides of the head,

ocelli large and situated on a raised area. Clypeus flat at the sides,

convex in the middle, anterior margin feebly convex. Mandibles

small and atrophied. Scape short, twice as long as the Ist joint

of the flagellum, half as long as the 2nd, flagellum filiform. The

antennae are long, reaching back almost to the apex of the abdomen.

Pronotum covered by the mesonotum. The latter is very convex

from front to back, and as long as wide; Mayrian furrows and

parapsidal sutures moderately clear. The scutellum small and not

much raised. Epinotum and petiole similar to that of the ?, but

the teeth of the epinotum less pronounced. Abdomen elongate,

Ist segment longer than the 2nd; pygidium sub-acute, not spined ;

cerci present. Legs long and slender. Wings larger than in the

? and of a lighter colour. The projection of the ventral lamella is

triangular.

Bulawayo. (8.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

A. puNcTATICEPS, Mayr. (Plate III., fig. 26).

Annalen K.K.N.H. Museums, Wien, vol. 16, p. 4, %, 1901.

“ 8. 37-38 mm. Moderately shining, more or less reddish

yellow. A long erect and sparse pilosity on the abdomen; the

moderately short pubescence is somewhat erect, thickest on the

antennae and legs, less abundant on the mandibles, head, and abdo-

men, scanty on the thorax. The mandibles are about half as long as

the head, with piligerous punctures, narrower at the base than at

the apex, the lower inner margin (7.e. when the mandibles are

directed forwards), is feebly and finely denticulate; the angle corre-

sponding to the anterior end of the upper and lower inner margins, is

strongly rounded off; the apex of the mandible ends in two medium-

sized teeth, directed inwards, the lower one bearing a smaller tooth

at its base; the outer margin of the mandibles between the Ist

and 2nd fourths of its whole length, is distinctly although feebly

concave, beyond that the margin is slightly convex. The head is

shaped like that of Ghilianz, Spin., but the posterior margin is less

emarginate ; it is fairly abundantly punctured with rather smooth

shining interspaces; from each puncture proceeds a short hair ; the

sides of the head behind the eyes, are very smooth, very shining and

sparsely punctured. The smooth triangular clypeus is wider than

106 Annals of the South African Museum.

long and is raised over the base of each mandible into a small hump,

between these humps it is not emarginate. The scape reaches back

nearly to the occiput, the 2nd—7th joints of the flagellum as long as,

or hardly so long as broad. The antennal hollows are fairly deep,

moderately wide and as long as wide ; they are not limited externally

by the eyes, since their external margin is separated from them by a

distance almost equal to the diameter of the eye itself. The eyes

are small. The continuation of the antennal hollows becomes indis-

tinct on the vertex before reaching the narrowed portion of the

head. . . . The thorax is smooth, with a few piligerous punctures.

The mesonotum is wider than long. The epinotum has two small,

broad, and very obtuse teeth; the transversely convex dorsum is

evenly merged into the sides, as is also the smooth and very shining,

steep declivity. Both the transverse suture of the thorax are

distinct. The node of the petiole is higher than broad, rounded

above. Abdominal constriction moderate.

Port Elizabeth. (Brauns.) ”’

A. TALPA, Forel.

Rev. Suisse Zool., vol. 9, p. 351, %, 1901.

“8%. 3:56-3:99 mm. Closely related to myops, Emery, from which

it differs by its less shortened head and by its longer and thinner

mandibles. The very small eyes have only 4 or 5 facets. The

mandibles, as long as half the head, have the internal margin simple,

ending in an obtuse angle, and with 3 teeth at the apex, the

median tooth springing from the lower one. The head is a little

longer than wide, moderately excavated posteriorly, slightly de-

pressed, and without a fronto-occipital groove, and with the posterior

lateral fossettes very feeble and shallow. Clypeus emarginate and

bilobed. Frontal sinus very short. The scapes almost reach back

to the occiput. Mesonotum transverse; the two thoracic sutures

strongly impressed; dorsum of thorax barely convex. Dorsum of

epinotum longer than the declivity ; the latter with two large obtuse

teeth or tubercles above. Node of petiole fairly high, narrow and

rounded above. Abdomen truncate and projecting slightly forwards

in front. Abdominal constriction feeble. Head smooth, shining

and evenly punctured with strong and numerous punctures. There

are some very short striae on the frontal carinae. Dorsum of

epinotum reticulate and sub-opaque. All the rest shining, sparsely

and finely punctured. Hrect pilosity almost wanting, except at the

apex of the abdomen. Pubescence very distinct, fairly long, yeliow,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 107

sparse, and covering the whole body, but very scanty on the vertex

and front of the head. Slightly reddish, yellow. Natal. (Haviland.)”’

A. Levarntanti, Emery. (Plate III., figs. 25, 25a, 250.)

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 21, 8, 1895.

8. 52-6 mm., excluding the mandibles. Head, antennae, man-

dibles, thorax, petiole and legs a rich dark red; 1st abdominal

segment castaneous red, the rest piceous or black. Whole body,

antennae and legs covered with a fine and rather long pubescence,

evenly distributed but not dense, a few long hairs on the apex of

abdomen. Head and thorax finely striate. On the head the striae

radiate from the frontal carinae diagonally to the sides. The striae

on the pronotum are longitudinal, on the mesonotum and epinotum

transverse; the striae on the latter are less regular. The Ist

abdominal segment is very shallowly and evenly punctured, the

interspaces microscopically rugulose. The 2nd segment with very

shallow punctures. Second—5th abdominal segments slightly shining,

the rest of the body dull. Head deeply emarginate posteriorly, the

portion in front of the eyes about three-quarters as long as the

region behind. Posterior angles of the head very round. Between

the posterior angles and the eyes, the sides of the head are slightly

concave, very convex round the eyes, and moderately so between the

eyes and the base of the mandibles. The sides of the head are

hollowed out between the posterior angles and the eyes; the antennal

hollows are rather wide, smooth and shining. Clypeus produced

triangularly backwards between the frontal carinae, and raised into

a little hump above the base of each mandible. The sides of the

head between the eyes and the mandibles smooth, shining, slightly

and obliquely excavated. Mandibles two-thirds as long as the head,

widening towards the apex ; the latter is incurved at right angles to

the basal portion and bifid, forming two sharp teeth, the lower one

with a smaller tooth at its base. The inner margin of the mandible

is very finely denticulate, a deep notch separating it from the

incurved apical portion. Eyes rather large, margined all round by

a shining, narrow groove. Scape of antenna reaches back to the

occiput, flagellum filiform, slightly incrassate towards the apex, all

the joints longer than wide. Pronotum much narrower than the

head, a little wider than long, rounded at the sides and above. Pro-

mesonotal suture distinct, meso-epinotal nearly obsolete above.

Epinotum shorter than the pro- and mesonotum together. Dorsum

of epinotum wider at the apex than at the base; the declivity is

108 Annals of the South African Museum.

almost vertical, transversely striated, and has the lateral margins

raised. The node of the petiole is higher than the epinotum, vertical

in front and behind, rounded above, the sides convex. Seen from

above, it is a little wider than long, concave, and angulate on each

side of the base. The ventral lamella is produced into a large trun-

cated projection pointing forwards. First abdominal segment cam-

paniform, as long as the 2nd segment, the constriction between them

strong. The dorsum of the epinotum at the apex is more or less

impressed in the middle, and the apex of the declivity has an obtuse

median carina.

? 67 mm., excluding the mandibles. Similar to the 3%,

but larger and winged. The head is less deeply emarginate

posteriorly ; the meso- and metanotum longitudinally striate; the

mesonotum is widest in front, wider than long, and as long as the

pronotum. Dorsum of epinotum short, not longer than the pro-

notum. The abdominal segments are wider than in the %. For the

rest, as in the 3.

S. Rhodesia. (5.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

GENus ODONTOMACHUS, Latreille.

Hist. Nat. Crust. Insect., vol. 13, p. 257, 1805.

Characters.

%. Antennal hollows confluent behind the frontal carinae, and

separated by two raised, rounded ridges from the deep and oblique

post-ocular hollows. The upper tooth of the mandible is generally

blunt, the apical and sub-apical usually acute. The internal margin

of the mandible more or less strongly denticulate. Node of petiole

spined above, the spine pointing backwards.

?. Winged, with larger eyes, and with ocelli.

g. Mandibles very small. Antennae very long, scape very short;

Its joint of flagellum wider than long. Node of petiole pointed above

but not spined. Abdominal constriction moderately distinct. Pygidium

spined.

O. HAEMATODA, Linn.

Syst. Nat. (Hid. 10), vol. 1, p. 582, 8, 1758.

De Geer (Formica mazillosa), Mem. Hist. Ins., vol. 3, p. 601,

?, 1773. EF. Smith, Cat. Hymen. Brit. Mus., vol. 6, p. 76,

3, 1858. ?

3. 95mm., excluding the mandibles. Head and mandibles dark

castaneous brown, thorax and petiole more or less castaneous,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 109

abdomen black, legs and antennae brown, the tarsi and articulations

lighter. Head, antennae and legs with a very fine, dense silky pubes-

cence; on the thorax the pubescence is much sparser, and on the

abdomen it is longer but very scanty. Pailosity slight; a few long

hairs on the pronotum, the lower surface of the mandibles and the

apex of abdomen. The head is very evenly and finely striate, the

striae diagonal. The pronotum has stronger and concentric striae ;

the mesonotum is transversely, and the epinotum semicircularly

striate, the striae being stronger on the epinotum than on the thorax.

Mesopleurae smooth. Abdomen smooth and shining. The anterior

portion of the head in front of the eyes is much less than half as

long as the portion behind the eyes. Posterior margin of the head

very slightly emarginate. Between the postocular hollow and the

posterior angle of the head, there is a shallow and ovoid depression.

The antennal hollows are wide, deep, smooth and shining in front of

the eyes, dull and shallow behind them. A deep furrow reaches

from the occiput to the confluence of the antennal hollows. Clypeus

narrow, raised on each side above the base of the mandibles. The

latter are half as long as the head, shining and shallowly punctured,

with the teeth all blunt, and the inner margin feebly serrated. Scape

and flagellum very slender and filiform. The thorax is much

narrower than the head. Pronotum narrowed in front, convex above

and at the sides, and wider than long; anterior half of mesonotum

slightly raised and submarginate. Hpinotum about as long as pro-

and mesonotum together. The declivity is very steep, but rounded

above and merges gradually into the dorsum. Abdomen pyriform ;

Ist segment twice as long as the 2nd. Legs slender.

?. 105 mm., excluding the mandibles. Similar to the %, but

winged. The pronotum is shorter than the mesonotum, which is

longitudinally striate. The abdomen is wider than in the 8. Wings

brownish yellow, nervures and stigma pale brown.

“o. 67-7 mm., the characters of the genus. Tegulae raised,

thick at the base, acuminate at the apex. Moderately thickly

pubescent. Clypeus smooth and shining. The other parts of the

head, and also the thorax unevenly wrinkled The pilosity similar

to that of the %. Petiole and abdomen shining, and very feebly

sculptured. Colour totally yellowish brown, somewhat testaceous ;

legs and antennae a little lighter colour.”

Bulawayo. S. Rhodesia. (R.M., S.A.M., G.A. colls.)

110 Annals of the South African Museum.

Sup-Famity DORYLINAE.

The members of this sub-family are commonly known as Driver

or Legionary Ants. The males, which are winged and provided with

eyes, are frequently taken at lights; on the other hand, the workers

are blind, with the exception of some species of Hczton, in which

there is a pair of single-faceted eyes, and the females (excepting one

species of Hciton) are both blind and wingless. The members of

the genus Dorylus are almost entirely subterranean in their mode

of life, rarely coming to the surface except in dull, cloudy weather.

The species of the sub-genus Anonvma, which live in the more

tropical and forested regions of Africa, and to which the term Driver

Ants was originally applied, and the Heztini of South America, are,

however, usually seen above the surface, although, should the rays of

the sun prove too powerful, they will construct temporarily tunnels

with particles of earth held together by their saliva. The species of

Aenictus are not so shy of the light, and may be seen foraging about

even in bright sunlight.

It is probable that all, or at least the majority, of the species are

carnivorous, although D. orientalis has been shown by Green to feed

also on tubers and the bark of trees. Hitherto, as far as I am aware,

none of these ants has been known to tend other insects, such

as Aphids, Coccids, and Membracids, for the sake of their sweet

secretions; but Mr. R. Jack, Government Hntomologist for

S. Bhodesia,* has recently informed me that a species of Dorylus

(of which he kindly sent me examples, = D. fulvus, race rhodesiae,

Forel) was found by him in large numbers, and apparently tending

Membracid larvae which were feeding on the roots of maize.

As far as is known, the members of this sub-family do not as

a rule make permanent nests. This course is determined by their

exceedingly predatory habits, which compel the adoption of a migra-

tory form of life together with the formation of temporary nests in

localities which are sufficiently productive of animal life to detain

them for any length of time. Ranging far and wide in search of

prey, which consists of any animal they are strong enough to over-

power, these ants must sooner or later exhaust the areas round their

nests, and are forced to remove the latter to new and more produc-

tive hunting-grounds. Space does not permit of a lengthy descrip-

tion of the migrations and other habits of the Dorylinae in this paper,

and the reader should consult the writings of Bates, Belt, Smeath-

man, and others who have dealt with the subject in some detail.

Some very remarkable myremecophilous insects have been found

A Monograph of the Fornucidae of South Africa. eon

marching with the migratory columns of the Driver Ants,* but as

far as I am aware, the queens of the ants themselves have never

been so found, although the males have been obtained occasion-

ally under such circumstances.

The three castes in this sub-family are so entirely different from

one another, that they were for a very long time classed under

different genera, and even under different families. The queens

are, moreover, excessively rare and known only in a few species,

and the males have been taken but rarely in company with their

workers, so that the resulting confusion in the classification of

the group has been and continues to be very great.

There is a great general similarity amongst the workers of the

genus Dorylus, which becomes even closer within the limits of each

sub-genus. In the male sex, for lack of more patent distinctions, the

chief diagnostic characters are based on the structure of the geni-

talia; but even there a beginner may very well have difficulties

in appreciating the subtle distinctions which separate the different

species. In fresh specimens the genitalia can be extracted very

easily, by squeezing the abdomen near the apex until they are

slightly extruded, when, with a pair of forceps, they may be

more fully drawn out.

The queens of the Doryli are excessively rare, having been

described for only seven out of thirty-two known species. It is

prcebable that the total number of specimens of that sex in collections

barely exceeds a dozen. Unless the collector is so fortunate as to

discover the site of a nest of these insects he is hardly likely ever to

see a female specimen alive. Dr. Péringuey informs me that one of

the two females of Dorylus helvolus in the collections of the South

African Museum was obtained by him by placing a raw leg of mutton

in a manure heap in which he had previously noticed numerous

workers of the species (probably searching for the beetle larvae in

the heap). On examining the meat a little later the queen, together

with many workers, was found in it.

The female of Rhogmus fimbriatus in the collection of Dr. H.

Brauns, of Willowmore, Cape Province, was found by Mr. G. A. K.

Marshall at Salisbury, S. Rhodesia. Mr. Marshall had his atten-

tion drawn to a hole out of which numerous males of the ant had

been seen to emerge, and by digging carefully and by following the

track of the larger tunnels over a considerable distance he was

* See ‘‘ Ants and their Guests,” by Father P. Wasmann, 8.J., translated and

published in the Smithsonian Report, 1912, p. 455.

112 Annals of the South African Museum.

rewarded by finding the nest, which contained the queen and

many males, workers and worker-larvae.

The males doubtless find their way to the females by means

of their olfactory senses, and possibly the workers make wide

tunnels opening to the exterior at certain seasons so as to enable

the males from other colonies to obtain access more easily to

the virgin queens hidden under the soil. Yet one must suppose, to

judge by the very large numbers of males which are produced,

that the object of cross-fertilization is not easily accomplished.

séde view

ba > om Pa

VERE TEE CLO FSeLE .

GENITAL ARMATURE OF Dorylus fulvus, RACE badius.

s’ basal portion of stipes.

Outer paramera i stipes.

v volsella.

Inner paramera or sagittae=sg.

Fig. 4: subgenital plate; this, when extended, lies in a ventral position to the

genital armature.

ANTERIOR WING OF Dorylus fulvus, RACE badius.

Cells: r=radial, c=cubital or submarginal, d*=discoidal, d?=2nd discoidal,

m=median or upper basal, sm=submedian or lower basal, «=costal.

Neryures: 1=costal, 2=subcostal, 3=cubital or median, 4=recurrent, 5=anal.

A Monograph of the Fornucidae of South Africa. 113

Key to the Tribes of the Dorylinae.

A. $%. Pygidium tridentate, with a median impression; maxillary and labial

palpi 2-jointed ; cheeks without a longitudinal carina; 1st abdominal segment

not separated from the 2nd by a constriction.

2 . Cloaca open, leaving the sting uncovered ; hypopygium forked and extending

considerably beyond the pygidium ; thorax unsegmented.

36 . Stigma of anterior wing very elongate and narrow; radial cell open and

elongate, one closed cubital cell; genital armature retractile.. Dorylini, Forel.

B. $y. Pygidium simple; maxillary palpi 2- or 3-jointed, labial palpi 2-jointed ;

cheeks longitudinally carinate; a constriction usually separates the 1st and

2nd abdominal segments, almost making the petiole 2-jointed.

2 . Cloaca covered by the pygidium ; hypopygium not considerably extended.

3S -. Stigma of wing very narrow ; radial cell elongate, one or two closed cubital

cells ; genital armature retractile Ag a .. Lcitini, Forel.

C. %. Pygidium simple; maxillary and eRe spain L Solid cheeks not

carinate ; petiole 2-jointed.

2 . Cloaca open, leaving the sting uncovered ; hypopygium lobed and extending

beyond the pygidium; thorax with a suture behind the anterior pair of legs,

whichis effaced on the dorsum.

3S. Anterior wings without stigma or nervures. Genital armature extended,

not retractile jo oll oe a Saieg” lve Meloe nae) loo WLC aRe Nai Oes |aiaarer az,

The Dorylini is the only tribe represented in South Africa ; it is

totally absent from America. The Hcvtin, excepting Aenictus and

Aemictogeton, are confined to America, chiefly South America; and

the Leptanillint have so far been found only in North Africa, Singa-

pore, Corsica, and Sardinia. The Tribe Dorylint comprises a single

genus Dorylus, Fabr., and is divided into six sub-genera.

Genus DORYLUS, Fabr.

Ent. Syst., vol. 2, p. 194, 1793.

Characters.

%¥. Owing to the extreme polymorphism exhibited in this

genus no distinct line of demarcation can be drawn between the

% andthe ¥. The ¥% occurs in all sizes, the largest being regarded

as 2j. Three chief types may, however, be distinguished, but con-

nected by intermediate forms. (In the descriptions of the species

only these three chief types will be dealt with am extenso.)

1. Very large individuals or soldiers.

In these the head is enormous, and wider or not less wide in

front than behind; the mandibles have fewer teeth than in the 3;

the clypeus is not very protuberant ; the antennal joints are of the -

normal number, 9 to 12 according to the species.

9. Medium-sized individuals or large workers.

114 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Head smaller, but not narrower in front than behind; clypeus

more protuberant ; antennal joints of the normal number.

3. Very small or pigmy workers.

Head narrower in front than behind; clypeus strongly pro-

tuberant; antennal joints reduced in number, but not less than 7.

All three forms are totally devoid of eyes. The frontal carinae

are near together and vertical; pro-mesontal suture distinct, meso-

epinotal obsolete. Epinotum without spines. Petiole nodiform.

Pygidium impressed and ending in three points. Posterior tibiae

with a pectinate calcar.

2. Apterous; without eyes or ocelli. Head with the occipital

portion gibbous and divided by a median groove. Clypeus as in

the 21. Frontal carinae not close together. Mandibles narrow and

edentate. Antennae with 11 joints, or 12 in sub-genus Dichthadia.

Thorax segmented, mesonotum not differentiated into scutum and

scutellum, Petiole broad, its posterior angles more or less produced

into blunt points. First abdominal segment shorter than the 2nd.

Cloaca open; the hypopygium extends beyond the pygidium.

g. Antennae 13-jointed, scape one-quarter or one-third as long

as the flagellum. Mandibles edentate; clypeus short and pro-

longed between the frontal carinae, which are short and divergent.

The scutum of the mesonotum overhangs the pronotum. All the

femora flattened, the tibiae short. Eyes and ocelli very large.

Petiole nodiform or saucer-shaped, the concavity directed behind.

Genital armature totally retractile; lacinia absent, sub-genital

plate deeply cleft.

The Dorylim are found in Africa, Asia, and the Malay Archipelago.

They do not occur in Madagascar.

Key to the Sub-Genera. \\

3 Ore DIL.

(2). 1. Antennae 12-jointed in the 2/, and in the large and medium-sized ¢.

Dichthadia, Gerst.

(1). 2. Antennae with less than 12 joints.

(10). 3. Antennae 10- or 11-jointed.

(7). 4. Pygidium with a semi-circular impression, the margins of which are

sharp (see Plate IV., fig. 38a). Antennae 11-jointed.

(0). 5. Antennae short and thick, all the joints of the flagellum except the last,

much wider thanlong .. .. . .. «. Dorylus, Fabr. (s. str.)

(5). 6. Antennae Cae at least some of the joints of the flagellum longer than

wide apstahancke ee eee nommay Shuckarde

(4). 7. The impressed area ‘of fie arate sation sharp margins (see Plate IV.,

fig. 31a).

(9). 8. Sub-apical tooth of mandible simple; antennae 1l1-jointed. % max.

13)mm slong Wee o oyu velereil ieee ene nL pLopone-wNVeStoode

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 115

(8). 9. Sub-apical tooth of mandibles double, or truncate. % max. 8 mm. long.

Rhogmus, Shuckard.

fa) OseAmtennae9-jomted i.4 2.) Vat) so) ee) ire ia. - ) Alaopone. Pimery.

(2) eleaniennie 1 2-jointed giec)) a.) tee) o-ah ceeee mere Dutchthadia, Gerst.

(1). 2. Antennae 11-jointed.

(4). 3. Hypopygium in the form of a cleft plate, narrowed behind.

Dorylus, Anomma, and Rhogmus.

(3). 4. Hypopygium wide, forming two lobes, divergent behind.

Alaopone, Kmery.

(2). 1. Mandibles wide at the base and prolonged into a point, with the inner

margin deeply excised .. .. .. .. .. «. «©. Dichthadia, Gerst.

. Mandibles otherwise formed.

(6). 3. Petiole wider than long, the posterior face concavely excavated.

(5). 4. Mandibles less than 4 times as long aswide .. .. .. Dorylus, Fabr.

(4). 5. Mandibles more than 4 times as long as wide... .. Anomma, Shuckard.

(3). 6. Petiole nearly square, or round.

(8). 7. Mandibles about three times longer than wide .. Typhlopone, Westw.

(7). 8. Mandibles much shorter.

(10). 9. Wings with a 2nd recurrent nervure .. .. .. Rhogmus, Shuckard.

(6). 10. Wings without a 2nd recurrent nervure .. .. .. Alaopone, Emery.

The sub-genus Dichthadia is confined to Burma and the Malay

Archipelago. Dorylus, Anonma, and Rhogmus are entirely African ;

Alaopone and Typhlopone are almost entirely confined to Africa, but

have one species each in the Asiatic region.

In the South African region, Anomma is apparently absent,

although it might be expected to occur on the Hast Coast from

Beira to Delagoa Bay.

Sus-Genus DORYLUS, Fabr. (sensu stricto).

Ent. Syst., vol. 2, p. 194, 1793. Emery, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., vol. 8,

p. 701, 1899.

Key to the 8 3 and Y 2 of the Sub-Genus Dorylus.

(2). 1. Sides of the head distinctly convergent posteriorly; puncturation of the

vertex of the head rather sparse and shallow, the sides of the head in

the smallest %§ % quitesmooth .. .. . . .. «. braunsi, Emery.

(1). 2. Sides of the head not distinctly convergent vpashenonl

(4). 3. Sides of the head almost parallel in the 2/; puncturation of the vertex

stronger and more abundant .. .. . .. helvolus, Linn.

(3). 4. Sides of the head less parallel in ne u, ie heed insta slightly narrower

behind than in front; puncturation of the vertex sparser and feebler.

{6). 5. Petiole not much wider behind than in front; maximum length 11 mm.

afinis, Shuckard.

(5). 6. Petiole wider posteriorly ; maximum length 8°5 mm... brevipennis, Emery.

SIUNIRTTO WTI freuheltr es: (Misia) derss siete) Masisnitueisi evell, aevel Mlcetaii AUNCALUS. Grerst:

116 Annals of the South African Museum.

Key to the 3 3 of the Sub-Genus Dorylus.

(4). 1. Scape aboui as long as the first 6 or 7 joints of the flagellum, and shorter

than half the flagellum.

(3). 2. Mesonotum wider (5 mm.); lateral margins of the stipites, seen from above,

sinuate, narrowed at about the middle Joico 0g 50 (AaONS. Mats.

(2). 3. Mesonotum narrower (4mm.); lateral margins of the stipites not sinuate,

but forming an even convexity from base to apex... .. affinis, Shuckard..

(1). 4. Scape shorter than the first 5 joints of the flagellum ; mandibles decidedly

SHAM ee es | Micah: iniciaw Wisted Gea vaya fein cau teciuees. eONEUIPeNnnisebimetye

SH MUMETO WAN: sci re errr) ein yet aye sy) Ure NUNES tinCatUsMG.erst=

SO UMEMOWM: (i Sse se ites el ners) emer en eee UNaUNS? wi Bamenye

D. HELVoLUS, Linn. (Plate IV., figs. 33, 33a, 330, 34, 34a).

Mus. Ludov. Ulrich. p. 412, g¢ 1764. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, vol. 1,

968 (Mutiula) 3, 1767. Emery, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., vol. 19,

p. 350, 8 2? g, 1887. Trimen, Proc. Ent. Soc., London, p. 24,.

@, 1880.

24% or % maxima. 8 mm. Castaneous, mandibles and anterior

portion of head and apical segments of abdomen, darker. Legs

very scantily pubescent, flagellum moderately pubescent, a few

long hairs on the petiole and abdominal segments. Whole body,

except the posterior face of the node and the flagellum, very shining,

evenly and distinctly punctured. The punctures are larger and

deeper on the head and thorax, shallower and smaller on the petiole

and abdomen. The petiole is reticulate-punctate on its posterior

face; from each puncture arises a pale, microscopic hair.

Head at least one-quarter longer than it is wide, parallel-sided,.

posterior angles rounded but very prominent, owing to the deep and

almost angular occipital emargination. Mandibles scarcely longer

than half the width of the head, very blunt at the apex, and with

a blunt tooth near the middle of the internal margin. Clypeus.

almost linear, except in the middle, where it is slightly and triangu-

larly extended between the frontal carinae, and produced into a.

small platform on the anterior margin. The frontal carinae short.

and narrow, free and raised at the sides into a lobe which ends pos-

teriorly in a sharp spine. Scape of antenna incrassate and flattened

towards the apex, about two-thirds as long as the flagellum; the

latter 10-jointed, all the joints except the last wider than long.

The scape and flagellum together are about three-quarters the

length of the head.

Pronotum rounded in front, narrower behind than in front. Pro-

mesonotal suture well defined; meso- and epinotum rather flattened

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. ily,

above, declivity of the epinotum vertical and very short. Node of

petiole quadrate-globose, slightly wider behind than in front, the

ventral lamella produced in a wide angle. First abdominal segment

narrow at the base, 2nd and 3rd segments sub-equal, and a little

longer than the 1st, 4th segment a little shorter than the preceding,

5th segment widely and semicircularly excavated apically, the dorsal

boundary of the excavation forming a sharp edge, ending on each

side inferiorly in a short tooth.

8 minor. 5-6 mm. This differs from the % max. in the fol-

lowing characters. The colour is slightly lighter, and the head is a

little narrower behind than in front, and is only arcuately emarginate

behind. The apex of the mandible is not blunt, but ends in two

sharp teeth, the lower tooth being the larger; the tooth on the inner

margin is also acute. The pubescent hairs on the body are longer.

8 minima. 1:°7-2 mm. Colour pale dirty yellow. Flagellum

9-jointed. Pilosity and pubescence stronger than in the % minor.

Mandibles without a tooth on the internal margin, and with the

‘upper apical tooth almost obsolete, making the mandible an elongate

triangle.

g. 25 mm. long. Thorax 8 mm. long, 4:5 mm. wide; head

1-5 mm. long, 4:3 mm. wide; abdomen 13:5 mm. long. Head

reddish brown, mandibles, antennae, and legs ferruginous; thorax,

petiole, and abdomen dark brownish yellow, the pronotum and

petiole with a rather castaneous tint. The whole body, except

the legs, mandibles, and antennae covered with a close and fine

yellow pubescence. Head, thorax, coxae and petiole with long,

silky, and pale yellow hairs. The apical abdominal segment has

similar hairs, but shorter. Head behind the eyes rather shining,

the rest of the head, and the body, impunctate and dull, all the legs

smooth and shining. Head much wider than long, a very little

wider than the thorax. Front of the head somewhat raised in the

middle, leaving a broad but shallow depression on each side, reaching

to the eyes. Frontal carinae obsolete. Eyes moderately large;

ocelli on a raised area, the vertex concave between the posterior

ocelli. The scape extends back as far as the anterior ocellus,

flagellum two and a half times as long as the scape; Ist and

2nd joints not longer than wide, the rest longer than wide; the

2nd joint is pubescent and dull below. The mandibles are flattened,

widest at the base, thinning after the basal third, the apex rounded.

When the thorax is looked at from above, the pronotum is not

visible, as it lies entirely below the mesonotum ; the latter is half

as long again as wide, the parapsidal sutures distinct ; the scutellum

118 Annals of the South African Musewm.

is one-third as long as the mesonotum; the epinotum is rounded,

its dorsum shorter than the scutellum. The node of the petiole is

wider behind than in front, rounded above and at the sides, the

ventral lamella densely fimbriated and produced into a triangle,

blunt at the apex. First to 5th abdominal segments wider than long,

each segment a trifle longer than the preceding, 6th segment longer

than wide, wider at the base and narrowing towards the rounded

apex. Genital armature castaneous and very shining. Seen from

below, the external margins of the volsella are shallowly concave

from base to near the apex, and fringed with long hairs; stipites

strongly convex above. Wings slightly yellowish brown, nervures

brown.

g. Two specimens of this sex, belonging to the South African

Museum, have been examined. One is preserved dry, the other in

spirit. The former appears to have retained the natural proportions

more truly than the other, and the following description is based

on the dry specimen, except where the other is specifically

mentioned.

Length, from apex of opened mandibles to apex of hypopygium,

39 mm.; length of head, from anterior margin of clypeus to the

occipital margin, 3°7 mm. dry specimen, 3‘8 mm. spirit specimen ;

length of thorax 5 mm.; width of thorax, 4:5 mm. dry specimen,

5 mm. spirit specimen; length of abdomen from base of 1st segment

to apex of pygidium, 25:2 mm.

The colour is much lighter in the spirit specimen, in which also

the thorax is not much darker than the abdomen. In the dry speci-

men the abdomen is pale castaneous or a pale burnt-sienna, the head

and thorax dark castaneous red, mandibles piceous in their inner

margins, the hypopygium piceous on the external margins. The

sides of the hypopygium rather dull, the rest of the insect very

smooth and shining, and sparsely punctured with very small

punctures. The punctures on the head and pronotum are a little

larger than elsewhere ; the sides of the pronotum posteriorly closely

punctured, sub-opaque. Head one and three-fifths as wide as long,

as wide in front as behind, sides convex, posterior margin moderately

and angularly emarginate, posterior angles rounded but prominent.

The dorsum of the head, seen from the side, is slightly flattened,

the median groove arising from the occipital margin is almost

obsolete above; there are three very small depressions above,

marking the position of the atrophied ocelli. Clypeus depressed

above the anterior margin, which is straight; frontal carinae short,

raised in front, divergent behind, between them lies a round depres-

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. II)

sion continuous with the posterior margin of the clypeus. Mandibles.

curved strongly inwards, half as long as the head, narrowing towards.

the apex, which is acute; the inner margin is feebly convex in the

middle, and concave on each side of that point. Antennae 11-jointed,

scape as long as the flagellum less the apical joint; the latter is.

longer than wide, and as long as the two preceding joints together ;,

the 1st joint as wide as long, the rest wider than long. Pronotum

wider than long, about as wide as the head between the posterior

angles, the sides convex, the anterior portion somewhat produced to

form a neck, the pro-mesonotal suture well defined. Mesonotum

as long as wide, separated from the epinotum by a metanotal region

which is one-sixth as long as the mesonotum. The impression

between the meso- and metanotum is deeper and more distinct at

the sides. The lateral margin of the thorax, between the meta- and

epinotum is distinctly excised. The epinotum is nearly twice as

wide as long, on each side posteriorly just above the very short

declivous portion there is a pronounced angle ; the margin between

these angles is roundly produced in the middle. Seen from above,

the anterior margin of the petiole is shallowly concave in the middle.

The petiole widens behind, and the posterior angles are produced

backwards and somewhat outwards into sub-acute teeth; the pos-

terior margin 1s convex. The petiole is rather flattened above, and

twice as wide (across the base of the teeth) as it is long.

The 1st-4th abdominal segments are wider at the apical margin

than at the base, and considerably wider than long. The Sth seg-

ment is widest at the base and narrows towards the apical margin,

which ends in two short sub-acute teeth, separated by a semicircular

excision.

The hypopygium is bifurcate along its apical third, the excision

between the branches of the fork being narrow and wider at the

base. At the base of the hypopygium the external margins are

curved upwards on each side so as to form a flap, which is pro-

longed on its upper margin into a compressed tooth-like process,

rounded at the apex and directed backwards. Internal to the flaps,

and at about two-thirds of the distance from the external margins,

there is on each side a longitudinal raised ridge, which ends abruptly

a, little before the base of the apical forks.

The apical joint of all the tarsi is wanting in both specimens.

This species has been recorded from the larger part of the South

African region. In 8. Rhodesia it is common, and more frequently

met with than any other species of the genus. (S.A.M., R.M.,

G.A. colls.)

120 Annals of the South African Musewn.

D. BRAUNSI, Emery.

Zool. Jahrb. Syst., vol. 8, p. 718, f 3, 1895.

This species is exceedingly similar to helvolus, differing from it

chiefly in the shape of the head, which in the 2/)/ and larger % %

is distinctly wider in front than behind, the sides converging

posteriorly, so that the occipital margin is rendered shorter. The

puncturation of the vertex is also shallower and sparser in all the

% 8, but in specimens determined as Brawnsi for me by Dr. Forel,

I do not find that the smallest workers (2°38 mm.) have the sides of

the head entirely smooth as described by Prof. Emery. The 2

do not exceed 8 mm. in length. The colour, especially of the larger

forms, is slightly darker than in helvolus ; otherwise similar to that

species.

Bulawayo. (R.M., G.A. colls.)

D. arrinis, Shuckard. (Plate IV., fig. 35.)

Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 316, g, 1840.

Mayr (Typhlopone oraniensis, var. brevinodosa), Verh. Zool. Bot.

Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 737, 8, 1862. Hmery, Mem. Accad.

Se. Bologna, Ser. 5, vol. 9, p. 421; ¥, 3, 1901.

The % 8 of this species are very similar to those of helvolus and

brevipennis ; helvolus is more strongly and closely punctured on the

head, and does not reach to such a large size in 2/ or % maxima.

From brevipennis, the workers of this species can be distinguished

only with difficulty, the main distinction being the shape of the

petiole, as given in the key above. ¥ or % maxima. 10-11 mm.

Head, from 3:3 mm. long x 2°6 mm. wide, to 3:7 mm. long x

2°38 mm. wide. The colour is like that of helvolus; the abdomen is

lighter than the thorax. Head shining, mandibles finely reticulate

and sparsely punctured; dorsum of the pro- and mesonotum smooth,

epinotum reticulate and dull, the opacity being due to a microscopic

rugulosity. The puncturation on the thorax is shallower and less

abundant than on the head. The petiole is duller than the thorax,

and the puncturation feebler and less regular. The abdomen is

shining, shallowly and sparsely punctured. All the punctures bear

short hairs, intermixed with which on the abdomen are some longer

semi-erect hairs. ‘There are a few pilose hairs on the ventral surface

of the abdomen, the clypeus, mandibles and pygidium ; the hairs on

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 121

the legs are comparatively longer and more abundant than in

helvolus.

The head is sub-rectangular, the posterior margin deeply excised,

the sides more or less feebly bisinuate. The mandible is acute at the

apex, with a pre-apical tooth at about the middle of the inner

margin, and a rudiment of a sub-apical tooth. The frontal carinae

are a little separated in front, but converge abruptly above the

antennal sockets, and each ends in a sharp spine pointing obliquely

backwards.

The petiole is wider than long, widest posteriorly ; it is com-

paratively larger than in helvolus. The tooth-like projections of

the pygidium are not quite so prominent, otherwise similar to

helvolus.

8 minor. 8-0°5 mm. Head, 2°6 mm. long x 2 mm. wide, to

1:7 mm. long x 1:'4 mm. wide. The posterior margin of the head

is less deeply excised, the sub-apical tooth of the mandibles larger,

nearly equal to the pre-apical. The puncturation is finer, and the

pubescence a little more distinct, and the colour lighter than in

the Y.

8 minima. 3°0 mm. or less. In these the anterior margin of

the clypeus is more projecting, the frontal carinae are closer together

and less acute posteriorly, or in examples 3 mm. long, with the

spinous processes entirely obsolete. Antennae with 7-8 joints, all

the joints of the flagellum, except the Ist and last, much wider

than long. The whole body is shining, and the colour dirty

ochreous.

3. 222mm. This is exceedingly like that of helvolus, differing

practically only in the following characters.

It is a little smaller than helvolus, and the mesonotum is rather

narrower; according to Emery, the mesonotum is also more densely

clothed with both long and short hairs, but this character is perhaps

rather difficult to appreciate. The strongest distinction lies in the

shape of the stipites, seen from above. In this species the stipites

narrow gradually from base to apex, so that the lateral outline forms

a continuous curve; in helvolus the stipites are narrowed in the

middle and widen out again beyond it, so that the profile is sinuate.

? unknown. Iam not aware of this species having been recorded

so far, from the region dealt with in this work, but have in-

cluded it as it may perhaps be found in the future within the

more northern parts of S. Rhodesia. It is a more northern

species, but has been recorded from the southern Belgian Congo.

(G.A. coll.)

122 Annals of the South African Museum.

D. BREVIPENNIS, Emery.

Zool. Jahrb. Syst., vol. 8, p. 721, g¢, 1895. Mem. Accad. Se.

Bologna (5), vol. 9, p. 424, %, 1901.

“9. A small species, of a somewhat stumpy build. Particu-

larly noticeable on the head are the small and but slightly projecting

eyes, which are separated from the base of the mandibles by a

distance about equal to the thickness of the scape. The mandibles

are plainly smaller than in affimis. The antennae are long, the

scape shorter than the first 5 joints of the flagellum, or about as long

as one-third of the latter. Thorax stout, petiole as in affims.

There are some erect hairs on the pronotum; on the mesonotum

and scutellum only a long, adpressed pubescence, which is hardly

glossy and does not conceal the chitin. Colour brownish yellow,

head excepting the mandibles dark brown; on the mesonotum in

front there is a short median band of darker colour, and also two

lateral bands which do not reach the anterior margin; the femora

and petiole brown; the margins of the abdominal segments

brownish. Wings noticeably short, glassy and with brown

nervures ; the transverse nervure joins the middle of the root of the

cubital. The genital organs are constructed much as in affinis, but

the outer parameres seen from above are markedly broad, not

excised at all laterally. Length, 20-21 mm.; head and thorax,

8 mm.; width of thorax, 4 mm.; anterior wings, 12° mm.”

% 85 mm. This worker is deceptively like that of affinis,

differing only in its smaller size in the major forms, and in

having the petiole shorter and wider behind than in that species.

The type species has not been recorded from this region, but

I quote the description for the purpose of making clear the com-

parisons in the account of the following variety, which was

originally found at Salisbury, S. Rhodesia.

Var. MarsHauul, Emery.

Mem. Accad. Sc. Bologna (5), vol. 9, p. 425, ¥ gf, 1901.

3. 19mm. Width of thorax 4mm. This differs from the type in

having a stouter and darker thorax, castaneous brown, and the nearly

black head; the sides of the thorax are lighter; the longitudinal

lateral fascia and the spots on the anterior part of the mesonotum

less clearly defined, on account of the darker ground-colour.

8 max. 85 mm. Head, 2:8 mm. long x 23 mm. wide. The

colour is a little darker than the type species, and the puncturation

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 123

of the petiole, which is less shining, is more abundant. Otherwise

like the type.

Race ZimMERMANNI, Santschi.

Rev. Suisse Zool., vol. 18, p. 738, Y%, ¥, g, 1910.

2% 8mm. Colour, puncturation and general characters exceed-

ingly similar to those of helvolus. The sides of the head are, how-

ever, slightly sinuate; the teeth of the mandibles more acute, and

the petiole a very little wider. The ventral lamella of the petiole is

produced behind into a sharp spine, pointing downwards (the lamella

is truncate in helvolus 2).

% media, 6-3'-4 mm. These do not appear to me to present any

appreciable differences sufficient to distinguish them from workers

of helvolus of the same size; the ventral lamella is not spinously

produced as in the ¥%. Of the smallest ¥ ¥ (2 mm.) described by

Santschi, I have seen no examples; they have 8-jointed antennae.

My specimens have been named for me by Dr. Forel, but I must

confess that to me they appear so exceedingly similar to helvolus,

as to be almost indistinguishable, except in the character of the

ventral lamella in the 2.

“g 19-20 mm. Yellowish brown. Head, mandibles, and femora

brown-black. There are two short brownish bands on the middle

of the mesonotum anteriorly. lLaterally, a band twice as long as

the preceding covers the parapsidal sutures. ‘There is also a long

band on the posterior margins of the abdominal segments. The

petiole is entirely yellowish brown except the portion articulating

with the abdomen, which is blackish brown. Antennae and legs

dark reddish brown. Pilosity rusty on and below the head, rather

sparse on the front of the pronotum, more abundant on the epinotum

and petiole. The rest of the body is covered with a fairly dense

pubescence, fairly long on the thorax, but shorter on the abdomen.

The head is small, as in moestus, but a little wider. The eyes are

dull and small, with distinct facets. The distance between the

lateral ocelli much shorter than that separating them from the eyes.

Mandibles wider than in the type, the outer edge less emarginate,

straighter. The scape is as long as the first 6 joints of the flagellum

taken together; 2nd joint of flagellum pubescent beneath, hardly

longer than half the succeeding joint. Length of thorax, 7 mm.;

width in the middle, 4 mm. Length of the front wing, 14:5 mm.

Petiole narrower than in affinis, wider than in moestws. Abdomen

3°8 mm. wide, cylindrical. Genital armature brownish, 5 mm. long

by 3mm. wide. The extremity of the stipites is narrower than in

124 Annals of the South African Museum.

the type and rather densely fringed. The volsella is a little longer ;

otherwise like the type. Madingou, French Congo.”

Hillside, Bulawayo, ¥ % only. (R.M., G.A. colls.)

D. FurcAtTuS, Gerstaecker.

Stettin Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 33, p. 267, 9, 1872. Emery, Bull. Soc.

Ent. Ital., vol. 19, p. 349, ¢, 1887.

“9, 34mm, Abdomen, 26 mm. Colour light rusty red, .. .

smooth and shining. Antennae with 10-jointed flagellum. Head

quadrate but rounded, the median dorsal groove is deepest behind,

and very shallow on the vertex. The frontal carinae almost reach to

the anterior margin of the clypeus, which lies between them in the

shape of a small triangle. On the anterior portion of the vertex, the

median groove forms an oval, well-defined and strongly punctured

pit [v.e. the depressed area between the frontal carinae.—G. A.].

The posterior corners of the head are obtusely triangular and pro-

duced backwards. The upper surface of the head is finely but

distinctly punctured, more sparsely so behind than in front, the

latter region being slightly dull owing to an exceedingly fine sub-

puncturation. . . . The prothorax is wider at the shoulders than at

the posterior margin. . . . The mesothorax is flattened, very

shallowly impressed in the middle in front, punctured like the

prothorax, but more strongly than the head, nevertheless distinctly

shining. The metathorax is also depressed, with a transverse

groove on the compressed anterior portion, and the posterior part

is slightly swollen on each side; the segment is more finely and

sparsely punctured than the pro- or mesothorax. The femora and

tibiae are punctured ; the last three joints of the tarsi wanting in all

the legs. First abdominal segment wider than long, trapezoid,

3rd—6th segments longer and wide and parallel-sided. Hypopygium

two and a half times longer than wide, with a transverse furrow-

shaped impression along three-fifths of its length on each side;

narrowed posteriorly and forked in the middle of the posterior

margin by a deep oval excision, the two arms of the fork long and

obtusely triangular, and flat. The surface of the hypopygium,

excepting its base, is finely punctured, between the lateral furrows

and the median excision fairly densely punctured. The dth dorsal

segment is longer than the 4th, but ends before the fork of the

hypopygium, its posterior margin on each side wide and flat, in the

middle narrow and deeply emarginate, so as to form on each side of

the emargination a triangular and projecting point. At the base of

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 125

the hypopygium, and on each side of the genital orifice, is a raised

lamella which is vertically truncate posteriorly. The outer margins.

of the hypopygium at its base are also raised and curved, so as to

form a shorter and more obtuse lappet on each side. Cape.”

I have copied the author’s description, excluding only those

remarks in which comparison is made with the Indian D. laevigatus

(glaberrimum). The above description of furcatus was published as

far back as 1872, and as far as I am aware no species of Dorylus

with unattached % 8, to which this ¢ might be ascribed, is known

from the Cape even now. Without having seen the original

specimen it is not possible to form any definite conclusion, yet a

comparison made between the above description and a helvolus ¢ ,

in the collection of the South African Museum (described p. 118, ante),

suggests to my mind a strong probability that Gerstaecker’s species

is only an individual aberration of helvolus, or at the most only a.

variety of that species.

Susp-Genus TYPHLOPONE, Westwood.

Introduction Class, Insects, vol. 2, p. 219, 1840. Emery, Zool.

Jahrb. Syst., vol. 8, p. 701, 1895.

D. (TyPHLOPONE) FULVUS, Westwood.

Loc. cit. $. Emery, loc. cit. 9. Shuckard (D. guwvenculus), Ann..

Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 319, g.

The type species appears to be confined to the northern portion of

Africa, and is replaced in equatorial and 8.H. tropical Africa by the

following race, which has not been recorded to my knowledge from

temperate South Africa.

The sub-genus includes only this species and D. labiatus of the

Indian region.

Race Bapius, Gerstaecker. (Plate IV., figs. 31, 3la, 32, 32a, 32d.)

Monatsber. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, p. 261, 8, 1858. Ditto, Peter’s.

Reise, n. Mossamb. Zool., vol. 5, p. 499, g¢, 1862.

yor $ maxima. 13mm. Head 3-2 mm. long x 2°8 mm. wide.

Mandibles piceous brown, scape of antenna, head and thorax dark

castaneous red, but getting gradually lighter from the head to the

petiole; abdomen dark brownish yellow, or ochreous with a slight

reddish tinge; legs ferruginous; flagellum dark brown above, lighter

underneath. Head, thorax and abdomen very shining, except the.

126 Annals of the South African Musewm.

anterior third of the head, the vertical anterior face of the pronotum,

the mesopleura, the petiole and the epinotum, which are duller,

owing to a rugulosity of the surface which is almost microscopic on

the head, but somewhat stronger on the other parts. Head sparsely

punctured, with small, discrete and shallow punctures; scape of

antenna more coarsely punctured. Pro- and mesonotum sparsely,

but much more coarsely punctured than the head. Epinotum and

petiole very shallowly and more closely punctured, the punctures

being smaller than on the pronotum. Abdomen finely and sparsely

punctured. A short, yellow pubescent hair is inserted in each

puncture, those on the head being very fine.

Head very slightly narrowed posteriorly, the sides are almost

parallel, posterior margin shallowly arcuate. Mandibles sub-

nitidulous, striato-punctate, the apex sub-acute, the pre-apical tooth

small and blunt, the sub-apical very obtuse or represented only by a

swelling on the margin. The frontal carinae are considerably raised,

divergent and vertical in front, and project distinctly over the very

short clypeus; they are angularly bent just above the antennal

sockets, so that their posterior half is horizontal. Between them

posteriorly is a very smooth and shining oval area, which is con-

tinued into a moderately deep groove with rounded margins which

becomes very faint on the vertex, and again deepens towards the

occipital margin. The frontal carinae are not spinously produced

backwards as in helvolus and affimis. Antennae 11-jointed; the

scape is strongly incrassate towards the apex, and not longer than

the first 7 joints of the flagellum. The Ist joint of the flagellum

very short and about as long as wide, all the other joints except the

apical much wider than long ; all the joints closely punctured and

densely pubescent beneath. Prothorax narrowed and depressed -

anteriorly to form a short neck; it is widest behind this part and

narrows towards the mesonotum, from which it is separated by a

distinct and angular suture. The mesonotum widens posteriorly, where

it is two-thirds wider than long. The epinotum is widest at its base

(on each side of which lies a prominent stigmatic orifice), and narrows

but slightly towards the short and vertical declivity ; the brow of the

latter is considerably rounded above and atthe corners. The dorsum

of the epinotum has a longitudinal median impression. Seen from

the side, the dorsum of the whole thorax is flat and rather distinctly

delimited from the sides, which are vertical or nearly so. The node

of the petiole is almost sub-quadrate, or a little wider behind than in

front, as long as, or only very little longer than wide, all the angles

strongly rounded ; the ventral lamella is produced into a triangular

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 127

projection. The abdomen widens gradually towards the apical

margin of the 3rd segment, all the segments wider than long. The

pygidial area of the 5th segment is dull and only shallowly impressed,

forming a more or less oval fovea, not semicircular or bounded by a

sharp raised margin, asin the sub-genus Dorylus. By this character,

and also by the longer petiole and the frontal carinae without spines,

all the workers of this species can be distinguished at a glance from

those of the sub-genus Dorylus.

% minor. 8-3mm. _ In these the colour is much lighter, or more

or less reddish yellow. Antennae 11-jointed as in the maxima.

Proportionately the head is wider in front than in the ¥ maxima.

The puncturation is finer and the pubescence is more apparent.

In the smaller forms the frontal carinae project further forwards

and are more convergent posteriorly, or even meet to form a single

lamina. The median impression on the head is much shallower

and shorter, or almost obsolete. The mandibles are more shining,

with three teeth more acute and distinctly defined.

% minima. It is probable that there are some of this class, and

measuring less than the smallest of the minor class. I do not, how-

ever, possess any smaller than 3 mm., nor do I know of any workers

of a smaller size of this race having been described by any author.

3g. 33 mm. Thorax 10:2 mm. long x 5:8 mm. wide; petiole

2°38 mm. long x 4 mm. wide; length of front wing, 22mm. Head

in front and above, dark brown, occipital surface of the head,

antennae, mandibles and all the legs ferruginous or castaneous red.

Thorax, petiole, and abdomen pale yellowish red, the 6th dorsal seg-

ment and the margins of all the abdominal segments darker. The

thorax is somewhat more yellowish than the abdomen. The anterior

part of the head between the anterior ocellus and the clypeus clothed

with long, curved, silky yellow hairs; a tuft of similar hairs on the

clypeus and the base of the mandibles. The front of the head

is densely clothed with a short brownish-yellow pubescence, the

posterior portion, behind the eyes and ocelli, glabrous. The thorax

and petiole with a rather long, very dense, decumbent, yellowish

or golden pubescence; the pubescence of the abdomen is much

finer, and has a silky sheen, the margins of all the segments with

longer hairs, and the 6th segment densely clothed with long silky

hairs. The metanotum is sparsely clothed with short stiff hairs ;

the brow of the epinotum, the posterior dorsal margin of the petiole,

and the space between the ventral lamella and the 1st abdominal

segment and all the coxae fringed with long golden hairs. The

whole body is sub-opaque and microscopically rugulose, except the

128 Annals of the South African Museum.

occipital part of the head, the 6th dorsal abdominal segment, and the:

legs, which are smooth and shining.

The head is much wider than long ; seen in profile, rather biconvex.

The anterior margin of the clypeus is obtusely angulated ; from the-

posterior margin to the anterior ocellus there is a narrow impressed

line, between which and the inner margins of the eyes the surface

of the head is feebly convex on each side. Seen from the front,

the dorsal profile of the head is very convex, the convexity being

broken by a slight depression between the two posterior ocelli.

The latter are very convex, prominent and large. The scape narrows

towards its apex, and when directed upwards the apex just reaches.

the level of the top of the head; it is as long as the first 7 joints

of the flagellum. The latter is 12-jointed, all the joints, except the-

first, longer than wide. The first jointis glabrous and shining below,

the remaining joints pubescent and very finely punctured all over.

The whole thorax is somewhat globose, and its dorsum raised much

above the level of that of the head and abdomen. Seen from above-

only a narrow portion of the pronotum is visible, but at the sides it

can be seen as a large triangular piece between the mesonotum and

the mesopleuron. The mesonotum is convex in front and at the

sides, slightly flattened posteriorly, and about one-fifth longer than

wide ; anteriorly and on each side of the middle there is a well-

defined impressed line, which ends abruptly at about the anterior

4th of the mesonotum. The parapsidal sutures are distinct. The

scutellum is flat in front, convex behind and at the sides, and has

a wide median groove on its posterior half. The metanotum is very

short ; seen from the side very convex. The epinotum at the brow

of the declivity is nearly four times as wide as long. The petiole is.

moderately convex above and at the sides, and one-third wider than

long. The ventral lamella is produced into a blunt angular projec-

tion, truncated behind and in front. Abdomen cylindrical, all the

segments decidedly wider than long. The 6th segment is narrowed

towards the apex, which is rounded. The stipites, seen from above,

are slightly divergent at their apices, and densely fringed with golden

hairs; the volsellae are long, and reach almost to the apex of the

stipites. All the femora are compressed and flattened from front to.

back, and much wider at the base than at the apex. Wings with a.

slightly yellowish tinge, the nervures dark brown.

The g¢ 3g of this species are exceedingly common at light during

the rainy season in South Rhodesia; the 8 8, however, do not.

appear to be so frequently met with as helvolus.

? unknown. (G.A., R.M., 8.A.M. colls.)

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 129

Race RHopEsIAz, Forel.

Ann coc nt Belg vole oi, p, Ulla 3s igi:

The largest ¥ , 8°56 mm., of this race is smaller than that of the type,

and the smallest examples, 3 mm., hitherto found, are probably not

the minimum size.

This race differs from the type and from badius by its lighter, or

more straw-yellow colour. The head is shorter and more feebly

emarginate posteriorly, and hardly more than one-sixth longer than

wide. ‘The node is as wide as long.

Hab. Bulawayo. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Sus-Genus RHOGMUS, Shuckard.

Ann, Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 323, 1840. Emery, Zool. Jahrb. Syst.,

; vol. 8, p. 702, 1895.

D. (Sus-G. Ruoemus) Frvsriatus, Shuckard.

(Plate IV., figs. 36, 36a.)

Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 325, g, 1840. Emery, Zool. Jahrb.

Syst., vol. 8, p. 736, 3, 1895. Brauns, Zeitschr. f. Hymen

Dee Dipti vols, pa29+. 9. L903:

This species is the only representative of the sub-genus in South

Africa. ‘The variation in the worker caste is more complicated than

in the other species of the genus, owing to the fact that there is not a

gradual differentiation between the largest and the smallest forms.

There are practically four groups, having either 11, or 10, or 9,

or 7-8 jointed antennae, each group having its maxima and minima.

forms, with the shape of the head varying according to the size

of the insect.

The forms with 11-jointed antennae vary inlength from 8 to 3-O6mm.

” 10 ” ” 371 to HoT mm..

” 9 Ly) be) 3 to 2°6 mm.

» 7-8 “0 ae 2:2 to 1-7mm.

The % % of this species may be distinguished from either helvolus

or affinis by the absence of the spiniform posterior projections of the

frontal carinae, and also, in the largest examples, by the denser

puncturation and the dull thorax, which is finely but distinctly

rugulose. From fulvus, race badiws, which this species resembles

in the indistinct pygidial impression, it may be distinguished in the

larger forms by the dull thorax, and in the smaller by the much

stronger puncturation.

130 Annals of the South African Museum.

% maxima. 8mm. Head, flagellum and thorax castaneous red,

-the head a little darker than the thorax, and the petiole lighter,

abdomen, legs, and scape reddish yellow. The anterior third of

head is finely punctured, microscopically rugulose and dull, the rest

of the head above and at the sides is closely and strongly punctured,

the space between the punctures smooth and shining. The frontal

carinae are finely rugoso-punctate, the mandibles sparsely punctured,

smooth and shining. The pro- and mesonotum with larger but

shallower punctures than on the head, the epinotum very faintly

punctured; the whole thorax is transversely rugulose and sub-

opaque, the rugulosity on the epinotum being stronger, so that that

segment is entirely dull. The petiole is very finely rugoso-punctuate

and dull. The scape of the antenna, the abdomen and the legs

shining, finely and sparsely punctured. The pubescence is very

short and scanty on the abdomen, and almost entirely absent on

the head and thorax; there are a few long hairs on the clypeus and

pygidium, and two or three on each side of the posterior angles

of the node. The head is as long as wide, widest in front, narrowing

only slightly towards the posterior angles, the posterior margin

shallowly emarginate. The posterior margin of the pronotum is

arcuate, not angularly emarginate as in badius. The node of the

petiole is one and a quarter times wider than longer. The median

impressed line is shallow in front of the head and on the vertex,

moderately deep posteriorly. The sub-apical tooth of the mandible

truncate. Antennae 11-jointed.

8. Antennae 11-jointed, 5-3-5 mm. These differ from the

maxima by having the head proportionately shorter, and wider

anteriorly. The colour is also lighter; the anterior third of the

head is less dull, and the thorax is more shining; the pubescence of

the head and thorax more distinct.

%. Antennae 10-jointed, 3:-1-2°7 mm. The head is only a little

less wide than in the smallest of the forms with 11-jointed

antennae. The puncturation is, relatively to the size of the body,

much coarser.

3. Antennae 9-jointed, 3-26 mm. In the smaller of these

the head resembles the preceding group; in the larger on the

contrary, the head is narrower in front than behind, its sides

are distinctly convex, and the clypeus projects further forwards.

8. 8- or 7-jointed, 2:°2-1'7 mm. In the larger of these, the

projection of the clypeus is even more pronounced, but the head is

only very slightly narrowed in front; on the other hand, in the

smaller forms, the head is very plainly narrower in front than

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 131

behind, and the clypeus projects considerably forwards, the

puncturation and pubescence is also more pronounced.

?. S0mm. Head 4 mm. long x 5mm. wide; thorax 6°5 mm.

long; abdomen 30 mm. long; free portion of hypopygium 7 mm.

long. Head, thorax, petiole and dorsal surface of abdomen ferru-

ginous, ventral surface of abdomen and legs, ferruginous-flavous,

hypopygium castaneous; node and Ist abdominal segment some-

what darker. Head a little wider than the posterior margin of the

petiole, much wider than the thorax, wider than long. Sides of the

head sinuate in the middle, occipital margin widely but shallowly

emarginate. A deep median groove extending from the posterior

angle of the clypeus to the occiput, divides the dorsum of the head

into two halves. The anterior face of the head, above the antennal

sockets, moderately excavated. Clypeus flat, witha slight emargina-

tion in the middle of the anterior margin, angularly produced behind

between the frontal carinae. The latter are tumid and not distinct.

The antennae do not reach the occipital margin; the scape as long

as the flagellum. The latter 10-jointed, the 1st joint slightly longer

than broad, the 2nd—9th joints wider than long, the apical twice as

long as wide. Mandibles about three-fifths as long as the head,

curved inwards, the inner edge bounded by a raised line, the apex

acuminate. Dorsum of thorax rather flattened, the sides of the

pronotum rounded, of the meso- and metanota sloping inwardly.

Epinotum a little wider than the pronotum, the declivity obsolete.

The petiole is roughly semicircular, the anterior margin sinuate, the

lateral angles considerably rounded; anteriorly there is a slight

median impression above; the posterior margin is convex, except

laterally behind the posterior angles, where there is a concavity on each

side. The posterior angles of the node are prominent, the apices

obtuse. First-3rd abdominal segments sub-equal in length, 4th

and 5th sub-equal, both slightly longer than the 38rd, all the

segments wider than long. The hypopygium differs very consider-

ably from that of helvolus. The median apical incision is indeed so

deep that, when seen from above, the organ may be described as

consisting of a short basal portion, carrying two lateral projections

which curve downwards and slightly inwards, and are rapidly

narrowed towards their apices. The upper surface of these

projections are longitudinally hollowed out, the external edge of the

excavations so formed being less sharp than the internal. The

left-hand fork or projection has at its base a smaller excavation,

which is only feebly indicated in the right-hand fork. All the

legs have 5 joints to the tarsi, these are shorter than the tibiae.

132 Annals of the South African Museum.

The head is dull, microscopically punctulate, with a few larger

punctures interspersed. The thorax is sub-nitidulous, moderately

and finely punctured, also with a few larger punctures interspersed..

The petiole is punctured and shining. The abdomen is very

shining, the dorsal surface very sparsely and finely punctulate.

The hypopygium is more or less rugulose and dull, the projections

somewhat shining externally.

The above description is drawn from the specimen in the

collection of Dr. H. Brauns, Willowmore. This specimen was.

taken from the nest by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall at Salisbury,.

S. Rhodesia.

“g. 37 mm.; alar expanse, 46mm. Rufo-testaceous, very pilose.

upon the face, the thorax above and beneath, the coxae, also the

petiole below, the margins of the terminal segments above and

of the two last beneath, which are densely fringed. The head black

upon the vertex and behind; face convex, sulcated in front of the

anterior ocellus; the ocelli large, disposed in an equilateral triangle

on the vertex ; with about the diameter of one intervening between

the anterior ocellus and the posterior pair; antennae slender,

setaceous, the scape one-fourth the length of the organ; mandibles.

broad, nearly triangular, very slightly curved, the inner edge acute..

Thorax gibbous in front and at the scutellum; prothorax very

distinct, and metathorax slightly produced and rounded posteriorly ;

wings sub-hyaline, their nervures robust and brown, the radial lost.

in a large dilated dark patch at the commencement of the marginal

cell; the cubital slightly undulated, the first recurrent inserted just

beyond the middle of the first sub-marginal cell (cubital), and the

2nd recurrent half-way between the first and the termination of the:

cell, and diverging obliquely towards the edge of the wing; legs

castaneous, the femora elongate, ovate, compressed, their outline

slightly rounded above and below. Abdomen opaque, clavate, the:

petiole transverse and quadrate convex, fringed at its apex, and very

pilose beneath, where it is slightly longitudinally carinated, not so-

wide as the 2nd segment [z.e. lst abd. segment, mihi, G.A.] which

viewed above is nearly quadrate, the remainder all transverse; of

these the penultimate and terminal are the largest, the latter deeply

emarginate in the middle, fimbriated along the edge, as are also the

two last ventral segments, the terminal of which is semicircular, and

the penultimate nearly quadrate.”’

As I have had only a considerably damaged specimen before.

my eyes, I have preferred to copy Shuckard’s original description.

The g of this species is easily distinguished from all our other

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa, 133

species by the very globose thorax, which, with the petiole, is

densely clothed with long, golden, erect hairs, and by the shape of

the abdomen, in which the apical segments are much wider than

the 1st-8rd, and by the dense dark golden fimbria of the last two

segments.

(R.M., G.A. colls.)

Sus-Genus ALAOPONH, Emery.

Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Gen., vol. 16, p. 274, 1881. Zool. Jahrb.

Syst., vol. 8, p. 702, 1895.

There are but three species of this sub-genus recorded from the

‘South African region, all known only in the male sex.

D. (Sub-G. ALAoponr) aTTENATUSs, Shuckard.

“« g, 22mm, Alar expanse 31°56 mm.

Pale reddish, testaceous, opaque, sub-pubescent, slender; head

black, except the mandibles, which, as well as the scape of the

antennae, are pitchy, the latter barely one-fifth the length of the

organ, which is filiform and elongate; ocelli posed in a triangle at

the vertex, moderately large, with about the space of the diameter

of one ocellus between the posterior and the anterior, in front of

which the face (which is convex) is suleated ; mandibles broad and

very slightly curved, their inner edge acute, with an obtuse angula-

‘tion at the base within. Thorax gibbous in front and at the

scutellum, the latter transverse with a longitudinal impression in

the centre; metathorax produced slightly and rounded posteriorly ;

_ wings obscure, their nervures reddish brown, the cubital slightly

waved, the recurrent straight and inserted at less than two-thirds

the length of the 1st marginal cell; legs castaneous, the femora

elongate ovate, their outline rounded both above and _ below.

Abdomen obscure, the petiole quadrate, gibbous, the ventral portion

very slightly obtusely portioned, the remaining segments transverse,

the sexual organ protruding at the apex of the terminal segment and

fringed. Gambia?”

I have not met with this species in S. Rhodesia. It has been

recorded from Capetown (teste Emery), German 8.W. Africa, and

Bechuanaland. (Schultze.)

Var. ACUMINATA, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 43, p. 462, 3, 1899.

“gg. This differs from that which I consider as the type, by the

form of the stipes in the genital armature. The two pieces of the

134 Annals of the South African Museum.

pair are near together and parallel in the new variety, whereas

they are clearly divergent behind in the type. Moreover, each is

obliquely truncated, so that the medial angle of its posterior extremity

is acute and pointed. Otherwise like the type, but a little smaller.

Orange Free State.”

D. (Sub-G. ALAOPONE) DIADEMA, Gerstaecker.

Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 261, 9, 1858. Forel, Ann. 8. E.

Belg., vol. 43, p, 309, ¢, 1899.

Gerstaecker’s description of the species is so short as to be useless ;

a more complete one has been made by Forel, which is as follows.

“3. 20-20°3 mm. The compound eyes are nearly smooth, the

facets not forming separate convexities. Width of the head with the

eyes, 3'°3 mm.; length of the head without the mandibles, 1-9 mm. ;

maximum width of the thorax, 3 mm.; maximum width of the abdo-

men, 38 mm.; width of the petiole 2:1 mm., length 2 mm.; length

of anterior wing 15:5 mm.

Elongated like juvenculus (= fulvus). Mandibles thick, short,

bevelled at the apex, smooth and shining. Labrum entire, as in

helvolus and nigricans (bilobed in yuvenculus). Mutual distance of

the posterior ocelli a little greater than their distance from the

compound eyes. The ocelli are not very large, much smaller than

the interval which separates the posterior ones from each other.

The frons gibbous, the frontal sinus of the usual shape, and extending

from the frontal area to the anterior ocellus, without forming a deep

impressed line such as is seen in juvenculus. The clypeus also is

not sunken as in that species. Thorax fairly strongly narrowed

behind, more so than in juvenculus. Petiole cubic and rounded,

a little widened posteriorly, where it is wider than it is long, but the

width in front is hardly equal to its length. Abdomen narrow and

elongate, but slightly curved, as in juvenculus. The femora are

widely dilated and flattened up to the tibial articulation, which is

barely narrowed and not in the least rounded or thickened, as is

the case in the other species. The femora are also shorter, being

but a trifle longer than the coxae. The scape is barely longer than

the first 4 joints of the flagellum.

The head is closely punctured and dull, except the frontal area,

which is smooth and shining ; the space between the punctures does

not appear quite smooth. The thorax, petiole and abdomen are

abundantly punctured and sub-nitidulous, the thorax is more shining

than the petiole and abdomen. On the latter the punctures are

fairly close, but without forming reticulations. The last abdominal

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa, 135

segment is smooth and shining, without deep punctures. A yellowish

and slightly erect pubescence is present all over, except on the head,

where it is sparser, and on the legs and mandibles, where it is

absent. On the abdomen it hides the puncturation to a certain

extent. There is a yellow and rather woolly pilosity abundant on

the coxae, base of the femora, clypeus, metanotum, petiole and

extremity of the abdomen, and ventral surface of the thorax, very

sparse or wanting elsewhere. Scapes, tibiae and mandibles smooth,

shining and glabrous, except for a small row of little hairs on the edge

of the tibiae. The colour is pale testaceous yellow. Head, mandibles,

tarsi and a narrow border at the apical margins of all the abdominal

segments, rusty red. A transverse brown streak on the vertex.

Wings feebly tinged with brown, especially the radial cell which

is dark brown. Described from the type.”

D. (Sub-G. ALAOPONE) MONTANUS, Santschi, var. BONDROITI, Santschi.

(Type) Rev. Suisse Zool., vol. 18, p. 750, ¢, 1910. (Variety) Ann.

Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 56, p. 162, 4, 1912.

“oS. 22°5mm,. Width of head, 3°38 mm.; width of thorax 4 mm.;

width of abdomen 3-8-4 mm. Length of front wing, 20 mm. Light

testaceous yellow ; margins of abdominal segments narrowly reddish

yellow. Head brownish black, slightly reddish in front. Mandibles

and legs ferruginous. Wings slightly tinged with brown, stigma and

nervures brown. Head finely punctured, dull; frontal area, man-

dibles, scape and first 2 joints of the flagellum, legs and last

segment of abdomen smooth and shining. Abdomen and the

thorax dull, as finely punctured as the head, but less densely,

thorax slightly shining. A yellow and woolly pilosity is plentiful

on the coxae, base of femora, sternum, the sides, the ventral surface

of the petiole and last abdominal segment. On the dorsum of the

thorax and petiole there is a more erect and silky pilosity, fine and

fairly long. The pubescence is downy, short and dense on the head,

denser on the abdomen, and less so on the thorax. Head slightly

convex above, the frons prominent. The frontal sulcus extends

to the anterior ocellus. The lateral ocelli separated farther from

each other than from the eyes; the latter shining, with indistinct

facets. Frontal area wide and short. Clypeus feebly lobed in the

middle. Mandibles short, as wide as half their.length, the internal

margin as strongly excised as in diadema, with the apex bevelled

off. There is a wide and shallow impression near their external

angles. Petiole cubic, slightly rounded, a little narrower in front,

wider than long. Abdomen almost cylindrical. The stipites of the

136 Annals of the South African Musewmn.

genital armature are roundly truncate at the apex, the external

margins in their lower half are slightly concave. The volsellae are

large and extend beyond the stipites. The internal paramera (sagittae)

form two wide lamellae as in diadema, from which and from attenua-

tus it may be distinguished by the genital armature. (Type Kili-

mandjaro.) Variety, Transvaal.”

I have combined the two descriptions, since the variety differs

from the type practically only in the larger head and mandibles,

with the former more pilose, and in the stipites, which in the type

are smaller and straight on the external margins.

Tre HCITINI, Forel.

With only one genus in the South African region.

Genus AENICTUS, Shuckard.

Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 266, 1840. Smith, Journal Linn. Soce.,

Lond., vol. 2, p. 79 (Typhlatia), 1857. TH. André, 2me Suppl.

aux Fourmis, p. 2, 1885. Emery, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., vol. 33,

p. 43, 1901.

Characters.

8 Monomorphic, or varying only in size (except H. mariae,

HKm.), and that within narrow limits. Clypeus in the form of a

narrow band above the mouth. Frontal carinae vertical, close

together, and curved round the antennal sockets. Mandibles

dentate. Eyes absent. Antennae 10-jointed, the terminal joint

not noticeably thicker than the rest. Thoracic sutures feeble, or

obsolete. Hpinotum unarmed. Tibiae with one rudimentary calcar.

Abdomen short, more or less oval.

?. (Known only in one species, abeillei, André, from North

Africa.) Clypeus, frontal carinae and antennae as in the 8.

Eyes absent. Mandibles narrow, edentate and acuminate. Thoracic

sutures absent. Petiole 1-jointed and nodiform. First abdominal

segment campaniform, not constricted from the following segment

so as to form the 2nd joint of a 2-jointed petiole as in the 8.

Abdomen elongate, cylindrical and pointed at the apex. Hypo-

pygium projecting slightly beyond the pygidium. Middle and hind

tibiae without calcaria.

g. Clypeus very short, insinuated between the frontal carinae.

The latter short. Mandibles acuminate and edentate. Hyes and

ocelli well developed, sometimes very iarge. Antennae 13-jointed,

scape thick, flagellum thinning towards the apex. Mesonotum

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 137

gibbous, overhanging the pronotum; scutellum gibbous; epinotum

short. Legs slender, tibiae usually with a rudimentary calcar.

Petiole 1-jointed, transverse, flattened or excavated above. Abdo-

men cylindrical or clavate. Genital armature entirely retractile.

Stipes large, covering laterally the volsella; lacinia very small.

Sub-genital plate forked, the branches linear, parallel and distant.

Unlike the species of the sub-genus Dorylus, the workers of this

genus do not so persistently avoid the light, and may be seen moving

about in the open, usually in files, even in the bright sunshine.

They are also far more nimble than those insects. Probably many

species live an entirely subterranean existence, but all the species

which are known to me from Rhodesia have been taken above the

surface of the ground.

Key to the % % of the Genus Aenictus.

(4). 1. Third and 4th joints of the flagellum, or at least the 3rd, distinctly longer

than wide.

(3). 2. Head distinctly wider in front than behind; dorsum of epinotum evenly

and strongly reticulate-punctate Beh ee . .. eugeniae, Hmery.

(2). 3. Head not wider in front than behind, tle in re middle ; dorsum of

epinotum unevenly and shallowly reticulate-punctate . ovnmdlatnn, Mayr.

(1). 4. Third and 4th joints of the flagellum as wide as, or atlan than long.

(6). 5. Head wider in front than behind in the §% major, parallel-sided in the

te) sambhavere 65g . .. mariae, Emery.

(5). 6. Head not wider in meee fine Typha, ranks anomomaeralte

steindachneri, Mayr.

Without having seen the species, it is not possible for me to

include rixator, Forel, in the above Key. It appears to differ from

‘the 8 minor of mariae, Emery, only in having 3 instead of 4 teeth

to the mandibles.

A. RIXATOR, Forel.

In Emery, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., vol. 33, p. 48, ¥, 1901.

“%. 1:9 mm. Mandibles narrow, their margins nearly parallel,

shining, feebly striate and armed with 3 teeth. Frontal carinae

short, fused together posteriorly. Head rectangular, as wide behind

as in front, feebly emarginate behind, and one-fifth longer than wide.

The scape hardly reaches back to the posterior two-fifths of the

head, thickened along the apical two-thirds. Third to 6th joints

of the flagellum wider than long. Meso-metanotal suture forming

a distinct impression, but not constricted. Dorsum of epinotum

convex in the middle, the declivity triangular, margined by a

distinct ridge. Nodes of the petiole longer than wide, the Ist

joint longer and a little wider than the 2nd, having below and right

138 Annals of the South African Museum.

in front a very short tooth, directed obliquely backwards. Very

smooth and shining, including the petiole. Metathorax and sides

of mesothorax fairly shining and reticulate. Piligerous punctures

distinct but scanty. The pilosity is fine, yellowish, rather short and

sparse, and nearly everywhere oblique. Of a dirty yellow colour,

hardly brownish; head and thorax rusty yellow or yellowish red.

Natal. (Wroughton.) ”’

A. rotunpatus, Mayr. (Plate IV., fig. 37.)

Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 16, p. 1, 3, 1901.

%. 2°3-3°3 mm. Reddish ochre, the basal segment of the abdo

men above in some specimens, a little paler. Smooth, very shining and

with a few small punctures on the head, pronotum and abdomen ;

mesonotum, epinotum and petiole shallowly and rather unevenly

reticulate-punctate and dull, but with a slight gloss on the dorsal

surfaces. Hine pubescent hairs absent, except on the flagellum.

There is a long, yellowish and rather sparse pilosity on the petiole

and abdomen, and also, but less regular and scantier, on the head,

scape and thorax. Head, excluding the mandibles, very little

longer than wide in the larger examples, and about one-sixth longer

than wide in the smaller, as wide behind as in front, widest in the

middle, convex above and at the sides, very feebly emarginate

posteriorly. The frontal carinae are fused together posteriorly,

anteriorly they curve round above the very short clypeus, so

as to form a semicircular rim round the antennal sockets. The

mandibles are elongate triangular, narrowed at the base, dull, finely

punctate-striate except along the masticatory margin, which is

smooth and shining, and furnished with about 8 or 9 small teeth,

and a large sharp apical tooth. The scapes of the antennae reach

back as far as the posterior four-fifths of the head; 1st-3rd joints of

the flagellum longer than wide, 4th, 5th, and 6th as wide as long,

7th a trifle wider than long, 8th longer than wide, apical joint two

and a third times longer than wide. Pro- and mesonotum together

rather convex longitudinally ; iaterally the thorax is moderately

compressed, dorsally depressed between the meso- and epinotum.

The dorsum of the epinotum is widest in the middle, and one and

three-quarter times as long as wide; it slopes downwards from the

middle to the declivity. The latter is vertical, very short, one-third

the length of the dorsum, and feebly margined all round. The Ist

joint of the petiole is one-quarter longer than wide, very convex

above, but slightly so at the sides; the 2nd joint, seen from above,

is narrower in front than behind, and as wide posteriorly as it is long.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 139

The ventral lamella of the 1st joint is produced anteriorly into an

angular projection pointing downwards, the 2nd joint is produced

below and anteriorly into a blunt projection directed forwards. The

1st abdominal segment as long as, or a little longer than wide, and

as long as the remaining segments taken together. Legs long, the

1st joint of the hind tarsi as long as the tibia.

Bulawayo. Port Hlizabeth. (Brauns.)

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

A. STEINDACHNERI, Mayr.

Ann, K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 16, p. 2, ¥, 1901.

“This species differs from rotundatus in the following particulars.

%. The sides of the epinotum and also of the metasternum plenti-

fully clothed with a backwardly directed pubescence, whereas in

rotundatus the epinotum has no pubescence and the sides of the

metasternum only a scattered pubescence.* The 3rd—7th joints of

the flagellum not longer than wide. The mesonotum, the dorsum of

the epinotum and the 2nd joint of the petiole, smooth and shining,

with a few piligerous punctures. The epinotum like that of rotwn-

datus, but the boundary between the dorsum and the declivity is

placed rather higher up, and the declivity is bounded by a raised

margin only at the sides (in a larger 8 before me, a curved raised

margin above is distinctly present).

Reddersburg, Orange Free State. (Brauns.)”’

A. EUGENIAE, Emery. (Plate IV., fig. 38.)

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 48, %, 1895.

3. 37-4 mm. Larger and much darker than rotwndatus, and

varying less in size than that species. The colour is a bright

castaneous red, lighter on the abdomen. The legs are yellowish red,

the sides of the thorax below, and the mandibles, brownish red.

This species closely resembles rotwndatus, differing from it only in

the following characters. The pilosity is less abundant, but more

regularly distributed and longer. The head is distinctly wider in

front than behind. The masticatory margin of the mandible is

smooth and edentate, or, in some specimens with traces of three

minute teeth behind the apical tooth, which is blunter than in

rotundatus. The antennae are rather longer, the scape almost

reaching back to the occipital margin, and all the joints of the

flagellum are distinctly longer than wide. The thorax is rather

* The specimens of rotundatus in my collection, determined for me by Dr.

Forel, have no pubescence on the metasternum, only a few long hairs.—G. A.

140 Annals of the South African Museum.

narrower, and less compressed between the meso- and epinotum.

The latter is strongly reticulate-punctate, as are also the sides of the

mesonotum, the whole of the 1st joint of the petiole, and the sides of

the 2nd. The puncturation is decidedly larger and more distinct than

in rotundatus. The posterior corners of the pronotum also show a

slight puncturation. The dorsal surface of the 2nd joint of the

petiole is nearly smooth and rather shining. The limits of the

dorsum and the declivity of the epinotum are clearly defined, as the

brow forms a sharp overhanging edge, so that the declivity also

appears somewhat concave. The lst node of the petiole is a little

narrower, more parallel-sided and less convex above than in

rotundatus. Legs longer and more slender, the Ist tarsal joint of

the hind legs as long as the tibiae.

Bothaville, Orange Free State. (Brauns.) Makapan. (Simon.)

Bulawayo.

This species was taken on one occasion near Bulawayo in large

numbers, marching in single file and carrying larvae from under one

large stone to another. Amongst these workers there was found a

monstrosity. This specimen has but one joint to the petiole, which

is fused on the whole of its anterior surface to the epinotum, which

consequently shows no declivity, and is moreover very lop-sided.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

A, MARIAE, Himery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol: 63, p. 48, 8 minor, 1899.

%. This species varies in size between wider limits than either

rotundatus or eugeniae, varying from 2 to 3mm. The smaller forms

also differ from the larger in the shape of the head, so that it is

hardly correct to say that the workers of this species are mono-

morphic. In the % major the colour is reddish ochre, or similar

to rotundatus, in the % minor it is paler or straw-yellow, except-

ing the anterior margin of the head and the margins of the man-

dibles, which are dark. The pilosity is similar to that of the

preceding forms, but scantier. In the % minor the whole body

is smooth and shining; in the % major the sides of the mesonotum,

and the epinotum, excepting a small smooth area in the middle

of the dorsum, are dull and very finely punctured.

The head is nearly parallel-sided in the 8 minor, moderately

convex in the ¥ major; it is a little longer than wide, and shallowly

emarginate posteriorly. The mandibles are shining, fairly strongly

punctured, with 4 small but distinct teeth on the masticatory margin

and a strong apical tooth. The antennae are much shorter rela-

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 147.

tively than in the other species; the scape does not reach back

beyond the middle point of the head ; the 1st and 2nd joints of the

flagellum are a little longer than wide, the 3rd—8th joints wider than

long. The thorax is relatively shorter and wider than in the other

species, and is hardly contracted or depressed between the meso-

and epinotum. The dorsum of epinotum is fairly distinctly delimited

trom the declivity in the % major, but in the % minor the declivity

has a rounded brow and merges gradually into the dorsum. The

petiole is not notably different from that of rotwndatus. The 1st

segment of the abdomen is one-third longer than the remaining

segments taken together. The legs are shorter and stouter than

in rotundatus or eugeniae. The 1st tarsal joint of the hind legs.

only three-fifths the length of the tibia.

Bulawayo; not common. Makapan. (Simon.)

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Var. NATALENSIS, Forel.

In Emery, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., vol. 33, p. 49, 8, 1901.

“3, 2-28 mm. Differs from the type by the colour of the head

and thorax, which is brownish yellow and even rusty brown in the

larger individuals. In the latter and 8% media, the thorax is

shallowly compressed, hardly so at all in the 8 minima. Quite

distinct from A. rixator by the triangular mandibles and the de-

clivity of the epinotum, which is not marginate. The ventral lamella.

of the 1st joint of the petiole is obtuse, thick, pointing downwards.

and very distinct. The pilosity is longer.

Natal. (Haviland.)”’

A. INCONSPICUUS, Westwood.

Trans. Ent. Soc. London, vol. 4, p. 287, g¢, 1847.

“ 4, This insect disagrees in one or two slight respects from Mr..

Shuckard’s character of Aenictus, . . . of these characters the most

striking are the slightly opaque whitish wings, with the veins and

stigma almost concolorous with the membrane of the wing; the

antennae gradually attenuated from the 4th or 5th joint, and the

very clavate femora to all the legs. . . . Nigro cinereus, pubescens,

antenms rufo-piceis, apicibus sensim acuminatis, articulo basalt

nigro; mandibulis longis, acutis, piceo-rufis bast nigris ; alts fere

translucidis, venis stigmateque fere inconspicuis; pedibus per-

brevibus, femoribus clavatis, pedunculo abdominis transverso, antice

parum angustior: ; disco haud canaliculato. Long. corp. lin. 43

expan. alar, lin. 64.

Habitat in Africa australe. Drege. (In Mus. W. W. Saunders.)”’

142 Annals of the South African Museum.

Smith gives a rather clumsy illustration of this species in Cat.

Hymen. Brit. Mus., vol. 7, plate 2, fig. 15a, which is of very little

assistance in completing Westwood’s very insufficient description.

As far as one may judge by the description and the figure referred to,

this insect bears a great resemblance to the species described below

as tuberculatus,n.sp. I am inclined to suspect that the pale coloura-

tion of the nervures and stigma is due to immaturity.

4 A. TUBERCULATUS, 0. sp.

3. 9mm. Allied to buttgenbachi, Forel. Dark ochreous; pro-

notum except the margins, mesonotum except the portion border-

ing the median and lateral sulci, scutellum except the extreme

posterior portion, dark brown; epinotum, petiole and abdominal

segments above, especially the first two, ‘slightly browned ; man-

dibles and antennae ochreous ; head black. Scape, basal segments

of flagellum, mandibles, front of the head, and the legs, with long

pale pilose hairs, which are shortest on the head; the rest of the body

without pilosity, but covered with a close adpressed and yellowish

pubescence. Head behind the eyes very smooth, shining and

impunctate, the rest of the body closely punctured with small

shallow punctures; legs shining and sparsely punctured. Head

two and a quarter times wider than long; seen from above, it

has the shape of a reversed triangle, with the eyes on each side

of the base (which is straight), and the apex (v.e. the occipital region)

broadly rounded. Front of the head below the eyes shallowly

concave. The post-orbital dorsal surface is feebly convex, almost

flat. The eyes are hemispherical, not large, less than half the

length of the sides of the head. The ocelli are not raised, placed

forwards just above the vertical face of the head; the distance

between the anterior ocellus and the line joining the posterior ocelli,

less than its own diameter. Mandibles very long, as long as the

distance between the inner margins of the eyes, narrowing towards

the apex, which is acute; a slight angle, hardly large enough to

be called a tooth, separates the basal from the inner and concave

margin. Scape half as long as the mandibles, two and a half times

longer than its apical width; flagellum thinning towards its apex,

nearly four times longer than the scape, all the joints longer than

wide. Pronotum very slightly exposed; mesonotum rounded in

front, somewhat flattened behind and above, in the middle, the

parapsidal sutures and a median longitudinal suleus well defined.

The scutellum is very round posteriorly. Seen from the side, the

face of the epinotum is vertical, slightly concave below.

A Monograph of the Fornucidae of South Africa. 143

The petiole is almost three times as wide as long; the lateral

margins are considerably raised, so that the dorsal surface of the

petiole is strongly concave transversely ; it has also a median

longitudinal impression. The sides of the petiole are moderately

convex. The stipites are broadly truncate and rounded apically,

their ventral margins are concave along the apical half; the internal

paramera are rounded at the apex, and at about one-third of their

length from the apex there is on each side above a flattened and

rather spatulate tubercle, directed outwards and slightly backwards ;

below these, on the ventral margins of the paramera, and nearer the

apex, there is a minute, acute triangular tooth on each side. The

sub-genital plate is bifurcate, with the arms directed outwards at

the apex and fimbriated for about half their length. The femora

are round and thin at the base, strongly clavate apically. Wings

clear, but slightly browned along the outer margins of the anterior

pair, the nervures and stigma black; the wings are long, extend-

ing beyond the apex of the abdomen.

The tubercles and teeth on the internal paramera are sufficiently

distinctive of this species, which I am inclined to think will even-

tually prove to be the 3g of either ewgeniae or rotundatus, the only

species which are common in the neighbourhood of Bulawayo.

Habitat, Bulawayo. One specimen taken atlight. In my collection.

A. DECoLOR, Mayr.

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 28, p. 668, 3, 1878.

‘“‘ Head smooth and without frontal sulcus. The very short declivity

' is separated from the dorsum of the epinotum by a sharp semicircular

ridge. All the joints of the flagellum at least a little longer than

wide. The mandibles longitudinally striate, smooth near the masti-

catory margin. The sides of the meso- and metathorax longitudinally

rugose. Rusty red; antennae, abdomen, and legs yellow. Length

3°3 mm.”

Sus-Faminry DOLICHODERINAHE.

The members of this sub-family are only likely to be confused

with those of the Camponotinae, from which they may be distin-

guished by having the anal orifice transverse, and not circular. The

petiole is 1-jointed, and the node, in all our South African species

is small and much less conspicuous than in any of the Camponotinae.

All our species are also very soft-bodied ants, the skeleton being but

slightly chitinized.

144 Annals of the South African Museum.

Characters.

%. Monomorphic. Frontal area more or less distinct. Antennae

12-jointed, 11-jointed in Semoniwus. Sting rudimentary, except in

the Ceylonese genus Anewretus. Middle and hind tibiae with one

pectinate calcar, occasionally there is a small outer calear.

2. Always winged ; like the worker except for the usual sexual

differences.

g. Clypeus prolonged backwards between the frontal carinae.

Mandibles as in the $, or short and narrow. Antennae 13-jointed,

the scape is not longer than the second joint of the flagellum except

in Tapinoma and Semonius.

Nymphs never enclosed in cocoons.

The classification of this sub-family, especially in the definition of

the genera, is based largely on internal anatomical characters, such

as the structure of the gizzard. As we have only three indigenous

genera, including very few species, it has fortunately not been found

necessary to burden the description of the genera with these difficult

details, which can only be observed with the aid of fine dissections.

All the workers of the Dolichoderinae possess anal glands which

produce a secretion hardening on exposure to the air, and usually of

an unpleasant odour. This secretion is used as a means of pro-

tection, since its stickiness serves to clog the limbs of other insects.

which may attack these ants.

All our species, with the exception of the introduced Iridomyrmex

humilis, the ‘Argentine ant,’ are shy inconspicuous insects,

forming only moderate-sized colonies. Iridomyrmex humulis, whose

original home was probably in Brazil, is an ant which has recently

spread through a large part of the globe. Its appearance in

South Africa would appear to date from the time of the last Boer

War, when it was probably introduced with forage. It is very

common all over the Cape Peninsula, and in the neighbourhood

of Cape Town it is not only a great pest in houses, but is also the.

dominant species. Thus on the slopes of Table Mountain very few

ants of other species are to be found below the 800-1,000 ft. level, in

which area humilis is exceedingly plentiful; above that level it is.

very rare, if not altogether absent, whereas other genera, e.g.

Plagiolepis, Ocymyrmex, Tetramorvum, are more commonly repre--

sented. The astonishing paucity of species and genera at the lower

levels of the mountain, and the absence of J. humilis in the higher

is probably due to two causes, namely, the non-dolichoderine species

cannot survive in competition with the Argentine ant, and the latter

is unfavourably affected by the climatic conditions of the higher-

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 145

levels. How far the pest has spread in the South African Region I

am not able to say, but the ant has been recorded as far east as

Maseru in Basutoland.

The sub-family is divided into 4 tribes, of which only one,

Tapinomini, Emery, is represented in South Africa.

: y

Key to the Genera of the Tribe Tapinomini, Emery.

S58 and 2 @.

(2). 1 Antennae 1I-jointed s2 3. «5 ss es se as + Semonius, Forel.

(1). 2. Antennae 12-jointed.

(4). 3. Scale of petiole distinct ; base of abdomen not slanting forwards, not over-

hanging the petiole -- «. «- Iridomyrmex, Mayr (introduced genus).

(3). 4. Scale of petiole rudimentary, base of abdomen slanting forwards and over-

hanging the petiole more or less.

(6). 5. Anal orifice apical; abdomen, when seen from above, with 5th segment

visible .. .. » «- «- TLechnomyrmex, Mayr.

(5). 6. Anal orifice “eiaeion, mot noice ‘bth eeoncat of abdomen not visible from

above hh ab O00) 90) GO Bou soo oat mo lon) haya OOnOm, |OC ME KY,

(2). 1. Anterior wings with 2 closed cubital cells -» .. Lechnomyrmex, Mayr.

(1). 2. Anterior wings with 1 closed cubital cell.

(4). 3. Scape not longer than the 2nd joint of the flagellum .. Iridomyrmex, Mayr.

(3). 4. Scape much longer than the 2nd joint of the flagellum.

(6). 5. Scape as long as the first 3 or 4 joints of the flagellum taken together ; or if

longer, then the head is widerthanlong .. .. .. TYapinoma, Foerster.

(5). 6. Scape as long as the first 7 or 8 joints of the flagellum taken together ;.

head not wider than long .. .. .. .. «- «. «. Semonius, Forel.

Genus IRIDOMYRMEX, Mayr.

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 702, 1862.

Characters.

8. Monomorphic ; petiole with a distinct scale.

?. Considerably larger than the % ; the radial cell of the

anterior wing is closed, 2 closed cubital cells and 1 discoidal cell.

g. Scape shorter than the 2nd joint of the flagellum. In our

introduced species the mesonotum is very convex and prominent in

front, completely hiding the pronotum; the scutellum is also very

large and gibbous. (Plate LV., fig. 42.)

I. numinis, Mayr. (Plate IV., figs. 41 and 42.)

(Hypoclinea) Ann. Soc. Nat. Modena, vol. 3, p. 164, 3, 1868. Forel,

Wer Zicol. Boy Ges. Wien, vol. 68, "p. 395g", 1908e

Newall, Journ. Econ. Entom., vol. 1, p. 28, ¢, 1908.

%. 32-35 mm. Brown or blackish brown; legs, antennae and

mandibles paler. Whole body covered with an exceedingly fine pale

146 Annals of the South African Museum.

pubescence, which is longer on the abdomen. Impunctate, sub-

nitidulous. Head somewhat triangular, much wider behind than in

front, sides very convex, posterior angles strongly rounded, occipital

margin feebly arcuate. Mandibles moderately long, triangular, the

basal margin two-thirds as long as the masticatory, the latter with

4 or 5 blunt teeth, and a large and sharp apical tooth. Clypeus

feebly convex, the anterior margin slightly depressed and shallowly

concave in the middle, posterior margin well defined. Frontal

carinae short, flat and divergent behind. The scape reaches back

beyond the occipital margin by one-fifth of its own length; flagellum

slightly thickened towards the apex, all the joints longer than wide,

1st and 2nd joints sub-equal in length. Eyes large and flat, situated

somewhat dorsally in the anterior half of the head. Pronotum

narrower than the occipital margin of the head, moderately convex

at the sides and above, and as long as wide. Pro-meso and meso-

epinotal sutures well defined. Mesonotum longer than wide, and

only a little more than half as wide as the pronotum, sloping

towards the epinotum,.from which it is separated by a wide and

deep depression. Dorsum of epinotum distinctly convex trans-

versely and longitudinally, about as long as wide, less than half

as long as the mesonotum. The declivity is smooth and shining.

The anterior face of the scale of the petiole is slightly convex,

the posterior face flat and shining. The scale slants forwards

and is widest in the middle, rounded above, and much wider

than thick. Abdomen oval, all the segments wider than long.

Legs slender.

?. 6 mm. Dark brown, abdomen almost black, legs, antennae

and mandibles paler. Pubescence longer and denser than in the 8.

Head, excluding the mandibles, a little longer than wide, narrower |

in front of the eyes than behind them, sides less convex than in the

%. Hyes large, occupying about one-third of the sides of the head;

ocelli small, situated near the occipital margin. Pronotum almost

completely hidden above by the mesonotum; the latter is very long,

twice as long as wide, very convex in front, moderately so at the

sides, and flattened posteriorly. The scutellum is about one-third

the length of the mesonotum, widest anteriorly, and rounded

posteriorly ; metanotum very short. The dorsum of the epinotum

is twice as long as the metanotum, much wider than long, in-

clined towards the declivity, which is nearly vertical, but not

sharply defined. Seen from the side, the thoracic profile rises

gradually in front towards the posterior margin of the scutellum,

beyond which it sinks abruptly to the level of the metanotum.

A Monograph of the Fornucidae of South Africa. 147

The scale of the petiole is much wider than in the %, and not

so narrow above. Abdomen oblong. Wings slightly smoky,

stigma and nervures dark brown.

g. 88-4:2 mm. Brown, antennae, mandibles and legs pale

yellow, a transverse area between the mesonotum and scutellum

dirty yellow. Pubescence as in the 8. The head is shaped like

that of the @, but the posterior angles are less rounded. The eyes

are very large, occupying more than half the sides of the head, their

anterior margins being separated from the base of the mandibles by

a distance equal to about half the length of the 1st joint of the

flagellum. The mandibles are triangular, thin and very small.

The antennae are short, filiform, not reaching back to the posterior

third of the mesonotum; the scape is flattened, and shorter than

the distance separating the two posterior ocelli; the 1st joint of the

flagellum is a trifle more than half the length of the scape, the

Qnd joint is longest, and two and a third times as long as the Ist.

All the joints longer than wide, diminishing in length successively

towards the apical joint, which is a little longer than the preceding

joint. Pronotum hidden by the mesonotum. The latter is very

globose, convex transversely, and as long as wide. The Mayrian.

and parapsidal furrows but feebly indicated. The scutellum is

raised considerably above the level of the mesonotum and epinotum,

and is much more convex transversely than in the 2. The dorsum

of the epinotum is much longer than in the ?, as long as the scutel-

lum and as long as its apical width; the declivity is vertical, with

the brow distinctly rounded. The scale of the petiole is much wider

than it is high, and more than twice as wide as long. Abdomen

ovate, genitalia partially exserted. Legs long and slender. Wings

as in the 9.

Capetown. Maseru, Basutoland; (R. M. Sloley). (S.A.M., R.M.,

G.A. colls.)

Genus TECHNOMYRMEX, Mayv.

Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genoa, vol. 2, p. 147, 1872. ~

Characters.

%. Anal orifice apical.

?. Not much larger than the $. Anterior wings with 1 dis-

coidal and 2 closed cubital cells.

g. Antennae filiform; scape not longer than the first 2 joints

of the flagellum. The cubital vein in the front wing is sometimes

broken in the region of the 2nd cubital cell. Mesonotum not pro-

148 Annals of the South African Museum.

jecting above the pronotum. Petiole nodiform. Genital armature

large. y

Key to the % % of Technomyrmex.

(4). 1. Species more or less yellowish.

(3). 2. Clypeus with the anterior margin deeply excised in the middle.

arnoldinus, Forel.

(2). 3. Clypeus with the anterior margin only slightly excised.

nigriventris, Santschi, race albinasis, Forel.

(1). 4. Dark brown species .. .. .. -, albipes, Smith, race Foreli, Emery.

T. ARNOLDINUS, Forel. (Plate IV., figs. 39, 39a.)

Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. Beiheft, p. 222, % , 1913.

%. 3-3:2 mm. Dirty brownish yellow, legs pale ochreous, apical

abdominal segments, and sides of Ist and 2nd segments brown; or

thorax, legs and antennae yellowish brown, head pale brown, abdo-

men wholly dark brown. Head, pronotum, and abdomen smooth

and shining, mesonotum, dorsum of epinotum and mesopleura reticu-

late and rather dull, declivity of epinotum shining and very finely

transversely striate. Pubescence pale yellow, scanty on the body,

denser on the legs. The pilosity consists of dark, erect and bristly

hairs, distributed in a peculiarly symmetrical manner as fol-

lows: there are 2 such hairs on the posterior margin of the head,

the pronotum has a crescentic row of 6 hairs, parallel with its

anterior margin, three on each side, the mesonotum has a pair on

each side, and the margin of the declivity of the epinotum has.

3 on each side and 1 in the centre. This arrangement of the pilosity

is so distinctive in fresh specimens that it would alone serve to.

distinguish the species from all our other Dolichoderinae.

Head about one-quarter longer than wide, the sides moderately

convex, the hind angles much rounded, the posterior margin straight.

Eyes moderately convex, situated at about the middle of the sides.

of the head. Clypeus nearly flat, the anterior margin semicircularly

and widely excised in the middle. Mandibles smooth, shining and.

sparsely punctured, the masticatory margin with about 7 small

teeth anteriorly, and finely denticulated posteriorly. Scape of

antenna reaches back a little beyond the occiput, 3rd—6th joints.

of the flagellum as wide as long, the rest longer than wide. Pro-

notum not so wide as the posterior margin of the head, quite one-

third wider than long; pro-mesonotal suture distinct; mesonotum

distinctly longer than wide, and as long as the pronotum. Meso-

epinotal suture deep. The dorsum of the epinotum much wider

than long, crescentic in outline when seen from above, and rising.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 149

from the base towards its apical margin when seen from the side ;

the declivity is very oblique, widest in its lower half, and two

and a half times as long as the dorsum. Petiole long, without

a scale, and completely hidden under the abdomen. The latter

is oval, rather pointed at the apex, all the segments much wider

than long. The darker variety differs only in colour from the

type.

Bulawayo, under stones, also in a hollow stem, in shady moist

places. Durban; (C. B. Cooper).

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

T. NIGRIVENTRIS, Santschi, race ALBINASIS, Forel.

Santschi, in Forel, Schultze Forschungsreise Siid-Afr., footnote,

foe AM, IGG).

Type species.

«“%. 9 9-3mm. Pale testaceous yellow, the posterior region of

the head, and often the shoulders and dorsum of the thorax more

or less brownish, abdomen black. The hairs on the thorax are

scanty, fairly short and yellow, they are longer and more abundant

on the abdomen and around the mouth. The base of these hairs

is often blackish. Pubescence fine, yellowish and moderately

abundant all over, slightly lessening the shiningness of the abdomen.

Head and thorax sub-opaque. The whole body microscopically

reticulate-punctate. Mandibles smooth with a few piligerous

- punctures. Head a little longer than wide, slightly narrowed in

front, the posterior angles rounded, the occipital margin feebly

emarginate. The eyes are longer than one-fourth of the sides of

the head, their anterior margins reaching the level of the antennal

sockets. Clypeus with a wide but shallow median longitudinal

groove which ends anteriorly in a distinct emargination. Man-

dibles with about a dozen teeth, diminishing in size from the

apical to the basal. The scape reaches beyond the occiput by

about the length of the 1st joint of the flagellum, the median joints

of the latter a little longer than wide. The meso-metanotum is

rounded posteriorly in an even curve as far as the floor of the meso-

epinotal suture; the stigmata of the mesonotum do not project

above its profile. The profile of the epinotum almost rectangular,

with the dorsum about one-third the length of the declivity; the

latter flat and clearly margined.

Brazzaville, French Congo.”

150 Annals of the South African Musewm,

Race ALBINASIS, Forel.

Forel. loc. cit. p. 22, 1910.

“8. 17 mm. Smaller than the type species. Hyes a little

smaller. Clypeus with the longitudinal groove hardly or not at

all terminated by an emargination in front. As in the type, all

the joints of the flagellum are at least a little longer than wide, but

the rather shorter scape projects backwards beyond the occipital

margin by not more than its own thickness. Thorax noticeably

shorter. Pronotum with more distinct anterior angles, one and

a quarter to one and a third times wider than long. Mesonotum

wider than long. The very short dorsum of the epinotum also wider

than long (in the type species distinctly longer, and not wider than

long). Declivity of epinotum only bluntly margined. At the sides

below, the stigmata project out step-like (only slightly so in the type

species). Legs a little shorter. The whole body shining and only

very faintly reticulate, the thorax a little less shining. Pubescence

scantier (it is fairly scanty in the type species). Pilosity equally

distributed. Yellowish brown, thorax and 1st abdominal segment

lighter, brownish yellow. Antennae, clypeus, mandibles and legs

yellowish white.

Table Mountain. (Schultze.)”

T. ALBIPES, Smith, race Foret1, Emery. (Plate IV., fig. 40.)

Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. Zool., vol. 6, p. 38, %, (Lapinoma), 1861.

Race, Emery, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 62, p. 249, 3, 1893.

Race, Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 446, @ ¢, 1910.

8. 2:2-2°56 mm. Dark brown, base and apex of the scape, the

flagellum and the mandibles brownish yellow, legs pale yellow or

with the tibiae and femora more or less brown. Head and thorax

very finely reticulate-punctate, the puncturation is a little larger on

the meso- and epinotum, abdomen microscopically rugulose. Whole

body covered with a very fine and short whitish pubescence; there

are a few pilose hairs, less evenly distributed than in arnoldinus.

The body sub-nitidulous, mandibles shining. Head a little longer

than wide, wider behind than in front, sides convex, posterior margin

shallowly arcuate. Clypeus with the anterior margin feebly

emarginate in the middle. Mandibles with a few coarse punctures,

the masticatory margin armed with numerous small teeth, the apical

and sub-apical teeth the largest. The scape reaches back beyond the

occipital margin by about the length of the 1st and 2nd joints of the

flagellum ; 1st joint twice as long as the 2nd, the latter as wide as

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 151

long, the rest longer than wide, apical joint as long as the two pre-

ceding taken together. Frontal carinae rather wide apart and

divergent posteriorly. Eyes comparatively large, situated in the

front half of the head. Thorax very similar in shape to arnoldinus ;

pronotum not so wide as the head, and not much wider than long,

pro-mesonotal suture distinct. Mesonotum longer than wide, rising

from in front towards the middle and thence sloping down to the

meso-epinotal suture. Dorsum of epinotum about one-quarter to

one-third the length of the declivity; the latter is widest below,

rounded above, the lateral margins rounded but fairly distinct.

Abdomen less convex transversely above than in arnoldinus, and

less pointed towards the apex. Petiole oval, widest in the middle,

and hidden by the abdomen which overhangs it.

?. 382mm. The eyes occupy at least one-third of the sides of the

head, ocelli small and set far back. Seen from above, the pronotum

is almost hidden by the large mesonotum which is as wide as long,

convex in front, flat or slightly concave in the middle behind; the

scutellum is about half as long as the mesonotum. The dorsum of

the epinotum is almost obsolete, and the declivity less oblique than

in the %, and not so narrow above. Wings very pale, nervures

almost colourless, stigma very faintly tinged with yellow. Other-

wise resembling the %, but the body is a little duller.

3. 38 mm. Colour of the 8%, legs, antennae and mandibles

yellowish, the femora darker except at the apex. Head much wider

than long, and wider in front than behind, posterior margin slightly

concave. The eyes large, occupying nearly the anterior half of the

_ sides of the head ; ocelli larger than in the ¢. Clypeus shorter than in

the % , more convex transversely, the anterior margin almost straight.

Mandibles large, coarsely punctured and shining, the masticatory

margin distinctly dentate. The scape is not as long as the long

diameter of the eyes, about as long as the 1st and 2nd joints of the

flagellum together. Flagellum filiform, densely pubescent, 1st joint

as wide as long, the rest longer than wide. The antennae extend

back as far as the brow of the epinotum. The thorax is similar to

that of the ?, but the mesonotum is a little wider, and the scutellum

shorter and more prominent; the parapsidal sutures well defined.

The dorsum of the epinotum is longer and more convex transversely

than in the %, and the slope of the declivity is less abrupt. The

petiole is much rounder and wider above than in the ¥ or @. The

genital armature is very large, and more or less exserted. Wings as

in the ¢.

Bulawayo ; common in moist places under stones, ete. Durban.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

152 Annals of the South African Museum.

Genus TAPINOMA, Forster.

Hymen. Stud., vol, 1, p. 43, 1850.

Characters.

%. Anterior margin of clypeus entire or excised, in some species

with a deep median longitudinal groove. Mandibles multidentate.

Petiole depressed, without a distinct scale; basal segment of

abdomen overhangs and more or less hides the petiole. Anal orifice

usually inferior.

?. Usually much larger than the % ; anterior wings with only

1 closed cubital and 1 discoidal cell.

g. As a rule smaller than the %. Mandibles generally well

developed. Antennae filiform, scape long, usually as long as the

first 3 joints of the flagellum taken together, lst joint not much

shorter than the 2nd. Pronotum not hidden by the mesonotum

when seen from above. Petiole nodiform. Genital armature large.

Wings as in the 2.

Key to the % % of Tapinoma.

(2). 1. Clypeus with a deep and abrupt median excision of the anterior margin, as

deep as half the length of the clypeus

Voeltzkowi, Forel, var. Rhodesiae, Forel.

(1). 2. Clypeus with anterior margin shallowly emarginate.

(4). 3. Dorsal profile of thorax almost horizontal .. .. .. .. gracilis, Forel.

(3). 4. Dorsal profile of thorax distinctly convex.

(6). 5. All the joints of the flagellum longer than wide, yellow species, 2°7-3 mm.

luteum, Emery.

(5). 6. Second to 9th joints of the flagellum wider than long, brownish species,

De GamM See does bP eis) WSU, tata anels! vhwies niesh. Sac ld wen tiemaneA enolate. Horel.

T. LurEuM, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 43, 3% , 1895.

“8. 2mm. Pale flavous, dull, with very fine and pale pubescence,

erect hairs only on the clypeus and mandibles. Head a little longer

than wide; clypeus widely emarginate in the middle. The scape

extends beyond the occipital margin by about one-quarter of its own

length; declivity of epinotum more than twice as long as the

dorsum. Makapan (Simon).”

Race Emeryi, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 477, 8 #, 1910.

%. 27-3mm. Flavous, posterior region of the head and posterior

segments of the abdomen more or less brownish yellow. Sub-opaque,

the sides of the thorax slightly shining, microscopically rugulose.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 153

Pubescence whitish, very fine and short. Pilose hairs absent.

Very similar to Technomyrmex albipes, but differing in the following

structural characters.

The head is proportionately wider, and is longer than wide; the

frontal carinae are shorter and less divergent posteriorly, the scape

is relatively longer. The mesonotum is not highest in the middle as

in albipes, but at its anterior margin, sloping thence in a gradual

curve to the meso-epinotal suture. The dorsum of the epinotum is

longer and narrower than in albipes, being longer than it is wide

below, whereas in albipes it is quite as wide below as it is long.

The petiole is shorter and narrower. The abdomen widens towards

the apex. The eyes are also larger, and the clypeus only feebly

sinuate in the middle of the anterior margin.

?. 48mm. (Hitherto undescribed.) Considerably larger than

the %. Head and abdomen dark brown, clypeus paler. Thorax

brownish yellow, prothorax and tegulae a little darker, legs and

antennae ochreous. Pubescence and puncturation as in the 8.

Head as wide as long, posterior margin straight. Eyes situated in

the anterior half of the head, and occupying about one-quarter of the

sides of the same. Thorax nearly as wide as the head. Pronotum

exposed, mesonotum slightly rounded at the sides and in front, flat

above, as long as wide, 4 times as long as the pronotum. Scutellum

wider than long. Epinotum very little narrower than the scutellum ;

the dorsum is not sharply delimited from the declivity but merges

into it gradually. The declivity is not so steep as in the ¥. The

abdomen is nearly as long as the head and thorax together. The Ist

_ segment is nearly twice as long as the 2nd, and one-third wider than

long.- There are a few black erect hairs on the 3rd and 4th

segments, and some paler ones on the clypeus.

“ 9. 4:7mm. Head and thorax rusty brown; abdomen brown.

Legs and mandibles yellowish. Otherwise like the %. Wings

slightly tinged with brown, with a single cubital and a single closed

radial cell.”’

The $ § which I have taken here with the ¥ %, do not attain to

this size, being 3 mm. long. The scape is as long as the first 4

joints of the flagellum, and extends back just a little beyond the

occipital margin. The 3 of this species is very similar to that of

Technomyrmex albipes, but is smaller and differs in the following

details.

The head is longer than wide, the posterior angles more

prominent. The antennae are longer, extending back as far as the

base of the 2nd abdominal segment. The 1st joint of the flagellum

154 Annals of the South African Museum.

is one-quarter longer than wide, all the other joints at least twice as

long as wide. The mesonotum is much more convex and the

scutellum posteriorly is also more convex and higher. The epinotum

resembles that of the 9. The legs are long and slender.

The % of the race differs from the type species in its larger size,

stronger and denser puncturation, slightly shorter scape and duller

surface.

Bulawayo; common. (8.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

T. ArnoupI, Forel. (Plate IV., fig. 44.)

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 139, %, 1913.

%. 16-17 mm. Light brown, anterior portion of the head,

scape, lst joint of the flagellum, mandibles, tarsi, articulations of the

legs and the petiole, yellowish. Moderately shining and almost

impunctate. A very fine pubescence on the whole body and legs.

Pilose hairs absent except on the clypeus. Head very little longer

than wide, rectangular, sides feebly convex, angles rounded, posterior

margin almost straight. Eyes situated within the anterior third of

the sides of the head. Clypeus wider than long, shallowly but

widely emarginate on the anterior border. Mandibles shining and

feebly punctured, masticatory margin with a few small teeth, the

apical tooth larger and more acute, The scape does not reach back

as far as the occipital margin; the flagellum is thickened towards

the apex, the 1st joint as long as the 2nd, 3rd and 4th taken

together, apical joint as long as the 3 preceding joints together,

2nd-9th joints wider than long. Pro-meso, and meso-epinotal

sutures moderately distinct. Pronotum wider than the rest of the

thorax, and a little wider than long; mesonotum almost as long as

the pronotum; dorsum of epinotum wider than long, only half as

long as the mesonotum, the declivity oblique, longer than the

dorsum, widest below, its brow rounded. Petiole longer than wide,

flattened dorso-ventrally. Abdomen oval, all the segments much

wider than long.

?. 27 mm. (Hitherto undescribed.) Dark brown, tarsi pale

yellow, articulations of the legs, base of the scape, mandibles and

anterior angles of the head brownish yellow. The sides and the

posterior margin of the head are straight, the posterior angles

rounded. Hyes large, ocelli small and set close to the posterior

margin. Pronotum very short, mesonotum large and moderately

convex, as wide as long and as long as the distance from the

antennal sockets to the posterior margin of the head; scutellum

wider than long, two-fifths as long as the mesonotum; epinotum

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa, 155

wider than long, curving very gradually from base to apex so that the

dorsal and declivous portions cannot be distinctly defined. Abdomen

oblong, as long as the head and thorax together. Other characters

as in the 8.

g. 17mm. (Hitherto undescribed.) Brownish black, front of

head, epinotum and last 3 segments more or less flavous, mandibles,

tibiae and femora fuscous, tarsi pale yellow. Pubescence micro-

scopic, the whole body shining and impunctate. Head narrowing

towards the occiput, widest across the eyes, one-third wider than

long; eyes large, occupying nearly the anterior half of the sides of

the head; ocelli on a slightly raised area, not very large. Clypeus

shorter than in the % , otherwise similar. Mandibles well developed,

with a sharp apical tooth, the masticatory margin minutely

denticulate.. Scape just reaching the occiput, as long as the first 6

joints of the flagellum, all the joints of the latter, except the 2nd,

longer than wide, the 2nd as long as wide, the Ist joint half as long

again as the 2nd. Pronotum not exposed; mesonotum one-third

wider than long, Mayrian furrows obsolete, parapsidal sutures well

defined ; scutellum less than half as long as the mesonotum, and as

wide as long. Epinotum widest at the base and as long as wide at

the base. Abdomen ovate, all the segments much wider than long.

Genital armature exserted. Wings slightly tinged with yellow,

nervures very pale, stigma faintly fuscous.

Bulawayo, in a hollow stem of an Acacia. Plumtree, 8. Rhodesia,

in a hollow gall. Small nests, containing about 30 individuals.

Type of 2 and g$ in my collection. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

T. VorutTzKowl, Forel, var. RHopesi4z, Forel. (Plate IV., fig. 43.)

Voeltzkow’s Reise Ost Afrika, vol. 2, p. 84, §,1907. (Variety) Ann.

Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 139, %, 1913.

%. 25-3 mm. Black, clypeus, femora and scape brown,

mandibles, flagellum brownish yellow, tibiae, tarsi, coxae and base and

apex of femora pale straw-yellow. A very short and inconspicuous

pale pubescence all over, and a few long pilose hairs on the clypeus

and mandibles. Head shallowly but closely reticulate. Thorax

shallowly reticulate-punctate, the puncturation being strongest on

the mesonotum. Body slightly shining, the mesonotum and

epinotum duller than the rest. Head a trifle longer than wide, the

sides convex, the posterior margin moderately concave, the posterior

angles strongly rounded. Eyes large, situated just in front of the

middle of the sides of the head. Frontal carinae flat, linear and

156 ; Annals of the South African Musewm.

sub-parallel. Clypeus with a deep and abrupt emargination in the

middle anteriorly, which extends quite half the length of the clypeus,

and is deeper than wide. Mandibles triangular, widest at the base,

shining and sparsely punctured, masticatory margin with about

8 acute teeth, the apical the longest. The scape reaches back

beyond the occipital margin by less than the length of the eye.

Flagellum one-third longer than the scape, all the joints longer than

wide. ‘The thoracic sutures well defined, the posterior rather deep.

Pronotum wider than long, rounded in front, the sides very convex,

the dorsum moderately so. Mesonotum longer than wide, as long

as the pronotum. Dorsum of epinotum wider than long, rising

gradually from the suture towards the brow of the declivity, the

latter sloping obliquely, longer than the dorsum and with the brow

angular. Petiole flattened, longer than wide, widest in front of the

middle and pointed at its base. Abdomen ovate. This variety

differs from the type only in having the head a little wider behind,

in the less convex sides, and the slightly longer scapes.

Bulawayo, nesting in grassy soil; not common.

(S.A.M., B.M., G.A. colls.)

T. GRActuis, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 140, 8, 1913.

3. 2 mm. Ochreous; apex of abdomen, flagellum and

posterior tibiae and femora brownish. Sub-opaque (Forel says

“densely punctured”; if so, the punctures are too small to be

resolved even under a magnification of 65 diameters). Pubes-

cence short, decumbent and yellowish. Pilose hairs absent.

Head almost quadrate and rather flat, not more than one-sixth

longer than wide, sides nearly straight, posterior margin straight,

hind angles widely rounded. Hyes large, situated more dorsally

than laterally, a little in front of the middle of the head. Clypeus

three times as wide as long, anterior margin with a shallow median

emargination. Frontal carinae closer to each other than they are

to the eyes. Mandibles smooth, narrow, largely hidden under the

clypeus, and with about 4 or 5 teeth. The scape extends back

beyond the occipital margin by one-third of its length; the 2nd

joint of the flagellum two and a quarter times longer than wide,

nearly as long as the 1st. Thorax narrow, elongate, with the dorsal

profile nearly horizontal, therein differing markedly from our other

two species. The pronotum is a little wider than long, mesonotum

two-thirds as long as the pronotum. The dorsum and declivity of

the epinotum of equal length ; the declivity is very oblique, sloping

A Monograph of the Fornucidae of South Africa. 157

but slightly below the level of the dorsum, from which it is not

clearly delimited. Petiole flattened as in the other species, but

more parallel-sided. Legs very long.

Matetsi, near the Victoria Falls. The nest of this species is

placed in rather loose sandy soil. It is a very quick and erratic ant,

and, owing to its colour, difficult to distinguish from the ground

which it frequents.

(G.A. coll.)

Genus SHEMONIUS, Forel. |

Schultze’ Reise im west. and zentral Siidafrika, Formicidae, p. 21,

1910.

Characters.

%. Clypeus entire. Antennae 11-jointed, flagellum strongly

incrassate, almost clavate. Anal orifice inferior.

@. Much larger than the 8. Head very elongate, much longer

than wide. Wings with 1 closed cubital and 1 radial cell.

3. Scape half as long as the flagellum. Mandibles well

developed. Pronotum not exposed. Genital armature exserted.

Smaller than the %$. Wings asin the ?.

S. ScnuttTzet, Forel. (Plate IV., fig. 45.)

Loc. cit. p. 21,8. Santschi, Voy. d’Alluaud and Jeannel, p. 120,

ay die

8. 18-2 mm. Black or brownish, dull or only very slightly

shining. Pubescence greyish, dense and microscopic; a few pilose

hairs on the clypeus. Microscopically and closely punctured. Head

one-fifth longer than wide, the sides moderately convex, the hind

angles strongly rounded, the posterior margin almost straight. The

anterior margin of the clypeus is straight or nearly so. The frontal

carinae rounded, very short, nearer to the eyes than they are to each

other. Eyes moderately large, flat, situated in front of the middle.

Mandibles smooth and shining, with a few small punctures, feebly

dentate. The scape reaches back as far as the posterior fourth

of the head; all the joints of the flagellum, except the 1st and last,

wider than long, the last three joints form a slight club. Thorax

shorter and much narrower than the head, distinctly convex longitu-

dinally. Thoracic sutures distinct. Pronotum one-third wider than

long, sloping steeply in its anterior half. Mesonotum wider in

front than behind, one-third wider than long. The dorsum of the

epinotum is as wide as the mesonotum, and is not clearly delimited

158 Annals of the South African Museum.

from the very oblique declivity ; the whole epinotum is a little longer

than the mesonotum. Petiole flattened, acuminate at the base,

widest below the middle. Abdomen ovate, overhanging the petiole.

Legs short, all the femora rather broad.

?. 35 mm. (Hitherto undescribed.) Black; head and thorax

very smooth and shining, very sparsely pubescent. The pubescence

very fine and short, arising on the head from microscopic punctures ;

thorax impunctate. Abdomen dull, and similar to that of the %, but

larger. Tibiae and femora shining. Head, excluding the mandibles,

two and one-fifth as long as wide, parallel-sided, somewhat flat

above, the posterior angles rounded, the posterior margin straight.

Hyes moderately large, situated within the anterior third of the

head; ocelli small, set rather far back. Antennae 11-jointed; the

length of the scape is less than the width of the head, the flagellum

about one-third longer than the scape. Clypeus convex in the

middle, the anterior border feebly emarginate in the middle.

Mandibles sparsely but rather strongly punctured, elongate, the

external margin twice as long as the masticatory, which is furnished

with numerous small teeth and a large apical tooth. Pronotum

very convex transversely in front, and sloping steeply downwards

towards the neck from the level of the pro-mesonotal suture. Meso-

notum flattened, about as long as wide; scutellum less than half as

long as the mesonotum; epinotum one and a half times wider than

long, the brow of the very short and vertical declivity is polished

and shining. Wings with a yellowish tint, nervures ochreous,

1 closed cubital and 1 radial cell.

This sex differs remarkably from the %, particularly in the shape

of the head, so much so that if it had not been taken with the 3 %

and g ¢ in large numbers in the same nest it might reasonably have

been ascribed to a different genus.

3. 21mm. Black; mandibles, antennae, and legs brownish.

Shining and impunetate, the pubescence very short and sparse.

Head as long as wide between the eyes, where it is widest; dis-

tinctly narrowed in front of the eyes and contracting towards the

hind margin. Mandibles about half as long as the head, similar

to those of the 2. The scape does not reach the occipital margin,

it is half as long as the flagellum. LHyes large, situated just within

the anterior half of the head, occupying about one-quarter of the

sides. Ocelli small, hardly raised. There is a short median longi-

tudinal impression between the posterior margin of the clypeus and

the anterior ocellus. Clypeus rounded and raised in the middle, the

anterior margin feebly convex. Seen from above, the pronotum is

A Monograph of the Fornuicidae of South Africa. 159

entirely hidden by the mesonotum. The latter is similar to that

of the 2, but less flattened and with the parapsidal sutures more

distinct. The scutellum is narrower and more convex posteriorly,

and raised higher above the level of the epinotum. The latter is

very smooth and shining, the dorsum wider than long, and merging

gradually into the declivity. Genital armature exserted. Wings

as in the 9°.

The above description differs in some respects from that given by

Santschi, which was drawn up from a single specimen in a damaged

condition. There can be no doubt as to the correct identity

of the numerous specimens of g g¢ on which the above descrip-

tion is based, since they were taken in the same nest with the %

and °. \

S. Rhodesia; fairly common. Kalahari. (Schultze.) Durban.

(Marley.) :

This is a timid and quick ant, living on trees and nesting under

the bark. When disturbed, it emits from the anal glands a white

sticky fluid, which hardens on exposure to the air.

(SPACES RM). GA. colls.)

GArnold del. 4 PWMT imp.

1 Cerapachys Peringueyi Hmery. § X 16. | 9 Streblognathus aethiopicus Smith. x2.

f# — do - node & 1%t abdom. segment. 6 Paltothyreus tarsatus /’x3 ¥.

2 Probolomyrmex filiformis Mayr. § x 46. lee Megaponera foetens fy x 4

24% — do — anterior region of head. | §&8% —do — 3X3 & head xX 8.

Fo 3 Platythyrea lamellosa Roger 4 XAdrace rhodesiana Lyred.) 9 M (Ha gensia) Havyilandi. Forel. 3 XA.

4 Platythyrea cribrinodis Gers/, 3 x 4. | 10Paltothyreus tarsatus. FS x 4.

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A Monograph of the Formicidae of South A frica.

entirely hidden by the mesonotum. The latter is similar to that

of the 9, but less flattened and with the parapsidal sutures more

distinct. The scutellum is narrower and more convex posteriorly,

and raised higher above the level of the epinotum. The latter is

very smooth and shining, the dorsum wider than long, and merging

gradually into the declivity. Genital armature exserted. Wings as

in the 9.

The above description differs in some respects from that given by

Santschi, which was drawn up from a single specimen in a damaged

condition. There can be no doubt as to the correct identity of the

numerous specimens of ¢ @ on which the above description is based,

since they were taken in the same nest with the 9 and 92.

S. Rhodesia; fairly common. Kalahari. (Schultze.) Durban.

(Marley.) :

This is a timid and quick ant, living on trees and nesting under

the bark. When disturbed, it emits from the anal glands a white

sticky fluid, which hardens on exposure to the air.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Tripe PROCERATIINI.*

Genus DISCOTHYREA, Roger.

Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 7, p. 176, 1863. Emery, Ann. Soc. Ent.

Belg., vol. 45, p. 51, 1901.

Characters.

%. Antennae 9-jointed, the scape strongly incrassate apically, the

flagellum clavate, the last joint nearly as long as the remaining joints

taken together. Mandibles edentate. Clypeus fused with the frontal

carinae and the cheeks, forming a semi-circular disc in front of the

antennae and projecting over the mandibles. On this disc, the frontal

carinae are fused together, to form a single lamella at the level of the

antennal sockets, but more or less free behind that point. Eyes small

or very small. Thoracic sutures absent. The declivity of the epinotum

marginate and excavated. Petiole bell-shaped or thickly squamiform ;

Ist segment of abdomen not very large, separated from the 2nd by a

feeble constriction. Abdomen anteflexed, the apical segments curved

downwards and forwards under the 2nd segment as in Proceratiwm.

2. Winged. Eyes and ocelli well developed. Pronotum exposed

above only at the sides. Otherwise like the 3.

* Page 33.

Bona Muse?

Sadie

160 Annals of the South African Musewn.

¢. Antennae 13-jointed. Clypeus, frontal carimae, mandibles,

petiole, and abdomen more or less like those of the 3. Mayrian

furrows present. Subgenital plate rounded. Wings with one closed

cubital cell; no discoidal cell.

Nymphs without cocoons in D. oculata, Emery.

Distribution. North America and the tropical regions of both

hemispheres.

This genus can be distinguished from Sysphincta and Probolomyrmex,

and also from the new genus described further on, by the 9-jointed

antennae.

D. Hewirrt, n. sp.

9. 22mm. Reddish ochreous, the occipital margin of the head,

the thorax and petiole darker or more brownish red. Dull, micro-

scopically coriaceous-punctate; 2nd abdominal segment slightly shining

and fairly smooth. Clothed with a fairly dense but exceedingly fine

and short pubescence. Head very convex in its posterior half, one-

fifth longer than wide, wider behind than in front, the sides feebly

convex, the posterior margin straight or slightly concave. Clypeus of

the shape usual to the genus, being produced in front into a horizontal

shelf, hiding the mandibles, the anterior margin convex. Frontal

carinae fused into a single triangular plate, the front edge of which is

perpendicular to the plane of the clypeus and feebly convex, the dorsal

edge (when seen from the side) straight and horizontal, not extending

beyond the anterior fifth of the head. Mandibles triangular, with

a sharp tooth at the apex. Hyes large, convex, placed a little in front

of the middle of the sides; ocelli small, placed at the angles of an

equilateral triangle. Antennae 9-jointed, the scape strongly dilated

apically, its apical width being nearly one-third of its length. First

joint of flagellum as long as wide, 2nd—6th joints much wider than

long, the apical joint ovoid, pointed, twice as long as wide, longer than

the rest of the flagellum. Pronotum widely exposed above at the

sides, very little in the middle, the anterior angles rounded, the sides

parallel. Mesonotum moderately convex above, longer than wide, the

scutellum convex behind. Dorsum of epinotum very short, almost

parallel-sided, or only very slightly narrowed towards the apex, the

apical margin or brow of the declivity blackish, nearly straight, the

lateral corners rectangular but not dentate; the declivity vertical,

submarginate. Petiole nodiform, transverse, twice as wide as long,

feebly convex above, sharply truncate in front, the anterior face

vertical; the ventral lamella produced in front into an oblong and

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 161

rectangular lobe, which is longer than deep. First segment of abdo-

men campaniform, as long as wide at the apical margin, where it is

widest; 2nd segment a little longer than the Ist, the remaining

segments entirely hidden under the 2nd and reflexed underneath it, so

that the apex of the abdomen is directed forwards. Deilated.

Grahamstown (Hewitt), 2specimens. Type inthe Albany Museum,

Grahamstown.

Very closely allied to Traegaordhi, but in the absence of the % sex,

it is not advisable to unite it with that species, from which it differs

by the shorter plate of the frontal carinae and by the narrower petiole.

Amongst some ants recently sent to me for determination by the

South African Museum, there was a specimen of a Proceratiine

ant mounted on the same card with some Monomorium sp. — ?, and

taken at Kimberley by Brother Power. For the reception of this

peculiar insect, which combines in itself some of the characters of all

the other genera of the tribe, it will be necessary to erect a new genus,

as follows.

Grenus PSEUDOSYSPHINCTA, on.

Characters. ;

®. Antennae 12-jointed, the scape strongly incrassate apically,

more than half as long as the flagellum ; 1st joint of flagellum as long

as wide, the apical joint very large, acuminate ovate, as long as the

rest of the flagellum, all the other joints at least three times wider

than long, 2nd and 3rd joints almost fused. Clypeus produced for-

wards into a horizontal lamella with a convex anterior margin, pro-

jecting over the mandibles, which are almost entirely hidden under it,

as in Discothyrea. Eyes present, not very small. Mandibles tri-

angular, the masticatory margin concave. Thorax narrowed posteriorly ;

seen from above it forms an elongate triangle, the truncate apex of

which is at the brow of the declivity. It is not so elongate as in

Probolomyrmex, being somewhat intermediate between that and

Sysphincta. Promesonotal suture faintly indicated, the meso-epinotal

absent. Petiole nodiform, articulating only over its lower half with

the Ist abdominal segment. Abdomen as in Discothyrea and Sys-

phincta, the apical segments being hidden under the 2nd, and ante-

flexed. Middle and hind tibiz with one calcar.

Type of genus P. Poweri, described below.

162 Annals of the South African Museum.

P. Powsri, n. sp. (See Text-figures 9, 9a.)

9,2. 1mm. Yellowish rusty red, the legs and antennae paler,

more ochreous. Microscopically coriaceous, the 1st abdominal segment

also faintly and transversely rugulose.. Dull, the 2nd abdominal

segment with a slight gloss. Head as long as wide, very convex above,

hardly narrowed in front, the sides feebly convex, the posterior margin

straight. The single lamella formed by the fused frontal carinae is

short, not passing the anterior fifth of the head. Hyes flat, composed

G. (sub9. IE, eptoporne) ru efi “gas fer: ko)

Fies. 9, 9a. Frias. 10, 10a.

of several ill-defined facets (9 ?), and situated at the anterior third of

the head. Scape extending to the middle of the head. Anterior

margin of clypeus convex. Pronotum produced in front into a distinct

neck, the anterior angles rounded ; the pronotum hasa short and steep

face in front, which is rounded above at its junction with the surface

of the dorsum. Thorax nearly twice as long as it is wide across the

pronotal angles, where it is widest; the dorsal profile forms a very

low curve, sloping towards the declivity. The latter nearly vertical,

fairly sharply delimited from the dorsum, faintly submargined. Epi-

notal angles rounded. Petiole a little wider behind than in front, a

little wider than long, the anterior angles rounded, the anterior face

straight ; the ventral lamella with a broad tooth near its base, pointing

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 163

downwards and slightly forwards. First abdominal segment about as

long as wide, decidedly longer than the 2nd; the constriction

between them moderate. Legs fairly long. Other characters as for

genus.

Kimberley. (Power.) Type in my coll.

Trine PONERINI.*

Genus GLYPHOPONH, Forel.

Rev. Zool. Afric., vol. 2, p. 3808, 1913.

_ Suz-Genus LEPTOPONE, s-g. n.

Characters.

Q. Mandibles triangular, with 6 strong teeth. Clypeus with the

median area moderately raised, convex, and slightly produced in front

(nothing like so much as in Paltothyreus), the lateral margins of the

median area tumid, hardly carinate, the space between almost flat or

only very shallowly concave, not deeply excavated as in Gilyphopone,

s.str. Theclypeus is produced backwards between the frontal carinae,

and is confluent with the frontal suleus, which extends almost to the

anterior ocellus. Antennae 12-jointed, the scape widening towards

the apex, strongly compressed or flattened along its whole length.

Abdomen elongate, as long as the head and thorax. Wings with 2

closed cubital cells, 2 discoidal and 1 submedian (in the type of the

genus there are 3 cubital, 2 discoidal and 2 submedian, one of the

latter very small). Tibiae and metatarsi of middle pair of legs, and

the metatarsi of the hind pair of legs furnished with rows of spines.

All the femora compressed laterally, the anterior femora strongly so.

Middle and hind tibiae with two strong calcaria, the inner pectinate.

Claws simple.

Type of sub-genus, L. rufigaster, described below.

G. (Sus-Grenus LeproponEe) RUFIGASTER, sp.n. (See Text-figs.

10, 10a.)

2. 14mm. Head black, slightly castaneous on the clypeus ; thorax

black, petiole dark reddish brown, abdomen castaneous red. Legs,

scapes, and mandibles castaneous, the margins of the latter blackish,

flagellum dark brownish red, the apical joint paler. Smooth and very

shining. Exceedingly sparsely and finely punctured, the piligerous

* Pace 36.

164 Annals of the South African Musewn.

punctures larger than the others; the extreme anterior margin of the

mesonotum finely and rather closely punctured. Pilosity very sparse,

consisting of stout, suberect, yellowish hairs, fairly long on the pro-

notum and abdomen, shorter elsewhere. A very scanty pubescence

on the legs and antennae. Head, excluding the mandibles, as long as

wide behind, wider behind than in front, posterior margin very

shallowly concave, the angles rounded. LHyes large, not very convex,

placed in the middle of the sides, ocelli present. An oblique and

shallow groove or elongate fovea lies on the inner border of each

frontal carinae, along the posterior half. First joint of flagellum as

long as wide, 2nd—9th joints wider than long, 10th about as long as

wide, the apical joint twice as long as wide, as long as the 9th and

10th together. Pronotum widely exposed above, convex transversely

and lengthwise; mesonotum moderately convex, the parapsidal sutures

feeble. Scutellum trapezoid, its posterior margin convex, sloping

downwards posteriorly and hardly raised above the level of the meta-

notum; the latter rather long, quite one-quarter the length of the

scutellum. Epinotum sloping from its base downwards, merging into

the declivity by a deep curve, wider than long, shorter than the

declivity, the latter convex transversely and vertical. Petiole twice as

wide as long, wider above than below, the dorsal surface moderately

convex transversely and lengthwise ; the anterior face vertical, concave

dorso-ventrally and convex transversely ; posterior face very steep

or almost vertical; ventral lamella produced into a large triangular

tooth. Base of abdomen subtruncate, slanting a little forwards (as

also the petiole). Abdomen elongate, cylindrical, parallel-sided, two

and four-fifths longer than wide, the constriction between the Ist and _

2nd segments feeble. Wings dirty yellowish, nervures dark brown,

stigma black. Other characters as for the sub-genus.

Victoria Falls. Type in my collection.

I retain this species under the genus Glyphopone, since it appears

to me that its points of resemblance with that genus (metatarsal and

tibial spines, the polished integument, and structure of the node) are

of greater value than the points of difference.

Sus-Fammny MYRMICINAH, Mayr.

Ver. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 5, p. 299, 1855.

Characters.

Petiole 2-jointed in all the sexes; very rarely (Melissotarsus) the

2nd joint is nearly as wide as the Ist abdominal segment. Pupae not

enclosed in cocoons.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 165

®. The frontal carinae are nearly always separated, rarely close

together, divergent or slightly convergent behind and rarely lobed

anteriorly.

2. Usually winged ; not often ergatoid, generally larger than the 9 ,

¢. Anal segment with cerci; armature usually partly exserted.

In a few species ergatoid and apterous.

This sub-family is the largest of the five, comprising for South

Africa alone nearly 300 species, races, and varieties. Its classifica-

tion is attended with considerable difficulty, not only in the higher

ranks, but also often within the limits of the genera. If in some

genera, e.g. Monomorium, Cremastogaster, we make a visual examina-

tion of a series of forms which have been described as distinct, it may

not be difficult to perceive the individuality of each form or of each

of the links, sometimes very numerous, which connect up the extremes

of one or more species. That which enables us to appreciate the

distinctive character in such a case, is the sum total produced by a

combination of characters, often very slight, in the colour, punctura-

tion, gloss, and size of the insect. But although more or less readily

perceptible to the eye, the specific distinction of each form is far less

easily defined in words by the very reason of its composite nature.

This statement applies more particularly to the construction of

analytical keys having the succinct character which such aids to

rapid determination should possess. It is therefore essential that the

student should give careful attention to the remarks made on the

general structural features in the introductory paragraph to each

genus, since the characters used in the key are considered in direct

relation to the general morphology exhibited by the genus or by the

majority of its members.

A far greater range of variation in habits and structure is shown in

this sub-family than in any of the others. The majority of the

species are mainly carnivorous, but there are some genera which are

graminivorous. Nearly all have a partiality for sugary substances,

and many tend aphides for the sake of the honey-dew excreted by

those insects. The tribe Attini of the New World is perhaps one of

_ the most remarkable of all, since it comprises the ‘“ leaf-cutting” or

“fungus-growing ” ants, species which feed exclusively on fungi

cultivated in their nests. It is also to be noted that a very large

number of myrmecophilous insects are found in the nests of Myrmi-

cine ants.

I have endeavoured to give with the descriptions of the species

those facts concerning their habits which have so far been ascertained,

but it must be admitted that such are painfully meagre, when not

166 Annals of the South African Museum.

altogether absent. ‘There is, therefore, in this sub-family, as, indeed,

is the case with the whole family, a large and magnificent field for

patient work and observation, whereby a rich harvest may be reaped

by naturalists in South Africa. The use of monographs should not

be merely to aid the collector to identify the specimens in his cabinet,

but more especially to enable the field-naturalist to study the living

animal, and to assign his observations correctly to those species on

which they are made, so that such data may be definitely recorded for

reference and study by others.

The scheme of classification herewith adopted for the tribes is that

which has recently been proposed by Prof. C. Emery, in a paper

entitled ‘ Intorno alla classificazione dei Myrmicinae” (Rendiconto d.

Sess. R. Acad. d. Scienze d. Inst. Bologna, January, 1914), and the

following key has been adapted for the tribes found in South Africa,

from the key published by him in those pages. Owing to the fact

that this work is being published from time to time in parts, and to ~

the lengthy study required by the tribe Pheidolini, I have not found

it practicable to treat of the tribes in the order in which they appear

in this key. This is, I believe, not a point of much importance, since

in the present state of our knowledge it is not possible to make any

definite assertions as to the phylogenetic relationship of one tribe to

another.

Key to the Tribes of Myrmicinae found in South Africa.

‘Section I. PROMYRMICINAE, Emery.

Clypeus not prolonged backwards between the frontal carinae, its posterior

margin rounded ; inner calcaria of middle and hind tibiae pectiniform ; ocelli

almost always present in the $.

Antennae 12-jointed inthe $ and 2, 13-jointed in the g, anterior wings with

two closed cubital cells : ; : . Pseudomyrmini, Forel.

Section II. HEUMYRMICINAH, Emery.

Clypeus almost always prolonged backwards between the frontal carinae; if not,

then the calcaria of the middle and hind tibiae are simple or absent; in the

ordinary § the ocelli are not developed, in strongly dimorphic species they may be

more or less visible in the & major or LY.

A. All the calearia pectiniform (not South African).

Myrmicini, F. Smith, Emery emend.

AA. Calcaria of the middle and hind tibie simple or absent.

B, Anterior wings with two closed cubital cells (except in some extra-

South African genera); antennae 12-jointed in the § and 2, 13-jointed

in the g (except in a small number of Pheidole and extra-South African

genera) é , : : C . Pheidolini, Emery.

HH.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 167

. Anterior wings with one closed cubital cell.

. Head not cordiform inthe § and 2°.

. Frontal carinae close together; thorax unarmed, without sutures or

dorsal impressions in the § : : . Melissotarsini, Emery.

. Frontal carinae more or less distant.

. Antennae 7-jointed, without a distinct club in the § and 9 ; 13-jointed

inthe g. Epinotum armed, abdomen cordiform in the g.

Myrmicarini, Forel.

. Antenne with more than 7 joints in the § and @.

. Antennal fossa delimited on the inner side only by the frontal carinae ;

antennae generally 12- or 13-jointed in the ¢.

. Anterior wings with the radial cell largely incomplete; the cubital

joins the radial, but does not go beyond it; the brachial unites with

the medial; 3 generally apterous : . Cardiocondylini, Emery.

. Anterior wings with the radial cell variable; the cubital unites with

the radial by a veinlet ; the cubital more or less long (Solenopsis type) ;

in some genera and groups (a large number of Cremastogaster and

Monomorium and some smaller genera allied to them) the cubital vein

shortens so much as to disappear (Formica type).

. The 2nd joint of the petiole articulates with the upper surface of the

abdomen . ; . Cremastogastrini, Forel.

The 2nd joint of the merle pricaletcs with the basal apex of the

abdomen.

. Characters negative, genera which cannot be placed within any of the

others ; radial cell generally closed. Mayrian furrows generally distinct

me Wave) Gg F . Myrmecinini, Ashmead.

. Thorax of the $ eeuallyy snonts promesonotum large; epinotum with

the dorsum very short or obsolete, the spines situated very low; in

Meranoplus the mesonotum projects beyond the epinotum. Antennae

9 to 12-jointed in the $ and 2, and usually more or less retractile into

a scrobe. Mayrian furrows well defined in the ¢, which has the

antennae 13-jointed . 6 : . Meranoplini, Emery.

. Antennae 11 to 12-jointed in the $ pad 2, more rarely 7 to 10, usually

with a 2 or 3-jointed club; antennae in the ¢ 12 or 18-jointed, rarely 11;

anterior wings with the radial cell always open. Mayrian furrows

indistinct in the g (except Monomorium) . . Solenopsidini, Forel.

. Antennae in the § and @ 9 to 11-jointed, with a club usually of 2

joints ; wings with radial cell always closed and with a large discoidal.

Mayrian furrows absent. j : . Pheidologetini, Emery.

. Cubital vein of the anterior wing united with the radial, or is connected

with it by a very short veinlet (Formica type).

. Antenne in the § and @ 12-jointed, without a club; 1st joint of the

petiole elongate, abdomen small and pyriform, thorax unarmed, without

sutures or clear impressions on the dorsum. Antennae 13-jointed in the

3g, the scape very short; anterior wings with the radial cell closed.

Ocymyrmicini, Emery.

. Antennae in the § and 2 11 or 12-jointed, club of 2 or 3 joints; antennae

in the ¢ of more than 10 joints ; epinotum generally armed.

Leptothoracini, Emery.

168 Annals of the South African Museum.

e@. Antennae in the § and ¢ with 10 to 12 joints; clypeus with a trans-

verse and high carina on the posterior margin, separating the clypeus

from the antennal fossa; antennae in the g 10-jointed, 4 joints having

been fused into one long joint : : . Tetramoriini, Emery.

FF. Antennal fossa delimited on the inner side by a carina which passes

below the eyes and does not correspond (at least in its posterior portion)

to the frontal carina ; antennae 11-jointed in all the sexes.

Cataulacini, Emery.

(Ze. G@. Head cordiform, excavated behind and much narrowed in front:

antennae in the § and 2 with from 4 to 12 joints,in the g with 13

joints; radial cell open . : 3 c . Dacetini, Forel.

In the following key, the order in which the genera are placed is no

indication of their natural affinities, the latter being treated of under

the headings of the tribes. The ¢d and ? 9? being insufficiently

known, no key for the identification of those sexes can be constructed

which would be of any practical value. The reader should be re-

minded that, as in the case of the three preceding sub-families, the

petiole is treated of as a distinct region, in the Myrmicinae composed

of 2 joints, and that the abdominal segment which articulates with

the 2nd joint of the petiole is referred to as the Ist abdominal

segment. The Ist joint of the petiole usually consists of an anterior

stalk or peduncle, articulating in front to the epinotum, and bearing

behind a swollen portion, the node. The 2nd joimt (2nd node) is

rarely, if ever, pedunculate in front, but it may be more or less

narrowed in its posterior half. The structure of the petiole is of

considerable diagnostic value, and in order to avoid frequent repetition

the following remarks on the shape of the organ should be carefully

noted.

Inthe ©, the relative proportions of the node and the peduncle of

the Ist joint are very variable. The node may be so large as to

render the peduncular portion almost obsolete, as in Meranoplus,

Sima, and Cataulacus; or the node may be of such a shape that no

definite line of demarcation can be drawn between a nodal and a

peduncular region, Leptothorax, many species of Pheidole.

The shape of the node is very diverse. It is usually more or less

wedge-shaped, or a combination of a wedge and a cone, or it may be

more or less cuboid. When the faces of the wedge are approximated

and the sides also compressed, it merges into a more or less squamiform .

node, as in Tetramorium squaminode. On the other hand, when the

faces of the wedge are very oblique, we have a tectiform node, as in

Cataulacus. Again, if the faces and sides of a wedge are rounded, a

more or less conical shape is produced. Such a shape, with the apex

very considerably rounded, is one of the commonest, and when much

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 169

rounded above and flattened, passes into the hemispherical. When

the apex of the node is directed more forwards than upwards, the

Nyrmicaria io Myr nnicarta wie Swe §

WOW e

S0tp Co7m/CR

is) Pheide!3 lgpecelifere. a AlopormylITeX .

weage- shapek WON e

ey} Monomorium albopifesun? O° TELIA POT ITE. g.

Sub-conical mode . CaLoiad rode.

dorsal view latera/ yiew dorsal yiew.

Cataulacus ELTA SESE Ta LY¢ color.

becki Lorrm rode. IG ua 7 fOr ln pode,

G eal LES: Le ylode, spaced. fV osteriar face of fhe

- edupycle LaMed sii: HE ye i rade.

pa- (ose £7/o7 WEY “face of lia mole . 1st yore yA Mick oblige

Qa: 40ex, af anterior face ta Bl Tea <punec

Fies. 11-18.

posterior face acquires a more or less dorsal position (= posterior-

dorsal face) ; this is frequently the case in the 9 and @, even when

the apex is directed upwards in the 5 (Monomorium, Pheidole, and

others). In the ¢, the node is commonly less distinct than in the 9

or 2 (see Figs.ll and 13). In measurements of the node, the length

170 Annals of the South African Musewm.

is taken along its ventral surface, where it is longest; however it is

difficult at times to decide where the node ends and where the peduncle

begins. In these cases, the relative proportions of the two parts can

only be considered approximate.

In Cremastogaster, there is no node in the strict sense of the term,

since the first jomt of the petiole has the form of a very oblique

squame, the two faces of which are placed more or less dorsal and

ventral respectively, united to the epimotum by a very short and

narrow articular portion.

In Myrmicaria §, the node, which is more or less subconic, is very

sharply defined; it serves as a very good example to illustrate the

distinction between the two portions of the lst jomt. In Tetramorium

and some other genera, the node is often cuboid and furnished with a

more or less distinct peduncle.

The 2nd joint is usually thicker in front than behind. It is also

generally narrower behind, but is never so much so as to form a

distinct peduncle attaching it to the abdomen. It varies less in shape

than the Ist joint. The ventral lamella of the Ist jomt is not often

produced into a spine or tooth, as 1s so frequently the case in the

Ponerinae.

The above remarks serve to show that the shape of the nodes cannot

often be described accurately in one word, and such expressions as

cuboid, conical, wedge-shaped, etc., must be understood as being only

approximate definitions.

Key to the Genera of the Myrmicinae, 9 ©.

(2). 1. Clypeus not prolonged backwards between the frontal carinae, which

are placed more or less close together. Antennae 12-jointed.

Sima, Roger.

(1). 2. Clypeus prolonged backwards between the frontal carinae, which are

more or less widely separated.

(4). 3. Petiole attached to the dorsal surface of the abdomen.

Cremastogaster, Lund.

(8). 4. Petiole attached to the basal apex of the abdomen, below the dorsal

surface.

(10). 5. Head strongly cordiform, narrow in front, deeply emarginate behind,

the posterior angles strongly rounded.

(9). 6. Antennae 6-jointed.

(8). 7. Antennal scrobe present ; head without spines ; a spongy mass covers

the petiole, at least in part; hairs spatulate . Strwmigenys, Smith.

(7). 8. Antennal scrobe absent; head spined posteriorly; petiole without

a spongy covering; hairs simple . : Microdaceton, Santschi.

(6). 9. Antennae 4- aatraAl c 0 . Epitritus, Emery.

(5). 10. Head not strongly cordiform, nor dlesity emarginate behind.

(35). 11.

(20). 12.

(14). 18.

(13). 14.

(18). 15.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 171

Antennae with 11 joints or less.

Antennal scrobes present.

The antennal scrobe lies below and external to the eye; posterior

angles of the head more or less’prolonged and denticulate. Epinotum

armed. Antennae 11-jointed : : . Cataulacus, Smith.

The antennal scrobe les above the eye ; posterior angles of the head

not prolonged and denticulate.

Pro- and mesonotum more or less distinct, not forming a single

piece which overhangs the epinotum.

(17). 16. Antennae 11-jointed

(16 6b). 16a. Hairs simple d c : : Xiphomyrmex, Forel.

(16a). 166. Hairs spatulate . , : ‘ . Dicroaspis, Emery.

(16). 17. Antennae 10-jointed : ' Sub-genus Decamorium, Forel.

(15). 18. Pro- and mesonotum more or less fused into a single disc, the poste-

(12). 20.

(2), 210

(21). 22.

(24). 23.

(23). 24.

(30). 25.

(29). 26.

aye

(27). 28.

(26). 29.

(25). 30.

(82). 31.

(31). 32.

(34). 33.

(33). 34,

CU). 35:

(37). 36.

(36). 37.

(39). 38

(38.) 39.

rior margin of which overhangs the epinotum. Antennae 9-jointed.

Meranoplus, Smith:

Antennal scrobes absent.

First joint of all the tarsi, or at least of the anterior or the posterior

tarsi greatly enlarged, as wide as the tibiae. Thorax without trace

of sutures. Antennae 6-jointed . i Melissotarsus, Emery.

First joint of the tarsi simple, not enlarged; antennae with more

than 6 joints.

Antennae 7-jointed : : Myrmicaria, Saunders.

Antennae with more than 7 ome

Antennae 11-jointed.

Epinotum unarmed or at the most feebly bituberculate. $ % usually

monomorphic.

Clypeus bicarinate, or with carinae at least faintly indicated.

Monomorium, Mayr (part).

Clypeus without carinae . . Diplomorium, Mayr.

Epinotum bidentate; % $ Sone ly dimershics the % 24 with very

large elongated heads ; : : Aneleus, Emery.

Antennae with less than 11 oneal

Antennae 9-jointed (g¢ 18-jointed, 2 10-jointed). % % very small,

g and enormously larger than the § Carebara, Westwood.

Antennae 10-jointed.

Dimorphism of the $ % but slightly marked, or if not, the head of

the § major is subquadrate or broader than long.

Solenopsis, Westwood.

Dimorphism of the $ § strongly marked ; head of the $ major (2£)

elongate : 5 ; A . Aeromyrma, Forel.

Antennae 12- ented:

At least some of the hairs on the body spatulate.

Calyptomyrmex, Emery.

Hairs on the body not spatulate but simple, or trifid (most species of

Triglyphothrix), or slightly clavate (Leptothorax).

. First node of petiole bidentate or bispinose above.

Atopomyrmex, André.

First node of petiole simple.

172 Annals of the South African Museum.

(41). 40. Middle and hind tibiae without calcaria; no clavate hairs present.

Cardiocondyla, Emery.

(40). 41. Middle and hind tibiae with calcaria ; if not, then the erect hairs on

the body are more or less clavate.

(47). 42. Posterior border of the clypeus raised in the form of a trenchant

ridge bordering the antennal fossa (rather feeble in Rhoptromyrmex).

(44). 43. Epinotum unarmed; no antennal scrobe. First joint of petiole

usually laterally compressed : ‘ Rhoptromyrimesx, Mayr.

(43.) 44. Epinotum armed ; antennal scrobes usually present.

(46). 45. Erect hairs simple . . Tetramorium, Mayr.

(45). 46. Erect hairs usually trifid. odes of petiole usually strongly trans-

verse : : . Sub-genus ZVriglyphothriz, Forel.

(42). 47. Posterior border of Ge clypeus not raised in the form of a ridge.

(49). 48. Flagellum without a distinct club; $ § polymorphic.

Messor, Forel.

(48). 49. Flagellum with a more or less distinct club.

(or): 50. Clypeus usually bicarinate; $ % rarely polymorphic.

Monomorium, Mayr (part).

(6 0). 51. Clypeus not bicarinate, occasionally with a median carina.

(53.) 52. % % strongly dimorphic, consisting of 1{ 1{ with very large heads,

and an ordinary § caste; more rarely polymorphic (sub-genus

Allopheidole) : 4 : E Pheidole, Westwood.

(52). 58. 8 Y monomorphic.

(55). 54. The peduncle of the 1st joint of the petiole very long; thoracic

sutures almost or entirely obliterated . . Ocymyrmex, Emery.

(54). 55. The peduncle of the first joint of the petiole not very long.

(57). 56. Epinotum unarmed ; erect hairs not clavate ; no antennal scrobes.

Tetramyrma, Forel.

(56). 57. Epinotum usually armed; erect hairs clavate; a shallow indication

of the antennal scrobes sometimes present. Middle and hind tibiae

without calcaria : : ; . Leptothorax, Mayr.

The above key apples only to the species so far known from South

Africa. In many species of Pheidole the club of the antennae is by no

means sharply defined, hardly more than in the genus Messor, but in

the latter genus the largest workers are connected with the smallest

by a gradual series of intermediate forms, and the head, although

perhaps much larger, does not differ materially in shape from that of

the smallest workers. In Pheidole, on the other hand, the workers

are dimorphic (with the exception of the sub-genus Allopheidole, in

which there are intermediate grades between the 1% and the 9 ),the %

being sharply differentiated from the 9%, and having a differently

shaped head.

In some species of Leptothoraz, the posterior margin of the clypeus

is slightly raised in a ridge posteriorly, but the clavate hairs and the

absence of calcaria to the middle and hind tibie will serve to dis-

tinguish them from the members of the tribe Tetramoriini.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 173

The frontal carinae in Melissotarsus are placed close together as in

the genus Sima, but the absence of thoracic sutures, the structure of

the metatarsus, and the 6-jointed antennae easily serve to distinguish

them from the latter genus.

Section I. PROMYRMICINAE, Emery.

Tring PSEUDOMYRMINI, Forel.

; Genus SIMA, Roger.

Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 7, p. 178, 1864.

Characters.

%. Head more or less rectangular, somewhat truncate in profile

anteriorly, the clypeus and mandibles being placed vertically below

the anterior face of the head; antennae 12-jointed, slightly thickened

towards the apex; eyes usually very large. Thoracic sutures distinct ;

the metanotum, usually not recognisable in the majority of % ants,

is more or less distinct in this genus. Hpinotum high, unarmed.

Abdomen more or less cylindrical and elongate. Sting exserted.

% & dimorphic in S. ambigua, race rhodesiana, but the dimorphism is

confined to the structure of the head.

29 & g. Very similar to the $, except for the usual sexual differ-

ences in the structure of the thorax. 4, antennae 13-jointed.

The members of this genus are almost all tree-ants, nesting in

hollow twigs or thorns, or in hollow reeds. Our two commonest

species, ambigua-rhodesiana and natalensis-bulawayana, are very partial

to the Acacia horrida. They are very quick ants, and have a habit of

sliding, on the approach of danger, to the opposite side of the leaf

or branch, or of dropping to the ground. ‘The sting is powerful, and

readily used.

Key to the Species of Sima, 9 9 *

(2). 1. Large and stout species. Frontal carinae wider apart than in the other

species of the genus; 3 ocelli well developed.

(Sub-genus Pachysima, Emery), aethiops, Smith.

(1). 2. Smaller and more slender species ; frontal carinae closer together.

(6). 3. Pronotum with distinct anterior angles, sharply margined. 2 or 3

distinct ocelli 4 . (sub-genus Sima, s. str.)

(5). 4. Colour yellow or brownish yellow ; 6-8 mm. long natalensis, Smith.

* T am indebted to Prof. fates for valuable advice in the construction of

this key.

174 Annals of the South African Museum.

(4). 5. Colour blackish; 45 mm.long . ; Andrei, Mayr.

(3). 6. Pronotum with anterior angles rounded ; sell rudimentary or absent.

Small species : : ; Gals -genus Tetraponera, Smith.)

(14). 7. Colour black or brown, or, if yellow, head and thorax smooth and

shining (var. durbanensis, Forel, S. clypeata).

(9). 8. Clypeus angular inthe middle . : f Penzigi, Mayr.

(8). 9. Clypeus quadri- or quinque-dentate, or bicarinate and bidentate.

(11). 10. Clypeus with two longitudinal carinae ending in minute teeth at the

anterior margin. . : : é Inengmei, Forel.

(10). 11. Clypeus without lesaet one carinae.

(18). 12. Clypeus quadri-dentate : c clypeata, Emery.

(12). 18. Clypeus quinque-dentata, the median Hanh small, much smaller than

the inner pair of teeth. . : clypeata, race Braunsi, Forel.

(7). 14. Yellow or reddish yellow species; head and thorax not smooth and

shining.

(20). 15. Pronotum margined, at least laterally.

(17). 16. Clypeus emarginate in the middle , . bifoveolata, Mayr.

(16). 17. Clypeus not emarginate.

(19). 18. Anterior margin of clypeus produced in the middle into a rectangular

lobe . : : ambigua, Hmery.

(18). 19. Anterior margin ee Bien not toned eo tridentate in the ¢$

minor, distinctly soin the $ major.

ambigua, var. rhodesiana, Forel.

(15). 20. Pronotum not margined. Clypeus with five teeth on the anterior

margin, the two outermost teeth the smallest. Eyes occupying nearly

one-third of the sides of the head; 4°5 mm. lone Emeryi, Forel.

S. (Sub-Genus Pacuysima, Emery) arruiors, Smith.

Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 71, 1877. (Sub-Genus) Ann. Soc. Ent.

Belg., vol. 56, p. 97, 1912. Santschi, Rev. Zool. Africaine, vol. i,

10s A075 -B4 IISOL,

©. 9-9°6mm. Black; tibie, tarsi and antenne castaneous brown.

A very fine and adpressed pubescence on the whole body, denser on

the flagellum and abdomen than elsewhere. Clypeus and apex of

abdomen with a few long, yellowish, exserted hairs. Shining, espe-

cially the head ; the thorax duller than the abdomen. Head and

thorax closely and finely punctured. The punctures are scantier on

the vertex of the head than on the cheeks; the punctures on the

pronotum are larger but shallower than elsewhere. Nodes and abdo-

men shallowly but closely punctured ; the punctures are smaller on

the 2nd node than on the Ist, and very fine on the abdomen. Legs

shining and shallowly punctured.

Head as wide as long, a little narrower in front than behind. Eyes

large, placed a little behind the middle of the head. Three distinct,

but small and flat ocelli. Clypeus with the lateral angles rounded and

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 175

prominent; the anterior margin is shallowly concave in the middle

and narrowly inflected, the median area is aciculate and coarsely

punctured. The mandibles are broad, with 4 strong teeth, and

coarsely striate. The frontal carinae are much further apart than in

species of the other sub-genera, and slightly convex externally. The

scape is short, not extending beyond the level of the middle of the

eyes, the 3rd—10th joints of the flagellum wider than long. A shining,

median, impressed line extends from the posterior margin of the

clypeus to about the middle of the vertex.

Pronotum wider than long, the sides distinctly convex, the shoulders

obtuse but prominent. Mesonotum more closely and deeply punctured

than the pronotum, as long as wide, the anterior border semi-circular.

Epinotum convex lengthwise, nearly as long as the pro- and meso-

notum together, quite one-third longer than wide ; the dorsum merges

into the oblique declivity by a gradual curve. The Ist joint of the

petiole has a very short peduncle; the node is convex above trans-

versely and longitudinally, wider than long, considerably narrowed

behind ; the ventral lamella at the extreme base is produced into a

short, sharp spine, pointing downwards, and just behind it hes

another, but rounded, projection. The 2nd node is widest in the

middle, about one-third wider than the Ist, convex above. Seen from

above, the lateral margins are very convex. The ventral surface is

produced anteriorly into a fairly sharp prominence. The sides of both

nodes slope steeply inwards.

2. 155 mm. Colour as in the &. Head, thorax, and nodes

shining, abdomen nitidulous. Pubescence greyish-black and very

fine, dense on the abdomen and 2nd node, much sparser elsewhere.

A few long, yellowish, pilose hairs on the clypeus, nodes, and abdomen.

Puncturation in the main like that of the 9, but stronger and much

more abundant on the nodes and abdomen, and scantier on the thorax.

Head a little longer than wide, very little narrower in front than

behind, almost parallel-sided, about as long as the pro- and mesonotum

taken together. Pronotum widely exposed above, not much lower

than the mesonotum, narrower in front than behind, convex trans-

versely, the shoulders rounded and not angularasinthe $. Scutellum

as long as wide, feebly convex transversely and longitudinally, not

quite half as long as the mesonotum. Dorsum of epinotum one and

a half times wider than long, slightly longer than the declivity. The

latter almost vertical, with the brow strongly rounded. Nodes similar

to those of the 9, but the ventral lamelle of both nodes are produced

into much larger and deeper teeth. Otherwise like the 9 (described

from a deilated West African specimen).

176 Annals of the South African Musewn.

“ @, 135mm. Black. The anterior tarsi and base of the genital

armature testaceous. Subopaque. Sculpture and pilosity as in the

2. Head a little wider than long. Posterior margin of the head

straight, the posterior corners rectangular and rounded. The oval

and very oblique eyes occupy the median two fourths of the sides of

the head. Frontal area strongly impressed. Clypeus without a

carina. Mandibles with 5 or 6 unequal teeth. First joint of the

flagellum longer than wide; the 2nd joint a little less long than the

scape. The declivity of the epinotum slightly convex in all directions,

a little longer than the dorsum. Wings brownish black, the nervures

darker, the stigma black. First joint of the petiole channelled in its

anterior half, feebly convex behind. Second node as long as wide.

Genital armature exserted, the distal portion of the blackish stipes

strongly excised inwards, and ending in a lanciform point, turned

inwards and backwards.”

South Africa. (G. A. coll.)

S. (Sub-genus Sra, s. str.) NATALENSIS, Smith.

Cat. Hymen. Brit. Mus., vol. 6, p. 160, 9 1858.

®. @mm. Dark ochreous yellow, somewhat darker and reddish on

the head, the flagellum darker towards the apex, the masticatory

margins of the mandibles blackish. Dull, very finely and closely

punctured all over, the puncturation of the head a little stronger.

Pubescence very short, microscopic, a few long hairs on the clypeus,

scapes, and apical segment of the abdomen.

Head longer than wide, the sides feebly convex, the posterior angles

moderately rounded. The median area of the clypeus is slightly pro-

duced forwards, and obtusely tridentate. The frontal carinae raised

in front, divergent posteriorly. Mandibles longitudinally striate,

quadridentate. The scape does not extend back quite as far as the

middle of the eyes ; the 1st joint of the flagellum is half as long again

as the 2nd. The eyes occupy more than one-third of the sides of the

head, and are situated at about the middle. The two posterior ocelli

are present. The whole thorax is marginate at the sides and in front,

the margin blackish ; the sides and the dorsal surface of the thorax

meet in a right angle. The pronotum is widest in front, and two-

thirds wider than it is long; the promeso- and mesometanotal sutures

distinct. The mesonotum is two and a half times wider than long,

and but half as long as the pronotum. The metanotum is feebly

defined at the sides posteriorly. The epinotum is nearly one-third

longer than the rest of the thorax, and nearly twice as long as wide,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 177

and widest at its posterior third. The dorsum of the epinotum is not

clearly delimited from the declivity, into which it merges by an even

eurve. The Ist joint of the petiole is not pedunculate; it is very

convex above lengthwise, the dorsal surface, half as long again as

wide, is margined laterally and sharply delimited from the sides.

The 2nd joint of the petiole is widest behind, about as long as wide,

and one-third wider than the Ist joint. The abdomen is elongate, the

sides almost straight, the lst segment a little longer than wide.

?. 92mm. Similar to the >, excepting the usual sexual diffe-

rences. The teeth of the clypeus are a little larger. The mesonotum

is wider than long, and one-quarter longer than the pronotum; the

scutellum transversely oval, half as long as the mesonotum. The

dorsal portion of the epinotum is about as long as the mesonotum,

a little wider than long, and widest at the base; the declivity is less

oblique thaninthe 9. The puncturation of the epinotum is stronger

than in the 9. Deialated.

Durban. (Marley.) South Africa generally. (G. A. coll.)

NATALENSIS, race OBSCURATA, Hmery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 22, 9, 1895.

S. 67mm. This differs from the type in its slightly smaller size

and darker colour, which is ferruginous brown, with the front of the

head, the abdomen, antennae, and legs yellowish brown. The punctu-

ration is slightly stronger, and the Ist joint of the petiole is more

convex longitudinally.

?. 82mm. (hitherto undescribed). Colouring similar to that of

the 9%. It differs from the 9 of the type by the stronger punctura-

tion, especially of the thorax. The mesonotum is also narrower, and

as long as wide. The dorsum of the epinotum is distinctly shorter

and more convex. The Ist joint of the petiole is thinner at the base,

and is shorter and more convex lengthwise than in the type. There

are a few long pilose hairs on the back of the head and on the thorax.

Deilated, otherwise like the ¢.

6. 8mm. Head, thorax, and petiole piceous brown, the sides of

the scutellum and metanotum, the base and apex of the Ist joint

of the petiole, the anterior half of the head below, including the

frontal carinae, the mandibles, scapes, and Ist joint of the flagellum

dirty yellow; flagellum brown, legs yellowish brown, first three

segments of abdomen dirty yellow, but brownish at the margins, the

remaining segments dark brown. Wings hyaline, nervures yellow,

stigma brownish yellow. ‘The pubescence is much longer than in the

178 Annals of the South African Musewn.

2, especially on the petiole and abdomen; there are also a few long,

erect, and blackish hairs on the thorax. The rugulosity of the

surface is much stronger than in the @ ; the posterior half of the

head is strongly and rather closely punctured. The mesonotum is

sparsely but coarsely punctured. The head is slightly shining on the

vertex, the rest of the body dull. Head longer than wide, sides rather

convex, posterior margin nearly straight, wider behind the eyes than

in front. The eyes occupy about two-thirds of the sides of the head,

and are placed a little in front of the middle. Ocelli large, on a

slightly raised area. Mandibles shining, feebly and sparsely punc-

tured, armed with 5 teeth. Clypeus feebly convex transversely, with

an obtuse median tubercle. Scape of antenna two and one-third times

as long as the Ist joint of the flagellum, not reaching back to the

posterior third of the eyes. First joint of flagellum very short, about

as long as wide, all the remaining joints very much longer than wide;

the antenna reaches back as far as the base of the 2nd joint of the

petiole. Pronotum exposed above, short, convex transversely. Meso-

notum a little longer than wide, with the scutellum a little longer than

the head. The epinotum is somewhat flattened, the dorsum and

declivity not distinctly delimited ; it is widest at the base, and about

as long as wide. First joint of petiole with a short peduncle, the

node twice as long as wide; 2nd joimt conical, widest behind, not

quite half as wide again as the Ist joint. The petiole is not margi-

nate.

Algoa Bay. (Brauns.)

Race OBSCURATA, var. CAFFRA, Santschi.

Goteborgs K. Vetans. och Vitterh. Handl., xv, 2, p. 15, §, 9, @,

1914.

It is necessary to sink this form to the rank of a variety of

obscurata, from which it differs only in the following characters :

&. 6mm. The colour is lighter, especially on the thorax and front

of the head. The posterior half of the head is dark brown, contrast-

ing sharply with the ochreous anterior half. The pronotum is wider ;

the epinotum is much less strongly punctured, and the node of the

Ist joint of the petiole a little narrower and less convex.

?. The eyes are a little longer. The pronotum is also a little

longer and more sharply margined, and anterior angles less rounded.

As inthe 9, the colour is generally paler than in the type of the

race, but the promesonotal suture has a dark blackish spot in the

middle, and the parapsidal sutures are also heavily margined with

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 179

darker colour. The 1st node of the petiole is distinctly narrower than

in the type.

6. 78mm. The author’s description of this sex agrees entirely

with that of the race.

Zululand. (Tragardh.)

Race currensis, Forel, var. BULAWAYANA, Forel.

(Race) Bull. Soc. Vaud., vol. 47, p. 317, 1911. (Var.) Ann. Soc. Ent.

Beles voljom) py llaor lois:

“Smaller than the type of the race, less dull, simply sub-opaque.

The node is also a little narrower, and the head a little shorter ;

otherwise like the type of cwitensis.”

®&. 75 mm. This differs from the type of the species in its

slightly smaller size, in having the sides of the head more parallel, the

epinotum a little more oblique posteriorly, and the Ist joint of the

petiole a little narrower.

?. 85 mm. This is smaller than the type of the species. The

head is more parallel-sided, the epinotum narrower posteriorly, the

denticulations of the clypeus smaller, and the colour a little redder ;

otherwise like the type.

Bulawayo, Plumtree, Bembesi, Victoria Falls. §. Rhodesia, Nest-

ing in the hollow twigs of trees. (S.A.M:, R.M., G.A. colls.)

I have not seen examples of the race cuitensis, and am therefore

obliged to compare this variety with reference to the type of the

pecies.

S. (Sub-genus Sima, s. str.) ANDREI, Mayr.

Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 10, p. 144, $, 1895.

“6. 46 mm. Black, partly piceous, mandibles, scapes and Ist

joint of flagellum, tibiae, tarsi and apex of femora reddish yellow ;

sometimes the tibiae are brownish red-yellow, and the flagellum, except

the Ist joint, yellowish brown. Pilosity almost absent, the decumbent

pubescence very fine, short and dense, visible on the head and thorax

only under a strong magnification. Dull; head and dorsum of thorax

closely and finely punctured, the sides of the pronotum slightly

shining and finely rugulose, the sides of the meso- and metathorax,

the petiole and abdomen rugulose-punctate, although not easily

recognisable on the last, on account of the dense pubescence. The

mandibles coarsely longitudinally striate, and with a few punctures,

the very oblique masticatory margin quadridentate. The head is, as

in Mocquerysi, André, rectangular, longer than wide, parallel-sided.

180 Annals of the South African Musewm.

The short clypeus is arcuately emarginate in the middle of the anterior

margin, but isnot crenelate. The frontal carinae are as in Mocquerysi,

closely approximated, separated only by the frontal sulcus which

reaches back to the neighbourhood of the ocelli, and are divergent

behind, and longer than in Mocquerysi. The scape does not extend

back as far as the anterior third of the eye; the 2nd joint of the

flagellum is as long as wide, the rest, excepting the last joint, wider

than long. Only two ocelli present. The rather large eyes are

situated behind the middle of the sides, and occupy about half the

length of the same. The head is but slightly emarginate behind.

The thorax is not much narrower behind than it is between the

anterior angles of the pronotum ; the latter is reversed trapeze-shaped,

feebly convex above, a little shorter than wide, the side margins with

a sharp, narrow, raised border, the anterior angles rounded and

prominent. The mesonotum is short, semi-circular, twice as wide as

long. The metanotum is separated from the mesonotum by a narrow

sulcus, very short and almost linear in the middle, longer at the sides ;

the metanotum is not distinctly defined from the epinotum. The

epinotum is sharply marginate laterally, the dorsum flat, the brow of

the declivity rounded. The Ist joint of the petiole is triangular, the

sides sharply margined, hardly pedunculate, widening posteriorly,

seen from above flat transversely, but very convex in profile. The 2nd

joint is much wider, but shorter than the Ist, nearly twice as wide as

long. The abdomen is elongate-ovate. The legs are fairly short.”

Delagoa Bay. (Brauns.)

S. (Sub-genus TETRAPONERA, Smith) Penzic1, Mayr.

(Tetraponera) Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), ix, p. 44, 1852. Formicidae

Schwed. Kilimandjaro Exped., 8, p. —, , 9, ¢, 1907.

“6. 31-47 mm. Black, mandibles, articulations of the legs,

tarsi, and often also the tibiae brownish yellowish-red, the antennae

usually reddish yellow with brownish club. Pilosity almost absent,

the adpressed pubescence very sparse. The whole body shining, finely

rugulose and with some scanty punctures, bearing fine hairs; the

front of the head, and to a certain extent the cheeks, longitudinally

striate, the mandibles coarsely rugoso-striate. The mandibles, particu-

larly in the larger specimens, depressed and flattened in the apical

half, the teeth obtuse. Head wider than the thorax, distinctly longer

than wide. The middle portion of the clypeus in the larger § § more

or less angularly produced (strongly so in the ¢). The scape does

not reach back to the posterior margin of the eyes; the 2nd-6th

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 181

joints of the flagellum very short, each about twice as wide as long.

The eyes occupy about one-third of the sides of the head, ocelli

wanting. The pronotum is margined laterally only at the hind

corners; the mesonotum is transverse and oval, shorter than the

pronotum ; the metanotum is shorter than the mesonotum, about twice

as wide as long; the epinotum is but little shorter than the pronotum,

the feebly convex dorsum is longer than the declivity and wider at the

base than at the apex; the brow of the declivity rounded. The first

joint of the petiole is shortly but distinctly pedunculated, the node

rounded, a little wider than long, very little narrower than the 2nd

joint, the ventral lamella compressed. The 2nd jointis transverse and

oval, or pyriform, smaller in front than behind.”

“O. 6mm. Colour, pubescence and puncturation as in the 9, the

punctures on the cheeks larger than on the frons. The middle part of

the clypeus projects very distinctly forwards in a bluntly angular lobe.

The rest of the head as in the 9. The wings feebly tinged with

yellowish brown.”

“¢. 46mm. Black, flagellum brownish yellow, mandibles and tarsi

darker. The pilosity occurs almost only on the ventral surface of the

abdomen. The antennae are thickly clothed with very short erect

hairs; the abdomen moderately pubescent. The mandibles have

moderately long pilose hairs, inserted in coarse punctures; the masti-

catory margin with several teeth, the anterior ones acute. The head

and mesonotum are very finely rugulose and shining, the latter with

some strong piligerous punctures. Scutellum and metanotum smooth,

the nodes of the petiole almost so, the abdomen finely rugulose. The

middle part of the clypeus is strongly arched, ending in front in a

blunt point. The scape of the 12-jointed antenna is quite twice as

long as wide, the 2nd to the penultimate inclusive, sub-equal, and

each about two and a half times longer than wide, the last joint a

little longer. The Ist node of the petiole with a short peduncle and

distinctly longer than wide, below with a flattened projection. The

2nd joint is but little wider than long, but much wider than the Ist.

The wings somewhat paler than in the 2.”

Lehututu, Kalahari. (Schultze.)

S. (Sub-genus Trerrarona) Lienemet, Forel.

Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 9, p. 88, 9, ¢, 1894.

“6. 34-3°7 mm. Mandibles with 4to 5 teeth, the external margins

almost straight, shining, feebly punctured and striate. Head elongate

and rectangular, one and a half times as long as wide, somewhat

182 Annals of the South African Museum.

wider and more convex behind. Hyes in the middle of the sides of

the head. Clypeus with two very small median carinae placed close

together, each ending in front in a blunt tooth. Scape very short,

half as long as the distance between the antennal sockets and the

occipital margin. Flagellum thick, the joints excepting the first and

last, wider than long. Pronotum rounded, as wide as long, flattened

above. The metanotum is nearly as long and as wide as the meso-

notum, the latter wider than long. The epinotum is fairly convex, |

the dorsum as long as the declivity, the brow of the latter rounded.

The epinotum is as high as the mesonotum. ‘The thoracic segments

are separated by deep sulci, but are not constricted. First joint of

petiole with a short peduncle, both jomts short, thick, wide, and

roundly pyriform ; the Ist, excluding the peduncle, hardly longer than

wide behind, the 2nd much wider than long. Abdomen elongate-

ovate, fairly pointed posteriorly. Antennae and legs short and thick.

Very shining, very finely and shallowly reticulate ; head almost quite

smooth. Pilosity nearly entirely absent, only a few thin hairs round

the mouth and apex of abdomen. Pubescence very sparse. Brownish

black, legs and flagellum brown, mandibles and anterior margin of

the head brownish red. Scape, base of the flagellum, the ends of the

tarsi, and articulations of the iegs yellowish.

S$. 47mm. Wings clear. Clypeus produced triangularly in the

middle in front. Head oval, longer than wide. Petioleas in the 9.

Antennae blackish brown, margins of the mandibles reddish; legs

brown, tarsi yellowish. All the rest of the body black, shining.

Much wider and with a wider petiole than clypeata, and with quite a

differently shaped clypeus. The very strongly developed metanotum

gives this species a very distinctive appearance.”

Delagoa Bay. (iengme.)

S. (Sub-genus TETRAPONERA) CLYPEATA, Emery. (Plate V, figs.

50, 50a.)

Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., vol. 18, p. 361,-9 , 1886.

©. 36-4mm. Black, mandibles ferruginous, legs brownish black,

tarsi and articulations reddish brown, antennae reddish yellow, darken-

ing to brown towards the base and the apex. Very smooth and shining.

Head, thorax, and abdomen microscopically rugulose, with a few fine

punctures ; the anterior half of the head rather closely but very finely

and shallowly punctured. Pubescence exceedingly sparse and micro-

scopical, except on the antennae, where it is dense and longer. Clypeus

and last three abdominal segments with a few long, erect, pilose

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 183

hairs. Head widest between the eyes, nearly one-third longer than

wide, the posterior angles very rounded. Hyes placed in the middle

of the sides of the, head, occupying a little more than one quarter of

the latter; a trace of the anterior ocellus present. Median portion of

clypeus raised and produced; the anterior margin of the protruded

area 1s quadridentate (see fig. 50, Plate V) ; the inner pair of teeth are

larger and further apart from each other than they are from the outer

teeth. (In the two specimens at my disposal there is a slight asym-

metry produced by the sub-division of either the right or the left inner

tooth.) The scape extends backwards to the posterior margin of the

eyes; the Ist joint of the flagellum is longer than wide, and is as long

as the 2nd-4th joints taken together; the latter and also the 5th

and 6th are wider than long, the remaining joints longer than wide.

Frontal carinae short, slightly divergent behind. Mandibles tri-

dentate, feebly striato-punctate, the external and internal margins

subparallel. The dorsum of the thorax is not margined. Pronotum

widest anteriorly, flattened above, as long as wide; mesonotum sub-

circular, nearly as long as the pronotum ; pro-mesonotal suture feeble,

meso-metanotal fairly well defined. The metanotum is much narrower

than the mesonotum and is separated from the epinotum by a deep

and wide groove, slightly clathrate laterally. The epinotum is widest

at the base, twice as long as wide, as long as the pronotum, the lateral

dorsal margins and the brow of the short and oblique declivity,

strongly rounded. The peduncle of the Ist joint of the petiole is

about half as long as the node, the latter is nearly twice as long as

wide. The 2nd joint is bell-shaped, widest posteriorly, and two-thirds

wider than the Ist joint. Seen in profile, both joints are very convex

above. Abdomen elongate-ovate, Ist segment longer than wide.

The femora are swollen in the middle.

?. 55 mm. Differing from the § in the following characters.

The head is more parallel-sided ; the inner pair of teeth on the anterior

margin of the clypeus are much larger, and the outer pair relatively

smaller. The pronotum has the anterior angles less rounded, the

sides more parallel ; it is distinctly wider than long. The mesonotum

is widest in the middle, in front of the tegulae, and one-third wider

than long. The scutellum wider than long, two-thirds as long as the

mesonotum. The epinotum is wider at the base than it is long, seen

from above, reversed trapezoid, not elongately triangular as in the

®. Three small ocelli are present. Other characters as in the 9.

(Deiilated.)

(S.A.M. coll.)

184. Annals of the South African Museum.

Race Bravunst, Forel. (Plate V, fig. 49.)

(as species), Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. vol. 57, p. 112, 9, 2, 1913.

6. 4-44 mm. This form differs from the type in its larger size,

the slightly stronger puncturation, and the shape of the produced

median portion of the clypeus. This is like that of clypeata, but in

the majority of specimens has in addition a median unpaired tooth,

somewhat smaller than the inner pair of teeth on each side of it. This

median tooth in some examples is very small, or quite obsolete, in

which case the clypeus exactly resembles that of clypeata. The

peduncle of the first joint of the petiole is perhaps a trifle longer than

in the type species.

@. 7mm. The median tooth is very small or entirely absent.

The mandibles are more strongly striate and punctate than in the

type species, and the head is also more shining. Otherwise similar.

Dealated.

Willowmore, Cape Prov. (Dr. Brauns.) (8.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Race BRAUNSI, var. DURBANENSIS, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 218, 1914.

Entirely dark ochreous yellow. Head, thorax, and abdomen smooth

and shining. Epinotum more convex lengthwise than in the race. A

little smaller and more slender, 3°8-4 mm. Otherwise similar to the

race.

Durban. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Race BRAUNSI, var. EQUIDENTATA, n. v. (Plate V, fig. 48.)

S. 35-4mm. This differs from the race in its smaller size and

in having the median tooth as large as the inner pair of teeth, the

outer pair of teeth much smaller, and the clypeus produced further

forwards. Capetown, nesting in the tunnels made by a species of

Allodape.

(S.A.M., G.A. colls.)

S. (Sub-genus TETRAPONERA) BIFOVEOLATA, Mayr.

Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus., Wien, vol. 10, p. 146, 9, 1895.

©. 38-42 mm. Reddish yellow, eyes black, masticatory margin

of the mandibles and apex of abdomen brown. The pilosity is sparse,

even on the scapes and the tibiae ; the body, excepting the thorax, has

an abundant pubescence, which is somewhat oblique on the head,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 185

especially on the cheeks and on the legs. Moderately shining ; head,

thorax and petiole very finely rugulose or reticulate; the head is also

scantily punctured, the abdomen finely so, the punctures piligerous.

The mandibles are longitudinally striate, with scattered punctures, the

masticatory margin furnished with four or five teeth, and merging in

a curve with the internal margin. The elongate and quadrangular

head is wider than the thorax, about one and a half times as long as

wide, almost parallel-sided, slightly narrower in front than behind.

The short clypeus has an unarmed, and widely but shallowly emarginate

anterior border. The frontal carinae are placed close together, diverging

slightly posteriorly. Frontal area wanting. The frontal sulcus is

clearly marked only between the anterior third of the carinae. The

scape reaches back to the anterior third of the eye, the 2nd—10th joints

of the flagellum wider than long. Ocelli absent. The rather large

oval eyes occupy about one-third of the sides of the head, and are

situated distinctly behind the middle of the latter. In front of, and

above the posterior margin of the head there are two circular foveae,

more or less distinctly margined and rugosely granulate ; the diameter

of each of these pits is about one-fifth or one-sixth of the posterior

margin of the head; the latter is arcuately emarginate. The thorax

is distinctly wider in front than behind, only the sides of the

pronotum are marginate, and the dorsum is not very convex. The

pronotum, seen from above, is somewhat longer than wide, wider in

front than behind, the rectangular anterior corners rounded. The

pro-mesonotal suture is distinct. The mesonotum is hardly longer

than it is wide in front, and very little narrower behind than in front.

A metanotum is not indicated, its stigmata lie just in front of the

shallow constriction between the meso- and epinotum. The dorsum

of the latter is longer than wide, and merges into the equally long and

transversely convex declivity. The first joint of the petiole has a very

short peduncle, its node is of an elongate pyriform shape, not marginate

laterally ; seen in profile, the node is steeper in front than behind ;

the 2nd joint of the petiole is shorter and about twice as wide as the

first, wider than long, and wider in front than behind. Abdomen

oblong, moderately pointed apically, the 1st segment longer than wide.”

Delagoa Bay and Zanzibar. (Brauns.)

S. (Sub-genus TETRAPONERA) AMBIGUA, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 23, 3, 9, 1895. Forel, Schultze,

Reise Siid Afrika, vol. 4, p. 5, ¢, 1910.

“5, 92. Testaceous, flagellum pubescent, punctate, dull, eyes in

the middle of the sides of the head, pronotum marginate, the rest of

186 Annals of the South African Museum.

the thorax and the petiole not marginate. Ist node of petiole narrow,

2nd sub-globose. © 45 mm., ? 5°5mm.

“Hamman’s Kraal and Makapan, Bechuanaland. (Simon.) ”

“@. 45-55 mm. Head a little longer than wide, narrow in

front, posterior margin straight. Hyes large. Ist node pedunculate

in front, twice as long as wide. 2nd node much longer than wide.

Thorax wider than the head. Shining, scantily and finely punctured.

Hrect pilose hairs absent, the decumbent pubescence very fine and

scanty. Wings as in penzigi. Brown; antennae, clypeus, legs and

narrow bands on the abdomen pale yellow.”

Race RHODESIANA, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 112, 9, 1918. Arnold, Proc. Rhod.

Sc. Assn., vol. 13, pt. 3, p. 31. G maj. 1914.

“This race differs from the type species by the almost total absence

of the anterior lobe of the clypeus, which, in the type, is very distinct,

rectangular and produced. The three segments of the thorax are also

more flattened and margined, and less convex. Thecurve between the

dorsum and the declivity of the epinotum is more abrupt and angular

than in the type.”

S. 5 mm. Reddish yellow. Pubescence scanty on the head,

thorax and legs, more abundant on the abdomen. A few pale, erect

hairs on the head, pronotum, petiole and apical portion of the abdomen.

Head, dorsum of thorax and Ist node of petiole very finely reticulate,

sides of thorax very finely reticulate-striate. Dull, abdomen nitidulous.

Head about one-third longer than wide, wider than the thorax, the

sides convex, posterior margin straight. Frontal carinae rather wide

in front, raised more above the antennal sockets than in natalensis.

Median portion of clypeus raised and projecting slightly forwards, its

anterior margin bearing three minute prominences, hardly toothed-

Mandibles quadridentate, shining and striate. The scape extends back

to the anterior third of the eye. The latter very large, almost half as

long as the sides of the head, placed rather obliquely, and nearer the

posterior than the anterior margin. The two posterior ocelli faintly

indicated. Pronotum very slightly wider in front than behind, as

long as wide, and distinctly marginate at the sides. Pro-mesonotal

suture deep; mesonotum as long as wide, two-thirds as long as the

pronotum. Dorsum of epinotum as long as the pronotum, about one-

quarter longer than the declivity, which is very steep, almost vertical.

First joint of petiole hardly pedunculate, twice as long as wide; the

sides of the node are vertical, but the dorsal surface is not marginate ;

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 187

2nd joint of petiole sub-globose, twice as wide as the Ist. Legs rela-

tively longer than in natalensis.

® major. 58-6 mm. This differs from the 9 minor not only in

its larger size, but also by the structure and sculpture of the head.

The anterior angles of the head are much more prominent. The clypeus

has the anterior margin produced into three distinct short teeth,

which are only indicated by slight prominences in the 9 minor. The

frontal carinae are also wider anteriorly and longer. The mandibles

are strongly striated. The posterior half of the vertex is deeply and

transversely striated, the region in front of the eyes and below them

reticulate-striate, the frontal carinae longitudinally and rather finely

striate. The posterior ocelli of the $ minor are just distinguishable, .

whereas in this form they are barely represented by three shallow and

minute indentations. Otherwise like the $ minor.

?. 68-7 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Head more parallel-sided

than in the ¢, one-third longer than wide. The median portion of

the clypeus is produced further forwards and its anterior margin is

distinctly tridentate. The frontal carinae extend back almost to the -

level of the anterior margin of the eyes. Three ocelli present. The

pronotum is narrower in front than behind, more convex above trans-

versely than in the 9. The mesonotum is wider than long; on each

side of the middle line behind the pro-mesonotal suture there is a

short longitudinal impression, about one-third the length of the

segment. The head is distinctly rugose, obliquely so in front of the

eyes, and transversely and more strongly rugose behind them, but

the rugosities are not so coarse as in the § major. Mesonotum very

finely rugulose and shining. Otherwise like the 9.

Plumtree and Bembesi, 8. Rhodesia, nesting in thin dead twigs of

Acacia, (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

S. (Sub-genus TeTRAPONERA), Emery Forel. ( = capensis, Emery,

nec. Smith, Forel emend.)

Emery, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 638, p. 23, ©, 1895. Forel, Bull.

Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 47, p. 367, 1911.

“ This species is very shining, and the thorax and petiole are not at

all margined. The petiole is even narrower than in ambigua. The

metanotum has a strong transverse impression behind the suture.

The eyes are situated at about the middle of the sides of the head, a

little nearer the anterior than the posterior border; they are also

smaller, being less than one-third the length of the head; in natalensis

188 Annals of the South African Museum.

and ambiqua they are more than one-third the length of the head.

4—4°5 mm. Pretoria.’

Trine MELISSOTARSINI, Emery.

Genus MELISSOTARSUS, Emery.

Ann. Muss. Civ. Gen., vol. 9, p. 16, 1877.

Characters.

®. Antennae 6-jointed, the club 2-jointed; frontal carinae closely

approximated. Thorax without a trace of sutures. First joint of

petiole elongate and triangular, 2nd joint short, transverse, fused

behind with the abdomen. Legs thick and short, Ist joint of the

anterior or of all the tarsi greatly enlarged, and as wide or nearly as

wide as the tibia. Mandibles bluntly tridentate or with the teeth

more or less produced and acuminate, especially the apical.*

Q@. Similar to the 9, the teeth on the mandibles acute. Tarsi as

inthe $. Pronotum but slightly exposed dorsally. Wings with 1

closed cubital and 1 closed radial cell; stigma absent.

6. Antennae 12-jointed, filiform, scape three times as long as the

Ist joint of the flagellum. Mandibles small, not well developed.

Petioleas in the § and 9. Tarsisimple. Genital armature exserted.

Wings as in the 9.

M. Beccari, Emery. (Plate V, figs. 51, 5la and b.)

IYO, Cltior, 1 UZ, Ml

®. 22mm. Head and thorax reddish ochreous, the front of the

head darker, the mandibles ferruginous ; legs, antennae and abdomen —

pale dirty yellow. A very fine and scanty pubescence on the legs and

antennae, but absent on the body. Pilosity pale, long and very sparse

on the head and abdomen, shorter and even scantier on the thorax.

Head microscopically and longitudinally strigose, also finely and

sparsely punctured. Dorsum of thorax with very even and distinct

longitudinal striae which become feeble towards the brow of the

declivity ; the declivous anterior and posterior faces of the thorax

smooth. Petiole and abdomen microscopically reticulate and shining,

legs smooth and shining, head and thorax dull. Head sub-quadrate,

* After seeing a long series of M. Beccarii, it appears to me that Emery’s

division of the neuter caste into 24 and ¢ cannot be maintained. There isa

complete gradation between forms with narrow heads and acute mandibles,

and those with broader heads and blunt mandibles.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 189

parallel-sided and with the posterior margin shallowly concave in the

forms with blunt mandibles, or slightly narrower in front than behind,

in those with acute teeth on the mandibles; the latter also have the

posterior margin of the head more deeply concave. Forms inter-

mediate in respect to the mandibular structure and the shape of the

head also occur. Head much wider than the thorax, very convex

transversely. Mandibles tridentate, the masticatory margin straight

and with very small blunt teeth, or, more or less oblique, and with the

teeth stronger and acute. The internal margin of the mandibles is

more or less swollen. Clypeus short, slightly raised in the middle, the

anterior margin feebly concave at each side. Frontal carinae short,

close together and parallel. Antennae 6-jointed, the scape short, only

just reaching the internal margins of the eyes when extended sideways ;

flagellum very little longer than the scape, the Ist joint as long as the

2nd and 3rd together and a little longer than wide, 2nd joint as long

as wide at its apex, 3rd joint a little shorter than the 2nd, wider than

long, 4th joint twice as wide as long, 5th joint narrowing to the apex,

half as long again as wide, and quite twice as long as the 4th. Hyes

small, oval, situated far forwards, composed of about 15 facets, and

separated from the base of the mandibles by a distance less than their

own long diameter. Thorax rectangular, the corners rounded, nearly

parallel-sided, or only very slightly wider in front than behind, convex

longitudinally and transversely, the declivity vertical, the brow strongly

rounded.

First joint of the petiole triangular, longer than wide, widest behind.

Second joint transverse, two and a quarter times wider than long, its

posterior face coalesced on the whole surface with the abdomen.

Abdomen ovate, all the segments wider than long.

Legs short, the femora swollen, the Ist tarsal joint (metatarsus) of

the front pair of legs sub-ovate, wider than the tibia, the other tarsal

joints very short. The metatarsus of the middle pair of legs cylindrical,

as thick as and two-thirds as long as the tibia. Metatarsus of hind

pair of legs slightly compressed, a little wider than the tibia, and like

the middle metatarsi, furnished with a series of minute teeth round

the outer half of the apex.

?. 4mm. Mandibles with masticatory margin oblique and acutely

dentate. Hyes large, the facets clearly defined ; three ocelli present

and well developed. Head narrower in front than behind, posterior

angles more pronounced than in the 9, and posterior margin much

more deeply emarginate. Pronotum not greatly exposed, not as high

as the mesonotum and three times wider than long. Mesonotum

convex above, but as long as wide, the sides smooth, the central area

190 Annals of the South African Museum.

and also the scutellum longitudinally striate. Scutelium half as long

as the mesonotum. Dorsum of epinotum very short, four times wider

than long, the brow rounded, the declivity vertical. Second joint of

petiole narrower than in the 9, hardly more than twice as wide as

long. Legs as in the >.

Antennae, mandibles, petiole and legs dark yellow, the rest of the

body brown, a little paler on the mesonotum. Wings with one closed

cubital and closed radial cell, recurrent nervures wanting. Nervures

brownish yellow, stigma almost obsolete. Otherwise like the 9.

¢. 387 mm. Ochreous yellow, legs and antennae pale yellow,

vertex of head slightly brown. Head wider than long. LHyes large,

placed in the anterior half of the head, and covering quite half of the

sides. Ocelli large. Mandibles very small. Clypeus very short, the

median portion raised and projecting slightly forwards. Antennae

filiform, scape a little longer than the eye, two and a quarter times as

long as the first joint of the flagellum, 2nd joint of flagellum nearly

twice as long as the Ist, all the joints longer than wide. The pronotum

is vertical, not visible from above ; mesonotum strongly convex above,

faintly and longitudinally striate. Epinotum and petiole as in the 9.

Tarsal joints simple, not as wide as the tibiae. Genital armature

exserted. Wings asin the 9. Pubescence a little longer and more

abundant than in that sex.

Durban, nesting under bark, in moderately populous colonies.

(Marley, Cooper.) (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.) ©

Tring MYRMECININI, Ashmead.

Genus ATOPOMYRMEX, E. André.

Rev. d’Ent., vol. 8, p. 226, 1889.

Characters.

%. Size variable, all forms occurring from §% maj. to 9 min.

Antennae 12-jointed, with a 3-jointed club. Clypeus large, sub-

triangular; mandibles short, thick and obtusely dentate. Frontal

carinae widely divergent posteriorly, the outer margin projecting so as

to form an indistinct scrobe in the largest G9 9. Hyes not large.

Pronotum flat above, produced anteriorly into a distinct neck, from

which and from the sides the dorsum is rather shortly delimited.

The pronotum is widest in front, narrowed and constricted behind.

Pro-mesonotal suture not distinctly defined dorsally. Mesonotum

strongly bi-tuberculate above and separated from the epinotum by a

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 1ugil

wide and deep depression. Dorsum of epinotum also tuberculate

near the base. Epinotal spines large, long, and divergent. 1st node

of petiole bispmose above; 2nd node wider than long, the anterior

angles rounded but strongly dilated. Middle and hind legs without

ealcaria, all the femora swollen in the middle; last tarsal joint very

large, as long as the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th taken together, and bearing

strong claws.

?. Antennae 12-jointed. Eyes not large, 3 well-developed ocelli.

Frontal carinae long, and forming a more distinct scrobe than in the

of the usual form, and without tubercles or spines; dorsum of epi-

notum very short, the declivity vertical. 1st node of petiole with the

spines of the 9 represented only by two broad tubercles. Anterior

wing with | cubital, and 1 marginal, and a closed radial cell.

6. Mandibles very short, thick, dentate. Posterior margin of

head raised to form a collar. Clypeus carinate; frontal carinae

widely divergent. Eyes small. Scape short. Thorax and nodes

without spines or tubercles. Wings as in the 9.

A. Mocgusrrysi, André, var. curRvispIna, Forel.

Rev. d@’Ent., vol. 8, p. 227, 9, 1889. Variety, Deutsch. Ent. Zeitsch.,

Oe sll, GNU

©. 42-8 mm. The largest ¢ 9 differ from the media and

minima only by the longer frontal carinae, which are expanded out-

wards so as to form, above the eyes, an ill-defined scrobe. Head

dark red, thorax piceous or piceous red, petiole, abdomen and legs

black, antennae reddish brown, margins of the mandibles, clypeus and

frontal carinae brown. Abdomen, legs, and antennae with a very

sparse, microscopical pubescence, a little longer on the antennae ; the

rest of the body glabrous. Legs shining, disc of pronotum and

abdomen very slightly shining, rest of the body dull, except the meso-

notal tubercles inthe 9 maxima. Head finely reticulate, with rather

irregular and longitudinal rugosities superimposed, which are strongest

in front and on the vertex, and become feebler between the eyes and

the posterior angles. Neck, sides of thorax, epinotum, sides and

posterior dorsal faces of the nodes reticulate. Dorsum of pro- and

mesonotum longitudinally and somewhat irregularly rugose, the

rugosities diminishing in front of the mesonotal tubercles, which are

more or less smooth and shining. Abdomen very finely and evenly

reticulate. Head very convex above and high, from apex of closed

mandibles to the middle of the occipital margin as long as wide,

192 Annals of the South African Museum.

distinctly wider behind than in front, the sides converging in front,

the posterior angles very round. Mandibles thick, triangular, finely

striated, sharply and closely punctured, obtusely dentate, the apical

tooth more acute in the smaller 9 %. Scape short, not reaching to

the posterior border of the head ; the three apical joints form a slight

club, nearly as long as the rest of the flagellum, the Ist joint of the

flagellum nearly as long as the following three taken together, 2nd—

7th joints wider than long. Clypeus with two strong carinae con-

tinued down from the frontal carinae, the anterior margin shallowly

sinuate. Frontal carinae flat, widely divergent posteriorly, continued

backwards as a fine ridge, which ends well behind the eyes in the 9

max., but inthe ¢ 9 media and minima not extending back beyond

the front of the eyes. The latter small, and situated behind the

middle of the sides. Pronotum with the anterior portion depressed,

forming a distinct neck, the posterior portion flat, and with distinct

but rounded anterior angles; it is (excluding the neck) widest in

front, and twice as wide as it is long in the middle. The thorax is

constricted between the pro- and mesonotum, but the suture is not

clearly defined above. Mesonotum much narrower than the pronotum ;

its anterior two-thirds is level with the pronotum, and bears on each

side a strong rounded tubercle, behind which the surface slopes

steeply down to the meso-epinotal suture. The mesonotum is widest

across the tubercles. From the suture the epinotum rises upwards

for a short distance, and then slopes gradually downwards towards

declivity, which is moderately oblique. Close to the base, the dorsum

of the epinotum bears a pair of lateral tubercles, smaller and flatter

than those of the mesonotum. The epinotal spines are slightly

curved, and directed upwards, backwards and slightly outwards, and

are as long as the space between them at their base. The declivity is

margined laterally by ridges, which merge above into the base of the

spines, and below terminate in two small laminate teeth. Ist joint

of petiole as long as wide, widest in the middle, the dorsum flat or

shallowly concave, and bearing on each side, just above the steep

anterior face, an upward and outwardly directed spine. Second node

wider than long, convex above and in front, the posterior margin

depressed, the anterior angles dilated, narrower behind than in front.

Seen from the side, the spines of the first node hardly project above

the level of the dorsum of the 2nd node. Abdomen round, slightly

flattened above ; Ist segment a little longer than wide, truncate at the

base, with distinct lateral angles, and forming four-fifths of the abdo-

men above.

2. 13mm. Head dark red, ocellar triangle blackish, thorax and

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 195

abdomen black. Thorax shining. Pronotum obliquely rugoso-striate,

scutellum and mesonotum longitudinally striate in the middle,

obliquely so outside the parapsidal sutures. Metanotum and the

narrow dorsum of the epinotum finely rugulose, the declivity very

finely reticulate. Sides of meso-, meta-, and epinotum reticulate, the

angles of the epinotum coarsely rugose. 2nd joint of petiole above,

shining, sparsely but strongly punctured. Pronotum very little

exposed in the middle dorsally. Mesonotum longer than wide, pro-

mesonotal suture ellipsoidal. Scutellum sloping and rounded behind.

Dorsum of epinotum very short in the middle, the declivity almost

vertical ; the epinotum is devoid of spines, which are replaced by very

blunt angles on each side. Ist joint of petiole with the anterior face

more vertical than in the §, each side with a strong angle in the

middle, and above and inwards there is a pair of rather flat tubercles.

Second joint with the anterior angles more dilated than in the 9.

Abdomen oblong, Ist segment one-quarter longer than the 2nd, all

the segments wider than long. Wings brownish yellow, with the

cubital and radial cells somewhat darker, nervures brown. Other-

wise like the 5 max.

This genus appears to combine in the head and thorax some of the

characters of the genera Cremastogaster and Tetramorium, and the

habits of the species described above are decidedly similar to those of

the Cremastogastrii. It is a slow ant, living in trees, and. mainly

carnivorous in its diet. The nest is usually situated in a hollow stem,

some distance above the ground. Like the Cremastogastru, these ants,

when disturbed, exude a whitish and rather sticky secretion from the

anal glands. It has not been found by me except in districts contain-

ing large trees.

Sipapoma, Malindi, and Victoria Falls, Rhodesia. Zululand.

(Traegaordh.) (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Var. AUSTRALIS, Santschi.

Goeteborgs K. Vetensk. o. Vitterh. Handl., xv, 2, p. 16, 3, 1914.

“ Differs from the type by the slightly stronger sculpturation of

the head. The mesonotum is wider. The epinotal spines are a little

shorter, less raised. The spines of the lst node of the petiole also

shorter and thicker; the 2nd node longer. The colour in the §

minor paler than in the type.” Zululand. (Traegaordh.)

194 Annals of the South African Museum.

Trips OCYMYRMICINI, Emery.

Genus OCYMYRMEX, Emery.

Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., vol. 18, p. 363, 1886.

Characters.

®. Head sub-quadrate. Clypeus convex, the anterior margin

rendered more or less bidentate by a median excision. Frontal area

narrow, distinct. Antennae 12-jointed, nearly filiform, scape long, at

least half as long as the flagellum. Mandibles, clypeus and head

below the mouth furnished with long curved hairs (ammochaetae).

Thoracic sutures absent; thorax unarmed, depressed in the middle.

First joint of petiole pedunculate, the peduncle very thin and longer

than the node; 2nd joint more or less barrel-shaped. Abdomen

small, more or less pyriform, legs very long and slender. @? un-

known.

¢. Antennae filiform, 13-jointed, the scape very short, not more

than twice the length of one ocellus; Ist joint of flagellum very short,

half the length of the scape, the remaining joints all at least three

times longer than wide. Hyes and ocelli large, the latter on a raised

area. Mesonotum very wide and gibbous, overhanging the pronotum.

Scutellum gibbous. Mayrian furrows and parapsidal sutures absent.

Wings with one closed cubital cell, the discoidal cell absent, the radial

short.

The ants of this genus live in hot, arid and sandy localities. The

nest, usually made in loose sandy soil, is surmounted by a crateri-

form mass of earthen or sandy pellets derived from the excavation of

the underground galleries. The entrance is always central, at the

bottom of the crater. Like other areniphilous ants, the species of this

genus possess long curved hairs or ‘‘ammochaetae,” fringing the

mandibles, clypeus, and the ventral surface of the head behind the

mouth. The hairs, forming a sort of basket around the mandibles,

facilitate the removal of grains of sand in the excavation of their

nests. These ants are also endowed with the most marvellous

celerity, far excelling in this respect all other ants with which I am

acquainted, so much so that they appear almost to fly over the surface

of the ground. Their motion is just as erratic as it is swift; they

seem incapable of pursuing a straight path for more than a couple of

inches, and watching one of these insects for but a short time, a

casual observer might be led to suppose that the unfortunate animal,

having lost its way, had been seized with hysterical dementia. The

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 195

males are exceedingly common at lights during the greater part of the

year. I have frequently dug up the nests of the variety Arnoldi,

without ever having found a 2 of any sort, nor have 2 2 of any

species been described up to now. I believe that the genus will

eventually be found to have only ergatoid queens, or that the egg-

laying function (with the production of ¢ g and @ %) is possessed

by the whole § caste.

Key to the 9 9 of Ocymyrmez.

(Norr.—In using this key, the term “‘ node of the Ist joint” should

be understood to refer to the swollen part of the joint only; it does

not include the narrow and short portion which lies between the node

proper and the base of the 2nd joint.)

(2). 1. Outline of 1st abdominal segment, seen from above, evenly convex

from the base, not sub-pedunculate. (Plate V, fig. 53.)

barbiger, Emery.

(1). 2. Outline of 1st abdominal seement, seen from above, shallowly concave

just beyond the base, more or less sub-pedunculate. (Plate V, fig. 52a.)

(8). 3. Less than 8°5 mm. long.

(5). 4. Node of 1st joint of petiole wider than long. Weitzaeckeri, Emery.

(4). 5. Node of Ist joint of petiole longer than wide, or as long as wide.

(7). 6. Stouter insect, 2nd joint of petiole hardly longer than the node of the

1st joint ; median excision of the ee shallow, hardly bidentate ;

abdomen red, moderately shining . var. Foreli, Arnold,

(6). 7. Insect more slender, 2nd joint of menoley one-third to one-half longer

than the node of the Ist joint; median excision of clypeus deeper,

making the margin distinctly bidentate ; abdomen piceous, shining.

var. Arnoldi, Forel.

(3). 8. 10-11 mm. long 5 : : : : Picardi, Forel.

The races hirsutus and Wroughtoni, and the var. micans of Weit-

zaeckert are not known to me in nature, and have therefore been

omitted from the above key. The different forms of Weitzaeckeri are

clearly exceedingly closely allied, and ought not to be considered as

ranking higher than varieties. The striation of the head varies in

strength and direction, even in specimens from the same nest, so that

very little reliance can be placed on that feature in the separation of

the species and varieties.

O. WeirzarcKkERI, Emery. (Plate V, fig. 54.)

Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, vol. 32, p. 116, 9, 1892.

5. 65-7 mm. Castaneous red, tibiae and tarsi paler, femora and

abdomen piceous. In some specimens the colouring is darker, the

196 Annals of the South African Museum.

head and thorax being dark reddish brown, and the abdomen black.

Pubescent hairs on the flagellum and tarsi, the rest of the body

clothed somewhat irregularly and sparsely with long, semi-erect, pale

hairs, which are oblique and rather more abundant on the legs. The

inner margins of the mandibles with a row of long curved hairs,

curving upwards over the clypeus. The ventral surface of the head

behind the mentum, with a row of long hairs curving forwards under

the mouth.

Head as wide as long, measured from apex of clypeus to the

occipital margin. Clypeus moderately convex transversely, and pro-

jecting a little over the mandibles ; the anterior margin semi-circularly

excised in the middle, the excision bounded by a slight tooth on each

side. Mandibles elongate, nitidulous, strongly striate longitudinally,

armed with 5 large teeth. Eyes strongly convex, placed somewhat

dorsally at about the middle of the sides. Frontal carinae large,

raised in front, divergent behind; the frontal area triangular and

well defined. Scape long, extending back a little beyond the occipital

margin, flagellum slightly thickened towards the apex, all the joints

longer than wide, the Ist joint as long as the 2nd and 3rd together.

The clypeus is evenly and longitudinally striate, the rest of the head

strongly striate, the direction of the striae rather variable. Usually

the median portion of the vertex is longitudinally striate from the

frontal carinae back towards the occiput, and on each side of the

median area the striae become more and more oblique posteriorly,

eurving back to the eyes. The thoracic sutures are only slightly

indicated at the sides, quite obsolete above. The anterior portion of

the thorax is convex in front and at the sides, the median portion

depressed, the posterior or epinotal region straight or slightly convex.

The prothorax is concentrically striate, the meso- and epinotum trans-

versely striate above, obliquely and longitudinally striate at the sides.

The striae on the meso- and epinotum are larger and deeper than those

on the head and prothorax. The dorsum of the epinotum is half as

long again as the declivity. The peduncle of the first joint of the

petiole is quite half the length of the joint; the node is distinctly

wider than long, very convex above. The peduncle and node are

transversely striate, the node feebly so. The 2nd joint of the petiole

is as long as wide, more or less campaniform, not so convex above as

the Ist node. Abdomen narrow, twice as long as wide, the Ist

segment with a slight neck-like constriction at the base, and four and

a half times longer than the remaining segments taken together.

There are a few very faint transverse striae near the basal half of the

Ist segment. Legs very long and slender.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. We?

g. 5-56 mm. Piceous, antennae, mandibles and legs ochreous.

Head dull, reticulately rugose, except the central area between the

antennal sockets and the median ocellus, which is smooth and shining.

Rest of body faintly rugulose and very shining. Pilosity similar to

that of the 9, but shorter, and more abundant on the abdomen.

Legs and antennae with a pale and long pubescence, more abundant

on the latter. Head wider than long; eyes large, placed anteriorly

and occupying more than half the sides of the head. Anterior margin

of clypeus straight. Frontal carinae obsolete. Scape very short, very

little longer than the long diameter of the median ocellus; Ist joint

of the flagellum a little wider than long, the remaining joints all

much longer than wide. Pronotum not visible from above; meso-

notum gibbous, and very convex anteriorly, wider than long. Scutellum

rounded behind and gibbous. Petiole not unlike that of the 9, but

the peduncle of the lst joint is much shorter and wider, the node is

also broader and flatter, and longer than wide. The posterior femora

are laterally compressed, and strongly sinuate along their basal half.

Wings hyaline, nervures pale yellowish.

Orange Free State, Basutoland, and Cape Province. (S.A.M.,

G.A. colls.)

Var. ArnoupI, Forel. (Plate V, figs. 52, 52a, 55.)

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 188, 9, @, 1913.

Race abdominalis, Sautschi, Goteborgs K. Vetens. o. Vitterh. Handl.,

xv, 2, p. 16, 1914.

®. Like the var. Foreli, this differs from the type species in having

the node of the Ist joint of the petiole longer than wide. The colour

of the head is lighter, the dorsal profile of the thorax less concave in

the middle. The ¢ is like that of the type.

S. Rhodesia, common. (8.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Race abdominalis, Santschi. I have seen examples of this form,

which have the basal portion of the lst abdominal segment slightly

longer, making the abdomen appear narrower. This character does

not appear to me to be sufficient to separate them from var. Arnoldi.

Var. Fore LI, n. v.°

®. 78mm. This differs from the preceding and the type by its

bright red colour, the stronger striation of the thorax, and by the

sculpture of the 1st joint of the petiole, which is deeply and trans-

versely striate on the whole of the node and the peduncle. The median

excision on the anterior margin of the clypeus is also less deep. The

198 Annals of the South African Museum.

abdomen is wider, the Ist segment being only a trifle longer than wide,

and only twice as long as the 2nd segment, whereas in the type species

and in var. Arnoldi, it is at least one-quarter longer than wide, and

three times longer than the 2nd segment. The basal neck-like portion

of the 1st segment is also shorter.

This variety has a{very strong cockroachy odour, similar to Pachy-

condyla soror. Redbank, 8. Rhod., Victoria Falls.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

The examples from the Victoria Falls are even larger, 8-8'3 mm., and

have the excision of the clypeus almost as deep as in var. Arnoldi, but

these differences are hardly sufficient to justify their separation as a

variety distinct from Foreli.

Race uirsutus, Forel.

Schultze Reise Sid Afrika, vol. 4, p. 12, ¢, 1910.

“6. 55-7 mm. Reddish brown, with brighter brownish yellow

abdomen. The whitish, stumpy, pilose hairs are more abundant and

longer than in the type species; the hairs are also thicker. Head less

wide in front. First joint of petiole with much longer peduncle, some-

what hike Robechii, Emery, and laticeps, Forel, and with smaller nodes.

The head is also arcuately and transversely striate behind (in the type

species somewhat divergent and longitudinally striate), and not so

wide.”

Severelela and Kooa, Kalahari. (Schultze.)

Race WrovueutTont, Forel.

Loe. cit.

“Differs from the type by its darker brown colour, but more

especially by the narrower head which is hardly widened in front, and

has the sides more convex. The Ist joint of the petiole has also a

longer peduncle, and the yellowish hairs are also longer, although not

so blunt as in hirsutus. The head is narrower than in hirsutus. The

¢ is 45 mm. long. Its head is short behind the eyes, wider than

long, the hind margin broad and convex. Wings glassy. Mesonotum

strongly gibbous in front. First joint of petiole with long peduncle.”

Natal. (Wroughton.)

Var. micans, Forel.

IDG Coton YD: A.

“oO. 55 mm. Head and thorax nitidulous, more closely and

finely striate than in the type species. The node of the Ist joint of

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. gh)

the petiole is higher and more distinctly delimited. Otherwise similar,

but smaller. The colour is, however, much brighter, yellowish red, and

the pilosity is finer and sparser.

“ Okahandja, German 8. W. Africa. (Peters.) ”’

O. BARBIGER, Emery. (Plate V, fig. 53.)

Boll. Soc. Ent. Ital., vol. 18, p. 364, 9, g, 1886.

®. 65mm. Very similarto Weitzaeckeri, but the thorax is darker

and the abdomen is quite black. The striation of the head at the

sides in front is a little stronger, but the direction of the striation is

very variable. The clypeus is excised like that of Weitzaeckeri. The

petiole resembles that of var. Foreli, butis not quite so strongly striate.

The main distinction lies in the shape of the abdomen, which is

rounder and with the Ist segment not sub-pedunculate at the base,

but convex in its entire outline, when seen from above.

3. 5mm. Differs from Weitzaeckeri in the shape of the head, which

is narrower, not wider than long, but even a little longer than wide.

The eyes are much smaller; they are not placed so far forwards, and

occupy less than half the sides of the head. The ocelli are also smaller

and less raised. The clypeus is very convex in the middle, almost

tuberculate. The mesonotum is narrow, finely and longitudinally

striate, and separated from the scutellum by a much deeper impression

than in Weitzaeckeri. The petiole and abdomen are much more sparsely

pilose, and the hairs are shorter and thinner. The posterior femora

are laterally compressed, but not sinuate along the basal half. The

whole insect is much more shining than Weitzaeckeri.

Capetown, Orange River, Mahalapye, Bechuanaland. (S.A.M.,

R.M., G.A. colls.)

O. Picarpt, Forel.

Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 10, p. 306, 9, 1895.

“O. 10-llmm. Mandibles closely and coarsely striate, quinque-

dentate, almost parallel-sided (hardly wider at the masticatory margin

than at the base). Clypeus somewhat produced and narrowly and

semi-circularly excised in the middle, so as to leave a tooth-like angle

on each side of the excision. Head at least as wide as long, wider in

front. Eyes situated behind the middle. The scape extends back

slightly beyond the occipital margin. Declivity of epinotum steeper

than in Robecchii, more like that of Weitzaeckeri. First joint of petiole

with a long peduncle as in the other species, but the node is more

200 Annals of the South African. Museum.

distinct, even more than in barbiger; 2nd joint hardly. longer than

wide, more nodiform than in barbiger. First abdominal segment

strongly pedunculate as in Robecchii and nitidulus. Head and thorax

almost dull, closely striate and finely reticulate between the striae.

Pronotum concentrically striate, the median striae longitudinal. The

rest of the thorax above transversely striate, the side longitudinally so.

The peduncle of the 1st joint of petiole coarsely, the node finely striate.

Second joint of petiole finely reticulate, slightly shining. Abdomen

and legs very shallowly reticulate and very shining. Head, thorax,

petiole, antennae and legs with fairly short, oblique, thick and blunt

brownish black hairs, moderately abundant. Abdomen almost

glabrous above. On the legs and antennae the hairs are more abundant,

shorter and oblique. The ammochaetae are blackish brown. Head

very dark red, the rest of the body black.

““Cubango-Cuito, Mossamedes. (Baum.) Severelela and Kooa,

Kalahari. (Schultze.) ”

Trips CARDIOCONDYLINI, Emery.

Gunus CARDIOCONDYLA, Emery.

Ann. Acad. Nat. Napoh, vol. 2, p. 20, 1869.

Characters.

®. Antennae 12-jointed, with a 38-jointed club. Frontal area

depressed. Pro-mesonotal suture obsolete or nearly so, meso-epinotal

suture well defined. Epinotum armed with two short spines or teeth.

First joint of the petiole with a leng peduncle, the node narrow, 2nd

joint broad.

9. Head as in the 9, with 3 small ocelli, somewhat sunk below

the surface. Pronotum well exposed, not hidden under the mesonotum.

Wings long, the nervures only faintly indicated, radial cell open.

3. Normal and winged, or ergatomorph and wingless. Antennae

13-jointed, or 10 to 11-jointed in the ergatomorphs. So far, winged

g J are known only in C. Emeryi,and as an abnormality in C. Batesi,

which usually has ergatomorph males. For other characters of the

winged 4, see species below.

C. Emery, Forel. (Plate V, figs. 57, 57a.)

Mitth. Minchen Ent. Ver., vol. 1, p.5, %, 1881. André, Ann. Soc.

Ent. France (6), p. 69, ¢, 1881.

®. 18-21 mm. Head, thorax, petiole, legs and antennae ochreous,

abdomen brown. Sometimes the head, the club of the antennae and

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 201

the 2nd node are darker, reddish yellow or slightly brownish. Head,

thorax and Ist joint of petiole finely and evenly reticulate, 2nd joint

of petiole very shallowly punctate, abdomen smooth and shining.

Whole body and legs microscopically pubescent. Head one-third

longer than wide, sides feebly convex, posterior corners rounded,

posterior margin straight. Clypeus produced, projecting over the

hind portion of the mandibles. The median area of the clypeus is

elongate triangular, raised and produced rather far back between the

frontal carinae; the lateral portions are laminate and bent upwards.

The frontal area is small but clearly defined. The frontal carinae

short, divergent behind. Mandibles quadridentate, the apical and

post-apical teeth large and acute. The scape does not extend back as

far as the hind margin of the head; the Ist joint of the flagellum is

two and a half times as long as wide, and as long as the five succeeding

joints taken together, the apical joint is four times as long as the

penultimate, and nearly as long as the rest of the flagellum less the

lst joint; 2nd—9th joints wider than long. Eyes rather prominent,

situated well in front of the middle of the sides. Thorax widest in

front, not so wide as the head. Pro-mesonotum hardly longer than

wide, meso-epinotal suture distinct. The thorax is distinctly con-

stricted between the meso- and epinotum. The latter is rather convex

lengthwise at the base, and slopes rapidly at the apex to the brow of

the concave declivity. Epinotal teeth small, triangular. The Ist

joint of the petiole has a short, broad peduncle, the node is narrow,

convex above, at the sides and in front, the anterior face almost

vertical. The 2nd joint of the petiole is oblong transversely, one-third

wider than long, and twice as wide as the Ist, convex above and at

the sides. Abdomen oval, the lst segment distinctly longer than wide,

and four times as long as the remaining segments taken together.

Legs moderately long, femora not swollen; middle and hind tibiae

without calcaria.

? (hitherto undesecribed?). 2°5 mm. Head, thorax and petiole

brown, abdomen black, legs, antennae and mandibles yellow, the club

of the flagellum infuscate. Head very similar to that of the %, but

a trifle wider. Eyes rather small, very little larger than in the >.

Ocelli small, inconspicuous and sunk a little below the surface. Pro-

notum widely exposed at the anterior lateral angles, which are rounded ;

the median portion of the pronotum is occluded by the mesonotum,

which extends far forwards in the middle. The mesonotum is convex

in front, very feebly convex or nearly flat transversely in its posterior

half. The scutellum is rather flat, very slightly raised above the level

of the metanotum. Dorsum of epinotum wider than long, widest at

202 Annals of the South African Museum.

the base, sloping downwards posteriorly ; the epinotal teeth are longer

than in the 9, the space between them shallowly excavated. Petiole

asin the 9. Abdomen similar to that of the 9, but larger. Wings

hyaline, the nervures hardly distinguishable. Puncturation as in the

®. The pubescence of the abdomen is longer and more abundant

than in the ¢. “

“@. 2mm. Head a little longer than wide; wider in front than

behind ; mandibles large, armed with 4 or 5 teeth, the apical one being

the largest. Clypeus similar to that of the ¢, it is large, fairly

convex, rounded in front, raised above the base of the mandibles;

frontal area deep, forming an obtuse angle with the clypeus; frontal

carinae short, frontal sulcus absent ; eyes large, situated in front of

the middle of the sides of the head. Antennae 13-jointed, all the

joints longer than wide; scape about as long as the first 8 joits of

the flagellum. First joint of the flagellum a little wider but as long

as the 2nd, the latter longer than the 3rd, the remaining joints

lengthen and widen gradually towards the apex, without forming a

well-defined club; the apical joint is longer than the two preceding

joints taken together. Thorax but slightly elongated, at least as high

as wide in front; pronotum visible from above, the lateral angles

pronounced but rounded. Mesonotum a little longer than wide,

without Mayrian furrows; dorsum of epinotum oblique, longer than

wide, wider in front than behind, the declivity half as long as the

dorsum, nearly vertical and slightly concave transversely ; epinotal

teeth strong, acute, divergent towards their apices and directed

upwards. Petiole similar to that of the 6. Abdomen oval; genital

armature small, not exposed. Wings with only one cubital cell, the

radial and discoidal cells wanting. Reddish testaceous, with the upper

surface of the head and of the petiole, the flagellum, and some spots

on the thorax more or less blackish, abdomen brownish black. Head

and thorax dull, finely punctured, at the bottom of each puncture is a

piligerous point. Petiole nearly smooth and moderately shining;

abdomen smooth and very shining. Pilosity absent, pubescence fine

and not dense. Wings nearly hyaline.”

S. Rhodesia, generally distributed ; Durban. (C.B.Cooper.) This

very small species is usually found nesting in grassy soil; the entrance

to the nest 1s a very minute hole, not surrounded by any earth or other

substances. The species is tropicopolitan.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 203

Trine SOLENOPSIDINI, Forel.

Sus-Trine MONOMORIINI, Emery.

The tribe includes the following South African genera: Monomorium,

Diplomorium and Solenopsis.

Genus MONOMORIUM, Mayr.

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. v, p. 452, 1855.

Characters.

S. Head more or less rectangular; mandibles narrow, with 3 or 4

acute teeth ; clypeus with the anterior margin more or less raised and

projecting over the base of the closed mandibles ; the triangular or

quadrangular median area is raised above the level of the short lateral

portions, and has usually two obtuse carinae, convergent behind between

the bases of the antennae (see Plate V, fig. 58¢) ; sometimes the carinae

end in front in very short blunt teeth ; frontal area, distinct. Frontal

carinae short. Antennae 11- or 12-jointed, with a distinct club formed

of the three apical joints. Thorax widest in front; promesonotal

suture obsolete, meso-epinotal suture deep and well defined. Epinotum

without teeth. First joimt of petiole shortly pedunculate in front.

Abdomen distinctly, but not widely truncate at the base (see Plate V,

fig. 58a).

?. Thorax elongate, pronotum very little exposed above; meso-

notum longer than wide; dorsum of scutellum level or nearly so with

that of the mesonotum. Epinotum without teeth; the declivity and

the posterior portion of the dorsum more or less excavated and concave,

so that the lateral margins appear raised or tumid. Petiole similar

to that of the 9. Abdomen elongate, rounded apically. Wings with

one cubital cell, the radial cell open.

dg. Head broad and flat; eyes large, ocelli not large. Mandibles

well developed and dentate. Clypeus broad. Antennae filiform,

13-jointed. Thorax similar to that of the 9. Petiole, especially

the peduncle of the Ist joint, wider than in the 92, the node not so

high. Abdomen as in the ?, but with the basal angles rounded.

This very large genus occurs in both hemispheres, chiefly in the

tropical zone, and includes several cosmopolitan species, some of

which are frequently found in hot-houses in temperate countries.

204 Annals of the South African Museum.

Most of our South African species nest in the ground, sometimes

forming very populous nests containing many hundreds of the 9

caste. The 9 §% of at least all the South African species which I have

seen have a very distinctive, although minute character by which they

may be recognised. The base of the ventral plate of the lst abdominal

segment forms a pronounced angle with the sides, so that the base of

the abdomen has a distinctly truncated appearance. Moreover, in

many species the abdomen has a more or less glaucous sheen, giving a

steely reflection. These characters can be best observed under a lens.

The truncate appearance of the base of the abdomen is certainly

noticeable in some other genera, but rarely to such a marked extent

as in Monomorium. The specific characters, which when taken

together separate our numerous species from one another, are fairly

distinctive, but are often not sufficiently palpable when considered

singly, so that it is no easy task to frame analytical keys for all the

species. I have endeavoured to draw up a key to include all those

species which I have seen, and also a few others which are known to

me only from descriptions, but which yet appear to possess characters

sufficiently distinctive to be utilised in a table.

In many species of the genus, e.g., albopilosum, bicolor, etc., the

sculpture consists in part of a very fine and even raised reticulation,

but under a low magnification only, this has a granulate appearance,

owing to the manner in which the light is reflected from the smooth

areas enclosed within the reticulations. Such a form of sculpture is

described in the following pages as granulate, since its real character

is appreciable only with rather high magnification.

Key to the 2 & of Monomorium.

blwer4xy 1. Antennae Z-jointed (sub-genus Mitara, Forel).

(8). 2. Yellowish species; sides of head distinctly, and of 2nd node of petiole,

slightly convex (mictilis, Forel) race atomus, Forel.

(2). 38. Brownish species ; sides of head and of 2nd node of petiole straight.

(eaiguum, Forel), var. bulawayensis, Forel.

(1). 4. Antennae 12-jointed.

(28). 5. Head and thorax dull, or only very slightly shining.

(7). 6. Head strongly striate and quadrate : : Emeryi, Mayr.

(6). 7. Head not strongly striated.

(17). 8. Head closely and fairly strongly granulate (see remark in introductory

paragraph above).

(12). 9. Dorsum of epinotum distinctly excavated.

(11). 10. Dorsum of epinotum deeply excavated. Entirely black, 4°2 mm. long;

posterior angles of the head prominent, feebly rounded.

afrum, André.

(10).

(9).

(16).

(15).

(14).

(13).

(8).

(21).

(20).

(19).

(18).

(23).

(22).

(25).

(24).

(27).

(26).

(5).

(36).

(31).

(30).

(33).

(32).

(35).

(34).

(29).

(38).

(37).

(40).

11.

15.

_ No trace of ocelli.

. Thorax strongly constricted at the meso-epinotal suture, 2°2 mm.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 205

Dorsum of epinotum not very deeply excavated. Yellowish brown,

24mm. long; posterior angles of the head considerably rounded.

(Salamonis L.), race subopacum, Smith.

. Dorsum of epinotum not excavated, but flat or convex.

. Black or brownish species.

. 85 mm. lone. Entirely black; 1st node, seen from above, conical,

longer than wide, the peduncle half as long as the node.

(albopilosum, Emery), var. Thales, Forel.

3mm.long. Dark brown, head paler brown; Ist node less conical,

more wedge-shaped, not longer than wide, the peduncle very short.

(Salamonis L.), race Junodi, Forel.

. Head and thorax bright yellowish red ; abdomen brownish.

(bicolor, Emery), var. nitidiventris, Emery.

. Head very finely sculptured, more or less minutely longitudinally

striato-punctate, or reticulate.

. Colour pale.

. Head and thorax brownish yellow. Scape not reaching the hind

margin of the head by the length of the eye.

(Salamonis L.), var. diserta, Forel.

. Head and thorax bright yellow. Scape reaching the hind margin of

the head ; : , ; A : . Pharaonis L.

. Colour dark.

. A median ocellus fairly well defined ; larger species, 3°3-3°8 mm.

(Salamonis L.), race australis, Emery.

(setuliferum, Forel), var. notula, Forel.

. Thorax not strongly constricted at the meso-epinotal suture.

. Abdomen with a bluish, sub-metallic reflection. 1st node conical.

2°8-3'4mm.long . : (Salamonis L.), var. opacior, Forel.

. Abdomen without any bluish reflection. Ist node more wedge-shaped,

3 mm. long.

(Salamonis L., race delagoensis, Forel), var. grahamstownensis, Forel.

. Head and thorax, and usually also the abdomen, smooth and shining.

. Entirely black, or dark brown species.

. Very small species, less than 2 mm. 6 4 minutum, Mayr.

. Larger species, 2°7 mm. and more.

. Large stout species, 3°"7-4 mm. Sides of head very convex.

Tchelichofi, Forel.

. More slender species, sides of head not very convex.

. 3mm. lone.

(Salamonis L., race herero, Forel), var. willowmorensis, Forel.

. 26 mm. long. : (Salamonis L., race Herero), var. belli, Forel.

. Yellow, reddish yellow or yellowish brown species, at least in part.

. Polymorphic species, the $ $ varying from 1°8 to 4 mm.

(amblyops, Emery), race bulawayense, Forel.

. Monomorphic species.

. Second node twice as wide as long.

(Oscaris, Forel, race springvalense, Forel), var. paterna, Forel.

206 Annals of the South African Museum.

(39). 40. Second node about as long as wide.

(44). 41. Second node sub-globose ; seen in profile, highest at or near the

middle.

(43). 42. Eyes separated from the base of the mandibles by a distance equal to

twice the length of the eye. First node feebly convex below 2 mm.

long : : , é s Leimbachi, Forel.

(42). 48. Eyes separated from the base of the mandibles by a distance not

greater than the length of the eye. First node strongly convex below

1:4 mm. long ; . (Braunsi, Mayr), var. shilohensis, Forel.

(41). 44. Second node not sub-globose, wider in front than behind; seen in

profile, highest in front.

(46). 45. First node distinctly higher than long. 1°6-1'9 mm. long.

Arnoldi, Forel.

(45). 46. First node longer than, or as long as high.

(48). 47. First node not higher than the 2nd. 1-6-1'8 mm. long.

(Oscaris, Forel), var. nuptialis, Forel.

(47). 48. First node higher than the 2nd.

(50). 49. Node of Ist joint of petiole very little longer than the peduncle; seen

in profile, the dorsum and declivity of epinotum are fairly clearly

delimited, the declivity sub-vertical ; 5 Schultzei, Forel.

(49). 50. Node of 1st joint almost twice as long as its peduncle; seen in profile,

the dorsum of the epinotum merges very gradually into the declivity,

which is very oblique (Oscaris, Forel), race springvalense, Forel.

M. arrum, André. (Plate V, figs. 58, 58a, 58b, 58c.)

Ann. Mus. Civ., Genoa, vol. 21, p. 540, 5, 1884.

6. 42 mm. Black, mandibles castaneous, flagellum and tarsi

brownish red. Pubescence short and very scanty. Anterior margin

of clypeus, petiole and margins of abdominal segments with a few

long yellowish hairs. Head, thorax and petiole densely and finely

reticulate, but appearing granulate when seen under a low magnifica-

tion. Abdomen microscopically rugulose or reticulate. The whole

body dull. Mandibles shining, striate and coarsely punctured, and

armed with 4 sharp teeth. Side of clypeus longitudinally striate.

Legs slightly shining.

Head a little longer than wide, as wide in front as behind, sides

moderately convex, posterior angles slightly rounded but prominent,

the occipital margin almost straight. Eyes flat, situated a little in

front of the middle of the sides. Clypeus raised in the middle,

obtusely carinate on each side of the raised area, the cariae ending

anteriorly in blunt points, and converging posteriorly between the

frontal carinae. Frontal*cariae short, sub-parallel. Scape long,

extending back just beyond the occipital margin ; Ist joint of flagellum

as long as the 2nd and 3rd together, 4th joit as long as wide, all the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 207

others longer than wide, the club four-fifths as long as the rest of the

flagellum. Pro-mesonotum one-third longer than wide. The thorax

is compressed laterally and narrowest at the meso-epinotal suture.

The dorsum of the epinotum widens towards the brow of the declivity,

and is excavated, so that the sides of the excavation form two obtuse

longitudinal ridges, diverging backwards ; the declivity is short and

almost vertical. The Ist joint of the petiole has a short peduncle,

shorter than the node, which is wedge-shaped, wider than long and

rounded above; the front face of the node is rounded from side to

side and vertical, the posterior face is slightly concave in the middle

and slopes forwards. The 2nd joint of the petiole is sub-globose,

widest in front, and only shghtly wider than the Ist. First segment

of abdomen a little longer than wide, longer than the remaining

segments taken together.

Bulawayo. This species forms very populous nests in the soil,

generally in exposed and sunny situations.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

M. aLBoprLosum, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 24, 9, 1895.

“6. 3-35 mm. Elongate, piceous brown, mandibles and articula-

tions ferruginous, pilosity long, fine and white, head and thorax very

closely punctured, dull, petiole very finely punctured, nitidulous,

abdomen shining, with a bluish sheen, punctured at the extreme base ;

head elongate, clypeus emarginate, antennae slender. The scape

extending back beyond the occipital margin ; meso-epinotal suture of

thorax moderately impressed, nodes of petiole subequal, legs shining

and pilose.”

Bloemfontein, Kimberley, Makapan, Leribe. (Weitzaecker. )

Umfulosi, Zululand. (Tragaeordh.)

Vaz. TuHatuss, Forel. (Plate V, fig. 61.)

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 186, 9, 1918.

5. 35mm. Black, tarsi, articulations of the legs, and flagellum

brownish, mandibles and sides of clypeus ferruginous. Sparingly

clothed with thin, white, semi-erect hairs. Head, thorax, and

posterior faces of the nodes very finely and closely reticulate-punctate.

Clypeus finely and longitudinally striate. Anterior faces of the

nodes of the petiole very finely punctured, abdomen smooth, slightly

shining, with a bluish sheen. Head a little more than one-quarter

longer than wide, sides feebly convex, posterior angles very rounded,

208 Annals of the South African Museum.

occipital margin straight. Median area of clypeus raised, obtusely

bicarinate, the front margin of the median area feebly concave.

Frontal carinae short and parallel. A shining and smooth line on the

vertex extends back from the end of the clypeus to about the level of

the eyes. The latter not large, situated just in front of the middle

of the sides. Mandibles longitudinally striate, elongate, armed with

4 teeth, the apical and sub-apical acute. Scape of antenna long,

extending beyond the occipital margin, Ist joint of flagellum two and

a half times as long as the second, the club, composed of the three

apical joints, is as long as the rest of the flagellum. The pro-meso-

notum is widest at the anterior fourth; the thorax is rather strongly

constricted at the meso-epinotal suture, which is deep. Epinotum

longer than wide, widest at the middle, two-thirds the length of the

pro-mesonotum, the declivity oblique and about half as long as the

dorsum, the brow of the declivity considerably rounded. First joint

of petiole with the peduncle half as long as the node, the latter longer

and higher than wide, higher than the 2nd joint. The latter is about

as long as wide, sub-quadrate, the anterior margin rounded. First

segment of abdomen longer than wide, and twice as lone as the

remaining segments taken together. Legs long and slender.

? (hitherto undescribed). 7 mm. Black; mandibles, antennae

and legs dark reddish brown, the tarsi paler. Dull, except the basal

two-thirds of the second and following abdominal segments, which are

smooth, shining and alutaceous. Clypeus longitudinally striate, the

rest of the head strongly, and more or less longitudinally rugose, the

rugae with a few transverse anastomoses, and also partly radiating

outwards from the median ocellus. Mandibles strongly striate.

Mesonotum and scutellum longitudinally and somewhat obliquely

striate, the striae on the mesonotum thickening posteriorly, the space.

between the striae closely reticulate-punctate. Hpimnotum coarsely and

irrecularly rugose at the sides, transversely on the declivity, the space

between the rugae closely punctured. Second node, and posterior

face of the Ist node transversely rugose, more coarsely on the latter.

First segment of abdomen, and marginal third of the remaining

segments distinctly and regularly striate, longitudinally so over the

basal half and the sides of the Ist segment, arcuately and transversely

over the apical portion of all the segments. Legs and antennae with

a short, sparse pubescence. Head, mesonotum, petiole, and abdomen

with pale pilose hairs, which are longest on the clypeus, petiole, and

margins of the abdominal segments. Head more quadrate than in

the © ; eyes occupying about one-fifth of the sides, and placed in the

middle, the ocelli not large. Pronotum not exposed above. Thorax

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 209

narrow, nearly two and a quarter times as long as wide across the

tegulae. Mesonotum one-third longer than wide, convex, and nar-

rowed in front, flattened above. Epinotum deeply excavated, the

excavation starting from the extreme base, and extending over the

brow of the declivity, the margins raised and enclosing a A-shaped

concavity. First node of petiole more squamiform than in the ©,

slanting forwards and with the posterior face more dorsal in position

than in the . Abdomen elongate ovate, all the segments wider than

long. Deilated.

¢o (hitherto undescribed). 7 mm. Black; all the joints of the

tarsi, except the apical, pale flavous, tibiae brownish yellow, articula-

tions of the legs flavous. Pilosity very long and fairly abundant

except on the legs and basal halves of the abdominal segments. Legs

and antennae with a short and oblique pubescence. Dull, except the

basal two-thirds of the 2nd and the following abdominal segments,

which are shining and alutaceous as in the 2. Sculpture of the head

as in the 2 but less regular. Mesonotum and scutellum closely

reticulate-punctate, with a few irregular and feeble rugae super-

imposed, not longitudinally striate as in the @. The dorsum of

the epinotum is on a much lower level than the scutellum (not

much lower in the ? ), and is sparsely and transversely rugose over

the basal half, not excavated, sloping downwards from its base to

apex, and merging into the vertical declivity by a gentle curve; the

lateral angles or tubercles fairly distinct. The nodes of the petiole

wider and shorter than in the @. The Ist node is deeply emarginate

in the middle of the dorsal edge, so as to appear almost bituberculate ;

the 2nd node is one-third wider than the Ist, two-thirds wider than

long, convex at the sides, fairly flat above, narrowed posteriorly, and

with an obtuse tubercle on each side above. Wings hyaline, the

nervures very faint.

Springvale, Bulawayo, and Matopo Hills, 8. Rhodesia; Pretoria.

(Lounsbury.) The entrance to the nest is surrounded by a large and

low mound of earth. The species is exceedingly pugnacious and

stings freely. Some of the nests in the Matopo Hills were very

populous, containing probably not less than 1000 workers.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

M. siconor, Emery, var. NITIDIVENTRIS, Emery.

(Type), Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, vol. 9, p. 368, 9, 1877. (Var.), Ann.

Soc. Ent. France, p. 256, 9, 1893. Mayr, Ann. K.K.N.H.

Mus. Wien, vol. 16, p. 7, 2, 1901 (type?). Karaweiew, Rev.

Russ. Ent., vol. 2, p.5, 9, g, 1911. ©

210 Annals of the South African Museum.

%. 36mm. Head, antennae, legs, thorax and petiole bright orange

red, abdomen brownish, with more or less of the median portion of the

Ist segment yellowish red, apices of the tarsi and the mandibular teeth

brownish. Head, thorax and posterior faces of the nodes finely granu-

late, posterior portion of the clypeus and frontal carinae finely and

longitudinally striate, the sides of the thorax more strongly granulate

than the dorsum. Abdomen smooth and shining. There isa very fine

and short pubescence on the head; the petiole and abdomen have a

few long and sub-erect: hairs. Head, excluding the mandibles, a little

longer than wide, the sides feebly convex. Frontal carinae short and

parallel. Hyes situated at about the middle of the sides of the head.

Mandibles finely and, longitudinally striate, with 4 distinct teeth.

Scape long, extending back well beyond the occipital margin, Ist joint

of flagellum one-third longer than the 2nd. Thorax narrower than

the head ; pronotum convex in front and at the sides, a little wider

than long, pro-mesonotal suture faintly indicated ; mesonotum as long

as the pronotum, longer than wide, meso-epinotal suture deep ; dorsum

of epinotum fiat, quite as long as the mesonotum and merging

gradually into the declivity. The Ist joint of the petiole has a

short peduncle, much shorter than the node; the latter is obtusely

conical, and about as long and as wide as the 2nd node. Seen in

profile, the Ist node is half as high again as the 2nd. Legs long and

slender.

9. 638 mm. Dark yellowish red (burnt sienna), with almost a

fiery golden reflection in some lights. Pronotum, mesopleura, sides of

the mesonotum, a median spot behind the pro-mesonotal suture, the

basal half of the 2nd and following abdominal segments brownish,

femora and scape more or less brownish. There is a very sparse and

pale pubescence on the whole body, with a few long, pilose hairs on the -

clypeus, petiole and abdomen. Head and thorax very finely and

longitudinally rugoso-striate, the head also somewhat reticulate-

punctate; the declivity of the epimotum and the posterior dorsal

portions of the nodes transversely and more strongly rugose. Abdo-

men very finely and longitudinally striate, the basal halves of the 2nd

and following segments microscopically coriaceous, and slightly shining.

Head sub-quadrate; the eyes convex, situated a little behind the

middle of the sides. The dorsum of the epinotum merges gradually

into the declivity. The epinotum is shallowly concave transversely

from base to apex. The Ist node of the petiole is strongly compressed

from front to back, so as to form a fairly sharp and convex dorsal

edge; the anterior face of the node is almost vertical, the peduncle

very short. The 2nd node is slightly wider than the Ist, and sub-

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 211

quadrate, not so high as the Ist. The basal margin of the Ist abdo-

minal segment feebly concave.

The @ described by Mayr differs from the above only by its larger

size (7°3 mm.), and its 9 9 appear to me, judging by the description

only, to be more closely related to the variety than to the type of the

species; they do not differ appreciably from the form described

above.

This species nests in loose sandy soil, usually over granite formation

(rarely on the schist), and is a very agile insect.

S. Rhodesia, fairly common; Bothaville, Orange Free State.

(Brauns.) (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

M. TcHeticnort, Forel.

Bull. Soc: Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 244, 5, 1914.

®. 37-4mm. Piceous; mandibles, tarsi, articulations of the legs

and antennae brownish. Head, disc of pro-mesonotum and abdomen

smooth and shining, the rest of the thorax and nodes nitidulous, finely

reticulate. Cheeks in front of the eyes, and the frontal carinae finely

striate. Mandibles shallowly and longitudinally striate, quadridentate.

The clypeus projects considerably forwards, so that the closed

mandibles are not quite visible from above. The anterior margin of

the median portion of the clypeus feebly emarginate. A very incon-

spicuous pubescence on the legs and antennae, but almost wanting on

the body; pilosity almost entirely absent. Head, excluding the

mandibles, slightly longer than wide, the sides very convex, the

posterior margin feebly concave in the middle, as wide in front as

behind, moderately convex above. The eyes are placed in the middle

of the sides of the head. The scape extends beyond the occipital

margin by about as muchas its own apical width; the Ist joint of the

flagellum not longer than the 2nd and 38rd together. Thorax widest

in front, barely more than half as wide as the head, fairly strongly

constricted at the meso-epinotal suture. Seen from the side, the pro-

mesonotum has a convex profile, raised above the level of the epinotum.

The dorsum of the latter is half as long again as wide, and slopes

downwards towards the declivity, forming a distinct angle at the

junction ; it is also excavated, the excavation triangular and extending

to the base. The declivity is also concave, and is fairly distinctly

margined on each side. The anterior face of the lst node is almost

vertical, the posterior-dorsal face convex. ‘The node is sub-ovate, seen

from above, and its dorsal edge is rounded, with a slight indentation

in the middle; the peduncle a trifle shorter than the node. The 2nd

212 Annals of the South African Museum.

joint is one-third wider than long, narrowed behind, convex in front,

and a little wider in front than the Ist. The abdomen is truncate at

the base, and more globose than in the majority of the species of this

genus.

Willowmore, Cape Prov. This species forms very populous colonies

in rocky ground, and is also a bold insect which uses its sting very

readily.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

M. Emeryi, Mayr. (Plate V, fig. 62.)

Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 10, p. 182, 9, 1895.

®. 26-3mm. Yellowish brown, the antennae, mandibles and legs

brownish yellow. The pubescence is composed of long, pale and

oblique hairs, rather abundant on the head, scantier on the thorax and

abdomen. Legs and antennae with a close and short pubescence.

The pilosity on the abdomen, petiole and thorax long, and more

abundant on the abdomen than elsewhere. Head and thorax dull,

nodes and abdomen shining. Head finely and longitudinally striate,

obliquely striate between the frontal carinae and the anterior lateral

angles, fairly closely punctured between the striae, the punctures

piligerous. Thorax longitudinally striate ; the pronotum in front, and

the epinotum transversely striate, the sides of the meso- and epithorax

reticulate-punctate. Abdomen polished; nodes of petiole shallowly

punctured.

Head as wide as long, or nearly so, the sides convex, the posterior

margin feebly concave, a little wider in front than behind. The eyes

are rather small and situated at the middle of the sides. The scape of

the antenna barely reaches the posterior margin. The head is -

noticeably wide, quite two-thirds wider than the thorax. The clypeal

carinae are fairly distinct. The mandibles coarsely striate and

obtusely quadridentate. The pro-mesonotum is very convex trans-

versely in front, its dorsal profile is also very convex ; it is quite twice

as wide across the rounded shoulders as it is at the meso-epinotal

suture. The dorsum of the epinotum is almost horizontal in profile,

half as long, and not more than half as wide as the pro-thorax; the

declivity is rather oblique, but forms a very distinct angle at its junc-

tion with the dorsum, on each side of which lies a blunt and elongate

tubercle, the space between the tubercles feebly concave transversely.

The Ist node of the petiole, seen from above, is elongate, almost one

and a half times as long as wide, the anterior face vertical and only

half as long as the posterior face; the node is rounded above, obtusely

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 215

wedge-shaped, as long as its peduncle. The 2nd node is almost

campaniform, wider behind than in front, wider than the Ist node and

shghtly longer than wide.

g. 85 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Reddish yellow-brown,

femora, tibiae, and antennae paler, tarsi brownish yellow. Head dull,

tie rest of the body shining. Clothed with a moderately abundant,

long and yellow pilosity, longer and more abundant on the abdomen

than on the head and thorax, much more abundant but shorter on the

legs and antennae. Head very closely and strongly punctured, the

punctures deep, also partly striate between the punctures. The

clypeus shining, sparsely and strongly punctured. The front of the

head round the antennal sockets finely and longitudinally striate.

Mandibles sharply longitudinally striate, quadridentate. Dorsun: of

thorax largely but scantily punctured at the sides, leaving a median

longitudinal area which is impunctate. Nodes sparsely punctured

on their posterior halves, also somewhat rugulose. Abdomen very

sparsely and finely punctured. Head as long as wide, subquadrate,

the posterior angles strongly rounded, the posterior margin straight.

Pronotum hardly exposed above. Mesonotum very convex trans-

versely in front, moderately so longitudinally, a little wider than long,

and twice as long as the scutellum, which is almost semicircular and

not raised much above the level of the epinotum. The dorsum of the

epinotum oblique, with a trace of tubercles at the angles, twice as

wide at the base as it is long, and not quite as long as the sub-vertical

dechivity. The junction of the two faces of the epinotum rounded,

slightly concave transversely. Nodes as in the ). Wings long, pale

brownish yellow, the nervures dark yellow.

g. 33mm. (hitherto undescribed). Head dark brown, the rest

of the body pale brownish yellow, legs and antennae pale yellow.

Head very finely and longitudinally striate, sub-opaque; the rest of

the body very smooth and shining, except the anterior angles of the

first node, which are feebly striate: A few very fine punctures

scattered on the thorax. Pilosity and pubescence as in the ¢, but

shorter and less abundant. Head much wider in front than behind,

almost twice as wide. Hyes very large, occupying a little more than

the anterior half of the sides, and almost touching the base of the

mandibles in front. The latter finely striate, minutely tridentate, the

inner and outer margins parallel. Clypeus with the mediau area

raised in the form of a tubercle, subtruncate above. Ocelli very large,

raised, the posterior pair twice as far apart from each other as they

are from the anterior ocellus. Antennae setaceous ; scape very short,

barely longer than wide, and not so long as one ocellus. Firsi joint

214 Annals of the South African Musewm.

of flagellum globose (as in Solenopsis), as long as the scape, the

remaining joints longer than wide, increasing in length successively

towards the apex, the apical joint flattened. Mesonotum very gibbous

in front, the anterior margin strongly convex transversely and two

and a third times longer than the scutellum. The latter is one and a

half times wider than long, the posterior margin semi-circular. The

mesonotum and scutellum are raised much above the level of the

epinotum. The latter is nearly two and a half times wider at the

base than it is long; the posterior angles are slightly raised, not

distinctly tuberculate. The declivity of the epinotum is vertical,

shorter than the dorsum. Nodes as in the 2, but flatter; the

posterior dorsal face of the Ist node is a little wider than long.

Wings as in the ? but paler.

Redbank, and Nyamandhloru, 8S. Rhodesia. This species is easily

distinguished from our other species by the very wide head, the very

convex pro-mesonotum, the narrow Ist node and the campaniform 2nd

node.

(SPAM aise CAtacolllss)

M. mopestum, Santschi.

Goéteborgs Kunegl. Vetens. och Vitterh. Handl., xv, 2, p. 17, 9, 1914.

“OS. 16-17 mm. Yellow, smooth and shining. A very short,

fine and erect pilosity is abundant over the whole body, including the

legs and antennae. Head rectangular, hardly wider behind than in

front, the occipital margin straight, the sides feebly convex. Posterior

angles of the head rounded. Eyes composed of a single facet, placed

slightly in front of the middle of the sides. Clypeus short and

abrupt, the two carinae of which are close together and subparallel.

Mandibles with masticatory margins oblique, quadridenticulate. The

scape extends back as far as the posterior margin of the head; 2nd to

8th joints of the flagellum very short, much wider than long, 9th and

10th joints subequal, the 10th joint only slightly thicker, the last

joint very thick and almost as long as the four preceding joints taken

together. Pro-mesonotal suture obsolete, meso-epinotal suture mode-

rately deep. Pro-mesonotum slightly convex. Dorsum of the epinotum

flat, submargined, forming a distinct angle with the declivity, which is

also flat and margined, and two-thirds as long as the dorsum. First

jomt of petiole with a long peduncle, the node higher than the 2nd,

and with its posterior face shorter than the anterior, which is much

more oblique; distinctly longer than wide, a little narrower than the

2nd node, which is wider than long.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 215

Related to termitobium, Forel, by its atrophied eyes.”

Stamford Hill, Natal. (Traegaordh. )

M. zuuv, Santschi.

Loe. cit., p.18, ©.

“OG. 15mm. Yellow, legs pale. A few erect hairs around the

mouth and the apex of the abdomen, the rest of the body covered with

a Short adpressed pubescence. Shining, epinotum and petiole sub-

opaque. Smooth, with a piligerous puncturation somewhat effaced.

Epinotum and sides of thorax very finely reticulate-punctate. Head

rectangular, one-sixth longer than wide, the sides moderately convex,

the posterior margin straight. The eyes occupy nearly all the second

anterior fourth of the sides of the head. Clypeus feebly excised in the

middle of its anterior margin, unarmed, the carinae reduced. Frontal

carinae sub-parallel. Mandibles with four teeth, the last very small.

Antennae 12-jointed; the scape does not extend back quite as far as

the hind margin of the head; 2nd-8th joints of the flagellum sub-

equal, wider than long, the 9th shorter and hardly wider than the Ist,

the 10th more than one-third longer and wider than the 9th, the last

joint very thick and nearly as long as the four preceding joints taken

together. Pro-mesonotal suture effaced on the dorsum, more distinct

laterally. Meso-epinotal impression pronounced, but less so than in

rhopalocerum. ~ Profile of the pro-mesonotum fairly convex, that of the

epinotal dorsum less so, the junction of the dorsum and the declivity

forming a rounded but fairly distinct angle. The declivity is feebly

margined, and a little longer than half the dorsum, the latter dis-

tinctly longer than half the pro-mesonotum. Peduncle of the Ist

joint of the petiole half as long as the node, with a tooth below, at its

anterior extremity. Node triangular, rounded at the apex and below,

higher than long, hardly narrower than the 2nd node. The latter is

rounded and one-quarter higher and wider than the Ist.

“This species belongs to the rhopalocerum, Em., group. In Arnoldi,

Forel, Bruwnsi, Mayr, and speluncarum, Santschi, the erect pilosity is

more abundant, and the epinotum is smooth. In Schultzei and angus-

tinode, Forel, the colour is different ; in altinode, Santschi, the petiole

is higher, and in termitobium and modestwm the eyes are rudimentary.”

Junction of the Umfulosi, Zululand. (Traegaordh.)

M. nHopALOcERUM, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p, 25, 5, 1895.

“9 17mm. Flavous testaceous; abdomen fuscous, very shining ;

216 Annals of the South African Museum.

piligerous punctures very sparse, otherwise impunctate. Head

moderately elongate, truncate posteriorly. Clypeus obtusely biden-

tate. Mandibles quadridentate; last joimt of antenna very large,

nearly as long as the four preceding together. Thorax fairly elongate,

the meso-epinotal suture deeply impressed, the pro-mesonotal suture

obsolete, the epinotum very obtusely angulated ; the Ist joint of the

petiole with a very short peduncle, the node high but narrow, and

longer than wide; the 2nd node subglobose, much smaller and a little

narrower than the Ist.

“Capetown. (Simon.)”

“Facies of a Solenopsis, very smooth and shining, with a few

piligerous punctures. . . . The carinae on the clypeus are moderately

prominent. ‘The eyes are fairly small, and separated from the base of

the mandibles by one and a half times their own diameter. The scapes

do not extend back to the occipital margin. . . . The thorax is

elongate, compressed at the meso-epinotal suture, which is deeply

impressed and striated. . . . The joints of the petiole are very

unequal. The first, seen in profile, appears pedunculated along two-

fifths of its length, the node cuneiform; seen from above, the node

appears distinctly longer than wide, rounded in front. The 2nd joint

is globose, much smaller and a little narrower than the Ist.”

M. Havinanni, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 443, 9, 2, 1910.

“OG. 25 mm. Mandibles strongly striated, tridentate. Clypeus

entire, strongly concave between its two carinae; these are separate in

front, but nearly contiguous between the frontal carinae, and are con-

tinued round the sides to the anterior margin. Head nearly quadrate,

a little longer than wide, and a little wider in front than behind; the

sides feebly convex, widely concave behind. The eyes are fairly large,

slightly elongate, placed between the middle and the anterior third.

The scape does not extend back quite as far as the hind margin of the

head; 3rd—8th joints of the flagellum wider than long, the club not

very thick, the penultimate joint only a little larger than the preceding.

Pro-mesonotum convex, without a distinct suture, the constriction a

little feebler than in gracillimuwm. Epinotum convex, the dorsum

merging by a barely perceptible curve into the declivity ; the dorsum

not at all depressed, fairly narrow, a little convex transversely, as long

as the declivity. First node cuneiform, rounded, convex below as in

minutum, with a short peduncle in front shorter than the node, and

bearing below an obtuse tooth. Second node small, lower and not

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 217

wider than the Ist, a little wider than long. Cheeks, frontal carinae,

and antennal pits striate. The rest of the head smooth, witha strong,

scattered, and abundant puncturation. Thorax and petiole densely

and not very finely reticulate-punctate and dull, except the dorsum,

which is reticulate and sub-opaque; the middle of the pro-meso-

notum smooth. Abdomen and legs smooth. An erect, short and

yellowish pilosity fairly abundant over the whole body, especially the

abdomen. The legs and scapes have only a decumbent pubescence,

which also occurs on the body, particularly the head. Black; man-

dibles reddish ; antennae and legs rusty brown.

?. 85mm. Head almost exactly square; joints of the flagellum

a little more elongated than in the 9. Thorax narrower than the

head. Dorsum of epinotum margined, flat transversely, convex longi-

tudinally from end to end. Petiole as in the 9, but without the con-

vexity or distinct tooth below. Abdomen elongate. Otherwise like

the (including the mandibles). Head finely striate on nearly the

whole of the anterior portion, the large punctures stronger and more

abundant than in the 6. Hpinotum and nodes of petiole densely reticu-

late-punctate and dull; dorsum of epinotum densely and transversely

striate. The abdomen and rest of thorax smooth, sides of mesonotum

with a few large punctures. Pilosity and colour as in the , but the

mandibles are reddish yellow, and the margins of the abdominal

segments brownish. Dedalated.”

Natal. (Haviland.)

M. minutum, Mayr.

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 5, p. 453, 9, 1855.

“6. 15-17 mm. Piceous, very shining, smooth; the mandibles,

the antennae, excepting the club, the articulations of the legs and the

tarsi yellowish. The whole body sparsely covered with erect, thick

hairs. The mandibles are smooth, shining, and armed with four

strong teeth. The clypeus, like the rest of the head, is smooth and

very shining. The scape of the 12-jointed antenna does not quite

reach back to the posterior margin of the head; the Ist joint of the

flagellum is fairly long, not greatly thickened, the following joints are

very small and short, the last three joints form the club, the 8th,

9th and 10th joints progressively larger, the terminal joint consider-

ably longer than the 9th and 10th together. The thorax is smooth

and very shining, the meso-epinotal suture alone is rather coarsely

and longitudinally striate. The nodes of the petiole and the abdo-

men are smooth and very shining.”

218 Annals of the South African Museum.

The type species does not appear to have been recorded from South

Africa, but is represented by the following forms.

Race BoERORUM, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 442, 9, 1910.

®. 14-1:'7 mm. Pale brown to dark brown, the mandibles,

antennae and tarsi lighter. Very smooth and shining, with a very

sparse and pale pilosity. This race differs from the type in the

following particulars. The head is longer and narrower than in the

type, rectangular, with the sides almost straight (convex in the type).

The eyes are placed within the anterior third of the head. The nodes

are a little thicker, and the Ist node is but slightly convex below.

The thoracic impression is stronger and wider. The epinotum is a

little more convex, and the carinae on the clypeus are less distinct and

further apart in front.

9. 32 mm. Black, legs and antennae brown, tarsi and articula-

tions of the legs brownish, mandibles rusty brown. Head, mesonotum,

and scutellum very sparsely and finely punctured; the rest of the

body impunctate. Abdomen and sides of the nodes sparsely covered

with a thin, long and pale pilosity. Head longer than wide; the

ocelli small. Thorax narrow, much narrower than the head. Pro-

notum almost vertical in front, very slightly exposed in the middle,

but more at the shoulders. Mesonotum one-third longer than wide ;

scutellum much longer than wide, and a little longer than half the

mesonotum. Dorsum of epinotum very short, merging gradually into

the declivity, which is very steep, transversely concave, feebly and

transversely striate. Petiole as in the 9. Abdomen elongate, the

basal angles of the Ist segment pronounced, Ist segment as long as

wide, the remaining segments wider than long. Deilated.

Orange Free State. (Wroughton.) Capetown. (Phillip.) (S.A.M.,

R.M., G.A. colls.)

Race HoTTENTOTA, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 26, 9, 1895.

This form is unknown to me, and I am therefore obliged to re-

produce the author’s description, which is unfortunately based on a

comparison with a Madagascan species.

“Closely allied to imerinense, Forel, from which it differs by the

more angular epinotum, due to the more marked lateral ridges, and

above all by the stronger petiole, the Ist jomt of which has a longer

peduncle; the nodes more robust, the 2nd wider behind than in front,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 219

and consequently strongly narrowed behind. The proportions of the

head and thorax, the sculpture and the hairs much as in imerinense.

Capetown.”

M. Meprnae Forel, race, Fripat Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 49, p. 183, 9, 1905.

“&. 3mm. Apart from its larger size, this form differs from the

type by the more convex sides of the head, by the higher declivity of

the epinotum ; the latter is excavated above and behind to form a

longitudinal channel which is much more distinct than in hesperiwm

Em. The first node of the petiole is larger and higher than in the type

of Medinae, and more cuneiform. Its summit is almost linear (or

acutely angular). The legs are more slender. Very shining, except

the epinotum which is opaque and reticulate-punctate. Mesonotum

reticulate, sughtly subopaque. Dark brown, the tarsi and antennae

paler, as in Medinae. Willowmore, Cape Prov. (Brauns) ; host of

Braunsiella Wasm.”

M. Satamonts, Linn.

Syst. Nat. Ed. 10, p. 580, 1758.

This ant is found on the south shores of the Mediterranean, India,

and Ceylon, and is represented in the Ethiopian Region by many sub-

species and varieties, which show a considerable range of variation, in

size, colour, and sculpture.

For purposes of comparison, I reproduce the description of the type

form given in André’s ‘* Hyménoptéres d’ Europe.”

“6. 2°5-3°5 mm. Head, thorax, and petiole brownish red, more or

less dark, very shghtly shining or dull. The longitudinal sulcus

(excavation) of the clypeus superficial. Head slightly, abdomen

fairly, shining. Thorax deeply impressed between the meso- and the

epinotum. More or less castaneous brown, with the head blackish,

the abdomen brownish black.

“9, 6-7 mm. Dorsal profile of the thorax straight, from its front

margin to a little beyond the scutellum, without an angular break

between the latter and the mesonotum. Pilosity short and not very

close, but plainly visible; pubescence scanty. Lntirely blackish

brown, except the mandibles, the antennae, the tarsi, the thorax and

the petiole, which are entirely or partly somewhat reddish brown.

Head, thorax and petiole fairly strongly striate or rugose and dull.

Abdomen very finely coriaceous, moderately shining.

“$. 5mm. External paramera of the genital armature very large,

220 Annals of the South African Museum.

laminate, prolonged backwards and curved downwards at thei ex-

tremity. Petiole of the usual shape, its two joints not narrowed above

to form transverse ridges, the Ist being cylindrical in front, thickened

behind. The 2nd nodiform, rounded above, about as long as wide,

and hardly wider than the Ist node. Black, tips of the mandibles

and the antennae reddish yellow, tarsi and genital armature blackish

brown. Pubescence almost absent; pilosity sparse, except at the apex

and below the abdomen, where it is longer and more abundant. Head,

including the clypeus and frontal area, thorax and petiole densely

punctate-rugose, dull; abdomen very finely rugulose, fairly shining.

Wings nearly hyaline or barely tinged with yellow; nervures and

stigma pale yellow.”

Var. opactor, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 186, 5, 1913.

OS. 28-34mm. Yellowish brown; disc of pro-mesonotum and legs

paler; abdomen black, with a submetallic gloss. Abdomen with a few

thick, pale hairs. Dull. Head very finely and longitudinally reticu-

late-striate. Thorax closely and finely granulate (veticulate-punctate).

Head nearly quadrate, a little longer than wide, and a little wider in

front than behind. Scape short, not reaching the posterior margin of

the head. Pronotum almost as wide as the head posteriorly. Pro-

mesonotal suture faintly indicated, but more clearly than in Junodi.

Dorsum of epinotum half as long as the pro-mesonotum ; the declivity

sub-vertical, the brow rounded. The epinotum is barely excavated,

and the profile of its dorsum is only moderately convex, or almost

flat. First node of petiole wedge-shaped; convex transversely in

front, behind and above; one-quarter higher than the 2nd node.

The latter is as wide as the Ist; widest in front.

¢ (hitherto undescribed). 46mm. Black; mandibles, antennae,

and legs yellowish brown. Head and abdomen with a scanty, short

and decumbent pubescence; the nodes and abdomen with also a few

pale, pilose hairs. Head, pro- and mesonotum and scutellum longi-

tudinally reticulate-striate. Nodes of petiole and sides of epinotum

reticulate-punctate; the epinotum above transversely striate. Abdo-

men very finely and rather obliquely striate. The pronotum is slightly

exposed in the middle, much more at the shoulders. The epinotum is

widest in frontZacross the level of the stigmatic orifices, which are

somewhat angularly prominent. The dorsum of the epinotum is flat

at the extreme base, beyond which it is shallowly excavated, the ex-

cavation being continued over the declivity and forming moderately

distinct lateral bosses or margins on each side. First node of petiole

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 221

as wide as it is long below; more compressed from front to back than

in the 9 ; the anterior face very feebly convex transversely, and also

vertical; the posterior-dorsal face very oblique; the dorsal edge very

convex transversely. The 2nd node as in the >.

Bulawayo. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Var. DISERTA, Forel.

Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. Beiheft, p. 216, 9, 1913.

&. 19 mm. Reddish yellow, the head a little darker, the apical

half of the abdomen brown. Head and nodes with a slight gloss,

abdomen polished and shining, thorax dull. Head microscopically

reticulat2-striate, thorax and nodes very finely reticulate. Abdomen

very sparsely pilose and punctured. Head, excluding the mandibles,

one-fifth longer than wide, the sides and the hind margin nearly

straight. The scape just reaches the posterior margin. The eyes are

situated just in front of the middle of the sides. The thorax is but

moderately constricted at the meso-epinotal suture. The profile of the

thorax is convex in front, horizontal above; the dorsum of the epi-

notum and of the pro-mesonotum are in the same plane, and slope

backwards towards the declivity. The dorsum of the epinotum is

about half as long as the pro-mesonotum, and very little longer than

wide; the declivity is sub-vertical and forms a distinct angle with

the dorsum. The anterior face of the 1st node is very short, and the

peduncle is a little shorter than the node; the 2nd node is as wide as

long.

Shiloh, 8. Rhodesia. (R.M., G.A. colls.)

Race Junopt, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., vol. 54, p. 441, 9, 1910.

®. 3-3°-4mm. Dark brown, the legs, mandibles and basal half of

the flagellum paler. Head, legs and antennae with a short decumbent

pubescence, very short and scanty on the head. Clypeus, nodes and

abdomen with a sparse, long and pale pilosity. Head, thorax and

posterior faces of the nodes closely and finely granulate; abdomen

smooth, with a faint submetallic, bluish gloss. Head, excluding the

mandibles, as wide as long, the posterior angles rounded, the hind

margin almost straight, the sides feebly convex. Hyes flat, situated

at about the middle of the sides of the head. Median area of clypeus

longitudinally striate, the carimae well defined. Mandibles quadri-

dentate and moderately strongly and longitudinally striate. The scape

extends slightly beyond the hind margin of the head. Prothorax in

222 Annals of the South African Museum.

front not much narrower than the head, the thoracic constriction at

the meso-epinotal suture feeble, the suture shallow.- Dorsum of

epinotum three-fifths as long as the pro-mesonotum, twice as long as

the declivity, the latter sub-vertical. The epimotum is barely excavated

above. Peduncle of the Ist joint of the petiole shorter than the node

the latter is cuneiform, higher than the 2nd node, and measured along

its base, longer than wide. Second node slightly narrowed behind, a

little wider than the Ist. his species greatly resembles albopilosum,

var. thales, but may be distinguished from it by the thinner Ist node

and the shorter peduncle.

Bulawayo. (8.A.M., R.M., G.A. cols.)

Race HERERO, Forel.

Schultze Reise, Siidafrika, vol. 4, p.16, 6, 2, 1910.

“G. 26-283 mm. Head much longer than in the race australe, Em.,

quite one-quarter longer than wide in front, wider in front than behind,

rather flatter below. Brownish black, antennae, legs and mandibles

light brown or reddish brown. Resembling the var. subnitida, Em., in

appearance, but the thoracic indentation less deep, the head smaller

and flatter below, the Ist node thicker. The epinotum is also less

arched, and lies lower.

9. 46mm. Head quadrangular, wider than the thorax. Meso-

notum feebly convex. ‘he scape reaches back as far as the posterior

margin of the head. Head, thorax and petiole dull, closely reticulate-

punctate; head also longitudinally striate. Abdomen shining, finely

reticulate. Body clothed with short, fine hairs. Black; antennae,

mandibles and legs reddish brown.”

Possession Island, German 8.W. Africa. (Schultze.)

Race HERERO, var. WILLOWMORENSIS, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 245, 5, 1914.

Oo. 3mm. Dark brown, pro-mesonotal disc lighter. Abdomen

almost black. Nodes, legs, mandibles and the flagellum excepting

the club, yellowish brown. Head, disc of pro-mesonotum, and

abdomen shining, the rest of the body dull. Cheeks in front of the

eyes finely and longitudinally striate, the rest of the head almost

smooth, but with a few small and shallow piligerous punctures.

Thorax closely and finely reticulate. Abdomen very sparsely pilose.

Head, excluding the mandibles, one-sixth longer than wide, the sides

convex, the posterior margin very feebly concave. The eyes are placed

in front of the middle of the head. The scape extends back as far as

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 223

the occipital margin. The thorax is considerably constricted at the

meso-epinotal suture, which is fairly deep. The pro-mesonotum

is very convex transversely in front. The dorsum of the epinotum

is barely half as lone as the pro-mesonotum and slopes downwards

towards the declivity, with which it forms a rounded but distinct

angle. The declivity is nearly vertical and half as long as the

dorsum. ‘The epinotum widens at the brow of the declivity, where

the margins are rendered somewhat tumid by the median excavation.

Nodes similar to those of Junodi.

Willowmore, Cape Prov. (Arnold.) (8.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Race HERERO, var. BELLI, Forel.

Bull. Soe. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 245, G, 1914.

&. 2°38 mm. Exceedingly similar to var. willowmorensis, which it

resembles in colour and sculpture. It is smaller than that variety,

and the pro-mesonotum is narrower, and less convex at the sides

behind the shoulders. The meso-epinotal suture is not so deep, and

the thorax is less constricted at that point. The epinotum is also

narrower across the brow of the declivity. The peduncle of the Ist

joint of the petiole is also a little longer, the node more pointed above

and narrower. The dorsum of the epinotum is flatter.

Willowmore, Cape Prov. (Arnold.) (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Race DAMARENSE, Forel.

Schultze Reise Stidafrika, vol. 4, p. 17, 9, 1910.

«OG. 19-2mm. This bears a close resemblance to M. setuliferum,

Forel, from which it differs by the much longer head (one-quarter

longer than wide), and by the nodes. The Ist is higher and also

wedge-shaped (but rounded above), the 2nd is much smaller and

lower. The thorax is like that of Salamonis, whereas in setuliferwm

both the pro-mesonotum and the epinotum form equal longitudinal

convexities. In damarense, only the pronotum anteriorly is abruptly

convex, the dorsum of the thorax is but slightly convex, only feebly

indented, and the angle between the two planes of the epinotum is

fairly sharp, though rounded ; the declivity is much shorter than the

dorsum. The scape hardly extends beyond the occipital margin. The

eyes are rather flatter and are placed more posteriorly than in

setuliferum. Closely reticulate-punctate and dull (not so closely as in

setuliferum and not rugose). Abdomen in greater part shining and

smooth. Pubescent, with scanty and erect hairs on the abdomen.

224 Annals of the South African Museum.

Brownish; scape, legs, clypeus and mandibles yellowish brown. First

half of the flagellum yellowish red.”

Gawieb, Damaraland. (Schultze.)

Race TERMITARIUM, Forel.

GOB, Cin jn LI, OG, 2

“6, 23-25 mm. Reddish yellow, abdomen light brown. In

sculpture and gloss it is intermediate between salamonis, 1. sp., and the

var. subnitidum, Hm.; it is less shining and more sharply reticulate

than the latter. Head elongate as in herero, the indentation of the

thorax feeble, as in damarense; nodes as in salamonis, 1. sp., but a little

smaller and the 2nd node somewhat shorter. Pilosity as in the type

species.

?. 55mm. Head rectangular, not wider or hardly wider behind

than in front, the sides almost straight, a little wider than the thorax.

Brown; mandibles, legs and antennae brownish red. Head and

thorax dull, abdomen shining. Wings hyaline.”

Kooa, Kalahari. (Schultze.) Nesting in part of a termites’ mound.

Race supopacum, Smith.

Cat. Hymen. B.M., vol. 6, p. 127, 5, 2, 1858.

®. 24mm. Yellowish brown, the thorax a little paler; antennae

and legs, except the tarsi, brownish yellow, tarsi dirty ochreous.

Entirely dull. Head, thorax and nodes very finely reticulate, the

abdomen microscopically so; the space between the frontal carinae

faintly and longitudinally striate. Sparsely and very finely pubescent

on the head, more densely on the legs and antennae. The abdomen

with a few long, semi-erect hairs. Head a little wider in front than

behind, the sides moderately convex, the posterior angles rounded.

Clypeal carinae feeble, the space between them shining. Mandibles

longitudinally striate, slightly shining, tridentate. The scape extends

just beyond the occipital margin. Thorax narrower than the head,

narrowed at the meso-epinotal suture, which is not deep. Dorsum of

epinotum flat in profile, one-quarter longer than wide, three-fifths as

long as the pro-mesonotum ; the brow of the declivity, seen from the

side, is fairly angular but rounded; the dorsum is shallowly and

triangularly excavated. First node of petiole, seen in profile, wedge-

shaped but strongly rounded above, and as long as the 2nd node; the

latter almost quadrate, slightly wider in front than behind, and hardly

wider than the Ist.

“2. 5mm. Opaque fusco-ferruginous ; abdomen black, with the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 225

base reddish, the articulations of the legs and the tarsi pale rufo-tes-

taceous; the thorax in the middle in front, and the scutellum, of a

brighter red ; the epinotum with a deep excavation ; abdomen oblong-

ovate, thinly sprinkled with short pale glittering hairs.”

This species makes rather small colonies, usually in sandy soil.

Not common in Rhodesia. Bulawayo. (R.M., G.A. colls.)

Race sUBOPACUM, var. ANCEPS, Emery.

Ann. Soe. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 24, 9, 1895.

“Small forms with the head slightly shining behind, and the

abdomen also shining; colour of the race.

Hamman’s Kraal. (Simon.)”

Race AUSTRALE, Emery

Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., vol. 18, p. 368, 9, 2, 1886.

©. 933-3'°3 mm. Head, epinotum, and nodes reddish brown ;

pro-mesonotum paler, more yellowish brown. Mandibles yellowish

red, abdomen piceous, legs and antennae brownish red, the tarsi paler,

except the last joint, which is dark brown. Head and thorax dull,

abdomen moderately shining. Head, thorax and petiole very finely

reticulate, abdomen alutaceous. A very sparse and fine pilosity on

the nodes and abdomen. Head barely longer than wide, slightly

narrowed behind, the sides feebly convex, the posterior angles

rounded, the posterior margin shallowly concave. The scape extends

back as far as the posterior margin. The median area of the clypeus

finely and longitudinally striate, the clypeal carinae obtuse. Man-

dibles longitudinally striate, quadridentate. Eyes placed at the

middle of the sides of the head. Thorax narrower than the posterior

margin of the head; pro-mesonotum, including the neck, almost twice

as long as the epinotum, the latter one and a half times longer than

wide, shallowly excavated, the excavation extending over the brow of

the declivity, which is therefore concave transversely at that point.

The profile of the epinotum above is convex, not flat, as in swhopacum ;

the declivity is short and oblique. The peduncle of the lst joint of

the petiole is more than half as long as the node. The latter is one-

quarter higher than wide, a little wider than long, convex in front and

behind. The 2nd node is widest across its anterior third, barely wider -

than the Ist, and as long as wide. :

2. 57mm, Colour and pilosity as in the >, but the abdomen is

darker, with the apical margins pale brownish yellow, and the head is

dark reddish brown. Dull; head finely and longitudinally striate ;

226 Annals of the South African Museum.

mesonotum finely striate in front, alutaceous behind. Epinotum

transversely striate. Abdomen alutaceous, with a slight silky sheen.

Nodes of petiole posteriorly, transversely and minutely striate.

Clypeus and frontal carinae longitudinally striate. Head quadrate,

only very little longer than wide. Pronotum exposed only at the

shoulders, which are rounded. Mesonotum one-third longer than

wide ; scutellum a little more than one-third the length of the meso-

notum. Epinotum more deeply excavated than in the %, so that the

margins at the junction of the declivity and dorsum form a distinct

and elongate boss on each side. Nodes as in the 9, but the Ist is

more compressed from back to front, and its front face is more vertical

and flatter than in the @. Wings pale smoky yellow; nervures pale

brownish yellow.

Willowmore, Cape Prov. (Dr. Brauns.) (S.A.M., R.M., G.A.

colls. )

Race DELAGOENSIS, Forel.

Mitt. Schw. Ent. Ges., vol. 9, p. 87, 9, 1894. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.,

vol. 54, p. 441, 2, ¢, 1910.

&. 3mm. Dark reddish brown, the pro-mesonotum a little redder ;

mandibles, antennae and legs dark brownish yellow. Head slightly

shining, microscopically reticulate-punctate, between the frontal

carinae finely and longitudinally striate. Thorax and posterior faces

of the nodes dull, closely reticulate-punctate, the sculpture stronger on

the nodes than on the thorax. Abdomen smooth and shining. Head,

excluding the mandibles, very little longer than wide; the posterior

angles rounded, as wide behind as in front; the posterior margin

almost straight or very feebly concave. The scape not extending back

to the posterior margin by a distance equal to the length of the eye.

Median area of clypeus with very indistinct carinae, the space

between very shallowly excavated. Thorax decidedly narrowed at

the meso-epinotal suture; dorsum of epinotum not quite half as long

as the pro-mesonotum, a little longer than wide; the declivity is

short, and forms a rounded but fairly distinct angle with the dorsum.

Second node of petiole a little wider than long, hardly wider than the

Ist, narrowed posteriorly. A very scanty pilosity on the nodes and

abdomen.

“?. 6mm. Head a little wider than the thorax. Entirely dull;

colour as in the 9.”

“@. 47 mm. Entirely black. Wings hyaline. Mesonotum alto-

gether dull. The erect pilosity more abundant than in the type of the

species. Flagellum brown ; tibiae and tarsi pale yellow.”

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 227

Delagoa Bay. (Liengme.) Natal. (Haviland.) (G.A. coll., two

Race DELAGOENSE, var. GRAHAMSTOWNENSIS, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Se. Nat., vol. 50, p. 245, 9, 1914.

This differs from the race only in the following trifling details:

The colour is lighter, especially the pro-mesonotum; the legs and

antennae are more yellowish; the nodes are slightly less dull than in

the type of the race ; and the sculpture of the thorax and nodes a shade

less strouig.

Grahamstown. (8.A.M., G.A. colls.)

M. serunirervum, Forel.

Schultze Reise Stidafrica, vol. 4, p. 16, 9, 1910.

“6, 1:8-2°3 mm. Very similar to the Indian species wroughtoni,

Forel, but with the head much wider and without the metallic sheen

on the abdomen which is seen in that species. Mandibles slightly

shining, longitudinally striate, with three strong teeth and posteriorly

a very small tooth. Clypeus with two very distinct carinae, which

coalesce behind. Head rectangular, hardly longer than wide, feebly

concave behind, the sides feebly convex. Eyes convex, fairly large,

placed almost within the anterior third of the head. The scape just

reaches back to the hind margin of the head. ‘The 53rd—8th joints of

the flagellum distinctly wider than long, the 2nd joint as wide as long.

Thorax as in salamonis and wroughtoni, but the transition between the

two planes of the epinotum more broadly rounded (the two planes

indistinctly separated). The two nodes equally high (in salamonis the

Ist is higher) ; the lst much wider than in wroughtoni, as wide as the

2nd, much wider than its peduncle in front, thicker above than in

wroughtoni. Abdomen in front somewhat concavely truncate. Head,

thorax and petiole dull; abdomen slightly glossy in front at the base,

shining above and behind, very finely coriaceous and reticulate-rugose ;

legs smooth and shining. The head is exceedingly finely and closely

longitudinally striate, reticulate-punctate between the striae, the abdo-

men anteriorly similarly sculptured, but more feebly. On the head

and thorax are some very short, scanty, fine whitish and stiff hairs,

not easily observable; similar but longer hairs occur on the petiole

and abdomen. In addition there is a fine and short adpressed

pubescence, fairly sparse; scape and legs pubescent only. Brown;

228 Annals of the South African Museum.

antennae, legs, mandibles and disc of pronotum and mesonotum

reddish to brownish yellow. ‘The club of the antenna dark brown.”

Khakhea, Kalahari. (Schultze.) Nest in sand.

Var. NoTULA, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 441, 9, ¢, 1910.

OS. 22mm. Dark reddish brown, pro-mesonotum lighter, more

rusty red, legs paler, especially the tarsi, mandibles yellowish rusty

red. Hyes rather smaller and placed further back than in the type

species. Head shghtly narrower. Epinotum and mesopleura strongly

reticulate-punctate. Second joimt of flagellum a little longer than

wide. |

“«@. 35 mm. Head much wider than long; the posterior margin

nearly straight, a little narrower than the thorax and, like it, dull.

Abdomen fairly shining. Wings hyaline, nervures pale. Black;

antennae brown; tarsi, tibiae, articulations and margins of the

mandibles yellow. Hairs on head and thorax fairly abundant and

erect. Tibiae and scapes with adpressed pubescence.”

Bulawayo ; Springvale, S. Rhodesia. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

M. Puaraonts, Linn.

Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, i, p. 580, 1758. Say (Myrmica molesta), Boston

Journ. N.H., p. 626, 2, 1838. Smith (Myrmica domestica),

List. Brit. Anim. B.M., vi, p. 119, g,1851. Smith (Myrmica

domestica), Trans. Ent. Soc. London (2), 11, p. 180, 9, 2, dg,

1855.

S. 25-3 mm. Reddish yellow, the apical half of the abdomen

and sometimes the sides of the whole of the Ist seement brownish. ~A

few scattered pilose hairs on the thorax and abdomen. A microscopic

pubescence on the legs and antennae. Head, thorax and nodes closely

and minutely granulate, abdomen and legs smooth and shining.

Head, thorax and nodes dull. Head ovate, excluding the mandibles,

one-quarter longer than wide, the sides strongly, the posterior margin

feebly convex. Eyes situated in front of the middle of the head.

The scape almost reaches the posterior margin. Clypeal carinae fairly

distinct. Mandibles faintly striate. Pro-mesonotum convex, rounded

infront and at the sides, narrowed posteriorly. The thorax constricted

at the meso-epinotal suture, which is deep. Dorsum of epinotum

longer than wide, about three-fifths as long as the pro-mesonotum,

the declivity almost vertical, shorter than the dorsum. The pro-

mesonotum and epinotum, seen from the side, are distinctly convex.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 229

The Ist node of the petiole cuneiform, rounded above, the peduncle

nearly as long as the node; 2nd node wider in front than behind,

wider than the Ist node, and slightly wider than long.

?. 43 mm. Reddish yellow; scutellum, median portion of

metanotum, declivity and sides of epinotum, and the mesopleura dark

brown. The posterior face of the lst node slightly brown. Colour of

the abdomen similar to that of the ¢ but darker. Pilosity, pubes-

cence and puncturation as in the § ; a longitudinal median area on

the anterior half of the mesonotum finely striate. Head, excluding

the mandibles, as wide as long. The eyes moderately large, placed in

the middle of the sides. Pronotum not exposed dorsally ; mesonotum

very slightly wider behind than in front, convex anteriorly, one-third

wider than long. Dorsum of epinotum very short, the declivity

strongly reticulate, its upper half excavated and concave, its lateral

mareins tumid. The upper half of the declivity is very steep, the

lower half vertical. Nodes of petiole similar to those of the ¢, but

the peduncle of the Ist joint is shorter, and the node is also shorter

and more compressed from front to back, so that the dorsal edge is

linear. ‘The 2nd node is wider than in the 9, quite two-thirds wider

than long. ‘The anterior angles of the abdomen more rounded than in

the ©.

“g. 3mm. Dark brown; mandibles, scapes, apical half of the

flagellum, femora and tibiae yellowish brown; basal half of the

flagellum, tarsi and apex of the abdomen pale yellow. Pilosity long,

very sparse and light yellow. Head closely and finely punctured.

Clypeus convex, obtusely rounded behind, not carinate, finely shag-

reened. Frontal sulcus extending as far as the anterior ocellus.

Thorax punctate above and in front; on the metanotum and the sides

of the thorax the punctures are so shallow that the sculpture appears

merely shagreened. Petiole punctured. Abdomen almost smooth

and very shining, the rest of the body with only a faint gloss.”

Durban. (H. Bell-Marley.) Capetown. (R. Lightfoot.) The

original home of this cosmopolitan species is probably South America.

It is frequently found in hothouses in temperate countries.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. cols.)

M. Oscaris, Forel, var. NupTIALIs, Forel.

Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. ix, p. 86, 1894. (Var.) Deutsch. Ent.

Zeit. Beiheft, p. 216, 3, 1918.

®. 16-18 mm. Dirty brownish yellow, the antennae and tarsi

paler. The median dorsal area of the Ist abdominal segment is

230 Annals of the South African Museum.

brownish yellow, the rest of the abdomen brown. Very smooth and

shining. Pilosity as in springvalense. Head nearly one-quarter longer

than wide, the sides moderately convex. First joimt of the flagellum

as long as the 2nd, 3rd and 4th together; the club a little longer than

the rest of the flagellum. The scape is shorter than in the type

species, and the nodes of the petiole, particularly the Ist, higher and

shorter.

Bembesi and Bulawayo. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

M. Oscaris, race Musicum, Forel.

Ann, Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 442, 9, 9, 1910.

“6. 1:5 mm. Head a little narrower than in the type, a little

smaller relatively to the body. Club of the antenna much thicker.

The 9th joint of the flagellum is much smaller than the 10th, the

latter and the 11th considerably swollen (in the type species the 9th is

almost as wide as the 10th and the last two joints are only slightly

swollen). Otherwise like Oscaris, but of a dull brownish yellow, the

thorax dirty yellow. The scape is short, much shorter than in

ninutum and floricola ; the peduncle of the 1st node shorter than in

floricola.”

“Oo, 28 mm. Head as in the 9, longer than wide; eyes large.

Thorax high, narrower than the head. Nodes rounded, the lst witha

little tooth below. Dark brown ; mandibles, antennae and tarsi dirty

yellow.”

Natal. (Haviland.)

M. Oscaris, race SPRINGVALENSE, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 163, 9, 1913.

©. 2mm. Smooth and shining. Head reddish brown, legs pale

brown, tarsi yellowish, abdomen and often also the nodes dark brown,

the median area of the Ist abdominal segment above, more or less

yellowish, thorax and mandibles dark ochreous, antennae brownish

yellow except the club, which is brown. Head and thorax very

sparsely and shallowly punctured, the punctures piligerous. Head

with a sparse and fine decumbent pubescence, the rest of the body with

a few long and pale pilose hairs. Head, including the closed mandi-

bles, one-sixth longer than wide, the posterior angles rounded, the

posterior margin shallowly concave, the sides nearly straight. Scape

short, not reaching the posterior margin by the length of the eye.

Club of antenna thick, distinctly longer than the rest of the flagellum,

the apical joint as long as the six preceding joints taken together;

A Monograph of the Fornuicidae of South Africa. 231

3rd—6th as wide as long. Clypeal carinae sharp, well defined. Man-

dibles sparsely and coarsely punctured, acutely tridentate. Eyes rather

flat, placed in front of the middle of the head. Pro-mesonotum

convex, widest in front and not much narrower than the head. Thorax

strongly constricted at the meso-epinotal suture, which is deep and

wide. The dorsum of the epinotum passes into the oblique declivity

by a gradual curve. Seen from the side, the dorsum of the epinotum

is convex lengthwise, that of the pro-mesonotum convex only in front.

First joint of petiole with the peduncle short, about half as long as the

node, which is sub-conical, longer than wide and higher than the 2nd

node. The 2nd node 1s a little wider than the Ist, wider in front than

behind, and as wide as long.

Springvale, Matopos, 8. Rhodesia. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Race SPRINGVALENSE, var. PATERNA, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Se. Nat., vol. 50, p. 248, 9, 1914.

®. 21mm. Dark yellowish brown, the tarsi pale. <A stouter

insect than the type of the race. The club of the antenna is not

longer than the rest of the flagellum, hardly as long; 8rd—8th joints

distinctly wider than long. ‘The nodes of the petiole are much wider

than in the race, and the Ist node has the anterior face less convex,

and is as wide as long; it is also less conical and more wedge-shaped.

The 2nd node is transversely oblong, with rather pronounced anterior

lateral angles, almost twice as wide as long.

Table Mountain, 1800 ft. Under stonesin damp soil. (R.M., G.A.

colls.)

M. Scuuurzet, Forel.

Schultze Reise Siidafrika, vol. 4, p.18, , 9, 1910.

®. 15-21mm. Brownish yellow; the thorax a little paler; legs,

antennae and the basal half of all the abdominal segments pale yellow.

Smooth and shining, with scanty and very small piligerous punctures.

Head about one-quarter longer than wide, the sides moderately convex,

posterior angles rounded, porterior margin shallowly concave. The

anterior margin of the ciypeus feebly excised in the middle, the clypeal

carinae sharp, with a longitudinal impression between them. Man-

dibles quadridentate, shining, sparsely and feebly punctured. Eyes

large, placed a little in front of the middle of the head. The scape

does not extend back as far as the posterior margin of the head. 3rd—

7th joints of the flagellum as wide as, or a little wider than, long; the

Ist joint as long as the three following taken together; the club as

232 Annals of the South African Museum.

long as the rest of the flagellum. Thorax moderately constricted.

Dorsum of epinotum not quite half as long as the pro-mesonotum.

The latter and the epinotum are feebly convex lengthwise, the whole

thorax sloping steeply from front to back. The dorsum of the epi-

notum twice as long as the declivity, the one merging into the other

by a gentle curve. First node of petiole wedge-shaped, rounded above,

higher than the 2nd, about as wide as long and twice as long as its

peduncle. Second node sub-quadrate ; narrower behind than in front;

hardly wider than the Ist.

“9. 47mm. Head quadrate; wider than the thorax. The scape

extends back just as far as the posterior margin of the head. Meso-

notum narrow; the dorsal profile straight. Epinotum almost cuboid,

with two longitudinal swellings. Head, thorax and petiole very

slightly shining, almost dull; partly reticulate-punctate; partly longi-

tudinally striate, especially the front of the vertex. Black; mandibles,

antennae and legs reddish (dealated). Otherwise like the ©.”

German 8. W. Africa. (Schultze.) Grahamstown. (J. Hewitt.)

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

M. Arnotp1, Forel. (Plate V, fig. 60.)

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 187, 9, 1913.

®. 16-1:9 mm. Reddish or amber yellow, the sides of the thorax

and the nodes a little darker. Very smooth and shining; almost im-

punctate. A few long and thin pilose hairs on the thorax, nodes and

abdomen, the hairs oblique and flavous. Head one-fifth longer than

wide, the sides feebly convex, the posterior angles strongly rounded,

the posterior margin shallowly concave. Eyes placed a little in front

of the middle of the sides of the head. The scape extends back almost

to the posterior margin. The club is not thick; the Ist joint of the

flagellum is nearly as long as the five following jomts taken together ;

the 2nd joint is a little longer than wide; the 3rd—8th wider than

long. The clypeal carinae are well defined; the anterior margin of

the median area almost straight or very feebly concave. Mandibles

smooth, punctured, quadridentate; the apical tooth acute, the inner-

most indistinct. Thorax rather strongly constricted at the meso-

epinotal suture. Dorsal profile of both pro-mesonotum and epinotum

convex. Epinotum a little more than two-thirds the length of the

pro-mesonotum, its dorsum longer than the declivity, which is oblique.

The 1st node of the petiole is more squamiform than usual for the

genus, and is not much thicker at the base than it is above. It is

about one and a half times as high as long, and one and a half times

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 235

wider than long; the posterior face convex, the anterior nearly

vertical, convex transversely. The 2nd node is one and a quarter

times higher than long, rounded above, as wide as, but not so high

as the Ist, and a little wider than long.

Matopo Hills, 8S. Rhodesia. Running over the branches of a tree

(species unidentified). This tree has a dark green bark, covered with

a thin yellowish and parchment-like outer skin, which is also waxy.

The colour of the ant matches that of this skin very closely, so that

even when moving about it is difficult to detect. I have never taken

this species except on this particular kind of tree, and it is not un-

likely that the ant feeds on the waxy exudation. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A.

colls.)

_ M. Lermepacuti, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 246, 9, 1914.

®. 2mm. Pale ochreous; the legs very pale; the apical half of

the abdomen brownish yellow. Smooth and shining, impunctate,

excepting a few feeble punctures on the vertex. Pubescence absent,

except on the legs. Pilosity short and very scanty, more decumbent

than in Arnoldi. Head very little longer than wide; the sides dis-

tinctly convex; the posterior margin straight. Eyes situated within

the anterior third of the head. Median area of clypeus projecting

somewhat forward; the carinae rather feeble, the space between them

almost flat. Mandibles shining, sparsely and coarsely punctured,

quadridentate. The scape does not extend back quite as far as the

occipital margin. First joint of flagellum as long as the four succeed-

ing joints taken together; 3rd—8th joints a little wider than long.

Head almost twice as wide as the pro-mesonotum. Thorax similar to

that of Arnoldi, but narrower, and with the meso-epinotal suture

deeper. The epinotum is two-thirds as long as the pro-mesonotum.

The dorsum of the epinotum not much longer than the declivity, as

high as the mesonotum, and very convex. The node of the Ist joint

of the petiole is conical and widely rounded above, its length below

about one and a quarter times longer than its peduncle, one and two-

thirds as long as wide, not much higher than the 2nd node, the

anterior face subvertical, the posterior face very oblique. The 2nd

node is globose, widest in the middle, barely wider than the Ist.

Abdomen oval.

Capetown. (S.A.M., G.A. colls.)

234 Annals of the South African Museum.

M. pacts, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 343, 9, 1914.

“6. 19mm. Smaller and a little paler than Leimbach, but not

so pale as Oscaris-excensurae. It 1s distinguished from both by the

profile being subtruncate in front of the clypeus, which gives it a

false appearance of a Bondroitia. In profile, the mandibles extend

very little beyond the clypeus. The frontal carinze behind form a

strong curve with their anterior lobes, which are situated on the sub-

truncate portion. The eves, placed within the anterior third of the

head, are fairly large but almost unpigmented. ‘The abdonien has

some brown bands, not very distinct. The shape of the petiole and

thorax, like the sculpture and other characters, is identical with that

of Levmbachi, but the head is slightly narrower. ‘The eyes are com-

posed of about 15-20 facets.”

Capetown, ex S.A. Mus, coll.

M. Bravunsi, Mayr.

Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 16, p. 7, 9, 1901.

“06. 14-16 mm. Reddish yellow or yellow, the abdomen more or

less brownish, the Ist segment above yellow, brownish at the sides

and near the posterior margin. Masticatory margin of the mandibles

reddish brown, the last four joints of the flagellum and also the hind

margin of the head slightly brownish. Very sparsely pilose, with

fairly long erect hairs. Very smooth and shining, sparsely punctured

with piligerous punctures, the cheeks in front longitudinally striate,

the frontal carinae somewhat striate, the meso-pleura below finely

and shallowly reticulate. Mandibles quadridentate. The head very

distinctly Jonger than wide. ‘The clypeus has a rounded anterior

margin; no median groove, teeth, or carinae; but the posterior lateral

margins, between the antennal sockets, somewhat projecting. Antennae

12-jomted ; the apex of the scape is nearer to the posterior angles of

the head than to the eyes; the 2nd—8th joints of the flagellum very

small, much wider than long. The Ist joint of the club as wide as

long or a little wider, the second a little wider than long, the last

joint nearly twice as long as the first and second together. The eyes

are rather small, placed in front of the middle of the head. The

thorax is constricted at the meso-epinotal suture; the dorsum of the

epinotum passes arcuately into the declivity, which is but half as long.

The 2nd joint of the petiole is somewhat wider than long, distinctly

lower than the Ist joint, and not wider, or hardly wider, than the Ist.

This species stands close to M. dispar. In this species the head is

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Ajrica. 235

somewhat narrower. The Ist and 2nd joint of the antennal club not

longer than wide (in dispar both are distinctly longer than wide, the

first joint of the club decidedly smaller than the 2nd), the last joint of

the club distinctly wider than in dispar, and nearly twice as long as

the two joints preceding taken together, whereas in dispar it is

certainly clearly, but very little longer than the two preceding.”’

Port Elizabeth. (Dr. Brauns.) In hollow stems.

Var. SHILOHENSIS, Forel.

Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. Beiheft, p. 217, 9, 1913.

%,14 mm. Colour as in the type. The scape is shorter, and the

thorax is less constricted at. the meso-epinotal suture. The head is

more quadrangular, the sides straighter. The dorsal profile of the

thorax is almost straight. The 3rd—7th joints of the flagellum twice

as wide as long, the 2nd and 8th joints one and a half times as wide

as long. The ventral surface of the Ist node is strongly convex, the

node is but shghtly higher than the 2nd.

Shiloh, 8. Rhodesia. In grassy soil. (G.A. coll.)

M. pestructor, Jerdon, race KALAHARIENSE, Forel.

Madras Journ. Litt. and Sc., vol. 17, p. 105, 9, 1851. Race,

Schultze Reise Siidafrica, vol. 4, p. 18, 9, 1910.

“G6. 17-3 mm. Differs from the subspecies gracillimum, Smith, by

the shorter scape, which even in the smallest 9 by no means reaches

the posterior margin of the head, and by the very small, flat eyes,

which comprise only 16-18 distinct facets (quite 40 in the larger

and more convex eyes of the type species and the race gracillimum).

The head is even more strongly and closely punctured than in gracilli-

mum. Brownish yellow-red; abdomen brownish. Upper surface of

the first two abdominal segments, antennae and legs yellowish.

Polymorphic as in gracillimum. Larger than dispar, Em., in which

the epinotum is smooth—in this species transversely rugose.

“ Kooa-Sekgoma, Kalahari. (Schultze.) In a small subterranean

sand-nest ; also found on another occasion in the nest of Hamitermes

runconifer, attacking Ocymyrmex picardi.”

M. pispar, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 24, 5, 1895.

“6. Maxima, 3mm. Testaceous; abdomen fuscous, very shining,

and sparsely punctured. Head hardly longer than wide; the cheeks

236 Annals of the South African Museum.

as far as the eyes, and the front of the head, striated. There is a

median sulcus, and the occipital region is transversely striate. Man-

dibles tridentate; antennae as in the 9 minima; thorax moderately

stout; the meso-epinotal suture impressed ; the epinotum distinctly

angulate ; the meso- and metapleura punctate, dull; dorsum of the

declivity transversely rugulose, nodes of the petiole transverse.

“O. Minima, 15-17 mm. Pale, testaceous, pellucid ; abdomen

fuscous, very shining, very scantily punctured with piligerous punc-

tures. Head moderately elongate; cheeks striated anteriorly. The

first two joints of the antennal club subequal, the last joint a little

longer than the two preceding together; mesopleura reticulate-

punctate. Epinotum obtusely angulated between the dorsum and the

declivity ; nodes of petiole small and subequal.

“Makapan. (Simon.)”

M. ampiyops, Emery, race BULAWAYENSE, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. xxvi, 1894, p. 148. (Race) Bull. Soc. Vaud. Se.

Nat., vol. 50, p. 247, 9, 1914.

1:8-4mm. Strongly polymorphic, having the facies of a Solenopsis.

The smaller 5 9, 1:8-2°3 mm., differ from the larger 9 in having

the head longer and the sides less convex, but a complete transitional

series can be found between one extreme and the other.

&. Maxima, 4 mm. Ochreous, somewhat reddish, the abdomen

darker, with the apical margins and the greater part of the sides of the

seoments fuscous. The nodes above and the masticatory margin of

the mandibles slightly brownish. A short and rather sparse pubes-

cence on the head and thorax, much longer and denser on the legs and

antennae. Margin of clypeus, thorax, nodes, and abdomen with a

long, pale, yellowish and sparse pilosity. Smooth and shining. Head

strongly but sparsely punctured (as in Solenopsis punctaticeps) ; pro-

mesonotum more feebly and sparsely punctured. The mesopleura

distinctly reticulate-punctate; the sides of the epinotum above

shallowly and transversely striate, obliquely striate below. Abdomen

very smooth and shining, each pilose hair is inserted in a small

puncture. The head in front, on each side of a smooth area sur-

rounding the antennal sockets, is obliquely and closely striate, the

striated area extending back as far as, and a little below, the eyes.

Head, excluding the mandibles, hardly longer than wide, the sides very

convex, the posterior angles strongly rounded, the occipital margin

shallowly concave. The eyes are rather small and placed well within

the anterior half of the head. The median area of the clypeus is

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 237

feebly and longitudinally striate on each side, hardly carinate, the

anterior margin straight. The frontal carinae are short and parallel ;

the scape of the antenna short, extending back hardly as far as the

posterior third of the head; the club of the flagellum thin; the Ist

joint of the flagellum not longer than the 2nd, 3rd and 4th taken

together ; 3rd—8th joints about as long as wide; all the joints of the

club much longer than wide. Mandibles shining, coarsely striato-

punctate, quadridentate. Thorax moderately constricted at the meso-

epinotal suture, which is deeply impressed and large.. The dorsal

profile of the pro-mesonotum is very convex; that of the epinotum

flat, sloping posteriorly. The dorsum of the epinotum is broad,

almost as wide as long, and a little less than half as long as the pro-

mesonotum. ‘The declivity is almost vertical, the brow very shallowly

impressed in the middle. The peduncle of the Ist joint of the petiole

nearly as long as the node, the latter as wide as long, not higher than

the 2nd. The 2nd node is a little wider than the 1st, wider than long,

narrowed behind, subglobose.

S. Minima, 1:8 mm. Similar to the 5 maxima, except in the

following characters : The colour is slightly paler ; the head is longer,

quite one-quarter longer than wide, the sides almost straight or very

feebly convex ; the anterior angles of the head not striate; the scape

longer, extending well beyond the posterior third of the head; the

3rd—8th joints of the flagellum distinctly wider than long.

9. (Hitherto undescribed.) 8mm. Head and antennae reddish

yellow, legs yellow, the rest of the body reddish brown. Smooth and

shining. Pilosity as in the %, but there are some short pubescent

hairs on the abdomen intermixed with the pilosity. Head sub-

quadrate, coarsely punctured, and striate, the striae rather feeble

on the vertex, and converging behind at the ocellar region. The eyes

are large, placed just in front of the middle of the sides. The ocelli

are set far back, the posterior margin of the-head subtruncate behind

the posterior ocelli. A median longitudinal sulcus extends from the

posterior angle of the clypeus to the anterior ocellus. Pronotum

hardly exposed above. Mesonotum convex and narrow in front, one

third longer than wide. Dorsum of epinotum short, passing by a

steep curve into the vertical declivity. First joint of petiole with the

peduncle shorter than in the 9 ; the 2nd node less rounded ; the

sides parallel and not convex; subquadrate. Abdomen oblong, as

long as the thorax and nodes together. Wings slightly yellow, the

nervures yellow, the stigma brownish yellow; 1 cubital cell.

3. (Hitherto undescribed.) 4:1 mm. Black; antennae, man-

dibles and tarsi flavous; femora and tibiae brown. Smooth and

238 Annals of the South African Museum.

shining; head duller. Pilosity scanty, longer on the scutellum than

on the mesonotum. Head shallowly and longitudinally striate, trans-

versely so between the ocelli, subquadrate, the sides moderately

convex, the posterior angles rounded. The eyes are very large and

convex, occupying the whole of the anterior half of the head and

touching the base of the mandibles; the latter short and narrow,

feebly dentate. Clypeus convex, the median area raised into a promi-

nent tubercle. The 13-jointed antennae are densely covered with a

stiff, almost bristly, erect pubescence. They have a distinctive struc-

ture unlike that of any other ¢ g of this genus which are known to

me, excepting M. Hmeryi, and resembling that of Solenopsis. The

antennae are setaceous, thinning considerably towards the apex.

The scape is very short, almost quadrate or only a very little

longer than wide, not longer than the Ist joint, which is wider

than the scape, and globose, as im Solenopsis. The 2nd joint is a

little longer than the Ist or 3rd; the 2nd-4th joimts cylindrical

and twice as long as wide, their inner margins convex, the outer

straight ; the remaining joints are all much longer than wide, and

flattened. Pronotum not exposed above; the mesonotum very convex

in front, horizontal behind, as wide as long, widest across the

tegulae. The scutellum convex, wider than long, sloping backwards.

The dorsum of the epinotum twice as wide at the base as it is long,

with a prominent boss on each side above the vertical declivity.

First node of petiole flattened, the anterior face vertical, the posterior-

dorsal face as long as wide, widest in front; seen from the side, the

node is shorter than its peduncle. Second node wider than the Ist,

convex above, transversely ovate. Legs slender, not long. Wings as

im thes 2.

Hillside, Bulawayo. (A. M. Macgregor.). This species forms very

populous colonies, and almost invariably the nest is placed under

stones which also cover the nests of a small species of termite (species

unidentified). The galleries of the two nests are not in free

communication, and the termites are quickly attacked if the dividing

walls are broken down.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

M. (sub-genus Mirara, Forel) extauum, Forel, var. BULAWAYENSE,

Forel.

Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 9, p. 84, 1894. (Var.) Deutsch. Ent.

Zeit. Beiheft, p. 217, %, 1913.

8. 15mm. Brownish yellow, the apical half of the abdomen dark

brown, legs, antennae, mandibles and anterior margin of head yellow.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 239

Smooth and shining. Head and thorax very sparsely and finely

punctured. Head about one-fifth longer than wide, the sides almost

parallel. Antennae 11-jointed, the scape extending a little beyond the

posterior fifth of the head ; 3rd—7th joints of flagellum one and a half

times wider than long; the 8th and 9th as wide as long. Clypeus

distinctly bicarinate. The eyes small, set within the anterior half of

the head. Mandibles shining, with a few large punctures, tridentate.

The thorax is fairly strongly constricted at the meso-epinotal suture ;

the pro-mesonotum is twice as long as the epinotum. The dorsum of

the latter one-third longer than the declivity, which is oblique and

passes into the dorsum by a low curve. The dorsal profile of the pro-

mesonotum is not very convex. The Ist node of the petiole cuneiform,

about as wide as long, the apex rounded, the peduncle half as long as

the node. The 2nd node is about as wide as long, or a little wider,

wider in front than behind, reversed trapeziform.

Dr. Forel distinguishes this form from the type by the more convex

sides of the head, the shorter nodes and the wider 2nd node, which is

“much wider than long (as long as wide in the type).” The latter

feature is not appreciable by measurement in the specimens which I

have before me.

Bulawayo. (G.A. coll.)

M. (sub-genus Mrrara) atomus, Forel, race micriuis, Forel.

(Race) Zool. Jahrb. Syst., vol. 29, p. 252, 9, 9°, 1910.

®. 15mm. Pale ochreous, the sides and apical margins of the

abdominal segments slightly brownish. Smooth and shining. Head

and thorax very sparsely and finely punctured. Head very sparsely

pubescent, and with the rest of the body, also very sparsely pilose.

Head, excluding the mandibles, nearly one-sixth longer than wide,

the sides moderately convex. Mandibles rather long, shining, coarsely

and sparsely punctured, with 3 or 4 teeth. The clypeus produced a

little forwards; the median area bicarinate, slightly concave between

the carinae, the anterior margin feebly simuate. Eyes not very small,

placed a little in front of the middle of the sides. Antennae

11-jointed, the scape extending back as far as the posterior fourth of

the head, the club distinctly longer than the rest of the flagellum ; Ist

joint of flagellum as long as the four following joints taken together,

3rd—6th joints twice as wide as long. Thorax not strongly constricted

at the meso-epinotal suture. The Ist node of the petiole is only a

little higher than the 2nd, narrower and longer than that of exiquwm,

bulawayense, and longer than wide. The 2nd node subglobose, the

240 Annals of the South African Museum.

sides convex (not straight as in exiquum, bulawayense), a trifle wider

than the Ist.

?. 38 mm. Yellowish or reddish brown; legs, antennae and

mandibles dark ochreous. Head somewhat quadrangular, one-quarter

longer than wide. Thorax narrow, two and «a half times as long as

wide, almost parallel-sided or only slightly convex. Pronctum slightly

exposed above. The brow of the declivity of the epinotum rounded,

the dorsum short and about half as long as the vertical declivity.

The Ist node of the petiole is wider and more flattened above than in

the &. The 2nd node is more convex above and at the sides than

in the §, and is two-thirds longer than wide. Otherwise like the 9.

(Dealated.)

Durban. (Arnold, Cooper.) (R.M., G.A. colls.)

Sus-Trin—e SOLENOPSIDINI, Emery.

Genus DIPLOMORIUM, Mayr.

Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus., Wien, vol. 16, p. 16, 1901.

Characters.

6. Antennae 11-jointed; clypeus without carinae. Pro-mesonotal

suture almost effaced ; meso-epinotal suture deep. Epinotum unarmed,

its dorsum slightly excavated as in some species of Monomorium.

Middle and hind tibiae without calcaria. F

¢. Considerably larger than the 9. Antennae 11-jointed. Pro-

notum vertical, not exposed dorsally. Epimotum unarmed. Discoidal

cell of anterior wing large, radial cell open.

go. Unknown.

D. LONGIPENNE, Mayr.

Toc. cit., pp. 16-18, 5, ¢.

“O. 18-19mm. Pale brown, the mandibles and tarsi brighter.

A sparse and moderately long pilosity on the body; on the legs and

antennae shorter, but more abundant. The upper surface of the head

also has shorter and more abundant hairs, intermixed with the longer

ones. Polished and shining; the mandibles partly longitudinally

striate and with a few piligerous punctures; the sides of the

mesothorax reticulate-punctate. Head rectangular, but little longer

than wide, with rounded posterior angles and somewhat convex sides.

Mandibles with a very oblique masticatory margin, armed with 3

larger teeth in front, and 3 or 4 smaller and less distinct teeth

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 241

behind. Clypeus moderately large, without carimae or teeth, convex

transversely and lengthwise, the posterior third inserted between the

frontal carinae, the anterior margin convex. The frontal carinae are

very short, fairly narrow, not diverging much behind ; they are farther

apart and the posterior portion of the clypeus is wider than in

Solenopsis. 'The scape of the 11-jointed antennae does not extend back

as far as the hind margin of the head, the flagellum similar to that of

Solenopsis, but the antepenultimate joint is relatively larger; the

2nd—7th joints of the flagellum small and wider than long, the 8th

distinctly larger than the preceding, as long as wide, the 9th large,

very little longer than wide, the last joint almost three times as long

as the preceding; the structure of the flagellum being intermediate

between that of Monomoriwm and of Solenopsis. The antennal fossa

small. The frontal area small and triangular. The frontal sulcus is

very short. The moderately large and feebly convex eyes lie in front

of the middle of the head. No ocelli. The posterior margin of the

head is straight, but is strongly hollowed out at the occipital foramen.

The thorax is like that of Solenopsis, the pro-mesonotal suture hardly

defined; the meso-epinotal suture deep. The dorsum of the epinotum

merges by a gentle curve into the declivity. A transversely concave

and shallow longitudinal impression begins at the base of the epinotum,

widens and passes over into the declivity. The legs of medium léngth.

The petiole is shaped as in Solenopsis, the Ist joimt distinctly

pedunculate, the ventral lamella simple, the node transverse ; the 2nd

joint is wider than the Ist, much narrower in front than behind,

somewhat bell-shaped. Abdomen ovate, transversely truncate at the

base.

?. 95-10 mm. Very shining and pale brown. The pilosity is

fairly abundant, particularly on the legs. The adpressed pubescence

is absent from the head and thorax, scanty on the abdomen, the ventral

surface of the 2nd node of the petiole is densely pilose, the hairs short

and exserted. Mandibles coarsely striated, sparsely and strongly

punctured. The clypeus is transversely rugose at the sides, smooth

in the middle ; the cheeks and inner borders of the eyes longitudinally

striate, the frons and vertex sparsely punctured with deep and large

punctures, the mesonotum and scutellum polished, with few punctures,

the sides of the pronotum and the mesopleura polished; the concave

sides of the scutellum, the metanotum, the sides of the metathorax

and of the epmotum more or less striato-rugose, the latter also with

fairly abundant punctures bearing short and erect hairs. The anterior

upper surface of the finely rugulose and punctured Ist node bears

similar hairs, the 2nd node is polished on the upper surface, with a

242 Annals of the South African Museum.

few pilose punctures, striato-punctate in front and pubescent. The

abdomen is polished and sparsely punctured. The anterior wings are

slightly greyish yellow, nervures and stigma brownish yellow. Head

with the closed mandibles triangular and rounded, narrower than the

thorax across the tegulae; without the mandibles, a little wider than

long. Clypeus triangular, strongly convex transversely, without

carinae, the anterior margin feebly sinuate on each side, so that the

median portion projects in an obtuse angle; the posterior portion of

the clypeus between the frontal carinae separated off from the front

portion by a transverse impression. A small frontal area present,

with a frontal sulcus extending from it to the anterior ocellus.

The scape extends back as far as the posterior ocelli; the flagellum

with a distinct 3-jointed club, the Ist joint of the flagellum two and

three-quarter times longer than wide, the 4 following joints as long as

wide, the 6th a trifle longer than wide, the Ist and 2nd joints of the

club distinctly longer than wide, the last jomt almost as long as the

three preceding taken together. ‘The fairly large and convex eyes lie

in front of the middle of the head. The posterior margin of the head

straight. The thorax is widest in the middle; the pronotum vertical,

the mesonotum in front and at the sides strongly convex, in the middle

feebly so; the dorsum of the epinotum sloping, the declivity vertical

and with a rounded brow. The Ist joint of the petiole has a little

tooth below, the 2nd is even more campaniform than in the 9G, it is

about twice as wide as long and twice as wide as the Ist node, rounded

at the sides, widest just in front of the hind margin. The abdomen is

a little more than twice as wide as the 2nd node, and not quite twice

as long as it 1s wide.”

Port Elizabeth. (Dr. Brauns.) Under stones in the ground.

Genus SOLENOPSIS, Westwood.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vi, p. 86, 1841.

Characters.

©. Maxima. Antennae 10-jointed, with a well-defined and fairly

thick two-joited club. Mandibles thick, edentate or with two or

three blunt teeth. Head quadrate. Clypeus with the median area

raised and produced rather far back between the frontal carinae,

channelled down the middle, the sides of the channel forming a carina

on each side, which converge behind, and in front end in two acute

teeth projecting beyond the margin of the clypeus. Frontal carinae

short and broad, placed fairly far apart. Eyes small. Thorax

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 245

narrower than the head, wide and convex in front, considerably

narrowed behind. Pro-mesonotal suture ill defined; the meso-

epinotal suture deeply impressed. EHpinotum unarmed, the lmits

of the two faces ill defined, the declivity slightly excavated. First

joint of petiole shortly pedunculated, the Ist node usually wider than

the 2nd.

®. Minor and minima. Like the 5 maxima, but the head is more

elongate, the sides less convex, especially in the smallest 6 9. The

mandibular teeth more acute.

9. Antennae 1l-joimted. Eyes fairly large and convex; three

oceli. Pronotum hardiy exposed above; mesonotum not very narrow,

almost as wide across the tegulae as it is long. Dorsum of epinotum

very short. First node cuneiform, not much wider than the 2nd.

Anterior wings with 1 cubital and 1 discoidal cell; the radial cell

open.

6. Antennae 12-jointed; the scape very short; the Ist joint of

the flagellum globose. Head reversed trapeziform, widest in front.

Mandibles long and narrow, with 3 or 4 teeth. Median area of

clypeus more or less quadrate and gibbous. Eyes large and convex ;

ocelli large, raised. Pronotum not exposed above. Mesonotum very

gibbous. Mayrian furrows absent. Scutellum raised above the level

of the epinotum far more than in the 2. Epinotum as in the 3°.

First node emarginate above; 2nd node with the dorsal surface

flattened, not convex, as in the @.

This genus is found in both hemispheres. One species, S. geminata,

so far not recorded from our region, is very widely distributed,

occurring over the greater part of the circumtropical area. The

European species, S. fugaa, is frequently found in the nests of other

ants (chiefly Formica); but our commonest species, punctaticeps,

forms large and independent nests. It is almost hypogaeic in its

habits, rarely coming to the surface except in dull weather.

S. punoraticers, Mayr. (Plate VI, figs. 78, 78a, 78b.)

Reise d. Novara, Zool., p. 109, 9, 1865. Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.,

vol. 54, p. 431, form B, ?, ¢, 1910.

®. Maxima, 36 mm. Dirty ochreous, the apical half of all the

abdominal segments more or less reddish brown yellow; head brown

or brownish yellow. Head sparsely and strongly punctured; thorax

sparsely and less strongly punctured; the median longitudinal area of

the pro-mesonotum almost impunctate. Legs and abdomen very

sparsely punctured, the punctures on the abdomen minute and

244, Annals of the South African Museum.

piligerous. Smooth and shining. The whole body, including the

legs and antennae, clothed with a rather long, erect, pale yellowish

pilosity, which is somewhat denser at the margins of the abdominal

segments. Pubescence not apparent. Head subquadrate, very

convex above, a little wider behind than in front, as long as wide,

the sides convex, the posterior angles strongly rounded, the posterior

margin almost straight. Median area of clypeus bicarinate, the space

between the carinae excavated, the carinae ending in front in two acute

teeth, the margin between the carmae concave. A smaller but acute

tooth hes outside each of the larger teeth. Mandibles sparsely and

coarsely punctured, with three blunt teeth. The scape of the antenna

short, extending back a little beyond the posterior third of the head,

widened gradually in its apical half; Ist joint of flagellum about as

long as the four following joints taken together; 2nd and 3rd joints

about as long as wide; 4th—7th slightly wider than long; the 8th and

9th, forming the club, thick and five-sixths as long as the rest of the

flagellum. Eyes small, placed well in front of the middle of the sides

of the head. Frontal carinae longitudinally striate, slightly divergent

behind. A poorly defined frontal area lies behind the prolongation of

the clypeus, and is continued into a short frontal sulcus, which ends

at about the level of a line joiing the eyes.

Pronotum produced neck-like in front. Pro-mesonotal suture very

indistinct dorsally; sides of pro-mesonotum very convex. Thorax

strongly constricted at the meso-epinotal suture, the dorsal profile

sloping downwards from the front to the brow of the declivity.

Dorsum of epinotum widening posteriorly, passmg by a low curve

into the vertical declivity, the margins of which are rather prominent.

First joint of petiole with a short peduncle; the node thick, squami-

form, as high as wide, wider above than below; the dorsal surface not

linear, convex transversely ; the anterior and posterior faces sub-

vertical; the ventral lamella produced in front (under the peduncle)

into a small, broad tooth. Second node, seen from above, subglobose ;

a little wider than long, and about one-fifth narrower than the Ist

node. The abdomen ovate, the basal margin wide, the basal angles

rounded, but fairly prominent.

®. Minor and minima, 3-18 mm. Entirely pale ochreous ; pilosity

shorter and less abundant, the puncturation scantier; head a little

more elongate, with the sides less convex. Otherwise like the §$

maxima.

2. 65 mm. Head and thorax black; nodes and abdomen dark

brown; legs, antennae and mandibles brownish yellow. Pilosity as

in the © maxima. Head a little narrower in front than behind;

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 245

almost quadrate; longitudinally striate, and also sparsely and

coarsely punctured. The striae are narrow and deep. Ocelli not

large; rather wide apart. Clypeus asin the 9. Thorax a little wider

than the head; sparsely but strongly punctured laterally above; the

median area almost impunctate. Pronotum not exposed above; the

apical half of the dorsum of the epinotum shallowly excavated, the

excavation widening towards the brow of the declivity, and margined

on each side by a long, oblique, rounded ridge (hardly a carina). The

vertical declivity is finely and transversely striate, as are also the sides

of the epinotum. The Ist node of petiole without a distinct peduncle.

Seen from in front, it is an elongate triangle with the base at the

dorsal surface, the latter narrowly emarginate in the middle; the

posterior face of the node is subvertical. The 2nd node is globose.

The abdomen and nodes are sparsely and fairly strongly punctured.

Wings hyaline, nervures brown.

6. omm. Black; flagellum ochreous; tarsi and tibiae brownish

yellow. Pilosity as in the 9. Head widest in front, trapezoidal, the

angles considerably rounded. Eyes large, placed in the anterior half

of the head; ocelli on a slightly raised area. Anterior margin of

clypeus convex; the median area raised and bearing a squarish

tubercle, not carinate or dentate. Mandibles short, narrow, tridentate,

the hindmost tooth very small and obtuse. Antennae 12-jointed ; the

scape very short, when extended laterally, only just reaching the inner

‘margin of the eye; the Ist joint of the flagellum swollen and globose ;

the remaining joints much longer than wide. Head densely and finely

reticulate-striate. Thorax widest across the tegulae. Pronotum not:

exposed above. Mesonotum as wide as long, narrow and gibbous in

front. The dorsum of the epinotum is wider than in the 92, and

merges more gradually into the declivity, and is barely excavated.

The whole thorax very finely reticulate-striate; the disc of the

scutellum smooth, shining, and sparsely punctured. The Ist node

similar to that of the ? ; but the anterior face is more quadrate and

less oblique, the dorsal edge shallowly and more widely emarginate,

the corners slightly raised; the posterior-dorsal face very finely and

concentrically striate. The 2nd node is one-third wider than the Ist ;

longer than wide; its sides are parallel along their posterior two-

thirds, and converge sharply inwards at the anterior third, forming a

distinct but wide angle on each side. Abdomen broad, the Ist

segment occupying more than half its length. Legs slender. Wings

as in the @?.

Widely distributed throughout 8. Africa. Sometimes forming very

large colonies containing many hundreds of workers.

246 Annals of the South African Museum.

The above descriptions of the g and ? have been drawn up from

specimens taken with typical 9 punctaticeps, by Mr. R. Wroughton

at Estcourt, Natal. They agree with those described by Forel as

form B of punctaticeps, so that the identity of the latter as the true

3S g and 2 2 of the species is thereby definitely settled. The status

of form A, originally described as var. caffra, remains undetermined.

It was taken by Mr. Wroughton in a nest of punctaticeps, which also

contained 2 2? and ¢ ¢ of the form B.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.) -

Var. CAFFRA, Forel.

Mitth. Schweiz Ent. Ges., vol. 9, p. 99, 9, 2, 1894. Ann. Soe.

Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 431, form A, 9, 1910. Mayr (8. capen

sis), Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 16, p. 905, &, 1866 (?).

®. This differs from the type only in the following characters :

The head is more strongly and more closely punctured in all the © @,

and the teeth on the carinae are snorter. The head of the 9 maj. is

less rectangular, being distinctly narrower in front than behind.

“oO. (2?) 35-4 mm. Yellowish brown, with the legs, antennae

and mandibles yellow. Anterior wing 5°5 mm. long (6 mm. in

punctaticeps type), tinged with brown; nervures pale. Head quad-

rate, a little wider than long. Clypeus with the carinae ending in two

obtuse teeth, and without distinct lateral teeth. Thorax narrower

than the head. Epinotum without a trace of tubercles. Abdomen

small. Puncturation fairly coarse and abundant on the head, very

fine and sparse on the mesonotum. Pilosity moderate.”

Dr. Forel suggests the possibility of this 9 being a parasitic

microgyne in the nests of the type. In that case it can hardly be the

2? of the $, var. caffra, since the description of the latter given

above has been made from specimens taken by myself on Table

Mountain, and found in an independent and unmixed colony.

(R.M., G.A. colls.)

Var. cycLors, Santschi.

Goteborgs K. Vetensk. 0. Vitterh. Handl., xv, 2, p. 19, 3, ¢, 1914.

©. 16-45 mm. Head a little longer than wide, distinctly

narrowed in front, slightly emarginate in the middle of the posterior

margin. The median area of the clypeus projecting further forwards

than in punctaticeps i. sp., the teeth more acute. Mandibles with

four distinct anterior teeth and an obtuse posterior one, the teeth more

acute than in punctaticeps. The 2nd, 8rd, and 8th joints of the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 247

flagellum as long as wide (a trifle wider than long in punctaticeps). In

the largest $ 9 the median ocellus is present, but it is very small.

The thorax is a little stouter and wider across the meso-epinotal

suture. The Ist node of the petiole is a little thinner above. The

pilosity is less regular and less abundant than in pwnctaticeps. Inthe

smaller % % the head is less strongly punctured than in the type of

the species.

“@. 4-5 mm. Black, hardly brownish. Legs, mandibles and

scapes yellowish brown; flagellum, excepting the Ist joimt, pale

yellow. Wings hyaline. Pilosity as in punctaticeps. Shining, head

dull, finely rugose, striate above. The thorax is finely striate (in

punctaticeps the thorax is more punctured). Clypeus truncate in

front. Mandibles 3-dentate. Otherwise like the type of the species.”

Natal. (Traegaordh.) Durban. (Marley and Cooper.)

The specimens collected by Messrs. Marley and Cooper are un-

doubtedly to be referred to this form, on account of the shape of the

head and the presence of the ocelli in the large 9 $. Nevertheless,

the other differences mentioned by Santschi as distinguishing this

form from the type of the species appear to me to be relative to the

ereater size, and not sufficient to justify sub-specific rank. The ¢ of

punctaticeps has the thorax distinctly striate, and does not differ in

that particular from the variety.

Var. Diversipriosa, Mayr.

nn. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 16, p. 15, 9, 1901.

“G6. 2-3 mm. With more abundant and longer pilosity than in

the type of the species, the hairs of medium length being intermixed

with longer ones, especially on the tibiae. In the larger $ 9 the

2nd—7th joints of the flagellum are not wider than long, as in the

type of the species and the var. caffra, the 6th and 7th being even

shghtly longer than wide.”

Port Elizabeth. (Dr. Brauns.)

In view of the slight differences which may be found in the different

nests of a species, it is exceedingly doubtful whether a variety should

be considered valid, when founded on such siender distinctions as

those enumerated in this case by Mayr.

S. sEMILAEVIS, Mayr.

Loc. cit, 9.

“6. 11-13 mm. Reddish yellow, the abdomen slightly browned.

The upper surface of the head with fairly short hairs; the clypeus with

24.8 Annals of the South African Museum.

longer hairs; the dorsum of the thorax with hairs like those on the

head, intermixed with a few longer ones. The abdomen has a mode-

rately long pilosity, without pubescence; the legs and antennae with

oblique hairs. Mandibles moderately shining, sparsely punctured.

5-dentate. The head smooth and shining, with piligerous punctures,

which are as far apart as the length of the hairs. Cheeks finely

longitudinally striate, the frontal carinae also with a few such striae.

The head is distinctly longer than wide, hardly narrower in front than

behind. The median area of the clypeus feebly concave transversely,

margined at the sides by carinae which diverge in front and merge

into the anterior margin without ending in teeth. The scape of the

10-jointed antenna does not extend back as far as the posterior margin

of the head; the 2nd—7th joints of the flagellum wider than long,

the 3rd—5th only half as long as wide; the 1st joint of the club but

little longer than wide; the apical joint large, a little longer than the

flagellum without the club. Eyes very small. Pro- and mesonotum

smooth and shining, with sparse piligerous punctures; the epinotum

and the sides of the mesonotum finely reticulate-punctate and more or

less dull. The thorax is moderately constricted in front of the epi-

notum, the latter unarmed, the dorsum merging arcuately into the

declivity, which is somewhat longer. The first node of the petiole is

finely reticulate ; the 2nd smooth and shining, transversely ovate and

wider than the lst. Abdomen smooth and shining, with very sparse

piligerous punctures.”

Port Elizabeth. (Dr. Brauns.)

Trine PHEIDOLOGETINI, Emery.

Three genera of this tribe are found in our region. The g¢ ¢ and

? ¢ are usually enormously larger than their $9. A Y caste

occurs in some genera; the 2/ 2/ of the genus Anelews, Em., have very

large and parallel-sided heads.

Genus CAREBARA, Westwood.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 86, 1841.

Characters.

®. Antennae 9-jointed, the club 2-jointed and very distinct. Eyes

and ocelli entirely absent. Frontal carinae very short. Thorax

unarmed; pro-mesonotal suture obsolete. First joint of the petiole

with a short peduncle; both nodes transverse, subovate.

9. Antennae 10-jointed, without a distinct club. Eyes and ocelli

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 249

large. Head triangular. Frontal carinae very short. Clypeus with

a wide, convex, and raised median area. Thorax robust, much wider

than the head, and very convex; pronotum not exposed above, lying

entirely beneath the mesonotum; the latter with well-defined parap-

sidal sutures, Mayrian furrows absent. Scutellum high, much above

the level of the metanotum. Epinotum unarmed. First node of

petiole more or less cuneiform ; 2nd node transverse, flattened above.

Abdomen very large. All the tarsi densely clothed with stiff bristly

hairs. Wings long; anterior wing very pointed, 1 cubital and 1 dis-

coidal cell, the radial cell closed.

¢. Antennae 13-jointed, the scape short. Also much larger than

the 9, and not very much smaller than the 2, which it resembles in

general features. The nodes of the petiole are not so high as in the

?, and the Ist node is thicker above.

C. vipua, Smith. (Plate VI, figs. 79, 80.)

Cat. Hymen. B.M., vol. 6, p. 179, 2, ¢, 1858. Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent.

Belg: vol. 45, p. 392; 0, 1901. Samtschi, ‘Boll, Wab! Zool:

Sc. Agri. Portici, vol. 8, p. 363, 1914.

®. 16-2 mm. Pale ochreous yellow; inner margin and teeth of

the mandibles brown. Smooth and shining. Head, pro-mesonotum

and nodes with a sparse and rather coarse puncturation ; epinotum

and abdomen very shallowly and sparsely punctured. Pilosity short,

scanty and yellowish, longest on the thorax, most abundant on the

legs. Legs and antennae also with pubescent hairs. Head. rect-

angular, hardly longer than wide, the sides feebly convex, the

posterior angles rounded, the occipital margin shallowly concave ;

about as wide in front as behind, but occasionally some individuals

from the same nest have the head a little narrower in front than

behind. Mandibles smooth and shining, quadridentate; the two

anterior teeth large and sharp, the two posterior smaller and less

acute, and separated from the anterior pair by a short space; occa-

sionally the hindmost tooth is obsolete. Clypeus produced, truncate

in front, the median area raised and convex, the anterior margin

straight. Eyes entirely wanting. Antennae 9-jointed; the scape

short, hardly extending back as far as the posterior third of the head ;

Ist joint of the flagellum quite twice as long as wide, nearly as long as

the five following joints taken together, the latter all very short and

much wider than long. The last two joints of the flagellum form the

club, the last joint being three times as long as the preceding. Thorax

fairly flat above. Pro-mesonotal suture absent, meso-epinotal distinct.

250 Annals of the South African Museum.

The thorax is fairly strongly constricted laterally at the meso-epinotal

suture. Pro-mesonotum about one-third longer than wide, the sides

convex. Dorsum of the epinotum shorter than the oblique declivity,

into which it merges by a gentle curve; sides of the declivity distinctly

margined, the raised margins extending indistinctly almost to the

base of the dorsum. First joint of petiole very shortly pedunculate,

the node wider than long, ovate, convex above. Second node as

wide, or nearly as wide, as the Ist, of similar shape, but a trifle

longer. Abdomen ovate, all the segment wider than long.

?. 24mm. Length of anterior wing, 23°5 mm. Head, thorax

and petiole black; abdomen varying from dark red to reddish brown.

Mandibles and legs dark brown; tarsi and antennae reddish brown.

Thorax shining, the rest of the body nitidulous. Head, thorax and

nodes with a sparse, yellowish and adpressed pubescence (coarse and

almost pilose); abdomen sparsely and finely pubescent. Clypeus

with a few fairly long pilose hairs. Antennae densely pubescent.

Vibiae and tarsi densely clothed with long and almost bristly hairs,

which form dense tufts at the apical margins of the tibia and of the

first four tarsal jomts. Head closely and very coarsely punctured,

each puncture with a piligerous prominence in its centre; the space

between the punctures rugose. Mandibles longitudinally striate and

strongly punctured between the striae. Mesonotum and petiole

sparsely punctured, the punctures similar to those on the head, but

smaller and shallower. Sides of thorax closely striate and more or

less punctured. Epinotum dull, very closely and minutely punctured,

the sides with a few strong striae; the dorsum with a few large and

deep punctures; the declivity with its upper margin more or less

rugoso-striate. Abdomen microscopically alutaceous, and also sparsely

punctured, the punctures strong, but not so large or deep as those of

the mesonotum. Head, including the mandibles, triangular, much

wider behind than in front, the posterior angles widely rounded.

Clypeus short, the median area raised, convex transversely, truncate or

deeply impressed in front, and with a small tubercle behind the

middle of the anterior margin. Frontal carinae short. Mandibles

quadridentate ; the teeth somewhat obtuse. Antennae 10-jointed, the

scape extending back as far as the posterior ocelli; the Ist joint of

the flagellum a little longer than wide, the 2nd—6th joints wider

than long. Eyes fairly large, oblique and ovate. Ocelli not large.

Thorax much wider and higher than the head. Only the shoulders of

the pronotum are visible from above; mesonotum very high and

convex in front, hiding the pronotum; parapsidal sutures distinct.

The scutellum semicircular, somewhat pointed posteriorly, and sepa-

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 251

rated from the mesonotum by a deep and broad sulcus; metanotum

prominent and very convex. Dorsum of epinotum very short in the

middle, longer at the sides, the declivity vertical. with raised and

sharply defined lateral margins, which are distinctly curved inwards.

First node of the petiole, seen from the side, subtriangular, the

anterior face slanting obliquely forwards; the dorsal edge is thickest

at the sides, truncate behind. The 2nd node transverse, rectangular,

almost twice as wide as long, the dorsal surface inclined forwards,

convex transversely. Abdomen very large, somewhat flattened above,

very little narrowed at the base or apex, the sides almost parallel, the

apex widely rounded, as long as the thorax and petiole together, all

the segments much wider than long, the first three a little more than

twice as wide as long. Wines very long, the anterior subacute at the

apex, brownish, the nervures dark brown.

¢. 17-18 mm. Length of anterior wing, 16 mm. Dull; head,

thorax and Ist joint of petiole brownish black; the dorsal surface of

the 2nd node more or less dark yellow; mandibles, antennae, lees and

abdomen dark ochreous. Head, mesonotum and scutellum fairly

strongly and very closely punctured; the dorsum of the epinotum

transversely and also somewhat obliquely striate ; the declivity finely

reticulate-punctate and also transversely striate. Petiole finely and

closely punctured. Abdomen finely coriaceous. Femora and tibiae

finely and closely punctured, slightly shining. Head, mandibles,

thorax and petiole densely clothed with a short, suberect, yellowish

brown pilosity, the hairs shehtly curved. The abdomen. has a fine but

very dense decumbent pubescence, intermixed with some longer pilose

hairs. Legs and antennae with a very fine and dense pubescence, the

pilosity on the legs less abundant and less coarse than in the 2, not

forming dense tufts at the apices of the joints. Head subtriangular,

the width between the eyes two and a half times as long as the

distance from the anterior margin of the eye to the posterior border of

the head. Clypeus produced in the middle, very prominent and convex,

rounded in front, with a transverse impression behind. Mandibles

convex lengthwise, quadridentate, the apical tooth very large and

acute. Antennae 15-jointed; the scape short, one quarter longer than

wide; the Ist joint of the filiform flagellum very small, hardly more

than one-quarter the length of the scape; all the remaining joints

much longer than wide, the 5rd—l1th joints widest in the middle.

Hyes very convex, occupying more than half the sides of the head;

ocelli slightly raised. Thorax similar to that of the 2, but not so

massive; the mesonotum less gibbous anteriorly; the brow of the

epinotum rounded. The Ist node is flatter than in the ? , the posterior-

252 Annals of the South African Museum.

dorsal face less raised and more rounded ; the 2nd node is almost half

as wide again as the Ist, flatter than in the ?, its posterior-dorsal

margin strongly convex. Abdomen subovate, narrowing towards the

apex. Wings as in the 9.

S. Rhodesia; Natal; common over the greater part of the Ethiopian

region. (8.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.) j

The gg and ? 2 of this species are occasionally very plentiful

after rains, but the minute 9 9 are rarely seen. The first specimens

of the latter were found, together with the ? , by Haviland in Natal, in

the nest of a termite. Some specimens in my collection were taken

by Mr. Zealley at Hartley, S. Rhodesia, and were issuing from holes

in the ground with the winged sexes, far removed from any termite

mound. Others were taken by myself under similar conditions at the

Victoria Falls. Since on the latter occasion different 92 2, with

the coloration of the abdomen varying from red to dark brown, were

emerging from the same hole, it would seem that the distinction of the

race abdominalis, Santschi (Bull. Soc. Ent. France, p. 285, 1912), based

only on the colour of the abdomen, can no longer be maintained.

It is probable that the dense tufts of hairs on the tarsi of the 9

serve an important purpose—that of enabling some of the minute

& & to attach themselves to the body of the 2 when the latter is

about to leave the parental nest. Several specimens of the 2 have

been taken by me with one or more $ § biting on to the tarsal

fimbriae. Iam inclined to suspect that the young queen cannot start

a new nest without the help of one or more of the 9 9 from the old

nest, on account of the size of her mouth-parts, which would probably

be too large and clumsy to tend the tiny larvae of her first brood, and

that it is therefore essential that she should have with her some ome)

which are able to feed the larvae by conveying to them the nourish-

ment taken from the mouth of the queen.

Race Junopti, Forel.

Ann. Soe. Ent. Belg., vol. 48, p. 154, 9, 1904. Rev. Zool. Afric.,

Vole spoon © melkolts:

“O. 17-19mm. Differs from vidua s. str. by having the eso-

epinotal suture distinctly constricted and by the mandibles, which

have three distinct teeth in front and a small, obtuse, and indistinct

tooth behind. The size is also somewhat greater. Otherwise identical

with vidua.”

“9, 23 mm. Very similar to vidua type, but the thorax and

abdomen narrower and more elongated in proportion. The head is

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 253

more triangular, wider behind and narrower in front. Frontal sulcus

much deeper. The clypeus, which is more strongly and abruptly

truncate in front, has its upper surface strongly truncate and widely

emarginate, which is not the case in vidua. The frontal carinae short,

wide, and forming a marked lateral ridge, which is much more diver-

vent than in the type, where it is hardly apparent. The dorsum of the

epinotum is almost obsolete in the middle. The posterior metatarsi

very little shorter than the tibiae (much shorter in the type). Punc-

turation stronger, the punctures closer together and larger than in

vidua, especially on the thorax and abdomen. The mesonotum has

some diffuse but distinct rugae between the punctures. Pilosity and

pubescence a little less abundant than in the type. Dull rusty red,

slightly brownish. Abdomen, petiole, metanotum, three longitudinal

bands on the mesonotum and some vague spots on the sides of the

thorax and epinotum, dark brown. Dealated.”

Shiluvane. (H. Junod.)

C. Arnoupi, Forel.

(Oligomyrmex) Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 128, 9, 1913.

Santschi, Boll. Lab. Zool. Scu. Agric. Portici, vol. 8, p. 363, 1914.

©. 17-19 mm. Pale ochreous yellow ; the teeth of the mandibles

brownish. Smooth and shining. Head and anterior half of the pro-

mesonotum finely and sparsely punctured, the punctures regularly

spaced and distinct. Pubescence yellowish and long; not very dense

on the head and thorax; more abundant and much longer on the

abdomen. Mandibles with three distinct and acute teeth, and some-

times with a trace of a fourth tooth posteriorly. The dorsal profile of

the thorax slopes in a continuous and slightly convex line, broken

only at the meso-epinotal suture, from front to back. his, and the

slightly longer pubescence and pilosity, are the only differences which

I am able to see between this species and the 9 9 of vidua, (from

Hartley 8. R.), described in the preceding pages. Since the latter

were taken with the 2? 2? and ¢ 4, which are typical vidwa, Smith,

I believe that there can be no doubt as to the correctness of the

identification. In those specimens the dorsal profile of the thorax is

inclined backwards as far as the meso-epinotal suture, beyond which

it rises alone the dorsum of the epinotum, the latter shorter than the

declivity. On the other hand, the % > from the Victoria Falls, also

taken with typical 2? 9 and ¢ ¢ of viduwa, have the declivity as long

as, or a little longer than, the dorsum, therein agreeing with Santschi’s

description of vidwa. The dentition on which that author bases the

254 Annals of the South African Museum.

differences between vidua, junodi, arnoldi, and silvestri is too variable,

even in examples taken from the same nest, to be considered reliable.

IT am therefore inclined to believe that arnoldi is only a variety of

vidua; but in the absence of the 2? 2 and @ 4 of the former, the

question cannot be definitely decided.

Bulawayo. Found under the soil in small numbers on a single

occasion. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Genus ANELEUS, Emery.

Term. Fiizetek, vol. 23, 1900. (Pheidologeton, Mayr, pars.)

Characters.*

y%. Antennae 11-jointed. Head very large, elongate, longer than

wide, more or less abruptly truncate behind. Mandibles triangular,

with 5 or more distinct but blunt teeth. Hyes very small or absent.

&. Antennae 11-jointed; the club distinct and composed of the

last two joints. Eyes very small. Mandibles elongate triangular,

with 5 or more acute teeth. Clypeus usually more or less distinctly

bicarinate. Pro-mesonotal suture absent; meso-epinotal suture

distinct. Epinotum bidentate or unarmed. ‘'Tibiae and femora more

or less swollen in the apical half.

A. PERPUSILLUM, Emery.

(Pheidologeton) Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 26, , 9, 1895.

“yy. 2-2°5 mm. Reddish yellow, head rufous, shining, very

smooth, with sparse piligerous punctures; meso- and metapleura

closely punctured and dull. Head elongate, sub-parallel, widely

emarginate behind, and with a transverse crest or thin carina, in-

terrupted in the middle, in front of the occipital margin. Cheeks

and front of the head striate; frontal carimae short. Clypeus flat or

nearly so; widely emarginate in front. Eyes very small. Mandibles

sparsely punctured, shining, striate at the base outwardly, quinque-

dentate. Antennae short, the scape hardly exceeding half the length

of the head. Thorax with the meso-epinotal suture deeply impressed,

the pro-mesonotal suture obsolete, pro-mesonotal disc convex, scuti-

form, obtusely marginate in front, narrow behind. Hpinotum armed

with an acute tooth on each side. First node of petiole small, squami-

* These characters are based on the species described below and politus,

diabolus and silvestrii Santschi. I have not been able to see a copy of Emery’s

paper. Pheidologeton hostilis, Smith, is unknown to me, but owing to its 12-

jointed antennae cannot belong to this genus.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 255

form; the 2nd node larger, transversely ovate, subangulate on each

side.”

“6G, 15 mm. Reddish yellow. Head elongate, the sides mode-

rately convex, the occipital margin concave and sharp. Pro-mesonotum

marginate in front, the anterior angles acute. Hpinotum armed with

a triangular tooth on each side. Petiole narrow; 2nd node hardly

wider than the Ist; the Ist abdominal segment truncate in front.

Sculpture as in the /.”

Pretoria, Kimberley. (Simon.)

Race Arnoupt, Forel. (Plate VI, figs. 81, 81a.)

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 242, 9, 1914.

4 (hitherto undescribed). 2°3-5'1 mm. Head parallel-sided, vary-

ing from one-seventh to one-fourth wider than long. LHyes entirely

absent, or composed of four or five ill-defined facets. Mandibles not

striate at the base. Otherwise exactly like the type.

®. 11-14 mm. Epinotum, excepting the declivity, and sides of

the mesonotum reticulate and somewhat dull, the rest of the body

entirely smooth and shining. Erect pilosity very scanty, absent from

the legs and antennae, which have a feeble pubescence, wanting else-

where. Hyes composed of a single facet. First joint of flagellum a

little more than twice as long as wide, about as long as the five

succeeding joints taken together; 2nd-8th joints much wider than

long; the club not quite twice as long as the rest of the flagellum.

Mandibles quadridentate, smooth and shining, very sparsely and very

feebly punctured. The anterior angles of the pro-mesonotum sharply

defined, subdentate. Declivity of epinotum concave from above to

below, smooth and shining; very distinctly margined at the sides,

the margin continued up to the epinotal teeth, and slightly beyond

them along the sides of the dorsum ; the dorsum longer than the de-

clivity, and one-third longer than wide.

“ Median area of clypeus subtruncate in front, which is not the case

in the type, . . .; peduncle of the Ist joint of petiole short, shorter

than in the type” (Forel).

Two out of the three 2/2 which I have before me were taken on

the same occasion. Both lack eyes. In one the head is one-fifth

longer than wide; in the other one-quarter longer than wide. The

remaining Yf has the head a little less than one-seventh longer than

wide ; but the eyes are distinct, though small. The $ © of the two

series do not differ in the least, so that there is no reason to suppose

that the 2f f do not all belong to the same species.

256 Annals of-the South African Museum.

Bulawayo. Two ¥ ¥ and about three dozen 9 9 were taken in a

rotten beech-nut in the ground. On another occasion one Y and half

a dozen 9% 9 were found in a decaying grain of maize. Also taken

running under a stone. I have also received specimens from Durban

(Marley and Cooper), which do not differ from this race except in the

carinae on the clypeus being a little more distinct and a little closer

together posteriorly. ;

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Genus AEROMYRMA, Forel.

Grandidier’s Hist. Madagascar, 20, p. 198, 1891.

Characters

Strongly dimorphic.

%. Antennae 10-jointed; club 2-jointed. Head much longer than

wide; sometimes with a small tooth on each side above. Mandibles

with about 6 teeth. Hyes small; composed of a single facet. Thoracic

sutures distinct. Hpimotum dentate or unarmed. Abdomen long,

longer than the rest of the body.

9. Head not much longer than wide. Abdomen of the usual

shape ; not longer than the rest of the body. Otherwise like the 2/.

This genus contains three species, one of which is found in Madagascar.

A. AFRICANA, Forel.

Schultze’s Reise Stidafrika, vol. 4, p. 15, Y, 1910.

“Yy. 27-29 mm. Mandibles smooth and shining, with about

6 teeth. Clypeus very short, arched, without emargination, not

truncate, with only a small impression in front in the middle, hardly

produced backwards between the frontal carinae. Frontal area

triangular ; frontal carinae very short, hardly divergent, not far apart,

without lobes. Head large, rectangular, quite one-quarter longer than

wide, the sides hardly convex in front and behind, with a small tooth

or horn at about the outer fourth of the width of the head, lke that

of Oligomyrmex corniger, Forel, but somewhat smaller. The margin of

the head behind, between the two teeth, is concave. The exceedingly

small eye is composed of a single facet, and is placed within the

anterior third of the head. The scape of the 10-jointed antenna

hardly extends beyond the middle of the head. Last joint of flagellum

quite three times as long as the preceding joint. The pronotum is

strongly convex, and steepin front. . . . Thorax with both sutures

distinct, but not in the least constricted, short and wide. Epinotum

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 257

without a trace of teeth, only excavated lengthwise, with two elongate

and obtuse swellings. Both nodes rounded, wider than long, the Ist

pedunculate, th@*2nd nearly twice as wide as the Ist, which is narrow.

Abdomen very long, longer than the rest of the body, with a honey-

yellow translucency. Legs short. Head glossy, finely reticulate.

The rest of the body smooth, shining and with piligerous punctures.

Erect hairs very fine, pointed, short and scanty, absent from the legs.

Pubescence oblique, somewhat woolly, more abundant than the

pilosity and present all over, without, however, being at all dense.

Dirty yellow ; head yellowish red; abdomen pale translucent yellow ;

legs and antennae yellow.”

Kooa-Sekgoma, Kalahari. (. Schultze.)

A. TRAEGAORDHI, Santschi.

Goteborgs K. Vetensk. och Vitterh. Handl., xv, 2, p. 20, 9, 1914.

“ minor. 15 mm. Yellow, slightly reddish. Mandibles, clypeus,

antennae, tarsi and abdomen yellow. Smooth and shining. EHpi-

notum, posterior half of mesonotum and the Ist node reticulate,

punctate and nearly dull. The smooth areas with a fine and sparse

pilgerous puncturation. Pubescence fairly exserted and distributed

all over the body and the limbs. A few rare erect pilose hairs. Head

longer than wide, the sides moderately convex, the hind margin feebly

concave. Eyes composed of a single facet, placed a little in front of

the middle of the sides. Mandibles with five teeth. Pronotum

marginate in front. Meso-epinotal suture deep. Dorsum of epinotum

a little convex, wider than long, hardly marginate. The declivity

longer, marginate. The junction of the two planes of the epimotum

angular, with a very small tubercle, often indistinct, and not dentate

as in nosidambo, Forel. First node short, thick at the summit, as high

as the length of the joint, with a very small tooth below in front.

Second joint globose, wider than the Ist.”

Balgowan and Stamford Hill, Natal. (Traegaordh.)

Trine LEPTOTHORACINI, Emery.

Genus LEPTOTHORAX, Mayr.

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ver. Wien, vol. 5, p. 431, 1855.

Characters.

%. Antennae 11 or 12-jointed (12-jointed in our three species),

with a distinct club formed of the three apical joints. Mandibles

with four or five teeth. Clypeus fairly large. Hpinotum armed with

258 Annals of the South African Museum.

a pair of teeth or spines. First joint of petiole with a short peduncle, the

ventral lamella sometimes bearing a smalltooth. Hairs usually clavate.

?. Not much larger than the ¢. Wings with one cubital and

one discoidal cell. Otherwise like the ¢, except for the usual sexual

differences.

¢. Antennae 12 or 13-jointed. Mandibles narrow, the masticatory

margin truncate. Clypeus arched, convex. Mayrian furrows présent.

Petiole and wings as in the ? ; abdomen narrower.

The species of this genus are rather timid and slow ants, forming

small communities in hollow stems or under bark. Certain species of

the genus in N. America and Europe house in their nests other para-

sitic ants which are closely allied generically to themselves (Harpago-

xenus, etc.). These have ergatoid queens, whose progeny is reared by

the workers of the host.

Key to the 9 9 of Leptothoraa.

(4). 1. Shoulders of the pronotum sharply angulated ; dorsal profile of thorax

straight and horizontal, or nearly so.

(3). 2. lst node of petiole a little wider than long, convex above; 2nd node

twice as wide as lone. : : é s latinodis, Mayr.

(2). 8. Ist node of petiole as wide as long, flat above ; 2nd node of petiole one

and a half times as wide as long. angulatus, Mayr.

(1). 4. Shoulders of the pronotum not sharply arealitede thorax depressed in

front of the epinotum, not straight in profile. denticulatus, Mayr.

L. aneutatus, Mayr. (Plate V, figs. 56, 56a.)

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12; p. 739, 9, 1862.

&. 382 mm. Reddish ochreous, club of antennae and lateral

dorsal margins of the thorax and petiole brownish. Head reticulate-

rugose, coarsely so at the sides in front of the eyes, the space between

the rugosities finely reticulate, and some of the rugae emphasised

longitudinally. Upper surface of thorax and of both joints of the

petiole strongly reticulate-rugose; sides of meso- and metathorax

finely reticulate. Abdomen and Jegs microscopically rugulose, smooth

and shining. Legs and antennae with a very short and fine pubes-

cence, absent from the rest of the body, which has a sparse puilosity

consisting of short, thick, erect and clavate hairs. Head, excluding

the mandibles, a little longer than wide, a little wider behind than in

front, the sides feebly convex, the posterior angles very sharp, the

posterior margin straight. Clypeus raised in the middle and pro-

longed back between the frontal carinae, with a well-defined median

carina and a finer lateral carina on each side. Frontal area indistinct.

The frontal carinae are rather wide apart, divergent posteriorly.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 259

Mandibles finely striate, armed with five teeth, the apical tooth acute.

The scape extends back as far as the occipital margin; Ist joint of

flagellum nearly as long as the 2nd—4th taken together; 2nd—8th

joints wider than long. Hyes not large, situated a little in front of

the middle of the sides. Thoracic sutures obsolete. Thorax widest

anteriorly, the shoulders sharply defined, subangular. The epinotum

is armed with a tooth on each side, which is directed upwards and

slightly outwards, and is not longer than it is broad at the base; the

declivity is almost vertical. The dorsum of the thorax is widened and

subdentate at the lateral margins, above the posterior stigmatic

orifices. The Ist joint of the petiole has a short peduncle; the node

is aS wide as long, moderately convex above, and, seen from above,

more or less hexagonal in outline ; the anterior face of the node slopes

forwards ; the ventral lamella at the base has a small downwardly

directed spine. The 2nd joint of the petiole is subquadrangular, one

and a half times wider than long, nearly one and a half times as wide

as the Ist. Abdomen oval. All the femora swollen in the middle;

middle and hind tibiae without calcaria.

Khami R. and Matopo Hills, 8. Rhodesia.

I have met with this species only on the trunks of trees, previously

mentioned as being the habitat of Monomoriwm arnoldi. (S8.A.M.,

R.M., G.A. colls.)

L. tarrnopis, Mayr.

Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 10, p. 130, 9, 1895.

“5. 32 mm. Reddish yellow, last joint of flagellum brownish,

mandibles pale yellow with dark brown teeth. The clavate hairs are

moderately sparse; the fine pubescence of the abdomen very sparse.

Mandibles longitudinally striate, quadridentate. Head rectangular,

longer than wide, with rounded corners, narrower in front than

behind ; longitudinally striate; the middle of the vertex less coarsely

striate and somewhat coriaceous and feebly shining; the outer thirds

of the head more reticulate-rugose, and round the eyes clearly punctu-

late. The disc of the clypeus is flattened (more so than in angulatus),

and has a median carina and two lateral carinae, which separate it

from the lateral portions of the clypeus; the median carina is not

continued back on to the posterior portion of the clypeus, which lies at

a different level to the rest of the clypeus. . .. The scape does not

extend back as far as the posterior margin of the head ; the 2nd—8th

joints of the flagellum wider than long ; and the joints which form the

oOo)

club, especially the last two, are only feebly constricted off from each

260 Annals of the South African Museum.

other. The eyes are placed a little in front of the middle of the sides.

The thorax is moderately finely reticulate, finely reticulate-punctate in

the interspaces, and shows no constrictions or sutures above. The

pronotal angles are produced into distinct triangular teeth (in angu-

latus less pronounced and much smaller) ; the pronotum is wider than

the rest of the thorax, but a little narrower than the head. . . . - The

epinotum has two short small spines, which are only a little longer

than their basal width. The sculpture of the petiole similar to that

of the thorax; the Ist joint shortly pedunculate, the node a little

wider than long, and, seen in profile, moderately convex above length-

wise; the 2nd node is quite twice as wide as long (in angulatus hardly

one and a half times as wide as long), and wider than the Ist.

Abdomen shining and very finely rugulose. The legs and antennae

without erect hairs. The femora are swollen, much the same as in

angulatus. Like other species of the genus, the middle and hind tibiae

are without calearia,”

Delagoa Bay. (Dr. Brauns.)

L. DEnTIcULATUS, Mayr.

Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 16, p. 5, §,.1901.

“OS. 3-3:'1mm. Yellow or reddish yellow, the legs a little paler,

the teeth of the mandibles brown. The upper surface of the body is

clothed with short and very feebiy clavate hairs; the fine, decumbent,

and very short pubescence is very scanty, especially on the abdomen ;

the outer margins of the tibiae with decumbent hairs. Mandibles

5-dentate, longitudinally striate, and sparsely punctured. The head

is fairly rectangular, a little longer than wide, with round corners,

narrower in front than behind. It is rather coarsely and longi-

tudinally rugose, partly coarsely reticulate, between the rugae finely

reticulate-punctate ; the vertex and occiput with fairly straight longi-

tudinal striae. Clypeus rugose, distinctly produced in front, the

anterior margin arcuate, fairly flat and tricarinate, the median carina

becoming indistinct behind, the lateral carinae less pronounced than

the median, and not reaching the anterior margin. The clypeus is

wider posteriorly than in either angulatus or latinodis. The scape of

the 12-jointed antenna does not extend back as far as the hind margin

of the head; the 2nd—8th joints of the flagellum about twice as wide

as long, the joints of the club fairly clearly separated, the first being

about as wide as long. The sides of the head show faint traces of an

antennal scrobe. The eyes lie a little in front of the middle of the

sides. Thorax rather coarsely and longitudinally striate, partly longi-

tudinally rugose, finely reticulate-punctate between the rugae, widest

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 261

anteriorly, rounded at the sides of the pronotum. The margin of the

thorax between its sides and upper surface is bisinuate, shallowly so at

the pro-mesonotal suture, more deeply at the meso-epinotal, the latter

being distinctly impressed; the dorsum of the epinotum is feebly

convex, a little longer than wide, with two blunt spines behind, which

are about half as long as the dorsum, and directed backwards, out-

wards and upwards. The Ist joint of the petiole has a short

peduncle, and is closely reticulate-punctate and also coarsely rugose ;

its node has a quadrangular dorsal surface, which is feebly convex

transversely and lengthwise, and distinctly wider than long, the

anterior corners strongly rounded. The dorsal surface is delimited

from the anterior face by a nearly rectangular margin ; the anterior

face is vertical above, sloping forwards below ; the posterior face of

the node is very short and vertical, and merges gradually into the

“upper surface. On each side of the node, a little below the hind

angles, there is a small pointed tooth with a hair or bristle at its apex,

and there are one or two similar but smaller projections in front of

these on the dorsal lateral margins of the node. The 2nd node of the

petiole is about one and a half times as wide as long, somewhat wider

than the Ist, and has traces of two small teeth or tubercles like those

of the Ist node on each of its rounded sides. The abdomen is shining,

very shallowly rugulose, and with some scattered piligerous punctures,

almost smooth.

©. 3'°5 mm. Reddish yellow; mesonotum and scutellum brownish;

the abdomen, excepting the front half of the 1st segment, light brown.

Pubescence and sculpture as in the 9. The mandibles more coarsely

and more abundantly punctured ; mesonotum and scutellum lonei-

tudinally rugoso-striate, finely reticulate-punctate between the striae ;

the declivity of the epinotum only reticulate-punctate. Head as in

the ©. The epinotal teeth triangular and blunt, which are not, or

only shghtly, longer than wide at the base. Petiole and abdomen as

inthe 9. Onedealated 9. In hollow stems.”

Port Elizabeth. (Dr. Brauns.)

Trine MYRMICARIINI, Forel.

Genus MYRMICARIA, Saunders.

Trans. Ent. Soc. London, in, p. 57, 1841.

Characters.

®. Antennae 7-jointed, the scape cylindrical; all the joints of the

flagellum, except the Ist, much longer than wide; no distinct club.

262 Annals of the South African Museum.

Clypeus broad, convex in the middle. Frontal area not clearly defined

posteriorly. Frontal carinae wide apart, fairly short. Eyes prominent

and convex. Pro-mesonotal suture feeble or obsolete; meso-epinotal

suture deep; the thorax more or less constricted or excised laterally at

the suture. Ventral anterior angles ot the pronotum produced into

distinct spines or teeth. Scutellar portion of mesonotum with an

elongate tubercle or carina on each side. The epinotum armed with

two long and acute spines; sometimes also with the base expanded or

lobate on each side. First joint of petiole with a long peduncle, dis-

tinctly delimited from the node. Both nodes usually more or less

conical, the Ist often compressed laterally at the summit. Abdomen

subglobose; somewhat truncate at the base. Legs long and slender.

@. Antennae 7-jointed. Ocelli small. Thorax very gibbous and

convex in front. Pronotum very slightly exposed above at the sides

only. ‘The level of the dorsum of the mesonotum and scutellum much

higher than that of the epinotum. Mesonotum and epinotum simple,

without lateral carinae or lobes. The dorsum of the epinotum short,

much shorter than the declivity; epinotal spines much shorter and

broader than in the 9. Petiole as in the 9. Abdomen subovate,

longer than wide, truncate at the base. Wings with 1 cubital and

1 discoidal cell; radial cell open.

¢. Antennae 13-jointed, filiform. The scape short, usually about

as long as the 2nd joint of the flagellum ; Ist joint very short, all the

remaining joints much longer than wide. Head transverse. Eyes

large. Ocelli fairly large, slightly raised. Frontal carinae moderately

distinct and short. Clypeus convex. Mandibles small and edentate.

Dorsum of epinotum bituberculate at the apex. Petiole very long,

the Ist joint with the peduncle shorter and broader than in the 9,

both nodes flatter and elongate, not conical. Abdomen broad, cordate,

hardly longer than wide, convex above, concave below. Legs long and

slender. Wings as in the 9.

Distribution: Ethiopian and Indo-Malayan regions.

Key to the 9 9% of Myrmicaria.

(8). 1. Larger species, 5 mm. or more; sculpture coarse, head striated all

over.

(3). 2. Head distinctly emarginate behind. ‘ : Bauwmni, Forel.

(2). 3. Head straight or convex behind.

(7). 4. Tibiae and scapes longitudinally striate; larger species, 65 mm. or

more.

. Sculpture strong; head reticulate (with transverse as well as longi-

tudinal striae); 1st node as high as the 2nd, pointed above, conical.

eumenoides, Gerst.

(ve)

(6).

A Monograph of the Formicidue of South Africa. 263

(5). 6. Sculpture less strong ; head with only longitudinal striae ; 1st node

higher than the 2nd, not conical, slightly flattened above.

striata, Stitz.

. Tibiae and scapes smooth ; smaller species, less than 6 mm.

nigra, Mayr.

(4).

(1). 8. Smaller species, less than 5 mm.; sculpture feebler and much more

sparse ; head striated only on the cheeks.

Dark black, pilosity also black ; scape extending beyond the occipital

margin by almost one-third of its length; mesonotum with high

posterior lateral carinae. j : : nigerrima, Arnold.

(9). 10. Brownish, pilosity yellowish; scape extending beyond the occipital

margin by one-quarter to one-fifth of its length; mesonotum with

xo)

(10).

feeble and low lateral carinae behind. . ‘ laevior, Forel.

M. Eumenorpss, Gerstaecker. (Plate VII, figs. 87, 87a, 88, 89a, b.)

(Heptacondylus), Monatsb. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, p. 263, 2, 1858.

(H. sulcatus), Mayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 756,

©, 1862.

©. 65-77 mm. Head, thorax and petiole dark red, somewhat

brownish red, the nodes a little darker. Abdomen, legs and antennae

dark brown, the base of the abdomen a little paler. Shining, espe-

cially the dorsum of the epinotum; the basal fourth of the Ist

abdominal segment very finely and closely punctured and subopaque.

Head, pro-mesonotum and dorsum of epinotum with a few strong,

more or less longitudinal rugae, connected by transverse anastomoses

(almost reticulate round the eyes). Sides of thorax faintly and longi-

tudinally striate; the spaces between all the striae or rugae smooth

and shining. Nodes of petiole with a few feeble striae. The abdomen

smooth and shining. Femora very shallowly and sparsely punctured.

Scapes and tibiae longitudinally striate on the upper surface. Man-

dibles closely and longitudinally striate. Whole body, including legs

and antennae, with a strong but rather sparse pilosity, consisting of

stout, more or less erect, blackish hairs. The flagellum has in addition

a sparse, decumbent pubescence, which is absent elsewhere.

Head subecircular, a little wider behind than in front, about as long

as wide, the posterior margin straight, the angles rounded. Clypeus

broad, the anterior margin convex. The median area has about 7 or

8 longitudinal raised lines (hardly carimae); the posterior margin,

between the frontal carinae, broad; frontal area indistinctly defined.

Frontal carinae parallel, widened and sublobate in front, extending

back nearly to the level of the anterior margin of the eves. The latter

convex and prominent, placed behind the middle of the sides of the

head. Mandibles with 5 teeth, the two anterior ones large and acute.

264 Annals of the South African Museum.

Scape of antenna fairly long, extending bazk well beyond tke occipital

margin; all the joints of the flagellum much longer than wide, the

2nd and apical joints longest. Pro-mesonotal suture faintly indicated.

Pronotum with strong transverse and oblique rugae, those on the

margins of the dorsum very distinct ; the ventral anterior angles pro-

duced into strong teeth. The mesonotum is raised posteriorly, and

has a very steep posterior face, the sides of which are sharply margined

and shehtly expanded, or ear-shaped. ‘The dorsum of the epinotum is

distinctly margined (the rugae which form the margins being con-

tinued along the outer sides of the spines), and is sublobate on each

side at the base, narrowed towards the apex. The spines are acute,

as long as the dorsum, slightly divergent apically, directed slightly

upwards. The declivity of the epinotum is very steep; as long as, or

a little longer than, the dorsum; distinctly margined laterally, the

margins being continued along the lower sides of the spines. Peduncle

of the Ist joint of the petiole flattened, one-quarter longer than the

node; the latter more or less conical, as long as wide, somewhat com-

pressed laterally at the summit, the anterior face vertical and feebly

convex from above to below, the posterior face longer than the

anterior, and sloping downwards. The 2nd node about one-quarter

longer than wide; widest at its posterior third. Seen from above,

the outline is subovate; seen from the side, the anterior face is

convex, and slopes in a sharp curve forwards; the posterior face is

shorter than the anterior, and vertical. The base of the abdomen

straight, with prominent but rounded lateral angles. The Ist segment

is about as wide as long, and much wider and longer than the remain-

ing segments taken together, which are hardly visible from above.

2. 1]4 mm. Pilosity and colour as in the 9, but the colour is a

little darker, the sides of the mesonotum behind, and the middle

portion in front, dark brown. The hairs on the legs are more oblique

than in the 9. The sculpture is very similar to that of the 9, butis

stronger on the head, the region behind the eyes very coarsely reticu-

late, the space between the reticulations almost dull. Mesonotum and

scutellum strongly and fairly closely longitudinally striate, the pro-

notum with a few longitudinal and feeble striae. The epinotum is

very coarsely and longitudinally rugose on the dorsum, striate on the

sides, the median area of the declivity smooth. A narrow median area

on the anterior third of the mesonotum is without striae. A broad

transverse band on the apical margins of all the abdominal segments

subopaque and microscopically rugulose. The dorsum of the meso-

notum and scutellum is raised high above the level of the head and

epinotum. The mesonotum is very convex in front, lengthwise and

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 265

transversely, and as long as wide. The scutellum is nearly one and a

half times wider than long, a little more than one-third the length of

the mesonotum, and is a little higher than the latter. Dorsum of

epinotum very short—much shorter than the declivity, which is

vertical. The epinotal spines are shorter and broader than in the °,

almost triangular, and very little longer than their basal width. A

rounded, lobe-like expansion covers the stigmata on each side, and

projects beyond the lateral profile of the thorax. Wings dark brown,

the nervures and stigma piceous. Otherwise like the ©.

¢. 135mm. Black, flagellum and tarsi dark brown. Pilosity

more abundant, but much finer than in the 92, the hairs being

thinner, especially on the abdomen, where they are also more oblique.

Flagellum densely and very finely pubescent. Thorax and upper

surface of the nodes with a whitish pubescence; sparse and oblique on

the thorax; dense, erect, and longer on the dorsum of the epinotum

and anterior face of the lst node (more easily seen when looked at

from the side). Head very coarsely rugoso-striate, transversely so on

the posterior half, more or less Jongitudinally on the anterior half, the

space between the rugae shining. Thorax coarsely and longitudinally

rugoso-striate, the striae interrupted, stronger on the scutellum and

posterior half of the mesonotum. Epinotum very coarsely reticulate-

rugose, the declivity with some transverse striae. ‘Thorax rather dull,

declivity of epinotum smooth and shining. Nodes of petiole micro-

scopically alutaceous, also longitudinally striate, the Ist node some-

what coarsely so, the 2nd node much more closely and finely striate,

its median area smocth. Abdomen, except for a narrow median area

on each segment, microscopically alutaceous and dull. Head longer

than wide, the posterior margin concave. ‘The eyes large, placed some-

what obliquely, occupying quite half the sides of the head. Ocelli

fairly large, slightly raised. Clypeus less convex than in the 9 or 9.

Mandibles oblong, edentate, obliquely truncate apically. Scape short,

hardly longer than the distance between the two posterior ocelli; Ist

joint of flagellum as wide as long, about one-third the length of the

scape ; 2nd joint as long as, or a little longer than, the scape; all the

remaining joints at least twice as long as wide. Thorax similar to

that of the 2, but narrower, the mesonotum nearly one-quarter longer

than wide. Dorsum of epinotum longer than in the ?, at the base

nearly three times wider than long, shorter than the declivity, bluntly

angulate on each side at the apex; the declivity vertical. Petiole very

long, as long as the abdomen, and nearly as long as the thorax; the

peduncle of the Ist joint is as long as the node, the latter one-third

longer than wide, and flattened. Second node oblong, rounded

266 Annals of the South African Museum.

behind, nearly parallel-sided, or only a trifle wider behind than in

front; almost twice as long as high, highest behind. Abdomen

cordate, moderately convex above, the ventral surface concave, all the

segments much wider than long. Legs long and thin. Wings paler

than in the ?.

S. Rhodesia, widely distributed, but chiefly on granite soil; Durban ;

German §.W. Africa.

The colonies of this species are usually very large, often comprising

1000 or more § 3. The latter bite and sting fiercely, but the sting is

rather blunt, and does not easily pierce the human skin. Although

their gait is slow, they are nevertheless active insects, travelling over

large areas in search of food, which seems to consist chiefly of other

insects. They do not appear to be aphidicolous, nor to attend Mem-

bracid or Lepidopterous larvae for their secretions, yet they are known

to harbour in their nests many myrmecophilous insects. A nest

examined by me* contained the following species of beetles : Allodi-

narda myrnicariae, Brauns; Ogmocerus raffrayanus, Brauns; and

Batrisus myrimicariophilus, Brauns. The Botanical Gardens in

Durban are infested with this species, but the examination of a large

number of nests revealed only one species of myrmecophile, Allodi-

narda Kohli, Wasm., which, however, was plentiful, as many as three

dozen being taken in one nest. The nest has numerous entrances, and

is surrounded by large heaps of excavated material, often covering an

area of several square feet.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

M. Baum, Forel.

Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 10, p. 307, 9, 1895.

“SO. 77-95 mm. Dark red brown; abdomen dark brown;

antennae and legs nearly black. Pilosity blackish brown. The

pilose hairs on the tibiae are very oblique, partly adpressed. Sculp-

ture as in eumenoides, but more densely reticulate-rugose. The

clypeus has a median carina. More especially, the head is distinctly

emarginate behind, and wider than in ewmenoides, with the posterior

corners somewhat angularly elongated downwards, and with less

convex sides. The eyes are a little larger, more convex, and placed

further forwards than in ewmenoides. Mossamedes.”

Also between Severelela and Khakhea, and Kooa, Kalahari.

(Schultze. )

* See ‘Proc. Rhod. Se. Assn.,’ vol. xiii, pt. 8, 1914, pp. 25-42.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 267

M. Lagrvior, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 445, 9, 1910.

“6. 39-42 mm. Mandibles striate, quadridentate. Head trape-

zoidal, narrowed in front, at least as wide behind as long, the posterior

margin fairly strongly convex. Eyes placed in the posterior third of

the head. Clypeus entire, tricarinate, otherwise hardly striate. The

scape extends beyond the occipital margin by about one-fifth or one-

quarter of its length. The last joint of the antenna is not much

thicker than the two preceding. Dorsum of thorax equally convex

from front to back; meso-epinotal suture narrow and not deep. The

pronotum has lateral teeth below, pointed, and longer than wide ;

above, it is one and a half times wider than long, slightly narrowed

behind and depressed, without lateral margins or ridges. Mesonotum

transversely trapezoid, but with the lateral margins feebly raised

behind, and ear-shaped; these form the only prominences on the

dorsum of the thorax. Dorsum of the epinotum two and a half times

longer than wide, continuing the convexity of the upper surface of the

thorax, and margined by two even and parallel ridges, but nowhere

raised. Spines horizontal, only slightly divergent, slightly longer

than the space between them. Declivity of epinotum margined,

shorter than the dorsum. First node a little wider than long, wider

behind than in front, rounded above, nearly vertically truncate in

front and behind, a little shorter than its peduncle. Second node

hardly wider than the Ist ; wider behind, where it is as wide as long.

“Shining. Cheeks longitudinally striate as far as the margins of the

eyes, without reticulations. There are some feeble longitudinal striae

on the sides of the frons, and some transverse striae on the pronotum ;

all the rest of the head and body smooth, without striae or reticula-

tions even on the vertex, occiput, mesonotum, epinotum and nodes,

which distinguishes this species from all the others (except nigerrima).

Erect pilosity fairly fine, long, pointed, yellowish, sparse all over,

slightly oblique on the limbs, on which the hairs rise from raised

poits. Pubescence almost nil. More or less reddish brown; legs

brownish yellow.”

Natal. (Haviland.)

M. Srriara, Stitz. (Plate VII, figs. 90a, b, c.)

Wissen. Ergeb. Z. Afr. Hxped., 3, pp. 382-5, 1911.

®. 65-82 mm. Reddish brown; the front of the head, the

antennae, legs and peduncle of the Ist joint of the petiole lighter.

268 Annals of the South African Museum.

Very similar to ewmenoides, and differing from it in the following

characters. The pilosity is shorter and more oblique, somewhat

scanty. More shining, especially the head, pro-mesonotum, 2nd node

of the petiole, and the legs; the tibiae are shining (dull in ewmenoides).

The sculpture is feebler and less close. The head has only longi-

tudinal striae, without any transverse anastomoses or reticulations.

The pro-mesonotum has fewer and more continuous longitudinal

striae, and is less strongly marginate at the sides and in front. There

is no trace of the pro-mesonotal suture on the dorsum (faintly in-

dicated by a depression in ewmenoides). The pronotum below has far

larger lateral teeth, these being plainly visible, and projecting well

beyond the lateral outline, when viewed from above. The posterior

lateral lobes or carinae of the mesonotum are lower and less divergent

outwardly; the lateral margins of the dorsum of epinotum are straighter

and less raised. The meso-epinotal suture is not so deep, and the base

of the epinotum is narrower. The spines are thinner and relatively

longer. The Ist node of the petiole is higher, higher than the 2nd (as

high as the 2nd in ewmenoides), and is somewhat truncate behind (in

eumenoides the dorsal and posterior outlines form a continuous curve).

The peduncle of the Ist joint is also a little shorter, being only as long

as the node. The tibiae and scapes are less strongly striated.

?. 15 mm. Entirely dark brown, almost piceous, except the

anterior half of the head, which is reddish brown. It differs from

ewmenoides, to which it bears a close resemblance, in the following

characters. The head is less narrowed in front, being almost as wide

in front as behind; the posterior angles are less rounded, and the

posterior margin is straight, not convex, as in eumenoides. The

sculpture of the head is not quite so strong, and the space between

the reticulations is shining. The sculpture of the mesonotum stronger,

and composed of fewer striae. The dorsum of the epinotum, although

short, is distinctly delimited from the declivity, and the space between

the spines is widely arcuate, not acutely angular, as in ewmenoides

(see Pl. VII, figs. 89a, b; 90a, b). The lobe-like expansions covering

the stigmata are also more angular and dilated than in ewmenoides.

The spies are shorter, and hardly divergent. The peduncle of the

1st joint of the petiole is wider posteriorly and shorter. The wings

are much paler coloured, being ochreous, not brown as in the other

species. The anterior face of the Ist node has a dense yellowish

pubescence, fairly long, entirely absent in the 9 of ewmenoides.

g.13:5 mm. Black. This differs from the ¢ of ewmenoides in

having a much finer sculpture and finer, less dense, but longer pilosity.

The pubescence of the thorax is also less noticeable. The dorsum of

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 269

the declivity is much longer and more oblique, quite as long as the

declivity, or a little longer ; the apical angles of the dorsum are also

narrower and more dentiform. Otherwise similar.

Bembesi, Plumtree, and Bulawayo, 8. Rhodesia. The nest is

smaller and less populous than that of ewmenoides. (S.A.M., R.M.,

G.A. colls.)

M. Nigra, Mayr. (Plate VII, fig. 91.)

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 755, 9, 1862.

%. 55mm. Brownish black; antennae and legs a little lighter.

Pilosity long, yellowish, fairly abundant, erect on the head and thorax,

slightly oblique on the abdomen and petiole. Shining. Very strongly,

but not densely, longitudinally striate on the head, the striae more or

less interrupted in the occipital region. Pronotum also strongly

striate transversely ; mesonotum with about 8 longitudinal striae ;

epinotum with 3 or 4 transverse striae on the raised basal half of the

dorsum, and about 5 or 6 longitudinal ones on the posterior half,

which do not reach quite as far as the brow of the declivity. Sides of

thorax more or less obliquely striate, the striae finer than on the

dorsum. ‘Tibiae and scapes smooth, not striate as in ewmenoides and

striata. The clypeus has one long median stria or carinula, and two

or three shorter lateral striae. Mandibles strongly and longitudinally

striate, quadridentate. The scape extends beyond the occipital margin

by nearly one-third of its length. Head as long as wide, very little

narrower in front than behind, the posterior margin shallowly con-

cave. Hyes convex, fairly prominent, placed just behind the middle

of the sides. Pronotum three times wider than long, the teeth below

prominent, triangular, about as long as their basal width. Pro-

mesonotal suture obsolete, meso-epinotal not deep, much shallower

than in ewmenoides. Mesonotum only slightly raised behind, hardly

expanded laterally, not auriculate-carinate as in ewmenoides. Dorsum

of epinotum horizontal, only feebly lobed at the base, almost twice as

long as the nearly vertical declivity, twice as long as it is wide at the

base. The spines are almost horizontal, slightly divergent, acute, as

long as the declivity. Peduncle of 1st joint of petiole thick, hardly as

long as the node; the latter a little longer than wide, flattened above,

not conical, the anterior face much shorter than the dorsal surface,

and compressed laterally, so as to form a sharp vertical edge; the

posterior face very oblique, about half as long as the dorsal. Second

node a little higher than the Ist, subconical, the apex behind the

middle, the anterior face oblique and twice as long as the vertical

270 Annals of the South African Museum.

posterior face, barely wider than the Ist node. Base of abdomen

hardly truncate, the lateral angles considerably rounded.

So (hitherto undescribed). 66mm. Dark brown, the anterior half

of the head, the antennae, mandibles and legs paler, more reddish

brown. Pilosity finer and more abundant than in the 9. Flagellum

with short, erect, pilose hairs, and also finely pubescent. The rest of

the body without pubescence. Shining. Head longitudinally striato-

rugose, more strongly on the cheeks than elsewhere. Mesonotum and

scutellum feebly and longitudinally rugose, strongest on the posterior

half of the mesonotum. Epinotum strongly and transversely striate.

A few feeble striae on the Ist node, the sides of the thorax finely and

longitudinally striate; the rest of the body smooth. Head distinctly

wider than long. Eyes very large, occupying two-thirds of the sides

of the head. Mandibles edentate, oblong, shehtly acuminate at the

apex, not touching when closed. Scapes rather long, reaching the

occipital margin of the head, one and two-thirds longer than the 2nd

joint of the flagellum. Dorsum of epinotum widely expanded above

the stigmatic orifices, nearly three-quarters as long as wide at the

base, moderately convex transversely and lengthwise, oblique, twice as

long as the declivity. Brow of declivity rounded, not bituberculate or

bidentate. First joint of petiole nearly twice as long as the 2nd, the

node not distinctly delimited. Both nodes considerably flattened, the

2nd a little wider than the Ist. Wangs pale ochreous, the nervures

and stigma dark ochreous.

Montagu Pass, Cape Prov. (Brauns.) . . . Cape Prov. (ex

SAAS coll Onandy ssn (S neve rvaNi GC saeycolllsh)

M. Nigrrrima,n.sp. (Plate VII, fig. 92.)

©. 48 mm. Allied to laevior, Forel. Entirely black, except the

mandibles, which are slightly brownish black. Pilosity long and

black, sparse, erect; slightly oblique on the legs and abdomen.

Smooth and shining. Mandibles striate and quadridentate. Scapes

striate. The clypeus has three feeble longitudinal striae, which do

not reach the convex anterior margin. Cheeks feebly and longi-

tudinally striate in front of the eyes. A median stria extends over

the whole of the vertex, head otherwise smooth. Pronotum finely but

distinctly margined. It has a median longitudinal stria, which is con-

tinued over the mesonotum. ‘The latter has in addition one or two

lateral striae. The rest of the body smooth, without striae or

punctures. Head rather quadrate, hardly narrower in front than

behind, as wide as long, the posterior margin convex. Hyes very

convex and prominent, placed a little behind the middle of the sides.

Annals S. Afric. Mus. — Vol. XIV. PURE

11 Opthalmopone Berthoudi. Forel.¢ % 4. 15*Pachycondyla laevissima.drnold. % node x 4.

R y ottentota Emery. 3X4. 16 D ranosa. Roger. 3 X 4.

erthoudi Morel. d % 4. 17 Kuponera cafffaria. Smith ¥ XA,

14 Centromyrmex Constanciae.drnold.% x 9. | 172 " " " X 9 profile

“4 D % tibiagtarsushindleg. 18 Wroughtoni Forel. ¥ x5,

” ¥ profile. 19 H Perinsueyi Emery & X 42.

Fad fi is 2 profile. | 20 D fossigera Mayr 3 * 9.

15 Pachycondyla laevissima Arnold. ¥ » 4. 24 i sennaarensis Mayr. ¥ x9.

Annals S. Afric. Mus.

22 Kuponera caffraria.Smith.c x 4.

ctena subterranea.

head in profile X16.

_ 24 Leptogenys maxillosa Smith.¥ x6.

25 Anochetus Leyaillantei Emery. 3 X &.

25"Anochetus Levaillante: mandible X 20.

26 “ punctaticeps Mayr 3 nodeX 12s

27 Leptogenys Arnoldi Forel 3 X6.

plogeny

2/2 " G node X 9.

28 " " ¥ X9.

HRRATA.

Pl. 4, deseription of Fig. 33, for 32a. x 20. 32b. g x 3 read 33a. x 20,

Bly BB Be

Pl. 4, description of Fic. 43, for $ x 10 read 9 x 10.

BT Annals $Afric.Mus. Vol. XIV.

B31 Dorylus fulvus,race badius,Gerst. ¥ X4. 31a.X 20.| 38 Aenictus Rugeniae, Amery. & X 9.

~ 32. Reeth. ons. d2a.b.% 3.\3939aTechnomyrmex Arnoldinus, Forel. X16.

helvolus, L.¥ min. X 9. 32a.X% 20. 326.0 X3) 40 » albipes Smithrace ForehiAmeryd \16.

Sits "9X6. 34a.X 3. 41 Iridomyrmex humilis Mayr. 4X16. 42.6X10.

affinis, Shuck. x3 43 Tapinoma Voeltzkowi,orel.race rhodesiae. ¢ X10.

commas fon briatus, Shuck. o. ns. 4 4 Arnoldi, Forel. ¥ X 16.

us rotun atus, Mayr. 3 X 16. 45 Semonius Schultzei, Morel. ¥ X16.

ot .

ees ess

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ANNALS

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VOLUME XIV.

PART III, containing :—

1.—A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa (Myrmi-

cinae): By Grorce Arnotp, M:.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.E.S.,

Curator of the Rhodesia Museum, Bulawayo, pp. 271-402.

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A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 271

Scapes long, extending beyond the occipital margin by nearly one-third

of their length. The pro-mesonotal suture faintly indicated by a

shallow impression ; the meso-epinotal suture very deep. The anterior

and posterior lateral dorsal angles of the pronotum fairly pronounced,

the ventral lateral angles produced into large triangular teeth, a little

longer than their basal width, very prominent, and projecting well

beyond the lateral outline of the thorax, when viewed from above.

Pronotum twice as wide as long. Mesonotum posteriorly with the

lateral carimae high, almost angular when seen from the side, but not

expanded outwards. Base of the epimotum feebly raised and slightly

expanded outwards at the sides. The dorsum of the epinotum

margined, about one-quarter longer than wide at the base, distinctly

concave transversely. The spines are horizontal, subparallel, about as

long as the distance between them. The declivity is sharply margined

at the sides, nearly vertical, shorter than the dorsum. ‘The peduncle

of the Ist joint of the petiole long and thin, a trifle longer than the

node. The latter is compressed above, as high as long, its dorsal

profile convex, and including the narrow posterior portion as long as

wide, the anterior and posterior faces nearly vertical. The 2nd node

is also laterally compressed above, but not so much as the Ist node,

longer than the Ist, but hardly wider, subconical, highest posteriorly.

Base of abdomen straight, the corners rounded. Legs long and

slender.

Matopo Hills, 8. Rhod. 1 9. In my collection.

Tree THTRAMORIINI, Emery.

This tribe includes the following genera: Tetramorium (with

sub-genera Triglyphothrix, Xiphomyrmex and Decamorium), Tetra-

myrma and Rhroptromyrmex. f a

Genus TETRAMORIUM, Mayr. ie DAD

Verh, Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, v, p. 423, 1855.

Characters, es ee

%. Antennae 10-, 11- or 12-jointed, with a 38-jointed club;

maxillary palpi 4-jointed, labial palpi 3-jointed. The posterior

margin of the clypeus is raised on each side into a ridge or carina,

which separates the front of the clypeus from the antennal socket

(see Text-fig. 19, a and s). Frontal carinae short and fairly wide

272 Annals of the South African Museum.

apart, or long and forming the upper margin of a scrobe. Antennal

scrobes frequently present. Promesonotal suture generally obsolete

or feebly defined, meso-epinotal suture usually distinct. Epinotum

armed above with two spines or teeth, and below with two episternal

teeth or lobes. Nodes of petiole variable, the Ist node always

pedunculate, the 2nd node usually wider than the Ist. Abdomen

oval,

Q. Like the $ but larger. Pronotum usually very little exposed

above ; mesonotum and scutellum raised above the level of the pro-

and epinotum. The latter with stouter and shorter spines or teeth

than in the G. Fore wing with one cubital, one discoidal and a

closed radial cell. Otherwise like the %.

lr fe

a ! Hy

\ i

el aS de

Fa I Ba

Ep are 1 4 eS |

Se Ma

A i a a

Fie. 19.—A. Dorsal. B. Profile. m. Median area of the clypeus.

lx. Lateral ridges of the clypeus. af. Antennal fossa or socket.

sc. Scape. j. Mandible. Anterior portion of the head of a

Tetramorium, the depth of the antennal fossae slightly

exaggerated.

¢. Antennae 10-jointed,* the 2nd joint of the flagellum very

long and representing four joints fused together. Head small, eyes

large. Mandibles small but distinctly dentate. Pronotum not visible

from above; mesonotum gibbous, Mayrian furrows present. Epinotum

truncate and bidentate.

The clypeus has usually at least one median and longitudinal raised

line, which when fairly high may be termed a carina. It should be

noted, however, that the clypeus very often bears other raised lines

on each side of, and quite as strong as the median carina.

The lateral ridges are almost obsolete in the sub-genus Decamorium.

The frontal carinae are often produced backwards almost to the

* T. solidum, var. grootensis, Forel, is an exception, having 12-jointed

antennae, and T. Emeryi, Mayr, has 13-jointed antennae,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 273

occipital margin, and are also somewhat expanded outwardly, forming

the upper wall of a groove, the scrobe, which lies below them. This

groove is sometimes divided into two halves by a longitudinal carina,

the upper and lower halves receiving the folded scape and flagellum.

The scrobe in such a case is complete, and is usually distinguished

from the rest of the cheeks by its smoother and more shining surface.

It is particularly well developed in the sub-genera Triglyphothrix and

Xiphomyrmex. But in most species of Tetramorium (s. str.), only

the upper half of the scrobe, that which accommodates the scape,

is distinct, forming only a demi-scrobe; or again, it may be defined

only in its anterior region, in which case it is referred to in the

following pages asa “trace of a scrobe.” The sides of the declivity

of the epinotum are usually bounded by a raised margin, which

terminates below in two small teeth or lobes. ‘These episternal teeth

are in most cases much smaller than the epinotal teeth above them.

It should be observed that the lst node of the petiole is inclined

at various angles, and that it is therefore impracticable to take

the measure of the length of the node through its thickness, as

unfortunately some authors appear to have done. In the following

pages, the length of the Ist node is measured from the anterior to

the posterior margin of the dorsal or posterior-dorsal face. It is

also necessary to define some of the terms used in these pages in

describing the sculpture of the chitin.

In regard to such terms as ‘‘rugose,” “rugulose, striate,” &c.,

a certain looseness of definition exists, which is plainly apparent, if

the reader will compare half a dozen insects of different orders with

their original descriptions. The term “striate,” for example, has

been used to express a form of sculpture consisting of raised lines,

as well as one which is made up, of incised lines or fine grooves.

Similarly, that which some authors describe as “coarsely striate”

has been termed “rugose” by others. It has therefore seemed

desirable to append a short glossary, defining the sense in which I

have used certain words.

rugae (adj. rugose) = raised lines, usually rather coarse, which may

be more or less parallel over their whole length, but which

in part are also somewhat irregular, broken, wavy, sinute or

zigzagged.

striae (adj. striate) = raised lines which are parallel, straight and

continuous.

reticulate = a sculpture consisting of a network, the strands of

which are composed of raised lines.

reticulate-rugose = a sculpture consisting of rugae, more or less

9 66

274 Annals of the South African Museum.

broken up in parts and connected by transverse strands or

branches to form a more or less distinct network.

sulcate = a sculpture composed of incised lines or fine grooves (not

common in South African ants).

rugulose = a sculpture composed of very fine wavy lines.

alutaceous = a sculpture composed of a very fine or microscopic

network.

reticulate-punctate = a close and even puncturation, in which the

spaces between the punctures are not wider than the punctures

themselves, and form more or less of a network around them.

I have used the term as an equivalent of the German

“ Fingerhutartig punktiert”” (punctured like a thimble).

The sense of such combinations as “striato-rugose,’ “ rugoso-

striate” are sufficiently evident, and need no further comment.

The genus Tetramorium is well represented in our regions, and is

composed of active species which generally nest in the ground. The

colonies are often large, and are in some cases known to harbour

many myrmecophilous insects. I have not, however, found any in

the nests of our Rhodesian species.

I have thought it necessary to reduce Triglyphothriz, Forel, to the

rank of a sub-genus of Tetramoriwm, since there is not one character

or even a set of characters which can be used consistently as a basis

of differentiation.

In Triglyphothrix Arnoldi, Forel, the hairs are simple as in

Tetramorium s. str.; in Triglyphothriz Marley, which has branched

hairs, there is no scrobe. Also no reliance can be placed on the

width of the nodes, which varies considerably. In the new species,

Tetramorium Hricae, the shape of the nodes and the general facies

of the insect is decidedly like that of Triglyphothrix, but the hairs

are simple, and the nodes only moderately wide, so that it might

just as well be assigned to that sub-genus as to Tetramorium.

The sub-genera of Tetramorium may be distinguished as follows :

1. § and 9, antennae 12-jointed; g, antennae 10-jointed.

(a) Hairs usually branched, or, if not, both nodes much wider than long,

the 1st node never squamiform : Triglyphothriz, Forel.

(b) Hairs not branched; the 2nd node generally wider than long, or, if

both nodes are much wider than long, then the Ist is squamiform

Tetramorium, Mayr.

2. 9 and ¢, antennae 11-jointed; g, antennae 10-jointed.

Xiphomyrmex, Forel.

3. 9, 2,and g, antennae 10-jointed : ; . Decamorium, Forel.

(8)

(3)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(7)

(6)

(1)

(12)

(11)

(10)

(9)

(28)

(15)

(14)

(17)

(16)

(23)

(20)

(19)

(22)

(21)

(18)

(27)

(26)

(25)

(24)

(13)

(32)

(31)

11.

30.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 275

Key to the 8% of Tetramorium (s. str.).

. First node of petiole more or less squamiform.

. First node of petiole strongly and transversely striate ; large species,

4-5-5 mm. : grandinode, Santschi, and var. hopensis, Forel.

. First node of petiole smooth; small species, 3 mm.

. Second node of oe less than twice as wide as long, its sides

rounded : F . sqguaminode, Santschi.

. Second node of petiole twice as ride as lone.

. Sides of 2nd node, seen from above, angular ; head brown.

squaminode, race do, Forel.

. Sides of 2nd node straight; head dark yellow.

squaminode, var. flaviceps, Arnold.

. First node of petiole not squamiform.

. Eyes very small, composed of a single facet.

10.

First node of petiole considerably narrowed in front; seen from

above, the anterior margin acutely convex or conical.

subcoecum, Forel, var. inscia, Forel.

First node not much narrower in front than behind; seen from

above, the anterior margin feebly convex or straight.

Traegaordhi, Santschi.

2. Eyes not very small, composed of several facets.

. Seape extending back as far as, or beyond the occipital margin.*

. Promesonotum smooth and shining ‘ . laevithorax, Emery.

. Promesonotum sculptured, not very shining.

. First node wider than long : : Frenchi, Forel.

. First node longer than wide, or at Tees as long as wide.

. First node coarsely sculptured, rugoso-punctate.

. A demi-scrobe present : setigerum, Mayr, race quaerens, Forel.

. Scrobes entirely absent.

. Clypeus convex transversely ; epinotal spines short, shorter than the

interval between their bases ; eyes not very large . Gladstone, Forel.

. Clypeus flat transversely; epinotal spines long, longer.than the

interval between their bases; eyes decidedly large . longicorne, Forel.

. First node finely sculptured, at least not rugoso-punctate.

. Pronotum with at least a few longitudinal rugae.

. Reddish-brown; 1st node distinctly longer than wide.

Blochmanni, Forel, race continentis, Forel.

. Yellowish-red; 1st node barely longer than wide.

Bequaert, Forel, race bulawayensis, Forel.

. Pronotum very finely reticulate only . quadrispinosum, Emery.

28.

29.

Scapes not extending back as far as the occipital margin.

Pubescent hairs on the body flattened, almost scale-like and closely

adpressed.

First node above, nearly twice as wide behind as in front; epinotal

spines as long as the interval between their bases.

setuliferum, Emery ,

* Jauresi, Forel, has the scapes almost reaching the occipital margin, and is

therefore included in the alternative series (28).

276

(30) 31.

(29) 32.

(34) 33.

(33) 34,

(42) 35.

(39) 36.

(38) 87.

(37) 38.

(36) 39.

(41) 40.

(40) 41.

(35) 42.

(52) 43.

(47) 44.

(46) 45.

(45) 46,

(44) 47.

(51) 48.

(50) 49.

(49) 50.

(48) 51.

(43) 52.

(54) 53.

(53) 54.

(64) 55.

(57) 56.

(56) 57.

(59) 58.

(58) 59.

(61) 60.

(60) 61.

Annals of the South African Museum.

First node above, one and a half times as wide behind as in front;

epinotal spines shorter than the interval between their bases.

setuliferum, race cluna, Forel.

Pubescent hairs simple, not scale-like.

Epinotal spines very long, as long as the dorsum of the epinotum.

Joffrei, Forel.

Epinotal spines shorter, not as long as the dorsum of the epinotum.

Epinotal spines distinctly longer than they are wide at the base.

Pronotum finely striated, not reticulate.

Dorsal face of 1st node distinctly ee than wide; dark yellowish-

red ; . Popovici, Forel.

Dorsal fone of Ist od as wide as, or a little wider than long; pale

ochreous c capensis, Mayr., and var. Braunsi, Forel.

Pronotum Peteulatel or sparsely rugose.

Pronotum merely rugose, joining the mesonotum in a curve.

Grassi, Emery.

Pronotum with very strong and wide reticulations, its junction with

the mesonotum angular. , . guineense, Fab.

Epinotal spines not longer than beer a are ade at the base.

Larger species, not less than 3°5 mm. long.

No trace of a scrobe.

Epinotal spines (teeth) longer than the episternal; scapes not nearly

reaching the occipital margin . solidwm, Emery, var. signata, Forel.

Epinotal teeth not longer than the episternal ; scapes almost reach-

ing back as far as the occipital margin 5 . Jauresi, Forel.

A more or less distinct demi-scrobe present.

Dorsal profile of thorax feebly convex or straight; epinotal teeth

distinct.

Larger species, 5 mm. or more; Ist sesment of petiole with the ped-

uncle less than half as long as the node : simulator, Arnold.

Smaller species, 3°5mm.; peduncle of lst segment as long as the node.

lobulicorne, Santschi.

Dorsal profile of the thorax strongly angulated at the pro-mesonotal

junction ; epinotal teeth almost obsolete.

Emeryi, Mayr, race cristulatum, Forel.

Smaller species, less than 3°5 mm. long.

Abdomen dull, closely and finely punctured.

semi-reticulatum, Arnold.

Abdomen shining, not closely punctured, or onlyat the extreme base.

Epinotal teeth fairly large, at least distinctly larger and longer than

the episternal.

Colour entirely black 3 : oculatum, Forel.

Colour more or less yellow or allowigured:

Second node of petiole as wide as long; a trace of a scrobe present.

simillimum, Smith, var. shilohensis, Forel.

Second node wider than long.

Sculpture fine ; no trace of a scrobe; 2°2 mm. long.

pusillum, Emery, var. mossamedensis, Forel.

Sculpture coarse.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 277

(63) 62. A slight trace of a scrobe present; 2°5-2'9 mm. long . longoi, Forel.

(62) 63. A very distinct demi-scrobe present j : Ericae, Arnold.

(55) 64. Epinotal teeth small, as large as or smaller than the episternal, or

nearly obsolete.

(66) 65. First node, seen from the side, subconical; its anterior margin strongly

convex ; episternal teeth larger than the epinotal.

simillimum, race isipingense, Forel.

(65) 66. First node merely slightly convex or even flat in profile ; its anterior

margin almost straight.

(68) 67. Pro-mesonotum shining, almost smooth.

simillimum, var. Poweri, Forel.

(67) 68. Pro-mesonotum dull, distinctly sculptured.

(70) 69. Scrobes entirely absent; the frontal carinae do not extend back

beyond the middle of the head : pusillum, race tablense, Forel.

(69) 70. Hither a trace of a scrobe present, or the frontal carinae extend back

; nearly as far as the occipital margin.

(72) 71. Dorsum of epinotum two and a half times longer than the declivity.

pusillum, race ladismithensis, Forel.

(71) 72. Dorsum of epinotum less than twice as long as the declivity.

(74) 78. Head slightly shining, not longer than wide; 2°5 mm.

intextum, Santschi, var. cataractae, Santschi.

(73) 74. Head dull, a little longer than wide; 22mm. . simillimum, Smith.

The following species, which I have not seen, have been omitted

from the above key: Blochmanm, race Petersi, Forel; bacchus, Forel ‘

titus, Forel; setigerwm, Mayr, 1.sp.; Hmeryi, Mayr, i. sp. ; caespitum,

race Schultzei, Forel; Grassi, var. laevigatwm, Mayr, and var. simulans,

Santschi ; solidum, race lugubre, Forel ; Simoni, Emery; sericeiventre,

race femoratum, Hmery; simillimum, races Bothae and delagoensis,

Forel ; guineense, var. ereclum, Emery.

T. QUADRISPINOSUM, Hmery.

Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., vol. 18, p. 362, 9, 1886.

®. 383mm. Dark brown or piceous; the anterior half of the head

and the mesonotum lighter and more reddish-brown; coxae, tibiae,

antennae, and mandibles dark reddish-yellow, tarsi brownish-yellow.

A few whitish and thick, blunt hairs on the clypeus, nodes, and

abdomen. Legs and antennae with a very sparse, short, and decum-

bent pubescence, the rest of the body without pubescence.

Exceedingly minutely reticulate or alutaceous on the head, thorax,

and nodes, the sculpture of the head and epinotum being a little

stronger than the rest. In addition, the head is fairly strongly reti-

culate in front, between the eyes and frontal carinae. The vertex and

frons are also very finely and longitudinally striate. There are a few

278 Annals of the South African Museum.

very shallow punctures on the posterior half of the head and on the

pronotum. Abdomen smooth and moderately shining, microscopically

alutaceous near the base. Nodes nitidulous, head and thorax rather

dull.

Head hardly longer than wide, the sides feebly convex, the posterior

margin straight, the posterior angles moderately rounded, as wide in

front as behind. Eyes placed at the middle of the sides of the head.

Clypeus with a distinct median carina, not very convex transversely,

the anterior margin almost straight. Frontal area distinct; a shallow

frontal sulcus present, not extending bevond the middle of the vertex.

Frontal carinae short. Mandibles 6-deutate, closely and finely striate.

The scape of the antenna extends back beyond the occipital margin by

not more than its own thickness ; Ist joint of flagellum not quite as

long as the 2nd, 3rd, and 4:th joints taken together. Thoracic sutures

obsolete. The thorax is feebly marginate in front, the shoulders of

the pronotum subangular and low. The anterior third of the pro-

mesonotum slopes downwards and forwards, the remaining portion is

level with the epinotum. The thorax is not strongly constricted

between the meso- and epinotum. Dorsum of epinotum nearly twice

as long as the declivity ; epinotal spines divergent, directed upwards

and backwards, a little longer than their basal width, distinctly shorter

than the interval between their bases ; episternal teeth almost as long

as the epinotal. Furst node of the petiole wider behind than in front,

about one-third longer than wide, feebly convex transversely above,

the anterior face short and oblique, the posterior face short and ver-

tical. The node is twice as long as its peduncle, the latter bearing

a small tooth below. Second node a little wider than long, widest

behind, wider than the Ist, subglobose. Sides of abdomen moderately

convex. Legs slender and rather long; femora hardly swollen in the

middle.

Table Mountain. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

T. Birocumannt, Forel, race CONTINENTIS, Forel.

Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 7, p. 384, 9, 1887.

(Race) Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 426, G, 1910.

38mm. Head, thorax, and nodes dark castaneous, abdomen

brownish-black. Occasionally the head, thorax, and nodes are paler,

more yellowish-red, with the abdomen brown. Antennae and legs

reddish-brown, the middle and hind femora dark brown. Pilosity

and pubescence as in quadrispinosum.

Head, thorax, and nodes dull, finely reticulate-punctate, and also

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 279

longitudinally striate and partly rugose. The head is longitudinally

striate all over, not merely on the frons, cheeks, and vertex, as in the

preceding species. Prothorax fairly strongly and longitudinally

rugose. Hpinotal spines longer than in quadrispinosum, almost as

long as the interval between their bases ; the episternal teeth not much

shorter than the epinotal. The Ist node of the petiole is not so narrow

as in the quadrispinosum. Abdomen microscopically rugulose near

the base, the remaining portion smooth and shining. The sculpture

of the head, thorax, and nodes is decidedly coarser than in quadris-

pinosum, but otherwise the two species are very similar and closely

allied. In some specimens- the puncturation and rugae are stronger

than in others, and the meso-epinotal suture is also sometimes fairly

clearly defined.

9. 42mm. Head, thorax, nodes, legs, and antennae dark red

(burnt sienna), abdomen reddish-brown, the apical margins of the

segments paler. The sculpture of the head is like that of the &.

Pronotum coarsely reticulate-rugose, mesonotum strongly and evenly

longitudinally striate (more finely so on the anterior half of the

scutellum), dorsum of epimotum with 4 or 5 strong and transverse

rugae, the declivity finely reticulate, the sides of the thorax finely and,

longitudinally striate, the nodes of the petiole dull, granulate, and.

very sparsely and shallowly punctured. Abdomen dull, very finely

rugulose. Head and thorax feebly shining between the striae. Pro-

notum exposed above only at the shoulders. Mesonotum feebly

convex in front transversely, fairly flat behind. Dorsum of epinotum

as lone as the scutellum. Epinotal spines stouter than in the >.

First node of petiole wider than in the $, as wide as long. Second

node more or less spherical, moderately convex above from side to side.

Wines tinged with yellow, nervures and stigma brownish-yellow.

Otherwise like the 9.

gd. 45mm. Head brownish yellow, the vertex, in front of and

between the ocelli, brown. Thorax brownish-yellow or reddish-

yellow, the pronotum paler, the base of the scutellum, the apical half

of the epinotum, and the nodes pale brown ; abdomen brownish-black.

Legs, antennae, and mandibles dirty yellow. Head dull, very finely

reticulate and striate. The striation is longitudinal in front, trans-

verse between the ocelli and at the posterior corners. Pronotum

exceedingly finely reticulate ; mesonotum posteriorly and the scutellum

very finely, regularly, and longitudinally striate. The scutellum is

also somewhat reticulate-punctate. Hpinotum and nodes reticulate-

punctate and dull. Mesonotum smooth and shining in front.

Abdomen microscopically reticulate and shining. Head as long as

280 Annals of the South African Museum.

wide, about as wide in front as behind, widest across the eyes; the

the latter occupy about one-third of the sides and are placed a little

in front of the middle. Scape of antenna as long as the 2nd joint of

the flagellum, and extending back as far as the anterior ocellus.

Clypeus with a median carina. Frontal carinae well developed.

Mandibles triangular, 5-dentate, dull and finely rugulose, the masti-

catory margin dark brown. Mayrian furrows on the mesonotum

distinct. Mesonotum and scutellum raised above the level of the

dorsum of the epinotum. The latter is oblique, sloping down to the

brow of the declivity, and is about one-third longer than the declivity.

Epinotal spines well developed, the episternal very obtuse. The Ist

node of the petiole is nearly twice as long as wide, the lateral margins

of the dorsal face almost parallel. Second node like that of the 9

but longer, as long as wide, less convex above transversely than in the

2. Legs long and thin. Wingsas in the 9.

Bulawayo and S. Rhodesia generally, common. The nest, which is

in the ground, is usually surrounded by a more or less circular crater

of earth. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Race CONTINENTIS, var. Hupoxta, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 281, ¢, 1914.

®. 38-4mm. Darker than the type of the race; dark brown, the

abdomen black, the mandibles and limbs rusty-red. The sculpture is

finer than in the race, the longitudinal striae being much less coarse.

The epinotal spines are slightly longer. This variety is almost inter-

mediate in its structure and general appearance between quadris-

pinosum and race continentis.

Willowmore, Cape Prov. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A., colls.)

Race Perersi, Forel.

Schultze, Reise Siid Afrika, vol. 4, p. 19, G, 1910.

“O. 298-32 mm. Mandibles sharply striated, with a feebly

convex external margin, 3 strong teeth in front and 4 or more smaller

ones behind. Clypeus sharply carinate. Frontal area triangular.

Frontal carinae divergent, not long. No scrobe and no depression

for the scape. Head rectangular, distinctly longer than wide, mode-

rately concave behind, the sides feebly convex, as wide behind as in

front. Hyes not large, convex, placed in the middle of the sides.

The scape extends beyond the hind margin of the head by about

twice its own thickness; 3rd and 4th joints of the flagellum about as

wide as long, the rest all longer than wide. Pronotum convex in

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 281

front. Dorsum of the thorax almost straight, widely and shallowly

impressed in the middle. Dorsum of epinotum much longer than

wide, moderately convex, much longer than the declivity. Epinotal

spines small, acute and nearly as long as the interval between them ;

the episternal spines as long and as acute as the upper ones.

Petiole, particularly the Ist segment, shaped as in Blochmanni,1. sp.,

and also similarly curved. Second node somewhat longer, nearly as

long as wide (the Ist node is much longer than wide). Shining.

Head, thorax, and petiole irregularly and feebly reticulate-rugose.

Abdomen quite smooth. Pilosity moderate, yellowish ; the pubescence

almost decumbent and very sparse. Tibiae, femora, and scapes with

almost decumbent pubescence. Yellowish-red to reddish-yellow.

Mandibles and tarsi a paler yellow. Abdomen brownish.

Okahandja, 8. W. Africa.”

T. Bequaert, Forel.

Rev. Zool. Afric., vol, 2, p. 318, 9, 1913.

“0. 37-41 mm. Closely allied to Blochmanni, Forel, from

which it may be distinguished by having the whole body, legs and

scapes covered with short, erect and reddish-yellow hairs. Those

on the legs and scapes are very short, somewhat truncate at the

apex and slightly oblique. The head is still more emarginate behind

than in the Blochmanni, and has the sides straighter. A little more

shining than:in Blochmanni, but sculptured as in race continentis

of that species, reticulate or reticulate-punctate, with some distinct

but sparse punctures on the head and thorax. The thorax has also

some coarser and more accentuated longitudinal rugae; on the head

these are finer, and mostly in the middle. The petiole has some

reticulate and very coarse rugae. Abdomen subopaque, only finely

reticulate. Rusty-red, with posterior half or two-thirds of the

abdomen brown. Otherwise like Blochmanni.

“Lake Kabwe, Katanga. (Dr. Bequaert).”

Although this species has not yet been recorded from our region,

I include it here, as it is likely to be found within the same.

Race BULAWAYENSIS, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol, 57, p. 119, 5, 1913.

&. 38mm. Much smaller than the type of the species. Yellowish-

red (burnt sienna), the legs, antennae and mandibles dark yellow,

somewhat -reddish. The head is shorter than in the type, being

barely one-sixth longer than wide (mandibles excluded), the

282 Annals of the South African Museum.

posterior margin is convex, and the posterior angles are much more

rounded and obtuse. The scape extends beyond the hind margin of

the head by about as much as the length of the Ist jomt of the

flagellum. The frontal carinae extend back as fine raised lines as

far as the level of the eyes. Head and pro-mesonotum longitudinally

rugose, mesonotum and epinotum also reticulate- punctate, the

epinotum also transversely rugose. Hpinotal spines acute, shorter

than half the length of the interval between their bases. The

episternal spines are not much shorter than the epinotal. Dorsum

of epinotum one and a half times longer than wide, quite twice as

long as the oblique declivity, moderately convex transversely, feebly

so lengthwise. The Ist node of the petiole is widest behind, nearly

as wide there as it is long, and nearly twice as long as its peduncle.

The 2nd node is two-thirds wider than long, and about that much

wider than the Ist, and nearly twice as wide at its posterior third

as it is at the anterior margin. Both nodes reticulate, with a few

longitudinal and raised lines. Basal third of the Ist abdominal

segment dull and very finely reticulate, the rest of the abdomen

smooth and shining.

Q. 44mm. (Hitherto undescribed). Colour like that of the ¢

but darker, the apical half of the abdomen reddish-brown, the middle

of the apical margins of the segments paler. Puilosity and pubescence

_asin the 9. Head longitudinally striate above in the middle, strongly

reticulate-rugose in front of the eyes, very finely so behind them.

The frontal carinae extend back beyond the level of the anterior

ocellus. Mandibles longitudinally striate and strongly punctured.

Pronotum coarsely rugose in front, rather finely so at the sides.

Mesonotum and _ scutellum strongly and longitudinally rugose.

Epinotum above and at the sides coarsely and transversely rugose. The

rugosities extend over the upper half of the declivity, the lower half

of which is smooth and shining. Peduncle of petiole finely granulate,

the nodes coarsely rugoso-punctate. Head, thorax and nodes fairly

dull, the spaces between the rugae slightly shining. Abdomen dull,

very finely but distinctly striate, somewhat concentrically near the

basal angles, longitudinally elsewhere. The epinotal teeth are very

little longer than the episternal, and not longer than they are wide

at the base. The Ist node is a trifle wider than long, hardly longer

than the peduncle, the anterior margin of its upper face moderately

convex; 2nd node widest behind, almost hemispherical, two-thirds

wider than the Ist. Wings tinged with brownish-yellow, nervures

and stigma brown.

Very much like the @ of continentis, from. which it may be

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 283

distinguished by its smaller size, lighter colour and_ stronger

sculpture, especially on the nodes and epinotal spines. The latter

are more divergent and shorter, hardly half as long as the interval

between their bases (distinctly longer in continentis). The Ist node

is also more convex, the sides not forming an obtuse angle with the

anterior margin as in continentis.

Bulawayo; nesting in grassy soil, not common. (S.A.M., R.M.,

G.A. colls.)

T. LoneicorNE, Forel. (Plate VII, figs. 96, 96a).

Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung., vol. 5, p. 13, %, 1907.

0. 47mm. Very dark reddish-brown, the head paler or more

reddish, the apical two-thirds of the abdomen brownish-black, legs,

antennae, mandibles, and clypeus rusty-red or dark reddish-yellow.

A very short and sparse pubescence on the legs and antennae, and

a few yellowish hairs on the abdomen and clypeus, otherwise glabrous.

Head, thorax and nodes reticulate-rugose, very coarsely so on the

head and the dorsum of the thorax. The rugae are longitudinal

on the vertex and the pro-mesonotum. The clypeus has one median

carina and three others or raised lines on each side of the same.

Abdomen nitidulous and alutaceous, distinctly but very finely and

longitudinally striate over the basal third. Legs and antennae finely

reticulate and dull. Head, thorax and nodes dull, the spaces between

the rugae scabrous.

Head about as long as wide, the posterior margin strongly concave,

the posterior angles rounded and turned downwards. Mandibles

large, subopaque, very finely striate and punctate, with three strong

teeth in front, and indistinctly dentate behind. Median area of

clypeus flat transversely, the anterior margin feebly arcuate; the

lateral ridges of the clypeus are very prominent. Frontal carinae

more widely separated from each other at their base than they are

from the sides of the head, somewhat expanded above the antennal

sockets, furnishing a slight depression below for the base of the

scapes, and extending back beyond the level of the posterior margin

of the eyes. The latter large, convex and very prominent, placed a

little behind the middle of the sides. Scapes long, extending beyond

the hind margin of the head by nearly one-third of their length; all

the joints of the flagellum longer than wide.

Pronotum distinctly marginate in front and at the sides, the

anterior angles fairly sharp. Below the raised anterior margin there

is a short vertical face which joins the rather long and finely granulate

284 Annals of the South African Museum.

neck. The pronotum is rather flat transversely, and slopes downwards

and forwards; above, it joins the mesonotum in an obtuse angle,

and bears a small tubercle on each side. Thorax fairly long, not

much constricted between the meso- and epinotum and not depressed

between them above. Pro-mesonotal suture obsolete, meso-epinotal

suture very shallow and faintly indicated. Dorsum of epinotum

two and a half times longer than wide, slightly concave in its apical

half, and at least twice as long as the declivity. Epinotal spines

long, thin, and acute, subparallel, oblique, one-third longer than the

interval between their bases. The declivity of the epinotum sub-

vertical, smooth, distinctly margined at the sides, the margins being

continued into the episternal teeth, which are short and triangular.

The peduncle of the Ist segment of the petiole is as long as the node;

the latter seen from above, is more or less oval, slightly longer than

wide, fairly convex transversely, less so lengthwise; 2nd node

subhemispherical, half as wide again as it is long, and one and a half

times wider than the Ist node; the ventral surface bears a tubercle

on each side. Legs rather long, femora only moderately and gradually

swollen.

Bulawayo; not common. ‘These specimens are decidedly larger

than those from Hast Africa, on which the species was founded

(3°8-4 mm.), but there is no other difference. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A.

colls.)

T. GLADSTONEI, Forel.

Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr, Beiheft, p. 219, 5, 1913.

%. 43mm. Very dark brown; abdomen and femora, except the

bases of the latter, black; tibiae, tarsi, antennae and mandibles

brownish or reddish-yellow. A few yellowish, stiff hairs on the

clypeus and abdomen. Legs and antennae with a very short and

scanty pubescence. Head fairly strongly striato-rugose. Thorax

longitudinally rugose, more coarsely so on the dorsum than on the

sides, also somewhat reticulate; dorsum of epinotum strongly and

transversely rugose, the declivity transversely rugulose. Nodes very

strongly reticulate-rugose. Head and thorax subopaque, the spaces

between the rugae shining. Abdomen smooth and shining, except

the extreme base, which is somewhat dull and finely striate.

Head rectangular, excluding the mandibles very little longer than

wide, the sides and posterior margin almost straight, the posterior

angles rounded. Clypeus with a strong median carina, convex

transversely and lengthwise, the anterior margin straight. The

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 285

lateral ridges of the clypeus are prominent, but not so much so as

in longicorne. Frontal carinae subparallel, not raised as in longicorne,

and not extending back as far as the middle of the vertex. Scapes

extending just beyond the hind margin of the head, the 3rd—6th

joints of the flagellum as wide as long, the rest longer than wide.

Mandibles with three distinct teeth in front, indistinctly dentate

behind, very evenly and longitudinally striate, and with a row of

punctures along the masticatory margin. Thorax fairly long, twice

as long as it is wide in front. Pronotum with fairly sharp anterior

angles, submarginate anteriorly, convex transversely and lengthwise,

joining the mesonotum in a gradual curve, not obtusely angularly

as in longicorne. Dorsal profile of meso- and epinotum flat and

horizontal. Pro-mesonotal suture obsolete, meso-epinotal suture

shallow. The thorax is but little constricted at the sides at the

meso-epinotal suture. Dorsum of epinotum two and a half times

longer than wide, its apical half and the declivity marginate. The

declivity is very oblique and about two-thirds the length of the

dorsum. Epinotal spines acute, shorter than the space between their

bases, directed upwards and slightly backwards, hardly divergent.

The episternal teeth are large, not much shorter than the upper

spines. The Ist node of petiole, seen from above, is suboval, a

little narrower in front than behind, moderately convex transversely,

one-fifth longer than wide, the anterior face nearly vertical; the

peduncle is about two-thirds as long as the node and concave below.

The 2nd node nearly one-third wider than long, higher behind than

in front, not so high as, and only little wider than, the Ist node.

Shiloh, 8. Rhodesia, in sandy soil. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

T. Frencut, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 229, 9, 1914.

&. 382mm. Black; mandibles and legs reddish-brown, the tarsi

brownish-yellow. Pilosity fairly long, yellow and sparse, almost

absent on the thorax, entirely so on the legs and antennae which

are only finely pubescent. Head longitudinally rugose above and

reticulate between the rugae; the sides of the head, the dorsum

of the thorax, and the nodes reticulate-rugose. The sculpture is

fairly strong in front of the eyes and on the dorsum of the thorax,

and the spaces between the reticulations are very finely reticulate-

punctate, as also the sides of the thorax. Abdomen smooth and

shining, except the basal fourth which is dull and alutaceous. Head

and thorax subopaque,

286 Annals of the South African Museum.

Head, excluding the mandibles, one-quarter longer than wide,

parallel-sided, a trifle wider behind than in front, the posterior

angles very rounded, the posterior margin straight. Eyes not large,

placed in the middle of the sides. The clypeus has three raised

longitudinal lines on the median area, and its lateral ridges are

small. Mandibles triangular, closely and finely striate, subopaque,

armed with 5 or 6 small teeth. The frontal carinae extend back

almost to the occiput; they are slightly raised and on each side

below them there is a smoother space, merely reticulate-punctate,

which forms an indistinct demi-scrobe for the scapes. The latter

are rather thin, and extend beyond the hind margin of the head by

almost the length of the eye. The Ist joint of the flagellum is as

long as the three following joints taken together.

Thorax rather narrow, very slightly constricted at the meso-epinotal

suture, twice as long as it is wide in front. The pronotum is convex

transversely and. longitudinally, and joins the mesonotum im a gentle

curve. Pro-mesonotal suture obsolete, meso-epinotal very feeble.

Dorsum of meso- and epinotum horizontal. Dorsum of epinotum

twice as long as wide, and nearly twice as long as the oblique declivity.

Epinotal spines thin, a little shorter than the interval between their

bases; episternal teeth small and obtuse. The declivity is narrow

and margined at the sides. The peduncle of the lst segment of the

petiole is longer or at least as long as the node. The latter is

one and a third times wider than long, convex above from side to

side, the anterior face vertical, the short posterior face oblique. The

2nd node is a little wider than the Ist anda little wider than long,

narrower in front than behind.

A very distinct species, easily recognised by its long head, and the

wide first node.

Krantz Kloof, Natal. (H. B. Marley.) (G. A. coll.)

T. LAEVITHORAX, Emery. (Plate VIII, figs. 110, 110a.)

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 39, 9, 1895.

©. 27-3 mm. Brownish-yellow, the head and abdomen darker

and more reddish-yellow. Legs and antennae pale ochreous. Head,

pro-mesonotum, and abdomen shining, epinotum and nodes only

slightly so. Puilosity yellow, long and suberect, more abundant on

the abdomen than elsewhere. Pubescence of the legs and antennae

rather long, yellow and oblique. Head above, longitudinally striate

between the frontal carinae (about 5 striae), the striae connected by

a few feeble transverse strands. Sides of head below the demi-scrobe,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 287

reticulate-rugose. The demi-scrobes are fairly wide but not deep,

very finely reticulate-punctate. The clypeus has a strong median

carina and one or two finer lines on each side. The pro-mesonotum is

almost smooth and impunctate. Dorsum of epinotum very shallowly

reticulate, the sides of the thorax reticulate-punctate. Nodes of the

petiole very finely and superficially punctate on their posterior faces,

otherwise smooth. Abdomen smooth and shining. Head a little

longer than wide, the sides feebly convex, the posterior margin

shallowly concave, the,posterior angles rounded. The scapes are thin

and long, extending beyond the hind margin of the head by a length

about eaual to their apical width. Flagellum long, rather thin in its

basal half, the 9th and 10th joints quite half as long again as wide,

the Ist joint as long as the three following joints taken together, the

2nd joint half as long again as wide, the 3rd—8th joints at least as

long as wide. Mandibles triangular, finely striate, pubescent, with

three acute teeth in front. Clypeus convex, the frontal area depressed

and well defined. Frontal carinae long, extending back almost to the

occiput. Below them there is a smooth and shallow demiscrobe.

Hyes fairly large and’ convex, placed a little in front of the middle.

Thorax narrow, twice as long as it is wide across the shoulders of

the pronotum ; the dorsal profile slopes downwards from front to back.

The pronotum has a very short declivous anterior face above the neck,

and is moderately convex transversely. The dorsum of the epinotum

is twice as long as it is wide at the base; epinotal spines acute,

slightly divergent, as long as the interval between their bases; the

declivity is oblique and shorter than the dorsum. The episternal

teeth are reduced to two rounded angles. The peduncle of the Ist

segment of the petiole is as long as the node; the latter, seen from

the side, is cuneiform or subsquamiform, with a short and vertical

anterior face and a longer posterior-dorsal face, which, seen from

above, is hexagonal in outline. Second node wider than the Ist, its

. sides distinctly angular in the middle. Abdomen subglobose.

A very distinct species, easily recognised by the smooth pro-

mesonotum, the demi-scrobe, and the shape of the petiole.

Pietermaritzburg (Weitzaecker) ; Port Elizabeth (Dr. H. Brauns).

T. sETIGERUM, Mayr.

_ Ain. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 16, p. 22, 9, 1901.

Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 424, 9, g, 1910.

“OG. 33 mm. Yellowish-red-brown, the upper surface of the

head and abdomen darker, the mandibles, antennae, and legs more

288 Annals of the South African Museum.

yellowish-brown. The upper surface of the head bears moderately

long, blunt, pilose hairs; on the under surface of the head and

abdomen and on the coxae these hairs are more pointed, and the legs

have only a short and decumbent pubescence. Mandibles sparsely

punctured and shallowly striate, more strongly and closely striate on

the basal third. Head moderately shining, rectangular, longer than

wide, the angles rounded, the posterior margin slightly concave.

Clypeus with a strong median carina and some longitudinal lines

laterally. The frons, and vertex as far as the hind margin, with widely

spaced longitudinal striae, between which are some weaker longitudinal

rugae and a somewhat indistinct reticulation. Cheeks and sides of

the head coarsely and longitudinally rugose and reticulate. The well-

defined and long scrobe is finely reticulate, and, like the frontal carina

above it, reaches nearly to the posterior margin of the head. The

scapes extend to the posterior margin ; 2nd—6th joints of the flagellum

about equal in length and width, 7th and 8th distinctly longer than

wide, the Ist and 2nd joint of the club quite one and a half times

longer than wide, the last joint about three times longer than wide.

“Thorax not short; coarsely reticulate, and more or less coarsely and

longitudinally rugose, the sides behind the pronotum reticulate-

punctate, and with fewer longitudinal rugae, the epinotum between the

spines finely but not sharply reticulate, and with or without a few fine,

indistinct, and transverse rugae. ‘The thorax above is constricted, and

the profile, from the hind margin of the pronotum as far as the

epinotal spines is fairly straight, only shghtly depressed in front of

the epinotum ; the epinotal spines are not long, about as long as the

interval between their bases, and are directed steeply upwards, not

strongly divergent; the episternal teeth form equal-sided triangles.

Petiole coarsely reticulate, Ist node slightly wider than long, and

somewhat higher than the 2nd node, the anterior face vertical and

convex transversely, separated by a semi-circular margin from the

upper surface and the sides ; the upper face merges gradually into the

posterior ; 2nd node somewhat wider than the Ist, transversely oval.

Abdomen smooth and shining.”

“Oo. 47mm. Strongly and longitudinally rugose and reticulate.

Dull. Petiole as in the G, the basal third of the Ist abdominal

segment longitudinally striate. Hairs obtuse as in the 9. Colour

yellowish-brown. Dealated.”

“¢g. 36mm. Dirty brownish-yellow. Mandibles quadridentate.

Head oval, longer than wide, striate, and reticulate, the posterior

margin straight. Thorax shining, with a few striae. Epinotum un-

armed, the declivity marginate. The 1st node with a feeble and

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 289

arcuate dorsal margin as in the @, otherwise rather round. Wings

pale, hardly yellowish, nervures yellow. Hairs of the head and

thorax blunt as in the .”

Bothaville (Dr. H. Brauns) ; Natal (Wroughton, Schaufuss).

Race QUAERENS, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 226, $, 1914.

“6. 39 mm. Larger than the type of the species, and of a

darker colour, which is blackish or dark brown-black. Legs, antennae,

and mandibles brownish-yellow, the apical half of the flagellum darker.

The epinotal spines are much longer, at least as long as the space

between them. The meso-epinotal suture is feeble, forming no con-

striction. The pro-mesonotum forms a longer convexity and the

thorax is also longer (in the type of the species the pronotum only is

more abruptly convex). The pilosity is much scantier. Otherwise

almost identical with the type.”

Bulawayo, not common; Durban (H. B. Marley), the colour some-

what paler than in the Rhodesian examples. (8.A.M., R.M., G.A.

colls.)

T. sETULIFERUM, Emery. (Plate VII, figs. 101, 101a.)

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 68, p. 36, 9, 1895.

©. 4-45 mm. Castaneous red or burnt sienna, the thorax a

little darker, the 1st node almost brown, legs paler and more yellowish.

Exserted pilose. hairs absent except on the clypeus. Head, thorax,

petiole, and abdomen evenly but not very densely clothed with flat,

almost scale-like, closely adpressed and silvery hairs, which lie some-

what transversely on the thorax. The hairs on the legs are also

silvery, but cylindrical and oblique. The antennae are finely pubes-

cent, the hairs simple. The silvery and flattened hairs on the body

sufficiently distinguish this species from all others in our region.

Head very finely and longitudinally striate, with a row of fine granules

between all the striae ; the cheeks, in front of the eyes, also slightly

rugose. Clypeus with a strong median carina, and several finer

lateral carinae or lines. Mandible closely striate. Thorax very finely

and closely rugulose ; the sculpture of the nodes similar but stronger,

almost granulate, especially the Ist node. Basal third of the abdomen

dull and finely aciculate, the rest smooth and shining. Head, thorax

and nodes dull.

290 Annals of the South African Museum.

Head robust, as long as wide, the sides moderately convex, the

posterior angles rounded, the posterior margin straight, the upper

surface distinctly convex. Anterior margin of clypeus widely but not

deeply emarginate in the middle. Mandibles with 6 blunt teeth.

Frontal carinae short, divergent, not extending beyond the first third

of the head. Scapes short, extending back very little beyond the

middle third of the head. ‘Thoracic sutures obsolete. Shoulders of

the pronotum angular. Thorax much wider in front than across

the epinotum, hardly constricted between the meso- and epinotum,

distinctly convex lengthwise, short, hardly one-third longer than it is

deep. Epinotal spines long and acute, longer than the interval

between their bases, slightly divergent along their basal half, parallel

along the apical half, directed obliquely upwards. EHpisternal teeth

small and obtuse, forming almost triangular lobes. The peduncle

of the Ist segment: of the petiole is a little more than half the length

of the node, and furnished below with a small tooth near the base;

the node is truncate in front, seen from above trapezoidal, with dis-

tinct but rounded anterior and posterior lateral angles, the posterior

margin nearly twice as wide as the anterior, the sides barely convex.

Second node transversely oblong, two and a half times wider than

long, nearly one-third wider than the Ist; the posterior margin mode-

rately convex. Abdomen truncate at the base, with pronounced lateral

angles.

@. 7mm. (Hitherto undescribed?) Sides of head less convex

than in the %. Sculpture of the head stronger, mesonotum and

scutellum longitudinally rugose, sides of pronotum reticulate-rugose

and punctured in between the rugae, the dorsum and sides of the

epinotum very closely granulate-punctate, with some more or less

longitudinal rugae superimposed, the declivity coarsely and trans-

versely striate. The epinotal spines are relatively shorter and thicker

than in the 9, about as long as their basal width, shorter than the

interval between them, horizontal. The dorsum of the epinotum is

very short, almost obsolete in the middle. The Ist node is shorter,

quite twice as wide behind as it is long (only one-third wider than

long in the G). The raised anterior angles of the node bear a pair

of minute and nearly vertical teeth, between which the surface of the

node is concave. The 2nd node is much more convex at the sides,

aud is nearly two and a half times wider than long. Basal two-thirds

of lst abdominal segment finely and very closely, longitudinally striate,

with punctures between the striae.

Wings strongly tinged with yellow, the nervures yellow, the stigma

yellowish-brown. Otherwise like the 9.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 291

6. 68mm. (Hitherto undescribed.) Black, flagellum and tarsi

brownish-yellow, articulations of the legs reddish. The flat silvery

hairs entirely absent; fairly abundantly clothed with a long and

yellowish pilosity. On the head, thorax, and nodes the hairs are

somewhat woolly and suberect, on the abdomen straighter and

oblique. The legs have a sparse pilosity intermixed with a fine and

short pubescence. Flagellum pubescent, scape with straight pilose

hairs only. Head, thorax, and nodes very closely and sharply reticu-

late, with some more or less longitudinal rugae superimposed on the

head and thorax ; on the head these radiate outwards from the ocellar

area. Mayrian furrows well defined, the V-shaped space between the

furrows with wider reticulations than elsewhere. Scutellum less

strongly rugose. The lst node with a few longitudinal rugae on its

posterior half, the 2nd node faintly striate at the sides. Head,

excluding the mandibles, a little wider than long, widest across the

eyes, narrowed in front and behind (but wider behind than in front),

the hind margin shallowly concave, the posterior angles sharp, very

convex transversely above and highest behind. Hyes convex and very

prominent, occupying about one-third of the sides, and placed a little

in front of the middle. Scapes extending back as far as the anterior

ocellus. Mandibles closely striate, 6-dentate, the anterior tooth large

and acute. Mesonotum gibbous, very convex in front, one-quarter

wider than long; scutellum semi-circular, half as long as the meso-

notum. Epinotum armed with a short, subacute or dentiform tubercle

on each side; the dorsum as long as it is wide between the tubercles,

sloping downwards and backwards and merging by a gradual curve

into the vertical declivity. The latter is shorter than the dorsum

and is concave lengthwise. First segment of petiole with a short and

ill-defined peduncle. The node has an oblique anterior face, slightly

convex lengthwise, and a shorter posterior-dorsal face; the anterior

angles rounded, each one furnished with a minute tooth as in the ?.

Second node hexagonal above, the anterior margin formed of three

sides, the lateral margins slightly concave and forming distinct angles

at their junctions with the front and hind margins. Abdomen

very finely alutaceous, shining. Head, thorax, and nodes dull.

Legs long and slender. Wings as in the 2, but the nervures are

darker.

S. Rhodésia, common; Mafeking; Orange Free State and Basuto-

land. A harvesting and graminivorous species. The entrances to

the nests are often surrounded by small accumulations of the husks

of a grass seed. These heaps are smaller than those of Messor, and

much less tidily disposed, —

292 Annals of the South African Museum.

Var. TRIPTOLEMUS, N.v.

S 55 mm. This differs from the type by its larger size and

also in the following characters. The sculpture is stronger, especially

on the thorax and nodes. ‘The eyes are less convex, almost flat,

the posterior margin of the head is shallowly concave, and the

meso-epinotal suture is shallow but fairly distinct. The epinotal

spines are shorter, distinctly divergent apically, as long as the interval

between their bases. The peduncle of the Ist node is relatively

shorter, and the node is a little longer in proportion to the width

than in the type of the species, the anterior and posterior angles are

also much more acute, not rounded as in the type. The sides of the

2nd node divergent posteriorly, not subparallel as in the type of

the species. The colour is darker, especially of the thorax and nodes,

which are dark brown.

(R.M., G.A. colls.); type in my collection. Closely allied to

var. cucalense, Santschi, from which it would appear to differ

(judging by the description only), in the shape of the nodes and

the epinotal spines.

Race ciunaA, Forel.

Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. Beiheft, p. 218, 9, 1913.

5. 35-38 mm. Black, legs and antennae reddish-brown,

mandibles reddish-yellow. The whole abdomen dull, otherwise the

sculpture is like that of the species. From the latter it differs in

the following characters. The dorsum of the epinotum is not convex,

but shallowly concave; the spines are shorter, being barely as long

as the interval between their bases. The Ist node of the petiole is

shorter, and wider in front (the hind margin hardly more than half

as long as the front margin), the anterior margin above more convex.

The 2nd node is narrower, about one-quarter wider than the Ist,

convex at the sides, not straight as in the type. The flat scale-like

hairs are smaller and less abundant, more golden than silvery in

colour.

This is an annectant form between setuliferwm, 1. sp., and solidwm.

Willowmore, Cape Prov. (Dr. H. Brauns). (S.A.M., R.M., G.A.

colls.)

T. sotrpum, Emery.

Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., vol. 18, p. 362, 9, 9, 1886.

“ &. 35-4 mm. Piceous, mandibles, antennae and legs, except

the middle part of the femora, rufescent and dull; abdomen shining,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 293

sparsely pilose, hardly pubescent; legs pubescent. Head subquadrate,

longitudinally striato-rugose, the striae divergent on the occiput,

between the striae very finely rugulose. Frontal carina not extending

beyond the posterior third of the head. Mandibles striate, the

margins black, the masticatory margin denticulate, the apex bidentate.

Antennae 12-jointed, club 3-jointed and much shorter than the rest

of the flagellum. Thoracic sutures entirely obsolete. Thorax obtusely

marginate in front, widest in front and thence narrowed gradually

backwards. Epinotal spines robust, suberect, acute, divergent.

Thorax above longitudinally rugose, the sides closely and obliquely

rugose, and also very finely reticulate-rugulose; Ist segment of

petiole pedunculate, the node trapezoidal, truncate behind, transversely

rugulose and punctate; 2nd node transversely ovate, rugulose and

punctate; apical portion of abdomen shining, the base subopaque,

microscopically reticulate.

“o. 5-55 mm. Similar to the 9 in colour and sculpture; the

thorax longitudinally striate; epinotal spines shorter and stouter.

Wings hyaline, costal margin testaceous, stigma brown.”

South Africa.

Var. signatumM, Emery. (Plate VII, fig. 98).

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 35, 9%, 1895.

“6. 45-5 mm. Blackish-brown; legs, antennae and mandibles

castaneous brown, the middle portion of all the femora darker.

This form differs from the type of the species by the presence of a

well-defined, but not deep, meso-epinotal suture, and by the shape

of the nodes. The Ist node, seen from above, is subconical, the apex

anterior, slightly wider than long; it has a short, vertical, posterior

face, and a vertical anterior face which is convex transversely. The

2nd node is not quite twice as wide as long, a little wider than

the Ist; below and in front, it has on each side an obtusely triangular

tubercle. The basal third of the Ist abdominal segment is very

closely rugulose and dull. The epinotal spines are strong!y divergent,

fairly short, not longer than their basal width. The episternal lobes

are shorter than the epinotal teeth. The scape does not reach the

posterior fifth of the head.”

Willowmore, Cape Prov. (Dr. H. Brauns.) (S.A.M., R.M., G.A.

colls.)

Race LuGcuUBRE, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Bele., vol. 54, p. 425, 9, 1910.

“G6. 44-45 mm, Brownish-black, the mandibles, antennae and

294 Annals of the South African Museum.

tarsi reddish, femora brownish. The head is a little longer than

wide (wider than long in the type of the species), the sides slightly

compressed, and with a fairly distinct border on the sides of the

occiput, which is hardly visible in the type of the species. Antennae

somewhat more slender: the 9th and 10th joints of the flagellum

decidedly longer than wide (as wide as long in the type, hardly longer

than wide in var. signatum, Emery). Meso-epinotal suture obsolete.

Epinotal spines a little larger. The Ist node of the petiole is rounded

in front, and not truncate and marginate above as in the type and

in var. signata; it is wider and the sides are more convex; 2nd node

also wider. Otherwise similar to the type of the species. Mossamedes

(Picard).”

Var. GROOTENSIS, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 118, 2, g, 1918.

“oO. 6mm. A little larger than the type. Thorax a little wider.

The Ist node is entire and obtuse in front, without the emargination

and the two partly effaced angles which are seen on the upper margin

in front in the 2? of the type.

“@3(?) 48 mm. With the 9? I received a 3g, which I refer to

this species only with great doubt.

“Tt has the wings of a Tetramoriwm, but has 12 joints to the

antenna, which become progressively shorter from the 2nd joint

onwards. The insect is dull, densely reticulate-punctate and rugose,

except the abdomen which is smooth. Erect pilosity abundant; the

nodes shaped as in solidum. The epinotum is only bituberculate.

Head wider than long, strongly narrowed in front.”

Dr. Forel adds that it may belong to a distinct species, but the

analogies with solidwm-grootensis permit of doubt on that point.

Or it may be a case of atavism, returning to a condition in which

12-jointed antennae were present.

Willowmore, Cape Prov. (Dr. H. Brauns) ; types in my collection.

T. SERICEIVENTRE, Emery, race FEMORATUM, Emery.

Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, vol. 9, p. 370, Y, 1877.

(Race) Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 37, 9, 1895.

“Differs from the type of the species in having the 1st segment

of the petiole longer, less excavated at the base above, and by

having the Ist abdominal segment finely striate transversely, and

not longitudinally as in the type; the striation is visible only under

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 295

_a strong magnification. The colour is very pale, of a reddish-yellow,

the abdomen, femora and tibiae partly blackish.

“Makapan, Bechuanaland. (Simon).”

The type species has not yet been recorded from our region, it is

characterised as follows:

“6. 27 mm. Dull; ferruginous, abdomen brown, with the

margins of the segments paler and the apex rusty. Head reticulate,

finely granulate in between. Mandibles striate, the clypeus depressed

in front, finely carinate in the middle, distinct from the frontal area.

Frontal carimae produced backwards over three-quarters of the

length of the head. The 12-joimted antennae are rather slender,

the Ist joint of the flagellum is as long as the two following taken

together; the club three-jointed, only slightly incrassate and distinctly

shorter than the rest of the flagellum. The thorax is longitudinally

rugose on the pro- and mesonotum, transversely so on the epinotum ;

the meso-epinotal suture deep. The epinotum is armed with two

nearly horizontal spines, slightly divergent, wide at the base, fairly

acute ; there are two smaller episternal spines below. The petiole is

finely coriaceous, the node of the Ist segment is hardly longer than

wide; the 2nd segment is subglobose, a little wider behind, slightly

transverse. The abdomen is dull, with a velvety, silky sheen, due

to the very dense and fine striation. The whole body is sparsely

clothed with pale hairs, not clavate; those on the abdomen are

longer.”

T. stmoni, Emery.

Ann, Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 35, 9, 1895.

“6. 4mm. Piceous; mandibles, tarsi and articulations of the

legs rufescent; dull; barely pilose and very sparsely pubescent.

Head reticulate-rugose lengthwise, clypeus striato-rugose, mandibles

very finely striate, meso-epinotal suture deep, pro-mesonotal suture

obsolete. Pro-mesonotum strongly convex, coarsely rugoso-reticulate,

the convex epinotum also, but without the coarse reticulations.

Epinotum armed with two minute spines, erect, acute; episternal

teeth absent. Nodes of petiole subequal, globose, hardly more finely

reticulate than the epinotum. The abdomen subopaque, very finely

punctured, the extreme base striolate.

“ Makapan, Bechuanaland. (H. Simon).

“Remarkable on account of the profile of the thorax and petiole,

which forms a series of rounded bosses, and also by the sculpture.

The latter consists of a network of coarse rugae, mostly longitudinal,

296 Annals of the South African Musewm.

on the middle of the head and on the dorsum of the thorax. The

coarsest rugae are on the pro-mesonotum, those of the head, epinotum

and petiole becoming successively finer. In addition to the reticula-

‘tions, there is a fundamental puncturation, which is fairly close and

more or less visible, ...... The frontal carinae are produced

backwards as feeble ridges, hardly more pronounced than the neigh-

bouring rugae, and forming no distinct scrobe.”

T. saurusi, Forel. (Plate VII, fig. 99.)

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 226, 5, 1914.

%. 43-47 mm.. Dark brown, abdomen piceous, femora and

middle portion of the scapes lighter brown ; tibiae, tarsi, flagellum,

base and apex of the scape, and the mandibles brownish-yellow. A

few yellowish hairs on the clypeus and apex of abdomen, otherwise

without pilosity. Pubescence very short and scanty, almost absent on

the body, a little more noticeable on the legs and antennae. The

middle of the head above, longitudinally striate. The clypeus has a

median carina which is continued back to the posterior margin of the

head ; sides of the head finely reticulate, somewhat more coarsely so

on the anterior half, which is also partly rugose. Pronotum very

finely and longitudinally striato-rugulose; mesonotum smooth and

shining in the middle, faintly striate at the sides ; epinotum, nodes,

and basal half of abdomen closely and finely reticulate and dull. The

rest of the abdomen, and also a narrow median area on the Ist node,

slightly shining and almost smooth. )

Head about one-fifth longer than wide, the sides parallel, the

posterior angles rounded, the hind margin shallowly concave. The

scapes extend back almost as far as the hind margin of the head and

are rather strongly. curved near the base; 2nd—8th joints of the

flagellum wider than long. Eyes fairly large and prominent, convex,

placed in the middle of the sides. Scrobes absent. Mandibles

shining, finely striate, armed with 7 small and obtuse teeth, the

masticatory margin black. Pronotum truncate in front, the face so

formed short, the shoulders obtuse. Thoracic sutures obsolete.

Mesonotum with a slight angular enlargement on each side behind

the middle. Epinotum moderately oblique, the dorsum one and a

half times longer than wide, widest near the base. The declivity is

almost vertical, hardly half as long as the dorsum, margined at the

sides by a ridge which ends above and below in the teeth. The

epinotal teeth are shorter than the interval between their bases, as

long as wide at the base, divergent, directed obliquely upwards;

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 297

episternal teeth as long and as wide as the epinotal. Peduncle of the

Ist segment of the petiole shorter than the node; the latter is as long

as wide, convex at the sides, narrowed towards the median line above,

the anterior and posterior faces almost vertical; the ventral lamella

is produced at its extreme base into a small subacute tooth. The

2nd node is transversely oval, one-third wider than long, a little

wider than the Ist. Abdomen narrowly truncate at the base. Femora

swollen in the middle.

Park Rynie, Natal. (H.W. Marley.) (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

T. stMULATOR, n. sp. (Plate VII, fig. 102.)

%. 47-5 mm. Head, antennae, mandibles, thorax, nodes, and

femora dark castaneous, abdomen piceous, tibiae and tarsi dark

yellowish-red. Head and sides of thorax nitidulous, dorsum of thorax,

nodes, and abdomen shining. Antennae, legs, nodes, and abdomen

with a short, scanty, and decumbent pubescence; head and thorax

glabrous. Head strongly and longitudinally striate, more strongly

so below the demi-scrobes than between them, the demi-scrobes finely

reticulate-punctate. Clypeus with a median carina, and two or three

strong lines on each side of same. Pro-mesonotum sparsely and

longitudinally striate, the striae somewhat effaced towards the middle,

also very shallowly and sparsely punctate, the epinotum fairly closely

striato-rugose, except the space between the spines, and the declivity,

which are smooth and shining. Sides of thorax fairly closely longi-

tudinally striate, the outer sides of the epinotal spines finely rugulose.

Nodes of petiole faintly rugulose and sparsely punctate, the punctures

fairly strong. Abdomen sparsely, finely, and sharply punctate. Legs

very shallowly and sparsely punctate. Head, excluding the mandibles,

slightly longer than wide, widest in the middle, the sides feebly convex,

the posterior angles slightly rounded and prominent, the posterior

margin shallowly concave. Eyes large and convex, placed a little

behind the middle of the sides. Mandibles large, triangular, sharply

striate and also sparsely and strongly punctate, armed with 7 large

teeth. Anterior margin of clypeus feebly convex. Frontal cariae

subparallel, extending back almost to the occipital margin, and form-

ing the upper boundary of the demi-scrobes. Scapes not reaching

the occipital margin. Flagellum thick, the Ist joint as long as the

2nd and 3rd together, the 2nd—8th wider than long, the 9th and 10th

subequal and a little longer than wide, the apical joint half as long

again as wide. Shoulders of the pronotum angular. Thoracic sutures

obsolete. The thorax is fairly elongate, slightly narrowed between

298 Annals of the South African Museum.

the pro- and mesonotum, more strongly so between the latter and the

epinotum, not marginate laterally, the sides vertical, the dorsal profile

horizontal. The dorsum of the epinotum is narrowest at the base and

widest at the basal third ; epinotal spines subparallel, directed back-

wards and very little upwards, acute, compressed laterally, shorter

than the interval between their bases and not longer than their basal

width. The declivity is vertical, hardly half as long as the dorsum,

marginate at the sides, the margins continued below into the rather

short and rounded episternal teeth or lobes. Peduncle of the Ist

segment of the petiole thick, less than half as long as the node; the

latter truncate in front, the anterior face vertical, the posterior face

short, rounded above and subvertical. The node is quite one-third

longer than wide, widest at its posterior third, convex transversely

above, the sides feebly convex. The 2nd node is almost hemispherical,

widest behind, nearly twice as wide as the Ist node. Abdomen oval,

the lst segment longer than wide, and forming almost the whole of

the dorsum. All the femora swollen in the middle.

Malindi, 8. Rhodesia ; preying on termites.

At first sight this species bears a resemblance to 7’. (Xiphomyrmez)

decem, Forel, but is easily distinguished from it by its larger size and

the 12-jointed antennae.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.) ; type in my collection.

T. LOBULICORNE, Santschi.

Ann. Soe. Ent. France, vol. 84, p. 504, 9, 1916.

3. 35 mm. Reddish-yellow-brown (raw umber), the abdomen

reddish-brown, the anterior fourth of the head, the mandibles,

antennae and legs ochreous or reddish-yellow. A sparse and short

pubescence on the legs and antennae, wanting elsewhere. The

pilosity consists of short, suberect, blunt and yellowish hairs, very

scanty on the head and thorax, a little more abundant on the nodes

and abdomen. Head, between the frontal carinae, fairly strongly and

longitudinally striate, the sides of the head in front of the eyes

and the cheeks longitudinally rugose and reticulate, the demiscrobes,

especially on their posterior halves, closely and finely reticulate.

Thorax reticulate-rugose, the rugae uneven and emphasised longi-

tudinally, shallowly reticulate-punctate between the rugae. The

apical half of the epinoctum and the peduncle of the petiole closely

reticulate-punctate or granulate. Nodes sparsely rugose, reticulate-

punctate and dull. Abdomen shining, microscopically rugulose.

Thorax subopaque, head slightly shining.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 299

Head, excluding the mandibles, a little more than one-fifth longer

than wide, the sides moderately convex, the posterior angles widely

rounded, the posterior margin shallowly concave, not much narrower

in front than behind. Eyes not large, placed just in front of the

middle of the sides. Median area of clypeus longer than it is wide

across the middle, the anterior margin narrowly excised in the middle,

the median carina feeble, not stronger than the lateral striae. Frontal

carinae extending back as well-defined ridges almost to the posterior

margin and forming the upper boundary of the shallow demiscrobes.

Scapes incrassate apically, not reaching the posterior margin of the

head; 2nd-8th joints of the flagellum wider than long, the club

longer than the rest of the flagellum. Mandibles finely and closely

striate, feebly punctured, armed with 6 or 7 teeth, the posterior four

indistinct.

Thorax constricted at the meso-epinotal suture, the latter distinct

but not deep. Shoulders of pronotum rounded; pronotum convex in

front. Pro-mesonotal suture feebly defined. Mesonotum marginate

at the sides, the raised margins being continued along the dorsum

of the epinotum as far as the base of the spines. Dorsum of

epinotum widest at the base, a little longer than wide, joining the

declivity in a gentle curve; the declivity fairly steep, as long as

the dorsum. Epinotal spines subacute, directed obliquely upwards,

shorter than the interval between their bases, as long as their basal

width, and not much longer than the broad episternal teeth. The

peduncle of the Ist segment of the petiole is longer or as long as

the node, and is rather wide, being almost as wide as the node.

The latter is vertically truncate and convex from side to side in

front, a little wider than long, the upper surface slopes steeply

backwards into a short posterior face. The 2nd node is subglobose,

two-thirds wider than, and a little longer than the Ist node.

Abdomen oblong, the Ist segment a little longer than wide and

forming nearly the whole of the dorsum. Femora only slightly

swollen.

?. 35 mm. Black, antennae and legs reddish-brown, the

articulations and tarsi paler, mandibles ferruginous. Frontal carinae

wider apart than in the 9. Pronotum transversely rugose; meso-

notum and scutellum strongly and fairly densely longitudinally

striate; dorsum of the epinotum short, oblique, transversely striate

at the sides, reticulate-punctate in the middle, shorter than the

declivity. Wings tinged with yellow, nervures pale yellow, stigma

brownish-yellow. Otherwise like the 9.

6. 34mm. Black, legs, antennae and mandibles pale brownish-

300 Annals of the South African Museum.

yellow. Head dull, closely reticulate-punctate, sparsely striate

between the frontal carinae and the ocelli. Mesonotum very sparsely

punctured, and with faint traces of a longitudinal striation on its

posterior half, otherwise smooth and-shining. Scutellum dull, finely

longitudinally rugulose. Dorsum of the epinotum, the upper

two-thirds of the declivity, and the nodes finely reticulate; the sides

of the epinotum faintly striate lengthwise. Abdomen smooth and

shining.

Head widest in front, nearly as long as wide, the sides and hind

margin moderately convex, the posterior angles widely rounded.

Hyes fairly large, placed in the anterior third of the head, and

almost touching the base of the mandibles in front. The scapes

extend back as far as the posterior ocelli. Frontal carinae well

defined, widely divergent posteriorly. Mayrian furrows of the

mesonotum distinct; mesonotum very convex and gibbous in front;

scutellum semi-circular. Hpinotum with two feeble lateral ridges at

the apical angles of the dorsum, the latter as long as the oblique

declivity. Episternal lobes large. Nodes thicker than in the 92 ;

the peduncle of the lst segment not distinctly defined (as is usually

the case in the ¢ J of this genus), merging insensibly into the

node.

Bulawayo. (8.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

T. Emeryi, Mayr.

Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 16, p. 23, 9, 2, g, 1901.

“6. 35 mm. Red-brown, the mandibles, antennae and legs

paler, head and abdomen dark brown. The pilosity is most abundant

on the abdomen, and consists of partly pointed, partly blunt bristly

awe, i Mae ee Antennae and legs with a fairly abundant and

oblique pubescence. Mandibles shining, smooth, sparsely and coarsely

punctured, and also very finely and shallowly striate, more densely

striate on the outer side near the base, armed usually with 7 teeth,

the anterior pair large, the others small and indistinct. Head

rectangular, the angles rounded, a little Jonger than wide, very little

narrower in front than behind, coarsely striate (the clypeus finely

striate), shining between the striae, partly smooth and _ partly

punctate or rugulose, the sides and back of the head coarsely

reticulate. Anterior margin of clypeus straight, without any

emargination. The frontal carinae, and the fairly deep demiscrobes,

extend back as far as the level of the eyes, the demiscrobes not

much longer than the scapes; 3rd-6th joints of the flagellum

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 301

distinctly wider than long. Hyes placed in about the middle of the

sides of the head. The fairly robust thorax is narrower than the

head, with obtuse and not prominent shoulders, coarsely reticulate

above, finely rugulose or punctate between the meshes, and seen in

profile, straight from the front to the pro-mesonotal suture, and

also straight from the latter to the epinotal teeth; these two planes

meet in an obtuse and rounded angle. The meso-epinotal suture is

not very distinct, and the dorsum of the epinotum is only slightly

depressed. The latter is longer than wide, feebly concave transversely

behind ; the epinotal teeth are wide, almost blunt, fairly erect and

moderately divergent; episternal teeth rectangular, ...... the

sides of the thorax are in greater part finely and closely reticulate-

punctate. Petiole moderately coarsely reticulate-rugulose and finely

punctured; the peduncle of the Ist segment moderately long, the

node a little wider than long, the 2nd segment hardly as long as, and

somewhat wider than the Ist node. Abdomen smooth and shining,

with scattered piligerous punctures; the base of the Ist segment

more or less distinctly and longitudinally striate.

“oo. 45 mm. Very much like the ¢. The mesonotum and

scutellum rugoso-striate lengthwise, the dorsum of the epinotum

transversely rugose, the sides of the thorax longitudinally rugose

and also closely and finely reticulate-punctate. The wings slightly

infuscate, with pale yellow nervures. Otherwise like the &.

“¢g. 41-42 mm. Shining, brown, the mandibles, antennae and

legs, particularly the last four tarsal jomts, brownish-yellow. The

long pilosity is scanty, more abundant on the ventral surface of the

abdomen; the antennae and legs have only short, fine and oblique

hairs. Head fairly coarsely and longitudinally rugoso-striate and

finely reticulate, between the eyes and ocelli finely reticulate-punctate,

the ocellar area transversely rugose, the back of the head unevenly

rugose and finely reticulate. In the 7 specimens before me, the

antennae are 15-jointed, the scape extends back as far as the anterior

ocellus, the Ist joint of the flagellum is a little longer than wide,

and wider than the 2nd joint, which is two and a half times, or a

little more, longer than wide. The head is gradually narrowed from

behind the eyes to the posterior angles, so that the latter project

outwards and are almost dentiform, as in the ¢ of ZT. guwineense.

Thorax fairly finely and longitudinally rugose, the dorsum and

declivity of the epinotum finely and closely reticulate. Wings as in

the 9. The segments of the petiole are slender, much more so than

in guineense, the 2nd segment hardly wider than long. The abdomen

in greater part smooth. Port Elizabeth.”

302 Annals of the South African Museum.

It is to be noted that in the ¢ g of this species, the 2nd—5th joints

of the flagellum remain separate, instead of being fused into one

joint, as is the rule in the genus.

Race cristuLAtum, Forel.

Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. Beiheft, p. 218, 9, g, 1913.

9. 43 mm. Very dark brown or black, the pro-mesonotum

somewhat paler or dark reddish-brown, the antennae, tibiae and

tarsi yellowish-brown, femora brown, mandibles brownish-red, This

race differs from the type of the species by its larger size, and by

the more angular junction of the pro- and mesonotum. The 3rd—6th

joints of the flagellum are as wide as long (wider than long in the

type). The head is also more coarsely reticulate between the striae,

and is also a little wider behind. ‘The meso-epinotal suture is

indicated by a raised line. Otherwise like the type. _

9. 5 mm. (Hitherto undescribed.) Pronotum moderately ex-

posed above in the middle, more exposed at the sides, the pronotal

shoulders subangular. Pronotum very coarsely and transversely

reticulate-rugose; mesonotum and scutellum strongly and longi-

tudinally striate, the epinotum transversely striate, more closely and

finely so on the declivity than elsewhere. Dorsum of epinotum

sloping steeply downwards, slightly longer than the vertical declivity ;

the epinotal teeth are represented by elongate tubercles, much smaller

than the teeth of the 9. Wings slightly smoky, nervures and stigma

pale yellow. Otherwise like the %.

¢6. 47-5 mm. Black, antennae, legs and mandibles yellowish-

brown. Head more or less lozenge-shaped, widest across the eyes,

wider in front than behind, without a distinct posterior margin like

that of the type, im which the head is shorter and wider behind.

Mesonotum very gibbous and convex in front, overhanging the

pronotum, which is thereby entirely hidden from above. Epinotum-

unarmed, the dorsum merging into the declivity by a gradual curve ;

the declivity fairly steep. The 1st node is more pointed above than

in the type. Eyes very large and convex, occupying quite half of

the sides of the head, and almost touching the base of the mandibles

in front. As in the type of the species, the 2nd joint of the flagellum

in some specimens is redivided into two or more of its component

segments.

Willowmore, Cape Prov. (Dr. H. Brauns.) (S.A.M., R.M., G.A.

colls. )

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 303

T. Jorrret, Forel. (Plate VII, fig. 97.)

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 228, 9, 1914.

6. 35-36 mm. Piceous, legs yellowish-brown, antennae and

mandibles somewhat reddish-brown. Head sometimes paler. Pilosity

yellowish, fairly long, composed of thin and pointed hairs, not very

abundant. Legs and antennae with a scanty yellowish pubescence,

which is absent from the body. Moderately shining, strongly rugose,

longitudinally so on the head, and reticulate-rugose on the thorax.

The rugae on the head connected by a few transverse branches.

Apical half of the dorsum and the declivity of the epinotum, the

nodes and abdomen smooth and shming. Head slightly longer than

wide, the sides moderately convex, the posterior margin almost

straight, the posterior angles rounded, hardly narrower in front

than behind. Eyes occupying about one-quarter of the sides, placed

a little in front of the middle. The frontal carinae extend back as

strong ridges nearly as far as the occiput, and form the upper

boundary of the demiscrobes, which are smooth and fairly deep.

The scapes do not reach the occipital margin; 2nd—/th joints of the

flagellum wider than long. Clypeus coarsely and sparsely rugose,

with a strong median carina. Mandibles closely and finely striate,

armed with two distinct teeth in front, and five obtuse and smaller

teeth behind. Pronotum submarginate in front and at the sides,

the shoulders rounded. Pro-mesonotal suture feeble, meso-epinotal

suture shallow and wide. Dorsum of epinotum longer than wide,

hardly wider at the base than at the apex, a little longer than the

vertical declivity ; the latter marginate at the sides. Epinotal spines

very long, acute, strongly divergent and not very oblique, much

longer than the interval between their bases and as long as the

dorsum of the epmotum. EHpisternal teeth small. Peduncle of the

Ist segment of the petiole as long as the node; the latter much

higher than long, truncate in front, the anterior dorsal margin

convex transversely, the dorsal face convex lengthwise and sloping

downwards posteriorly; seen from above, about as wide as long and

wider in front than behind. 2nd node transversely oval, three-quarters

wider than long, and a little wider than the Ist. Abdomen decidedly

convex above. .

2. 42 mm. Sides of the head behind the eyes more convex

than in the ©. Pronotum coarsely reticulate-rugose. Mesonotum

and scutellum sharply striate, the striae larger and wider apart on

the scutellum. Epinotum longitudinally rugose at the sides and

above, near the base, fairly smooth elsewhere. Dorsum of the

epinotum short, sloping from its base downwards to the longer and

304 Annals of the South African Museum.

vertical declivity. Hpinotal spines relatively shorter than in the 9,

hardly divergent, not directed upwards as in the 9%, but nearly

horizontal. Nodes wider, the anterior dorsal margin of the Ist node

less convex than in the G. Wings tinged with dirty yellow, nervures

and stigma pale yellow.

Durban; nesting in a rotten and very moist tree stump. (S8.A.M.,

R.M., G.A. colls.)

Var. ALGOA, n. v.

®. 3&5 mm. Differing from the type in the following characters.

The colour is darker, on the body quite black. The demiscrobes

are wider and deeper and more distinctly defined externally. The

sculpture of the thorax is weaker, and almost effaced on the middle

of the mesonotum. Pro-mesonotal suture obsolete, meso-epinotal

shallower and narrower. Epinotal spines shorter, hardly as long as

the dorsum of the epinotum, much more oblique and less divergent

than in the type. The dorsal (posterior-dorsal) face of the Ist node

is longer, a little longer than wide, and the 2nd node is longer and

more convex above.

Q@. ike the ? of the type but a little smaller. The sculpture

of the thorax is weaker, the anterior third of the mesonotum smooth

and shining; the epinotal spines nearly horizontal.

The resemblance of this variety to 7’. Grassi and its var. laevigatum,

Mayr, is even greater than in the type of the species. Joffrei and

Grassi are evidently very closely allied.

Port Elizabeth. (Dr H. Brauns.) (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.);

type in my collection.

y. (Plate VII, fig. 105.)

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 37, 9, Q@ (7), 1895.

Mayr, Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 16, p. 25, 9, 1901.

®. 27-3 mm. Brown, legs, antennae, mandibles and petiole

brownish-yellow. Pilosity yellow, very sparse; pubescence short,

oblique, very sparse and present only on the legs and antennae.

Head fairly strongly and longitudinally striate or striato-rugose,

the striae rather wide apart, the sides of the head reticulate-

rugose. ‘Thorax longitudinally rugoso-reticulate, the rugae somewhat

discontinuous, the median portion of the mesonotum smooth. Head

and thorax moderately shining; deciivity of epinotum, petiole and

abdomen smooth and shining.

Head subrectangular, about as long as wide, a little narrower in

T. Grassi, Emery

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 305

front than behind, the sides moderately convex, the hind margin

straight. Distinct demiscrobes present; the frontal carimae extend

backwards as far as the posterior margin of the head, 2nd—8th joints

of the flagellum wider than long. Clypeus with a strong median

carina, and two weaker and broken lines on each side of it.

Mandibles finely striate, armed with three distinct teeth in front,

feebly denticulate behind. Sides of pro-mesonotum indistinctly

marginate, the shoulders of the pronotum obtusely angular. Thoracic

sutures obsolete. Dorsum of epinotum oblique, a little longer than

wide, as long as, or a little longer than the declivity. The epinotal

spines are longer than the interval between their bases, but shorter

than the dorsum of the epinotum, divergent, acute and fairly oblique.

Petiole similar to that of Joffrei, but the dorsal face of the Ist node

is fairly distinct from the short posterior face, not forming a con-

tinuous curve as in Joffrei. ‘The femora are but slightly swollen in

the middle.

2. 35 mm. The colour of the thorax is rather darker than in

the 9. Pronotum reticulate-rugose, the sides and posterior third

of the mesonotum longitudinally striate, the anterior two-thirds

smooth. The dorsum of the epinotum is almost obsolete, being in

very nearly the same plane as the declivity. The epinotal spines are

parallel and nearly horizontal. Dealated. Otherwise like the 9.

Table Mountain; making small nests under stones in the pine

woods. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Var. LAEVIGATUM, Mayr.

Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 16, p. 25, 9, 1901.

“The 9 differs from that of the type species in having the thorax

smooth, from the anterior margin of the pronotum as far as the

epinotal spines.” Port Elizabeth. (Dr. H. Brauns.)

I possess some specimens from this locality, collected by Dr. Brauns,

which appear to belong to this variety. The dorsum of the thorax is

in greater part smooth, but there are distinct, though fine, short

rugae near the lateral and anterior margins of the pro-mesonotum,

and on the basal half of the epinotum. The size is a little larger,

34 mm.

Var. SIMULANS, Santschi.

Géteborgs K. Vetens. och Vitterh. Handl. XV, 2, p. 24, 9, 1914.

“ 6. Brownish-black, abdomen black. Mandibles, antennae,

tarsi and peduncle of the petiole rusty-red, the middle of the femora

306 Annals of the South African Museum.

and tibiae brownish. Larger than the type, 3:3-3°5 mm., and still

more resembling Xiphomyrmex Weitzaeckeri, Em., the colour and

pubescence being the same. ‘The sculpture differs from that of

Weitzaeckeri but little, the rugae not.beimg effaced on the thorax.

The epinotal spines are nearly twice as long as the interval between

their bases. The Ist node forms a scale, as abrupt in front as

behind, a little wider than thick. Otherwise like the type of Grassi.”

Richmond, Natal. (Traegaordh.)

T. GUINEENSE, Fab.

Ent. Syst. I, p. 357, 3, 1793.

Nylander (Myrmiea bicarianata), Act. Soc. Fenn. II, 3, p. 1061,

2, 1846.

Mayr (Myrmica Kollari), Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, III, p. 285,

Sg 1853.

This species, whose original home was probably West Africa, has

spread over a large part of the Tropics in both hemispheres, and has

also been introduced into hot-houses in temperate countries. I have

no records of it having been taken in our region, but as it is almost

certain to be found sooner or later, I append a description of the 9.

It is smaller than the various races and varieties which are described

further on.

>. 35 mm. Head, thorax, and nodes bright reddish-yellow,

abdomen brownish-black, legs and antennae ochreous yellow, the base

of the Ist, and the apical margins of the remaining abdominal

segments yellowish. The pilosity is fairly abundant on the body, and

consists of long, erect, blunt, and rather thick hairs, which are some-

what shorter and oblique on the head. Antennae and legs with a

rather long, oblique, and yellowish pubescence, which is absent from

the body. Vertex of the head between the demi-scrobes, thorax, and

nodes strongly reticulate-rugose. The rugae, near the middle line of

the head, are emphasised longitudinally, and the meshes there and on

the pronotum are very wide, the spaces between the network shining

and fairly smooth. In some specimens the reticulations become

closer and less sharp on the meso- and epinotum, and even more so on

the 2nd node. The sides of the head and thorax are more closely

reticulate than elsewhere. Abdomen smooth and shining.

Head, excluding the mandibles, nearly one-sixth longer than wide,

hardly narrower in front than behind, a little more convex behind the

eyes than in front of them, the hind margin nearly straight. Hyes

placed in the middle of the sides, convex, and prominent. Clypeus

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 307

with a median carina, and a lateral one on each side. Scape not

reaching the posterior margin, somewhat curved near the base,

2nd-8th joints of the flagellum wider than long, 2nd—5th twice as wide

as long. Mandibles very finely striate, dull, armed with 7 teeth, the

posterior four small. Pro-mesonotal suture obsolete, meso-epinotal

suture indistinct above. Shoulders of the pronotum angular. Dorsum

of the thorax marginate in front and at the sides, the margin uneven,

bemg formed by the outermost rugae. The rugae of the head,

thorax, and Ist node are brownish, darker than the ground colour.

Thorax narrowed at the meso-epinotal suture, widening immediately

behind the same at the base of the epinotum and thence narrowed

again towards the spines. Seen in profile, the dorsum of the thorax

is fairly straight except in front, where the pronotum joins the meso-

notum in an obtuse and indistinct angle. The dorsum of the epinotum

is a little longer than wide; the declivity is vertical and striate on its

upper half. The epinotal spines are acute, moderately divergent,

directed obliquely upwards, longer than the interval between their

bases and longer than their basal width. Episternal teeth acute, less

than half as long as the epinotal. Peduncle of the Ist segment

of the petiole shorter than the node; the latter, seen from above,

hexagonal, the anterior lateral sides longest, wider behind than in

front, the dorsal surface moderately convex ; seen from the side, the

anterior face is shorter than the posterior; the ventral lamella is

produced into a minute tooth at the base of the peduncle. Second

node transversely ovate or subglobose, one-quarter wider than long,

and wider than the Ist node. Abdomen oval. Femora moderately

swollen.

Var. ERECTUM, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 68, p. 37, 9, 1895.

“Differs from the type by being more robust and a little larger.

The petiole is a little thicker, the nodes rounder. The epinotal spines

fairly short but nearly erect, their posterior margin, in profile, being

the continuation of the declivity, and nearly perpendicular to the

dorsum of the thorax. The base of the Ist abdominal segment is

more distinctly striafe than in the type. Vrijburg, -Bechuanaland.

(Simon).”

Var. pHaAsraAs, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Se. Nat., vol. 50, p. 226, 8, 1914.

®. 36 mm. Yellow, the abdomen and nodes, clypeus and

antennae more reddish-yellow, The sculpture is a little more

308 Annals of the South African Musewm.

superficial than in the type, from which it differs, like the race

striatum, in the much more angular junction of the pro- and meso-

notum. The Ist node is also narrower above, and the base of the Ist

abdominal segment more distinctly striate. The frontal carinae are

more prominent than in the type.

Durban. (C. B. Cooper.) (R.M., G.A. colls.)

Race striatum, Stitz.

Mitth. Zool. Mus. Berlin, vol. 5, p. 144, 9, 1910.

%. 46 mm. Head, antennae, and nodes yellowish-red, thorax

reddish-yellow, abdomen and legs bright ochreous yellow, the abdomen

sometimes more or less brownish-yellow. Differs from the type by

the stronger sculpture. The frontal carinae are decidedly stronger,

forming prominent ridges bordering the demiscrobes. The junction

of the pro- and mesonotum, seen in profile, is much more angular,

even more so than in var. Phasias. The pro-mesonotal suture is

indicated by a dark transverse ridge. First node of the petiole more

abruptly truncate in front, the anterior face as long as the posterior.

The sculpture of the 2nd node as strong as that of the 1st (distinctly

weaker in the type and var. Phasias). The basal third of the Ist

abdominal segment finely and longitudinally striate, and rather dull.

?. 5mm. Mesonotum and scutellum longitudinally reticulate-

rugose; the posterior two-thirds of the mesonotum flat. Pronotum

not much exposed above, the shoulders much less angular than in

the 9. Dorsum of epinotum moderately oblique, as long as it is wide

between the spines. Wings hyaline, nervures and stigma pale yellow.

Otherwise like the 9.

go. 42mm. Head yellowish-brown, thorax and abdomen brownish-

yellow, the parapsidal sutures of the mesonotum and the margins

of the scutellum darker, legs, antennae, and mandibles ochreous.

Pilosity and pubescence much sparser than in the @. Head and

nodes subopaque, thorax and abdomen nitidulous. Head finely

reticulate, with a few fine longitudinal striae’ on the vertex in front

of the ocelli, and also some oblique striae behind them ; between the

eyes and antennal sockets transversely striate. Thorax and nodes

longitudinally striate, very finely and fairly closely so on the meso-

notum and seutellum and 2nd node, more coarsely so on the epinotum

and Ist node; the latter are also partly reticulate, and the epinotum

is also closely and shallowly punctate between the striae. Head

narrower behind the eyes than in front, the posterior margin straight

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 309

and reflected to form a collar, with prominent lateral angles. Hyes

large, occupying nearly the whole of the anterior half of the sides ;

ocelli large and prominent. Frontal carinae extend back almost as

far as the anterior ocellus. Mandibles small, dentate. Scape not

extending back as far as the anterior ocellus, twice as thick as the

2nd joint of the flagellum ; the latter is longer than the scape and

the Ist joimt taken together. Pronotum slightly exposed above at the

shoulders. Mayrian furrows well defined. Mesonotum separated

from the scutellum by a wide and clathrate groove. The dorsum of

the epinotum not distinctly delimited from the declivity, the profile

of the epinotum forming a continuous curve from base to apex.

First node of petiole somewhat pyriform, the ventral lamella produced

into a rather large tooth near the base. Second node at least half as

wide again as the Ist, wider than long, only slightly convex transversely.

Wings as in the 9°.

S. Rhodesia. Common in grassy soil. The entrance to the nest

consists of one or more holes, which are rarely surrounded by mounds

of earth. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

YT. paccnuus, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 426, 9, 1910.

“oO. 37mm. Mandibles smooth, shining, with small scattered

punctures, armed with 7 teeth, the posterior ones indistinct. Clypeus

without a carina, the anterior border emarginate in the middle. Head

as In guineense, but much wider, hardly longer than wide, distinctly

narrowed in front. Club of the antenna more slender, composed of

almost four joints. Thorax, especially the pronotum, decidedly wider

than in gwineense, and much more convex lengthwise, submarginate ;

meso-epinotal suture a little stronger. Epinotal teeth more vertical,

a little shorter, wider at the base, not curved at the extremity ;

episternal teeth a little shorter. Nodes of the petiole thicker, wider

and more rounded than in guineense. ‘The 1st node is not truncate in

front, but rounded, and with its peduncle forms a single concave curve

in profile ; it is also rounded and much less truncate behind. Sculpture

as in guineense, but closer, a little finer and less shining ; base of the

abdomen longitudinally striate. Pilosity as in guineense. Brownish-

red, legs paler ; abdomen a little darker, more yellowish-brown ; darker

than guineense excepting the abdomen, which is paler.

“Natal (Haviland). Closely allied to guineense, but nevertheless

310 — Annals of the South African Museum.

clearly distinct ; larger, more robust, the mandibles smooth, the spines

differently shaped, as also the Ist node, etc.”

T. capense, Mayr.

Reise der Novara, Zool. Formicidae, p.89, 9, 1865.

Emery, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 36, 9, ¢, 1895.

“6. 35mm. This species bears a great resemblance to quineense,

but nevertheless is easily distinguished from it. Yellowish-red, the

legs more yellow, the abdomen faintly brownish, the masticatory

margin of the mandibles, and the eyes black. The pilosity is very

sparse on the body, whereas it is much more plentiful in guineense.

The feebly shining mandibles are sharply and longitudinally striate,

with single punctures between the striae (in guineense the mandibles

are shining, very shallowly striate, and not over the whole surface).

The clypeus has several carinae or longitudinal rugae, but the median

one is strong and is continued on to the frontal area; the latter is

distinctly delimited from the clypeus, which is not the case in

guineense, and the frontal area itself is more distinct than in that

species. Frons and vertex as in quineense. The sides of the head are

coarsely reticulate also, but the rugae are emphasised longitudinally,

which is not the case in quineense. The flagellum is somewhat longer

and more slender. The thorax is short and fairly high, as in 7’.

caespitum, whereas in guineense it is longer and lower. The thorax

above is finely coriaceous and reticulate-rugose (or finely reticulate

punctate), with fewer longitudinal striae, which disappear on the

epinotum. . . . The epinotal spines are wider at the base than in

guineense, the space between the spines smooth and shining, the sides

of the thorax reticulate-punctate. The Ist node of the petiole is wider

than long (in guineense as long as wide), both nodes are coarsely and

shallowly rugose (coarsely reticulate in guineense). The abdomen

shining, exceedingly finely coriaceous at the base.”

“2. Petiole wider than in the %, the Ist node truncate in front,

with the anterior margin straight, ending in an angle on each side;

the wings are hyaline, the stigma and nervures brownish-yellow.

¢. Testaceous. The head striate, the scutellum, epinotum, and

petiole very finely punctured and dull, the rest shining; mandibles

shining, 5-dentate; . . . in profile, the Ist segment of the petiole

forms a rounded rectangle, the 2nd is hardly wider than long, excluding

the articular portion.”

Capetown. (S.A.M. coll.)

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 311

Var. Braunst, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57. p. 119, 9, 1913.

Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. (Beiheft), p. 220, 1913.

“6. 35-4mm. Differs from the type by its larger eyes, longer

epinotal spines, and the hind margin of the head, which is more con-

cave. Otherwise like the type.”

Willowmore, Cape Prov. (Dr. H. Brauns); East London (ex

SeseMercolle (S.A Wl Ri Mes GAY ‘colls®)

It is misleading to compare this species with guineense, as its author

has done. This species and its var. Brawnsi, have a very different

facies. The total absence of wide and coarse reticulations on the head

and thorax (the latter dull), and the form of the pro- and mesonotum,

which in profile form only a very slight convexity, suffice to remove it

fairly far from guineense.

T. popovict, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Se. Nat., vol. 50, p. 230, 9, 1914.

&. 37mm. Rather dark yellowish-red, the 1st abdominal seg-

ment more brownish, legs yellow. Pilosity yellowish and very scanty,

the hairs on the petiole and abdomen obtuse. Legs without pilose

hairs, merely sparsely pubescent. Head longitudinally, rugoso-striate,

the striae not very strong ; the sides of the head are reticulate-rugose,

the spaces between the reticulations finely reticulate-punctate. Dorsum

of thorax finely and more or less longitudinally rugulose. Sides of

thorax longitudinally rugose, partly reticulate. Head and thorax

slightly shining. Nodes dull, shallowly and irregularly reticulate.

Abdomen smooth and shining.

Head a little wider behind than in front, a trifle longer than wide,

the sides and posterior margin nearly straight, the posterior angles

widely rounded. Eyes rather small, placed in the middle of the sides.

Clypeus very narrowly excised in the middle of the anterior margin,

longitudinally striate, the median carina feeble. Frontal carinae well

defined, divergent in front, nearly parallel along their posterior half,

extending back almost to the occipital margin, hardly forming a demi-

serobe. The scape falls short of the occipital margin by twice the

diameter of the eye; 2nd—7th joints of the flagellum wider than long.

Mandibles closely and longitudinally striate, armed with 7 teeth.

Thorax rather short, the shoulders of the pronotum rounded. Pro-

mesonotal suture absent, meso-epinotal suture shallow, the lateral

312 Annals of the South African Musewm.

profile slightly constricted between the meso- and epinotum. A fine

transverse ridge separates the pronotum from the mesonotum. From

the ridge forwards, the pronotum slopes downwards to the neck (not

vertically so, as described by Forel). Dorsum of the epinotum one

and a half times longer than wide, widest at the basal third, longer

than the declivity.. Epinotal spines acute, longer than their basal

width and a little longer than the space between their bases, slightly

divergent, directed very obliquely upwards. Declivity subvertical,

margined at the sides, the episternal teeth small and triangular.

Peduncle of the petiole a little shorter than its node. The latter

truncate in front, the anterior face shorter than the oblique posterior

face. The dorsal and posterior faces, taken together, longer than

wide, the anterior border above margined with a dark line. Second

node shorter than the Ist, nearly twice as wide as long, wider than the

lst, transversely oval. Femora only slightly swollen.

2. 52mm. (Hitherto undescribed.) Colour like that of the ¢,

buta little darker; tegulae, metanotum, and posterior margin of the

scutellum almost black. Sculpture of the head stronger than in the

9 ; the frontal carinae more pronounced, mesonotum and scutellum

shining, more so than in the 9, closely and finely longitudinally

striate. Epinotum rugulose above, and also partly reticulate-rugose at

the sides. ~ Epinotal spines much more robust than in the 9, acute,

about as long as their basal width. Nodes much shorter and wider

than inthe § ; the dorsal face of the Ist node more sharply delimited

from the oblique posterior face, and nearly three times wider than

long ; the 2nd node has the anterior face almost vertical and the sides

subangularin the middle. Deilated. Otherwise like the ¢.

Table Mountain, 1500 ft. Under stones in the Pine woods.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

T. GRANDINODE, Santschi.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 808, 9, 1918.

“6. 45 mm. Black; mandibles, antennae, tarsi, peduncle of

Ist node of the petiole, and the apex of the abdomen rusty red.

Middle of the femora brownish. Sometimes a part of the 2nd node

and the base of the abdomen very dark red. Shining. Strongly and

regularly striate, the intervals between the striae smooth, or here

and there, finely reticulate. Striae on the head longitudinal, those

above diverging from the occiput and anastomosing behind the eyes

with the striae from below. Transversely striate on the pronotum,

longitudinally so on the rest of the thorax, the striae forming con-

centric curves on the pronotum. Declivity of epimotum smooth, with

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 313

a few transverse striae between the spines. The two nodes trans-

versely striate above, smooth below. There are some long reddish

hairs round the mouth and below it, and on the coxae and the ventral

surface of the abdomen. ‘Tarsi and antennae furnished with shorter

hairs, which are fairly oblique and abundant. A very fine, short, and

very sparse pubescence present all over, but more distinct on the

abdomen. Head quadrate, angles rounded, sides nearly straight,

a little narrower in front, the vertex fairly gibbous. Frontal carinae

very divergent, reaching back as far as the middle of the head, and

forming only a short demiscrobe for the basal third of the scape.

Eyes one-fourth the length of the sides of the head, placed in the

middle, the margin angular below. Mandibles smooth, with a few

striae near their masticatory margin, feebly and sparsely punctate,

armed with 6 rather short teeth. Clypeus only slightly convex, the

anterior margin nearly straight. The scape extends back nearly to

the vertex, 2nd-8th joints of the flagellum nearly as long as wide.

Anterior portion of the pronotum flat, transversely margined, the

shoulders forming prominent and acute angles. The rest of the

pronotum forms an even convexity with the mesonotum (segment of

a sphere). Meso-epinotal suture feebly indicated. Dorsum of the epi-

notum horizontal in profile, convex transversely, not margined. Spines

stout, as long as two-thirds of the dorsum of the epinotum, fairly high

and divergent. Declivity concave, with a triangular tubercle in the

lower part, and a lamelliform expansion on each side of the articulation

with the petiole. First node squamiform, as wide as the middle of

the thorax, much wider than high, trapezoidal, the upper margin

narrower, the lateral margins compressed, oblique below ; the posterior

face convex, especially in its upper half, which appears horizontal in

profile ; the anterior face slightly concave from above to below, and

convex from side to side. The peduncle is as long as the scale is

high, and bears a very small tooth below at its base. Second node

wider than the Ist, lower, three and a half times wider than long,

convex above, the sides sharply marginate, trenchant, and arcuate,

transverse in front and slightly convex behind. Below it bears a

fairly thick and transverse appendage. Abdomen a little more than

one-quarter wider than the 2nd node, truncate at the base.”

Cape of Good Hope.

Var. nopensis, Forel. (Plate VII, figs. 103, 103a, 103d.)

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 228, 3, 9, 1914.

“. 49 mm. Differs from the type of the species by the

314 Annals of the South African Museum.

2nd node of the petiole, which is narrower and lacks the flattened

and translucid upturned edge at the sides. The spines are also a

little shorter.” Abdomen smooth and shining, and in some examples

also very faintly rugulose over the Ist, segment.

?. 6mm. Somewhat lighter than the ¢, more reddish-brown,

especially the thorax, nodes, and legs. Pronotal angle only just

visible from above, prominent but not acutely angular as in the 9.

The mesonotum is longitudinally striate, the scutellum and epinotum

transversely striate, the striae on the former more or less concentric.

The head is as wide as the thorax, not considerably wider as in the

case of the 9. The Ist segment of the petiole differs from that of

the © in not having a dorsal face. It is very compressed from front

to back, almost laminate throughout, so that the posterior surface

forms one continuous and oblique face, from the dorsal edge above to

the ventral edge below. The 2nd node, four times wider than long,

as on the eontrary less rounded above, so that the anterior and

posterior faces meet above in a fairly acute angle ; the dorsal edge

formed by the junction of the two faces, is slightly sinuate, curving

forwards at the sides. Epinotal spines shorter and less acute than

in the §, and only very slightly divergent, very little longer than

their basal width, and hardly longer than half the interval between their

bases. Wings tinged with yellow, nervures and stigma pale yellow.

Hopetown, Orange River.

The description of the petiole in the type of the species is not very

clear, and requires amendment.

The 1st node is more or less squamiform, Lut much thicker above

than below, so that there is a distinct, but short, dorsal face. This

meets the almost vertical posterior face at right angles. The dorsal

face becomes narrower, i.e. thinner, laterally and is curved down-

wards and is continuous with the sides of the node or squame. The

sides end below in somewhat projecting and obtuse angles, which are

turned a little bit forwards. The 2nd node, which is fairly convex

transversely, has the .posterior third of its sides strongly flattened

dorso-ventrally (laminate), so as to form a trenchant edge at its

lateral margins.

(S.A.M., G.A. colls.)

T. SQUAMINODE, Santschi, Race po, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 79, p. 356, 1910.

(Race) Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 224, 9, 2, ¢, 1914.

0. 3-82mm. Light reddish-brown, the mandibles and antennae

paler ; nodes dark brown, abdomen black, legs pale yellow. Pulosity

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 315

scanty, composed of pale, erect, and thick hairs, absent from the legs

and antennae, which have only a short, decumbent and yellowish

pubescence. Body without pubescence.

Head longitudinally and strongly rugose between the frontal

earinae, the rugae connected by a few transverse branches, the sides

of the head more distinctly reticulate, the spaces between the rugae

fairly smooth and shining; scrobes finely reticulate-punctate. Clypeus

tricarinate, the median carina the strongest. Thorax very coarsely

reticulate-rugose, the meshes wide, and the spaces between the

reticulations shining. The sides of the pronotum smooth and

shining, the sides of the meso- and epinotum more or less longi-

tudinally rugose, but finer than on the dorsum. Between the

epinotal spines there are a few transverse striae; the declivity,

nodes, and abdomen smooth and shining. Head hardly longer than

wide, a little narrower in front than behind, the posterior margin

straight, the sides almost so, the posterior angles moderately rounded.

Eyes moderately convex and large, placed in the middle of the sides.

Frontal carimae prolonged back almost to the occipital margin, and

forming below distinct demiscrobes for the scapes. The latter as

long as the demiscrobes, the 2nd—8th joints of the flagellum much

wider than long. Mandibles shining, sparsely and finely punctured,

6-dentate, the posterior 4 teeth small and indistinct. Thorax mar-

ginate, moderately constricted between the pro- and mesonotum,

strongly so between the meso- and epinotum. Pro-mesonotal suture

nearly obsolete above, meso-epinotal broad and shallow. Shoulders

of pronotum subangular. Pronotum nearly as wide behind as in

front, sloping fairly steeply downwards. Dorsum of epinotum about

as long as wide, widened angularly near the base; epinotal teeth

divergent, directed obliquely upwards, acute, as long as, or a little

longer than, the interval between their bases; the declivity vertical,

the episternal teeth small, acute, ‘and triangular. First node of

petiole squamiform, inclined slightly forwards, the lateral and dorsal

edges trenchant, the anterior face convex transversely, the posterior

face feebly convex. ‘The peduncle is nearly as long as the node.

‘Second node twice as wide as long, wider than the Ist, the anterior

and posterior faces steep and convex transversely, and meeting

angularly at the sides. Abdomen smooth and shining, convex, the

Ist segment forming almost the whole ofthe dorsum. All the femora

moderately swollen.

2. 36mm. Like the $,but the thorax somewhat paler, more

reddish. Mesonotum and scutellum fairly closely and longitudinally

striate. Pronotum exposed above only at the shoulders. Dorsum of

316 Annals of the South African Museum.

epinotum wider than long, sloping steeply downwards to the declivity.

Epinotal teeth horizontal. The dorsal edge of the Ist node is very

shallowly concave. The 2nd node less angular at the sides than in

the 9. Wings tinged with yellow. Otherwise like the 9.

do. 35mm. Dark brown, the head black, the petiole paler, the

legs, antennae and mandibles pale yellow. Head dull, very closely and

finely reticulate-punctate, with a few striae radiating outwards from

the ocellar region. The sides of the thorax and epinotum finely and

longitudinally striate and also reticulate-punctate, nitidulous, the rest

of the body smooth and shining. Head much wider in front than

behind, the posterior margin and sides convex. Scapes hardly reaching

back as far as the anterior ocellus. Mandibles small, with 3 or 4

teeth. Dorsum of epimotum oblique, merging gradually into the

declivity, and twice as long as the latter. First node of petiole not

squamiform, about as wide as thick, seen from the side subcuneiform,

hardly wider than high. Second node wider than the first, widest in

front, one and a half times wider than long, the anterior margin

moderately convex.

Bulawayo, nesting in sandy soil.

This differs from the type species, which has not yet been recorded

from our region, by the wider 2nd node, the more abruptly convex

pronotum, and the coarser sculpture.

(S.A M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Var. FLAVICEPS, 0. Vv.

®. 28 mm. Head, thorax, and nodes yellow, the head also

slightly brownish, abdomen dark brown, legs pale yellow. Apart from

the smaller size and the colour, this variety differs from the type

of the species as follows.

The lateral constriction of the thorax between the pro- and meso-

notum is much less, almost obsolete. The 2nd node of the petiole

has the sides straight, it is more rounded above, the anterior and

posterior faces nieeting much less angularly than in the type. The

sculpture is also weaker, especially on the head, which is longitudi-

nally striate rather than rugose. The pilosity is also more abundant

on the abdomen. Otherwise like the type of the species.

Matopo Hills, 8. Rhodesia, (S.A.M., R.M.,G.A. colls.), type in my

collection.

Var. MUS, 0. Vv.

%. 28mm _ Very similar to var. flaviceps, but differig from it in

the darker colour of the head and thorax, which is brownish-yellow,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 317

and in the sculpture. This is much weaker, and the striation of the

head between the frontal carinae is sparser; the spaces between the

striae on the head and thorax are very finely reticulate and duller than

in the type species or flaviceps. 'The 1st node of the petiole is a little

thicker, and the dorsal face of the 2nd node much more convex length-

wise. . The pilosity is shorter and scantier, especially on the abdomen,

which is microscopically alutaceous.

Hillside, Bulawayo; forming fairly populous nests in the ground,

and occasionally in the mounds of Platythyrea lamellosa-rhodesiana.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.), type in my collection.

T. Trrus, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 427, 9, 1910.

«%. 3mm. Mandibles smooth, shining, finely and very sparsely

punctured, with two teeth in front, and a denticulate margin behind.

Clypeus not carinate, the anterior margin narrowly excised in the

middle, behind which is an impressed line. Head quadrate, slightly

narrowed in front, as wide as long, hardly concave behind. Eyes

placed in the middle of the sides. The frontal carinae and the scapes

extend back as far as the posterior Sth of the head. The scape les in

a demiscrobe which is decidedly shallow, entirely smooth, and not

delimited externally except by the sculpture. The club of the antenna

is about as long as the rest of the flagellum, of which the 2nd—8th

joints are wider than long. Pro-mesonotum without a suture, convex

in all directions, feebly marginate, but fairly clearly marginate in front

and laterally; seen from above, it is shaped like a trapeze, narrowed

behind, shehtly longer than it is wide in front. Meso-epinotal suture

deep. Dorsum of epinotum strongly convex in its anterior half, distinctly

longer. than wide, excavated between and in front of the spines, margi-

nate at the sides. Declivity marginate by a downward extension of

the edge of the spines. The latter wide at the base, pointed, as long

as the interval between them. Episternal teeth small and triangular.

The Ist node forms a thick scale, biconvex and narrow, hardly thicker,

but much narrower, than that of 7. (Xiphomyrmex) Wertzaeckeri, with

asmall and obtuse summit; the peduncle as long as the base of the

scale. Second node transversely oval, nearly twice as wide as the Ist.

Head longitudinally striato-rugose, shining, reticulate-rugose at the

sides. Clypeus and thorax very shining, with a feeble and not very

close, longitudinal striation. Dorsum of the pro-mesonotum partly

smooth. The rest of the body smooth and shining, Pilosity fine,

yellowish, pointed, fairly short, sparse on the body and absent from

318 Annals of the South African Museum.

the tibiae and scapes. Pubescence very sparse, more apparent on the

legs and antennae. Brownish rusty red; head and abdomen brown.

“Natal (Wroughton).”’

T. suscozcum, Forel, var. rnscr1a, Forel.

Rev. d’Ent., vol. 26, p. 185, 9, 1908.

(Variety) Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr., Beiheft, p. 218, 9. 1913.

_ %. 3mm. Ochreous, the head slightly reddish-yellow, the thorax

dirty yellow, the legs pale yellow. The whole body shining, except the

sides of the head and thorax which are somewhat dull. Head faintly

and sparsely longitudinally striate above, more strongly and more

densely at the sides. Thorax very finely and faintly striate at the

sides and in front of the pronotum, almost smooth elsewhere. Nodes

aud abdomen smooth. Pilosity yellow, moderately long, sparse and

obtuse, absent from the scapes and legs, which have only a very fine

decumbent pubescence.

Head, excluding the mandibles, barely longer than wide, widest

across the eyes, and wider in front of them than behind; the sides

fairly convex, the posterior angles slightly rounded, the posterior

margin feebly concave in the middle. Eyes very small, composed of a

single facet, placed in the middle of the sides. Clypeus with a feeble

median carina which does not reach the anterior margin; the latter

narrowly emarginate in the middle. Mandibles shining, sparsely

punctured, feebly striate near the apex, armed with 6 very obtuse

teeth. Frontal carinae short, strongly divergent behind. The frontal

sulcus narrow, extending back almost to the occiput. The scapes are

curved near the base, and reach back as far as the posterior sixth of

the head; 2nd-8th joints of the flagellum wider than long. Pro-

mesonotal suture obsolete, meso-epinotal, shallow. Thorax marginate

at the sides and in front, strongly narrowed towards the meso-epinotal

suture. The pro-mesonotum is as long as it is wide in front, and

nearly three times wider in front than at the meso-epinotal suture.

Dorsum of epmotum almost twice-as long as wide, longer than the

declivity. Hpinotal spines acute, not much longer than they are wide

at the base, shorter than the interval between them, moderately

divergent and oblique. Episternal teeth hardly shorter than the

epinotal. Peduncle of the petiole as long asits node. The latter is

as loug as wide, narrower in front than behind. Seen from the side,

it has a dorsal face which is feebly convex lengthwise, and a vertical

anterior face which is shorter than the subvertical posterior face.

Second node nearly one-third wider than long, its anterior margin

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 319

very convex, subglobose, wider than the Ist node. Abdomen truncate

at the base, the lateral angles rounded.

Bulawayo: Matopo Hills, S.R. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. coll.)

T. TRAEGAORDHI, Santschi.

Goteborgs Kungl. Vetens. och Vitterh, Handl. XV, 2, p. 23, 9, 9,

1914.

OS. 2°5-2:7 mm. Pale yellow. Very similar to var. inscia of

subcoecum, and differing from it chiefly in the following characters :

The pilosity is longer, more abundant, and not obtuse. The

sculpture of the head is finer and almost effaced above ; the sides

of the thorax are dull, closely and very finely reticulate-punctate, not

striate, as in inscia. Mandibles distinctly striate, with about 7 teeth.

The thoracic sutures obsolete. The pronotum is much less convex

lengthwise in front, and its lateral margins are not so convex. The

thorax is also less narrowed than in inscia, and the lateral margins

of the mesonotum are straight, or even slightly concave, whereas in

inscia they are distinctly convex. The dorsum of the epinotum is

wider and flatter, and the epinotal teeth are triangular and longer

than the episternal; the latter are merely rounded lobes, not distinct

and pointed teeth as in inscia. The peduncle of the petiole is very

closely and finely punctured (smooth in inscia), and the node, seen

from above, is not subconical in front, but convex, or with a slight

suggestion of an anterior and two lateral margins. The 2nd node is

wider than the Ist and, seen from above, hemispherical in outline.

“0. 33 mm. Ocelli and mandibular margin brownish-black.

Head duller than in the G. Eyes as large as one-quarter of the

sides of the head. Mesonotum and scutellum very polished and

shining. First node higher than in the 9. Wings hyaline, with the

nervures pale yellow, the anterior wing 4 mm. long. Stamford Hill,

Natal (Traegaordh).”

(G.A. coll.)

T. SEMIRETICULATUM, N. sp.

©. 22-24 mm. Castaneous or reddish-brown ; the anterior third

of the head, the basal third of the 1st abdominal segment, and the

whole of the remaining segments somewhat paler, antennae, mandibles,

and legs yellowish-brown. Pilosity sparse, composed of short, oblique

thin, and pointed yellowish hairs. Pubescence very fine and short,

present only on the legs and antennae. The whole body dull, except

320 Annals of the South African Musewm.

the 2nd and following abdominal segments, which are feebly shining.

The body and the femora very closely and finely reticulate-punctate,

almost granular. The reticulations are closer and finer on the

abdomen and nodes, more open and coarser, but still very fine, on

the sides of the thorax. In addition to this fundamental sculpture,

the head has a few fine longitudinal striae in the middle, which do

not reach quite as far as the occiput behind, but extend over the

clypeus in front. The sides of the head, below and in front of the

eyes, are also finely and widely reticulate-rugose. The anterior halt

of the pro-mesonotum has a very distinct and wide reticulation

superimposed.

Head, excluding the mandibles, slightly longer than wide, the sides

almost straight or very feebly convex, the hind margin straight.

Scrobes absent. Eyes rather small, distinctly angulated in front

below, placed in the middle of the sides. Frontal carimae short,

divergent, not reaching the middle of the head. Clypeus with a

feeble median carina, the anterior margin angularly excised in the

middle. The scapes extend back as far as the posterior sixth of the

head, 2nd—8th joints of the flagellum wider than long, the club not

thick. Mandibles dull, very finely and closely striate, armed with

3 teeth in front and 4 very small ones behind. Thorax in front not

quite as wide as the head, the sutures obsolete, not much constricted

between the meso- and epinotum. Shoulders of the pronotum fairly

prominent, but rounded. 'The thorax in profile is feebly convex above,

with the anterior portion of the pronotum vertical. The meso- and

epinotum feebly marginate at the sides. The dorsum of the epinotum

is twice as long as it 1s wide at the base, where it is widest, and twice

as long as the oblique declivity. The epinotal teeth are very small,

shorter than their basal width, hardly as long as the episternal teeth,

but more pointed. The Ist joint of the petiole resembles very closely

that of subcoecum, var. inscia, but the peduncle is broader. The 2nd

node is semicircular, wider behind than in front, and wider than

the Ist. Both nodes have traces of fine rugae on the dorsal surface.

Legs entirely dull, femora not much swollen.

gd. 28mm. Brownish-black; tarsi, flagellum, and apical half of

the abdomen brownish-yellow; mandibles yellow, scapes, tibiae, and

femora yellowish-brown. Pilosity and pubescence as in the 9, the

pilosity almost entirely absent from the head. Head, thorax, nodes,

and basal third of the 1st abdominal segment very closely and finely

reticulate-punctate and dull, the sculpture on the head very fine.

The declivity of the epimotum marginate at the sides, and with some

wider reticulations superimposed. ‘he apical two-thirds of the 1st

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 321

and the whole of the remaining segments of the abdomen smooth and

shining. Head subquadrate, widest across the eyes, wider than long

(excluding the mandibles), the sides convex, the posterior margin

straight, the posterior angles narrowly rounded. The eyes occupy the

anterior two-fifths of the head, not touching the base of the mandibles.

The latter very finely striate and dull, with 6 or 7 minute teeth.

Scapes long, as long as the Ist and 2nd joints of the flagellum taken

together, extending back as far as the posterior ocelli. The latter.

small, not raised. Clypeus reticulate-punctate ; frontal area distinct,

frontal sulcus very shallow, shining, and extending back to the

anterior ocellus. Mesonotum twice as wide as long, and twice as long

as the scutellum. The parapsidal sutures and a median longitudinal

line between the Mayrian furrows smooth and shining. In profile

the dorsum and declivity of the epimotum form a continuous and

steep curve. Peduncle of the petiole thicker than in the 9, the node

thicker and shorter. The 2nd node like that of the 9, but wider

and more narrowed in front. Wings tinged with dirty yellow, nervures

and stigma very pale yellow.

A very distinct species, easily recognised by the sculpture. It is

found only in the mounds of Platythyrea lamellosa-rhodesiana, usually

making its nest near the top and sides of the mound, or about 2 or

3 in. down below the entrance. Its association with Platythyrea is

probably an instance of what Wheeler has termed ‘“‘ xenobiosis.” It

may be found in about 50 per cent. of the mounds of Platythyrea

in the Hillside district of Bulawayo, but I have never found it

elsewhere.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.) ; types in my collection.

T. toneot, Forel.

Bull. Soe. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 344, 9, 1914.

®. 25-38 mm. Varying from brownish-yellow to dark yellowish

red-brown, the lst abdominal segment brown, except at the extreme

base; the posterior half of the head generally a little darker. Pubes-

cence almost entirely absent. ‘he pilosity is fairly abundant, and

consists of short, thick, obtuse, and yellowish hairs, which are erect on

the body, oblique on the legs and scapes. Head and thorax fairly dull,

abdomen smooth and shining. Head strongly and longitudinally

rugose, with strong transverse anastomoses between the rugae, the

sides of the head more reticulate-rugose. ‘Thorax reticulate-rugose,

the reticulations becoming gradually finer and closer posteriorly ; 1st

322 Annals of the South African Museum.

node of petiole more finely reticulate than the epinotum, the 2nd node

rugulose.

Head rectangular, excluding the mandibles, very little longer than

wide, a little wider behind than in front,.the posterior angles rounded,

the posterior margin feebly concave in the middle. Eyes fairly large,

placed in the middle of the sides. Frontal carinae divergent,

extending back as far as the posterior fifth of the head, not forming a

scrobe, although there is a slight depression below them along their

basal half. Scapes extending as far back as the frontal carinae ;

2nd—7th joints of the flagellum wider than long. Mandibles strongly

striate, 5-dentate. Clypeus rugose, with a strong median carina, the

anterior margin straight. Pronotum fairly convex lengthwise, the

shoulders subangular. Thorax not greatly narrowed posteriorly, and

not noticeably constricted between the meso- and epinotum. Pro-

mesonotal suture obsolete, the meso-epinotal indicated by a shallow

impression. Dorsum of the epinotum longer than wide, the spines

acute, slightly divergent, and as long as the interval between their

bases ; episternal teeth shorter thau the epinotal. The declivity is

shorter than the dorsum of the epinotum, vertical, marginate at the

sides. First node of petiole cuboid, a little wider than long, longer

than its peduncle, vertically truncate in front, nearly so behind, wider

behind than in front. Second node transversely oval, half as wide

again as the Ist, abdomen subtruncate at the base. Femora swollen.

George, Cape Prov. (Dr. H. Brauns.) (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

T. INTEXTUM, Santschi, var. CATARACTAE, Santschi.

Voyage d’Allaud et Jeannel, p. 104, 5, 1914.

(Variety) Ann. Soc. Ent., France, vol. 84. p. 506, 9, 1916.

®. 25 mm. Rusty red, the head a little paler, the nodes and

abdomen darker or reddish-brown. Legs and antennae brownish-

yellow. Head, thorax, and nodes subopaque, abdomen smooth and

shining. Pilosity very sparse on the head, thorax, and nodes, more

abundant on the abdomen, composed of short, thick, blunt, and

yellowish hairs. Legs and antennae finely pubescent. Clypeus and

the head, between the frontal carinae, finely and longitudinally striate,

with a few feeble transverse anastomoses, the spaces between the striae

feebly shining. Sides of the head reticulate-rugose, the floor of the

demiscrobes only finely reticulate. Dorsum of thorax and nodes

closely rugose or rugulose, the sculpture emphasised longitudinally.

‘The sides of the thorax, the epinotum except at the base, and the

peduncle of the petiole finely reticulate-punctate.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 323

Head a little longer than wide, the sides more convex behind the

eyes than in front of them, hardly narrower in front than behind, the

posterior margin shallowly concave. Eyes fairly large, placed in

the middle of the sides. Frontal carinae divergent, extending back as

far as the occiput, and forming the upper margin of shallow, but

fairly distinct demiscrobes. Scapes not reaching the occipital margin

by as much as their own width; 2nd—7th joints of the flagellum wider

than long, the 8th as long as wide. Clypeus carinate in the middle.

Mandibles closely and very finely striate, with 3 distinct teeth in

front, and 4 feeble teeth behind. Thorax moderately constricted

between the meso- and epinotum, very slightly so between the pro-

and mesonotum. Pro-mesonotal suture obsolete, meso-epinotal wide

but shallow. Pronotum sloping fairly steeply downwards in front, the

shoulders rounded. Thorax submarginate, narrower than the head.

Dorsum of epinotum widest at the base, about one and a third times

longer than wide, not much longer than the declivity ; epinotal teeth

wider at the base than long, somewhat obtuse. Episternal teeth

triangular, a little longer than the epimotal. Peduncle of petiole very

wide and nearly as long as its node; the latter, seen from above, wider

than long, transversely oval, narrower in front than behind, indistinctly

hexagonal in outline; seen in profile, the anterior face vertical, the

posterior face oblique and merging gradually into the dorsal face.

Second node transversely oval, one-third wider than long and wider

than the Ist, convex above, transversely and lenethwise. Femora only

shghtly swollen.

: Victoria Falls. (R.M., G.A. colls.)

T. pusintum, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent., France, vol. 63, p. 38, 9, 1895.

“6. 17mm. Ferruginous-testaceous, head dark, abdomen piceous ;

pilose hairs subclavate, scanty, legs with a shorter pubescence.

“Head subrectangular, frontal carinae subparallel and extending

back almost to the posterior margin; closely punctured, the cheeks

anteriorly and the frons very finely and longitudinally striate ;

mandibles shining, punctate ; thorax hardly marginate, longitudinally

rugoso-reticulate, epinotum obtusely bidentate, peduncle of petiole

punctate, the node angular above, barely longer than thick, 2nd node

subglobose, the abdomen shining.

“Oo. 25 mm. Piceous, mandibles, antennae, legs, and apex of

abdomen testaceous ; head and peduncle of petiole sculptured as in

the 9, mesonotum and scutellum longitudinally striate, the epinotum

B24 Annals of the South African Museum.

acutely bidentate; the petiole more robust, the 2nd node transversely

ovate.

“Capetown (Simon).”

Var. MOSSAMEDENSIS, Forel.

Warburg Kunene-Zambesi Exped. (H. Baum), p. 560, 9, 1905.

%. 22mm. Reddish-brown, the petiole a little paler, the abdo-

men dark brown, legs, antennae, and mandibles brownish-yellow.

Head, thorax, and nodes very slightly shining, abdomen smooth and

very shining. Pilosity scanty, composed of whitish and rather blunt

hairs, oblique on the abdomen, erect elsewhere. Legs and antennae

pubescent only, the pubescence very short and sparse.

Head longitudinally striate between the frontal carinae, reticulate

at the sides, the reticulations becoming finer and smaller towards the

posterior angles and the frontal carmae. Thorax, epinotum, and

nodes finely reticulate-punctate. On the pro-mesonotum a coarser

reticulation is superimposed, almost rugose; the sculpture of the

nodes is very feeble. Sides of pronotum closely reticulate-punctate,

the sides of the mesonotum more strongly so, with the meshes wider

than elsewhere. The peduncle of the petiole very finely reticulate or

alutaceous. Head quadrate, hardly longer than wide, the sides feebly

convex, the posterior angles narrowly rounded, the posterior margin

straight. Eyes placed a little in front of the middle of the sides,

moderately large. Frontal carinae very divergent, prolonged back as

thin lines to the posterior fourth of the head, no trace of scrobes.

Clypeus tricarinate, the median carina the strongest. Mandibles

6-dentate, sparsely punctured, very finely striate. Scapes not reaching

the hind margin of the head, Ist joint of flagellum nearly as long as

the four following joints taken together, 2nd-7th joints wider than

long. Thoracic sutures absent, but the meso- and epinotum are

separated by a shallow depression. Dorsum of thorax feebly margi-

nate at the sides, half as long again as wide in front, very slightly

constricted between the meso- and epinotum; shoulders of pronotum

subangular. Dorsum of epinotum horizontal on its basal half, the

apical half oblique, sloping towards the declivity, and twice as long as

the latter. Epinotal teeth small (but longer than the episternal), as

long as their basal width, directed slightly upwards, moderately

divergent. Declivity vertical, marginate at the sides, the episternal

teeth obtuse. Peduncle of petiole nearly as long as the node; the

latter has the anterior face vertical, higher than the posterior face,

which is convex and forms with the dorsal face a single convexity.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 325

Seen from above, the node is trapezoidal, wider behind than in front,

about one-third wider than long. Second node a little wider than the

Ist, distinctly wider than long ; the anterior margin seen from above,

is convex, narrower behind than in front. Abdomen ovate, slightly

truncate at the base, the basal angles widely rounded. Femora only

shghtly swollen.

Bulawayo, common in grassy soil. (S.A.M., R.M., G-.A. colls.)

Race LapismrrHENsts, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 117, $, 9, 1913.

&. 22-24 mm. Brown; the head and abdomen dark brown,

egs, antennae, and mandibles ochreous. Closely allied to mossame-

densis, but smaller and more slender, and differing from it in the

following characters :

The sculpture is finer and closer ; on the thorax the larger reticula-

tions are almost absent, the pronotum smooth and shining, or only

reticulate-punctate at its margins. The frontal carinae are more

distinct and form shallow demiscrobes, the floor of which is slightly

shining and less strongly reticulate than the rest of the head. The

pronotal shoulders are more rounded, and the profile of the dorsum

of the thorax is not depressed between the meso- and epinotum,

The epinotal teeth are much smaller, much shorter than their basal

width, being hardly more than wide angles, also shorter and smaller

than the episternal teeth. The thorax is not marginate above. The

dorsal surface of the Ist node is as long as wide (wider than long in

mossamedensis), submarginate in front, the anterior margin not. so

convex as in mossamedensis.

?. 33-3°5 mm. Very dark brown, almost black, the extreme

apices of the abdominal segments testaceous; legs, antennae, and

mandibles ochreous. Head narrower in front than behind and,

excluding the mandibles, one-fifth longer than wide. Mesonotum

and scutellum finely, closely, and longitudinally striate, sides of

thorax rugulose. Mesonotum rather flat, with the scutellum very

little higher than the dorsum of the epinotum. Epinotal teeth acute,

subvertical, a little longer than their basal width, longer and larger

than the episternal teeth. Second node relatively wider than in the

% , about twice as wide as long. Otherwise like the >.

Ladismith, Cape Prov. (Dr. H. Brauns.) (S.A.M., R.M., G.A.

colls.)

326 | Annals of the South African Museum.

Race TABLENSE, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Se. Nat., vol. 50, p. 228, 9, 9, g, 1914.

5. 2-22 mm. Colour as in var. mossamedensis. Similar to race

ladismithensis, but the head is a little less elongate, the thorax more

constricted between the meso- and epinotum. ‘The epinotal teeth are

almost obsolete, being represented by two small ridges. The frontal

carinae are much shorter, without a trace of scrobes below them.

Otherwise like the race ladismithensis.

9. 26 mm. Blackish-brown. The mesonotum and scutellum

feebly and longitudinally striate; the dorsum of the declivity steep,

the epinotal teeth distinct, acute, triangular, not quite as long as their

basal width. Deilated. Otherwise like the ¢.

go. 27 mm. Black; legs, antennae, and mandibles dirty yellow.

Head subquadrate, widest in the middle, a little wider behind than

in front. Scapes extending back as far as the posterior ocelli. Hyes

large, convex, occupying the anterior third of the head, not touching

the base of the mandibles. Head dull, very finely and closely reticulate-

rugulose. Mesonotum and scutellum very faintly and longitudinally

striate or aciculate, shining. Epinotum reticulate-striate, dull; nodes

feebly reticulate and slightly shining. Abdomen smooth and shining.

Table Mountain, nesting under stones. This is one of the few

species which appear to be able to hold their own against the invading

Iridomyrmex humilis, and it is found at the lower levels of the

mountain where humilis has succeeded in driving out almost all

other kind of ants.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

T. SIMILLIMUM, Smith.

List of British Animals in B.M., Part 6, 9%, 1851.

Roger (Tetrogmus caldarius), Berlin Ent. Zeitschr., p. 12, 9, 1857.

Meinert (Myrmica caldaria), Naturv. Afh. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. V,

p. 3384, %, 1860.

©. 28mm. Head, thorax, and nodes brownish-ochreous, abdomen

brown, the apical half and sometimes the base paler; legs, antennae,

and mandibles ochreous. Very sparsely pilose, the hairs fairly

thick and blunt, erect on the head and thorax, oblique elsewhere.

Legs and antennae with a fine pubescence, rather sparse on the legs.

Abdomen and legs shining, the rest of the body dull. The funda-

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 327

mental sculpture of the head and thorax is a very fine reticulation,

Head longitudinally striate between the frontal carinae, the sides

below the carinae only reticulate in the upper half, more longitudinally

rugose in the lower half, and in front of the eyes more or less reticu-

late rugose. Thorax above fairly closely and finely rugose, more or

less longitudinally ; at the sides chiefly reticulate. Dorsum of epi-

notum reticulate only, the declivity smooth and shining. Nodes

coriaceous, with a few feeble and uneven rugae. Abdomen smooth,

without striae at the base. Head a little longer than wide, slightly

narrowed in front of the eyes, the sides feebly convex, the posterior

angles rounded, the posterior margin straight or at the most only

feebly concave. Eyes of medium size, placed in the middle of the

sides of the head. Clypeus with a thin median carina and a thinner

stria on each side cf it. Mandibles slightly shining, aciculate, very

sparsely and faintly punctured. Frontal carinae produced backwards

as fine lines almost as far as the occipital margin ; the scapes extend

back equally far. No trace of scrobes. Pro-mesonotal suture

obsolete, the meso-epinotal very shallow, indistinct. Dorsum of

epinotum nearly twice as lone as wide; the epinotal teeth small,

forming merely triangular prominences of the ends of the raised

margins of the declivity ; episternal lobes rounded, larger than the

epinotal teeth. Declivity subvertical. First node, seen from the

side, as long as its peduncle, the anterior face vertical, the posterior

and dorsal faces forming a single convexity. Seen from above, it is

barely wider than long. Second node subglobose, a little wider than

long and wider than the lst. Femora moderately swollen.

@. 38mm. Similar to the % in greater part, the colour a little

darker, the tegulae, metanotum, and a patch behind each ocellus dark

brown, Pronotum widely reticulate-rugose, mesonotum and scutellum

longitudinally striate, epinotum reticulate-punctate and feebly striate.

Nodes rugulose, also very sparsely striate longitudinally. Moderately

shining. Head more parallel-sided than in the §, longer than wide.

Pronotum exposed above at the shoulders. Mesonotum and scutellum

horizontal and flat, except the anterior third of the former, which is

moderately convex. Epinotal teeth a little larger than in the 6.

(Deialated. )

¢. 33 mm. Ochreous; the abdomen and ocellar area slightly

fuscous. Head, scutellum, and epinotum slightly dull, the rest of the

body shining. Head feebly and longitudinally striate, more or less

reticulate on the cheeks in front of the eyes. Frontal carinae extend

back as far as the level of the anterior ocelli. Head longer than

wide, widest across the middle, a little narrower behind than in front,

328 Annals of the South African Museum.

The eyes occupy nearly half of the sides, placed in front of the middle

of the head. Mayrian furrows well defined, mesonotum smooth and

shining ; scutellum and epinotum faintly rugulose. The dorsum and

declivity of the epinotum form a single plane, sloping steeply from

base to apex. Both nodes smooth and shining. First node, seen

from above, more or less lenticular, two-thirds wider than long, as

long as its peduncle, the middle of the sides angular. Second node

a little wider than long, and a little wider than the Ist. The Ist

node is more, and the 2nd node less convex from back to front than

in the 9. Wings pale fuscous, the nervures yellowish.

Durban. A widely distributed species which has been carried

through commerce to many parts of both hemispheres. It is fre-

quently found in hothouses in temperate countries. (S.A.M., R.M.,

G.A. colls.)

Var. Powerit, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Se. Nat., vol. 50, p. 225, 9, 1914.

&. 22-26 mm. Yellowish-red, antennae, legs, and mandibles

reddish-yellow, Ist abdominal segment more or less brownish, the

remaining segments yellow. ‘The demiscrobes are practically obso-

lete, their position being indicated only by a smoother area, devoid of

sculpture and not lower than the rest of the surface. The frontal

carinae are not prolonged backwards, their place being taken by 3 or

4 irregular and longitudinal striae on each side; the median area

between the striae almost smooth and distinctly shining. The head is

only feebly sculptured behind the eyes, fairly distinctly reticulate in

front of them, the floor of the meshes dull and finely rugulose. The

pro-mesonotum, except the lateral and anterior margins which are

finely rugulose, is smooth and shining; the epinotum and sides of the

thorax very finely reticulate-punctate and subopaque, the sculpture

finest on the sides of the pro-thorax. Nodes and abdomen smooth

and shining. The clypeus is prominently carinate in the middle.

Mandibies shining, very sparsely and shallowly punctured, 6-dentate.

The pubescence of the legs and scapes is noticeably long and abundant.

The scape falls short of the occipital margin by a distance equal

to the length of the eye. Thorax feebly marginate above. Epinotal

teeth acute, very small, distinctly shorter than the episternal lobes.

The nodes of the petiole very convex above transversely, much less so

longitudinally.

Kimberley (Brother Power). (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 329

Var. SHILOHENS!IS, Forel.

Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr., Beiheft, p. 218, 9, 1913.

OS. 23-25 mm. Bright yellow, with the reticulations and the

flagellum somewhat reddish-yellow. The larger forms, found in a

different locality, are darker than the smaller ones, but otherwise

similar. The pilosity is fairly abundant, and is composed of pointed,

yellow hairs, erect on the body, oblique and shorter on the legs and

antennae, which are also sparsely pubescent. Head, thorax, and nodes

feebly shining. Head, between the frontal carinae, dorsum of thorax,

and sides of pro-thorax, rather strongly and longitudinally rugose, also

partly reticulate. Sides of head reticulate, the rugae emphasised

longitudinally, the floor of the meshes finely reticulate. Distinct

demiscrobes present. Sides of meso- and epinotum duller, closely

rugulose. Nodes feebly rugulose. Declivity of epimotum and the

abdomen smooth and shining.

Head, excluding the mandibles, a little longer than wide, the sides

moderately convex, the posterior margin straight or feebly concave in

the middle. Eyes small, placed in the middle of the sides. Frontal

earinae prolonged back as far as the occipital margin, divergent along

their anterior third, nearly parallel behind, Scapes rather short,

barely reaching beyond the posterior third of the head. Clypeus tri-

carinate. Dorsum of thorax distinctly marginate in front and at the

sides. Pro-mesonotal suture obsolete above, the meso-epinotal indi-

cated by a shallow groove. The thorax is moderately constricted

between the pro- and mesonotum, more strongly so between the meso-

and epinotum. Dorsum of epinotum one and a half times longer than

the subvertical declivity. Epinotal teeth fairly large, acute, a trifle

longer than their basal width, and quite twice as long as the episternal

lobes; moderately divergent, directed very obliquely upwards. First

node of petiole as long as its-peduncle, vertically truncate in front,

convex lenethwise above and behind, a little longer than wide.

Second node one-third wider than the Ist, as wide as lone, widest

behind.

Bembesi, 8. Rhodesia (the smaller forms, 2°5 mm.), in the nest of

Platythyrea cribrinodis ; Shiloh, 8. Rhodesia, in the nest of Ophthal-

mopone Berthoudi. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Race IstpinacEenseE, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 225, G, 1914.

%. 3-3°3mm. Pale ochreous yellow, the nodes slightly brownish,

330 Annals of the South African Museum.

the lst abdominal segment, except the base, brownish-yellow. Mode-

rately shining, including the legs. Pilosity scanty, composed of very

thin, short, and pointed hairs, pale yellowish. Head sparsely and

longitudinally striato-rugose, more reticulate at the sides. Thorax

reticulate-rugose, the floor of the meshes finely and shallowly rugulose,

the sides of the thorax more closely but less sharply reticulate. Nodes

with a few feeble rugae. Abdomen moderately shining, very clearly

and evenly punctate, the punctures small.

Head, excluding the mandibles, one-sixth longer than wide, the sides

parallel, the hind margin shallowly concave, the posterior angles

narrowly rounded. Hyes very convex, prominent, and large, placed in

the middle of the sides. Frontal carinae prolonged back as far as the

posterior sixth of the head, moderately divergent. Faint traces of

demiscrobes present. Clypeus with a few longitudinal striae, hardly

carinate. Mandibles smooth and shining, very finely and sparsely

punctured, the masticatory margin long, armed with three distinct and

small teeth in front and four smaller ones behind, the teeth widely

separated. Thorax elongate, quite twice as long as wide in front, the

dorsum feebly marginate at the sides and in front, very slightly con-

stricted between the meso- and epinotum. 'Theepinotal teeth are very

minute, much shorter and smaller than the episternal, which are acute

and triangular. The peduncle of the 1st segment of the petiole is

almost as long as the node, and bears a small and sharp tooth below

near the base; the node is a little longer than wide, and seen from the

side, very convex from front to back. The 2nd node is one-third

wider than the Ist, and one-third wider than long, transversely oval,

narrower and lower in front than behind. Femora swollen in the

middle.

Isipingo, Natal (H. B. Marley). (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Race DELAGOENSE, Forel,

Mitth, Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 9, p. 80, 9, 2, ¢, 1894.

“OG. 22-25mm. Like simillimumi. sp., but the frontal carinae

are straight or only feebly divergent (not curving round again towards

each other posteriorly). Eyes nearer to the anterior than to the

posterior angles of the head. Thorax rather longer and narrower.

Epinotum with two elongate tubercles, barely dentiform. First node

of petiole less thick, abruptly truncate and highest in front, sloping

convexly backwards from the anterior margin. Both nodes shining,

with a very shallow sculpture; abdomen smooth. The club is shorter

than the rest of the flagellum (quite as long as the rest in simillimum

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. o3l

1, sp.). Sculpture and hairs as in the type species, even so the size of

the head in relation to that of the body, but a little more slender ; legs

somewhat stouter. Yellowish, thorax and head reddish-yellow, the

abdomen paler.

“O., 3-34 mm. Head much longer than wide (hardly so in the

type species). Thorax longer and lower, the epinotal teeth broad,

obtuse, and triangular. First node thinner than in the type species,

almost squamiform, thinner than in the. Dorsum of epinotum at,

least as long as the declivity. Sculpture, pilosity, and colour as in

the 9. Wings almost hyaline, with very pale nervures and stigma.

Thorax narrower than the head.

“@. 29mm. Dirty brownish-yellow. Epinotum with two feeble

tubercles ; the dorsum much longer than the declivity. Head and

epinotum reticulate-punctate, slightly shining. Abdomen, mesonotum,

and petiole shining and fairly smooth. Antennae 10-jointed, the 2nd

joint of the flagellum long. Otherwise like the ?.”

Delagoa (Dr. Liengme) ; Natal (Wroughton).

Race Botuasr, Forel.

Ann, Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 425, 9, 9, ¢, 1910.

“O. 2°3-2.5 mm. Larger than the type of the species and its race

delagoense. Differs from both by its more robust stature. The

dorsum of the epinotum is wide, only very little longer than wide; the

episternal and epinotal teeth stronger, more spinose. The Ist node is

distinctly wider than long, plainly truncate in front, with a well-

defined upper anterior margin. both nodes dull, reticulate-punctate,

sometimes striate. Head and thorax chiefly brownish; thorax

reddish-brown. ‘Tarsi, antennae, and mandibles reddish-yellow, the

club brown.

“oO. 3mm. Like the 9. First node nearly twice as wide as

long. }

“3. 3mm. Nodes a little wider. Otherwise like the type of the

species.”

Basutoland and Natal (Wroughton, Haviland).

T. cargspirum, Linn., race ScHuLtrzer, Forel.

Syst. Nat. Edition. 10a, p. 581, 9, 1758.

(Race) Schultze Reise Siid Afrika, vol. 4, p. 19, 9, 1910.

“O. 19-2 mm. Mandibles finely striate, fairly shining, with 6 or

7 teeth. Head distinctly, although not greatly flattened, quadrangular,

332 Annals of the South African Museum.

not wider than long, feebly concave behind. Eyes in the middle of

the sides of the head. Clypeus feebly carinate; the frontal carimae

short. The scape almost reaches the posterior margin of the head;

3rd—5th joints of the flagellum wider than long. No trace of a scrobe.

Thorax short; the profile of the dorsum hardly, or not at all inter-

rupted (more distinctly interrupted in the race depressum). Epi-

notum with very small teeth. First node almost cuboid, as in

caespitum, var. punicum, Smith. Clypeus, frons, cheeks, and thorax

finely and feebly longitudinally striate (sometimes indistinctly)

shining. ‘The rest of the body smooth. Puilosity and pubescence as in

the other races. Brown; legs and antennae brownish-yellow, abdomen

dark brown.

“ Kgokong-Kang, Kalahari (Schultze) in sand.

‘“‘ Near the race depressum, Forel, but much smaller, not so smooth

and without any emargination of the thorax, with a more cuboid Ist

node. Also closely allied to the var. punicwm, Smith, but still

smoother and with the head depressed. Differs from pusillum, Emery,

by the short frontal carinae.”

The type species has a wide distribution, occurring over the whole of

Kurope and the south shores of the Mediterranean.

T’. ERICAE, 0. sp.

®. 17mm. Pale ochreous yellow, the abdomen slightly brownish-

yellow ; the clypeus more reddish-yellow. Pilosity abundant, com-

posed of thin, whitish hairs, which are erect on the head, thorax and

nodes, oblique on the abdomen. Legs and antennae very sparsely

pubescent. Head, dorsum of thorax and the nodes nitidulous, finely

‘reticulate-rugose, the sculpture emphasised longitudinally on the head

between the frontal carinae, the sides of the head and thorax more

densely sculptured, almost rugulose. Abdomen smooth and shining,

and in some examples, with a golden reflection on the sides.

Head subquadrate, excluding the mandibles as long as wide, the

sides nearly parallel, the posterior margin straight, a little narrower

in front than behind. Eyes large, placed a little in front of the

middle, occupying about one-fifth of the sides of the head. Frontal

carinae divergent, extending back almost as far as the occiput, and

forming the upper boundary of the fairly deep and wide scrobes. The

latter are smooth and shining, divided into two parts over the basal

third, by a longitudinal ridge. Scapes as long as the scrobes; Ist

joint of flagellum as lone as the 2nd, 3rd and 4th taken together,

3rd—7th joints quite twice as wide as long, the club one and a half

times longer than the rest of the flagellum. Mandibles shining,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 339

sparsely punctured, the masticatory margin piceous, with 3 distinct

teeth in front, indistinctly denticulate behind. Clypeus feebly

carinate in the middle. Frontal area triangular, fairly well defined.

Thoracic sutures obsolete. Thorax narrower than the head, widest in

front, narrowing gradually behind towards the epinotal teeth, slightly

constricted between the meso- and epinotum, one and a half times

longer than wide in front, the shoulders of the pronotum rounded. In

profile, the thorax is moderately convex lengthwise, the dorsum of the

epinotum oblique and merging gradually into the declivity. Epinotal

spines acute, divergent, half as long as the interval between their

bases, hardly longer than their basal width, one-third longer than the

episternal teeth. Declivity marginate at the sides. Peduncle of the

petiole half as long as its node; the latter, seen from above, is sub-

elobose, nearly one-quarter wider than long. Seen in profile, it is

obliquely truncate in front, and the posterior-dorsal face is convex,

The 2nd node is transversely oval, twice as wide as long, one-quarter

wider than the Ist, convex transversely and longitudinally, as wide in

front as behind. Abdomen globose. Femora very shghtly swollen.

Hillside, Bulawayo, in sandy soil. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.), type

in my collection.

This species appears to me to be intermediate im structure between

Tetramorium s. str. and its subgenus Triglyphothrix. The absence of

branched hairs and the less transverse Ist node are the only points of

difference between it and the subgenus.

IT have much pleasure in associating this species with the name of

Mrs. Hepburn, whose unfailing hospitahty has given me the oppor-

tunity to collect many of the interesting species which are found at

Hillside, near Bulawayo.

Subgenus T'riagLypHoruRix, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. C.R., vol. 34, p. evi, 1890.

Characters.

©. Antennae 12-jointed, the club 3-jointed. Mandibles and

clypeus as in Tetramorium. Distinct antennal scrobes nearly always

present, divided by a longitudinal carina into two halves, for the

reception of the folded scape and flagellum. Thorax stout and short,

the thoracic sutures obsolete or nearly so. Epinotum armed, episternal

teeth also present, as in T'etramorium. First joint of petiole with a

short peduncle; both nodes, or at least the 2nd, much wider than

long. Hairs usually trifid, sometimes polyfid.

334 Annals of the South African Museum.

Q@. Similar to the 9 but larger ; forewing with one closed cubital

cell, the radial cell open.

g. Antennae 10-jointed; 2nd joint of flagellum very long, 3rd

joint short, shorter than the Ist. Mayrian furrows present. Nodes

of petiole not so wide as in the 9, the Ist joint subpedunculate.

This subgenus is distributed throughout the Ethiopian and Indo-

malayan regions. One species, 7’. striatidens, Hmery, has become

almost cosmopolitan, and is often found in hothouses in temperate

countries. The ants of this subgenus are rather timid insects,

-generally feigning death when touched. The nests are made in the

ground. One species, 7’. Arnoldi, Forel, is more frequently found in

the nests of other ants, apparently in plesiobiotic or cleptobiotic

association.

Key to the 9 © of Triglyphothriz.

(4) 1. Yellow or reddish-yellow species.

(3) 2. Thorax dull, very closely and finely punctured; hairs simple.

Arnoldi, Forel.

(2) 3. Thorax coarsely reticulate and shining between the reticulations.

auropunctatus, Forel, var. fusciventris, Forel.

(1) 4. Black or brownish species.

(6) 5. Epinotum with long spines, as long as the interval between their

bases i ; ; : , . Constanciae, Arnold.

(5) 6. Epinotum armed only with small teeth.

(8) 7. Second node of petiole at least two and a quarter times wider than

long . : : ; 3 : : Marleyi, Forel.

(7) 8. Second node of petiole not more than twice as wide as long.

(10) 9. Thorax irregularly reticulate, brownish; larger species, 3°3.mm.

Inezulae, Forel.

(9) 10. Thorax strongly and evenly reticulate, piceous; smaller species,

2°6 mm. : : ‘ j ‘ . Hepburni, Arnold.

Microps, Mayr, and Trimeni, Emery, are not known to me in nature,

and are not included in the above key. Judging by the descriptions

Hepburn appears to differ from Trimeni by its larger size and by the

Ist node of the petiole, which is clearly wider than long; microps is

apparently allied to awropunctatus, but has much smaller eyes.

T. aurRopunctatus, Forel.

Schultze, Reise Siid-Afrika, vol. 4, p. 20, 9, 9, 1910.

“«O. 21-2 mm. Mandibles strongly striated, punctured, with 3

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 335

distinct teeth in front, and 4 indistinct teeth behind. Clypeus cari-

nate, distinctly emarginate in the middle. Head quadrangular, as

wide behind as long, narrowed in front, nearly straight behind (hardly

feebly concave). Eyes decidedly small, consisting of 10-12 facets, but

yet larger than in microps. The scape, incrassate from the middle,

reaches the posterior fifth of the head; the 2nd—5th joints of the

flagellum are more than three times wider than long. The frontal

earinae form exteriorly a deep and wide scrobe for both scape and

flagellum, the scrobe bending round behind. Between the groove for

the scape and that for the flagellum, there is a raised and sharp

triangle, with its base forwards. The floor of the scrobe is shining

‘and finely reticulate. The eye hes close to the outer margin of the

groove for the flagellum, which is obsolete in front. Thorax very wide,

short, feebly convex, almost marginate above, with blunt anterior

angles. Pro-mesonotal suture absent. Meso-epinotal suture feeble, a

suggestion of a metanotum. Hpinotal teeth broad, triangular, fairly

short and acute; episternal teeth flat and obtuse. First node of

petiole with a very short peduncle, the node two and a half times

wider than long, almost vertically truncate in front and behind, the

upper surface almost flat or only feebly convex transversely, a little

declivous behind, the anterior margin feebly emarginate. Second

node nearly three times as wide as long, somewhat wider than, and

nearly as high as the Ist, with a straight or even slightly concave

anterior face, and a convex posterior face. Abdomen truncate in front:

Femora distinctly swollen in the middle. Head, thorax, and 1st joint

of the petiole coarsely and densely, longitudinally rugose, coarsely and

closely punctured between the rugae. Second joint of the petiole (the

Ist also partly) coarsely punctured. The rest smooth, merely very

finely and sparsely punctured. The whole body, femora and tibiae

closely covered with fairly short, yellow and polyfid hairs. Yellowish-

red, abdomen more brownish-yellow. The floor of the coarse punctures

appears golden in certain lights.

«o, 33mm. Like the 9. Mesonotum flat above, longitudinally

rugose, sharply and coarsely punctured. Nodes somewhat wider,

otherwise like the $. Darker yellowish-red ; a spot on the vertex, the

post-scutellum, a part of the mesonotum, and the abdomen brown.

Deilated. Pubescence and all else as in the ¢.

“ Natal, 2500 metres (Haviland).”

Var. BULAWAYENSIS, 0. v.

. ‘This differs from the above by the absence of the triangular

prominence between the two halves of the antennal scrobe, and by the

336 Annals of the South African Museum.

entire absence of the meso-epinotal suture. The floor of the punctures

without any golden reflection.

Bulawayo, living in the nests of Platythyrea cribrinodis, apparently

in plesiobiosis. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.), type in my collection.

Var. PALLENS, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 424, 9 , 1910.

“8. 2 mm. A little smaller than the type of the species.

Entirely pale yellow, with the same golden punctures. Epinotal spines

shorter, only a little longer than their basal width. Nodes of the

petiole less broad, the 2nd only twice as wide as long, the 1st one and

a half times wider than long.

“Natal (Haviland).”

Var. FUSCIVENTRIS, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 116, 9, 1913.

“6. 22-25 mm. A little smaller than the type of the species.

Epinotal spines distinctly shorter, subdentiform but acute, very little

longer than their basal width. The same golden punctures as in the

type. The sculpture a shade finer and more rugose. Nodes a little

wider. Of a darker yellow and more brownish colour than that of the

type. Abdomen brownish. Otherwise like the type species.”

The thorax is narrowed between the meso- and epimotum, but there

is no trace of the suture dorsally. The margins of the thorax and the

edges of the epinotal teeth are more darkly coloured. The basal third

of the abdominal segments paler than the remaining portions. Some

of the hairs are simple, the rest are shorter and trifid.

Bulawayo, like var. bulawayensis, also nesting in and near the

galleries of Platythyrea cribrinodis. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Var. RHODESIANA, Forel.

Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. Beiheft, p. 221, 2, 1913.

“OQ, 364mm. Darker than the type of the species, dark brown.

Frons, cheeks, mandibles, antennae, legs and transverse bands on the

posterior portion of the abdomen, yellowish-red. Head less emarginate

behind and more narrowed in front. The Ist node is more rounded

at the sides, and above all, the 2nd node is differently shaped, being

obtusely and conically pointed laterally, less flat above, forming more

of a rounded, transverse edge. Otherwise like the type.”

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 337

The colour is reddish-brown, that of the head lighter, especially on

the anterior third. The base of the Ist abdominal segment is evenly

and shallowly punctured.

Bembesi, S. Rhodesia. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

T. TRIMENI, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 40, 9, 1895.

“6. 17mm. Allied to 7. Walshi and lanuginosa (Indian species),

but differing in having the 2nd node of the petiole transverse, dis-

tinctly wider than the Ist; the lst abdominal segment has foveiform

punctures, and the epinotal spines are shorter.

“O. 32mm. Very like the 9; abdomen similarly sculptured,

2nd node of the petiole less transverse. Kimberley, 1 9, 2 9

(Simon).”

Also a variety of the 9; “less strongly sculptured, Ist abdominal

segment without foveiform punctures. Hamimans Kraal, | specimen.”

In addition to the above, the author remarks that in T'rimeni the

2nd node is distinctly wider than the Ist and strongly transverse, the

lst appears hardly wider than long.

T’. microps, Mayr.

Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 16, p. 25, ©, 9, 1901.

“6. 23-25 mm. Yellow, fairly dull, abdomen shining. The

whitish erect hairs on the upper surface of the body are not long, but

are fairly abundant. Mandibles longitudinally striate. The head is

coarsely reticulate-punctate, the frons and vertex chiefly coarsely

and longitudinally rugose, the clypeus with longitudinal striae and

a little median carina, somewhat impressed in the middle in front,

the anterior margin emarginate; the scrobe is shining and fairly

finely and irregularly rugose, with a few strong transverse striae

near the antennal socket. The eyes are very small, composed of from

6-9 facets. Seen in profile, the closely reticulate thorax has the

pronotum strongly curved backwards from below and in front; the

mesonotum is only slightly convex, the epinotum moderately so.

The latter bears two large, triangular, and equilateral teeth. The

dorsum of the epinotun merges gradually into the declivity.

The Ist node of the reticulate petiole is twice as wide as long, the

2nd node somewhat wider than the Ist, and fully twice as wideas long.

The abdomen is smooth, with scanty piligerous punctures.

“ O, 34-35 mm. More or less reddish-yellow, or also partly

338 Annals of the South African Museum.

brown ; the pubescence and sculpture as in the G@. Mesonotum and

scutellum longitudinally rugose. Otherwise like the type of the @.

The anterior wings fairly clear. Port Elizabeth. (Dr. H. Brauns).”’

T. Arnoxp1, Forel. (Plate VII, fig. 93.)

Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. Beiheft, p. 220, 9, 1913.

®. 22-3 mm. Ochreous or reddish-ochreous; antennae, and

sometimes also the abdomen, darker. Head, thorax, and petiole

dull, abdomen smooth and shining. Mandibles and clypeus slightly

shining. Head, thorax, and petiole very closely and finely reticulate-

punctate or granulate; in addition, the head above is finely and

longitudinally striate, the scrobes and the cheeks in front finely

punctate only. Legs slightly shining. Pubescence very short and

yellowish, fairly scanty all over; the erect pilose hairs are also short

and sparse. All the hairs simple.

Head as long as wide, slightly narrowed in front, the posterior

angles widely rounded, the posterior margin almost straight. Clypeus

feebly carinate in the middle, and with two or three longitudinal and

raised lines on each side of the carina; the anterior margin straight.

Frontal area small and indistinct. Mandibles finely striate, with

7 teeth, the 4 posterior ones indistinct. The frontal carinae diverge

behind the antennal sockets and are continued in a slight curve

almost to the posterior margin of the head, where they curve down-

wards and forwards below the eye. The scrobe so formed is distinct

but shallow, and is divided into two by a longitudinal raised line,

Eyes small, placed at about the middle of the sides. Scape of

antenna extends back almost to the posterior fourth of the head ;

2nd-—/th joints of the flagellum quite two and half times wider than —

long. Thorax short, not longer than the head, considerably narrowed

between the meso- and epinotum, feebly convex longitudinally, a little

more strongly so transversely, the anterior face abrupt, the shoulders

of the pronotum rounded. Thoracic sutures obsolete. Epinotum

marginate laterally, the dorsum one and a quarter times longer than

wide, the declivity oblique and shorter than the dorsum. Epinotal

teeth almost triangular, very little longer than wide at the base, slightly

divergent, merging in front and behind in the raised margins of the

epinotum. LEpisternal teeth small and blunt, smaller than the epi-

notal. First joint of petiole with the peduncle shorter than the

node; the latter one and a half times wider than long, convex behind

transversely, straight, or feebly concave in front, the dorsal surface

feebly convex transversely and sloping downwards and backwards.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 339

Second node wider than the Ist, twice as long as wide, not longer

than the Ist, a little narrower behind than in front.

?. 38 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Dark yellowish-brown, the

head somewhat reddish, the legs and antennae paler than the body, the

sides of the mesonotum in front dark brown. Pilosity and pubescence

asin the 9. Sculpture similar to that of the 9, but the punctura-

tion all over is a little stronger, and the longitudinal striae on the

head are sharper. ‘The base of the Ist abdominal segment is closely

and very finely punctured, rather dull. The eyes are large, occupying

about one-quarter of the sides of the head; there is a black spot

behind each of the three ocelli. Mesonotum rounded in front, flat

behind, the pro-mesonotal suture arcuate. The sides of the meso-

notum and scutellum sparsely striate. Dorsum of epinotum wider

than long, the declivity nearly vertical. The petiole is similar to that

of the %, but the nodes are shorter (thinner). Wings slightly

yellowish, the nervures dirty yellow.

The smaller sized 6 9, 2°2 mm., and the 9 were taken in an

independent nest under a stone; except in size, they do not appear

to differ from the larger form. The latter was taken in nests made

in the walls of the galleries of Platythyrea lamellosa-rhodesiana, and

also of Opthalmopone Berthoud

Shiloh and Bulawayo, 8S. Rhodesia. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

T. CONSTANCTIAE, n. sp. (Plate VII, figs. 94, 94a.)

%. 33-36 mm. Black; mandibles, antennae, and tarsi reddish-

yellow, femora and tibiae yellowish-brown in the middle, reddish-

yellow at their base and apex. Densely clothed all over, except on

the tarsi and flagellum, with fairly long, erect, and whitish hairs,

which are distinctly trifid, not hiding the sculpture. Abdomen and

legs shining, the rest of the body moderately shining between the

reticulations. Head strongly and longitudinally rugose, also some-

what reticulate, owing to the presence of feebler transverse anas-

tomoses. Thorax and Ist node of petiole strongly reticulate, the

meshes rather wide, especially on the epinotum ; 2nd node less strongly

and less distinctly reticulate. Abdomen smooth.

Head a little longer than wide, a little narrower in front than

behind, the posterior margin straight, the posterior angles strongly

rounded. Mandibles slightly shining, feebly striate and sparsely

punctured, armed with distinct teeth in front, indistinctly dentate

behind. Clypeus with a median carinula and 3 or 4 longitudinal

raised lines on each side of it, the anterior margin straight. Frontal

area obsolete, frontal sulcus replaced by a raised line. 'The frontal]

340 Annals of the South African Museum.

carinae sinuate, divergent, extending back to the posterior fifth of

the head. The scrobes are shining, with a few transverse striae; the

longitudinal ridge, which divides the scrobe into two parts for the

reception of the scape and flagellum. respectively, does not reach

the posterior end of the scrobe, the outer half of the scrobe not well

defined. yes large, prominent and very convex, their margins

angular below, placed in the middle of the sides of the head. The

scape extends to the posterior fifth of the head; Ist jomt of the

flagellum twice as long as wide, 2nd—7th joints wider than long.

Thorax only slightly constricted between the meso- and epinotum,

thoracic sutures entirely absent. The thorax is convex transversely in

front and above, and in profile, moderately convex in front. The

epinotal spines are very acute, directed upwards and outwards, rather

long, a little longer than the interval between their bases. The brow

of the declivity, between the spines, is transversely striate; the

declivity marginate at the sides, the raised margins continued into the

short and blunt episternal teeth. First joint of the petiole with

the peduncle half as long as the node. The latter, seen from above,

has the anterior margin almost semicircular, the posterior margin

moderately convex ; it is three-fifths wider than long. The 2nd node

is transversely oval, very convex from front to back, a little wider than

the Ist node, and twice as wide as long. Abdomen one-quarter longer

than wide, the sides not very convex.

Matopo Hills, 8. Rhodesia. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.), type in

my collection.

This species is allied to gabonensis, André, and mucidus, Forel

From the former it differs by its smaller size, colour, the shape of the

Ist node and the divided scrobes; from mucidus it differs by the

straight anterior margin of the clypeus, by the angulated lower

margin of the eye, by the deep scrobes, the shining head and thorax,

and by the hairs, which are all trifid, not divided into six or more

branches as in mucidus. Quite distinct from Hminii and Rothschildi,

Forel.

T. HEePBURNI, n. sp.

8. 23-23 mm. Colour as in Constanciae. Pilosity whitish,

trifid, less dense than in Constanciae, particularly on the head. Sculp-

ture of the head and thorax as in that species, but the reticulations a

little closer. The nodes of the petiole reticulate, the 2nd not less

strongly than the 1st. Abdomen shining, very sparsely but distinctly

punctured, the punctures on the basal fourth shallow and foveiform.

Head a little longer than wide, hardly narrowed in front, the hind

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 341

margin more convex than in Constanciae. The thorax is narrower

posteriorly than in that species, the width across the brow of the

declivity being a little less than half the width across the anterior

angles of the pronotum (much more than half in Constanciae).

Hpinotal teeth small and triangular, not longer than their basal width,

slightly divergent. The Ist node of the petiole, seen from above, is

transversely oval, one and a half times wider than long, the anterior

margin not more convex than the posterior, not semicircular as in

Constanciae. The 2nd node similar to that of Constanciae, transversely

elliptical, almost twice as wide as long, not quite one-fifth wider than

the 1st. Seen in profile, the pro-mesonotal portion of the thorax is

much less convex than in Constanciae. Otherwise like that species.

2. 36mm. Pronotum very short in front, more exposed at the

lateral angles. Mesonotum longitudinally rugose, slightly convex in

front, flat posteriorly. Scutellum moderately convex. The sculpture,

especially on the abdomen, is a little stronger than in the §. Wings

tinged with yellow, nervures and stigma pale brownish-yellow. Other-

wise like the ¢.

3g. 3mm. Black legs, antennae and mandibles dirty yellow,

femora brownish-yellow. Pilose hairs trifid, much less abundant but

longer than in the 9. Mesonotum very sparsely pilose. The hairs

on the head short, not branched. Head slightly shining, reticulate-

rugose. Mesonotum smooth and shining. Scutellunm: and nodes

slightly shining and feebly rugose. Epinotum unevenly reticulate-

rugose and dull. Abdomen smooth and shining. ;

Head subquadrate, about as long as wide, the posterior angles

widely rounded, the posterior margin convex, higher behind than in

front. Eyes large, occupying about one-third of the sides, placed a

little in front of the middle ; ocelli small. Scapes a little longer than

the 2nd joint of the flagellum. Mesonotum very convex in its anterior

half, somewhat flattened above posteriorly. Mesonotum and scutellum

much higher than the epinotum. The latter is unarmed, and its upper

surface forms a continuous and steep slope from base to apex, the

dorsum and declivity not differentiated. The Ist node, including its

articular portion behind, as long as wide, much narrower than in

the 9 ; 2nd node transversely oval, one-quarter wider than the Ist, half

as wide again as long. Wings as in the Q.

Hillside, Bulawayo; Matopo Hills, S. Rhodesia. (S.A.M., R.M. |

G.A. colls.), types in my collection.

This species, like the foregoing, has been found by me only on the

granite and syenite formations. The Hillside locality, near Bulawayo:

is a syenite area, which rises like a small island out of the surrounding

34.2 Annals of the South African Museum.

schists. This area harbours not a few species, which, as far as my ex-

perience goes, are never to be found on the schist formation. Such are

the two species just described, and also Camponotus mystaceus, Emery,

Acantholepis longinoda, n. sp., Meranoplus spininodis, n. sp., etc.

T. Marueyti, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud, Se. Nat., vol. 50, p. 221, 9, 1914.

%. 25-3mm. Brown, the abdomen darker, the legs brown, the

antennae, mandibles, and tarsi ferruginous. Densely clothed with a

white pilosity, not very long, consisting of hairs divided into 3, 4, or

more branches. The pilosity is less abundant on the legs and scapes.

Head, thorax, and 1st node closely reticulate, the rugae on the head

emphasised longitudinally. The spaces between the reticulations

feebly shining. Abdomen smooth and shining, very sparsely and

finely punctured, except near the base, which is more strongly punc-

tured. Second node of petiole only with large and shallow punctures.

Head, excluding the mandibles, as long as wide, or with the man-

dibles as long as the thorax, only a little narrower in front than

behind. The antennal scrobe is almost obsolete. The scapes do not

extend back quite as far as the occipital margin. Anterior margin of

the clypeus straight or feebly convex. Mandibles sharply striated,

finely and sparsely punctured, with three distinct teeth in front.

Hyes large, convex, placed in the middle of the sides of the head.

Thorax not very convex transversely, more so longitudinally, the

anterior angles rounded, the anterior face less convex than in Con-

stanciae. The thorax is slightly constricted between the meso- and

epinotal regions, twice as wide across the shoulders of the pronotum as

it is between the epinotal spines. The latter are short, very little

longer than they are wide at the base. Peduncle of the petiole half as

long as its node. The latter is distinctly higher than the 2nd, the

sides and the anterior dorsal margin convex, the posterior margin and

face straight, nearly twice as wide as long; the dorsal surface convex

transversely. The 2nd node is almost three times wider than long,

one-third wider than the 1st node, the posterior margin more convex

than the anterior. All the femora moderately swollen in the middle.

Durban and Krantz Kloof, Natal (H. W. Marley). (S.A.M., R.M.,

G.A. colls.)

This species differs from all the others im our region by the very

wide 2nd node,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 34«

T. INEZULAE, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 221, 9, ¢, 1914.

®. 28-3:°2 mm. Very similar to T. Hepburni, but larger. In

eolour and pilosity like Marleyi. Head, thorax and nodes reticulate,

the sculpture emphasised longitudinally. Abdomen shining, sparsely

and evenly punctured, fairly closely punctured at the base.

Head feebly narrowed in front, almost quadrate, slightly longer than

wide, the sides feebly convex, the posterior margin straight. Man-

dibles shining, striated and punctured, with 3 distinct teeth in front;

and 3 smaller and less acute teeth behind. Distinct scrobes present,

smooth and shining, divided by a longitudinal ridge into two halves.

The scrobes and scapes extend back to the posterior fourth of the head.

The thorax is similar to that of Marleyi, but a little longer in

proportion to the width. The epinotal spines are a trifle longer than

in Marleyi, longer than their basal width. The peduncle of the

petiole is a little shorter than the node ; the latter, seen from above,

is oval, the anterior face hardly more convex than the posterior, not

quite twice as wide as long, not higher than the 2nd node. The latter

as long as the Ist, not quite twice as wide as long, a little wider than

the Ist, and seen from above, also oval.

go. 42 mm. Colour and pilosity as in the $, except the man-

dibles, antennae, tibiae and tarsi, which are pale brownish-yellow ; the

hairs on the abdomen are mostly simple. Head, pronotum, sides of

epinotum and the nodes feebly reticulate. Mesonotum shining,

sparsely punctured, also with a few feeble longitudinal lines. Dorsum

of epinotum longitudinally striate. Abdomen smooth and shining.

Mandibles with 5 small teeth. Head quadrate, the posterior angles

rounded, very slightly convex above. Hyes large, occupying the

anterior third of the sides. The scapes extend back as far as the

posterior ocelli; 2nd joint of flagellum three times as long as the Ist,

shorter than the scape. Thorax much wider and higher than the head,

the pronotum not visible from above. The dorsum of the epinotum is

more than twice as long as the declivity, and ends in two blunt ridges

or tubercles. Nodes of petiole shorter than in the. ¢, the peduncle of

the Ist node longer. Wings pale dirty yellow, nervures yellow. The

petiole is much shorter and lower than in desertorum, Forel. The

epinotum in the latter is rounded, not angular.

Beach Bush, Durban; nesting in sand dunes. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A,

colls.)

344 Annals of the South African Museum.

T. DESERTORUM, Forel.

Schultze, Reise Siid-Afrika, vol. 4, p. 20, 2, 3, 1910.

“O, 33mm. Mandibles fairly shining, densely punctured. Cly-

peus carinate, moderately emarginate. Head quadrangular, as wide as

long, feebly concave behind, distinctly narrowed in front. There is a

scrobe for the whole of the scape, with a feebly rugose floor; pos-

teriorly the scrobe curves round and forms the beginning of a flat

depression, behind the eye, for the base of the flagellum. The large

eyes, placed a little behind the middle of the head, occupy one-third of

the sides. The scape, like its scrobe, extends back to the posterior

fourth of the head; 2nd—7th joints of the flagellam much wider than

long. Thorax nearly as wide as the head. Mesonotum flat above.

Epinotum with two strong, triangular and almost spinose teeth

(slightly longer than their basal width), the dorsum a little longer

than the declivity. First node with a fairly short peduncle; both

nodes rounded above and at the sides, about one and three-quarter

times wider than long, the 2nd node one-third to one-half wider than

the Ist. No episternal teeth, only a curved ridge. Coarsely and

longitudinally rugose (including the epinotum above), coarsely reticu-

late between the rugae; the petiole and some places in part only

coarsely reticulate or reticulate-punctate, barely shining. Abdomen

and legs smooth, but with fairly abundant pilgerous punctures. The

whole body, including the femora, abundantly clothed with a short,

woolly pilosity of 3-5 branched hairs. On the tibiae and scapes the

hairs are oblique, almost decumbent, and mostly simple. Red-brown

to brownish-red; abdomen brown. ‘Tarsi, tibiae, flagellum and man-

dibles brownish-yellow-red. Wings not long, faintly tinged with

yellow, almost hyaline, with pale nervures and costa.

“@. 32-34mm. Mandibles 6-dentate, shining. Clypeus arched,

feebly emarginate. Head quadrangular but rounded, as wide as long.

Eyes not large. The scape does not reach the occipital margin.

Second joint of the flagellum two and a half times longer than the Ist,

and not quite as long as the scape. Epinotum with two tubercles;

nodes more angular than in the Q, otherwise similar. Head coarsely,

petiole more finely reticulate; epinotum and sides of thorax coarsely

and longitudinally rugose, the rest smooth, sparsely punctured. Hairs

on the body mostly bifid or trifid, or simple. Legs and antennae only

with an almost decumbent pilosity. Fairly dark brown; antennae,

mandibles and legs yellowish, femora brownish. Wings as in the 9.

“ Between Kgokong and Kang, Kalahari (Schultze).”

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 345

Suscgenus XIPHOMYRMEX, Forel.

Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 7, p. 385, 1887.

Characters.

& and ?. Antennae 11-jointed; antennal scrobes usually well

defined.

Nodes generally squamiform.

¢. Antennae 10-jointed.

Key to the 9% 9 of Xiphomyrmez.

(2) 1. Mandibles tridentate; Ist node not squamiform, fossulatum, Forel.

(1) 2. Mandibles with 5 or more teeth; 1st node more or less squamiform.

(4) 3. Promesonotum smooth. Humbloti, Forel, var. victorensis, Forel.

(3) 4. Promesonotum coarsely rugoso-reticulate. Weitzaeckeri, Hmery.

T. (XIPHOMYRMEX) WHITZAECKERI, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent., France, vol. 63, p.39, 9, 1895.

9. 35-38 mm. Dark brown, the abdomen piceous, legs and

scapes light brown, flagellum, tarsi, and mandibles more or less dark

brownish-yellow. Shining, especially the abdomen. Pubescence short

and very scanty, present only on the legs and antennae. Pilosity

rather sparse, composed of pale yellowish and erect hairs, abruptly

truncate at the apex. Head longitudinally and strongly striate or

striato-rugose between the frontal carinae, coarsely reticulate-rugose

at the sides. Thorax very coarsely reticulate-rugose, the rugae empha-

sised longitudinally. The spaces between the striae and rugae finely

reticulate, more distinctly so on the head than on the thorax.

Declivity of the epinotum, the nodes and abdomen smooth and shining,

the latter very polished. The lst node has three impressed lines on

the dorsal surface, the outer ones oblique.

Head as long as wide, very little narrower in front than behind, the

posterior margin nearly straight, the sides feebly convex, very convex

above transversely. Eyes fairly large, placed in the middle of the

sides. Frontal carinae divergent, prolonged backwards as strong

ridges almost to the occipital margin, curving outwards and forwards

at their posterior extremity. The floor of the demiscrobes finely

reticulate only. Clypeus with a strong median carina, which is

usually forked at its anterior end; the anterior margin feebly excised

in the middle. Scapes as long as the scrobes; the flagellum stout,

2nd—7th joints wider than long, the club fairly thick, longer than the

rest of the flagellum. Mandibles very finely striate, armed with 6 or

7 rather broad teeth, Dorsum of thorax obtusely marginate at the

346 Annals of the South African Museum.

sides, slightly narrowed between the pro- and mesonotum, very much

more so between the meso- and epinotum. Pro-mesonotal suture

obsolete, the meso-epinotal wide but not very deep. Thorax one and

a half times longer than it is wide in front, twice as wide in front as

it is between the epinotal spines, fairly convex above lengthwise,

particularly the pronotum. LEpinotal spines divergent, acute, directed

obliquely upwards, as long as the dorsum of the epinotum, much

longer than their basal width, and longer than the interval between

their bases. Hpisternal teeth small and triangular, hardly one-third

as long as the epinotal. Declivity subvertical, lst segment of petiole

with the peduncle longer than the node ; the latter squamiform, longer

vertically than it is wide, thinner at the sides than at the summit,

the anterior and posterior faces vertical, inclined slightly forwards.

Second node lenticular, the anterior and posterior faces meeting above

acutely, slightly wider than the Ist node, and nearly twice as wide as

it is long. Abdomen subglobose, a little longer than wide. Femora

moderately swollen.

® (hitherto undescribed). 4 mm. Piceous. Thorax wider

than the head. Pronotum coarsely reticulate-rugose, the shoulders

subangular. Anterior margin of mesonotum very convex. Meso-

notum, scutellum, and epinotum strongly and longitudinally striate ;

the striae on the epinotum do not quite reach the bottom of the

declivity. Epinotal spines horizontal, less divergent than in the ¢.

Wings hyaline, nervures and stigma pale yellow.

In the largest specimens of the 5 the sculpture is stronger and

closer, and the spines are directed more steeply upwards, but the

existence of forms intermediate in size and sculpture precludes their

separation as a distinct variety.

Redbank, 8. Rhodesia; Durban (3:4-3°5 mm.); Bulawayo (3°6

mm.) ; Hope Fountain, S. Rhodesia (3’8 mm.).

This species forms largely large nests under stones. It preys to a

great extent on termites, and also attends aphides and scale-insects on

plants.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

T. (xIPHOMYRMEX) Humetoti, Forel, var. Victoriensis, Forel.

Grandidier Hist. Madagasce. 20, p. 154, 1891.

(Variety) Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 120, 9, 1913.

0. 32-38mm. Piceous, head slightly reddish, legs, mandibles,

and antennae ferruginous. Not unlike Weitzaeckeri, differing from it

in the following characters :

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 347

The head is dull and much more finely striate, the striae becoming

effaced towards the occiput ; the spaces between the striae are very

densely and finely rugulose or reticulate. The mandibles are more

strongly striate. The pro-mesonotal suture is faintly indicated, the

meso-epinotal suture well defined and deep. The pro-mesonotum is

smooth and shining, except the margins, which are feebly punctured.

The pronotum has a rounded boss on each side at the posterior corners.

The dorsum of the epinotum is depressed, more or less excavated,

sparsely and finely reticulate, sparsely rugose at the sides. The

epinotal spines are less oblique than in Weitzaeckeri. The summit of

the lst node is more convex transversely and lengthwise, and lacks the

impressed lines present in the other species. The 2nd node is also

more convex and thicker above, the anterior and posterior faces being

separated by a convex dorsal face (this is actually only a continuation

in the horizontal direction of the anterior face). In the smaller forms

(taken from a different nest to that of the larger), the sculpture

extends partly over the mesonotum.

2 (hitherto undescribed). 4°5 mm. Thorax paler than in the 9,

more castaneous brown. Pronotum widely exposed above at the

shoulders, which are rounded. Mesonotum smooth and shining in its

anterior third, the posterior two-thirds longitudinally striate; the

scutellum very shallowly striate. Epinotum longitudinally striate at

the sides and in the middle of the dorsum; the latter very steep,

almost in the same plane as the declivity. Hpinotal spines horizontal,

stouter and less divergent than in the 9. Nodes thinner and wider.

Wings tinged with brownish-yellow, nervures and stigma pale vellow.

Otherwise Jike the >.

S (hitherto undescribed). 4:4 mm. Head brownish-black. the

area in front of the eyes dirty yellow. ‘Thorax and nodes dark reddish-

brown, the sides of the scutellum, the clathrate groove between the

latter and the mesonotum, and the metanotum dark yellow. Abdomen

piceous. Legs, antennae, and mandibles pale yellow, the femora

slightly fuscous. Head and sides of the epiotum dull, the rest of the

body shining. Head closely and finely reticulate, with a few striae

radiating from the ocellar area. Mesonotum smooth, except in the

middle behind the forks of the Mayrian furrows, where it is shallowly

and longitudinally striate. Scutellum feebly striate, a space in the

middle smooth. Epinotum very finely reticulate, feebly striate at the

sides; the dorsum is as long as the declivity and has a median

A-shaped excavation with a dentiform ridge on each side of the same.

The Ist node of the petiole more or less cuneiform, the posterior-dorsal

face as long as wide; the 2nd node is half as wide again as the Ist,

348 Annals of the South African Museum.

one-third wider than long, the dorsal surface much flatter than in the

@, the posterior half of the sides parallel. The eyes are large and

occupy the anterior half of the sides of the head. The scape extends

back as far as the anterior ocellus, and is a little shorter than the 2nd

joint of the flagellum.

Victoria Falls, nesting in very moist and rotten wood, and under moss.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

T. (xIPHOMYRMEX) FossuLATUM, Forel. (Plate VII, figs. 107, 109)

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 428, 9, 1910.

®. 22-2°7 mm. Castaneous, thorax, nodes, and base of abdomen

paler, more yellowish-brown. Legs, antennae, and mandibles yellowish-

brown. Pubescence very sparse, present only on the antennae and

tibiae. Pilose hairs absent, except on the clypeus. Entirely smooth

and shining. Head and thorax sparsely and irregularly punctured

with wide and shallow pits, more sparsely on the thorax than on the

head, the latter almost impunctate anteriorly. Head, excluding the

mandibles, a little wider than long, feebly narrowed in front and

behind, the posterior margin straight. Eyes large, placed in the

middle of the sides. Frontal carinae widely divergent behind, pro-

longed back as sharp ridges to the posterior fourth of the head,

forming distinct demiscrobes which are smooth and deep, and hold the

basal three-fourths of the scapes. The basal half of the scrobe is

delimited below by a longitudinal ridge. Clypeus short, the anterior

margin denticulate, carinate in the middle, the carina extending back

over the well defined and triangular frontal area. Mandibles smooth,

sparsely punctured, tridentate, the anterior pair of teeth close together

and separated from the third tooth by a wide space. Scapes extending

back as far as the occipital margin, 2ud-7th joints of the flagellum

wider than long, the club thick. Thorax as wide in frontas it is long,

flat above, except the pronotal shoulders, which are depressed. The

pronotum bears an angular prominence, somewhat obtuse, on each side

behind the middle. Pro-mesonotal suture feebly indicated ; the meso-

epinotal obsolete above. Dorsum of epinotum impunctate, quadrate,

submarginate. Epinotal spines long, divergent, acute, as long as the

interval between their bases, directed steeply upwards. Episternum

with a small rounded lobe on each side. LDeclivity marginate at the

sides. First node of the petiole cuneiform, with a vertical anterior

face, and a horizontal dorsal face, the margin between the two faces

rounded, the peduncle very short, hardly differentiated from the node.

Second node rectangular, wider than long, as long as and a little wider

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 349

than the lst node; seen from the side, the anterior face is convex, the

dorsal face shorter than the anterior. Abdomen round. Femora and

tibiae rather swollen.

Willbrook, Natal. (Wroughton. )

This species is quite unlike our other two, and is easily recognised

by the form of the mandibles, the clypeus, the peculiar puncturation,

and the compact form.

(G. A. coll., ex B.M. coll.)

Suseenus DECAMORIUM, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg;, vol. 57, p. 121, 1913.

Characters.

® and 9. Antennae 10-jointed. Lateral ridges of the clypeus

obsolete. Tibiae and femora very strongly swollen. Scrobes well

defined and deep.

¢. Antennae 10-jointed.

T. (Decamorium) Decem, Forel. (Plate VIII, fig. 111.)

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 121, G, 1913.

®. 335mm. Head, thorax, and nodes castaneous brown, the

head, especially the anterior half, lighter; nodes darker. Abdomen

piceous. Legs, antennae, and mandibles dark yellowish-red, the

femora somewhat brownish-red. Puilosity and pubescence almost

entirely absent, excepting a very short and sparse pubescence on the

legs and antennae. Very shining, sides of epimotum slightly dull.

Head, dorsum of thorax, and the nodes sparsely, irregularly, but

deeply punctured; the sides and front of the head, excepting the

clypeus and the sides of the mesothorax, longitudinally rugose.

Sides of epinotum closely reticulate-punctate, the declivity transversely

striate. The sides of the prothorax and the mesosterna smooth and

shining. The apical half of the dorsum of the epinotum rugulose

Nodes sparsely punctured, also the abdomen, but much more finely so.

Head rectangular, parallel-sided, excluding the mandibles almost

one-third longer than wide, the posterior margin slightly concave in

the middle. Eyes large, placed in the middle of the sides. Frontal

carinae wide apart in front, moderately divergent for a short distance

behind the clypeus, thence parallel and prolonged back to the posterior

seventh of the head, forming the upper boundary of a deep and smooth

serobe. Scapes curved near the base, broad, flattened, not reaching

350) Annals of the South African Museum.

the extremity of the scrobe; 2nd—8th joints of the flagellum wider

than long, the 2nd—6th almost half as wide again as long, the apical

joint one-third longer than wide. The flagellum is rather thick and

short, not much longer than the scape. Median area of clypeus

almost vertical in front, the anterior margin feebly emarginate in the

middle. Mandibles curved, smooth and shining, very finely and

sparsely punctured, armed with 5 widely spaced teeth ; between the

posterior pair of teeth there are 2 or 3 denticles. Thorax narrower

than the head; pro-mesonotal suture faintly indicated, meso-epinotal

deep. Pro-mesonotum feebly convex longitudinally and transversely,

one-third longer than wide in front. Shoulders of pronotum slightly

rounded, almost rectangular. Dorsum of epinotum moderately convex

lengthwise, one and a half times longer than wide; epinotal teeth

short, triangular, shorter than the interval between their bases, very

slightly divergent, directed obliquely upwards. Declivity of epinotum

a little shorter than the dorsum, vertical, sharply marginate at the

sides. Hpisternal teeth shorter than the epinotal, wider than long.

Peduncle of the petiole shorter than the node; the Jatter narrow and

high, one-fourth longer than wide, the anterior and posterior faces

subvertical, the dorsal face strongly convex. Second node semi-

circular, widest behind, two-thirds wider than the Ist, and a little

wider than long, the sides oblique and convex. Abdomen oval, nearly

one-half as long again as wide. Tibiae and femora strongly swollen

and slightly flattened from front to back.

@ (hitherto undescribed). 4-41 mm. Very similar to the @.

Hyes hardly larger than in that sex, ocelli small. Pronotum narrowly

exposed above in the middle, widely so at the sides, the shoulders as

inthe 9. The lateral margins of the pro- and mesonotum almost

parallel as far as the tegulae. Mesonotum sparsely and strongly

punctured, flattened. First node a little shorter than in the 9. Wings

slightly fuscous, nervures pale brownish-yellow. Otherwise like

the ¢.

' @ (hitherto undescribed). 3°7 mm. Black, the apical half of the

abdomen dirty brownish-yellow, tarsi pale yellow, the rest of the legs

pale brown, antennae and mandibles yellow. Head subopaque, closely

rugulose. Epinotum and sides of the thorax, and the posterior half

of the 1st node more or less rugulose and reticulate, nitidulous. The

mesonotum and scutellum sparsely and strongly punctured, also

faintly striate in parts. Abdomen smooth and shining. Head high

behind and vertically truncate behind the ocelli, the brow of the

truncation rounded; the posterior margin is continued round the

sides as a trenchant ridge, so that the posterior angles, looked at from

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. dol

above, appear almost dentiform. Head about as long as wide across

the eyes. The latter large, occupying the anterior half of the head,

but not touching the base of the mandibles. The scapes extend back

almost as far as the anterior ocellus, a little shorter than the 2nd joint

of the flagellum. Anterior half of mesonotum very convex trans-

versely and lengthwise; Mayrian furrows fairly deep in front.

Dorsum of epinotum oblique, at least twice as long as the declivity,

merging gradually into the latter. Peduncle of the petiole with a

blunt prominence below, at the extreme base ; the node depressed and

narrow, its anterior and posterior faces forming an obtuse angle when

seen in profile. Second node campaniform, narrowed in front, about

as long as it is wide behind, Legs thin. Wings as in the 9.

Nesting in sandy soil, and forming fairly populous communities ; a

very slow and timid insect.

Redbank, Nyamandhlovu, and Hillside, Bulawayo, S. Rhodesia ;

Hartley, S. Rhodesia (H. B. Maufe). The latter are much darker,

almost brownish-black, but otherwise similar. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A.

colls.)

Var. ULTOR, Forel.

Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. Beiheft, p. 217, 9, 1913.

0. 27-31 mm. Very similar to the type of the species but

smaller. The 2nd node is narrower, as long as wide. The colour is

darker, and the puncturation much more scanty and finer. The Ist

node is not so high as in the type species, and the epinotal teeth are

shorter, not longer than their basal width.

Shiloh, 8. Rhodesia. Nesting near and in the nests of Paltothyreus

tarsatus. (R.M., G.A. colls.)

Genus RHOPTROMYRMEX, Mayr.

Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien., vol. 16, p. 18, 1901.

: haracters.

®. Antennae 12-jointed; maxillary palpi 3-jointed, labial palpi

2-jointed. Head wider behind than in front, the sides convex.

Frontal carinae short; scrobes entirely absent. Thorax short and

stout; epinotum armed or unarmed (unarmed in all our species).

First segment of petiole usually strongly compressed transversely, at

least in the anterior half, deeper than wide, the peduncle generally

indistinct. Second node globose or much wider than long, and

much wider than the lst. Femora not swollen.

302 Annals of the South African Museum.

?. Antennae 12-jointed. Somewhat slender and having the facies

of the ¢ sex. The four known 9 @ of this genus differ-so greatly in

general features that I am unable to define the generic characters

for this sex. Mayr’s definition for this sex applies only to

globulinodis.

S (globulinodis). Antennae 10-jointed, the 2nd joimt of the

flagellum long, as. in Tetramorium. For the rest, see description

below.

Key to the 9 9 of Rhoptromyrmex.

(4) 1. Second node of petiole much wider than long.

(3) 2. Posterior margin of the head distinctly concave; meso-epinotal suture

feeble; smaller species, 3-3°3 mm. . ; . transversinodis, Mayr.

(2) 3. Posterior margin of the head straight or nearly so; meso-epinotal

suture well defined although shallow ; larger species, 3°4-3°9 mm.

Steini, Forel.

(1) 4. Second node of petiole not much wider than long, subelobose.

: globulinodis, Mayr.

R. eLopuninopis, Mayr.

Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 16, pp. 18-22, 5, @, g, 1901.

®. 3-33 mm. Pale reddish-brown, the mandibles, legs and

antennae brighter, more yellowish-red. Pubescence decumbent, very

scanty, a little longer and more abundant on the legs and antennae

than elsewhere. Pilose hairs absent. Smooth and very shining.

Head very sparsely and finely punctured, the anterior angles finely

and longitudinally striate; the striae end at about the level of the

anterior margin of the eyes, and a few striae curve round the antennal

sockets. Just behind the clypeus, and bordering the basal portion of

the frontal carinae, there are also some short and fine striae. The rest

of the head, the pro-mesonotum, nodes and abdomen smooth. On the

head and pro-mesonotum a microscopic and very shallow rugulosity is

noticeable in some lights. Sides of the thorax, and the epinotum very

finely rugulose, duller than the rest.

Head, excluding the mandibles, very little longer than wide, the

sides convex, the posterior margin fairly deeply concave, not much

narrower in front than behind, concave above, flat below. Eyes not

larze, placed in the middle of the sides. Frontal carinae hardly

divergent, not extending back quite as far as the middle of the vertex.

Clypeus rather flat, the anterior margin moderately convex, not

carinate. Frontal area shallow, indistinct. Mandibles smooth and

shining, the external margin convex, the masticatory margin den-

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 359

ticulate, with a large tooth at the apex. Scape extending back a little

beyond the posterior fifth of the head, 8rd—8th joints of the flagellum

wider than long, the 3-jointed club not very thick, longer than the rest

of the flagellum. Anterior margin of pronotum convex, the shoulders

very round. Pro-mesonotal suture very feeble or obsolete. Thorax

strongly constricted between the meso- and epinotum, the meso-

epinotal suture narrow and distinct. The mesonotum has a shallow

and transverse impression in the middle. The dorsum and declivity of

the epinotum, seen in profile, form a continuous and low curve; the

declivity marginate at the sides, the raised margins being continued

over the dorsum almost to its base; the dorsum a little longer than

the declivity.

The Ist node is much longer from above to below (7. e. deeper) than

it is wide above, compressed and almost lamelliform. The nodal

portion of the segment, seen from above, is nearly hemispherical,

narrower in front than behind, as long as wide behind. Second node

more or less transversely oval, or subglobose, a little wider than long,

wider than the Ist. Abdomen oval.

2. 35mm. Brown, mandibles, antennae and legs paler. Pilosity

abundant, composed of long and short hairs intermixed. Antennae,

legs, sides and vertex of head finely pubescent. The hairs on the

abdomen are exserted and very long, shorter and less abundant on the

thorax. On each side of the head, behind and between the eyes and

the median line, there is a very smooth and shining area, which is

tumid in the middle. The rest of the head finely striate, except the

clypeus, which is smooth, and the posterior and lateral margins above,

which are strongly but sparsely punctured. Thorax above strongly

and sparsely punctured, the posterior half of the mesonotum almost

impunctate. Pronotum closely and fairly finely striate lengthwise,

sides of epinotum sparsely striate and punctate, the punctures large.

Nodes and abdomen’smooth and shining, finely and very sparsely

punctured.

Head high in the middle, sloping steeply downwards on each side of

a longitudinal median area which extends from the clypeus to the

posterior ocelli ; behind the latter it is also fairly steep. The head is

wider just in front of the eyes than it is behind them or across the

clypeal portion, the occipital margin deeply emarginate, more angularly

so than in the 9, the lateral angles rounded. Hyes placed a little in

front of the middle of the sides. Ocelli small and close together ; for

a short distance in front of the anterior ocellus there is a smooth and

shining depression. Frontal carinae subparallel, extending back as far

us the posterior ocelli. The scapes extend back equally as far. The

304 Annals of the Suuth African Museum.

thorax is very compressed, as though it had been held on each side and

pinched. It is therefore narrow above and much deeper than wide, the

sides almost vertical. The pronotum is barely visible from above.

The mesonotum and scutellum almost flat, except in front and behind,

where they are slightly curved downwards. Seen from above, their

outline forms an ellipse, the major axis of which is two and a third

times longer than the minor. Dorsum of epinotum obsolete, the upper

surface of the epinotum forming a steep and continuous line from base

to apex, This upper surface is margined at the sides by a longitudinal

ridge, excavated between them, more shallowly so above than below.

The petiole resembles that of the 9, but is narrower and longer.

Seen from above, the lst segment is pyriform, with a long stalk in

front ; the 2nd node campaniform, widest behind, and a little longer

than wide. Abdomen narrowed towards the base, the basal margin

concave. The Ist segment forms more than half the abdomen, and

has above a semi-oval and flattened or depressed area. Wings with |

cubital cell and 1 discoidal, the radial cell open.

The above descriptions of the 9 and @ are drawn up from speci-

mens lent to me by Dr. Brauns, who originally discovered the species.

“@. 35mm. Shining, brown, the mandibles, antennae and legs

yellow, coxae and femora more yellowish-brown. The pilosity much

less abundant than in the 2. Mandibles and also the head fairly

smooth, the cheeks with a few longitudinal striae, the sides of the

head behind the eyes fairly finely and longitudinally rugulose. The

pronotum and the lateral margins of the mesonotum in front of

the tegulae finely rugose, mesonotum otherwise smooth ; the scutellum

finely and longitudinally rugose, with a more or less distinct longi-

tudinal groove; the epinotum finely reticulate rugose. Wings as in

the Q. The smooth petiole like that of the 92, but the Ist node is

lower. Abdomen smooth. . . . Mandibles as in the 9 and 9,

but narrower. The head, including the mandibles, is more or less

pentagonal, the apex of the closed mandibles, the eyes and the

posterior corners forming the rounded angles. The clypeus is mode-

rately arched and arcuately produced in front, wide behind, not

prolonged far back between the frontal carinae, the lateral portions

havipg an angular posterior edge opposite the antennal sockets.

Frontal carinae short, parallel and narrow, the sockets of the antennae

being freely exposed. Antennae 10-jointed, the scape extending back

almost to the posterior ocelli; the flagellum fairly long, the Ist joint

about twice as long as wide, the 2nd three times as long as the Ist, tLe

succeeding joints all longer than wide (in three out of the four

examples in my possession, the 2nd joint is more or less fused with the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 355

3rd). Hyes moderately large, placed in the anterior half of the head.

Behind the eyes the head is gradually narrowed towards the posterior

angles, the posterior margin above truncate (hardly concave), dis-

tinctly and arcuately emarginate below and at the occipital foramen.

Thorax unarmed, the mesonotum not overhanging the pronotum in

front. The Mayrian furrows become less distinct before the middle of

the mesonotum and before their point of junction. In front of, and

parallel to the posterior margin of the mesonotum, there is a curved

transverse impression, which is probably present in the living insect,

even if not so deep. The scutellum is fairly strongly convex leneth-

wise, higher than the mesonotum, less rounded behind than in Tetra-

morium. The dorsum of the epinotum is long and fairly narrow, with

a median longitudinal groove, oblique, merging arcuately into the

much more inclined declivity ; the latter marginate at the sides, the

margins becoming stronger below. Wings as in the 2. Legs thin

and fairly long. Petiole as in the @. Port Elizabeth (Dr. H.

Brauns).”

R. TrRansversinopis, Mayr. (Plate VIII, figs. 112, 112a, 113, 113q.)

Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 16, p. 22, 9, 1901.

®. 3mm. Brownish-ochreous; the tarsi, mandibles, and flagellum

more reddish-yellow. Smooth and very shining. Sparsely and ex-

ceedingly finely punctured, the pubescent hairs arising from the

punctures. Under a low magnification practically impunctate.

Pubescence adpressed and very scanty, more abundant on the abdomen

than on the head and thorax, longer and denser on the legs and

antennae. The anterior angles of the head, between the eyes and

antennal sockets, finely striate, much more finely so than in globuli-

nodis. Very similar to that species, differing from it chiefly in the

following characters :

The sides of the head are much more convex, the. portion in front

of the eyes narrowing gradually towards the clypeus. The posterior

margin more deeply and widely emarginate, the posterior angles

more prominent. The eyes are placed a little behind the middle of

the sides. Frontal carinae shorter, wider apart and more divergent.

Thoracic sutures faintly indicated above at the sides, obsolete in the

middle. The mesonotum lacks the transverse impression which is

present in globulinodis, and, seen in profile, the dorsum is not depressed

between the meso- and epinotum. The chief distinction les in the

shape of the petiole. The 1st s‘gment, seen in profile, has a short

and vertical posterior face; the dorsal face is convex and passes

356 Annals of the South African Museum.

arcuately into the almost vertical anterior face. Seen. from above,

the nodal portion is much narrower, a little longer or as long as wide,

the whole segment appearing gradually clavate. The 2nd segment is

fairly convex lenethwise, much less so transversely, transversely oval,

slightly more than twice as wide as long, and quite two and three-

quarter times wider than the Ist.

Q (hitherto undescribed). 3°4-3°5 mm. Brownish-black; the

apical half of the abdomen paler, legs brown, paler at the articu-

lations; tarsi and flagellum ochreous, mandibles reddish-brown.

Shining, the abdomen and nodes a little less shining than the head

and thorax. Club of antenna and the last two tarsal joints

pubescent, the rest of the body entirely glabrous. The sculpture is

very distinctive and remarkable. It consists of elongate, elliptical,

and shallow pits, which have a silvery reflection, and give a false

impression of containing flattened scale-like hairs, like those of

Tetramoriwm setuliferum. However, under a high magnification

(100 diameters) it can be seen that such scale-hairs are absent, the

silvery appearance being due to the shape of the pits and their

polished surfaces. This puncturation is fairly dense and regular on

the head and abdomen, larger and more scanty on the thorax. It also

extends over the legs and antennae, the pits becoming increasingly

more abundant, narrower, and longer towards the apices of those

parts, and near the ends of the limbs bearing fine, flattened, pubescent

hairs.

Head much higher behind than in front, very convex lengthwise,

the posterior margin widely concave, the posterior angles rounded

and projecting prominently outwards and backwards. The vertex is

narrow and convex transversely, not flat, as in globulinodis 9; the

sides very steep, much more so than in globulinodis, and shallowly

concave above the posterior angles. Seen from above, the sides of the

head, from the posterior angles forwards to the eyes, are straight or

even a little concave, in front of the eyes moderately convex. The

eyes are fairly large, placed a little in front of the middle of the sides

of the head. Ocelli smaller than in globulinodis. Frontal carinae

wide apart, short, not extending beyond the antennal sockets.

Anterior margin of clypeus moderately convex; frontal area shallow

and equilateral. Mandibles very convex externally, the masticatory

margin denticulate, with a larger apical tooth. The scape extends

back about as far as the anterior occllus. Mesonotum and scutellum

flat transversely, nearly so longitudinally. The outline of the two

parts together, seen from above, is roughly oval, one and three-fifths

longer than wide. The posterior half of the scutellum slopes down-

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. B57

wards and is concave transversely. The margins of the mesonotum,

in front and at the sides, are rounded and project a little over the

vertical sides and front of the pronotum. The sides of the meso- and

epithorax are also vertical. The epinotum is very deeply excavated

from near its base above to its apex below, in such a way as to leave

a narrow wall on each side. Seen from above, only the edges of the

walls can be seen, so that the epinotum appears almost bispinose-

The declivity is margined by the downward continuation of the walls

and is vertical (in globulinodis the dorsum and declivity are oblique,

and only feebly marginate at the sides).

* First segment of the petiole very strongly compressed laterally,

almost lamelliform except at the lower half behind, where it is a little

wider. It is produced downwards and is deeper behind than in front,

quite one and a half times deeper than long. Its dorsal surface is

rounded transversely, very narrow, almost linear. The 2nd segment

four times wider than long, and at least four times wider than the Ist,

the anterior margin concave, narrower behind than in front. Basal

half of the lst abdominal segment depressed in the middle, the lateral

angles thereby rendered prominent and forming a more or less elongate

tubercle at each corner. Abdomen ovate, not much longer than wide,

rather flat above. *Wings hyaline, nervures very pale.

The structure of the nodes and epinotum may be made more apparent

by reference to the figures on Plate VIII.

Port Elizabeth and Bothaville (Dr. H. Brauns); Pretoria, 9 $

and 2 2 (C. K. Brain); type of the 2 im my collection. (S.A.M.,

R.M., G.A. colls.)

R. Streit, Forel.

Ann. Soe. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 122, OV, Sis.

0. 34-39 mm. Dark yellowish-brown, the posterior half of the

head and the thorax darker, legs, antennae, and mandibles paler, the

latter and the flagellum somewhat reddish. Very similar to trans-

versinodis, but larger and darker, differing from it also in the following

characters :

Very finely and sparsely punctured, the head also very finely

rugulose. The pubescence longer and a little more abundant. The

sides of the head are much more convex, the posterior margin less

emarginate, the posterior angles less prominent and wider. Pro-

mesonotal suture obsolete, the mmeso-epinotal well defined. The

dorsum of the epinotum is proportionately longer and more convex

lengthwise, passing into the declivity by a much shorter and less

oblique curve than in transversinodis. The 1st segment of the petiole,

358 Annals of the South African Museum.

seen from above, is much wider, more pyriform than clavate; the

nodal portion is a little wider than long. The 2nd node is trans-

versely oval, two and a half times wider than long and about twice

as wide as the widest part of the Ist, hardly thinner at the sides than

in the middle.

Ladismith, Cape Prov. (Dr. H. Brauns.) (S.A.M., R.M., G.A.

colls.)

Genus TETRAMYRMA, Forel.

Rev. Suisse Zool., vol. 20, p. 766, 1912.

Characters

Q®. Antennae 12-jointed, club 3- or 4-jointed. Frontal carinae

divergent, short, not forming scrobes. Lateral portions of the clypeus

not ridged posteriorly, the median area more or less trapezoidal, pro-

duced fairly far back between the frontal carinae. Frontal area dis-

tinct. Mandibles triangular, 5-dentate. Thorax unarmed ; the sutures

visible but feeble. First node of petiole pedunculate, both nodes

large and round. Femora thin at the base, moderately swollen from

the basal fourth onwards.

2. Antennae 12-jointed. Ergatoid. Eyes larger than in the 9.

Ocelli absent. A more or less distinct scutellum present. Nodes

wider and less convex above. Abdomen dilated, larger than in the

®. Pilose (pilosity absent in the % ).

6. Unknown.

T. Bravunst, Forel, (Plate VII, fig. 86.)

Loc. cit., p. 767, &.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 122, 2, 1913.

%. 5-6mm. Black, thorax, nodes, and mandibles dark red, the

nodes darkest, the bases of the femora and tibiae dark rusty red.

Tarsi and antennae with a sparse and decumbent pubescence, the rest

of the body glabrous. Subopaque. Head, thorax, and nodes coarsely

rugoso-reticulate, the rugae emphasised longitudinally on the head

and pro-mesonotum; on the nodes and epinotum the sculpture is

finer and closer, although still fairly coarse. The spaces between the

rugae is finely reticulate. Abdomen very finely, closely, and longi-

tudinally striate, also partly reticulate. Legs and scapes sparsely

punctate.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 359

Head rectangular, a little longer than wide, slightly narrower in

front than behind, the posterior angles rounded, the posterior margin

moderately convex, the sides almost straight. Eyes fairly large,

placed just in front of the middle of the sides. Median area of

the clypeus longitudinally striate, somewhat produced in front, the

anterior margin straight, with a longitudinal and shallow impression

in the middle. Mandibles sharply striate and sparsely punctured,

armed with 5 large and obtuse teeth, the external margin feebly

convex. Frontal carinae not extending back beyond the level of the

anterior margin of the eyes. Frontal area triangular, depressed, and

shining. Scapes not quite reaching the posterior margin of the head ;

Ath—7th joints of the flagellum as wide as long, all the rest longer

than wide. The wide pronotum has a distinct neck in front, the

anterior margin above the latter very convex. In most specimens the

pro-mesonal suture is very feeble, almost obsolete. The thorax is

widest across the posterior third of the pronotum, behind that point it

narrows gradually towards the meso-epinotal suture. Epinotum

rounded. The dorsum of the thorax, seen in profile, forms two

rounded bosses or convexities which are separated by a deep depression

at the meso-epinotal suture. Epinotum unarmed, the dorsum widest

in the middle, as long as the declivity, the latter not very steep,

strongly and transversely rugose; an episternal lobe on each side

below. Peduncle of the petiole ending in a small tooth below. The

1st node twice as long as its peduncle, subglobose, as wide as long, the

anterior face nearly vertical. Second node wider than the Ist, nearly

half as wide again as long, highest behind the middle, the sides

rounded. Abdomen oval, truncate at the base.

Q. 65-7 mm. Ergatoid or pseudogyne. A fairly abundant

pilosity is present, composed of pale, thin, erect, and whitish hairs,

Abdomen and legs with a decumbent and fairly sparse pubescence.

Eyes a little larger than inthe $. Thoracic sutures more distinct ; a

scutellar portion of the mesonotum faintly defined. Dorsum of epi-

notum impressed transversely in the middle, the junction with the

declivity more abrupt than in the > ; these features are somewhat

masked by the very coarse sculpture. Declivity wider than in the %.

Nodes and abdomen wider than in the 9, the former rather less convex

above. The sculpture is even more coarse, and the rugae on the head

diverge outwards towards the lateral angles behind. Otherwise like

the 9.

Willowmore, Cape Prov. (Dr. H. Brauns.) (S8.A.M., R.M.,G. A.

colls.), type of & in my collection,

360 Annals of the South African Museum.

Trise MERANOPLINI, Emery.

Including the following S. African genera: Calyptomyrmex, Emery ;

Meranoplus, Smith; and Dicroapsis, Emery.

Genus CALYPTOMYRMEX, Emery.

Ann. Mus. Civ., Genoa, vol. 25, p. 147, 1887.

Forel, Mitth. N.H. Mus., Hamburg, vol. 18,p. 50, 9, g, 1901.

Characters.

%. Antennae 12-jointed, club 3-jointed, 2nd—8th joints of flagellum

much wider than long. Scape thin at the base, flattened and dilated

over the apical two-thirds. Clypeus narrow, the median area vertically

truncate in front, the brow of the truncation strongly bidendate.

Frontal carinae strong, with very deep and complete scrobes below.

Eyes small. Pro-mesonotal suture obsolete, the meso-epinotal distinet

Thorax stout and short, the mesonotum feebly bidendate behind, the

epinotum oblique, much lower than the mesonotum, also feebly biden-

tate. Petiole pedunculate. anteriorly, both nodes transversely oval.

Abdomen round, the 1st segment forming the whole of the dorsal

surface. Pilosity partly composed of spatulate hairs.

The above characters of the 9 refer only to our single species, C.

Arnoldi, Forel.

“QO. This sex, as exemplified in C. Schraderi, Forel, an Australian

species, does not differ much from the 9. The eyes are rather small,

the pronotum somewhat truncate in front, the epinotum bidentate.

The thorax is not quite so wide as the head. The pilosity consists of

spatulate and clavate hairs, as in the ©. \

“@. Wines as in Meranoplus, 1 cubital and 1 discoidal cell, the

stigma large and round, the radial cell open. Head relatively large,

convex behind. Clypeus with lateral carinae, without teeth. Frontal

carinae of the usual form, not forming scrobes.” Mayrian furrows

present on the mesonotum. Nodes of petiole more or less round.

C. Arnoupt, Forel. (Plate VIII, figs. 114, 114a.)

(Dicroaspis), Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 115, 9, 1913.

&. 26mm. Reddish-brown, the thorax and nodes darker, more

dark brown. Legs, antennae, and mandibles reddish-yellow. The

colour is somewhat masked by the pilosity, which is of an ochreous

colour, and consists of short clavate and spatulate hairs. The former

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 361

are erect, and are mainly confined to the margins of the frontal carinae

and the legs (the shape of these and of the spatulate hairs is the

same as in Strumigenys, see Plate VITI, figs. 1140, 117a and 6). Head

fairly closely and longitudinally rugose on the anterior half, becoming

more reticulate-rugose on the posterior half, the spaces between the

rugae finely reticulate, the scrobes very shallowly and very finely

reticulate, almost smooth. Pro-mesonotum coarsely rugoso-reticulate,

the spaces between more finely reticulate or rugulose. Epinotum,

sides of thorax, and nodes finely and closely reticulate-punctate.

Abdomen alutaceous, faintly shining, the rest of the body dull.

Head trapezoidal, considerably narrowed in front, the posterior

angles widely rounded, the posterior margin straight or slightly

convex. Frontal carinae widely divergent, dilated horizontally

outwards, extending back as far as the posterior fourth of the head,

where they curve downwards and then continue forwards as a fine

line, forming the upper and lower margins respectively of deep and

wide scrobes, which receive the whole of the folded scape and

flagellum. The clypeus is narrow and projects forwards, its upper

surface is depressed, slanting downwards, feebly carinate in the

middle. The corners of the anterior margin of the upper surface are

produced into sharp teeth, the space between the teeth strongly con-

cave. Below the teeth, the front of the clypeus is vertical or even

inclined slightly inwards, convex transversely. The teeth of the

clypeus, seen from above, project well beyond the middle of the closed

mandibles. The latter closely striate, sparsely punctured, armed with

two sharp apical teeth, the rest of the masticatory margin merely

denticulate. Frontal area triangular and shining. Hyes composed

of about 10 or 12 facets, placed behind the middle of the sides and

below the scrobe. , Scape widened and flattened over the apical two-

thirds ; 2nd—8th joints of the flagellum very short, at least three times

wider than long, the club acuminate, four-fifths longer than the rest

of the flagellum. Pro-mesonotum wide, narrowed behind, as wide in

front as it is long ; pronotal shoulders narrowly rounded, prominent ;

posterior margin of mesonotum furnished with a small tooth on each

side (these are not easily seen, being partly obscured by the spatulate

hairs). Dorsum of epinotum nearly flat, quadrate, as wide as long,

very oblique, armed with two small, pointed, and triangular teeth.

The declivity a little shorter than the dorsum, fairly steep, mareginate

at the sides, with an episternal lobe on each side below. The

peduncle of the petiole is as long as the node. The latter two-thirds

wider than long, rounded above, the anterior and posterior faces

vertical, the posterior face feebly convex transversely and concave

362 Annals of the South African Museum.

from above to below. Seen from above, the node is transversely oval.

Second node also transversely oval, as wide as the Ist, two-thirds

wider than long, the ventral surface armed with a small tooth on each

side in front. Abdomen truncate in front, the sides very convex, a

little longer than wide.

Bulawayo, under stones, very rare. Occasionally found singly in

nests of Ponerine ants, where its presence is probably accidental. I

have never found more than half a dozen together in one place. It is

a very slow moving ant, and on account of its colour not easily seen

even at close quarters. The 2nd—8th joints of the flagellum are so

exceedingly short that they can be resolved only under a magnification

of at least 80 diameters, and it is therefore not surprising that this

species was originally placed by Dr. Forel under Dicroaspis.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Genus DICROASPIS, Emery.

Ann. Soc, Ent. Belg., vol. 52, p. 185, 1908.

Characters.

&. Antennae 11-jointed, club 3-jointed, the scape swollen near the

middle. Clypeus as in Calyptomyrmex Arnoldi. Deep scrobes present.

Head much narrower in front than behind, more or less triangular.

Pro-mesonotal suture absent, meso-epinotal distinct. HEpinotum armed

with two small teeth. Abdomen much longer than wide, as in the

genus Cataulacus. Spatulate hairs usually present.

@. Secutellum overhanging the epinotum. Nodes wider and

abdomen longer than in the $. Otherwise similar, except the usual

sexual differences in the structure of the thorax, ete

¥ ;

: D. CLAVISETA, Santschi.

Géteborgs Kung]. Vetensk. och Vitterh. Handl. XV, 2, p. 27, 9, 1914.

“%. 2mm. Brownish-red. Head and dorsum of thorax darker.

Abdomen blackish-brown. Dull. Head and pro-mesonotum coarsely

and longitudinally rugose. The rugae are slightly divergent towards

the back of the head, and convergent behind on the thorax. The

spaces between the rugae are more finely rugose and covered with

large punctures, shining at the bottom, each one giving rise to an

erect clavate hair. The sides of the thorax, the epinotum and both

nodes finely reticulate and punctate. On the thorax and abdomen the

clavate hairs are fairly long and outstanding, also erect but shorter on

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 363

the head, very short and oblique on the legs. Pubescence indistinct

on the body, abundant on the antennae, sparse on the legs. Head a

little longer than wide, the hind margin feebly emarginate, the

posterior angles rounded ; the sides straight, converging towards the

mouth. Hyes placed in the middle of the sides, composed of 8 or

9 facets (3 to 4 along the diameter). Clypeus reticulate, fairly

shining, subvertical, produced forwards into a bidentate lobe strongly

emarginate in the middle. Frontal carinae as in D. cryptocerus, Emery,

widely but shallowly emarginate in the middle of the sides. Mandibles

smooth, feebly punctured, fairly shining, with 2 apical teeth,

followed by 4 or 5 denticles. Scape cylindrical, slightly dilated in the

apical half. First joint of the flagellum as long as the four following

joints taken together; 2nd—6th joints three times wider than long.

Last joint of the club longer than the two preceding united, the latter

shorter than wide. Front of the pronotum transverse, the sides con-

vergent behind, submarginate and only feebly arcuate. Dorsum of

the epinotum strongly marginate, concave transversely, one-third

longer than wide and one-third longer than the declivity. The angles

of the epinotum armed with a small tooth. First node nearly twice

as wide as long or as high, convex above, the two faces vertical, the

anterior face almost as long as the peduncle, the upper margin of the

latter very oblique in front. Second node transversely oval, half as

wide again as the Ist, nearly twice as wide as long. Much wider and

more convex above than below, furnished below with a blunt tooth.

Abdomen ovoid, slightly dilated in front.”

Pietermaritzburg (Traegaordh).

Genus MERANOPLUS, Smith.

Trans. Ent. Soc. London, series 2, p. 224, 1854.

Characters.

®. Antennae 9-jointed, the club 3-jointed, the scape swollen in

the apical half. Distinct and deep scrobes present, receiving the

whole of the folded antennae. Eyes prominent and convex. Head

usually very steep in front. Frontal carimae wide apart, divergent,

prolonged backwards as the upper boundaries of the scrobes. Thorax

generally short; the pro-mesonotum forms a single disc, and over-

hangs the epmotum behind. The anterior and posterior angles of the

pro-mesonotum usually bidentate or bispinose. Epinotum vertical or

very steep, generally bispinose, sometimes unarmed, the dorsum and

declivity not differentiated, the upper surface of the epinotum forming

364 Annals of the South African Musewm.

a single plane. First node usually cuneiform. Second node cuboid or

globose. Puilosity long, abundant and woolly.

Q. Antennae 9-jointed. Pro-mesonotum not spined nor, dentate.

Wings with J cubital, 1 discoidal and 1 closed radial cell.

¢. Antennae 13-jointed, the scape short, the 2nd joint of the

flagellum not much longer than the scape. Mayrian furrows usually

well defined. Nodes flattened, not cuneiform, sometimes with the

anterior angles subdentate.

The ants of this genus are slow and timid insects, often feigning

death when handled. The nests of all our S. African species are

placed in the ground, usually with several entrances, which are

surrounded by irregular masses of excavated material. As far as my

observations go, they appear to be mainly carnivorous in their diet, but

are also fond of sugary substances, and attend aphids and coccids on

plants.

Key to the 9 9 of Meranoplus.

(4) 1. Epinotum unarmed.

(3) 2. Posterior margin of mesonotum feebly festooned. inermis, Emery.

(2) 38. Posterior margin of mesonotum deeply festooned . nanus, André.

(1) 4. Epinotum armed.

(10) 5. Mesonotum with short teeth at the posterior angles, much shorter

than the epinotal spines.

(7) 6. First node of petiole bispinose above. : . spininodis, Arnold.

(6) 7. First node of petiole unarmed above.

(9) 8. Lateral margins of pro-mesonotum deeply excised between the pro-

and mesonotum, strongly lobate on each side of the excision ; head

longitudinally striate anteriorly —. : . excisus, Arnold.

(8) 9. Lateral margins of the pro-mesonotum feeb excised, hardly lobed

on each side of the excision; head reticulate-rugose in front and

behind . 5 : 2 Peringueyi, Emery.

(5) 10. Mesonotum syined at the posterior angles, the spines as long as

those of the epinotum.

(12) 11. Abdomen dull . : : : 5 : : . Simoni, Emery.

(11) 12. Abdomen more or less shining.

(14) 138. Pro-mesonotal suture visible, linear : . var. sutwralis, Forel.

(13) 14. Pro-mesonotal suture obsolete.

(16) 15. Abdomen very shining; pro-mesonotum paler than the head and

abdomen, more or less yellowish-red . var. springvalensis, Arnold.

(15) 16. Abdomen moderately shining; thorax as dark as the rest of the

body, or nearly so . : : : : var. nitidiventris, Mayr.

I have not seen imermis, Emery, which has the epinotum unarmed,

like the race nanior, Forel, of nanus, André. I have some specimens

which have been named as this race by Dr. Santschi, but they do not

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 365

agree in size with Forel’s description, being 2°5 mm. long instead of

19. The two species, imermis and nanus with its varieties, are

evidently very closely allied, and in the circumstances, it appears

safest to repeat here the authors’ original descriptions.

M. inermis, Emery.

Ann. Soe. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 41, 9, 1895.

“6. 2-22 mm. Fuscous, with an abundant but not long pilosity,

scantier on the legs and thorax than elsewhere; head and thorax

coarsely reticulate, less shining than the abdomen, which with the

petiole is very shining and punctate; disc of pro-mesonotum trans-

verse, the anterior angles acute, obtusely 6-lobate posteriorly ; epi-

notum unarmed ; nodes of petiole cuneiform.”

“Very closely allied to M. nanus, André, from which it differs more

especially by the absence of the epinotal spines. The pro-mesonotum

is a little shorter, the festoons or lobes of the posterior margin less

prominent. The sculpture and pubescence are identical. The nodes

of the petiole are still more squamiform. Makapan (Simon).”

M. nanus, André.

Rev. d’Ent., 2, p. 95, 9, 1892.

“OG. 2°75-3°25 mm. The pro- and mesonotum together form a

transverse rectangle, much wider than long; the anterior angles of the

pronotum acute, the sides straight, separated from the mesonotum by

narrow and deep lateral excisions, and by a suture which is superficial

but distinct. Mesonotum shorter than the pronotum and of the same

width ; its posterior angles are dentiform but blunted, and its pos-

terior margin bears 4: short, obtuse and triangular teeth, of which

the two exterior are a little larger than the internal pair. Epinotum

armed with 2 small, acute and spiniform teeth. Petiole short, its

two segments having the form of fairly high scales; the scale of the

Ist segment, seen from the side, cuneiform, the summit very thin; the

2nd segment is hardly thicker at the base than at the summit, which

is less trenchant and rounder. More or less dark reddish-brown, the

legs and antennae testaceous, the abdomen nearly black behind.

Head and thorax fairly shining, fairly strongly reticulate-rugose ;

clypeus, frontal area and the vertical face of the epinotum nearly

smooth ; lst abdominal segment fairly coarsely and shallowly reticu-

late-punctate, the other segments nearly smooth. Pilosity whitish,

long and abundant all over. Gaboon.”

366 Annals of the South African Museum.

Race nanior, Forel.

Ann. Mus. Nat. Hong., vol. 5, p. 12, 9, 1907.

“6. 19mm. Apart from its smaller size, this form differs from

the type of the species by its sculpture, which is much more feeble

everywhere, by the more obtuse lobes or denticulations of the margin

of the thorax, by the thinner and more squamiform nodes, and by the

shorter thorax, which is one and three-quarter times wider than long.

The head is narrower than the thorax (equally wide in the type

species). Epinotal spines entirely absent, the epinotum being abso-

lutely unarmed. The woolly and abundant pilosity is a little shorter.

Mto-ya-kifaru, Hast Africa.”

Specimens taken near the Victoria Falls have been named for me

by Dr. Santschi as being of this race. Excepting their greater size,

they agree well with the above description, but not more so than they

do with Emery’s description of imermis and with his figure of the

same. Emery does not mention the pro-mesonotal suture, which is

well defined in these specimens, and ends at each side in a deep pit,

which appears to have been formed by the fusion of the opposed outer

angles of a former excision.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

M. spPININODIS, n. sp.

®. 27-2:°9 mm. Head, thorax, and nodes yellowish-brown,

abdomen dark brown, legs, antennae, and mandibles ochreous-yellow.

Pilosity pale yellowish, fairly long and abundant. On the legs it is

short, oblique, and intermixed with a sparse pubescence. Head

longitudinally rugose, the posterior fourth reticulate. Scrobes deep,

smooth, and shining, faintly and vertically striate over their posterior

half. Mandibles longitudinally striate, quadridentate. Thorax and

2nd node rugoso-reticulate, the reticulations on the node closer and

finer than on the thorax. Declivity of the epinotum and the Ist node

smooth and shining. Head and thorax moderately shining between

the reticulations. Abdomen nitidulous, very finely reticulate or

alutaceous ; here and there the reticulations are closer and stronger,

forming more or less rosette-like points. Head as wide behind as

long, not much narrowed in front, the posterior margin convex, the

posterior angles sharp. Hyes moderately large, placed behind the

middle of the sides. The frontal carinae and the scrobes extend

back as far as and end at the posterior angles. Median area of

clypeus margined laterally by a raised line or carina, between them

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 367

are 2 or 3 shorter lines; the anterior margin is straight, slightly

produced forwards. Club of antennae as long as the rest of the

flagellum. Pro-mesonotum nearly one and two-thirds wider than

long, not much wider in front than behind, only very slightly

narrowed behind the pronotal region, shallowly incised in front of

the mesonotal teeth. The latter are fairly acute, subparallel, a little

longer than their basal width. The epinotal spines are very long,

quite two and a half times longer than the mesonotal, and two and a

half times longer than their width at the base, subparallel, acute,

directed obliquely upwards. They are placed very close to the

posterior margin of the mesonotum, so that the clathrate space

between the latter and their bases (7. e. the dorsum of the epinotum)

is very short.

First node of petiole cuneiform, the anterior face vertical, the

posterior face nearly so; the trenchant dorsal edge of the node bears

on each side a sharp and vertical spine, a little longer than wide at

the base. The lst node is slightly wider than the 2nd. The latter

is subglobose; seen from the side it is somewhat flattened above,

wider above than below, the anterior face inclined forwards, obtusely

angulated below. Abdomen deeply emarginate at the base at its

junction with the petiole.

This is a very distinct species, easily distinguished from all our

other species by the bispinose Ist node of the petiole and the very

long epinotal spines.

Hillside, Bulawayo. ‘The entrance to the nest is a very small hole

surrounded by a tiny mound of earth. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.) ;

type in my collection.

M. excisus, Arnold.

Proc. Rhod. Se. Assen., vol. 13, part 3, p. 29, 9, 1914.

®. 3-33 mm. Head, thorax, petiole, legs, and antennae yellowish-

brown, the heal, scape, and club of antenna a little darker, abdomen

brownish-black. The pilosity is very dense and composed of long

pale hairs, more abundant than in Simoni-nitidiventris. The legs

and antennae more sparsely clothed with short and oblique hairs.

Head and clypeus longitudinally rugose, the spaces between the

rugosities smooth and slightly shining. Thorax reticulately rugose |

the rugae emphasised longitudinally, the spaces between them

slightly shining. Face of the lst node of the petiole smooth and

shining, the 2nd node reticulate-rugose above. First segment of the

abdomen shining, very finely rugose and feebly punctured. Legs

smooth and moderately shining.

24,

368 Annals of the South African Museum.

Head very little wider behind than im tront, as long as wide.

Hyes very convex and prominent, placed a little behind the middle of

the sides. Clypeus subtriangular, wider behind than in front, the

anterior margin slightly convex, the posterior margin not clearly

defined. Mandibles longitudinally and sharply striate, armed with

Antennal scrobes smooth and shining, extending back almost to the

posterior angles of the head. Scapes dilated in the apical half, as

long as flagellum less the apical joint. First joint of flagellum as

long as wide, 3rd—5th joints wider than long. The anterior margin

of the pro-mesonotal dise convex, produced at the anterior corners

into a sharp angle on each side; on each side, in the middle, the

margin of the disc is semicircularly and rather abruptly excised, and

in front and behind this excision the margin is slightly concave.

The posterior angles of the disc are produced into 2 small acute

teeth, which are a little longer than they are wide at the base.

Between the lateral teeth the posterior margin also bears 2 smaller

triangular teeth. The epinotum is margined laterally and produced

on each side into a sharp spine, which is at least twice as long as it 1s

wide at the base. First node of the petiole cuneiform, almost linear

above, as wide at the base as it is high, the anterior face vertical ;

2nd node globose, as wide as the Ist. Sides of the thorax and

epinotum transversely and sparsely rugose.

Kstcourt, Natal (R. C. Wroughton). (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.);

type in my collection.

M. Perineveyi, Emery. (Plate VIII, figs..115, 115a.)

Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., vol. 18, p. 365, 9, 1886.

®. 27-42mm. Black; tarsi and antennae more or less brownish-

black. Head and thorax subopaque, nodes and abdomen dull, legs

shehtly shining. Pilosity abundant and woolly, composed of fairly

long whitish hairs, erect on the body, oblique, less dense and shorter

on the legs and scapes. Flagellum moderately pubescent. Head,

thorax, and nodes coarsely reticulate-rugose, the spaces between the

reticulations slightly shining and roughened; the rugae more or

less longitudinal on the head, on the nodes finer and closer. The

abdomen is very closely and fairly finely reticulate-punctate. Epimnotum

shallowly rugulose and shining above, striate laterally between the

epinotal spines and the posterior margin of the mesonotum. Sides

of thorax irregularly and shallowly rugose.

Head, excluding the mandibles, as long as wide behind, narrowed

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 369

gradually from back to front, the posterior margin convex, the pos-

terior angles rounded. Eyes very convex, large, placed behind the

middle of the sides. Scrobes extend back almost as far as the

occipital margin, shining and nearly smooth, with a few vertical

striae posteriorly. Frontal cariae very divergent. Median area of

clypeus longitudinally rugose, wider behind than in front, the sides

somewhat raised, the anterior margin convex. Mandibles closely and

fairly strongly striate, armed with 5 stout teeth. Pro-mesonotum in

front as wide as the head, one-fifth wider than long, the anterior

angles acute and dentiform. Lateral margins of pronotum feebly

concave; there is a slight excision between the pro- and mesonotum,

the suture obsolete. Mesonotum as long as the pronotum, its lateral

margins shghtly concave, the posterior lateral angles armed with a

tooth, which is hardly longer than wide at the base; between the

lateral teeth, the posterior margin is produced into two much smaller

and triangular teeth, the space between them concave. Epinotum

armed with two acute, divergent spines, much longer than their basal

width, and longer than the mesonotal teeth. The upper face of the

epinotum is shallowly concave transversely, and nearly vertical. First

node of petiole cuneiform, the anterior and posterior faces meeting in

a trenchant edge above, the ventral surface convex and bearing a small

tooth in front. Second node globose, a trifle longer than wide, not

wider than the Ist. Abdomen globose, emarginate at the junction

with the petiole, much wider than the thorax.

Cape Prov. (Peringuey) ; Willowmore, Cape Prov. (Brauns).

The specimens from Willowmore measure 4-4-2 mm. in length,

greatly exceeding in size the types of Hmery, which measure 2°7—3°5

mm. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

M. Simoni, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 41, 5, 1895.

20) 7), Tate Fusco-ferruginous, abdomen piceous; head, dorsum

of thorax and petiole coarsely reticulate, the abdomen punctulate, dull,

evenly clothed with a long pilosity; pre-mesonotal suture obsolete,

anterior angles of pronotum acutely produced, the posterior margin of

mesonotum deeply emarginate, with a strong, large and acute spine on

each side; epinotum bispinose ; Ist node cuneiform, 2nd node sub-

globose. Vrijburg (Simon).”

“In the shape of the thorax the species approaches M. Magrettui,

André, from which it differs more especially by the greater develop-

ment of the mesonotal teeth, which form strong spines, longer than

370 Annals of the South African Museum.

they are wide at the base. Between them, the posterior margin is

deeply and arcuately emarginate, with a little and deeper excision in

the middle. The anterior angles of the pronotum are acute and

produced forwards; the lateral margins of the pronotum converge

gradually and almost in a straight line, from the anterior angles

backwards to the position of the suture, where they are abruptly

constricted. The sides of the mesonotum converge in the same way as

far as the apex of the spines. The head and thorax are very sharply

reticulate-rugose ; on the head the sculpture tends to form longi-

tudinal ridges, especially in front, but this arrangement is_ less

noticeable than in Magrettw. The surface of the head is, moreover,

also finely punctulate. The abdomen is very densely punctulate and

dull, and sprinkled with small piligerous punctures. The hairs are

long, and all of about the same length.”

Race suTuRALIs, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 424, 9, 1910.

“G6. 3-33 mm. Head and abdomen brown; thorax, petiole and

limbs reddish. Clypeus without the 2 very small teeth in front

which are to be seen in the race nitidiventris, Mayr. The sides of the

thorax are emarginate between the pro- and mesonotum, and the pro-

mesonotal suture is visible as a transverse line. Mesonotal spines

much wider, longer and more robust than in the race nitidiventris,

longer than the thin spines of the epimotum. Otherwise identical ;

abdomen shining as in nitidiventris. Natal (Haviland).”

(S.A.M. coll.) The reticulations on the pro-mesonotum are much

smaller than in nitidiventris.

Race NITIDIVENTRIS, Mayr.

Ann. K- KN. Mus. Wien, vol. 16, p: 26, ©, 1901.

®. 31-36 mm, Brownish-black, thorax and nodes dark reddish-

brown, legs dark brown, bases and apices of the femora and tibiae, the

tarsi, mandibles and the first five joints of the flagellum paler, more or

less ferruginous. The anterior three-fourths of the head longitudinally

rugose, becoming more reticulate posteriorly, the posterior fourth

reticulate. Hpinotum irregularly rugose and partly reticulate between

the spies and the posterior margin of the mesonotum. Abdomen

moderately shining, very shallowly, closely and finely reticulate, more

strongly reticulate over the basal third. The thorax is duller than in

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 371

the type of the species, but nevertheless fairly shining between the

reticulations. The posterior margin of the mesonotum lacks the little

median excision which is present in the type. Meso- and epinotal

spines equal in length, but the latter are thinner and more acute than

the former, which are slightly curved upwards at the apex. Otherwise

like the type of the species,

2. 61 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Colour as in the %, but the

scutellum, epinotum, and petiole more or less dark red or reddish-

brown. Sculpture like that of the %, but the superimposed reticula-

tions on the base of the abdomen are stronger than in the 9, and the

meshes more elongate. Eyes not much larger than in the §, the

ocelli small and depressed. Pronotum very little exposed above in

the middle, more exposed at the sides, the shoulders subangular.

Mesonotum moderately convex in front, rather flat behind, one-third

wider across the tegulae than long. Scutellum subtriangular, the

sides feebly convex, narrowly rounded behind, projecting somewhat

over the very short metanotum. Dorsum of epinotum obsolete

between the teeth. The latter are triangular, acute, as long as wide

at the base; the declivity vertical, smooth and shining. Nodes as in

the ©. Abdomen emarginate at the base, ovoid, longer than wide.

Wings rather long (the front wing 6 mm. long), tinged with yellow,

the nervures and stigma brownish-yellow. Otherwise like the ¢.

S$. 53 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Black, the articulations of

the legs reddish, the tarsi, antennae and mandibles pale dirty yellow.

Head, thorax and nodes slightly shining, abdomen very shining.

Pilosity thinner, less abundant and less woolly than in the 9. Head

and thorax very coarsely reticulate-rugose, the rugae becoming more

longitudinal on the posterior third of the mesonotum; epinotum

longitudinally rugose above, the declivity transversely striate, the sides

of the thorax and epinotum more or less rugoso-striate. Nodes finely

striate longitudinally, abdomen smooth except at the extreme base

round the articulation with the petiole, where it is fan-wise striate.

Seen from the side, the head is almost angular above at the ocellar

region, the anterior and posterior surfaces falling steeply downwards

from that point. The head is wider than long, widest across the eyes,

the outline behind the eyes almost semicircular. Eyes very large and

hemispherical, occupying the anterior half of the sides of the head ;

the ocelli large and prominent. Mandibles small, elongate, with an

acute apical tooth and minutely denticulate behind. Scapes short, half

as long as the distance between their sockets and the anterior ocellus ;

Ist joint of flagellum slightly longer than wide, the 3rd and following

joints all somewhat swollen and thicker at their basal third, Meso-

372 Annals of the South African Museum.

notum very convex in front, hiding the pronotum almost entirely from

above. The scutellum is very convex lengthwise, and is separated

from the mesonotum by a deep and clathrate groove. Dorsum of

epinotum very oblique, twice as wide as long, sharply marginate at the

sides, a little longer than the vertical declivity. Both segments of the

petiole somewhat flattened dorso-ventrally, wider than deep. The Ist

segment, seen from above, more or less trapezoidal, almost as long as

wide in front, convex and widest in front, the anterior lateral angles

acute and produced. Second segment like the Ist but shorter, the

anterior margin less convex transversely. First abdominal segment

widened towards its apex. Wings as in the 9 but shorter. Legs

fairly long and slender.

S. Rhodesia, fairly common on the granite and schist formations.

Types of 9 and g in my collection. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Var. SPRINGVALENSI Ss, n.V.

®. 31mm. Head and abdomen very dark brown, the base of the

latter a little paler. Thorax and nodes yellowish-red. Legs and

antennae brownish-yellow, the scape and club brown. This variety

differs from the description of the type of the species only in the

almost smooth and very shining abdomen. From the race nitidi-

ventris it may be distinguished by the smaller size, paler thorax, and

the much thinner epinotal spines.

Springvale, 8S. Rhodesia. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.); type in my

collection.

Troe DACKTINI, Forel.

Including the following genera: Strunugenys, Smith ; Microdaceton,

Santschi; and Hypitritus, Emery. All the species are easily recognised

by the shape of the head, which is strongly cordate and often deeply

emarginate behind.

Genus STRUMIGENYS, Smith.

Journ. Ent., I, p. 72, 1860.

Characters.

®. Antennae 6-jointed, club 2-jointed and usually much longer

than the rest of the flagellum. Head cordate, narrowed considerably

in front, and higher behind than in front, the posterior margin often

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 373

deeply emarginate. Mandibles elongate, the internal and external

margins often much longer than the masticatory, which is generally

armed with acute teeth. A complete scrobe present. Eyes small and

placed low down on the sides. Frontal carinae widely divergent»

forming the upper boundary of the scrobes. Thorax widest in front,

narrowed laterally and depressed above at the meso-epinotal suture,

both thoracic sutures more or less defined. Epinotum often bidentate

or bispinose. Declivity of epinotum often furnished with a foliaceous

or membranaceous margin on each side. Petiole generally covered,

at least at the sides, with a spongy mass of material, probably

formed by a coalescence of spatulate hairs. First segment of petiole

with the peduncular and nodal portions distinct; 2nd node wider

than the Ist, transverse. Abdomen generally very convex below,

flattened above. Lees fairly long and slender, the middle and

posterior tibiae without calearia. Pilosity usually composed of clavate

and spatulate hairs.

2. Inke the $, except the usual sexual differences in the structure

of the thorax. Eyes larger than in the 9; ocelli present. Wings

with an open radial cell and one median cell, the cubital and discoidal

cells absent.

¢. Antennae 13-jointed.

Distribution. Both hemispheres.

Key to the 3 9 of Strumigenys.

(14) 1. Mandibles distinctly toothed.

(11) 2. Mandibles armed with 3 or 4 teeth near the apex; all, or at least

three of them very long, acute and spiniform.

(10) 3. Mandibles half as long as the head, or very nearly so.*

(5) 4, Last joint almost twice as long as the rest of the flagellum.

Traegaordhi, Santschi.

(4) 5. Last joint not more, or less than one-third longer than the rest of

the flagellum.

(7) 6. Sides of the head very convex : i . vrorata, Santschi-

(6) 7. Sides of head not very convex, Saneeel rectilinear or slightly con-

cave in the median third.

(9) 8. Mesonotum distinctly depressed behind ; dorsum of epinotum hori-

zontal . ‘ , , Arnoldi, Forel.

(8) 9. Mesonotum not nepreesed honinde eral feebly convex over its

whole length ; dorsum of epinotum oblique . Haviland, Forel.

(3) 10. Mandibles distinctly less than half the length of the head.

Havilandi, race Marleyi, Arnold.

* N.B.—In this key, and in the subsequent deseriptions, the head is measured

along the median line, from the anterior margin of the clypeus to the middle

of the occipital margin. The measurement of the mandibles excludes the

portion hidden beneath the clypeus.

374: Annals of the South African Museum.

(2) 11. Mandibles with numerous small and distinct teeth, not spiniform.

(13) 12. Colour dark ochreous; anterior margin of elypeus shallowly concave ;

2nd and 8rd joints of flagellum as long as wide . emarginata, Mayr.

(12) 18. Colour dark yellowish-brown; anterior margin of clypeus straight ;

2nd and 38rd joints of flagellum wider than long . transversa, Santachi.

(1) 14. Mandibles practically edentate, the masticatory margin being very

long and furnished with minute denticulations which are visible

only under a very high magnification.

(16) 15. Pronotum dull, reticulate-punctate.

Escherichi, Forel, race boerorum, Santschi.

(15) 16. Pronotum shining, almost smooth.

(18) 17. 1°7 mm. long; dorsum of epinotum flat . ; . Simoni, Emery.

(17) 18. 2:1-2'4 mm. long ; dorsum of epinotum convex.

Escherichi, race limbata, Forel.

S. TRAEGAORDHI, Santschi.

Goteborgs Kungl. Vetensk. och Vitterh. Handl. XV, 2, p. 28, 9, 1914.

“O. 2 mm. Dark reddish-yellow, sometimes brownish; the

middle of the abdomen brown. Mandibles, antennae, and legs

yellowish. Dull. Reticulate-punctate. The front of the 2nd node

and the abdomen smooth and shining, except a few striae on the base

of the latter. Puilosity spatulate, elongate, and abundant, symmetrical

and oblique on the sides of the head and the inferior margin of the

scape ; on the latter there are 6 or 7 hairs directed outwards. On the

thorax there are only short, erect, and truncate hairs, together with

4 or 6 much longer and clavate hairs; these occur again more

abundantly over the whole abdomen. Pubescence fine and more or

less decumbent, sparse on the head and thorax, more abundant on the

mandibles, antennae, legs, and abdomen. Head one-fifth longer than

wide, emarginate behind, the posterior angles widely rounded. Eyes

with 3 or 4 facets. The scape, very little dilated, reaches the posterior

fourth of the head, as also the scrobe. Fourth joint of flagellum

distinctly longer than the Ist; 2nd and 8rd joints wider than Jong ;

5th joint nearly twice as long as the rest of the flagellum. Mandibles

linear, slightly curved, with 4 teeth, of which 3 are spiniform and

subequal, 2 apical, and 1 placed at the distal third of the mandibles.

The 4th tooth is smaller, placed between the innermost and the

apical pair, separated by a wide interval. Pronotum twice as wide as

long, marginate and arcuate in front, the anterior angles slightly

prominent. The pro-mesonotal suture not very distinct. Mesonotum

constricted and impressed in its middle, its anterior half forming with

the pronotum a fairly strong convexity. Meso-epinotal suture well

defined. Dorsum of epinotum marginate, narrower in front than

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 375

behind, and on the same level as the posterior half of the mesonotum.

Epinotal spines a little longer than their fbasal width, as long as

one-third of the interval between them. Declivity of epinotum con-

cave, margined at the sides with a band of spongy tissue. First node

higher and wider than long, rounded at the summit, which, seen from

above, has a transversely rectangular shape, barely arcuate anteriorly-

The anterior face is hardly convex, oblique, and a little shorter than

the dorsal face. Second node twice as wide as long, convex in front,

nearly straight behind. A spongy mass covers the lower surface and

also the sides of the petiole.

“ Pietermaritzburg and Sweetwaters, Natal. (Traegaordh).”’

S. rrRoRATA, Santschi.

JHC Citing 1Do Py Dc

“G. 15 mm. Reddish-yellow. Antennae and legs of a paler

yellow. Finely reticulate-punctate. Dull. Nodes and abdomen

smooth and shining, except a few striae at the base of the Jatter, and

some longitudinal striae on the pronotum. Head clothed with

spatulate hairs, short and white; forming a row on the lower margin

of the scape and directed outwards, also on the margin of the clypeus.

Pronotum also with spatulate hairs, but less abundant. In addition,

there are also some long hairs, with or without clavate ends. Man-

dibles, legs, and antennae fairly pubescent. Head one-sixth longer

than wide, emarginate behind, the sides very convex. Eyes with

4 or 5 facets. The scape and its scrobe extend a little beyond the

posterior fourth of the head, the scape fairly dilated. First and

4th joints of the flagellum subequal, the 4th wider than the Ist, the

2nd and 3rd wider than long, the last joint one-fourth longer than

the rest of the flagellum. Mandibles linear and moderately curved,

distinctly shorter than half the length of the head, with 3 long

teeth feebly incurved above, the 3rd placed at the distal fourth of the

mandible, the teeth crossing when the mandibles are closed. Pro-

notum (without the neck) twice as wide as long, marginate and

arcuate in front, the shoulders rectangular, well defined but obtuse ;

the sides straight, submarginate and convergent behind. Pro-meso-

notal suture distinct, concave behind. Mesonotum twice as long as

wide in the middle, twice as wide in front as behind, submarginate.

Epinotum marginate, the dorsum narrower in front, a little longer

than it is wide behind. Epinotal spines as long as they are wide at

the base, nearly as long as one-third of the interval between them.

Declivity margined with a band of spongy tissue. First node

376 Annals of the South African Museum.

obtusely angular, wider than long, more convex transversely in front

than behind. The anterior face straight and inclined, a little shorter

than the peduncle. Second node two and a half times ‘wider than

long, feebly emarginate in front, surrounded by a large mass of spongy

tissue which extends below the Ist node:

“Lake Sibayi, Zululand. (Traegaordh).”

.§. Arnoup1, Forel. (Plate VIIL, figs. 117, 117a-d.)

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 114, 9, 1913.

&. 18mm, Reddish-ochreous ; legs, antennae, and mandibles a

little paler. Head dull, very densely reticulate-punctate. Dorsum

of thorax and the 1st node subopaque and reticulate-punctate, but

much more shallowly than the head; the pronotum longitudinally

and irregularly striate in addition. Sides of thorax, 2nd node, and

abdomen smooth and shining. The abdomen with 4 or 5 strong and

oblique striae on each side of the base, extending beyond the basal

third of the Ist segment. Legs and scapes closely reticulate-punctate

and dull. Mandibles rugulose. Pilosity on the head composed of

whitish-yellow spatulate hairs (see fig. 1176), fairly abundant and

evenly disposed. A row of 7 hairs, directed outwards, lies on the

outer margin of each scape. The pilosity of the thorax, nodes, and

abdomen very sparse and irregular, composed of long clavate hairs

(see fig. 117a). Femora and tibiae more sparsely pilose, the hairs

smaller and more decumbent and less distinctly spatulate. Mandibles,

tarsi, and flagellum with a sparse decumbent pubescence.

Head, excluding the mandibles, one-fifth longer than wide (or

including the posterior lateral lobes, two-fifths longer), a little more

than twice as wide at its greatest width as it is across the anterior

margin of the clypeus ; fairly convex at the sides over the posterior

third, almost parallel-sided in frout, the posterior margin concave,

deeply and widely emarginate. Scrobes deep, distinctly margined

above and below, and divided in the basal half by a strong and

longitudinal ridge. Eyes small, composed of 4 or 5 facets, placed

below the lower margin of the scrobe and not visible from above.

Clypeus triangular, equilateral, the anterior margin straight. Frontal

carinae convex outwardly above the antennal sockets, thence widely

divergent. First and 4th joints of the flagellum subequal, 2nd and

3rd wider than long, 5th joint one-third longer than the rest of the

flagellum. Mandibles linear, half as long as the head, almost parallel,

feebly convex externally, armed with 4 long and spiniform teeth.

Two of these subequal and placed at the apex, the innermost at about

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 377

the distal third ; between the latter and the apical pair lies a smaller

tooth. Pronotum submarginate at the sides, feebly carinate in the

middle, a little longer than wide, the anterior margin very convex

transversely, sloping downwards and forwards. Pro-mesonotal suture

obsolete above. Mesonotum longer than wide, the posterior half

narrower than the anterior and depressed. The dorsum of the epi-.

notum a little longer than wide, feebly convex lengthwise, merging

by a short curve into the declivity. The latter is margined on each

side by a spongy band, which reaches the lower edge of the epinotal

spines. The latter are longer than their basal width, nearly as long

as the interval between them. Peduncle of the petiole longer than

the node; the latter cuboid, as wide as long, a little wider behind

than in front. Second node transversely oval, twice as wide as the

lst, two-thirds wider than long. Both nodes margined behind and

below (including the peduncle) with spongy tissue, which also extends

over the sides of the base of the abdomen. Under the 2nd node this

spongy tissue is deeper than the node itself and covers a spinose

process. Abdomen flattened above, very convex below.

Bulawayo. Taken on one occasion only, under a stone and in the

nest of Bothroponera Krugeri, Forel. Apparently very rare. (R.M.,

G.A. colls.)

S. Havinannp1, Forel.

Mitth. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 22, p. 18, 9, 1905.

“%. 2:42°6 mm. Mandibles half as long as the head, feebly

curved outwardly near the base and thence almost straight or barely

convex, so that a space is left between them which is a little wider

than the width of the mandible itself. The latter is narrow, at first

parallel-sided, then gradually attenuated in the apical half, quadri-

dentate. Two long sharp teeth are placed on the inner margin behind

the apex. The two apical teeth are long, thin, and widely divergent,

the upper one longer than the lower. ‘The mandibles are dull, with

a long, yellowish and adpressed pubescence, and a row of longer and

outstanding hairs on the inner margin before the apex. Head cordi-

form, much longer than wide . . . with a feeble semilunar

emargination posteriorly. Not emarginate laterally. Clypeus wider

than long, emarginate in front, fairly flat. Frontal carinae dilated

in front. Scapes curved, feebly spindle-shaped. Last joint some-

what longer than the rest of the flagellum. The anterior part of the

head, in front of the antennal sockets, transversely rectangular

much wider than long. Eyes fairly small. Pronotum convex in,

378 Annals of the South African Museum.

front, behind which the dorsal profile of the thorax is straight and

without any emargination. Pro-mesonotal suture indistinct. Meso-

epinotal suture very clearly defined. Dorsum of the epinotum

distinctly marginate, about one and one-third times longer than

wide, a little wider behind. Epinotal teeth short, about as long as

two-thirds of the interval between them. Declivity of the epimotum

with a feeble translucent band on each side. Both nodes wider than

long, the 2nd twice as wide as the Ist, the latter shorter than its

peduncle. There is a ribbon of spongy tissue below the Ist segment

of the petiole, and a mass of the same tissue around the ventral

projection of the 2nd node. There is very little of it above and

behind the nodes. Legs fairly long and thin. Sides of thorax, 2nd

node, and abdomen smooth; the latter almost without basal striae.

Head dull, densely reticulate-punctate. All the rest very finely

reticulate, at the most only slightly shining, in part dull. On the

dorsum of the thorax the meshes are partly converted into longi-

tudinal rugae. On the body there is a scanty pilosity composed of

very short clavate hairs. There is also a row of such hairs on the

anterior margins of the clypeus and scapes, and along the sides of

the frontal carinae. Similar clavate hairs, shining and decumbent,

are plentiful on the head, scanty on the rest of the body. In

addition, there is a fine adpressed pubescence on the body and the

linbs, the latter without outstanding pilosity. Rusty yellowish-red.

The vertex and a cloudy transverse band on the abdomen yellowish-

brown.”

“ Natal, 53800 ft. (Haviland).”

Race Maruryi, Arnold.

Proc. Rhod. Sc. Assn., vol. 13, part 3, p. 31, 9, 1914.

5. 26 mm. Differs from the type of the species as follows:

The mandibles are shorter, much less than half as long as the head.

The head, measured from the anterior margin of the clypeus to the

apices of the posterior angles, is two and a half times as long as

the mandibles. The last jomt of the flagellum is not longer than

the rest of the flagellum. The dorsum of the epinotum is slightly

shining, wider than long. The sides of the thorax are not smooth as

in the type species, but distinctly reticulate-punctate and dull. The

base of the abdomen distinctly striate at the sides, the striations

covering a fan-shaped area. Otherwise like the type.

Durban. 'T'wo specimens in a nest of Pheidole punctulata (H. B,

Marley); type in my collection.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 379

S. EMARGINATA, Mayr.

Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 16, p. 26, 5, 1901.

O. 222 mm. Ochreous; the abdomen and mandibles slightly

brownish-yellow. Abdomen and 2nd node moderately shiniug, the

rest of the body dull. Head, thorax, excepting the pronotum, dorsum

of epinotum, and Ist node finely and closely reticulate-punctate ; the

declivity of the epinotum, the 2nd node, aud the abdomen smooth,

the basal third of the latter strongly and obliquely striate on each

side (about 6 striae on each side). Head, pro-, and mesonotum

clothed with curved spatulate hairs, very scantily on the pro- and

mesonotum, fairly abundantly on the head. Anterior margin of the

scape with a row of such hairs, directed outwards. The anterior

margin of the clypeus with a dense row of scale-lke hairs. The rest

of the body very sparsely and irregularly pilose, the hairs fairly long

and acuminate, not clavate. Legs with adpressed and simple hairs.

Head not quite half as long again as wide, at its widest point two

and two-fifths wider than the width of the anterior margin of the

clypeus, the posterior margin widely and fairly deeply emarginate, not

very convex at the sides. The scapes and the scrobes do not extend

back beyond the eye by a distance greater than the long diameter of

the Jatter. The scrobes much shallower than in Arnoldi or Haviland,

the upper and lower margins not very clearly defined. First joint of

the flagellum a little longer and thinner than the 4th, 2nd and 3rd

joints about as long as wide, 5th joint nearly one-third longer than

the rest of the flagellum. Eyes fairly large, composed of 20 or more

facets. Posterior margin of clypeus angular, the anterior margin

shallowly concave. The mandibles are more than half hidden under

the clypeus, the exposed apical portion feebly convex externally, the

internal margin armed with numerous small teeth. The dorsal profile

of the thorax is almost flat, the pronotum slanting very slightly down-

wards and forwards, the mesonotum feebly depressed in the middle.

The pronotum is longer than wide, rounded at the sides and in front,

faintly striate. Pro-mesonotal suture very feeble, the meso-epinotal

a little more distinct. Dorsum of epinotum widest between the

spines, as long as wide. Hpinotal spines long and acute, almost

parallel, quite as long as the interval between their bases. First

node, seen from above, more or less hemispherical, rounded and

narrower in front; 2nd node twice as wide as long, a little more than

twice as wide as the Ist, transversely oval or lenticular, the anterior

margin more convex than the posterior. Abdomen distinctly depressed

in the middle near the base. Both nodes covered behind and below

380 Annals of the South African Museum.

with masses of spongy tissue, very large below the peduncle of the

Ist node. A very narrow band of the same tissue margins each side

of the vertical declivity of the epinotum. Ventral surface of abdomen

very convex.

Port Elizabeth (Brauns). (G.A. coll.)

S. TRANSVERSA, Santschi.

Goteborgs Kungl. Vetensk. och Vitterh. Handl., XV, 2,p.31, 9, 1914.

“G. 22 mm. Dark yellowish-brown. Mandibles, antennae and

legs of a lighter brown. Head covered with curved spatulate hairs.

A regular fringe of similar hairs borders the clypeus and the lower

margins of the scapes, but on the latter the five inner hairs are

directed inwards, and the two outer ones outwards. <A few rare hairs

of the same kind occur on the pronotum. Epinotum and abdomen

with simple hairs, fairly scanty. Legs, antennae and abdomen pubes-

cent. Reticulate-punctate and dull. Declivity of the epinotum, Ist

segment of the petiole and the abdomen smooth and shining, except a

few striae on the basal fourth of the latter.

“ Head one-quarter longer than wide, emarginate behind. Clypeus

pentagonal, the anterior margin straight (concave in emarginata,

Mayr), partly covering the mandibles. The latter denticulate on the

front half, the exposed part a little shorter than the length of the

clypeus. First and 4th joints of the flagellum subequal, 2nd and 3rd

a little wider than long, the 5th as long as the rest of the flagellum.

Pronotum much wider than long, the anterior margin forming a

narrower triangle. Pro-mesonotal suture very distinct. Mesonotum

slightly convex, continued behind on the same level as the dorsum of

the epinotum, which is marginate and parallel-sided. Epinotal spines

wide at the base, longer than half the interval between them, shghtly

divergent. Declivity of epinotum concave, marganed with spongy

bands. First node low, the anterior face only slightly oblique, the

summit rounded and wider than long. Second node twice as wide as

the Ist, and twice as wide as long, convex. A fairly large spongy

mass surrounds the nodes. Alhed to emarginata, Mayr, from which it

differs chiefly in the colour and the clypeus. which is not emarginate.

‘‘ Pietermaritzburg (‘Traegaordh).”

S. Simoni, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 42, 9, 1895.

“O. 1?@mm. ‘Testaceous, reticulate-punctate, dull, the dorsum of

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 381

the pronotum shining, 2nd node of petiole and the abdomen smooth

and very shining. Head elongate, emarginate behind, narrowed in

front, clypeus convex, arcuate in front, mandibles porrect, the masti-

catory margin very long and nearly straight from the clypeus to the

apex, minutely denticulate ; 4th joint of the flagellum hardly shorter

than the preceding three taken together. Thorax evenly convex over

‘the pro-mesonotum, the dorsum of the epinotum depressed, the spines

short, the declivity margined with spongy bands. Peduncle of the Ist

joint of the petiole long, the node subglobose, reticulate; 2nd node

transversely ovate and shining.

“Makapan (Simon).”’

“This species is remarkable on account of the very elongate form of

the mandibles (the teeth of which are numerous and excessively

minute). . . . The head, mesonotum, epinotum and the Ist node

are very closely reticulate-punctate and dull, the rest is shining.

There are no striae at the base of the abdomen. The spongy appen-

dage of the petiole is only feebly developed. The head bears some

small curved and squamiform hairs; clavate hairs occur only on the

petiole and abdomen.”

S. Escuuricut, Forel, race trmpata, Forel. (Plate VIII, fig. 118.)

Zool. Jahrb., vol. 29, p. 261, ©, 1910.

(Race) Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. (Beiheft), p. 222, 9, 1913.

QO. 21-2:-4mm. Dark brownish-red, legs, antennae and mandibles

dark yellow. Head, meso- and epinotum and Ist node reticulate-

punctate and dull; pronotum moderately shining, sparsely and feebly

striate, narrowly carinate in the middle. Declivity of the epinotum,

2nd node and abdomen smooth and shining, the latter longitudinally

striate over the basal third. Pilosity fairly sparse on the head, very

sparse on the nodes and abdomen, the epinotum glabrous. The

pilosity consists of clavate hairs, curved and flattened on the head,

longer and erect elsewhere. The broad spatulate hairs present in the

other species are absent. The two outermost hairs on the anterior

margin of the scape are directed outwards, the rest inwards. On the

thorax there are only two clavate hairs, one on each side of the middle

of the mesonotum. Head, measured from the anterior margin of the

clypeus to the middle of the occipital’ margin, very little longer than

wide, the sides not very convex, the posterior margin fairly deeply but

not widely emarginate. The scrobes are well defined and fairly deep,

and with the scapes extend back almost to the end of the posterior

angles. Frontal carinae prominent. Eyes small, composed of about

382 Annals of the South African Museum.

12 facets. Clypeus more or less triangular, the anterior margin

convex. Mandibles edentate, less than half as long as the head ; their

external margins converge towards the apex, so that the mandibles

form an isosceles triangle with a small space between them at the base.

First and 4th joints of the flagellum subequal, 2nd and 3rd about as

long as wide, 5th joint as long as the rest of. the flagellum. Pronotum

wider than long, fairly convex in front and at the sides, the shoulders:

subangular ; pro-mesonotal suture faintly defined. The posterior half

of the mesonotum rather abruptly depressed ; meso-epinotal suture

thin but fairly distinct. Dorsum of epinotum a little longer than

wide, convex transversely and longitudinally over the basal half,

oblique and flat over the apical half. Epinotum and posterior half of

mesonotum finely submarginate. Epinotal teeth short, hardly longer

than their basal width, moderately divergent, directed obliquely

upwards. A narrow and transparent band margins each side of the

declivity, starting from the lower side of the teeth. The peduncle of

the petiole is much longer than the node; the latter, seen from above,

a little longer than wide (not including the portion behind, which is

more or less hidden by spongy tissue), rounded in front and at the

sides, fairly flat above. Second node twice as wide as the Ist, trans-

versely oval, furnished below with a lomg perpendicular spine which is

hidden by spongy tissue. The latter is not plentiful.

Q. 31mm. (hitherto undescribed). Eyes larger than in the 9,

occupying about one-fifth of the sides of the head. Ocelli small.

Shoulders of pronotum subangular, exposed above. Mesonotum higher

than the pronotum, the anterior margin narrowed in front and

angular, but with the apex of the angle somewhat rounded, as long as

it is wide across the tegulae. Scutellum semicircular, nearly half as

long as the mesonotumi, much higher than the dorsum of the epinotum,

which is steep and wider than long. Epinotal teeth triangular,

shorter than in the 9. Sides vf mesothorax smooth and shining.

Dorsum of epinotum shorter than the declivity. Peduncle of the

petiole twice as long as the node; the latter, seen from above, trans-

versely rectangular, twice as wide as long. Second node transversely

oval, two-thirds wider than long, one-third wider than the Ist. ‘The

spongy tissue occurs as a narrow band on the lower surface of the

peduncle and also surrounds the 2nd node behind and below. Basal

third of the abdomen strongly and longitudinally striate. Otherwise

like the G. Dealated.

Bulawayo, a small nest of about 18 9 9 under a stone; Durban,

® and 9 (H. B. Marley). Type of 9 in my collection. (S.A.M.,

R.M., G.A. colls.)

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 385

Race BOERORUM, Santschi.

(As race of cognata), Bull. Soc. Ent. France, p. 258, 9, 1915.

Goteborgs Kung]. Vetensk. och Vitterh. Handl., XV, 2, p.32, 9, 1914.

“6, 22mm. Reddish-yellow, mandibles, antennae and legs paler.

Basal segment of abdomen tinged with brown in the middle. Pilosity

as in the type. Sculpture stronger. The pronotum is subopaque and

more strongly longitudinally striate than in cognata. It is also

reticulate-punctate and dull, like the rest of the dorsum of the thorax

and the Ist segment of the petiole. The sides of the thorax, 2nd

segment of the petiole and the abdomen smooth and shining, the

abdomen with about 20 striae at the base. Head as in cognata, the

mandibles hardly shorter. Second and 3rd joints of the flagellum

distinctly longer than wide. Pronotum with a feeble median carina.

Mesonotum with the anterior angles more prominent, marginate; the

dorsum of the epinotum also feebly marginate. Spongy tissue as in

the type.”

This race is unknown to me in nature. The illustration accompany-

ing the author’s text.shows the mandibles half as long as the head, the

posterior margin shallowly emarginate, the 5th joint as long as the

rest of the flagellum.

“0. 25mm. Vertex, tegulae and scutellum blackish-brown. The

rest of the dorsum of the thorax reddish-brown. Second node brown

like the abdomen, the rest as in the ¢. Dull, reticulate-punctate.

Second node and the abdomen smooth and shining, the base of the

latter striate asinthe 9. . . . Dealated.

“Stamford Hill, Natal and Dukudu, Zululand (Traegaordh).”

Genus MICRODACETON, Santschi.

Goteborgs Kungl. Vetensk. och Vitterh. Handl., XV, 2, p. 33, 1914.

Characters.

®. Small insects. Antennae 6-jointed. The lst—4th joints of the

flagellum subequal and elongate, the 5th forming the club. Head

cordiform. Mandibles linear, dentate at the apex. No scrobes present.

The scapes are hidden at the base by the lobes of the frontal carinae.

Head, thorax and Ist joint of the petiole dentate or spinose. No

spongy tissue present.

Distribution.—South Africa. Monotypice.

384 Annals of the South African Museum.

M. exornatoum, Santschi.

Loc. cit. 9.

“G. 28 mm. Reddish-yellow. Middle of the abdomen tinged

with brown. Mandibles, antennae, and legs yellow. Pubescence very

fine and sparse on the body, a little more abundant on the legs and

antennae. Pilosity absent. Head and thorax coarsely and evenly

reticulate, with little pits or punctures between the meshes. Both

nodes and the abdomen very finely striolate-rugose and_ slightly

shining. Head cordiform, very deeply emarginate behind, a little

longer than wide, bearing three pairs of teeth as follows: 1. A fairly

short spine near the posterior angle. 2. A similar spine placed

above, at the posterior fourth of the head. 3. A longer spine, external

to the insertion of the antennae and directed outwards. The eyes,

placed a little in front of the middle of the sides, are very convex,

their diameter equalling the length of the Ist jomt of the flagellum.

The scape extends back as far as the posterior fourth of the head.

Anterior margin of clypeus emarginate in the middle. Mandibles

linear, two-thirds as long as the head, dilated at the base and ending

at the apex in three spiniform teeth. , Thorax much narrower than the

head. Sides of pro-mesonotum rounded, without shoulders in front.

The pronotum and front of the mesonotum is abruptly and step-like

depressed towards the meso-epinotal suture, with a tooth at the angles.

Epinotum marginate, concave transversely, armed with strong spines

directed outwards and upwards and as long as the dorsum of the

epinotum. First segment of the petiole with a long peduncle in front,

the node low and armed with three spines, two lateral ones in front

and a median one behind. Second segment three times wider than

long, and three times wider than the Ist, the sides lamelliform,

emarginate and narrower in front than behind; the posterior margin

biconcave. The ventral surface of both nodes unarmed, flattened, and

without any spongy tissue. Abdomen oval, as wide as the head.

“Dukudu, Zululand (Traegaordh).”

Genus EPITRITUS, Emery.

Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. L., p. 136, 1869.

Characters.

“6. Head subcordiform, wide behind, narrowed in front, the

posterior margin emarginate. Clypeus triangular. Mandibles more

or less elongate and straight, sometimes curved at the apex, without a

masticatory margin, the inner margin more or less strongly denticu-

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 385

late. Labrum acuminate, produced like a beak between the mandibles.

Maxillary and labial palpi 1-jointed. Antennae 4-jointed, the scape

fairly short, the last joint of the flagellum oval and very large. Eyes

small and placed low down at the sides. Thorax wide in front and

narrowed behind, hardly constricted between the meso- and epinotum,

the latter bidentate. First segment of petiole pedunculate in front,

the node sometimes furnished with spongy tissue; 2nd node very wide,

transverse, furnished above and at the sides with spongy tissue.

Abdomen oval, longitudinally striate at the base. Middle and hind

tibiae without calcaria. '

“©. Ocelli present, eyes larger than in the %. Pronotum exposed

above, wide, with distinct and obtuse shoulders. Epinotum bidentate.

A little larger than the &.

“ @%. Head longer than wide, narrowed in front of the eyes,

rounded behind them. Mandibles narrow, feebly arcuate, diminishing

gradually in width from the base to the apex, and ending in a sharp

point, edentate. Eyes large and convex, placed in front of the middle

of the sides. Ocelli of medium size. Antennae 13-jointed, scape very

short and fairly thick, about as long as the 2nd joint of the flagellum,

the Ist joint very short, hardly longer than wide, the following joints

cylindrical and subequal except the last, which is about as long as the

preceding two together. Thorax short, as high as wide. Mayrian

furrows feeble. The dorsum and declivity of the epinotum not dis-

tinctly delimited, the former unarmed or with only a trace of teeth.

First joint of petiole subconical when seen from the side; widest

behind ; 2nd joint low, wide, and transverse. Wings with one cubital

and a radial cell, discoidal cell absent.”

The above generic characters have been extracted from Andre’s

‘Spec. Hymen. Europe,’ pp. 402—4, 1883, and, being more complete, are

reproduced here in preference to Emery’s original diagnosis, which is

based on the 9 sex only.

E. MAnpipuLartis, Szabo.

Arch. Zool. Budapest, I., p. 27, 9, 1909.

Santschi, Goteborgs Kungl. Vetensk. och Vitterh. Handl. XV, 2,

p. 34, 9, 1914.

“@. Fuscous testaceous, dull, closely punctured, finely pubescent,

antennae and legs paler, abdomen shining and finely striate at the

base, erect hairs sparse and barely clavate. Head broadly subcordi-

25 §

386 Annals of the South African Museum.

form, arcuately emarginate behind between the vertex and occiput.

Clypeus long, slightly emarginate in front, covering about two-thirds

of the mandibles. Mandibles subparallel, arcuate apically, armed

with 7 very acute and unequal teeth. Scape of antenna short, of

unequal width, its lower margin bearing clavate hairs, 2nd and 3rd

joints of flagellum (1st and 2nd of flagellum? G.A.) very small, the

last joint hardly twice as long as the two preceding together. Disc

of thorax convex, meso-epinotal suture absent, epinotal spines acute,

wide at the base, moderately divergent. First segment of the petiole

pedunculate in front, widening into a node behind, 2nd segment much

wider but shorter than the Ist, seen from above trapeziform. Both

nodes furnished at the sides and below with spongy tissue. Length,

15-16 mm.

“Mto-ya-kifaru, German East Africa.”

“@. 19 mm. Colour and sculpture as in the %. The striae

at the base of the abdomen effaced in the middle. The articulations

(tegulae ?) of the wings and the vertex slightly brownish. Scutellum

dull.

“Stamford Hill, Natal. One 9.”

Tris CATAULACINI, Emery.

Comprising only the following genus:

Genus CATAULACUS, Smith.

Trans. Ent. Soc. London, IT, p. 225, 1854.

Characters.

%. Antennae 11-jointed, club 3-jointed, the scape curved, dilated

in the apical half. Well-defined scrobes present, capable of receiving

the whole of the folded antennae, and placed below and external to the

eyes (differing therein from all our other Myrmicine genera). The

very divergent frontal carinae do not border the scrobes except at the

base of the latter. Margins of the upper surface of the head more or

less denticulate, the posterior angles more or less dentiform. Clypeus

triangular, the posterior limits feebly defined. Mandibles rather

small and stout, armed with 4 or 5 small teeth or edentate. Hyes

large and rather flat. Margins of pro-mesonotum denticulate ;

thoracic sutures obsolete. Epinotum armed with broad and dorso-

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 387

ventrally flattened teeth. Nodes of petiole stout, the Ist node usually

cuboid or somewhat conoid, the dorsal tace sometimes tectiform, the

ventral surface produced into a laminate process ; 2nd node globose,

the ventral surface bearing a blunt tubercle in front. Abdomen

oblong, the sides not very convex, the Ist segment forming the whole

of the dorsum. Femora and tibiae thick.

Q. Antennae 11-jointed. Abdomen usually more elongate and

less convex laterally than in the 9. Wings with 1 cubital cell and a

closed radial cell. Otherwise like the ©.

¢. Antennae 1l-jointed. Eyes larger than in the 9, ocelli small.

Epinotum generally bidentate. Nodes longer than in the 9. Scrobes

present as in the 9% and 9.

I have not drawn up a key to the few species which I have seen, as

the majority of our species are unknown to me in nature. Moreover,

a perusal of the literature concerning this genus plainly indicates that

many of the so-called species and races are very closely allied, so much

so that I believe a study based on more abundant material will later

on serve to reduce the present number of species to a much smaller

figure. A marked general uniformity in colour, sculpture, and main

structural features exists in all our species. ‘They are all black, with

the scapes, tarsi, and tibiae more or less reddish. In all, the sculpture

of the head consists of a coarse reticulation ; sometimes the rugae are

sharp, in other cases flattened or abraded, and are also frequently

emphasised in the longitudinal direction. The thorax, at least

anteriorly, is more coarsely reticulate than the head. The nodes are

very strongly rugose, and the abdomen has a fundamental sculpture

of very regular and small reticulations. This fundamental sculpture

also occurs on the head and thorax in the spaces between the larger

reticulations, but is usually less distinct than on the abdomen. The

length of the epinotal spines compared with the length of the interval

between their bases is of some diagnostic value, but their degree of

divergence is less reliable, being subject to an appreciable degree of

variation evenin examples taken fromthe same nest. The denticulations

of the margins of the thorax, and their number, are also somewhat

variable. The length of the abdomen and the degree of convexity of

its sides are perfectly useless characters, since a wide range of

variation exists in the various specimens from one nest, and it is

therefore most regrettable that species have been erected partly on

such characters.

All the species of this genus are tree-ants, usually forming medium-

sized nests in hollow twigs and stems, or more rarely, under the bark.

388 Annals of the South African Museum.

They are timid and slow-moving insects, often feigning death or

dropping rapidly to the ground when disturbed. As Bingham has

remarked in connection with this genus (Fauna Brit. India, For-

micidae), these ants have the habit of wandering over the trunks of

trees and the leaves in what appears to be a very aimless and languid

manner. I have occasionally seen them breaking open the earthen

tunnels constructed by termites over the trunks of trees and attack

the inmates. I have not yet observed any of the species attend-

ing on aphids or scale insects, although it is quite probable that they

do so.

(N.B.—It is usually necessary to use a magnification of not less

than 35 diameters to appreciate the character of the fundamental

sculpture. )

C. Baumt, Forel.

Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 10, p. 304, 3, 2, g, 1901.

“6. 45-48 mm. Very similar to hararicus, Forel, but the head

is by no means so much narrowed in front, and the frontal carinae are

wider. The body is dull; the sculpture much coarser, reticulate, or

reticulate-rugose on the head, with almost pit-like and dull meshes,

coarsely and longitudinally rugose on the thorax and_ petiole.

Abdomen fairly finely and evenly rugose longitudinally (more strongly

so than in hararicus), and also densely reticulate-punctate and dull.

The femora are black. Otherwise like hararicus and also very similar

to Johannae, but without the tooth on the head behind.

“«“@®. 6mm. The pits on the head are entirely separated,

discrete; duller, narrow, and net-like strands run between them.

The dull mesonotum is sparsely pitted. Rugosity of the elongate

abdomen weaker than in the $. Deialated.

“@. 43 mm. Also dull, the abdomen shallowly reticulate and

shining. There is a small tooth on each of the posterior angles of

the head. Sculpture on the head and thorax more superficial than in

the 9. Mesonotum with some sparse and shallow pits; Mayrian

furrows present. Head and thorax dulland more strongly sculptured.

Head strongly convex and gibbous above. Epinotal teeth wide,

short and blunt. Wings short, yellowish, the nervures pale.

Antennae almost the same as those of the 9%, also the scrobes and

legs.

“Cubango-Cuito, Mossamedes, This species differs from rugosus,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 389

Forel, in the much shorter epinotal teeth, the finer rugosity of the

abdomen, and particularly in the general sculpture.”’

So far not recorded from our region.

Var. Batonaa, Forel. (Plate VIII, figs. 119, 119a.)

(As race) Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 114, 9, 1913.

5. 385 mm. Black; tibiae, tarsi, and scapes ferruginous, the

metatarsus of the middle and hind legs a little darker. Flagellum

piceous. Pilosity scanty, composed of regularly disposed and very

short, blunt, and thick whitish hairs, erect on the body, oblique on

the legs and scapes. Below each eye there are three longer and

thinner hairs of a brownish colour. Pubesence present only on the

club of the flagellum. The sculpture of the head consists of a close

network, the strands of which are somewhat flattened and accentuated

longitudinally (this is due to the longitudinal strands being con-

tinuous, whereas the transverse ones are short and broken) ; the floor

of the meshes is shallowly rugulose, and the meshes are rarely twice

as wide as the strands which bound them. In the type of the species,

on the other hand, the strands are sharper, less flattened, and the

meshes are quite three times or more wider than the strands, and

their floor is reticulate rather than rugulose. The thorax is longi-

tudinally rugose and partly reticulate, except in front, where it is

transversely and irregularly rugose. The sculpture of the thorax in

front and behind is very strong, forming sharp outstanding ridges,

and between the epinotal spines there are three or four equally strong

transverse rugae. Sides of the thorax reticulate-punctate and sparsely

suleate. Declivity of the epimotum smooth. Both nodes are very

coarsely and more or less longitudinally rugose above, deeply sulcate

between the rugae. Legs and abdomen very closely, finely, and

evenly reticulate-punctate (appearing granulate under a low power).

The basal third of the abdomen is also longitudinally and moderately

rugose, the rugae diminishing apically. Tibiae and femora also partly

rugose.

Head a trifle wider behind than long, narrowed slightly and

eradually in front of the eyes, the clypeal area sloping steeply down-

wards, the posterior margin very shallowly emarginate. There is a

strong tooth at each posterior angle, and another tooth of the same

size placed nearer the middle of the posterior margin. The latter

and the sides, as far as the anterior border of the eyes, denticulate.

Just in front of the eye the margin is produced into a broad and

obtuse tooth, and ends in front, near the base of the mandibles, in

another tooth, which is usually obtuse, but sometimes fairly angular

390 Annals of the South African Museum.

and prominent. The outline of the clypeus behind is semicircular

and indistinct, the anterior margin feebly impressed in the middle.

Mandibles oblong, armed with 4 or 5 small and blunt teeth, strongly

striato-punctate and dull. The eyes are large, oval, placed behind

the middle of the sides and occupying about one-third of the same.

The scrobes are deep and oblique, placed outside and below the eyes.

Scapes flattened and dilated in the apical half, not extending back

beyond the hind margin of the eyes. Flagellum short and thick, all

the joints, except the Ist and last, much wider than long. Thoracic

sutures obsolete above, sharply defined at the sides. Thorax narrower

than the head, the anterior margin arcuate; the sides of the pro-

notum subparallel. From the posterior end of the pronotum the

thorax is gradually narrowed as far as the base of the epinotal teeth.

There is a moderately prominent and triangular tooth at the middle

of the lateral margins of the mesonotum, and a slightly longer tooth on

each side of the base of the epinotum. ‘The sides of the pronotum

are denticulate, the denticles varying in size and number, but usually

from 7 to 8. The mesosternum on each side has a blunt, short tooth

at the lower and anterior angle. The epinotal teeth are flattened,

shghtly divergent, directed very obliquely upwards and backwards,

not quite as long as the interval between their bases, narrowed

abruptly at the apical third. Declivity quadrate, wider than long,

shallowly concave from above to below. First node of petiole

convex transversely, subquadrate, narrower behind; seen from the

side, it has a subvertical anterior face and a longer and oblique

posterior-dorsal face. The ventral surface bears a strong tooth,

widely truncate and pointing forwards. The 2nd node, hardly wider

than the Ist, is wider and higher in front than behind and a little

wider than long. Abdomen arcuately emarginate at the base, the

sides feebly convex, a little longer than wide.

I have one specimen of the type of the species taken at Mossamedes

and kindly given to me by Dr. Forel. From this example batonga

differs by the sculpture of the head and also by the much feebler

sculpture of the pronotum, which isa little wider. The denticulations

of the lateral margins of the thorax are stronger than in Bawini, i. sp.,

and the epinotal teeth are shorter, less divergent, and less acute. In

all my specimens of batonga the head is wider in front than in the

example of the type, not narrower, as stated by Dr. Forel.

This form cannot be considered as more than a variety. I have

siven the description in some detail in order to use it as a basis of

comparison and to avoid prolixity in the descriptions of the other

species.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 391

Var. BULAWAYENSIS, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 218, 9, 9, 1914.

Q®. 45-52 mm. This differs from batonga as follows: The head

is less narrowed in front of the eyes. The marginal teeth on each side

of the angles of the clypeus are slightly larger but not more acute.

The sculpture of the head is stronger, both the reticulations and spaces

between them being wider. This also applies to the thorax, in which

the reticulations are more distinctly accentuated longitudinally, and

are more coarse in the anterior half of the pronotum. The teeth at

the base of the lateral margins of the epinotum are prominent and

much larger, the epinotal spines more divergent. Otherwise lke

batonga.

Q. 61-64 mm. The sculpture differs from that of the $ in

having the reticulations less distinct ; this is due to the surface being

deeply pitted and the space between the pits rather flattened. On the

_ pronotum the sculpture is stronger, and on the mesonotum the pits are

elongate and sparser. The dorsum of the epinotum is very coarsely

and transversely rugose. The fundamental sculpture of the thorax

and nodes consists of a very fine and close reticulation. The head is

more parallel-sided than in the $, and the lateral margins behind the

eyes are only feebly denticulate. The ocelli are inconspicuous and

level with the surface. The pronotum is widely exposed above and

hardly lower than the mesonotum. The latter, excluding the paraptera

and scutellum, is roundly triangular. Dorsum of epinotum moderately

convex transversely, almost horizontal, and about twice as wide as

long. Epinotal teeth shorter than in the 9%, their inner margins

truncate at the apex. The abdomen, except towards the base and

apex, parallel-sided, about three-fifths longer than wide. Wings

tinged with yellow. Otherwise like the 9.

Bulawayo; nesting in hollow twigs of Acacia horrida. (R.M., G.A.

colls.)

C. INTRUDENS, Smith.

Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 609, >, 2, ¢, 1879.

“O. 3 lines (=6:2 mm.). Opaque black; the scape of the

antennae, the base and apex of the flagellum, the tips of the femora,

the tibiae, anterior tarsi, and the apical joints of the intermediate

and posterior pairs, light ferruginous; the wings flavo-hyaline, the

nervures rufo-testaceous.

392 Annals of the South African Museum.

“Head, thorax and nodes of the peduncle with rugose confluent

punctures ; the head longer than broad, slightly narrowed before the

eyes; the posterior margin of the vertex broadly emarginate. The

anterior margin of the prothorax arched ; the thorax about the same

length as the head, narrowed behind. the insertion of the wings; the

metathorax (epinotum) with two blunt spines. Abdomen oblong and

very finely shagreened, emarginate at the base and rounded at the

apex.

“OG. Only differs from the 9 in being rather shorter and in the

form of the thorax; the abdomen shorter, with the sides less parallel.

“@. 2% lines. The colour and sculpture as in the 9. Head

wider than the thorax, much narrowed before the eyes; the lateral

angles of the posterior margin of the vertex subspinose. Thorax

anteriorly arched - the mesothorax with two curved, deep, broad

channels that curve inwards and unite at the base of the scutellum

(= Mayrian furrows) ; the scutellum, the spines of the epinotum and

the nodes of the petiole grooved longitudinally ; the wings as in the

2; the abdomen subovate, slightly emarginate at the base and

pointed at the apex.

“ Hab.—Weenen district, Natal; (in thorns of Acacia). Some of

the § G have the legs-more or less ferruginous.”

As is so frequently the case in Smith’s descriptions, the diagnosis is

confined to what are mainly generic characters, and the specific ones

are conspicuous by their absence. The description of the ¢ is hope-

lessly inadequate.

C. rnuagosus, Forel.

(As race of intrudens), Mitth. Schweiz Ent. Ges., vol. 9, p. 78, 9 , 1894.

Mayr, Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 10, p. 129, 2, 1895.

“O. 48mm. Larger than intrudens. Epinotal spines stronger,

longer, and more divergent. Thorax and head strongly and longi-

tudinally rugose ; pronotum in front, the head behind and the epi-

notum between the spines coarsely and transversely rugose. Abdomen

longitudinally striate, very distinctly so at the base, indistinctly

elsewhere. Petiole coarsely longitudinally rugose.

“ Delagoa (Dr. A. Muller).”

“QO. Not larger or hardly larger than intrudens. The head is

coarsely and longitudinally rugose, the rugae connected together, the

meshes irregular and elongate; the posterior angles of the head are

dilated in a dentate form, and the two little teeth on the posterior

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 393

margin are very small. The 2nd node of the petiole is twice as wide

as long, and seen from above, has a short dilatation on each side which

resembles a very small hook, bent backwards (often less distinct in

the 9).”

Delagoa Bay (Brauns).

Var. suBRUGOSUS, Santschi.

Goteborgs Kungl. Vetensk. och Vitterh. Handl., XV, 2, p. 26, 9,

1914.

“©. Differs from the type from Delagoa Bay by the finer sculpture

of the abdomen (connecting it with imtrudens, Smith). It is almost

as strong and coarse on the dorsum of the thorax as in the type, but

more regular and more parallel. The spines of the epinotum are a

little shorter and the lateral teeth of the dorsum smaller.

“Junction of the Umfolozis, Zululand (‘Traegaordh).”

C. micans, Mayr.

(As race of rugosus), Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 16, p. 27, 9, @,

Go UPL.

Forel, Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 219, 1914.

“6. 34-37 mm. Smaller than rugosus. The head not much

narrowed in front, more so in rugosus. The thorax above, a little

more arched lengthwise over its posterior half than in rugosus. The

mesosternum on each side has a forwardly directed and acute tooth at

the lower and anterior corner, just in front of the articulations of the

middle pair of coxae; in rugosus this tooth is shorter, as long as, or

shorter than its basal width. The epinotal spines are shorter than in

rugosus, and their apices more or less distinctly obliquely truncate and

rounded, whereas in the other species they are simply acute. The 2nd

node rounded at the sides, hardly wider in front than the Ist (in

rugosus the 2nd is distinctly wider than the Ist, and there is often a

small tooth at the sides). Abdomen glossy or moderately shining

(dull in rwgosus), aud much more shallowly sculptured.”

Dr. Forel separates this form from rugosus on account of its smaller

size, and the shape of the Ist node of the petiole. This is almost

conical, with an anterior-dorsal face which is smooth; its summit

behind is emarginate in the middle. In rugosus the node is cubic,

394 Annals of the South African Museum.

with the dorsal face less inclined forwards, coarsely rugose trans-

versely.

“©. 5-52 mm. The shape of the head and petiole as in the 3.

The abdomen narrower than in rugosus, sculpture and glossiness as in

the 9.”

“g. 43mm. Black, the apical half of the mandible, the antennae,

tibiae, tarsi, and the external genitalia rusty or brownish-red. The

pilosity as in the 2. The head, like that of intrudens, strongly

narrowed in front, so that when the mandibles are closed it appears

fairly triangular; it is somewhat wider than the thorax, coarsely

rugose lengthwise, tinely and closely punctured between the rugae,

the posterior angles bearing a small tooth. The lateral margins of

the head, from the posterior end of the scrobes to the posterior

angles, are denticulate. Eyes much more convex than in the 9.

The sculpture of the thorax is about the same as that of the head;

the epinotal teeth are smaller than in the 9, wide at the base, thin

near the apex. The mesosternum has a dentiform anterior angle.

The petiole is very coarsely and longitudinally striate, and, in addition,

very closely and finely punctate; the 2nd node hardly wider than

long. The Ist abdominal segment is very finely reticulate and

nitidulous, near the base also longitudinally striate.

“ Port Elizabeth (Dr. H. Brauns).”’

Race DuRBANENSIS, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 219, 9, 1914.

®. 39-42 mm. The sculpture of the head is more or less

reticulate and composed mainly of longitudinal strands with short

transverse bars. The sculpture is stronger than in Bawmi var. batonga.

The denticulations round the margins of the head are fairly prominent,

and the 2 teeth near the posterior angles are proportionately much

larger than in batonga. ‘The spaces between the reticulations on the

head and thorax are feebly shining and microscopically rugulose.

The thorax is longitudinally rugulose, more transversely reticulate-

rugose on the anterior half of the pronotum. The fundamental

sculpture of the abdomen is densely and finely reticulate-punctate ;

the coarser sculpture is longitudinally rugose, the rugae wide, ex-

tending from base to apex, deeply sulcate between the rugae. The

suleate abdomen distinguishes this from our other two small species,

brevisetosus and Marley. The mesosternal teeth are much larger,

longer, and more acute than in either of those two species or Bawmi

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 395

and its varieties; they are directed outwards and forwards and are

plainly visible when the insect is looked at fromabove. The characters

distinguishing this race from the type of the species are given by

Dr. Forel as follows :

“The race durbanensis is distinguished from the type of micans

by its dull abdomen, which is strongly and longitudinally rugose

(almost shining and finely reticulate, with only a few feeble rugae,

in the type of micans). In addition, the sides of the abdomen are

much more convex, and it is a little shorter. The head is much

narrower in front, and like the sides of the prothorax has much

stronger denticulations. The epinotal spines are also a little longer

and less elevated. The epinotum itself is narrower and the dorsum

longer. Its lateral tooth near the base is much more feeble and very

slightly apparent. The 2nd node of the petiole is much shorter and

narrower. ‘The hairs on the body are longer and less obtuse.”

2. 6mm. (hitherto undescribed). The head is very little narrowed

in front of the eyes, which are flatter than in the 9. The sculpture

of the head is coarser and more distinctly reticulate than in the 9,

the spaces between the rugae somewhat excavated, without forming

distinct pits, The denticles on the lateral margins of the head are

more or less effaced, but the 2 teeth near the posterior angles are

much larger than in the 5. Head only slightly wider behind than

the prothorax. The pronotum is very coarsely rugose, the rugae very

prominent and trenchant. Mesonotum, scutellum, and epinotum

irregularly and coarsely rugose, the rugae on the mesonotum between

the parapsidal sutures more or less effaced. The lower anterior

corner of the mesosternum is merely angular, not spinose as in the

®. Epinotal teeth parallel, horizontal, truncate at the apex, barely

half as long again as their basal width, much shorter than the interval

between them. The Ist node is as long as wide in front, the anterior

half of the sides parallel, the posterior half converging inwards.

Second node subglobose, a little more than one-fifth wider than the

1st, and a little wider than long. Both nodes strongly rugose length-

wise and deeply grooved between the rugae. The Ist node has a

broad, oblong, and laminate projection below which ends in front and

behind in dentate angles. Abdomen long, parallel-sided, emarginate

at the base and broadly rounded at the apex, one and three-quarter

times longer than wide. Dealated. Otherwise like the %.

3. 44mm. (hitherto undescribed). Colour as in the 9; pilosity

longer, less obtuse, and a little more abundant. Head and thorax

longitudinally rugose, very coarsely rugose on the epinotum and

nodes, much more finely on the head and mesonotum. The pronotum

396 Annals of the South African Museum.

somewhat transversely rugose and reticulate The spaces between

the rugae on the mesonotum, epinotum, and nodes slightly shining.

The fundamental sculpture all over consists as usual of a very fine

and close reticulation. Abdomen moderately shining, feebly longi-

tudinally striate near the base.

Head, including the closed mandibles, subtriangular, a little longer

than wide behind. The posterior margin slightly concave, the pos-

terior angles dentate, the lateral margins behind the eyes distinctly

denticulate, narrowed in front of the eyes. The latter, placed for the

greater part behind the middle of the sides, are very convex and

occupy about one third of the sides. The ocelli are fairly apparent

and not flattened, as in the 9. The lower anterior angles of the

pronotum dentate, rectangular. Mayrian furrows on the mesonotum

deep and wide. The paraptera of the mesothorax are produced pos-

teriorly into flattened and horizontal lobes, rounded at their apices

(this character is absent from the only other ¢ of the genus which

I have seen, brevisetosus-lujae). The profile of the dorsum of the

thorax forms a low convexity, the pro- and epinotum not much lower

than the mesonotum. The dorsum of the epinotum is about as long

as the scutellum, widest at its base. Epinotal teeth triangular, wider

than long, moderately divergent, the margin between them, 7. e., the

brow of the declivity, arcuate. On each side of the base of the

dorsum of the epinotum there is a small dentiform angle. First node

of the petiole less convex transversely above than in the 2; the

anterior lateral angles rounded, not rectangular as in the 2. The

2nd node more or less trapezoidal, the anterior margin convex, wider in

front than behind, wider than the Ist node, one and a half times

wider than long, the anterior lateral angles subacute and prominent.

Abdomen oval, narrowed towards the apex, the sides fairly convex,

one and a half times longer than wide The lst node has a ventral

projection as in the 9, but it is not so long from back to front, and

less sharply dentate at its free angles.

Durban. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.); types of 9 and ¢ in my

collection.

In the opinion of Dr. Santschi (see Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 84,

p-. 008, 1916), brevisetosus and lwjae are but races of pygmaeus, André ;

the form described above, and so determined by Forel himself, differs

from lwjae in some minor features according to Dr. Santschi, who has,

therefore, named it var. plebeja of race lwjae. These slight differences

come within the limits of variation which, as I have remarked before,

may be found ina single nest, and for that reason I have not considered

it advisable to adopt Dr. Santschi’s revision.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 397

C. BREVISETOSUS, Forel, race LuJAE, Forel.

Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 10, p. 805, 9, 1901.

(Race) Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr, p. 311, 9, 1911.

®. 32-4mm. Colour and pilosity asin batonga and the preceding

species. Whole body fairly dull. Head reticulate, the reticulations

raised and sharply defined and much narrower than the spaces between

them. Thorax and nodes longitudinally and coarsely rugose. The

rugae on the thorax have short transverse branches, which barely meet

the rugae on either side, the spaces between them very finely reticulate,

Abdomen closely and finely reticulate-punctate, with a few fine longi-

tudinal striae superimposed near the base, sometimes extending

beyond the middle of the abdomen. Head quadrate, rounded and

very slightly narrowed in front of the eyes, barely longer than wide,

the sides in greater part parallel, the posterior margin straight. The

two teeth on each side of the posterior margin fairly strong and

prominent, the side margins of the head feebly denticulate, the tooth

in front of the eye small and inconspicuous. Hyes large, more oblong

than in the preceding species, placed in greater part behind the middle

of the sides and occupying about two-fifths of their length. The

anterior margin of the clypeus has a shallow and fairly wide emargina-

tion in the middle, behind which the surface of the clypeus is slightly

depressed. Prothorax narrower than the head. Lateral margins of

the pro-mesonotum strongly denticulate, the pronotum nearly twice as

wide as long. Mesonotum not much narrower at the base than in

front (considerably narrower in durbanensis and Marleyi). Dorsum

of epinotum twice as wide in the middle as long, the lateral teeth near

the base wide and obtuse; epinotal spines fairly divergent, flattened,

nearly twice as long as their basal width and longer than the interval

between their bases, which is deeply arcuate. Nodes of petiole similar

to those of batonga, but the 2nd node is much higher in front than

behind and higher than the Ist. Abdomen longer than wide, rounded

at the apex, emarginate at the base. The degree of convexity of the

sides of the abdomen is rather variable, in some specimens it is fairly

great, in others the sides are almost parallel.

2. 46mm. Ocelli small. The teeth on the posterior margin of

the head smaller than in the 9. Mesonotum longitudinally rugose

(the fundamental sculpture is densely reticulate-punctate), the rugae

fine and parallel. Epinotal teeth shorter and broader than in the 9,

and more obtuse at the apex. The Ist node of the petiole is less wide

in front, almost parallel-sided. Abdomen parallel-sided, quite twice

as long as wide, Deiilated. Otherwise like the >,

398 Annals of the South African Museum.

S$. 4 mm. Black, tibiae, tarsi, scapes, and Ist joint of the

flagellum bright ochreous, the rest of the flagellum piceous. Dull,

reticulate-punctate. The head also finely reticulate-rugose, mostly

longitudinally. Epinotum and nodes coarsely rugose. Abdomen

moderately shining, finely and feebly- reticulate. Head, seen from

above and excluding the convexity of the eyes, triangular, with the

apex of the triangle widely truncate. The portion of the head in

front of the eyes is much shorter in this species than in durbanensis.

The sides of the head without denticulations, the teeth on the posterior

margin very small. The head is a little longer than wide, wider

behind than the anterior margin of the thorax, but narrower than the

middle of the same. Mayrian furrows much deeper than in

durbanensis, and more coarsely clathrate. Dorsum of epinotum not

much narrowed apically; the spines triangular, not longer than

wide at the base, the brow of the declivity shallowly arcuate. The

Ist. node is widest in front, a trifle longer than wide, the middle

of the sides slightly angular. Second node without the subacute

anterior lateral angles which are seen in durbanensis. Wings hyaline,

faintly tinged with yellow. Puilosity longer and less obtuse than in

the 9 or 2.

This race differs from the type, which has not yet been recorded

from our region, in the wider pro-mesonotum and the stronger

denticulations of the lateral margins. ‘The meshes on the head are

also smaller and deeper.

Bulawayo, in hollow twigs of Acacia; Kimberley (Power).

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

C. Marueyi, Forel.

Bull. Soe. Vaud. Se. Nat., vol. 50, p. 219, 9, 1914.

%. 36-39 mm. Colour as in the preceding species. Pilosity

longer than in micans-durbanensis. Head and abdomen with a faint

eloss, thorax fairly shining. Head longitudinally and not closely

striato-rugose, barely reticulate. The sculpture of the thorax like that

of the head but stronger. The rugae on the pro-mesonotum number

about 10-12, and are rather wide apart, the spaces between them

feebly rugulose, Nodes fairly strongly rugose and sulcate. Abdomen

densely reticulate, with a few longitudinal rugae superimposed. Head

very gradually narrowed from the posterior angles to the apex. The

teeth on the posterior angles and on the sides behind the eyes acute

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 399

and prominent (larger than in lujae or durbanensis). The teeth in

frout of the eyes and at the anterior corners of the clypeus are fairly

prominent. The denticulations of the lateral margins of the thorax

are fairly large and acute. ‘The tooth on each side of the mesonotum

small, that on the sides of the epinotum almost obsolete. Thorax

narrowed between the meso- and epinotum. Epinotal spines much

more divergent than in durbanensis and lujae, nearly three times

longer than their basal width, almost twice as long as the interval

between their bases, fairly acute at the apex. The lower anterior

angle of the mesosternum is only bluntly angular, not spinose as in

micans and its race durbanensis. First node cuboid, a little higher

and wider in front than behind, the anterior face feebly concave

transversely. Second node trapezoidal, widest in front, shghtly wider

than the Ist, the anterior lateral angles rounded. Abdomen very

shallowly emarginate at the base, the sides convex.

2. 5mm. (hitherto undescribed). Head finely and longitudinally

rugose, with a few transverse strands, most of which are short and do

not meet the rugae on either side. The sculpture of the thorax is

similar to that of lujae but stronger. The head is much more

narrowed in front of the eyes than in lujae or durbanensis, and the

teeth at the anterior lateral angles of the clypeus are much larger and -

more prominent. The epinotal spines are much longer than in those

two species, more divergent, and nearly twice as long as their basal

width. The Ist node is a little longer than wide in front, not much

wider in front than behind. Second node less convex than in lujae,

more convex than in durbanensis. The emargination at the base of

the abdomen has the angles on each side of it widely rounded, not

obtusely rectangular as in lujae. The abdomen is closely and finely

reticulate, slightly shining, feebly and longitudinally striate, two-

thirds longer than wide, the sides parallel. Wings hyaline, the

nervures pale yellow. Otherwise like the 9.

Durban (H. B Marley). (S.A.M., G.A colls); type of 9 in my

collection.

C. TRAEGAORDHI, Santschi.

Goteborgs Kung]. Vetensk. och Vitterh. Handl., XV, 2, p. 24, 5, 9,

do , 1914.

“6, 35mm. Black, scapes, tibiae and apices of the femora red

or reddish-yellow. Pilosity yellow, shorter than in Wissmanni, Forel,

and longer than in Hbrardi, Forel, evenly distributed. Dull. Head

4.00 * Annals of the South African Museum.

reticulate-rugose, the meshes wider than in Hbrardi and Wissmanni.

The rugae feebler, longitudinal on the head, transverse on the neck,

coarse on the thorax, and rather irregular on the front of the pro-

notum, elsewhere longitudinal. The spaces hetween the rugae finely

reticulate and fairly shining. Both nodes coarsely rugose and sulcate

lengthwise. Abdomen closely and finely reticulate-punctate, also with

superficial rugae which extend over the whole surface, becoming

stronger towards the base.

“Head as wide as long, the sides convex, fairly narrowed in front,

the posterior margin almost straight. The posterior angles and the

sides behind the eyes denticulate ; a tooth is present in front of each

eye. Eyes fairly convex, nearly as long as the space between them

and the anterior angles of the head. Clypeus emarginate in the

middle. Thorax a little narrower than the head, two-thirds longer

than wide, without dorsal sutures, moderately convex. Sides of

pronotum parallel and. denticulate. Epinotal spines as long as the

interval between their bases. First node hardly longer than wide,

higher than long ; 2nd node lower and a little wider than the Ist, one-

third wider than long, the anterior angles rounded. Abdomen dis-

tinctly longer than wide, the sides a little convex (shorter than in

* Wissmanni and longer than in oti, Forel).

“oO. 5 mm. Rugae on the pronotum oblique behind, fairly

parallel and longitudinal on the mesonotum and scutellum (much

more irregular in Hbrardi). Stronger and also longitudinal on the

dorsum of the epinotum and on the two nodes (transverse on the Ist

node in Hbrardi). The head is a little longer than in the 9, dis-

tinctly narrower in front. The eyes are half as large again as the

space between them and the posterior angles of the head. Thoracic

sutures very distinct. Epinotal spines shorter than the interval

between them, but slightly longer than in Hbrardi. First node a

little longer than wide, nearly as long as in Hbrardi. Abdomen

narrowly emarginate at the base, a little shorter than in Ebrardt.

Wings hyaline, tinged with yellow, nervures yellow, stigma brownish.

Otherwise like the >.

“g. 43mm. Sculpture finer than in the 9, considerably effaced

on the abdomen, which is fairly shining and has a few rudimentary

striae near the base. Head narrowed in front, half as wide in front

as behind. Eyes convex, one-third longer than the space between

them and the posterior angles. Mayrian furrows .well defined. Epi-

notal spines shorter and thicker than in the 9. Otherwise like

the 9.

“Dukudu, Zululand ; Umfolozi, Natal (Traegaordh),”’

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. * 401

C. ott, Forel, race rricaTiporsus, Santschi.

JOD: Citien, 10s AG) Os

“O. 3mm. Black; margins of the mandibles, flagellum and

tarsi brownish-red. Scape, tibiae and apices of the femora red-yellow.

Dull, dorsum of thorax and the abdomen subopaque. Sculpture much

less coarse than in Wissmanni and ofii, the rugae on the head finer

and closer together, the spaces between them punctate and fairly

shining. The rugae are effaced on the middle of the thorax, thus

forming a space more weakly rugose, which is bordered by a network

of thicker rugae which tend to become concentric. The rugae are

transverse on the pronotum, longitudinal on the mesonotum, and

again more or less transverse on the dorsum of the epinotum.

Declivity finely punctured, with a few striae between the spines.

Both nodes longitudinally rugose and sulcate. Abdomen reticulate-

punctate, striate over the basal fourth or fifth. Puilosity very short

and sparse, a little more so than in Wissmanni, Forel. Head nearly

_as wide as long, narrowed in front, the posterior margin straight, the

posterior angles armed with two teeth which are stronger than in

Wissmanmi. Eyes fairly convex, one-third longer than the distance

between them aud the posterior angles, margined on the inner side by

a stronger rugosity. Mandibles finely rugose (striate in Wissmannt).

Thorax short, hardly one-quarter longer than wide (nearly one-half in

Wissmanni), without sutures, strongly dentate on the lateral margins.

Dorsum of epinotum shortened, the spines shorter and more elevated

than in Wissmanm. First node as long as wide in front, with a foot-

shaped ventral lobe. Second node one-third wider than long, twice as

high as long, the sides rounded. Abdomen short, the sides convex,

emarginate in front.

“ Dukudu, Zululand (Traegaordh).”

C. WissMannt, Forel.

Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 9, p. 78, 9, 1894.

“6. 35mm. Allied to intrudens, but smaller and narrower, the

oval eyes much larger, flatter and more prominent outwardly. They

are not emarginate in front, and are as long as the distance between

them and the base of the mandibles. Head longer than wide, very

moderate! - narrowed in front, nearly straight behind, with two small

teeth near each posterior angle. Pro- and mesonotum together almost

circular, the margins dentate. Hpinotal spines slightly divergent, as

402 Annals of the South African Museum.

long as two-thirds of the width of the epinotum. Nodes of the

petiole wider than long, the 2nd node twice as wide as long. Abdomen

much longer than wide, concave in front, the sides almost parallel.

The thorax is not much narrower than the head or abdomen, the whole

body elongate and narrow. Limits of the clypeus distinctly defined.

There is a small ridge on the margin of the head, extending from the

base of the mandibles to near the eyes, where it is depressed and ends

in a tooth. Dull, partly nitidulous, closely and finely reticulate-

punctate. In addition, the head, thorax and petiole are coarsely,

more orjless irregularly and longitudinally rugose. Abdomen coarsely

recularly and longitudinally striate, the striae almost entirely effaced

in the middle. Legs and scapes reticulate. The whole body, in-

cluding the legs and scapes, clothed with short truncate hairs. Pubes-

cence nearly obsolete. Black; legs, flagellum and mandibles brown;

scapes, tibiae, apices of the femora, and the tarsi brownish reddish-

yellow.

“ Mossambique (Dr. A. Muller).”

C. PARALLELUS, Smith.

Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 226, 9, 1853.

“oO. 3% lines(=72mm.). Black; the head longitudinally rugoso-

striate, the vertex emarginate, the emargination transversely rugoso-

striate, the scape of the antennae and extreme apex of the flagellum

ferruginous. Thorax longitudinally rugoso-striate; the metathorax

(epinotum) on each side produced into a stout, sharp, bent spine,

beneath which it is transversely suleate; wings tinged with yellow, the

nervures pale testaceous ; the tibiae and tarsi ferruginous. The Ist

node coarsely sculptured transversely, the 2nd longitudinally so.

Abdomen oblong quadrate, finely aciculate at the base, beyond which

it is delicately shagreened, and has towards the apex a few short,

scattered and pale setae.

‘Cape of Good Hope.”

This species is unknown to me, and it does not appear to have been

recorded again since Smith’s time. The type requires re-examination

and further description as the species is insufficiently characterised by

Smith. The above description is altogether too vague, as it could

apply equally well to the 9 2 of several other species.

Amm.S. Afric. Mus. ATV. PL. Ve

89 PWHTrap impr.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Puate V.

FIG.

46. Simopone marleyi Arnold, 9. x 6.

46a. es i Arnold, $, pygidium. x 24.

47. Sima natalensis Smith, race cwitensis Forel, var. bulawayana Forel, $. x 6.

47a. ,, a Smith, race cwitensis, clypeus. x 24.

48. ,, clypeata Emery, race brawnsi Forel, var. equidentata Arnold, $,

clypeus. x 35.

490s, as Emery, race braunsi Forel, $,clypeus. x 35.

BOs. Ee Emery, %,clypeus. x 35.

50a. ,, a Emery, 2, clypeus. x 30.

51. Melissotarsus beccarii Emery, $. x 16.

51a. 33 By Emery, mandibles. x 35. :

51b. ws Emery, mandibles. x 35.

52. Onn weitzaeckert Hmery, var. arnoldi Forel, 9. x 5.

52a. a a Emery, var. arnoldi Forel, abdomen, $9.4 x 9.

53. - barbiger Emery, $,abdomen. x 9.

54, 5 weitzaeckert Hmery, 9, head. x 9. Wade

515). Re = Emery, var. arnoldi Forel, g. x 10. See Wer,

56. Leptothoraxr angulatus Mayr, 9. x 9. f AAnise SLO Ue cf f ts .

56a. ae Wien, ©) ss ©): VG

57. Gpedincondata emeryt Forel, , petiole. x 35. uaa

57a. “i Be Forel, $, petiole. x 35. PZ tS

58. Monomorium afrum André, $. x 9.

58a. Bs » André, $, base of abdomen. x 35. lo Ta

58b. 3 ,» André, $, thorax and petiole. x 16 al MUS

58c. a » André, %,clypeus. x 35. at

59. Messor barbara Linn, race capensis Mayr, var. pseudoaegyptiaca Hmery,

hy ee TO,

BOG vs. “3 Linn, race capensis Mayr, var. pseudoaegyptiaca Emery,

profile of thorax. x 10.

59d. 3 Linn, race capensis Mayr, var. pseudoaegyptiaca Emery,

$6 minima, head. x 10.

60. Monomorium arnoldi Forel, § , thorax and petiole. x 35.

61. a albopilosum Emery, race Thales Forel, g. x 5.

62. 55 emeryi Mayr, 9. x 8.

Pratt VI.

63. Pheidole crassinoda Emery, race ruspolii Emery, 2. x 43.

63a. 33 4; Emery, race ruspolii Emery, 2L, profile. x 443.

64. os + Emery, race ruspolii Emery, $. x 6.

64a. i Re Hmery, race ruspolii Hmery, $, profile. x 6.

65. 55 on Emery, race ruspolii Emery, §, profile of thorax. x 5.

65a. i 3 Emery, race ruspolii Emery, 2, head. x 5.

66. 3 Emery, race ruspolii Hmery, g. x 5.

67. " Padebulecti Mayr, 1, head. x 9.

68. » wocensis Forel, 7%, head. x 9.—

Annals of the South African Musewm.

FIG.

69. Pheidole eacellens Mayr, race rhodesiana Forel, 1, node. x 16.

70. i spinulosa Forel, race neva Forel, t, head. x 9.

71. a Liengmei Forel, 7, head. x 6.

72. Cremastogaster tricolor Gerst, 9. x 9.

72a. 5 ss Gerst, $, profile. x 9.

Hiss s sordidula Nyl, var. rectinota Forel, $. x 16.

7A, ss bulawayensis Forel, var. (?) oraclum Forel, G. x 9.

74a. A bubawayensis Forel, var. (?) oraclum Forel, %, profile.

75. 2 Kneri Mayr, var. amita Forel, $, thorax. x 16.

76. Bi Neuwwillei Forel, race Cooperi Forel, $. x 9.

76a. BS iy Forel, race Cooperi Forel, $, profile. x 9.

ies ss tricolor Gerst, var. mediorufa Forel, $,node. x 16.

77a. of » Gerst, var. mediorufa Forel, 9. x 16.

77b. is » Gerst, var. mediorufa Forel, g. x 16.

78. Solenopsis punctaticeps Mayr, $ maj., profile. x 9.

78a. B Au Mayr, % maj., profile. x 9.

78b. * a Mayr, %, node. x 20.

79. Carebara vidua Smith, $. x 16.

80. Bs » Smith, 2. Natural size.

81. Pheidologeton perpusillum race Arnoldi Emery, Forel $. x 24.

8la. Ba 5 Emery, 21, head. x 16.

82. Cremastogaster bulawayensis Forel, var. rhodesiana Forel.

§, thorax. x 16.

82a. us » var. rhodesiana Forel.

6, thorax. x 16.

83. a Peringueyt Emery, 9, thorax. x 9.

(N.B .—The sculpture is shown only in figs. 67, 68, 70, 71, and 78b.)

Puate VIL.

84. Atopomyrmex Mocquerysi André, var. curvispinosa Forel, 5. x 6.

85. ee ay André, var. curvispinosa, profile.

86. Tetramyrma Braunsi Forel, $. x 10.

87. Myrmicaria ewmenoides Gerst., §. x 44.

87a. a a Gerst., $ profile.

88. ss a Gerst., ¢, nodes and abdomen. x 3.

89a. AS 5 Gerst., 9, epinotum, dorsal view. x 8.

89b. ° B; a Gerst., ¢, epinotum in profile. x 8.

90a. 33 striata Stitz, 2, epinotum, dorsal view. x 8.

90b. BR: Me Stitz, ¢, epinotum in profile. x 8.

90c. Bs es Stitz, §,nodes. x 44.

91. = nigra Mayr, %, thorax and petiole. x 10.

92. # nigerrima Arnold, §, thorax and petiole. x 10.

93. Triglyphothria Arnoldi Forel, $. x 14.

94. = Constanciae Arnold, §. x 16.

944. os Bs Arnold, profile.

95. 5 Marleyi Forel, 5, nodes, dorsal view. x 16.

96. Tetramorium longicorne Forel, 3. x ca. 9.

96a. ys ih Forel, §, nodes in profile.

97. es Joffrei Forel, $, thorax and nodes. x 10.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa.

FIG.

98. Tetramorium solidum, var. signata Em., $, thorax and nodes. x 10.

99. He Jaurest Forel, §, thorax and nodes. x 10.

100. Me Popovici Forel, 5, epinotum and nodes. x 16.

101. BS setuliferum Em., §. x 9.

101la. Fs B Em., ¢. thorax and nodes. «x 5.

102. Bs simulator Arnold, $. x 10.

103. A grandinode Santschi, var. hopensis Forel, $, petiole. x 16.

(a) Dorsal view, (b) profile (seen somewhat

from behind).

104. 5 squaminode Santschi, §, nodes. x 16.

105. ie Grassi Em., §. x 16.

106. Pf ‘ guineense Mayr, race striata Stitz, 5. x 9.

107. m8 (Xiphomyrmeax) fossulatum Forel, §. x 10.

108. ie Ar Humbloti, var. victorensis Forel, $. x 10.

109. es 5 /ossulatum Forel, $, profile. x 16.

. Puatre VIII.

110a. Tetramorium laevithoraz Emery, $, nodes. x 16.

1106. ue 1g Emery, §, profile. x 16.

111. 5 decem Forel, $. x 12.

112. Rhoptromyrmex transversinodis Mayr, §. x ca. 14.

T1133, a AS Mayr, 2. x ca. 14.

114. Calyptomyrmex Arnoldi Forel, $. x ca. 15.

114a. nj a Forel, &, head in profile, showing the deep scrobe

and the spatulate hairs.

115. Meranoplus Peringueyi Emery, $. x 9.

115a. 35 ry Emery, §, profile of thorax. x 9.

116. 35 nanus André, race nanior Forel, $, thorax and petiole.

117. Struwmigenys Arnoldi Forel, $. x 20.

117a & b. ,, Bs Forel, clavate and spatulate hairs.

117e. 53 a Forel, head. x 35.

117d. 4 as Forel, thorax and petiole, profile. x ca. 30.

118. > Escherichi, race limbata Forel, $, head. x 30.

119. Cataulacus Bauini, race batonga Forel, $. x 8.

1194. 2 » race batonga, Forel, profile. x 8.

120. Acantholepis longinoda Arnold, $. x ea. 10.

120a. 35 43 Arnold, %, profile, thorax and abdomen. x ca. 10.

121. 4 Foreli Arnold, $. x 15.

122. 5 egregia Forel, $, thorax. x ca. 15.

1224. a » Forel, $, thorax, profile. » ca. 15.

122d. s ,» Forel, scale, seen from behind.

123. Plagiolepis custodiens Smith, $ maj. x 45.

12384. 5 a Smith, $ maj, profile, thorax and petiole. x 43.

124. a Steingréveri Forel, $ minima, profile, thorax and petiole.

= KS),

125. Polyrachis schistacea Gerst., race rugulosa Mayr, §, thorax and petiole.

x 42.

125a. a Fy Gerst., race rugulosa Mayr, %, profile, thorax and

petiole. x 4).

126. ye Arnoldi Forel, $, thorax and petiole. x 6.

Annals of the South African Musewm.

Puate IX.

FIG.

127. Polyrachis gagates Smith, ¢,

128. 25 militaris Fab., 9,

129. 3 Schluteri, race indigens

Forel, §, »petiole, seen from in front. x 8.

130. 55 spinicola Forel, 9,

18%, ot Revoili André, ¢,

132. Bs viscosa, Smith, 9, y

133. Prenolepis longicornis Latr., 9. x 9.

134. Oecophylla smaragdina Fab., ¢. ™x 5.

134a. 5y Fab., $, thorax and petiole, profile. x 5.

135. Camponotus troglodytes, var. rhodesiana Forel, 7}. x 43.

1350. 3 3 var. rhodesiana Forel, 1, thorax, profile. x 43.

136. a Petersi Emery, 21, head. x 42.

1364. a » . Hmery, $,head. x 43.

136b. 5 >» Emery, 9,head. x 43.

136c. P » Hmery, %, thorax and petiole, profile. x 6.

136d. oe » Hmery, 6,head. x 9.

137. sa sericeus Hab., 2L, thorax and petiole, profile. x 6.

137a. i » ab., 21, thorax and petiole. x 6.

138. as Mayri Forel, 21, thorax and petiole, profile. x 6.

139. rs Braunsi Mayr, 2}, thorax and petiole, profile. x 6.

140. 5 fulwo-pilosus De Geer, race storeatus Forel, Y%, head. x 4.

141. . ostiarius Forel, 21, head, thorax and petiole, profile. x 6.

142. > longipes Gerst., 9 minor, head. x 5.

1420 a a] Gerst., ¢ minor, node. x 5.

143. BS mystaceus, Emery, 2}, head, profile. x 5.

1434. = Bs Emery, #1, head. x 5.

1436. xs a Emery, minor, head. x 5.

144. i cuneiscapis Forel, $, base of scape. x ca. 10.

145. x scalaris Forel, $, thorax and petiole, profile. x 9.

146. 3 Dofleini Forel, $, thorax and petiole, profile. x 6

147. - angusticeps Emery, § minor, head. x 9.

148. eA emarginatus Emery, 2}, clypeus. x 16.

149. me maculatus Fab., § minor, thorax. x 9.

1494. 5 5 Fab., § minor, thorax, profile. x 9.

150. - ee Hable! abdomenyenecno:

151. as = Fab., race Liengmei Forel, var. Hansingi Forel, ab-

domen. x 5.

152: bs Fab., race Liengmei Forel, var. wmportunoides, ab-

domen. x 5. :

15a, ee as race pictiventris Mayr, abdomen. x 5.

154. a a race Traegaordhi Santschi, var. muger, Forel, ab-

domen. x 5.

155. A crepusculi Arnold, § minor, head. x 16.

1550. “5 a Arnold, § minor, head, profile. x 16.

eae

en Acne Mus XIV.

Arnold. del.

SOUTH AFRICAN FORMICIDAR.

Annals S' Afrte. Mas. Vol. 1

"e SEX

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a BS

South African lormictdae.

Annats § Afric. Mas. Vol. 14.

PWi. Trap. zp.

— South African Formicidae.

Annals S.Afrve. Mus. Vol. 14

E j

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GArnold del pes teks AS3. u : eh WH Drap impr.

South Afric an Formictdae.

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1.—A Monograph of the Formicide of South Africa (Myrmi-

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A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 403

Trips CATAULACINI.

CATAULACUS INTRUDENS, Smith, var. InrERMEDIvs, Santschi.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. Soy Parzen LOG,

“OG. 42-45 mm. long, the head deflected. Dull. Sculpture a

little stronger than in intrudens, Smith, but much less pronounced

than in rugosus, Forel, and C. Bequaerti, Forel. The rugae on the head

are further apart (about 13 between the eyes), and the transverse

rugae form a more distinct reticulation. The declivity of the epinotum

(apart from a few transverse striae between the spines) and the

anterior face of the 1st node are smooth. The longitudinal sulci on

the petiole more regular. The abdomen punctured, also fairly sharply

striate at the base and slightly so at the apex. Pilosity white,

intermediate in quantity and length between C. Bequaerti and intru-

dens. Head a little less narrowed in front than in intrudens, more

than in Bequaerti, relatively smaller than in those two species, with

the hind margin straight. Thorax as elongate as in Bequaerti, but

with the sides dentate as in intrudens. ‘ The spines are closer together,

more clearly parallel and as acute as in intrudens. First joint of the

petiole subconical as in the latter species, with the upper face smooth

and very oblique in front. Second joint as wide as the Ist, with

a fairly distinct median groove on the anterior and upper faces.

Abdomen a little less convex than in intrudens, a little more than in

Bequaerti. Colour as in those species.”

Bembesi, 8. Rhodesia. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Genus CATAULACUS.

I have endeavoured to draw up a key to the six forms which I have

seen, but in view of the trifling distinctions on which authors have seen

fit to erect new species in this genus, too much reliance should not

be placed on it. In fact, a review of these six forms leads me to the

belief that we have only two nuclei of species, one of which is C.

micans, Mayr, with durbanensis, Forel, Lujae, Forel, and Marleyi,

Forel, more or less intimately associated with it, and the other C.

Baumi, Forel, with its allied forms, batonga, Forel, bulawayensis, Forel,

and intrudens var. intermedius, Santschi.

Key to the 9 9 Cataulacus,

(10), 1. Head clearly narrowed in front of the eyes.

(7). 2. Base of abdomen only feebly striate longitudinally.

4.04: Annals of the South African Museum.

(4). 3, Head not very strongly striate, and with the transverse anastomoses

almost obsolete ; thorax coarsely and longitudinally rugoso-striate,

transverse rugae few, not clearly reticulate . . Marleyi. Forel.

(3). 4, Head longitudinally striate, also reticulate ; thorax clearly reticulate-

rugose.

(6). 5. Inner pair of teeth on occipital angles usually smaller than the outer

pair; spaces between the reticulations on the head shallow.

Bawmi, Forel, race batonga, Forel.

(5). 6. Inner pair of teeth on occipital angles usually as large, or almost as

large as the outer pair; the spaces between the reticulations on the

head fairly deep : : . batonga var. bulawayensis, Forel.

(2). 7. Base of abdomen deeply sulcate-striate.

(9). 8. Basal half of abdomen sulcate-striate, the striae continued to the

apex, but becoming rather feeble over the middle

micans, Mayr, race durbanensis, Forel.

(8). 9. Basal fourth only of the abdomen sulcate-striate, the striae altogether

absent from the middle two-fourths, the apical fourth feebly striate ;

intrudens, Smith, var. intermedius, Sant.

(1). 10. Head almost quadrate, or only feebly narrowed in front of the eyes

brevisetosus, Forel, race Lujae, Forel.

Trine PHHIDOLINI, Emery.

This tribe includes the two genera Messor and Pheidole. The

former has polymorphic > ¢, the different forms varying mainly in

size, the structure being but little modified. On the other hand, in

Pheidole the @ are strongly dimorphic and consist of large-headed

Y% and ordinarily shaped © 9, the two not being connected by

forms intermediate in size or structure except in the small sub-

genus Allopheidole, in which intergrading forms occur. Aphaenogaster,

Mayr, Goniomma, Forel, Messor, Forel, and Ischnomyrmex, Mayr,

have been reduced to the rank of sub-genera of Stenamma, Westwood,

by Prof. Emery. They are undoubtedly all closely related, but since

they continue to be treated by recent authors as distinct genera,

Messor is retained as a distinct genus in the following pages.

Genus MESSOR, Forrel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 34, C.R., p. Ixx, 1890.

Aphaenogaster pars Mayr, Atta, Latreille, etc.

Characters.

%. Polymorphic.. The § % differ chiefly in size, very little in

structure. For convenience one may divide the $ 9 into major,

minor and media, but there are no sharply defined categories in this

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 405

caste, a complete gradation existing between the largest at one end

of the scale and the smallest at the other. The smaller the worker

the smaller becomes the head in relation to the thorax, and the dorsal

profile of the thorax tends to a more even and continuous convexity.

& major. Antennae 12-jointed, flagellum filiform and without a

distinct club. Clypeus nearly flat, the median area produced back

between the frontal carinae and hardly raised at all. Frontal carinae

short, the free edge usually more or less raised. Hyes rather small.

Mandibles triangular and massive, more or less dentate. Thoracic

sutures distinct. Thorax narrower than the head; pronotum much

larger than the mesonotum; constricted and deeply depressed at the

meso-epinotal suture. HEpinotum bidentate or unarmed. First seg-

ment of petiole conical, pedunculate in front; 2nd segment trans-

versely globose. Abdomen oval, the Ist segment as long as the rest

taken together.

2. Similar to the & major, but the head is smaller and the eyes

slightly larger; ocelli small. The thorax is massive, much higher

than the head, almost as high in the middle as it is long. Pronotum

vertical, not exposed above. Auterior wing with two closed cubital cells.

¢. Antennae 13-jointed; the scape half as long as the head.

Mandibles small, distinctly dentate. Clypeus narrow. Eyes not

very large and the ocelli much smaller than usual in this sex. Thorax

as in the 2. Nodes of petiole shorter and flatter. Abdomen sub-

globose, pointed and narrower at the apex.

The members of this genus differ from the closely allied genus

Aphaenogaster in their diet. The latter, when not entirely carnivorous,

have a mixed diet, whereas the species of Messor are graminivorous

and harvesting ants. M. barbarus, as its name rightly indicates, has

its headquarters in North Africa, but including its numerous sub-

species and varieties has a much more extended range, which comprises

all the Mediterranean region.

In South Africa it is represented by the subspecies capensis and

several varieties of the same.

M. Barzarvs, Linn., race cAPENSIS, Mayr.

Syst. Nat. Hd. 12 a, vol. ii, p. 962, 9, 1767.

Leach, Entom. Archiv., vol.i, p. 4, 9, 2, ¢, 1827.

(Race) Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 748, 9, 1862.

“2 . tr ES SO ALVOUF 16, = 896, 2, 3g, 1866.

» Reise d. ‘leneney Zool., vol. ii, Formicid., p. 87, 9, 1865.

“S. 6-11 mm. §@ major tarelse black, frontal carinae, apex

4.06 Annals of the South African Museum.

of the scape, flagellum, articulations of the legs and the tarsi cas-

taneous; § minor brown, mandibles, flagellum and: tarsi yellowish-

brown; mandibles strongly striate; head very closely striate. Thorax

as in Aphaenogaster structor, striate; epinotum with two tubercles ;

nodes striate or rugulose, the 2nd node smoother; abdomen smooth

and shining. . . . The yellowish and outstanding pilosity is

moderate, on the legs fairly abundant. The mandibles are fairly

coarsely and longitudinally striate, in the smaller 9 9 with about

12 teeth, edentate in the larger 9 9. The head has a silky gloss,

and in the % major is very closely and longitudinally striate, the

striae curving round the eyes and antennae sockets; in the 9 minor

the striae are less regular and unequal, weaker and not so straight on

the frons, transverse on the vertex. The feebly shining thorax is like

that of A. structor. The pronotum above is transversely and at the

sides longitudinally striate; the mesonotum rugulose; the epinotum

above transversely, at the sides longitudinally striate, not quite dentate

above on each side, but nevertheless angularly dilated. The nodesare

rounded above; inthe § major transversely striate and partly rugulose

at the sides; in the 5 minor very shallowly rugulose, almost smooth

and shining. Abdomen smooth and very shining. Cape of Good

Hope.

“@. 15mm. Brownish-black, head dark ferruginous, partly cas-

taneous; articulations of the legs and tarsi rufescent ; very sparsely

pilose; head as in the 9 major; pronotum densely and longitudinally

striate, mesonotum shining, longitudinally striolate, scantily punctured,

and with three large and smooth patches; scutellum shining and

almost smooth, the sides striate; epinotum elongate and bituberculate,

the sides strongly striate; nodes of the petiole striato-rugulose;

abdomen very shining, smooth and almost glabrous.

“@. 83mm. Black, shining, mandibles and articulations of the

legs and tarsi fuscous; not very densely pilose, the abdomen sparsely

pilose; mandibles striate, clypeus ;with transverse rugae; cheeks,

antennal foveae and the frons partly longitudinally striate, the middle

of the latter finely rugulose; the vertex near the anterior ocellus

radiately rugose, behind and outside the ocelli very finely and shallowly

rugulose-punctate; pronotum finely rugulose-punctate; mesonotum

longitudinally rugoso-striate, with some scattered punctures, smooth

in the middle in front; disc of scutellum smooth; epinotum oblique,

obtusely tuberculate, finely and transversely striate at the base; sides

of thorax striate; nodes of petiole very finely rugulose; abdomen

smooth in front, very finely and shallowly coriaceous behind; wings

subhyaline, stigma and costa ochreous.”

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 407

Some specimens which have been determined by Dr. Forel as

belonging to the above variety differ from Mayr’s description in

certain minor details, but in view of the tendency to variation

exhibited by this species, Iam unwilling to separate them as a well-

marked variety by the use of a distinct name. To supplement

Mayr’s description, which refers mainly to the sculpture, a fuller

description of these specimens is added herewith. % major. 11 mm.,

head including closed mandibles 2°9 mm. long x 2°5 mm. wide.

Dark brownish-black, mandibles dark reddish-brown, the epinotum

sometimes a little lighter than the rest of the body, tarsi reddish-

brown. Head, thorax and abdomen very sparsely pilose, the hairs

yellowish, short and semi-erect, pubescence absent except on the

mandibles, legs and antennae.

Head longitudinally striate, the striae as wide as the finely

punctured interspaces; the striae converge somewhat in the middle,

but bend outwards at the anterior and posterior corners, and con-

verge inwards on the anterior margin of the clypeus. The mandibles

are longitudinally striate, with elongate punctures between the striae.

Pronotum longitudinally striate above, at the sides more or less

concentrically, the striae less regular than on the head. Nodes of

petiole finely rugulose, and also very finely and transversely striate,

especially on the sides and near the posterior margins. Head and

thorax dull, but the spaces between the striae slightly shining ; legs

very shallowly and sparsely punctured, slightly shining.

Head, excludine the mandibles, quadrate, almost rectangular, the

sides and posterior angles feebly convex, the hind margin very

shallowly concave or nearly straight. Eyes convex, rather small,

placed a little behind the middle of the sides. Anterior margin of

the clypeus straight. Frontal area well defined. Frontal carinae

short. Scape of antenna thin, incrassate apically, strongly curved in

its basal half, extending back as far as the hind margin of the head ;

all the joints of the flagellum longer than wide. Mandibles with about

5 very blunt teeth.

Thorax much narrower than the head. Pronotum as wide as long

in the middle. Mesonotum narrow, almost cylindrical, higher than

the lateral portions of the pronotum; the dorsal profile of the pro-

mesonotum forms a continuous convexity. Pro-mesonotal suture

distinct but shallow, the meso-epinotal suture deep. Dorsum of

epinotum straight, rising slightly from base to apex, quite twice as long

as wide, shallowly excavated lengthwise, the sides subvertical, the

posterior angles prominent and almost dentiform, the declivity vertical

and concave transversely. First joint of petiole with a moderately long

4.08 Annals of the South African Museum.

peduncle, seen from the side bluntly wedge-shaped; the anterior face

of the node vertical, the posterior dorsal face convex and shallowly

grooved lengthwise in the middle; 2nd node wider than the Ist, more

or less campaniform. Abdomen elongate ovate, the apical margins of

all the segments pale brownish.

5 media, 7 mm. @ minor, 5-5°5 mm. These differ from the 9

major as follows: The striation of the head and thorax is weaker ;

the head is a trifle longer than wide (in the 9 major a little wider

than long), the sides of the pronotum less convex, the emargination of

the posterior dorsal face of the first node less pronounced, the sides of

the second node less convex.

Willowmore, Cape Prov.; Durban. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Var. PSEUDOAEGYPTIACA, Emery.

Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, 2, vol. 1, p. 384, 9, 1884.

“Not exceeding 8 mm., smaller than the race. Head and

thorax more or less ferruginous, with the sculpture of the duller

varieties of aegyptiaca. On the head the sculpture is close and even,

with fine and prominent longitudinal striae, often imterrupted and

lightly undulated. The thorax is dull; the epinotum hardly angular,

without prominent teeth. Cape Prov.”

The commonest form of capensis in S. Rhodesia has been referred

to the above variety by Dr. Santschi, to whom I sent some typical

examples of a series which had previously been determined by Dr.

Forel as simple race capensis, from which they obviously differ not

inconsiderably in certain features. Nevertheless, they do not quite

agree with Hmery’s variety, since they attain a greater size and have

the thorax a good deal more coarsely sculptured than in the few

examples of aegyptvaca which I have seen. They are also very much

like var. proba (Forel), to judge by the description only, so that for

the present I prefer to place them with the variety to which Dr.

Santschi has assigned them. They are characterised as follows:

® major. 9°5 mm. Head, including the closed mandibles, 3 mm.

long X 3mm. wide. Head, thorax and petiole varying from brick-

red to reddish-brown, abdomen piceous, the extreme base of the first

segment sometimes with a reddish tinge; legs brownish-red, the tarsi

and tibiae a little darker. The striation of the head is much more

feeble than in capensis (i.e. those forms from Willowmore and

Durban described above), and the pronotum is transversely rugulose

instead of longitudinally striate. The pro-mesonotum is much more

convex and much higher above the level of the epinotum, and its

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 409

dorsal profile is not a continuous convexity, being broken at the

anterior third of the mesonotum by a shallow depression. The dorsum

of the epinotum is more deeply excavated longitudinally and has wider

and more obtuse lateral angles; the declivity is oblique, not vertical

as in capensis. The first node of the petiole is thinner above, the

posterior dorsal face longer and sloping more steeply backwards; the

second node is much more transverse and more convex from back to

front and is one and two-thirds wider than long.

5 media, 8 mm. § minor, 55 mm. These differ from the 9%

major in having the head longer than wide. The dorsal profile of the

promesonotum forms a continuous curve in the $ minor, and is

barely interrupted in the © media. The first node is higher, the

summit very feeblvy emarginate ; the second node is longer, quite as

long as wide in the 9 minor, and almost so in the 9 media.

2. 14mm. Pronotum very finely striate and somewhat rugulose. ,

The mesonotum without any distinct impunctate areas.

6. 97mm. Abdomen smooth and shining all over. Epinotum

without a trace of tubercles; mesonotum shallowly punctate, only the

posterior fourth feebly and longitudinally striate. :

Otherwise Mayr’s description of the sexes of capensis applies equally

well to these specimens. However, the following characters should

also be noted. In both sexes the mesonotum overhangs the pronotum

so that the latter is not visible from above. The mesonotum and

scutellum have a median longitudinal impression, less pronounced in

the ¢ than in the 9. In the ¢ the dorsum of the epinotum is very

oblique and joins the declivity in a gradual curve. In the 9 the

sides of the declivity are marginate, the, margins ending above in slight

angles (hardly tubercles). The petiole of the Q is like that of the

% major, but the peduncle of the first joint is shorter, the node more

deeply emarginate above, its anterior face vertical, the posterior face

rounded and subvertical. The nodes in the ¢ are much flaiter and

more quadrangular than in the 9 or %. Legs of the ¢ long and

slender. Wing nervures in both sexes yellowish-brown.

This variety is very common in the neighbourhood of Bulawayo. It

is eminently a harvesting ant, usually collecting the seeds of one

particular kind of grass. The rejected husks of these seeds are

deposited in a circle all round the entrance of the nest, one half of

the circle being ‘generally deeper than the other, which may be due to

the prevailing winds. These rubbish.heaps when made by a populous

colony sometimes reach very large dimensions, covering as much as

one square foot of ground, and from one to three inches deep. The site

of such a nest is very plainly indicated by these accumulations, since

410 Annals of the South African Museum.

the husks are bleached almost white by the action of the sun. The

nests of this ant appear to be very free of myrmecophilous insects, and

even the ubiquitous Thysanuran is rarely to be found in them. The

ants appear to have definite foraging grounds, to which access is

obtained by well-marked and smooth paths leading from the nest in

various directions.

Var. ScHenckxt, Forel.

Schultze, Reise Sid. Afrika, vol. iv, p. 18, 9, 1910.

“® major. 9mm. Entirely black. Sculpture a little less close and

coarse; pilosity on the body scantier. Pronotum with less pronounced

lateral humps. Epinotum rounded, without teeth. Head evenly and

longitudinally striate. Petiole as in the race. -

“ Bethanien, Great Namaland. (Schenck.)”

Var. DECIPIENS, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 49, p. 177, 9, 1905.

“6. 45-9 mm. Head of the & maxima of 8-9 mm., transversely

rectaneular, one-sixth wider than long. Epinotum cuboid, rounded

between the two faces, usually unarmed, sometimes bidentate. First

node as in the type of capensis, but with a shorter peduncle than in

the other races; both nodes thick. Head and thorax fairly strongly

and irregularly striate. A few striae on the nodes. Abdomen with a

few large piligerous punctures at the base. Like capensis, to which it

stands in the same relation that the race capitatus does to barbarus,

but much smaller, and entirely black. 9 10-11 mm. Like the 6.

“Natal and Cape Colony (Wroughton).”

Var. PROBA, Forel.

Sitzungsb. K. A. Wiss. Munich, p. 266, 9, 1911.

“© major. 10-11 mm. Black, head red, thorax with reddish-brown

markings. Epinotum entirely unarmed. Pronotum ‘rounded as in

the var. decipiens Forel. Head sharply striate, but not, as in the

type of capensis, reticulate-punctate in between the striae. Thorax

and petiole more coarsely and sharply sculptured than in decipiens.

“ Bothaville, O.F.S. (Dr. Brauns).”

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 411

BARBARUS, Linn., race LusBeErRttI, Forel.

Schultze, Reise Sid. Afrika, vol. 4, p. 13, 5, 1910.

“G. 5-8mm. Shape like that of race capitatus, but somewhat more

robust. Head of the large 9 wider, distinctly wider than long, strongly

concave behind. Scape also similar but shorter; the joints of the

flagellum shorter and thicker. Sides of the head straight as in race

capensis, Mayr. ‘Thorax as in capensis, but the epinotum is not cuboid

but rounded, the dorsum merging into the declivity, with two feeble,

elongate and ridge-like tubercles. First node much thinner than in

capensis and its var. decipiens, emarginate above, and behind with a

longitudinal impression which joins the emargination above.

“Head closely longitudinally striate as in capensis, but not so

deeply, somewhat finer and more shining, not so strongly reticulate-

punctate between the striae. The pro-mesonotum is much more finely

and closely reticulate-rugose, duller, also less angular and evenly

rounded. Epinotum transversly striate. Nodes dull, finely reticu-

late-punctate. Abdomen shining, finely and shallowly reticulate,

with scattered punctures. The upper surface of the body almost

glabrous, with only rare bristly hairs. Under surface of the head

with some not very lone ammochaetae. Legs and scapes with de-

cumbent pubescence, much more abundant than in typical barbarus.

Red, the posterior two-thirds of the abdomen dark brown. Antennae

and legs reddish-brown.

“G.S.W.A. (Libbert) ; Okahandja (Peters).”’

M. prenticorntis, Forel.

IODC: Cities, \Os NEW), Os a

“6. 55-ll mm. Slender, with a relatively small head (in the

largest 3 5 2°8 mm. long and wide), but with the typical mandibles

of the genus. Mandibles strongly curved, with two stronger teeth in

front, indistinctly dentate behind (often quite plane through use),

with a very broad terminal margin, fairly closely striate. Anterior

margin of clypeus convex. Frontal area very large, rounded behind.

Frontal carinae straight, feebly convergent posteriorly. Head some-

what longer than wide in the 9 min. only, a little wider in front than

behind (in the larger § even wider behind than in front), the sides

almost straight, the posterior margin fairly convex in the 9 minor or

straight in the 9 major, the posterior angles strongly rounded. Eyes

distinctly large, convex, placed in about the middle, shorter than their

distance from either the front or back of the head. The scape extends

412 Annals of the South African Museum.

beyond the posterior margin by about one-fourth of its length in the

‘base it has a transversely-placed projection or tooth . . .; the scape

is widely curved beyond the level of the projection. Flagellum without

a distinct club, all the jomts subequal in length, the first about three

times longer than wide. Pro-mesonotum evenly arched. ‘The long

and slender mesonotum is almost cylindrically narrowed. Epinotum

almost cuboid, the dorsum horizontal, nearly twice as long as wide,

the declivity almost vertical; between them are two broad flat teeth,

or two sharp and nearly dentiform angles, the space between the

angles excavated. First node wedge-shaped, with a broad peduncle

in front, as high as thick at the base, emarginate above, and with a

longitudinal impression behind. Second node also narrowed above.

Legs very long, thin and slender. Head, pronotum and petiole feebly

shining, in the 9 minor closely, finely and rather irregularly reticulate,

in the § major fairly coarsely striate in addition; mesonotum and

epinotum (including the declivity) coarsely and transversely rugose or

striate, the sides longitudinally striate below. Abdomen shining,

shallowly and finely coriaceous. Pilosity sparse, reddish and short.

Legs and antennae with decumbent, or sometimes oblique, long hairs.

A fringe of long red hairs on the anterior margin of the clypeus and

some not very long ammochaetae under the head. More or less dark

brown or brownish-black; mandible and tarsi yellowish to reddish,

flagellum and legs brownish-yellow to reddish-brown.

“O, 103-13 mm. Thorax almost as wide as the head. Disc of

mesonotum smooth, with sparse, piligerous punctures; the rest

of the thorax coarsely and unevenly rugose. The epinotum with very

feeble and broad tubercles. Wings fairly long, almost vitreous

(shghtly tinged with yellow), costa and nervures brown. Otherwise

just like the © major but often with a more brightly coloured head.

The tooth on the scape of the antenna a little smaller. Legs often

quite red.

“@. 85mm. The tooth on the scape very distinct. Mandibles

with 7 or 8 teeth. Head longer than wide, with a very

distinctly, feebly convex hind margin. Second joint of the flagellum

longer than the first. ‘The epinotum forms a complete oblique plane,

hardly convex. Head reticulate-punctate, almost dull. Thorax

irregularly and fairly coarsely rugose, shining. Otherwise like the

& minor. Black; legs, base of the mandibles, antennae, apical

margins of the abdominal segments and the pilosity brown; apical

half of the mandibles reddish.

“A harvesting ant (Aristida grass, Augea capensis, etc.).

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 413

“Tuderitzbucht, Kammagas and Steinkopf, Little Namaland

(Schultze) ; Steckstown, Cape Prov. (Wartmann).”

Also at Kimberley, and Ababis, 8.W. African Protectorate (R. W.

Tucker). These agree with Forel’s description in every way except

the colour, which is darker, almost pitch-black, the tarsi and the apex

of the flagellum dark reddish-brown. From an examination of these

specimens and of a co-type (9 media) in my possession, it appears to

me that the emphasis laid on the presence of a tooth on the scape is

somewhat misleading. Unless seen at a certain angle from above,

this dentiform projection at the base of the scape is by no means

conspicuous, and moreover, a similar though smaller tooth occurs in

capensis and its var. pseudoaegyptiaca. Denticornis differs from the

latter species chiefly in its much more shining integument, in its

feebler and more superficial sculpture of the head, and by its

narrower form.

Var. PARVIDENS, Forel.

HOGS Gite, (Oo MD,

“6. Differs from the type by the much smaller tooth on the

scape. Some specimens have also more obliquely exserted hairs on

the tibiae.

“Kubub, Great Namaland; under stones (Schultze).”

Var. Brunnti, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 444, 9, 1910.

“oO. 685mm. Allied to var. parvidens but smaller, of a light

brownish-red, with the tarsi, antennae and mandibles vellowish-red or

reddish-yellow. The sculpture of the head is finer and closer, and the

occiput is transversely striate (longitudinally so and more rugose in

the type of the species and var. parvidens).

«8S. W. Africa (Brunn); Steckstown, Cape Prov. (Wartmann).”

M. Bravnsi, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 138, 9, 1913.

&. 55-83 mm. Head and abdomen yellowish-brown, paler in the

® media and minor. Thorax and petiole brownish-yellow in the

5 major, dirty ochreous in the smaller 9 9. Legs and antennae

ochreous, mandibles light brownish-red, the masticatory margin dark

brown. Pilosity coarse, erect and reddish; a very fine pubescence

414 Annals of the South African Museum.

only on the legs and antennae. Head and thorax moderately, the

abdomen very shining. Head finely longitudinally striate, the striae

almost obsolete on the occiput. Thorax and nodes feebly reticulate,

the pronotum also feebly striato-rugulose transversely. Hpinotum

strongly and transversely striate. Abdomen and legs smooth. In

the smaller 9 $ the sculpture is almost entirely effaced except on the

epinotum.

Very similar to denticornis, Forel, with which it should perhaps be

placed asarace. It differs from that species as follows: It is smaller

and more robust. The thorax is shorter and the pro-mesonotum more

convex; the epinotum is also more convex, rounded and without

teeth, not angular between the two faces. The nodes of the petiole

are more convex above and not so high; the 2nd node is as long as

wide (slightly wider than long in denticornis in the 9 major). The

scape is toothed at the base, but the tooth is less acute.

Willowmore, Cape Prov. (Dr. Brauns). (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Genus PHEIDOLE, Westwood.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 87, 1841.

Characters.

Y. Antennae 12-jointed, usually very short in proportion to the

length of the head; club 3-jointed, fairly distinct. Head extremely

large, disproportionately so compared with the rest of the body.

The back of the head usually deeply emarginate, so as to divide that

region into two lobes; a median occipito-frontal sulcus usually well

defined. Clypeus short, especially at the sides, the median portion

produced backwards between the frontal carimae. The frontal area |

generally depressed. The frontal carinae short, raised at the sides

so as to furnish a slight depression in front to accommodate the

base of the scape. Mandibles broad, triangular, indistinctly dentate.

Pro- and mesonotum much raised above the level of the epinotum

and forming a hump. ‘The pronotum is usually more or less

angularly produced at the sides, or even bituberculate. Mesonotum

frequently with a transverse impression, behind which lies a more

or less distinct scutellar region. This is sometimes margined above

by a transverse torus or hump. Behind the scutellum a fairly well-

defined portion of the metanotum is often present (in the majority

of ants not visible in the 9). Epinotum armed with two spines or

teeth. First node of petiole wedge-shaped or conical, the peduncle

in front very short. Second node with the sides produced into angles

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 415

or spines, seen from above, more or less lenticular or lozenge-shaped.

Abdomen oval, the 1st segment larger than the remaining segments

taken together.

©. Antennae 12-jointed, usually very long, rarely shorter than

the head and thorax together. Head of normal proportions, the

occiput not emarginate, but generally convex. Thorax longer than

in the ¥; the pro-mesonotum not gibbous as in the 2/, but never-

theless retaining (on a much reduced scale) the general features

exhibited in that caste; the scutellum hardly defined, the metanotum

not at all. Epinotum bispinose or bidentate. First node of petiole

with a fairly long peduncle, the node much thicker above than in

the 21; the 2nd node globose or campaniform, rarely transverse.

Abdomen relatively longer than in the 2/.

ocecorle Sromlal posterter lateral a ngles of P Pome Lu 772.

é rf ‘ é

< - ‘

MESO nolurrt.

p scaleham i

THila rial arre-

se dorsak PIG of

we Lo tad Ee

Pronadierie. # ;

"@pere olivme .

Fic. 20.—Head and thorax of P. excellens, race rhodesiana. 2.

Q@. Antennae 12-jointed. Head not wider, or very little wider

than the thorax, not emarginate posteriorly, but rather convex or

only feebly concave. Pronotum without tubercles or prominent

angles, not exposed above. Mesonotum usually flat above im its

posterior half. Dorsum of epinotum short and declivous ; the spines

or teeth generally broader and relatively much shorter than in the

8 and Y. Petiole very similar to that of the ¥%. Abdomen

elongate-ovate, not very convex above, with more or less pronounced

basal angles. Wings fairly long, with two closed cubital cells.

g. Antennae 13-joimted, the scape very short, rarely more than

half as long as the long diameter of the eyes, flagellum filiform,

the Ist joint globose. Head much wider in front than behind.

Mandibles small, usually dentate. Eyes and ocelli large. Median

area of clypeus convex. Frontal carinae very short, ill defined.

Thorax similar to that of the ?, but the mesonotum is more convex

416 Annals of the South African Museum.

and projects further forwards in front. Dorsum of epinotum generally

very short, the teeth obsolete and indicated only by obtuse tubercles.

First joint of petiole barely or not at all pedunculate, the node

flattened, the posterior face usually dorsal in position. Second

node more or less hemispherical, sometimes laterally dentate as in

the ©. Wings as in the ?.

This genus occurs in both hemispheres and includes a very large

number of species, many of which break up into numerous varieties

and races. All the South African species with which I am acquainted

are omnivorous, with a marked fondness for sugary substances,

but some species, e.g. excellens, crassinoda and Arnoldi, are mainly

eraminivorous, harvesting the seeds of grass in the same way as the

species of Messor.. They do not appear, however, to limit themselves

so exclusively to the seeds of one particular kind of grass as in that

genus, nor are their stores of seeds so large. Nearly all the species

which I have seen usually nest in the ground, and the nest entrances

are generally clearly indicated by irregular craters of earth around

them. A few species may sometimes be found nesting in hollow

trunks of trees, but such a situation is uncommon. The duties of

the large-headed soldiers appear to be mainly to remove to and from

the nest any matter which is too bulky to be handled by the G ¢,

and with their powerful mandibles to dismember the bodies of their

insect prey. For purposes of defence they appear to be of very little

use, being far less courageous than the small worker. This is easily

seen on digging up a nest, when it will be found that the workers

attack the intruder, stinging and biting to the best of their ability,

while the soldiers immediately seek shelter among the débris, or in

the deeper parts of the nest. Nevertheless, if they are sufficiently

irritated, they will also attack, and bite so firmly to the skin of the

hand that they will allow themselves to be torn in half rather than

loosen their hold.

The species of this genus are pre-eminent in their readiness to

harbour other insects in their nests. In Rhodesia it is in the

nests of P. punctulata that one may most frequently find such

myrmecophiles, especially Paussidae, Clavigeridae and Pselaphidae.

Amongst the § $ and ? 9 of the genus, there is a general uniformity

of structure which renders the determination of the different species

a difficult matter, so that it is essential that examples of the 2/

caste should be obtained, in which a greater specific diversity is

apparent.

In the treatment of this genus I have endeavoured to arrange

the species into groups, such grouping being based chiefly on the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 417

structure of the 2%. Although I believe that the arrangement

adopted is a fairly natural one for our South African species, yet

it is not claimed that it definitely indicates a natural or close

relationship amongst the components of each group.

(N.B.—In measurements of the length of the head the mandibles

are excluded. Contrary to the method adopted in the case of

Strumigenys, etc., it is more convenient in dealing with this genus

to include the occipital lobes in the measurement; the latter is,

therefore, taken from the level of the anterior margin of the clypeus

to the level of the apices of the occipital lobes. The width of the

2nd nodes of the petiole is measured across its widest part, 7. e.

including the lateral teeth or spines. The length of the Ist segment

of the petiole should be taken along the ventral surface of the

segment. )

(A) PunetuLata Group.

Y%. Head very convex above and at the sides, and (neglecting the

mandibles and occipital emargination), more or less round in outline.

Occipital sulcus rarely deep. The posterior half or less of the head

smooth and shining. Second node of the petiole not sharply spinose

at the sides.

(2) 1. Mandibles strongly and fairly closely punctate-striate Foreli, Mayr.

(1) 2. Mandibles finely and sparsely punctured.

(8) 38. Posterior half of the head shining and without sculpture.

(5) 4. Occipital emargination of the head shallow, its apex not angular;

sides of the head behind the eyes moderately convex

punctulata, Mayr.

(4) 5. Occipital emargination much deeper ; the sides behind the eyes very

convex.

(7) 6. Occipital emargination angular at its apex; a distinct trace of the

anterior ocellus is present in a pit-like depression rotwndata, Forel.

(6) 7. Occipital emargination arcuate at its apex; no trace of the anterior

ocellus present : . rotundata var. Ilgit, Forel.

(3) 8. Less than half of the head Poctericuie shining and without sculpture.

(10) 9. Only the posterior fourth of the head smooth and shining, occipital

emargination wide and very shallow ; second node angulated at the

sides 5 h H wvictoris, Forel.

(9) 10. Posterior two-fifths of hed sunnaila and hein ; occipital emargina-

tion narrow and fairly deep; sides of second node convex.

(12) 11. Length 4°5 mm.; mandibles shallowly punctured ; dorsal edge of first

node Begone : : tenuinodis, Mayr.

(11) 12. Length 5°3 mm. Jatnaibles deonly pilaitered| dorsal edge of first

node entire . : . tenuinodis var. sipapomae, Arnold.

418 Annals of the South African Museum.

(B) Preixur Group.

Y. Head less convex than in Group A, the outline, seen from

above, not round but more or less quadrate; the occipital sulcus deep

and continuous with the frontal sulcus. Sides of the head behind and

above the eyes sometimes fairly deeply and obliquely excavated (this

feature is much more distinct than in any member of Group A).

Frontal carinae prolonged back as far as the posterior third of the head,

or further. A trace of a scrobe present, and sometimes also of the

anterior ocellus. Second node angular at the sides, sometimes acutely

so, but not spinose.

(4) 1. Whole head sculptured and dull; occipital emargination not very

deep.

(3) 2. Apices of the occipital lobes fairly angular ; head not parallel-sided ;

scapes short : : : Prelli, race redbankensis, Forel.

(2) 3. Apices of the occipital lobes rounded; head parallel-sided ; the scapes

long, extending to the posterior fifth of the head Maufei, Arnold.

(1) 4. Occipital lobes smooth and shining, their apices strongly rounded ;

occipital emargination deep redbankensis var. politocciput, Santschi.

Y%. More or less like Group B in the shape of the head of the 2/,

but having forms intergrading between the 2/ and 9 ; some of these

have the head wider in front than behind. Second node dentate or

nearly spinose at the sides

cuitensis, Forel, race reddersburgensis, Forel.

(D) Arnoxpr Group.

Small species, especially in the 5 caste.

Y%. Head longer than wide, slightly wider in front than behind

and nearly parallel-sided, or the sides only feebly convex ; the occipital

emargination fairly deep. Posterior two-thirds of the head smooth

and shining. Second node of petiole sharply spinose at the sides, the

spines curved a little backwards or sharply angular.

(2) 1. %. Head a little more than a quarter longer than wide; $, head and

thorax dull . : : P 2 : Arnoldi, Forel.

(1) 2. 4%. Head at least two-fifths longer than wide; $, head and pro-

notum shining : : . strator, Forel, race fugaz, Arnold.

(EH) Caprnsis Group.

Y%. Very similar to Group D, but the posterior emargination of

the head is less deep and less angular. The head is longer than wide,

not wider in front than behind, almost parallel-sided. Second node

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 419

sharply angular or obtusely spinose at the sides. An oblique depres-

sion above and behind the eyes is more or less noticeable.

1. Sides of second node merely angular ; transverse torus on the meso-

notum feeble ; epinotal teeth small : : capensis, Mayr.

2. Sides of second node obtusely spinose; transverse torus on the meso-

notum strong; epinotum armed with fairly long spines

xocensis, Forel.

(F) Spinuntosa Group.

Y. Head longer than wide, the sides moderately convex or nearly

straight, the occipital emargination wide, not deep, arcuate at its apex.

Posterior half of the head shining. Second node acutely dentate or

spinose at the sides.

1. Head as wide in front as behind, its sides straight and subparallel

Schultzei var. gwaaiensis, Forel.

2. Head narrower in front than behind, its sides convex

spinulosa Forel.

(G) ScuLprurata Group.

Usually rather large forms in / and § castes.

Y. Head longer than wide, the sides fairly straight. Occipital

emargination deep, its apex angular. Second node of petiole strongly

spinose at the sides.

%. Second node more or less distinctly angular at the sides.

(6) 1. The whole of the head dull and sculptured, at the most only the

apices of the occipital lobes smooth and shining.

(3) 2. Posterior third or half of the head with obliquely tranverse rugae

extending outwards from the occipital sulcus; epinotum usually

armed with long spines in the §

Liengmei, Forel, and races and varieties.

(2) 3. Posterior third or half of the head not transversely rugose ; epinotum

armed with short teeth in the &.

(5) 4, Small species, 21 less than 5 mm. long, the head less than 2 mm. long

Akermani, Arnold.

(4) 5. Larger species, 2} more than 5 mm. long, the head at least 2°7 mm. long

sculpturata, Mayr, and races and varieties.

(1) 6. Posterior third or half of the head smooth and shining

eacellens, Mayr, race rhodesiana, Forel.

(H) Crassinopa Group.

YY and & & large.

Y%. Head distinctly convex at the sides and above (somewhat

resembling the 2/ of the punctulata group), much wider behind than

Pa|

420 Annals of the South African Musewm.

in front, and, excluding the mandibles, about as long as wide. Posterior

half of the head smooth and very shining. Occipital emargination

wide but not deep. Second node of petiole angular at the sides, its

anterior margin nearly semicircular or very convex

crassinoda, Emery, and races.

P. punetunata, Mayr. (Plate VI, fig. 67.)

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 16, p. 899, Y, 1866.

Y. 42-45mm. Head and thorax varying from dark reddish-brown

to ight brownish-red, the head always darker than the thorax, espe-

cially near the anterior corners and along the middle of the vertex;

abdomen yellowish-brown, legs and antennae dirty ochreous, mastica-

tory margin of the mandibles dark brown. Antennae with a fine and

pale pubescence, absent elsewhere. Pilosity sparse, composed of long,

yellowish and semi-erect hairs, oblique on the tarsi. Mandibles and

posterior half of the head very shining, the latter sometimes less so

owing to a fine alutaceous sculpture. Anterior half of the head

faintly shining, with widely spaced longitudinal striae, the spaces

between the striae finely reticulate, punctate or aciculate. Mandibles

strongly and sparsely punctured. Clypeus with a few longitudinal

striae in front, the middle one strongest, forming almost a carina.

Pronotum and mesonotum very finely rugulose or alutaceous, the

former slightly shining and with faint transverse striae. Hpinotum,

sides of mesonotum and upper faces of the nodes finely and regularly

reticulate-punctate, the dorsum of the epinotum slightly shining, the

nodes dull. Abdomen microscopically reticulate, feebly shining.

Legs smooth and shining.

Head not deeply emarginate behind, very convex above in all direc-

tions, widest at about the posterior third, as wide as long, narrower in

front than behind, the sides and occipital lobes very convex. Seen

from the side, the head is higher in front of the eyes than behind them,

i.e. the front part is much thicker than the part behind the eyes. The

sides behind the eyes are slightly hollowed out, but the wide depression

so formed is not easily visible except at a certain angle. Clypeus

arcuately emarginate in the middle. Eyes placed in front of the

middle of the sides. Mandibles broad, convex, the masticatory margin

concave and armed with two strong obtuse teeth at the apex. Frontal

carinae short, hardly extending beyond the level of the posterior

margin of the eyes, widely divergent behind. Scape extending back as

far as the middle of the head, the flagellum not much longer than the

scape. Pronotum considerably narrowed in front to form a neck, and

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 421

behind produced on each side into a prominent angle, which is slightly

obtuse at the apex; it is widest between the angles and one-third

wider than long. Pro-mesonotal suture feeble. Seen in profile, the

pro-mesonotum is very convex, almost angular or rising from in front

to the pro-mesonotal suture, thence curving abruptly down to the base

of the mesonotum. The latter is subcircular, a little less than half as

wide as the pronotum between the posterior angles, and a little wider

than long. The metanotal region is not clearly defined. Dorsum of

epinotum horizontal, a little longer than wide; the declivity a little

longer than the dorsum, and oblique. Hpinotal teeth small, not longer

than their basal width, directed backwards, upwards and _ slightly

outwards. First joint of the petiole about twice as long as wide,

seen from above triangular, the anterior face quite twice as long as

the posterior-dorsal, the dorsal edge (dorsal edge, see Text-fig. 20),

indented in the middle. Second node one-third wider than long,

narrowed behind, transversely lozenge-shaped, the sides produced

into subacute angles, the anterior face convex. Abdomen nearly

circular, the base truncate. All the femora swollen.

®. 27-3 mm. Head varying from light yellowish-brown to dark

brown with a slightly reddish tinge. Thorax and petiole varying

from ochreous to light yellowish-brown, abdomen light brown to

dark brown, the base of the Ist segment always somewhat paler ;

legs pale fuscous yellow, the tarsi lighter, the antennae brownish-yellow.

Head smooth and shining, with a few very shallow punctures. Pro-

and mesonotum shining, but less than the head, the mesonotum

faintly rugulose above, reticulate and dull at the sides. Epimotum

dull and reticulate. Petiole, abdomen and legs almost smooth,

shghtly shining.

Head subcircular, a little longer than wide. Hyes convex, placed

in the middle of the sides. Clypeus narrow at the sides, the median

area with a median longitudinal raised line (hardly a carina), the

anterior margin convex. Mandibles triangular, the masticatory

margin as long as the basal, finely denticulate, the two apical teeth

acute. Frontal carinae extending back to the level of the anterior

margin of the eyes, rather wide apart and divergent behind. Frontal

area triangular, depressed. Scape of the antennae long, incrassate

towards the apex, extending beyond the occipital margin by about

one-fifth of its leneth; flagellum long, the Ist joint two and a-quarter

times longer than wide, all the other joints also longer than wide, the

3-jointed club a little longer than the rest of the flagellum.

Pro-mesonotum less convex than in the ?/, the dorsal profile forming

a longer and lower convexity, the curve of the mesonotum especially

422 Annals of the South African Museum.

being much less abrupt. It is also much narrower than in the Y,

half as long again as wide, the posterior lateral angles represented

only by slight tubercles. Pro-mesonotal suture very indistinct above,

the meso-epinotal very deep and wide. Dorsum of the epinotum

feebly convex transversely and longitudinally, longer than wide, the

epinotal teeth similar to those of the 2/, but smaller. The Ist node

of the petiole like that of the 2/, but the dorsal edge rounded, the

anterior face oblique. The second node is a little longer than wide,

the sides convex; seen from above, it is subconical over its anterior

two-thirds. Abdomen oblong-oval, the lst segment as long as wide

and longer than the remaining segments taken together.

2. ¢@ mm. Dark reddish-brown or castaneous, the head usually

paler or more reddish. Legs and antennae yellowish-red. Mandibles,

clypeus and pro-mesonotum shining, head, epinotum and _ petiole

rather dull, abdomen shining but less so than the thorax. Pubescence

short, very sparse and inconspicuous; pilosity sparse, not long,

yellowish, on the apical segments of the abdomen somewhat longer.

Head longitudinally striate, the cheeks and temples (i.e. the region

between the eyes and the frontal carinae) with some transverse striae

which anastomose with the longitudinal ones, the spaces between the

striae very finely rugulose. Mandibles triangular, stout, sparsely and

coarsely punctured, the masticatory margin blackish, with two apical

teeth and one or two obtuse teeth at its base, the space between

denticulate. Pro-mesonotum smooth and shining, very sparsely and

shallowly punctured, the mesonotum also very finely striate longi-

tudinally, the striae converging posteriorly. Scutellum smooth and

shining above, reticulate-striate at the sides, separated from the

mesonotum by a deep and clathrate groove. Epinotum, nodes of

petiole above and the abdomen more or less reticulate, the abdomen

exceedingly finely so. Legs shining and sparsely punctured.

Head widest behind, one fifth wider than long, the sides convex, the

posterior margin straight. Eyes very convex, placed a little in front

of the middle of the sides. Anterior margin of the clypeus shallowly

emarginate in the middle. Frontal area distinct, subtriangular.

Frontal carinae slightly divergent behind. The scape extends back as

far as the posterior margin of the head. Pronotum not exposed above

except the narrow neck portion. Mesonotum a little more than one-

quarter wider than long, convex in front, flattened behind, its anterior

margin, seen from above, semicircular. Metanotum very short.

Hpinotum transversely concave between the teeth, sometimes rather

deeply so; the dorsum very steep, short, narrowed posteriorly, the

declivity subvertical. Epinotal teeth short, acute, not longer than

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 423

their basal width. Petiole as in the 2/. Abdomen oblong-ovate,

truncate at the base, the lateral angles rounded but distinct, above

somewhat flattened, the apex broad. The apical margins of the

abdominal segments pale. Wings and nervures yellowish, the stigma

brownish-yellow.

¢. 55-6mm. Yellowish-brown, the mandibles and antennae pale

ochreous, the space between the mesonotum and scutellum, the epi-

notum, petiole, pronotum and sides of the meso-metathorax usually

much paler or ochreous. Legs yellowish-brown, the articulations and

all the tarsi yellow. Head and thorax dull, scutellum, abdomen and

nodes above slightly shining. Head strongly and longitudinally

striate, the striae curving round behind the anterior ocellus; the

sides behind the eyes obliquely striate. Sculpture of the thorax and

abdomen similar to that of the 9 but stronger, especially on the dise

of the metanotum and on the epinotum, the latter having some more

or less longitudinal striae.

Head subtriangular, much wider in front than behind. Eyes very

large, occupying more than the anterior half of the head. Ocelli

large, raised, the posterior ocelli more than twice as far apart from

each other as they are from the anterior ocellus. Mandibles short,

small, the masticatory margin with three acute teeth in front and two

smaller teeth behind. Clypeus convex, the anterior margin rounded.

Frontal carinae very short. Antennae filiform, finely pubescent, not

extending back beyond the base of the mesonotum ; the scape very

short, not reaching the middle of the eyes when extended laterally

and hardly longer than one ocellus. First joint of flagellum sub-

globose, very little longer than wide, the remaining joints all longer

than wide. Mesonotum as wide as the head, as wide as long, the

forks of the Mayrian furrow fairly well defined in front, the median

furrow obsolete. Scutellum slightly raised posteriorly, not sloping

downwards as in the 9, narrower behind than in the 9, its sides

vertical. Dorsum of the epinotum quite twice as wide at its base as at

its apex, about as long as the scutellum and one-third longer than the

declivity. Dorsum of epimotum unarmed, the teeth of the 2 being

replaced by two subcarinate ridges. 'The petiole resembles that of the

%, but the node of the first joimt is thicker above and less raised.

Abdomen elongate-ovate, narrowed apically, rounded at the base; the

first segment a little wider than long and as long as the remaining

segments taken together. Legs long and thin. Wings hyaline,

nervures and stigma pale yellow.

Cape Province, common. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

This form was originally described by Mayr as a race of P.

424 Annals of the South African Museum.

megacephala, but by general consent it is now accorded specific rank.

It is nevertheless closely allied to that species, which is a tropico-

politan form having a very wide distribution. Like it, punctulatai. sp.

or its geographical varieties is widely distributed throughout South

and Central Africa, and in Rhodesia and Natal is one of the commonest

and most abundant of ants. Like megacephala it is very partial to

sugar and other provisions and is therefore a frequent pest in houses.

It nests in the ground, and often under the shelter of stones and decayed

logs, also occasionally in hollow trunks of trees. Usually many fertile

queens are found in each nest. In the nest of var. atroz, Forel, I have

found on different occasions the following species of Paussidae:

Curtisi, cultratus, cucullatus and Klugi, also a Cossyphodes and a

Pselaphid as yet undescribed.

As might be expected in a species with such a wide distribution,

punctulata is very variable in some minor details of its structure, such

as the sculpture, the size and shape of the epinotal teeth, etc., but for

each particular character intermediate forms can be found connecting

one extreme with the other, even in a series collected over a very small

area. For these reasons, the erection of new varieties and races should

be undertaken only with the greatest circumspection, and it is probable

that with a more thorough knowledge of the range of variation, many

of the existing varieties and races will have to be revised or deleted.

In addition, the relationship of this species to P. rotundata, tenuinodis

and victoris appears to me to be a very close one.

Var. aTrox, Forel.

(As race) Rev. Zool. Afric., vol. 2, p. 328, 9, ¥, 9,19138.

7. 4mm. Head and pro-mesonotum dark brown, the front of

the head a little lighter and redder. Nodes and abdomen brown, the

latter paler over the first segment. Head a little longer relative to its

width than in the type-species and more shallowly emarginate behind.

The scape is a trifle longer and the abdomen is more elongate. The

second node is also narrower, being hardly wider than long. Other-

wise like the type-species.

QO. 22mm. Piceous, the posterior half of the thorax paler, legs,

antennae and mandibles more or less yellowish-brown or brownish-

yellow. Head slightly narrower than in the type-species, and the

second node narrower. Otherwise similar.

2. 65-7 mm. Body much darker than in the type-species, almost

entirely brownish-black. The epinotal teeth are slightly larger and

longer, and the dorsal edge of the first node is more deeply emarginate.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 425

6. 57mm. Head reticulate-punctate on the vertex and between

the ocellii. Mayrian furrows more clearly defined, the dorsum of the

epinotum much shorter and more oblique than in the type-species ;

the epinotum is also excavated between the lateral tubercles, which

are broader and less prominent. The nodes of the petiole are a little

wider. Otherwise like the type of the species.

S. Rhodesia, common; often a nuisance in houses, infesting pantries

and provision cupboards. (S8.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

PHEIDOLE INQUILINA, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Se. Nat., vol. 50, p. 240, 1914.

This form was described doubtfully by Forel as a distinct species,

possibly of inquiline habits. I have recently dissected the abdomen

of a specimen and found that it contained a parasitic worm, coiled up

and occupying the greater part of the abdominal cavity. This proves

that these peculiarly shaped forms are only 9 9 or ff % whose

structure has been modified by the presence of the parasite in the

abdomen, and are therefore to be included in the category of ‘‘ mermi-

thergates.’ The appearance of the gaster with its contained parasite

is precisely like that of Pheidole commutata, mermithergate, figured

by Wheeler in his ‘ Ants,’ p. 421.

I have found these abnormal forms at Hillside, Bulawayo, in two

nests of P. punctulata var. atrox. 'The abdomen in these specimens

is enormously swollen, having a much greater volume than the head

and thorax taken together. The head is much narrower and smaller

than in the ?/, having mainly the structure of the 9 head, but dull

and coarsely sculptured. The thorax resembles that of the 2/, the

petiole that of the 9. A little longer than the ?/, 4°5 mm.

P. rotunpata, Forel.

Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 9, p. 92, 9, Y, 1894.

Y. 58-62 mm. Head 2:3 mm. long x 2 mm. wide. Colour,

pilosity and pubescence as in punctulata, but the mandibular teeth,

sides of epinotum, petiole and abdomen a little darker. The abdomen

almost piceous, with the base of the first and apical margins of all

the segments paler.

Sculpture stronger than in punctulata, and the striae between the

frontal carinae more numerous. The shape of the head is similar to

that of punctulata, but higher and more dome-shaped, and sloping

426 Annals of the South African Museum.

more steeply downwards in its posterior half. The occipital emargina-

tion narrower and deeper, the occipito-frontal sulcus also deeper. In

the middle of the vertex, or just in front of the middle, there is a pit

containing the median ocellus, very small but entire; behind this

there are a couple of very shallow depressions, only visible at a certain

angle, which are the vestiges of the posterior ocelli. The clypeus has

a faint median carina (hardly more than a raised line in punctulata),

the pronotum is wider, relative to its length, than in punctulata, and

the posterior lateral angles less rounded at the apex, the mesonotum

more clearly defined in front. The posterior half of the second joint

of the petiole has a few oblique striae above. Otherwise lke

punctulata.

S. 382mm. Like punctulata but darker and a little larger. The

sides of the head in front of the eyes are more strongly striated, and

the frontal area is larger and more angular behind. The pronotum

has a transverse and dark raised line in front, just above the neck ;

Fig 21.—P. rotundata, Forel.

this is hardly indicated in pwnctulata. The epinotum and sides

of the mesonotum are more strongly reticulate. Otherwise lke

punctulata.

¢. 58mm. Eyes a little larger and much more convex than in

punctulata. The dorsum and declivity of the epinotum form a

continuous and oblique curve; the lateral tubercles or ridges entirely

absent. Otherwise not distinguishable from punctulata.

Chirinda Forest, S.R. (Swynnerton) ; Livingstone, N.R.; Durban.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Race IMPRESSIFRONS, Wasmann.

(Race of megacephala.) Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 25, p. 72, 110,

Me, O, WOE

Forel, Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. Beiheft., p. 213, 1913.

“YU. 45-5 mm. Differs from punctulata in its greater size and

more cordate (narrowed in front) head, which is wider and more

deeply emarginate, and has a more or less distinct transverse (?)

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 427

impression on the vertex. The sculpture is like that of punctulata,

but the head is more shining, mostly more sparsely and more finely

punctured, but occasionally more coarsely and more closely, in which

case the occipito-frontal sulcus is finely and longitudinally striate.

“8, like that of punctulata, somewhat larger, 2°5 mm.

“0, like that of punctulata, somewhat larger, 6°5 mm.

“The colour of the 2/2 varies from reddish-yellow to brown. The

darkest 2/ 2/ are from Port Elizabeth (host of Paussus Elizabethae,

Per.), leg. Dr. Brauns; these also have the coarser puncturation of

the head. The remaining examples come from Natal (4000 ft., leg.

G. D. Haviland), and Port Elizabeth (leg. Dr. Brauns), and are of a

brighter yellowish-brown or reddish-yellow, and the puncturation of

the head is finer.”

Dr. Forel places this race with rotwndata. In the paper cited

specimens of P. Foreli taken at Knysna have been erroneously referred

by him to impressifrons.

IMPRESSIFRONS, var. Ine, Forel.

Voeltzkow’s Reise, vol. 2, p. 82, 9, Y, 1907.

Rev. d’Ent., p. 138, 9, ¢, 1908.

Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. Beiheft., p. 213, 1913.

%. 5mm. Head 1:9 mm. wide x 2mm.long. This variety differs

from the type of the species in the following characters :

The head is not so much wider behind than in front, being widest

at about the middle (at the posterior fourth in the type of rotundata),

the posterior angles more prominent, less rounded, the occipital

emargination wider and shallower. The sides of the head above the

eyes flatter, or slightly convex. The striae between the frontal

carinae less close and finer, the sides of the head in front less strongly

sculptured. The anterior margin of the clypeus is more deeply

emarginate, the median area not carinate. The base of the abdomen

is more sharply truncate. Smaller than the type-species.

%. 3-32 mm. Paler than the type, head reddish-brown, thorax

brownish-yellow, petiole and abdomen fuscous brown, the abdomen

somewhat yellowish at the base. Articulations of the legs, the

antennae and mandibles brownish-yellow, the tarsi entirely yellow,

femora and tibiae fuscous yellow. Meso-epinotal suture shallower

than in the type-species, epinotal spines shorter and a little closer

together. Second node less conical, more barrel-shaped, widest a

little behind the middle (widest at its posterior third in the type-

species). Otherwise like rotwndata.

A28 Annals of the South African Museum.

“ ©. Head wider than long, wider than in the type of rotundata,

more excavated behind, with a more distinct and smooth space for the

scapes. The tibiz have only oblique hairs. Wings very large, at

least 10 mm. long (8 mm. in the type, in which the body is also large,

75 mm.). Of a very dark-brown colour, with the basal half of the

flagellum, the mandibles, tarsi and articulations reddish. Otherwise

like the type-species.

““@. The eyes are smaller and the head is narrower behind than in

the type. The scape is more slender and longer, twice as long as the

Ist joint of the flagellum. Body 5°5 mm. long, the length of the

front wing 72 mm. _ In the type-species the body is 4°8+5 mm, long,

and the front wing 6mm. Head brownish, thorax yellowish-brown,

the rest of a dull, pale yellow. In rotwndata the thorax and head are

somewhat reddish-yellow.”

Bulawayo. (R.M., G.A. colls.)

P. renurnopis, Mayr.

Aiea, ENGINES Wns, Wore, soll, 16, jo, PA, ON, 9) ISON.

y. 45 mm. Head and thorax dark yellowish-red, the anterior

margin of the clypeus, the epinotal spines and sides of epinotum below

dark brown, abdomen brown but paler at the base, mandibles

castaneous red, legs and antennae reddish-yellow, or the whole body

dark reddish-brown with the legs and antennae a little paler. Body

with a fairly abundant, long and semi-erect pilosity, much more

plentiful and longer than in punctulata. Anterior three-fifths of the

head strongly and longitudinally striate, the spaces between the striae

reticulate and fairly dull; below the eyes the striae are stronger.

Posterior two-fifths of the head, and the cheeks, from the posterior

angles as far as the eyes, smooth and shining, with a few piligerous

punctures. Mandibles shining, sparsely and fairly coarsely punc-

tured. Median area of the clypeus with a few oblique striae at the

sides, and a strong longitudinal carina in the middle. Dorsum of

pro-mesonotum moderately shining and fairly smooth, but with a few

fine and superficial rugosities near the posterior lateral angles and on

the mesonotum. Epinotum and sides of thorax reticulate-punctate

and dull. Petiole very minutely reticulate and almost dull. Abdo-

men smooth and shining, microscopically rugulose at the extreme

base.

Head much flatter than in punctulata; excluding the mandibles a

trifle longer than wide, widest in the middle, hardly wider behind

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 429

than in front, the sides not very convex. The transverse contour of

the head, at the level of the eyes, forms a moderately convex and

regular curve. Occipital emargination fairly deep, deeper but

narrower than in punctulata. Occipito-frontal sulcus narrow and

deep. Anterior margin of clypeus emarginate in the middle. The

frontal carinae extend back as far as the level of the eyes, and

are slightly prominent. Frontal area depressed, the margins bounded

by a raised line. Scape of antenna extends back as far as the

posterior third of the head, all the joints of the flagellum longer than

wide. Hyes placed a little in front of the middle of the head.

Posterior lateral angles of the pronotum very obtuse, much less pro-

minent than in punctulata; the profile of the pro-mesonotum is also

much less convex than in that species. The mesonotum has a shallow

transverse impression in front of the slightly tumid scutellar region.

Meso-epinotal suture not very deep. Dorsum of epinotum narrow,

longer than wide, margined at the sides and concave transversely.

Epinotal teeth directed upwards and slightly backwards, not as long

as the width of the dorsum; declivity subvertical, a little shorter than

the dorsum. First node with the posterior face horizontal, the anterior

vertical, the dorsal edge slightly emarginate. Second joint subglobose,

feebly angular at the sides, narrowed behind, three-fourths wider than

the first and about as long as wide. -

%. 28-3 mm. Colour similar to that of punctulata, but the head

and thorax darker and more reddish-brown, or the body entirely dark

brown. Mandibles dark yellow, legs brownish-yellow.

Pilosity longer and more abundant than in punetulata. Head

smooth and shining, the cheeks and temples sparsely striate longitudi-

nally, the spaces between the striae reticulate. Thorax more strongly

reticulate than in punctulata, the sculpture extending over the posterior

half of the mesonotum. Mandibles very finally longitudinally striate.

Anterior margin of clypeus shallowly emarginate in the middle, the

median area with a raised line in the middle which does not quite

reach the posterior margin of the clypeus. Scape of antenna longer

than in punctulata, extending by one-fourth of its length beyond the

posterior margin of the head (one-fifth in punctulata); Ist joint of

flagellum as long as the 2nd and 8rd taken together. Frontal carinae

slightly convergent behind, not widely divergent as in punctulata.

Thorax narrower than in that species, the dorsum of the epinotum

long. Mesonotum with a faint transverse median impression.

Dorsum of epinotum margined at the sides as in the , but less

sharply. First joint of the petiole with the peduncle quite as long as

the node, if not longer; the node is thinner above and higher than in

430 Annals of the South African Museum.

punctulata. Second node narrow, barrel-shaped, widest a little behind

the middle, one-fourth longer than wide, three-fourths wider than the

Ist.

?. 838 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Very similar to punctulata

but larger and darker. The head is a little wider, duller and more

closely striate, the spaces between the striae closely reticulate and

crossed by transverse ridges. The epinotum is longer and transversely

concave almost from its base downwards, the dorsum very short and

steep, margined at the sides. Epinotal teeth slightly incurved,

larger than in punctulata. The chief distinction between this species

and punctulata lies in the shape of the 2nd joint of the petiole, which

when seen from above is biconvex, a little wider in front than behind,

and not at all angularly produced at the sides. Otherwise like

punctulata.

S. Rhodesia, fairly common; Ladismith, Cape Prov. and Botha-

ville, O.F.S. (Brauns). (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls., type of 2 in my

collection.)

PHEIDOLE TENUINODIS, Mayr, var. SIPAPOMAE, DN. V.

7. 53mm. Larger than the type of the species. Sculpture of the

head similar but stronger, the mandibles also much more deeply

punctured. The hind margin of the head less widely but more deeply

emarginate. Promesonotal suture more clearly defined. Dorsum of

the epinotum wider and relatively shorter, hardly one-third longer

than wide at the base of the spines. Dorsal edge of the lst node

not emarginate, the sides of the 2nd node much less angular.

Legs reddish-ochreous, abdomen piceous, the apical margins of the

segments testaceous. Otherwise like the type of the species.

5. 386mm. Colour a little darker, and the head more strongly

sculptured than in the type of the species. Posterior fourth of the head

finely reticulate. Clypeus sharply carinate. Meso-epinotal suture

much deeper and wider. Otherwise like the type of the species.

Sipapoma, Umeusa River and Victoria Falls, 8. Rhodesia.

The 2 from Victoria Falls are a little larger than the others

(5°6 mm.) and a good deal darker, but otherwise identical. The nest

has several entrances, surmounted by irregular and rather high

craters. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; types in my collection.)

P. victoris, Forel.

Aun. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 127, ¥, 9, 1918.

Y%. 42-45 mm. Reddish-brown. Abdomen pale brown or

yellowish-brown with the apical margins of the segments much paler.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 431

Very similar in colour to tenwinodis. Pilosity and pubescence as in

that species, but the legs with a denser pilosity. Head dull, except the

posterior fourth, which is slightly shining. Thorax and abdomen dull,

the pronotum nitidulous in front. Head longitudinally striate

between and behind the frontal carinae, longitudinally reticulate,

rugose at the sides, the spaces between the striae dull and finely

reticulate. The striae extend further backwards than in

tenuinodis. The posterior fourth of the head microscopically rugulose,

with a few large and shallow punctures. Mandibles smooth and

shining, finely and sparsely punctured. Pronotum with a few feeble

transverse rugae, the rest of the thorax and the petiole reticulate,

almost transversely striate on the declivity of the epinotum. Abdomen

alutaceous.

Head resembling that of tenwinodis, but more convex and higher,

widest behind the middle, narrower in front than behind, the occipital

lobes much more rounded and obtuse, the occipital emargination much

shallower and arcuate, not angular at the apex. Occipito-frontal

sulcus also shallower than in tenwinodis. Clypeus sharply carinate in

the middle. Posterior lateral angles of the pronotum very obtuse,

small, and not projecting laterally. Pro-mesonotal suture more clearly

defined than in tenuinodis. _Mesonotum with a transverse impression

in front of the scutellar portion, the latter fairly well defined. Dorsum

of epinotum almost horizontal, as long as wide between the teeth. The

latter are slightly divergent, and their front edge is continued as a

raised line forwards, margining the dorsum. The declivity is very

oblique and as long as the dorsum. First joint of the petiole

like that of tenuinodis, but the dorsal edge is not emarginate.

Second joint almost twice as wide as the first, nearly one-fourth wider

than long, widest in the middle, the sides obtusely angulated in the

middle, not convex as in tenwinodis.

S. 23-3 mm. Reddish-yellow, the head darker behind, abdomen

brown, paler at the base. Legs and antennae dark ochreous. The

clypeus, middle of the head longitudinally, the disc of the mesonotum

and the abdomen smooth and shining, the rest of the body dull or

only nitidulous. Pubescence and pilosity as in punctulata 9. Sides

of the head finely reticulate-punctate and with a few longitudinal

striae, which do not extend far behind the eyes. Thorax reticulate-

punctate, more strongly so than in punctulata. Petiole slightly

shining. Head oval, widest in the middle, the anterior half as wide

as the posterior (in punctulata and tenwinodis wider behind than in

front), the sides convex. Hyes very convex, placed at about the

middle of the sides. Frontal carinae short, parallel; frontal area

432 Annals of the South African Museum.

large, distinct, its posterior margin round. Scape of antennae longer

than in punctulata, extending back as far as the posterior third of the

mesonotum. Pro-mesonotum less convex than in punctulata. Trans-

verse impression and scutellum of the mesonotum fairly distinct.

Dorsum of epinotum one and a-half times longer than wide, distinctly

margined at the sides ; epinotal teeth rather small, not longer than

half the interval between them ; declivity oblique, shorter than the

dorsum. The peduncle of the Ist joint of the petiole nearly twice as

long as the node, which is like that of punctulata; 2nd joint sub-

pyriform, one-quarter longer than wide, widest at about its posterior

third, distinctly narrower, less conical and less thick from above to

below than in either tenwinodis or punctulata. Legs longer than in

those two species. —

Malindi, 8. Rhodesia. (G.A. coll.)

P. Forex, Mayr.

Ann. KKON EH) Mus. Waren, volato, pc. Or 190i:

Y. 45-5:'1 mm. Piceous, the legs and flagellum dark brown,

tarsi yellowish-brown, mandibles dark reddish-brown. Pailosity longer,

thinner and more abundant than in puwnctulata, especially on the head

and legs.

Anterior half of the head, or a little more, dull and longitudinally

rugose, the spaces between the rugae reticulate-coriaceous (the sculp-

ture stronger than in punctulata). Posterior half of the head smooth

and shining, very sparsely and fairly finely punctured. Pronotum

smooth and shining, the rest of the thorax feebly and irregularly

rugulose, mostly transversely rugulose, also partly reticulate-punctate,

moderately shining. Nodes of petiole smooth above, very finely

reticulate-punctate or granulate and dull at the sides and behind.

Abdomen and legs smooth and shining.

Head, excluding the mandibles, as wide as long, not much narrower

in front than behind, fairly deeply emarginate behind (more so than in

punctulata or tenwinodis), the occipital lobes more prominent. Eyes

placed well in front of the middle of the sides. Frontal carinae feebly

divergent, not extending back beyond the level of the eyes. Median

area of the clypeus shining, with a feeble median carina, slightly

striato-rugose at the sides, shallowly emarginate in front. Frontal

area well defined. Mandibles longitudinally striate, very strongly

punctured between the striae, shining. Scapes extending back slightly

beyond the middle of the head. Occipito-frontal suleus shallow in

the middle, deeper at its ends. Pronotum convex transversely and

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 433:

lengthwise, excluding the neck about one-third wider than long, the

posterior lateral angles very rounded, almost obsolete ; mesonotum

subcireular, a little wider than long, less than half as long as the

pronotum ; the scutellum distinct, the metanotum fairly clearly defined.

Dorsum of epinotum a little longer than wide, as long as the declivity,.

moderately convex at its base, shallowly excavated at its apical half.

Hpinotal spines short, shghtly divergent, subvertical, shorter than the

interval between their bases. Pro-mesonotal suture distinct, the meso-

epinotal deep, the thorax more strongly contracted at the latter point

than in punctulata. First joint of the petiole with the anterior face

as long as the ventral, the posterior-dorsal face short; 2nd node nearly

twice as wide as the Ist, seen from above subquadrate, its anterior

margin convex, the sides subparallel or converging a little posteriorly,

without distinct angles.

5. 28-3 mm. Dark brown to piceous, mandibles and flagellum

brownish-red, articulations of the legs and the tarsi yellow. Shining.

Cheeks very sparsely and irregularly striate, the temples finely reticulate.

Mesothorax and epinotum reticulate-rugulose and a little dull, the rest

of the body smooth. Pilosity scanty.

Head a little longer than wide, the sides moderately convex but

less than in punctulata, the posterior margin narrowly emarginate.

Hyes placed in front of the middle of the sides. Frontal carinae sub-

parallel, not extending back beyond the level of the anterior end of

the eyes. Mandibles feebly striate, sparsely punctured, the masticatory

margin denticulate and with two larger teeth at the apex. The man-

dibles are rather long, quite half as long as the head. Median area

of clypeus convex, the anterior margin entire and feebly convex.

Scapes extending back beyond the occipital margin. Pro-mesonotal

suture obsolete. Pronotum wider than long, convex in front and at

the sides. Mesonotum wider than long, the scutellar region fairly

clearly defined. Dorsum of epinotum convex lengthwise, horizontal

and longer than wide; epinotal teeth very small, vertical, barely half

as long as the interval between their bases. First segment of petiole

as in punctulata, but longer, and the dorsal edge more rounded. Second

node very little wider than the first, about as long as wide, the sides

and upper surface convex.

2. 78 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Dark brown. Head yellowish-

red, legs brownish-red. Pilosity much longer and more abundant

than in punctulata?; antennae, mandibles and tarsi densely pilose,

the hairs very oblique. Head as far back as the posterior ocelli and

including the whole clypeus dull, closely and coarsely reticulate-striate ;

behind the ocelli coarsely punctured and fairly shining. Mandibles

454 Annals of the South African Museum.

strongly and closely punctured. Epinotum irregularly and shallowly

rugose. Anterior half of 2nd node longitudinally striolate. Base

of abdomen smooth and shining, not alutaceous and subopaque as in

punctulata @ . Otherwise the sculpture is as in that species. Head

wide, nearly as wide as the thorax across the tegulae. Clypeus with

an obtusely angular emargination in front, and a fairly strong median

carina. Head one-fifth wider than long, very little narrowed in front.

Mesonotum one-third wider than long, the scutellum half as long as

the mesonotum. Dorsum of epinotum much wider than long, epinotal

teeth more acute than in punctulata 9, one-third as long as the

interval between their bases, directed obliquely upwards ; the declivity

vertical. Upper face of Ist node depressed behind its anterior

margin, the anterior face of the 2nd node much less convex than in

punctulata, the anterior angles less acute and less produced. Wings

yellowish, nervures brownish-yellow. Otherwise like punctulata 9.

Estcourt, Natal (R. C. Wroughton); Bothaville and Reddersburg,

O.F.S. Port Elizabeth and Knysna, Cape Prov. (Dr. H. Brauns).

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type of 2 im my collection).

Var. PUBENS, Forel.

Schultze, Reise Siid. Afrika, vol. 4, p. 12, , 9, 1910.

Differs from the type by its paler colour, dark castaneous in the 7,

yellowish-brown in the @, also by the longer pilosity and longer

epinotal spines.

Natal (Haviland and Wroughton), (G.A. coll.)

P. Prewui, Forel, race REDBANKENSIS, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 47, p.362, 4, 9, 9, go, 1911.

(Race) Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 128, Y, 9, 1918.

Y. 48-52 mm. Bright castaneous red (burnt sienna), the an-

terior margin of the clypeus and the masticatory margin of the man-

dibles piceous; basal fourth and fifth of the abdomen yellowish-red,

the rest piceous ; legs reddish-yellow, the antennae dark brownish-red.

Pilosity yellowish, sparse and oblique, almost absent on the thorax ;

legs and antennae very sparsely pubescent. Head longitudinally striate,

the striae fairly parallel and widely spaced. The striae on the middle of

thevertex are strongest and curve outwards over the occipital lobes. The

fundamental sculpture between the striae is a fine reticulation which

is fairly sharp at the sides of the head and feeble between the frontal

carinae. The area between the latter fairly shining, the sides of the

head duller. Thorax subopaque, finely reticulate, with a few fine

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 435

rugae superimposed; epinotum finely and transversely striate.

Nodes dull, very closely reticulate, with a few thin transverse rugae

on the 2nd node. Abdomen subopaque and alutaceous at the base,

the rest smooth and shining. Head, excluding the mandibles, as long

as wide, widest at the posterior third, narrower between the posterior

angles than across the anterior margin, the sides convex, the occipital

lobes prominent, the occipital emargination deep and angular at the

apex. Occipito-frontal sulcus deep behind. Head highest in the middle,

as high in front as behind. Sides of the head, between the eyes and the

posterior ends of the frontal carimae, shallowly concave lengthwise.

The frontal carinae extend back as far as the posterior fourth of the

head, moderately divergent in their anterior half, subparallel in their

posterior half, prominent and forming a sight demiscrobe. Hyes placed

in front of the middle of the sides, convex and not small. Clypeus

carinate in the middle, the anterior margin with a wide and shallow

Fig. 22.—P. Prelli, Forel, race redbankensis, Forel.

emargination, the median area smooth and shining, except at the

sides, which are faintly striate. Mandibles shining,stronely but sparsely

punctured, armed with two large apical teeth. Antennae slender, the

scapes strongly curved near the base, extending back to the posterior

third of the head. Pronotum, including the neck, a little wider

than long, much wider behind than in front, convex in front, the lower

posterior angles very obtuse, the upper ones almost obsolete, barely

tubercular. Pro-mesonotal suture indistinct. Mesonotum transversely

impressed in front of the scutellar portion, the latter is vertical in the

posterior half; the metanotum indistinctly defined, oblique in profile.

Meso-epinotal suture wide and shining. Dorsum of epinotum longer

than wide, with a deep longitudinal groove from base to apex ;

epinotal spines subvertical, barely divergent, fairly acute, longer than

their basal width and as long as the interval between their bases ;

declivity subvertical, as long as the dorsum. First seement of the

petiole twice as long as wide behind, longer than high, the posterior-

dorsal face quadrate, the dorsal edge feebly emarginate in the middle,

436 Annals of the South African Museum.

Second node lozenge-shaped in outline, convex above transversely,

the anterior margin more convex than the posterior, the sides

angular but with the apex of the angle narrowly truncate, one-third

wider than long, two and a-half times wider than the first segment.

Abdomen longer than wide, the base subtruncate.

®. 2°5-2°9mm. Head brown, the anterior fourth paler. Thorax,

petiole, antennae and mandibles dark ochreous, somewhat reddish.

Legs ochreous, abdomen brown, more or less yellowish at the base.

Pubescence and pilosity as in the 2/, but the clypeus has some long

and outstanding hairs. Head, pronotum, petiole, legs and abdomen

shining, the remainder of the thorax dull; the head duller than the

pronotum. Head very faintly and closely reticulate, the middle of

the vertex almost smooth, the sides in front of and above the eyes

obliquely striate. Pronotum smooth, meso- and epinotum very finely

reticulate. Both nodes nearly smooth, the abdomen smooth. Head

longer than wide, not narrower in front than behind, the sides and

posterior margin moderately convex. Hyes convex and fairly large,

placed in the middle of the sides. Clypeus convex transversely and

lengthwise, the anterior margin convex and entire. Frontal cariae

feebly convergent behind, not extending back beyond the level of the

front of the eyes. Scapes long, extending back as far as the middle

of the pronotum. Mandibles very finely striate and sparsely punctured.

Pronotum a little longer than wide, convex at the sides and above.

Pro-mesonotal suture obsolete. Mesonotum with a feeble transverse

impression, the part behind same longer than the part in front.

Dorsum of epinotum twice as long as wide, one and a-half times longer

than the moderately oblique declivity ; spines similar to those of the

Y, but proportionately smaller and more oblique. First node as in

the 2/, the dorsal edge more rounded transversely. Second node more

or less bell-shaped, the sides convex, longer than wide, and twice as

wide as the Ist node.

Redbank, 8.R. Nesting in sandy soil. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Var. PoLIToccipuT, Santschi.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 84, p. 503, ¥, 9, 1916.

Y. Colour similar to that of the type-species, but a little darker.

Head a little longer than wide. The sculpture of the head differs from

that in the type-species in ending rather abruptly at the posterior third,

the head behind that point being smooth and shining, sparsely and

fairly strongly punctured. The spaces between the striae on the

middle of the head are finely and longitudinally rugulose, not shallowly

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 437

reticulate as in the type-species. The sides of the head are also more

recularly striate and with fewer transverse bars, and the fundamental

reticulation in that region is alsomuch stronger. The occipito-frontal

sulcus is deeper, the posterior emargination is deeper and more angular,

the apex of the emargination being an acute angle. The posterior

lateral angles of the pronotum are more pronounced, and the scutellar

portion of the mesonotum is usually obiique and lacks the horizontal

ledge present in the type. The lateral angles of the 2nd node are

narrower and project further outwards owing to the greater width of

the node, which is quite twice as wide as long. Otherwise like the

type-species.

&. Colour a little darker than in the type-species. The dorsum

of the epinotum is very shallowly but fairly distinctly excavated

longitudinally, 7.e. concave transversely (flat or even a little convex

in the type-species). The epinotal spines are less vertical. Otherwise

like the type-species.

2. 68 mm. Colour lke that of the 2/, base of the abdomen

reddish-brown. Head longitudinally striate in the middle between

the frontal carinae, the sides of the head longitudinally rugose, with

some transverse bars in addition. Back of the head, behind the level

of the posterior ocelli, truncate and flattened, subvertical. The larger

striae and rugae end at the brow of this truncation, which is only

finely and obliquely striate and sparsely punctured. Mesonotum and

scutellum smooth, shining, very sparsely and feebly punctured: the

lateral margins in front of the tegulae, and two longitudinal bands

internal to the parapsidal sutures, are rugulose or reticulate ; the

margins of the scutellum coriaceous. Metanotum, epinotum and

petiole dull and transversely striate, closely and finely so on the nodes,

the spaces between the striae coriaceous. Abdomen shining except the

base, which is finely striate-reticulate and dull.

Head, excluding the mandibles, a little wider than long, wider

behind than in front, the posterior margin straight, the posterior

angles narrowly rounded. Mesonotum a little wider than long, rounded

in front, flattened behind above; scutellum twice as wide as long.

Dorsum of epinotum subvertical, concave transversely, not clearly

delimited from the declivity. Epinotal teeth nearly horizontal, acute,

parallel, not longer than their basal width, somewhat incurved towards

their apices. Posterior-dorsal face of the Ist node wider than in the

Y, the dorsal edge shallowly emarginate in the middle. Lateral angles

of the 2nd node more acute than in the 2/. Deilated.

6. 5mm. Mandibles, clypeus and the space between the frontal

carinae and anterior ocellus brownish-yellow, the rest of the head

438 Annals of the South African Musewn.

brownish-black. Thorax, nodes and abdomen yellowish-brown, the

posterior margin of the scutellum, the sides of the mesonotum and the

apical halves of the abdominal segments darker. Legs and antennae

ochreous, all the femora darker in the middle. Head finely and

longitudinally striate, fairly dull. Thorax sculptured as in the 2 , but the

scutellum is also finely striate transversely. Nodes very finely striato-

rugulose, transversely so on the upper face of the Ist, longitudinally

on the 2nd. Abdomen smooth and shining, faintly aciculate and dull

at the base.

Head trapezoidal, much wider in front than behind, the vertex high.

The eyes occupy the anterior three-fifths of the head. Mandibles

finely striate, narrow at the base, armed with three small teeth.

Anterior margin of the clypeus shallowly emarginate in the middle.

Frontal area dull and rugulose. Behind the frontal area there is a

small elongate tubercle, and behind the latter a transverse impressed

line joining the ends of the frontal carinae. Ocelli large and very

prominent. Dorsum of epinotum longer than wide across its apex,

feebly tuberculate on each side, one-third longer than the declivity,

which is concave from above to below. Anterior face of lst node,

seen from the side, at least twice as long as the dorsal face, the dorsal

edge rounded. Abdomen oblong, much longer than wide. Wings

faintly tinged with brownish-yellow, the nervures bright yellow, the

stigma brownish.

Bulawayo and Victoria Falls. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

P. MAvrFEI, n. sp.

y. 4-4°3mm. Head, thorax and petiole varying from dark yellowish-

red (burnt sienna) to brownish-red, the vertex of the head sometimes

darker than the rest; abdomen varying from yellowish-red to brown,

flagellum and legs dirty orange-yellow, the tarsi paler. Pilosity

yellowish, oblique and fairly long, longest on the abdomen, most

abundant on the sides of the head. Pubescence on the legs, antennae

and mandibles long, oblique, fairly sparse; almost wanting on the

body.

Head and thorax dull, with a fairly close fundamental reticulation.

In addition, the head has a superimposed, coarse, rugose reticulation

somewhat emphasised longitudinally, becoming fainter posteriorly,

and obsolete in the middle third of the posterior half. Occipital

lobes finely and transversely rugose on their inner halves. There are

a few irregular rugae on the thorax, chiefly on the pronotum. Petiole

and basal third of the 1st abdominal segment dull and finely reticulate,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 439

the rest of the abdomen smooth and very shining. Clypeus almost

smooth, with a strong median carina, the anterior margin distinctly

excised in the middle. Mandibles striated at the base externally,

the rest smooth and shining, sparsely punctured with large punc-

tures.

Head, excluding the mandibles, about one-eighth longer than wide,

very slightly narrowed in front of the eyes; behind the eyes the sides

are straight and parallel as far as the posterior fifth, thence convex and

convergent. Occipital lobes rounded, the posterior margin fairly

deeply and arcuately emarginate, the occipito-frontal sulcus rather

shallow. Head highest in the middle, not concave at the sides

behind the eyes. The latter placed at about the anterior third of the

sides, convex and not small. Scape of antenna long, extending back

as far as the posterior fifth of the head ; flagellum long and slender,

all the joints much longer than wide. Pronotum short, its posterior

lateral angles rounded and not prominent. Pro-mesonotal suture

8 %

Fie. 224.—P. Maufei, n.sp.

obsolete. Mesonotum submarginate at the sides, transversely

impressed in the middle, without a distinct transverse torus in front

of the scutellar region. Meso-epinotal suture deep. Dorsum of

epinotum at least one and a-half times longer than wide, almost flat,

or only very feebly excavated longitudinally towards the apex. Epi-

notal spines vertical, barely divergent, thin, subacute, longer than

their basal width and longer than the interval between their bases.

Declivity as long as the dorsum of the epinotum. The peduncle of the

Ist segment of the petiole is as long as the node; the latter has a thick

dorsal edge which is feebly emarginate in the middle. Second

segment of the petiole hexagonal, about one-fifth longer than wide,

narrower in front than behind, the sides obtusely angulated. Abdo-

men a little longer than wide. -

®. 26-3 mm. Head, thorax and petiole varying from reddish-

ochreous-yellow to yellowish-red, abdomen dark ochreous, or in some

specimens pale piceous. Legs and antennae ochreous yellow.

Pilosity shorter and less abundant than in the ¥/, the pubescence on

the legs and antennae more erect than in the Y.

440, Annals of the South African Museum.

Head slightly shining, finely and superficially reticulate, except in

the middle of the vertex anteriorly, which, like the clypeus and frontal

area, is smooth and shining. <A few fine longitudinal rugae between

the eyes and frontal carinae. Mandibles shining, very feebly striate.

Thorax dull, closely and finely reticulate, petiole and abdomen smooth

and shining. Head ovoid, excluding the mandibles at least one-third

longer than wide, much narrower behind than in front, the posterior

margin being formed by the articular border only. Eyes large,

convex, placed a little in front of the middle of the sides. Clypeus

not carinate, shallowly emarginate in the middle anteriorly. Frontal

area well-defined ; frontal carimae slightly convergent behind; not

reaching as far as the level of the front of the eyes. Antennae thin

and very long, extending back as far as the middle of the abdomen,

the scape alone reaching as far as the middle of the mesonotum; 2nd—

8th joints of the flagellum twice as long as wide, or even longer.

Pronotum long, without tubercles; pro-mesonotal suture obsolete.

Mesonotum long and narrow, clearly longer than wide, and with a

transverse impression at about its anterior third. Meso-epinotal

suture deep. Dorsum of epinotum twice as long as wide, the teeth

erect, feebly divergent, acute, and about half as long as the interval

between their bases. First segment of petiole like that of the Y,

but with the dorsal edge convex transversely and not emarginate.

Second segment of petiole pyriform, one-third longer than wide.

Legs long and slender.

Belingwe, 8. Rhodesia. The nest was placed in a hole in a tree-

trunk, about 3 ft. from the ground, and contained decayed leaves

and earth.

This species has some affinity to the Prelli group. It is also allied

to P. Escherichii, Forel, by the shape of the head in the $, but differs

from it in that caste by the length of the antennae, by the sculpture

and the pyriform 2nd node ; in the ? it differs by the carinate clypeus,

the longer scapes and also the sculpture. In the % it bears a strong

resemblance to P. areniphila, Forel, especially in- the shape of the

head, but differs very considerably in the much longer antennae, the

different sculpture of the pronotum, and the narrower and longer

2nd node. The is quite different from that of areniphila, as the

head is differently formed and has no trace of a scrobe.

I have much pleasure in naming this species in honour of Mr.

H. B. Maufe, Director of the Geological Survey, S. Rhodesia, whose

hospitality enabled me to do some collecting in the rather out-of-the-

way Belingwe district.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls., types in my collection.)

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 441

P capensis, Mayr.

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 746, Y, 9, 1862.

Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 180, 2, 1913.

Y%. 6-58 mm. Head varying from dark, red to piceous, thorax

yellowish-red, abdomen yellowish-brown, the apical halves of the

segments darker, legs brownish-yellow to brown. Pilosity and pube-

scence much the same as in Prelli, but somewhat finer and more

abundant on the head and mandibles. The middle of the anterior

half of the head longitudinally striate, with some finer striae between

the longer ones, the sides longitudinally rugose with a few transverse

anastomoses, the spaces between finely reticulate. The anterior half

of the head is moderately shining, the posterior half smooth, shining

and very sparsely and finely punctured (a few striae extend beyond

the middle at the sides of the occipito-frontal sulcus). Mandibles

smooth, shining, with some scanty and elongate punctures, the basal

half faintly striate. Thorax fairly shining; pronotum transversely,

irregularly and finely striate, the striae stronger at the sides. Meso-

Fie. 23.—P. capensis,’ Mayr.

and epinotum, sides of the thorax, and the nodes finely reticulate-

punctate, a few feeble transverse striae superimposed. Abdomen

shining.

Head a little more than one-sixth longer than wide, widest at the

posterior fourth, where it is about one-third wider than across the

anterior margin. The posterior emargination is fairly deep and wide,

but not acutely angular at the apex. Occipito-frontal sulcus well

defined in its posterior half. Sides of the head between the eyes and

frontal carinae not concave. The latter extend back nearly to the

middle of the head. Frontal area smooth, shining and depressed.

Hyes placed at the anterior third of the sides. Clypeus fairly strongly

carinate in the middle, the anterior margin feebly concave. Posterior

lateral angles of the pronotum subacute, projecting very slightly

outwards, much more pronounced than in Prelli-redbankensis. The

A42 Annals of the South African Museum.

pro-mesonotal suture is fairly clearly indicated. The transverse

impression of the mesonotum is shallow and the upper face of the ~

scutellar region has a small tubercle at each corner. Metanotum not

clearly defined. Dorsum of epinotum a little wider at the apex than

it is long, shallowly concave transversely ; epinotal teeth small, vertical,

acute, hardly as long as their basal width, considerably shorter than

the interval between their bases. Dorsal edge of Ist node thinner and

more deeply emarginate than in Prelli-redbankensis, otherwise similar ;

2nd segment almost twice as wide as long, the lateral angles placed in

front of the middle of the sides, acute, or sometimes produced into

fairly distinct teeth.

®. 25mm. Brownish-yellow, the head and sides of thorax some-

what darker, the head more reddish than yellowish-brown. Pilosity

as in Prelli. Head very finely and longitudinally rugulose, the vertex

smooth and shining, the rest of the head only moderately shining, in

front striate between the eyes and frontal carinae. Mandibles longi-

tudinally striate and subopaque. Pronotum shining, smooth on the

disc, faintly rugulose elsewhere. Meso- and epinotum reticulate-

punctate and dull. Nodes and abdomen smooth and shining. Pos-

terior margin of the head straight (convex in Prelli), the posterior

angles widely rounded, but fairly distinct. The head is wider behind

than in front and as long as wide. Meso-epinotal suture and the

transverse impression of the mesonotum fairly deep. Dorsum of epi-

notum flat, twice as long as wide and as long as the declivity.

Epinotal teeth small and acute. Posterior-dorsal face of the Ist node

a trifle longer than wide; 2nd node about as long as wide, the anterior

half convex, the posterior half subparallel-sided.

2. @ mm. Piceous, head dark reddish-brown, mandibles and

antennae ferruginous, tarsi brownish-yellow, apices of the tibiae and

femora pale brown. Vertex of head longitudinally striate, the sides

longitudinally rugose, the spaces between the rugae reticulate. _Meso-

notum and scutellum shining, very sparsely and finely punctured, the

mesonotum also faintly rugulose posteriorly ; metanotum, sides of

epinotum and the nodes coriaceous and dull, with a few rugae super-

imposed. Declivity of epinotum smooth and shining, the space

between the teeth feebly and transversely striate. Abdomen smooth

and shining, finely and sparsely punctured. Head subquadrate,

slightly narrower in front than behind, the posterior margin straight,

the posterior angles rounded. Mesonotum, seen from above, almost

circular, slightly wider than long, rounded in front, flat behind.

Dorsum of epinotum very oblique, forming a single plane with the

declivity. Epinotal teeth smaller than in the 2/, their bases wide and

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 44.3

tumid. Nodes as in the ¥, but proportionately wider and stouter.

Dealated.

Capetown, Willowmore and Kimberley. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

The shape of the second segment of the petiole in the 2/ is variable,

even in examples taken from the same nest. In some the sides are

merely acutely angular, in others the angles are produced into more or

less prominent teeth or spines. For this reason it appears to me that

the race Dregei, Emery (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 34, 1895),

which differs only in its greater size (6-6°5 mm.) and more produced

sides of the 2nd node, should be regarded as no more than a slight

variety. It has been recorded from Kimberley, Makapan, Bloemfon-

tein and Delagoa Bay.

P. xocrnsis, Forel. (Plate VI, fig. 68.)

Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. Beiheft, p. 213, ¥, 9, 1913.

Y. 4°9-5'4 mm. Head and thorax varying from dark castaneous

red to dark reddish-brown, the anterior fourth of the head, the

occipital lobes and the epinotum always paler; mandibles bright

castaneous red, with the margins piceous; flagellum and legs reddish-

yellow, abdomen dark brown. The pilosity is composed of much

thinner hairs than in capensis and is more oblique, and on the abdo-

men more abundant. The sculpture is very similar to that of capensis

and differs only as follows. The coarser sculpture on the head

extends over the anterior two-thirds, and the posterior third is duller

than in the other species, being very finely rugulose or reticulate, and

as this is also the fundamental sculpture of the anterior portion, the

coarse sculpture does not appear to end so abruptly as in capensis.

The median area of the clypeus is almost smooth, not longitudinally

striate as in capensis. The mandibles are more finely punctured.

The striae on the thorax are a little coarser and the dorsum of the

epinotum is very shining and almost smooth. Nodes rugulose, also

finely and transversely striate. Base of abdomen distinctly and finely

reticulate, with a few short striae as well (without sculpture in

capensis). The rest of the abdomen smooth, shining and sparsely

punctured.

Head, excluding the mandibles, one-fourth longer than wide, the

sides parallel, the posterior emargination narrower but much less deep

than in capensis, the occipital lobes less prominent and wider at the

apex than in capensis. ‘The occipito-frontal sulcus is deeper and in

its posterior half margined on each side by a thin ridge. Mandibles

stouter and more convex externally (I cannot see in any of the

444 Annals of the South African Museum.

specimens before me the longitudinal groove between the inner and

outer margins which is mentioned by Forel). Median area of clypeus

not carinate, the anterior margin shallowly concave. Frontal area

much smaller than in capensis, indistinctly defined and not depressed

(deeply depressed in capensis). The pronotum is wider in relation to

its length than in capensis, and the posterior lateral angles are larger

and more prominent. The pro-mesonotal suture is distinctly defined

by a transverse ridge. The posterior margin of the scutellar region

of the mesonotum is tumid and raised on each side into a small but

distinct tubercle (only faintly indicated in capensis). The dorsum of

the epinotum is more concave and the epinotal teeth are longer and

more divergent ; they are longer than their basal width and half as

long as the space between their bases. First node wider than in

capensis, the dorsal edge more deeply emarginate. Second node

shorter, its lateral angles spinose, the apices blunted. Abdomen

Fic. 24.—P. xocensis, Forel.

longer and narrower, the sides only feebly convex, longer than

wide.

®. 23-26 mm. Dark brown, epinotum and petiole paler, legs,

mandibles and antennae brownish-yellow. Moderately pilose, the

hairs on the abdomen longer than elsewhere, the pubescence on the

legs and antennae very sparse. Shining and fairly smooth. The

sides of the head between the eyes and frontal carinae only very

faintly striate. Epinotum and sides of mesonotum reticulate-punctate

and dull. Head more or less oval, a trifle longer than wide, a little

narrower behind than in front, the posterior margin very shallowly

concave and narrower than in capensis, the posterior angles more

convex. Mandibles shining, feebly striate and punctate. Hyes placed

in the middle of the sides of the head. Scapes a little longer than in

capensis, extending beyond the posterior margin of the head by twice

the length of the first joint of the flagellum. Mesonotum longer and

at a higher level above the epinotum than in capensis, its transverse

impression much shallower. Dorsum of epinotum narrower, two-

thirds longer than wide. The first segment of the petiole is a little

shorter, the node thicker than in capensis. Second segment a little

A Monograph of the Fornicidae of South Africa. 445

longer than wide, as wide behind as in front (wider in capensis), the

sides distinctly angular in the middle.

Xoce River, 8. Rhodesia. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Var. BULAWAYENSIS, Forel.

JE OC. Cbifog Io MLS, Wl, Oe

Y. Like the type-species but darker, brownish-black. The funda-

mental sculpture of the head is stronger, even on the posterior third,

so that the whole head is duller than in the type.

®. Brownish-black, including the epinotum. The reticulate-

punctate sculpture of the epinotum and sides of mesonotum much

sharper than in the type-species. (The dorsum of the mesonotum is

smooth and shining, not reticulate-punctate as erroneously stated in

Forel’s description.) The posterior lateral angles of the pronotum

are raised into distinct bosses and the second segment of the petiole

has the sides convex. Otherwise like the type of the species.

Bulawayo. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

This and the type-species are at least partly graminivorous, as the

nests contained accumulations of grass seeds.

P. Arnoupt, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 180, ¥%, 9, 1913.

Y%. 4mm. Dark brown, sometimes the posterior half of the head

and the pro-mesonotum paler or castaneous brown. Antennae,

excluding the basal half of the flagellum, and the femora brown,

tibiae yellowish-brown, tarsi and basal half of flagellum brownish-

yellow. Pilosity yellowish, short and more or less erect on the head,

longer but .less abundant on the thorax, much longer and _ fairly

abundant on the abdomen. Pubescence yellowish, scanty on the

body, more abundant on the legs and antennae.

Anterior half of the head moderately shining, longitudinally striate

and reticulate at the sides, striate on the vertex between the frontal

carinae (the striae divergent) ; the spaces between the striae at the

sides somewhat roughened. Posterior half of the head polished and

shining, sparsely and finely punctured. Pronotum and disc of

mesonotum shining, nearly smooth in the middle, faintly rugulose and

transversely striate in front and at the sides. Epinotum and sides

of mesothorax reticulate and dull. Nodes transversely rugulose,

moderately shining. Abdomen shining, feebly and longitudinally

rugulose at the base.

4.46 Annals of the South African Museum.

Head, excluding the mandibles, a little longer than wide, wider and

higher in front than behind, the sides straight, the posterior emargi-

nation deep and angular at its apex, the occipital lobes prominent,

narrowed apically. Occipito-frontal sulcus deep in its posterior third,

shallow in front. Median area of clypeus rather narrow, strongly

carinate in the middle, the anterior margin nearly straight. Frontal

area triangular, shining, very slightly depressed. Mandibles smooth

and shining, armed with two obtuse teeth at the apex. The scapes

extend back to the middle of the head. Pronotum wider than long,

the posterior lateral angles fairly prominent but rounded at the

apices. Pro-mesonotal suture faintly indicated. Mesonotum sloping

steeply downwards in its anterior portion, the scutellar region hori-

zontal above and vertical behind, the margin between the two planes

transversely concave and slightly produced. Dorsum of epinotum

horizontal, about as long as wide, armed with two sharp, slightly

ey: Aas

Ut Sa

Fic. 25.—P. Arnoldi, Forel.

divergent and nearly vertical spines, which are longer than their basal

width and as long as the interval between their bases. The declivity

of the epinotum is slightly oblique and as long as the dorsum. First

segment of the petiole very little longer below than high, the dorsal

edge feebly concave, the posterior-dorsal face as long as wide, parallel-

sided. Second segment a little more than twice as wide as long, the

anterior margin convex, the sides produced into fairly acute teeth

curved backwards. Abdomen longer than wide, the sides moderately

convex.

8. 18-233 mm. Dark brown, abdomen blackish-brown, legs and

antennae dark yellowish-brown, the femora darker, mandibles pale

reddish-brown. Pilosity and pubescence sparser than in the Y,

especially on the abdomen. Head and thorax closely reticulate-

punctate and dull; nodes and base of abdomen finely reticulate and

dull, the rest of the abdomen and the legs smooth and shining. Head

as wide as long, widest across the eyes, narrower behind than in front,

the sides feebly convex, the posterior margin nearly straight. Eyes

fairly large, placed in the anterior third of the sides. Frontal carinae

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 447

subparallel, not extending beyond the anterior third of the head.

Frontal area rather large. Clypeus feebly carinate in the middle.

Mandibles sparsely punctured and shining, the basal half striate.

The scapes extend beyond the posterior margin of the head by one and

a-half times their apical width. Pro-mesonotal suture obsolete (in

Forel’s description erroneously stated to be distinct). The posterior

lateral angles of the pronotum bear a minute tubercle, not easily seen.

Meso-epinotal suture distinct. Mesonotum shallowly impressed

transversely in the middle. Dorsum of epinotum flat, one and a-half

times longer than wide, bearing two minute and vertical teeth, much

shorter than the interval between their bases. Declivity shorter than

the dorsum. Dorsal edge of the first node of petiole not emarginate,

the second node one-third wider than long, convex in front, the sides

obtusely angular, sometimes with the angles produced into short

truncated cones. Abdomen subtruncate at the base, longer than wide.

2. 57 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Brownish-black; tarsi and

apices of the femora and tibiae brownish-yellow, mandibles ferrugi-

nous. Pilosity and pubescence as in the 2/. Head longitudinally and

rather closely striato-rugose, the spaces between the striae rugulose

and dull, except between the frontal carinae, where they are slightly

shining. Mandibles more strongly punctured than in the ¥Y. Meso-

notum very closely and finely striate and dull, the striae converging

posteriorly ; a median patch in front and a lateral one on each side over

the parapsidal sutures are smooth and shining. Scutellum smooth,

shining and very sparsely punctured. Epinotum smooth and shining

in the middle, rugulose at the sides. Nodes dull and rugulose.

Abdomen moderately shining, the first segment and the apical margins

of the following segments finely punctured. Head as wide as long, a

trifle wider behind than in front, the posterior margin straight, the

sides parallel or very slightly convex in their posterior third, the

posterior angles moderately acute. Clypeus and antennae as in the ?/,

the frontal carmae longer. Hyes not very large, ocelli slightly

depressed. Mesonotum flat, convex only in front, a little wider than

long. Scutellum semicircular, less than half as long as the mesonotum.

Dorsum of epinotum obsolete in the middle, forming a continuous

vertical plane with the declivity. Epinotal teeth stout, triangular,

shorter than their basal width. Posterior-dorsal face of the first node

wider than long, 2nd node nearly three times wider than long, the

lateral spines longer and thinner than in the 2. Abdomen one and

a-half to one and two-thirds longer than wide, the sides subparallel.

Wings feebly fuscous, nervures pale yellow, stigma pale brownish-

yellow,

448 Annals of the South African Museum.

gS. 4mm. (hitherto undescribed). Black; mandibles, antennae and

tarsi dirty brownish-yellow. Pilosity longer and more abundant than

in the 2. Head, thorax and nodes very closely and finely reticulate,

punctate and dull, except the middle of the epinotum, which is only

reticulate, and the scutellum, which is smooth and shining. There is

also a fairly smooth and shining median longitudinal area on the

mesonotum. Abdomen smooth and shining, the extreme base dull

and very finely reticulate. Head widest in front, a trifle wider than

long, the sides behind the eyes with the posterior margin forming a

semicircle. Eyes placed in the anterior half of the head, occupying a

little less than half of the sides. Frontal carinae obsolete. Mandibles

small, quadridentate. Scapes when extended outwards not reaching

the outer margin of the eyes ; first joint of flagellum globose, as wide

as long, the remaining joints all longer than wide. Mesonotum very

convex transversely in front, one-third wider than long. Scutellum

moderately convex lengthwise, half as long as the mesonotum. Dorsum

of epinotum widest at the base, twice as wide as long, feebly bituber-

culate. First node one and a-half times wider than long, the dorsal

edge convex transversely; 2nd node hardly half as wide again as the Ist,

twice as wide as long, the sides produced into shorter and less acute teeth

than in the 9. Abdomen longer than wide. Wings as in the Q.

S. Rhodesia, fairly common. It is a largely graminivorous species,

and forms rather populous nests which are rarely placed more than

6 in. below the surface of the soil. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; types

of 9 and ¢ in my collection.)

Var. BALLAENSIS N. Vv.

YyY. 48-5 mm. Apart from its greater size, this form differs from

the type in the following characters : The colour is paler, the head and

pronotum bright castaneous red, the base of the abdomen yellowish-

brown. The head is from one-fourth to one-third longer than wide;

the occipital emargination is much deeper, and acutely angular at its

apex. The pronotum is more angular and wider behind, the angles

marginate. The pro-mesonotal suture is deeper, and the scutellar

region is margined at the sides by a raised line. The dorsum of the

epinotum is wider and less coarsely reticulate.

8. 23mm. Body dark blackish-brown. Head not wider in front

than behind ; an oblong area in the middle of the posterior half of the

pronotum is shining and has the sculpture more or less effaced. Second

node of petiole less angular at the sides. Otherwise like the type of

the species.

Balla-Balla, 8. Rhodesia. (R.M., G.A. colls.; types in my collection. )

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 44.9

Var. RUFESCENS, 0. v.

Y. Differs from the type of the species in the following characters:

Head, thorax, petiole and legs bright yellowish-red, abdomen dark

brewn or black. The sculpture of the head is much finer and closer

and extends further back, only the posterior third of the head being

smooth. The head is parallel-sided and longer than the type-species,

and the occipito-frontal sulcus is deeper and extends forwards almost

to the posterior angle of the frontal area. The sculpture of the thorax

is finer than in the type. The posterior lateral angles of the pronotum

are very obtuse, and the epinotal spines are shorter. Petiole similar

to that of the type, but the lateral spines of the 2nd node are shorter.

5. A little smaller than the type-species, the puncturation of the

head, thorax and nodes much finer. The sides of the 2nd node are

barely angular. Otherwise like the type of the species.

Sipapoma and Victoria Falls, 8. Rhodesia. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A.

colls.; types in my collection.)

A form of the type-species having the head brightly coloured also

occurs, but it can be distinguished from rufescens by the sculpture and

the shorter head of the 2.

PHEIDOLE STE Ton Harel race FUGAX, 0. Yr.

Forel, Zool. Jahrb., vol. 29, p. 256, 1910.

y. 38-4 mm. Differs from the description of the type of the

species as follows :

Colour darker, head reddish-brown, thorax and abdomen very dark-

brown or piceous, legs and scapes brownish-yellow, tarsi and flagellum

ochreous, mandibles pale burnt-sienna, the masticatory margins black.

The vertex is only longitudinally striate, the striae fairly fine,

widely spaced, and extending back to a little beyond the middle. The

sides of the head as far as the base of the occipital lobes are very finely

reticulate and subopaque, with a stronger sculpture of longitudinal

rugae superimposed, which are strongest in front. The dorsal surface

of the two nodes and the extreme base of the abdomen very superficially

reticulate. The dorsum of the epinotum is as long as, or even longer

than wide, and only very indistinctly marginate at the sides. The

head is widest at the beginning of the posterior third, and is very

nearly half as long again as wide (excluding the mandibles).

5. 18-2 mm. Piceous, legs and scapes yellowish-brown, tarsi,

flagellum and mandibles fuscous ochreous. Sides of petiole and

mesonotum reticulate, Otherwise just like the type of the species.

450, Annals of the South African Museum.

Amatongas Forest, Portuguese EH. A. Under the bark of a decayed

tree. (R.M., G.A. colls. ; types in my collection.)

P. strator, termitophila and Schoutedeni, Forel, are all closely allied ;

P. platycephala, Stitz, appears to be, judging from the description,

only a colour variety of P. Schoutedeni, Forel.

Fig. 25a.—P. strator, Forel, race fugaz, n. r.

P. (sub-genus ALLOPHEIDOLE, Forel) currEnsts, Forel, race

REDDERSBURGENSIS, Forel.

Ann. Soe. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 437, Y%, 9, 1910.

(Race) Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 1385, 1, 9, 9, g, 1913.

Y% major. 4°2-5°5 mm. Dark castaneous red, the occipital lobes,

the pronotum, and sometimes also the basal half of the abdominal

segments of a brighter tint. Pilosity moderately abundant all over,

Fic. 26.—P. cuitensis, Forel, race reddersburgensis, Forel.

including the legs, antennae and mandibles, more oblique on the legs

than elsewhere, and on the flagellum intermixed with a shorter

pubescence. Anterior half of the head shghtly shining, fairly strongly

and longitudinally striate, the spaces between the striae on the cheeks

reticulate-rugulose ; the posterior half of the head smooth and shining,

very finely and sparsely punctured. The sides of the occipito-frontal

sulcus longitudinally striate. Mandibles smooth, shining, sparsely

punctured. Thorax fairly shining, finely and irregularly striate trans-

versely above, obliquely at the sides, and also more or less rugulose at

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 451

the margins of the dorsum. Both nodes transversely rugulose and

dull above. Abdomen and legs smooth and shining. Head, excluding

the mandibles, as long as, or a little longer than wide, widest in the

posterior half, the occipital emargination wide and fairly deep, not

acutely angular at its apex. Occipito-frontal sulcus shallow in front.

Hyes small, placed at the anterior fourth of the head. Frontal carimae

divergent, not extending back beyond the level of the hind margin of

the eyes. Clypeus with a fine median carina, shallowly emarginate

in front. Frontal area small and depressed. The scapes do not extend

back beyond the middle of the head. Posterior lateral angles of the

pronotum prominent and rounded at their apices. Pro-mesonotal

suture defined as a raised line. The transverse impression of the

mesonotum shallow, the scutellar portion short, not clearly defined in

front, shehtly tuberculate on each side. Metanotal region indistinct.

Dorsum of epinotum widening towards the apex, a little wider than

long, moderately excavated in the middle and more or less margined

at the sides; epinotal spines a trifle longer than their basal width,

acute, divergent, hardly half as long as the interval between their

bases; the declivity longer than the dorsum. First joint of the

petiole a little longer than deep, the posterior-dorsal face a little wider

than long, the dorsal edge shallowly emarginate. Second node two

and two-thirds wider than the first, twice as wide as long, convex in

front, concave at the sides behind the spinose projections, the latter

varying from mere cones to more or less distinct, backwardly-curved

teeth. Abdomen truncate at the base.

Y minor. 4°6 mm. or less. The head is as wide or a little wider

in front than behind. Epinotal teeth shorter. The lateral projections

of the 2nd node shorter and more obtuse. Otherwise like the 2/ major.

®. 2°2-3°-4mm. Reddish-brown, the abdomen almost dark-brown,

the pro-mesonotum sometimes yellowish-brown, shining. Sides of the

head between the eyes and frontal carinae very shallowly reticulate,

the sides of the meso- and epithorax more strongly reticulate-punctate,

mesonotum shallowly rugulose, dorsum of epinotum feebly reticulate,

mandibles finely striate and subopaque, the rest of the body smooth.

Pilosity less abundant than in the 2.

Head about as long as wide, the sides fairly convex. Frontal carinae

parallel, extending back as far as the middle of the head. The scapes

extend beyond the hind margin of the head by about the length of the

eye. Posterior lateral angle of the pronotum rounded. ‘Transverse

impression of the mesonotum very shallow. Dorsum of epinotum

longer than wide, faintly margined at the sides; the epinotal teeth

small, acute, subvertical, half as long as the interval between their

452 Annals of the South African Museum.

bases. First joint of petiole long, twice as long as deep; 2nd joint a

little wider than long, the sides moderately angular.

The larger 9 ¢ differ in having the sculpture stronger, the pilosity

longer, the scapes shorter or not extending beyond the occipital margin.

The 2nd node is also wider and more acutely angular at the sides.

9. 66-72mm. Dark brown or piceous, the anterior half of the

head, the paraptera and the median portion of the nodes above paler ;

the 1st segment of the abdomen also paler or reddish-brown. Antennae,

mandibles and legs ferruginous. On the abdomen the pubescence is

intermixed with longer pilose hairs; legs and antennae with a long

and oblique pubescence. Head dull, closely and longitudinally striate,

on the sides also reticulate. Mesonotum and scutellum smooth and

shining, very sparsely punctured, the base of the mesonotum also

superficially rugulose. Epinotum transversely striate and dull. Petiole

rugulose and dull. Abdomen shining, finely and sparsely punctured.

Mandibles smooth, shining and punctured. Head quadrate, a little

wider than long; eyes placed in front of the middle. Clypeus with a

feeble median carina. The scapes do not reach the posterior margin of

the head. Mesonotum fairly flat above. Epinotal spines stout, blunt

at the apex, one-third as long as the space between them. The petiole

differs from that of the 2/ in having the posterior-dorsal face of the first

node much wider than long, and steeper, the dorsal edge more deeply

emarginate. The 2nd node has larger lateral teeth, which are strongly

curved backwards. Wings brownish-yellow, the nervures pale brown.

¢. 55mm. Black; antennae, legs and mandibles brownish-yellow,

abdomen dark brown. Pilosity and pubescence as in the 9, the

sculpture on the head and epinotum finer than in that sex, but

on the posterior half of the mesonotum somewhat stronger. Head

trapezoidal, highest behind, much wider in front than behind. Eyes

occupying the anterior half of the head; ocelli very prominent.

Scapes not much longer than the 2nd joint of the flagellum; the Ist

joint of the latter globose, the remaining joints all longer than wide.

Mandibles 4-dentate, finely aciculate. Clypeus gibbous. Mesonotum

similar to that of the Q but more convex in front; scutellum slightly

gibbous, not flat as in the 9. Epinotum with two very obtuse and

flattened angles. Dorsal edge of 1st node much less deeply emarginate

than in the @ ; 2nd node finely and longitudinally striate, subdentate

at the sides. Wings as in the @.

Reddersburg,* O.F.S. (Dr. H. Brauns).

* The name of this race was written as reddensbergensis by its author, and

should be amended so as to accord with the name of the locality in which it

was found.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 453

The species, which have polymorphic § 9, have been placed by

Dr. Forel in a distinct subgenus, Allopheidole (Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg.,

vol. 19, p. 287, 1912).

P. sprnutosa, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 488, 4, 9, 2, gd, 1910.

“yy. 5-5°6 mm. Mandibles smooth, abundantly punctured, the

external margin feebly convex, with 3 or 4 large striae (teeth ?).

Clypeus carinate and emarginate. Frontal carinae divergent, rather

short, as far apart from each other as they are from the sides of the

head. Head of a rounded trapeze shape, a little longer than wide,

narrowed in front, the sides but little convex, fairly deeply emarginate

behind, the occipital groove continuous with the frontal groove. Eyes

placed in the anterior third. The scape hardly extends beyond the

middle of the head. No trace of a scrobe, only a slight depression

present for the base of the scapes. Posterior lateral angles of the

pronotum prominent. ‘There is a wide and very superficial transverse

impression in the middle of the mesonotum; behind the same there

is a transverse torus which is not high. Dorsum of the epinotum not

marginate, as wide as long, a little longer than the declivity. Spines

shorter than half the wide space between them. Tirst node high, the

dorsal edge emarginate, the peduncle rather short. Second node a

little more than twice as wide as long, bearing on each side a fairly

long and pointed spine, curved backwards. Hpinotum and nodes dull

or subopaque, finely reticulate, punctate and transversely striate. The

rest shining. Anterior half of the head coarsely and longitudinally

striate or rugose. Promesonotum superficially rugose transversely ;

the rest more or less smooth. The occiput has some fairly large and

scanty punctures, and the abdomen some piligerous punctures. Erect

pilosity yellowish, very sparse, inclined slightly backwards on the

body. The tibiae and scapes have only adpressed hairs, which are also

scattered over the body. Yellowish-red, the abdomen light brown,

the limbs yellowish, or the thorax light brown, with the antennae,

tarsi and articulations yellowish. The colour varies between these two

extremes.

“6, 2-24 mm. Head quadrate, slightly narrowed in front, the

posterior margin feebly concave. Hyes placed in the middle of the

sides.

“Clypeus finely carimate. Mandibles dentate, shining, finely

striate. The scape extends beyond the occiput by one-fifth to one-

sixth of its length. Posterior lateral angles of the pronotum distinct.

454, Annals of the South African Museum.

Transverse impression of the mesonotum very weak but appreciable.

Dorsum of the epinotum one and a-half times longer than wide, with

two pointed teeth. First node cuneiform, 2nd node at least twice as

wide as the Ist, the sides angular. Sculpture as in the 2/, but the

nodes and thorax have no distinct rugae, merely reticulate (including

the mesonotum in part). Pilosity as in the 1. Head and thorax

yellowish-brown, the thorax often yellowish.

“oO. 68mm. Head quadrate, wider than long, alittle narrowed in

front, entirely rugoso-striate, as wide as the thorax. The latter

flattened above. Declivity of epinotum marginate and longer than

the dorsum, the latter not marginate. Spines short, triangular and

pointed. Petiole as in the 2/, but the lateral spines of the 2nd node

are shorter and much thicker, also slightly obtuse. Entirely brown,

with the front of the head reddish, the antennae, tibiae and tarsi

yellowish rusty-red. Wings tinged with rusty-yellow, the stigma

brownish, the nervures brownish-yellow.

“@. 6-63 mm. Mandibles yellow, with 4 or 5 teeth. Scape two

and a-half times longer than wide. Head rounded, a little wider than

long, half as wide as the thorax. Hpimotum with two elongate and

very obtuse tubercles. Petiole as in the 9, but the lateral spines are

reduced to strong pointed cones. Head rugose-reticulate, fairly dull.

“Epinotum and a part of the mesonotum finely rugoso-striate

longitudinally. Nodes reticulate. Erect pilosity a little more abun-

dant on the body. Black or very slightly brownish-black. Mandibles,

legs and antennae yellowish, coxae brownish. Otherwise like the 9°.

‘“‘ Basutoland (Wroughton).”

Race MEssALINA, Forel.

Loe. cit., p. 440, Y, So.

“YY. 5 mm. Mandibles less punctured and more striated, the

external border more convex. Clypeus hardly carinate. Head more

oval, the sides distinctly more convex, as much narrowed behind as in

front. Posterior lateral angles of the pronotum more obtuse, wider

and less prominent. Transverse impression and torus of the mesonotum

barely appreciable. On the other hand, there are two fairly distinct

carinae on the posterior half of the mesonotum. First node much

thinner and more squamiform, emarginate at the summit. Second

node as in the type of the species. Smoother than the latter; head

and abdomen almost impunctate; pro-mesonotum without rugae.

Epinotum and nodes reticulate and subopaque, with a few striae;

anterior half of the head more closely and more finely striate, with

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 4.55

fine reticulations in between. Pilosity identical, of a faintly yellowish-

red colour. Abdomen and limbs rusty or brownish-yellow.

“@. 55mm. Mandibles tridentate. Scape hardly longer than

wide. Head short, much wider than long, two-thirds as wide as the

thorax, which is much narrower than in the type. Epinotum without

tubercles. Second node with two small lateral teeth. Shining; head

with a few striae and reticulations. Nodes reticulate. Of a dirty-

yellow colour. Posterior part of the head brown. A few brownish

cloudy patches on the thorax and abdomen. Wings subhyaline,

faintly tinged with yellow, the nervures and stigma yellowish.

“ Basutoland (Wroughton). On account of the spines of the 2nd

node in the }/ I place this form as a subspecies of spinulosa. But

the shape of the head and the entirely different ¢ seem to indicate

that one is dealing with a distinct species. More material alone can

settle this point.”

Race MESSALINA, var. NEXA, Forel. (Plate VI, fig. 70.)

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg

to)

Wl, O0y JO, N28 @, ds USB:

Y. 57-66 mm. Head, thorax and nodes dark brownish-red, the

abdomen piceous. The colour is sometimes much lighter, in which

case the head, thorax and nodes are of a foxy-red, and the abdomen

dark brown. In all, the clypeus and occipital lobes are darker than

the rest of the head, and the basal third of the abdomen is paler.

Mandibles dark castaneous red. Legs and antennae dull reddish-

yellow, the tibiae and femora brownish in the middle. Pilosity short

and rather sparse, except on the legs and abdomen. The sculpture of

the head hardly extends beyond the anterior third, or a little behind

the level of the hind margin of the eyes; the rest of the head is

smooth, shining, very sparsely and very finely punctured, except the

occipital lobes, which are fairly closely punctured with large, shallow

and piligerous punctures. The head, excluding the mandibles, is as

long as wide, widest a little behind the middle, plainly narrower in

front than behind. The occipital emargination wide, not very deep,

and not acutely angular at its apex. Posterior lateral angles of the

pronotum prominent, their apices rounded. Pro-mesonotal suture

defined by a raised line. Transverse impression of the mesonotum

shallow ; the scutellar region limited above by a transverse carina on

each side. Meso-epinotal suture deep. Dorsum of epinotum shallowly

excavated between the spines, and merging gradually into the longer

declivity. First seement of the petiole differs in shape from that of

456 Annals of the South African Museum.

all the preceding species in having the dorsal face much wider than

long (half as wide again as long), and in the sides, which are angular

in the middle. The 2nd segment is a little more than twice as

wide as long; the lateral spines, which vary in their degree of acuteness,

are narrow and longer than their basal width.

The 2/ of neva differs from the species and race as follows: “Head

longer than in the type of the species and also longer than in the race

messalina, . . . ‘The occiput has large piligerous punctures which

do not occur in messalina, and are very feeble and scanty in the type

of the species. The colour is also darker.”

S. 18-25 mm. Dark brown, the antennae, mandibles, tarsi and

articulations of the legs of a dirty ochreous colour. The thorax is

usually lighter than the head and abdomen, sometimes yellowish-

brown. Sides of mesonotum, mesopleura and all the epinotum

evenly reticulate and slightly shining, the rest of the body smooth and

shining. There are a few striae between the eyes and frontal carinae.

Fig. 27.—P. spinulosa, Forel, race messalina, var. neva, Forel.

The latter parallel, extending back as far as the middle of the head.

Posterior lateral angles of the pronotum fairly large. Dorsum of

epinotum longer than wide, the basal half convex lengthwise, the

spines small and acute. ‘The Ist segment of the petiole longer than

deep; 2nd segment a little longer than wide, feebly angulated at the

middle of the sides.

9. 9mm. (hitherto undescribed). Black, the antennae, tarsi and

jomts of the brownish tibiae and femora brownish-yellow. Head

rather feebly and longitudinally striato-rugose, the occipital angles

shallowly punctured. The metanotum is unusually prominent, over-

hanging the base of the epinotum. The dorsal part of the latter is

very steep and much more deeply excavated than in the 2 ; the

epinotal teeth are short, triangular, and directed outwards and

backwards, not vertical as in the 2/._ The petiole is similar to that of

the /, but the dorsal edge of the 1st node is more deeply emarginate,

and the lateral spines of the 2nd node more obtuse and shorter.

Dealated.

Bulawayo, Plumtree, 8. Rhodesia. Generally nesting under stones.

A rather sluggish species and not common. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 457

Race MESSALINA, var. PoweErt, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 241, #1, 3, 1914.

Y%. 6-65 mm. Colour lighter than in newa, especially on the

ead. The sides of the latter are more convex and the transverse

impression of the mesonotum much shallower or almost obsolete.

Otherwise like var. neaa.

@. 25-26 mm. Larger than var. neva and of a paler colour.

The 2nd node of the petiole is wider, with the sides sometimes

produced in the middle into small, subacute cones. The reticulate-

punctate sculpture of the meso- and epinotum is finer than in neva.

Kimberley (Brother J. H. Power). (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

P. Scuuutzet, Forel.

Schultze, Reise Sud. Afrika, vol. 4, p. 9, 4, 3, 2, &, 1910.

“J. 5-6 mm. Mandibles striate and punctate, partly smooth

towards the apex. Head 2:15 mm. wide and 2:4 mm. long, excluding

the mandibles, rectangular, the sides nearly straight, somewhat

narrower behind than in front, deeply excised behind so as to form

a hemisphere on each side. The occipital emargination is acutely

angular at the apex and is continued into the occipital groove; the

latter is also continuous with the frontal groove. Eyes small, almost

flat, placed in the anterior fourth. The short scape extends back just

to the middle of the head, and when directed outwards hardly extends

beyond the lateral margin. Clypeus carinate, feebly emarginate.

Frontal carinae short, straight and divergent. Pronotum strongly

arched, bearing above and below very blunt and indistinct promi-

nences. Mesonotum with a transverse impression at the posterior

third and behind it a transverse torus, beyond which the surface falls

steeply to the dorsum of the epinotum, which is flat lengthwise.

The latter is somewhat longer than wide, channelled along its length,

with two small raised margins. Epinotal teeth acute, triangular,

shorter than the interval between them; the declivity transversely

rugulose, as lone as the dorsum. Dorsal edge of the Ist node

almost trenchant and emarginate; 2nd node twice as wide as long,

produced at the sides into two long and pointed teeth. Fairly

abundantly punctured all over with piligerous punctures. Head dull,

reticulate-punctate, and longitudinally striate in front, shining and

shallowly reticulate behind. Thorax irregularly striate; the disc of

the pronotum nearly smooth; 2nd node transversely rugulose.

Abdomen fairly smooth. The hairs of the scapes and body short,

4.58 Annals of the South African Museum.

pointed, yellowish and exserted, on the tibiae decumbent. Yellowish-

red; mandibles and clypeus brown. Abdomen and scapes brownish-

yellow, legs and flagellum yellowish (the abdomen is more yellowish

in front and browner behind).

“6. 2-2°2 mm. Mandibles sculptured asin the 2/, armed with two

sharp teeth in front and about six distinct but smaller ones behind.

Head as wide in front as long, narrower behind, the occipital margin

convex. The scape extends beyond the occipital margin by one-

third of its length. Eyes convex, fairly large. Mesonotum without

a transverse torus, only a very wide and shallow transverse impression

present. Posterior lateral angles of the pronotum obtuse. Meso-

epinotal suture strong. Hpinotum almost unarmed, with only two

very small tubercles; the dorsum convex, a little longer than the

declivity. First node not emarginate above, the 2nd longer than

wide, wider behind, without lateral teeth. Puncturation as in the 2/.

Posterior half of the thorax dull and finely reticulate; head shallowly

reticulate, reticulate-rugulose in front. Otherwise shining and fairly

smooth. Pilosity as in the 2/, but more oblique on the scapes and

tibiae. Head brown, except the front part, which is brownish-yellow

like the rest of the body.

“OO. 75 mm. Head wider than long, rectangular, behind widely

and shallowly emarginate and wider there than in front. The scape

reaches the posterior third of the head. Otherwise like the 7,

mandibles included. Thorax somewhat narrower than the head.

Epinotum with two short spines, but little longer than their basal

width. Petiole, etc., as in the 2/. The whole head almost dull and

longitudinally rugose as far as the occiput, marked with three brown

longitudinal stripes. Sculpture, pilosity and colour otherwise like

that of the 1. Clypeus and mandibles rather yellowish-red. Wings

pale yellowish, the nervures and stigma pale.

«“@. 48 mm. Mandibles quadridentate. Clypeus carinate, not

emarginate. Head somewhat longer than wide. Epinotum unarmed.

Colour, pilosity and sculpture as in the 9, but the bands on the

mesonotum and the wings as in the 9. The yellow colour is a little

brighter than in the >.

“Kalahari, between Kooa and Sekgoma, and between Keokong and

Kang (Schultze).”

Var. GWAAIENSIS, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 129, /, G, 1918.

“). 6-66 mm. Very similar to the type of the species, having

almost exactly the same colour, size, and rectangular, parallel-sided

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 459

head. But the 2nd node is much narrower, only one and a-half

times wider than long, having at the sides only two fairly short cones,

whereas in the type of Schultzei it is twice as wide as long, and has

spines at the sides, although these are shorter than in spinulosa.”

S. 24-26mm. Almost identical with the type, slightly darker,

with the mesonotal impression a little more accentuated.

This species is closely related to spinulosa, but differs from it in the

Y as follows: The head is parallel-sided, not wider behind than in

front, if anything a little wider in front than behind. The occipito-

frontal sulcus is much deeper. The sculpture extends further back,

reaching the middle of the head above, and well beyond the middle at

the sides. The occipital emargination is deeper and more angular at

the apex. The thorax is narrower; the posterior lateral angles of the

pronotum are more prominent, since there is a fairly pronounced

constriction of the sides between them and the mesonotum. The

transverse torus on the mesonotum is thicker. The dorsum of the

Fig. 28.—P. Schultzei, Forel, var. gwaaiensis, Forel.

epinotum is longer and the teeth are closer together. The dorsal face

of the first node is parallel-sided, not angular in the middle.

The % 9 of the two species are very much alike, but in gwaaiensis

the scapes are more slender and longer, extending back as far as the

middle of the pronotum, whereas in spinulosa they do not project

_ beyond the occipital margin by more than one and a-half times the

length of the eye. In addition, in gwaaiensis the frontal carinae are

slightly arcuate and divergent, the head is narrower and convex

behind, not straight or slightly emarginate as in spinulosa. The

transverse impression of the mesonotum is also shallower, the first

node of the petiole less high, the second node longer and distinctly

longer than wide.

Q. 72mm. (hitherto undescribed). Head longitudinally striate,

the spaces between the striae closely and finely reticulate. A few

strong rugae radiate outwards from the ocelli. There is a deep and _

shining occipital groove which reaches as far as the anterior ocellus.

Posterior two-fifths of the mesonotum obliquely and sharply rugulose,

the rest of the mesonotum and the scutellum shining and very

460 Annals of the South African Museum.

sparsely punctured. The epinotal spines are directed upwards and

shghtly backwards, acute, hardly as long as their basal width.

The colour of the head is yellowish-red, without darker stripes, the

anterior margin darker than the rest. Otherwise like the type of the

species. }

It differs from the 9 of spinulosa-nexa by the much shorter thorax,

and by the mesonotum, which is much more convex along the anterior

margin. The metanotum does not project over the epinotum, and the

dorsum of the latter is less deeply excavated. The dorsal edge of the

Ist node is more feebly emarginate, and the dorsal face is as wide

in front as behind, not narrower as in spinulosa-neza. The 2nd

node is narrower and the lateral teeth more obtuse, shorter and

somewhat flattened. The colour is also quite different from that of

NCL.

6. 5mm. Dirty ochreous yellow, the head black, the mesonotum

yellowish-brown, with a V-shaped yellowish band in front. Legs,

antennae and mandibles pale yellow. Head very closely and finely

reticulate-punctate, with a few rugae superimposed and radiating

from the ocell. The latter are glassy yellow, large and very promi-

nent. Mesonotum sculptured more finely than in the 9. Eyes

occupying the anterior half of the head, ovoid, wider in front than

behind. Scutellum convex and gibbous behind. Dorsum of epinotum

fairly oblique, distinctly longer than the declivity, and as long as it is

wide. Second node of petiole widest behind, the sides moderately

angulated at the posterior third. Flagellum densely pubescent, the

scapes not extending back as far as the anterior ocellus. Seen from

in front the head is trapezoidal, widest anteriorly. Other characters

as in the type of the species.

S. Rhodesia, fairly plentiful on the Forest Sandstone and Kalahari

Sand formations, but not occurring elsewhere as it is a distinctly

areniphilous species. The nest is very distinctive and like that

of the type-species; it may be seen all along the railway line from

Nyamandhlovu to the Victoria Falls. The entrance, of exceptional

width (from 1 to 2 in. in diameter), is surrounded by a wide but

low-walled crater. The area enclosed therein is kept perfectly smooth

and bare. Asa rule, the entrance at about 4 or 5 in. from the sur-

face leads into a circumconical space from the bottom of which

galleries radiate outwards; the central cone itself is pierced by a

vertical gallery which again leads into a second and lower circum-

conical chamber, similar to the upper one. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A.

colls.; types of 2 and ¢ in my collection.)

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 461

P. scutprurata, Mayr.

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 16, p. 897, Y, 1866.

“Y. 95mm. Head 3°8 mm. long, 2°38 mm. wide at its widest.

Shining, testaceous red, the head ferruginous, abdomen fusco-

ochraceous, legs reddish testaceous, mandibles castaneous, the anterior

margin of the head and the masticatory margins of the mandibles

blackish; abundantly clothed with a short, yellowish pilosity, which

is slightly exserted on the legs. Head elongate quadrangular, deeply

excised behind, a little wider in the middle than in front or behind,

indistinctly impressed behind and below the eyes; mandibles strongly

convex, shining, smooth, sparsely punctured with small piligerous

punctures, with some short striae at the base and near the trenchant

masticatory margin, obtusely bidentate in front. Clypeus with a

longitudinal median carina and some short striae behind, emarginate

in front; cheeks striate, coriaceous-punctate and rugulose; the frons

Fie. 29.—P. sculpturata, Mayr.

finely but closely striate, the frontal sulcus smooth; the vertex in the

middle more finely and longitudinally striato-rugulose, at the sides

finely coriaceous-punctate and rugulose, with large, scattered and

shallow punctures; thorax finely rugulose and reticulate-punctate,

strongly constricted between the scutellum and the epinotum;

pronotum with a rounded tubercle on each side; scutellum distinct,

epinotum with two erect spines, not long, shorter than the transversely

rugose basal portion; petiole transversely rugose and coriaceous-

rugulose, the peduncle of the Ist segment low, the node a little

emarginate above, the 2nd segment transverse, with a subobtuse and

conical spine on each side which is directed outwards but hardly curved

backwards, furnished below anteriorly with a blunt denticle ; abdomen

finely coriaceous-rugulose and with some scanty piligerous punctures.

“ Caffernland”’ (S. E. Africa ?).

I have seen specimens of the 2/ from Pretoria and from Bothaville,

O.F.S., which agree with the above description in greater part, but the

colour is darker, especially of the abdomen, which is very dark brown,

4.62 Annals of the South African Museum.

with the basal third of the Ist segment reddish-brown and the

apical margins of all the segments testaceous. The scutellum is more

distinctly defined, and the 2nd node of the petiole is shorter and much

wider than in any of the preceding species.

9. 3-32 mm. Dark reddish-brown, the disc of the pronotum

and the dorsum of the epinotum paler or more castaneous red, femora

and tibiae reddish-yellow-brown, flagellum and tarsi yellowish-brown.

A few long and exserted hairs occur on the body, shorter on the head

than elsewhere; legs and antennae with a fairly abundant, long and

exserted pubescence of a pale-yellowish colour. The frons and vertex

are fairly smooth and shining, the rest of the head finely reticulate

and longitudinally striate, the striae becoming weaker behind the

eyes, hardly reaching as far as the posterior angles. Mandibles

finely and longitudinally striate, with a few shallow punctures near

the masticatory margin; the latter is armed with two large and

acute teeth at the apex, and five or six smaller teeth behind. Pronotum

sparsely and transversely striate in front, very superficially reticulate-

rugulose and shining at the sides and behind, almost smooth, the rest

of the thorax a little duller and closely reticulate. Nodes of petiole

shallowly rugulose and slightly shmmg. Abdomen smooth and

shining. Head, excluding the mandibles, as long as wide, widest in

the middle, the sides fairly convex, the hind margin straight or only

feebly concave. Eyes rather large, placed in the middle of the sides.

Clypeus carinate, the anterior margin convex. Frontal area large.

Frontal carinae subparallel, hardly extending back beyond the level

of the anterior margin of the eyes. The scapes extend beyond the

hind margin of the head by as much as the length of the 1st joint of

the flagellum; the latter is twice as long as the 2nd joint. Pro-

mesonotal suture obsolete. Posterior lateral angles of pronotum

prominent, slightly produced outwards, and, seen from the side,

subdentiform. Mesonotum with a feeble transverse impression, the

declivous face of the scutellar portion longer than the upper face.

Meso-epinotal suture deep, the thorax fairly strongly constricted

at this point. Dorsum of epinotum marginate at the sides, widening

towards the apex, twice as long as wide. Epinotal teeth vertical,

acute, a little longer than their basal width, half as long as the space

between them: the declivity shorter than the dorsum. First segment

of petiole two-thirds longer than high, the dorsal edge not high and

barely emarginate, the dorsal face wider in front than behind; 2nd

node with the sides produced into two very distinct cones, obtuse at

the apex.

Bothaville, O.F.S. (Dr. H. H. Brauns); Pretoria (Lounsbury).

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 463

Var. AREOLATA, Forel.

Sitzb. k. Bayer Akad. Wissensch., p. 269, 1, 9, 1911.

“yy. 8mm. Head 3 mm. long and 2°6-2°7 mm. wide. Clypeus

barely emarginate, indistinctly carinate. Sides of head straighter

than in the type-species. Head very little narrowed behind; a large,

superficial network occurs over more than the posterior half of the

head, in addition to the fine reticulate-punctate sculpture. Otherwise

like the type-species.

“%. 28mm. Head somewhat narrowed posteriorly, with a more

distinct posterior margin and less convex sides than in the type-

species, also very distinctly longer than wide.

“ Bothaville, O.F.S. (Dr. H. Brauns).”

Race Bertuounpt, Forel.

Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 9, p. 89, /, 9, 1894.

“YY. 53-6 mm. Head, excluding the mandibles, 2°7 mm. long

and 2°] mm. wide, a little wider in front than behind, nearly parallel-

sided. Mandibles smooth, shining, very sparsely punctured, striate

externally at the base. Clypeus very short, carinate, widely emarginate

in the middle. Frontal carinae short, very divergent, ending in front

of the anterior fourth of the head. Eyes small. Directed outwards,

the very short scape hardly extends beyond the anterior corner of the

head. Head deeply and narrowly excised behind, the excision being

continued into the occipito-frontal sulcus. Pronotum with two blunt

bosses above and below. Mesonotum with a weak transverse torus.

Epinotum not marginate, armed with two long, thin, nearly vertical

and strongly divergent spines, which are nearly as long as the dorsum

of the epinotum. First segment of the petiole with a long peduncle,

the node feebly emarginate above. Second segment wider than long,

produced at the sides into two very long teeth or blunt spines. Legs

fairly long. Head dull or with a slght gloss, very finely reticulate-

punctate, also more coarsely striate longitudinally over the anterior

two-thirds, the posterior third closely and transversely striate, under-

neath only reticulate and shining. Thorax slightly shining, finely

reticulate and irregularly rugose, transversely so in front ; epinotum

reticulate-punctate only. Petiole and Ist abdominal segment reticu-

late, the rest of the abdomen smooth. Legs smooth and sparsely

punctured. Pilosity moderately abundant except on the head and

legs, very short, oblique, yellowish, and not quite decumbent. 'Tibiae

and scapes without exserted hairs, the latter sparse on the body.

4.64: Annals of the South African Musewm.

Dark reddish-brown; abdomen dark brown, legs and antennae

brownish-red.

“6. 32mm. Head quadrangular, as wide as long. Eyes fairly

large, placed at the anterior third. The scape extends beyond the

hind margin of the head by one-fifth of its length. Pronotum with

two small but quite distinct bosses above (posterior lateral angles).

Mesonotum very distinctly impressed transversely. Dorsum of the

epinotum rectangular, ending in two strong triangular spines. Second

segment of petiole wider than long, produced at the sides into blunt

cones. Clypeus carinate. Fairly closely reticulate punctate and almost

dull. Abdomen reticulate and moderately shining. A few longi-

tudinal striae on the cheeks and frons. Mandibles sharply striate.

Pilosity as in the {. Dark brown, mandibles, antennae and legs

yellowish-brown. Valdezia, Transvaal (Rev. P. Berthoud).”

Race zAMBESIANA, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 138, Y, 9, 1918.

Y%. 6mm. Head dark reddish-brown, thorax and abdomen very

dark brown or almost black, legs and antennae ferruginous. The

whole body abundantly clothed with a long, yellowish and decumbent

pubescence, shorter on the legs and antennae. Erect pilosity almost

absent. Fairly dull, only the occipital lobes and the abdomen having

a slight gloss. The whole head, excepting the occipital lobes, finely

and longitudinally striato-rugose, the spaces between reticulate-

punctate and partly rugulose. Occipital lobes fairly closely but not

coarsely punctured. Mandibles very convex externally, strongly

punctured, some of the punctures coalescing to form longitudinal

striae. Thorax with a fine and somewhat superficial fundamental

reticulation, which is strongest on the epinotum; there are a few

irregular rugae in addition, more or less transverse on the promeso-

notum. Nodes rugulose. Abdomen very finely punctured, rugulose

at the base. Head quadrate, parallel-sided as far as the occipital

lobes, the outer margins of which curve slightly inwards, one-eighth

longer than wide, deeply, angularly and widely excised behind.

Clypeus carinate, the anterior margin straight. Frontal carinae

strongly divergent, not extending beyond the anterior fourth of the

head. Hyes placed at the anterior fourth. Scapes not reaching the

middle of the head. Pro-mesonotal suture fairly distinct; the

posterior lateral angles of the pronotum considerably rounded.

Mesonotum hardly depressed in the middle, its scutellar portion

vertical behind, and bearing a transverse torus above. Dorsum of

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 465

epinotum marginate at the sides, wider than long, moderately

excavated, shorter than the declivity; epinotal spines divergent,

subvertical, longer than their basal width, two-thirds as long as the

space between them. Dorsal face of Ist node nearly one and a-half

times wider than long, feebly emarginate in front. Second node

twice as wide as long, longer and less wide than in the type-species,

the sides produced into two fairly acute spines, strongly curved

backwards.

®. 24mm. Blackish-brown or black, antennae, mandibles and

tarsi ferruginous, tibiae and femora dark brown, the articulations

reddish. Erect pilosity very scanty, the legs and antenna moderately

pubescent. Head and thorax densely reticulate-punctate and dull.

Nodes very superficially reticulate, legs and abdomen smooth and

shining. A few longitudinal striae on the cheeks and vertex.

Mandibles striate and sparsely punctate. Head as long as wide, the

sides convex, the posterior margin straight, the posterior angles

narrowly rounded. Clypeus carinate, the anterior margin straight.

Hyes convex, rather large, placed in the middle of the sides. Frontal

carinae slightly divergent posteriorly. Pro-mesonotum strongly convex

in all directions, the mesonotum with a transverse impression and a

tolerably distinct scutellum. Meso-epinotal suture deep. Dorsum of

epinotum one and a-half times longer than wide, flat. Epinotal

teeth subvertical, shehtly divergent, acute, one-third as long as the

space between them. Dorsal edge of Ist node feebly emarginate ;

2nd node a little wider than long, the sides obtusely conical.

Victoria Falls and Shiloh, 8. Rhodesia. (S.A.M., R.M., Gu.

colls.)

P. Lienemer, Forel. (Plate VI, fig. 71.)

Mitth. Schweiz. Hnt. Ges., vol. 9, p. 98, ©, 1894.

Ann. Soc. Hnt. Belg., vol. 57, p. 184, 2/, 1913.

Y%. 7-85mm. Of avery dark reddish-brown, the abdomen blackish-

brown, legs and antennae ferruginous. Head, thorax and basal third

of abdomen dull, the rest of the abdomen and the legs smooth and

shining. Pilosity reddish-yellow, fairly sparse, the pubescence also

sparse. Head strongly rugoso-striate; the striae are longitudinal

on the anterior half or three-fifths but divergent posteriorly. On the

posterior half or two-fifths the striae are much more oblique or almost

transverse, and also closer and finer. The spaces between the striae

closely and finely reticulate. Thorax and nodes reticulate-punctate,

less closely on the sides and on the dorsum of the epinotum than on

4.66 Annals of the South African Museum.

the pro-mesonotum, very finely on the nodes. The latter and the pro-

notum are also sparsely rugose transversely ; the sides of the epinotum

have three or four very strong and more or less concentric striae.

Basal third of abdomen microscopically alutaceous and longitudinally

aciculate; the rest of the abdomen smooth, with shallow piligerous

punctures. Head a little longer than wide, slightly narrowed in front,

widest across the posterior fourth, the sides nearly straight. The

cheeks, behind and between the eyes and vertex, feebly and obliquely

depressed. The posterior margin widely and deeply excised, the

apex of the excision subangular. Mandibles smooth, shining, sparsely

and finely punctured. Hyes convex, placed in the anterior fourth of the

sides. Clypeus carinate, shallowly emarginate in front. The scapes

extend alittle beyond the middle of the head. Occipito-frontal sulcus

very deep and tranversely striate in its posterior half. Posterior lateral

angles of pronotum large and prominent. Pro-mesonotal suture more

or less apparent. Mesonotum shallowly impressed transversely in

oe OO

Wamalindana) %

Fie. 30.—P. Liengmei, Forel.

front of the scutellar region, the latter surmounted by a narrow

transverse torus. Meso-epinotal suture wide and deep. Dorsum of

epinotum feebly margined at the sides, as long as wide. Epinotal

spines distinctly long, acute, subvertical, divergent, longer than the

interval between their bases and as long as, or a little longer

than, the dorsum of the epinotum. Dorsal edge of the Ist node

very feebly emarginate, the dorsal face a little wider in front than

behind and about as long as wide. Second node twice as wide as

long, the anterior margin convex, the sides produced into two cones

which are curved backwards.

®. 38-4 mm. Dark brown, abdomen nearly black, antennae and

legs yellowish-brown, the tarsi yellower, mandibles brownish-red.

Pubescence and pilosity scanty. Legs and apical two-thirds of the

abdomen moderately shining, the rest of the body dull. Head and

thorax closely and strongly reticulate-punctate, appearing granulate

under a low magnification. Nodes finely reticulate. Base of abdomen

very finely areolate or reticulate, and also longitudinally aciculate.

The head has in addition a few longitudinal rugae at the sides in

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 467

front of the eyes. Mandibles moderately shining, striate, and with a

row of large punctures parallel to the masticatory margin. Head,

excluding the mandibles, fairly round, the posterior margin straight,

the posterior angles widely rounded. Hyes large, convex and

prominent, placed at the middle of the sides. Clypeus feebly carinate,

the frontal area largeand well defined. Frontal carinae parallel, extend-

ing back a little beyond the first third of the head. Scapes extending

beyond the hind margin by a length equal to twice their apical width.

Pronotum convex in front and above, the posterior lateral angles pro-

duced into two rather large cones; these are more easily seen in profile.

Mesonotum with a feeble transverse impression. Meso-epinotal

suture deep. Dorsum of epinotum nearly twice as long as wide, sub-

margined at the sides. Epinotal spines very long, acute, subvertical,

feebly divergent, not quite as long as the dorsum of the epinotum. First

joint of petiole four-fifths longer than high, the dorsal edge obtuse.

Second node not much wider than long, the sides angular. Legs long.

@. 9:8 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Puilosity and pubescence as in

the 2/. Colour darker than in the 1. The sculpture of the head

like that of the 2/, but much stronger. The vertex strongly and longi-

tudinally striate, the spaces between the striae nearly smooth and

very shining. Head obliquely truncate behind the ocelli and trans-

versely striate. The fundamental sculpture of the mesonotum is

reticulate-rugulose, with some fairly close longitudinal rugae super-

unposed; these converge inwards and meet in the middle; a small

anterior median area smooth and shining. ‘The anterior half of the

mesonotum is also very sparsely and shallowly punctured. Scutellum

smooth, shining, coarsely and sparsely punctured. Paraptera longi-

tudinally rugose. Epinotum and nodes transversely rugose, the

abdomen sculptured more strongly than in the 2/. Head, excluding

the mandibles, as long as wide behind, widest behind, the posterior

half of the sides convex, the anterior half concave. The eyes placed at

the anterior third, very prominent. Clypeus asin the /. Posterior

margin of the head shallowly concave, the posterior angles only

narrowly rounded. Head hardly wider than the mesonotum, the

metanotum slightly projecting. The dorsum and declivity of the

epinotum form a single and nearly vertical plane. EHpinotal spines.

acute, horizontal, divergent, about as long as their basal width and as

long as the space between them. Petiole and abdomen as in the 2/,

but larger. Wings yellowish, nervures brownish-yellow, stigma brown.

Bulawayo and Victoria Falls, not common. The nest is usually

placed under stones. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type of @ in my

collection. )

468 Annals of the South African Museum.

Var. SHINSHENDENSIS, Forel.

Rev. Zool. Afric., vol. 2, p. 327, 9, 1913.

“6G, 442mm. A little larger than the type of the species.

Black, legs and mandibles brown. The sculpture is coarser than in the

type, even on the abdomen. Otherwise identical.

“Shinshenda, Katanga (Dr. Bequaert).”

I have some specimens from Bembesi, 8. Rhodesia, which appear to

agree with this variety. The superimposed rugae on the head are

stronger and more abundant. The thorax is also coarsely and

irregularly rugose. The epinotal spines are as long as, or a little

longer than the dorsum of the epinotum.

Y%. 8mm. (hitherto undescribed). The sculpture is like that of

the type of the species, but stronger everywhere. The head is more

convex above transversely, the occipital sulcus is less deep, and the

occipital emargination shallower, hardly more than half as deep as in

the type-species. The epinotal spines are a little longer, stouter and

somewhat compressed (blade-shaped). Otherwise like the type of the

species.

Bembesi, S. Rhodesia. Forming populous nests in sandy soil. A

very pugnacious insect. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type of 2/ nm my

collection.)

Var. MALINDANA, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 135, 9, 19138.

®. 45-52 mm. Black, mandibles, scapes and legs dark-brown,

tarsi and flagellum ferruginous. Sculpture lke that of shinshendensis,

but the posterior half of the head is widely reticulate-rugose. The

base of the abdomen finely areolate and aciculate, but more strongly

so than in the type of the species. Posterior margin of the head

shallowly concave. Posterior lateral angles of pronotum strong, sub-

dentiform. Epinotal spines very long and acute, longer than the

dorsum of the epinotum. Second node of petiole with a conical

projection on each side, a little less obtuse than in shinshendensis.

Malindi, 8S. Rhodesia. (R.M., G.A. colls.)

Race MICRARTIFEX, Forel.

Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. Beiheft, p. 215,/, 9, 1913.

Y. 65-72 mm. Colour similar to that of the type-species, but

darker. Sculpture also similar, but stronger, especially on the head,

where the transverse rugae on the posterior part are coarser and wider

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 469

apart. The occipital emargination is narrower, a little deeper, and

more angular at the apex. The inner sides of the occipital lobes are

distinctly convex (straight, or almost so in the type of the species).

Occipito-frontal sulcus deeper and wider. The head is as wide behind

as in front. The epinotal spines are less divergent than in the type

of the species. The 2nd node of the petiole has a long spine on each

side, longer in proportion to the rest of the node than in the type of

the species. Occasionally the head is much paler than the rest of the

body, being of a bright castaneous red.

S. 3-3:4mm. Black, tarsi and flagellum ferruginous, scapes and

legs dark brown. Middle of the frons and vertex shining and almost

smooth, the rest of the head more finely and superficially reticulate

than in the type of the species. Thorax sharply reticulate-punctate

and dull. Nodes and base of abdomen more strongly reticulate.

Epinotal spines shorter than in the type, hardly two-thirds as long as

the dorsum of the epinotum. Nodes as in the type of the species.

Bulawayo. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

P. EXCELLENS, Mayr, race RHopESIANA, Forel. (Plate VI, fig. 69.)

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 744, 2, 1862.

(Race) Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 131, Y, ¢, 1913.

Y%. ¢mm. Piceous, the posterior half of the head sometimes more

or less dark, castaneous; flagellum and tarsi ferruginous, scapes,

femora and tibiae dark brown, the latter paler at base and apex.

Pubescence on the head almost decumbent, longest on the legs and

abdomen, more exserted on the legs than elsewhere. Pilosity scanty,

yellowish, very oblique on the head, more or less exserted on the

thorax. Anterior half of the head longitudinally striate, the spaces

between the striae shining and very superficially rugulose; posterior

half of the head smooth, shining, shallowly and sparsely punctured,

here and there also very feebly rugulose. Thorax fairly shining, the

pro-mesonotum feebly and irregularly rugulose transversely, with a

few stronger rugae at the sides. Hpinotum more strongly sculptured,

especially at the sides, transversely rugoso-striate. Sides of pro- and

mesothorax irregularly rugose. Nodes transversely rugulose. Abdomen

smooth and shining, the extreme base faintly aciculate. Legs smooth

and shining. Head, excluding the mandibles, not quite one-fifth

longer than wide, parallel-sided, deeply excised behind, the excision

angular at the apex. The sides of the head, between the vertex

and the eyes and behind the latter, have a slight oblique concavity.

Occipito-frontal sulcus fairly deep posteriorly, the anterior half shallow.

470 Annals of the South African Museum.

Frontal carinae short and strongly divergent. Scapes short, extending

beyond the lateral margins by about twice their apical width. Eyes

small, placed a little in front of the anterior third. Mandibles stout,

very convex externally, smooth and shining. Clypeus feebly carimate,

shallowly emarginate in front. Posterior lateral angles of pronotum

very rounded and inconspicuous. Pro-mesonotal suture indicated

by a thin raised line. Scutellum fairly well defined, bituberculate.

Metanotum fairly distinct but short. Meta-epinotal suture rather

shallow. Dorsum of epinotum flat, submarginate at the sides, wider

than long; epinotal spines subvertical, divergent, about two-thirds the

length of the space between their bases. Declivity of epinotum longer

than its dorsum. Dorsal face of the lst node a little wider than long, the

dorsal edge shallowly emarginate. Second node, including the lateral

spines, three times wider than long; the spines are obtuse at the apex and

usually longer than their basal width, more or less curved backwards.

&. 3mm. Piceousor black, legs and antennae as in the Y. The

pilosity and pubescence very scanty. Anterior half of the head, but

excluding the frons, reticulate and longitudinally striate; the rest of

the head smooth and very shining. Meso- and epithorax and sides of

the Ist segment of the petiole reticulate and faintly shining, the rest

of the body smooth and shining. Head as long as wide, the sides

feebly convex, the hind margin straight. Clypeus carinate. Frontal

carinae parallel. Hyes placed in the middle of the sides. Mandibles

longitudinally striate. The scape extends back beyond the occipital

margin by about twice its apical width. Posterior lateral angles of

the pronotum distinct but small. Mesonotum with a moderately

deep transverse impression. Meso-epinotal suture deep. Dorsum of

epinotum margined at the sides, one and a-half times longer than

wide. Epinotal spines short, triangular, subvertical, hardly two-thirds

as long as the space between them. Dorsal edge of the Ist node

rounded, not trenchant ; 2nd node with the sides produced into strong

conical teeth, the anterior margin strongly convex.

¢. 62 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Thorax, legs, antennz and

mandibles pale brownish-ochreous, head yellowish-brown, apex of

scutellum and greater part of the metanotum brownish, the mesonotum

with a median and two smaller lateral longitudinal bands more darkly

coloured than the rest of the thorax, abdomen yellowish-brown.

Pilosity moderately abundant, yellowish, and not long, longest on the

back of the head and on the petiole. Head dull, very finely reticulate-

punctate, also finely striate between the eyes and the insertion of the

scape. HEpinotum and nodes subopaque and finely rugulose, metanotum

transversely striate, the rest of the body smooth, shining, and nearly

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. A471

impunctate. Head triangular, widest in front. The eyes occupy the

anterior half of the sides. Ocelli very large, pearly white, prominent.

Scapes hardly longer than the space between the posterior ocelli; 1st

joint of flagellum a little longer than wide, widest apically, but not

globose. Clypeus with a prominent tubercle in the middle. Mandibles

triangular, shining, feebly striato-punctate, armed with 5 or 6 sharp

teeth. Dorsum of epinotum twice as wide as long, feebly bituberculate,

a little longer than the subvertical declivity. Peduncle of the Ist

segment of the petiole as long as the node, widened on each side near

the base into a small lobe; the node low. Second node with fairly

sharp lateral angles, sometimes almost dentiform. Wings yellowish,

nervures ochreous, the stigma brown.

Bulawayo, not common. (8.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type of gin

my collection. )

P. AKERMANT, N. sp.

A rather small species of the sculpturata group, but also resembling

the capensis group in the relatively small size of the Y 2/.

Y. 46-49 mm. Dark castaneous brown, the posterior fourth of the

head, the thorax and petiole with a redder tinge, abdomen piceous,

scapes, tibiae and tarsi raw-umber brown, femora brown but paler at

the bases and apices. Pilosity yellowish, oblique, fairly long and

moderately abundant; pubescence inconspicuous except on the tarsi.

Head and thorax dull, abdomen and legs shining.

Head closely and evenly reticulate-punctate, fairly strongly and lonegi-

tudinally rugose at the sides between the eyes and vertex, the latter

only longitudinally striate as far as the posterior third of the head

and with the fundamental reticulation absent between the striae, the

occipital lobes and lower surface of the head smooth, shining and

sparsely punctured. Mandibles shining, striate at the base, sparsely

punctured with deep and large punctures. Clypeus strongly carinate,

its anterior margin arcuately emarginate in the middle. Pronotum

finely and transversely rugulose, mesonotum rugulose-reticulate in

front, reticulate-punctate at the sides and behind. Epinotum and

petiole reticulate-punctate, the petiole very finely so. Abdomen very

finely striate longitudinally at the base medially.

Head, excluding the mandibles, nearly one-third longer than wide,

barely wider behind than in front, the sides straight, the occipital

emargination angular, wide and deep, the occipital lobes rounded

behind. Occipital sulcus deep. Sides of the head behind the eyes

with an oblique and shallow depression. The scapes extend back as

far as the middle of the head.

472 Annals of the South African Museum.

Lateral angles of the pro-mesonotum obtuse and not prominent,

pro-mesonotal suture obsolete; mesonotum with a feeble transverse

torus, not depressed in front of the same, vertical behind it. Dorsum

of epinotum as long as wide between the spines, the latter relatively

shorter than in our other species of the sculpturata group, erect,

triangular, as high as they are wideat the base. Declivity of epinotum

subvertical, a little longer than its dorsum. Petiole shaped exactly

like that of Iiengmei, race micrartifex.

%. 26mm. Head piceous, excepting the anterior margin and the

clypeus, which are yellowish-brown. Thorax reddish-brown (burnt

umber), abdomen dark brown, antennae, femora and tibiae brown,

bases and apices of the femora, tarsi and mandibles brownish-ochreous.

Pilosity yellowish, oblique, fairly scanty, but more abundant than in

micrartifer, Forel. Mandibles, clypeus, legs and abdomen fairly

shining, the rest dull. Head and thorax closely and evenly reticulate-

punctate, the pronotum with two or three median longitudinal striae

on the disc, and finely and longitudinally aciculate on the posterior

half of the sides; petiole superficially reticulate, abdomen smooth.

Head oval, one-fifth longer than wide, the sides moderately convex.

the posterior margin straight. Mandibles sparsely but very finely

punctured and with a few longitudinal aciculations, with seven teeth.

Anterior margin of the clypeus convex, finely but distinctly carinate

in the middle. Frontal area triangular, large and well defined. Eyes

placed in the middle of the sides of the head. The scapes extend

beyond the posterior margin by one-seventh of their length. Frontal

carinae nearly parallel. Pronotum strongly convex, with barely

defined posterior lateral angles. Pro-mesonotal suture arcuate, indi-

cated by a fine raised line. Mesonotum transversely and shallowly

impressed in front of the middle. Dorsum of epinotum horizontal and

flat, one and a-half times longer than wide, the spines acute, short, not

longer than their basal width, directed vertically upwards. Node of 1st

joint of the petiole obtuse above, hardly as long as wide; 2nd joint of

petiole as long as wide, its anterior margin convex, obtusely angulated

in the middle of the sides, but not dentiform or spinose.

Pietermaritzburg (Dr. C. Akerman), ex. Natal Museum coll. (Type

in my collection.)

P. crassinopa, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 32, Y, 9, 1895.

“)/. Piceous; mouth and coxae dull ferruginous ; antennae, tibiae

and tarsi rufescent, sparsely pilose; legs with a long and very oblique

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. A73

pubescence. Head subquadrate, hardly narrowed in front; occiput

not very deeply excised, the occipito-frontal sulcus shallow ; (head)

opaque in front, punctulate and longitudinally rugose; behind very

shining and with large scattered punctures; clypeus striate, nitidu-

lous; mandibles shining, striate at the base. Thorax dull, punctulate

and transversely rugose, the pronotum gibbous on each side; meso-

notum with a distinct scutellum and a transverse torus; epinotal

spines erect, a little shorter than the dorsum of the epinotum. First

segment of petiole with a squamiform lobe (= the nodal portion) and

emarginate above; 2nd segment more than twice as wide as the

Ist, not much wider than long, the anterior margin arcuate, the sides

obtusely angulate, densely punctulate, dull; the first abdominal

segment punctulate at the base, 7 mm. long, the head without the

mandibles 2°6 mm. x 2°4 mm.

“G. Piceous, mouth, antennae, articulations of the legs, tibiae and

tarsi rufescent, dull, very densely punctured, the abdomen shining,

except at the base; head ovate, cheeks longitudinally rugose, man-

dibles striate, pro- and mesonotum without prominences ; dorsum of

epinotum sulcate in the middle, the epinotal teeth triangular and

obtuse, 2nd segment of petiole three times wider than the Ist, sub-

globose, the sides obtusely angulated, 4mm.

““Makapan ; Verulam, Natal (Weitzaecker).”’

PHEIDOLE CRASSINODA, Emery, var. Seah. is Wo

4. Mandibles deep castaneous brown, antennae and tarsi yellowish-

red, all the rest of the body black. Apart from the colour, this

variety also differs from the type of the species as follows: The

sculpture is much stronger everywhere. The head, excepting the

median area of the clypeus and the mandibles, is dull all over,

the reticulate and fundamental sculpture extending over the occipital

lobes. The thorax is much more coarsely rugose and the sutures are

deeper, also the transverse impression on the mesonotum. The basal

third of the abdomen is dull, very sharply reticulate. The scanty

punctures on the abdomen are also deeper and larger. Otherwise like

the type of the species.

8. 41mm. Femora and coxae piceous ; tibiae, scapes and basal

half of the flagellum very dark brown; mandibles, tarsi and apical

half of the flagellum ferruginous, the rest of the body black. Legs

and apical half of the abdomen smooth and shining, the rest of the

body dull, very strongly reticulate-punctate, and much more strongly

sculptured than in the type of the species, which it otherwise

resembles.

ATA Annals of the South African Museum.

Amatongas Forest, Portuguese E.A. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.

Types in my collection.)

Race ruspoui, Emery. (Plate VI, figs. 63-66.)

Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., vol. 38, p. 597, ¥, 9, 1897.

Y%. 8 mm. Piceous or very dark reddish-brown; femora and

tibiae a little paler or more reddish, tarsi and antennae ferruginous.

Pubescence almost obsolete on the body, yellowish, coarse, oblique and -

fairly long on the legs and antennae. Pilosity short and yellowish,

very scanty, especially on the thorax ; some of the hairs on the head

and abdomen are closely adpressed, the rest oblique. Anterior half of

the head with a slight gloss, the clypeus and space between the frontal

carinae smooth and more shining, closely reticulate-punctate and

longitudinally rugoso-striate, the striae fairly wide apart. Posterior

half of the head very smooth and shining, with a few large punctures.

Thorax, upper faces of the nodes and the extreme base of the abdomen

superficially and finely reticulate, and with a few feeble transverse

rugae here and there; abdomen smooth and shining. Head, excluding

the mandibles, as long as wide, widest in the middle, distinctly

narrowed in front, not much so behind, the sides convex, the posterior

margin not deeply excised, the apex of the excision and the occipital

lobes rounded. Occipito-frontal sulcus shallow. The head is highest

in the middle, and has a very shallow depression on each side above

and behind the eyes. Clypeus feebly carinate, widely and fairly

deeply emarginate in front. Mandibles smooth, shining, very finely

and sparsely punctured ; a row of larger punctures borders the masti-

catory margin. Scapes extend a little beyond the middle of the head.

Hyes small, placed at the anterior third of the sides. Posterior lateral

angles of the pronotum moderately acute and prominent. Pro-

mesonotal suture distinctly defined. Mesonotum with a transverse

median impression, and a transverse torus above the scutellum.

Dorsum of epinotum horizontal and flat, one and three-quarter times

longer than wide, as long as the declivity ; epinotal spines acute, sub-

vertical, divergent, very little longer than their basal width. Posterior

dorsal face of the 1st node as wide as long, the dorsal edge barely

emarginate ; 2nd node two and a-third times wider than long, the

anterior margin semicircular, the sides moderately angular, but not

spinose or dentiform. Abdomen subcircular, the base transverse.

O. 44-47 mm. Piceous; mandibles, flagellum, tarsi and articu-

lations of the legs ferruginous. Pilosity and pubescence as inthe 2.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 475

Head, thorax and nodes dull, closely and finely reticulate-punctate

(granulate), the nodes more shallowly so than the rest of the body.

Abdomen and legs smooth and shining. Mandibles nitidulous, feebly

striate. Head, excluding the mandibles, one-sixth longer than wide,

oval. Eyes convex, fairly large, placed in the middle of the sides.

Frontal carinae parallel; frontal area depressed and shining. Clypeus

with a feeble median carina, the anterior margin entire and convex.

The pronotum is rather long, very little shorter than wide, the

posterior angles feeble. Mesonotum with a wide transverse impres-

sion; in most specimens the anterior margin of the mesonotum is

slightly raised in the middle. Meso-epinotal suture deep. Dorsum

of epinotum much longer than wide, a little longer than the oblique

declivity, longitudinally suleate in the middle. Epinotal teeth acute,

vertical, very small, and hardly longer than their basal width.

Dorsal edge of Ist node rounded and thick; 2nd node subconical or

hemispherical, widest at the posterior fourth, behind which point it is

rather abruptly contracted, but without forming sharp lateral angles.

Abdomen oblong. Legs long, the femora a little swollen.

2. 10:5 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Black, the head sometimes

paler or piceous, the mandibles dark castaneous brown, the flagellum

and tarsi ferruginous. Pilosity and pubescence as in the 1. Head

dull, the sides closely reticulate-punctate and with large longitudinal

rugae superimposed, the vertex longitudinally striato-rugose, the

spaces between the striae rugulose. The occipital groove is distinctly

defined and transversely ribbed, or clathrate, ending at the anterior

ocellus. Mesonotum rugulose, with a shallow and longitudinal

rugosity superimposed ; a small anterior median area and the borders

of the parapsidal sutures smooth and shining. Paraptera longi-

tudinally rugose. Scutellum and metanotum finely and transversely

rugulose, the former slightly shining in the middle. Epinotum

shining, the sides sparsely and coarsely rugose, the declivity finely and

superficially reticulate. Nodes dull, reticulate-punctate and rugose ;

the rugae on the 2nd node transverse. Basal fourth of Ist abdominal

segment dull and reticulate, the extreme base with a few short rugae,

the rest of the abdomen smooth and shining. Head, excluding the

mandibles, about one-seventh wider than lone, widest behind, the

sides convergent anteriorly, the posterior margin concave. Eves

placed in front of the middle of the sides. Clypeus as in the 2/.

Mandibles feebly striate but more strongly punctured than in the /.

The scapes extend back as far as the posterior ocelli. Head barely

wider than the mesonotum. The latter almost one-third wider than

long. Dorsum of epinotum obsolete between the teeth, the declivity

476 Annals of the South African Museum.

subvertical ; epinotal teeth horizontal, wide at the base, triangular and

as long as wide at the base. Second node two and a-quarter times

wider than long, widest in the middle, the sides bluntly angular, the

anterior margin convex, but not semicircular asin the ¥. Abdomen

half as long again as wide. Wings yellowish, nervures ochreous, stigma

yellowish-brown.

¢. 73mm. (hitherto undescribed). Reddish-brown yellow (raw

umber), tarsi dark ochreous, the middle of the femora brown, antennae

pale ochreous, head brown, clypeus and mandibles brownish-yellow.

The mesonotum has three longitudinal and sharply-defined dark-brown

bands, the median one ending before the middle. Pilosity yellowish,

fine, oblique, fairly abundant on the thorax and nodes, sparse elsewhere.

Legs and antennae pubescent. Head dull, very finely reticulate, with

a fine rugosity superimposed, the rugae radiating outwards from the

ocellar region. Mesonotum longitudinally strigose, also sparsely and

very shallowly punctured. Scutellum transversely rugulose. Epinotum

shallowly reticulate, the sides striate above, the striae becoming

stronger and more or less concentric below. Nodes microscopically

reticulate and sparsely striate. Thorax slightly shining, more especially

the mesonotum and base of the scutellum. Nodes dull. Abdomen

smooth and shining.

Head triangular-trapezoidal, widest in front, the posterior margin

feebly convex and somewhat produced at the lateral angles. The eyes

occupy a little less than the anterior half of the sides. Clypeus

subtuberculate or gibbous in the middle. Mandibles with one large

apical tooth and three smaller teeth behind. Scapes shorter than the

space between the posterior ocelli; Ist joint of the flagellum sub-

globose, very little longer than wide. Thorax much wider than the

head ; scutellum convex above, higher than the mesonotum. Dorsum

of epinotum with a feeble elongate ridge on each side. First node of

petiole as long as wide, the anterior face convex from side to side, the

anterior margin rounded; 2nd node campaniform, widest behind, a

trifle wider than long. Abdomen large, ovate, narrowed towards the

apex, the Ist segment nearly as long as the remaining segments taken

together. Wings as in the 9.

This is a common species near Bulawayo, and is fond of making its

nest near houses and in gardens. There are several entrances to the

nest, surrounded by large heaps of excavated soil. It is partly

graminivorous and collects the seeds of a variety of grasses. (S.A.M.,

R.M., G.A. colls.)

The following species, being unknown to me in nature, have not

been included in the analytical key :

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 477

P. ASPERA, Mayr.

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 746, Y, 9, 1862.

Reise der Novara, Zool. II, Formicid., p. 97, Y%, 3, g, 1865.

“y. 5mm. Yellowish-brown, the head brown and darkest, the

thorax red or yellowish-brown, the flagellum brownish-yellow. The

outstanding pilosity is yellow and fairly abundant, that of the legs

dense and nearly decumbent. Mandibles longitudinally striate, the

apical half sparsely and coarsely punctured, smooth and shining

between the punctures. Head dull, the anterior half longitudinally

striate, the cheeks rather rugose. The posterior half of the head, as

far as the posterior angles, is obliquely and finely rugose and also

superficially reticulate-punctate. Clypeus smooth in the middle,

shining, fairly sharply carinate, the anterior margin entire. Pronotum

more or less transversely rugose, widened on each side behind into

a hump. Mesonotum with a transverse torus in the middle, which is

angular on both sides. The epinotum is transversely rugose; the

epinotal teeth divergent, directed upwards, not acute and not long.

The sides of the thorax are sharply reticulate-punctate and somewhat

striate. Petiole finely rugose. The Ist node, seen from behind,

quadrate, its dorsal edge emarginate; the 2nd node with dentiform

dilated sides. Abdomen smooth and shining.

“&. 3mm. Head blackish-brown, thorax reddish-brown, petiole

and abdomen yellowish-brown, mandibles and flagellum brown-yellow,

the legs brownish-yellow or yellowish-brown. Brighter specimens

have the head and thorax reddish-brown, and the rest more or less

yellowish-brown. The pilosity is fairly abundant. Mandibles longi-

tudinally striate at the base, smooth at the apex and sparsely

punctured. Clypeus feebly and longitudinally striate, smooth in the

middle, carinate, its anterior margin entire. Vertex, between the

frontal area and the frontal carinae, longitudinally rugose, the middle

of the head more finely rugose or almost smooth and shining; sides of

the head finely rugose. Pronotum shining and almost smooth, its

posterior lateral angles feeble. The mesonotum has a feeble trans-

verse torus, and like the epinotum, is reticulate-punctate ; epinotal

teeth acute, erect and fairly short. First node of petiole not

emarginate above, reticulate-punctate and also sparsely rugose length-

wise; 2nd node shining, nearly smooth, not dilated at the sides.

Abdomen smooth and shining. Cape of Good Hope.”

Iam unable to place this species in any of my groups, as the shape

of the head is not stated.

478 Annals of the South African Museum.

P. carrra, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 33, 21, 1895.

“YY. 45 mm.; head, 17 mm. x 16 mm. Ferruginous, dull,

abdomen piceous and shining. Head depressed behind, narrowly

and deeply excised, very closely punctate above, dull, the occipital

margin shining, the anterior two-thirds evenly and longitudinally

rugose; the frontal carinae prolonged backwards, antennal scrobes as

long as the scapes ; clypeus with a short carina, barely striate, excised

in the middle; mandibles sparsely punctured, striate at the base

externally. Thorax transversely rugulose, the pronotum indistinctly

bigibbose, the mesonotum with a transverse torus, the epinotum

longitudinally grooved above, the spines fairly long, not very acute at

the apex. First node of petiole emarginate above, the 2nd node

wider, transverse, the sides obtusely conical. Legs shining, with

oblique pubescence.

“ Hamman’s Kraal (Simon).”

is On a number of points this form agrees fairly well with the

description of P. aspera (Mayr), which I have not seen. It differs

markedly from it by the emarginate clypeus. Mayr does not state

that in his species the head is depressed behind, nor that the frontal

carinae are prolonged backwards—characters which separate caffra

from most of the African species of Pheidole and unite it with certain

Indian forms such as latinoda, rhombinoda, Feai, etc. The head of

caffra is barely longer than wide, its sides fairly parallel over the

anterior two-thirds ; further back the sides converge a little ; the large

occipital lobes are separated by a deep emargination. Seen from the

side, the head appears distinctly depressed in its posterior third, the

profile of which is oblique. On the median line, which is marked by

a distinct groove, there is a wide impression, recognisable only in a

certain light. The sculpture of the head consists of a fundamental

reticulate puncturation, over which are imposed some trenchant rugae,

very regular and longitudinal on the frons, less regular, thicker and

anastomosed on the sides; these rugae extend as far as the frontal

carinae, i.e. as far as the posterior fourth of the head. The scrobes

are as long as the scape and are formed by a space between two rugae,

wider than the others, one of which is the prolongation of the frontal

carinae. On the occiput the punctures are intermixed with rugae and

large piligerous foveae. The whole thorax is finely punctured and

transversely rugulose. Petiole with piligerous foveae only ; abdomen

shining, very finely punctulate, more strongly so at the base, which is

dull; in addition, it has some elongate piligerous punctures. The legs

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. A79

have a long, oblique and decumbent pubescence, but no erect

pilosity.”

As far as one can judge from the above description, this species

should be placed in the Punctulata group, and appears to stand

nearest to rotundata, in which the head is also distinctly depressed

behind and shows faint traces of scrobes.

P. Kitscuneri, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 436, 2,5 (?), 1910.

“Y 32mm. Resembling P. minima, Mayr, but the frontal carinae

are not prolonged backwards, and do not form scrobes. Mandibles

smooth, feebly punctured. Clypeus shallowly emarginate in the

middle, also feebly carinate in the middle, and having a longitudinal

carinula on each side extending from the articulation of the antennae

to the anterior margin. Head fairly depressed, obtusely rectangular,

the sides convex, slightly longer than wide, feebly concave behind, as

wide in front as behind, with a deep occipital sulcus joining the frontal

sulcus. Hyes fairly small, placed at the anterior third. The scape

does not reach the posterior third of the head. The pro-mesonotum

forms a single convexity, without a transverse impression or torus ; it

is, however, truncate behind and margined above on each side with a

little ridge. Epinotal spines acute, shorter than half the space between

them. Petiole as in P. punctulata, Mayr, but the 2nd node a little

narrower. Pronotum without prominent posterior lateral angles.

Anterior half of the head longitudinally rugose; a few rugae and

reticulations on the sides of the epmotum. The rest of the body

smooth. Hrect pilosity yellowish, sparse on the body, absent from the

tibiae and scapes, which have only sparse, oblique, or nearly decumbent

hairs. Brownish-yellow; legs and antennae dirty yellow.

“ O(7). 25mm. Head oval-rectangular. Mandibles dentate, striate

near the base. Clypeus without carinae, feebly emarginate. The

mesonotum with two small ridges behind, as in the ¥. Epinotum

subdentate. Head fairly smooth in front, excepting a few rugae in

the antennal hollows; epinotum reticulate. Otherwise in sculpture,

pilosity and colour like the ?/.

“ Mountains of Natal (Wroughton). A species distinctly charac-

terised in the 2/ by the shape of the head, clypeus and mesonotum.”

P. ARENIPHILA, Forel.

Schultze, Reise Siid-Afrika, vol. 4, p. 11, /,9,9,¢, 1910.

“VY. 42-47 mm. Mandibles smooth, shining, sparsely punctured,

with two teeth in front and two behind, flattened externally at the

480 Annals of the South African Museum.

base. Lower margin of the head in front bidentate. Clypeus with a

low swelling in the middle, but not carimate, emarginate in the middle

in front. Head as wide as long, wider behind, the sides convex

posteriorly (widest behind the eyes), deeply excised behind, the

occipital groove strong and merging into the frontal sulcus, not

depressed behind. The scrobe, which receives the whole of the scape,

is reticulate-punctate, not deep, margined above by the frontal carina

and below by a strong longitudinal ruga; there is also a shallow

impression to receive the end of the flagellum. Frontal carinae

prolonged as far as the end of the scapes. Eyes convex, placed at the

anterior third. The scape extends back as far as the posterior third

of the head. All the joints of the flagellum longer than wide. Head

1-7 mm. long and equally wide. Pronotum rounded above, with two

very obtuse and indistinct tubercles. Mesonotum with a very deep

transverse impression, and a strong, thick and transverse torus.

Dorsum of epinotum horizontal, somewhat longer than the declivity,

excavated in the middle posteriorly. Hpinotal spines long, thin, as

long as the interval between them, directed more upwards than

backwards. First node of petiole almost cuneiform, with a fairly long

peduncle in front, narrow, very feebly emarginate above. Second

node almost three times wider than the Ist, wider than long, very

angularly dilated at each side (rhomboid). Fairly shining. Head

coarsely and regularly rugose longitudinally, lightly reticulate in

between, the posterior part of the head merely reticulate. Thorax

coarsely and irregularly rugose transversely, reticulate between the

rugae. Petiole more closely reticulate, nearly dull, with a few

transverse rugae. First segment of abdomen finely and lightly reti-

culate, the rest nearly smooth. A fairly short, sparse and yellowish

pilosity on the body, the legs and antennae with decumbent hairs

only. Brownish yellow-red; the legs paler. Abdomen in front of a

bright brownish-yellow, entirely or partly brown behind.

“OS. 23-2°5 mm. The whole of the masticatory margin of the

mandibles dentate. Clypeus without emargination. Head longer

than wide, convex behind the eyes, but the sides converge gradually up

to the articulation, without a distinct hind margin and without a neck.

Hyes strongly convex, placed in the middle of the sides. The scape

extends beyond the articulation of the head by quite one-third of its

length. No trace of a scrobe. Mesonotum transversely impressed.

Dorsum of epimotum much longer than wide and longer than the

declivity, with two fairly long spines which are almost as long as the

interval between them. First node low, cuneiform, with a long

peduncle. Second node quite three times wider than the first, very

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 481

wide and as long as wide. Fairly shining, lightly and finely reticulate

all over ; posterior half of abdomen smooth. Pilosity as in the )/.

Reddish-yellow, head brownish-yellow. Abdomen yellowish, with

brown apex and often with brown sides.

“0, 65mm. Mandibles, clypeus and scrobe as in the 2/. Head

trapezoidal, wider than long, narrower in front, the posterior margin

straight. Eyes in the anterior third. The scape does not quite reach

as far as the posterior margin of the head. Mesonotum somewhat

wider than the head, flat above, with two lateral longitudinal lines.

Spines nearly as long as the dorsum of the epinotum, blunt at the

apex. Petiole as in the ¥, but the even wider 2nd node has the

sides acutely conical. Head coarsely, mesonotum finely and evenly

rugose lengthwise. Hpinotum smooth above; sides of thorax coarsely

rugose. Petiole and abdomenas in the /, but the first abdominal

segment is nearly dull and closely reticulate-punctate over its basal

half. Pilosity as in the 2/. The exserted hairs on the body very

short. Yellowish-red; legs and base of the abdomen dirty yellow,

the rest of the abdomen dark brown. Dealated.

“@g. 5-52mm. Mandibles bidentate. Head, excluding the eyes, as

wide as long, narrowed like a trapezoid towards the articulation

behind. Dorsum of epinotum much longer than the declivity, ending

in two blunt tubercles. Scape as long as the second joint of the

flagellum. Fairly shining, finely and irregularly reticulate or rugulose.

Pilosity as in the % and §. Brownish-yellow. The vertex and

abdomen in part brownish. Wings tinged with brownish-yellow,

nervures brownish-yellow, stigma brown.

“ Khakhea, Kalahari (Schultze), in sand. Perhaps allied to caffra,

Em., but the latter has the head strongly depressed behind in the /.”

P. VANDERVELDI, Forel.

Rev. Zool. Afric., vol. 2, p. 326, 1, 5, 1913.

“YW. ¢mm. Closely allied to speculifera-crassinoda, Em., and

particularly to its var. cubangensis, Forel. It differs particularly in

its much longer scape, which almost extends back to the posterior

third of the head ,(to the posterior half in speculifera), also in its head,

which is much longer than wide, the sides but slightly convex (very

convex in speculifera and only little less so in cubangensis) and in the

mesonotum, which has a stronger torus behind, and the pro-mesonotal

suture, which is deeper. The eyes are also more convex. The head ig

in great part dull, with a strong and sparse puncturation on the

occiput and vertex. The sides of the occiput alone are slightly shining.

482 Annals of the South African Museunv.

The rugae on the front of the head are coarser and wider apart than

in cubangensis. The thorax is dull, and so also are the petiole and

the base of the abdomen, which are simple reticulate-punctate, whereas

the thorax is indistinctly rugose as well. Dark brown, the legs

paler, the tarsi and flagellum rusty red. Otherwise identical with

var. cubangensis of speculifera, with the same large node.

“6. 39-4mm. Larger than speculifera-crassinoda, the hind margin

of the head rather indistinct but nevertheless defined, wanting in

speculifera. ‘The antennae are a little longer, and also the joints of

the flagellum. The same differences present in the 2 also occur in

the mesonotum of the ©, which has a distinct tubercle in front, which

is absent in speculifera. Entirely dull except the posterior half of the

abdomen and the legs, which are shining. The front of the head has

some fairly coarse and longitudinal rugae. The pilosity is oblique and

more abundant than in speculifera. Entirely black, the legs, scapes

and mandibles brown. ‘Tarsi and club of the antennae rusty red.

“Sankisia, Katanga (Dr. Bequaert) ; perhaps simply a race of

speculifera.” Durban (‘Traegaordh), teste Santschi.

Trine CREMASTOGASTRINI, Forel. -

Including only the following genus.

Genus CREMASTOGASTER, Lund.

Ann. Sc. Nat., vol. 23, p. 132, 1831.

Characters.

3. Antennae 10- or 1l-jomted (varely 9-jointed, C. edentula

Santschi), the club formed of two or three joints ; maxillary palpi 5-

jointed; labial palpi 3-joited. Thorax usually widest in front,

constricted at the meso-epinotal suture. The latter deep and well

defined, the pro-mesonotal suture usually more or less obliterated at

least in the middle. Epinotum armed with two teeth or spines, rarely

unarmed. First segment of petiole squamose or cuneiform and

decumbent, articulating with the epinotum by avery short and narrow

piece, or almost sessile in front; 2nd segment thick, with a short

peduncle in front, nodose behind, the node frequently grooved in the

middle lengthwise so that the node appears to be made up of two

hemisperical lobes or discs. Petiole articulating with the dorsal

surface of the abdomen. The latter subcordate, the basal margin

straight or subtruncate.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 483

@. Antennae 10- or 1l-jomted. Thorax elongate, pronotum

not exposed dorsally. Hpinotum with the spines or teeth usually much

shorter than in the 9, or reduced to mere angles. Abdomen oblong-

ovate, narrowed apically. Wings with i cubital and | discoidal cell;

the radial cell usually closed. Petiole as in the %, but the first

segment thicker.

6. Considerably smaller than the 9. Antennae 12-jointed,

the scape short, rarely longer than the Ist and 2nd joints of the

flagellum taken together ; usually all the joints of the flagellum except

the Ist longer than wide. Pronotum not exposed above; mesonotum

and scutellum high; Mayrian furrows obsolete or indistinct. Epimotum

unarmed. Segments of the petiole shorter and flatter above than in

the 9. Abdomen subcordate or ovate. Legs thin.

Distribution both hemispheres.

This very large genus contains very many closely allied forms, and to

judge by its tendency to form minute variations, appears still to be in

a very plastic condition. Owing perhaps to this condition, which does

not appear to have been sufficiently realised by some myrmecologists,

and also to the lack of abundant material, the taxonomy of the genus

is hopelessly confused, and its study presents us with greater difficulties

than that of any other genus represented in our region. Many species

have a very extended distribution, and exhibit numerous geographical

subspecies and varieties. The variation may apply to one or several

anatomical features, in such a way that a species may possess several

extreme forms, at least some of which are connected with the central

type-form by a series of more or less gradual and transitional links.

Where such links are numerous, no doubt is left as to the relationship

of the terminal forms to the central type. But on the other hand, such

links are frequently missing, and where the gaps appear to be rather

wide, the tendency has been to accord specific rank to each form. If

at a later period the annectant forms are discovered, the natural

result is to render the boundaries between the so-called species

exceedingly vague, in which case it becomes very difficult to place the

latter in any analytical key unless their status is revised and altered.

With the yearly growth of our knowledge of the genus and the increase

of material brought about by labours of collectors over the whole con-

tinent, the time will come when we shall be able to unite many so-called

species as forms of one type, and thereby reduce the number of

apparently distinct species which are recognised at the present day.

Apart from the differences manifested in geographical varieties,

minor distinctions may be shown to occur in the members of the

different nests of one species, and it is therefore desirable that large

484. Annals of the South African Museum.

series derived from many nests and localities should be studied before

attempting to make innovations in the classification. It is frequently

the case that the % 9 of the first brood differ not only in size but also

in minor details of structure from those of later broods, and I am

inclined to believe that not a few new races and varieties have been

erected on such slender foundations.

In the separation of the species the following points should be noted:

The pro-mesonotal suture, although usually more or less effaced in

the middle, can generally be traced by a depression which becomes

deeper at the sides and is often angular im form. At the apex, or

a little behind the apex of the mesonotum, there is in many species

a longitudinal median tubercle or carinula. It is of some diagnostic

value, but as it is hable to variation in the degree of prominence and

length, even within the species, too much reliance should not be placed

on it. The epinotal spines are similarly variable within the limits of

a species, and a great deal too much importance has been attached to

the comparative length of those structures in the separation of the

species. The mesonotum has a declivous face behind, just above

the meso-epinotal suture. This face is usually much shorter than the

anterior and more or less horizontal face; it is sometimes concave

transversely, and its lateral margins are sometimes defined by sharp

raised edges or carinulae. The length of the declivity and its degree

of obliquity are characters of diagnostic value and fairly reliable.

The Ist joint of the petiole is nearly always thicker (from above to

below) behind than in front, and seen from above is generally of a

trapezoidal or triangular form, the apex of the triangle truncate and

invaginating the short and globose peduncle of the 2nd joint. In

measurements of these two joints the length of the Ist should be

taken from the level of its anterior angles to the level of the point

behind where it touches the anterior margin of the node of the 2nd

joint; the length of the 2nd joint should be taken over the node

only, since the short peduncle in front is telescoped into the Ist joint

to a variable depth and can rarely be seen in its entirety (see Text-

fig. 31). Owing to the peculiar mode of attachment of the petiole,

which is articulated to the base of the dorsal plate of the abdomen,

the latter can be carried reflected over the thorax, and this atti-

tude is assumed when the insect is alarmed, but in some species that

position of the abdomen is adopted without any apparent provocation,

more especially when the insect is moving head downwards on a

vertical or steep plane.

From the anal glands a sticky whitish fluid of an unpleasant odour

is secreted, which is freely exuded when the ants are disturbed.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 485

All the members of the genus are very fond of sugary substances,

and for this reason most of them are aphidicolous and coccidicolous,

and also cultivate the society of Membracid, Fulgorid and Lycaenid

larvae for the sake of their secretions. In some Indian species (sub-

genus Physocrema) the ants appear to be able to draw on a supply of

fluid furnished by their own bodies and secreted by the epinotal

glands. These glands, which are probably to be found in most ants,

are greatly developed in this sub-genus, so that the epinotum becomes

greatly inflated. The gland communicates with the exterior by a

Vex >,

Vy, *, poste rior 272 VE of

median carinicla [ ‘ é 2a

or lubercle Be Ee ots oe | _¢ pronotum.

= & y (sharply marginale)

Oey, C /

declivity of

mmesonoltrrl .

postervor marge

OER asa em k.

. anlerior aa lengli of-

GN j ----/ segment.

pedu CIO R ee ie we

node “eI fer eae we i peer moslertor

gn Se (adr jded { i a pial gh MY arlicula 7 por LIOPL

\of he -€ 2K Seormestl.

inlo Ewo a ses)

Fie. 31.—Thorax and petiole (semi-diagrammatic), Cremastogaster, 9.

small aperture on each side situated below or behind the stigmatic

orifice. Bingham remarks that ‘‘in live specimens there seems to be

a continual flow from this aperture of a sweet fluid, and I have watched

the 5 9 of C. physothorax licking one another’s thoraces vigorously.”

With the exception of an undetermined sp. of Microdon, which

was bred from the nest of C. castanea var. medio-rufa (collected at

Aberdeen, C.P., by Dr. Brauns), no records of parasitic or myrmeco-

philous insects attached to this genus are known to me from our South

African species. Nevertheless, in other parts of the world various

insects of different orders have been found in the nests of Cremasto-

4.86 Annals of the South African Museum.

gaster, such as the coleopterous Myrmedonia, Conurus, Xenalluaudia.

and a few Paussidae and the orthopterous Myrmecophila.

Most of the species of the genus are tree-ants, making their nests

under the bark, in hollow branches or forming carton nests, which

may be either sheltered in cavities in the trees or attached to branches,

reeds and bushes. The character of the nest built by any one species

is not invariable. Thus rufo-nigra, which in Natal usually builds

large carton nests attached to the branches of a tree or shrub, is,

according to my experience, always found in S. Rhodesia to make

its nest in hollow branches, empty galls or under stones without the

elaboration of any carton-like substance. Very few of our Rhodesian

species nest as a rule in the ground, although young incipient nests

may occasionally be found in that situation.

Key to the § 9 of Cremastogaster.

(46) 1. Antennae 11-jointed.

(3) 2. Antennae exceptionally long, extending back as far as the petiole, and

one-third of the scape extending beyond the hind margin of the head

Schultzei, Forel.

(2) 3. Antennae of usual length.

(7) 4. Head distinctly longer than wide, parallel-sided or nearly so.

(6) 5. First joint of petiole trapezoidal; scapes short, reaching the posterior

third of the head . ; : : . nigronitens, Santschi.

(5) 6. First joint of petiole oblong, one-third longer than wide; scapes longer,

reaching the posterior fourth of the head

Welmani, Forel, race retusa.

(4) 7. Head as wide as, or wider than long, very rarely a trifle longer than

wide, the sides more or less convex.

(17) 8. First joint of petiole not trapezoidal.

(10) 9. Head and thorax strongly striate; 1st joint of petiole subpyriform,

longer than wide, not much wider in front than behind

arborea, Mayr, race melanogaster, Km.

(9) 10. Head and thorax not strongly sculptured ; 1st joint of petiole not sub-

pyriform.

(12) 11. First joint of petiole quadrate, wider than long

sordidula, Nyl., var. vectinota, Forel.

(11) 12. First joint of petiole longer than wide.

(16) 138. First joint of petiole minutely bidentate near the posterior margin ;

the 2nd node globose and without even a trace of a median groove.

(15) 14. Epinotum sharply and widely reticulate, its dorsal lateral margins

strongly convex; abdomen elongate, not cordate

transvaalensis, Forel.

(14) 15. Epinotum not sharply reticulate, the lateral dorsal margins straight

and divergent; abdomen cordate

Muralti, Forel, race livingstonei, Santschi.

Ne)

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 487

. First joint of petiole not bidentate behind; 2nd node with a feeble

median groove; epinotum with very small teeth

constructor, Hmery.

. First joint of petiole more or less trapezoidal, widest in front.

. Second node of petiole much wider than long and clearly wider than

the 1st; whole body very polished and shining Santschii, Forel.

. Second node of petiole not wider, or very little wider than long.

. Second node of petiole without a median longitudinal groove, entire

or only slightly emarginate behind; pronotum sharply marginate at

the sides, at least on the posterior half.

. Dorsum of epinotum not deeply impressed longitudinally in the

middle; mesonotum without a wide transverse impression on each

side behind the median tubercle; seen in profile, the mesonotum is

not raised above the level of the pronotum.

. Pro-mesonotal suture very shallow, obsolete or nearly.so over the

middle third : ‘ . Kneri, Mayr, race hottentota, Emery.

. Pro-mesonotal suture deep and wide, at least at the sides, and fairly

clearly defined in the middle.

. Head in greater part smooth and shining; colour more or less bright

ochreous . d . gambiensis, Andre, var. krantziana, Forel.

. Head distinctly sculptured ; colour more or less dark brown or reddish-

ochreous.

. Median carinula of mesonotum prominent and long; colour dark

brown ; dorsum of epinotum rather deeply impressed in the middle

Kneri, Mayr, var. amita, Forel.

. Median earinula less prominent; colour reddish-ochreous ; dorsum of

epinotum very shallowly impressed : . Kneri, Mayr.

. Dorsum of epinotum very deeply impressed in the middle ; mesonotum

with a transverse and wide impression on each side behind the median

tubercle; seen in profile, the mesonotum is raised above the level of

the pronotum ‘ F . Kneri, Mayr, var. matabele, Arnold.

29. Second node of petiole more or less clearly grooved longitudinally in

the middle.

. Epinotum unarmed, or with very minute dentiform tubercles

imermis, Mayr, and races.

. Epinotum with distinct spines or teeth.

. Epinotal spines curved downwards ; : . Buchneri, Forel.

. Epinotal spines horizontal or directed more or less upwards.

. Sides of pro-mesonotum not marginate, or (rarely) the sides of the

mesonotal declivity feebly marginate.

. All the joints of the flagellum as long as, or longer than wide

Growp A, q. v. infra.

. At least some joints of the flagellum wider than lone.

. Head, excepting a narrow longitudinal streak on middle of the vertex,

dull and closely sculptured 5 : - Group B, q. v. infra.

. Head very superficially sculptured and fairly shining, at least over the

posterior two-thirds.

. Small species, 3 mm. or less; head not reddish. . gallicola, Forel.

. Larger species 3-5 mm.

488 Annals of the South African Museum.

(42) 41. Head distinctly reddish . acaciae, Forel, race victoriosa, Santschi.

(41) 42. Head yellowish or more or less brown.

(44) 43. Lateral margins of the disc of the mesonotum bevelled

brunneipennis Andre, var. omniparens, Forel.

(43) 44. Lateral margins of mesonotum not bevelled

Neuvillei, Forel, race Cooperi, Forel.

(84) 45. Sides of mesonotum distinctly marginate over the greater part of their

length; the sides of the pronotum also sharply marginate, at least

over their posterior half. j : : Group C, q.v. infra.

(1) 46. Antenne 10-jointed : Group D, subgenus Decracrema, Forel.

The four groups mentioned in the key are composed of the following

species.

Group A.—Peringueyi, Em.; monticola, Arnold; opaciceps, Mayr ;

solers, Forel ; with their varieties and races.

Group B.—Godefreyi, Forel ; bulawayensis, Forel; misella, Arnold ;

with their varieties and races.

Group C.—Castanea, Smith; scrutans, Forel; excisa, Mayr; impressa,

Emery ; with their varieties and races (var. medio-rufa feueelly fits in

with their group, but it cannot be placed elsewhere).

Group D.—Liengmei, Forel; Arthur-Muelleri, Forel; with their

varieties and races.

Three sub-genera are represented in our region, viz. Atopogyne,

Forel; Oxygyne, Forel; and Decracrema, Forel. These will be dealt

~ with in their place further on.

C. casTANEA, Smith.

Cat. Hymen. B.M., vol. 6, p. 186, 5, 9, 1858.

“6. Length 2 lines (4:1 mm.). Head and thorax rufo-ferruginous,

abdomen brownish-black, with the base obscure rufo-fuscous. The

head, seen from above, rotundate, scarcely shining; the thorax

deeply constricted at the base of the metathorax (epinotwm), which is

armed with two diverging acute spines; the legs ferruginous, the

tibiae and tarsi darkest. Abdomen: the Ist node of the petiole,

viewed in front, heart-shaped, the pointed end upwards; the 2nd

node globose, with a deep longitudinal incision above.

“O. Length 4 lines. Rufo-ferruginous, smooth and shining; the

thorax with a central and two lateral longitudinal rufo-fuscous stripes,

the metathorax not spined; wings hyaline, the nervures testaceous.

Abdomer oblong, the apical margins of the segments fuscous, slightly

depressed and thinly sprinkled with short cinereous pubescence.”

It has been shown by Hmery that tricolor, Gerst., as a specific name

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. A89

must sink as a synonym of castanea, Smith, which antedates it; it is

retained, however, as the sub-specific name of the form which occurs

in Madagascar and Natal. As far as | am aware the type-species is

not African.

Race tricotor, Gerst. (Plate VI, figs. 72, 72a).

Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 263, 9, 1858.

Forel, Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 7, p. 388, 9, ¢, 1887.

O. 4248 mm. Head, thorax and petiole varying from bright

yellowish-red to chestnut-red (burnt sienna), the lst segment of the

abdomen varying from ochreous yellow to reddish ochreous over its

basal two-thirds, the whole of the remaining segments dark brown

with yellowish and somewhat translucent apical margins. Tibiae and

tarsi more or less brownish-red. Antennae coloured like the head but

somewhat fuscous on the club and on the basal half or two-thirds of

the scape. Pilosity almost entirely absent excepting a few short and

thin hairs on the pronotum and apical margins of the abdominal

seoments. Pubescence very fine, microscopical, not very abundant,

decumbent all over except on the flagellum, where it is oblique and

longer than elsewhere. Head dull, very finely and closely rugulose

longitudinally, sometimes almost striato-rugulose ; the anterior corners,

between the antennal sockets and the eyes, distinctly striated obliquely.

The space between the frontal carinae is slightly shining, with the

sculpture somewhat effaced. Mandibles longitudinally striate, dull,

the masticatory margin black, armed with 4 or 5 sharp teeth. Thorax

dull, reticulate-rugulose, the sculpture on the epinotum becoming

progressively weaker, so that at least the lower half of the declivity is

smooth and shining. Occasionally there is a feeble longitudinal rugosity

superimposed on the pronotum and extreme base of the epinotum.

Petiole microscopically reticulate or alutaceous, dull except the upper

face of the 1st node, which has a slight gloss. Abdomen and legs

feebly shining, the former very finely alutaceous.

Head rotund, a trifle longer than wide, the sides convex, the hind

angles widely rounded, the posterior margin very feebly concave in

the middle, or nearly straight. Anterior margin of the clypeus feebly

convex in the middle; the median area fairly convex transversely and

lengthwise, its posterior margin arcuate and not clearly defined.

Frontal area triangular and indistinct. Behind it is a median

impressed line ending at the posterior third of the head. Scape as

long as the head, Ist joint of flagellum twice as long as wide, 3rd and

490 Annals of the South African Museum.

Ath joints as long as wide, all the remaining joints longer than wide,

the club 3-jointed. ‘Thorax at its widest point hardly half the width

of the head. Pronotum much wider than long, the posterior half of

the sides sometimes fairly sharply margined. Pro-mesonotal suture

indicated by a wide and shallow depression. Mesonotum longer than

its basal width, the sides marginate, the median tubercle elongate and

well defined. Meso-epinotal suture very deep. The dorsum of the

epinotum widens gradually backwards, and merges gradually into the

oblique declivity, which is longer than the dorsum. Epinotal spines

acute, strongly divergent, directed obliquely upwards, nearly two and

a half times longer than their basal width, as long as, or a little longer

than the dorsum of the epinotum. First node of petiole more or less

subcordate or trapezoidal, the anterior angles rounded, the dorsal face

shallowly concave transversely, wider than long. Peduncle of 2nd

joint as long as its node, the latter twice as wide as long, and divided

by a strong longitudinal groove into two more or less spherical and

convex discs. Abdomen cordate-triangular, longer than wide, the

basal margin straight, with moderately sharp angles.

2. 86 mm. Pilosity and pubescence as in the ¢, the colour

similar but darker. Head dull, finely, closely and longitudinally

striate, the striae curving outwards behind the ocelli, the spaces

between the striae very finely and sparsely punctured and somewhat

rugulose. The clypeus and anterior third of the head more strongly

striate than the rest. Mandibles strongly striate and punctured

between the striae. Pronotum dull and finely reticulate-punctate

and rugulose. Mesonotum and scutellum smooth and shining,

sparsely and finely punctured. Dorsum of epinotum feebly rugose

and dull, the sides sharply striate and reticulate-punctate between the

striae; declivity smooth and shining. Sides of thorax reticulate-

punctate and longitudinally striate, more finely so than on the sides”

of the epinotum. Nodes coriaceous and dull, the 2nd also

shallowly punctured. Abdomen smooth and moderately shining.

Head widest in the middle, the sides converging in front of the eyes,

parallel and straight behind the same, the posterior margin straight,

strongly convex above. Head nearly one-third wider than the thorax.

Mesonotum moderately convex from side to side, a little longer than

wide. Paraptera and scutellum together a little more than half as

long as the mesonotum. Dorsum of epinotum nearly four times

wider than long, merging by a very short curve into the vertical

declivity. First node of petiole similar to that of the 9 but shorter,

more deeply excavated in front, with the anterior angles more rounded.

Second node convex at the sides, one and a-half times wider than

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 491

long, the median groove almost obsolete. Abdomen one and a-half

times longer than wide. Deialated.

“@. 37mm. Head and abdomen brown, the rest of a very pale

brown. Wings hyaline. A moderate and oblique pilosity present on

the body. First joimt of petiole wider in front than behind.”

Durban, Grahamstown and Port Alfred. Common in Natal.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Var. stmra, Forel.

Schultze, Reise Sid-Afrika, vol. 4, p.6, 9, 9, ¢, 1910.

“O8, 46mm. Larger than the type-species, from which it differs

by the coarsely and longitudinally rugose dorsum of the thorax, the

declivity of the epinotum excluded. The mesonotum is also less

sharply marginate. Otherwise like the type in all particulars,

including colour and the dull reticulate-punctate sculpture of the

thorax.

“Oo. 95mm. Head large, much wider than the thorax. Mesonotum

smooth. Sides and dorsum of epinotum longitudinally rugose. Other-

wise like the type of the species.

“@. 43 mm. Mesonotum partly Jongitudinally rugose (ruqulose?)

and shining. Otherwise like the type-species.

“ Chakamakue, between Lehututu and Letlake, Kalahari. In acacia

wood.”

Var. DURBANENSIS, Forel.

(As var. of ferruginea) Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 234, 5,

1916.

©. 4-5 mm. Head, thorax and petiole brownish-red (burnt

umber), the thorax sometimes paler than the head. Abdomen dirty

ochreous-yellow, the apical fourth of all the segments brownish. The

meso-epinotal suture is deeper than in tricolor or rufonigra, and the

base of the epinotum a trifle more convex lengthwise than in tricolor.

The dorsum of the epinotum widens rapidly backwards (i. e. the sides

are strongly divergent posteriorly) and the spines are about twice as

long as their basal width. The 2nd node of the petiole has a deeper

and narrower median groove than tricolor. Otherwise like that race.

2. 9mm. Abdomen dark reddish-ochreous, the apical margins

brownish, the apical segment yellowish-brown except at the base. The

upper face of the 1st node is more concave, and the excavation extends

further back than in tricolor. Otherwise like that race.

492 Annals of the South African Museum.

Durban. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

This variety should be attached to race tricolor rather than to race

ferruginea. The dorsum of the metanotum is like that of tricolor, and

moreover, except in colour and the shape of the Ist node, the 9 Q of

the two are indistinguishable.

Fic. 32.—Race tricolor, var. durbanensis.

Race RUFONIGRA, Hmery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 27, 9, 1895.

&. 42-5 mm. Head and thorax varying from pale reddish-brown

to dark chestnut (a reddish burnt umber). Petiole darker than the

thorax, abdomen dark brown or brownish-black, a trifle paler

at the base but not yellow as in race tricolor. Legs dark brown, tarsi

more ferruginous, antennae reddish-brown, the club and scape usually

darker. The fundamental sculpture of the thorax is a little stronger,

and the reticulations wider apart than in tricolor. The sides of the

mesonotum are not so sharply margined as in that race, and the

epinotal spines are considerably stouter, especially at the base, and

also a little shorter or not more than twice as long as their basal

width. The median groove on the second node is shallower than in

tricolor, and the posterior margin of the discs of the node less sharp.

Otherwise like race tricolor.

Q. 8-9-6 mm. (hitherto undescribed ?}. Head dark chestnut red,

usualiy paler in front. Thorax dark brown, the epinotum and petiole

less dark. Abdomen black, legs and antennae dark brown. The

apex of the scutellum is narrower and more angular than in tricolor,

and the brow of the declivity of the epinotum is less abrupt. The

2nd node is more distinctly divided into two discs, the median

groove being fairly deep behind. Otherwise like tricolor. Wings

hyaline, nervures and stigma pale yellow.

S$. 4mm. Dark brown; the head black, the paraptera, metanotum,

dorsum and declivity of epinotum brownish-yellow or yellowish-brown.

Flagellum pale dirty ochreous; tarsi pale brown; wings hyaline,

nervures and stigma brownish-yellow. Pilosity pale yellow, short and

scanty, exserted on the scutellum and petiole, more or less decumbent

elsewhere. Flagellum with abundant and exserted pubescence. Head

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 493

very finely striate longitudinally, and in part reticulate punctate, dull,

except a shining groove between the clypeus and the indistinct frontal

area. Anterior half and sides of mesonotum shining, the median

portion behind very finely striate and duller, with large and shallow

punctures all over. Scutellum and epinotum smooth and shining,

the latter very shallowly rugulose near the base. Petiole moderately

shining, the 1st node faintly reticulate-punctate. Abdomen shining, the

first segment with a few large and shallow punctures. Head one-third

wider than long, widest in front, the sides subparallel for a short

distance behind the eyes, thence converging posteriorly. The eyes

occupy a little more than the anterior half of the head. Scapes very

short, hardly twice as long as wide, or about as long as the 2nd

joint of the flagellum ; the Ist joint of the latter subglobose, as long

as wide. Mandibles small, with 2 or 3 teeth. Anterior half of

mesonotum very convex transversely and lengthwise. Mesonotum a

little longer than wide, sides of scutellum vertical, very finely striate

longitudinally. Dorsum of epinotum very short, the declivity steep.

First joint of the petiole as long as wide, the anterior half of the upper

face excavated ; 2nd joint nearly twice as wide as long, oblong.

S. Rhodesia, common. ; Natal (H. W. B. Marley and C. B. Cooper).

This is a pugnacious pneeles: which in 8. Rhodesia makes its nests in

hollows in trees, or in hollow branches, and more rarely in galls ;

elsewhere it has been recorded as making large carton nests, attached

to the branches of trees and shrubs. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Var. mEDIO-RUFA, Forel. (Plate VI, figs. 77, 77a and b.)

Voeltzkow, Reise Ost Afrika, vol. 2, p. 81, 9, g, 1907.

®. 4mm. Head, thorax and petiole reddish-brown, the median pos-

terior fourth of the head and the sides of the thorax generally darker.

Abdomen brownish black, antennae and legs dark brown. The

sculpture is similar to that of race rufonigra, but stronger and more

distinctly reticulate punctate (granulate). The dorsum of the epimotum

also has a fine longitudinal striation superimposed, absent in the race.

It differs from the latter in the following features : The sides of the pro-

notum are barely marginate, of the mesonotum not at all; the median

tubercle of the latter is feebler, the declivity of the mesonotum is more

oblique and shorter, and the suture shallower; the dorsum of the epi-

notum is narrower between the spines and more parallel-sided (in the

race the dorsum is more or less trapezoidal).

2. 8mm. Pilosity and pubescence as in rufonigra, colour similar

but a shade darker, particularly the head, which is castaneous red.

494: Annals of the South African Museum.

The head is duller than in the race, and the sculpture stronger, the

spaces between the striae roughened. The scutellum is wider and less

convex posteriorly, and the dorsum of the epinotum is strongly striate

transversely and furnished with a fairly acute triangular tooth on each

side (these are absent in the race).. In addition, the declivity is

vertical, its brow rectangular, the two faces not merging by a gradual

curve as in the race. Wings hyaline, nervures and stigma dark brown

(yellow in the race).

3. 41mm. Dark brownish-black. The sculpture is stronger

than in the race, and the mesonotum has a very fine reticulate

puncturation in addition to the rugulosity, and is in consequence

duller. The posterior half of the Ist node is reticulate-punctate, and

in front is vertically truncate. The exserted hairs on the epinotum,

petiole and abdomen are longer and a little more plentiful than in the

race. Otherwise like rufonigra.

Aberdeen, Cape Prov. (Dr. H. Brauns). (S8.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls. ;

type of 9 in my collection.)

Var. CACODAEMON, Forel.

(As race of OC. Peringueyi, Em.) Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50,

1s PEt Oy D5 By Ue

The insects described under this name by Dr. Forel include two

distinct forms, one of which is a variety of Peringueyi, and the other

variety described hereunder, which must be attached to castanea, race

rufonigra, and is closely allied to var. mediorufa. For the other variety

a new name is required, and will be treated further on as var. angustior

of Peringueyi.

2. 37-41 mm. Reddish piceous, the petiole and thorax in parts

sometimes a little paler, abdomen piceous or black, legs and antennae

dark brown. Sides of pronotum more convex than in mediorufa, the

mesonotum more convex lengthwise, the declivity merging gradually

into the anterior part of the mesonotum. Epinotal spines less divergent

than in mediorufa. First segment of the petiole distinctly narrower

than in mediorufa, much less widened in front than in that variety,

and with less rounded anterior angles. Otherwise like mediorufa.

9. 95 mm. Black, flagellum, mandibles and tarsi dark reddish-

brown. The sculpture of the head a little finer and much closer than

in mediorufa. Mesonotum, excepting a narrower anterior and median

area which is shining, dull and coarsely rugulose-punctate. Dorsal

face of the Ist segment of the petiole a little shorter, the anterior

angles less rounded than in mediorufa. Otherwise like that variety.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 495,

¢o. 38 mm. Thorax narrower than in mediorufa, the median

shining area on the mesonotum narrower and more sharply defined.

Second segment of the petiole wider and shorter, twice as wide behind

as long (one and a-third times wider than long in mediorufa). Other-

wise like that variety.

Willowmore, C.P. (Arnold). The nest is a small and irregularly-

shaped carton nest attached to the branches of median-sized shrubs or

small trees.

Var. QuiIsgurLia, Santschi.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 84, p. 502, 9, 1916.

®. 5mm. Of a brighter red than in the type, the base of the

abdomen diffusely reddish-brown in some specimens. The fundamental

sculpture is stronger than in the race, and the thorax has also some

longitudinal rugae which are strongest on the base of the epinotum.

The epinotal spines area little longer than in the type of the race, and

are also slightly sinuate in their apical half. The anterior angles of

the lst node are more pronounced, and the upper face of the node is

distinctly margined at the sides. Otherwise like the race.

Victoria Falls, S.R. (G.A. coll.)

Var. BRUTA, Santschi.

(As race of ferruginea, Forel.) Bull. Soc. Ent. France, p. 412, 9 ,1913.

©. 43-45 mm. Head and thorax reddish-brown or sordid yellowish-

brown; Ist, 2nd and 3rd segments of abdomen more or less dark,

brownish-yellow in the middle, shading off to dark brown at the sides

and at the extreme apical margins, the paler areas most distinct on

the lst segment, the apical segments dark brown. The median tubercle

of the mesonotum is stronger than in quisquilia. The petiole is

narrower than in that variety, and the Ist joint less distinctly marginate

at the sides. The 2nd joint is longer than it is wide across the middle.

Apart from these slight differences this form hardly differs from var.

quisquilia, and I think it should therefore be placed with rufonigra

rather than with ferruginea.

Springvale, S. Rhodesia. (G.A. coll.)

Race FERRUGINEA, Forel.

(As species) Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 8, p. 358, 5, 1892.

“65. 48-6 mm. Mandibles longitudinally striate, with 4 or 5

teeth. Head, excluding the mandibles, rectangular and rounded at

4.96 Annals of the South African Museum.

the angles, somewhat wider than long, fairly straight in front and

behind, much the same as in tricolor, but with the sides less convex.

Club of antenna distinctly 3-jointed. Pronotum and mesonotum about

the same as in tricolor, but the pronotum is nevertheless narrower and

less sharply and less projectingly marginate at the sides. The lateral

marginal carinae of the mesonotum are more obtuse and less distinct

behind. Meso-epinotal suture as in tricolor. The epinotum is much

narrower than in tricolor, especially in the middle at the level of the

spines, and hardly wider there than in front or behind (rhomboidal in

tricolor and strongly dilated in-the middle). Moreover, the sides of

the dorsum of the epinotum diverge but feebly, so that the thorax,

seen from above, appears less constricted than in tricolor. The spines

are fairly long, thin, and widely divergent. The declivity of the

epinotum is lower and more oblique than in tricolor. First segment

of the petiole trapezoidal, with rounded anterior angles and straight

anterior margin, wider in front than long, and wider there than behind,

with a blunt tooth in front below. Second segment of petiole divided

by a median groove into two hemispheres. Abdomen fairly flat, long

and relatively narrow. Head closely and finely punctate-rugulose, with

a somewhat silky gloss. Thorax coarsely and sparsely longitudinally

rugose, closely reticulate-punctate between the rugae and fairly dull,

excepting the smooth and shining declivity of the epinotum. Petiole

closely reticulate-punctate. Abdomen feebly reticulate, evenly and

sparsely punctured, very shining. Outstanding pilosity almost obsolete.

Femora and scapes with a decumbent pubescence. The pubescence is

very short and scattered. Rusty yellowish-red. The abdomen brighter,

of a reddish brown-yellow. Legs and club of antennae brownish.

Mandibles brownish-red. Closely allied to tricolor, but clearly distinct

on account of the shape of the epinotum and the Ist segment of the

petiole, by the longer, narrower, and flatter form, and by the colour

and sculpture.”

Somaliland ; and East Coast of Africa, including Natal.

Having only a single specimen (a co-type) of this species, I have

preferred to copy the original description. In the specimen referred

to the dorsum of the epinotum is shorter and much more convex

lengthwise than in tricolor; the spines are shorter than in that race,

or not quite twice as long as their basal width, and a little shorter than

the dorsum of the epinotum. The posterior margins of the hemi-

spherical discs of the 2nd node are more elevated and prominent than

in tricolor, and the pro-mesonotal suture is also deeper.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 497

C. Nevuvituet, Forel.

Rev. Ent. (Caen), vol. 26, p. 140, $ ,1908.

“6. 39-5 mm. Mandibles strongly striated, the masticatory

margin moderately oblique, short. Anterior margin of clypeus straight

and entire. Frontal area distinct. Head more or less quadrate, slightly

wider than long, distinctly wider behind than in front, feebly emarginate

behind, rounded behind the eyes. The latter fairly large, placed in

the middle of the sides, of which they occupy nearly one-quarter.

The scapes extend back as far as the occipital margin. Antennae

11-jointed, all the joints of the flagellum longer than wide, but the

3rd—5th joints are almost as wide as long. Club 3-jointed. Dorsum

of pronotum convex and marginate. Pro-mesonotal suture distinct.

Dorsum of mesonotum longer than wide, wider in front than behind,

slightly convex, marginate at the sides, without a median carina or

tubercle. Meso-epinotal suture fairly strong. Dorsum of epinotum

fairly convex, widened posteriorly, wider than long, ending in two

robust spines, short, feebly pointed, subhorizontal, feebly divergent

and slightly curved inwards; their external margins continuous with

those of the dorsum; they are a little longer than their basal width.

Declivity oblique, as long as the dorsum of the epinotum. First node

as in C. scutellaris, Ol., widened in front, the anterior margin straight,

the anterior angles rounded, without a tooth below. Second node

divided into two subcircular halves by a deep groove; it is a little less

wide than the Ist node. Abdomen fairlyelongate. Finely but quite

distinctly reticulate, not very shining. Thorax and petiole subopaque.

Clypeus and cheeks finely and closely striated longitudinally. Pronotum

finely rugose transversely. Legs and scapes reticulate; declivity of

the epinotum smooth. There is a sparse and much obliterated punc-

turation, somewhat more distinct on the abdomen. Pilosity absent,

except a few hairs on the front of the head and the under-side of the

abdomen. ‘There is a yellowish, adjacent, short and evenly spaced

pubescence on the whole body and on the limbs. Castaneous brown,

including the legs. Thorax and petiole of a rather paler brown.

Abdomen yellowish rusty-red, mandibles and front of the head of a

more reddish-brown.

“ Uomber, S. Africa.”’

Race Cooperi, Forel. (Plate VI, figs. 76, 76a.)

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 238, 5, 1914.

«6, 33-5mm. Differmg from the type-species by the 2nd node

being much less deeply grooved. The groove is very superficial in

498 Annals of the South African Musewin.

front of the constriction (7. e. the posterior articulation of the node).

There is a very distinct transverse impression in the middle of the

mesonotum which does not occur inthe type. In addition, the abdomen

has a fairly long pubescence, whereas it is very short and more

scattered in the type. The colour is yellower and duller, but similarly

distributed. Otherwise identical.”

The transverse impression on the mesonotum is absent in the

smaller 9 %,and even in some of the larger ones. The epinotum is

armed with very short, triangular teeth, somewhat variable in length,

but not longer than their basal width. The scapes do not reach the

occipital margin, falling short of the same by as much as the apical

width of the scape. The dorsal face of the Ist node is distinctly con-

cave from side to side, more so than in castanea, tricolor and ferruginea.

The median tubercle of the mesonotum is very prominent, especially

when seen from the side, and the dorsum of the epinotum is convex,

short, hardly more than half the length of the declivity.

Fie. 33.—C. Newvillet, race Cooperi.

2. 9mm. (hitherto undescribed). Castaneous brown, the petiole

a little brighter, the apical margins of the abdominal segments dirty

ochreous and translucent. Sculpture, pilosity and pubescence as in

tricolor, but the epinotum above and at the sides is duller and more

densely rugulose. The epinotal teeth as in tricolor, the declivity of

the epinotum shorter. The scapes are shorter and thicker, not

extending back beyond the posterior ocelli, also more strongly curved

near the base. The Ist node is twice as wide as long, more deeply

excavated in front than in f¢ricolor; 2nd node feebly grooved

posteriorly.

Durban. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type of 2 in my collection.)

Race CoopeERi, var. INGRAVIS, Forel.

Loc. cit., p. 341, 9.

®. 31-48 mm. Much darker than the race, of a warm reddish-

brown. The sides of the head are a little less convex. This form

hardly merits separation as a variety; I am unable to confirm the

other differences noticed by Forel.

Durban (L. Bevis and C. B. Cooper). (S8.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 499

C. Neuvitwet, Forel, race cARININOTUM, Santschi.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 85, p. 279, 9, 1916.

“S. 38-4mm. Reddish-brown. Legs more or less pale casta-

neous brown, abdomen black, its base sometimes more or less reddish-

brown. Occiput and 2nd joint of the petiole brownish. Reticulate,

the thorax distinctly reticulate-punctate. Head finely and longitudi-

nally striate; the frons more or less smooth. Abdomen very finely

reticulate, almost smooth. Declivity of the epinotum smooth. Nearly

dull, only the frons and abdomen fairly shining. Pilosity sparse,

pubescence as in thetype. Margin of pronotum rounded. The meso-

notum has a median carina in front, absent from the type of the

species and its races. Meso-epinotal constriction fairly deep ; epinotal

teeth as long as their basal width, but also somewhat variable. Second

node of petiole as strongly grooved as in the type of the species, which

it otherwise resembles.”’

Bulawayo (Arnold).

C. BRUNEIPENNIS, Andre, race OMNIPARENS, Forel.

Rev. d’Ent., vol. 9, p. 3238, 9, 2, 1890.

(Race) Bull. Soc. Vaud. Se. Nat., vol. 50, p. 237, 9, 1914.

®. 2°6-3°9mm. Varying from a brownish ochreous yellow to a

clear reddish-brown, the abdomen usually darker and the head paler

Fig. 34.—C. bruneipennis, race omniparens.

and more clearly reddish-brown or burnt sienna. Sides of head in

front of the eyes finely longitudinally striate, the rest of the head very

smooth and shining (more polished than in race Cooperi), sparsely,

finely and sharply punctured. Thorax and petiole moderately shining,

very superficially, irregularly and sparsely striato-rugulose. Abdomen

smooth and shining. The anterior face of the pronotum is less

oblique than in Newvillei, race Cooperi, joining the dorsum by a

shorter and more abrupt curve. The disc of the mesonotum is

obliquely bevelled at the sides (in Cooper: it forms a continuous con-

vexity transversely). In most specimens the epinotal spines are a

little longer than in that race, and the median longitudinal impression

on the dorsum of the epinotum is a trifle deeper. The petiole is

shaped like that of Cooperi, but the Ist node is usually a little wider

500 Annals of the South African Museum.

(varying from one-fourth to nearly one-third wider than long), and

the anterior angles are more widely rounded; the 2nd node has a

shallow median groove, somewhat deeper than in Cooperi.

Durban (Arnold).

This form appears to me to be very.closely allied to Newvillei, and I

would attach it to that species as a variety but for the fact that

bruneipennis, Andre, is known to me only from the description.

Indeed, some of the specimens determined by Forel as omniparens

(No. 330, leg. C. B. Cooper) cannot be distinguished from Newvillei,

race Coopert.

(SAM RM, G- A: colls.)

C. acactaE, Forel, race victoriosa, Santschi.

Zool. Anzeiger, vol. 15, p. 142, 9, 1892.

(Race) Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 84, p. 497, 9, 1916.

®. 3-5 mm. Head, thorax and petiole varying from a clear

yellowish-red to dark reddish-brown, the head usually paler and more

yellowish. Abdomen dark brown or piceous, the apical margins of

the segments testaceous, the lst segment in greater part dull brownish

ochreous, becoming lighter towards the base. Legs dull, ochreous,

the antennae somewhat redder. Pilosity and pubescence sparse. Head

very shining, the rest of the body moderately shining. Cheeks,

clypeus and mandibles finely and longitudinally striate, the rest of the

head smooth, shallowly and sparsely punctured, the occipital face

microscopically rugulose. Pro- and mesonotum very finely rugulose,

the mesonotum also finely striolate longitudinally ; dorsum of epinotum

rugulose, the rest smooth and shining. Head, excluding the mandibles,

as wide as, or a little wider than long, the sides fairly convex, slightly

narrowed in front (less so in the smaller $ 9 than in the larger), the

posterior margin almost straight. Hyes not small, placed in the

middle of the sides of the head. Frontal area triangular and clearly —

defined ; frontal sulcus distinct and extending to the middle of the

vertex. The scape extends back as far as the occipital margin; 3rd—

6th joints of the flagellum wider than long. Pronotum not marginate.

Pro-mesonotal suture fairly well defined in the larger 9 9. Im the

latter the mesonotum is fairly convex from side to side in front, and

slightly constricted on each side in front of the declivous face, the

latter short, oblique and feebly marginate at the sides. In the

smallest % @ the declivity of the mesonotum is almost obsolete,

the profile of the pro- and mesonotum forming a single convexity as

far as the meso-epinotal suture. The latter is fairly deep. Dorsum of

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 501

epinotum very convex lengthwise in the $ major, barely convex in the

front, ending in two very divergent spines, directed obliquely upwards,

distinctly curved inwards towards their extremity, and about one-

fourth as long as the space between their bases. First joimt of

petiole trapezoidal, as wide as, or a little wider than long, the angles

widely rounded. Second node very shallowly grooved in the middle,

the groove becoming a little deeper behind, the hind margin emargi-

nate in the middle and very prominent when seen in profile.

Victoria Falls. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Not unlike Newvillei, race Coopert, from which it may be dis-

tinguished by the shape of the mesonotum, the more prominent hind

margin of the 2nd node, and the 3rd—6th joints of the flagellum,

which in Cooperi are longer than wide.

Fig. 35.—C. acaciae, race victoriosa.

C. excisa, Mayr.

Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 10, p. 1389, ¢, 1895.

“G. 35-33 mm. Bright rusty red, antennae and legs brown,

abdomen usually dark brown, the lst segment either of a brownish-

red more or less all over, or only at the extreme base. Pilosity

altogether wanting ; the short decumbent pubescence is very sparse on

the head, thorax and petiole, less so on the abdomen and legs, more

abundant on the antennae. Mandibles quadridentate, sharply striate

longitudinally. The head is about as long as wide, or wider, the

cheeks close and finely longitudinally striate, the clypeus more or less

finely rugulose longitudinally, the anterior margin fairly straight, the

frontal area indistinctly defined, the frons between the frontal

carinae, and particularly in their immediate vicinity, finely and

longitudinally rugulose, in the middle shining and often smooth,

the back of the head shining and smooth, with very scattered

piligerous punctures; laterally and near inner margin of the eyes

finely rugulose, behind the eyes finely coriaceous-rugulose, or almost

smooth. The scape of the 11-jointed antenna almost reaches the

posterior margin of the head, the 3rd-5th joints of the flagellum

wider than long, the two following joints about as long as wide, the

club distinctly 3-jointed. The eyes are placed a little behind the

502 Annals of the South African Museum.

middle of the sides of the head. The moderately finely and longi-

tudinally rugulose thorax is fairly short and quadrate, gradually

narrowed from the rounded shoulders of the pronotum as far as the

meso-epinotal suture. The pronotum, neglecting the neck-like pro-

longation in front, is wider than it is long in the middle, very

distinctly marginate at the posterior angles and somewhat prominent ;

the pro-mesonotal suture somewhat impressed. The mesonotum is

very feebly arched, the anterior part quite flat, the median carimula

weak, distinctly marginate at the sides; the declivous face slopes

downwards to the meso-epinotal suture fairly steeply and is feebly

concave, and when seen obliquely from in front appears arcuately

emarginate above, margined on each side by a sharp edge, which

ends above in a very blunt tooth or projection. The meso-epinotal

suture is narrow but deep. The dorsum of the epinotum is about

twice as wide at the base as it is long in the middle. It has in

addition to the longitudinal rugae a fine reticulate rugulosity, which

is also apparent to some extent on the lateral margins of the dorsum

of the pro-mesonotum. ‘The epinotal spines are straight, directed

outwards, backwards and upwards, fairly far apart, hardly longer than

one-third of the space between them; the declivity of the epinotum

is fairly large, feebly concave, smooth and shining. The Ist segment

of the finely coriaceous-rugulose and shining petiole is trapezoidal,

somewhat wider than long, or perhaps as long as wide, with strongly

rounded anterior angles ; the 2nd segment deeply and sharply grooved

above. The shining abdomen is exceedingly finely coriaceous and

almost smooth.

“ Loango, West Africa; Sierra Leone.”

The type-species has not been recorded from our region, but is

possibly represented by the following variety :

Var. MALEDIcTA, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 236, ¢, 9, 1914.

“G. 33-4mm. Differs from the type of Mayr by its deeper

reddish colour, by the subopaque head, finely but not deeply striate

longitudinally. It is smaller and darker than the race lacustris,

Santschi, which, besides, has not a striated head. The eyes are fairly

convex.” '

Assuming that the “ base ” of the dorsum of the epinotum in Mayr’s

description is equivalent to the term “apex” (i.e. the brow of the

declivity) which has been used throughout this work, this form would

appear to differ considerably from the type-species in the structure

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 503

of the epinotum. In all my specimens the dorsum of the latter is

decidedly long (much longer than in tricolor, etc.), bemg as long as

wide at the base and two-thirds as long as the width of the apex at

the base of the spines. It is fairly flat above. The spines are quite

twice as long as their basal width, and not one-third, but at least half

as long as the interval between them. The declivity of the epinotum

is very slightly inclined and not at all concave. The head is

subcireular.

2. 98mm. Dark castaneous red, the head and petiole a little

paler and redder than the thorax; abdomen black. Head longi-

tudinally and closely striate, sparsely but clearly punctured, the space

between the frontal area and the anterior ocellus slightly shining, with

the sculpture effaced. The thorax in shape, sculpture and gloss

closely resembles that of rufonigra, but the sides of the dorsum of the

epinotum are more parallel. The Ist segment of the petiole has more

Fic. 36.—C. eacisa var. maledicta.

acute anterior angles than that species. Otherwise like the 9 of

rufonigra.

C. GopFreyI, Forel.

(As race of foraminiceps, Santschi) Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50,

p- 237, ©, 1914.

(Race of vulcania, Santschi; Forel emend.) Rev. Suisse Zool., vol. 24,

p. 406, 1916.

9. 3mm. Dark brownish-red, with a tinge of yellow, the back

of the head more brown, the legs less reddish than the thorax, the

abdomen dark brown, becoming somewhat paler towards the base.

Pilosity absent except on the clypeus. Pubescence pale, fairly long, not

very abundant except on the abdomen, where it is adjacent (oblique on

the head). Head dull, very delicately and longitudinally striate or

aciculate, sparsely and finely punctured, the striation more or less

effaced in the middle of the vertex. Thorax very finely and super-

ficially reticulate-punctate above, fairly dull, the dorsum of the

epinotum with a few transverse rugae. Sides of thorax longitudinally

rugulose and partly reticulate-punctate. Abdomen and petiole very

slightly shining, the former microscopically alutaceous. Head, ex-

cluding the mandibles, quadrate, about as long as wide, the sides

504 Annals of the South African Museum.

feebly convex, the posterior margin shallowly concave, the posterior

angles very little rounded. The scape almost reaches the posterior

margin of the head’; 3rd—5th joints of the flagellum wider than long,

2nd and 6th as wide as long, club 3-jointed. Eyes placed in the middle

of the sides. Mandibles finely striate. Head very little more than

one and a-half times wider than the thorax at its widest point. The

frontal sulcus is fairly well defined as a narrow and shining impression,

reaching the middle of the vertex. Pronotum not marginate behind

at the sides, the posterior corners convex. Mesonotum two-thirds

longer than its basal width, flat and horizontal or even slightly

inclined upwards posteriorly, the median tubercle round and very

prominent. The declivity of the mesonotum short, barely marginate

at the sides. Meso-epinotal suture narrow and deep. Dorsum of

epinotum flat, merging very gradually into the oblique declivity, about

twice as wide at its base as it is long in the middle, considerably

widened towards the teeth. The latter are very short, hardly as long

Fie. 37.—C. Godfreyi.

as their basal width, triangular. The Ist joint of the petiole is a trifle

wider than long, the anterior margin straight, the anterior angles

widely rounded, the dorsal face almost flat. The 2nd joint is not

deeply grooved in the middle, but the posterior margins of the nodal

discs are prominent, the sides of the discs not very convex.

King William’s Town (Rev. R. Godfrey). (S.A.M., G.A. colls.)

Unwilling as I am to add to the number of species in this confused

genus, it nevertheless appears necessary to me to separate this form

from vulcania, Santschi. I have not seen specimens of the latter, but

from Santschi’s description and illustrations itis clear that Godfreyi

is tolerably distinct. In vuleania the dorsum of the epinotum is

convex, the pro- and mesonotum form a single convexity, the pronotum

is marginate at the sides, the mesonotal tubercle is feeble, and

lastly, the petiole is differently formed.

Var. Arnoupt, Forel.

(As species) Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 288, ¢, 1914.

®. 3-3°5 mm. Dark brown, the anterior half of the head some-

times paler or brownish-yellow, mandibles ferruginous. The thorax

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South A frica 505

is less reddish than in the type-species. The head is more strongly

striate and more sharply and less sparsely punctured. The striae are

effaced along the middle of the head, which is distinctly shining, the

rest of the head being dull. The posterior margin of the head is very

slightly concave or almost straight. The thorax appears a little

narrower, owing to the mesonotum being less dilated in front

and the sides of the dorsum of the epinotum less divergent. The

declivity of the mesonotum is shorter than in the type of the species

and subvertical,sothat the meso-epinotal suture appears much narrower.

Epinotal spines variable, like those of the type, or sometimes a little

longer, but not more than one-third the length of the space between

their bases. The anterior half of the sides of the 1st joint of the

petiole, seen from above, are sometimes almost straight, but this

character is also variable, as half the specimens before me have the

petiole formed exactly as in the type of the species. The sculpture

of the thorax is perhaps a shade coarser than in the type.

\ IE

Fia. 38.—C. Godfreyt var. Arnoldi.

Durban (H. B. Marley and C. B. Cooper). (S.A.M., R.M., G.A.

colls. )

This form, described by Forel as a distinct species, differs very

little from Godfreyi, 1. sp., and merits at the most only varietal rank.

The specimens collected by Mr. Cooper are more strongly punctured

on the head than the others and are of a slightly darker colour.

Var. FORAMINICIPOIDES, Forel.

Rey. Suisse Zool., vol. 24, p. 406, G, 1916.

O. 38-46 mm. Black, flagellum and tarsi ferruginous. Man-

dibles castaneous brown. Pubescence on the abdomen shorter than

in the type. Sculpture similar, but stronger everywhere, the head

fairly abundantly punctured with small, sharply defined and_pili-

gerous punctures. The pro-mesonotal suture is wider and deeper,

and the median tubercle of the mesonotum longer and distinctly

carinate, shining and more prominent than in the type of the species.

The declivity of the mesonotum is vertical, more abruptly delimited

from the anterior plane than in the type. The Ist joint of the

petiole is more trapezoidal, the sides converging more inwards pos-

teriorly; there is a small and acute tooth on the ventral surface,

506 Annals of the South African Museum.

quite absent in the type. The 2nd joint has a deeper groove on the

node and the abdomen is more shining than in the type.

Bulawayo. (R.M., G.A. colls.)

C, arBorEA, Smith (nec Mayr).

Cat. Hymen. B.M., vol. 6, p. 188, 9, 1858.

The validity of this species (in regard to which there is considerable

confusion) cannot, in my opinion, be maintained. Mayr (Ann.

K.K.N.H. Mus., vol. 10, p. 136, footnote) definitely synonymises

Smith’s species with tricolor, Gerst. (= castanea, Smith, race tricolor,

Gerst.). I am in agreement with this view on the evidence of a

specimen received m exchange from the British Museum, which had

been compared and found to agree with Smith’s type by Mr. Meade-

Waldo. The specimen in question is a little larger than the average

tricolor, the spines are somewhat thinner, and the lst segment of the

petiole is a fraction narrower, but otherwise not distinguishable from

tricolor. On the other hand, Dr. Forel in litt. supports the validity

of Smith’s species, and points out that it differs from tricolor in its

larger size, the longer epinotal spines, the coarser sculpture, especially

on the head, the shape of the petiole, which is less wide in front, and

the lateral discs of the 2nd node less separated. These characters

certainly hold good in the race melanogaster, Emery, but Mayr refers

this variety to his own arborea and not to Smith’s (Ent. Tidsk., p. 251,

1896, footnote).

Smith’s description suffers from the vagueness which is character-

istic of that author’s diagnoses of Formicidae, but serves at least to

show not only that the specimen received from the British Museum

agrees in the characters tabulated and was therefore correctly identified

with Smith’s species, but also that Dr. Forel is in error in ascribing

a coarse sculpture to arborea, Smith. I reproduce Smith’s description

and the greater part of Mayr’s remarks on his own species, from the

study of which, together with the characters presented by the race

melanogaster, Hm., one must conclude that Smith’s species ought to

sink as a synonym of castanea, race tricolor, Gerst.

(Smith.) “ G. Length 2 lines (4:1 mm.). Pale ferruginous, with

very thinly scattered, short, glittermg hairs; the head subovate,

slightly emarginate behind, delicately striated longitudinally, the

mandibles with 4 strong acute teeth; the antennae, tarsi and apex

of abdomen more or less fuscous. Thorax flattened on the dise,

deeply strangulated between the meso- and metathorax, with the

latter armed with 2 acute spines. Abdomen: the Ist node of

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 507

the pedunele, viewed in front, pear-shaped, with the broad end down-

wards; the 2nd node ovate, with a deeply impressed line above.

aoe onteNatalled:

(Mayr.) loc. cit. “Mr. W. F. Kirby sent me for examination a

typical example of C. arborea, Smith, from the British Museum. This

stronger longitudinal rugae than is the case in the examples in my

collection, in regard to which I should say that in many specimens of

the latter the longitudinal rugosity is quite obsolete, in some only feebly

indicated, and in others quite distinct, so that I do not consider it

justifiable to base a variety on the specimen referred to,”’

C. aRBOREA, Mayr.

Ent. Tidsk., pp. 250-251, 1896.

“Abdomen dark brown, the Ist segment above brighter, especially

in front and in the middle. The exserted pilosity is almost entirely

wanting, on the ventral surface of the abdomen very sparse, the

external margins of the tibiae without exserted hairs; the decumbent

pubescence is sparse on the upper surface of the head and abdomen.

The head is almost a little wider than long, nearly quadrate, the

posterior corners more rounded off than the anterior; it is longi-

tudinally striate near the inner margin of the eyes. Mandibles

quadridentate. Clypeus moderately arched .. . . its anterior

margin fairly straight, without a depression behind. . . . The

scape of the 11-jomted antenna extends beyond the posterior margin

of the head, all the joints of the flagellum longer than wide. The

indistinctly defined frontal area is closely and longitudinally striate

like the frons. The eyes are placed distinctly .behind the middle of

the sides. The pronotum above is somewhat smooth near the suture

and has a broad obtuse hump on each side. The mesonotum is feebly

arched from side to side and obtusely marginate on both sides. The

dorsum of the epinotum has a transverse impression in front of the

base of the spines, less distinct in the middle. . . . The Ist seg-

ment of the petiole is widest between the anterior and middle third,

but yet very little wider there than behind ; there is a small and not

very evident tubercle on the sides in front of the posterior corners.

The abdomen is almost smooth or very delicately rugulose only on the

Ist segment, but all the segments are finely coriaceous-rugulose near

the posterior margins. The upper surface of the abdomen has pili-

gerous punctures and the Ist segment is broadly truncate at the

base.”

508 Annals of the South African Museum.

ARBOREA, Mayr, race MELANOGASTER, Emery.

Ann. Soc, Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 29, 9, 2, 1895.

&. 46-555 mm. Head, thorax and petiole bright red, abdomen

black, antennae and legs dark reddish-brown, the tarsi and articula-

tions of the legs paler. Exserted pilosity sparse, fairly long, present

only on the clypeus, pronotum, petiole and margins of the abdominal

segments. Decumbent pubescence long and sparse all over except on

the flagellum and,abdomen. Head dull, strongly, closely and longi-

tudinally rugoso-striate, the striations strongest near the anterior

margin. Mandibles longitudinally striate, 4-dentate. Thorax dull,

coarsely and irregularly rugose above, the rugae chiefly longitudinal

on the mesonotum and dorsum of the epinotum, the spaces between

the rugae roughened; the rugae are coarsest on the epinotum. ‘The

sides of the thorax longitudinally rugose, the rugae fairly regular and

close together. Declivity of epinotum shining and fairly smooth, or

with only one or two feeble rugae. Nodes of petiole closely and

Fia. 39.—arborea, Mayr, race melanogaster, Emery.

longitudinally rugoso-striate, except the dorsal face of the Ist node,

which is smooth and slightly shining. Abdomen smooth and moderately

shining, the basal half of the Ist segment duller and very finely

rugulose in the middle. Head, excluding the mandibles, about one-

seventh wider than long, widest behind the eyes, but not much wider

behind than in front. The eyes are large, convex and placed behind

the middle of the sides. The scape extends well beyond the occipital

margin ; club 3-jointed, all the joints of the flagellum longer than

wide. The pronotum has a distinct subangular and marginate boss on

each side behind. The pro-mesonotal suture is wide, much wider

than in tricolor and other races of castanea. Median tubercle of the

mesonotum feeble. The mesonotum is one-third longer than wide at

the base, feebly marginate at the sides posteriorly, and seen from the

side clearly convex, the posterior half or thereabouts sloping down-

wards to the deep meso-epinotal suture. The dorsum of the mesonotum

is plainly higher than that of the epinotum. ‘The latter is fairly flat

and not much wider at the apex than at the base, much less rhomboidal

than in castanea and races. Hpinotal spines thin, acute, not very

divergent (much less than in castanea), nearly three times as long as

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 509

their basal width. The Ist segment of the petiole viewed from in front

subovate, the anterior margin convex, widest a little in front of the

middle, and wider in front than behind. The upper face is as long as

wide, feebly tuberculate on each side behind; the ventral surface bears

a sharp, vertical tooth. The node of the 2nd segment is one-quarter

wider than long, feebly grooved in the middle, the sides only slightly

convex. Abdomen truncate at the base, the corners subacute.

“oO. . . . Entirely dark castaneous brown, smooth and shining,

the cheeks and clypeus striate; the frons also has some longitudinal

rugae; the epinotum is finely striate at the base and on the sides,

Head wider than long. Epinotum armed with 2 strong teeth.

First node of petiole parallel-sided, bearing a transverse crest behind,

ending on each side in a small angular projection ; the crest separates

a wide anterior plane from a very short posterior one. Second segment

convex, without a longitudinal groove. The antennae are much shorter

than in the 9.”

De Aar (Simon); Namaqualand (Peringuey); Willowmore (Brauns);

Conway, C.P. (Hewitt). (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Mayr (Ent. Tidskr., p. 251, 1896) remarks that a 9 of this race,

received by him from Prof. Emery, agrees so closely with the type-

species that he is unable to discover any substantial difference which

would justify the separation of the form even as a variety. Only the

transverse impression at the base of the epinotal spines 1s wanting in

that specimen. But even this slight distinction is lacking in some of

the specimens which I have seen.

C. Perineueyi, Emery. (Plate VI, fig. 83.)

AMM. SOc. Hint. Hrance, vol. 63, p. 27, OF 95 do), ldo:

®. 35-52mm. Black, dull, very closely and fairly finely striate

longitudinally on the head, more coarsely on the thorax, especially the

e, smooth, sparsely sprinkled with small,

shallow and piligerous punctures. ‘The pilosity is scanty, fairly long

epinotum. Abdomen shining

and yellowish; pubescence moderately abundant, decumbent and pale

yellowish. Head about one-seventh wider than long, decidedly convex

above, the sides moderately convex and gradually convergent in front

of the eyes, the posterior margin straight. ‘lhe scape hardly reaches

the posterior margin of the head ; 2nd—5th joints of the flagellum as

long as wide, or a little longer; the club 3-jointed with the joints

sharply differentiated. Mandibles strongly and longitudinally striate.

Frontal area small but well defined; a shallowly impressed shining

line extends from the frontal area to the posterior fifth of the head.

510 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hyes rather large, placed in the middle of the sides. Width of

pronotum a little more than half that of the head. Pronotum rounded

at the sides and hind angles, not marginate. Pro-mesonotal suture

distinct, fairly deep at the sides. Mesonotum about one-fifth longer

than wide at the base, the median carinula not high, extending over

the anterior third of the mesonotum. ‘The latter is not marginate at

the sides, moderately convex in profile. Dorsum of epinotum twice

as wide as long, widening moderately towards the apex, slghtly

convex lengthwise. The spines are thin, acute, moderately divergent,

oblique, and usually half as long as the interval between them; the

declivity very smooth and shining. First joint of petiole trapezoidal,

about as long as wide in front and not much wider in front than

behind, the dorsal face smooth and shining, concave. There is a very

small tubercle on each side terminating the upper margin of the sides.

Node of 2nd joint grooved longitudinally in the middle, the groove

not deep, the discs a little longer than wide.

“oO. 89mm. Very similar to the 9 in colour, the head is also

dull, more sharply striate, thorax shining above, finely striate at the

sides, epinotum obtusely bidentate, the Ist segment of the petiole

wider, the sides straight, obliquely concave in front, without posterior

tubercles, the 2nd segment less deeply grooved. Wings hyaline, the

costa pale fuscous.

“@. 4mm. Black, head dull, thorax nitidulous, delicately striate,

abdomen shining, punctures piligerous and foveiform, antennae

12-jointed, moniliform, the mandibles narrow, acutely tridentate; the

Ist segment of the rather short petiole is obliquely truncate in front,

the 2nd evenly convex.”

Capetown (Peringuey) ; Port Elizabeth (Brauns). (S.A.M., R.M.,

G.A. colls.)

A nest of this species sent to me by Dr. H. Brauns is very much

like the one which has been figured and described by Mayr in the

Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 16, p. 14, 1901. It consists of an

ovoid carton mass, attached to the stems of a reed or grass, of a dark

brown colour and pierced by numerous galleries and chambers, and

looking, when cut across, very much like a coarse toilet-sponge. The

outer surface is composed of less compact material than the imner

substance, being in fact a close felt-like layer formed of short pieces

of grass. The reed stems pass through the nest near its major axis.

Var. ANGUSTIOR, n. v. (= race cacodaemon, Forel, pars).

0. 36-43 mm. Smaller and narrower than the type-species.

The head, excluding the mandibles, is a little longer than wide, the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 511

pronotum is less convex at the sides and longer; it is only twice as

wide as long in the middle, excluding the neck (at least two and a-half

times in the type of the species). The median carinula of the

mesonotum is much more distinct. The dorsum of the epinotum is

longer, narrower apically, or about two-thirds wider than long (twice

as wide as long in the type-species). The spines are shghtly but

quite clearly curved inwards.

2. 96mm. Black, mandibles, flagellum and legs dark reddish-

brown. Pubescence fairly long, scanty everywhere. Exerted pilosity

pale yellowish, fairly long and sparse. Head closely and longi-

tudinally striate, the striae on the median area of the clypeus

converging inwards. Mesonotum and scutellum. smooth, shining,

very sparsely and shallowly punctured. Dorsum of epinotum

strongly rugose transversely. Abdomen and petiole smooth and

shining. Head, excluding the mandibles, nearly one-fifth wider than

long, the posterior margin straight, the posterior three-fourths of the

sides subparallel, the anterior fourth moderately convergent. Thorax

Fig. 40.—O. Peringueyt, Forel, var. angustior, n.v.

twice as long as wide across the tegulae. Hpinotum unarmed, the

dorsum four times wider at the base than long; the declivity vertical.

First node of petiole trapezoidal, two and a-quarter times wider in

front than long in the middle, the anterior angles narrowly rounded.

The 2nd node feebly grooved posteriorly, not so wide as the anterior

margin of the Ist node. Dealated.

6. 37 mm. Black. Pilosity and pubescence sparser than in

the 2. Head very finely striate, chiefly lengthwise, but behind the

ocelli radiating outwards, dull. Mesonotum very finely and closely

striate or rugulose longitudinally, the scutellum smooth and shining.

The whole epinotum rugulose and only slightly shining. Nodes

nitidulous and reticulate. Abdomen smooth and shining. Head

a little wider than long, subovate, the outline of the posterior half

forming a single convexity. Scape nearly as long as the Ist and

2nd joints of the flagellum taken together; these two are a little

wider than long, the 3rd as wide as long, the rest longer than wide.

In the single specimen before me, the mesonotum has a median

impression in front of the hind margin with a semilunar and raised

area on each side of it, but this may be only a teratological feature.

512 Annals of the South African Museum.

Dorsum of epinotum convex, short, not distinctly delimited from the

vertical declivity. First segment of petiole as long as wide, the sides

feebly convex and parallel. Second segment transversely ovate,

hardly wider than the Ist. Wings hyaline, nervures pale brown.

Durban (C. B. Cooper). (S.A.M.,.R.M., G.A. colls.; types in my

collection. )

As I have remarked on a previous page, cacodaemon, Forel, includes

two quite distinct forms, those from Willowmore being no more than

a slight variety of castanea, race rufonigra.

Var. GEDEON, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 341, 9, 1914.

O. 41-5 mm.° Very dark reddish-brown. Sculpture stronger

than in the type of the species of var. angustior. Thorax longitudinally

rugose (in one specimen belonging to the same nest the thorax is

very distinctly transversely rugose). Median tubercle of mesonotum

larger and more prominent than in the type of the species. The

sides of the head are less convex, and the 2nd node of the petiole is

more deeply grooved in the middle. Otherwise like the type-species.

Pietermaritzburg (R. D. Boyce); New Hanover Rail., Natal

(C. B. Hardenburg). (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Var. cacocHymA, Forel.

(As race) loc. cit., p. 235, 9, 2.

©. 45-5:2 mm. Light reddish-brown, the back of the head and

the apical half of the abdomen darker than the rest, mandibles

yellowish-red. Pro-mesonotal suture less deeply impressed than in

the type-species, sculpture of the thorax a shade stronger, particularly

on the epinotum. In all my specimens the mesonotal carinula is as

strong as, or even stronger than in the type-species, and the petiole,

contrary to Forel’s description, is not wider than in the type-species.

“@, More robust than the type. The mesonotum entirely smooth

(partly striate in the type of Peringueyi).”

Hab.? ex. S.A.M. coll. (S.A.M., G.A. colls.)

C. capensis, Mayr.

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 764, 9, 9, 1862.

Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 10, pp. 185-7, 1895.

“G. 445 mm. Dirty reddish-brown, antennae and abdomen

chiefly dark brown; pilosity sparse. Mandibles sharply striate longi-

tudinally ; head finely and longitudinally striate above, rugose at the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 513

sides. Thorax finely and longitudinally rugose, constricted between

the meso- and epinotum, the latter with two acute spines, directed

backwards, upwards and outwards. Petiole shaped as in C. scutellaris.

Abdomen shining, exceedingly finely rugulose.

“O,. 78mm. Dark reddish-brown, partly brownish-black, parti-

cularly the mesonotum ; pilosity sparse. Head and petioleasin the >.

Thorax finely longitudinally rugose ; epinotum with two small teeth,

wide at their bases. Sculpture of abdomen as in the $.

“Cape of Good Hope (Novara ).”

The above description is insufficient, but from Mayr’s table of South

African species in the Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. the following additional

characters may be extracted :

The second segment of the petiole has a deep median groove, and

all the joints of the flagellum are as long as, or longer than wide,

excepting the third, which is a little wider than long.

Var. cALENS, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.,vol. 54, p. 435, 9, 1910.

“6. Differs from the type of the species by its spines, which are

longer than half the interval between them, and by its entirely brown

colour. 3-3°6 mm. (alittle smaller than the typical capensis).

“Delagoa (Dr. Liengme).”

A co-type of this variety, in my collection, has the head very super-

ficially sculptured or almost smooth, excepting the area between the

eyes and the front of the head, which is finely and longitudinally

rugulose-striate. In addition, contrary to Forel’s statement, the epinotal

spines are barely half as long as the interval between their bases.

C. MISELLA, 0. sp.

O. 34-3°9 mm. Head, thorax, petiole and antennae reddish-

brown, abdomen piceous brown, legs brown with the tarsi a little paler.

Pilosity short andscanty, absent except onthe clypeus and apical margins

of the abdominal segments. Pubescence very sparse, short and decum-

bent, almost entirely absent on the head and thorax. Head dull, closely

and fairly finely reticulate, here and there somewhat reticulate rugulose,

the reticulations near the inner margins of the eyes emphasised longi-

tudinally ; a longitudinal area on the vertex with the sculpture some-

what effaced and moderately shining. Mandibles dull, strongly striate.

Thorax fairly dull, very regularly reticulate, the strands of the reticu-

lation sharply defined and narrower than the spaces which they

514 Annals of the South African Museum.

enclose, the spaces slightly shining; on the epinotum the reticulation

is less sharp, the declivity smooth and shining. Petiole and abdomen

shining, microscopically reticulate or alutaceous. Legs fairly shining.

Head globose, as wide as long, the sides very convex, the posterior

margin straight. Scapes not reaching the posterior margin of the

head, falling short of the same by as much as their apical width ; 3rd

joint of flagellum a trifle wider than long, 4th and 5th at least

one-third longer than wide, the club 5-jomted. Anterior margin

of clypeus straight. Posterior angles of pronotum submarginate ; pro-

mesonotal suture obsolete. Mesonotum marginate at the sides,

strongly so on the declivous posterior part, which is oblique and about

as long as the rest of the mesonotum. The median tubercle fairly

prominent and subcarinate. Meso-epinotal suture deep. Dorsum of

epinotum convex lengthwise, widened apically. The spines acute,

divergent, oblique, half as long as the interval between their bases.

The declivity of the epinotum longer than its dorsum. First segment

of petiole trapezoidal, the anterior corners widely rounded, the upper

2n8

Fria. 404.—C. misella, n. sp.

face concave transversely, as long as wide; 2nd node divided into

two discs by a complete median groove. The Ist segment of the

petiole bears at its base below a sharp, triangular tooth poimting

downwards.

Bulawayo. In hollow stems of Acacia horrida. (S.A.M., R.M.,

G.A. colls.; type in my collection.)

This species is allied to capensis in the structure of the antennae,

but differs from it and all our other species by the sculpture of the

thorax, which consists of a remarkably sharply defined and raised

reticulation, the spaces between being smooth and flat. These

specimens had previously been named by Dr. Forel as gallicola, race

Sjoestedti, Mayr—quite a different insect, having the 3rd—d5th joints

of the flagellum wider than long, the sides of the mesonotum not

marginate, and a different sculpture.

C. opacicrrs, Mayr.

Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 16, p. 12, 9, 1901.

“oO. 36-42 mm. Dull, clypeus and legs more or less shining,

abdomen nitidulous; dark rusty red, the abdomen brown. ‘The

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 515

exserted pilosity sparse, the decumbent pubescence more abundant, the

scapes and tibiae with short and almost adjacent hairs. Mandibles

shining, longitudinally striate and very sparsely and coarsely punctured,

with several teeth. Clypeus and cheeks longitudinally rugose, the rest

of the head, the thorax and petiole sharply, closely and fairly finely

reticulate-punctate, the disc of the pronotum and the dorsum of the

epinotum with not coarse longitudinal rugae superimposed, the

declivity of the epinotum shining and very superficially reticulate.

The abdomen finely rugulose, and also with a few shallow punctures.

The head is rectangular, the corners rounded, very little wider than

long, anterior margin of clypeus fairly straight, not emarginate.

Frontal carinae well developed and of the usual length. The scape of

the 11-jointed antenna extends back almost as far as the posterior

marein of the head; the 2nd joint of the flagellum is somewhat longer

than wide, the 3rd—5th as long as wide, or barely longer, the 6th and

following joints all longer than wide, the club distinctly 3—jointed.

The shining frontal sulcus is distinct. Eyes placed a little behind the

middle of the sides of the head. Posterior margin of the head

moderately arcuate. The pro- and mesonotum together, seen from

above, reversed trapezoidal, with strongly rounded shoulders, the

upper surface of both parts feebly convex; pro-mesonotal suture

distinct; mesonotum about as long as wide, not marginate at the

sides. The meso-epinotal suture deep; the dorsum of the epinotum

horizontal and trapezoidal, shorter than wide behind, the spines

moderately long, straight, divergent and oblique. ‘The Ist segment

of the petiole trapezoidal, shorter than wide in front, the anterior

margin moderately arcuate, the convexity directed forwards, the

widely rounded anterior corners ending before the middle of the

segment, the upper surface concave in front. The 2nd segment

with a sharp and fairly deep longitudinal groove.

“Port Elizabeth ” (Brauns).

“The nests are made of carton, of a brownish colour, and attached to

the branches of Hrica and other low shrubs. The surface of the nests

(which measure about 10-13 cm. in diameter and 18 cm. long) is

rougher and more uneven than those of Peringueyt.”

Race DEFLETA, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Bele., vol. 54, p. 484, 9, 1910.

«6. 31-34mm._ A little smaller than the type of the species.

The epinotal spines much shorter, hardly half as long, barely longer

than a fourth of the interval between them. Pro-mesonotum narrower,

516 Annals of the South African Museum.

but much more convex, forming an even and strong convexity raised

much above the level of the dorsum of the epinotum. The head is a

little narrower, more rounded, and the eyes are a little smaller. ‘The

abdomen is entirely shining and nearly smooth (densely reticulate and

more or less subopaque on the Ist segment in the type of the species).

Rusty red ; posterior half of abdomen, and sometimes also the head

and antennae brown. Otherwise quite like the type, particularly in

the sculpture, the petiole and mesonotal carina. C. opaciceps is closely

allied to capensis, Mayr, from which it hardly differs except in the

sculpture, which is clearly reticulate-punctate (in capensis more

striato-rugose).

“Transvaal, in Acacia horrida (Dr. C. Keller).”

C. souers, Forel.

Schultze, Reise Stid-Afrika, vol. 4, p. 7, 9, 1910.

“&G. 4 mm. Mandibles striate. Anterior margin of clypeus

straight. Head quadrate, as lone as wide, feebly concave behind, the

sides convex. Eyes flat, placed barely behind the middle. The scape

hardly reaches the posterior margin of the head ; club 3-joimted ; the

middle joints of the flagellum as wide as long. Pro-mesonotum much

longer than wide, evenly arched or convex on all sides, not wide in

front. When viewed from in front there can be seen a fairly sharply

defined, arcuate marginal line on the sides and the front of the pro-

notum. Disc of mesonotum rounded, as long as wide, without a

median carinula, not marginate at the sides. Thoracic emargination

=meso-epinotal suture ?) sharp, steep, fairly deep, not wide. Epino-

tum with 2 broad triangular teeth, which are hardly longer than their

basal width. First segment of petiole trapezoidal, shorter than

wide in front, the anterior margin straight, with rounded anterior

angles. Its sides are deeply arcuate-emarginate, so that it presents

wide anterior and narrow posterior halves. Second segment much

wider than long, divided by a deep median groove into 2 discs.

Abdomen of the usual form. The Ist segment of the petiole bears a

tooth below. Head very nearly smooth, very finely and sparsely

punctured. Clypeus, cheeks and thorax, excepting the smooth

declivity of the epinotum and the sides of the pronotum, finely and

irregularly rugose lengthwise. Abdomen very finely and superficially

coriaceous-rugulose, the petiole somewhat more sharply so. Sparsely

pubescent all over, the hairs yellowish and decumbent. Pilose hairs

absent except on the clypeus, the apex and ventral surface of the

A Monograph of the Fornicidae of South Africa. 517

abdomen. Scapes, tibiae, tarsi and abdomen brown. Head reddish-

brown, the rest brownish red-yellow.

“Great Namaland, Arasab River, near Kubub (Schultze) ; on the

bark and in the heart of an Acacia horrida.”

C. MONTICOLA, 0. sp.

0. 38-4 mm. Ferruginous or reddish raw-umber, the posterior

half of the head above, the dorsum of the thorax partially and the

apical half of the abdomen darker, or more mahogany brown. Fairly

smooth and shining all-over, the head sparsely and finely punctured,

longitudinally and fairly closely striate at the sides in front of the

eyes. The meso- and epipleura longitudinally rugoso-striate, and

Fria. 40B.—C. monticola, n. sp.

partially reticulate-punctate between the striae, the dorsum of the

epinotum with afew longitudinal striae at the base. Clothed all over

with a fairly abundant, long, silky and whitish pubescence, obliquely

exserted ; on the head this pubescence is shorter, decumbent and less

plentiful. This pubescence, which is only too easily rubbed off, is

very striking, and renders this insect tolerably distinct from all our

other species of the genus.

Head quadrate, between one-sixth and one-seventh wider than long,

the sides distinctly convex, the posterior margin straight. The median

area of the clypeus feebly convex, a little longer than wide. The

scapes extend beyond the hind margin of the head by about as much

as their apical width. Mandibles longitudinally striate and shining.

Eyes placed at about the middle of the sides. Posterior half of the

lateral margins of the pronotal disc submarginate. Mesonotum

feebly convex, as long as wide, without a clearly defined posterior

declivity. Meso-epinotal suture shallow. Dorsum of epinotum feebly

518 Annals of the South African Museum.

convex lenethwise, widened towards the spines, which are divergent,

acute, and hardly longer than their basal width. First node of the

petiole trapezoidal, about as long as wide in front, the anterior angles

rounded. Second node wider than long, with a fairly well-defined

median longitudinal groove.

Mountains of Natal, 11,000 ft. ( Haviland), ex Natal Museum coll.

(R.M., G.A. colls.; type in my collection.)

C. scrutans, Forel.

Zool. Jahrb., vol. 29, p. 258, 9, 1910.

“OG. 2-7-3:3mm. Mandibles closely striate and sparsely punc-

tured. Head somewhat wider than long, the sides convex, feebly

concave behind. Eyes moderately convex, placed in the middle of the

sides of the head. ‘The scape extends beyond the occipital margin by a

trifle (not as much as one-third of its width); 3rd—5th joints of the

flagellum somewhat wider than long. Frontal area and sulcus feebly

defined, the latter almost obsolete. Pronotum and mesonotum

together form a moderate and elongate convexity lengthwise and

transversely ; both are only indistinctly and obtusely marginate,

without a trace of a median carinula or prominence, the pro-mesonotal

suture visible. The meso-epinotal suture forms only a slight, some-

times very feeble constriction of the dorsum of the thorax. The

dorsum of the epinotum, distinctly convex lengthwise, is not lower

than the mesonotum; it is somewhat wider than long and ends in

two short, narrow, divergent and nearly horizontal little spines, which

are about one-third the length of the interval between them. Declivity

oblique, as long as the dorsum of theepinotum. First segment of the

petiole not toothed below, wider than long, trapezoidal, the anterior

margin somewhat arcuate (or with bluntly truncated anterior angles).

Second node as wide as the Ist, with a complete median longitudinal

groove. Abdomen more oval than cordate. Head smooth; only the

cheeks in front and the antennal pits rugose. Thorax finely reticulate,

with a few weak rugae, less shining than the head. Abdomen and

petiole very lightly reticulate, shining. Abdomen with a sparse

puncturation. Some isolated yellowish hairs on the body, none on the

tibiae and scapes, which have only a decumbent pubescence. The

latter is very sparsely distributed on the body. Dull reddish-brown

head and abdomen dark brown.

“ Nefassit, Abyssinia.

‘“‘Near solers, Forel, which, however, has almost straight sides to

the head, with the latter wider in front, a median prominence on the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 519

mesonotum, a deeper meso-epinotal suture and a longer and narrower

Ist segment of the petiole, toothed below, and of a somewhat different

shape. Also allied to Newvillei, Forel.”

This species has not been recorded from our region, but is repre-

sented by the following variety.

Var. Inet, Forel.

JEG inp, 10, HDS), D-

“ Differs from the type-species in the pronotum and mesonotum,

which are flatter above and sharply marginate. ‘The epinotal spines

are also stouter and the meso-epinotal suture deeper.

“ Zoutpansberg.

C. Scuuuttze1, Forel.

Schultze, Reise Siid-Afrika, vol. 4, p. 6, 9, 9, 1910.

®. 933-3'7 mm. Brownish-reddish-yellow, the front of the head

and the petiole paler, the antennae more yellowish-red, abdomen dark

brown to blackish-brown. Head and thorax slightly shining, very

sharply and longitudinally striate, more closely on the head than on

the thorax, the striation of the pronotum somewhat irregular, 2nd

node of petiole longitudinally striato-rugulose. Abdomen smooth

and shining, finely and very sparsely punctured. Pubescence and

pilosity yellowish, sparse, the legs and scapes with only a fine decum-

bent pubescence. Head quadrate, slightly wider than long, the sides

subparallel in front of the eyes and convex behind them, the hind

margin feebly concave. Hyes large, convex, and placed at the posterior

third of the head. Clypeus slightly impressed in the middle just

behind the anterior margin, the latter almost straight. Mandibles

striate. Frontal area indistinct, frontal carinae well developed.

Antennae unusually long, reaching back as far as the petiole or

beyond, the scape extending beyond the occipital margin by quite one-

third of its length ; all the joints of the flagellum much longer than

wide. Posterior lateral angles of the pronotum very prominent,

raised above the level of the rest of the pronotum and of the meso-

notum. Pro-mesonotal suture ill-defined in the middle, wide and

deep at the sides. Mesonotum convex lengthwise, without a distinct

declivous face behind, obtusely marginate at the sides. Dorsum of

epinotum convex, marginate at the sides, about one-third wider at the

base than long. Epinotal spines long, thin, acute, oblique, and about

as long as the interval between their bases, with a transverse impres-

520 Annals of the South African Museum.

sion in front of the latter. First segment of the petiole toothed below,

subpyriform (the apex truncate, the broad end anterior), not much

wider in front than behind, the sides not very convex, as wide as

long; 2nd segment with a shallow median groove, the discs well

defined behind, each disc at least half as long again as wide. Abdo-

men cordate, the apex acute. Legs decidedly long.

“O, 105-11 mm. Near arborea-melanogaster, but the back of the

head is shining, almost smooth and smaller (narrower than the thorax).

Clypeus impressed in front. Dark brown. Head, petiole and patches

on the middle of the abdominal segments brownish-red, like the legs

and antennae.”

Steinkopf, Little Namaland; in nest of Hamitermes runconifer,

Silv. ‘The subterranean nest was hidden under a stone; also at

Kammagas, Little Namaland, one 9; Prince of Wales’s Island

(Schultze). (G.A. coll.)

Fig. 41.—C. Schultzei, Forel.

C. Bucunert, Forel.

Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 9, p. 94, 9, 1894.

“6G. 465mm. Mandibles coarsely striate and sparsely punctured.

Head noticeably large, somewhat flattened, wider than long, deeply

emarginate behind, narrower in front than behind. Anterior margin

of clypeus widely and deeply excised in the middle and at the sides.

Clypeus fairly flat, not carinate. Frontal area and sulcus deep.

Eyes flat, placed at or a little behind the middle of the sides. The

scape does not reach quite as far as the hind margin of the head ;

club 8-jointed, all the joints of the flagellum at least a little longer

than wide. Pronotum fairly narrow, and fairly distinctly marginate

at the sides. Mesonotum convex, with a high and elongate median

carina, obliquely declivous at its posterior extremity, barely marginate

Jaterally.. Meso-epinotal suture deep. Epinotal spines broad, mode-

rately long, only slightly divergent, feebly curved downwards, two-

thirds the length of the interval between them. First segment of

petiole considerably flattened ; in the small 9 9 rectangular, rounded

at the corners and longer than wide; in the large 9 9 as long as wide,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 521

nearly round. Second segment wider than long, widely impressed

above posteriorly. Abdomen distinctly flattened, truncate at the

base. With a silky gloss, shallowly and sparsely punctured all over ;

abdomen and legs somewhat more shining. Head and thorax very

closely and fairly finely striate longitudinally, with a finer sculpture

between the striae; pronotum transversely striate above. The striae

on the head diverge posteriorly. Petiole and abdomen finely reticulate-

punctate. Legs reticulate, the scape longitudinally striate. Somewhat

sparsely clothed all over with yellowish decumbent hairs, the out-

standing pilosity very scanty. Scapes with short oblique hairs, the

tibiae with decumbent hairs only. Reddish-brown. Scapes, tibiae,

tarsi and vertex darker brown; abdomen more dirty yellow-brown,

with darker transverse bands.

“ Benguella (Buchner).”

The type-species has not been recorded from our region, but in view

of Forel’s latest pronouncement in regard to it and several allied

forms, I have reproduced the original description.

Dr. Forel (Rev. Suisse Zool., vol. 24, p. 411, 1916) is now of the

opinion that the evidence presented by the numerous annectant

varieties necessitates the inclusion of the following species as mere

races of Buchneri: kasaiensis, Forel; vulcania, Santschi; impressiceps,

Mayr; excisa, Mayr; impressa, Emery; Kohli, Forel; Alulai, Emery ;

and Meneliki, Forel. On the other hand, Santschi has recently raised

africana, Mayr, var. bulawayensis, Forel, to the rank of species ; I adopt

this arrangement for the present, although it is likely that the

discovery of new forms later on may require its being linked again to

the race africana of Buchneri or to the type of the species.

Race africana, Mayr, described originally from the Cameroons, has

not been recorded within the limits of our region.

C. BpuLAWAYENsIS, Forel. (Plate VI, figs. 74, 74 a.)

(As var. of race africana) Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 125, ¢,

1913.

(Synonym, gallicola, var. oraclum) Rev. Zool. Afr., vol. 2, p. 328,

5) ISIS,

®. 3-4] mm. Piceous brown, the anterior half of the head and

sometimes the thorax with a reddish tinge; legs brown, flagellum

brownish-red, the club (excepting apical half of last joint) paler or

yellowish red. Pilosity absent, excepting a few hairs on the elypeus

and pronotum. Pubescence very fine and decumbent, almost absent

on the thorax and very sparse elsewhere. Head, thorax and petiole

022 Annals of the South African Museum.

with a slight gloss. Head very finely and closely rugulose, and behind

the vertex also microscopically reticulate; the sculpture 1s more or

less effaced on each side of the frontal sulcus, leaving a more shining

area which is sparsely and finely punctured. The sculpture around

the antennal pits a little stronger. Mandibles dark ferruginous,

finely striate and sparsely punctured. Thorax and petiole regularly

and finely reticulate, the upper face of the Ist node very super-

ficially sculptured. Abdomen smooth and shining, microscopically

alutaceous. Legs smooth and shining. Head a trifle wider than

long, the sides feebly convex, the posterior margin very shallowly

concave in the middle. Frontal area distinct, the frontal sulcus more

or less clearly defined and ending beyond the middle of the head.

The scape falls short of the occipital margin by about the length of

the eye. Second joint of the flagellum as wide as long, 3rd—5th wider

than long. Posterior corners of pronotum slightly tumid, not

marginate. Promesonotal suture fairly deep and wide at the sides,

Fie. 42.—C. bulawayensis, Forel.

very shallow across the middle third. Median tubercle of mesonotum

very prominent, elongate but hardly carinate. Declivity of mesonotum

oblique, obtusely marginate at the sides, forming one-third or less of

the mesonotum ; the latter is about one and a-half times longer than

wide at the base. Meso-epinotal suture deep. Dorsum of epinotum

much wider than long, widening towards the apex, distinctly convex

at the base when seen in profile, its sides external to and not

continuous with the outer margins of the epinotal teeth. The latter

divergent, short, very little longer than their basal width, subtri-

angular. First segment of petiole trapezoidal, as long as wide in

front, or a little longer, the anterior corners fairly angular, the

anterior margin straight, the ventral lamella ending in front in a

small tooth. Node of 2nd segment wider than long, divided by a

shallow longitudinal groove which is deeper behind, the posterior

margins of the discs prominent.

Bulawayo. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

IT am obliged to unite to this species the var. oraclum, Forel, of

C. gallicola, Forel. Apart from the smaller size and paler colour,

there are no differences of any value. It is true that in some of the

specimens (no. 30) determined by Dr. Forel as oraclwm the mesonotal

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 523

declivity is more oblique and less abrupt above, but in looking through

a large series a complete gradation will be found between one extreme

and the other.

Var. RHODESIANA, Forel. (Plate VI, figs. 82, 82 a.)

(C. inermis, Mayr, race delagoensis, var.) Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.,

Wl, O75 fos IAS; © 5, IMIS.

This variety must be removed from the inermis group, to which it

bears a superficial resemblance in the sculpture and shape of the

petiole. It differs from it quite clearly by the presence of distinct

epinotal teeth and by the shape of the mesonotum. It is exceedingly

closely allied to bulawayensis, i. sp. From the latter it differs as

follows :

The size is greater, 3:2-44 mm. The head is duller and more

densely rugulose. The thorax is also duller and has a very close and

Fie. 43.—C. bulawayensis, Forel, var. rhodesiana, Forel.

somewhat coriaceous reticulate sculpture, over which is superimposed

a sparse and longitudinal rugosity; the epinotal teeth are more robust.

Bulawayo; Victoria Falls. (8.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls).

The specimens from the Victoria Falls have the middle of the head

a little more shining, and the meso-epinotal suture deeper and

narrower.*

Var. DESPERANS, Forel.

(C. gabonensis, Em., var.) Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 233,

0, 1914.

®. 32-4mm. Reddish-brown, the thorax and petiole paler, the

basal third of the abdomen paler than the apex, the anterior third of the

head more yellowish-red; flagellum ferruginous, tarsi brownish-ochreous.

Pubescence long, decumbent, pale whitish-yellow, fairly abundant all

over, on the abdomen very abundant and sparse on the legs. Sculpture

of head and thorax like that of the type of the species but a little

stronger, the surface duller. Petiole closely reticulate-punctate and

* The profile figure in Plate VI is inaccurate, the convexity of the mesonotum

having been somewhat exaggerated. For this reason I add a corrected drawing

in Text-fig. 43.

524, Annals of the South African Museum.

dull. Abdomen microscopically rugulose and dull, fairly closely and

finely punctured. Head more deeply marginate behind than in the

type-species, the scapes as long as in the type-species or very little

shorter. Thorax resembling that of the type-species, but the pronotum

is subvertical in front, the junction of the vertical and horizontal

faces rounded ; the declivity of the mesonotum is shorter, less oblique,

fairly distinctly marginate at the sides, the margins ending in front in

a subdentate prominence. The dorsum of the epinotum is relatively

longer and flatter than in the type, and also less widened towards the

apex; it is as lone in the middle as it is wide at the base. First

segment of petiole as wide as long. Node of 2nd segment a little

narrower in front than behind, one-third wider than long. Otherwise

like the type-species.

Durban. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Apart from the shape of the dorsum of the epmotum and the deeper

occipital emargination, this form differs but little except in size from

the type of the species. It has no relationship whatever to gabonensis,

Kia. 44.—C. bulawayensis, Forel, var. desperans, Forel.

Hmery, in which species the 2nd node is entire, without a median

groove or even a posterior emargination. Moreover, in gabonensis the

spines are nearly as long as the dorsum of the epinotum, and the sculp-

ture is of a different character.

Race INFACETA, Santschi.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 84, p. 498, 5, 1916.

®. 36-5 mm. Black, tarsi brown, mandibles dull ferruginous,

antennae reddish-brown, the scapes and flagellum darker towards the

apex. Sculpture similar to that of the type-species but stronger.

The striae on the head become increasingly oblique posteriorly and

near the posterior angles are directed outwards, or almost transverse.

The smooth median area is wider (covering about one-third of the

diameter of the vertex) and more strongly punctured. The dorsum of

the epinotum is very sharply reticulate, with a few oblique and fine

rugae near the base. ‘The sides of the pro- and epithorax more

coarsely sculptured than in the type of the species. First abdominal

segment very finely punctured. The frontal area and sulcus more

clearly defined than in the type of the species. The scape extends back

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 525

as far as the posterior margin of the head. The posterior corners

of the pronotum more tumid than in the type-species, the pro-mesonotal

suture deeper and wider, especially at the sides.

This race differs from the type-species chiefly in the structure

of the mesonotum and epinotum. The declivity of the former is

vertical, forming an abrupt angle with the upper plane, sharply

marginate at the sides, the margins extending forwards almost as far

as the pro-mesonotal suture and produced at the junction of the two

planes into a small dentiform projection. The meso-epinotal suture is

much deeper than inthe type. The dorsum of the epinotum is strongly

convex at the base, the convexity starting at the suture ; the teeth are

longer, and directed more upwards. The Ist segment of the petiole

is a little longer, and the median groove of the second is deeper.

Otherwise similar to the type of the species.

Victoria Falls. Nesting in a hollow branch of a Combretum.

(R.M., G.A. colls.)

Race INFACETA, var. PUDICA, Santschi.

Loc. cit., p. 499.

6. 31-48mm. Differs from the race in the following characters:

The colour of the head, thorax and petiole is paler, of a dark reddish-

brown. ‘The sides of the head are less convex. The anterior plane of

the mesonotum is merely obtusely marginate at the sides, and the

pro-mesonotal suture is shallower and narrower at the sides. In the

larger specimens the dorsum of the epimotum is transversely rugose.

The epinotal spines are somewhat shorter than in the race, except in

the larger > 9.

Victoria Falls. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

C. Kneri, Mayr.

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 762, >, 1862.

®. 4-5 mm. Head and abdomen ochreous-red, the abdomen

darker and more brownish. Thorax and petiole reddish-yellow.

Mandibles, anterior margin of the head, flagellum and tarsi fuscous-

ochreous, scapes, tibiae and femora brownish-ochreous. Pubescence

pale, whitish-yellow, short, decumbent, scanty on the head and almost

wanting on the thorax. Hrect pilosity sparse, occurring only on the

clypeus, pronotum, petiole 4nd ventral surface of abdomen. The

fundamental sculpture of the head and thorax is a fine, dense and

rather superficial reticulation. On this is superimposed a coarser

sculpture as follows: Anterior half of head from the cheeks to the

526 Annals of the South African Museum.

frontal carinae and including the clypeus longitudinally striate, the

rest longitudinally rugulose, a narrow area on each side of the frontal

sulcus nearly smooth and shining, with a row of 6 or 7 piligerous

punctures. Thorax longitudinally rugulose, with a few stronger rugae

on the pronotum and dorsum of epinotum. Sides of prothorax and

epithorax moderately shining and reticulate-rugulose, sides of meso-

thorax strongly reticulate-punctate and dull. Petiole very lightly

reticulate above. Abdomen smooth and shining. Head a little wider

than long, not much wider behind than in front, the sides moderately

convex, the posterior margin widely but not deeply concave. The

scape reaches the hind margin of the head; all the joints of the

flagellum longer than wide, the Ist joint shorter than the 2nd and

drd together, the club 3-jointed. Anterior margin of clypeus almost

straight in the middle. Frontal area and sulcus well defined. Eyes

placed a little behind the middle of the sides. Pronotum and meso-

notum marginate all round, the margin continued on to the epinotum

and joining the lower margin of the spines. Pronotum with a wide

and shallow median longitudinal impression, the posterior corners

Fie, 45.—C. Kneri, Mayr.

fairly prominent. Pro-mesonotal impression wide, fairly deep at the

sides. Mesonotum three-fourths longer than its basal width, furnished

with an elongate tubercle or carinula in front, the posterior declivous

face forming a little more than one-fourth of its whole length, oblique

and merging gradually into the anterior plane. Seen from the side,

the profile of the mesonotum forms a continuous convexity, and is

distinctly higher than the dorsum of the epinotum. Meso-epinotal

suture deep. Dorsum of epinotum very slightly convex lengthwise,

trapezoidal, widened towards the apex, its lateral margins continuous

with the upper margins of the spines. The latter are long, thin, acute,

widely divergent and oblique, longer than the dorsum of the epinotum

and as long as the interval between their bases. Declivity of epinotum

smooth and shining. First segment of petiole subcordate, wider than

long, the anterior angles widely rounded and somewhat raised, the

upper face shallowly concave transversely. The sides of the segment

are much less sharply bevelled than in the preceding species. Node

of 2nd segment oblongo-ovate, one and two-thirds as wide as long,

without a median groove. Abdomen one-fourth longer than wide,

rather convex above transversely.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 527

2. 10:l1mm. Reddish-brown, the anterior half of the head, the

paraptera, the base of epinotum and Ist segment of petiole paler or

yellowish red-brown ; abdomen dark brownish-red, antennae, mandibles

and tarsi dull ochreous, femora and tibiae brownish-ochreous. Pilosity

and pubescence as in the 9. Head longitudinally striate, the striae

more or less effaced between the frontal area and the ocelli, that

area being more or less shining, sparsely and strongly punctured.

Mandibles striate, sparsely punctured between the striae. Anterior

margin of clypeus with a row of large punctures. Mesonotum and

scutellum smooth and shining, with some sparse, evenly distributed

and fairly large punctures. Dorsum of epinotum dull, transversely

striato-rugulose. Petiole: Ist segment very finely rugulose and dull,

2nd segment slightly shining, feebly rugulose and sparsely punctured.

Abdomen smooth and shining, sparsely punctured, the punctures

small and piligerous. Head widest behind, one-fifth wider than long,

the posterior margin straight, the angles narrowly rounded. Frontal

area scutiform and well defined, the frontal suleus deep and ending at.

the anterior ocellus. Eyes convex, placed at the middle of the sides.

Scapes not quite reaching the posterior margin of the head. Mesonotum

not so narrow as in tricolor and allied forms, as wide as long, scutellum

(excluding the paraptera) half as long as the mesonotum, its hind

margin semi-circular. Dorsum of epinotum four times wider at the

base than iong, ending on each side in a stout, horizontal, and triangular

tooth ; the declivity vertical, shining and smooth. First segment of

petiole more or less trapezoidal, one-third wider in front than long,

the anterior angles subacute; node of 2nd segment one and a-half

times wider than long, widest in front, with pronounced anterior

angles, the posterior margin slightly concave in the middle. Wings

hyaline, nervures and stigma dark yellow.

Bothaville, O.F.S. (Brauns). (G-.A. coll.)

Var. amita, Forel. (Plate VI, fig. 75.)

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 125, 5, 1913.

®. 35-43 mm. Dark-brown, the base of the abdomen paler.

Legs pale-brown, tarsi and flagellum reddish-ochreous. Pro-mesonotal

suture much deeper than in the type-species, the mesonotal median

carinula much more prominent and longer, extending back as a raised

line as far as the brow of the declivous face; the latter less oblique

than in the type. The dorsum of the epinotum has a deep, median

and longitudinal impression, which is barely indicated in the type.

The posterior margin of the head is less emarginate. I am unable to

528 Annals of the South African Museum.

recognise the other differences indicated by Forel. The petiole is

precisely similar to that of the type, and the sculpture is quite as strong.

Bulawayo. (8.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Var. MATABELE, 0. v.

®. 41-52 mm. Head and thorax of a warm reddish-brown,

abdomen piceous, legs dark brown, the articulations, tarsi, flagellum

and mandibles reddish-ochreous. Very similar to var. amita, but

differing from it in colour, size, and also in the following characters.

The fundamental reticulate sculpture of the thorax is much sharper

and more coarse. The superimposed rugae on the pronotum finer

and less regular than in amita. The pro-mesonotal suture is con-

siderably wider and deeper, and joins in the middle a longitudinal

impression which divides the pronotum into two (visible also in

amita, but much less distinct). ‘The anterior plane of the mesonotum,

seen from above, is almost pentagonal in outline, the posterior half of

the sides sharply marginate, the declivous plane also marginate,

Fia. 46.—C. Kneri, Mayr, var. matabele, n. v.

longer and steeper than in amita (in some specimens almost vertical).

The median tubercle is also more sharply carinate and longer than in

amita. The epinotal spines are as long as in the type-species, less

divergent and directed more upwards than in amita. The median

longitudinal impression on the dorsum of the epinotum is even

stronger than in that variety.

Hillside, Bulawayo. Nesting under a stone. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A.

colls.; type in my collection.) :

Not unlike C. Bequaerti, Forel, from which it appears to differ

by the weaker sculpture, the much smaller eyes and the pro-mesonotal

suture, which is very wide and deep at the sides.

Race HoTTENTOTA, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 43, p. 482, 9, 1899.

%. 3-8°9mm. Head and thorax varying froma dull ochreous yellow

to dark yellowish or reddish-brown, the anterior third of the head

usually paler. Abdomen dark brown, becoming paler or more reddish-

yellow towards the base. Antennae, legs and mandibles dark ochreous,

the tibiae and femora more or less brownish-yellow. Pubescence

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 529

much shorter and a little less abundant than in the type-species.

Head smooth and shining, very finely and sparsely punctured, the

anterior third, including the clypeus, duller, finely, and very super-

ficially striate longitudinally. Mandibles dull, densely striate. Thorax

with a weak fundamental reticulation, with a few longitudinal rugae

superimposed ; these are strongest on the dorsum of the epinotum.

Thorax moderately shining. Petiole very superficially coriaceous and

rugulose, the upper face of the Ist node shining, the 2nd slightly so.

Abdomen smooth and shining. Head a trifle wider than long,-the

‘posterior margin almost straight, the posterior angles much more

widely rounded than in the type-species. Frontal area and sulcus

shallow and indistinct. Head twice as wide as the pronotum. The

latter is much less clearly marginate at the shoulders than in the type-

species, and is not marginate at all in the middle in front, the upper

surface merging into the neck by a gradual curve (in the type-species

almost vertically truncate in front). The posterior angles of the

pronotum not tumid as in the type-species. The promesonotal suture

very shallow, nearly obsolete in the middle. Seen in profile, the pro- and

mesonotum form an almost continuous convexity, the mesonotum hardly

higher than the pronotum, its declivity much more oblique and

eradual than in the type-species. The median carinula weaker, the

sides of the declivity less strongly marginate. The epinotum similar

to that of the type-species, but the spines are more horizontal and

shorter, barely longer than the dorsum of the epinotum, about

twice as long as they are wide at the base. First segment of

the petiole a little wider than long, trapezoidal, the anterior angles

somewhat raised, slightly concave transversely. Node of 2nd see-

ment transversely oblong, not grooved in the middle, the sides much

less convex than in the type-species, the posterior margin feebly

indented in the middle. Abdomen narrower than in the type-species,

one and a-half times longer than wide.

Bedza and Springvale, 8. Rhodesia; Sipapoma, 8. Rhodesia.

The latter are somewhat intermediate in structure, the lst segment

to the petiole being nearly half as wide again as long, and the

pronotum less obliquely curved in front.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

C. GAMBIENSIS, Andre.

Rev. d’Ent., vol. 8, p. 228, 9, 1889.

“G6. 35-45 mm. Head wider than long. Antennae 11-jointed,

club 3-jointed; scape short, not reaching the posterior margin of the

58 Annals of the South African Musewm.

head. Eyes placed in the middle of the sides of the head. Mandibles

sharply striate longitudinally. Clypeus and front of the head longi-

tudinally striate, very superficially so on the former; the rest of the

head smooth and very shining. Pronotum and mesonotuin very

feebly marginate at the sides; pronotum only slightly depressed, very

rounded at the shoulders; mesonotum without a median carina,

separated from the pronotum by a feebly marked depression ; meso-

epinotal suture deep; epinotum armed with 2 short, stout spines, not

very acute, feebly divergent and shorter than the interval between

their bases. The thorax is smooth and very shining, except the sides

of the meso- and epinotum and the dorsum of the latter, which are

longitudinally rugose. First segment of the petiole longer than wide,

trapezoidal, a little wider in front than behind, the anterior angles

rounded; 2nd segment transversely oval, neither grooved nor emarginate

above. ‘The 2 nodes are superficially rugose and shining. Abdomen

smooth and very shining. Pubescence fine, short and very scanty,

almost absent on the head, a little more abundant on the abdomen.

Scapes and tibiae without erect hairs. Varying from ferruginous

to reddish-brown; the legs often paler; abdomen blackish-brown,

often reddish at the base.

“Gambia.”

Var. KRANTZIANA, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 2384, 9, g, 1914.

«“®. 36-45 mm. The spines are slender and much longer than

in the type-species, three-fourths as long as the interval between them.

The petiole is also wider in front and the anterior angles more

rounded. The colour is paler and duller, and the Ist abdominal

segment is entirely yellowish. Otherwise like the type of Andre,

which is in my possession.”

Q. 92 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Dark reddish-ochreous, the

ocellar area, two longitudinal bands on the parapsidal sutures, the

middle third of the abdominal segments and the apex of the abdomen

more or less reddish-brown. Head dull, very finely striate longi-

tudinally, the striae almost effaced behind the ocelli. Mesonotum and

scutellum nitidulous, smooth, sparsely and feebly punctured. Dorsum

of epinotum transversely rugose and dull. Petiole dull and very finely

coriaceous. Abdomen smooth, not very shiming. Head quadrate,

parallel-sided, or very little narrower in front than behind, the

posterior margin straight, the posterior angles narrowly rounded.

Mesonotum one-fourth longer than wide, two and a-half times longer

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 531

than the scutellum; the posterior margin of the latter semicircular.

Dorsum of epinotum convex lengthwise, three times wider than long

in the middle, armed with 2 acute and small triangular teeth; the

declivity subvertical. Petiole as in the >, but the anterior angles of

the Ist segment less rounded. Abdomen with subacute lateral angles

at the base. Wings hyaline, slightly tinged with yellow, nervures

and stigma dark ochreous.

¢. 4mm. Dark brown, petiole and abdomen paler than the

thorax ; legs, mandibles and antennae dark ochreous-yellow, the legs

also somewhat brownish. Shining. Head finely striate longitudinally.

Mesonotum very finely striate in the middle, the striae on each side

converging posteriorly. Scutellum very finely striate at the sides and

in the middle, with a broad and shallow transverse impression at the

base. The scape as long as, or a little longer than the Ist joint of the

flagellum ; the latter as lone as wide, the 2nd—5th joints wider than

long} the remaining joints very little longer than wide. First segment

of petiole a little longer than wide, the sides subparallel, the anterior

face oblique and hardly longer than the upper face; 2nd seoment

subcircular, not very convex above, barely wider than the Ist. Wings

with pale yellow nervures.

Krantz Kloof, Natal (1. W. B. Marley). (S.A.M., R.M.,

G.A. colls.)

The ) has a sharp tooth below the Ist segment of the petiole as in

race hottentota of C. Kneri, to which this variety appears to be closely

allied. Apart from the greater size, the only appreciable differences

lie in the wider head, shallowly but distinctly emarginate behind, the

more clearly marginate thorax, the longer spines and the wider Ist

seoment of the petiole. The sculpture of the thorax is also a little

finer than in hottentota, and the surface duller.

C. g@auticona, Forel.

Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 9, p. 95, 9, 1894.

“6. 22-3 mm. Mandibles striate. Clypeus without a carina;

the anterior margin not emarginate in the middle. Head rectangular,

the angles rounded, somewhat longer than wide, with convex sides.

Eyes placed a little behind the middle of the sides. The frontal

suleus is continued very shallowly as far as the posterior margin of

the head, the latter shghtly emarginate. The scape does not reach

quite as far as the posterior margin. Club of antenna almost 2-

jointed in the % major, 2-jointed only in the 9 minor; 2nd—5th joints

of the flagellum wider than long. Pronotum barely marginate at the

5382 Annals of the South African Museum.

sides, the mesonotum not at all. The latter has an elongate, median

tubercle. Meso-epinotal suture narrow and deep. Epinotal teeth

short, as long as two-fifths of the interval between them. First

segment of petiole with a very short and blunt tooth below in front,

much the same as in C. scutellaris; somewhat wider than long.

Second segment with a complete median groove and 2 not very

projecting discs. Abdomen cordate. § minor shining, lightly reticu-

late, distinctly but sparsely and finely punctate, the abdomen and

back of the head nearly smooth, the cheeks sparsely striate. © major

less shining, more sharply reticulate all over, the head in greater part

very finely and closely striato-rugulose and reticulate, with shallow

and widely spaced punctures which are distinct and abundant.

Pubescence very fine, scattered. Pilosity almost entirely wanting,

except on the ventral surface. % major, brownish-black, mandibles,

cheeks, club of antenna and articulations of the legs dark yellowish-

red. © minor, yellowish or dark yellowish-brown, posterior half of

the abdomen blackish-brown.

“ Delagoa, in a gall (Dr. Liengme).”

Fie. 47.—C. gallicola, Forel.

The % 9 before me are all small examples, 2'4 mm. or less, derived

from an incipient nest. In these the head is as wide as long, excluding

the mandibles. Frontal area feebly defined. The 2nd—7th joints of

the flagellum wider than long. ‘The pro-mesonotal suture is very

shallow but fairly visible. The declivity of the mesonotum is quite

two-thirds as long as the anterior plane, and the latter has a rounded

tubercle in front. The lst segment of the petiole is as long as wide,

with the anterior angles somewhat obtusely truncate.

Apart from these slight differences these specimens agree fairly well

with Forel’s description ; they have also been determined as gallicola

by Dr. Santschi.

2. 8 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Blackish-brown, tarsi and

flagellum ferruginous, mandibles castaneous red. EHrect pilose hairs

very sparse on the abdomen, and almost entirely wanting elsewhere.

Pubescence moderately plentiful, decumbent ; fairly long on the legs

and antennae. Sides of the head, in front of the eyes, finely and

longitudinally striate, behind the eyes very superficially rugulose and

feebly punctured, moderately shining. Clypeus nearly smooth in the

middle, Mandibles coarsely striato-punctate. Mesonotum and scutellum

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 533

very smooth, shining, finely and sparsely punctured. Hpinotum faintly

rugulose above and at the sides, the declivity smooth and shining.

Petiole and abdomen smooth, shining, very minutely and sparsely

punctured. Head subquadrate, as long as wide behind, slightly

narrowed in front, the posterior angles narrowly rounded, the hind

margin straight. Frontal area well defined, longitudinally striate.

Head very little wider than the thorax across the tegulae. Scutellum

half as long as the mesonotum. ‘The dorsum of the epinotum very

short, joining the vertical declivity in a very short curve. First

segment of petiole subquadrate, a little wider in front than behind,

nearly one-third wider than long, the anterior two-thirds semicircularly

bevelled. Second segment subglobose, a little wider than long, the

posterior margin feebly emarginate in the middle. Deilated.

Somabula, S. Rhodesia; in a gall, 1 9,14 695. (RM, GA.

colls.; type of Q in my collection.)

Race LATRO, Forel.

Schultze, Reise Siid-Afrika, vol. 4, p. 6, S, 1910.

«6. 33-37 mm. Like the type of the species, but larger.

Entirely yellowish-brown. The Ist segment of the petiole wider than

long, feebly arcuate in front (in the type of the species as long as

wide, the anterior margin straight).

“Between Keokong and Kang, Kalahari (Schultze) ; in gall-like

swelling on the branches of an Acacia, in company with Aphides.”

C. TRANSVAALENSIS, Forel.

Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 9, p. 96, 5, 1894.

“OG. 27-238 mm. Mandibles smooth, shining, quadridentate.

Clypeus fairly flattened, impressed in the middle anteriorly. Head

rectangular, with the angles rounded, somewhat wider behind. Eyes

large, placed at the posterior third.* Club of the antenna 2-jointed ;

the scape reaches the posterior margin of the head. Pronotum fairly

distinctly marginate at the sides, with a little longitudinal carina in

the middle. Pro-mesonotal suture barely visible. Mesonotum without

a median carina, marginate at the sides behind, the declivity short

and oblique. Meso-epinotal suture not deep. Dorsum of epinotum

marginate, wider behind than in front. Epinotal spines short.

First segment of petiole, seen from above, almost quadrate, higher

behind than in front, with 2 quite small and blunt denticles or

corners behind, below toothed in front, the tooth short, thick, obtuse

584 Annals of the South African Museum.

and continuous with its lower surface. Second segment of petiole

somewhat wider than long, as wide as the Ist, quite round, without a

trace of a median groove or impression. Cheeks, sides of the clypeus,

apart of the sides of the frons finely and longitudinally striate, reticu-

late between the striae. The rest of the head, the abdomen, 2nd segment

of petiole, a part of the mesonotum and sides of the pronotum smooth,

shining, sparsely and finely punctured, with a mere trace of a reticulate

sculpture here and there. The rest of the thorax closely and not very

finely punctate-reticulate and fairly dull; 2 or 3 longitudinal

rugae on the pronotum. First segment of petiole reticulate. Erect

pilosity sparse and fairly coarse. The hairs are somewhat truncate

and clavate as in Leptothorax. Pubescence decumbent and very

scanty. The tibiae’ and femora with only decumbent hairs. Dark

castaneous brown. Mandibles, antennae and tarsi reddish-yellow.

Legs and club of antennae more brownish.

“Transvaal (Rev. P. Berthoud) ; Capetown and Vrijburg (Simon).”

Var. Hamm, n. v.

&. 24 mm. Pitch black, legs and antennae brownish. The

whole thorax, including the declivity of the epinotum, and the sides

Fia. 48.—C. transvaalensis, Forel, var. Hammi, n.v.

of both segments of the petiole, very sharply reticulate, the meshes

wide and shining, the strands thin and trenchant. The reticulation

is strongest on the epinotum, more superficial and closer on the

mesonotum. The pro- and mesonotum are also finely rugoso-striate

longitudinally. The declivity of the mesonotum distinctly marginate

at the sides, the margins being continued over the dorsum of the

epinotum and along the inner side of the spines. The latter are not

very short, quite half as long as the interval between their bases.

The Ist joint of the flagellum is as long as the 2nd—4th taken together,

the 8rd, 4th and 5th a little wider than long, the 2nd and 6th a trifle

longer than wide. Erect pilosity whitish, fairly long.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type in my collection. )

IT have much pleasure in naming this variety in honour of my

friend, Mr. A. H. Hamm, of the Hope Museum, Oxford.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 535

C. constRuUcTOR, Hmery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 29, 9, 1895.

“6. 3-3'5 mm. Piceous, nitidulous, sparsely pilose, erect hairs

absent, head subglobose, finely striate in front; the scape of the

1]-jointed antenna reaches back beyond the occipital margin, the

club indistinctly 3-jointed; thorax short and thick, not marginate,

pronotum obtusely bigibbose, mesonotum moderately convex, declivity

of the epinotum large. very smooth, forming an obtuse angle with the

dorsum, the latter fairly round, with a short tooth on each side;

sides of the first segment of petiole bisinuate, slightly narrower behind,

impressed in the middle above, the 2nd segment very shallowly

impressed. Hammans Kraal (Simon). Makes carton nest in

trees.” :

i In the shape of the epinotum, which is almost devoid of

spines, this ant recalls C. inermis and allied forms, from which it is

quite distinct in not having the Ist segment of the petiole trapezoidal.

(Emery)

Fig. 49.—C. constructor, Emery.

The sculpture is feeble, so that the greater part of the head is shining,

not showing puncturation or longitudinal striation except under a

very high magnification. The thorax is a little duller, except the

declivity of the epinotum, which is smooth above, faintly punctured

and slightly concave below, longer than the dorsum, from which it is

separated by a much-rounded angle. The mesonotum is uniformly

convex, separated from the pronotum by a shallow suture, which em-

phasises 2 not very prominent bosses formed by the lateral portions

of the pronotum. The Ist segment of the petiole is hardly wider in

the middle than in front or behind, the anterior angles well defined ; it

is longer than wide, and shallowly excavated in the middle above, . . .”

Var. Kirsyi, Mayr.

Aun. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 10, p. 187, 5, 1895.

“This variety differs from the type of the species by the presence of

epinotal spines, which are directed somewhat outwards and upwards,

and are about half as long as the width of the epinotum at the meso-

epinotal suture.

“8, Africa.”

536 Annals of the South African Museum.

C. muRALTI, Forel, race LIVINGSTONEI, Santschi.

Ann. Soe. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 482, 9, 1910.

(Race) Bull. Soc. Vaud., vol. 52, p. 344, 9, 1919.

®. 2:2-2.4mm. Piceous, legs, antennae and mandibles brownish-

yellow. Shining, the pronotum, sides of mesonotum and mesopleurae

less shining than the rest of the body. Pubescence very scanty on the

thorax, and fairly so elsewhere, composed of thin, decumbent and

yellowish hairs. Erect pilosity yellowish, absent from the head except

on the clypeus, very sparse on the thorax and petiole, a little more

abundant on the abdomen, where they are slightly clavate and truncate.

Head smooth, finely and very sparsely punctured, microscopically

aciculate at the sides in front of the eyes. Pronotum and sides of the

mesonotum sharply and finely striate longitudinally, the striae very

regular, the middle of the mesonotum smooth. Dorsum of epiotum

Fig. 50.—C. muralti, Forel, race livingstonei, Santschi.

with a few short striae on each side and a fairly discrete reticulate

patch in the middle, the declivity almost smooth, at the most only very

superficially reticulate. Nodes and abdomen smooth and shining, the

dorsal surface of the Ist node slightly duller and very superficially

coriaceous. Head as wide as long, narrowed a little in front, the sides

moderately convex, the posterior margin shallowly concave. Eyes

small, flat, placed just behind the middle of the sides. The scapes do

not extend beyond the posterior sixth of the head; 2nd-7/th

joints of the flagellum at least twice as wide as long, club 2-jointed

or indistinctly 3-jointed. Mandibles smooth, shining, 4-dentate.

Clypeus transversely impressed behind the anterior margin of the

median area. Pro-mesonotum, seen from above, reversed pyriform,

the apex (7. e. meso-epinotal suture) broadly truncate. Pro-mesonotal

suture obsolete, meso-epinotal fairly deep and narrow. Declivity of

the mesonotum marginate at the sides and merging into the anterior

plane by a low curve. Dorsum of epinotum submarginate at the sides,

very short, much wider than long, delimited from the declivity only by

the difference of the sculpture. Epinotal teeth triangular, short, erect,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 537

acute and compressed; the declivity concave lengthwise, at least

three times longer than the dorsum. First segment of petiole with the

sides parallel or only feebly convex, almost one and a-half times longer

than wide, the dorsal face not excavated, if anything a little convex

transversely, with a minute tooth on each side in front of the posterior

margin; node of 2nd segment subglobose, without a trace of a median

groove or posterior emargination.

Livingstone, N. Rhodesia. On the trunks of a tree. This-locality

is Just outside the limits of our region, but it 1s most probable that

the species will be found to occur also on the south side of the

Zambesi. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

C. sorpipuLA, Nylander.

Act. Soc. Fenn., vol. 3, p. 44, 9, 1849.

Mayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 5, p. 472, 2, 1855.

Forel, Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 3, p. 308, g¢, 1870.

The type-form of this species is distributed, together with numerous

varieties, over the southern Palaearctic region ; it is represented in

our region by the following forms:

Var. RecTINOoTA, Forel. (Plate VI, fig. 73.)

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 126, 9, 1918.

®. 18-21 mm. Pale ochreous-yellow, the head reddish to

brownish-ochreous, the Ist segment of the abdomen entirely pale

ochreous or sometimes yellowish-brown, the rest of the abdomen pale

piceous brown, the extreme apex brownish-yellow. Pilosity yellowish,

fine and pointed, oblique and fairly abundant on the abdomen, sparse

elsewhere. Pubescence inconspicuous. Shining and nearly entirely

smooth. Head quadrate, the sides moderately convex, the posterior

margin straight, the posterior angles widely rounded. Mandibles

smooth, shining, finely and sparsely punctured. The scapes fall short

of the occipital margin by the length of the eye; 2nd joint of flagellum

as long as wide, 3rd—7th joimts much wider than long, club 2- or

almost 3-jointed. Frontal area indistinct. Head a little less than

one and a-half times wider than the thorax. The latter very short,

not quite as long as the head including the closed mandibles. Pro-

mesonotum marginate in front and at the sides, the shoulders sharply

angular. Pro-mesonotal suture indicated only by the slightly raised

anterior margin of the mesonotum; the latter has no distinctly

538 Annals of the South African Museum.

delimited declivity. Epimotum marginate at the sides, the margins

being continued along the inner side of the spines; the latter one-

third as long as the interval between their bases, divergent, oblique

and slightly compressed. Excepting a very small and transversely

concave face at the extreme base, the whole of the upper surface of

the epinotum forms one continuous plane. First segment of petiole

subquadrate, the slanting dorsal face one-third wider than long, the

anterior angles very slightly rounded; node of 2nd segment sub-

globose, as long as wide, without a median groove or posterior

emargination.

9. 79mm. (hitherto undescribed). Length of front wing 7:3 mm.

Head pale yellowish-brown, thorax, petiole, legs, antennae and man-

dibles dull ochreous, the scutellum, base of mesonotum and declivity

of epinotum more or less brownish-yellow, abdomen brown, paler

near the base. Legs, antennae and abdomen with thin, oblique and

pale yellow hairs; head, thorax and petiole with fairly abundant erect

hairs, which are long and coarse. Head nitidulous, longitudinally

striate and rugulose between the striae, with a few large and shallow

punctures. Mandibles shining, feebly striate, sparsely and coarsely

punctured. Mesonotum and scutellum smooth and shining, very

sparsely but strongly punctured: Dorsum and sides of epinotum

dull and longitudinally rugose, the declivity and the petiole dull and

rugulose. Abdomen smooth and shining, finely punctured. Head

nearly as long as wide behind the eyes, the posterior margin convex.

Hyes large, convex and prominent, occupying a third of the sides.

Median area of clypeus smooth and excavated lengthwise in the

middle. Frontal area and sulcus distinct. Head, excluding the

eyes, very little wider than the thorax across the tegulae. Thorax

fairly convex from side to side and in front, a trifle wider than long.

Seutellum a little wider than longer, not much narrowed behind.

Dorsum of epinotum very short, armed with a blunt, horizontal and

triangular tooth on each side. Declivity vertical, not marginate. The

vertical anterior face of the Ist segment of the petiole is a little

longer than wide, parallel-sided, the anterior angles rounded, the

posterior angles surmounted by a small vertical tooth. Second node

wider than the Ist, semicircular when seen from above (the convexity

posterior), the anterior angles subacute, without a median groove or

posterior emargination. Wings deeply tinged with yellow, the nervures

and stigma brownish-ochreous.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type of 2 in my collection.)

This species is fairly common, always nesting in Rhodesia under

stones, very often in close proximity to the nests of termites.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 539

Race naTALENSIS, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Hnt. Belg., vol. 54, p. 431, 9, 2, g, 1910.

©. 225mm. Pilosity longer than in var. rectinota. It differs

from that variety as follows: The pronotum is not marginate in

front, where it is gradually curved into the neck, not almost vertically

truncate as in rectinota. The pro-mesonotum is narrower and longer,

as long as wide in front (in rectinota wider in front than long). The

anterior face of the Ist segment of the petiole is as long as wide.

Otherwise like the type of the species.

“?. 6-67 mm. Scape as in the 9, not reaching the occipital

margin. Spines longer than in the type of the species. First

node quadrate, possibly wider than long. Body more elongate and

less squat than in the type of the species. Pilosity shorter. Reddish

or slightly brownish-yellow, abdomen more or less brown. Front

wing 6°3 mm. long, subhyaline, nervures pale.

“@. 23mm. Yellowish-brown. Joints of the flagellum a little

longer than wide (a little wider than long in the type-species). Wings

and pilosity asin the 9. Otherwise like the type of the species.”

Hstcourt, Natal (Wroughton) ; Krantz Kloof, Natal (H. W. B.

Marley). (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Race NATALENSIS, var. BRAUNSI, Forel.

Reva Zoolyp Amie: vol Minor 2dde nO nmlo tele

©. 26-35 mm. Head yellowish-brown, thorax and nodes varying

from ochreous to reddish-brown-ochreous, abdomen reddish-brown.

The puncturation is stronger than in the race, and in the larger

® 9 the pro-mesonotal suture is clearly indicated by the raised

margin of the mesonotum. ‘The epinotal spines are a little longer,

the declivity marginate at the sides. First node of petiole a little

longer than in the race, distinctly longer than wide. Otherwise like

the type of the race.

Estcourt, Natal (Wroughton). (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

C. INERMIS, Mayr, race pELAGoENSIS, Forel.

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 766, 3, 1862.

(Race) Mitth. Schweiz. Hnt. Ges., vol. 9, p. 99, G, 1894.

“0. 3441 mm. Mandibles closely and fairly coarsely striate.

Head at least as long as wide (wider in the type of the species).

Thorax wider, more robust and more deeply constricted than in the

540 Annals of the South African Museum.

type-species. Tubercle of the mesonotum very distinct. Epinotum

with two distinct, broad and blunt teeth. Abdomen distinctly cordate.

Glossy and in part somewhat shining, the abdomen even more so.

Irregularly, finely reticulate-rugulose and very sparsely punctured

(the head strongly, closely and regularly punctured). Epimotum

reticulate-punctate; pronotum and back of the head transversely

rugulose, the rest of the head longitudinally striato-rugulose. The

ventral surface of the Ist node has a small tooth in front. Brownish-

black; mandibles, cheeks, flagellum and articulations dark reddish.

Hrect pilosity almost entirely wanting.

“* Delagoa (Dr. Liengme).”

The type-species has a North African distribution. It has the head

smooth and shining; sparsely and finely punctured. The epinotum is

entirely devoid of teeth or even tubercles. The race delagoensis, of

which I possess a co-type, differs very considerably from the type-

species. The head, thorax and petiole are dull or very nearly so.

The scapes are much shorter, falling short of the occipital margin by

Fic. 51.—C. inermis, Mayr, race delagoensis, Forel.

about the length of the eye. The head is also wider, the posterior

margin shallowly concave (straight in the type of the species). The

eyes are placed a little behind the middle of the sides of the head.

The pro-mesonotal suture is more deeply impressed, and the dorsum

of the epinotum widens towards the apex (hardly wider there than at

the base in the type of the species) and bears on each side a broad

tubercle ending ina minute dentiform point. The Ist segment of the

petiole is trapezoidal, a trifle longer than wide. The node of the

2nd segment has a median groove (not so deep as in the type-species),

and the discs have rather prominent posterior margins.

C. Santscuu, Forel, var. cLyMENE, Forel.

Rev. Zool. Afric., vol. 2, p. 322, 9, 1913.

(Var.) Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 337, 5, 1914.

°. 33-35 mm. Black, the club of the flagellum yellowish-red,

the tarsi brown. Pilosity absent, the decumbent pubescence very

short and sparse, a little less sparse on the abdomen. The whole

body very smooth and very shining, only the sides of the mesopleura,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 541

epinotum and the 2nd node of the petiole very superficially rugulose.

Abdomen microscopically alutaceous. Head subglobose, as long as

wide, a little wider in front than behind, the posterior margin shallowly

concave in the middle. Eyes placed a little behind the middle of the

sides. The scapes almost reach the posterior margin ; 3rd—6th joints

of the flagellum very little wider than long, the club 3-jomted. The

profile of the pro-mesonotum forms a continuous curve, the pro-

mesonotal suture obsolete in the middle, at the sides very shallow, or

sometimes entirely obsolete. Pro-mesonotum not marginate, the

mesonotum without a distinct declivity. Dorsum of epinotum twice as

wide at the apex as long, fairly convex lengthwise, armed with two

acute, fairly slender and moderately divergent spines, about one-third

as long as the interval between their bases. First segment of petiole

as long as wide, at least one and two-thirds wider in front than behind,

slightly excavated longitudinally in the middle, the anterior angles

widely rounded. Node of 2nd segment very wide, almost twice as

wide as long, with a very shallow median groove and the posterior

Fic. 52.—@. Santschi, Forel, var. clymene, Forel.

margin widely emarginate in the middle, distinctly wider than the Ist

segment.

Durban (C. B. Cooper). (G.A. coll.)

C. NIGRONITENS, Santschi.

®. 28-38 mm. Black; tarsi brown, mandibles and flagellum

ferruginous, the club brown. Very sparsely pubescent; pilosity

absent except on the clypeus. Very smooth and shining, the head

finely and very sparsely punctured, the clypeus and area around the

antennal pits superficially rugulose longitudinally. Head, excluding

the mandibles, distinctly longer than wide, varying from one-seventh

to one-fifth longer, the sides barely convex, nearly as wide in front as

behind (in the larger 5 9 wider behind than in front), the hind

margin almost straight, the posterior angles rounded. Mandibles

narrow, longitudinally striate, obtusely 4-dentate. Anterior margin

of clypeus feebly convex in the middle. Scapes very short, hardly

extending beyond the posterior third of the head; 2nd to 7th joints of

the flagellum wider than long, the club 3-jointed. Eyes almost flat,

542 Annals of the South African Museum.

placed at the middle of the sides. Thorax long and narrow. The

sides and front of the pronotum subvertical. Pro-mesonotal suture

feeble in the smaller 9 9, more distinct in the larger 9 9, in which

the mesonotum is somewhat tumid in front and clearly higher than

the level of the pronotum. Declivity of the mesonotum short and

oblique in the small 9, longer and steeper in the larger 6 9. Meso-

epinotal suture not deep; mesopleura feebly reticulate. Median

tubercle of the mesonotum obsolete or nearly so. Dorsum of epinotum

merging into the declivity by a very gradual curve, armed with two

very short, suberect teeth, which are shorter than their basal width.

First segment of petiole trapezoidal, a little longer than wide in front,

the anterior angles widely rounded. Node of 2nd segment feebly

emarginate behind.and shallowly grooved longitudinally above, not so

wide as the Ist segment. Abdomen elongate, two-thirds longer than

wide.

§ minor

Fie. 538.—C. nigronitens, Santschi.

Matoppo Hills, S. Rhodesia; nesting in the hollow and dead

branches of a small shrub.

A very distinct species, easily recognised by its polished integu-

ment, elongate head, short scapes and minute epinotal teeth.

Sus-c—enus OXYGYNE, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 45, p. 376, 1901.

“Distinguished in the ? by the more or less completely edentate

mandibles which lack a masticatory margin; by the rudimentary

frontal carmae and by the aberrant and characteristic structure,

whereas in the 9 2 of Cremastogaster, s. str., the structure varies but

little and is not very characteristic of the species.” ‘Type of sub-genus,

C. Emmae, Forel. In C. Daisyi, Forel, the 9 > also have no frontal

carinae, and the mandibles are 4-dentate and very narrow, the epinotum

with long spines, antennae 11-jointed.

In some species the % % have the epinotum unarmed, and the

frontal carinae are sometimes fairly developed, so that the characters

diagnostic for the sub-genus appear as yet to be insufficiently deter-

mined for the ¢ caste.

(On.

to)

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 543

Itis generally assumed on the evidence of the structure of the 9°

(although I believe no proof has yet been furnished) that the queens

of this sub-genus and of the sub-genus Atopoqgyne exhibit a method of

nest-formation, based on a temporary social parasitism on other

species of Cremastogaster, similar to that shown in the case of the

dolichoderine Bothriomyrmex meridionalis, var. atlantis. In this

species the queen enters the nest of a Tapinoma erraticum and takes

refuge from the attacks of the Tapinoma workers by climbing to the

back of their queen. While in this position she applies her energies

to the task of sawing off the head of the unfortunate victim below

her, and by the time this has been accomplished has acquired the

nest odour of the Tapinoma and is then adopted by the workers in

place of their dead and mutilated queen. The workers bring up the

progeny of the Bothriomyrmex queen, and as the former eventually

die of old age the nest becomes a pure colony of Bothriomyrmex.* In

one species of Oxygyne, C. Ranavalonae, the aged queen has the

abdomen enormously enlarged, like the queens of the permanently

parasitic genus Anergates.

C. (sub-gen. Oxyeyne) Oscaris, Forel.

Schultze, Reise Stiid-Africa, vol. 4, p. 7, 9, 2, g, 1910.

“6. 35-4 mm. Mandibles 4-dentate, narrow, closely striate,

punctured, nitidulous and pilose. Clypeus widely impressed in the

middle in front and shallowly emarginate. Frontal carinae very short,

almost obsolete. Frontal area indistinct. Eyes moderately flat,

placed somewhat behind the middle of the sides. Head wider than

long, feebly concave behind, the sides very convex. The scape extends

beyond the back of the head by a good third of its length; club 3-

jointed with distinct constrictions between the 3 joints; 2nd—

7th joints of the flagellum only a little, but nevertheless distinctly

longer than wide. Pronotum rounded, feebly impressed in the

middle. Mesonotum without a median carina, barely convex, with

an arcuate transverse torus at about the posterior third (the convexity

of the torus in front); behind the torus a transverse impression.

Thoracic constriction fairly strong. Dorsum of epinotum convex,

wider than long, with a very shallow longitudinal groove, the

epinotal spines very acute, nearly as long as the dorsum or as the

interval between them, distinctly curved a little inwards and down-

wards. Declivity concave, shorter than the dorsum. First segment

of the petiole a little longer than wide, trapezoidal, with laterally trun-

* See Santschi, ‘Ann, Soc. Ent. France,’ vol. 75, pp. 362-92, 1906.

544. Annals of the South African Museum.

cate anterior angles. From these truncate angles to the posterior

margin the sides are concave. Second segment nearly twice as wide

as long, very shallowly impressed above. Abdomen almost truncate

in front, acute apically. Legs fairly long. Moderately shining.

Head quite finely, the thorax more coarsely longitudinally rugose

(the striae on the epinotum divergent), and reticulate between the

striae. Clypeus very superficially rugulose like the abdomen.

Petiole almost reticulate only. Body and limbs with a sparse, fine

and yellowish pubescence, pilosity absent. Black ; mandibles, antennae

and lees blackish- brown.

“« o, 45mm. Mandibles narrow, sickle-shaped as in Polyergus,

with the apex acute, shining, striate, punctate. Head short, widely

truncate in front up to the level of the frontal area, somewhat as in

Colobopsis, but the truncated face is only obtusely and indistinctly

marginate. Clypeus almost flat, without a carima, feebly emarginate

in the middle in front. Behind the eyes the head is abruptly nar-

rowed and almost trapeziform, but not narrowed ina neck-like manner,

the posterior margin consisting of the articular border only. The

scape extends beyond the posterior margin by two-fifths of its length ;

the joints of the flagellum are longer than in the $. Frontal] carinae

asin the 9. Thorax narrower than the head; the mesonotum over-

hangs the pronotum to a certain extent infront. Metanotum pointed,

projecting in an almost dentiform shape over the epinotum. Scutellum

large. Epinotum quite unarmed, declivous, with a very short dorsum.

First segment of petiole wider than long, concave in front, otherwise

asin the 9. Second segment more than twice as wide as long, in

front wider and produced laterally. Abdomen, frontal area and

clypeus smooth; only a few transverse rugae in front on the clypeus.

Legs and antennae shining, with numerous piligerous punctures.

Otherwise the head, thorax and petiole are nearly dull, closely and

rather coarsely longitudinally rugose, and coarsely reticulate-punctate

or reticulate in between the rugae. The scutellum and declivity of the

epinotum like the rest. Legs and antennae with abundant decumbent

hairs, head, thorax and petiole with dark yellowish exserted hairs.

Abdomen almost glabrous. Brownish-black, abdomen, the front of

the head, antennae and legs brown. Mandibles brownish-red. Wings

hyaline, with pale nervures and stigma.

“g. 3mm. Mandibles narrow, with only an apical tooth. Head

rather wider than long, with a distant hind margin. The mesonotum

overhangs the pronotum. Thorax somewhat wider than the head.

Epinotum unarmed, but with 2 well-defined faces, the dorsal one

short and nearly horizontal. Nitidulous, Head and thorax finely

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 545

rugose ; abdomen finely reticulate; petiole reticulate-rugose. Wings

long. Nearly black, antennae and legs brown. Pilosity, etc., as in

the ©.

“ Kammagas, Little Namaland, in a large nest on an orange-bush.

(Schultze). The carton nest is 36 cm. long by 26 cm. wide. . . .”

Sus-cenus ATOPOGYNE, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Se. Nat., vol. 47, p. 343, 1911.

‘““Characterised by the depressed head, rectangular or trapezoidal,

by the straight mandibles with a long masticatory margin, and by the

elongate and anteriorly narrowed thorax, all these characters applying

only to the ? .”

C. (sub-gen. Aropoagynn) Wetmant, Forel, race retusa, Santschi.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 53, p. 64, 9, 1909.

(Race) Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 84, p. 500, 5,29,¢, 1916.

0. 32-4 mm. Head bright red (burnt sienna or brick-red),

thorax red or brownish-red, becoming progressively darker towards

the petiole, abdomen black, lees brownish-red, the first 4 tarsal joints

paler, antennae brownish-red, the club paler, Pilosity absent, except

a few hairs on the clypeus and abdomen. Pubescence exceedingly

fine and sparse, more abundant on the abdomen than elsewhere.

Mesopleura reticulate-punctate and dull, sides of the epinotum finely

and longitudinally rugulose and moderately shining, the rest of the

thorax, the head and the petiole very smooth and shining, finely and

sparsely punctured. Abdomen smooth, shining, impunctate. Clypeus,

frontal area and the anterior third of the sides of the head longi-

tudinally striate or aciculate. Mandibles longitudinally striate,

4-dentate. Head, excluding the mandibles, one-sixth longer than wide,

rectangular, the sides subparallel, the posterior margin widely and

shallowly concave, the posterior angles feebly rounded. ‘The scape

does not extend beyond the posterior fourth of the head, 3rd—7th

joints of the flagellum wider than long, the club 5-joited. Eves

flattened, placed at the middle of the sides. Median area of clypeus

fairly convex lengthwise, the anterior margin straight. Pronotum

rounded at the sides, the anterior face rather steep. Pro-mesonotal

suture faintly defined in the middle, more strongly defined at the

sides. Mesonotum at least one-third longer than wide at the base,

with a trace of a very obtuse median carina in front; the declivity

fairly steep, and rounded above. Meso-epinotal suture deep. Dorsum

546 Annals of the South African Museum.

of epinotum convex at the base lengthwise, its lateral margins also

convex, armed with two feebly-pointed tubercles (hardly dentate).

First segment: of petiole oblong, very little wider in front than behind,

nearly one-third longer than wide, slightly concave in front. Node

of 2nd segment distinctly narrowed in front, hardly wider than the

Ist, barely emarginate behind, with a trace of a median longitudinal

groove (quite obsolete in some specimens). Abdomen a little longer

than wide.

Q. 82 mm. Mandibles and anterior margin of the head dark

reddish-brown; a longitudinal band on each side of the meso-

notum brownish, legs reddish-yellow, abdomen dark brown, becoming

eradually paler or more reddish towards the base; otherwise the

colour is like that of the %. Sculpture of the head as in the 9, but

stronger and more abundantly punctured. Mandibles strongly striate,

sparsely punctured in the striae, 5-dentate. Mesonotum and scutellum

very smooth and shining, sparsely and sharply punctured. Epinotum

dull, transversely rugulose. Petiole and abdomen moderately shining.

Fia, 54.—C. Welmani, Forel, race retusa, Santschi. Head less enlarged

r=)

than the other two.

Head, excluding the mandibles, nearly one-third longer than wide, hke

that of the 9 in general, but with the posterior angles much more

pronounced, and the sides near the eyes very distinctly concave (in

the > there is only a slight trace of this concavity). Hyes placed

a little in front of the middle of the sides, feebly convex. Ocelli

depressed. 'The scape hardly reaches the posterior third of the head ;

3rd joint of the flagellum wider than long, 4th as wide as long, all the

rest longer than wide. The mesonotum slopes downwards from back

to front, and is considerably narrowed apically ; it is one-fourth longer

than wide across the tegulae. Metanotum produced in the middle,

subdentiform. Epinotum unarmed, the dorsum at least four times

wider than long, the declivity subvertical. First segment of petiole

subtrapezoidal, the sides convex, widest a little in front of the middle.

Second node oblongo-ovate, not wider than the Ist, without a median

groove or posterior emargination. Wings hyaline, nervures and stigma

ochreous.

gd. 35mm. Head black, the anterior third reddish-brown, thorax

and abdomen brown, the paraptera and metathorax paler than the rest,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 547

legs pale-brown, tarsi, mandibles and antennae fuscous ochreous.

Antennae densely pubescent ; the brow of the declivity of the epinotum

has a tuft of thin, long hairs on each side ; elsewhere the pubescence is

very sparse. Smooth and very shining, except the head, which is very

superficially reticulate-rugulose. Head trapezoidal, as long as wide

across the eyes. The latter large, occupying the anterior half of the

sides. Mandibles shining and bidentate. Clypeus with a transverse

groove across the median area. Scapes two and a-half times longer

than wide; Ist joint of flagellum shining, the remaining joints dull,

3rd joint wider than long, the remaining joints as long as, or longer than

wide. Scutellum conical in outline, much higher than the epinotum.

First segment of petiole wider than long, declivous, a little narrowed

in front; 2nd segment subglobose, a little wider than the Ist.

Victoria Falls. A populous nest under the bark of a leguminous

tree (Baikaiea or allied genus), containing several dozens of 2 9 and

¢ g, and about three or four hundred 6 9.

Sus-cenus DEHCRACREMA, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Bele., vol. 54, p. 18, 1910.

Characters.

S and 9 with 10-jointed antennae. Otherwise like Cremastogaster,

8. str.

C. (sub-gen. DecracremA) ArtTHUR-Miuuert, Forel.

(As race of gallicola, Forel) Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 9, p. 96,

Wo SOA:

Mayr, Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 10, p. 144, 1895.

“8. 38mm. Club of antenna more or less 3-jointed. First

segment of petiole with a long thin tooth below in front. Dorsum of

thorax less uniformly flattened than in gallicola. The scattered

puncturation somewhat stronger. Epinotal spines even shorter than

in that species. Otherwise like the § major of the type-species.”

Delagoa (Dr. Arthur Miiller).

This species and C. Liengmei were wrongly described by Forel as

forms of gallicola. Mayr, in correcting the error, remarks that

“(. gallicola has a short mesonotum strongly rounded from side to

side in front, and the Ist segment of the petiole has only a very small

tooth below, or none at all. C. Arthwr-Miilleri has a much larger

mesonotum, and the meso-epinotal suture is much deeper; the

Ist segment of the petiole has a thin spine below in front, which is

directed steeply forwards and downwards. Larger than C. gallicola.”

548 Annals of the South African Museum.

C. Lizenemet, Forel.

(As race of gallicola) Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 9, p. 96, 1894.

Mayr, Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 10, p. 144, 1895.

“OG. Like gallicola in size, and with the same brighter colour in

the § minor and with more equal sized 9 $. Posterior half of the

head very shining and fairly smooth. Mesonotum without a median

tubercle in front. Epinotal spines longer than in gallicola. First

seoement of the petiole with a quite obtuse protuberance below in

front, directed entirely forwards (not projecting out underneath).

Thorax somewhat more coarsely rugulose and more feebly constricted.

Otherwise similar.

“ Delagoa (Dr. Liengme).”’

Race WEITZAECKERI, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 28, 9, 1895.

5. 38-37 mm. Black; abdomen, antennae, legs and mandibles

dark brown or blackish-brown. Finely and very sparsely pubescent ;

pilosity absent except on the clypeus. Head smooth and shining,

sparsely and finely punctured, the clypeus, mandibles and sides in

front of the eyes finely striate longitudinally. Thorax longitudinally

rugulose above and dull (sometimes more strongly sculptured, almost

rugose), the sides of the pronotum shining, the mesopleura reticulate.

First segment of petiole fairly dull, very finely reticulate or coriaceous,

the 2nd segment and the abdomen smooth and shining. Head as

wide as long, very little narrower in front than behind, the posterior

margin straight, the sides very convex. Eyes placed in the middle of

the sides. Frontal area indistinct. The scape nearly reaches as far

as the occipital margin; all the joints of the flagellum longer than wide,

except the 3rd and 4th, which are about as wide as long. Seen in

profile, the anterior face of the pronotum is subvertical, its brow

rounded, the rest of the pronotum and the mesonotum flat. The pro-

mesonotal suture is very shallow, the meso-epinotal deep. Dorsum of

epinotum oblique, forming a continuous plane with the declivity.

Epinotal spines thin and acute, divergent, directed obliquely upwards,

a little more than one-third the length of the interval between their

bases. The mesonotal declivity is short and slightly concave trans-

versely. First segment of petiole trapezoidal, wider than long, the

anterior angles obliquely truncate, with a minute denticle on each

side in front of the posterior margin; node of 2nd segment with a

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 549

wide median longitudinal groove, the posterior margin of the lateral

discs well defined. The Ist node is unarmed below.

Pietermaritzburg (Simon); Hstcourt, Natal (R. C. Wroughton).

Durban. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

I have attached to this race a large numberof specimens from

Durban and neighbourhood, which have been wrongly recorded by

Dr. Forel as C. excisa, Mayr, race Andrei, Forel (Bull. Soc. Vaud. Se.

Nat., vol. 50, p. 236, 1914), and also his C. coelestis, Santschi, var.

kloofensis (loc. cit., p. 237). These specimens have 10-jointed antennae,

whereas the true Andrei (from the Congo) has 11 joints. In the

same place Forel describes several other varieties, also erroneously

placed with species of Cremastogaster s. str. These are dealt with

below.

Cer

Fia. 55.—C. Liengmei, Forel, race Weitzaeckeri, Emery.

Race WEITZAECKERI, var. THats, Forel.

(As var. of race Andrei) Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 126, 9,

1913.

®. 25-35 mm. Differs from Weitzaeckeri by its more brownish

and paler colour. The head is much more convex above, especially in

its posterior half. The 2nd joint of the flagellum is clearly wider

than long, and the whole flagellum is a little shorter and thicker than

in the race. Otherwise similar.

Port Elizabeth (Brauns) ; Grahamstown (Sherry). (S.A.M., R.M.,

G.A. colls.)

Race WEITZAECKERI, var. GORDONENSIS, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Se. Nat., vol. 50, p. 236, 5, 1914.

S. 28-32 mm. This form is intermediate between Weitzaeckeri

and var. acanthobia, Forel. Like the former the Ist segment of the

petiole is wider than long, and the epinotal spines are fairly long and

thin; it resembles acanthobia in having the steep declivity of the

mesonotum strongly concave transversely, even more so than in that

variety, the sides of the declivity standing out as distinct ridges.

Gordon’s Bay, Cape. Prov. (S.A.M., G.A. colls.)

550 _ Annals of the South African Musewm.

Race WEITZAECKERI, var. ACANTHOBIA, Forel.

IDG, Cie (Oe

%. 28-33 mm. Head longer than in the race, as long as

wide (not longer than wide as stated by Forel), barely narrower

in front than behind. In the race the head is clearly narrower in

front, and is also one-sixth wider than long. The sculpture of the

head is stronger in front, even the clypeus showing a fairly clear

longitudinal rugulosity. The thorax is quite dull (slightly shining in

Weitzaeckeri), more strongly sculptured than in the race, almost

longitudinally rugose. The declivity of the mesonotum is steeper and

longer, nearly as long as the anterior plane, more deeply concave

transversely. Seen in profile, the dorsum of the thorax rises from

front to back as far as the mesonotal declivity. The dorsum of the

epinotum is less widened towards the apex, and the spines are broader

at the base and shorter, or barely half as long as the interval between

their bases. The first segment of the petiole is as long as wide in

front, the anterior angles less abruptly rounded. It bears below in

front a short obtuse tooth, directed downwards.

Willowmore, Cape Prov. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

The specimens from Durban which were also assigned to this variety

by Dr. Forel are quite different, having the broad head and other

characters distinctive of typical Weitzaeckeri, with which they should

be placed. They are duller and more strongly sculptured on the

thorax than Weitzaeckeri, but this character is too variable within the

group to justify the separation of the Durban specimens as a variety.

The var. pensitata, Forel (loc. cit. p. 341) should be sunk as a

synonym of acanthobia. It is merely a little smaller and has the

angles of the Ist segment of the petiole more rounded.

C. LizneGMEI, race cacunata, Forel.

(As race of C. Peringueyi) loc. cit. p. 341, >.

®. 35-4 mm. Colour as in var. acanthobia. Sculpture of the

thorax more reticulate and rugulose and a little stronger than in that

variety, [especially the dorsum of the epinotum, which is almost

rugose ; sides of the meso- and epithorax and of the segments of the

petiole sharply reticulate. Head globose, a little wider than long.

Thorax similar to that of acanthobia but more robust, the declivity of

the mesonotum as large and as sharply margined laterally as in that

variety, but meeting the anterior plane in a less acute angle. Meso-

epinotal suture deeper than in acanthobia. Dorsum of epinotum

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 55]

wider at the apex, two and a-half times wider than long, hardly twice

as wide as long in acanthobia. First segment of petiole wider than

long, bearing below a fairly acute triangular tooth pointing down-

wards.

Durban (C. B. Cooper). (G.A. coll.)

All these races and varieties of C. Liengmei are, in my opinion,

closely related, and it is most probable that when we have much more

extensive material than is now at our disposal, it will be found that

they will all be connected together by minute gradations whereby the

limits of the present known forms will be entirely obscured.

Sup-FamMInty CAMPONOTINAE.

Characters.

Gizzard with a 4-sepaled-ealyx separated from the cavity of the crop

by circular muscles. (In the Dolichoderinae there is either no calyx

or it is enclosed within the cavity of the crop.)

Petiole 1-jointed, variously shaped.

The poison gland forms a flat or oval cushion; the poison vesicle

large and elliptical; no true sting present; only a vestige of it is

present, acting as a support for the orifice of the poison vesicle.

Pupae usually enclosed in cocoons.

The following subdivisions of the sub-family have been instituted by

Dr. Forel (Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 20, p. 87 et seq., 1912):

Suction I. PROCAMPONOTINAE.

Calyx of gizzard greatly shortened. The 4 sepals strongly divergent and

chitinised from their base upwards. ‘They are very short and strongly

recurved at their ends. Mandibles inserted very close together, linear,

porrect, longer than the head. No frontal carinae present. Antennae

inserted far behind the posterior margin of the clypeus, in an isolated

antennal socket . : . Genus Myrmoteras, Forel (not African).

Section Il. MESOCAMPONOTINAE.

Calyx of gizzard reflected. Including the following 8. African genera: Apho-

momyrmex, Plagiolepis and Acantholepis.

Section III. HUCAMPONOTINAH.

Calyx of gizzard straight or slightly curved, but never reflected. Including

the following 8. African genera: Oecophylla, Prenolepis, Camponotus and

Polyrachis.

The Mesocamponotinae contains three tribes, of which two are

represented in our region, distinguished as follows :

502

Annals of the South African Museum.

A. Antennae 11-jointed in the $, 12-jointed in the g. Gizzard longer

Tribe Plagiolepidini, Forel.

B. Antennae 9- or 10-jointed in the ¢,10- or 11-jointed in the g. Gizzard

shorter . : : : ; . Tribe Myrmelachistini, Forel.

The Eucamponotinae contains five tribes, three of which are

represented in our region, and distinguished as follows :

A. Antennae 12-jointed in the ¢$, 13-jointed in the g. Calyx of gizzard

slightly curved or recurved. Antennae inserted at the sides of the frontal

area

B. Gizzard long andl narrow, the cake straight. Antennae inserted somewhat

behind the frontal area, but near the ends of the frontal carina

Tribe Prenolepidini, Forel.

Tribe Oecophyllini, Forel.

C. Gizzard as in B. Antennae inserted at the sides of the frontal carinae, far

from the clypeus and the frontal area : Tribe Camponotini, Forel.

(2) 1

(1) 2

(6) 3

(®) 2

(4) 6

(3) 6

(8) 7

(7) 8.

(10) 9.

(9) 10,

G2) alate

Gay) 12.

Key to the Genera of Camponotinae, > >.

. Antennae 9-jointed . : : . -Aphomomyrmea, Emery.

. Antennae with 11 or 12 joints.

. Antennae 11-jointed.

. Epinotum and petiole more or less bidentate or bispinose

Acantholepis, Mayr.

. Epinotum unarmed . : : ; . Plagiolepis, Mayr.

. Antennae 12-jointed

. Maxillary palpi 5-jointed. Antennae inserted behind the frontal area

but near the anterior ends of the frontal carinae Oecophylla, Smith.

Maxillary palpi 6-jointed.

Antennae inserted at the sides of the frontal area, close to the posterior

margin of the clypeus : . . Prenolepis, Mayr.

Antennae inserted at the sides of She frontal carinae, some distance

from the frontal area and clypeus.

% % polymorphic. Petiole not spinose or dentate. Shoulders of the

pronotum very rarely dentate or sharply angular, never spinose in

S. African species 0 : Camponotus, Mayr.

§ ¥ monomorphic. Petiole mostly, ailnagis spinose or dentate. Shoulders

of pronotum often spinose, at least dentate . . Polyrachis, Smith.

Section MESOCAMPONOTINAH, Forel.

Tripe MYRMELACHISTINI, Forel.

Genus APHOMOMYRMEX, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 43, p. 498, 1899.

Characters.

“G. Head short. Antennae 9-jointed (or less?), the Ist joint of

the flagellum longer than the 2nd, the following joints gradually

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 5598

incrassate, without a distinct club. Clypeus slightly prolonged

arcuately between the frontal carinae, short, feebly projecting in

front; no distinct frontal area. Eyes oval, placed noticeably distant

from the frontal carinae, the latter far apart; ocelli distinct.

Mandibles of the usual shape. Thorax of the Plagiolepis type, the

postscutellum (metathorax) forming a transverse torus.

“Scale of petiole thin. Pilose hairs thin and aculeate, not branched

at the apex.

“0. Head longer, otherwise formed as in the ®. Antennae 8- or

10-jointed. Thorax narrow, elongate. Scale of petiole thick and

low. Neuration of the wings as in Plagiolepis.

“@. Much smaller than the 9. Antennae 10-jointed as in the

? (in the only species in which the g is known), the scape longer

than half the flagellum. Mandibles dentate. Frontal carinae nearer

together. Scale of petiole about the same as in the 9. Genital

armature well developed, stipes forming a falciform plate, the

volsella slender and longer than the lacinia, which is distinct.”

Distribution—Cameroons and Natal. Also Borneo if A. Andrei

Em., is correctly ascribed to this genus.

A. MURALTI, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 499, 9, 1910.

“6. 24 mm. Closely allied to A. afer but smaller. Head more

convex in front, the sides also more convex. Pro-mesonotal suture

deeper; dorsum of epinotum more convex. Entirely smooth and

shining, without pubescence and impunctate. Pilosity and colour as

in afer.

“ Natal (Dr. L. v. Muralt). It is perhaps only a race of afer, from

which it differs chiefly by the absence of puncturation and pubescence

and also by its smaller size.”

The above diagnosis needs amplification by reference to A. afer, the

description of which is as follows :

“O. Black; antennae, trochanters, base of tibiae, and tarsi rusty

red, the scape paler; very shining and smooth on the sides of the

head, thorax and abdomen, less shining and finely punctulate on the

vertex and also on the dorsum of thorax and abdomen; the latter are

covered with a fine greyish pubescence, arising from the punctures.

There are also some pilose hairs on the whole body, including the

scapes and legs. Head subquadrate, a little narrower in front, the

posterior angles rounded, the eyes placed in the middle of the sides,

the ocelli forming a large triangle. Clypeus convex, its anterior

554 Annals of the South African Musewm.

margin arcuate in the middle, feebly sinuate on each side; the suture

between the clypeus and the frons very weak; the clypeus and cheeks

are finely striolate and have some large punctures. Mandibles

strongly striate, 3-dentate. The distance between the insertion of the

antennae is a little less than their distance from the sides of the

head. Antennae 9-jointed; the scape does not reach the posterior

margin of the head; the flagellum gradually incrassate towards its

apex, the last joint almost as long as the three preceding joints

taken together. The thorax is squat, the pronotum and mesonotum

together forming a globose mass, behind which the metanotum (at the

bottom of the depression separating the mesonotum from the epinotum )

forms a transverse torus bearing the stigmatic orifices. The epinotum

in profile forms a continuous curve, its declivity is concave in the

middle, very polished and shining. The scale is high and thin,

narrower towards the summit, which is excised. Length 5-3°5 mm.”

A. muralti is apparently a very rare species, as it has not been

recorded again since it was first discovered by Dr. Muralt.

Tripe PLAGIOLEPIDINI, Forel.

Including the genera Acantholepis, Mayr, and Plagiolepis, Mayr.

Genus ACANTHOLEPIS, Mayr.

Kurop. Formicid., p. 42, 1861.

Characters.

&. Antennae I1-jointed, the scape long and usually extending

beyond the back of the head, the flagellum filiform, incrassate apically

but without a club. Antennae inserted close to the posterior margin

of the clypeus, that is at the anterior end of the frontal carinae and

at the sides of the frontal area. Frontal carinae short and fairly far

apart. Ocelli or traces of the same sometimes present. Mandibles

dentate, the masticatory margin oblique and usually long. Maxillary

palpi decidedly long. Median area of clypeus gibbose, carinate or

subcarinate in the middle. Pronotum long, the thorax always con-

siderably narrowed in its meso- and metanotal portion, widening again

at the epinotum. Both thoracic sutures well defined. Mesonotum

small, oval or subcircular or quadrate, divided by a_ transverse

impression or suture from a well-defined metanotum. This segment

bears two stigmata which occupy a dorsal position and are often

raised, so that this part of the thorax has a bituberculate appearance.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 505

Epinotum always rather large and somewhat inflated, armed with

a tooth or spine on each side or simply bituberculate, often excavated

longitudinally above, and sometimes more or less emarginate between

the teeth or tubercles. The dorsum of the epinotum higher than

the meso- and metanotum. Petiole with a more or less scale-like

node anteriorly and a peduncle behind, the scale emarginate, or

bidentate or bispinose above. Abdomen oval, acute apically. Legs

long and slender.

2. Not considerably larger than the 9. Ocellinot large. Pronotum

not visible from above. Mesonotum broad, the scutellum much

wider than long, its posterior margin wide and not angular. Meta-

thorax fairly evident. Epinotum lower than the anterior part of the

thorax, unarmed. Scale of petiole round or pentagonal, unarmed or

merely emarginate above. Abdomen massive. Wings long, extending

beyond the apex of the abdomen ; anterior wing with | cubital cell, the

radial cell closed.

¢6. Much smaller than the 2. Antennae 12-jointed; the scape

long, at least half as long as the flagellum. Head more or less

triangular, eyes large, ocelli small. Pronotum not visible from

above, Scutellum narrower behind than in the 92, the posterior

outline more or less conical, much higher than the epinotum. The

latter unarmed. Scale of petiole thicker than in the 9. Wings long,

but yet shorter and wider than in the °.

Distribution.—Palaearctic, Ethiopian and Indo-Malayan regions.

The members of this genus are very active insects. All our species

form their nests in the ground, usually under stones. The colonies

are of moderate size, nests containing more than about 200 9 >

being rare. I have no records of myrmecophilous insects having been

found in the nests of any of our South African species. Most of them

are omnivorous, with a partiality for sweet substances, and therefore

aphidicolous.

Key to the Species of Acantholepis % %.

(10) 1. Node of petiole bispinose above, the spines as long as or longer than

the node is wide.

Petiole very long, two and a-half times as long as the node is high

(excluding the spines) ; the spines long, thin and straight.

(4) 3. Head and thorax reddish-brown, dull and reticulate-punctate

(5)

longinoda, Arnold.

(3) 4. Head and thorax ochreous, smooth and shining . arenaria, Arnold.

(2) 5. Petiole shorter, as long as, or very little longer than the node is high.

(9) 6. Spines of node round in cross-section, thicker at the base than at the

apex.

556

(8) 7.

(as:

(6) 9.

(1) 10.

(24) 11.

(19) 12.

(18) 13.

(a5), 1

(14) 15.

(7) 16.

(16) 17.

(13) 18.

(12) 19.

(21) 20.

(20) 21.

(23) 22.

(22) 23.

(11) 24.

(28) 25.

(27) 26.

(26) 27.

(25) 28.

(32) 29.

(31) 30.

(30) 31.

(29) 32.

(84) 33.

(83) 34.

(40) 35.

(37) 36.

Annals of the South African Museum.

Head and thorax more or less yellowish-red, abdomen pale, at least at

the base : . spinosior, Forel.

Head and thorax piceous, Aydorren Se heily black

spinosior var. natalensis, Arnold.

Spines of node flattened from front to back, as thick at the apex as at

the base : . spinosior, var. ballaensis, Arnold.

Node of petiole only Bidenrate or emarginate above ; if bidentate, then

the teeth are much shorter than the width of the ode:

Small species, 2:2 mm. or less; body not entirely black or dark brown.

Whole body very smooth and shining.

Thorax more or less ferruginous, head and abdomen dark brown.

Scapes and tibiae pubescent only. : . rubrovaria, Forel.

Scapes and tibiae with exserted pilose hairs in addition to the pube-

scence.

Head dark brown. i : rubrovaria, race pilosa, Forel.

Head ferruginous . rubrovaria, race pilosa, var. avunculus, Arnold.

Dark reddish-ochreous, apical third of abdomen blackish

Arnoldi, Forel.

Whole body dull.

Epinotum straight between the tubercles, which are almost obsolete

Foreli, Arnold, var. convexa, Arnold.

Epinotum concave between the tubercles, which are well developed.

Mesonotum feebly convex transversely, the meta-epinotal suture

shallow P . F Foreli, Arnold.

Mesonotum Heronelyie convex Sranesersclys ire meta-epinotal suture

deep .. : : : Foreli, var. impressa, Arnold.

Larger species, more (han 2°2 mm. long; body entirely or in greater

part black or dark brown.

Head and thorax with a greenish abdomen with a violaceous metallic

lustre; dorsum of epinotum with a deep median longitudinal groove.

Head and pro-mesonotum shining . : submetallica, Arnold.

Head and pro-mesonotum dull submetallica, var. aspera, Arnold.

Body without any metallic lustre. é

Epinotum very coarsely and irregularly rugose; pilosity long and

white.

Smaller species, 2°4 mm.; scape extending beyond the back of the

head by one-fourth of its esac é . crinita, Mayr.

Larger species, 2°6-3°3 mm. ; scape extending beyond the back of the

head by nearly one-third of its length

hirsuta, Santschi, var. elevata, Forel.

Epinotum finely sculptured ; pilosity not white.

Large stout species; head and thorax closely and finely sculptured

and dull : z . stlvicola, Arnold.

More slender species ; Then aa shoves more or less smooth and shining.

The scape extends beyond the back of the head by nearly half its

length, or more.

Head not narrower in front than behind; the scape extends by more

than half its length beyond the back of the head

egregia, Forel, race Santschii, Arnold.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 557

(36) 37. Head narrower in front than behind ; a little less than half the scape

extends beyond the back of the head.

(39) 38. Lateral profile of the dorsum of the epinotum very convex, scale of

petiole thick . : 4 egregia, Forel.

388) 39. Lateral profile of dorsum of e Sean ceria and inclined upwards

p ] p

posteriorly ; scale thinner . capensis, Mayr, var. validiuscula, Emery.

(35) 40. The scape extends beyond the back of the head by very little more

than one-third of its leneth.

(42) 41. Metathorax and epinotum fairly dull, rugulose or reticulate; scale

bidentate j 5 : : capensis, Mayr.

(41) 42. Metathorax and syoftnt ner hima

(44) 48. Length 2-4-2°8 mm. ; scale emarginate above

capensis, Mayr, race simplex, Forel.

(43) 44. Length 2mm.; scale more deeply emarginate, or almost. bidentate

capensis, race laevis, Santschi, var. Alexis, Arnold.

The above key does not include capensis, race Junodi, and var.

simplicoides, Forel, and simplex, var. minuta, Forel, which are not

known to me in nature.

A. sprnosior, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 144, 9, 1918.

®. 2-7-3 mm. Head, thorax and petiole dark rusty red (dark

burnt sienna), the head somewhat darker than the thorax, abdomen

dark brown, becoming paler or rusty red towards the base; the basal

segment sometimes pale all over except the sides. Legs yellowish-red,

flagellum brown and darker at the apex. scapes dark ochreous, becoming

gradually darker towards the apex. Pubescence very fine on the legs

and scapes, very sparse on the thorax and abdomen, absent from the

head. Abdomen with suberect, thick and bristly brownish-black hairs,

elsewhere the pilosity is wanting. Head, thorax and petiole dull, very

closely finely and evenly reticulate-punctate. Abdomen moderately

shining. Mandibles very finely striate, feebly shining, with three or

four acute teeth. Head, excluding the mandibles, nearly one-fourth

longer than wide, ovoid, considerably narrowed in front, the posterior

margin straight. Eyes large, placed in the middle of the sides.

Ocelli much reduced, just visible under a high magnification. Clypeus

very convex transversely, subearinate in the middle. Scapes extend-

ing beyond the back of the head by two-fifths of their length ;

second joint of flagellum one and a-half times longer than wide, all

the other joints much longer. Pronotum somewhat flattened above,

the sides fairly convex, two-fifths wider than long in the middle.

Mesonotum subcircular, a little wider than long, half as wide as the

558 Annals of the South African Museum.

pronotum; meso-metanotal suture feeble. Metanotum a little wider

than long, the stigmatic tubercles fairly prominent. Meta-epinotal

suture not very deep. Dorsum of epinotum as long as the declivity,

fairly convex and rising posteriorly when seen in profile; seen from

above subrectangular, not much widened posteriorly, the lateral

margins convex, armed with two fairly acute, triangular teeth, dis-

tinctly excavated lengthwise in the middle of the apical half. Declivity

oblique, the stigmata below prominent. Petiole as long as high in

front, ending in front in a wedge-shaped scale which is inclined

forwards, and armed above with 2 long, divergent spines directed

upwards. The spines are thick at the base, as long as the scale is

wide above, and seen from the side are distinctly curved backwards.

Abdomen large, longer than wide.

2. 5 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Black; legs reddish-brown,

tarsi, mandibles and antennae reddish-ochreous, the apical third of the

scape brownish. Pubescence decumbent, exceedingly fine, abundant all

over. Apical margins of the abdominal segments with a few short,

obtuse, yellowish erect hairs. Head and thorax dull, closely and

fairly finely punctate-coriaceous. Abdomen dull, rugulose. Head

subquadrate, wider than long. Ocelli placed close to the hind margin

of the head. Hyes large, occupying the middle third of the sides,

Mesonotum convex in frent, flat above bebind, a trifle wider than

long, with a depressed median line over its anterior fourth. Scutellum

broad, not much wider in front than behind, sloping gradually down-

wards to the metanotum. Dorsum and declivity of epinotum forming a

continuous and steep curve. Petiole short, without a long peduncle

behind the scale, the latter thin, unarmed, its upper edge convex from

side to side. Abdomen one and a-half times longer than wide, the apex

broad and obtuse. Wings fusco-hyaline, nervures and stigma brownish.

Bulawayo. Not common. The entrance to the nest is a very small

hole, rarely surrounded with excavated material. A very agile species,

and not easily seen, since its colour matches that of the soil. (S.A.M.,

R.M., G.A. colls.; type of 2 in my collection).

; V

Var. BALLAENSIS, n. v.

%. 3mm. Head brownish-black, thorax dark red, petiole and

abdomen black; legs and flagellum brown, tarsi and greater part of

the scapes dull ochreous. Pilosity on the abdomen black, longer than

in the type of the species. Thorax more robust than in the type-

species, pronotum one and a-half times wider than long in the middle ;

mesonotum circular, as long as wide, the metanotum one-third wider

than long. The petiole is a little longer than high in front and the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa, 559

spines of the node are flattened from front to back, directed obliquely

backwards; their anterior edge when seen in profile is straight, not

convex as in the type-species. Otherwise like the type-species, but a

much more robust and darker insect.

Balla-Balla, 8. Rhodesia. (R.M., G.A. colls.; type m my

collection. )

Var. NATALENSIS, 0. V.

®. 24mm. Very similar to var. ballaensis but smaller. Sculp-

ture and pilosity as in that variety. The head is narrower, being one-

fifth to one-fourth longer than wide. The scapes extend beyond the

hind margin of the head by one-third of their length. Epinotal teeth

smaller than in the type of the species, and considerably smaller and

more obtuse than in var. ballaensis. The petiole resembles that of the

type of the species, the teeth being curved backwards, but they are

shorter, being barely longer than their basal width. Colour like that

of var. ballaensis.

Pietermaritzburg (Dr. C. Akerman), ex. Natal Museum coll. Type

in my collection.

A. LONGINODA, 0. sp. (Plate VIII, figs. 120, 120 a.)

6. 3-38 mm. Head, thorax and petiole dark castaneous red or

reddish-brown, abdomen black, legs brownish, the tarsi paler, flagellum

dark brown, mandibles and scapes reddish-ochreous, the scapes

becoming brownish towards their apices. Dull, very closely and finely

reticulate-punctate, or apparently granulate; the thorax with a fine,

widely-spaced reticulation superimposed, more apparent and closer on

the epinotum than elsewhere. Abdomen almost smooth, shining.

Femora reticulate-punctate and dull. Mandibles slightly shining,

finely striate and sparsely punctured, 5-dentate. Pubescence very

fine and sparse, almost absent on the thorax. Abdomen witha sparse,

erect, black, short and obtuse pilosity. Clypeus with about 6 long

dark and exserted hairs.

Head, excluding the mandibles, about one-sixth longer than wide,

oval, the posterior margin straight. Eyes large, occupying nearly the

middle third of the sides. Ocelli barely distinguishable. Scapes very

long, quite half their length extending beyond the back of the head,

reaching as far as the pro-mesonotal suture; 2nd joint of flagellum

twice as long as wide, the other joints much longer. Pronotum long,

nearly as long as the meso-metanotum, not more than one-fourth

wider than long in the middle, fairly convex above from side to side.

560 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Mesonotum longer than wide behind, widest in front, feebly convex

transversely, straight longitudinally; meso-metanotal impression

feeble. Stigmatic tubercles of metanotum prominent, subconical in

profile. Meta-epinotal suture fairly deep. Dorsum of epinotum

convex lengthwise, a little wider than long, not much narrowed at the

base, seen from above broadly campaniform, armed with two fairly

long oblique and feebly divergent teeth, longer than their basal width ;

declivity as long as the dorsum, steeply inclined, the stigmata at the

base not very prominent. Petiole two and a-half times longer than its

node is high, the latter with a fairly large dorsal face, which is as long

as wide and bears posteriorly two long, subvertical and thin spines.

The spines are longer than the node is wide and at least three times

longer than their basal width. Abdomen very convex transversely,

longer than wide, pointed towards the apex.

2. 57 mm. Black, legs brownish, tarsi ochreous, mandibles

ferruginous, antennae brown, the basal half of the scape more or less

ochreous. Anterior third of the head with a fine, decumbent and

whitish pubescence. Abdomen, legs and antennae densely pubescent,

the pubescence closely adjacent on the abdomen and of a golden

ochreous colour, somewhat pruinose; the apical margins with a few

erect, short and blunt hairs. Whole body, including the legs and

antennae, dull. Head and thorax very regularly coriaceous, the

abdomen rugulose. Mandibles slightly shining, finely striate, sparsely

and coarsely punctured. The shape of the head and thorax resembles

that of spinosior 9. The petiole without a long peduncle behind the

scale, seen from the side cuneiform, higher than long, the upper edge

convex transversely, unarmed. Deialated.

Hillside, Bulawayo. A very distinct and handsome species, easily

recognised by the exceptionally long petiole in the §, and_the

pruinose-golden sheen on the abdomen of the Q. (SA.M., R.M.,

G.A. colls.; types in my collection.)

A. ARENARIA, 0. sp.

%. 2°8-3:1 mm. Ochreous to dark amber-yellow, the head usually

darker, at least in front, and of a more reddish-yellow colour. Apical

halves of the 3rd and 4th and the whole of the 5th abdominal

segments more or less black or brown, the apical third of the posterior

femora and more or less the apical half of the posterior tibiae, and

the last two tarsal joints of all the legs brown. Scapes and flagella

infuscate near their apices, the last joint of the flagellum nearly

black. Pubescence yellowish, very short, fine and sparse all over,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 561

more abundant on the legs and antennae. Abdomen and anterior

margin of the clypeus with erect whitish-yellow and fairly long

pilose hairs, scanty.

Legs and antennae microscopically coriaceous and dull, mandibles

very finely aciculate and dull, thorax dull and reticulate-granulate,

excepting the pronotum and disc of mesonotum, which, like the head,

are smooth and shining, with traces of an almost effaced reticulation ;

abdomen smooth and shining.

Head a little less than one-quarter longer than wide, hardly

narrower in front than behind, the sides moderately convex, the hind

margin straight. Clypeus distinctly convex transversely, obtusely

Fie. 56.—A. arenaria, n. sp.

subcarinate in the middle, the anterior margin convex. Mandibles.

5-dentate and very finely striate. Frontal area triangular, wider than

long. Scapes long, extending back as far as the middle of the

mesonotum, 2nd joint of the flagellum twice as long as wide, all the

other joints longer. Hyes large and convex; traces of 3. ocelli

present. Pronotum one-third wider than long, convex transversely

above. Mesonotum oval, a trifle longer than wide, nearly one-third

longer than the metanotum, from which it is indistinctly defined ;

metanotal stigmata placed in the middle, prominent in profile. Meta-

epinotal suture wide and deeply impressed. Dorsum of epinotum

rising gradually towards the apex, a little wider there than at the

base, wider than long, ending at each side in an acute tooth which is

562 Annals of the South African Museum.

as long as it is wide at its base; declivity oblique, about as long as

the dorsum, produced at each angle below into a blunt tubercle,

directed outwards, clearly visible when looked at obliquely from the

side. Petiole like that of A. longinoda, but the node is narrower, less

convex vertically in profile, and armed with longer and thinner spines,

which are as long or nearly as long as the node is deep.

Sawmills, Umeusa River, 8.R.

A very distinct species, most nearly allied to A. longinoda, but with

a very different sculpture and colour. ‘The nest was situated in loose

yellowish sand, the colour of which so closely matched that of these

insects as to render them almost invisible. A very agile and swift

species.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type in my collection.)

A. RUBROVARIA, Forel.

(As var. of simplex) Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p.449, 5, ¢, 1910.

This species differs from its race pilosa in being a little larger, in

having a wider head, and in the absence of exserted pilosity on the

scapes and tibiae.

In the ¢, which is 2mm. long, the scape does not extend beyond

the posterior margin of the head by more than one-third of its length.

Basutoland (Wroughton). I have not seen the type-species, and the

above characters are extracted from Forel’s description of the race

pilosa.

Race priosa, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 141, , 1913.

OS. 17-19 mm. Head dark brown, thorax varying from yellowish-

red to brownish brick-red, abdomen and petiole black. Scapes and

first two joints of the flagellum dirty ochreous, the rest of the flagellum

brown ; legs brown, the articulations and the tarsi ochreous. Without

sculpture, entirely smooth and shining. A whitish, short and fairly

sparse pilosity on the body, scapes and legs. Head subquadrate, as

long as wide, hardly narrowed in front, the sides moderately convex, the

posterior margin shallowly emarginate in the middle. Eyes placed a

little in front of the middle of the side. Scapes short, only just

extending beyond the back of the head; 2nd and 3rd jomts of the

flagellum wider than long, 4th and 5th as wide as long, the remaining

joints very little longer than wide. Mandibles tridentate, sparsely

punctured and shining. Clypeus very convex in the middle, but not

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 563

carinate. Pronotum fairly flat above, about two-thirds wider than

long in the middle. Meso-metanotum hardly longer than the

pronotum ; meso-metanotal suture feeble, the meta-epinotal stronger.

Dorsum of epinotum rising from base to apex, the latter distinctly

concave transversely between the teeth; the teeth small, divergent,

merely prominent angles, the declivity as long as the dorsum,

the stigmata below raised and subangular in profile. Petiole one-

fourth longer than the scale is high, the peduncle as long as the

scale, the latter inclined forwards, its posterior face convex trans-

versely, the dorsal edge straight. Abdomen not very convex above,

about one-third longer than wide, broadly ovate. Legs rather

short.

Redbank, 8. Rhodesia. On sandy soil; a few specimens taken on

one occasion only, apparently a rare species. (R.M., G.A. colls.)

Race PILOSA, var. AVUNCULUS, 0. V.

S. 23-25 mm. Head and thorax ferruginous, petiole and

abdomen piceous, the bases of all the segments more or less paler or

reddish-brown. First 3 or 4 joints of the flagellum, the scapes,

articulations of the legs, anterior tibiae and all the tarsi reddish-

ochreous, the rest of the legs and flagellum reddish-brown. Erect

pilosity longer and more abundant than in the type of the race.

Smooth and very shining. Second and 38rd joints of the flagellum

as long as wide, 4th and Sth a little longer than wide. Pronotum

more convex transversely than in the type of the race, also narrower

or not more than one-third wider than long in the middle. Mesonotum

one-fourth wider than long and nearly twice as long as the metanotum

(three-fifths wider than long and very little longer than the metanotum

in the type of the race). Dorsal edge of scale thinner than in the

type of the race, straight or slightly concave. Otherwise like the

type of the race.

Sawmills, Umgusa River, 8.R. (R.M., G.A. colls.; type in my

collection. )

A. Arnoupt, Forel.

Ann, Soe. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 142, 9, 1913.

®. 17-2 mm. Dark reddish-ochreous (deep orange-yellow), the

3rd to 5th abdominal segments and the sides of the apical margins of

1st and 2nd brownish-black ; the flagellum, excepting the Ist joint,

yellowish-brown, becoming darker apically. Apical halves of the

564 Annals of the South African Museum.

middle and hind tibiae and femora brownish. Without sculpture

entirely smooth and shining. Pilosity and pubescence similar to that

of rubrovaria-pilosa. Very similar to that species, from which it

differs by the colour and the following characters.

The head is narrower, about one-sixth longer than wide, narrower

in front. The 2nd joint of the flagellum is as long as wide, the 3rd

a trifle longer. The meso-metanotum is narrower, two-thirds longer

than wide, and the dorsum of the epinotum is longer and flatter, the

teeth blunter and smaller, merely tubercles. The scale of the petiole

is feebly but distinctly emarginate above.

Redbank and Bulawayo, S. Rhodesia.

The nest is placed in loose sandy soil in the hottest situations.

A very agile species. In one nest several & % were found which had

the abdomen considerably swollen (as long as the head and thorax

together), but not so rotund as in the repletes of Myrmecocystus or of

Plagiolepis Triment. Probably the habit of using some of the members

of the colony as storage-vessels for honey is only in the incipient stage

in this genus.

A. Forett, n. sp. (Plate VIII, fig. 121.)

%. 16-1:9 mm. Head and thorax bright red (burnt sienna),

abdomen dark brown, with the middle of the upper surface of the Ist

and 2nd segments ochreous. Front pair of legs and the scapes

ochreous, flagellum, middle and hind legs brownish, the tarsi ochreous.

Entirely dull, the head and thorax microscopically rugulose or coria-

ceous. Pubescence whitish, decumbent and very sparse, more plentiful

on the legs, head and antennae than elsewhere. Apical margins of the

abdominal segments with a sparse, white, fairly short and obtuse

pilosity. Head subquadrate, a little longer than wide, hardly narrowed

in front, feebly emarginate behind, the sides feebly convex. Clypeus

produced more forwards than in the two preceding species, hiding the

closed mandibles, subcarinate. Eyes placed in the middle of the

sides; the ocelli vestigial as in the two preceding species. The scapes

just reach the posterior margin of the head; 2nd joint of flagellum

wider than long, the 3rd as long as wide, all the, remaining joints

longer than wide. Pronotum like that of pilosa, but the meso- and

metanotum are wider than in that race or in Arnoldi, the mesonotum

being almost twice as wide as long. The stigmata of the metanotum

only slightly prominent. Epinotum as in Arnoldi, but more concave

between the tubercles, not inclined upwards posteriorly but horizontal

or even slightly inclined downwards, The petiole is as long as the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 565

scale is high ; the latter thin, inclined forwards, distinctly emarginate

above. Abdomen longer than wide.

Sipapoma, S. Rhodesia. Running about on very hot sandy soil.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type in my collection.)

Var. IMPRESSA, n. Vv.

&. 17-22 mm. Apart from its more robust form and larger

size, this differs from the type @f the species as follows:

The colour is similar but darker in all parts. The thorax is wider,

the mesonotum more convex transversely and the meta-epinotal suture

deeper. The metanotum is not more than two-thirds the length of

the mesonotum (quite as long in the type-species) and its stigmata

are more prominent.

Hillside, Bulawayo; in similar situations as the type-species.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type in my collection.)

Var. CONVEXA, 0. V.

8. 18 mm. Colour and sculpture as in impressa. The pube-

scence is longer and much more apparent than in that variety or in

the type of the species. It differs from both by the narrower thorax,

the pronotum more convex transversely ; the dorsum of the epinotum

is straight between the tubercles, not concave as in the type and

var. impressa, and the tubercles are even smaller than in the type.

The chief distinction hes in the shape of the scale of the petiole, which

is thinner, much narrower and more convex above.

Hillside, Bulawayo. Type in my collection.

A. orinita, Mayr.

Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 10, p. 149, %, 1895.

«6. 24mm. Black, the apical half of the mandibles, the antennae

(excepting the apical fourth of the scape and the apical half of the

flagellum), and the tarsi more or less bright reddish-brown or

brownish-yellow. The whole body is abundantly clothed with long,

whitish, exserted and not very thick, bristly hairs, the femora and

tibiae with similar hairs, but only moderately long. A decumbent

pubescence is not recognisable. Head, pronotum and mesonotum

shining and nearly smooth, or partly and very superficially coriaceous

and rugulose, the metanotum and sides of the mesonotum coarsely

and longitudinally striate; the whole epinotum coarsely rugose and

fairly dull; petiole and abdomen smooth and shining. The body is

566 Annals of the South African Museum.

thicker than in capensis, Mayr. The oval head, moderately emarginate

behind, has the same shape as in capensis. The scape extends beyond

the back of the head by about one-fourth of its length, the 2nd joint

of flagellum is hardly half as long again as wide, the other joints

longer. The pronotum, as in capensis, is not strongly arched. The

constriction of the thorax is distinct, stronger than in capensis. The

epinotum has two cones rounded at the apices and directed steeply

outwards, upwards and backwards. he scale of the petiole has

two pointed teeth above and is arcudtely emarginate between them.

“ Durban (Brauns).”

A. SUBMETALLICA, Nl. Sp.

®. 32-3°3 mm. Black, femora blackish-brown, tibiae brown,

tarsi brownish-yellow, flagellum brown, scape dirty ochreous, be-

coming brown towards the apex. Head and thorax with a greenish

metallic lustre, not very pronounced, abdomen with a very evident

violaceous or steely blue lustre. Pubescence present on the clypeus,

lower surface of the head, legs and antennae only, fine and decumbent.

The pilosity consists of long, thin, erect and white hairs, most abundant

on the abdomen, absent from the legs and antennae. Legs dull, the

whole body shining, especially the abdomen. Head almost smooth,

at the most only microscopically reticulate. Pro-mesonotum very

finely reticulate above or sometimes smooth, also with a few small

piligerous punctures. Metanotum with 3 or 4 strong longitudinal

rugae between the stigmatic tubercles; epimotum striated on the

inner half of the lateral cones, the striae curving outwards posteriorly.

Sides of meta- and epithorax longitudinally striate. Petiole and

abdomen smooth. Head a little longer than wide, subovate, con-

siderably narrowed in front, the posterior margin feebly concave, the

posterior angles widely rounded. Clypeus carinate in the middle.

Mandibles almost smooth, 5-dentate. Eyes large, placed at about

the middle of the sides; ocelli vestigial. Antennae long; the scape

extends beyond the back of, the head by one-third of its length.

1st joint of flagellum as long as the 2nd and 3rd together, all the

joints longer than wide. Pronotum distinctly flattened above and

sloping forwards, two-thirds wider than long in the middle (excluding

the neck). Pro-mesonotal suture deep. Mesonotum convex, large,

as wide as long, at least twice as long as the metanotum. Meso-

metanotal suture feeble. Dorsum of epinotum convex longitudinally,

divided by a deep median groove into two lateral cones, divergent and

ending in subdentiform points; declivity oblique, longer than the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 567

dorsum, the stigmata below prominent. Petiole a little longer than

its scale is high, the latter convex behind, flat in front, the dorsal

edge emarginate and subdentate on each side of the emargination.

Abdomen longer than wide, acute at the apex, rather large, very

convex above. Legs long and slender.

2. 58mm. Black; femora and tibiae brown, mandibles, anterior

margin of the clypeus, antennae and tarsi bright ferruginous. A

metallic lustre is just visible in some lights, more or less bronzy on

the head and mesonotum, faintly greenish on the epinotum and

abdomen. Pilosity less abundant than in the 9, almost entirely

absent from the thorax; the pubescence is very abundant all over,

longest on the scutellum, epinotum and abdomen, decumbent except

on the scutellum and epinotum, where it is oblique. Whole body

nitidulous, the abdomen somewhat duller than the rest, very closely

and regularly punctured. The punctures are piligerous, finest and

most abundant on the abdomen, fairly fine on the scutellum, large

and deep on the mesonotum and back of the head; the epinotum is

obliquely striate, punctured between the striae. Mandibles shining,

sparsely and coarsely punctured. Head subtriangular, as long as

wide behind. Clypeus carinate on the anterior half of the median

area. Scapes very long, extending beyond the back of the head by

half their length. Mesonotum with a shallow transverse impression

a little in front of its basal margin, and a median longitudinal and

impunctate line extending from front to back; parapsidal sutures

clearly defined. The dorsum and declivity of the epinotum form a

single oblique plane, bearing a small tubercle on each side above ; the

extreme apex of the epinotum, facing the petiole, is shining and

impunctate. Petiole longer than wide, convex from side to side

above. Abdomen elongate, twice as long as wide. Wings tinged

with brown, the nervures and stigma dark brown.

6. 28 mm. Dark brown, the thorax paler than the head and

abdomen and with yellowish-brown sides, antennae, legs and man-

dibles pale ochreous. Very shining. Pilosity and pubescence sparse,

the former much shorter than in the 9 or 9. Hxceedingly finely and

sparsely punctured. Abdomen impunctate. Head subcireular, a

little wider than long, nearly as wide as the thorax. The eyes occupy

the anterior two-thirds of the sides; the distance between the posterior

ocelli is twice as great as the distance between them and the anterior

ocellus. The scape is two-thirds as long as the flagellum, and extends

by a good deal more than half its length beyond the back of the head.

Epinotum with a small tubercle on each side above, as in the ?.

Seale of petiole thick, almost half as thick as wide across the top, the

568 Annals of the South African Museum.

dorsal edge straight and furnished at each corner with a minute sub-

acute tubercle. Wings as in the 9, but paler.

Bulawayo.

Forming fairly populous nests in the ground, the entrances sur-

rounded by a large amount of excavated material, more or less crateri-

form.

A very distinct species, easily recognised by the metallic lustre and

by the deeply-divided epinotum in the 9, and by the long scapes in the

Q and g. Excluding some species of Monomorium (in which, how-

ever, there is a slight suggestion of a metallic sheen on the abdomen

only) this is the only South African ant which has a metallic lustre.

In the Australian fauna, on the other hand, this feature is quite

common in many genera of Formicidae and of other Hymenoptera.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; types in my collection.)

Var. ASPERA, 0. v.

®. This differs from the type of the species only in having the

head and pro-mesonotum very finely rugulose and dull, and in the

less pronounced greenish tinge. The abdomen, however, has the same

violaceous lustre as the type.

Amatongas Forest, Portuguese E.A. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls. ;

type in my collection.)

A. CAPENSIS, Mayr.

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 699, 5, 1862.

Reise der Novara, Zool. 2, Formicid., p. 56, ¢, 1865.

Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, vol. 9, p. 366, 2, 1877.

“6. 28-33 mm. Shining, sparsely hirsute, black, the mandibles,

legs and antennae brown, the mandibles sparsely striate longitudi-

nally. Head and thorax very finely, superficially and coriaceously

rugulose, almost smooth. The Ist joint of the flagellum twice as

long as the 2nd. Epinotum with 2 blunt teeth. Scale of petiole

bidentate above, strongly emarginate between the teeth. Abdomen

almost smooth. The body much more compressed or narrower than

in A. Frauenfeldi, Mayr.

“Cape of Good Hope.”

The only examples of the type-species which I have seen are a few

(ex S.A.M. coll.) which have been determined as such by Dr. Forel.

They agree with Mayr’s description in all but colour, which is dark

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 569

brown, the abdomen reddish-brown. This may be due to exposure

and consequent bleaching, since the specimens were collected in 1899.

Mayr’s diagnosis of the species being so short, I append a fuller one,

based on these specimens.

®. Pilosity brown, very short and sparse. Head, pro-mesonotum,

petiole and abdomen shining and smooth (at the most only with a

microscopical sculpture) ; meta- and epinotum finely rugulose and

dull. Head subovate, widest behind, as wide as long, the posterior

margin straight, the posterior angles widely rounded. Eves barely

convex, rather large, placed a little behind the middle of the sides.

Scapes extending beyond the posterior margin by very little more than

one-third of their length ; Ist joint of flagellum twice or a little more

than twice as long as the 2nd, the latter as long as wide, all the

remaining joints longer than wide. Clypeus obtusely carinate, the

anterior margin convex. Pronotum one and a-half times wider than

long in the middle, its anterior half somewhat flattened. Mesonotum

a trifle wider than long, one-third longer than the metanotum. Meso-

metanotal suture not deep. Metanotum widening posteriorly, twice

as wide behind as in front. Meta-epinotal suture fairly deep.

Dorsum of epinotum ending in a blunt cone on each side, between the

cones feebly concave transversely, hardly convex lengthwise; the

declivity as long as the dorsum. The posterior face of the scale of

the petiole a little convex transversely, the anterior face flat, bidentate

above (the teeth small, shorter than the interval between them),

emarginate between the teeth. The whole petiole is about as long as

the scale is high.

“g. 3mm. Brownish-black, fairly shining, clypeus, scape, tibiae,

femora and abdomen brown; flagellum, tarsi and mandibles more

or less brownish-yellow, the genital armature partly brown, partly

brownish-yellow. The pilosity 1s sparse; on the head, thorax and

base of abdomen there are only a few isolated hairs, the end of the

abdomen more abundantly pilose, the legs without pilosity. Pubescence

yellow, fairly fine and not abundant, most plentiful on the legs. Head

triangular, with strongly-rounded corners, fairly smooth, very slightly

rugulose or rugulose-punctate. Mandibles flattened, very shining,

feebly rugulose, 4-dentate. . . . The clypeus like that of the 9.

Frontal area large, triangular, not clearly defined behind. Antennae

12-jointed, . . . scape long and thin, the flagellum thicker, the

1st joint nearly twice as long as the 2nd, which is the shortest, the

remaining joints becoming gradually longer in succession towards

the apex. Frontal carinae fairly short, straight and parallel. The

frontal sulcus not distinct. Eyes large, hemispherical, placed at

570 Annals of the South African Musewm.

about the middle of the sides. The thorax is more closely rugulose-

punctate and less shining than the head and abdomen, and is about

as high as wide; the pronotum is very narrow, and the mesonotum

projects over it a little. The epinotum is steep, feebly convex, the

dorsum and declivity not clearly delimited, The scale is small and

strongly inclined forwards. The abdomen is sparsely rugulose-punctate

and about as large as the thorax, . . . The wings are large, almost

hyaline, nervures brown, the anterior wing with | cubital cell, but

without a closed discoidal-cell. . . .”

®. I omit Emery’s description of this sex, as it is too short to be

of any value for purposes of identification.

Var. vALIDIuscuLA, Emery.

Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, vol. 18, p. 602, 9, 1897.

®. 28-33 mm. Jet black, the tarsi and flagellum brown, the

tibiae and femora brownish-black, the scape ochreous-yellow with the

apical 3rd or 4th brownish. Sometimes the legs and flagellum are

paler, and the head more or less brownish-black. The chief distine-

tion between this variety and the type of the species lies in the

ereater length of the scape, which extends beyond the back of the

head by almost half its length, and by the pilosity, which is much

longer, coarser (more bristly) and more abundant, particularly on

the pronotum and back of the head. The epinotum is as a rule less

flat above, being very shallowly excavated in the middle almost to its

base, and the lateral cones more divergent and larger. Mesonotum

as long as wide, rarely so short as in the type-species.

I refer to this variety a large number of specimens derived from

different parts of South Africa. Some of these exhibit a slight

amount of variation in minor details, such as the sculpture and degree

of opacity of the meta- and epinotum, and the pilosity.

9. 46-5 mm. Dark brown, the head and thorax almost black,

legs, basal half of the scapes and flagellum paler brown, the tarsi

and mandibles ochreous. Pubescence dense, very fine, adpressed

and of a pale greyish-yellow ; the pilosity composed of short,

yellowish hairs, present only on the abdomen and clypeus. Head

and mesonotum very finely and fairly closely punctured, the scutellum

rather sparsely punctured. Hpinotum closely striato-rugulose, trans-

versely so on the declivity. Head and thorax with a very slight gloss,

almost dull. Abdomen dull, microscopically punctate-rugulose.

Head subtriangular, as long as wide, the posterior angles widely

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 571

rounded. Clypeus very convex and raised in the middle, but not

distinctly carinate. Mandibles smooth and shining, sparsely and

very finely punctured. Eyes not very convex, placed a little behind

the middle, occupying about a third of the sides. Ocelli placed far

back, close to the occipital margin. The scape extends beyond the

back of the head by about one-fourth of its length, all the joints of

the flagellum longer than wide. Thorax about one-third wider than

the head. The pronotum is slightly exposed in the middle above.

Mesonotum one-third wider than long, the scutellum half as long as

the mesonotum and sloping downwards gradually behind. Dorsum

and declivity of epinotum not distinctly delimited, forming a single

vertical plane which is feebly convex above. Scale of petiole as wide

as high, its dorsal edge almost linear. Abdomen one-third longer

than wide, oval, all the segments much wider than long. Wings

dirty ochreous, the nervures brown, the stigma pale yellowish-

brown.

¢. 27 mm. Black, femora, tibiae and scapes brown, tarsi and

flagellum pale ochreous. Smooth and shining. Pubescence very fine,

fairly abundant, longer and less decumbent than in the ?, intermixed

on the mesonotum with a short, dense and bristly pile of a blackish

colour. Apex of abdomen, the epinotum and back of the head with

some longer and brownish pilose hairs. Head, including the mandibles,

having the shape of an isosceles triangle, much narrower in front of

the eyes than behind them. Clypeus with an elongate median tubercle.

Eyes convex, occupying about one-third of the sides of the head.

Scapes extending beyond the posterior margin by about one-third of

their length; 2nd—7th joints of the flagellum less than half as long

again as wide. Mesonotum very convex in front, one-fourth wider

than long. Scutellum longer and narrower posteriorly than in the @ ,

three-fifths the length of the mesonotum. Scale of petiole widest

above, wider than high, the dorsal edge fairly thick, not linear as in

the 9. Abdomen ovate, the genital armature large and exserted.

Wings brownish, the nervures and stigma dark brown.

The % 9 taken with the ¢ ¢ from which the above description is

derived differ slightly from those taken with the 9, the dorsum of

the epinotum being more convex, but I do not consider that difference

sufficient to enable me to regard these ¢ ¢ as belonging to anything

but the var. validiuscula.

S. Rhodesia and Cape Province. Generally distributed and very

common. Nesting usually under stones ; an industrious attendant on

Aphididae and Coccidae. (S8.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

572 Annals of the South African Museum.

Var. simpLicorpEs, Forel.

Voeltzkow’s Reise Ost Afrika, vol. 2, p. 86, 9, 1907.

“A form transitional to simplex, Forel, with blunt and wide epinota.

teeth, and with the scale only emarginate, barely dentate. Basutoland

(Wroughton). This form proves that simplex is only a race of

capensis.”

Var. minuta, Forel.

Rev. Suisse Zool. vol. 24, p. 488, 9, 1916.

“5. 15mm. Differs from the type, apart from its very small

size, by its more robust build and by the short scapes, which extend

beyond the hind margin of the head by barely as much as their apical

width. It differs from var. laevis, Santschi, by its jet-black colour and

wider head.

“ Shiluvane, Transvaal (Junod).”

Race Junop1, Forel.

Loe. cit., 9, p. 438.

“6G. 25-28mm. Differs from the race incisa, Forel, like which

it has a bispinose scale, by the legs and scapes covered with white

subdecumbent hairs, by the yellowish and fairly pointed hairs on the

body, by its much wider head, by the shorter scapes which extend

beyond the head by barely one-fourth of their length, and by the less

deep incision of the thorax. It differs from curta, Emery, by the

spines on the scale and by its narrower head.

“Shiluvane, Transvaal (Junod).”

Race simpLex, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 36, p. 43, ¢, 1892.

Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 8, p. 350, 2, ¢, 1892.

@. 24-28 mm. This race differs from the type of the species

as follows :

The pilosity on the abdomen is much longer, finer and more

abundant. The meso-metanotum is slightly narrower and longer.

The meta- and epinotum are nitidulous and very feebly sculptured.

The scale of the petiole is shallowly emarginate above and without

teeth at each corner of the emargination. Forel says that an

additional distinction exists in the shape of the epinotum, in which

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 573

the brow of the declivity is straight transversely, not concave as in

the type-species. This difference is not recognisable in the specimens

determined for me as simplex by Dr. Forel.

“¢. 2mm. Smooth, shining (in capensis there is some sculpture

on the thorax, especially on the epinotum). Sparsely hirsute. Scale

low. Brownish, the legs paler. Wings fairly clear, with pale

nervures and stigma. The mandibles have 4 or 5 minute teeth and

are fairly long.”

Bulawayo; Grahamstown (Baines and Cherry). (S.A.M., R.M.,

G.A. colls.)

Race LAEVIS, Santschi, var. ALEXIS, n. v.

(Race) Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 312, 9, 1913.

Bull. Lab. Zool. Sc. Agr. Portici, vol. 8, p. 378, 1914,

®. 2mm. This differs from race simplea as follows:

Entirely smooth and shining, except a slight roughening of the

dorsum of the epinotum and the lateral margins of the disc of

the mesonotum. Pubescence adjacent, short and very sparse. Pilosity

scanty, almost absent from the head and thorax, composed of whitish

short and blunt hairs. The scape extends beyond the posterior

margin of the head by one-third of its length; Ist joint of the

flagellum as long as the 2nd and 38rd together (shorter in simplex),

2nd joint a trifle longer than wide, the 3rd one-fourth longer than

wide. Pronotum convex transversely (a little flattened in simplez),

as long as wide, the pro-mesonotal suture distinct. Mesonotum

more convex than in simplex, the lateral cones of the epinotum less

prominent and a little more acute. The scale of the petiole is more

deeply emarginate, almost bidentate at the corners.

It differs from Jaevis by the dull and striated mandibles, by the

pronotum, which is quite one and a-half times wider than long, by

the subdentate scale, and its slightly larger size. From var. minuta,

Forel, it differs by the much longer scapes. Colour as in simplez.

Hillside, Bulawayo. Nesting in the ground. (R.M., G.A. colls.;

type in my collection.)

Race HIRSUTA, Santschi, var. ELEVATA, Forel.

(Race) Voyage d’Alluaud et Jeannel, Formicid., p. 124, 9, 1914.

(Var.) Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 249, 9, 1914.

®. 28-53 mm. Jet black, tibiae brown, tarsi yellowish-brown,

basal half of the scape ochreous. Pilosity long, thin and whitish on

574. Annals of the South African Museum.

the thorax and abdomen, shorter and brownish-white on the head,

most abundant on the abdomen and epinotum, oblique and fairly long

on the legs and scapes. Smooth and shining, except the meta- and

epinotum, which are a little less shining and also coarsely and

irregularly rugose, the rugae extending over the declivity. The sides

of the epinotum are finely and longitudinally striate and somewhat

dull. On the sides of the meso- and metathorax there are 2 or

3 very strong longitudinal rugae. The mesonotum, seen from

above, is subquadrate, parallel-sided, the anterior margin nearly

straight in the middle, not convex as in capensis, 1. sp., simplex and

conveaiuscula, a trifle wider than long. The meso-metanotal and

meta-epinotal sutures strongly clathrate. The metanotum is about

half as long as the mesonotum and twice as wide as long. The

epinotal teeth are raised towards their apices, more divergent than

in capensis, directed more outwardly, and projecting over the sides

of the epinotum when looked at direct from above. The declivity

is longer than the dorsum; the latter seen from the side is straight.

The petiole is as long as its scale is high, both the scale and its

posterior peduncle fairly thick. The scale is bidentate above (the

teeth narrow and acute), emareinate between the teeth. Abdomen

rather large, high and very convex at the base.

Nesting under a stone. Hillside, Bulawayo. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A.

colls.)

A. EGREGIA, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 148, 9, 1913.

®. 3-34mm. Closely allied to capensis-validiuscula and possibly

only an extreme form of capensis. Black, tibiae and antennae brown,

tarsi pale brown, basal three-fourths of the scape ochreous, mandibles

reddish-yellow. Pilosity scanty, composed of thin, long and dark

brown hairs on the abdomen, somewhat thicker and shorter on the

head and thorax. Posterior half of the head with a very sparse, pale

and decumbent pubescence. Very shining. The sculpture similar

to that of validiuscula but a little stronger, composed of a very fine

and altogether superficial reticulation ; a little coarser on the dorsum

of the epinotum, which is also duller than the rest of the thorax.

The sides of the meso- and metathorax longitudinally striate, the

sides of the epinotum rugulose. Head like that of validiuscula.

Mesonotum as long as wide, the anterior margin semi-circular ;

metanotum as long as wide, quadrate, very little shorter than the

mesonotum, with prominent stigmatic tubercles (in validiuscula and

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 575

capensis, i. sp., the metanotum is much wider than long, and widened

considerably towards the base). Meso-metanotal impression wider

and shallower than in validiuscula. The meta-epinotal suture deep,

much deeper than in validiuscula. The dorsum of the epinotum is

moderately concave transversly and convex lengthwise. It rises more

steeply from its base than in capensis and its varieties. The teeth

are more angular than in that species and directed more distinctly

upwards. The brow of the declivity is strongly concave transversely ;

the upper two-thirds of the declivity vertical or nearly so, the lower

third oblique or subhorizontal, with a very prominent and dentiform

stigma on each side. Petiole about as long as its seale is high, the

peduncle behind shorter than its scale and shorter than in capensis.

The scale is much thicker, especially at its base; above it is biden-

tate and deeply emarginate between the teeth, the latter short and

fairly acute (in some specimens the teeth are very short and almost

blunt).

Redbank, S. Rhodesia. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.)

Race Santscuii, subsp. n.

&. 4mm. Head subcircular, excluding the mandibles only a very

little longer than wide, not narrower in front than behind (distinctly

narrowed in front in the type). Pilosity much coarser, thicker and

longer, more abundant on the back of the head and on the thorax than

in the type. The femora have some exserted pilose hairs, which are

absent in the type. The scape is longer, distinctly more than half its

length extending beyond the hind margin of the head (hardly half in

the type) ; 1st joint of the flagellum one-third longer than the 2nd

(nearly twice as long as the 2nd in the type). The meso-metanotum

is narrower and there is no distinct suture between the two segments

as in the type-species, only a long and fairly deep concavity. Epi-

notum like that of the type-species. Peduncle of petiole as long as

the base of the scale. The latter is thicker above than in the type and

its posterior face is strongly convex transversely (almost flat in egregia,

i. sp.). The eyes are relatively larger and more convex.

Cawston Farm, Umeusa, 8. Rhodesia.

Easily distinguished from egregia type by its larger size, coarser and

more abundant pilosity, which is present also on the femora, by the shape

of the head and by the longer antennae. Possibly this form should rank

as a distinct species.

Type in my collection,

576 Annals of the South African Museum.

A. SILVICOLA, 0. Sp.

5. 34-3°8 mm. Head dark reddish-brown, thorax and petiole

piceous, abdomen black, tarsi brownish-yellow, flagellum and scapes

brown, the basal two-thirds of the latter dark ochreous. Legs, petiole

and abdomen shining, the rest of the body dull. Pilosity yellowish,

long, exserted, fairly abundant all over including the legs and scapes,

present also on the edge of the scale, longest and most plentiful on the

head and abdomen. A scanty and decumbent pubescence on the man-

dibles, flagellum and legs. Head, pronotum, epinotum and dorsum of

the meso-metanotum very finely and densely granulate, the sides of the

meso-metanotum sharply and longitudinally striate, the lower angles

and margin of the epinotum smooth and shining. Scale smooth.

Abdomen microscopically reticulate, finely punctured. Head, including

the closed mandibles, subcircular, a trifle longer than wide. Eyes very

Fia. 57.—Acantholepis silvicola, n. sp.

large, placed just in front of the middle of the sides. Clypeus convex,

its anterior margin arcuate, sharply carinate in the middle over the

anterior two-thirds of its length. Mandibles 6-dentate, finely and

closely striate. The scapes extend beyond the hind margin of the head

by a little less than half their length. Head one-third wider than the

pronotum. The latter is two-thirds wider than long, distinctly

flattened above, its sides veryconvex. The thorax is strongly constricted

at the mesonotum, which is barely half as wide as the pronotum and

about as wide as long. Metanotum widened posteriorly, two-thirds as

long in the middle as the mesonotum, separated from the latter by a

wide and deep depression. Metanotal stigmata very prominent, sub-

conical when seen in profile. Meta-epinotal suture deep. The dorsum

of the epinotum rises abruptly and vertically from the suture, and is

thence continued backwards and inclined upwards towards the posterior

margin, which bears on each side a large and broad tubercle. Seen

from the side these tubercles appear as wide and upturned teeth.

Across the apices of the tubercles the dorsum of the epinotum is three

times as wide as it is long in the middle. The declivity is wide and

oblique, longer than the dersum. In front of the tubercles the dorsum

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 577

is slightly concave transversely. Petiole higher than long below, its

scale inclined forwards. The dorsal edge of the scale is fairly thick

and slightly emarginate in the middle; the anterior face of the scale is

convex from above to below, the posterior face concave. Abdomen

massive, subovate, very little longer than wide.

?. 6mm. Anterior wing 65 mm. long. Colour as in the %, but

the anterior angles of the head and the greater part of the clypeus

castaneous. An abundant, very fine, long and yellowish pubescence

present all over, oblique on the cheeks behind the eyes, decumbent

elsewhere. Pilosity yellowish, fairly abundant, outstanding, very short

on the mesonotum. Head dull, thorax and abdomen moderately

shining.

Head and upper two-thirds of the epinotum finely and densely

punctate and aciculate. Mesonotum and scutellum densely and fairly

coarsely punctured, the abdomen and legs very finely and densely

punctured. Scale smooth and shining.

Head quadrate, as wide as long, slightly narrowed in front, the pos-

terior margin straight, the posterior angles rounded. The eyes occupy

the middle third of the sides. Mandibles and clypeus as in the 9.

The scapes extend beyond the hind margin of the head by one-third of

their length. Mesonotum one-third wider than long. Scutellum semi-

circular, half as long as the mesonotum. Dorsum of the epinotum

obsolete, the declivity subvertical: Scale much wider and thinner

above than in the ¥, its dorsal edge trenchant and feebly excised in

the middle. Abdomen oblong, half as long again as wide. Wings

brownish-yellow, nervures brown.

6. 33mm. Dark brown, scutellum, epinotum and petiole reddish-

brown, tarsi ochreous, femora ochreous at the base and apex and brown

in the middle, mandibles and antennae smoky yellow. Shining. Meso-

notum and abdomen very finely punctured, clypeus and sides of the

head, between the eyes and frontal carinae, finely reticulate-punctate,

the rest of the body smooth. Mandibles dull, 3-dentate and aciculate.

Head as long as wide across the eyes, the sides behind the eyes and

also the posterior margin straight, narrower behind than in front.

The eyes occupy the middle third of the sides. Clypeus two and a

quarter times wider than long in the middle, carinate. The scapes

extend beyond the hind margin of the head by one-third of their

length. Thorax like that of the ?, but the upper face of the epi-

notum is oblique. Scale, seen from behind, trapezoidal, as long as

wide above, where it is widest, the dorsal edge thin, the posterior face

twice as long as the anterior and feebly convex from above to below.

Base of abdomen concave transversely, Wings as in the ?.,

578 Annals of the South African Museum.

Amatongas Forest, Portuguese HE. A. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls. ;

types in my collection.)

Nesting in a decayed tree-stump in the shadiest part of the forest.

This species is unlike any other of the genus known to me. The

remarkably deep impressions in front and behind the metanotum and

the peculiar shape of the epinotum are very distinctive.

Genus PLAGIOLEPIS, Mayr.

Europ. Formicid., p. 42, 1861.

Characters.

®. Sometimes polymorphic, the forms differing chiefly in size,

very little in structure. Antennae 11]*-jointed, without a club. Scape

as long as the head or longer. Clypeus large. Frontal carinae short ;

frontal area not well defined. ‘Traces of the ocelli are present. Pro-

notum and epinotum large, usually much wider than the rest of the

thorax. Pro-mesonotal suture distinct; meso-metanotal and meta-

epinotal sutures more or less distinct. Epinotum unarmed. Scale

of petiole usually inclined forwards, without a peduncle or with only

a very short one.

Q. Antennae 11*-jointed. Thorax similar to that of Acantholepis

Q, but broader and shorter. Petiole as inthe 2. Abdomen usually

very massive. Wings with a closed radial and one cubital cell;

discoidal cell absent

¢. Antennae 12-jointed, the scape at least half as long as the

flagellum. Genital armature large and exserted.

Distribution.—Both hemispheres.

The genus may be divided into the following sub-genera :

(4) 1. Metanotum distinctly defined in front and behind. é

(3) 2. %. Metanotum very prominent, separated from the short and convex

epinotum by a deep suture; the epinotum higher than the meta-

netum. Rarely polymorphic (a sub-genus transitional to the

genus Acantholepis) . . Sub-genus Anacantholepis, Santschi.

(2) 3. %. Metanotum not prominent; meta-epinotal suture usually feeble ;

epinotum oblique, not higher or not much higher than the

metanotum. Small species, not polymorphic.

9. Not much larger than the §, but considerably larger than the ¢.

g. Scapes not much longer than the head, the latter wider than long.

Sub-genus Plagiolepis, Mayr, s. str.

(1) 4. Metanotum indistinctly defined or almost obsolete.

(6) 5. &. Metanotum small, much smaller than the mesonotum, from which

it is feebly delimited; epinotum convex and higher than the

metanotum. Large species, often polymorphic.

?. Not very much larger than the § major or the ¢.

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ANNALS

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

VOLUME XIV.

PART V, containing :—

1.—A Monograph of. the Formicidee of South Africa (Myrmi-

cine). By George Arnotp, M.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.E.S.,

Curator of the Rhodesia Museum. Bulawayo, pp. 579-674.

pare

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A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 579

co. Scapes long, much longer than the head; the head as long as, or

longer than wide . . Sub-genus Zealleyella, Arnold, n.s.-g. *

(5) 6. 8. Meso-metanotal suture obsolete, the meta-epinotal suture very feeble.

Dorsum of epinotum not very convex, not higher, or very little

higher than the mesonotum. (head hardly narrower in front than

behind; 2nd joint of the flagellum much shorter than the Ist). In

some, if not all species, some of the 88 are used as honey-storage

vessels, and have the abdomen thereby abnormally distended.

Q. Not much larger than the 9. Sub-genus Anoplolepis, Santschi.

* I had originally erected this sub-genus to include the species 7'rimeni, deceptor,

Macgregort, decolor and melanaria. Fortunately before the revision of the type-

script of these pages had been completed, I received a letter from Dr. Santschi,

in which he points out that the type of his sub-genus Anoplolepis is precisely the

Indian species, F. longipes Jerdon, in which the metanotum is not delimited

from the mesonotum. In this character, longipes agrees with the five species

mentioned above, although in the elongate and constricted form of the mesonotum

it differs very considerably from any of them. However, as it seems to me that

the absence of the meso-metanotal suture is a feature to which greater importance

should be attached, the five especies should be’ placed with longipes in the sub-

genus Anoplolepis. On the other hand, it is quite clear that the species custodiens,

Steingroevert and Brawnsi which were cited by Santschi as belonging to his new

sub-genus (see Voyage de Alluaud et Jeannel, p. 123, 1914) can not be attached

to the same group as longipes, and I therefore propose to transfer the name

Zealleyella to a new sub-genus to include those three species. I have much plea-

sure in naming this sub-genus in honour of my friend the late Mr. A. E. V.

Zealley, of the Geological Survey of S. Rhodesia and formerly Curator of the

Rhodesia Museum. .

Key to the species of Plagiolepis, 8 8, e

(repletes or honey-vessels not included).

(10) i. Metanotum small, much less than half as long as the mesonotum, the

meso metanotal suture feeble or obsolete, at least in the 68 minima,

(sub-genus Zealleyella). .

(7) 2. Epinotum very convex and much higher than the meso-metanotum ;

88 usually polymorphic.

(4) 3. Thorax (and abdomen) dull, clothed with a dense, decumbent and rather

silky pubescence z : custodiens, Smith.

(3) 4. Thorax more or less shining, at tear the angngianr with a sparse pube-

scence or none at all.

(6) 5. 8 major: scale of petiole thinner above than below; sides of head dis-

tinctly convex. 8 minor: whole body moderately shining, particularly

the head and pronotum; meso-metanotal suture feeble

Steingroevert, Forel.

(5) 6. 3 major: scale as thick above as below; sides of head only slightly

convex; % minor: body very shining; meso-metanotal suture stronger

. Braunsi, Forel.

580

@) Tt.

(ish) 8,

(10) 9.

(9) 10.

(8) 11.

(13) 12.

(12) 13.

(15) 14.

(14) 15.

(1) 16.

(28) 17.

(21) 18

(20) 19.

(19) 20.

(18) 21.

(23) 2,

(22) 23.

(25) 24.

(24) 25.

(27) 26.

(26) 27.

(17) 28.

(34) 29.

(33) 30.

(82) 31.

Annals of the South African Museum.

Epinotum not very convex or gibbous, not higher than the meso-meta-

notum ; $9 all of the same size, excepting some which are used as honey-

storage vessels and have the abdomen artificially distended, (sub-genus

Anoplolepis).

Scapes barely extending beyond the hind margin of the head; the head

as wide as long, only in the smallest workers a trifle (1/10th) longer

than wide.

Mesonotum wider than long; colour more or less ochreous

Trimemi, Forel.

Mesonotum longer than wide; colour dark brown Macgregort, Arnold.

Scapes extending beyond the hind margin of the head by at least one-

fifth of their length; head at least one-sixth longer than wide.

Sculpture of head and thorax distinct, reticulate-punctate

deceptor, Arnold.

Sculpture feeble, merely rugulose.

Fairly shining; colour and pilosity black . . melanaria, Arnold.

Dull; colour and pilosity more or less ochreous

Trimemi, var. karrooensis, Arnold.

Metanotum at least half as long as the mesonotum.

Metanotum very prominent, separated from the mesonotum by a deep and

wide concavity, and from the epinotum by a strong suture, (sub genus

Anacantholepis).

. Scapes extend beyond the hind margin of the head by at least one-fourth

of their length. J

Scapes extend beyond the hind ae by about four-fifths of their length ;

thorax black . : : Deweti, Forel.

Scapes extend beyond the here margin by a, little more than one-fourth

of their length; thorax testaceous

Van den Kelleni, Forel, race polita, Sants.

Scapes much shorter. ;

Head and thorax dull; the scape barely extends beyond the hind margin

of the head . ; F 6 : Van den Kelleni, Forel.

Head and thorax shining, or at least not quite dull; scape longer.

Colour entirely black . ; ; 6 . Jouberti, Forel.

Colour partly red or yellow.

Head and thorax only slightly shining

Van den Kelleni, var. tricolor, Forel.

Head and thorax very shining 5 . 5 decora, Santschi.

Metanotum not very prominent, separated by narrow sutures from both

the meso- and the epinotum; or, if the meso-metanotal suture is large, then

the metanotum is not prominent (Srunnz). (sub-genus Plagiolepis s.str.).

Meso-metanotal and meta-epinotal sutures moderately distinct.

The scape extends beyond the hind margin of the head by at least one-

fifth of its length.

Meta- and epinotum transversely rugulose and dull; meso-metanotal suture

not deep : 5 pygmaea, var. bulawayensis, Arnold.

. Meta- and epinotum amon and shining; meso-metanotal suture deep

pygmaea, var. intermedia, Emery.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 581

(30) 33. The scape just reaches the hind margin of the head pygmaea, Latr.

(29) 34. Meta-epinotal suture very shallow; the scape barely extends beyond the

hind margin of the head.

(38) 35. Colour chiefly brown or brownish red, at least the abdomen brown.

(37) 36. Thorax dark ochreous ; : pygmaea, var. mima, Arnold.

(36) 37. Thorax brown or reddish brown pygmaea, var. punctum, Forel.

(35) 38. Colour mainly dark orange-ochreous, only with blackish patches here

and there, chiefly on the abdomen.

(40) 39. Pubescence fairly abundant, especially on the abdomen and the sides of

the head : , : : Brunni, var. pubescens, Forel.

(39) 40. Pubescence scanty, almost wanting on the abdomen Brunm, Mayr.

P. rufescens Santschi, P. fuscule Emery and P. decolor Emery

being unknown to me in nature, are not included in the above

key; P. capensis Mayr is a synonym of Acantholepis capensis. Mayr.

P. nuptialis Santschi is known only in the & sea, and cannot

therefore be included in the key.

Sus-Genus ANACANTHOLEPIS, Santschi.

Goteborgs Kungl. Vetens. och Vitterh. Handl. XV, 2. p. 36, 1914.

For characters see table of sub-genera.

P. (sub-gen. ANACANTHOLEPIS) DEcorA, Santschi.

OCs Cit. Pp.) 30,2:

8. 4:6-1:°38 mm. Bright ochreous or amber yellow, the head with

a reddish tinge in many specimens. Cheeks in front of the eyes,

the apical third or more of the flagellum, the bases of the femora,

the peduncle of the petiole and a spot on the sides of the first two

abdominal segments brown. The spots on the abdomen are variable

in size, sometimes limited to a triangular patch near the apical

margin, and in other cases covering the whole of the sides of the

segments. Smooth and shining, only the antennae slightly dull. A

microscopic pubescence on the antennae, and a few brownish, sub-

erect hairs on the margins of the abdominal segments, otherwise

‘almost glabrous. Head subrectangular, with the corners widely

rounded, the sides and posterior margin moderately convex, one fifth

longer than wide. Eyes placed well in front of the middle of the

sides. Clypeus and its anterior margin convex. The scape extends

beyond the posterior margin of the head by a little less than the

length of the 1st joint of the flagellum; the latter is longer than the

2nd and 3rd joints taken together. Pronotum convex, about as long

582 Annals of the South African Museum.

as wide, forming with the mesonotum a convexity which is a little

higher behind than in front. Mesonotum a little wider than long,

as long as the metanotum, from which it is separated by a deep

suture. The metanotum, seen in profile, is angular, the stigmata

placed at the apex of the angle, the anterior plane a little longer

than the subvertical posterior plane. Meta-epinotal suture fairly deep.

Kpinotum convex, the dorsum twice as wide as long. Scale sub-

ovate, rounded transversely above, as high as the petiole is long.

Q. 33 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Dark brown, the mandibles,

antennae and legs brownish ochreous, the femora somewhat darker

or yellowish brown. Head, thorax and petiole shining, the abdomen

moderately so, the legs and antennae subopaque. Clothed with a

very fine, decumbent greyish yellow pubescence, which is most

abundant on the abdomen, and rather scanty on the dorsum of the

thorax. Apical margins of the abdominal segments with a few long

brown hairs.

Head and abdomen closely and microscopically punctured, the

vertex rather sparsely, the thorax almost impunctate above. Head

subquadrate, hardly narrowed in front, the posterior angles narrowly

rounded, the posterior margin shallowly concave in the middle.

Mesonotum and scutellum flat above; the former is as long as wide

between the tegulae, the scutellum a little less than half as long

as the mesonotum. The dorsum and declivity of the epmotum form

a single oblique plane when seen in profile. Scale of petiole wider

above than below, nearly as wide as high, the anterior face convex

transversely, inclined forwards. Deiilated.

Stamford Hill, Natal (Traegaordh); Durban, (Arnold, Bell-Marley).

The examples in my collection had been erroneously determined

by Dr. Forel as P. Brunni Mayr, to which they bear a very strong

likeness, but from which they may be easily distinguished by their

larger size and by the very different structure of the thorax. (S.A.M.,

R.M., G.A. colls.; type of 9 in my collection).

P. (sub-gen. ANACANTHOLEPIS) DEwert1, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. vol. 48, p. 423, 8, QO. 1904.

8. 2:5-2°7 mm. Mandibles Smooth, shining, with a few large

punctures, armed with 5 or 6 unequal teeth. Clypeus subcarinate,

the anterior margin convex. Frontal carinae short. Eyes fairly large,

placed barely in front of the middle of the sides. Three distinct

ocelli, Head oval-rectangular, the posterior margin rounded at the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 583

corners, straight in the middle. The scapes extend beyond the

occiput by almost half their length. Second joint of the flagellum

half as long as the Ist, one and a half times longer than wide.

Thorax bi-emarginate. The mesonotum is constricted in the middle

as in Acantholepis, forming in profile, a saddle-shaped depression.

Its anterior portion forms with the pronotum the usual convexity.

Its posterior portion, seen from the side, is cuneiform, almost acute

and almost sub-bidentate at the summit, descending in a slope

towards the deep meta-epinotal suture. The epinotum forms a

rounded and high boss, the dorsum convex and ascendant, the declivity

almost flat. Scale low, subrectangular, inclined forwards. Epinotum

and clypeus subopaque, finely but distinctly rugose transversely. The

rest of the body shining and almost smooth, except the abdomen

which is feebly shagreened. <A few erect, coarse and yellowish hairs

on the head and abdomen. The rest without erect pilosity, but

clothed with a very fine and sparse pubescence. More or less dark

castaneous brown, tarsi andarticulations yellowish. Antennae yellow-

ish brown. Legs brownish.

eimate. The scapes extend by two-fifths of their length beyond the

occiput. Declivity of the epinotum much longer than the dorsum.

Shape of the thorax ordinary, not recalling in any way that of

the 8. A few erect hairs on the thorax; pubescence fairly dense,

much more so than in the 3. Otherwise like the latter. Deiilated.

“Mountains of Natal. (R. C. Wroughton).”

Some specimens in the S.A. Museum have been determined for

me by Dr. Santschi as being this species. They do not agree, how-

ever, entirely with the above description. The clypeus js as smooth

and shining as the rest of the head, not subopaque and rugose; the

colour of the body, femora and tibiae is dark brown, almost blackish

brown.

The shape of the thorax in this species and the other species of

the sub-genus recalls that of Acantholepis, but differs in not having

a very noticeable suture between the meso- and metanotum. The

latter also has less prominent stigmatic tubercles than im Acantho-

lepis. In these specimens the ocelli are very small, visible only

under a high magnification. The meso-metanotum is as long as the

pronotum. The latter is half as wide again as long, very convex

transversely, fairly so longitudimally. The scale of the petiole is

two-thirds longer than it is wide above.

King Williams Towm, (Rev. R. Godfrey). (S.A.M., G.A. colls.)

84. Annals of the South African Museum.

P. (sub-gen. ANACANTHOLEPIS) VAN DEN KELLENI, Forel.

Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. vol. 10, p. 340. 8. 1904.

“83. Head somewhat flattened, rectangular, a little longer than

wide, shallowly emarginate behind. Eyes decidedly large, placed a

little in front of the middle of the sides. The scapes extend very

little beyond the hind margin of the head. Thorax fairly slender,

strongly contracted at the mesonotum, especially so along the whole

length of the meso- and metanotum, or quite as much so as in the

capensis group of Acantholepis. Mesonotum longer than wide. Meta-

notum quite half as long as the mesonotum, with two slightly raised

stigmata, separated from both the meso- and the epinotum by deep

and somewhat constricting sutures, Dorsum of epinotum very wide,

rectangular, at least twice as wide as long, separated from the

declivity by a fairly sharp margin which ends on each side in a

sharp corner. The declivity is also sharply margined at the sides.

Scale thick, rounded above, strongly inclined forwards. Head and

thorax dull, exceedingly finely and closely punctured, or reticulate-

punctate. Abdomen and scale shining, very superficially reticulate.”

Mossamedes.

Var. TRICOLOR, Forel.

Schultze, Reise Siid-Afrika, vol. 4, p. 24, 8. 1940.

“8. 1:6 mm. Differs from the type {species as follows: Head

much wider, quite as wide as long, orfeven wider. Scape somewhat

longer, extending very distinctly beyond the occipital margin. Head

and thorax not quite dull, the sculpture more superficial. The

thoracic emarginations between the meso-{and metanotum and be-

tween the latter and the epinotum more pronounced than in the

type species. Pilosity the same, the blunt bristly hairs somewhat

more distinct. Head, thorax, petiole and legs yellow-red; Ist abdo-

minal segment above yellow; the rest of the abdomen black, with

yellow margins to the segments. Club of antenna brownish.

Kalahari, between Kooa and Sekgoma, (L. Schultze)”.

Race PoLita, Santschi.

Géteborgs Kungl. Vetens. och Vitterh. Handl. XV, 2, p. 37, 8. 1914.

“8. 1:5-1:6 mm. Thorax and mandibles testaceous red. Head

and abdomen black, sometimes reddish brown. Antennae and legs

yellow, middle of the femora and part of the flagellum more or less

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 585

brownish. Shining. Smooth, very sparsely and finely punctured.

Pilosity as in the type species. Head distinctly longer than wide,

narrower in front, the sides very arcuate and the posterior margin

fairly convex, the posterior angles considerably rounded. Eyes occu-

pying one-fourth of the sides and placed in the middle. The scape

extends beyond the occipital margin by more than a quarter of its

length. First jomt of flagellum longer than the three following

jomts; 2nd and 3rd joints nearly one-half shorter than the 4th, which

is one and a half times longer than wide. Clypeus fairly strongly

carinate, convex. Anterior face of the mesonotum longer and less

abrupt than the posterior face. The dorsum and declivity of the

epinotum together, form a convexity without precise limits. The

front of the dorsum descends in an abrupt slope. Scale rounded at

the summit. Much more shining than the var. tricolor or the type,

the head more darkly coloured. Stamford Hill, Natal, (Traegaordh)”.

P. (sub-gen. ANACANTHOLEPIS) JOUBERTI, Forel.

Schultze, Reise Siid-Afrika, vol. 4, p. 23, 8. 1910.

“8. 4:7-4 mm. — 8. minor, 1:‘7-2mm. Mandibles narrow, smooth,

sparsely punctured, 5-dentate. Clypeus obtusely carinate, strongly

arcuately produced in front. Head elongate, quite one-quarter longer

than wide, rounded and rectangular, the sides very convex, behind

barely concave and but little wider than in front. Eyes fairly large,

placed at about the middle of the sides. The scape extends beyond

the occipital margin by just one-fourth of its length. Second joint

of the flagellum as wide as long, the succeeding joints very little

longer than wide, (in Deweti Forel nearly twice as long as wide).

Thorax almost precisely like that of Deweti, with the same swelling

and two constrictions, but the mesonotum is less strongly constricted

in the middle* and the dorsum of the epinotum is more convex,

rising less posteriorly; the declivity is also steep. Scale strongly

inclined forwards. Legs much shorter than in Deweti. Ocelli indis-

tinct. Quite smooth and shining, with a very sparse and feeble

puncturation. The epinotum has some very fine transverse rugae

behind. Exserted pilosity on the body very scanty, absent from the

limbs. A sparse, very fine but distinctly brighter pubescence all over.

Black; antennae and legs brown; scapes, mandibles and articula-

tions dull reddish.

8 major (repletes or honey-storage vessels) 3-4 mm. long, of which

* i.e. the meso-metanotal suture is less deep.

986 Annals of the South African Museum.

15-25 is taken up by the abdomen, which is greatly distended.

Tlead trapezoidal, much narrowed in front, concave behind. Second

and 3rd joints of the flagellum very slightly longer than wide. Scape

as in the normal S. Mesonotum not at all constricted in the middle,

but of the ordinary shape, forming with the pronotum a very wide

convexity, in which the metanotum and the two stigmata merely

continue the curve of the mesonotum down to the meta-epinotal

suture. The latter and the epinotum and all else exactly as in the

83 minor. Pro-mesonotal suture very distinct, as in the 8 minor (hardly

feebler). Ocelli indistinct.

‘“Kammagas, Little Namaland. (Schultze)

I have preferred to copy the author’s original description, as the

only specimen (cotype) which I possess is somewhat damaged. From

Deweti it may be distinguished by its smaller size, narrower prono-

tum which is as long as wide, and by the short meso-metanotum,

which is barely widened posteriorly, (distinctly widened in Deweti).

Sus-GENUS ZEALLEYELLA, Arnold.

For characters see table of sub-genera.

P. (sub-gen. ZEALLEYELLA) CUSTODIENS, Smith.

(Plate VIII, figs 123, 123 a).

Cat. Hymen. B.M. VI, p. 33, 8. 1858.

Roger, (Camponotus hendecarthrus) Berlin, Ent. Zeitschr. vol. 7,

Os 42S), OQ aslo

Mayr, Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 10, p. 148. c7. 1895.

8 maxima, 9°2 mm. Head, thorax, legs and antennae dark burnt

sienna or brownish brick-red, the masticatory margins of the man-

dibles black, abdomen dark brown. Densely clothed all over with

a pale yellow and silky or slightly golden pubescence. The pubes-

cence on the flagellum somewhat oblique, elsewhere decumbent. On

the abdomen the pubescence is long, shghtly masking the integument,

and is so arranged as to present a pattern of alternating dark and

bright longitudinal stripes. This is due to the light being reflected

in different directions, since the hairs on the median third or more

of each segment are directed inwards, those on the outer third or

less directed outwards, and at the extreme sides again directed

inwards. Mandibles nitidulous, longitudinally striate and coarsely

punctured. The rest of the body, including the legs and antennae,

A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 587

dull, very closely and finely punctato-rugulose and reticulate-rugu-

lose, or shagreened; the abdomen very closely rugulose. A few

erect, yellowish and coarse hairs on the clypeus, thorax, edge of

petiole and apical margins of the abdominal segments, and on the

outer margins of the femora; the tibiae and metatarsi moderately

spinose beneath. Head, excluding the mandibles, subquadrate, mode-

rately narrowed in front, the sides feebly convex, the posterior

margin shallowly emarginate. Mandibles large, armed with an acute

and large apical tooth and 6 more obtuse teeth behind. Clypeus

large, convex transversely, the anterior margin convex. Frontal

area fairly distinct, triangular. Frontal carmae short, parallel. The

scapes extend beyond the hind margin by about one-third of their

length; all the joints of the flagellum longer than wide, the Ist to

Ath at least three times longer than wide. A shallow frontal groove

pressent, ending behind in a small pit which represents the vestige of

the anterior ocellus. The lateral ocelli are also atrophied. Pronotum

very convex transversely, the anterior half declivous im front, two-

thirds wider than long. Pro-mesonotal and meso-epinotal sutures

well defined. Mesonotum convex transversely, slightly so longitu-

dinally, subrotund, very little more than half the width of the

pronotum, not distinctly separated from the short metanotum. The

latter, widened posteriorly, 1s barely one-quarter as long in the middle

as the mesonotum. Dorsum of epinotum twice as wide as_ long,

near the base impressed transversely im the middle; the stigmatic

orifices at the apical angles of the dorsum are prominent or sub-

tubercular; the declivity subvertical and longer than the dorsum.

Anterior face of the scale of the petiole convex in all directions, the

posterior face flat, the dorsal edge a little emarginate in the middle,

higher than wide. Abdomen massive, subovate, highest in front.

8 media, 53-7 mm. These differ but little from the largest 898.

The head is longer, as much as one-fifth longer than wide. The

scape extends by half or nearly half its length beyond the occipital

margin; the transverse depression between the mesonotum and

metanotum is shallower and the transverse impression near the base

of the dorsum of the epinotum is longer. The abdomen is also nar-

rower or longer in proportion to the thorax than in the 3 maxima.

i=)

Colour as in the $

maxim, but the legs and flagellum more brownish.

S minima. 35-5 mm. Differing from the S maxima in the same

way as the 5 media, but with these additional distinctions.

Head oblong-ovate, narrowed in front, at least one-fifth longer

than wide, the sides less convex than in the larger $8. All the

joints of the flagellum relatively a little shorter. Mesonotum nearly

988 Annals of the South African Museum.

one-third longer than wide, the metanotum almost obsolete, with no

transverse impression between the stigmata and the posterior margin

of the mesonotum. The dorsum of the epinotum is less convex and

the scale of the petiole is much thicker above. The colour is darker,

of a dull reddish brown; the alternating arrangement of the pubes-

cence on the abdomen is barely appreciable.

Q. 13-13:°2 mm. Colour, sculpture, pilosity and pubescence similar

to that of the S maxima, but the head and thorax a shade darker,

the abdomen almost black. The pubescence of the abdomen is shorter

and the pattern less apparent than in the 3 maxima. The pubescence

on the epinotum is silvery, not golden. Head a little wider than

long, subrectangular, the posterior margin straight, slightly narrowed

in front. Mandibles armed with 9 or 10 acute teeth, dull, closely

striato-punctate. Anterior margin of the clypeus subangular in the

middle. Frontal carinae longer than in the 8 maxima, divergent

posteriorly, extending back as far as the level of the middle of the

eyes. Frontal sulcus fairly deep, ending at the anterior ocellus.

Ocelli not very large. Scape of antenna extending beyond the hind

margin by about two fifths of its length. Pronotum slightly exposed

above in the middle. Thorax massive, wider than the head. Meso-

notum, seen from above, semicircular in outline in front, its anterior

half fairly convex transversely, the posterior half flat above; more

than one-third wider than long. Scutellum moderately convex trans-

versely, wider than long, half as long asthe mesonotum. Metanotum

well defined. The dorsum and declivity of the epinotum form a

single and steep plane. Scale as in the 8 maxima, but thinner above.

Anterior face of the abdomen vertical, its brow rounded. Abdomen

very large, quite two-thirds wider than the thorax, subovate, the

apex broad, all the segments much wider than long. Wings strongly

tinged with ochreous-yellow, the nervures and stigma brown.

oO. 10 mm. Brownish black, the base and extreme apices of

all the femora and tibiae, and the metatarsi brownish-ochreous, the

rest of the tarsi and the antennae more or less reddish brown.

Pubescence similar to that of the Q, but a little finer and shorter,

of a greyish silvery colour except on the mesonotum where it is

pale golden. The alternating arrangement of the pubescence on the

abdomen less distinct than in the 9. Head subquadrate, as long as

wide behind the eyes, parallel-sided and narrower in front of the

eyes than behind them, where the sides are convex. Posterior margin

feebly concave, almost straight. Eyes convex and projecting beyond

A monograph of the Formicidae of.South Africa 589

the sides. Ocelli not large. The scapes extend beyond the occipital

margin by three-fifths of their length, they are slightly arcuated at

their apical third and feebly incrassate from that point to the apex.

Flagellum 44-jointed, all the joints longer than wide. Mandibles

elongate triangular, closely striated: and punctate, slightly shining,

armed with 8 or 9 teeth, the apical tooth long and acute. Thorax

similar to that of the 9, but proportionately narrower, the mesonotum

not wider than long. ‘The metanotum is more prominent, subangular

in the middle. Abdomen elongate-ovate, about two-thirds longer than

wide. Genital armature exserted, the sagittae brownish yellow.

Legs long and slender. Wings as in the Q.

This is probably the commonest and most plentiful species of the

Camponotine ants in South Africa, and is widely distributed over the

whole region. It nests in the ground, forming very populous com-

munities. The nest entrances are rarely surrounded by excavated

material, the excavated earth being usually spread out in a very thin

layer for a good distance all round the entrances; crateriform mounds

are never formed. It is an exceedingly pugnacious species, preying

chiefly on other insects, but its beneficent labour in this direction is

probably more than counterbalanced by the harm it does in the

dispersion and cultivation of scale-insects and Aphides. It is there-

fore to be regarded as a pest, especially in rose-gardens and citrus

orchards. It may be kept in check to some extent by pouring a

weak solution of potassium cyanide down the nests. From the nar-

rower point of view of the myrmecologist, it may also be considered

a nuisance, since it is such a dominant and pugnacious species that

in many localities it occupies large areas of ground to the exclusion

of other and more interesting kinds of ants.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

Race FALLAX, Mayr.

(as species) Reise der Novara, Zool., p. 54, 8. 1865.

Jahrb. Hamburg Wissen. Anst., vol. 10, p. 5, 4895.

Emery, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 43, 1895.

Mayr, in the second reference cited, reduces this form from specific

rank, remarking that “it cannot be maintained as a species distinct

from custodiens on account of the exserted pilosity,.... it is however,

possible that in fallax the distinctly weaker constriction of the thorax

between the meso- and epinotum and the less inclined dorsum of

the latter, (similar to the usual condition im small $8 of custodiens)

590 Annals of the South African Museum.

may prove to be a constant character when more abundant material

is examined”.

According to Emery, “the 3 of custodiens attains a larger size, and

in the maxima and media the middle joints of the flagellum are

clearly more than twice as long as wide. In fallax, they are barely

more than twice as long as wide, even in the largest $3; in the

smallest, the 3rd joint of the flagellum is barely half as long again

as wide, whereas in the smallest custodiens they are almost twice as

long as wide”.

I have some examples of the 3 minima of this race before me,

so determined by Dr. Forel. Apart from the colour, which is a pale

straw-yellow, a more abundant and more exserted pilosity here and

there, it does not.appear to me to be more than a very slight

variety. The 5th and 6th joimts of the flagellum are twice as long

as wide, and the 4th joint a little more than twice.

Stormvlei, Swellendam Cape Prov.; Capetown, (Simon); Grahams-

town, (Hewitt); Matroosberg, Hex River Mountains, (R. E. W. Tucker).

The examples from Grahamstown and Matroosberg are of the same

colour as custodiens. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

P. (sub-gen. ZEALLEYELLA) STEINGROEVERI, Forel.

(Plate VIII, fig. 124).

Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 9; p. 78, 8. 1894.

8. 27-7 mm. — 6 maxima. Not unlike a smaller, darker and

more compact custodiens, but without any silky pubescence or pattern

on the abdomen. Dark rusty-reddish brown, the tarsi and antennae

ferruginous, the thorax darker than the head; abdomen dark brown,

the apical margins of the segments pale flavous, (in Forel’s original

description the colour is stated to be yellow-red, the abdomen brown;

this probably refers to a callow specimen). Pubescence short, decum-

bent, yellowish and not dense, almost absent from the head, more

abundant on the abdomen, but not sufficiently so as to mask the

colour or sculpture. The pubescence on the tibiae, tarsi and antennae

is oblique, very scanty on the femora. Abdomen with an abundant,

short, yellow and exserted pilosity. Thorax superficially rugulose,

the sculpture strongest on the dorsum of the epinotum; abdomen

smooth, microscopically aciculate. Pronotum more shining than the

rest of the thorax. Head very densely punctate-rugulose and also

somewhat reticulate, a small median longitudinal area on the clypeus

shining, with the sculpture more or less effaced. Mandibles with

7 teeth, the apical tooth long and acute; smooth and shining over

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 591

the basal half, strongly punctured, the apical half strongly striate.

Clypeus more convex than in custodiens, its anterior margin arcuate.

Frontal carinae and frontal area as in custodiens, The head is sub-

ovate or subcircular, narrowed slightly in front, the sides much more

convex than in custodiens, the posterior margin straight. The scape

extends beyond the hind margin by one-sixth of its length. Prono-

tum shorter than in custediens, quite twice as wide as long; the

mesonotum a little wider than long; the metanotum very short, less

distinct than in custodiens and separated from the epinotum by a

much deeper suture. Epinotum more convex transversely than in

custodiens. ‘The scale of the petiole a little thinner than in that

species, and barely or not at all emarginate in the middle of the

upper edge. Abdomen subcircular, a little longer than wide.

8 media, 48-58 mm. A little darker on the head and thorax,

the former a little longer and less convex-sided. Otherwise like the

S maxima.

8 minor. 3-3°8 mm. Dark brown or blackish brown, only the

mandibles, antennae, tibiae and tarsi paler or ferruginous. Fairly

shining all over, especially the cheeks and abdomen. The sculpture

is much more superficial than in the larger $9. The scapes are

longer, extending beyond the hind margin by one-third of their length.

The meta-epinotal suture is shallower, and the scale is much thicker

above than in the larger 85. The head is much less convex at the

sides and is also longer than in the larger 88.

Q 41:8 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Very dark reddish brown, the

abdomen blackish brown, the mandibles, antennae and legs more or

less ferruginous. A more slender insect than the 8 custodiens and

not dissimilar, but easily distinguished by the following characters.

The sculpture is much stronger. The head is closely punctato-

rugulose, between the frontal carinae mainly punctate. The clypeus

is strongly and closely punctured, its anterior margin arcuate. not

subangular in the middle. The frontal sulcus is much deeper than

in custodiens. ‘The mesonotum is closely punctured with fairly deep

and small punctures; its is narrower than in custodiens, being only

one-fifth wider than long. The scutellum is longer, or more than

half the length of the mesonotum. The chief distinction between

the two species lies in the form of the scale, which in this species

is deeply and almost angularly excised above in the middle, whereas

in custodiens the emargination is wide and shallow. The abdomen

is longer, or one and a half times longer than wide. Wings hya-

line, except the subcostal cell which is ochreous; all the nervures

ochreous except the subcostal which is blackish brown.

592 Annals of the South African Museum.

oS. 6&7 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Black, the 1st abdominal

segment sometimes paler or brownish black, the antennae and legs,

excepting the ferruginous bases and apices of the femora and tibiae,

brown, the tarsi brownish ochreous. Slightly shining all over, a

narrow semicircular area in front of the ocelli very shining, Very

finely and rather superficially punctate-rugulose, the mesonotum and

scutellum very finely and evenly punctured, the abdomen exceedingly

delicately rugulose. Very much like the (/ of custodiens, but easily

distinguished by its smaller size, darker colour and moderately

shining integument. It also differs from it in the following features.

The 1st joint of the flagellum is clearly shorter than the 2nd. (as

long in custodiens). The eyes are much more prominent, hemisphe-

rical. The scale of the petiole is thinner, more deeply emarginate

in the middle, the anterior face flat or slightly concave transversely,

not convex. The genital armature is relatively much larger and

quite differently formed. The stipes at the base is ochreous and

very convex and large, narrowing rapidly to the long apical por-

tion. The sagittae are elongate and subacute at the apex, not

lamelliform, widely rounded at the apex and as wide there as at the

base as in custodiens. The wings as in the Q.

Willowmore, Mafeking, Orange River; Choaherib, S.W.A. (R. E.

W. Tucker). The specimens from Choaherib have the cheeks more

strongly punctured in the smaller 88, and the Q is a trifle larger.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type of 9 and co in my collection.

P. (sub-gen. ZEALLEYELLA) Braunst, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. vol. 57, p. 144, 8,: 1913.

8. 34-51 mm.

8 maxima. 54 mm. Head, thorax and petiole reddish brown

(a brownish burnt. sienna), the mandibles and clypeus more reddish

than the rest, abdomen dark brown, femora brown, tibiae, tarsi and

antennae rusty reddish brown. Pubescence very scanty and _ short,

longer on the legs and scapes and somewhat oblique. Pilosity short,

yellowish, more abundant on the occiput and abdomen than else-

where. Head slightly shining, finely and closely reticulate-rugulose ;

the rest of the body shining, very superficially rugulose on the sides

of the pro-mesonotum, dorsum of epinotum and the scale of the

petiole. Head barely longer than wide, narrowed a little in front,

or including the closed mandibles, triangular with the basal corners

rounded. The sides are much less convex than in Steingroeveri.

Posterior margin feebly convex. Mandibles nitidulous, striato-punct-

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 593

ate, armed with 7 teeth, the apical tooth acute. Anterior margin

of clypeus convex. Eyes placed at the posterior third of the sides.

The scapes extend beyond the posterior margin by two-fifths of

their length. Thorax like that of Steingroeveri, but differing in the

presence of a fairly distinct suture between the meso- and the

metanotum, and by the deeper meta-epinotal suture. The metano-

tum is also decidedly longer, beimg one-quarter as long in the middle

as the mesonotum. The dorsum of the epinotum is one and a half

times wider than long, the oblique declivity one-third longer than

the dorsum. Scale of petiole wider above than below, as thick above

as below, the summit entire and convex transversely.

8 media. 4 mm. Colour of the head and thorax darker than in

the 8 maxima, more brown than red. Sculpture feebler, the surface

more shining, especially the head. The latter and the scapes are a

trifle longer. The thorax is relatively narrow, the mesonotum longer

than wide, (as long as wide in the 8 maxima) and the metanotum

also longer or nearly one-third as long as the mesonotum. The

metanotal stigmata are more prominent, subangular when seen in

profile. The declivity of the epinotum is hardly longer than the

dorsum. The scale is a little thicker and narrower above. Other-

wise like the 3 maxima.

8 minor 34 mm. Like the 3 media, but the whole colour blackish

brown, except the tarsi and mandibles which are ferruginous.

Willowmore, Cape Prov. (Dr. B. Brauns). (R.M., G.A. colls.)

Sup-GENUS ANOPLOLEPIS, Santschi.

For characters see table of subgenera.

PLAGIOLEPIS RUFESCENS, Santschi.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 85, p. 289. 8. 1916.

“8, 33-6 mm. Possibly it attains to a larger size.

8 major. Pale chestnut brown, cheeks yellowish. Limbs slightly

paler than the body. Erect pilosity vellowish, fairly dense on the

head and thorax (a little more abundant than in Steingréveri), scan-

tier on the femora, absent from the scapes. Pubescence sparse,

hiding the sculpture very little. Fairly shining, particularly the

abdomen, the head less shining. Front of the head and sides of the

thorax very finely striolate, passing elsewhere into a reticulation

with smooth spaces, especially on the abdomen. A fine piliferous

puncturation all over. Head quadrate, the sides moderately convex,

594 Annals of the South African Museum.

the posterior angles slightly rounded and the posterior margin straight.

Frontal area wide and triangular. Clypeus very convex, subcarinate.

The scape extends beyond the hind margin by quite one-third of

its length (shorter in Steingréveri). Mandibles closely and evenly

striate, armed with 6 or 7 strong black teeth, the apical tooth

twice as long as the others. Thorax like that of Steingréveri, but

the promesonotum is a little more convex, the dorsum of the epino-

tum shorter, with the stigmatic orifices more prominent at the

posterior angles. Scale rounded, or barely emarginate at the summit,

erect, as high as in Stedngrdveri. Abdomen dilated.

S minor. More shining than the 3 major; the sculpture more

effaced; head a little longer than wide; the scape extends beyond

the hind margin by half its length. Promesonotum less convex than

in the 8 major. The stigmata on the epinotum even more promi-

nent at the posterior angles, the latter more accentuated. Scale

thick, not emarginate above, abdomen smaller, otherwise like the

8 major. It also differs from Stecngréveri in colour, with which it

is closely allied”.

Cape Town, (Dr. Reichensperger).

PLAGIOLEPIS NUPTIALIS, Santschi.

IGGG, Bir, Ws AS), 6h

co. 410-14°5 mm. Thorax, scale and antennae pale yellowish

brown, the legs brownish ochreous, head blackish, mandibles ochreous

with black teeth, the abdomen in greater part dirty brownish yellow,

with indistinct darker or brownish bands dilated in the middle on

the apical margins, the base of the Ist segment brown. The pubes-

cence on the head and thorax less plentiful than in custodiens, the

_ pubescence on the abdomen directed straight backwards, not undu-

late as in custodiens. This species bears a very great resemblance

to custodiens, but differs from it as follows.

The head is longer, or a trifle longer than wide behind the eyes,

the width behind the eyes is only one-fourth greater than the width

of the anterior margin, (a little more than one-third in custodiens).

The mandibles are shining, only aciculate and not sharply striate

as in the other species, and with much blunter teeth. The eyes

are a little smaller but more prominent. The scapes are nearly

straight, not curved at the distal third as in custodiens. The thorax

is lower, the dorsum of the mesonotum and scutellum not raised

much above the base of the epinotum. The mesonotum is a little

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 595

narrower and much less gibbous in front. The scutellum, excluding

its sloping sides, more pointed behind. The metanotum less promi-

nent in the middle. The scale of the petiole is much thinner and

much more shallowly emarginate above. The abdomen is wider and

less convex from side to side. Genital armature brownish yellow,

the apical half of the stipes narrower than in custodiens and less

obtuse at the apex. Otherwise lke the c' of custodiens. Willow-

more. Cape Prov., (Dr. H. Brauns). Taken einerging from the nests

of P. custodiens, and almost certainly living parasitically with that

species. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls).

P. (sub-gen. ANOPLOLEPIS) TRIMENI, Forel.

Ann. Soc, Ent. Belg. vol. 39, p. 429, 8 (replete) 1895.

Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. Beiheft, p. 223, 8. 1913.

8. 25-3°2 mm. Pale ochreous (straw-yellow) with the flagellum

eradually infuscate towards the apex, the scale of the petiole, apex

of the abdomen, and a patch on each side of all the abdominal

segments brownish; or yellowish brown, with only the scapes, tarsi

and basal two-thirds of the dst and 2nd, and basal half of the 3rd

abdominal segments ochreous. The colour varies between these

extremes. Clypeus slightly shining, the rest of the body including

the legs and antennae dull, and clothed with a fine, whitish yellow

and adjacent pubescence. A few erect yellowish hairs on the clypeus,

apex of abdomen and margins of the abdominal segments.

Microscopically reticulate-rugulose all over. Head quadrate, the

corners narrowly rounded, the posterior margin feebly convex, hardly

narrower in front than behind. In the smaller $8, especially in the

more darkly coloured forms, the head is slightly longer than wide

(one-tenth). Eyes large, occupying nearly one-third of the sides

and placed a little behind the middle. Three very minute ocelli

present. Mandibles shining, sparsely striate: and punctured, the

punctures large, 5-dentate. Clypeus sparsely and finely punctured,

the anterior margin almost straight. Frontal area triangular, wider

than long. The scapes barely extend beyond the occipital margin;

2nd joint of the flagellum hardly more than half the length of the

Ist joint. Pro-mesonotal suture well defined. Meso-epinotal suture

not deep. There is no distinct metanotum, the anterior margin of

which is barely indicated by a shallow impression just in front

of the’ stigmata. Mesonotum wider than long, not very convex

transversely, almost straight longitudinally, and barely depressed

behind. Dorsum of epinotum short, straight in profile, not higher

596 Annals of the South African Museum.

than the mesonotum, sloping very gradually into the longer and very

oblique declivity. Scale of petiole inclined forwards, seen from the

side cuneiform, the dorsal edge very thin or almost trenchant, feebly

emarginate in the middle. Abdomen about one-quarter longer than

wide, the sides moderately convex. —

8 replete, 46-6 mm. Head and thorax 2 mm. long, the rest

made up of the abdomen in various degrees of distention. This form

differs from the ordinary 3 as follows: The head is a little wider,

sometimes a little wider than long, quadrate, the sides straighter

and almost parallel. The ocelli are larger and plainly visible. The

thorax is relatively wider and less convex transversely, especially

the pronotum. The dorsum of the epinotum is much wider, at least

three anda half times wider than long in the middle. The abdomen

when fully distended has the chitinous plates separated by the

complete exposure of the intersegmental membranes. Otherwise like

the normal 8.

The structural differences pertaining to this form seem to indicate

that as early as the larval stage certain individuals are set apart

to serve as honey-reservoirs, and that the replete is not merely an

ordinary 3 selected by chance to fulfil that function.

masticatory margin, antennae, tibiae, tarsi and apices of the femora

ochreous, the last two joints of the flagellum infuscate. Head and

thorax pale brown (raw umber), the scutellum and metanotum

ochreous brown, abdomen and petiole dark brown. Pubescence

exceedingly short and dense, decumbent, pale yellowish, slightly golden

in the middle of the abdominal segments, present all over including

the legs and antennae. A few long yellowish pilose hairs on the

clypeus, and some short and blunt ones on the apical margins of the

abdominal segments. Mandibles and clypeus moderately shining, the

rest dull. Sculpture as in the 8. Head subquadrate, a little wider

than long, the posterior angles rounded, the posterior margin straight.

The eyes occupy nearly one-third of the sides, placed a little

behind the middle. The scape reaches the occipital margin. Pronotum

narrowly exposed above. Mesonotum fairly flat behind, one-third

wider than long, the parapsidal sutures deep. Scutellum flat, convex

only at its margins, much wider than long. Metanotum rounded

and fairly prominent. Dorsum and declivity of epinotum confluent,

forming a single oblique plane. Petiole asin the 8. Abdomen elongate

parallel-sided, twice.as long as wide. Deiilated, otherwise like the 8.

It is to be noted that the emargination of the scale of the petiole

is almost or quite obsolete in the smaller $8, in which case the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 597

insect approximates very closely to Emery’s description of decolor,

differing from that species only in the presence of erect hairs on the

clypeus and abdomen,

S. Rhodesia, not rare; Natal.

A very agile insect, with very erratic movements. The nest is

usually formed in sandy soil. The galleries containing the repletes

are rarely less than a foot below the surface of the ground.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type of 9 im my collection).

Var. KARROOENSIS, n. V.

These differ from the type of the species in the longer head, al-

most one-quarter longer than wide in the smallest 88, and in the

longer scape which extends beyond the occipital margin by a little

less than one-fourth of its length. The thorax is somewhat narrower

and more convex transversely, the mesonotum being nearly as long

as wide. The head is slightly shiming all over. The repletes differ

from those of the type species only in the shining head, with rather

stronger sculpture; the abdomen is also slightly shining.

repletes. The colour is a little paler on the head, and the ocelli are

larger. The joints of the flagellum are all relatively longer. Wings

hyaline, faintly tinged with yellow, nervures ochreous.

Willowmore, Cape Prov. (Dr. H. Brauns).

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; types im my collection).

P. (sub-gen. ANOPLOLEPIS) DECEPTOR, n. sp.

8. 27-3°2 mm. Reddish ochreous, the flagellum somewhat fus-

cuous, the middle and hind pair of legs pale yellowish brown, the

scale of the petiole brownish ochreous, abdomen black, except the

dst and 2nd segments which are dirty yellow, the 2nd having also

its apical margin black. Pubescence adjacent, very short, yellowish

and inconspicuous, almost wanting on the head, thorax, legs and

antennae. A very few yellowish, erect pilose hairs on the clypeus

and apical margins of the abdominal segments. Head, thorax and

petiole dull, very closely, finely and evenly reticulate-punctate or

granulate. Abdomen rugulose and dull, except the last three segments

which are smooth and shining.

Head subquadrate, about one-sixth longer than wide, the sides very

feebly convex, not wider behind than in front, the posterior margin

straight. Eyes large, placed a little behind the middle of the sides.

Ocelli distinct. Mandibles slightly shining, striate, armed with 5 acute

598 Annals of the South African Museum.

teeth. Anterior margin of clypeus feebly convex. The scapes extend

beyond the hind margin of the head by a little more than one-fifth

of their length. Pronotum convex transversely, very little wider than

long. Pro-mesonotal suture not strong, meso-metanotal suture obso-

lete, the metanotal region being indicated only by the stigmatic

orifices. Mesonotum convex transveisely, parallel-sided, as long as

wide. Meta-epinotal suture narrow and not deep. Dorsum of epi-

notum widening very little posteriorly, nearly as long as wide, fairly

convex above. The declivity is subvertical in its upper two-thirds,

its lower third forming a subhorizontal shelf. The brow of the

declivity rounded. Scale of petiole inclined very little forwards, wider

above than below, the dorsal edge feebly convex transversely, thick

and rounded from: front to back. Abdomen elongate, two-thirds

longer than wide. Legs fairly long and slender.

Sawmills, Umgusa River, 8S. Rhodesia.

To the naked eye, this species bears a deceptive resemblance in

colour and movements to Monomorium bicolor, race nitidiventris. Like

that species it is exceedingly agile and forms a nest in loose sand,

surrounded by a low and more or less circular crater. It is tolerably

distinct from YZriment and its var. karrooensis in form and sculpture.

Judging by the description alone, it resembles decolor Emery in sculp-

ture, but is larger, of a different colour, and has a different scale

and longer scapes.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type in my collection).

P. (sub-gen. ANOPLOLEPIS) MACGREGORI, nh. sp.

8. 3mm. Dark brown or blackish brown, the scape, basal half

of the flagellum, and the tarsi ochreous, tibiae ochreous brown,

mandibles ferruginous. The sculpture consists of a microscopic

punctate rugulosity, but nevertheless stronger than in Trimeni; dull

all over. Pubescence whitish on the head and thorax, greyish on

the abdomen, similar to that of Y’rimenz, but much less apparent on

the head and thorax. A few yellowish pilose hairs on the clypeus

and apical margins of the abdominal segments. Thorax narrower

and more convex transversely than in T'rimeni. The mesonotum is

distinctly longer than wide, and the dorsum of the epinotum longer

than in Trimeni, or as long as the declivity, The scale of the

petiole is thicker, not emarginate as in Trimeni. Otherwise like that

species. Glenville, Bulawayo. Crawling on the trunk of a tree.

I specimen.

Type in my collection.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 099

P. (sub-gen. ANOPLOLEPIS) MELANARIA, 0. sp.

8. 28-34 mm. Black, all the tarsi, the anterior tibiae and the

scapes more or less ochreous, the flagellum dirty brownish yellow,

the mandibles bright reddish ochreous. Moderately shining, and

almost smooth and without sculpture, at the most only very super-

ficially and microscopically rugulose. Clothed with a very short,

adjacent and brownish yellow pubescence. A few short brownish

pilose hairs on the abdomen and clypeus. Very similar to P. Mac-

gregori from which it differs in the colour, absence of sculpture, the

shining integument, and also in the following characters.

The head is a little longer than wide, (one-sixth); the eyes are

more convex and much larger, occupying nearly one-third of the

sides of the head, (one-fourth in Macgregori); the scapes are longer,

extending beyond the hind margin by one-fourth of their length,

(one-tenth in Macgregori); the scale of the petiole is very thin

above, almost trenchant, and the dorsum of the epinotum is more

convex lengthwise.

8 replete. 45 mm. (the abdomen 2°5 mm. long). Mesonotum a

trifle wider than long, or as wide as long; the dorsum of the epi-

notum shorter than the declivity. Scale of petiole wide} above and

feebly emarginate in the middle. Otherwise like the normal 8.

Sawmills, Umgusa River. 8. Rhodesia. The nest is made in

loose sandy soil, usually near the roots of a shrub or of grass. It is

surrounded by an inregular crater and has an unusually wide and

more or less elliptical entrance.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; types im my collection).

P. (sub-gen. ANOPLOLEPIS) DECOLOR, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Vol. 63, p. 44, 8. 1895.

“8. 41:7-25 mm. Flavo-testaceous, the head darker, the apex of

the abdomen fuscous, dull, the cheeks, lower surface of the head

and the coxae shining, pubescent, without erect pilose hairs on the

clypeus and abdomen, head subquadrate, the angles rounded, the

scapes extend barely beyond the occipital margin, thorax robust,

distinctly impressed at the meso-epinotal suture, epinotum convex,

the scale small, inclined forwards, acutely cuneiform.”

Hamman’s Kraal; Kimberley.

“A little less squat than P. pygmaea, which this species resembles

in the slightly depressed shape of the head and in the small scale,

inclined forwards and cuneiform in profile. The thorax is formed in

600 Annals of the South African Museum.

much the same way as is P. custodiens and fallax; the pro-meso-

notal suture is not strongly defined, the mesonotum is not impressed,

and is longer than the epinotum; the profile of the dorsum of the

thorax forms a very obtuse angle (the apex downwards) at the point

of the meso-epinotal suture. All the upper part of the body is dull,

even under a strong magnification; this is due to a close reticulate

puncturation, reinforced by a microscopic fundamental sculpture.

On the abdomen the punctures merge together into transverse rugu-

lose lines.”

SuB-GENUS PLAGIOLEPIS, Mayr, s. str.

For characters see table of sub-genera.

P. pyGMsEA, Latreille.

Ess. Hist. Fourmis France, p. 49. 8, Q. 1798.

Schenck, (as Tapinoma) Jahrb. Ver. Naturk. Nassau.

8. 4:3-2 mm. Dark brown, the scapes, tibiae and tarsi pale

ochreous, the femora yellowish brown, mandibles ferruginous, fla-

vellum fuscous ochreous. Smooth and very shining, the pronotum

and the base of the dorsum of the epinotum sparsely and very finely

punctured. Pubescence adjacent and sparse, almost obsolete on the

thorax. A very few exserted, yellowish pilose hairs on the clypeus

and margins of the abdominal segments.

Head subquadrate, a trifle longer than wide (excluding the man-

dibles) shghtly narrowed in front, the sides feebly convex, the

posterior margin straight or only shallowly concave. Eyes not large,

placed at about the middle of the sides. Anterior margin of clypeus

convex. Mandibles armed with 3 or 4 teeth. The scape just reaches

the occipital margin; 1st joint of flagellum nearly as long as the

2nd-4th taken together, 2nd and 3rd joimts a little wider than long,

Ath and 5th as long as wide, the following joints a little Jonger than

wide. Pronotum narrower than the head, very convex transversely,

twice as wide as long in the middle; mesonotum a trifle wider than

long. All the thoracic sutures distinct, the meso-metanotal and the

meta-epinotal fairly deep. Metanotum twice as wide as long, a little

more than half as long as the mesonotum, the stigmata fairly pro-

minent. Dorsum of epinotum widened towards the apex, where it

is twice as wide as long, jomimg the shorter and oblique declivity

in a gradual curve. The apical third of declivity, near the scale,

is almost horizontal. Scale of petiole inclined forwards, longer than

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 601

wide at the summit, the latter feebly convex from side to side and

subtrenchant. Abdomen ovate, a little longer than wide.

nor an. I able at present to obtain access to descriptions of them.

They do not probably differ in any great degree from their varieties.

Var. INTERMEDIA Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France. Vol. 63, p. 45, 8, 9, co. 1895.

8,22 mm. Head and thorax ochreous brown, the thorax paler

than the head; abdomen brown. Legs, antennae and mandibles pale

ochreous, the flagellum and middle of the femora somewhat fuscous.

Entirely smooth and shinmg. <A rather narrower insect than the

type of the species, fron: which it differs chiefly by the longer meta-

notum, which is quite two-thirds as long as the mesonotum. The

dorsum of the epiotum is more convex lengthwise and the declivity

is less oblique. The meso-metanotal suture is, deeper.

“O and co. The 9 has the same colour as the 8; as in the type,

Capetown, Vrijburg, Bloemfontein, (Simon); Durban & Isipingo,

Natal. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls).

Var. BULAWAYENSIS 0. v.

This form differs from the type of the species, (with which it was

included by Forel, Deutsch Ent. Zeitschr. Beiheft, p. 224, 1913) in

the longer scapes which extend beyond: the hind margin of the head

by one-sixth of their length. The pronotum and basal half of the

dorsum of the epmotum are not punctured. The metanotum and

epinotum are transversely rugulose and somewhat dull. Otherwise

like the type of the species.

Q, 443 mm. Brown, the legs, antennae and mandibles coloured

as in the 8. Pubescence very fine and short, decumbent, present

all over. Pilosity as in the 8. Smooth and fairly shining all over,

at the most only microscopically punctate. Head a little wider than

long, the sides parallel behind the eyes, convergent anteriorly in

front of them, the posterior margin straight, the posterior angles

narrowly rounded, The scapes extend beyond the hind margin of

the head by one-fourth of their length. Thorax wider than the head.

Mesonotum fairly flat above, wider than long. Scutellum half as long

as the mesonotum, the posterior margin widely convex. Epimotum

much wider than long, the dorsum and declivity forming a single

602 Annals of the South African Museum.

and low convexity. Scale as in the 8. Abdomen elongate, almost

parallel-sided, not quite twice as long as wide. Wings long, (anterior

wing 45 mm.) tinged with yellow, nervures and stigma ochreous.

Bulawayo, nesting in grassy soil.

(R.M., G.A. colls., types in my collection).

Var. MIMA, nN. v.

8, 13-1'8 mm. Head and thorax reddish ochreous, the head some-

times darker or brownish, abdomen brown. Legs, antennae and

mandibles pale ochreous, the flagellum slightly mfuscate. Differing

from the type species by the colour and shorter scapes, the latter

only just reaching the hind margin of the head. It is closely allied

to var. mediorufa Forel, from which it differs by its larger size and

by the shallowly concave hind margin of the head, (convex in mediorufa).

Hillside, Bulawayo. (G.A. coll.).

Var. PpuNcTUM, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. vol. 54, p. 448, 8, co. 1910.

8. 4:5-15 mm. Colour as in the type, excepting the flagellum

which is dark brown, the first two joints excluded. It differs from

the type of the species as follows. The metanotum is much longer,

almost as long as the mesonotum; the meso-epinotal suture is

very shallow. The pair of stigmata on the epinotum are less pro-

minent and the dorsum of the epinmotum is more convex lengthwise.

Otherwise like the type of the species.

Q. 31 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Smaller than the type of the

species and of a more reddish brown colour. The wings are fuscous,

not tinged with ochreous as in the type, nervures pale brown. The

scapes reach just beyond the hind margin of the head, and the latter

is not wider than long. The mesonotum is narrower than in the

type species, or as long as wide, and the scutellum is barely more

than one-third the length of the mesonotum.

Oo. 15-2 mm. Pale brown, the head somewhat darker, tarsi and

antennae more or less yellowish. Shghtly shiming, smooth, feebly

pubescent. Pilosity wanting. Head subquadrate, clearly wider than

long, the posterior half a trifle narrower than the anterior half. Eyes

large, occupying the anterior half of the sides of the head; the dis-

tance between the posterior ocelli is twice as great as between them

and the anterior ocellus. The scape extends a little beyond the

posterior margin of the head; 1st joint of the flagellum as long, or

toy)

nearly as long as_ the 3 following joints taken together. The scutellum

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 603

is as long as wide, more convex than in the 9. Scale of petiole

shorter and also relatively wider above than in the 9. Wings as in

the Q, but not very long.

Durban; Basutoland; Grahamstown.

(S.A-M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type of Q in my collection).

P. FuscuLA, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 45, 8. 1895.

“8. 2mm. Piceous or fuscous, mandibles, the base or the whole

of the scapes, first joints of the flagellum, tarsi and articulations of

the legs rufescent, very shining, sparingly and very minutely pubes-

cent and sparsely pilose, legs and scapes without erect hairs; head

truncate behind, the sides arcuate, mandibles narrow and 5-dentate,

the scape extending beyond the occipital margin, thorax narrowed in

the middle, the posterior part of the mesonotum (i. e. the metanotum)

short and forming a more or less prominent transverse torus; epinotum

very convex lengthwise, seen from the side gibbose, scale of the

petiole thin and inclined forwards.”

Capetown, (Simon); Natal, (Traegardh).

P. Brunni, Mayr.

Ann. K. K. N. H. Mus. Wien, vol. 10, p. 148, 8. 1895.

8. 4:3-1'7 mm. Dark orange or reddish ochreous, the apical two-

thirds of the flagellum and the basal half of the femora more or less

fuscous; a patch between the eyes and the base of the mandibles,

a narrow apical band on the first three abdominal segments brown,

(somewhat triangularly widened at the sides), the remaining segments

more or less brownish ochreous. The pubescence is exceedingly sparse,

short and inconspicuous. There are a few yellowish pilose hairs on

the clypeus and abdomen. Smooth and very shining.

Head as long as wide, the sides moderately convex, narrower in

front than behind, the posterior margin shallowly concave. Mandibles

small, with 4 or 5 teeth. Eyes placed in front of the middle of the

sides. The scape almost reaches the hind margin of the head; the

dst joint of the flagellum as long as the three succeeding joints taken

together, the 2nd and 3srd almost twice as wide as long, the 4th as

wide as long. Pronotum very convex, a little wider than long.

Mesonotum nearly twice as wide as long, fairly convex transversely,

separated from the metanotum by a wide and deep suture. The

metanotum is quadrate, as long as wide and as long as, or even a

604 Annals of the South African Museum.

little longer than the mesonotum. Seen from the side, it is inclined

upwards posteriorly but not prominent. Meta-epinotal suture feeble.

The dorsum and declivity of the epinotum are not distinctly delimited,

they form a single convexity. Scale of petiole low, shorter than the

whole petiole measured along the ventral surface.

9, 35 mm. Colour as in the 3, but a band between the posterior

ocelli, the whole or greater part of the scutellum and the apical

half of all the abdominal segments dark brown. Pubescence longer

and more abundant than in the 8, especially on the head and ab-

domen, Pilosity as in the 8. Smooth and shining. Head and

mesonotum very finely and evenly punctured, the punctures pili-

gerous, very small and shallow. Head as wide as long, parallel-sided

behind the eyes, gradually narrowed in front of them, the posterior

margin moderately concave. Eyes large, occupying a little more

than one-third of the sides. Mesonotum as long as wide, three

times longer than the scutellum. Epinotum wider than long, oblique

and feebly convex from base to apex. Abdomen longer than wide.

Wings tinged with ochreous, stigma and nervures ochreous.

Oo, 14 mm. Pale ochreous brown, the head almost blackish

brown, antennae and legs fuscous yellow. Very smooth and shining.

Pubescence very fine and scanty. A few erect hairs on the clypeus

and scutellum. Head subquadrate, wider than long, a little wider

in front than behmd. The eyes occupy more than the anterior half

of the sides. The scape reaches the posterior margin of the head.

Thorax like that of the 9, but the scutellum is relatively larger, or

about half as long as the mesonotum. Scale of petiole low, inclined

very obliquely forwards, as wide as high. Abdomen ovate.

S. Rhodesia, fairly common and nesting under the bark of trees:

Natal, (Traegaordh); Delagoa Bay, (Brauns).

(S.A.M., RM.G.A. colls.).

Var. PUBESCENS, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. Vol. 57, p. 140, 8, 1913.

8. Like the type of the species and differmg from it only in the

more abundant and longer pubescence, the wider thorax which is a

little less constricted at the meso-metanotal suture, the shorter

metanotum which is wider than long and only half as long as the

mesonotum.

Bulawayo and Plumtree, S. Rhod.

(R.M, G.A. colls.).

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 605

3rd Section. EKUCAMPONOTINAE.

Trine PRENOLEPIDINI, Forel.

Genus PRENOLEPIS, Mayr.

Europ. Formicid, p. 52, 1864.

Characters.

8. Antennae 12-jointed, the scape sometimes very long, inserted

at the sides of the frontal area, not far from the hind margin of

the clypeus. Maxillary palpi 6-jomted. Mandibles rather narrow,

not large. Clypeus large. Frontal carinae short; frontal area not

sharply defined. Eyes usually large. No ocelli. Pro-mesonotal, meso-

metanotal and meta-epinotal sutures distinct. The metanotum short

in the middle but fairly apparent at the sides, lower than the meso-

or the epinotum. The latter unarmed. Petiole short, bearmg a scale

which is inclined forwards. Abdomen widest in front, somewhat

overhanging the petiole. A coarse and long pilosity frequently present.

Q. Antennae 12-jointed. Pronotum not exposed above, or only

very narrowly so in the middle. Mesonotum and scutellum fairly flat

above, the former with well defined parapsidal sutures, and the scu-

tellum sometimes with a median longitudinal impression. Abdomen

large. Scale of petiole thicker than in the 8 and also lower. Wings

with I cubital cell.

Oo. Antennae 15-joited, smaller than the Q, or even smaller than

the 8. Eyes and ocelli very large.

Distribution, Both hemispheres.

We have only two species in our region; they are easily distin-

euishable by the length of the scapes.

P. LonGicorNis, Latreille. (Plate IX, fig. 133).

(as Formica) Hist. Nat. Fourmis, p. 113, 8 1802.

Jerdon, Madras Jour. Litt. Sc. vol. 17, p. 124, Q. 1851.

André, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (6) vol. I, p. 60, co. 1881.

8. 27-3 mm. Pale smoky-brown, mandibles, antennae and legs

much paler, the tarsi slightly ochreous. Smooth and moderately

shining. Pubescence microscopic, present only on the legs and antennae.

The body has a moderately abundant, coarse, blunt, erect, long and

ereyish white pilosity, less plentiful on the thorax than elsewhere.

A few thinner hairs on the femora, The chitinous integument is

rather thin. Head oval, excluding the mandibles and eyes not quite

606 Annals of the South African Museum.

half as long again as wide. Eyes large, convex, prominent, placed

at the middle of the sides of the head and rather high up. Clypeus

subcarinate, very convex transversely, the anterior margin feebly

excised in the middle. Mandibles armed with 5 small teeth, the

external margin much longer than the masticatory. -Antennae very

long, the scape two-thirds longer than the head and extending back

as far as the meta-epinotal suture; the flagellum filiform, one and a

half times longer than the scape, all the joints much longer than

wide. Dorsum of the thorax fairly flat when seen from the side,

depressed a little over the metanotum. Pronotum one-third wider

than long, not very convex transversely. Mesonotum as long as

wide, a little narrower behind than in front. Metanotum longer at

the sides than in -the middle, where it is about one-fifth as long as

the mesonotum. Dorsum of epmotum half as long again as wide,

joining the much shorter and oblique declivity in alow curve. Scale

of petiole inclined forwards, the posterior face twice as long as wide,

the anterior face very short. Abdomen ovate. Legs long and slender.

Q. 5:dm.m. Dark brown, the antennae and tarsi brownish ochreous,

legs paler brown, the coxae and basal half of the femora somewhat

ochreous, Apical margins of the abdominal segments pale fuscous

yellow. Clothed with a short, but fairly dense pubescence all over,

exceedingly fine on the legs and antennae. The coarse pilosity which

is present in the 8 is entirely absent. Dull. Microscopically rugulose,

the sculpture somewhat stronger on the head than elsewhere. Head

quadrate, and excluding the mandibles as long as wide. Antennae

long, the scape extending beyond the hind margin of the head by

two-thirds of its length. The eyes occupy the middle third or a

little more of the sides of the head; ocelli moderately large. Mandibles

5-dentate, feebly aciculate. Pronotum very narrowly exposed above;

mesonotum a little wider than long, fairly flat in its posterior part.

Scutellum fairly flat, with a shallow median longitudinal impression ;

.metanotum distinct. Dorsum and declivity of the epinotum forming

a single steep plane. Scale of petiole completely hidden from above -

by the large and overhanging abdomen, which is oval and about

one-third longer than wide. Deilated. Otherwise like the 8.

“oy, 3 mm. Similar to the 8 but much paler in colour, with the

same erect and rather coarse pilosity. Head oval, eyes and ocelli

very large and prominent; mandibles narrow and feeble; clypeus as

in the 8. Thorax and abdomen moderately massive, the latter elongate,

oval, convex above; the external genitalia large and prominent.”

(ex. Bingham, Ants of India).

Durban. This is a tropicopolitan species which has also been

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 607

introduced with plants and permanently established in many hothouses

in temperate countries.

(S-ACM= REM; G.A: coll.):

P. TRAEGAORDHI, Forel, var. NATALENSIS, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat. vol. 50, p. 3:8, 8. 1944.

8, 25-3 mm. Head and abdomen brown, the head darkest, thorax,

legs and antennae brownish ochreous, the tarsi and mandibles

ochreous. Pubescence moderately abundant, fine, adjacent, and of a

pale greyish brown colour, very sparse on the pro-mesonotum.

Pilosity coarse, dark brown, pointed, not blunt and not so long as in

P. longicornis, shorter and more oblique on the legs, scapes and

sides of the head than elsewhere. Pronotum and declivity of the

epinotum smooth and very shining, abdomen superficially rugulose

and fairly dull, the head shining and very sparsely punctured.

Mesonotum and dorsum of the epinotum moderately shining and very

feebly punctured. Head, excluding the mandibles, a little longer than

wide, hardly narrower in front than behind, the sides subparallel,

the posterior angles narrowly rounded. Clypeus very convex, suban-

eular in the middle but not carimate, its anterior margin straight.

Mandibles narrow, 6-dentate. Eyes placed in front of the middle of

the sides. Scapes much shorter than in /omgzcornzs, extending beyond

the hind margin of the head by about one-third of their length;

2nd joint of flagellum hardly longer than wide, 38rd and 4th one and

a half times longer than wide, all the rest somewhat longer (in

longicornis no joint is less than two and a half times longer than

wide). Pronotum convex lengthwise and transversely, one and a half

times wider than long. Mesonotum oval, slightly longer than wide,

forming in profile with the pronotum a fairly strong convexity, not

flat as in longicornis. Metanotum more deeply depressed than in that

species, very short in the middle. Dorsum of epinotum distinctly

convex lengthwise and transversely, wider than long, a little shorter

than the oblique declivity. Scale of petiole slightly wider above than

below, its dorsal edge convex from side to side and almost trenchant.

Abdomen oval. Legs not long and not very slender.

Durban. (W. H. B. Marley, C. P. Merve).

Forel remarks of this variety, ‘Smaller than the type species.

Head narrower, relatively longer, with the sides less convex. Pubes-

cence more feeble. The mesonotum is also less convex and the

epinotum lower, with the declivity much shorter and less distinct,

whereas the dorsum is longer and less convex. Otherwise identical,

608 Annals of the South African Museum.

the erect pilosity the same and the colour similar but a shade

darker,”

I have specimens from Durban (leg. C. P. v. d. Merve), which

agree very well, according to the description cited above, with the

type species. but the colour is not lighter than in var. natalensis,

but darker, being of a very dark brown, the head almost black.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

Trine OLKCOPHYLLINI, Forel.

Genus OECOPHYLLA, Smith.

Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. Zool. IV, Suppl. p. 1041, 4860.

Characters.

8. Antennae 12-jointed, long, inserted behind the frontal area but

near the anterior ends of the frontal carinae:; 1st joint of the flagel-

lum very long. Maxillary palpi 5-jomted. Mandibles large, the

masticatory margin long, longer than the basal, armed with nume-

rous small teeth, the apical one large, acute and curved. Clypeus

large; frontal area subtriangular. [Frontal carimae short and fairly

far apart. Eyes large, very convex and outstanding, almost hemi-

spherical. Pronotum narrowed into a long neck in front. Pro-

mesonotal suture well defined, the meta-epimotal a little less so.

Thorax strongly constricted and depressed along the meso- and

metanotum, seen in profile, saddle-shaped. Epinotum unarmed,

much higher than the metanotum. Petiole elongate, incrassate pos-

teriorly, the posterior end produced into a small lamelliform flap on

each side and embracing the abdominal articulation. Abdomen oval

or subcircular. Legs long and slender.

Q. Antennae as in the 8. Pronotum not visible from above.

Mesonotum wide and gibbous in front. Scutellum much wider than

long. Petiole subquadrate, short, seen from the side more or less

obtusely conical. Wings with 1 cubital, and 4 closed radial cell

which is rather long.

“cy. Head relatively small; the mandibles porrect, very hairy

and with an indistinct masticatory margin; ocelli prominent; eyes

very large and prominent, giving great width to the head; antennae

15-jointed, filiform, the scape long, thickening slightly towards the

apex, the basal joint of the flagellum remarkably clavate. Thorax

very massive, the mesonotum broad and gibbous anteriorly, the pro-

notum sunk well below its level in front; scutellum large, laterally

compressed, the rest of the thorax and epinotum sloping gradually

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Afrika. 609

towards the apex of the latter. Petiole long, linear, scarcely, thick-

ened at all; abdomen depressed, oval; external genitalia large.”

I have not seen the o'( of this genus, and the generic characters

quoted above are taken from Binghams ‘“‘Ants of India’.

Distribution. Tropics of the Eastern Hemisphere.

O. SMARAGDINA, Fabr., (Plate IX, figs. 134, 154a).

Syst. Ent. p. 828, 9. 41775,

Guérin, (Formica macra) Voyage Coquille, Zool. Il, p. 202, 8. 1830.

Jerdon. Madras Jour: Witt Se. Volkj47; p. 1215, 0, ot 1854:

8, 7-11 mm. Yellowish (buff) red, the abdomen similar but with

a brownish tinge as well, the apical margins of the segments paler

and translucent. Pubescence short, decumbent, pale yellowish, fairly

abundant all over; pilose hairs thin, present only on the anterior

margin of the clypeus and the apical margins of the abdominal seg-

ments. Exceedingly finely rugulose and dull all over.

Head, including the closed mandibles, subtriangular with the angles

rounded, widest behind, the posterior margin straight, the sides

moderately convex, high in the middle and strongly convex from

side to side. Mandibles closely striolate, the teeth black. Clypeus

half as long as wide, raised towards the middle, the anterior margin

convex. The scape, strongly incrassate near the apex, extends beyond

the hind margin of the head by two-thirds of its length. All the

jomts of the flagellum longer than wide and decreasing in length

progressively from the 1st to the penultimate joint. Pronotum nar-

rower than the head, and including the neck-like portion longer than

wide. Mesonotum narrowed a little behind, about as long as wide

in front. Metanotum short in the middle, convex and considerably

constricted in front, convex and much longer at the sides, in such

a way as to embrace the anterior part of the epinotum; metanotal

stigmata large and prominent. Epinotum very convex lengthwise,

the dorsum about as long as the declivity. Petiole widening and

rising gradually from its base to the posterior fourth, where it be-

comes slightly constricted and inclined downwards, produced on each

side into a small flap embracing the articulation of the abdomen.

Abdomen oval or subcircular. Legs very long, the posterior femora

as long as, or a little longer than the tibiae.

“O, 14518 mm. Characters of the genus. Normally of a beautiful

emerald-green, with a peculiar pellucid translucent appearance when

alive, Varieties are found of a pale yellow, with more or less brownish

610 Annals of the South African Museum.

markings on the head and thorax”. The colour is lost’in dried or

spirit-preserved specimens.

co, 6-7 mm. More or less similar in colour to the 3, sometimes

dark brown, very pilose, the hairs brown and semi-erect; wings

lacteous, hyaline, nervures yellowish brown. For the rest the charac-

ters of the genus.”

The descriptions of the 9 & co quoted above are taken from

Bingham’s ‘‘Ants of India”.

This species has so far been recorded within our limits only from

Lourenco Marques (leg. K.H. Barnard). It is a decidedly tropical

species and is not likely to be found except on the northern half

of the east coast of the S. African region.

It inhabits trees and bushes, making its nest between leaves. It

has the remarkable habit of using its larvae in order to obtain the

silk with which the leaves are bound together to form the nest.

This is effected by several workers holding the leaves in position

while other workers, each bearing a larva in its Jaws, move up and

down the edges of the leaves and force the larvae to emit the silk

from their glands. The silk-glands of the larvae of this species are

enormously developed. A fuller account of the methods employed

by this ant in making its nest may be found in Wheeler’s ‘‘Ants”,

pp. 246-221. The larvae of Oecophylla are exceptional in not spin-

ning cocoons. Whether this condition has been brought about by

the glands being exhausted during the earlier stages of larval life

cannot be decided at present. There are however, species of Polyrachis

and Camponotus which also use their larvae for the same purpose

as Oecophylla, but in some of these the larvae nevertheless manage

to spin cocoons before pupating. (see Wheeler, Contr. Ent. Lab.

Bussey Inst. Harvard Univ. no. 95).

(S.A.M., G.A. colls.).

TripeE CAMPONOTINI, Forel.

Including the two genera Camponotus, Mayr. and Polyrachis, Fab.

Genus CAMPONOTUS, Mayr.

Europ. Formicid. p. 35, 1861.

Characters.

8. Antennae 12-jointed, inserted at the sides of the frontal carinae,

some distance from the frontal area and from the clypeus; flagellum

filiform. Dimorphic or polymorphic, having two or three fairly dis-

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 611

tinct forms, i.e.9! or 8 major, 8 media and 8 minor. No ocelli,

but sometimes vestiges of same occur as indistinct pits. Frontal

carinae more or less sinuate, usually well defined. Thorax usually

widest in front, the pro-mesonotal and meso-metanotal or meso-

epinotal sutures usually well defined. Epinotum unarmed, in some

subgenera more or less subtruncate. Petiole of varying form, (see

subgenera). In the 9) the head is very large, subtriangular and

with the angles rounded, or subcordate, wider than the thorax. In

the 8 minor the head is usually elongate, and more often longer

than wide. The 8 media has the head intermediate in form between

that of the 9} and of the 8.

also not so wide as in that form. Ocelli not very large. Thorax of

the form usual to the sex, the pronotum rarely exposed above.

Wings with a closed radial and I cubital cell. Abdomen usually

oblongo-ovate. Otherwise like the ‘|.

co, Antennae 13-jointed, scape as long or at least half as long as

the flagellum. Ocelli and eyes large. Petiole thicker than in the

8 or Q. Abdomen small, considerably narrowed towards the apex

or lanceolate, the genital armature small. Legs slender and feeble.

Mandibles small and usually edentate except one apical tooth.

Wings as in the Q. Distribution. Both hemispheres.

This is an enormous genus comprising 1000 or more different

forms. With the exception of C. maculatus and its subspecies and

varieties, the identification of our species, with reference to the ‘I,

is not attended with much difficulty, as they fall into fairly easily

recognised subgenera. This however is not the case with C. macz-

latus, a species which, with numerous and closely related races and

varieties, is distributed over a large part of the globe. In the 8

media and minor castes the specific characters are but slightly

differentiated, and it is therefore essential that the 9) 9! should be

obtained with the smaller 88 whenever possible.

The degree of convexity of the thorax is often a valuable dia-

enostic character, although it is difficult to measure without the aid

of a drawing-apparatus on the microscope The standard which I

have adopted is the ratio of the height to the length, the latter

being measured in a straight line from the anterior point of the

pronotum to the apex of the epimotum at its junction with the

petiole, and the former by the length of the perpendicular from

the highest point. These measurements are expressed by the sym-

bols H.L. in the following pages, e.g. L. = 3}/, H.

612 Annals of the South African Museum.

The genus has recently been divided by Dr. Forel” into 25 sub-

genera, of which 13 are represented in our region. These subgenera

are characterised by Dr. Forel as follows:

4. Sus-c—Enus CAMPONOTUS, Mayr, s. str.

Type C. herculeanus L. Mandibles with 4 or 5 teeth, rarely 6.

Clypeus neither carinate nor lobed. Head not truncate. Dorsum of

thorax convex, neither excised nor marginate, widened in front,

narrowed behind. Species usually large, robust and usually lignico-

lous, excavating galleries in wood. With transitions towards Myrmo-

turba. In all countries excepting Australia.

2. Sup-ceENuS MYRMOTURBA, Forel.

Type C. maculatus F. Mandibles with 7 or 8 teeth, rarely 6.

Clypeus lobed and carinate. Dorsum of thorax convex, neither excised

nor marginate, widened in front, narrowed behind. Head of 8 minor

nearly always with a distinct hind margin. Living in the ground or

under stones.

3. SuB-GENUS MYRMOPHYMA, Forel.

Type C. quadrisectus Smith. Vertex of head more or less strongly

swollen. Otherwise in shape and stature similar to Myrmoturba. The

clypeus, however, is more often without a carina and has a lobe

which is narrowed and often dentate or emarginate in front. Man-

dibles usually with 6 teeth. Australian, Malayan and African. With

transitions towards Myrmoturba.

4, SUB-GENUS MYRMOPSAMMA, Forel.

Type C. mystaceus Emery. Mandibles 5-dentate. Clypeus not

carinate. Anterior margin of the head, above and below, and often

the upper third of the clypeus furnished with transverse rows of long

psammophore bristles or ammochaetae. Form of the body similar to

that of Myrmoturba. African species of arenicolous habits. The scape

sometimes has a dentiform process at the base.

5. SuB-GeENus DINOMYRMEX, Ashmead.

Type C. gigas Latr.. Very large or long species. Head of the

8 minor narrowed behind into a neck, or at least with the posterior

margin reduced to the limits of the articular border, i. e. obsolete.

Otherwise like Myrmoturba.

* See Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg. Vol. 20, pp. 87 et seq. 1912 and Rev. Suisse

Zool. Vol. 22, pp. 257—275, 1914.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 613

6. Sus-GENuUS MYRMOSERICUS, Forel.

Type C. rufoglaucus Jerdon. Identical with Myrmoturba but

entirely dull, very finely sculptured, with a silky sheen and more or

less covered with a fairly abundant pubescence on the whole body,

especially the abdomen.

7. Sup-GeENus MYRMOSAGA, Forel.

Type C. quadrimaculatus Forel. Dorsum of epinotum concave,

saddleshaped, the rest of the thorax convex, not marginate. Smallish

species, generally shining. Shape generally like that of Myrmoturla,

but more robust. The clypeus carinate and with a short lobe.

Mandibles usually with 6 teeth.

8. SuB-GENUS MYRMAMBLYS, Forel.

Type C. fastigatus Roger. Head subtruncate in front, mandibles

thick, clypeus high and narrow, the lateral pieces obsolete or nearly

so. The 8 major and 8 minor strongly dimorphic, but the former

do not constitute a distinct 9) caste. Living in hollow stems and

trunks of trees, the 8 major guarding and closing the entrances to

the nest with their subtruncate heads.

9. Sus-Genus COLOBOPSIS, Mayr.

Type C. truncatus Spin. (Characterised by its strong dimorphism).

The 9} has the head sharply truncate in front and nearly always

with the truncate area bounded by a sharp raised margin. The

clypeus is usually continued behind past the truncate area, thus

forming an angle with its anterior portion. The 9! acts as a janitor,

closmg the entrance to the nest with the truncated face of the head.

Some species have the thorax excised (i. e. at the meso-epinotal suture).

The species live in the wood of trees, in stems, galls and hollow spines.

10. Sup-cenus MYRMOTREMA, Forel.

Type C. foraminosus Forel. The Q and 8 major with the anterior

part of the head abundantly pitted. Clypeus usually without lobe

or carina, mandibles usually 6-dentate. Thorax not marginate, convex

in front, narrowed behind. Entirely African.

41. Sus-cenus ORTHONOTOMYRMEX, Ashmead.

Type C. lateralis Ol. Epinotum cuboid, wide, distinctly marginate, *

usually with a distinct angle between its two faces. Thorax usually,

but not always emarginate between the mesonotum and the epinotum.

* Not in all our species.

614 Annals of the South African Museum.

Generally squat species, with the head short, mandibles thick and

armed with 5 or 6 teeth. Head not truncate. Partially terrestial

and partially arboreal.

12. Sus-cenus MYRMOSPHINCTA, Forel.

Type C. cinerascens F, Thorax excised between the mesonotum

and the epinotum, but not marginate, especially the epinotum. Head

simple.

13. Sup-cenus MYRMEPOMIS, Forel.

Type C. fulvopilosus De Geer. Large species. Pronotum of 8 major

with dentate or angular shoulders. Thorax not excised. Epinotum

not dentate. *

These divisions are not entirely natural and will no doubt undergo

revision from time to time, but they are of use in facilitating the

study of this very large genus. In the case of some species, it

depends on the degree of importance which one is inclined to attach

to each of two or more characters whether the species be placed in

this sub-genus or that. For instance, C. Dofleini Forel is included

in the sub-genus Myrmosphincta by Dr. Forel, on account of the

structure of the epimotum. But the degree of difference, even inclu-

ding the epinotum, which this species shows to C. Mayri (sub-gen.

Orthonotomyrmex) is slight, or at least of a lower degree of value in

classification than the points of resemblance. I have therefore pre-

ferred to place it in the sub-genus Orthonotomyrmex. Moreover, C.

scalaris Forel, our other representative of the sub-genus Myrmosphincta,

is a totally different looking imsect, and to place it and Dofleini

together is but to enhance the artificial character of these sub-genera.

SuB-GENUS CAMPONOTUS, Mayr, s. str.

For characters see table of sub-genera.

We have but one species in this sub-genus, C. belligerum Santschi.

It bears a close resemblance to C. maculatus, from which it may be

distinguished by the structure of the clypeus and mandibles and the

dorsum of epmotum. From the type of the subgenus, C. herculeanus

* We have only one species, with several races and varieties, all of which

may be recognised by the presence of a thick and oblique pilosity on the abdo-

men, composed of blunt quill-like hairs or bristles, nearly always hiding the

colour and sculpture of the integument.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 615

it differs somewhat in the shape of the epinotum, which approxi-

mates to that of C. maculatus, having the declivity very oblique

and. merging gradually into the dorsum. The latter is however,

different from that of maculatus, in that it is not compressed laterally

and not ridge-like or cristate above.

C. BELLIGERUM, Santschi.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 88, p. 384, 9}, 8. 1920.

9,15 mm. Head ferruginous (burnt sienna), an indistinct patch

on the middle of the vertex, the cheeks and the anterior half in

front of the eyes, dark brown or black. The inner edge of these

dark lateral areas forms a straight line stretching from the anterior

ends of the frontal carinae to the anterior margin of the eyes.

Mandibles and basal two-thirds of the scapes dark castaneous, the

apical third of the scapes black, the flagellum ferruginous. Thorax

and petiole ferruginous, but a little paler than the head. Abdomen

brownish black, the base and basal half of the sides of the 4st

segment and a small and very diffuse spot on each side of the 2nd

and 3rd segments dark ochreous, the apical margins of all the

segments testaceous. Legs reddish ochreous, becoming gradually darker

towards their apices. A very short and inconspicuous pubescence

on the legs and antennae, abundant only on the flagellum, absent

from the thorax and abdomen, on the cheeks sparse and_ inserted

in shallow foveae. Pilosity short and sparse, yellowish, present only

on the clypeus, meso- and epinotum, scale and apical margins of

the abdominal segments. ‘Tibiae cylindrical, strongly setose below;

posterior metatarsi with two dense rows of subspatulate hairs on

their lower surfaces, (this character occurs in several species of

Camponotus). Moderately shining, the abdomen more so than the

rest of the body. Sculpture like that of C. maculatus, but the head

is also sparsely and shallowly punctured, the punctures pubescent.

Mandibles with 5 acute teeth, finely striolate and strongly punctured ;

the basal margin much longer than in any of the Myrmoturba group,

being almost as long as the masticatory margin. Head quadrate,

barely longer than wide, the sides feebly convex, the posterior

margin straight, the posterior angles narrowly rounded, as wide

in front as behind, except the anterior 7th, which isa little narrower.

Median area of clypeus arcuately produced in front but not lobed,

the anterior margin crenulate, almost twice as wide in front as

long. Frontal area small, triangular and well defined. Frontal

616 Annals of the South African Museum.

carinae feebly sinuate, hardly convergent behind. Eyes rather large,

placed a little behind the middle of the sides. The scapes extend

beyond the hind margin by as much as their apical width. Pronotum

not in the least flattened above, but convex from side to side and

lengthwise, two-thirds wider than long.in the middle. Pro-mesonotal

suture distinct. Mesonotum very little wider in front than behind,

as long as wide. Meso-epinotal suture feeble. Dorsum of epinotum

rather broad, two and a half times longer than wide, moderately

oblique, arcuate from side to side, joining the oblique declivity in a

widely rounded angle. The declivity is two-thirds as long as the

dorsum and slightly convex from above to below. Scale of petiole

rather narrow, as high as, or a little higher than the petiole is

long below, both faces moderately convex, subacuminate above.

S minor, 8 mm. Head more or less yellowish brown, the cheeks

darkest. Mandibles pale castaneous, antennae brown. Thorax dirty

ochreous, the sides and the petiole somewhat fuscous. Abdomen

brownish black, the apical margins widely pale testaceous, the 2nd

segment with a pale ochreous spot on each side and extending from

the base to beyond the middle of the segment. Legs pale ochreous,

darkening towards their apices. Sculpture, pilosity etc. as in the 9I,

but the head is more shining and almost impunctate. Head slightly

and gradually widened from the eyes towards the anterior margin,

where it is widest, nearly one-third longer than wide. The sides

behind the eyes convex, convergent posteriorly to the very narrow

and indistinct posterior margin. Mandibles as in the 9!, but narrower

and longer, the teeth very acute. Clypeus very convex transversely

but not carinate and not lobed in front, the anterior margin arcuate.

The eyes are very convex, large, placed behind the middle. The

scapes extend beyond the hind margin of the head by nearly half

their length. Pronotum less convex transversely than in the ‘I.

Mesonotum narrowed behind. Dorsum of epinotum long, barely

delimited from the declivity, the two faces forming a more or less

continuous oblique plane. Scale of petiole cuneiform, seen from the

side its outline forms an isosceles triangle, the base of which is

slightly convex and forms the anterior face, the posterior face being

as long as the ventral margin and longer than the anterior face.

Otherwise like the 9.

The 8 minor resembles that of maculatus and some of its varieties,

but is easily distinguishable by the 5-dentate mandibles, the clypeus,

the thick scale and the subspatulate hairs on the posterior metatarsi.

Ababis, 8. W. Africa. (R. W. E. Tucker).

(S. A. M., G. A. colls.)

A Monograph of Formicidae of South Africa. 617

Sus-cenus MYRMOTURBA, Forel.

For characters see table of subgenera.

|. In this sub-genus, the head of the 9) is usually more or less

triangular and with the angles rounded, or subcordate; the posterior

margin always more or less concave. The scapes are rarely long,

and in few of them do they extend beyond the hind margin by as

much as one-fourth of their length. In taking the measurement, it

should be noted that the length of the head is taken from the

anterior margin of the clypeus to the level of the posterior angles;

in measurements of the scape, that limb should be turned back

parallel to the long axis of the head, not directed obliquely to the

posterior angles. The pronotum in usually more or less convex

transversely and slopes downwards in front. In many species the

pronotum has two shallow impressed lines, one on each side of the

middle, oblique and convergent anteriorly. In the $3 these lines are

more or less parallel. They are inconspicuous as a rule, and not

easily seen unless the insect is held at a certain angle.

The mesonotum is narrowed gradually backwards and the epinotum

is frequently widened towards the brow of the declivity. The thorax

is therefore always somewhat constricted at the meso-epinotal level.

Usually a trace of the metanotum is visible, but as this segment is

very small and inconspicuous, the suture between it and the epinotum

is referred to in the following pages as the meso-epinotal. The dorsum

of the epinotum is narrow, the sides converging above to form a

narrow and rounded angle (i.e. the actual dorsum) the dorsum

nearly always merging gradually into the declivity, very rarely

subangularly. The degree of convexity of the dorsal profile of the

thorax varies, but in many cases (maculatus and its races and

varieties), to so slight a degree that it is difficult to appreciate’ The

scale of the petiole also exhibits slight variations, but on the whole

it cannot be relied on as a diagnostic character of much value.

Some authors have placed a great deal of emphasis on the absence

or otherwise of short spines or setae on the lower surface of the

tibiae and also on the shape of that joint. In cross-section it is

either round, quadrate-oblong or prismatic. The normal fundamental

sculpture of the sub-genus, as exemplified by C. maculatus, consists

of a very fine and even rugulosity on the thorax and abdomen,

somewhat reticulate in parts, and on the head ofa reticulation which

merges into a rugulose sculpture here and there. The sculpture in

most of the species is barely appreciable under a magnification of

less than 16 diameters. The pubescence is conspicuously scanty on

618 Annats of the South African Museum.

the body, and not very apparent even on the legs and antennae.

The pilosity is scanty, consisting as a rule of a few marginal bristly

hairs on the abdominal segments, on the anterior margin of the clypeus,

and a few isolated hairs on the pronotum, brow of the declivity and

the upper edge of the scale.

8 media. This differs from the 9) m having the head more elongate,

widest at, or a little behind the middle, very little narrower in front

than behind, often parallel-sided. The sculpture, especially of the

head is usually finer, and if spots of pale colour are present on the

abdomen of the 9, these are usually indistinct or less clearly defined

in the 8 media. The scale is usually thicker than in the 9|. The

antennae are also proportionately longer.

8 minor. Antennae relatively much longer than in the 9}, and

a little longer than in the 8 media. ‘The head is nearly always wider

in front than behind, that is, parallel-sided in front of the eyes and

gradually narrowed behind the same to the posterior margin. The

thorax is more compressed behind and the scale of the petiole is

thicker, and more convex in front. The abdominal maculae are

usually indistinct. Metanotum entirely obsolete in most cases.

Q. In this sex the shape of the head resembles that of the 8 media,

being usually longer than wide, very little narrower in front than

behind and widest at the middle or a little behind it. The sculpture

is similar to that of the 8 media. The mesonotum is fairly flat

above, convex in front from side to side. The two faces of the

epinotum usually fairly clearly defined. Scale like that of the 9

but somewhat thinner. Abdominal maculae as clearly defined as

in the 9}.

Oo. The anterior portion of the head, in front of the eyes, usually

parallel-sided, the posterior portion, including the eyes, more or less

trapezoidal or semi-circular, narrowing gradually backwards to the

narrow posterior margin, which is considerably narrower than the

clypeal margin. Thorax lke that of the Q, but the epinotum is

much lower, the dorsum and declivity less clearly defined. Scale of

petiole thicker and lower, the dorsal edge usually emarginate and

thick. Abdomen laceolate-ovate. Sculpture and pilosity as in the 9.

C. maculatus is an extraordinarily variable species, widely distributed

over the warmer regions of the globe, and comprising about 400

different races and varieties. In our region alone it is represented

by about 30 different forms. In view of the probability that there

are many intermediate forms, at present unknown, but which will

be discovered in the future, it does not seem wise to burden with

varietal mames all the different manifestations of variability which

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 619

are exhibited by this protean species. I have therefore in some

cases,

e.g. race Liengme: Forel, given only alphabetical signs to the

different forms.

(24) 1.

(19) 2.

(10)

(5)

(4)

(9)

(8)

(7)

(6)

Oo co ~1 OD OF

(11) 12.

(18) 13.

(17) 14.

(16) 15.

(15) 16.

(14) 17.

(13) 18.

(2) 19.

(21) 20.

(20) 21.

(23) 22.

(22) 23.

(1) 24.

(32) 25.

(29) 26.

Key to the species of Myrmoturba, 9) 9}.

Body entirely black or dark brown*, only the petiole sometimes paler,

(Inengmei excepted, which has very dark ochreous spots on the abdomen).

The scape extends beyond the hind margin of the head by at least as

much as its apical width.

. Clypeus very obtusely, or not at all carinate.

. Over 15 mm. long. ‘ : race Inengmei, Forel, var. «.

. Less than 10 mm. long.

. Whole body fairly dull, especially the head.

. A coarse, bristly and white pilosity present . naveosetosus, Mayr.

. Pilosity thin and yellowish ; 5 . acvapimensis, Mayr.

. Whole body moderately shining ; ; : Werth, Forel.

(3) 10.

(12) 11.

Clypeus distinctly carinate.

Smaller species, not more than 11 mm. long

race negus, var. Beritschi, Forel.

Larger species, more than 11 mm. long.

Head dull above.

Femora more or less ochreous; the scape extends beyond the hind margin

of the head by not more than the length of the Ist joint of the flagellum.

Abdomen black, the first 3 segments sometimes with spots of paler colour,

but nevertheless very dark . 3 : race Liengmet, Forel.

Apical half of femora brownish red; abdomen entirely black

race Liengmei, var. «.

Femora black; scapes longer, almost reaching the pro-mesonotal suture

natalensis, Smith.

Head with a more or less distinct glossiness; (tibiae and apical half of

femora black) . : . maculatus, rage Knysnae, Arnold.

The scape does not, or only pt reaches back as far as the hind margin

of the head.

Head very finely, but distinctly reticulate-punctate or granulate

maculatus, race congolensis, Km..

Head very finely rugulose and slightly shining.

Head a little wider than long, the sides convex

maculatus, race Hmpedocles, Forel.

Head longer than wide, the sides straight, except over the anterior third

maculatus, race Thales, Forel.

Thorax, or at least the epinotum and petiole, neither black nor very dark

brown, but of some shade of a reddish, ochreous or pale brownish colour.

Abdomen spotted with ochreous or the base more or less pale.

Not more than i2 mm. long.

Head neither black nor brown.

* Excepting the mandibles, apical margin of the clypeus, the lower part of the

sides of the thorax, and the extreme apical margin of the abdominal-segments.

620

(28) 27.

(27) 28.

(26) 29.

(31) 30.

(30) 31.

(25) 32.

(34) 33.

(33) 34.

(36) 35.

(35) 36.

(40) 37.

(39) 38.

(38) 39.

(37) 40.

(42) 41.

(41) 42.

(44) 43.

(43) 44.

(46) 45.

(45) 46.

The

Annals of the South African Museum.

Head longer than wide; the clypeus fairly distinctly carinate and spar-

sely pilose : : . maculatus, race pictiventris, Mayr.

Head as wide as long; pripene barely carinate, pilose only on the anterior

margin . . maculatus, race Radamae, var. miztellus, Forel.

Head black or ‘dion: brown.

Head as wide as long, its anterior margin not quite two-thirds as wide

as its greatest width; hind margin shallowly concave

maculatus, race Traegaordhi, Santschi.

Head as wide as long, but usually a little longer than wide, its anterior

margin half, or a little more than half as wide as its greatest width;

hind margin more deeply concave . ; : maculatus, Fab..

More than 12 mm. long.

Entirely ochreous, the head a shade darker in front

maculatus, race cognatus, Smith, var. boera.

At least the head and the abdomen partly, or entirely dark brown or black.

Head, including the closed mandibles, barely more than one-sixth longer

than wide; abdomen paler at the base, hardly maculate

maculatus, race thoracicus, Forel, var. incommoda, Forel.

Head, including the closed mandibles, longer.

Pale spots on the first two abdominal segments large; thorax ochreous

brown-red.

Spots on the 2nd abdominal segment meeting, or almost meeting in the

middle, their outer margins not sharply defined

maculatus, race Liengmei, var. Hansingi, Forel.

Spots on the 2nd segment not meeting in the middle, their outer margins

sharply defined; (head quite one-third longer than wide)

maculatus, race Inengmei, var. importunoides, Forel. -

Pale spots on the first two abdominal segments small and fairly distinct;

pro-mesonotum blackish brown above, or if brownish red, then the ab-

dominal spots are diffuse.

Pro-mesonotum brownish red; abdominal spots diffuse

maculatus, race manzer, Forel.

Abdominal spots distinct.

The declivity of the epinotum fairly distinct from the dorsum, and steep; _

spots on the 3rd abdominal segment ochreous and sharply defined

race Liengmei, var. @ (= melanocnemis, Santschi).

Declivity of epinotum very oblique, merging gradually into the dorsum.

Head and thorax dark brown; abdominal spots dark ochreous brown and

indistinct 6 . race Lnengmer, var. y (= contaminata, Santschi).

Head and thorax black; abdominal spots pale straw-yellow, distinctly

defined . : ; 6 : 6 race Liengmet, var. 0.

following forms, being unknown to me in nature have been

omitted from the key; maculatus-race atramentarius Forel and var.

liocnemis Emery; maculaius-race Fornasinii Emery; C. Bertolonii Km.,

C. caffer Em., C, Bianconiti Em.. The C. diabolus Forel, also omitted,

appears to me to be a variety of the race Empedocles Forel.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 621

C. macuLatus, Fab.. (Plate IX, figs. 149, 149a, 150).

Spec. Insect. I. p. 491, 3. 1781.

(Formica thoracica) Syst. Piez. p. 395, 9. 1804.

Donisthorpe, Ent. Record, vol. 27, p. 221, 9]: 1914.

D}. 12mm. Head black, thorax black or blackish brown above,

the lateral margins of the pronotum, the mesopleura, the lower half

of the epinotum and the lower third of its declivity ochreous, scale

ochreous or brownish ochreous, abdomen black, with dull ochreous

spots on each side disposed as follows: dst segment, on the basal

half or two-thirds an elongate and not very sharply defined pair of

spots which are usually confluent at the base: 2nd segment, a pair

of round spots, rarely extending beyond the basal half of the segment:

3rd segment, a pair of much smaller spots of a dark brownish ochreous

colour with diffuse margins. Femora and coxae ochreous, tibiae and

tarsi blackish brown. Scapes black, flagellum testaceous and becoming

darker or brownish towards the apex. The extreme apical margins

of the abdominal] segments testaceous. Head and thorax dull, abdomen

moderately shining. A few erect, brownish yellow pilose hairs arising

from shallow pits, on the head, pronotum and apical margins of the

abdominal segments; on the brow of the epinotum and edge of the

scale some similar but black hairs. A few short and yellowish hairs

on the anterior margin of the clypeus. Sides of the head, legs and

scapes with a sparse, short and adjacent pubescence, the flagellum

with a more abundant but finer pubescence. Head very finely and

closely reticulate, with a few small and very shallow punctures scattered

over the clypeus and the front of the cheeks. Thorax and abdomen

very finely rugulose.

Head as long as wide, narrowed in front, the sides convex and

converging anteriorly, the hind margin distinctly concave, the post-

erior angles rounded. Median area of clypeus produced into a rect-

angular lobe in front, projecting over the base of the closed mandibles.

Clypeus carinate, the carina not reaching the anterior margin which

is feebly crenulate. Mandibles dull, sparsely and finely punctured,

armed with 7 acute teeth. The scapes extend a little beyond the

hind margin of the head, all the joints of the flagellum much longer

than wide. Eyes feebly convex, placed in the middle of the sides.

Degree of convexity of thorax, L. = 3!'/, H. Pronotum nearly one

and a half times wider than long in the middle; mesonotum slightly

wider than long, metanotum distinct and twice as wide as long.

Declivity of epinotum smooth and shining, otherwise not clearly

622 Annals of the South African Museum.

delimited from the much longer and oblique dorsum. Scale of petiole

twice as high as thick (from front to back), convex above from side

to side, the edge trenchant, the anterior face convex, the posterior

face almost flat. Femora and tibiae compressed, oblong in cross-

section, hardly prismatic. .

8 media, 9-10 mm. Head dark brown, thorax reddish pale brown,

darkening posteriorly, abdomen black with the pale spots obsolete or

nearly so, lower part of the sides of the thorax, the scale and the

legs ochreous, the posterior tibiae and tarsi somewhat brownish but

not dark brown as in the I.

Head about one-fourth longer than wide, widest across the eyes,

which are relatively larger than in the 9! and placed just behind

the middle; the sides of the head moderately convex, the posterior

margin very little wider than the anterior and less concave than in

the 9}, the posterior angles widely rounded. The scape extends beyond

the hind margin by about one-third of its length. The pronotum

is flatter than in the 9!, and the scale is thicker and more convex

vertically in front. Otherwise like the 2}.

8 minor, 7°7-8'°2 mm. Head, antennae and thorax dirty yellowish

brown, the pronotum somewhat paler. Abdomen brownish, with the

ochreous spots on the Ist segment elongate, confluent and very indis-

tinctly defined. Legs ochreous, tibiae and tarsi somewhat reddish. Head

nearly one and a half times longer than wide, the sides in front of

the eyes straight and parallel, behind the eyes convex and convergent,

the posterior margin shallowly concave and much narrower than the

anterior, the posterior angles less rounded than in the 8media. The

scapes extend by half their length beyond the hind margin. Eyes

more convex than in the 8 media. The convexity of the thorax

lower than in the 9) or 8 media. Scale more convex in front than

in the 8 media. The projecting lobe of the clypeus is relatively

wider and shorter than in the 8 media, and its anterior margin is

convex, not straight as in the 9) and 8 media.

pilosity and sculpture lke that of the 9), but the blackish brown

colour of the thorax is more sharply delimited from the ochreous

colour which extends over the whole of the sides of the thorax and

the declivity of the epinotum; the pronotum ochreous at the sides.

In addition, the head is paler or reddish brown at the sides and

posterior angles, and the abdominal spots are wider, much more

A Monograph of the Formicidiae of South Africa. 625

sharply defined, the 4th segment with a small spot on each side.

The scutellum and metanotum shining and almost smooth. Head

one-fourth longer than wide, the posterior margin almost straight,

otherwise formed like that of the 8 media. The scapes extend beyond

the hind margin by one-third of their length. The carina on the

clypeus more obtuse than in the S media. Ocelli small. Mesonotum

a little longer than wide, with a median impressed line on its convex

anterior portion. Scutellum about as wide as long, rounded posteriorly.

Dorsum of the epinotum convex from side to side and lengthwise,

as long as the subvertical declivity. Anterior face of the scale less

convex than in the 9. Abdomen elliptical, not quite twice as long

as wide. Wings suffused with ochreous yellow, the nervures and

stigma yellowish brown.

Oo, 94 mm. Head, flagellum, petiole and thorax more or less

ochreous, the head somewhat darker or reddish ochreous (raw sienna),

the dorsum of the mesonotum and scutellum reddish brown, abdomen

brown, the basal segment paler; femora, ochreous, scapes, tibiae

and tarsi brownish yellow. Pilosity, pubescence and sculpture as in

petiole are entirely smooth and shining. Head, excluding the mandibles,

as long as wide across the eyes, the sides in front of the eyes sub-

parallel or slightly convergent anteriorly, the sides behind the eyes

convex and forming with the posterior margin a semicircle. Eyes

very large and convex, two-fifths as long as the head; ocelli fairly

large. Frontal carinae parallel on the posterior half, not convergent

as in the Q. Clypeus raised towards the middle line but hardly

carinate, twice as wide as long. Mandibles small, with 3 or 4 obtuse

teeth. The scapes extend beyond the hind margin by half their length,

all the joints of the flagellum longer than wide and becoming pro-

eressively shorter to the penultimate joint. Mesonotum as long as

wide, convex in front, flat posteriorly, the parapsidal sutures distinct.

Scutellum nearly half as long as the mesonotum, narrower behind

than in the Q, its sides vertical. The dorsum and declivity of the

epinotum form a continuous and steep curve, their limits not clearly

defined but the dorsal portion much the shorter. Scale of petiole

low, seen from the side broadiy conical, hardly higher than thick

at the base, the dorsal edge rather thick, the anterior face subqua-

drate and a little wider below than above. Abdomen lanceolate.

Femora compressed. Wings as in the Q.

Common throughout 8. Rhodesia and the greater part of S. Africa.

This is one of the two common ants, (Pheidole punctulata being the

624 _ Annals of the South African Museum.

other), to which the popular name of ‘‘Sugar-ant’” has been applied.

It is very largely crepuscular and nocturnal in its habits, and is often

a nuisance in houses where it visits pantries, cupboards and other

places where sugary substances are kept. The nest is usually placed

under stones in the ground, and has the entrance surrounded by an

irregular and low crater. The 83 media and minor may be seen

now and again at work round the entrance of the nest during the

day, but the 9/9! are very rarely seen in the open before sunset.

Up to a quite recent date, it was assumed that the type species

of maculatus of Fabricius was the form with pale tibiae, common in

Egypt. However, in a paper published a short time ago, Prof. Emery

pointed out that Fabricius described his species as having black tibae,

so that the Egyptian form must be treated as a variety of the type.

The latter is in the Banksian collection in the British Museum, and

has recently been redescribed by Donisthorpe. I have also had the

opportunity of examining the type and from the description which

I wrote out at the time, it is clear that the only feature in which

it differs from the Rhodesian specimens (on which the foregoing

descriptions have been based), is the presence of 5 or 6 fine setae

on the lower margin of the posterior tibiae. Notwithstanding the

importance which some authors have attached to the absence or

presence of such setae, I can not for my part regard the lack of those

structures in the Rhodesian specimens as the slightest justification

for separating the latter as a variety.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

Race MANZER, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. vol. 54, p. 452, D1. 1940.

Rev. Zool. Afric. vol. I, p. 280, 8 minor (?), 1914.

9}, 13-14-77 mm. Colour, sculpture and pilosity like that of macu-

latus i. sp. but the head is more castaneous red, becoming paler

towards the posterior angles. The ochreous spots on the 4st and

2nd abdominal segments coalesce and form a band on each side, the

spots on the Srd segment very dark and small, or almost obsolete.

Head nearly one-fifth longer than wide, the sides less convex and

the posterior angles less rounded than in the type of the species.

Scapes longer, extending beyond the hind margin by two fifths of

their length. Mandibles longer. The anterior margin of the lobe of

the clypeus more distinctly crenulate than in the type of the species.

Thorax less. convex lengthwise than in the type. Scale thicker,

especially its dorsal edge. Tibiae setose below.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 625

8 minor, 10°2 mm. The yellow markings on the abdomen are

very wide, so as to leave a narrow triangle of blackish brown ex-

tending over the middle of the first three segments, the remaining

segments being entirely dark. The rest of the body, the legs and

the antennae dark ochreous, the meso-epinotum somewhat reddish

ochreous. The scapes are longer than in the type species, extending

as far as the pro-mesonotal suture. Otherwise like the 8 minor of

the type species. This form of the was taken with the 9! which

are typical, so that the 8 described by Forel doubtfully as belonging

to this race is evidently something else.

Victoria Falls, (Wroughton, Arnold).

G.A. coll.

Race ATRAMENTARIUs, Forel.

(as variety) Ann. Mus. St. Petersburg, p. 12, 8. 1904.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. vol. 49, p. 180. 1905.

“Tdentical with the type of the species, but nearly entirely black,

having only the flagellum, the bases of the legs and a narrow row

of spots on the abdomen, and sometimes a part of the thorax, of a

brownish dull yellow colour. A little more shining than the type of

the species. It recalls the var. melanoticus, Em. of race substitutus.

Passes into the type by every variety of colour. Tibiae not setose

Abyssinia.”

Also at Durban, (Wilms), (teste Forel, in Schultze, Reise Siid-

afrika, where the author raises it to the rank of a race).

Race ATRAMENTARIUS, var. LIOCNEMIS, Emery.

R. C. Acc. Se. Bologna, p. 30, 8. 1904-5.

(as lactipennis, Smith) Ann. Soc. Ent. France, p. 46, 1895.

“S. Smaller than the type species and more slender, maximum

length 10°5 mm. Head of the 9 less large, 3:2 x 2°38 mm.), with

the occipital angles more rounded; the tibiae are not setose, and

measure at the most only 3 mm. Sculpture feebler, whereby the

whole insect is rendered more glossy. Colour as in the type species,

but the contrast between the yellow and the black is even sharper.”

Makapan and Pretoria; S. W. Africa (Lubbert), teste Forel, Schultze’s

Reise, p. 26. I have not seen this form or the race atramentarius.

Notwithstanding the fact that in his original description Forel treated

atramentarius as a variety ‘‘passing into the type by every variety

of colour”, yet in Schultze’s Reise he raises it to subspecific rank

626 Annals of the South African Museum.

and attaches to it liocnemis, Ikm., as a variety. Quite recently Dr.

Santschi has removed the latter from atramentarius and placed it

with race radamoides, Forel, (see Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 85,

p- 293, 1917), at the same time expressing the opinion that atramen-

tarius is more nearly allied to var.. Mathildae, Forel of race negus,

Forel. The not infrequent changes, similar to the foregoing, which

have been made from time to time in respect to maculatus and its

numerous forms, serve to show how confused our knowledge of this

group still is, and also on what subtle distinctions many of the so-

called races and varieties have been so rashly erected.

Race RADAMOIDES, Forel, var. DirFUSUS, Santschi.

Grandidier, Hist. Madagasc, vol. 20, p. 213, 1891.

(variety). Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 85, p. 293, D1, 8. 1917.

“S major, 13-13°6 mm. Larger than the var. madecassa Emery.

The head of a reddish brown, has the posterior angles less reddish

brown, the vertex more or less blackish. The yellow markings on

the abdomen are as extensive as the black ones, their limits generally

diffuse. With the exception of a dorsal triangular spot, the Ist

Segment in entirely yellow. ‘Tibiae not, or only slightly brownish.

Length of posterior tibiae, 3-6-3°9 mm.

8 minor, 8 mm. Yellow, a longitudinal band on the dorsum of

the abdomen which becomes less distinct as the size of the insect

decreases. Matopo Hills, S. Rhodesia, (Arnold), types: Natal, (Muralt

and Traegaorth). The Natal specimens are smaller and pass into

the var. liocnemis.”

In the same paper, Dr. Santschi records the var. madecassa Emery

(R. C. Acad. Bologna, p. 30, 190%) from Natal. It dffers from

livenemis in having the head black instead of brown and the spots

on the abdomen more distinct.

Race LACTEIPENNIS, Smith,

Cat. Hymen. D. M. VI, p. 34, 8,9, 7. 1858.

9%}. This form differs from the type of the species in having the

head less convex-sided and longer, one-seventh longer than wide.

The dorsal profile of the thorax is also less convex and the scale

of the petiole thicker, with the anterior face more convex. The

thorax is darker, and the abdomen black or blackish brown above,

with only the apical margins of the segments and the base of the

1st pale testaceous. Legs dark ochreous, only the tarsi brownish.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 627

The colour of the abdomen in the Q lke that of the 9}. The 8

of the type of the species,

Durban. I have a 9}, received from the British Museum, bearing

a label in Smith’s handwriting.

Race TRAEGAORDHI, Santschi.

Goteborgs K. Vetens. Vitterh. Handl. XV, 2, p. 38, 91,8, 9, G7. 1944.

9,410 mm. Head black, thorax and abdomen brown, tibiae dark

brown, mandibles and scapes blackish, femora and tarsi pale brown,

the former becoming paler towards the base. Trochanters, coxae,

petiole and flagellum ochreous. Margins of the abdominal segments

translucent and testaceous; the paler spots on the dst and 2nd seg-

ments very dark, diffuse and relatively larger than in the type of

the species. Pilosity rusty red, sparse on the thorax and abdomen,

slightly more abundant on the anterior third of the head. Tibiae

not setose below. Head subopaque, the occipital angles slightly

shining, the rest of the body shining. Sculpture as in the type of

the species. Head less convex-sided and less narrowed in front than

in the type, and less deeply concave behind, a trifle longer than wide.

Mandibles a little more strongly punctured. The scape extends be-

yond the hind margin of the head by about one-fourth of its length.

Thorax relatively longer and narrower than in the type, and less

convex above, L = 4 H. The angle between the two faces of the

epinotum, although considerably rounded, is more distinct than in

the type, and the dorsum is about twice as long as the declivity.

Scale higher than wide at the base, narrower than in the type, but

more convex in front. Abdomen longer than wide and narrower than

in the type. Tibiae slightly compressed.

8 minor, 75-8 mm. Colour of the head, thorax and legs like that

of the 9!, but the head is a little darker. Abdomen pale brown, the

spots on the first 3 segments much lighter and larger than in the

| of this race, or in the 3 minor of the type species. Moderately

shining all over. The sides of the head behind the eyes are longer

and less convex than in the type species. The scapes extend beyond

the hind margin of the head by nearly half their lenght. ‘Otherwise

like the 8 minor of the type.

“O, 14-12 mm. Head as in the 8 media, more rectangular than

in the 9%}, one-fifth narrower in front, fairly shiming. The eyes,

628 Annals of the South African Museum.

which are a little more convex, occupy the whole of the 3rd fourth

of the sides. Scutellum and mesonotum in front very shining. Epi-

notum fairly dull, finely shagreened, the dorsum as wide as the

declivity. Scale high, thin, trenchant at the summit, slightly concave

behind. Wings hyaline, with rusty-red nervures, the anterior wing

14 mm. long. Colour, pilosity and sculpture as in the 9).

oo, 75 mm. Yellow. Three elongated spots on the mesonotum

and the base of the abdominal segments brownish. Sculpture and

pilosity as in the 8. The cheeks less hirsute. Head longer than

wide, rounded behind the eyes, which are very convex and occupy

the whole of the middle third of the sides. The scape extends by

more than half its longth beyond the occiput. Clypeus strongly

carinate, mandibles dull and shagreened, finely dentate. Epinotum

only slightly convex from above to below, itstwo faces not distinctly

delimited. Scale thicker than high, rounded above. Anterior wing

7 mm. long. Otherwise like the 9.” Natal, (Traegaordh, H. B. Marley).

(S A.M., R.M.G.A. colls.).

Race TRAEGAORDHI, var. MUGER, Forel. (Plate IX, fig. 154).

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat. vol. 50, p. 250, 8. 1914.

“8. 8-11 mm. The head is duller than in the type of the race,

and the spots on the abdomen are darker, smaller and less distinct.

The head of the 8 minor im a little narrower behind. Otherwise

identical with the type of the race.”

Durban. (H.B. Marley).

Contrary to the author’s statement, the head of the 9! in all the

specimens before me is just as dull as in the race, and the abdominal

spots are, if anything, more distinct. The only notable difference

which I can see is, that the 8 minor has the abdominal spots

clearer and paler, and widened so as to form almost complete trans-

verse bands. The head is just as wide behind as in the race. In

my opinion, the separation is not justified by such triflng differences

and the varietal name should be suppressed. (S.A.M., G.A. colls.).

Race RADAMAE, Forel, var. MIXTELLUS, Forel.

Grandidier, Hist. Madagasc. p. 31 & 33, 8. 1894.

9%}, 40 mm. Head, antennae and tarsi yellowish red, thorax, petiole

and legs ochreous, first three abdominal segments with wide flavous

apical margins and large pale ochreous spots on each side, leaving

A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 629

only a narrow median area and a narrow band in front of the apical

margins pale brownish. Mandibles ferruginous, shining, sparsely but

strongly punctured, their masticatory margins black; the anterior

margin of the clypeus also blackish. Abdomen shining, the rest of

the body subopaque. Head as long as wide behind, less narrowed

in front, the posterior angles more widely rounded, the posterior

margin much less concave (almost straight) than in the type of the

species. Eyes placed just behind the middle of the sides. Clypeus

more obtusely carinate than in the type of the species. Frontal

carinae more convex externally and wider apart behind. Pronotum

less convex transversely. Mesonotum a little more compressed, the

dorsum of the epimotum wider and distinctly delimited from the

sides, (in the type of the species the sides of the epinotum meet

above in a very narrow angle, its apex rounded off, so that the

actual dorsal face is rendered almost obsolete). Convexity of the

thorax, L. = 3", H The scale is less convex in front. The vertex

of the head, behind the frontal carinae lacks the half dozen or so

piligerous punctures which are present in the type species. Posterior

tibiae not setose below. Otherwise like the type of the species.

Estcourt, Natal. (Wroughton, Haviland).

The description given above is based on specimens collected by

Wroughton and named by Dr. Forel himself, from the B.M. and

S.A.M. coils.

Race PICTIVENTRIS, Mayr. (Plate IX, fig. 153).

Anneke Kor Ne Ee MustiWied, vol, Jor p28. FS. 19016

9}, 85-9 mm. Head, thorax, antennae and petiole dark yellowish

red, the occipital lobes of the head paler, the legs dirty ochreous.

The pale ochreous (stramineous) colour on the first 3 abdominal seg-

ments extends right across, leaving only a narrow preapical blackish

brown band on each segment, somewhat angularly widened in the

middle; the 4th segment is blackish brown, with a transversely

elongate yellow spot on each side, the apical segment blackish brown.

Moderately shining, the occipital lobes distinctly so, Pilosity brownish,

much less abundant on the abdomen than in the type of the species.

Mandibles moderately shining, sparsely and coarsely punctured.

Head less emarginate behind than in the type of the species. Clypeus

sharply carinate, the lobe rectangular in front. The scapes extend

beyond the hind margin by one-third of their length, Frontal carinae

more convex externally and wider apart than in the type. Dorsum

of epinotum as long as the declivity, the latter steep and fairly

630 Annals of the South African Museum.

clearly delimited. Tibiae feebly compressed, not setose below. Other-

wise like the ‘| type species.

8 minor, 63 mm. Head a little paler than in the 9, the blackish

bands on the abdomen more diffuse; the two faces of the epinotum

less clearly delimited. Otherwise like the 9), excepting the usual

differences between the castes.

Port Elizabeth, (Brauns); Kammagas, 8S. W. A. (Schultze).

The above description is based on cotypes presented to me by

Dr. Brauns. Other specimens from Willowmore, (leg. Brauns), differ

slightly from the type of the race in being a little larger, and in

having the colour of the head and thorax paler and the darker ab-

dominal bands much paler, or brownish ochreous.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

Race PICTIVENTRIS, var. OCTOMACULATA, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. vol. 54, p. 442, 8, 1940.

“8.611 mm. A little larger than the type of the race. The

brown colour of the abdomen darker. It is more extensive, although

still more distinctly defined, and in such a way as to reduce the

yellow colour to four rounded lateral spots on the first four segments

and to a fairly narrow posterior band on the first three segments.

The rest of the body is of a more reddish yellow and_ brighter.

Otherwise identical; tibiae not setose.”

Natal, 3,500 ft. (Wroughton).

Some specimens from the Matroosberg, Hex River Mountains,

3,900-5,000 ft. (leg. R. W. E. Tucker) are intermediate between this

variety and the race, the colour of the head and thorax being brighter

than the type, the dark colour of the abdomen paler or more reddish

brown, and with the yellow markings narrower, especially on the

Ath segment.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls., Matroosberg form).

Race THORACIUS, Fab., var. INcomMMoDA, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat. vol. 50, p. 250, 8. 1914.

D1, 14 mm. Head and scapes black, thorax ochreous below and

brownish red above, petiole and first two segments of abdomen

ochreous, the latter with diffuse transverse brown bands over their

apical halves, the rest of the abdomen blackish, all the segments

with translucent and testaceous apical margins. Flagellum and legs

reddish ochreous, the metatarsi almost brown. Head and thorax

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 6351

fairly dull, abdomen moderately shining. Sculpture, pilosity etc. as

in the type species; posterior tibiae finely setose below. Head as

wide as long, more convex-sided than in the type species, including

the closed mandibles subcordate, the posterior margin much more

concave and with the occipital lobes more prominent. Clypeus ob-

tusely carinate. Frontal carinae wider apart behind than in the type

species. Thorax wide, the epinotum less compressed, the dorsum

and declivity of about equal length, and meeting at an angle of

about 120°. Convexity of thorax greater than in the type species,

. = 3H., highest at about the middle of the mesonotum, Abdomen

less elongate. Otherwise like the type of the species.

8 media, 10°5 mm. Dull ochreous, the head and antennae reddish

ochreous, the abdomen like that of the 9} but with the dark bands

on the first two segments less distinct. Head quite one-third longer

than wide, the sides almost straight or only very feebly convex,

hardly narrower in front than behind, the posterior margin almost

straight and much wider than in the type of the species. The scape

extends beyond the hind margin by about two-fifths of its length.

Convexity of thorax, L. = 3H. Otherwise like the 3 media of the

type of the species.

8 minor, 95 mm.° Like the 8 media, but the head is ochreous

only. The anterior margin of the lobe of the clypeus is straight,

not arcuate as in the type of the species. Frontal carinae wider

apart behind. Otherwise like the 8 minor of the type.

Hab.? ex 8. A. Mus. coll.

Race coGNatus, Smith.

Cat. Hymen. B. M. VI, p. 35, 8, 1858.

“8 major, 54 lines, (ca. 12 mm.). Extremely like maculatus, which

it may be; the antennae and head as in that species, the legs entirely

ferruginous; the abdomen entirely black. In other respects the same

as maculatus.

8 minor. This insect differs from the small 8 of maculatus; the

head is of a different form, being narrowed slightly behind the eyes

and is more sharply emarginate behind; the scale of the peduncle

is more elongate and pointed at the apex; the abdomen entirely

black and the legs red. Notwithstanding the differences pointed out,

this species will probably prove to be a variety of maculatus. Port

Natal.”

This race is unknown to me; it has been recorded from S. W.

Africa, the Cape Flats and Kammagas, Little Namaland,

632 Annals of the South African Museum.

Race COGNATUS, var. BOERA, Forel.

Schultze, Reise Siidafrika, vol. 4, p. 27, 8. 1940.

“8. 8-13 mm. Differs from the type of the race by the brighter

and entirely rusty yellow-red or brownish yellow colour, even in the

largest 8. Scapes, tarsi and mandibles somewhat darker brown.

Otherwise the shape, sculpture and pilosity agree entirely with cognatus.

Q, 183 mm. Entirely brownish yellow like the 8, dealated. Little

Namaland, Steinkopf and Kammagas, (Schultze); in a rotten tree-

stump. The race Ballioni, Forel (Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. vol. 48,

p. 176, 1904, habitat, Port Elizabeth), is only a darker variety of the

true cognatus, at the time insufficiently known to me, differing from

the same in having a darker 8 minor, and in the narrower shape,

(the head of the 8 minor being also shorter and less narrowed behind).

All varieties of cognatus have hirsute cheeks.”

Race InTonsus, Emery.

R. C. Acad. Sc. Bologna, p. 29, 8, 1904-5.

“8. Of the size of maculatus i. sp. (125 mm. long): the head of

the 9} is less wide (34 x 31 mm.), narrower apically, (greatest

length of scape 2°8 mm., of posterior tibiae 3°5 mm.). In the 8

minor the sides of the head, from the eyes to the occipital margin,

are straighter than in maculatus. The sculpture is stronger and the

integument duller all over. The sides of the head have a stronger

sparse puncturation, the punctures bearing short, straight hairs.

The tibiae are setose below. Colour entirely pale yellow in the

8 minor; in the 8 media, the abdomen is more or less brown; in

the 9! the thorax is ferrugious, the head darker, the abdomen

brown or black, either without spots or with indistinct spots of a

brownish yellow and darker than in maculatus. Cape Prov. and

Transvaal.”

Race BAYNEI, n. race.

9}. 40°83 mm. Head and scapes black, flagellum reddish brown,

thorax black above, brown at the sides, epinotum black above,

ochreous at the sides and on the declivity; petiole, coxae and femora

ochreous (of a paler colour than in the type of the species), the

tibiae and tarsi dark brown. Abdomen entirely blackish brown,

only the extreme apical margins flavous and translucent. Sculpture

much more superficial than in the type of the species, the whole

body more shining, especially the head. Pilosity brownish yellow,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 635

much shorter and scantier than in the type of the species. In the

shape of the head and the epinotum this race resembles race rada-

‘mae, var. mixtellus. The head is much more convex above than in

the type species. It is as wide, or a little wider than long, the

sides more convex, the posterior margin less concave and the occi-

pital lobes less prominent than in the type of the species. The

posterior margin of the head is only very shallowly emarginate or

almost straight. The frontal carmae more divergent behind than in

maculatus 1. sp. Clypeus flatter transversely, more obtusely carinate,

the lobe less produced. Metanotum distinctly defined. Dorsum of

epinotum flat transversely, feebly convex lengthwise, distinctly deli-

mited from the sides and the declivity, its junction with the latter

forming a distinct but wide angle; declivity as long as the dorsum.

Convexity of thorax, L. = 3} H., highest at the meso-epinotal

suture. Scale less convex in front and behind than in the type of

the species. Tibiae barely compressed, not setose below. Otherwise

like the 9! of the type species.

8 media, 82 mm. Colour, sculpture and pilosity as in the 9}.

Head about one-sixth longer than wide, the posterior angles more

rounded than in the 8 media of maculatus 1. sp. and the posterior

margin straight, not concave. Otherwise like the 9}.

8 minor, 65-7 mm. Legs ochreous, tarsi slightly brownish ochre-

ous, scapes brown, thorax brownish above on the pro-mesonotum,

ochreous elsewhere. Abdomen yellowish brown. Head nearly half

as long again as wide, the outline behind the eyes semicircular; in

front of the eyes the sides are straight and slightly convergent

anteriorly. Otherwise like the 8 media.

Hermanus, Cape Prov. (L. Lochee-Bayne).

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls; types in my collection).

Race SEXPUNCTATUS, Forel.

Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. vol. 9, p. 66, 91, 8, O. 1894.

This race, originally described as a distinct species, was subse-

quently reduced to a race of maculatus by its author, and yet later

was once more re-instated in its specific rank. Santschi, going even

further, proposed that it should -be removed to the sub-genus Diéno-

myrmex, a view with which Forel apparently agrees, since in his

recent revision of the genus, (Rev. Suisse Zool. Vol. 22, p. 268, 1914),

he lists it under that sub-genus.

I have received from Dr. Forel, cotypes of the 9}, 8 and Q of

this form and a careful examination of these specimens convinces

634 Annals of the South African Museum.

me that serpunctatus is no more than a race of maculatus and fairly

closely related to race Liengmei. It is a significant fact that the

latter was originally described by Dr. Forel as a variety of sexpunc-

tatus. The hind part of the head in the 8 minor of serpunctatus

is certainly more straight-sided than in Liengmei, but like that race,

it has a distinct posterior margin, quite unlike the typical structure

of Dinomyrmer, e. g. longipes Gerst. It is also only with some hesi-

tation that I have decided to retain Liengmei in the subspecific

rank to which it is now assigned by Forel. Apart from colour

differences, there is little to distinguish the two forms, but the

varieties Hansingi and importunoides appear to stand closer to Lieng-

mei than to sexpunctatus. (This race is in fact race probativus of

C. compressus ¥. See appendix).

9. 16-18 mm. Black, flagellum, coxae, trochanters, basal half or

more of the femora dull reddish-ochreous, petiole dark yellowish

brown. Abdomen with a small, dull ochreous, subtriangular and

rather diffuse spot on each side of the first three segments, placed

near the basal margin and not extending as far as the middle of

the segment; those on the 3rd segment very dark and almost obso-

lete. Sides of the head below the eyes nitidulous, abdomen mode-

rately shining, the rest of the body dull. Sculpture like that of

maculatus i. sp. but a little stronger, and with the sides of the head

finely, but quite distinctly and sparsely punctured. Pilosity brownish

red, absent from the legs, very sparse on the head. :

Her as long as wide, the sides less convex than in the ne

species, the posterior margin not deeply emarginate, its middle third

almost straight. Scapes relatively much longer than in the type

species, extending beyond the hind margin by almost one-third of

their length. Mesonotum more convex in all directions. Convexity

of thorax L = 3! H. Declivity of epinotum oblique, much shorter

than in the type species, two-fifths as long as the dorsum and mer-

ging gradually imto the latter. Scale of petiole much more convex

above in front, the lower third of the anterior, and the whole of

the posterior face vertical. The scale is about as thick below as wide

above. ‘Tibiae strongly compressed, the dorsal and inner and outer

faces canaliculate, the lower edge with a row of very short setae.

8 minor, 105-12 mm. Head castaneous red or brown, thorax

more or less ferruginous, (burnt sienna), femora reddish ochreous and

becoming darker towards their apices, tibiae and tarsi reddish brown,

abdomen a little paler than in the 9!, with the ochreous spots paler

and larger, especially on the 1st segment. Head four-sevenths longer

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 635

than wide, wider in front than behind, the sides in front of the eyes

straight and parallel, behind the eyes convergent and only feebly

convex, (less convex than in the 8 minor of the type species), the

occipital margin straight and very narrow, but nevertheless distinct.

Clypeus very obtusely carinate in the middle. Scale of petiole as in

the 9| but thicker. Tibiae as in the 9! butt less deeply canaliculate.

Otherwise like the 9.

Q. 148 mm, Colour, sculpture and pilosity as in the 9!, but the

spots on the abdomen are obsolete or nearly so. Anterior half of

the mesonotum shining. Head narrower, less convex-sided and less

emarginate behind than in the 9}. Mesonotum very convex in front,

longer than wide; scutellum as long as wide at the base. Dorsum

of epinotum convex lengthwise, merging by a gradual curve into

the vertical declivity. Scale cuneiform, higher than wide, the dorsal

edge almost trenchant, the anterior face very feebly convex, the

posterior face flat. Wings deeply tinged with yellowish brown, ner-

vures brown. Otherwise like the 2}.

Delagoa Bay. (G.A. colls.).

Race IMPoRTUNA, Forel.

(as var, of serpunctatus) Schultze, Reise Siidafrika, vol. 4, p. 27, 9}. 1910.

Sitzungsb. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. p. 288, 8, 9, co’. 1911.

‘Ol, 1446 mm. Colour like that of C. caffer Em, or of a pale

coloured cognatus, but with diffuse brownish yellow lateral spots on

the first three abdominal segments. Head dull, sometimes inclining

to rusty-red and sometimes to brown. Thorax dull, abdomen shi-

ning. Much brighter than the typical sexpunctatus and with less

sharply defined colour contrast than in Liengmei. The spots much

smaller than in the latter and not so yellow. Duller than either of

those forms but otherwise like them and with hirsute cheeks and

setose tibiae. Scale thin. This variety looks deceptively like caffer Emery,

but is more compressed and differs from it by the scale and cheeks.

8 minor, 95 mm. This differs from seapunctatus, Liengmei and

var. Hansingi in having the head only moderately narrowed behind

and possessing a hind margin more or less like that of maculatus,

i. sp. The scale is also much less thick, higher than thick, (as thick

as high in Liengmet 8 minor). The colour is of a paler yellow; on

the abdomen the segments have each a brown band behind, dilated

in the middle and at the sides.... Legs and antennae a little shorter

than in Liengmei; setae, sculpture and pilosity as in that race,

including the hairs on the cheeks.

636 Annals of the South African Museum.

Q, 16-17 mm. Head trapezoidal, shorter than in Liengmei. The

yellow abdominal spots smaller and redder than in that race.

Wings somewhat darker than in Liengmei. Body brownish red,

abdomen black and with the six spots, the base and the ventral

surface reddish yellow. Otherwise like the 91.

Oo’, 11 mm. Black; wings brownish. Cheeks without hairs (also

the case in Liengmei o', which is however reddish). Otherwise like

other races of maculatus. Tibiae setose.”

Cape Prov. and Mozambique.

Race LIENGMEI, Forel.

Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. vol. 9, p. 67, 8. 1894.

|, 145-173 mm. Colour in general like that of sexpunctatus, but

the femora are entirely reddish yellow and of a brighter yellow

than in that race; the petiole in also reddish yellow, and the spots

on the abdomen are brighter and larger, but nevertheless diffusely

defined. The spots on the 1st segment are confined for their greater

part to the vertical anterior face of the segment and are more or

less confluent at their base. The pilosity of the abdomen is reddish

yellow and more abundant all over. Head entirely dull, mandibles

shining, (subopaque in sexpunctatus). The head is a little more

convex-sided than in that race and the clypeus is more sharply

carinate. The scape is shorter than in sexpunctatus, extending beyond

the hind margin by only one-sixth of its length. The subvertical

declivity of the epimotum is much longer, beimg as long as the

dorsum; the latter is fairly straight and almost horizontal except at

its rounded junction with the declivity. Scale of petiole cuneiform,

much thinner than in sexpunctatus, very little more convex in front

than behind, much higher than wide above. A very fine, yellowish

and adjacent pubescence on the thorax, and some fine exserted

pilose hairs on the cheeks in front of the eyes. Otherwise like

that race. .

8 media, 12°5 mm. Head, thorax, petiole, flagellum and legs red-

dish ochreous (reddish raw sienna), the head somewhat darker at

the sides, the scapes brownish and more or less ochreous at the base

and apex, abdumen brownish or blackish brown, the ochreous spots

much larger than in the 9!, diffusely margined, widest anteriorly and

so arranged as to leave only a more or less triangular dark area in

the middle of each segment; all the segments with the apical margins

widely flavous and translucent. The head is less narrowed towards

the base and the sides are more convex than in sexpunctatus, the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 637

frontal carinae a little closer together. The clypeus is less sharply

carinate than in the 8 media of sexpunctatus, and the declivity of the

epinotum is slightly longer and less oblique. Otherwise like sea-

punctatus.

8 minor. Forel says the minimum size of these is 95 mm. They

have “a yellow thorax and only a brownish median longitudinal line

on the abdomen and a brownish lateral spot”.

Durban. (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

Var. «.

%. 15 mm. A little smaller than the type of the race. The

head a little more convex-sided, and the petiole slightly thinner, the

femora more reddish and becoming gradually darker or brownish red

on the apical half. Otherwise like the type of the race.

8 media, 14 mm. Colour much the same as in Liengmei, but the

head is darker or brownish red, the dorsum of the thorax and the

tibiae also a shade darker. The yellow spots on the first two ab-

dominal segments are paler, more distinctly defined and longer, ex-

tending from the base almost to the apical margin of the segments.

The head is more convex behind the eyes, and the latter are placed

further back, at the posterior third (just behind the middle in the

type of the race).

8 minor, 8-10 mm. The colour as in the 8 media, but the head

paler or varying from brownish ochreous to rusty-reddish brown, the

dark median longitudinal band on the first two abdominal segments

narrower. The head behind the eyes is trapezoidal, that portion of

the sides feebly convex in the larger 88 (10 mm.), but straight in

the smallest 88. The scale of the petiole is thicker than in the 8

media, longer below than wide above, the dorsal face rounded.

Haris, S.W.A. (R. W. E. Tucker).

(S.AM., G.A. colls.).

Var. B.

(syn. melanocnemis, Santschi, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 79, p. 368, 1910

and vol. 84, p. 278, 1915).

, 455 mm. The size of this form is not stated in Santschi’s

description. My specimens have been determined as melunocnemis by

Dr. Santschi himself. Apart from the slightly smaller size, the only

other points of difference lie in the colour and slightly thinner petiole.

The colour of the lower half of the thorax, the petiole and femora

is of a dark reddish-ochre, darker than the colour of the femora in

638 Annals of the South African Museum.

the race. The femora in this variety are slightly darkened towards

their apices. The spots on the abdomen are also dark reddish

ochreous, but nevertheless brighter than in Liengmei, and quite dis-

crete, even on the 3rd segment. The scape is a trifle shorter, only

Just reaching beyond the hind margin of the head. Otherwise iden-

tical with the type of the race.

Bulawayo. (G.A. coll.).

Var. V-

(syn. race manzer, var. contaminatus, Santschi, Ann. Soc. Ent. France,

vol. 85, p.' 291. 1916):

9}. Like var. 6 differing from it only as follows:

The colour of the head is lighter, being dark brown rather than

black, and showing a reddish tinge over the occipital lobes. The dark

reddish brown colour on the thorax is confined to the upper surface

of the pro- and mesonotum, all the rest, mcluding the promesonotal

suture being of a dark reddish ochreous. The petiole is very dark

brown or black, (ochreous in var. 6), and the tibiae and tarsi are

ferruginous instead of black. The abdominal spots are much darker

than in var. 3, and less clearly defined. The two faces of the epi-

notum form an almost continuous curve, whereas in var. / there

is a very obtuse or wide, but nevertheless appreciable angle between

them. The scale is slightly more convex in front and less trenchant.

above. Otherwise like the 9) of var. (.

S media, 14:'4 mm. Like the 8 media of Liengmei but smaller,

the thorax entirely ochreous, although somewhat infuscate above, the

femora entirely bright ochreous, the head brownish ochreous. The

eyes are less convex than in Liengmei.

8 minor, 95 mm. Like the 8 media excepting the usual differences

in the shape of the head which exist between the two castes.

Matopo Hills, S. Rhodesia.

(R.M., G.A. colls.).

Var. 0.

Like var, 7 in every particular except the colour. The dark

colour on the head (and abdomen) is black and not brown, and the

dorsum of the pro-mesonotum is also black, and unlike var. 7, this

black colour extends over the mesonotum and the dorsum of the

epinotum. The sides and ventral surface of the thorax, the petiole

and the femora are of a much paler ochreous yellow than in var. 7,

so that the contrast between the two colours is much greater. This

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 639

is more clearly noticeable on the abdomen, in which the spots on

the first two segments are of a pale straw-yellow and are sharply

defined. The spots are also longer, extending to the apical fourth

of the segments.

The same paler coloration is shown in the 88 media and minor.

Otherwise this var. does not differ from var. 7.

Matopo Hills, S. Rhodesia.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colis.).

Var. «.

(syn. C. Arnoldinus Forel, Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat. vol. 50, p. 251, 1914

and C. maculatus, race melanocnemis Forel, nec Santschi).

Some of the specimens constituting this variety have been deter-

mined by Dr. Forel as melanocnemis Santschi (= var. 6 mihi), but

they differ more from that form than they do from Liengmei itself.

In the sculpture, shape of the thorax etc. they are like Liengmei,

but the colour differs from both that race and melanocnemis as

follows. The legs are entirely reddish ochreous, and the abdomen

is immaculate in the smaller 83 as well as in the 9}. The abdomen

is dark brown, becoming a shade paler towards the base and apex.

The head and thorax are moderately glossy, the anterior half of the

head distinctly so. The scape extends beyond the hind margin by

nearly one-third of its length. The dorsum of: the epinotum is one-

fifth longer than the declivity, their junction being more distinctly

angular than in Liengmei. In the 8 minor the thorax is entirely

yellowish brown, becoming paler at the sides below. In the 9! and

8 media, the thorax is black or brownish black above, only the

declivity of the epimotum and the lower margins of the sides

being paler.

I consider C. Arnoldinus Forel synonymous with this variety. In

the specimens determined by Forel as Arnoldinus the tibiae are, as

in the specimens just described, compressed, not cylindrical as stated

in Forel’s description. The 88 minores of the two series are absol-

utely indistinguishable, and in the 9| | the only appreciable differ-

ence is that the mesonotum of ‘Arnoldinus’ is slightly wider and

less narrowed posteriorly.

Durban, nesting in rotten and moist logs of wood.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

640 Annals of the South African Museum.

Race LIENGMEI, var. IMPORTUNOIDES, Forel. (Plate IX, fig. 152).

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat. vol. 50, p. 249, 8, 1914.

%|. 4146-17 mm. Head varying from brownish red (burnt sienna)

all over, to reddish brown and becoming paler towards the posterior

margin. Mandibles dark reddish brown. ‘The flagellum, the thorax

and petiole entirely brownish red or burnt sienna, the upper sur-

face of the thorax a shade darker than the lower part of its sides.

Tibiae, tarsi and scapes dark reddish brown. Abdomen brownish

black, the apical margins of the segments pale flavous and translu-

cent, the spots of a dark reddish ochreous, large and fairly sharply

defined, those on the 3rd segment very little smaller than on the

2Qnd. The sculpture of the head is a little stronger than in the

type of the race and distinctly more so than in the type of

the species.

Head as long as wide, the posterior margin more deeply emar-

ginate than in the type of the race, and also differing from the

latter (in which the sides are continuously convex), by having the

middle third of the sides straight. The mandibles are also longer

than in the race, being half as long as the head. The lateral angles

of the lobe of the clypeus are sharply rectangular, (much more than

a right angle in the type of the race). The ‘meso-metanotal and

meta-epinotal sutures more deeply impressed than in the race. The

dorsum of the epinotum is wider and less oblique, forming with the

subvertical declivity a continuous curve; the declivity as long as the

dorsum, (shorter in the race). Convexity of thorax, L. = 4 H.

Scale of petiole thinner, less convex in front, the sides moderately

convex, (almost straight in the race).

8 media, 12°2 mm. Colour as in the 9} but a little paler. The

spots on the basal half of the first abdominal segment extend right

across it, (separated by a narrow median line of black in the 2),

the 3rd segment is entirely black. The head is like that of the

8 media of the race but is widest behind the eyes and not in the

middle; the posterior margin is much wider than in the type of the

race, and very shallowly emarginate. The clypeus is more sharply

carinate, the lobe longer and rectangular. Scale of petiole higher

and less convex in front than in the race.

8 minor, 8-9 mm. Head, thorax and legs ochreous or reddish

ochreous, the antennae and tarsi reddish brown. Abdomen brownish,

the pale markings dull ochreous and diffuse. Sides of the head in

front of the eyes parallel, behind the eyes convergent and modera-

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 644

tely convex, the occipital margin very narrow. Scale of petiole as

long as high, the anterior and posterior faces convex.

Smithwinkle Bay and Hermanus, Cape Prov., (Phillips, Lochee-

Bayne) (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls).

Race LIENGME1, var. HANSINGI, Forel. (Plate IX, fig. 161).

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. Vol. 54, p. 452, 9}, 1910.

9}, 146 mm. Head as in Liengmei, the sides convex and bearing

a short exserted pilosity, (absent in importunoides). 'The median area

of the clypeus is wider than long, (as wide as long in importunoides),

the lobe shorter and with its anterior margin more sharply crenu-

late, the median carina also stronger. The mandibles are duller and

shorter than in that variety. The sculpture of the head is stronger

than in importunoides, with the anterior third of the head also spar-

sely and “distinctly punctured. The ochreous spots on the 2nd ab-

dominal segment wider, almost meeting in the middle at the base,

the spots on the 3rd segment obsolete. Otherwise like importunoides.

8 media, 12-128 mm. The spots on the first two abdominal seg-

ments larger than in the 9}, confluent at the base of the segments,

those on the 3rd segment also large and almost meeting in the

middle. The lobe of the clypeus shorter and with wider lateral

angles than in importunoides. ‘The sides of the head are convex from

front to back, not parallel in front of the eyes as in importunoides.

8 minor, 9-? mm. Head shorter than in dmportunoides, being

barely two-thirds longer than wide (quite three-fourths longer in the

other variety). Otherwise like the 8 minor of ¢mportunoides.

Q, (hitherto undescribed) 146 mm. Colour as in the 8 media; the

head widest behind, but otherwise like that of the 8 media. The

mesonotum has a dark median and two lateral longitudinal bands of

brownish colour. Declivity of epinotum vertical, longer than the

dorsum. Scale of petiole with a trenchant and straight dorsal edge,

feebly indented in the middle. Wings hyaline, nervures and stigma

brown.

Willowmore, (Arnold); Grahamstown, (Cherry).

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type of Q in my collection).

Race FORNASINI, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Vol. 63, p. 46, 9}, 1895.

“)!, 15 mm.; head 43 x 4:2 mm.; scape 4 mm.; posterior femur

5 mm. Closely allied to cognatus and compressus, almost as robust

642 Annals of the South African Museum.

as the latter, the head wider than in cognatus, less narrowed in front,

the cheeks entirely devoid of pilose hairs. The scale is also thicker

and more convex on both faces. The whole insect is dull above,

the abdomen shining below, the head and thorax very closely punc-

tured, the abdomen transversely striolate. A long, fine and decum-

bent pubescence on the whole body, sparse, more abundant on the

abdomen; in cognatus and compressus the decumbent pubescence is

just as abundant but shorter, and the punctures from which the

hairs arise are less evident; in addition, there are also some long

and erect hairs as in cognatus. The pubescence is very short and

entirely decumbent on the scapes, longer and more oblique on the

tibiae, which have numerous setae on the ventral margin; the

tibiae are compressed, but not at all prismatic, their sides barely

canaliculate in the larger examples. Delagoa Bay.”

Race KNYSNAE, N. Yr.

9. 4155-163 mm. Black, the flagellum, lower third of the sides

of the thorax, the petiole and basal third of the femora reddish

ochreous; apical. margins of the abdominal segments testaceous and

translucent. Head and thorax nitidulous, abdomen smooth and very

shining. The sculpture of the head and thorax finer than in maeu-

latus i. sp. Pilosity erect, fulvous, sparse on the head and abdomen,

fairly abundant on the thorax. Pubescence decumbent, very short

and sparse all over. Sides of head without exserted pilosity. Man-

dibles shining, coarsely punctured, the punctures larger and more

abundant than in race Liengmet or maculatus i. sp. Clypeus with a

few shallow punctures. Head, including the closed mandibles, like

that of Liengmet but more triangular, the occipital lobes larger and

more prominent posteriorly, the posterior margin much more concave ;

the head is as long as wide, and at its widest point (just behind the

2nd third) almost twice as wide as across the anterior margin of ‘the

clypeus. The latter carmate, the anterior margin of the lobe sharply

crenulate. The scapes extend beyond the hind margin of the head

by one-fourth of their length. Eyes placed in the middle of the

sides. Frontal carinae as wide apart in the middle as they are long.

Mesonotum more convex lengthwise than in Liengmei or maculatus

i. sp., the metanotum indistinct. Dorsum of epmotum slightly flat-

tened transversely, distinctly delimited from the sides, about twice

as long as wide, longer than the subvertical declivity, its junction

with the latter being a wide but distinct angle. S¢ale of petiole

nearly twice as high as wide, the two faces only very slightly convex,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 643

the dorsal edge thin and feebly emarginate in the middle. Tibiae

compressed, the sides not canaliculate, feebly setose below.

Some of the 9! 91, 13 mm. long, are intermediate between the

largest and the 8 media and have the head narrower behind than

in the largest 9/91, but neverthess still triangular.

8 media, 12 mm. Dorsum of thorax brown, the femora ochreous

over the basal two-thirds. Head oblong, a little wider behind than

in front, widest behind the eyes, two-sevenths longer than wide, the

sides moderately convex, the posterior margin feebly concave. Eyes

placed behind the middle of the sides. Mandibles sharply punctured,

the masticatory margin ferruginous. Clypeus more sharply carinate

than in the 9, but the anterior margin of the lobe barely crenulate.

The two faces of the epinotum less distinctly delimited than in the 9).

Anterior face of the scale convex, the posterior face flat, the dorsal

edge entire.

8 minor, 10-11 mm. |Like the 8 media, but with the thorax

paler and the yellow colour of the femora extending almost to their

apices. Head nearly half as long again as wide, the sides in front

of the eyes straight and slightly convergent anteriorly, the sides be-

hind the eyes form with the posterior margin a continuous con-

vexity; hardly narrower in front of the eyes than behind them.

Otherwise like the 8 media.

Q, 16°5 mm. Colour and pilosity as in the 9, a narrow trans-

verse band at the base of the epinotum and the declivity of the

same brownish ochreous. Head a little longer than wide, subqua-

drate, the posterior margin straight and one-fifth wider than the

anterior, the sides slightly convex posteriorly, the posterior angles

narrowly rounded. Mesonotum and scutellum fairly shining, the

head and epinotum moderately so, the abdomen very shining as in

the D!. Scutellum convex lengthwise and transversely, a little higher

than the mesonotum. Dorsum of epinotum shorter than, and mer-

ging gradually into the vertical declivity. Both faces of the scale a

little more convex than in the %|, the dorsal edge not emarginate.

Deilated.

George, near Knysna Forest, Cape Prov. (Dr. H. Brauns).

This race was determined by Dr. Forel as Fornasinii Em., but it

is quite distinct from that race in several features, e.g. the shining

integument, the shape of the head, etc. It approaches race E’mpe-

docles Forel, but the occipital lobes are not angular.

(S.A.M.R.M., G.A. colls.; types in my collection).

644 Annals of the South African Museum.

Race THALES, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. Vol. 54, p. 453, DI, 3, O, of. 1940.

9), 941 mm. Head black, thorax, abdomen, legs and flagellum

reddish brown, the first two segments of the abdomen paler than

the others. Shining, the abdomen more so than the rest of the

body. The fundamental sculpture like than of maculatus i. sp. but

more superficial, the head and thorax with a-sparse piligerous

puncturation in addition. Pilosity yellowish, sparse all over, the

sides of the head without exserted hairs. Pubescence very fine,

adjacent, almost absent from the body. Head as long as, or a little

longer than wide, trapezoidal, not much narrowed in front, the

middle half of the sides straight, the anterior and posterior fourth

feebly convex, the posterior margin moderately concave. The poste-

rior angles very narrowly rounded, subrectangular, projecting slightly

backwards. Clypeus obtusely carinate. Mandibles shining, strongly

punctured, 7-dentate. Scapes barely reaching beyond the occipital

margin; frontal carinae divergent behind; eyes placed at about the

middle of the sides. Thorax short and robust, the mesonotum a

little wider than long, (longer than wide in the type of the species).

The metanotum is almost or quite obsolete. The epinotum is

strongly compressed from side to side, leaving a very narrow dor-

sum, narrower than in maculatus 1. sp., very oblique, about twice as

long as the declivity and joining the same in a curve. Scale of

petiole low, not much higher than wide, the dorsal edge rather thick,

the anterior face feebly convex, the posterior face flat. Tibiae feebly

compressed and finely setose below.

8 minor, 55-7 mm. Dark reddish brown, the anterior half of the

head somewhat paler. Head quadrate, barely longer than wide, the

sides and posterior margin straight, the posterior angles rounded.

The scape extends beyond the occipital margin by two-fifths of its

length. Scale of petiole subcuboid, with a distinct dorsal face which

curves downwards in front; seen from above, the dorsal face is about

one and a half times wider than long. Otherwise like the 2).

“O, 11-115 mm. Like the 9}. Wings faintly tinged with rusty-

red, nervures of the same colour. Thorax wider than the head.

Scale wide, thick, subcuboid, having at the summit an almost flat

or obtusely convex face. The scapes extend beyond the occiput by

as much as their apical width.

co, 7 mm. Head convex behind, wide. Mandibles wide. Scale

A Menograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 645

wide, its anterior and posterior faces vertical and parallel, widely

and deeply emarginate at the summit so as to form two obtuse horns,

whose apices are as thick as the base of the scale. Black; mandibles,

flagellum and tarsi rusty-red. Wings as in the Q. Otherwise like

the OO

Basutoland, (Wroughton); Reddersburg, O. F.S. (Brauns).

(S.A.M., R.M,, G.A. colls.).

Race EmpepocLes, Forel.

(as var. of Thaies) Deutsch. Ent. Zeitsch. Beiheft, p. 224, 91, 8. 1913.

9. 40-13°6 mm. Tarsi and flagellum ferruginous, the legs and

scapes dark brown, all the rest black, with the apical margins of the

abdominal segments narrowly testaceous. Sculpture, pilosity and

pubescence as in Thales, but the head is more distinctly punctured

in front of the eyes and below the frontal carinae, and the thorax

is slightly less shining. It differs from Thales chiefly in the shape

of the head, the concavity of the occiput being much deeper, so that

the occipital lobes are more prominent posteriorly. They are strongly

angular, only the extreme apex of the angle being rounded off. In

the largest 9! 9) the head is a little wider than long, more quadrate

than in Thales, the sides a little more convex. The scape is shorter

than in Thales, not reaching the posterior margin by as much as the

length of the 4st joint of the flagellum. ‘The mandibles have 7 teeth,

the basal one small, (not 6 as stated by Forel).

8 media, 83 mm. Like the 9|, but with the mandibles ferruginous,

the tarsi and flagellum of a brighter red than in the 9|. The head

is subquadrate, very little wider behind than in front, the sides fairly

convex, the posterior margin straight, the posterior angles widely

rounded, . not projecting backwards. The scape extends beyond the

hind margin.

8 minor, 6°7-7'°3 mm. Like the 8 media, but with the head a little

narrower, or a trifle longer than wide, the posterior angles more

widely rounded.

Salisbury, S. Rhodesia. (Father O’Neil). M’fongosi, Zululand,

(W. E. Jones); Krantz Kloof, Natal, (W. B. Marley); Pretoria (Sir

A. Theiler).

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

646 Annals of the South African Museum.

Race EMPEDOCLES, var. DIABOLUS, Forel.

(as race of natalensis, Smith), Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat.,

WO, AG, jo (Hl, ee Alsi),

%. 4142 mm. Like the type of the race in general, but the head

is subopaque, and the posterior margin much more deeply concave,

the occipital lobes acutely angular (less than 90°), projecting far

beyond the apex of the emargination. The lobes are one-sixth the

length of the head, and when seen direct from above, project back-

wards like cones to a point level with the middle of the pronotum.

8 minor, 8 mm. Like the 8 minor of Hmpedocles but with the

head duller, not narrowed anteriorly, if anything a little wider in

front than behind, the posterior margin moderately concave.

Salisbury, S. Rhodesia, (R. L. Thompson).

This form represents the extreme point of development in the

degree of angularity and prominence of the occipital lobes. In Thales

the lobes are subrectangular and only slightly projecting, more so

and rectangular in Empedocles. ;

It is not without some hesitation that I have assigned these spe-

cimens from Salisbury to diabolus Forel, since the latter taken at

Lessouto, O. F.S. was described as a race of natalensis. However in

his recent review of the genus, Forel gives diabolus specific rank.

The Rhodesian specimens agree very closely with Forel’s description,

but unfortunately he gave no information as to the length of the

scapes, which in these specimens are much too short to admit of

any close relationship to natalensis. Moreover, the latter is a dull

insect, which diabolus certainly is not.

(G.A. coll.).

Race CONGOLENSIS, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 43, p. 489, 91, 8, O. 1899.

%!. 413.mm. Piceous, almost black, the legs dark brown, the

flagellum, tarsi and coxae reddish or yellowish brown. Dull, but

with a slight greasy gloss, more pronounced on the abdomen than

elsewhere. Pubescence scanty and very short, a little more abundant

on the legs; pilosity thin, yellowish and sparse everywhere. Sculp-

ture stronger than in maculatus i. sp., the sides of the head distinctly

reticulate. Head very much lke that of Empedocles, the occipital

lobes similar. The scape falls short of the occipital margin by as

much as the length of the 4st joint of the flagellum. Clypeus carinate,

the anterior corners of its lobe rectangular. Mandibles less strongly

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 647

punctured than in E’mpedocles, slightly dull near their bases. Dorsum

of epinotum one-third longer than the vertical declivity, rounded

transversely but nevertheless distinct from the sides, not subcristate

as in E’mpedocles and Thales. Scale of petiole one-third higher than

the petiole is long, the anterior face moderately convex, the posterior

face flat, the dorsal edge convex from side to side. Tibiae compressed

and setose below.

8 minor, 65-8 mm. Head one-fourth to one-third longer than

wide, the sides convex, the posterior margin straight or feebly con-

cave in the larger examples, not wider behind than in front. Legs

with an oblique and longer pilosity than in the 9|. Dorsum of

epinotum at least twice as long as the very oblique declivity, joining

the latter in a low curve, narrower above than in the 9, but wider

than in the 8 minor of Hmpedocles.

“O, 13 mm. Head 3°38 x 3 mm.; scape 2°5, posterior femur 3:8,

tibia 3°2 mm. Relatively small, colour and sculpture as in the 8.

Head subrectangular, with rounded angles, barely a little narrower

in front than behind. The scale is higher than in the ‘|, its ante-

rior face less convex, the dorsal edge straight or slightly impressed

in the middle. Wings yellowish, the marginal and submarginal

nervures brown, the other nervures testaceous.”

Bindura, Mashonaland, (G. Coghill).

(S.A.M., G.A. colls.).

Race AGRICOLA, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. vol. 54, p. 454, 9), 8. 1910.

“3. 5-8 mm.

3}. Mandibles as Thales, but shining, a little less punctured,

barely or not at all reticulate. Lobe of the clypeus a little longer;

frontal carimae less divergent. Eyes placed behind the middle.

Sides of the head a little more convex, the head a little narrower

at the occiput. Otherwise the head is like that of Thales, including

the length of the scapes. Thorax lke that of Thales, but with the

meso-epinotal suture very distinct, and the dorsum of the epinotum

hardly longer than the declivity. Scale fairly thin and high, the

dorsal edge obtuse. Tibiae cylindrical, not compressed, sometimes

with one bristle near the base of the internal margin. Legs short.

Densely and finely reticulate-punctate and dull. Abdomen and scale

finely shagreened or rugulose transversely, the scale subopaque, the

abdomen shining. Legs shining and feebly rugulose. There is a

fine and distinct puncturation on the abdomen, indistinct elsewhere.

648 Annals of the South African Museum.

Erect pilosity very sparse on the body and yellowish, absent from

the tibiae and scapes, which alone have a sparse and distinct

pubescence. Reddish brown; scapes brown, legs yellowish, abdomen

black, the margins of the segments bright yellow.

8 minor. Head rectangular, longer.than wide, the posterior mar-

gin nearly straight or barely convex; the scapes extend beyond it

by about two-fifths of their length. Otherwise like the 9!, but the

thorax and head are subopaque, somewhat reticulate, the abdomen

brown or partly rusty brown, the margins of the segments bright

yellow.”

Mountains of Natal, (Wroughton).

Race Neus, Forel, var. Berirscui, Forel.

“Very much like the variety Schweinfurthi Forel, but the head of

the 9} is less wide and the sides are less convex. The legs and

antennae are also darker, of a deep brown, the scapes black. In

addition, the pubescence in more distinct, although sparse on the

abdomen and limbs. The scale is a little thicker and the erect

pilosity is of a paler colour. The tibiae are also a little narrower

and more cylindrical.”

9, 9° mm. Black, the thorax very dark brownish black, the

legs dark brown, paler only at the bases and apices of the femora

and tibiae. The apical margins of the abdominal segments testa-

ceous and translucent. Dull, the abdomen with a very faint glossi-

ness. The sculpture is similar to that of the type of the species,

but the abdomen is more densely rugulose.

‘Head like that of the type of the species but the posterior margin

less concave, the sides in front of the eyes more convergent. The

dorsum of the epinotum is a trifle longer than the declivity, its

junction with the latter forming a wide but fairly distinct angle,

rounded at the apex. The scale is much narrower than in maculatus,

higher than long, twice as high as wide, subacuminate above, the

anterior face only very slightly convex.

8 minor, 65-75 mm. Head longer than wide, slightly wider

behind than in front, the outline behind the eyes almost semi-

circular, the sides in front of the eyes straight and subparallel.

Scale of petiole a little narrower and thicker, otherwise like the 9).

George, Cape Prov. (Brauns).

(R.M., G.A. colls.).

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 649

Race NeGus, var. MATHILDAE, Forel.

Zool. Jahrb. vol. 29, p. 266, 9}, 38 0. 41910.

“)!, 10°5 mm. Mandibles small, smooth, sparsely punctured, the

external margin feebly convex, the apex narrow. Clypeus sharply

carinate, its fairly rectangular lobe having a slightly concave anterior

margin. Head as wide as long, with very convex sides, narrowed

in front and behind, more strongly so in front, strongly and arcu-

ately emarginate behind. Frontal carinae sinuate, moderately divergent.

Frontal area small and triangular. Eyes flat. The scape extends

beyond the hind margin by not quite twice its own apical width.

Thorax narrow, feebly convex in all directions above. Declivity of

the epinotum half as long as the long and narrow dorsum. Scale

moderately thick, biconvex, fairly trenchant above. Tibiae rounded,

feebly compressed, with a row of setae on the lower margin. Dull,

head finely reticulate-punctate, thorax rugulose-reticulate. Abdomen

and legs nitidulous, closely and finely rugulose transversely. The

scattered puncturation is distinct only on the abdomen, and fairly fine.

The brownish yellow and exserted pilosity is very sparse-on the body,

rather more abundant on the scale and abdomen, absent from the

tibiae, scapes and cheeks. The pubescence on the scapes and tibiae

more abundant, elsewhere very sparse and fine. Black. Thorax dark

brown. Legs and mandibles of a brighter brown, flagellum ferruginous.

Apical margins of the abdominal segments yellowish.

8 minor, 65 mm. Head elongate and oval, 1:2 mm. wide and

1°38 mm. long, not narrowed into a neck behind, the convex sides

merge into the wide and articular hind margin. Clypeus, mandibles

etc as in the 9|, but the eyes are convex. The scape extends beyond

the hind margin by about half its length. The long dorsum of the

thorax very feebly convex. Scale very thick, almost wedge-shaped.

Otherwise like the 9, but the head and thorax are brown.

Q, 125 mm. Wings faintly tinged with brown. Head and thorax

blackish brown. ‘Tarsi and tibiae reddish like the flagellum. Head

rectangular, with the angles rounded, longer than wide.”

It is generally difficult to identify the winged forms of this genus

when apart from their workers, but their identification is rendered

all the more difficult when the description is cut down to the narrow

limits of that of the 9 given above, which is indeed well-nigh useless,

Zoutpansberg, Transvaal, (Rolle).

This form completes the list of the maculatus group, for our region,

650 Annals of the South African Museum.

C. CAFFER, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 47, D1, 8. 1895.

“3 major. Head, thorax and petiole fuscous, base of the 2nd and

following abdominal segments with a small spot on each side, flagellum

and femora testaceous-ferruginous, mandibles dark ferruginous; dull,

scarcely pubescent and most scantily pilose. Head emarginate and

widest behind, narrowed in front, the frontal carinae close together,

clypeus carimate, produced into a wide truncated lobe, mandibles

7-dentate. Dorsum of thorax nearly straight, scale of petiole thick,

convex in front and behind, narrowed above; tibiae moderately

compressed, the lower margin setose.

8 minor. Testaceous, the mandibles, the base and sides of the

abdomen darker, the scapes, the middle of the dorsum of the abdomen

and the ventral surface of the same fuscous. Head narrowed arcu-

ately from the anterior to the occipital margin. Scale thick, nodi-

form, acuminate above.

8 maxima, 16 mm.; head 4°38 mm. long, 4 mm. wide behind, 3-7

in front; scape 45 mm., posterior femur 5 mm. long.

8 minima, 9°5 mm.; head 2:3 mm. long, 4 mm. wide behind and

1:3 in front; scape 3:5, posterior femur 3°5 mm. long. 3

Makapan, Bechuanaland, (Simon).

In the shape of the head, this ant recalls certain species of Cam-

ponotus of the dorycus group,.... In the 8 major, the head is widest

right at the back, and its posterior margin is widely emarginate.

In the small 88 on the contrary, the greatest width is near the

mouth; the head is narrowed a little as far as the eyes, more strongly

so behind them as far as the occipital margin, which is narrowly

emarginate and sharply angular on each side. The frontal carinae

are near together, their posterior extremities hardly more divergent

than the anterior. The scale of the petiole is remarkably thick;

especially in the small §.... The thorax is narrow, its dorsum

almost straight in the middle, passing into the declivity of the epi-

notum by a wide arc. The whole body is dull, and covered with a

close reticulate puncturation, over which are scattered the sparse

pubescent punctures, the pubescence decumbent and very short; on

the head of the larger specimens the punctures are larger and pit-

like, and more abundant on the mandibles. The latter dull except

along the masticatory margin. A few large punctures with long

hairs. On the abdomen the sculpture becomes almost transversely

rugulose.... The legs are dull and finely reticulate, they have only

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 651

a very short and decumbent pubescence; the tibiae feebly compressed,

furnished with a few setae below.”

This species is also recorded by Forel from the Cape.

C. BErRToLonu, Emery.

IG GOS Gis, {Do Bik, ts, Oh

Mayr, Ann. K. K. N. H. Mus. Wien, vol. 16, p. 28, o. 1904.

“3. Piceous, shining, mandibles, antennae and tarsi fusco-ferrugi-

nous; tibiae, coxae, femora and margins of the abdominal segments

pale testaceous, very sparsely pilose and pubescent. Head in the

8 maxima a little longer than wide, narrower in front, the clypeus

and cheeks with large, oblong and piligerous punctures, frontal

carinae divergent and sinuate, clypeus obtusely carinate, slightly and

arcuately produced in front, mandibles short, arcuate and with

6 teeth, punctulate and sparsely punctate, dull, more elongated in

the 8 minor. The latter has fewer and smaller piligerous punctures

on the cheeks and clypeus. Thorax moderately elongate, compressed

behind, the dorsal profile arcuate and continuous, the declivity of

the epimotum hardly shorter than the dorsum, joining the latter in

an obtuse angle. Abdomen very finely rugulose transversely, the

scale of the petiole thin, subplanate behind, convex in front. Scapes

and tibiae without erect hairs, the tibiae not setose below.

8 major, 7mm. Head 1:8 x 1:6; scape 1:5; posterior femur 1-6 mm. long.

S TMNNOe imma: ay MAIO Saigo A wise . ca lesional, a

Q. Colour and sculpture like that of the 8 major, but the cheeks

and clypeus with fewer piligerous punctures.” Capetown.

“oy, 6-63 mm. Shining, blackish brown, mandibles, scapes and

legs brown, the flagellum, tarsi and genital armature more or less

brownish yellow, the articulations of the femora and coxae more or

less pale yellow or brownish yellow. The exserted pilosity is exceed-

ingly sparse, and absent from the antennae and legs; the decumbent

pubescence also very sparse but fairly abundant on the antennae.

The whole body is moderately shining and very finely rugulose, the

abdomen transversely so. The mandibles are more coarsely rugu-

lose than the rest of the body, also coarsely and sparsely punctured,

with 4 well developed teeth. The head is almost wider than long.

Clypeus strongly carinate, the anterior margin slightly produced and

arcuate. Kyes fairly large, very convex and prominent. The cheeks

are hardly more than half as long as the eyes. Wings faintly tinged

with ochreous, the nervures ochreous, the stigma brown. Node of

petiole low and transverse.”

Port Elizabeth. (Brauns),

652 Annals of the South African Museum.

C. Bianconu, Emery.

Loe. cit. p. 52, 8 major.

“3 major. Very similar to Bertolonii, and like it in colour and

sculpture, but larger and with the cheeks barely pilose, without

elongate foveae, only with minute pubescent points, the clypeus

with a few piligerous foveae, its lobe truncate and subemarginate;

the scale of the petiole is reddish, higher and thinner than in Ber-

tolonii, its sides convex, its dorsal edge acuminate; the femora fus-

cous. 9 mm. long. Head 2:8 x 2°8; scape 2:2; posterior femur 2°5.

Capetown, a single specimen.

Resembles Bertolonii so much that it might be regarded as only

a race of the same. However, the size, the absence of piligerous

foveae and erect hairs on the cheeks, as well as the narrow and

biconvex scale with its trenchant edge, sufficiently characterise this

ant. The shape of the head and thorax is about the same as in

Bertolonii.”

C. NATALENSIS, Smith.

Cat. Hymen. B. M., vol. 6, p. 33, 8, 9, co. 1858.

DM}. 4417 mm. Black, the apical margins of the abdominal seg-

ments narrowly testaceous and translucent, flagellum and tarsi dark

reddish brown. Entirely dull, the fundamental sculpture of the head

like that of maculatus, but somewhat coarser, the floor of the spaces

between the reticulations quite dull. The sides of the head and

clypeus fairly abundantly sprinkled with shallow pubescent foveae.

Thorax finely and closely reticulate-punctate, abdomen and _ petiole

finely and transversely rugulose, but much more strongly than in

maculatus and its races. Legs and scapes slightly shining, modera-

tely punctured. The whole body, legs and antennae clothed with a

fairly abundant, long and reddish yellow pubescence, oblique on the

legs and abdomen, almost decumbent elsewhere. Pilosity long, ful-

vous, fairly plentiful on the abdomen, pronotum and clypeus, sparse

elsewhere, absent from the cheeks.

Head about one-eighth longer than wide, widest behind, the sides

moderately convex, the posterior margin deeply concave, the occipi-

tal lobes rounded but fairly prominent posteriorly. Mandibles

strongly punctured, moderately shining but dull near the base,

armed with 6 or 7 teeth. Clypeus sharply carinate, produced in

front into a rectangular lobe the margin of which is crenulate.

Frontal carinae slightly raised and trenchant. Eyes placed just be-

hind the middle of the sides. Scapes rather long, extending beyond

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 653

the hind margin by quite one-third of their length and as far as

the pro-mesonotal suture. Pronotum very little wider than long in

the middle. In profile, the dorsum of the thorax does not form a

contiuuous curve, as the mesonotum is more convex and raised

somewhat abruptly above the level of the hind margin of the pro-

notum. Metanotum very small, barely defined posteriorly. Dorsum

of the epinotum oblique, rounded above from side to side, a little

longer than the oblique declivity. Convexity of thorax, L.= 3] H.;

highest at the anterior third of the mesonotum. Scale of petiole

higher than long, about two-thirds higher than wide above, the

anterior face moderately convex, the posterior face flat. Tibiae com-

pressed, the sides flat, the upper and lower surfaces rounded, sparsely

setose on the lower margin.

8 media. 15°55 mm. Head one-third longer than wide, the sides

nearly straight, convex and convergent only over the anterior and

posterior sixths, hardly narrowed in front, the posterior margin

moderately concave, the posterior angles narrowly rounded. The

scape extends beyond the hind margin of the head by more than

one-third of its length. Pronotum as long in the middle as wide.

Dorsum of epinotum about twice as long as the declivity. Scale of

petiole thicker and more convex in front than in the |. Pilosity a

little less abundant on the abdomen. Puncturation of the head

weaker. Otherwise like the |.

8 minor, 9-13 mm. In the smallest of these, the head behind

the eyes is almost trapezoidal, the width just behind the eyes being

three times the width of the occipital margin, the latter straight.

In front of the eyes the sides are parallel, the head not wider

across the clypeus than across the eyes. With increase in size, the

sides become correspondingly more convex, and the width greater,

so that in specimens 13 mm. long, the width of the posterior margin

is much more than half the width of the head just behind the eyes,

but still less than the width across the clypeus. The latter is only

arcuately produced in the smallest $8, and the carima is almost

obsolete. The convexity of the thorax is much less than in the ‘DI,

L. = 4) H. The scale of the petiole is much thicker, seen from

the side subconical, the two faces equally convex. Otherwise like

the 8 media.

Q, 19 mm. Colour and sculpture of the head as in the 8. Pilosity

shorter and less abundant. The mesonotum slightly glossy. The

seutellum, metanotum, petiole and abdomen moderately shining.

654 Annals of the South African Museum.

Clypeus more coarsely punctured than in the 9!, the mesonotum

very sparsely and shallowly punctured. Head widest behind, the

sides convex behind the eyes, in front of them straight and con-

vergent anteriorly, the posterior margin almost straight, the posterior

angles narrowly rounded. Scapes long, extending beyond the occi-

pital margin by very nearly half their length. The mesonotum has

a median impressed line or groove extending over the anterior con-

vexity, and continued thence as a very faint line as far as the

posterior margin. The slightly depressed area between the mesono-

tum and the scutellum is smooth and shining. The scutellum is

fairly broad, and transverse behind. Dorsum of epinotum short,

merging by a short curve into the longer and vertical declivity.

Seale of petiole thin, both faces nearly flat, the dorsal edge trenchant

and emarginate in the middle. Wings tinged with ochreous brown,

nervures testaceous, stigma brown.

Oo. This sex is unknown to me. Smith’s very short description

is useless and not worth quoting.

Krantz Kloof and Eshowe, Natal, (W. H. B. Marley); Durban.

Var. FULVIPES, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 51, 1895.

“The 8 differs from the type of the subspecies, (1. e. corvus Forel),

by the fulvous colour of the legs, contrasting with the dark colour

of the body.”

Makapan, (Simon); Zululand, (Traegaordh).

Var. POLITICEPS, Santschi.

Géteborgs K. Vetens. och Vitterh. Handl. XV, 2, p. 38. 4914.

8 media, 9 mm. Flagellum, tibiae and tarsi ferruginous, the rest

of the Jegs and the scapes brown. Shining, especially the head

(dull posteriorly in the type and the other races). Sides of the

thorax and the dorsum of the epinotum dull, otherwise like the type.”

Pietermaritzburg, (Traegaordh).

In the type of the species only the mesopleura are slightly shining,

the dorsum of the epinotum is dull, not shining, as one might infer

from the description of this variety.

Race corvus, Forel.

Bull Socs Vaud sca Nate avoleg dO pais) more ieeml Ole:

“3, 910-12 mm. Form extremely compact, dwarfish. The head

of the larger 8 is 38 mm. wide X 45 mm. long (including the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 655

closed mandibles) whereas the thorax is hardly 4 mm. long and at

the pronotum 2:5 wide. Mandibles with 6 or 7 teeth. Clypeus cari-

nate at least in the 8 minor, prolonged into a lobe in front, the

anterior margin of the lobe feebly emarginate in the middle. Head

of the 8 major strongly concave behind. The whole thorax arched,

as in C. herculeanus. Scale entire, rounded at its upper margin like

that of C. sylvaticus, but a little thicker. Legs and antennae short.

Of an ebony-black colour, shining, the legs, flagellum, base of the

scapes and sometimes the thorax and mandibles of a more or less

reddish or yellowish brown. Apical margins of the abdominal seg-

ments narrowly yellowish. Head very finely reticulate, thorax less

finely reticulate-rugulose, less shining than the rest; abdomen very

finely rugulose transversely. In addition, there are some very sparse

punctures on the whole body, which are deep, large and abundant

on the mandibles and front of the head of the 8 major. The man-

dibles are also very finely reticulate-punctate between the larger

punctures. A few long hairs on the body. Pubescence almost

identical with that of C. sylvaticus, Tibiae and scapes with a feeble

decumbent pubescence.

Q, 13-145 mm. Like the 8, but the clypeus not carinate. A

median longitudinal impressed line on the anterior third of the

mesonotum, and two lateral longitudinal lines which do not reach

either the anterior or posterior margin, (as in natalensis i. sp.). Scale

entire. Colour, sculpture and pilosity as in the 8. Mesonotum very

shining and very feebly reticulate. Wings nearly hyaline, but slightly

infuscate on the anterior margin, nervures and stigma brownish yellow.

of, 6-65 mm. Black, dull, except the abdomen which is slightly

shining; legs, antennae, mandibles and apical margins of the abdo-

minal segments more or less reddish brown. Wings a little darker

than in the 9. Head and thorax finely but very closely reticulate-

punctate. Scale thick, nodiform. Lobe of clypeus somewhat rounded.

Clypeus without a carina. There are two impressed longitudinal lies

parallel with the median line on the anterior third of the mesonotum,

and also lateral lines as in the Q. Pilosity and pubescence as in

the 8.”

Valdezia, Transvaal. (Berthoud); Pretoria and Makapan, (Simon).

This race is unknown to me in nature, but judging by the size,

compact form and shining integument, it appears to me to bear a

suspicious resemblance to the race Hmpedocles Forel. It certainly is

more closely allied to that race, if not identical with it, than to

natalensis, which is a much larger and differently shaped insect.

656 Annals of the South African Museum.

C. ACVAPIMENSIS, Mayr.

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 664, 3, 1862.

9}, 7°7-8°2 mm. Very dark brown or blackish brown, the anterior

third or less of the head sometimes more or less reddish brown, the

Jegs and antennae pale brownish ochreous (pale burnt umber), the

mandibles castaneous red. Head and thorax dull, the anterior margin

of the head feebly shining, the petiole and legs moderately shining,

the abdomen subopaque at the base, the apical half nitidulous. Head

and thorax closely and finely reticulate-punctate, petiole and legs

smooth, abdomen transversely rugulose or aciculate, and also very

sparsely punctured. Pubescence yellowish, short, decumbent and

very scanty. [xserted pilosity long, pointed, pale yellow, on the

head present only on the clypeus and between the frontal carinae,

Head, including closed mandibles, subtriangular, the posterior

angles rounded, the sides moderately convex, the occipital margin

shallowly concave. Clypeus very obtusely carinate, hardly produced

into a lobe in front, or only imto a very short one, the anterior

margin feebly concave in the middle. Mandibles moderately shining,

shallowly punctured, armed with 6 or 7 teeth. Scape of antennae

extending beyond the hind margin by about the length of the 4st

joint of the flagellum. Eyes flat, placed behind the middle of the

sides. Frontal carinae fairly far apart. Pronotum one-third wider

than long, less convex than in GC. maculatus, somewhat flattened

above. Mesonotum as long as wide in front, less narrowed behind

and less convex transversely than in C. maculatus; metanotum very

short, almost linear. Dorsum of epinotum twice as long as wide,

merging gradually into the sides, but nevertheless wide in compari-

sion with maculatus and most of its races, also merging by a low

and rounded angle into the shorter and oblique declivity; the latter

is smooth and shining at the base. Convexity of thorax fairly great,

L. = 3! H.; the dorsal profile forms a curve which is almost con-

tinuous, broken only at the junction of the two faces of the epino-

tum. Scale of petiole thin, twice as high as wide, higher than the

petiole is long, the anterior face barely convex, the posterior face

flat, the dorsal edge trenchant and moderately convex from side to

side. Tibiae almost cylindrical, not setose below.

8 minor, 56 mm. A little paler than the 9}, the head and thorax

beimg more or less reddish brown. The head is a little more than

one-fifth longer than wide, widest across the eyes, the sides in front

of the eyes moderately convergent anteriorly, convex behind them,

the posterior margin straight or feebly convex and mot much wider

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 657

than the anterior margin. Eyes placed behind the middle of the

sides, between the third and last fourth. Frontal carinae less sinuate

than in the 9!, hardly wider apart behind than in front. Clypeus

more distinctly carinate, and with a longer lobe in front than in

the 9!, its angles also sharper. The scapes extend beyond the hind

margin by nearly half their length. Convexity of thorax slightly

greater than in the 9|, the pronotum sloping much more steeply

downwards in front, and flatter above. The dorsum of the epinotum

is one and three-quarter times longer than the declivity. Scale of

petiole thicker but hardly more convex in front. Otherwise like the 9}.

Q, 12 mm. Head trapezoidal, widest behind, the posterior angles

moderately rounded, a trifle longer than wide. Clypeus barely cari-

nate. The anterior third of the head with a sparse and shallow

puncturation in addition to the fundamental sculpture. Mesonotum,

scutellum, and abdomen slightly shinmg. The mesonotum very

finely rugulose. with a few large pit-like punctures at the base and

on the sides. Scutellum almost as wide behind as in front. Dorsum

of epinotum very short, merging rapidly into the vertical declivity.

Scale of petiole much wider than in the 9, the dorsal edge trenchant

and emarginate in the middle. Abdomen very shallowly punctured

as well as rugulose. Femora dark brown, Deilated. Otherwise

like the 9).

Oo, 638 mm. Dark blackish brown, mandibles, the basal two-thirds

of the scapes, the tarsi and the bases of the tibiae ochreous, the

flagellum brownish yellow. Head, mesonotum and scutellum dull,

the rest slightly shining. Pilosity and pubescence thinner and scan-

tier than in the Q. The outline of the head, seen fron above, is

semicircular behind the eyes, in front of them the sides are straight

and moderately convergent anteriorly. Head as long as wide across

the eyes. The latter placed in the middle, large, convex and pro-

minent. The scapes are as long as the head (including open man-

dibles). Mandibles strongly pubescent, slightly shiming and sparsely

punctured. Clypeus with a median transverse impression a little

behind the straight anterior margin; behind the impression the

median area is gibbous or almost tuberculate, hardly carinate. On

the very convex anterior half of the mesonotum there is a shining

longitudinal line on each side of the median line, which merge

together at about the middle of the mesonotum. Scale of petiole

thick, moderately convex in front and behind, twice as wide as high

and at least three times wider than thick, subquadrate when seen

658 Annals of the South African Museum.

from in front or from behind, the dorsal face thick, deeply and

widely emarginate in the middle. Wings tinged with pale yellow,

nervures and stigma ochreous.

Bulawayo, Bembesi and Redbank, S. Rhodesia. Not common,

forming small nests in the ground.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

C. NIVEOSETOSUS, Mayr.

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 665, 8. 1862.

Reise der Novara, Formicid. p. 35, 8. 1865.

%, 8 mm. Black, antennae and tarsi ferruginous, mandibles dark

castaneous red. Head and thorax dull, the cheeks and mandibles

slightly shining, abdomen slightly shining and transversely rugulose.

The sculpture of the head and thorax consits of an exeedingly fine

and close puncturation, somewhat reticulate as well on the thorax,

(the sculpture much denser than in any of the preceding species).

The pubescence is very fine and short, decumbent and pale yellowish

white, on the legs somewhat longer and fairly abundant, elsewhere

very sparse. The erect pilosity is very distinctive of this species,

consisting of thick, blunt and almost snow-white hairs. These are

scarce on the head; there is a row of such hairs, short and oblique,

on the anterior margin of the clypeus and on the masticatory

margins of the mandibles. There is a transverse row on the poster-

ior half of the pronotum, three or four hairs on the mesonotum,

and a row on each side of the declivity and dorsum of the epinotum.

The edge of the scale is similarly fringed with them, and there are

about three transverse rows on each abdominal segment. They are

absent from the legs and antennae. Head, including closed man-

dibles, more or less triangular. It is widest behind and about as

long as wide, the posterior margin almost straight. The scapes

extend beyond the hind margin of the head by little more than

their apical width. Median area of clypeus subquadrate, convex

transversely, a little longer than wide, its anterior margin feebly

convex, the projecting lobe very short. Frontal area small. Eyes

flat, placed at the posterior third of the sides. Mandibles with 6

or 7 teeth, slightly shining, coarsely and sparsely punctured. Head

not more than half as wide again as the pronotum. The latter is

twice as wide as long, not very convex transversely, with distinct

but obtusely angled shoulders. Dorsum of the epinotum wide, slightly

arcuate lengthwise, a little longer than the subvertical declivity, which

it joins in a wide angle. The declivity, seen from the side, is feebly

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 659

concave from above to below. Convexity of thorax, L. = 3} H.

Scale of petiole fairly wide above, the anterior face convex, the

posterior face flat, the dorsal edge fairly trenchant and convex trans-

versely. Tibiae cylindrical, not setose below.

8 minor, 6 mm. Head a little less than one-fourth longer than

wide, the posterior angles rounded, the posterior margin slightly

convex, the sides feebly so and convergent anteriorly, one and a half

times wider just behind the eyes than accross the anterior margin.

Scapes longer than in the 9|. Disc of pronotum flatter. Dorsum of

epinotum one-fourth longer than the declivity. Otherwise like the 9}.

Q, 11:2 mm. Colour, pilosity, pubescence and sculpture as in the 9}.

Head lke that of the 8 minor, but a little less narrowed in front.

Mesonotum a trifle longer than wide, the shoulders of the pronotum

rounded and visible from above; scutellum wide. Dorsum of epinotum

trapezoidal, moderately convex, more than twice as wide at the base

as long in the middle, shorter than the vertical declivity. Edge of

scale less convex transversely, the upper half of the anterior face

slightly concave transversely. Wings tinged with pale ochreous,

nervures ochreous, stigma brown. Otherwise like the 9.

o, 6 mm. Black. Head and mesonotum dull, finely and

closely reticulate-punctate; the rest of the body moderately shining

and rugulose. Pilosity dirty white, less abundant than in the 9} or

Q, and not truncated. Head a little wider across the eyes than long,

semicircular in outline behind the eyes, straight and almost parallel-

sided in front of them. Clypeus slightly convex transversely, the

anterior margin arcuate. Scapes barely longer than the width of the

head. Eyes large and convex, occupying a little more than the middle

third of the sides. Mesonotum convex in front, flat above and behind.

Scutellum gibbous. The declivity of the epmotum slightly oblique,

its brow more rounded. Petiole nodiform, with a long upper face

which is rounded from front to back and two and half times wider

than long. Wings as in the Q.

Port Elizabeth, (Brauns); Durban, (Marley); Lehututu, Kalahari,

(Schultze), (S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

Race 1RREDUX, Forel.

Schultze, Reise Siidafrika, vol. 4, p. 30, 8, 1910.

%,8 mm. § 45-6 mm. Differing from the type of the species

as follows:

660 Annals of the South African Museum.

The basal half of the scape reddish ochreous, the tarsi dark brown.

The sculpture sharper and more coarse on the head and thorax, and

clearly so on the abdomen, which is finely striate transversely and

sprinkled with wide, shallow and piligerous punctures. The pilosity

is longer, much more abundant on the thorax and abdomen than in

the type of the species, (the pronotum has from 15-16 hairs on each

side), the tips of the hairs pointed. The pubescence is also more

abundant and distinctly longer. The two faces of the epinotum are

much more oblique, their junction hardly angular.

Natal, 5,500 ft, (Wroughton, Haviland).

(R.M., G.A. colls.).

C. Werrui, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat. vol. 44, p. 18, 8 minor, 1908.

99 99 9 9) 99 00, p- 253, ‘aL 1914,

Rhdorlens Deutsche Siidpolfahrt, vol. 10, p. 393 & 426-8, 9}, 1908.

|, 65-8°2 mm. Black, tarsi dark brown. Pubescence decumbent,

very short and inconspicuous, almost confined to the legs and antennae.

Pilosity sparse, long, fairly pointed and not thick, of a dirty whitish

colour, more abundant on the abdomen than elsewhere, and absent

from the legs and antennae. Shining, sculpture of the usual type of

the sub-genus, but the anterior half of the head is finely and clearly

reticulate and subopaque, and the vertex sparingly and shallowly

punctured. The mesonotum has 3 or 4 large piligerous. punctures

on each side, and there are also a few on the pronotum. Head

subquadrate, a trifle longer than wide, moderately narrowed in front,

the sides fairly convex, the posterior margin straight or nearly so,

the posterior angles widely rounded. Clypeus very obtusely carinate,

with a very short lobe, the anterior margin moderately convex.

Mandibles slightly shining, strongly punctured, 6-dentate. The scapes

extend beyond the hind margin by about the length of the 4st joint

of the flagellum. Eyes placed just behind the middle of the sides.

Frontal carmae sinuate, widely divergent behind. Pronotum flattened

above, its dorsum joining the sides in a very rounded angle and

forming indistinct shoulders in front, twice as wide as long. Pro-

mesonotal suture sharply defined. Mesonotum slightly tumid in front.

Meso-epinotal suture ill-defined in the middle. Epinotum with a

fairly distinct dorsal face, shghtly flattened, oblique lengthwise, and

about one-third longer than wide. It joms the declivity in a fairly

distinct but wide angle; the declivity is two-thirds as long as the

dorsum. Scale of petiole convex in front, flat behind, the edge

convex from side to side. Tibiae cylindrical, not setose below.

A Monograph of the Formicidiae of South Africa. 664

8 minor, 4°7,,5°3 mm. Head a little longer than wide, widest across

the eyes, the sides in front of the eyes straight and convergent

anteriorly, the sides behind the eyes together with the posterior

margin semicircular. Clypeus subcarinate, the carina more distinct

than in the 9. The scapes extend beyond the hind margin by about

half their length. Pronotum more clearly flattened above, so that

the junction of its dorsum with the sides is almost marginate or sub-

marginate. Dorsum of epinotum one and a half times longer than

the declivity, about two. and a half times longer than wide, the de-

clivity feebly concave from above to below. Scale of petiole much

thicker than in the 9}, and more obtuse above. Otherwise like the 9}.

QO, 9-4 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Piceous, the apical margins of

the abdominal segments widely testaceous; coxae and femora dirty

ochreous yellow, tibiae and tarsi brownish yellow, basal half of the

scapes reddish yellow, flagellum brownish red, mandibles castaneous,

Pilosity longer and thinner than in the 9}, and of a dark ochreous

brown colour. Very shining all over, the anterior half of the head

somewhat duller than the rest. Sculpture of head and abdomen as

in the 9, but the punctures on the front of the head and on the

space between the frontal carinae stronger and more abundant.

Thorax exceedingly finely rugulose, the mesonotum and scutellum

with a very fine and sparse puncturation. Head like that of the 9,

but a little less narrowed in front, the carina on the clypeus more

distinct, the anterior margin feebly concave. Mandibles striato-

punctate. Mesonotum with a dull median longitudinal line extending

over the anterior fourth. Scutellum rather convex transversely.

Dorsum of the epinotum four and a half times wider at the base

than long in middle, much shorter than the vertical declivity. Scale

a little thicker above than in the 9}. Abdomen very shining, only

microscopically rugulose. Deilated.

Caledon, Cape Prov. (E. Phillips); Matroosberg, Hex River Mts,

(R. W. E. Tucker).

This species was first discovered in Kerguelen Island, whither it

had evidently been imported from the Cape.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type of Q in my collection).

Sup-cenus MYRMOPHYMA, Forel.

For characters see table of subgenera.

9}. The head is quadrate or subquadrate, the sides only moder-

ately convex or straight, the posterior margin straight and the

662 Annals of the South African Museum.

posterior angles more or less rectangular, at the most only very

narrowly rounded. The head is not much narrower. in front than

behind, highest in the middle, the anterior third usually fairly steep.

The scapes in our species are short, not extending beyond the hind

margin of the head. The mandibles are robust, strongly convex on

the outer margin. The clypeus is not carinate; anteriorly it is

narrowed and produced into a lobe; its median area is large but

the lateral triangular pieces are small and separated from the median

area by a deep depression. The thorax is much more compact and

less narrowed posteriorly than in the sub-genus Myrmoturba. The

scale has a trenchant dorsal edge. Abdomen immaculate. The sculp-

ture is more or less like that of Myrmoturba, but the anterior half

of the head is usually more strongly sculptured, reticulate and sharply

punctured, and duller than the rest of the head. The tibiae are

not prismatic, rarely compressed.

8 media and minor. Clypeus arcuately produced, not lobed. Eyes

large and prominent. Mandibles with 5 or 6 teeth as in the 9.

In general, very similar to the $8 of the sub-genus Myrmoturba.

Q. Head shaped lke that of the 9}, and not like that of the 8

media as in the sub-genus Myrmoturba. Scutellum flat, dorsum of

epinotum fairly long, with a deep depression between it and the

metanotum. Scale as in the 9}. Abdomen elongate and narrow, in

one species sharply maculate.

oO, see C. emarginatus Em.

The habits of our species are almost unknown, with the exception

of C. crepusculé Arnold.

Key to the 919) of sub-gen. Myrmophyma, Forel.

(2) 1. Black species, anterior margin of pesay conyex, not produced into a

distinct lobe . : : : freevei, Arnold.

(1) 2. More or less yellow species, smierion margin of clypeus produced into

a lobe.

(4) 3. Anterior margin of the clypeal lobe convex, indistinctly crenulate

crepusculi, Arnold.

(3) 4. Anterior margin of the clypeal lobe not convex,

(6) 5. Head elongate, at least one-fourth longer than wide; clypeal lobe angu-

larly and deeply emarginate . ‘ : . Havilandi, Arnold.

(5) 6. Head quadrate, barely longer than wide; clypeal lobe not angularly

emarginate.

(8) 7. Clypeal lobe shallowly and arcuately emarginate, the emargination

bounded on each side by a blunt and slightly projecting tooth or

tubercle. : . emarginatus, Kmery.

(7) 8. Clypeal lobe rapidly ayaroriedl cmenigal snout. like, not emarginate, but

bearing 3 or 5 blunt teeth or tubercles.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 663

(12) 9. Clypeal lobe with 3 obtuse teeth on its anterior margin.

(11) 10. Mandibles with 6 teeth; abdomen blackish . : nasutus, Emery.

(10) 11. Mandibles with 5 teeth; abdomen brownish ochreous

nasutus, race subnasutus, Arnold.

(9) 12. Clypeal lobe with 5 obtuse teeth.

(14) 13. Mandibles with 6 teeth 0 . nasutus, var. quinquedentata, Forel.

(13) 14. Mandibles with 5 teeth ° 5 nasutus, var. pretiosa, Arnold.

C. EMARGINATUS, Emery. (Plate IX, fig. 148).

Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. vol. 18, p. 356, 9), 8, O, o. 1886.

9}, 5-6 mm. Dark reddish ochreous, the sides of the thorax,

the declivity and the pro-mesonotal suture more or less brownish;

abdomen brown. Mandibles ferruginous, the masticatory margin

black. Shining, the anterior half of the head a little duller than

theprest.

Microscopically rugulose on the thorax and abdomen; the head a

little more strongly rugulose, the anterior third especially the cly-

peus, reticulate, the cheeks with some scattered and shallow punct-

ures. Pubescence decumbent and exceedingly fine and sparse on

the head, more abundant on the legs and antennae, absent from the

rest of the body. Pilosity yellowish, very sparse.

Head subquadrate, one-sixth longer than wide, parallel-sided,

narrowed only over the anterior 8th, the posterior margin convex,

the posterior angles moderately rounded; seen from the side, the

head is subtruncate behind. Mandibles shining, sparsely and coar-

sely punctured, 5-dentate. Clypeus convex transversely but not

carinate, the lobe short and arcuately emarginate, the emargination

bounded on each side by a broad and truncate tooth which is wider

than long. Frontal area indistinct behind. Frontal carmae widely

divergent, the distance between them behind being equal to their

length. Eyes large, flat, placed behind the middle and occupying

one-fourth of the sides. A trace of the median ocellus is present.

(Emery gives no information as to the length of the scapes, and in

the only specimen before me, these have become detached). Sides

and front of the pronotum steep, the dorsum of the segment convex

transversely. Mesonotum a little wider than long. Metanotum fairly

distinct, short. Dorsum of epinotum a little longer than wide, very

slightly oblique, as long as the steep declivity, which it joins in a

widely rounded angle. Scale of petiole thin, ovate, nearly flat

behind, slightly convex in front. Tibiae very slightly compressed,

with a few setae below.

664 Annals of the South African Museum.

8 minor, 35-4 mm. Pilosity, pubescence and colour like that of

the 9!, but the colour is a little paler, the margins of the abdominal

segments translucent and flavous, legs pale straw-yellow. Sculpture

exceedingly superficial, almost obsolete, the clypeus and cheeks as

smooth as the rest of the head. Head not quite one-third longer

than wide across the eyes, the sides in front of the eyes straight

and feebly convergent anteriorly, behind the eyes convex, posterior

margin also convex. Eyes convex and large, placed behind the

middle, occupying one-third of the sides of the head. Clypeus sub-

carinate, its anterior margin arcuate. Mandibles less convex exter-

nally than in the 9}. The scapes extend beyond the hind margin

by a little more than one-fourth of their length. Pronotum convex

transversely, not flattened above lengthwise; mesonotum not much

narrower behind than in front. Dorsum of epinotum not cristate,

longer than the declivity and much longer than wide. Scale of

petiole convex on both faces, thicker than in the 9}. Tibiae cylin-

drical, not setose below.

Q, 85 mm. Black or brownish black, the mandibles and anterior

margin of the head dark reddish brown, the apical margins of the

abdominal segments testaceous. Legs more less ochreous, antennae

yellowish brown. Sculpture and pilosity as in the 9}. Head like

that of the 9}, but the lobe of the clypeus is shorter, more shallowly

emarginate, the tubercles less pronounced. In the single specimen

before me, the mandibles have 5 teeth as in the 9, not 6 as stated

by Emery. Ocelli small. A narrow area of the pronotum is visible

from above, both in front and at the sides. Mesonotum slightly

convex in front only. Metanotum well defined. Dorsum of epinotum

horizontal, much wider than long, merging by a short curve into

the much longer and subvertical declivity. Scale a little thicker

than in the 9}. Abdomen oblong, parallel-sided. Wings hyaline,

nervures and stigma ochreous.

co’, 4 mm. Black, scapes and tarsi dark brown, flagellum brown.

Shining, microscopically rugulose, the mesonotum also with a few

small and shallow punctures. Pilosity yellowish, thin and long,

sparse on the head and thorax, fairly plentiful on the abdomen.

The eyes occupy the middle third of the sides of the head. Clypeus

gibbous or subcarinate in the middle, its anterior margin feebly

concave. Masticatory margins of the mandibles oblique and edentate.

Scapes fairly long, extending beyond the hind margin by half their

length; 4st joint of flagellum widened apically or pyriform. Scutel-

lum not much higher than the dorsum of the epinotum. Scale of

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 665

petiole thick, the posterior face convex transversely, the anterior

face slightly concave, the dorsal edge rounded, thick, feebly convex

from side to side. Wings as in the 9.

Cape Town. (S.A.M. coll.).

C. CREPUSCULI n.sp. (Plate IX, figs. 155, 1550).

OD, 72-85 mm. Similar to emarginatus, but larger and darker.

Head, thorax legs and antennae dark ochreous, the head somewhat

reddish ochreous with the anterior fourth or so reddish brown.

Mandibles ferruginous, the masticatory margin black. Abdomen

dirty ochreous, becoming increasingly darker or yellowish brown

towards the apex, the apical margins of all the segments pale.

Sculpture and pilosity like that of emarginatus. Head also like that

of emarginatus, but a little narrower in front and the sides more

convex, the posterior margin moderately concave, the posterior

angles rectangular and very narrowly rounded. The clypeus is

convex transversely, feebly concave lengthwise over the anterior

third, produced in front into a lobe, the anterior margin of which

is convex and indistinctly crenulate. Mandibles shining, very strongly

punctured, less convex externally than in emarginatus, armed with

6 sharp teeth. The scapes fall short of the hind margin by as much

as two-thirds of the length of the dst joint of the flagellum. Pro-

notum more convex transversely than in emarginatus. Mesonotum

only a trifle wider than long, the pro-mesonotal and meso-metanotal

sutures well defined, the meta-epinotal suture very feeble. The

metanotum is about twice as wide as long. Dorsum of epinotum

very little longer than wide, convex lengthwise and transversely,

Joining the equally long declivity in a very wide and obtuse angle,

Anterior face of the scale convex, the posterior face flat, the dorsal

edge convex transversely and trenchant. Tibiae cylindrical, with a

few short setae below.

8 media. 7:°5-8:°2 mm. Almost as large as the 9|, but having the

head more like that of the 8 minor. It is however, slightly widened

anteriorly in front of the eyes, not parallel-sided. The metanotum

is as large and as well defined as in the 9}. The scale is much

thicker than in the 8 minor, the anterior face very convex. Other-

wise like the 8 minor.

8 minor, 47-5 mm. Very similar to the 8 minor of emarginatus

but larger, Sides of the head, in front of the eyes, parallel. Cly-

peus subcarinate, the anterior margin slightly produced and angular

666 Annals of the South African Museum.

in the middle. Mandibles 6-dentate, shining, shallowly and sparsely

punctured. The scapes extend beyond the hind margin by one-

third of their length. Pronotum less convex than in emarginatus,

the whole thorax narrower than in that species, the mesonotum

much narrower behind than in front. Metanotum indistinct or

obsolete. Dorsum of the epinotum only slightly oblique, feebly

convex lengthwise, narrow, twice as long as the oblique declivity.

Scale of petiole cuneiform, the posterior face flat and a little longer

than the convex anterior face, the dorsal edge hardly trenchant.

Colour ochreous, the thorax and abdomen brownish yellow.

Q, 9 mm. Head dark ochreous, the anterior angles, the basal half

of the clypeus and the vertex more or less brown. Thorax brown,

the scutellum more or less ochreous. Petiole dark ochreous, abdomen

dark brown, the 4st segment with a narrow, transverse and dull

ochreous streak at the middle of each side. Legs ochreous, tarsi and

antennae ferruginous. Epinotum subopaque, the rest of the body

fairly shining. Sculpture as in the 9}, the meso- and epinotum

fairly strongly rugulose, the mesonotum also sparsely but strongly

punctured. Head like that of the 9|, but as wide in front as behind,

the posterior margin feebly convex. Dorsum of the thorax fairly

flat, the dorsum of the epinotum very little lower than the rest.

Mesonotum one-fourth longer than wide; pronotum slightly visible

from above. Dorsum of epimotum two and a half times wider at

the base than long, slightly convex lengthwise, the meta-epinotal

suture deeply impressed. Declivity of the epinotum subvertical, one-

third longer than the dorsum. Scale of petiole cuneiform, both faces

flat, the dorsal edge trenchant, as high as the whole petiole is long.

Abdomen oblong, the sides feebly convex. Deilated. Otherwise

like the 9.

Hillside, Bulawayo and Nyamandhlovu, S. Rhodesia. Nesting in

sandy soil. The entrance to the nest is a very small hole, rarely

more than 3 mm. wide, without any excavated material surrounding

it, and therefore not easily seen. The colonies are small, rarely

comprising more than 18 individuals. This ant is a very nimble

insect, and never appears above ground during broad daylight, but

forages after sunset.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; types in my collection).

C. HAVILANDI, n. sp.

D1, 8 mm. Head piceous, the extreme posterior angles ochreous.

Thorax reddish ochreous, abdomen ochreous and becoming darker or

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 667

ferruginous brown towards the apex, or sometimes ferruginous brown

all over. Legs dark ochreous, antennae reddish ochreous. A few

short yellowish pilose hairs on the clypeus, anterior corners of the

head, thorax, petiole and abdomen, but scanty everywhere. Legs

and antennae with a yellowish, sparse and short pubescence. Legs,

thorax and abdomen moderately shining, very finely and transversely

rugulose. Vertex and occipital third of the head reticulate-rugulose,

the rest of the head densely and rather sharply reticulate-punctate

and subopaque. The clypeus and upper part of the occiput with a

few elongate and shallow punctures. Head oblong, one-fourth longer

than wide, the sides subparallel, converging only very slightly in

front, the posterior margin straight or nearly so, the posterior angles

rectangular and narrowly rounded. The head is subtruncate behind,

Frontal carinae sinuate, widely divergent, as wide apart at the

posterior fourth as they are long; a well defined frontal sulcus

reaches back as far as the posterior ends of the carinae. Eyes

placed behind the middle, fairly large, hardly convex. The scapes

fall short of the hind margin by as much as their apical width.

Mandibles short, strongly convex externally, subopaque, finely striate

on the basal, and coarsely striato-punctate on the apical half, armed

with 5 broad and blunt teeth. Median area of clypeus subcarinate,

longer than wide, the lobe narrowed towards the extremity, deeply

and subangularly emarginate, the emargination at least half as deep

as it is wide, the edge of the emargination slightly raised all round.

The lateral pieces of the clypeus small and indistinct. Thorax not

unlike that of crepuscwli, but the pronotum is only slightly convex

lengthwise, somewhat flattened transversely, the sides almost vertical

but nevertheless merging gradually into the upper face. The meta-

notum is distinct, the meta-epinotal suture more deeply impressed

than the other suture. Scale not much wider above than below,

flat behind, moderately convex in front, higher than the whole

petiole is long. Posterior tibiae cylindrical, not setose below.

8 media, 7 mm. Head ferruginous, darkest behind. Mandibles

bright ferruginous, the masticatory margin black, with 6 teeth which

are more acute than in the 9}. Thorax, petiole, legs, antennae and

the basal half or thereabouts of the abdomen bright ochreous, the

apical half of the abdomen and the antennae yellowish brown.

Sculpture of the head like that of the 9} but more superficial. The

head is more narrowed in front than in the 9} and the sides are

moderately convex. The clypeus is only arcuately and shallowly

emarginate. Scapes longer, extending beyond the hind margin by

one-fourth of their length. Dorsum of epinotum longer, twice as

668 Annals of the South African Museum.

long as the declivity. Scale thicker, its dorsal edge obtuse, the

posterior face slightly convex. Otherwise like the 9. |

8 minor, 48-5'8 mm. Ochreous, the posterior half of the head

and the meso-epinotum somewhat darker. Very similar to the 8 minor

of emarginatus, but larger and differing from it and from crepusculi

in the pronotum which is distinctly flattened above. The scale of the

petiole is imclined forwards and has a thick dorsal face which is

two and a half times wider than long. The anterior face merges

gradually into the dorsal face and is very convex, the posterior face

flat and longer than the anterior. Otherwise like the ? media.

Slievyre, Natal. (Haviland), ex. Natal Museum coll.

This species is easily recognised in the 9| caste by the shape of

the head, the clypeus and the strongly contrasted colours of the head

and thorax. ;

(R.M., G.A, colls.; types in my collection).

C. nasuTus, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 53, D1, 8(?), 1895.

‘Ol. Sordid testaceous, anterior margin of head dark ferruginous,

abdomen, except the base and the apical margins of the segments,

blackish; dull, abdomen nitidulous. Pilosity and pubescence very

scanty, the latter short. Head truncate behind, very little narrower

in front than behind, frontal carimae distant, simuate, the clypeus

convex transversely, barely carimate, produced in front into a narrow

porrect lobe which is tridentate at the apex. Mandibles convex, sex-

dentate. Thorax robust, the pronotum obtusely marginate, the meta-

epinotal suture defined, the dorsum of the epmotum merging arcu-

ately into the declivity. Scale moderately compressed, obtusely

truncate above, its edge not trenchant. Tibiae feebly compressed,

setose below.

9mm. long; head, as far as apex of clypeus, 2°8 mm. long, 2°3 mm.

wide; scape 1°9 mm.; posterior femur 2°6 mm. maximum width of

thorax 4:7 mm.

Pretoria, one specimen, (Simon).

This species is remarkable chiefly on account of the clypeus,

strongly arched transversely, the lobe of which, narrow and produced, ~

forms a sort of beak, truncate and ending in 3 teeth, which are

almost as strong as those of the mandibles. The depressions between

the median and lateral pieces of the clypeus are very deep, and the

lateral pieces project forwards.... The sculpture is like that which

is seen in many dull forms of C. maculatus; a fundamental reticulate-

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 669

puncturation, on which stronger and pubescent punctures are super-

imposed.... I attribute with some doubt to this species two 3 minima

from Kimberley, in spite of considerable differences in the sculpture

and shape.

8, 45-5 mm, Head parallel-sided, not much longer than wide,

rounded behind, with large eyes placed far backwards. Clypeus

emarginate on each side, feebly produced and truncate in the middle,

very obtusely carinate, fringed with a few hairs. Pronotum not

marginate, rounded in front; the thorax is fairly robust in front and

is narrowed behind as far as the meso-epinotal suture; the epinotum

is parallel-sided, somewhat flattened above; the dorsal profile of the

thorax forms a continuous arc, but with the angle of the epinotum

very obtuse. Scale thicker than in the 9, but of the same shape.

Head and thorax shining, very finely and superficially punctulate,

with some scatt ered pubescent punctures, but with very few long hairs.

Pubescence and setae on the tibiae as in the 9}. The scape extends

beyond the posterior margin of the eye by half its length. Colour

pale testaceous, the head and middle of the abdominal segments

darker.”

Var. QUINQUEDENTATA, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 454, D1, 8. 1940.

“\. The lobe of the clypeus has 5 teeth, owing to each of the

lateral teeth being divided into two. Otherwise agrees well with the

description of the type species, but the scale is acuminate.

8 minor, 7mm. The 5 teeth of the clypeus smaller but distinct.

Scale acuminate. Eyes very large, a little longer than their distance

from the occipital margin. Entirely yellow; abdomen somewhat

brownish yellow. Metanotum not defined. Mandibles 5-dentate, (6-

dentate in the 9). Natal, (Haviland).

Var. PRETIOSA, N. Vv.

D1, 40 mm. Head and thorax yellowish brown-red, (pale burnt

sienna), the anterior corners, the clypeus and the vertex (excepting

the anterior half of the space between the frontal carimae), brown

or piceous, the posterior half and the sides of the thorax and the

petiole darker or reddish brown; abdomen piceous, the apical margins

of the segments widely testaceous. Legs ochreous, tarsi and antennae

ferruginous. Mandibles very shining all over, with 5 teeth, fairly

abundantly punctured, the punctures small but deep. Lobe of the

670 Annals of the South African Museum.

clypeus with 5 teeth as in var. quinquedentata. Otherwise like the

type of the species.

In addition, the following features should be noted. The pronotum

is very little wider in front than behind, two and a half times wider

than long, with subangular shoulders. The mesonotum is twice as

wide in front as behind; all the thoracic sutures well defined. The

metanotum is three times wider than long, but it is also much

longer and clearly defined than in the other species of the sub-genus.

Scale barely truncate above, the dorsal edge only feebly convex in

the middle. The posterior metatarsi are furnished with two rows

of lanceolate or subspatulate hairs, as in C. belligerum mystaceus, etc.

Q, 10% mm. Colour of the head like that of the 2}, but paler

and of a more ochreous tint, the lobe of the clypeus ferruginous.

Thorax, petiole, coxae, femora and tibiae reddish ochreous; a brown,

longitudinal band on each side of the mesonotum, tarsi and antennae

ferruginous. Abdomen ochreous at the base and on the ventral sur-

face, piceous above, with a large, sharply defined and bright ochre-

ous spot on each side of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments.

Head quadrate, and excluding the projecting lobe of the clypeus

as long as wide, parallel-sided, the posterior margin strongly convex,

the posterior angles acute and rectangular. Teeth on the lobe of

the clypeus less distinct than in the 9}. Mandibles with 5 teeth as

in the 9}. Mesonotum very shining in front, less so behind, sparsely

but clearly punctured at the sides. Epinotum closely and finely

reticulate and dull. Posterior metatarsi as in the 9}. Otherwise like

the 9.

Hillside, Bulawayo. I 9}, I 9. Types in my collection.

Race SUBNASUTUS N.Y.

MN, ca. 44 mm. (The single specimen has had the abdomen

distended by the action of the fluid in which it was preserved, and

measures actually 12°5 mm.). Ochreous, the anterior angles of the

head brownish, the median area of the clypeus reddish ochreous and

brownish at the margins; mandibles bright castaneous red, the teeth

black abdomen brownish yellow. The lobe of the clypeus is shorter

than in var. pretiosa, its sides oblique; the median area of the cly-

peus is also shorter and wider, or one-third wider than long, (in-

cluding the lobe), whereas in pretiosa it is as wide as long. The

mandibles are very smooth and shining, sparsely but coarsely punct-

ured, 5-dentate. The scale of the petiole is a little narrower above.

Otherwise like pretiosa, including the posterior metatarsi.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 671

8 minor, 7 mm. Head nearly one-third longer than wide, semi-

circular behind the eyes, parallel-sided in front of them. The eyes

occupy a little more than one-quarter of the sides, and are placed

just behind the middle. Clypeus arcuate in front, not lobed, carin-

ate. The scapes extend beyond the hind margin of the head by

half their length, and reach the pro-mesonotal suture. Mandibles

triangular, the basal margin nearly as long as the masticatory,

5-dentate, moderately shining, sparsely and finely punctured. Dorsum

of the epinotum about one and a half times longer than the decli-

vity, and merging gradually into the same. Scale of petiole cunei-

form, both faces feebly convex, the anterior shorter than the post-

erior, the dorsal edge trenchant. Sculpture of the head feeble.

Otherwise like the |.

Natal, 3,500 ft. (Haviland). ex Natal Museum coll.

Types in my collection. |

C. REEVEI, N. sp.

8 major, 6-6°2 mm, Black, tarsi dark brown, mandibles dark

reddish brown. A very sparse, yellowish and erect pilosity on the

Fia. 58.—C. reevet, n. sp.

body; pubescence very sparse, present only on the legs and anten-

nae. Slightly shining, the anterior. four-fifths of the head dull.

Microscopically and transversely rugulose, the anterior half of the

head very finely and superficially reticulate, somewhat more strongly

672 Annals of the South African Museum.

so on the clypeus which, like the cheeks, has a few large and very

shallow punctures. Mandibles 6-dentate, dull, rugulose, with a few

strong punctures, .

Head about as long as wide behind, subquadrate or only slightly

narrowed in front, the posterior margin almost transverse, the sides

and posterior angles moderately convex. Clypeus not carinate, very

slightly convex transversely, the median area a little wider than

long, its anterior margin feebly arcuate. Frontal carinae divergent,

wider apart behind than they are long. Eyes feebly convex, placed

at about the middle of the sides. The scapes just extend back as

far as the occipital margin. Pronotum not very convex above, the

shoulder rounded, the sides fairly steep but not marginate laterally,

wider than long. Promeso- and meso-epinotal sutures well defined.

Mesonotum convex transversely, as wide in front as long, obovate,

considerably narrowed posteriorly. Dorsum of epinotum convex

lengthwise and transversely, slightly widened towards the apex, one

and a half times longer than wide, the sides fairly steep, a little

longer than the declivity, which it joins in a rounded but fairly

distinct angle; declivity concave and subvertical. Scale of petiole

fairly thick, the dorsal edge rounded from front to back, the anterior

face feebly convex, the posterior face flat. Tibiae cylindrical.

8 minor, 35-4 mm. Head subovate, widest in the middle, the

margin behind the eyes semicircular, one-third longer than wide.

Scapes longer than in the 8 major, extending beyond the hind

margin by one-third of their length. Pronotum relatively longer

than in the 8 major, slightly flattened above. Meso-epinotal suture

shallower, dorsum of epinotum more oblique and scale of petiole

relatively narrower and more obtuse above than in the 8 major.

Otherwise like the latter.

Port Elizabeth, (C. Reeve), ex. Albany Museum coll.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; types in my collection).

Sup-cEnus MYRMOPSAMMA, Forel.

For characters see table of swb-genera.

9D}. Head usually wider than long, not much narrower in front

than behind. In all forms excepting C. cwneiscapus Forel, which

may be recognised by the angular lobe at the base of the scapes,

the structure of the clypeus is distinctive. The upper third or so

of the clypeus forms a shelf (more or less crescentic in outline)

which slopes downwards and forwards, and the lower two-thirds,

which is subvertical and concave lengthwise, meets the upper third

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 673

at an angle, (this is easily seen when the head is looked at from

the side). The front edge of the shelf is fringed with a row of

long bristles or ammochaetae, curving downwards and forming a sort

of moustache. A similar row of bristles, curving forwards and up-

wards is placed behind the mouth on the ventral surface of the

head. In a groove on the basal margin of the mandibles there is

another fringe of such bristles, but less coarse than those on the

clypeus, and the lower surface of the mandibles is also furnished

with one or two rows of long and thin hairs, directed inwards.

The thorax is not unlike that of the Myrmoturba group, but is more

robust, and the epinotum is less compressed, its dorsum less cristate.

Scale of petiole thick below, acuminate and trenchant above; the

anterior face has its basal half vertical and the upper half oblique,

so that a rounded, ill-defined angle is seen when the scale is

looked at from the side.

8 media and minor. Head longer than in the 9}, but not much

longer than wide, usually a little wider in front than behind. The

clypeus, ammochaetae etc. as in the 9}. Scale of petiole thicker.

Q. Head like that of the 8 media, but equilateral.

o. Clypeus with ammochaetae as in the Q and 8. Mandibles

long and narrow.

The members of this subgenus, which is confined to the S. Afri-

can Region, are adapted for living in sandy localities, like the

Ocymyrmicint which are also provided with ammochaetae.

Key to the species of the sub-genus Myrmopsamma.

(2) 1. Scapes with an angular dilatation or lobe near the base in front; clypeus

without a moustache . ; : 5 . cuneiscapus, Forel.

(1) 2. Scapes simple; clypeus with a moustache.

(6) 3. Head of the 9| not very deeply emarginate behind, the depth of the

emargination less than half the length of the eye. Colour of head and

thorax not dark brownish red, abdomen not black.

(5) 4, Head moderately emarginate behind; colour of head and thorax more or

less yellowish red or red . ; mystaceus, Kmery.

(4) 5. Head barely emarginate behind; colour pale ochreous

mystaceus, var. exsanguis, Forel.

(3) 6. Head and thorax very dark brownish red; posterior emargination of the

head in the | as deep as the eye is long. mystaceus, var. kamae, Forel.

674 Annals of the South African Museum.

C. simulans Forel is not included in the above key, as it appears

to me that only the 3 minor of that species has been described; it

differs from all the above species in having the eyes nearly half the

length of the sides of the head.

G. mysTacEus, Emery. (Plate IX, figs. 143, 143a & b).

Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., vol. 18, p. 356, D1, 8. 1886.

%, 1435-15 mm. Head and thorax varying from ochreous rv sty-

red to dark red (burnt sienna), the anterior margin of the head

darker or brownish. Coxae and femora dull ochreous, the femora

becoming darker towards their apices, scapes, tibiae and tarsi more

or less dark brown, flagellum ferruginous. Abdomen varying from

a yellowish brown becoming darker towards the apex to entirely

dark reddish brown. A very short, decumbent and scanty pubes-

cence on the tibiae, wanting elsewhere. The mesonotum and abdo-

minal segments with a very few short and thin exserted hai:s.

Excepting the ammochaetae, the body is otherwise glabrous. “he

moustache on the clypeus extends as far as the middle of the cli sed

mandibles. Head and thorax subopaque, abdomen shining. Head

very closely reticulate-rugulose, more reticulate than in the maculatus

group. Clypeus longitudinally rugose or rugulose on the anterior

half. Thorax and abdomen microscopically and transversely rugulose.

Head, excluding the mandibles, varying from one-ninth to one-

eighth wider than long, the sides fairly convex, not much narrower

in front than behind, the hind margin widely and not deeply emar-

einate, the depth of the emargination being less than half the length

of the eye, the occipital lobes moderately angular and narrowly

rounded. The scape extends beyond the hind margin by about two-

fifths of its length. Eyes placed at the middle of the sides. Anterior

margin of the clypeus straight; the clypeus is moderately convex

transversely, its upper third convex lengthwise, the lower two-thirds

concave lengthwise. The pits or depressions between the median

and lateral pieces of the clypeus fairly deep. Mandibles 5-dentate,

the teeth large and acute, the apical tooth long, quite twice as long

as the subapical; the basal half dull and finely shagreened, the

apical half and the teeth shining, finely and sparsely punctured, the

basal margin bordered by a deep sulcus in which is inserted a row

of long hairs curving inwards towards the opposite mandible. Pro-_

notum convex, about twice as wide as long. Pro-mesonotal suture

well defined. Mesonotum subovate, a trifle longer than wide. Meso-

metanotal suture feeble. The metanotum hardly defined. Dorsum

ige

aay

Ha .

‘i

bee Rey,

seaeereine

VOLUME XIV.

rams:

tA He aageph of the Formicidee of South Africa Cas

- ponotinae). By Grorce ARNOLD, D.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.E.S.,

Curator of the Rhodesia Musewm. Bulawayo, pp. 675-766.

ISSUED APRIL 1924. PRICE 9s.

PRINTED FOR- THE

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 675

of the epinotum convex lengthwise, much longer than wide, some-

times with a feeble transverse impressed line in the middle (this line

is not the meta-epinotal suture), merging gradually and arcuately

into the declivity, which is shorter than the dorsum. Scale of petiole

thick below, thin above, as high as the petiole is long, sharply cuneiform

in profile, the dorsal edge trenchant and subacuminate, or sometimes

narrowly truncate in the middle; the anterior face of the scale

moderately convex, the posterior face almost flat. Tibiae com-

pressed, quadrilateral in cross-section, with two rows of setae below.

The posterior metatarsi with two dense rows of lanceolate hairs below,

as in C. crepusculi, C. belligerum, ete.

8 minor, 10-5-12 mm. The large specimens hardly constitute a

distinct % media class, differing from the smaller ones only in having

the sides of the head slightly convex in front of the eyes as well as

behind them. Colour as in the 2|, but everywhere paler, except

sometimes the abdomen, which may be as dark as in the 2|. The

head and thorax in the palest specimens are straw-yellow. The

tibiae at the most only reddish brown. Clypeus and mandibles as in

the 2|, the basal sulcus on the mandibles shallower. Head a little

longer than wide, widest in front, but very little wider there than

behind, the sides in front of the eyes straight, convex behind them,

the posterior margin feebly convex. The scapes extend beyond the

hind margin by more than half their length. Hyes large, more convex

than in the 21, placed well behind the middle of the sides. Thorax

much more convex than in the 2|, L. = 2? H. (in the 21, L. = 34 H.).

Scale of petiole thicker and lower, not higher than it is wide below,

seen from the side, equilaterally triangular. Legs as in the 2\.

2, (hitherto undescribed), 14 mm. Colour asin the 2|, but a little

paler; the head, thorax, petiole, tibiae, and antennae ochreous-

ferruginous, the basal half of the abdomen ferruginous, the apical

half reddish brown, the femora reddish ochreous. Head quadrate,

as long as wide, as wide in front as behind, the sides parallel in front

of the eyes, feebly convex behind them, the posterior margin straight

or feebly concave. Hyes placed just behind the middle, occupying a

little less than one-third of the sides. The scapes extend beyond

the hind margin by a little less than half their length. Mesonotum

very finely reticulate, moderately shining, finely, shallowly and

sparsely punctured. The dorsum of the epinotum merges gradually

into the vertical and longer declivity. Scale of petiole like that of

the % minor, but higher, higher than long. Abdomen ovate. Wings

hyaline, nervures and stigma testaceous.

676 Annals of the South African Museum.

3,9-10 mm. Black, moderately shining, the abdomen more

shining and more feebly sculptured than the rest. Microscopically

rugulose. Head semicircular behind the eyes, quadrate in front of

them. Eyes very convex, prominent, placed at the middle of the

sides. The scapes extend beyond the hind margin by four-sevenths

of their length. Mandibles long, almost parallel-sided, feebly denti-

culate. Clypeus furnished with a transverse row of long ammochaetae

as in the %, but the hairs are fewer. Petiole nodiform, the anterior

face very oblique or almost dorsal in position and twice as wide as

long, semicircular when seen from above. Wings as in the 9.

The colour of this species is somewhat variable, the darker specimens

having the head more deeply emarginate than the others, but otherwise

not distinguishable. In Emery’s description, the colour is described

as ‘“‘testaceous, head rufescent, mandibles, antennae, tibiae, tarsi

and the abdomen above fuscous.”’ The specimens from Sawmills,

Umeusa River, agree well with this description, those from the other

localities are darker.

Sawmills, Umgusa River and Hillside, Bulawayo, 8. Rhodesia ;

Willowmore, Cape Prov. (Brauns).

I have seen only two nests of this species ; both were situated under

large stones, and in front of the entrance to the nest there was a

large, fan-shaped and levelled mass of excavated earth, ending in

a short slope all round, not crateriform as in so many species of the

Myrmoturba group.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type of 2 in my collection).

Var. KAMAE, Forel.

Schultze, Reise Stidafrika, vol. 4, p. 27, 3 minor, 1910.

“8 minor, 10-11 mm. Nearly black, thorax partly brownish

black. Mandibles and anterior margin of the head reddish. Antennae

and legs brown. Coxae, bases and apices of the femora brownish

yellow. Ammochaetae on the clypeus and mandibles very long and

abundant. The transverse shelf on the posterior fourth of the clypeus

almost angular (i.e. at its junction with the lower part). Scale

higher and less thick than in the type of the species, with a pointed,

compressed and trenchant edge above. Head somewhat more

elongate, narrower in front than in the type of the species, not clearly

wider there than behind. Thorax somewhat more strongly arched.

The dorsum of the epinotum rises from the meso-epinotal suture

backwards in a sharp curve and is continued thence as far as the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 677

brow of the declivity as a long and almost straight line. Declivity

not half as long as the dorsum.”

I refer to this variety some specimens taken at Choaherib, S.W.A.,

although they are rather lighter in colour. In both the 2| and %, the

head and thorax are of a very dark brownish red, only the anterior

margin of the head and the posterior corners being paler. Abdomen

black, the apical margins of the segments narrowly testaceous. The

2, differs not inconsiderably from the type of the species in the shape

of the head.

21, (hitherto undescribed), 15 mm. Sides of the head more convex

than in the type of the species, not narrower, or only very slightly

narrower in front than behind (from apex to apex of the occipital

lobes). The occipital lobes sharply angular (less than a right angle),

and, when seen from above, appearing to be produced backwards,

owing to the much deeper emargination of the occipital margin,

the depth of the emargination being equal to the length of the eye.

The scale is a little thinner above than in the type of the species.

Rooibank, Walfish Bay, (Schultze) ; Choaherib, S.W.A. (R. W. E.

Tucker).

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type of 2, in my collection).

Var. EXSANGUIS, Forel.

Toc cits p.» 28, 2heor Og

2!. 14-15 mm. Abdomen yellowish brown (raw umber), tarsi and

antennae ferruginous, mandibles castaneous red, the rest of the body

ochreous, fairly pale, sometimes slightly reddish ochreous. Am-

mochaetae also ochreous. Head wider than in the type of the species,

one-seventh wider than long, less deeply emarginate behind, much less

narrowed in front. Declivity of epinotum less oblique than in the

type of the species, and longer. Otherwise like the type of the species.

8 minor, 9-5-10-5 mm. Entirely ochreous, except the apical half of

the abdomen which is fuscous ochreous, and the antennae and tarsi

which are ferruginous. Head slightly narrower than in the type of

the species.

“O, 15:5-16°5 mm. Like the 21, hardly more darkly coloured.

Wings not quite hyaline, with a tinge of yellow, nervures brownish

yellow, stigma brown. Head rectangular, with almost straight sides

and fairly sharp, but by no means elongated, posterior angles.

Ammochaetae stronger than in the %, especially on the mandibles.

Thorax wider than the head. Scale, in profile, elongate cuneiform,

678 Annals of the South African Museum.

the dorsal edge trenchant. Asin the 21, often with traces of transverse

brownish yellow bands on the abdominal segments.

3, 9:8-10-7 mm. Black; ends of the tarsi and flagellum (excepting

the brown 1st joint), yellowish red. Moustache as in the 92 and 9¥.

Scale cuneiform, low, emarginate above. Wings as in the 2. Man-

dibles long, narrow, the masticatory margin very oblique. Head

somewhat wider than long, with a straight and wide posterior margin.

The nest was in sand, with a crater, the entrance as wide as a finger ;

the nest labyrinth not far below the surface.”

Prince of Wales Bay and Steinkopf, (Schultze); Choaherib and

Ababis, 8.W.A. (R. W. E. Tucker).

(S.A.M., G.A. colls.).

C. sIMULANS, Forel.

LOO, Gites js Ash,

“3, 3-6-3°9 mm. Mandibles 5-dentate, shaped as in mystaceus Em.,

but with a feebly convex external margin ; the teeth are also relatively

smaller, they are shining, almost smooth or very finely shagreened.

Clypeus formed exactly as in mystaceus, with the same transverse

shelf at the upper fourth and the same ammochaetae. Head trans-

versely rectangular, wider than long, a little wider in front than behind,

the posterior margin straight. Frontal carinae short, divergent,

further apart than in mystaceus. Eyes very large, somewhat behind

the middle of the sides, and occupying almost half of the same (clearly

longer than their distance from the anterior margin of the head and

three times longer than their distance from the posterior margin).

The scape extends beyond the hind margin by quite one-third of its

length. Near its base and in front it has an obtusely angled or very

wide dilatation, in the same position as in C. cuneiscapus, but wider

and less produced. Thorax moderately and evenly convex. Dorsum

of the epinotum hardly longer than the declivity (much longer in

mystaceus). Scale not thick, not cuneiform, trenchant above, slightly

inclined forwards. Tibiae entirely cylindrical, with three or four

setae on the lower margin. The metatarsi also with numerous

spines asin mystaceus. Very shining, exceedingly delicately reticulate,

transversely so on the abdomen. ‘There are a few distinct punctures

onthe head. With exactly the same golden reddish-brown moustache

and hairs on the clypeus and mandibles as in mystaceus. On the rest

of the body there are only a few yellowish pilose hairs. Tibiae and

scapes only with a decumbent pubescence. On the body the pubes-

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 679

cence is very scattered. The cheeks without exserted hairs. Pale

dirty yellow, the teeth on the mandibles reddish brown.

Two specimens of this singular species were found between the

mandibles of C. mystaceus, var. exsanguis, from the nest in Prince of

Wales Bay, (Schultze). In spite of the peculiar convergence in the

characters of the moustache, colour etc. I cannot believe that these

are dwarf examples. Such a view is negatived not only on account

of the enormous difference in size, compared with even the smallest

83 of exsanguis, but also by the shape of the head, the unusually

large eyes, and the dilatation at the base of the scapes (not a trace of

the latter is seen in mystaceus). On the other hand, a relationship

with cuneiscapus is unmistakable, on account of the scapes.

The presence of this species in the nest of mystaceus, even between

its mandibles, makes me strongly suspect that one is dealing with

a parasitic form showing mimetic characters, which may be closely

related to cuneiscapus. If my supposition is correct, the resemblances

to mystaceus are due to mimetic convergence, and, on the other hand,

the resemblances to cuneiscapus to a phylogenetic relationship.”

C. cUNEISCAPUS, Forel. (Plate IX, fig. 144).

UGE, Cities, Ys ZO,

8 media, (21 ?), 7-5-8-2 mm. Shghtly brownish or reddish ochreous,

mandibles and tarsi reddish, abdomen yellowish brown. Very

finely rugulose. Moderately shining, head and thorax duller than the

abdomen or nearly subopaque. Thorax without pilosity, abdomen

with a few short and yellowish hairs. Anterior margin of clypeus

with a thin fringe of yellowish hairs, and also one or two above near

its base, but without the moustache seen in the other species of the

sub-genus. Mandibles 5-dentate, strongly striato-punctate, pilose,

but without the row of long hairs on the basal margin and ventral

surface as in the other species.

Head subrectangular, the corners rounded, slightly wider behind

than in front, a little longer than wide, the posterior margin feebly

concave, the sides feebly convex. Clypeus without a sloping shelf in

its upper part, the anterior margin straight and feebly crenulate.

The scape has an obtusely angular lobe on its anterior margin at the

extreme base (see fig., Plate IX), and extends beyond the hind margin

of the head by one-third of its length. Eyes placed behind the

middle of the sides. Dorsum of epinotum very oblique, twice as

long as the declivity, and merging gradually into the same. Scale

680 Annals of the South African Museum.

cuneiform, flat behind, feebly convex in front, the dorsal edge

trenchant, not acuminate in the middle. Tibiae cylindrical, with a

few setae below.

8 minor, 5-5-7-8 mm. Entirely dull ochreous, mandibles, flagellum

and tarsi more or less reddish brown. Head longer than in the

larger 8%, or one-fourth longer than wide, the sides less convex, the

posterior margin feebly convex. The scapes extend beyond the hind

margin by half their length. Otherwise like the $ media.

2, (hitherto undescribed), 10 mm. Dark reddish ochreous, the sides

of the thorax more or less brownish, abdomen yellowish brown, darker

than in the § media. Head like that of the 8 minor. Lobes at the

base of the scapes less prominent, more obtuse at the apex. Dorsum

of the epinotum twice as wide as the base is long, joining the vertical

declivity in a short curve ; the declivity not quite twice as long as the

dorsum. Dedlated. Otherwise like the 8.

Steinkopf, Little Namaland, (Schultze); Namsem, S.W.A.

(R. W. E. Tucker) ; Willowmore, Cape Prov. (Dr. H. Brauns).

In view of the total absence of the moustache on the clypeus, it

is doubtful whether this species should be placed in this sub-genus.

However, it has been assigned to this sub-genus by Dr. Forel, and, in

the absence of the 21 caste, it may as well be placed there as in any

other sub-genus. i

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type of 2 in my collection).

Sup-ceENnus DINOMYRMEX, Ashmead.

Canadian Entom., vol. 37, p. 384, 1905.

C. LonGIPES, Gerst. (Plate IX, figs. 142, 142a).

Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 262, 3, 1858.

Archiv f. Naturgesch., vol. 37, p. 343, 21, 1870.

Forel, Voeltzkow’s Reise Ostatfrika, p. 91, g, 1907.

“21. These stand in about the same relationship to the small-

headed $8, as they do in the case of C. maculatus,.... As in macu-

latus the large-headed 88 (i.e. 2] 21) have the head, as far as the base

of the antennae, much more darkly coloured than in the ¢, the body

is almost coal-black, the legs are at least piceous, the coxae and

trochanters reddish brown. The head is not only considerably

longer than in maculatus, but on account of the deep posterior

emargination is strongly cordate; it is quite dull, closely and finely

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 681

shagreened and punctured. The clypeus is more narrowed above and

more strongly carinate, and covered with numerous piligerous pits.

The prothorax is narrow and pyriform, and, like the mesothorax, is

much longer than wide. The structure of both these segments and

also of the epinotum and scale differs but little from that of the

3 minor.”

8 minor, 15-5-16 mm. Head 3-5-4 mm. long by 2-2-2 mm. wide,

scape 5-5 mm. long, the posterior femur 6 mm. Varying from pale

brown with the abdomen umber brown and the femora pale yellowish

brown, to entirely dark brown or blackish brown and the coxae

ochreous. The flagellum in all cases ferruginous. Sometimes the

clypeus, anterior half of the thorax and the basal two-thirds of the

femora are more or less ferruginous. Dull, the anterior third of the

head with a slight gloss. Head very finely and closely reticulate-

rugulose. Thorax, petiole and abdomen finely rugulose. Pubescence

fine, yellowish, decumbent and very scanty, on the abdomen ex-

ceedingly fine. Anterior margin of the clypeus with a fringe of

porrect, yellowish bristles ; cheeks in front with a few short exserted

hairs, abdomen with a basal and a marginal row of yellowish brown,

coarse and oblique hairs on each segment; on the Ist segment the

basal row is wanting. ‘Tibiae strongly compressed or prismatic, with

a very oblique row of setae below. Head from one-half to four-fifths

longer than wide, parallel-sided in front of the eyes, trapezoidal

behind them, the sides converging rapidly towards the articular

border. Apart from the articular border, there is no hind margin.

The anterior margin of the head is from two and a third to three times

wider than the articular border. Mandibles triangular, 7-dentate, very

finely striate and subopaque. Clypeus carinate, with a wide and

very short lobe, the anterior margin of which is straight and crenulate.

Flagellum and scapes very long; the tip of the flagellum extends back

to the base of the 3rd abdominal segment, the scape reaches the

meso-epinotal suture. Frontal carinae long and fairly close together.

Thorax low, feebly convex lengthwise, narrow and long. Pronotum

not very convex transversely, sloping obliquely forwards and some-

what flattened lengthwise. Mesonotum not much narrowed behind,

one-third longer than wide. Metanotum obsolete. Dorsum of the

epinotum rounded transversely, fairly wide, at least two and a half

times longer than wide and much longer than the very short declivity

which it joins in a low curve. Scale of petiole subconical, the dorsal

edge not trenchant, hardly higher than long. Abdomen oblongo-

ovate. Legs very long and slender.

682 Annals of the South African Museum.

“g, 13mm. Head elongate behind and trapezoidally narrowed,

without forming a neck. Dull, epinotum and abdomen feebly

shining. Mandibles dull. Scale barely emarginate, conical when

seen from the side. Dark brownish black; anterior half of the head,

epinotum, scale, abdomen, coxae, femora and flagellum reddish

brown. Wings brownish.”

Mombi River, 8. Rhodesia, (A. E. V. Zealley); Chirinda Forest,

S. Rhodesia, (C. F. M. Swynnerton) ; Palm Grove, Victoria Falls.

A distinctly tropical species, living in moist, hot and shady places.

It is not likely to be found south of the Limpopo except in parts

of Natal and the region north of that territory, from which, however,

it has not yet been recorded.

(R.M., G.A. colls.).

Susp-cenus MYRMOSERICUS, Forel.

For characters see table of sub-genera.

2|. In general features this caste resembles that of Myrmoturba.

The fundamental sculpture is, however, usually stronger, less super-

ficial, consisting of a very fine and close punctate reticulation on the

head and thorax, more reticulate and less rugulose than in the sub-

genus Myrmophyma. Head and thorax dull, abdomen less shining as

a rule than in Myrmophyma. There is always a fairly abundant, or

very abundant pubescence on the abdomen, sometimes dense, silky

and hiding the sculpture. On the head and thorax the pubescence

is less plentiful than on the abdomen, but always much more abundant

than in Myrmoturba. The clypeus is usually carinate and lobed;

frontal carinae less divergent than in Myrmoturba. Mandibles with

6 or 7 teeth.

8 minor. Like the 2| in sculpture and pubescence. The head like

that of the § minor of the sub-genus Myrmoturba, but sometimes very

elongate and more or less the shape of a parallelogram. A ¢ media

caste is barely appreciable in our S. African species, except in

C. angusticeps Emery.

2. The head is shaped more or less like that of the % minor, but the

posterior margin is rarely convex as in that caste. Sculpture, pilosity

and pubescence as in the 21.

3S. In general like the gg of Myrmoturba, but the scapes are much

longer, and the scale of the petiole is always deeply emarginate above.

The abdomen has a long pilosity ; the pubescence is scantier than in

the 8 and 9, never silky or so dense as to hide the chitinous integument.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 683

The species of this sub-genus usually form very large communities

in the ground, or under stones and logs of timber, etc. Unlike most

of the Myrmoturba group, which are mainly crepuscular, these ants

move about in the hottest sunshine.

(6)

(5)

(11)

(14)

(13)

10.

11.

Key to the species of Myrmosericus, 2121 and 8%.

. Entirely black. Pubescence on the abdomen not abundant, in no way

hiding the sculpture and colour of the integument.

2| more than 10 mm. long. Posterior tibiae with a dense, black and

oblique pilosity ; ¢ minor, head not more than one and two-thirds as long

as wide.

. 21, 13-2-15 mm. Cheeks without outstanding hairs ; petiole reticulate ;

21, 11-12mm. Cheeks with a few long and outstanding hairs; petiole

finely sculptured, merely rugulose ; ¢ minor, head barely one-third longer

than wide : i . Hugeniae, Forel.

. 2|,9:5mm. long: posterior tibiae not pilose ; ¢ minor, head twice as long

as wide F : angusticeps, Emery.

. Pubescence on the abdomen very dense, hiding the colour and sculpture ;

or if not, then the head is partly red.

. Pubescence on the 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments divergent on each

side of the lateral (transverse) 3rd, the hairs inside the latter strongly

undulate, more or less transverse and directed towards the middle line ;

the hairs outside the lateral 3rd directed obliquely outwards.

. Head, thorax and legs more or less bright brick-red or brownish red.

2|., Head triangular, distinctly narrower at the middle than at the posterior

6th; dorsum of epinotum concave longitudinally over its whole length ;

% minor, epinotum as in the Die colour of thorax reddish brown.

Valdeziae, Forel.

2|, Head subquadrate, as wide in the middle as at the posterior 6th ;

dorsum of epinotum feebly concave and on the basal half only ; Y minor,

epinotum as in the 2], colour of thorax bright red as in the 21

rufoglaucus, race vestitus, Smith.

Head dark brown, the rest of the body black or blackish brown (colour of

pubescence not included) : : vestitus, var. pectita, Santschi.

. All the pubescence of the 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments convergent

towards the middle line, no lateral line from which they diverge.

. Pubescence of the abdomen obliquely convergent, not undulated and not

transverse in direction.

. Pubescence of abdomen greyish golden

rufoglaucus, race flavomarginatus, Mayr.

. Pubescence of abdomen bronzy golden

rufoglaucus, var. contraria, Santschi.

. Pubescence distinctly undulate, directed transversely in at least the

basal inner half of the segments.

684 Annals of the South African Museum.

(18) 17. 21, Head yellowish brick-red; 9, anterior half of the head more or less

red; pubescence of the abdomen in 2] and @ not dense, not entirely

hiding the sculpture and colour of the integument

cinctellus, var. ustithorax, Forel.

(17) 18. Head black or brown.

(22) 19. Junction of the dorsum and declivity of the epinotum arcuate.

(21) 20. Large species, 2|, 9-10 mm. long; the scapes extend beyond the hind

margin of the head by one-sixth of their length

rufeglaucus, race zulu, Emery.

(20) 21. Smaller species, a 7mm. long; pubescence of the abdomen brilliant

golden : : rufoglaucus, race cosmicus, Smith.

(19) 22. Junction of the two faces of the epinotum obtusely angular

rufoglaucus, race cinctellus, Gerst.

C. Prrersi, Emery. (Plate IX, figs. 136-136d).

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 50, 8 minor, 1895.

21, (hitherto undescribed ?), 13-2-15 mm. Black, dull, the legs

slightly shining. Head and thorax very closely, finely and sharply

reticulate-punctate, the epinotum irregularly so or shagreened, the

abdomen transversely and fairly strongly rugulose. Pubescence

greyish white, decumbent, fairly long and abundant on the sides of

the thorax, the coxae and abdomen, shorter and much less abundant

elsewhere. rect pilosity brownish, sparse on the vertex and thorax,

a little more abundant on the apical margins ofthe abdominal segments.

Legs, especially the tibiae and tarsi, with a very dense, black and

almost decumbent pilosity, composed of thick bristly hairs. Cheeks

not pilose. Tibiae strongly compressed, not setose below. Head,

including the closed mandibles, subtriangular, the posterior angles

rounded, the posterior margin moderately concave, the sides convex,

a little longer than wide (excluding the mandibles). Clypeus carinate,

lobed, the lobe rectangular at the corners and straight in front; the

median area of the clypeus longer than wide. Mandibles 7-dentate,

fairly dull, finely reticulate, striate on the anterior third, with numerous

shallow punctures. Scapes strongly flattened, extending beyond the

hind margin by as much as their apical width. Eyes rather small and

nearly flat, placed at the middle of the sides. Frontal area triangular,

distinct. Frontal carinae sinuate, a little longer than their greatest

distance apart. Thorax fairly convex transversely, almost straight

longitudinally from the pro-mesonotal suture to the brow of the

declivity. All the thoracic sutures well defined. Mesonotum as

long as wide in front. Metanotum distinct, twice as wide as long.

Dorsum of epinotum fairly broad, merging by a rapid curve into the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 685

subvertical declivity, the two faces of equal length. Scale of petiole

subnodiform, the anterior face convex from above to below, or vertical

below and oblique above, the oblique area almost dorsal in position,

semicircular and twice as wide as long; the posterior face vertical

and almost flat. The petiole from below to the apex of the node is as

high aslong. Thorax highest at the brow of the declivity ; convexity

Olsuhoraxe je —— 4) be

8 minor, 11:5-12-5 mm. Head two-thirds longer than wide,

almost parallel-sided, the sides feebly convex only behind the eyes,

the posterior margin almost straight, the posterior angles narrowly

rounded. Eyes more convex than in the 2|, placed a little in front of

the posterior third of the sides. The scapes extend beyond the hind

margin by about two-fifths of their leneth. Clypeus not lobed, the

anterior margin convex and only slightly produced. Thorax narrower

than in the 21, the declivity less oblique and joining the dorsum in a

widely rounded angle. The apical half of the dorsum strongly com-

pressed, cristate and almost linear lengthwise. Node of petiole a little

longer. ‘There is a pale ochreous spot on each side of the head just

behind the anterior angles. Otherwise like the 21.

2, (hitherto undescribed), 16-5mm. Head a little less than one-third

longer than wide, widest behind the eyes, the posterior margin straight

and one-third wider than the anterior, the sides fairly straight, the

posterior angles nearly rectangular. Sculpture of the head stronger

than in the 2!, also shallowly punctured, the punctures pubescent.

Clypeus very feebly carinate, the anterior margin of the lobe slightly

convex. Mandibles shining, punctured as in the 2|. The scapes

extend beyond the hind margin by as much as the length of the Ist

joint of the flagellum. Ocelli small. Eyes convex, placed a little

behind the middle. Thorax finely and very closely reticulate-

punctate, dull; the metanotum smooth and shining. Scale sub-

cuneiform, the two faces equally convex, the dorsal edge straight,

fairly trenchant, feebly emarginate in the middle. Abdomen longer

than wide. Dealated. Otherwise like the 2.

3, (hitherto undescribed), 10-°2mm. Black, dull. Head and thorax

strongly reticulate - punctate, abdomen transversely reticulate-

rugulose, much more coarsely so than in the Q or 2|. Head, sides

and front of the mesonotum, legs and abdomen with a sparse but

fairly long decumbent pubescence, wanting elsewhere. Pilosity long,

absent from the mesonotum and scutellum, sparse on the head, fairly

plentiful on the abdomen, very long and abundant on the sides of the

epinotum and on the petiole. Head one-third longer than wide,

686 Annals of the South African Museum.

widest just behind the eyes, the sides in front of the eyes fairly straight

and moderately convergent anteriorly ; behind the eyes the head is

semicircular. The posterior margin as wide as the anterior and feebly

convex. Eyes not very large. The scapes extend beyond the hind

margin by half their length, flattened asinthe 9. Masticatory margins

of the mandibles convex, with an apical tooth only. Mesonotum

vertical in front, with two median and impressed shining lines on the

vertical face, the latter merges by a curve into the flat upper and

posterior part. Scutellum gibbous, higher than the meso- and

epinotum. The dorsum and declivity of the epinotum form a con-

tinuous curve, the declivity vertical and longer than the dorsum.

Scale of petiole subconical in lateral profile, hardly longer at the base

than high. Seen from above, the anterior face is oblique, concave

transversely, the posterior face convex transversely, feebly so ver-

tically, the dorsal edge widely emarginate. Wings strongly tinged

with ochreous yellow, nervures brown, stigma brownish black.

Hillside, Bulawayo; Natal; Vrijburg and Pretoria, (Simon).

All the nests which I have seen have been situated under large stones,

with a large heap of excavated soil surrounding the entrance in a

semicircle, but not forming a distinct half-crater. A very pugnacious

species.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; types of 2 and gin my collection).

Var. JANUS, Forel.

Sitzb. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., p. 288, 21, 8, 1911.

“91, 12-12-5 mm. Head almost like that of maculatus-sanctus, very

wide behind and emarginate, narrow in front, with very convex sides.

Mandibles with 7 or 8 teeth, somewhat more shining in front than

in the $ minor and partly striate. Clypeus sharply carinate, with

a rectangular lobe. Scape flattened and widened apically as in the

type species. Legs, sculpture and pilosity also similar. The decum-

bent pubescence decidedly less plentiful, not forming a greyish

bloom. Colour also black, but the two yellow spots on the cheeks

entirely absent. Mandibles brownish red, the base brown.”

Bothaville, O.F.S. (Dr. Brauns).

The 21 of the type of the species also lacks the yellow spots on the

cheeks. The differences between the two forms appear to me to be

very slight.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 687

C. EUGENIAE, Forel.

Bulk Soc. Waude Se: Nat; vol, 16) p. 78, 9; 1879:

21,11-12 mm. Very similar to Peters: but smaller, differing from it

only as follows :—

Head relatively shorter and wider, more shallowly emarginate

behind. Excepting a few yellowish hairs on the apical margins of

the abdominal segments and on the anterior margin of the clypeus,

the pilosity is entirely black, and much more abundant, especially on

the clypeus, pronotum and mesonotum. The cheeks have a few

exserted pilose hairs in front, in addition to the decumbent pubescence.

Mandibles ferruginous. Metanotum much shorter. The scale of the

petiole shorter, the anterior face less oblique in its upper half. The

extreme apical margins of the abdominal segments flavous. The

tibiae densely pilose as in Petersi. The sculpture is finer all over,

and the petiole is merely rugulose or shagreened, not reticulate as

in the other species.

8 minor, 9 mm. Pilosity, pubescence and sculpture like that of

the 2!. It differs from the % minor of Peters: chiefly in the shape of

the head, which is much shorter in proportion to its length, barely

one-third longer than wide, semicircular behind the eyes, the sides

in front of the latter feebly convex and moderately convergent

anteriorly. Mandibles shorter, ferruginous.

2, (hitherto undescribed), 16 mm. Very similar to the 9 of Petersi,

but with the head relatively shorter and wider behind, the thorax

narrower, the whole body covered with an exceedingly fine and

pruinose pubescence which is most abundant on the abdomen. |

Sculpture of head and thorax finer. Abdomen reticulate-rugulose,

not merely rugulose as in Pelersi. Wings subhyaline, tinged with

yellow only near the nervures, which are yellowish brown, the stigma

pale brown.

3, (hitherto undescribed), 8-5 mm. Black; mandibles and clypeus

reddish brown, flagellum and tarsi dark brown, scape brownish

ochreous. Abdomen, petiole and epinotum slightly shining, the rest

dull, (entirely in Petersi). Like Petersi, but the sides of the head

behind the eyes are more convex, the posterior margin narrower, not

as wide as the anterior. Declivity of epinotum oblique, not clearly

delimited from the dorsum. The anterior face of the petiole more

oblique, almost dorsal in position, nearly as long as wide, (wider than

long in Petersi). Wings hyaline, nervures pale ochreous, stigma

brownish yellow. Otherwise like the ¢ of Peters.

688 Annals of the South African Museum.

S. Rhodesia, fairly common. Nesting in the same sort of places

as Petersv.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; types of 9 and gf in my collection).

C. ancusticers, Emery. (Plate IX, fig. 147).

Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., p. 355, ¢ minor, 1886.

21, (hitherto undescribed), 9-5 mm. Black, the vertex and occiput,

and the disc of the pronotum with a faint reddish brown tint, flagellum,

tarsi and apices of the femora reddish brown, scapes and mandibles

piceous, the masticatory margin of the latter ferruginous. The

fundamental sculpture reticulate-punctate like that of Petersi, but

much finer and more superficial. The anterior half of the cheeks

with a few large and shallow punctures. Pilosity greyish, very scanty,

almost obsolete on the head and thorax. Pubescence greyish, less

apparent than in Petersi. Head, excluding the mandibles, nearly

one-fourth longer than wide, the sides fairly convex, the posterior

margin shallowly concave, the posterior angles rounded, more narrowed

in front than in Petersi. Mandibles 7-dentate, feebly shining, micro-

scopically reticulate-punctate, and with a few large piligerous punc-

tures. Clypeus strongly carinate, lobed, the anterior margin of the

lobe straight and crenulate. Frontal carinae closer together than in

Petersi, two-thirds longer than their greatest distance apart. Frontal

area distinct. Eyes small, placed behind the middle. The scapes not

flattened, just reaching beyond the occiput. Pronotum moderately

convex transversely, very feebly so longitudinally, with rounded but

fairly distinct shoulders. Mesonotum as long as wide. Metanotum

distinct, three times wider than long. Epinotum with both faces

more oblique than in Petersz. Scale a little higher than the petiole

is long, the anterior face convex transversely, feebly so vertically,

the posterior face concave, the dorsal edge obtuse. Tibiae cylindrical,

armed with a few setae below, not densely pilose as in Petersy and

Eugeniae. Very much like Petersi, but much smaller and with differ-

ently shaped head, scale and tibiae.

8 minor, 7:°5-8-5 mm. Pubescence somewhat more yellowish than

in the 2]. Apical margins of the abdominal segments narrowly

testaceous. Head very long and narrow, excluding the mandibles

twice as long as wide. The sides in front of the eyes straight, shghtly

convergent anteriorly, behind the eyes moderately convex, the

posterior margin almost straight. The scapes extend beyond the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 689

hind margin by nearly half their length. Hyes fairly convex, placed

at the posterior third. Clypeus subcarinate, the anterior margin of

the lobe convex. Dorsum of epinotum narrower than in the 2),

twice as long as the oblique declivity. Scale of petiole thicker than

in the 21, the posterior face feebly convex, the upper half of the

anterior face oblique and sloping backwards. Otherwise like the 2\.

8 media,9mm. Intermediate in the shape of the head between the

2| and the § minor. The sides less convex, the posterior margin less

emarginate, the posterior angles less rounded than in the 2|; widest

a little behind the eyes and more than one-third longer than wide.

Tulbagh, Paarl, Cape Prov. (Dr. Peringuey).

(S.A.M. coll. ; types of 2| and § media in that collection).

C. RUFOGLAUCUS, Jerdon.

Madras Journ. Litt. and Sc., vol. 17, 1851.

The type of the species is confined to India and Burma. It is repre-

sented in the Ethiopian region by numerous races and varieties.

The classification of some of these forms seems to be rather confused,

their status as sub-species or varieties being continually changed about

by various authors. In my opinion, they are all closely allied,

excepting race vestitus, and should perhaps be treated as varieties

only of the race cinctellus Gerst.

RUFOGLAUCUS, race CINCTELLUS, Gerstaecker.

Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 262, % 2, 3, 1858.

21,8-9 mm. Black; scapes, anterior margin of the head and tibiae

dark reddish brown, femora piceous, flagellum, mandibles and tarsi

ferruginous. Apical margins of abdominal segments yellowish white.

Head and thorax dull, legs moderately shining. Head very closely

and finely reticulate-punctate, with a few very shallow pubescent

punctures on the anterior half of the cheeks. Thorax, petiole, and

abdomen microscopically rugulose and coriaceous, the sculpture on

the abdomen entirely hidden by the pubescence. The latter is

decumbent, yellowish white and very sparse and short on the head,

finer and more abundant on the antennae, longer and fairly abundant

on the thorax, on the sides of which and on the coxae it is almost

silvery white. Abdomen with a very dense, fairly long and decumbent

pale golden pubescence, which to the naked eye presents a more or

less chequered pattern, somewhat as in Plagiolepis custodiens. The

690 Annals of the South African Museum.

hairs are directed obliquely towards the middle longitudinal line of

the segments, those on the inner basal half being almost transverse

in direction. On the narrow middle longitudinal line the hairs are

parallel to the line, so that in some positions it appears almost glabrous.

Pilosity long, yellowish white, sparse on the head and thorax,

moderately abundant on the abdomen. Anterior margin of the

clypeus with yellow, porrect hairs. Head subtriangular, excluding

the mandibles barely longer than wade, the sides fairly strongly

convex, the posterior margin feebly so, gradually narrowed anteriorly.

Mandibles moderately shining, very finely striolate and punctured,

with 6 or 7 teeth. Clypeus strongly carinate, its lobe short and with

a straight anterior margin. Frontal area triangular, indistinct behind.

Scapes not flattened, extending just beyond the hind margin of the

head. Kyes feebly convex, placed just behind the middle of the sides.

Thorax fairly convex lengthwise, L. = 3 H.

Metanotum indistinctly defined. Dorsum of epinotum oblique,

narrow above but not cristate, a little longer than the subvertical

declivity, their junction rounded. Scale higher than the petiole is

long, the anterior face moderately convex, the posterior almost flat,

the dorsal edge obtuse, somewhat flattened in the middle. Tibiae

strongly compressed, not setose below.

% media, 7 mm. Scape reddish brown, mandibles bright brownish

red. Pubescence on the head longer and more abundant, on the

abdomen less abundant than in the 2|. Head oblongo-ovate, two-

fifths longer than wide, slightly narrowed in front, the sides feebly

convex in front of the eyes, more convex behind them, the posterior

margin also convex. The scapes extend beyond the hind margin

by two-fifths of their length. Lobe of clypeus shorter and wider than

in the 2|, arcuate in front. The declivity of the epinotum more

oblique. Scale of petiole a little thicker. Otherwise like the 21.

8 minor, 5:5-6-5mm. Like the § media, but with the head narrower,

half as long again as wide, widest across the eyes or posterior third,

the sides in front of the eyes straight and more convergent anteriorly.

Dorsum of pronotum distinctly flattened lengthwise. Scale pro-

portionally narrower and thicker.

9, 13-3 mm. Colour, sculpture, pilosity etc. as in the 21, but the

pubescence of the abdomen is of a darker golden colour. Mesonotum

and scutellum very finely reticulate-punctate, the convex anterior

portion of the mesonotum, the scutellum and the metanotum slightly

shining ; the scutellum has a few large and shallow punctures. Head

like that of the § media but trapezoidal, as long as wide behind, the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 691

sides moderately convex, the posterior margin straight, the posterior

angles less rounded. Thorax almost parallel-sided, the mesonotum

a trifle longer than wide. Dorsum of epinotum convex lengthwise,

oblique, twice as wide at the base as across the apex, shorter than the

vertical declivity. Scale higher and thinner than in the 21, the dorsal

edge fairly trenchant. Dedalated. Otherwise like the 21.

3, 6-6-5 mm. Piceous, the basal half of the scape, the anterior

half of the head, the mandibles, tibiae and tarsi more or less reddish

brown. Head, mesonotum and scutellum dull, very closely and

finely reticulate-punctate. Hpinotum and petiole moderately shining

and superficially reticulate, abdomen finely reticulate-rugulose, dull,

except the apical margins of the segments which are slightly shining.

Pubescence greyish, much sparser and shorter everywhere than

in the 3, and not hiding the sculpture on the abdomen. Pilosity

longer, thinner and more plentiful. Posterior two-thirds of the head,

including the eyes, semicircular in outline, the anterior third parallel-

sided or nearly so. Clypeus subcarinate, the anterior margin arcuate.

Hyes very large and convex, occupying the middle third of the sides.

Ocelli fairly large. The scape extends beyond the hind margin of

the head by half its length. Mandibles with a blunt apical tooth,

the rest of the masticatory margin convex. The two faces of the

epinotum form in profile a continuous are. Scale as high as long

below, conical in profile, the anterior face feeb]y concave from side to

side, the posterior face convex, the dorsal edge blunt and deeply

emarginate. Wings hyaline, nervures pale ochreous, stigma pale

yellowish brown.

A very common species over the greater part of 8. Africa.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

Race CINCTELLUS, var. USTITHORAX, Forel.

TRG. <Helenelace Ole ASS" oO, PAL, th, INSU),

This variety differs from the race as follows :—

21. Head pale yellowish brick-red, the anterior half paler than the

posterior, the lateral pieces of the clypeus and the vertex more or

less brownish red. Thorax brown, the disc of the mesonotum usually

more or less brownish red, an ill-defined spot on each side of the

pronotum pale brick-red. Mandibles, flagellum, apices of the femora,

tibiae and tarsi ferruginous (burnt sienna).

The junction of the two faces of the epinotum is less angular than

in the type of the race, and the scale is a little thinner above.

692 Annals of the South African Museum.

Pubescence on the abdomen more greyish, much shorter and much

less abundant, not hiding the sculpture or colour of the integument and

not presenting a chequered pattern. The dirty-white apical bands

ov the abdominal segments a little wider.

8 media and minor. Very dark brown, almost piceous, usually

only the anterior half of the head of a pale colour, or reddish ochreous.

Dorsum of thorax less convex than in the 8 of cinctellus. Abdomen

asin the 2|._ The pubescence on the head and thorax as abundant as

in the type of the race.

9, 11-5-12 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Anterior half, or sometimes

the whole of the head excepting the vertex, brick-red or yellowish red.

The thorax reddish brown, the pronotum and anterior margin of

the mesonotum redder. Somewhat smaller than the type of the race,

the head narrowér and less convex-sided, one-fourth longer than

wide behind. The pubescence of the abdomen almost as abundant

as in the type of the race but of a pale golden colour, and the whitish

apical margins wider. Wings tinged with yellow, the nervures reddish

ochreous, stigma brownish yellow.

Springvale, Bulawayo and Victoria Falls, 8. Rhodesia. Not

common.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type of 9 in my collection).

RUFOGLAUCUS, race ZULU, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 50, 8, 1895.

2|,9-10 mm. ¢ media or minor,7 mm. Like cinctellus but larger.

In the 21 the scapes are longer, extending beyond the hind margin by a

little more than one-sixth of their length. In the S minor the scapes

are also longer, extending back beyond the pro-mesonotal suture,

(just touching it in cinctellus). In both the 2) and 8, the dorsal

profile of the thorax is less convex than in cinctellus, the convexity of

the epinotum in particular being lower, the junction of the two faces

arcuate, the declivity much shorter than the dorsum (nearly as long

in cinctellus).

Durban, (Marley, Cooper); Mountains of Natal, (Haviland).

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

RUFOGLAUCUS, race FLAVOMARGINATUS, Mayr.

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 28, p. 664, 8, 1862.

This species is unknown to me. It has been recorded from Natal,

by Santschi, as a variety of cinctellus. In a subsequent paper that

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 693.

author raises it again to the rank of a race. I am unable to obtain

access to the original description of Mayr, but from Emery’s table of

this group in the Ann. Soc. Ent. France, voi. 63, p. 48, the follow-

ing characters can be extracted :—

The two faces of the epinotum form a distinct though considerably

rounded angle, as in cinctellus. It differs from the latter in having

the pubescence of the 2nd abdominal segment convergent towards

the middle line, but not undulate, the hairs on the basal half of the

segment not transverse in direction, merely oblique like the rest of the

pubescence.

Certain specimens from Natal, named for me by Dr. Forel as of this

race, do not agree with the above diagnosis, and should be referred to

the race zulu.

Race FLAVOMARGINATUS, var. CONTRARIA, Santschi.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 84, p. 509, 21, 9, 1916.

“8, 6-5-10-5mm. Differs from flavomarginatus by having the pubes-

cence on the abdomen denser and of a golden colour, whereas it is

ereyish in the race. The pubescence of the abdomen is also more

undulated, almost as much as in cinctellus. The front of the head

is much darker. Mandibles flagellum, tibiae and tarsi of a dark

brownish red. Tibiae even more compressed than in flavomarginatus

(not so very much in cinctellus and its varieties). Otherwise like

flavomarginatus.”

The pubescence on the abdomen would be more correctly described

as being of a bronzy-golden colour. The anterior margins of the head

and the mesonotum have a more or less reddish tinge, and the cheeks

are castaneous brown. The erect pilosity on the head and thorax

of a darker yellow than in cinctellus. The sides of the head less convex

than in that race.

Victoria Falls, 8. Rhodesia.

(R.M., G.A. colls.).

RUFOGLAUCUS, race CosMIcUS, Smith.

Cat. Hymen. B.M. VI, p. 34, 21, 8, 1858.

Smith’s description is valueless as it applies equally well to several

forms of this species. Emery (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 49)

records this race from Pretoria, Hamman’s Kraal, Hebron and

694 Annals of the South African Museum.

De Aar. According to his table it has the following characters :—The

angle between the two faces of the epinotum effaced; pubescence

as in the type of the species and cinctellus. Black; 4-5-7 mm.

Pubescence on the abdomen brilliant golden.

RUFOGLAUCUS, race VESTITUS, Smith.

Cat. Hymen, B.M. VI, p. 32, &, 1858.

21, 7-77-10 mm. Head, thorax, legs, antennae and mandibles

varying from yellowish brick-red to dark brick-red, the vertex usually

with a transverse and very indistinct brownish-red patch between the

eyes. Abdomen dark brown, the colour hidden to a great extent by

the pubescence. Pilosity much shorter and less abundant than in

cinctellus. Legs dull, densely and finely pubescent. Pubescence on

the abdomen of a pale greyish-golden colour and arranged differently

from that of cinctellus, having the appearance of 6 longitudinal

alternatingly dark and light bands. This is due to the pubescence

of the 2nd and 3rd segments, and partly also of the other segments,

being arranged so that the hairs converge from the middle of the

tight and left halves towards the middle longitudinal line, and in

being strongly undulate or transverse in direction; whereas the

hairs on the outside of the middle of the right and left halves of

the segments are directed obliquely outwards and posteriorly. The

head is nearly one-sixth longer than wide, much less narrowed in front

or less triangular than in cinctellus, almost subquadrate, its greatest

width being only two-thirds wider than the anterior margin, whereas

the greatest width in cinctellus is twice as wide as the anterior margin ;

the sides are less convex than in ciuctellus, and the posterior margin

much more shallowly concave. It is a more slender insect than

cinctellus, the thorax and abdomen clearly narrower. The convexity

of the thorax is lower, especially over the posterior half. The dorsum

of the epinotum, seen from the side, is slightly but distinctly concave

over the basal half and is longer than the oblique declivity, which it

joins in a low and continuous curve. In the concave base of the

epinotum it resembles C. valdeziae Forel, and differs thereby from

all the other forms of rufoglaucus in S8. Africa. Tibiae compressed,

with 3 or 4 short setae on the ventral margin.

8 minor, 7 mm. Colour, pubescence and sculpture as in the 21.

Head, including the closed mandibles, ovate, the sides convex behind

the eyes, rectilinear and convergent in front of them, the posterior

margin feebly convex. Excluding the mandibles, the head is about

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 695

two-fifths longer than wide, the eyes feebly convex and placed at the

posterior third. The scapes extend beyond the hind margin of the

head by half their length. Otherwise like the 21.

9, 12mm. Colour, sculpture and pubescence as in the 21. Meso-

notum in front and the scutellum fairly smooth and shining. Head

only very little wider behind than in front, the posterior margin

straight, the sides almost straight or only feebly convex, one-fifth

longer than wide. Dorsum of epinotum longer than the declivity,

the latter subvertical. Wings brownish ochreous. Otherwise like

the 2].

Partial to hot and sandy localities. Ababis, S.W.A. 21, &, 9.

(R. W. E. Tucker); Natal, (Marley); Mafeking.

The examples from Ababis have a much darker red colour on the

head and thorax than the others, and in the 2! and @ have an elongate

longitudinal streak of reddish ochreous on each side of the 2nd

abdominal segment. However, the increasing intensity and extent of

the red coloration is what one would expect in eremitic forms, and does

not appear to me in this instance to merit separation as a variety.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

Race VESTITUS, var. PECTITA, Santschi.

Ine, Zool, Aitie.s vol, iy jo, Ala, S, @ ei.

21, 8:-5-9°5 mm. Head very dark reddish brown, tibiae, tarsi,

antennae, mandibles and anterior margin of the clypeus more or less

ferruginous, the apical third of the tibiae almost brown, the rest of the

body blackish brown. Pubescence of the abdomen like that of the

race. Dorsum of epinotum feebly concave near the base; abdomen

ovate-lanceolate and more pointed at the apex than in the race.

Otherwise like the type of the race.

8 minor, 6-5 mm. Colour ete. as in the 2|, but the scapes reddish

brown with the basal fourth reddish ochreous, the mandibles and

anterior margin of the head also reddish ochreous, the posterior

tibiae brown and ferruginous only near their bases. The pronotum

is slightly flattened above, less convex than in the § of the race.

2, 10-11 mm. Black; mandibles ferruginous, flagellum and tarsi

very dark brown. ‘The junction of the two faces of the epinotum less

arcuate, the scale of the petiole thinner, the dorsal edge less rounded,

the abdomen narrower in proportion to its length and more pointed

at the apex. Otherwise like the Q of the race.

Bulawayo, Bembesi, 8. Rhodesia.

696 Annals of the South African Museum.

Rarely found nesting in sandy soil. The nest-entrance is surrounded

by a circular, high and sharp-edged crater. The walls of the crater,

both inside and out, are as steep as the angle of rest-for the earthen

particles will allow them to be. This form of crater is distinctive

of this insect.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

C. VALDEZIAE, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 16, p. 90, %, 9, 1879.

This form is very closely related to race vestitus, and might even

be regarded as an extreme form of the same. But, apart from one

or two very constant structural differences, it also differs very greatly

in habits, being not only exceedingly like Plagiolepis custodiens to

the naked eye, but also closely mimicking that species in its mode of

life and rapid movements. For these reasons it appears best to treat

it as a distinct species.

2|, 7-8-7 mm. Colour not unlike that of vestitus, but the abdomen

is blackish brown, the rest of the body more brownish red or sometimes

more ochreous red than vestitus. The anterior third always paler or

more ochreous red than the rest of the head. Pubescence of head

and thorax silvery grey. Pubescence of the abdomen greyish white

with a slight tinge of yellow, barely golden, longer but less dense than

in vestitus, not hiding the integument. Pilosity distinctly longer than

in that species and also more yellowish. Head, including the closed

mandibles, triangular, the sides less convex and converging more

rapidly in front than in vestetus. In the latter the head is as wide in

the middle as it is at its posterior sixth, whereas in valdeziae, it is

clearly narrower there than at the posterior sixth. The mandibles

are more shining and slightly more coarsely punctured. The frontal

carinae more divergent behind. The eyes larger, the whole head a

little less dull than in vestitus. The chief difference between the two

forms lies in the shape of the epinotum. In valdeziae the whole of the

dorsum of the epinotum is concave lengthwise, more deeply than in

vestitus, the declivity is less oblique and joins the dorsum in an obtuse

angle. The mesonotum is more convex lengthwise. The scale of

the petiole is subacuminate in the middle of the dorsal edge, not straight

as in vestitus. Posterior tibiae much less compressed than in vestitus,

almost cylindrical.

8 minor, 5:3-6-5 mm. In the larger examples the colour is like

that of the 2|,in the smaller the colour is much darker, the head,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 697

thorax, legs and petiole being dark reddish brown, the pronotum more

reddish than the rest of the thorax, the anterior three-fifths of the head

ferruginous or sometimes ochreous red. It differs from the $ minor of

vestitus in having the head much shorter or only a quarter longer

than wide, widest just behind the eyes, which are much larger and more

convex than in vestitus, placed at the posterior third. The head is

also less narrowed in front, the anterior margin being at least three-

fourths as wide as the greatest width (two-thirds or less in vestitus).

Epinotum like that of the 2). Otherwise like the 21.

“Oo. Two @, ex. coll. Saussure, from Mozambique, probably

pelong to this species, but they have lost the abdomen. Probable

length 11 mm. Colour, pubescence, sculpture and pilosity as in the

S. Head elongate, almost rectangular, slightly widened behind.

Clypeus as in the %. Epinotum rounded. Scale rounded, thinner

than in the %, slightly emarginate above in one of the specimens.

Wings very slightly yellowish, the nervures distinct.”

Valdezia, Transvaal, (Junod); Hope Fountain and Essexvale,

S. Rhodesia.

The nest is placed in bare patches of ground like that of P. custodiens,

and, as is the case with that species, the excavated material is sprinkled

in a thin layer over a large radius. This ant has the same jerky

movements as custodiens, and, in addition to the similarity in the

arrangement of the abdominal pubescence, the % minor, like that of

custodiens, is much more darkly coloured than its 2|. Altogether it is

deceptively like custodiens in life, and without doubt is a mimic of that

powerful species.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

Susp-Genus MYRMOSAGA, Forel.

For characters see table of sub-genera.

In this sub-genus we have only two species.

C. SCHOUTEDENI, Forel.

Rev. Zool. Afric., vol. 1, p. 281, $ minor, 1911.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57, p. 146, 2/, 1913.

21,65 mm. Black; antennae, tibiae and tarsi brown or reddish

brown, the mandibles castaneous. Head subopaque, clypeus,

mandibles, legs and thorax moderately shining, petiole and abdomen

698 Annals of the South African Museum.

very shining. Head and pronotum closely and finely -reticulate-

punctate, the rest of the thorax, the petiole and abdomen trans-

versely rugulose. Cheeks and pronotum sparsely and very shallowly

punctured, the punctures pubescent. Pubescence decumbent, greyish,

very sparse and evenly distributed, somewhat longer and more

abundant on the antennae and tibiae. Pilosity dirty white, fairly

long, sparse everywhere, particularly on the thorax. Head strongly

convex above, a little longer than wide, not much wider behind than

in front, the sides feebly convex, the posterior margin shallowly

concave, the posterior angles narrowly rounded. Mandibles strongly

punctured, 7-dentate. Clypeus subcarinate, the anterior margin

straight, hardly lobed. The frontal carinae as wide apart as long.

Eyes nearly flat, their greater part lying behind the middle. Scapes

short, not reaching: the posterior margin of the head. Pronotum

twice as wide as long, its dorsum very feebly convex, with much

rounded but fairly distinct shoulders. Mesonotum somewhat rapidly

narrowed posteriorly, nearly as long as wide in front. Metanotum

very small. Seen from the side, the profile of the thorax is convex

and rises from the front to the base of the mesonotum, thence descend-

ing more steeply to the brow of the declivity. Dorsum of epinotum

almost straight, a trifle longer than the subvertical declivity which it

joins in a distinct angle, slightly rounded at the extreme apex. The

declivity is sightly concave vertically. Scale of petiole thick, higher

than long, its anterior face convex, with a distinct dorsal face which

is two and one-third times wider than long, the posterior face flat.

Tibiae cylindrical, not setose below.

8 minor, 38-4 mm. Black; basal half of the scapes, the flagellum,

mandibles and tarsi reddish or brownish ochreous. Sculpture lke

that of the 2! but finer, the head shining, the thorax as shining as

the abdomen. Pilosity on the abdomen longer than in the 2}. Head

not quite one-fourth longer than wide, slightly narrowed in front, the

posterior margin and the sides behind the eyes semicircular, the sides

in front of the eyes rectilinear and convergent anteriorly. Eyes

moderately convex, occupying the third 4th of the sides. The

scapes extend bevond the hind margin by one-third of their length.

Clypeus sharply carinate, not lobed, the anterior margin nearly

straight. The disc of the pronotum is almost flat, with the shoulders

submarginate. Meso-epinotal suture very feeble, obsolete in the

middle. The dorsum of the epinotum feebly concave longitudinally,

twice as long as the subhorizontal declivity. Scale of petiole nodiform,

the anterior and posterior faces vertical, the dorsal face large

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 699

and convex, very little wider than long, seen from above almost

circular.

Redbank, 8. Rhodesia ; Willowmore, Cape Prov. (Brauns).

The specimens from Willowmore might perhaps be considered as a

slight variety. The 2| has the dorsum of the epinotum concave as in

the 8, the declivity is less oblique and the scale is thinner. In the

8 minor the scale is less nodiform and thinner, the dorsal face merging

into the posterior face in a curve, not truncate as in the examples

from Redbank. The colour of the scapes is entirely black.

(R.M., G.A. colls.).

C. Bepoti, Emery, var. KLUGII, Emery.

Rev. Zool. Suisse, vol. 1, p. 196, 1893.

(variety), Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 51, 3, minor, 1895.

“Extremely close to the type of the species, from which it hardly

merits separation as a geographical variety. The puncturation is

the same, and the head is feebly shining in front. The clypeal carina

is more distinct, .... pilosity as in the other forms of Bedoti.”

Capetown, (Simon).

The type of the species is Malayan, (Borneo, Sula), and is described

as follows :—

“3 minor, 3:°5-4:7 mm. Black; mandibles, trochanters, tibiae and

tarsi in greater part, and sometimes the flagellum, ferruginous, the base

of the scapes testaceous ; shining, very delicately reticulate-punctate,

with sparse pubescent and pilose punctures, the cheeks in front more

deeply punctured and subopaque, abdomen transversely striolate ;

sparingly pubescent and with a long and scanty pilosity, the scapes

and tibiae hardly pilose. Head ovate, the clypeal carina almost

obsolete, mandibles 5—dentate, shining, punctate; frontal carinae

divergent and sigmoid. Pronotum and mesonotum moderately

convex, the meso-epinotal suture distinct, the epinotum compressed,

its base slightly elevated and thence narrowly flattened above, seen

from the side subrectangular, with a saddle-shaped impression,

subgibbose behind ; the scale fairly thick, truncate behind, its upper

margin rounded.... The epinotum is compressed and presents a

characteristic profile. After rising a little from the base of the

mesonotum it descends in a gentle slope which represents the slightly

depressed dorsum, and passes thence by an abrupt curve into the

concave declivity. In the large specimens the profile of the dorsum

of the epinotum is excavated in a saddle-shaped manner, which makes

700 Annals of the South African Museum.

the convexity behind it appear gibbous. The fairly thick scale has

four whitish hairs ; there are 5 or 6 on the epinotum, and some on the

thorax and head... .”

Sus-GENus MYRMAMBLYS, Forel.

For characters see table of sub-genera.

Key to the species, 2, and %.

(2) 1. Body entirely dull; 1st segment of abdomen closely reticulate-punctate

Berthoudi, Forel.

(1) 2. At least the abdomen shining ; no part of the abdomen reticulate-punctate.

(6) 3. 2|, Head steeply and rather abruptly truncate in front; 9 minor, head clearly

narrower in front than behind ; colour either yellowish brown or black.

(5) 4. 21, Head strongly reticulate-punctate, the truncate face very coarsely

rugoso-reticulate ; meso-epinotal suture not deep; % minor, colour yellowish

brown : : é é 6 : ostiarius, Forel.

(4) 5. 2|, Head evenly reticulate-punctate all over ; meso-epinotal suture wide and

very deep; % minor, colour black . : : aequitas, Santschi.

(3) 6. 21, Head not clearly truncate, seen in profile it has a steep anterior face

which forms a continuous curve with the frons and vertex; 9 minor, head

2 SF

oval, hardly narrower in front than behind, . 5 Brookei, Forel.

C. BertHounpt, Forel.

BullesSocaVaudenscssNatomvol Gn os OGsaOl reo:

rie)

“8 (=21),7-5 mm. Head trapezoidal, the posterior margin straight,

the sides convex. Mandibles short, thick, moderately pilose, 7-dentate,

with numerous and deep, large punctures; very finely reticulate

between the punctures. Clypeus narrow, feebly convex, almost rect-

angular and parallel-sided, not carinate, barely lobed. Its anterior

margin is straight in the middle, and fairly deeply emarginate on

each side. Clypeal pits deep. Frontal area very small but distinct.

Frontal carinae long, longer than the clypeus, strongly curved.

Thorax fairly short, evenly arched from front to back, widened in

front, compressed behind. The pronotum has in front on each side

a slight tubercle or obtuse angle, (like that of C. fulvopilosus, but much

Jess distinct). Pro-mesonotal suture distinct, meso-epinotal suture

entirely obsolete. The dorsal surface of the mesonotum is fairly

wide and feebly convex. The epinotum is tectiform and has no basal

face ; its sides rise in a slope up to the summit which forms a distinct

but obtuse longitudinal ridge. The declivity is triangular and

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 701

oblique. Scale rather narrow, thin, slightly convex in front, flat

behind. Abdomen oval. Legs and antennae of medium length.

Mandibles shining. Body entirely dull. Head and dorsum of the

thorax very densely and deeply reticulate-punctate. Sides of the

thorax very densely and deeply striate-reticulate or striato-punctate

longitudinally. Scale transversely striate. First segment of the

abdomen and the apical halves of the following segments very finely,

closely and deeply reticulate-punctate. The base of the 2nd—5th

segments very finely, closely and deeply striate transversely or

obliquely. Legs punctate or reticulate-punctate. Scapes very finely

reticulate. The scapes and legs have also a few deep and large

punctures which are not present on the body. A few long, whitish,

very thick and blunt hairs, (as in C. fulvopilosus), occur here and there

over the whole body. The latter, including the legs and antennae,

with a very fine and short, sparse and whitish pubescence. Tibiae

and scapes without erect hairs. Black. Mandibles and flagellum

castaneous brown. Basal half of the scapes yellowish rusty-red.

Apical margins of the abdominal segments narrowly testaceous.

Valdezia, Transvaal, 1 specimen, (Berthoud).”’

C. ostiaRius, Forel. (Plate IX, fig. 141).

Boll SocsmVaudey oes Nat. vole 505 ps 258.2 o.) 194s

21, 8-5-9 mm. Head black or very dark brown, the anterior corners

and anterior third of the clypeus sometimes brownish ochreous,

thorax and abdomen brown, the latter darker than the thorax, legs

and antennae brownish ochreous, mandibles brown, apical margins of

the abdominal segments testaceous. Occiput slightly shining, the

rest of the head dull. Anterior half of the head very coarsely rugoso-

reticulate, the reticulations prominent, the spaces in between reticulate-

punctate, the posterior half of the head strongly and deeply reticulate-

punctate, the sculpture becoming feebler towards the occiput.

Mandibles stout and very convex, finely reticulate, also closely,

coarsely and deeply punctured, armed with 7 or 8 teeth. The

mandibles are inserted at some distance from the sides. Thorax,

legs and abdomen moderately shining, very finely rugulose. A very

sparse, erect and yellowish pilosity over the whole body; a very fine

pubescence on the legs and antennae, almost absent elsewhere. Head

rectangular, a trifle longer than wide, the middle three-fifths of the

sides straight, the rest of the sides slightly convex, hardly wider

behind than in front, the posterior margin feebly convex. The

702 - Annals of the South African Museum.

anterior portion of the head, from the anterior extremity of the frontal

carinae forwards, subvertically truncate. Median area of the clypeus

twice as long as wide, its anterior margin convex, surrounded by a

deep groove; the lateral pieces of the clypeus triangular and very

small. Frontal carinae widely divergent behind, the distance between

them behind being one-third greater than their length, their posterior

ends are nearer to the sides of the head than they are to each other.

The scapes extend beyond the hind margin by about the length of

the Ist and 2nd joints of the flagellum. Eyes large, flat, placed at

the posterior third of the sides. Dorsum of thorax feebly convex

longitudinally, a little more convex transversely. Pronotum one-

third wider than long. Mesonotum as long as wide or a little longer,

much narrower behind than in front. A trace of the metanotum

present. Sides of the epinotum:vertical, the dorsum as wide at the

apex as at the base, twice as long as wide,* joining the vertical and

slightly longer declivity by a very short curve. Scale thin, feebly

convex in front, flat behind, the dorsal edge trenchant and feebly

emarginate in the middle. Thorax highest at the apex of the dorsum

of the epinotum. Tibiae cylindrical, not setose below.

® minor, 6-6-5 mm. Brown, the pronotum and anterior half of the

head usually more yellowish brown. Very finely and superficially

reticulate-rugulose on the head and thorax, the abdomen transversely

rugulose. The whole body fairly shining. Pilosity exceedingly

sparse, the pubescence like that of the 2|. Head of the normal form,

not subtruncate in front. The form of the body more or less lke

that of the 8 minor of the Myrmoturba group. Head oval, half as long

again as wide, a little wider behind the eyes than in front of them,

the eyes large, convex and placed behind the middle. Mandibles

sparsely punctured, narrower and longer than in the 21, the external

margin only slightly convex. Frontal carinae much less divergent

than in the 2. Clypeus convex transversely, hardly carinate, of the

usual shape of this caste. The scapes extend beyond the hind margin

by half their length. Thorax strongly compressed posteriorly, its

posterior half very convex lengthwise, highest at the base of the

epinotum, L.=23H. The dorsum of the epinotum three-fifths longer

than the subvertical declivity, their junction forming a narrowly

rounded angle. Scale oval, the upper margin trenchant and entire.

Otherwise like the 2\.

2, 10-5 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Colour, sculpture, pilosity and

* In Forel’s description the statement, ‘“‘ twice as wide as long,” is evidently

a slip of the pen.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 703

pubescence as inthe 2}. The anterior half of the mesonotum fairly

abundantly but shallowly punctured. Head subvertically truncate

as in the 21, but a little longer than in the latter, the sides moder-

ately but distinctly convex, more narrowed in front. Mandibles with

8 teeth, the posterior four small and obtuse. Mesonotum and scutellum

moderately shining, dorsum of epinotum dull. The latter is trapezoidal,

fairly convex transversely, less so longitudinally, two-thirds wider

at the base than at the apex, twice as wide as long, the declivity

vertical, rounded above, longer than the dorsum. Scale as in the 21,

higher than the petiole is long below. Wings hyaline, nervures and

stigma pale yellowish brown.

3, (hitherto undescribed), 62mm. Black; legs and antennae dark

brown. Head, thorax and petiole very finely reticulate-punctate,

here and there only reticulate, moderately shining. Abdomen finely

rugulose and shining. Pubescence and pilosity exceedingly scanty,

except on the flagellum which is densely pubescent and punctulate, its

Ist joint pyriform. Head one-sixth wider across the eyes than long,

the sides behind the eyes together with the posterior margin forming

a low convexity, the sides in front of the eyes strongly convergent

anteriorly. Eyes large, very convex; the ocelli also large. Clypeus

convex transversely, the anterior margin arcuate. Mandibles dull, the

apex subacute, edentate. The scape extends beyond the hind marein

by three-sevenths of its length. Mesonotum very convex or semi-

circular from side to side in front. Scutellum gibbous. Metanotum

large, the dorsum and declivity of the epinotum, seen in profile, form a

quadrant. Petiole nodiform, subquadrate, with a small tooth on each

side near the base. Wings fuscous, nervures and stigma brown.

Durban. Nesting in hollow stems, the several entrances to the

nest guarded by the 2{2| which close the apertures with the trun-

cated faces of their heads. The only nest which I found was not a

large one, containing merely two dozen or so 8% and 21 21.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; types of 2 and 3 in my collection).

C. AEQUITAS, Santschi.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 88,-p. 387, %, 9, 3, 1919.

21,5:8-6:4mm. Black, antennae, (except the last two joints which

are piceous), brown, tarsi dark brown, the anterior half or two-thirds

of the head reddish or brownish ochreous, the clypeus and frons nearly

always darker and ferruginous brown. Mandiblesferruginous. Head

dull, closely and evenly reticulate-punctate all over, the sculpture

704 Annals of the South African Museum.

becoming a little weaker towards the occiput; on the-frons and

cheeks a sparse and shallow puncturation superimposed. Thorax

fairly shining, finely reticulate-punctate on the pronotum, reticulate-

rugulose on the meso- and epinotum, also sparsely and shallowly

punctured ; the sides of the meso- and epinotum sharply and finely

reticulate - punctate and dull. Scale and abdomen transversely

rugulose and shining. A very fine, whitish and decumbent pubescence

on the body and legs, almost wanting on the head. A sparse, erect and

fairly thin pilosity on the vertex, thorax and abdomen, the brow of

the declivity and the upper edge of the scale with several white

and bristly hairs, thicker and longer than the rest of the pilosity.

Head very similar to that of ostiarius, but with the truncation in

front less abrupt. The head is one-seventh longer than wide, rect-

angular, the sides and posterior margin straight. The median area

of the clypeus is a little longer than wide, its sides straight and parallel,

its anterior margin arcuate and slightly indented in the middle, the

lateral pieces triangular, the clypeal pits between them and the

median area deep. Frontal area triangular, indistinct. Frontal

carinae widely divergent behind, but:less so than in ostiarius, as near

to each other as they are to the sides of the head. LHyes fairly flat,

placed at the posterior third. The scapes do not reach the hind

margin. Mandibles formed as in ostiarius, microscopically reticulate,

sparsely and fairly coarsely punctured, with 6 or 7 teeth. Pronotum

twice as wide as long, feebly convex transversely, the sides subvertical,

the lateral margins, seen from above, straight over the posterior half.

Mesonotum one and a half times wider than long, transversely sub-

ovate, the anterior margin slightly raised behind pro-mesonotal

suture. Meso-epinotal suture very wide and deep, forming a V-shaped

excision on the dorsal profile. Dorsum of epinotum, seen from above,

oval, slightly longer than wide, convex lengthwise and transversely,

sloping very slightly downwards to the vertical and equally long

declivity, the brow of the latter narrowly rounded. Scale inclined

forwards, seen from behind ovate, higher than the petiole is long,

flat behind, feebly convex in front, the dorsal edge trenchant. Tibiae

cylindrical, not setose below.

3 minor, 3:1-3-8 mm. Black, basal two-thirds of the scapes

reddish ochreous, the apical third, the flagellum, mandibles, tibiae

and tarsi more or less reddish brown. Head and thorax subopaque,

finely reticulate-punctate, the mesonotum and epinotum more

rugulose and moderately shining. Pilosity and pubescence as in the

2|. -Head one-fourth longer than wide, the sides in front of the eyes

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 705

straight and moderately convergent, the outline behind the eyes

convex. Hyes fairly convex, large, placed behind the middle.

Anterior margin of the clypeus angular in the middle, the clypeus

convex transversely but hardly carinate. Head of the usual form,

not truncate. Mandibles narrow and shining, sparsely and sharply

punctured, 6-dentate. The scapes extend beyond the hind margin

by about one-third of their length. Pronotum more convex at the

sides, mesonotum narrower than in the 21, as long as wide. Meso-

epinotal suture much shallower, but still fairly strong. Dorsum of

epinotum convex in all directions, a little longer than the declivity ;

the latter oblique in its upper two-thirds and horizontal in the lower

third. Scale of petiole nodiform, not higher than the petiole is long,

with a convex upper face which is about twice as wide as long, anterior

and posterior faces equally and feebly convex.

2,8mm. Colour, sculpture, pubescence and shape of the head like

that of the 2{. The pilose hairs on the epinotum and scale greyish,

less coarse than in the 2}. Mesonotum and scutellum with a slight

gloss, the former reticulate-punctate and with also a few large,

shallow and piligerous punctures, the scutellum rugulose only. The

mesonotum is parallel-sided, narrow, a little longer than wide. Meta-

epinotal suture wide and fairly deep. Dorsum of epinotum trapezoidal,

twice as wide at the base as long, its junction with the declivity

rounded. Declivity smooth, shining and vertical. Wings hyaline,

nervures pale ochreous, stigma brownish yellow. Otherwise like the 2.

g, 3-8-4 mm. Black. The anterior third of the head nitidulous,

the rest of the head and the mesonotum dull, the latter and the whole

of the head finely reticulate-punctate, the scutellum. epinotum and

petiole very superficially reticulate and shining. Abdomen trans-

versely rugulose and shining. Pilosity greyish white, long, thin, fairly

abundant on the clypeus, epinotum, petiole and abdomen. Shape of

the head like that of ostiarius 3, but the clypeus is more convex,

subearinate; lst joint of the flagellum pyriform. Scutellum not

gibbous, not higher than the mesonotum as in ostiarius. Petiole

nodose, wider than long, the anterior face oblique and flat, the posterior

face convex from above to below and forming thereby an indistinct

dorsal face. Wings as in the 9.

Unlike the majority of the sub-genus, this species does not nest in

hollow twigs but in the ground. The entrance to the nest is a very

small hole, not surrounded by excavated material. The hole is only

large enough to admit one worker at a time, but I have been unable

to ascertain whether the hole is closed by the 2| in the usual way,

706 Annals of the South African Museum.

although on account of the colour of the truncated area of the head

matching more or less the colour of the soil, it is very probable that it

does do so.

Hillside, Bulawayo. 221, 9% and several winged 29 and gg in

one nest.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

C. Brooxet, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 259, 21, 3, 1914.

21, 6-8-7 mm. Head piceous, thorax and abdomen more or less

dark brown or brownish black. Legs, flagellum and base of the

scapes brownish ochreous. Mandibles dark ferruginous. Head

delicately reticulate-rugulose, the anterior third more strongly

sculptured, rather reticulate-punctate and fairly abundantly pilose,

the hairs short, erect, blunt and yellowish. Thorax finely rugulose

and feebly shining. Abdomen and scale transversely rugulose and

shining. The pilosity and pubescence very short and sparse on the

thorax and abdomen. Head subrectangular, one-fifth longer than

wide, distinctly narrowed in front, the sides moderately convex, the

posterior margin straight, the front of the head steep but not truncate.

Median area of clypeus trapezoidal, about as long as wide, the anterior

margin straight and not produced, feebly impressed transversely

just behind the anterior margin. Mandibles dull, closely and finely

striate, with a few large and deep punctures, fairly convex externally,

6-dentate. Frontal area lozenge-shaped, wider than long. Frontal

carinae not wider apart than they are long. Scapes arcuate over the

basal half, extending a little beyond the hind margin. Eyes feebly

convex, placed nearly behind the middle of the sides. Thorax feebly

convex lengthwise, metanotum short and indistinct, pro-mesonotal

and meso-epinotal sutures moderately distinct. Thorax highest at

the base of the epinotum. The dorsum of the latter a little shorter

than the fairly steep declivity, the junction of the two faces obtusely

angular. Scale thin, feebly convex transversely in front, flat behind.

Tibiae cylindrical, not setose below.

3 media, 6°8 mm. Reddish brown (burnt umber), the anterior

third of the head paler, the abdomen brown, legs and antennae

reddish ochreous. Seen from the side, the head is equally convex

in front and behind. Sides of the head less convex than in the 8

minor, the posterior margin straight or feebly concave. Otherwise

like the 8 minor,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 707

3 minor, 4:9-6 mm. Brown, the anterior half of the head and the

pronotum paler. Legs and antennae ochreous, mandibles reddish

brown. Very finely reticulate-rugulose, the abdomen transversely

rugulose. Head and thorax feebly shining, the abdomen very

shining. Pilosity and pubescence as in the 21, but the pilosity on the

head is longer and not obtuse, confined to the clypeus and vertex, a

little less abundant than in the 2}. Head oval, two-fifths longer than

wide, very little wider behind the eyes than in front of them. Eyes

large and convex. Clypeus convex, carinate, the anterior margin

moderately convex. Frontal carinae as wide apart behind as they

are long. The scapes extend beyond the hind margin by two-fifths of

their length. Sides of the epinotum and of the posterior half of the

mesonotum vertical. Dorsum of epinotum two and a half times

longer than wide, joining the shorter declivity in a wide are. Scale

of the petiole as in the 2| but a little thinner.

2, (hitherto undescribed), 8-4 mm. Dark brown, the anterior third

of the head, the pronotum and scutellum more or less reddish ochreous-

brown. Head very steep in front and sculptured like that of the 21,

with the same abundant and obtuse pilosity on the front part. Clypeus

carinate. The head is longer and narrower than in the 21, the sides

more convex and more convergent anteriorly, the posterior margin

convex. Thorax like that of aequitas Santschi. Scale of the petiole

wider than in the 21, the dorsal edge straight. Deialated.

Durban, (Marley, Cooper).

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls. ; type of the 2in my collection).

Sus-GeNusS COLOBOPSIS, Mayr.

For characters see table of sub-genera.

C. BIFOSSUS, Santschi.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 85, p. 293, 21, 1916.

“21, 7mm. Black, the anterior two-thirds of the head ochreous,

brownish ochreous behind, as also the mandibles. Antennae, scrobes

and tarsi brownish, posterior margins of the abdominal segments

narrowly testaceous. Almost dull. Head and thorax densely and

finely reticulate-punctate. The head is also covered with coarse

rugae, generally reticulate, especially in front and at the sides where

they form numerous irregular pits. These rugae are more or less

serpiginous and elongated behind and in front. Declivity of the

708 Annals of the South African Museum.

epinotum and the abdomen finely striolate transversely, the abdomen

duller than the thorax. Erect pilosity coarse, obtuse, white, disposed

marginally on the epinotum, scale and abdominal segments, sparsely

distributed elsewhere. Pubescence very short, decumbent, fairly

scarce all over except on the antennae. Head cylindrical, obliquely

truncate in front; seen in profile, it forms a trapeze of which the

base is as long as the height ; seen from above, it is square, with the

angles slightly rounded. Eyes of medium size, placed at about the

posterior third of the sides. Frontal carinae very divergent, the

interval between them being double their distance from the eyes ;

they limit a scrobe which can accommodate the anterior half of the

scape. The latter, fairly compressed, extends by almost one-fourth

of its length beyond the hind margin of the head. Frontal area

rounded posteriorly. Clypeus narrow, one and a half times longer

than wide, flat or very feebly carinate, the anterior margin roundly

lobate, the sides marginate. On each side of the clypeus there is a

large semioval depression, limited outwardly and behind by the

raised margin of the truncation, inwardly by the sides of the clypeus.

Mandibles sculptured like the head, 6-dentate. Pronotum a good

deal narrower than the head, with feeble shoulders, not marginate.

Mesonotum as long as the pronotum, forming in profile together with

the epinotum a nearly straight horizontal line, (barely convex).

Metanotum distinct. Dorsum of the epinotum convex transversely,

forming with the declivity a shghtly obtuse angle, almost rectangular.

The declivity, which is as long as the dorsum, is marginate, slightly

concave below, its rounded upper margin subogival. Scale thin,

four to five times as high as thick, the anterior face fairly convex, the

posterior face almost flat, the margins trenchant, the summit arcuate.

Abdomen higher at the base than the scale, as wide as the head, oval.

Tibiae cylindrical, not setose below.”

Caledon, Cape Prov. (Dr. L. Peringuey), 1 21.

Type in the 8.A.M. coll.

Sus-Genus ORTHONOTOMYRMEX, Ashmead.

Canadian Entomologist, vol. 37, p. 584, 1905.

For characters see table of sub-genera.

With the exception of Barbarossa and vividus, all our species of

this sub-genus have a very strong sculpture on the head and thorax,

plainly visible under a low magnification, and consisting of a sharply

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 709

defined reticulate-puncturation. The abdomen is sometimes densely

pubescent, in other cases the body is more or less sparsely pubescent

and pilose, the pilose hairs on the epinotum and scale being in some

species thick, bristly and whitish. In all our species except Bar-

barossa, the upper part of the epinotum is compressed and the dorsal

face is more or less clearly marginate, meeting the more or less vertical

sides rectangularly. Except in Barbarossa, the junction of the two

faces of the epinotum is also rectangular, the declivity being sometimes

excavated or concave from above to below, so that its brow appears

to overhang the rest of its surface. In most cases the petiole has a

scale, in a few itis nodiform. A distinet 8 media caste does not seem

to occur. The right of Barbarossa to a place in this sub-genus, as

defined by its author, appears to me to be exceedingly doubtful. The

epinotum is not marginate, nor do the sides and declivity meet the

dorsal face in a rectangle. If the definition of the sub-genus may

be widened so as to embrace this species, then it would be quite as

legitimate to include Dofleini Forel, within its limits. But that

species, although clearly related to Mayri, is nevertheless placed by

Forel in the sub-genus Myrmosphincta. On the other hand, one might

transfer Barbarossa to the latter sub-genus. I have adopted the

former course, since Barbarossa, notwithstanding the structure of its

epinotum, is clearly allied to wividus, and also because the sub-genus

Myrmosphincta appears to me to be ill defined or too artificial, (e.g.

C. intrepidus Kirby, which is placed by Forel in that sub-genus, has

the thorax no more strongly excised, échancré, between the meso-

and epinotum than have many species of the sub-genera Myrmoturba

and Myrmosericus).

Key to the species of Orthonotomyrmex, 2. and %.

(12) 1. Dorsum of the epinotum quadrilateral and rectangular, or nearly so,

meeting the sides and declivity more or less rectangularly ; the upper

half, at least, of the sides and of the declivity vertical.

2. Node of petiole one-third wider than epinotum, very coarsely rugose and

dentate at the sides 3 : : j scabrinodis, Arnold.

(2) 3. Node of petiole not wider than epinotum, not so coarsely sculptured and

not dentate at the sides.

(11) 4. Dorsum of epinotum clearly marginate on each side, or with its face

more or less excavated and the lateral margins prominent ; at least the

head and thorax strongly and deeply reticulate-punctate.

. Petiole with a node, more or less cuboid.

(7) 6. Abdomen with a dense, silky, dull bronzy-golden pubescence ; dorsum of

epinotum almost a parallelogram, excavated lengthwise, hardly wider

behind than infront . : ‘ : , sericeus, Fab.

—

(oa)

710 Annals of the South African Museum.

(6) 7. Abdomen with a thin, not dense and whitish pubescence-; dorsum of

epinotum a trapezoid, at least one and a half times wider behind than

at the base, not excavated p : : : Mayri, Forel.

(5) 8. Petiole with a scale.

(10) 9. Larger species, 2|,8:-5 mm. Dorsum of epinotum only slightly depressed

in the middle of its apical margin; the latter rounded, the declivity flat

from above to below. - . : epinotalis, Santschi.

(9) 10. Smaller species, 2|, 6-2 mm. Dorsum of epinotum concave from side to

side, its apical margin deeply emarginate in the middle, the declivity

concave from above to below, so that its brow overhangs the lower part

Braunsi, Mayr.

(4) 11. Dorsum of epinotum less distinctly margined at the sides; sculpture of

the head and thorax very finely reticulate-rugulose, shining

vividus, Smith, race reginue, Forel.

(1) 12. The junction of the dorsum of the epinotum with the sides and declivity

rounded, the upper half of the sides and declivity not vertical.

(14) 13. Dorsum of epinotum subquadrate ; petiole with a scale; body more or

less shining, the sculpture feeble, the clypeus unarmed

Barbarossa, Emery, race arminius, var. bicontracta, Fore).

(13) 14. Dorsum of epinotum subglobose; petiole with a node; body dull.

sculpture very coarse; the anterior margin of the clypeus with 5 acute

teeth . é ; ‘ 3 ; . Dofleini, Forel.

C. seRiIcEuS, Fab. (Plate IX, figs. 137, 137a).

Suppl. Ent. System, p. 279, 3, 1798.

Mayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 16, p. 886, 9, 1866.

Jerdon, (F. cinerascens), Madras Journ. Litt. Se., vol. 17,

DaglZo sl Soie

21, 8-10 mm. Black, basal third of the scape and the flagellum

dark brownish red. Head and thorax dull, very sharply and evenly

reticulate-punctate, the reticulations sharply defined, the dorsum of

the epinotum less strongly sculptured than the rest of the thorax,

the petiole dull and more or less coarsely reticulate-rugose, the

abdomen slightly shining, transversely rugulose or shagreened, the

sculpture somewhat masked by the pubescence. Pilosity pale yellow-

ish, long, thin and erect, fairly sparse on the head, a little more

plentiful on the thorax, more so on the petiole and abdomen, but

nevertheless fairly sparse everywhere. Legs slightly shining, the

middle and hind pairs with a dense, black and almost decumbent

pilosity. Pubescence short and very scanty on the head, excepting

the clypeus, and on the pro-mesonotum, fairly long and of a pale

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 711

golden colour on the clypeus and epinotum, abundant, longer and of

a dull bronzy-golden colour on the abdomen. The anterior margin

of the clypeus with a row of yellowish porrect bristles. Head as wide

as, or a little wider behind than long, the sides fairly straight behind

and convex and convergent in front, the posterior margin straight, not

much narrowed in front. Median area of clypeus subquadrate, sub-

carinate, the anterior margin shallowly emarginate in the middle.

There is a large pit-like depression on each side of the head just behind

the lateral pieces of the clypeus. Mandibles 6-dentate, the posterior

tooth very small, fairly dull, sharply striato-punctate. Eyes fairly

large, placed for the greater part behind the middle. Scapes sparsely

and finely punctured, extending just beyond the hind margin.

Vestiges of 3 ocelli present in most specimens. Pro- and mesonotum

very convex transversely, the latter not much narrowed behind, a

little wider than long; both thoracic sutures well defined. Dorsum

of epinotum subhorizontal, convex lengthwise, concave transversely

especially on the apical half, parallel-sided, twice as long as wide, the

apical margin moderately concave, thereby making the apical angles

rather prominent or subdentate. The declivity fairly flat trans-

versely, deeply concave from above to below, its lower half smooth

and very shining. Node of petiole cuboid, the anterior face inclined

slightly forwards and convex on its upper half, the posterior face

flat and subvertical, the dorsal face subrectangular and one-third

wider than long. Abdomen large, nearly circular in outline. Tibiae

cylindrical, with a few setae below.

% minor, 6-8-2 mm. Flagellum and basal half of the scapes paler

than in the 2|. The epinotum and petiole more densely pubescent.

The head is much more narrowed in front, subtrapezoidal, the posterior

margin distinctly convex, the sides more convex than in the 21, as

long as wide (excluding the mandibles). The clypeus is more sharply

carinate, and its anterior margin less concave. The scapes extend

beyond the hind margin of the head by one-fourth of their length.

The node of the petiole is more globose, seen from above subcireular.

Otherwise like the 21.

“O, 11 mm. Similar to the 21; head rounder, occiput transverse,

thorax not compressed, the metathorax (i.e. epinotum) as in the 9 of

the typical Camponotus. Node thick but transverse, not globose ;

abdomen long and massive,”’ (ex Bingham, “Ants of India,” p. 376).

$,85 mm. Black, basal half of the scapes ferruginous, flagellum

dark brown. Head and thorax dull, reticulate-punctate like the 2.

Meta- and epinotum, petiole and abdomen shining, very finely and

712 Annals of the South African Museum.

superficially reticulate-rugulose. Head, sides of the thorax, petiole

and abdomen with a sparse, thin, erect and whitish yellow pilosity.

Pubescence of the same colour, absent from the disc of the mesonotum,

from the scutellum and epinotum, scanty on the head and sides of

the thorax, more abundant and of a pale golden colour on the abdomen,

but much less plentiful than in the 2| or 3. Head of the usual form

of this sex, a trifle wider across the eyes than long. Ocelli large,

glassy, citron-yellow. The scapes extend beyond the hind margin

by about half their length. Declivity of the epinotum subvertical,

twice as long as the dorsum, their junction forming a wide arc. Node

of petiole with an oblique anterior face which is wider than long,

slightly concave from side to side above and flat below ; the posterior

face flat below and convex lengthwise above, the dorsal face rounded

and emarginate in the middle. Wings hyaline, nervures ochreous,

stigma brown.

S. Rhodesia, not rare. The nest is generally placed in grassy

situations, and the single entrance is surmounted by a tube, about

1-13 inches high, made of interwoven pieces of grass and lined inside

with a thin layer of pressed earth. The diameter of the tube is just

large enough to permit the entry of one ant at a time. The purpose

served by this tube is unknown to me; it may be made for the

purpose of preventing certain kinds of predaceous insects from entering

the nest. This species has a wide distribution, occurring over the

greater part of the Ethiopian and Indian regions.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

C. Mavri, Forel. (Plate IX, fig. 138).

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 16, p. 92, 21, 1879.

21, 9-10 mm. Black, basal third of the scapes ferruginous.

Mandibles castaneous. Sculpture of the head and thorax, excepting

the epinotum, like that of sericeus but less regular on the pronotum.

The epinotum and petiole very coarsely and irregularly rugose.

Abdomen finely, densely and deeply reticulate-punctate and dull.

Clothed all over with a fine, decumbent, short and greyish pubescence,

not hiding the sculpture. Pilosity greyish, longer and a little more

abundant than in sericeus, especially on the pronotum, margin of

the epinotal dorsum and on the petiole. Very similar to sericeus,

from which it also differs as follows :—

The sides of the head are more convex, the posterior margin only

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 713

feebly convex. The median area of the clypeus is a good deal wider

and its anterior margin is straight. The meso-epinotal suture is

very deep, so that the dorsum of the epinotum has a short and sub-

vertical basalface. The dorsum of the epinotum is flat and horizontal,

trapezoidal, two-thirds wider at the apex than at the base, a trifle

more than twice as long as wide at the base. The apical margin,

seen from above, is almost straight or at the most only feebly indented

in the middle, its lateral angles rounded and not dentate. Node of

petiole subcuboid as in sericeus, but more or less trapezoidal when

seen from above, the anterior margin and sides straight, the posterior

margin widest and convex. Seen from the side, it is convex from

front to back, not with a flattened and slanting dorsal face as in the

other species. Otherwise like sericeus.

% minor, 8-3-9 mm. Like the 2|, but with the head more narrowed

in front and the posterior margin fairly strongly corivex.

Valdezia, Transvaal, (Berthoud); 8. Rhodesia, common. Nesting

in similar situations as serzceus, and having a tube of woven grass over

the entrance as in that species.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

Race Leprieut, Forel.

Rev. Suisse Zool., vol. 24, p. 444, 8, 1916.

“3,10 mm. Larger and above all more elongate than the type of

the species. Head one-fifth longer than wide, the posterior margin

strongly convex, not much wider behind the eyes than at the anterior

sixth. Differs also from the type of the species by the scapes which are

strongly dilated in the apical half, and by the fine yellowish pilosity,

much more abundant on the body, oblique on the legs, (long and erect

on the femora). The epinotum and node are also coarsely reticulate

and of quite a different shape. The epinotum is not marginate ; its

dorsum is very convex and ends in a short, concave and smooth

declivity, without forming an angle with the same. The node is as

thick as it is high, convex above, very little wider than long, with its

anterior and posterior faces subvertical, (slightly convex). This

race differs from the race sankisianus Forel, chiefly in its sculpture,

and also by the shape of the epinotum and the abundant pilosity.

Otherwise like the type of the species, especially the fine, dull and

reticulate-punctate sculpture.

Shiluvane, Transvaal, collected by M. Junod and received from the

714 Annals of the South African Museum.

Geneva Museum, a single specimen. This race almost merits specific

rank.”

This race is unknown to me in nature, but, judging by the descrip-

tion, it is astonishingly similar to C. Dofleini of the same author.

C. Dorternt, Forel. (Plate IX, fig. 146).

Sitzb. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., p. 291, 3 minor, 1911.

9 (or 21 4), 9-10-2 mm. Black; mandibles and tarsi dark reddish

brown. Pubescence greyish white, decumbent, fairly long and sparse,

a little more plentiful on the head and sides of the thorax than else-

where. Pilosity greyish white, erect, slightly curly and abundant all

over, oblique on the legs. Dull, only the base of the abdomen very

slightly shining. Sculpture much coarser than in Mayri. Head and

pro-mesonotum very coarsely but evenly reticulate-punctate, epinotum

and node very coarsely reticulate-rugose, the bottom of the deep pits

between the rugae fairly shining. Abdomen reticulate-rugulose,

fairly finely so, but nevertheless more coarsely than in Mayri. Legs

and scapes reticulate, slightly shining, shallowly punctured. Head

subquadrate, about one-fifth longer than wide and about one-fifth

wider behind than in front, (much less narrowed in front than in

Mayri), the sides feebly convex, the posterior margin straight or

feebly convex, the posterior angles moderately rounded. Mandibles

with 5 or 6 teeth, shining and strongly punctured. Clypeus sub-

carinate, its anterior margin convex and bearing in the middle five

fairly sharp teeth which are as long as wide, the outermost teeth

smaller than the inner three. Scapes widened apically and strongly

flattened, extending beyond the hind margin of the head by about

one-sixth of their length. Thorax more elongate than in Mayrv.

Pronotum only one-fourth wider than long in the middle; pro-

mesonotal suture sharply defined. Mesonotum less narrowed behind

than in Mayri, as long as wide in front. Meso-epinotal suture very

deep and shining. Epinotum, seen from the side, almost hemi-

spherical; seen from above, the dorsum is subquadrate, rounded at

the corners, a little wider behind than in front, and about one-fourth

to one-third longer than wide. The smooth declivity is concave from

above to below and only half as long as the dorsum. Node of petiole

subglobose, shghtly wider behind than in front, as long as its greatest

width, seen from above, subcircular or ovate, convex above, the

anterior and posterior faces subvertical, the latter twice as high as

the anterior. Behind the node there is a distinct peduncle at least

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 715

one-third as long as the node itself. The node, excluding the posterior

peduncle, is as high as long and highest behind, (not longer than high

as stated in Forel’s description). Abdomen globose. Tibiae cylin-

drical, with a few fine setae below.

Bothaville, O.F.S., and Lichtenburg, Transvaal, (Dr. H. Brauns).

The description given above is based on specimens kindly presented

to me by Dr. Brauns. Forel has omitted to mention the dentate

anterior margin of the clypeus, which, together with the hemispherical

and outstanding epinotum and the posterior peduncle of the petiole,

clearly distinguishes this peculiar insect from all our other species.

(R.M., G.A. colls.).

C. Braunsi, Mayr. (Plate IX, fig. 139).

Ann. K.K.N.H. Mus. Wien, vol. 10, p. 151, $, 1895.

bp) 99 pr) 39 16, Pp. 28, oF 1901.

Santschi, Voy. d’ Aiteava et Jeannel, p. 135, 2, 1914.

21, 55-6 mm. Black; tibiae, tarsi and mandibles dark reddish

brown, the basal half or the whole of the scapes ferruginous. Scale

nitidulous and transversely rugulose, the rest of the body closely,

evenly and deeply reticulate-punctate all over * and dull, the punctures

largest on the epinotum, much finer but still deep and sharp on the

abdomen. The anterior half of the head has some large and shallow

punctures superimposed. The abdomen has a microscopic, decum-

bent and exceedingly sparse pubescence, the apical margins of the

segments have a few short, blunt, exserted and greyish hairs; the

sides and brow of the declivity and the scale of the petiole (just

behind the dorsal edge) with some long, coarse, pointed and white

hairs like those of niveosetosus ; otherwise glabrous.

Head subquadrate, a very little wider than long, the sides feebly

convex, very little narrower in front than behind, the posterior

margin straight, the posterior angles subrectangular and narrowly

rounded. Clypeus a little wider than long, almost quadrate, flat

transversely in front, feebly convex behind, the anterior margin

straight. The scapes are arcuate over the basal half and extend very

little beyond the hind margin of the head. Frontal carinae nearer

together behind than they are to the outer margins of the head.

Mandibles dull, shagreened, closely punctured, with 4 or 5 teeth.

HKyes almost flat, placed behind the middle. Pro-mesonotum trape-

* A typical example of what German authors describe as “ fingerhutartig

punktiert,’’ punctured like a thimble.

716 Annals of the South African Museum.

zoidal, very feebly convex above. The pronotum is twice as wide as

long, its lateral margins acute, owing to the sides and dorsum meeting

in a rectangle, the anterior angles or shoulders narrowly rounded.

Pro-mesonotal suture distinct. Mesonotum subovate transversely,

twice as wide in front as behind, nearly one-third wider than long.

Meso-epinotal suture deep. Dorsum of epinotum subquadrate, a

trifle longer than wide behind and a little wider there than at the base,

its lateral margins slightly convex, concave transversely over its

apical half, the apical margin deeply and arcuately emarginate in

the middle; declivity concave from above to below, its brow over-

hanging the lower part, longer than the dorsum. Scale of petiole

subcircular, wider than high, both faces equally convex, the dorsal

edge fairly sharp, and feebly emarginate in the middle in the largest

specimens. Abdomen almost circular in outline, very little longer

than wide. ‘Tibiae cylindrical, not setose below.

% minor, 4-4-5 mm. Like the 21, but with the head more narrowed

in front, the posterior margin moderately convex. The shoulders

of the pronotum more acute, rectangular. The dorsum of the

epinotum very little longer.

“@, 11:5 mm. The head is very similar to that of the 2/. From

each of the larger punctures arises a decumbent, whitish yellow,

short and very shining pubescent hair; a similar pubescence also

occurs on the back of the head, on the thorax and especially on the

upper side of the abdomen. The anterior wings are 10-8 mm. long

and of a yellowish brown colour.”

The 22 from East Africa, described by Santschi, are smaller,

9-5-10 mm. long.

Plumtree, 8. Rhodesia; crawling over the trunks of trees in the

same slow and apparently aimless way as the species of Cataulacus,

for which it might easily be mistaken at a first glance. Apparently

a scarce insect, recorded from our region only from the locality cited

above and from Delagoa Bay, (Dr. H. Brauns).

(R.M., G.A. colls.).

C. EPINOTALIS, Santschi.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 84, p. 508, 21, ¥, 1916.

2L,8-8:-5mm. Black, the legs castaneous red, the tarsi, flagellum,

mandibles and apical half of the scapes dark reddish brown, the basal

half of the scapes dark red.

Very similar to Braunsi but larger, differing from it only as follows :

The sculpture is everywhere a good deal finer, especially on the

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. “alg

dorsum of the epinotum which is very little more strongly sculptured

than the rest of the thorax. The pilosity is whitish, longer and more

abundant, especially on the abdomen. There are a few erect pilose

hairs on the head and thorax (absent in Brawnsz), and there are about

three or four transverse rows of the same on each abdominal segment.

At the base of the abdomen the hairs are as coarse as those on the

epinotum and scale. The mandibles have 6 teeth. The scapes are a

little longer and extend beyond the hind margin by as much as the

length of the Ist joint of the flagellum. Dorsum of epinotum very

slightly wider at the apex than at the base, almost square, the lateral

margins tumid and not distinctly marginate, flat, feebly concave only

near the apical margin which is feebly depressed in the middle ;

declivity subvertical, not concave but flat from above to below, its

lower half shining, the brow rounded. Otherwise like C. Braunsv.

3 minor, 6 mm. The head is less narrowed in front than in the

21, subquadrate. The scapes extend beyond the hind margin by

one-third of their length. The clypeus subcarinate. The pronotal

shoulders much more distinct than in the 2|, or in the $ of Braunsv.

Victoria Falls. Nesting in hollow tree-trunks. A more agile

insect than Braunsi.

(SaAcIMES svi, vAecollisz):

C. SCABRINODIS, . Sp.

3, 4-6-6 mm. Black; tibiae, tarsi and antennae ferruginous, the

last two joints of the latter brownish, mandibles castaneous, the

masticatory margins piceous. Pilosity greyish, fairly short; some

of the hairs are thick and erect, these are more plentiful on the

abdomen than elsewhere, but nevertheless are fairly sparse; the rest

of the pilosity is decumbent and longer, and these are more abundant

on the epinotum and petiole. A sparse and decumbent pubescence

on the legs and antennae. Dull; head and pro-mesonotum strongly

and regularly reticulate-punctate, the spaces between the reticulations

wider than the latter, also more or less circular and pit-like and shghtly

shining. Abdomen, femora and tibiae very closely reticulate-

punctate (like that of C. Braunsi Mayr); epinotum, excepting the

declivity which is rugulose and shining, and dorsum of the node very

coarsely reticulate-rugose, anterior and posterior faces of the node

transversely reticulate rugulose. Head widest in the middle, one-

third wider behind than in front, as wide as long, the sides and posterior

margin moderately convex. Mandibles dull, strongly and sparsely

718 Annals of the South African Museum.

punctured, aciculate, 5-dentate. Clypeus moderately convex trans-

versely, its anterior margin straight. The scapes extend back as far

as the occipital margin. Frontal carinae sinuate. Eyes large and

convex, placed behind the middle, as long as their distance from the

hind margin of the head. Pronotum, excluding the

neck, twice as wide as long in the middle, widest in

front, moderately convex above, the shoulders

rounded. Both thoracic sutures well defined. Meso-

notum twice as wide in front as long, fairly flat

above lengthwise. Dorsum of epinotum subquadrate,

slightly wider behind than in front, one and a half

times wider than long, the posterior margin straight

or feebly convex; declivity longer than the dorsum,

vertical in its upper half, concave below. Node of

petiole one-third wider than the epinotum, twice as

Fie. 59. wide as long, seen from above, plano-convex in

CG. scabrinodis, outline, the convex margin anterior, produced at the

thorax and . : :

petiole. x16, Sides into several short teeth ; seen from the side, the

anterior face convex, the posterior face flat, higher

than long and not so high as the level of the epinotal dorsum.

Tibiae cylindrical, not setose.

The smaller 8% have slightly longer scapes and the dorsum of

the epinotum more contracted at the base.

Sawmills, Umegusa River, 8. Rhodesia.

The nest was situated in loose sandy soil and the entrance was

surmounted by a tube of woven shreds of grass, hair and pieces of

leaves, about 2 inch high and + inch in diameter.

Easily distinguished from the other species of the sub-genus by

the sharper and wider reticulate puncturation and by the wide

and spinose node.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls. ; type in my collection).

C. vivipus, Smith, race REGINAE, Forel.

Catz Ebyamens BM Vie peal os shs:

(syn. C. Meinerti, Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 30, p. 191, 1886).

(race) Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 10, p. 307, 21, 3, 1901.

Rev. Zool. Afric., vol. 2, p. 346, 1913.

21, 7-8-7 mm. Black, fairly shining all over. Head finely and

superficially reticulate-rugulose at the sides and in front, chiefly

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 719

tugulose above and behind. Pro-mesonotum and abdomen finely

and transversely rugulose. Dorsum of epinotum more strongly

rugulose, almost undulate-striolate. The mandibles and anterior

half of the head also sparsely and sharply punctured, the punctures

small. Pro-mesonotum and abdomen with a few large and shallow

piligerous punctures. Pilosity yellowish, long, erect and fairly

coarse, scanty on the head, fairly abundant elsewhere, somewhat

oblique and shorter on the apical half of the abdomen. Pubescence

decumbent and very sparse, a little longer on the legs than elsewhere.

Head subquadrate, as long as wide, slightly narrowed in front, but as

wide at the anterior third as at the posterior margin, the sides feebly

convex in the smaller 21, straight over the posterior two-thirds in the

larger, the posterior margin widely and rather deeply emarginate.

Mandibles shining, 6-dentate, robust and fairly convex externally.

Median area of clypeus flat, subquadrate, a little longer than wide,

with a very short anterior lobe the margin of which is straight.

Frontal carinae sinuate, as wide apart in the middle as they are long.

The scapes reach the hind margin. Eyes feebly convex, placed at

the posterior third. Pronotum twice as wide as long, the sides

strongly convex, feebly convex above. Mesonotum transversely

oval or subcircular, a little wider than long. Pro-mesonotal suture

well defined, the meso-epinotal suture deep. Dorsum of epinotum

rectangular, a little wider than long in the smaller 2|, two-thirds wider

than longin the largest 2|, sloping slightly downwards behind, obtusely

margined at the basal half of the sides; declivity vertical, twice as

long as the dorsum, its junction with the latter rectangular, feebly

rounded at the apex of the angle (when seen in profile). Scale of

petiole thin, oval, the dorsal edge trenchant, feebly convex in front,

flat behind. Tibiae feebly compressed, with a few setae below near

the apex.

8 minor, 4-8-7 mm. Posterior margin of the head straight, the

sides more convex than in the 2| and more narrowed in front. The

scapes extend beyond the hind margin by about one-fifth of their

length. The larger specimens (6-7 mm.) hardly form a distinct

8 media caste; they have the posterior margin of the head feebly

concave and the scapes a little shorter than in the smaller 8%. Other-

wise like the 2|.

9, 12-2 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Colour and sculpture as in the

21. The pilosity on the abdomen is shorter, oblique and less abundant,

limited to the apical margins of the segments. Head subquadrate,

as long as wide behind, barely one-third wider behind than in front,

720 Annals of the South African Museum.

the sides straight, the posterior margin feebly concave in the middle,

the posterior angles nearly rectangular. Mesonotum a little longer

than wide, the scutellum not quite half the length of the mesonotum.

Dorsum of epinotum hardly wider at the base than at the apex, two

and two-third times wider than long; declivity one-third longer than

the dorsum, vertical, its brow rounded. Scale asin the 21. Wings

hyaline, nervures and stigma ochreous. Otherwise like the 2L.

Nesting in hollow trunks and stems of trees, the communities

exceedingly populous. The walls of the galleries in the nest are

composed of a dark carton-like material, similar to that of the

European Lasius fuliginosus, which species reginae also resembles in

having the same sort of aromatic odour. A vicious species which

emerges from its nest in hundreds on the slightest alarm, and bites

fiercely.

Victoria Falls and Malindi, 8. Rhodesia.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls. ; type of 2 in my collection).

C. BARBAROSSA, Emery, race ARMINIUS, Forel.

(race) Ann. Soc Ent. Belg., vol. 54, p. 457, 21, %, 1910.

“3, 5-9 mm.

2. Clypeus wider and shorter than in the type of the species,

grooved along its whole length by a median longitudinal groove, in

place of the usual carina, (the type species has no groove). Head

slightly shorter, the sides a little more convex. Meso-epinotal

suture much stronger and deeper, exactly as in Meinerti (= vividus

Smith). Dorsum of the epinotum a little more distinctly marginate

than in the type of Barbarossa, but less than in Meinerti, one and a half

times longer than wide, as in the type of the species. The angle

of junction between the dorsum and declivity is more obtuse, less

distinct than in the type. Sculpture of the front of the head as

in the type, the large pit-like punctures more distinct and deeper,

but the fundamental reticulate-punctate sculpture is less dull, more

superficial, more or less subopaque on the whole head and on the

thorax. The fulvous pilosity brillant, as in the typical Barbarossa,

but much less abundant, on the head as well as on the abdomen; the

pubescence on the latter is much shorter and scantier. Otherwise

like the type of the species.

8% minor. Clypeus carinate. The differences between it and the

type species less accentuated than in the 2|, excepting the pubescence.

No large foveae on the head.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 721

Delagoa, (Dr. Liengme). This form is somewhat transitional

between Barbarossa and Meinerti.”’

Race ARMINIUS, var. BICONTRACTA, Forel.

Bull socwmvanee sce Nat... vol. 50, py 206.1205 55) os

“S, 6-5-8-4 mm. Much smaller and less dimorphic than the type of

the race. It differs from ‘t also by its deeply impressed pro-mesonotal

suture, which in profile forms an emargination hardly less deep than

that of the meso-epinotal. The head of the § major is not so large,

and is more narrowed in front than in Arminius s. str., with which

it is otherwise identical.”

The above description is not entirely correct, owing to the fact

that the largest 9% or 2{ 2! were not sent to Dr. Forel for examination.

A fuller description of all the forms is therefore added herewith.

21,10 mm. Black, the apical margins of the abdominal segments

testaceous. Very similar to vividus-reginae, differing from it as

follows :—Head more reticulate-rugulose ; head and thorax almost

dull, the abdomen only slightly shining. Pubescence and _ pilosity

fulvous, the pilosity much more abundant, especially on the abdomen

and anterior half of the head. The latter is very abundantly pilose,

the hairs being erect and inserted in large pit-hke punctures. The

scapes barely reach the hind margin of the head. The median area

of the clypeus is longer than wide, distinctly narrower in front than

behind, not lobate in front, shallowly and longitudinally grooved in

the middle, feebly depressed behind the straight anterior margin.

Mandibles very finely reticulate and dull over the basal half, slightly

shining over the anterior half, fairly strongly punctured. They are

inserted at an appreciable distance from the corners of the anterior

margin of the head, as in some species of Myrmamblys. The eyes are

placed behind the middle of the sides. The head is one-sixth longer

than wide, not much wider behind than in front, the sides straight

over their middle three-fifths, the posterior margin shallowly concave.

The sides and declivity of the epinotum not vertical but oblique,

(nevertheless fairly steep), and, in consequence, the junction of those

surfaces with the dorsal surface is not rectangular as in reginae, but

rounded. The dorsum is convex transversely, feebly so longitudinally,

longer than wide. The declivity is as long as the dorsum, their

junction widely rounded. The scale is a little thicker, less convex

at the sides than in reginae, the summit feebly emarginate. Tibiae

much more compressed than in reginae.

722 Annals of the South African Museum.

media, 7-5-8-5mm. These are the forms erroneously described by

Forel as the 3 major or 2|. They resemble the 21 in pilosity, pubescence

and sculpture, but the large pit-like punctures and the pilosity arising

from them on the front of the head are less plentiful. The head

is not like that of the 21, but resembles that of the 2| of reginae, having,

however, the posterior margin straight or very feebly convex. The

median area of the clypeus is wider, quite as wide as long, and without

the median groove. ‘The scapes reach a little beyond the hind margin.

The scale is like that of the 2L. Mandibles longer, more feebly punc-

tured, less opaque on the basal half.

% minor, 5-5-6-2 mm. Like the § media in sculpture and pilosity,

particularly of the head. The posterior margin of the head straight.

The scapes extend beyond the hind margin by two-fifths of their

leneth. Otherwise like the ¢ media.

Durban, climbing about on trees.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

Sus-ceENuS MYRMOSPHINCTA, Forel.

For characters see table of sub-genera.

C. scaLaris, Forel. (Plate IX, fig. 145).

Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 10, jos alls Dh oe ON Tiel

21, 7-8-2 mm. Black; legs, antennae, mandibles and anterior

margin of the head dark red, the tarsi brownish red. Dull, the

abdomen moderately shining. Very closely and finely reticulate-

punctate, (the reticulations closer and the punctures much smaller

and shallower than in C. epinotalis Santschi), the extreme posterior

angles of the head rugulose and slightly shining. Abdomen very

finely rugulose and partly reticulate - punctate. Legs delicately

reticulate and feebly shining. Pilosity greyish yellow, very sparse on

the head and thorax, a little more plentiful on the abdomen, the hairs

on the epinotum and edge of the scale thicker and longer than

elsewhere. A feeble and decumbent pubescence present only on the

legs and antennae. Head, excluding the mandibles, subtrapezoidal,

wider than long, a good deal wider behind than in front, the posterior

margin straight, the posterior angles moderately rounded. Mandibles

nitidulous, very finely reticulate or shagreened, abundantly and

strongly punctured, 7-dentate. Median area of clypeus not carinate,

very slightly convex transversely, a little wider than long, feebly

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 723

lobate in front, the anterior margin straight, the lateral pieces

triangular, well defined and not small. Frontal carinae not very

divergent. The scapes extend beyond the hind margin. Eyes placed

at the posterior third. Pro-mesonotal suture distinct. The dorsum

of the pronotum and the mesonotum form an even convexity in profile

as far as the middle of the mesonotum, the posterior half of the latter

is steeper and forms an oblique declivity. The meso-epinotal suture

fairly deep. The dorsum of the epinotum lies much lower than the

mesonotum, and is placed step-like below it (see fig. 145). It 1s very

convex transversely, subhorizontal lengthwise, as long as the oblique

declivity and joining the same in a low curve. The scale of the

petiole is moderately convex in front, flat behind, the dorsal edge

obtuse and slightly emarginate in the middle. Tibiae nearly cylin-

drical, not setose below.

8 minor, 4-7-6 mm. Only the anterior corners and the extreme

apical margin of the clypeus reddish. The posterior margin of the

head slightly convex, the sides straighter thanin the 2|. The declivity

of the mesonotum less distinct, but the step-like shape of the thorax

is even more pronounced than in the 2| owing to the dorsum of the

epinotum being more convex lengthwise and rising a little posteriorly.

The dorsum is also narrower than in the 2| and more convex trans-

versely. Otherwise like the 2.

“O,9mm. Wings feebly tinged with yellow, with yellow nervures

and brown stigma. Otherwise like the 2|.”’

Natal, 6,000 ft. (Haviland).

(R.M., G.A. colls., ex Natal Museum coll.).

Susp-Genus MYRMOTREMA, Forel.

For characters see table of sub-genera.

The fundamental sculpture on the head and thorax of the 2| and ¢

usually consists of a fine reticulate-puncturation, appearing under

a low magnification more or less granulate. Some species, however,

are finely rugulose like the Myrmoturba sub-genus. In all the 2! 21

the anterior part of the head has numerous pubescent, pit-like

punctures superimposed, which are plainly visible under even a low

magnification. CO. Barbarossa of the preceding sub-genus also has

the anterior part of the head pitted, but it is not likely to be mistaken

for a species of Myrmotrema, since the pits are densely pilose (not

pubescent), and because the epinotum is more or less cuboid. The

724 Annals of the South African Museum.

epinotum in this sub-genus resembles that of Myrmoturba, but the

dorsum is wide and never ridge-like or cristate, the sides being more

oblique. The declivity is usually clearly delimited from the dorsum,

which is rarely the case in Myrmoturba. In both the 21 and ¢, the

pubescence is very characteristic, being long, generally decumbent

and silky, and often golden or silvery. The head is nearly always

triangular (including the closed mandibles), the sides usually convex.

All our species are arboricolous, nesting in hollow trunks and stems.

As most of the species are unknown to me in nature, I have been

limited to citing the original descriptions, which are unfortunately

not so much detailed diagnoses as lists of differences between one

form and another.

The sub-genus has recently been reviewed by Dr. Santschi (Ann.

Soc. Ent. France, vol. 84, pp. 266-278, 1915), and the following key

to the species is largely based on the one which is presented in that

paper.

Key to the species of Myrmotrema, 2L.

(4) 1. Head and thorax brownish red; dorsum of the epinotum, at least in the

2|, broad, fairly horizontal lengthwise.

. Abdomen black and very shining

Robecchit, Emery, race rhodesiana, Forel.

(2) 3. Abdomen brownish red, fairly dull

Robecchi, Emery, race troglodytes, Forel.

(1) 4. Head and thorax (and abdomen) black; dorsum of epinotum narrower,

oblique. ‘

(10) 5. Pit-like punctures on the head confluent, much larger than the intervals

—

tho

between them ; the pubescence arising from them long, as abundant and

as long as the pubescence on the abdomen.

(9) 6. The pubescence on the cheeks not quite decumbent but oblique, as long or

nearly as long as the apical width of the scape.

(8) 7. Tibiae brownish black. Dorsum of epinotum slightly convex

auropubens, Forel.

(7) 8. Tibiae reddish. Dorsum of epinotum straight. Mesonotum of the § dull

auropubens, var. Absalon, Santschi.

(6) 9. Pubescence shorter and decumbent auropubens, var. Jacob, Santschi.

(5) 10. Pit-like punctures on the head smaller than the intervals between

them, not deep, the pubescence arising from them very short or even

absent.

(16) 11. Abdomen dull, densely punctured. Pubescence generally fairly long.

(15) 12. A glabrous median longitudinal line on the abdomen of the 2|, sometimes

indistinct in the 9.

(14) 13. 2|, The scape extends beyond the hind margin by not more than the length

of the Ist joint of the flagellum ; pubescence brassy-golden, greyish on the

head in the & minor : 5 : 5 postoculaius, Forel.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 725

(13) 14. Scapes longer. Pubescence very pale, golden or silvery

Grandidieri, Forel, race mendax, Emery.

(12) 15. No glabrous line present on the abdomen in the 2|. Dorsum of the

epinotum triangular, much narrowed at the base; antennae and legs

red. ; ; : : Grandidieri, var. Rollei, Forel.

(11) 16. Abdomen shining or subopaque,in greater part finely reticulate-coriaceous.

Pubescence generally short and more sparsely distributed.

(22) 17. The two faces of the epinotum meet in a distinct angle, the apex of which

may sometimes be rounded ; no glabrous median line on the abdomen.

(19) 18. The erect pilosity on the abdomen as fine as the pubescence

Olivieri, Forel, var. tenuipilis, Em.

(18) 19. The erect pilosity coarser than the pubescence.

(21) 20. More robust. Edge of scale rounded ; legs black ; the pubescence slightly

yellowish : : 5 . Olivieri, var. delagoensis, Forel.

(20) 21. Slender; edge of scale more trenchant ; legs brown ; pubescence white

Olivieri, race tauricollis, Forel.

(17) 22. The two faces of the epinotum meet in an arc, subangularly only in the

largest 2| 2|. A fairly distinct median glabrous line on the abdomen,

which is very shining . 5 é Olivieri, race infelix, Forel.

Dr. Santschi has transposed to C. Olivieri several of the races and

varieties which were named for me by Dr. Forel as belonging to

C. foraminosus, and has also made some other minor alterations in

the classification. These will be made apparent in the synonymy

under the title of each species.

C. Ropeccuit, Emery, race RHODESIANA, Forel.

(Plate IX, figs. 135, 135a).

Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., vol. 32, p. 120, 3, 1892.

(race, as var. of troglodytes, sp.) Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 57,

pil bye 2 eo LOS:

Santschi, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 84, p. 271, 1915.

21, 7-2-9 mm. Head, thorax and legs dark brick-red (burnt sienna),

tarsi and petiole brownish red, abdomen black. Head and thorax

subopaque, the legs and petiole slightly, the abdomen very shining.

Head and thorax finely reticulate-punctate, the larger superimposed

punctures are seen under a high magnification to consist of three

contiguous round pits. They are almost obsolete on the clypeus, and

become shallower towards the back of the head. The epinotum

is more reticulate-rugulose than reticulate-punctate. Scale feebly

rugulose, the abdomen transversely and finely so. On the body the

726 Annals of the South African Museum.

pubescence is exceedingly fine, short and scanty, except on the lower

part of the sides of the thorax and on the coxae where it is long,

adjacent and silky. Legs with longer and more abundant pubescence

than the dorsum of the thorax. Pilosity on the margins of the

abdominal segments whitish, very short and thin, yellowish and much

longer on the declivity and scale. Head as long as wide, nearly

twice as wide at its widest point (posterior third) as at the anterior

margin, the sides fairly convex, the posterior margin straight. Median

area of clypeus oblong, a little longer than wide, the anterior margin

straight. Frontal carinae as long as their greatest distance apart.

The scapes extend beyond the hind margin by twice their apical

width. Eyes placed at the posterior third. Mandibles shagreened,

subopaque, strongly punctured, 6-dentate. Pronotum twice as wide

as long, the shoulders subangular. Mesonotum one and a half times .

wider than long, transversely oval. Both sutures strong. Hpinotum

somewhat compressed, but with a distinct dorsal face which lies at a

lower level than the mesonotum and is horizontal lengthwise, at least

over its basal half. It joins the longer and subvertical declivity in a

rapid curve, or (even in examples from the same nest) sub-

rectangularly. The declivity is feebly concave from above to below.

Scale subovate, widest below the middle, the edge fairly trenchant,

the anterior face feebly convex, the posterior face flat. Abdomen

globose, a little longer than wide. Tibiae cylindrical, not setose

below.

8 minor, 4-2-5-3 mm. Head one-seventh longer than wide, widest

across the eyes, and not more than one-third wider there than at the

anterior margin; the posterior margin moderately convex. Head

without the large punctures present in the 2|. Clypeus wider than

long, subcarinate, the anterior margin moderately convex. The

scapes extend beyond the hind margin by about one-fourth of their

length. Inthe smallest $% the disc of the pronotum is rather flattened.

The epinotum is more distinctly compressed, so that the posterior half

of the dorsum is sharply cristate and linear when seen from above.

Otherwise like the 2\.

2, 10 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Colour, sculpture, pilosity and

pubescence as in the 2, but the thorax is darker as a rule, more

brownish red. The mesonotum and scutellum are also very shallowly

and sparsely punctured in addition to the fundamental sculpture.

Head subquadrate, not much narrower in front than behind, the

posterior margin feebly convex, the sides less convex than in the

2,. Abdomen transversely reticulate-rugulose and feebly shining, (in

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 727

a specimen from the Victoria Falls, the abdomen is dull and finely

reticulate-punctate). Wings tinged with yellowish brown, nervures

brown, stigma piceous.

S. Rhodesia; fairly common wherever there is large timber. This

species has a very offensive and powerful cockroach odour. The

smaller 8% are not uncommonly seen climbing the trunks of trees

in company with Cremastogaster castanea, race rufonigra Km., to which

they bear a strong resemblance to the naked eye.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type of 9 in my collection).

ROBECCHII, race TROGLODYTES, Forel.

(as species) Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 9, p. 68, %, 1894.

21,7-9mm. Yellowish brick-red, the last three abdominal segments

becoming gradually darker or reddish brown towards the apex, tibiae

and anterior margin of the head dark reddish brown. The funda-

mental sculpture like that of race rhodesiana but distinctly stronger,

the punctures and reticulations more sharply defined. On the other

hand, the large pit-like punctures on the head are smaller and shallower.

The pubescence is a little more abundant and longer on the abdomen,

and the pilosity much longer and more plentiful. The meso-epinotal

suture is much shallower than in rhodesiana, and the convexity of the

dorsum of the thorax is continuous, the dorsum of the epinotum not

lying at a lower level than the mesonotum. Abdomen very finely

reticulate-punctate and dull, the basal fourth of the 2nd and follow-

ing segments transversely rugulose and slightly shining. There is

a median longitudinal line which is glabrous, but rather indistinct

since the rest of the abdomen is not plentifully pubescent. Otherwise

like rhodesiana.

8 media and minor. These differ from their 2| in the same way as

they do in rhodesiana. The smallest 8 have the pale colour extending

further back on the abdomen, 1.e. to the middle of the 3rd segment.

9, 10° mm. (hitherto undescribed). Sculpture, pilosity and

pubescence as in the 2{. Colour similar but darker all over, the

posterior half of the thorax darker than the anterior, or reddish

brown; abdomen very dark brownish red, or brown on the basal

third and the rest blackish brown, the apex black. Sculpture of the

abdomen stronger than inthe 2|, the basal half of the 2nd and following

segments slightly shining and transversely striolate, the Ist segment

and apical halves of the other segments sharply reticulate-punctate

and dull. Otherwise like the 2 of rhodesiana.

728 Annals of the South African Museum.

3, 7-5-8 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Head, pro-mesonotum and

scutellum reddish ochreous ; epinotum, petiole and Ist segment of the

abdomen, the femora and flagellum dirty ochreous, the rest of the

abdomen, the tibiae, tarsi and scapes more or less yellowish brown.

Sides of epinotum, petiole and abdomen with a long, erect and pale

brownish pilosity, fairly abundant, the rest of the body with only

a hair here and there. Abdomen and legs with a sparse, decumbent

pubescence. Head, pro-mesonotum and scutellum reticulate-punctate

and dull, the rest of the body superficially rugulose and shining.

Head rather long, clearly longer than wide across the eyes, the posterior

two-thirds, seen from above, trapezoidal, the posterior margin narrow

and straight, the sides in front of the eyes parallel. Scapes long,

extending beyond the hind margin by two-thirds of their length. The

dorsal profile of the epinotum forms a low and continuous convexity.

The scale is wider above than below, the anterior and somewhat

oblique face subquadrate and flat, the posterior face convex from side

to side and vertically, the summit shallowly emarginate in the middle.

Wings tinged with yellowish brown, nervures and stigma pale brown.

Nesting under the bark of a rotten tree, Stella Bush, Durban. The

larvae and $¢ of Cremastogaster tricolor, var. durbanensis Forel, were

found in the same spot without any distinct boundaries between the

nests of the two species. The latter did not attack each other when

the nests were disturbed.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type of 2 and g in my collection).

C. AUROPUBENS, Forel.

(as race of C. foraminosus) Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 9,

Ds OU, Aly 5 Ifseue.

Santschi emend., loc. cit., pp. 267 and 274-5.

“Like Grandidiert, but as much as 9 mm. long. The large pits

on the head very close, becoming almost a reticulation on the cheeks.

The whole body with a long, strong and bright golden pubescence,

which, although it allows the sculpture to be seen through it, is

nevertheless much longer and more abundant than in Grandidiert.

Black; antennae, mandibles and anterior margin of the head dark

red. The coarse pits on the head disappear at its posterior end. The

middle of the nitidulous and very sparsely punctured abdomen has a

glabrous longitudinal line which is impunctate.”

Delagoa Bay, (Dr. Liengme) ; Stamford Hill, Natal, (Traegaordh).

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 729

According to Santschi’s key, Grandidieri s. str. is limited to Mada-

gasear. It is, ike foraminosus, distinct from auropubens by having

fewer pits on the head, which are smaller than the intervals be-

tween them.

AUROPUBENS, var. ABSALON, Santschi.

Loc. cit., pp. 267 and 274, 21, 8, @.

5-5-9-5 mm. Very close to the type from which it differs by the

red or brownish red tibiae, (black or slightly brownish black in the

type). The dorsum of the epinotum is straight, the angle which it

forms with the declivity being less open than in auropubens, in which

the dorsum of the epinotum is also a little convex. The pubescence

of the cheeks is as long and as much exserted as in auropubens—

that is, the hairs are as long as the width of the apex of the scape, and

as long as those on the abdomen.

2,10 mm. Head trapezoidal, longer than wide, about one-fourth

narrower in front, the sides and the posterior margin straight, the

angles rounded. Mesonotum dull like the rest of the thorax. Scale

high and thin, obtuse at the summit. Wings tinged with brownish

yellow, nervures and stigma brown. ‘The anterior wing 12 mm. long.

Natal, (Traegaordh). Hitherto confused with the type of the

species, as was also the following variety.”

AUROPUBENS, var. JACOB, Santschi.

Loc) cit. pp. 26h" and 275.) 2579:

“Differs from the type and from the variety Absalon by having the

pubescence on the cheeks entirely decumbent, although they extend

beyond the pits. It is also shorter, the hairs being shorter than

the apical width of the scape. The pubescence on the abdomen is

also shorter and less plentiful. The tibiae are reddish like the

antennae and mandibles. The pits on the head are hardly less large

than in the type, but much larger than in Grandidiert, Forel, and more

confluent ; the cheeks dull. Mozambique, Pungwe Valley, (Vasse) ;

Bulawayo, Rhodesia, (Arnold).

C. auropubens has the pit-like puncturation so different from that

of the other Myrmotvema that I believe it may be considered as a

species distinct from Grandidierz, to which it is the nearest allied.”

21, 73-10 mm. & media, 6°38 mm. 8 minor, 5-5-5 mm.

730 Annals of the South African Museum.

Inthe 2|, the antennae are yellowish red, in the $ somewhat brighter.

The pilosity is white, fairly scanty on the pro-mesonotum, limited

on the head to the frons and middle of the vertex, more abundant,

longer and coarser on the epinotum, scale and abdomen. The hairs

on the epinotum and scale thick and bristly. In the ¢ minor the

pilosity on the abdomen is more plentiful than in the 2! and % media.

2, 10-3 mm. (hitherto undescribed). Scapes bright reddish ochreous

as in the § minor, mandibles bright ferrugincus, otherwise like the 2!

in colour, sculpture, pilosity and pubescence. The posterior margin

of the head is straight (concave in the 21), the sides less convex

than in the 21. The shoulders of the pronotum are subangular and

clearly visible from above. Lower half of the declivity of the epinotum

shining, the corners on each side with a dense and silvery pubescence.

Wings tinged with brownish yellow, nervures and stigma brown.

This variety had been named for me by Dr. Forel as C. foraminosus,

race Grandidierr. It is a common species, forming its nest most

frequently in hollow stems of Acacia horrida and Sclerocarya caffra.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type of 2 in my collection).

C. postocuLatus, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 254, 21, 8, 1914.

21, 9:-6-11-6 mm. Black; flagelum dark brown, apical half of the

mandibles sometimes ferruginous, last four tarsal joints reddish

brown. Dull. Head reticulate -rugulose, distinctly and rather

coarsely reticulate-punctate between the eyes and frontal carinae,

the pit-like punctures on the cheeks much shallower and smaller than

in auropubens and its varieties or in foraminosus and Olivieri, here

and there almost effaced. Thorax closely reticulate-punctate, the

declivity, scale and legs only reticulate, but the latter also with

a fine and sparse puncturation. Abdomen very finely and closely

reticulate-punctate or granulate. From the pits on the head arise

microscopic pubescent hairs, otherwise the head is almost without

any pubescence. On the thorax the pubescence is pale golden, long,

decumbent and fairly abundant. On the abdomen it is much longer,

more plentiful and of a brassy-golden colour. Pilosity whitish,

thick and pointed (not blunt at the ends as described by Forel).

Head feebly trapezoidal, very little narrowed in front, as long as

wide, the posterior margin straight, (feebly concave in the smaller

examples), the sides straight in the middle and feebly convex in front

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 731

end behind, the posterior margin about half as wide again as the

anterior. The scapes extend beyond the hind margin of the head

by one-seventh of their length (by a little more in the smaller 2! 21, but

not by as much as two-fifths as described by Forel). Median area of

clypeus longer than wide, feebly carinate, the anterior margin straight.

Mandibles dull, very finely reticulate, sparsely and finely punctured,

6-dentate. Pronotum with obtuse but fairly distinct shoulders.

Mesonotum very convex transversely. Dorsum of epinotum narrow,

almost cristate, much shorter than the declivity which it joins in a

wide angle. The median glabrous area on the abdomen very distinct.

All the femora strongly compressed, tibiae cylindrical, not setose

below.

In all the specimens before me, (collected at the same time and

place as the types of Forel), the eyes are separated from the posterior

margin by a distance as great as their own length, not as one-third

of their diameter as stated by Forel. Neither are the scapes “‘almost

as slender at the apex as at the base.”

8 media, 8-2 mm. Head trapezoidal, longer than wide. Anterior

half or more of the pronotum flat, thereby making the shoulders

appear sharper and the lateral margins more clearly defined; it

slopes more steeply downwards and forwards than in the 21, but, like

the latter, the dorsal profile of the meso-epinotum is almost horizontal

and straight.

3 minor, 6-2-7 mm. These differ from both the 2| and ¢ media in

having the front of the head as far as the eyes, and the cheeks below

the eyes as far as the posterior angles, clothed with a whitish, oblique

and very long pubescence (almost pilose). It should be noted that the

degree of abundance of the pilosity in this sub-genus is not a character

on which much reliance can be placed, since the hairs are very easily

rubbed off, especially the bristly hairs.

Durban.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

C. GRANDIDIERT, Forel.

C.R. Soc. Ent. Belg., p. 103, 21, 3, 1886.

The type of the species is confined to Madagascar. The description

is included here in order to make the diagnoses of its African forms

somewhat clearer.

“S$ 5-8-2 mm. This species, allied to foraminosus Forel, has the

general facies of C. novogranadensis Mayr, but differs from it by the

732 Annals of the South African Museum.

triangular shape of the head and by its wider epinotum, which make

it resemble the sub-genus Colobopsis a good deal less.... Head

triangular, the sides rounded. Mandibles short, thick, pilose, with

6 or 7 teeth, with large deep punctures and very finely reticulate-striate

between the punctures. Clypeus almost rectangular, nearly parallel-

sided, not carinate, prolonged in front into a very short rectangular

lobe, emarginate on each side of the lobe, the middle of the anterior

margin entire. Thorax strongly arched, especially in front. Abdomen

fairly large. Thorax, abdomen, frons, vertex, clypeus and antennal

pits (also the cheeks in the % minor) reticulate-punctate; the

puncturation extremely dense, the bottom of the punctures micro-

scopically granulate. Legs and antennae (also the cheeks in the 21)

very finely reticulate. Scale and declivity of the epinotum finely

punctate-rugulose transversely. On the head there are some large

piligerous punctures ; these become, in the 21, large round pits which

are strongly reticulate-punctate at the bottom and have a decumbent

hair inserted in the middle. These pits give a peculiar carious

appearance to the sculpture. The whole body is covered with a

coarse, silvery pubescence, fairly short, but longer on the abdomen,

and not verydense, .... the antennae and legs have a finer pubescence.

Some white, erect, thick and obtuse hairs are dispersed over the body,

especially on the margin of the scale and on the abdominal segments.

Tibiae and scapes without erect hairs. Black, dull. Antennae

(except the end of the flagellum), tibiae, tarsi, part of the femora and

mandibles (except the teeth in the 21) reddish. In the 2| the anterior

margin of the clypeus and cheeks also reddish.

GRANDIDIERI, race MENDAX, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 54, 8 minor, 1895.

Santschi emend., loc. cit., p. 274, 8 media.

“3 minor, 4:5 mm. In form and sculpture this imitates Grandidieri

exactly. The shape of the thorax as in Olivieri. The head is more

elongate than in Grandidieri ; the scape extends beyond the occiput

by one-third of its length. Colour black; mandibles and antennae

tusty red. Hamman’s Kraal, (Simon).”’

The § minor has no glabrous median line on the abdomen, but

according to Santschi, the line is fairly distinct in the § media. This

race is also found in Natal.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 733

GRANDIDIERI, race Ruspouiu, Forel, var. Rouuet, Forel.

(as race of foraminosus) Mitt. Schwiez. Ent. Ges., vol. 8, p. 349,

8, 2, 1892.

(variety) Zool. Jahrb. Syst., vol. 29, p. 270, % major, 1910.

“21,6:4-6:-8mm. Scale higher and more convex transversely than

in the typical Ruspolii. The blunt, bristly, white hairs more plentiful,

especially on the abdomen. The latter with a sparse silvery pubes-

cence, as in Grandidiert, and with a glabrous median longitudinal

line. Pit-like punctures on the head as in the type, feeble or absent

posteriorly. Thorax short, very wide in front, narrowed to a point

behind. The dorsum of the epinotum is straight and much shorter

than the declivity. Black, dull; antennae, legs and mandibles

bright red; cheeks in front reddish. Otherwise just like Ruspoli.”

Zoutpansberg, Transvaal, (Rolle).

C. Oxivieri, Forel.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 30, p. 175, 3, 9, 1886.

The type of the species is West African, (Angola). It is represented

in our region by four forms which, like the type, have the abdomen

shining, feebly rugulose and very sparsely pubescent.

OLIVIERI, var. TENUIPILIS, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 54, 1895.

“Differs from the type of the species by the erect hairs on the

abdomen being much finer, not thicker, or even a little thinner than

the decumbent pubescence; the latter are, however, thicker and

whiter than in Oliviert.”” Pretoria, (Simon).

OLIVIERI, var. DELAGOENSIS, Forel.

(as race of foraminosus) Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 9, p. 68,

21, 3, 1894.

“21,7:5-9mm. Very similar to Oliviert but somewhat larger. The

pit-like punctures on the head remain sharply defined and large right

up to the posterior margin. Pronotum rounder and convex, hardly

734 Annals of the South African Museum.

pentagonal like that of Grandidieri, but longer and narrower. Dorsum

of the epinotum nearly as long as the declivity and less sharply

delimited from it. Scale somewhat thicker. Pubescence scantier.

_ Otherwise just like Olimerc.

8 minor. Excepting the large punctures, showing the same differ-

ences to Olivieri as the 21.”

Delagoa Bay, (Berthoud, Liengme).

OLIVIERI, race INFELIX, Forel.

(as var. of foraminosus, race lemma) Bull. Soc. Vaud. Se. Nat.,

vol. 50, p. 254, 21, 8, 1914.

Santschi emend., loc cit., p. 270.

21, 8:9 mm. Black; basal third of the scapes ferruginous ; tarsi,

mandibles and flagellum brownish red. Sculpture of head and thorax

as in postoculatus, but the pit-liike punctures on the head are larger

and deeper; the abdomen is microscopically rugulose transversely,

shining, and also very shallowly and sparsely punctured.

On the cheeks the large punctures occur as far back as the posterior

angles, and on the clypeus they are exceedingly shallow (not absent

from those two areas as stated in Forel’s description). The pubescence

is whitish to pale golden, decumbent, exceedingly short and scanty

on the body, a little more abundant on the scapes and legs. The

pilosity is dirty white or yellowish white and not very plentiful, much

less so than in auropubens and its varieties. The femora are fairly

closely and shallowly punctured. The scapes extend beyond the

hind margin by a distance equal to their apical width. Mandibles

moderately shining, strongly punctured. The pronotum is feebly

convex above, or almost flat, with rounded but distinct shoulders.

The dorsum of the epinotum is twice as long as wide at the base,

flat, moderately oblique lengthwise, feebly convex transversely,

clearly delimited from the sides. It joins the almost vertical and

longer declivity in a very short curve.

8 minor, 5-5-7 mm. Pilosity and pubescence even scantier than in

the 2|. The scapes in the smallest examples extend beyond the hind

margin by two-fifths of their length. The epinotum is more com-

pressed than in the 2|, so that the dorsal face is merely an obtuse

ridge as narrow at the base as at the apex. It is relatively longer than

in the 2.

Durban and Zululand.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 735

OLIVIERI, race TAURICOLLIS, Forel.

(as race of foraminosus) loc. cit., p. 68.

Santschi emend., loc. cit., p. 270.

“4-3-6 mm. Very near to Ruspolu but shorter. Thorax very

strongly arched lengthwise, with unusually wide pronotum, which

has even sharper anterior angles. Dorsum of the epinotum narrower,

almost tectiform, fairly convex and merging arcuately into the

declivity. Scale convex above. The pits on the slightly shining

head of the 2| fairly shallow. Abdomen shining, feebly rugulose,

sparsely punctured. In the 8 minor the whole body is shining and

feebly rugulose. Clypeus somewhat produced in front. Head and

thorax of the 2| reticulate-punctate. Black; antennae and ends of

the tarsi brownish red; mandibles and legs dark brown. Scale and

epinotum with white, thick and blunt hairs, which are sparse else-

where. Pubescence very fine, short and scanty. Delagoa Bay,

(Liengme).”’

Susp-cenus MYRMEPOMIS, Forel.

For characters see table of sub-genera.

Only one species belonging to this sub-genus occurs in our region,

but it is split up into three races and two varieties. These may

easily be recognised by the nature of the very abundant, oblique or

almost decumbent pilosity on the abdomen, which is composed of

very thick and blunt hairs. In cross-section these hairs are cylin-

drical or oblong. They more or less hide the sculpture. The anterior

corners of the pronotum are either sharply margined and angular or

subangular, or produced into a short tooth. The tibiae are strongly

prismatic, the upper, inner and outer faces of which are deeply

canaliculate. In habits the fulvopilosus group is distinctly arenicolous,

yet strangely enough, these ants lack the ammochaetae which are

found in other arenicolous species, such as C. mystaceus and the

myrmicine Ocymyrmez.

The 2 and g are both large. The former is quite as long as the 21,

but has a narrower head. The head of the 2| in some forms is very

large.

Key to the fulvopilosus group, 21, ¥.

1. Head and thorax black.

(3) 2. Pilosity of abdomen fulvous; the 2{ has a more or less distinct, small

glabrous spot in the middle of the 2nd (sometimes also the 3rd) abdominal

segment . 2 : - : . fulvopilosus, De Geer.

736 Annals of the South African Museum.

(2) 3. Pilosity on the abdomen ochreous or straw-yellow

var. flavopilosus, Emery.

(1) 4. Head and thorax more or less dark reddish.

(8) 5. Smaller species, 2|, 12-13 mm. long.

(7) 6. Pilosity on the abdomen short, sparse, evenly distributed all over, not

hiding the colour and sculpture of the integument

race brevisetosus, Forel.

(6) 7. Pilosity on the abdomen long and abundant, but the base of the Ist, and

; some large median spots on the Ist, 2nd and 3rd segments glabrous

race detritus, Emery.

(5) 8. Larger species, 2|, 15-17 mm. long.

(10) 9. Pilosity of abdomen reddish ochreous (but not so dark as in the type of the

species) ; 2nd and 3rd segments with a pasts median spot ; shoulders

of pronotum angular. . var. detritoides, Forel.*

(9) 10. Pilosity of abdomen straw Fellow, no glabrous spots; shoulders of

pronotum dentate 5 . 5 : race storeatus, Forel.

C. FULVOPILOSUS, De Geer.

Mem. Hist. Insect. 7, p. 613, 1778.

21,15-16mm. Black, dull, densely reticulate-punctate or granulate,

more closely and finely so on the abdomen than elsewhere, the legs

superficially reticulate, feebly shining and with shallow pubescent

punctures. On the cheeks and frons there is a fine and sparse

puncturation superimposed. Pubescence exceedingly short and fine,

occurring only on the legs and antennae. Mesonotum, epinotum and

petiole with a few thick, erect and pale yellowish hairs. Abdomen

with a very dense and almost decumbent pilosity, composed of thick

blunt hairs of a fulvous or foxy-red colour (paler at their bases), the

2nd and 3rd segments sometimes with an indistinct median patch

devoid of hairs. ’

Head very large (4-4-3 mm. wide by 5-5-2 mm. long), including the

closed mandibles more or less triangular, excluding them about as

long as wide, twice as wide at its widest (just behind the eyes) as across

the anterior margin, the sides convex, the posterior margin feebly

concave, the posterior angles widely rounded. Mandibles dull, finely,

shallowly and fairly closely punctured, armed with 6 or 7 teeth.

Median area of clypeus subquadrate, very little wider in front than

behind, feebly subcarinate, the anterior margin straight, hardly

produced into a lobe. Frontal carinae not greatly divergent, longer

* Detritoides is sometimes black on the head and thorax, but it may be dis-

tinguished in that case from the type of fulvopilosus by the larger head of the 21,

and the paler or reddish ochreous colour of the abdominal pilosity.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 737

than their greatest distance apart. The scapes strongly incrassate

apically, extending beyond the hind margin by about one-fourth of

their length. Hyes rather small, feebly convex, placed at the posterior

third. Thorax not much narrowed posteriorly. Pronotum very

little wider across the shoulders than behind, twice as wide as long,

the sides clearly delimited from the rather flat dorsum, the anterior

angles or shoulders submarginate and rectangular. Mesonotum con-

vex, oval, as long as wide in front. Both thoracic sutures distinct,

not deep. Dorsum of epinotum convex transversely, a little narrowed

towards the apex, a little longer than the very oblique declivity,

which it joins in a very wide angle (175°). Scale of petiole thick in its

lower half, much thinner above, the anterior face very convex trans-

versely, the posterior face flat and seen from behind ovate, the dorsal

edge fairly trenchant. Tibiae strongly compressed or prismatic, the

faces canaliculate, armed below with a few short setae.

8 media, 12-5 mm. Head longer and more trapezoidal than in the

21, a little longer than wide, one and a half times wider at its widest

than across the anterior margin, the sides convergent anteriorly but

fairly straight, posterior margin almost straight. Hyes placed a little

further back, more convex and relatively larger than inthe 2|. The

scapes extend beyond the hind margin by nearly one-third of their

length. The pronotum is nearly flat above, longer than in the 2! or

nearly as long as wide, the anterior angles somewhat less acute. The

dorsum of the epinotum more oblique, forming with the declivity an

almost continuous and low curve. Scale a little lower and thicker.

Abdomen usually without glabrous patches. Otherwise like the 2.

8 minor, 10-11 mm. Head and antennae often of a slightly reddish

black colour. Head similar to that of the % media but longer and

narrower, longer than wide, hardly one-fourth wider at its widest

than across the anterior margin. The sides in front of the eyes

straight and convergent anteriorly, fairly convex behind the eyes,

the posterior margin straight. Eyes very convex and relatively

much larger than in the 2|. The scapes extend beyond the hind

margin by a little more than two-fifths of their length. Pronotum

as long as wide, the anterior angles as in the § media. Abdomen

narrower than in the 2}. Otherwise like the 2| and % media.

9, 165-19 mm. Head like that of the % minor, but a little less

narrowed in front. Pronotum with rectangular shoulders, plainly

visible from above. Dorsum of epinotum shorter than the sub-

vertical declivity, merging into it by a rapid curve. Scale of petiole

thicker than in the 2|, the anterior face more convex from above to

738 Annals of the South African Museum.

below. Wings fuscous, nervures and stigma blackish brown. Other-

wise like the 2.

3, 10-115 mm. Black. Head, mesonotum and scutellum closely

and finely reticulate-punctate and dull; epinotum, scale and abdomen

moderately shining and very superficially reticulate-rugulose. The

pilosity consists of pale yellowish, long, thin and pointed hairs, quite

different from the pilosity of the 2} and %. Itis not very abundant, but

is more plentiful on the abdomen than elsewhere. Head as long as wide

across the eyes, the sides in front of the latter straight, moderately

convex behind them. Clypeus carinate. Mandibles large, edentate.

The scapes extend beyond the hind margin by at least half their length.

Frontal carinae strongly divergent behind. Declivity of epinotum

subvertical, slightly convex from above to below, twice as long as the

dorsum, their junction widely arcuate. Scale of petiole thick, low,

about one and a half times wider than thick, both faces convex

transversely, the upper edge obtuse and emarginate in the middle.

Wings hyaline or very faintly tinged with yellow, nervures and stigma

pale brown.

S.W. Africa, the Karroo and Grahamstown.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

Var. FLAVOPILOSUS, Emery.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 63, p. 54, 1895.

Like the type of the species, but with the pilosity on the abdomen

of a pale straw-yellow; the glabrous median patches are rarely

present, and when they occur are always smaller than in the type.

It attains to a larger size, 2}, 15-17 mm. The scale is a little thicker

in both the 2l and ¢ than in the type of the species.

3, 9°38 mm. Smaller than the type of the species. The dorsum of

the epinotum is more oblique and the scale is less deeply emarginate

above, and thicker or about as long as wide. Otherwise like the type.

S. Rhodesia. Almost confined to sandy and well-wooded regions,

frequently nesting under stones and fallen trees. A most vicious and

courageous insect, which, when the nest is disturbed, has a most

uncommon and disconcerting way of rushing out in files direct towards

the intruder, even if the latter is standing several feet away from the

nest. The bite of the 2|2{ is quite capable of drawing blood. In

walking, the abdomen is carried reflected over the thorax, giving the

insect a peculiar and distinctive appearance.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 739

Var. DETRITOIDES, Forel.

Schultze, Reise Siidafrika, vol. 4, p. 25, 1910.

Like the type of the species, but with large glabrous patches on |

the 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments. The head is even larger than

in the type, in the 2| measuring 5:2 mm. wide by 5-9 mm. long (in-

cluding the mandibles). Forel says that apart from the above

characters it is exactly like the type species. I have a specimen

which is undoubtedly to be referred to this variety which has the

head and thorax very dark blood-red, and the abdominal pilosity

paler than in the type, more reddish ochreous than fulvous.

Glatkop, Little Namaland, (Schultze); Clanwilliam, Cape Prov.

(Malley).

(S.A.M., G.A. colls.).

Race DETRITUS, Emery.

Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., vol. 18, p. 357, 21, 3, 1886.

Forel, loc. cit., p. 26, 1910.

“3. Very much like fulvopilosus but smaller, dark ferruginous, the

abdomen black, head nitidulous, more finely reticulate, the sparse

puncturation deeper, the scale thinner and more procumbent, pilosity

of abdomen pale flavous, the base glabrous, the glabrous patches on

the 1st, 2nd and 3rd segments much larger than in fulvopilosus.

Length, 95-13 mm. Damaraland.”

The & minor has the front of the pronotum from shoulder to shoulder

sharply marginate.

8 minor. Walfish Bay. (S.A.M., G.A. colls.).

Race sTOREATUS, Forel. (Plate IX, fig. 140).

Loc. cit., p. 26, 3 minor.

21, (hitherto undescribed), 15-16 mm. Head, thorax and flagellum

dark blood-red or brownish red, the anterior half of the head, the

scapes, legs and mandibles very dark reddish brown. Abdomen

black. The pilosity of the abdomen is slightly darker than in flavo-

pilosus, ochreous and not at all reddish as in the type fulvopilosus. It

is much more dense than in either of those forms and the glabrous

patches are entirely absent. The head is very large, as in the var.

740 Annals of the South African Museum.

detritoides. ‘The sparse superimposed puncturation more plentiful

anddeeper. Thereticulate-punctate fundamental sculpture is stronger

and extends over the scale as well. The anterior angles of the

pronotum are produced into slightly flattened teeth, somewhat

obtuse at their extreme apices, and about three-quarters as long as

their basal width. The scale of the petiole is distinctly emarginate

above. Otherwise like fulvopilosus and the var. detritoides. |

% media, 12 mm.; 8 minor,11 mm. Like the 21, but the colour of

the head, thorax, legs and antennae brighter. As in the 21, the

sculpture is distinctly stronger than in the type of the species. The

pronotal teeth in the % media are less prominent, more obtuse, twice

as wide at the base as long. The scale is much thicker than in the

type, the anterior face strongly convex, the posterior face slightly

so transversely, but almost flat vertically, subacuminate in the

middle of the dorsal edge. In the % minor the pronotal shoulders

are merely angular and the scale is not subacuminate above.

2, (hitherto undescribed), 16-5 mm. Colour, pilosity and sculpture

as in the 2|. Pronotal shoulders merely angular as in the type of

the species, which it otherwise resembles.

Willowmore, Cape Prov. (Brauns); Toverwater, Oliphants River,

(Arnold).

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls. ; types of 2| and § in my collection).

Race BREVISETOSUS, Forel.

IEDG, Chey 0s BBs, Aly St, @-

21, 10-13 mm. Colour as in storeatus, sculpture as in fulvopilosus

type. The pilosity of the abdomen is pale ochreous, short and quite

blunt, evenly distributed but sparse, and showing the colour and

sculpture in between the hairs; the latter are distant from each

other by as much as their own length. In addition, the abdomen

has a fine, sparse and decumbent, yellowish pubescence. The

shoulders of the pronotum are much more prominent than in the type

of the species, but not so much so as in storeatus, merely subdentate.

The dorsum of the epinotum is narrow and more cristate, also longer

than in the type of the species, its junction with the declivity dis-

tinctly angular. The scale is higher and much thinner, the dorsal

edge emarginate in the middle and sharply trenchant.

8 minor, 7-5-9 mm. The head of a brighter red than in the 2

and without the superimposed puncturation. The epinotum is more

compressed, the dorsum being almost linear; it joins the declivity a

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 741

little less angularly than in the 2. Scale more shallowly emarginate.

Otherwise like the 2.

“2,14mm. Head red, all the rest black. Abdomen with the same

sort of pilosity and pubescence as the §. Scale fairly thin.”

Natal, 3,000 ft. (Haviland) ; Capetown, ?. (Wilms).

(G.A. coll., ex Haviland coll. in the Natal Museum).

Genus POLYRACHIS, Shuckard ? (Smith).

Shuckard, Hist. Insects, 1840.

Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc., 11, p. 58, 1858.

Characters.

%. Antennae 12-jointed, flagellum filiform, scapes long. Maxillary

palpi 6-, labial palpi 4-jointed. Monomorphic. Frontal carinae

always raised. Pronotum, and often epinotum armed with spines

or teeth. (Mesonotum unarmed in all our species.) Lateral margins

of the dorsum of the thorax sharply marginate in nearly all 8. African

species, the sides of the thorax vertical. Scale of the petiole nearly

always armed with spines or teeth. Abdomen more or less globose,

the lst segment much larger than the rest, forming half or more of

the abdomen.

@. Antennae as in the 3. Armature of the thorax much weaker

than in the 8, or obsolete. Wings with a closed radial and one

cubital cell, the cubital vein usually reaching the outer margin, no

discoidal cell.

$. Antennae 13-jointed. Thorax and petiole unarmed, the

epinotal stigmatic orifices sometimes very prominent laterally. Very

much like the gg of Camponotus, in many cases indistinguishable

from them. Distribution. Both hemispheres.

The species of Polyrachis nest either in trees or in the ground.

The nest is frequently made of a silky woven material, intermixed in

some cases with carton. With some species, the entrance to the

nest is surmounted by a raised wall of woven grass or similar material,

intermixed with what appears to be silk.

Key to the species of Polyrachis, 8.

(14) 1. Large species, not less than 8 mm. long; the pronotum with acute spines

which are as long as, or nearly as long as, the portion of the pronotum

behind them, or at least twice as long as their basal width,

742 Annals of the South African Museum.

(9) 2. Whole body fairly dull.

(4) 3. More than 12 mm. long; pubescence on the thorax very dense, pale

golden or grey, hiding the sculpture. . Mmilitaris, Fab.

(3) 4. Less than 12 mm. long; pubescence on the thoras less dense.

5. Pubescence greyish.

(7) 6. Pubescence long, hiding the sculpture of the head and thorax

schistacea, Gerst.

(6) 7. Pubescence shorter, not hiding the sculpture

schistacea, race rugulosa, Mayr.

(5) 8. Pubescence distinctly silvery . . schistacea, race Schliiteri, Forel.

(2) 9. At least the abdomen very shining.

(13) 10. Head and thorax subopaque.

(12) 11. Eyes flat : : : . schistacea, race gagates, Smith.

(11) 12. Eyes moderately convex ; . schistacea, race indefinita, Forel.

(10) 13. Head moderately shining, thorax and abdomen very shining

. indefinita, var. acheron, Arnold.

(1) 14. Smaller species, less than 8 mm. long; pronotum with teeth which are

rarely more than one and a half times longer than their basal width, and

always much shorter than the portion of the pronotum which lies behind

them.

(22) 15. Abdomen dull, without pilosity.

(17) 16. The inner pair of spines on the petiole much shorter than the outer pair

viscosa, Smith.

(16) 17. The inner pair of spines on the petiole longer than the outer pair.

(19) 18. Abdomen and thorax very distinctly longitudinal striate ; the inner pair

of spines on the petiole thinner than, but only a little longer than, the

outer pair : : : : : c Arnoldi, Forel.

(18) 19. Abdomen reticulate.

(21) 20. Thorax strongly and longitudinally rugoso-striate, not much wider in

front than behind ; meso-epinotal suture distinct ; pronotal teeth a little

longer than their basal width . F . spinicola, Forel.

(20) 21. Thorax finely reticulate- -punctate, much wider in front than behind ;

meso-epinotal suture nearly obsolete ; pronotal teeth shorter than their

basal width . 7 . cubaensis, Mayr, race durbanensis, Forel.

(15) 22. Abdomen shining, with a fairly abundant and long pilosity

Revoili, André.

Cubaensis Mayr i. sp., and its race gallicola Forel, are not included

in the key above, being unknown to me in nature. P. Gamau

Santschi is also excluded, only the 9 being known.

P. SCHISTACEA, Gerstaecker.

Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 262, %, 1858.

8, 7-5-9 mm. Black, dull. Clothed all over with a dense, decum-

bent and fine cinereous pubescence, which, on the head and thorax,

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 748

where it is most abundant, more or less masks the sculpture. _Pilosity

greyish yellow, more or less erect, fairly scanty on the thorax, more

abundant on the head and abdomen. On the legs and scapes the

pilose hairs are coarser, and the pubescence finer.

Head, thorax and petiole more or less longitudinally rugose, here

and there reticulate-rugulose, the spaces between the rugae coriaceous.

Abdomen closely and finely reticulate-punctate. Legs and scapes

very finely reticulate-punctate or merely reticulate. Head, including

the closed mandibles, oval, two-fifths longer than wide, hardly wider

behind than in front, very convex above. Clypeus convex trans-

versely, slightly depressed behind the anterior margin which is

convex and entire. Frontal carinae raised, feebly sinuate, fairly

closed together. Eyes very convex, (the degree of convexity is

variable), placed at the posterior third of the sides. The scapes

incrassate apically, extending beyond the hind margin by half their

length and reaching the pro-mesonotal suture. Mandibles elongate

triangular, strongly sulcate and punctate in between the sulci,

5-dentate. Pronotum narrowed anteriorly from about the anterior

third and armed at that point on each side with a long and acute

spine lamelliform in its basal half, divergent and directed forwards

and slightly outwards, two and a half times longer than its basal width

and as long, or nearly as long, as the portion of the pronotum behind it ;

the posterior two-thirds of the pronotum parallel-sided. The sides

of the dorsum of the thorax, from the pronotal spines as far as the

epinotal teeth, are sharply marginate, the margins projecting a little

beyond the vertical sides, and over the base of the mesonotum reflected

a little upwards. Both thoracic sutures sharply defined. Mesonotum

a little wider in front than behind, twice as wide as long, the anterior

margin feebly arcuate, the posterior margin straight. Dorsum of

epinotum convex lengthwise and sloping downwards behind, one-fifth

longer than wide, parallel-sided, ending on each side behind in a

rounded and upturned triangular tooth. Declivity of epinotum

concave from above to below, oblique, half as long as the dorsum.

The dorsal profile of the thorax forms a fairly high and continuous

convexity. Scale of petiole seen from the side more or less conical,

seen from above, with an anterior and a posterior face, the anterior

face trapezoidal, widest above and fairly flat transversely, the posterior

face convex, the dorsal edge thick and rounded from front to back,

ending on each side in a long and acute spine which is as long as or

longer than the anterior face of the scale, curved, divergent and

directed upwards. Just below and outside these inner spines there

744 Annals of the South African Museum.

is on each side a short triangular tooth, as long as wide. The distance

between the apices of the inner spines is about twice the length of the

spine. Abdomen globose. Legs long and stout. |

Durban.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

Var. DIVINOIDES, Forel.

Rev. Zool. Afric., vol. 2, p. 348, 1913.

A very slight variation in which the pronotum is as long as wide

or nearly so, and as wide in front as behind (excluding the sloping

neck-like portion in front of the spines). In the type species the

pronotum is one-quarter wider than long. The arc of the occiput is

more convex and the lateral spines of the scale shorter.

Transvaal.

Race RuGULOSA, Mayr. (Plate VIII, figs. 125, 125a).

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 685, 9, 1862.

3, 10-11 mm. Very similar to the type of the species, but larger

and more robust, the pubescence less abundant, hardly hiding the

sculpture. The spaces between the rugae on the head and thorax

are slightly shining. The head is wider, more convex at the

sides, between one-sixth and one-seventh longer than wide; the

clypeus feebly carinate. The lateral margins of the thorax are

more deeply emarginate at the pro-mesonotal suture, owing to the

sides of the pronotum converging more towards that point, and to

the corners of the mesonotum projecting further outwards. The

pronotal spines are wider at their base, and are very little more

than twice as long as wide at the’base. The dorsal profile of the

thorax forms a higher convexity. The outer pair of spines on the

petiole are a little larger and less triangular. Otherwise like the

type of the species.

2, (hitherto undescribed ?), 12 mm. Head a trifle longer than in

the 8, and a little less convex-sided. Pronotal spines much shorter

than in the &, plainly visible from above, a little longer than their

basal width. Mesonotum wider than long, very convex in front.

Scutellum very convex from front to back, transversely oval, half

as long as the mesonotum and four-fifths wider than long. Dorsum

of epinotum moderately oblique, feebly convex transversely, widest at

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 745

the base and two anda half times wider there than long, the posterior

corners feebly dentate. The declivity is nearly as long as the dorsum.

Scale of petiole narrower than in the §, the inner spines much less

divergent and shorter, shorter than the interval between their bases

(as long as the interval in the 3). Wings deeply tinged with brown,

nervures and stigma dark brown.

S. Rhodesia; fairly common. The nest is made in the ground,

under stones. The entrance is surrounded by an irregular, cup-like

wall about 1 to 14 inches high, made of woven pieces of grass-blades

and similar material. Like all the members of this genus, this ant

is a timid insect. It climbs trees and shrubs, and tends Aphids,

Coccids, etc.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type (2) of 2 in my collection).

Race GAGATES, Smith. (Plate IX, fig. 127).

Cat. Hymen. B.M. VI, p. 71, 8, 1858.

Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 30, p. 194, 2, 1886.

57, p. 357, 1913.

9? 99 29 39 99 29

8, 10-11 mm. Head and thorax subopaque, petiole and abdomen

very shining. The sculpture on the head and thorax more evenly

and a little more strongly striato-rugose than in the type of the

species, not hidden by the pubescence which is exceedingly sparse

and inconspicuous. Abdomen microscopically reticulate, without

pubescence, pilose only on the apical margins. LHyes nearly flat,

otherwise the head is like that of rugulosa. The sides of the pronotum

behind the spines parallel over the greater part of their length, not

gradually convergent behind as in rugulosa. The dorsum of the

thorax is a good deal more convex, especially on the posterior half

than in rugulosa, the dorsum of the epinotum sloping more steeply

downwards; the epinotal teeth somewhat wider and curved more

upwards. The inner spines of the scale less divergent than in the

type of the species, which it otherwise resembles.

“0, 10 mm. Thorax very gibbous in front. Pronotal spines

half as long as in the §. The inner spines of the scale half as long as

in the ¥, only twice as long as the outer spines, the latter as strong

as in the §. The mesonotum is very shining, very feebly reticulate,

like the abdomen. The scutellum and epinotum have a much coarser

sculpture and are dull, as in the §. The scapes, and particularly the

tibiae, with some erect pilose hairs. Dealated. Otherwise like the §.

746 Annals of the South African Museum.

Possibly the sparse pilosity on the scapes and tibiae constitutes a

variety, and is not merely a 2 character.”

Durban, (C. B. Cooper); Shiluvane, Transvaal, (Berthoud).

Race INDEFINITA, Forel.

(as var. of gagates) Rev. Zool. Afric., vol. 2, p. 349, 1913.

“S. 11mm. This race differs from P. mgriseta Santschi by having

the eyes about intermediate in structure between that species and

P. gagates. They are not so strongly convex as in mgriseta, nor

entirely flat as in gagates, but very feebly convex. Otherwise exactly

like gagates.”

Selukwe, 8. Rhodesia, (A. E. V. Zealley).

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

INDEFINITA, var. ACHERON, 0. V.

8, 10-10°5 mm. LHyes distinctly convex, (about one-third of a

sphere), the convexity twice as strong as in indefinita. Sculpture

much more superficial than in either gagates or indefinita, the thorax,

especially the pro-mesonotum, being almost as shining as the abdomen.

The pronotal spines are more distinctly incurved at their apex than

in indefinta. The lateral margins of the dorsum of the epinotum

moderately convex outwardly. Abdomen distinctly more shining

than in gagates or indefinita. Otherwise like the latter.

Hillside, Bulawayo. The nest under a large rock, the entrance

surmounted by a wall of woven material, which also lined the first

three or four inches of the gallery.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type in my collection).

P. mitiTaris, Fab. (Plate IX, fig. 128).

Spec. Insect., 1, p. 493, 9, 1781.

Mayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 16, p. 886, %, 1866.

Forel, Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 16, p. 119, 1879.

This species has not, to my knowledge, been recorded within our

limits, but as it or some of its varieties occur in the adjacent regions,

it is possible that they may be recorded later on from parts of Natal

or the eastern part of S. Rhodesia, and a description is therefore

desirable.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 747

8,13 mm. A larger and more robust insect than schistacea or any

of its varieties. Black. Head rather finely and more or less longi-

tudinally reticulate-rugose, the sculpture a good deal stronger than

in schistacea. Thorax longitudinally rugulose, petiole irregularly

rugose and partly reticulate-rugose. Abdomen finely and densely

reticulate-rugulose and feebly shining. Head and thorax dull.

Pubescence yellowish grey, fairly long, more or less hiding the sculpture

on the thorax, much shorter on the abdomen, scapes and legs, least

abundant on the head. Pilosity yellowish, a little more plentiful

than in schistucea, especially on the legs. Head one-sixth longer

than wide, the sides feebly convex (less convex than in schistacea),

as wide in front as behind. Clypeus not transversely impressed

behind its anterior margin. Mandibles very finely striate and feebly

punctured. Eyes convex, placed at the posterior third. The head

is as wide as or wider than the distance between the base of the

pronotal spines (narrower in schistacea and its races). The scapes

extend beyond the hind margin by half their length. Pronotal

spines about twice as long as their width across the base. The lateral

margins of the dorsum of the thorax more deeply excised at the sutures

than in schistacea, the anterior angles of the meso- and epinotum

raised higher, so that the base of the dorsum of the epinotum is

rendered slightly concave transversely. Pro-mesonotalsuture strongly

arcuate. Mesonotum one and three-fourths wider in front than

long. Dorsum of epinotum about as long as wide, quadrate, its apical

teeth fairly acute, directed upwards, and stronger than in schistacea.

Anterior face of the scale almost dorsal in position, the petiole being

inclined further backwards than in schistacea; the inner spines

shorter than the anterior face is long, the outer spines about one-third

as long as the inner, much longer than in schistacea, and separated

from the inner pair by a greater distance, the distance being about

equal to half the length of the inner spine.

(G.A. coll.).

SCHISTACEA race, SCHLUTERI, Forel. (Plate IX, fig. 129).

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 30, p. 195, 3, 1886.

(var. indigens, syn. with type), Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat.,

vol. 50, p. 261, 1914.

8, 85-9 mm. Black; head and thorax finely reticulate-rugulose,

more or less longitudinal on the head, the sculpture much finer than

748 Annals of the South African Museum.

in schistacea. Abdomen delicately reticulate and dull. The sculpture,

and to some extent the colour, is masked by the dense and decumbent

pubescence, which has a silky and bright silvery appearance. Pilosity

entirely wanting, even on the legs. Head quadrate rather than oval,

more rectangular than in schistacea, about one-sixth longer than

wide, the sides feebly convex or nearly straight, about as wide in

front as behind, and with a feebly convex or nearly straight posterior

margin which is plainly visible from above, (not so in schistacea, in

which the margin is placed very low down). Clypeus not carinate,

not depressed behind the anterior margin. The pronotal spines are

much wider at the base than in schistacea, and their outer margins

are continuous with the margins of the pronotum, not forming an

angle with the latter as in schistacea. The dorsum of the thorax is

more arched, especially behind, the posterior half of the dorsum of

the epinotum being almost vertical. The dorsum of the epinotum is

a little wider than long and slightly wider behind than in front; the

posterior angles terminate in small obtuse tubercles, not teeth. The

spines of the scale are a little shorter and less divergent, and the outer

teeth a little longer than in schistacea. Otherwise like that species.

9, (hitherto undescribed), 10 mm. Pronotal spines almost as long

as in the ¥, twice as long as their basal width. Mesonotum one-fourth

wider than long, scutellum half as long as the mesonotum, very little

wider (excluding the paraptera) in front than behind. Dorsum of

epinotum quadrate, two and a half times wider than long, barely

wider in front than behind, its basal half horizontal, the apical half

curving slightly downwards. The declivity vertical, a little shorter

than the dorsum, moderately concave from above to below. The

lateral teeth of the scale much stouter than in the §, the inner spines

one-third shorter and less divergent than in the 8. Wings brown,

nervures and stigma blackish brown. Otherwise like the 8. In hot

and moist localities only.

Palm Grove, Victoria Falls ; Stella Bush, Durban.

The specimens from Durban were separated by Forel as a distinct

variety, differing from the type only by the slightly less robust

stature and the less brilliant pubescence. The supposed difference

in the nature of the pubescence is, however, unreal, being due to the

specimens having been immersed in spirits of wine, which, to a very

great extent, destroys the brilliancy. In life, the insect is brilliantly

silvery.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.; type of Qin my collection).

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 749

P. viscosa, Smith. (Plate IX, fig. 132).

Cat. Hymen. B.M. VI, p. 71, %, 1858.

3, 6-7 mm. Black, dull. Head, thorax and petiole finely

reticulate-rugose or rugulose, the rugae emphasised longitudinally,

the spaces between them reticulate-punctate. Legs shallowly, the

abdomen closely and deeply reticulate-punctate. Pubescence very

short and inconspicuous, present only on the legs and antennae; a

few pilose hairs on the anterior margin of the clypeus and the apex

of the abdomen, otherwise glabrous. Head oval, one-fifth longer than

wide, slightly narrowed in front. Clypeus moderately convex, not

carinate, finely and longitudinally striate and also very shallowly

punctured with elongate punctures, its anterior margin arcuate,

slightly raised, narrowly and angularly excised in the middle.

Mandibles strongly striate longitudinally, 5-dentate. Eyes large and

flat, placed at the posterior third of the sides. The scapes extend

beyond the hind margin by about one-third of their length, and are

rather abruptly widened at their apex. Dorsum of thorax fairly

convex from side to side and lengthwise, sharply marginate at the

sides. The pronotal spines are about one and a half times longer than

their basal width, and the sides of the pronotum behind are two and a

half times longer than the spines. The pronotum, excluding the part

in front of the spines, is one-fourth wider than long, hardly narrower

at the suture than just behind the spines. Pro-mesonotal suture

deep, nearly straight. Meso-epinotal suture almost obsolete. Meso-

notum twice as wide as long in the middle. Dorsum of epinotum

quadrangular, nearly twice as wide as long, the posterior corners

bearing slightly curved and upwardly directed triangular teeth,

which are as long as their basal width. Scale of petiole much wider

above than below, one-third wider than long (i.e. thick), both faces

very convex; the inner spines are hardly longer than their basal

width and about half as long as the interval between their bases ;

the outer spines are directed upwards, outwards, and backwards and

vary a little in length, but are at least twice as long as the inner pair,

and are as far apart at their base from the inner ones as the latter

are from each other. Base of abdomen concave, fitting the posterior

convex face of the scale.

On sandy soil, climbing over grass and low shrubs.

Cawston Block, Umgusa River and Redbank, 8. Rhodesia; Lonely

Mine, 8. Rhodesia, (Swale).

750 Annals of the South African Museum.

Quite distinct from aJl our other species by having the inner spines

of the petiole shorter than the outer.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

P. Arnoupi, Forel. (Plate IX, fig. 126).

Bul. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 263, 3, 1914.

6, 7-5 mm. Black; afew pilose hairs on the anterior margin of the

clypeus and at the apex of the abdomen, legs and scapes very sparsely

pubescent, otherwise entirely glabrous. Dorsal surface of the body

evenly, sharply and longitudinally striate or sulcate, the spaces

between the striae moderately shining. Petiole and sides of thorax

fairly coarsely and irregularly reticulate-rugose, the rugae more or

less longitudinal on the upper half of the scale. Legs, clypeus and

declivity of epinotum shining, feebly reticulate, the clypeus also

sparsely and very shallowly punctured. Head subovate, widest

across the eyes, hardly longer than wide, narrower in front than

behind, the sides in front of the eyes fairly straight and convergent

anteriorly, convex behind the eyes, the posterior margin very convex.

Clypeus almost flat, the anterior margin arcuate and feebly emarginate

in the middle. Mandibles subopaque, finely reticulate, sparsely

punctured, 5-dentate. The scapes extend beyond the hind margin

by about one-third of their length. Eyes large, moderately convex,

placed a little behind the middle. Pronotum feebly narrowed

behind, its lateral margins feebly convex, two-thirds wider than long

in the middle (excluding the portion in front of the spines), the spines

broad, flattened, acute, a little longer than their basal width, their

outer margins not forming an angle at their junction with the lateral

margins of the pronotum. Mesonotum half as wide again as long,

the pro-mesonotal suture distinct, the meso-epinotal also, but

shallower. Dorsum of epinotum convex transversely and lengthwise,

its lateral margins nearly straight, slightly narrowed towards the

apical margin which is distinctly marginate, and furnished at each

side with a triangular, subvertical tooth which is a little longer than

wide, and with a small and triangular and median tooth. Declivity

as long as the dorsum, subvertical, moderately concave from above to

below. Scale of petiole thick, as thick below as it is wide above

between the two inner spines, both faces very convex, furnished above

with 4 spines, the inner pair very little longer than the outer and

slightly wider apart at their bases than they are from the outer spines.

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 751

Durban. The only nest found was made in a shallow concavity

on the vertical trunk of a tree, the hollow being covered by a more or

less circular lid, about 24 inches in diameter, made of a very closely

woven silky web in which were embedded particles of bark and dirt.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

P. sprnicota, Forel. (Plate IX, fig. 130).

Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 9, p. 70, %, 9, 1894.

8, 5:8-6:-5mm. Black; femora, tibiae, apical joints of the tarsi and

apex of flagellum more or less reddish, the other joints of the tarsi

brown. Almost glabrous, subopaque. Head reticulate-rugose and

here and there pitted, the pits not large. Thorax longitudinally

rugoso-reticulate, reticulate-punctate between the rugae. Petiole

irregularly rugose. Abdomen very densely and evenly reticulate-

punctate. Sides of thorax fairly coarsely reticulate and rugose, the

legs and scapes very delicately reticulate.

Head subovate, the sides very convex, the posterior margin not

distinctly delimited from the sides, as long as it is wide across the

eyes where it is widest, narrower in front of the eyes than behind

them. Clypeus feebly carinate, its anterior margin arcuate. Man-

dibles fairly dull, microscopically aciculate, also sparsely punctured,

5-dentate.

Eyes very convex, hemispherical, projecting beyond the sides of

the head, placed at the posterior third. The scapes extend beyond

the hind margin by about one-third of their length. Pronotum

twice as wide as long (excluding the neck), the lateral margins

moderately convex ; the pronotal spines are about as long as wide at

their base. Both thoracic sutures distinct, the pro-mesonotal feebly

arcuate ; the mesonotum about one and a half times wider than long,

its lateral margins not in the least reflected upwards. Dorsum of the

epinotum a little wider than long, distinctly widened towards the

apex, which is armed at each corner with a curved tooth, directed

outwards, backwards and upwards, the interval between the teeth

sharply marginate ; the teeth are somewhat obtuse and fairly long,

but not so long as the pronotal. Declivity of the epinotum shining,

marginate at the sides, very concave from above to below. Scale

biconvex, thick, the two inner spines a little thinner and longer than

the outer, and curved more backwards. Abdomen concave at its

base and inclined forwards.

752 Annals of the South African Museum.

“O,77mm. Like the %. The apical margins of the dorsum of the

very wide epinotum is undulate, convex in the middle, concave on

each side, and ending in obtuse teeth. Pronotum with two strong

short spines, produced in front and outwards, lamelliform. Wings

faintly tinged with brown, with brown stigma and nervures. Other-

wise like the §.”’

Durban, (Marley, Cooper, Arnold), on trees; Delagoa, in hollow

thorns of Acacia, (Junod) ; Grahamstown, (Hewitt) ; Port Elizabeth,

(Brauns).

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A, colls.).

P. CUBAENSIS, Mayr.

Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 687, 8, 1862.

Jahrb. Hamburg Wiss. Anst., vol. 10, pp. 3 and 5, 1893.

“8, 7 mm. Black, slightly shining, ends of the mandibles, the

antennae and, to some extent, the legs brown-red. Pilosity wanting ;

the decumbent pubescence very fine and short, sparse on the head

and thorax, more plentiful on the abdomen, tibiae and tarsi. Man-

dibles very finely rugulose, sparsely and coarsely punctate. Clypeus

very finely coriaceous, sparsely punctured, fairly shining. The frons

finely and longitudinally rugulose, the vertex punctate and rugulose.

Thorax finely punctured, partly rugulose, with 4 teeth, the pronotum

having on each side a triangular and acute tooth, directed outwards

and somewhat forwards (lamelliform or like a ledge); the epinotum

with a short and acute tooth on each side. The petiole with a thick,

wide and rounded scale, the arcuate upper margin of which is armed

with 4 equidistant teeth, of equal size, short, straight, directed

upwards and somewhat backwards. The abdomen fairly super-

ficially shagreened and reticulate.”

Durban. Owing to an unfortunate error by which wrong labels

were attached to the type of this species and rugulosa, Mayr was

misled into believing that they were derived from the western hemi-

sphere, hence the totally inappropriate name with which this species

is burdened.

Race GALLIcoLa, Forel.

Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 9, p. 71, 3, 9, 1894.

“3. Like the type of the species, but the two inner spines of the

petiole are twice as far apart as they are from the outer spines. The

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 753

scale is almost trenchant above, not at all transversely impressed,

but like that of schistacea and even thinner, and with the outer spines

almost as long as the inner. Head as wide as long, very wide behind.

Kyes fairly flat, although not so flat as in gagates. Head and thorax

sharply and longitudinally rugose ; sides of the head in front reticu-

late; finely reticulate-punctate between the rugae. Femora and

tibiae partly reddish to brownish yellow.

9, 75-8 mm. The inner spines of the scale curved somewhat

backwards, not much longer than the outer spines and not much

further apart from each other than they are from the outer spines.

Otherwise like the &.

Delagoa, (Dr. Liengme), in hollow stem galls. The walls of the

gall partly covered with a web.”’

Race DURBANENSIS, Forel.

Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., vol. 50, p. 262, %, 9, 1914.

“Tn the race gallicola the head is wider and there are some distinct

longitudinal rugae, and the thorax, especially the epinotum, is more

convex than in this race. The @ is a little more slender than in

gallicola, the sculpture finer and the body duller.”

8, 7-7-4 mm. Black, dull, glabrous, except for a very fine and

inconspicuous pubescence on the legs and scapes, and a few pilose

hairs on the clypeus and apex of abdomen. Head reticulate-punctate,

with a few indistinct longitudinal rugae on its anterior half, the

clypeus and space between the frontal carinae merely reticulate-

punctate, more finely so than on the rest of the head. Thorax and

petiole finely and closely reticulate-punctate, the thorax with a few

feeble and indistinct longitudinal rugae superimposed. Abdomen

densely reticulate-punctate. Head shaped like that of spinicola, the

eyes convex and prominent, the clypeus carinate, its anterior margin

convex and entire. Pronotum two and a third times wider than long

(excluding the neck), armed with a short, wide tooth on each side,

shorter than its basal width; the lateral margins of the pronotum

convex. Mesonotum subovate transversely, one-third wider than

long, the pro-mesonotal suture arcuate anteriorly, the meso-epinotal

arcuate posteriorly. Dorsum of epinotum parallel-sided, a trifle

longer than wide, armed with a very small tooth on each side of its

apical margin; declivity nearly as long as the dorsum, concave.

Anterior margin of the thorax nearly twice as wide as the apical

754 Annals of the South African Museum.

margin of the epinotum. The inner spines of the petiole are barely

divergent, directed vertically upwards, about one-third longer than

the outer spines and a little nearer to the latter than they are to each

other. The outer spines twice as long as their basal width.

2, 7°99 mm. Pronotum merely angular on each side, not dentate.

Dorsum of epinotum also only angular at the posterior corners. The

outer spines of the scale are a good deal thicker and more obtuse than

the inner ones, and only a little shorter. Wings tinged with brown,

nervures ochreous brown, stigma brown. Otherwise like the 8.

Durban, (C. B. Cooper).

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

P. Revoir, André. (Plate IX, fig. 131).

(syn. P. natalensis, Santschi).

Rev. d’Ent., vol. 6, p. 285, 9, 1886.

Forel, Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol. 9, p. 71, 8, 1894.

Ps Rev. Suisse Zool., vol. 24, p. 452, 2, g, 1916.

8, 4:8-5°5 mm. Black. Head and thorax dull, abdomen fairly

shining. Head sharply and longitudinally striato-rugose, thorax

and petiole more or less longitudinally rugoso-reticulate. Pubescence

greyish, long, decumbent, fairly abundant all over, particularly on

the thorax. Pilosity greyish yellow, erect, long and abundant all

over. Head longer than wide, subovate, wider behind than in front.

Clypeus subcarinate, the anterior margin arcuate. Eyes placed at

the posterior third, fairly convex and prominent. Pronotum with a

tooth on each side which is broad at the base and thin in its apical

half, as long as its basal width. Pronotum two and a half times wider

than long, and quite twice as wide between the teeth as the apical

margin of the epinotum. Both thoracic sutures feeble. Mesonotum

two and a quarter times as wide as long. Dorsum of the epinotum

trapezoidal, two-thirds wider in front than behind, sloping steeply

downwards, armed on each side behind with a very small and vertical

tooth. The inner spines of the scale vertical, curved slightly back-

wards, much longer than their basal width, about two-thirds as long

as the interval between their bases; the outer spines very short,

merely triangular teeth, placed close to the inner spines.

“O,6-7 mm. Wings brown. The epinotum is completely unarmed

or sometimes furnished with a small and obtuse tooth. The

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. 755

mesonotum is merely reticulate, or also with a few longitudinal

striae.

3, 45-5 mm. Wings hardly less brown than in the 9. Mandibles

4-dentate. Head with a wide and convex posterior margin, nearly

twice as wide as the anterior. Finely reticulate and subopaque,

without coarse sculpture. Scale very thick and low, unarmed.

Pilosity sparse all over, very short and oblique on the tibiae and

scapes.”

Durban.

(S.A.M., R.M., G.A. colls.).

P. Gamat, Santschi.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 85, p. 295, 9, 1917.

“0, 8:5 mm. Black. Mandibles, trochanters and tarsi brownish.

Apical margins of abdominal segments narrowly reddish. Shining.

Occiput, sides of the head and pronotum, mesopleura, epinotum and

scale very finely reticulate-punctate. rect pilosity fine, woolly,

sparse on the head and thorax, more abundant on the abdomen.

Pubescence golden and oblique, fairly scanty, quite distinct and

exserted on the cheeks.

Head about one-sixth longer than wide, subtruncate in front.

Occipital margin widely concave, the posterior angles distinct although

rounded. The sides are a little convex, particularly behind the eyes.

The latter are placed a little behind the middle of the sides, of which

they occupy about a fourth. The distance between the frontal

carinae is about equal to their distance from the eyes. Frontal

area small, not very distinct, followed by a median sulcus which

does not extend beyond the level of the ends of the frontal carinae.

Ocelli small and fairly close together. Clypeus convex, not carinate,

the anterior margin fairly arcuate. Mandibles punctured, striate,

narrow, the inner and outer margins subparallel, the masticatory

margin armed with a strong apical tooth and four small teeth behind

it. Thorax elongate, a little narrower than the head, higher than

wide. Lateral margins of pronotum rounded, the shoulders distinct

but rounded. The mesonotum and scutellum form an oval dise,

nearly twice as long as wide, separated by a semilunar groove which

does not reach the outer margins. Metanotum very narrow, not much

depressed. Dorsum of the epinotum as long as the declivity, not

marginate, evenly convex transversely, feebly convex lengthwise,

armed with two short, thick and upturned teeth. Declivity vertical

756 Amnals of the South African Museum.

in its upper two-thirds which is marginate and transversely concave ;

the lower third, on the contrary, is not marginate, and is convex

transversely. Scale thick, a little higher than the length of its base.

The anterior face vertical, feebly convex transversely. Posterior

face convex and oblique in front, merging into the upper face which is

concave between its angles. The latter prolonged into a spine which

is directed backwards, upwards and outwards and is as long as the

interval between its base and that of the other spine. The very

angular (trenchant ?) outer margin of the scale has a slight triangular

prominence below the spine. Abdomen oval, wider than the thorax,

subtruncate in front with the margins rounded. Dedalated.”

Natal, (H. B. Marley).

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa.

757

INDEX.

Names in italics are synonyms, or, in the case of generic names, genera to

which the species have been wrongly assigned.

PAGH

Absalon, var. (Camponotus auro-

pubens) 724, 729

acanthobia, var. (Cremastogaster

Liengmei-Weitzaeckeri) . 550

ACANTHOLEPIS . ; 552, 554

acheron, var. (Polyrachis schis-

tacea-indefinita) . 742, 746

acuminata, var. (Dorylus attenu-

atus) . j . 133

acvapimensis (Camponotus) . 656

AENICTUS . : : . 136

aequitas (Camponotus) . 700, 703

AEROMYRMA : . L171, 256

aethiopica, race (Ponera Gleadowi) 83

aethiopicus (Streblognathus) sadhana

aethiops (Sima) d : a Wea

affinis (Dorylus) : : . 120

africana (Aeromyrma) j . 256

afrum (Monomorium) . 204, 206

agricola, race (Camponotus macu-

latus) . ; 4 6 . 647

Akermani (Pheidole) . . 419, 471

Alaopone (subgenus) . 115, 133

albinasis, race (Technomyrmex

nigriventris) . ; . 149

albopilosum (Monomorium) .* 207

Alexis, var. (Acantholepis capensis-

laevis) . . 557, 573

Algoa, var. (Tetramorium Joffrei) 304

Allopheidole (subgenus). . 450

ambigua (Sima) : 185

amita, var. (Cremastogaster ‘Kneri)

487, 527

Anacantholepis (subgenus) . 578

anceps, var. (Monomorium sala-

monis-subopacum) . 225

Andrei (Sima) . 5 : , Lag

ANELEUS : . . 171, 254

angulatus (Leptothorax) . . 258

angusticeps (Camponotus) . 683, 688

angustior, var. (Cremastogaster

Peringueyi) . : ; . 510

ANOCHETUS . : : . 108

Anomma (subgenus) . . ea

Anoplolepis (subgenus) . 593

PAGE

APHOMOMYRMEX 3 SoD

arborea Mayr (Cremastogaster) . 507

» Smith (Cremastogaster) . 506

arenaria (Acantholepis) . 555, 560

areniphila (Pheidole) . 479

areolata, var. (Pheidole sculptu-

rata). 463

arminius, race (Camponotus bar-

barossa) : § - 120

Arnoldi (Acantholepis) . 556, 563

» race(Aneleus perpusillus) 255

es (Calyptomyrmex) . . 360

.5 (Carebara) . 253

Sunnie es (Cremastogaster God-

freyi) : 3 . 504

a (Dicroaspis) . é . 360

5 (Leptogenys) c o =e

uk (Monomorium) . 206, 232

a4 var. (Ocymyrmex Weit-

zaeckeri) . ; 5 on

‘ (Pheidole) « . 418, 445

5 (Platythyrea) : eS

aa (Polyrachis) . 742, 750

» (Strumigenys) . 9373, 376

» (Sysphincta) . : 505 BO

me (Tapinoma) . : . 154

(Triglyphothrix) . 334, 338

arnoldinus (Camponotus) . . 639

arnoldinus (Technomyrmex) . 148

Arthur-Muelleri (Cremastogaster)

488, 547

aspera, var. (Acantholepis sub-

metallica) . . 556, 568

ae (Pheidole) . ‘ . 477

Atopogyne (subgenus) : . 544

ATOPOMYRMEX . . 171, 190

atramentarius, race (Camponotus

maculatus) . : j . 625

atrox, var. (Pheidole punctulata) 424

attenuata (Leptogenys) 4 2 Oy

attenuatus (Dorylus) . ; 133

auropubens (Camponotus) . 724, 728

auropunctatus (Triglyphothrix) . 334

australe, race (Monomorium sala-

monis) . 205, 225

758

PAGE

australis, var. (Atopomyrmex Moc-

querysi) . : 5 UGE

avunculus, var. (Acantholepis

rubrovaria-pilosa) . 556, 563

Bacchus (Tetramorium) 309

badius, race (Dorylus fulvus) 125

ballaensis, var. (Acantholepis spin-

osior) 556, 558

Ay (Pheidole Arnoldi) 448

barbiger (Ocymyrmex) 199

batonga, var. (Cataulacus Baumi)

389, 404

Baumi (Cataulacus) . 388

= (Myrmicaria) . 262, 266

Baynei, race (Camponotus macu-

latus) : : 632

Beccarii (Melissotarsus) 188

belli, var. (Monomorium sala-

monis-herero) 205, 223

belligerum (Camponotus) 615

Beritschi, var. (Camponotus macu-

latus-negus) 648

Berthoudi (Camponotus) ; OO

Ap race (Pachycondyla

pumicosa) c 63

BS race (Pheidole sculptu-

rata) . é 463

=p (Opthalmopone) 5 | «&

Bertolonii (Camponotus) . 5 | Sil

Bequaerti (Anochetus) é OS

55 (Tetramorium) . 3 Baill

Bianconii (Camponotus) 652

bicontracta, var. (Camponotus

barbarossa-arminius) 710, 721

bifossus (Camponotus) é - 707

bifoveolata (Sima) 184

boera, var. (Camponotus macu-

latus-cognatus) : . -632

boerorum, race (Monomorium

minutum) 218

55 race (Ponera coarctata) 83

x5 race (Strumigenys

Escherichi) 374, 383

Bondroiti, var. (Dorylus mon-

tanus) . > let

Bothae, race (Tetramorium simil-

limum) . : P > all

Bothroponera (subgenus) ; : 55

Brachyponera (subgenus) . 72

Braunsi (Camponotus) 6 710, 715

x var. (Cremastogaster sor-

didula-natalensis) 539

35 (Dorylus) 3 : 5. U0

ie (Messor) 413

Bs (Monomorium) ; . 234

os (Phyracaces) : ; 7

cp (Plagiolepis) . 592

Annals of the South African Museum.

PAGE

Braunsi (Sima clypeata) 184

a var. (Tetramorium cap-

ense) 276, 311

35 (Tetramyrma) 358

brevipennis (Dorylus) 122

brevisetosus, race (Camponotus

fulvopilosus) . : . 736, 740

Brookei (Camponotus) 700, 706

Brunni, var. (Messor denticornis) 413

6 (Plagiolepis) . 603

Brunoi (Pachycondyla) ; 2-. 8

bruta, var. (Cremastogaster cas-

tanea-rufonigra) F - 495

Buchneri (Cremastogaster). 487, 520

bulawayana, var. (Sima natalensis-

cuitensis) 3 : 5 UY)

bulawayense, race (Monomorium

amblyops) . 236

- var. (Monomorium

exiguum) . 204, 238

bulawayensis, var. (Cataulacus

Baumi) 391, 404

a (Cremastogaster) 488, 521

oF var. eee

pygmaea) . 601

a var. (Pheidole xo-

censis) . 445

e race (Ponera Ra-

gusae) s 80

oe race (Tetramorium

Bequaerti) 275, 281

os var. (Triglyphothrix

auropunctatus) . 325

Caccochyma, var. (Cremastogaster

Peringueyi) : : Pa) 4

cacodaemon, var. (Cremastogaster

castanea-rufonigra) ‘ . 494

caculata, race een

Liengmei) 550

caffer (Camponotus) . 650

caffra (Pheidole) 478

» var. (Sima natalensis- Gbsen

rata) 178

op Wabe (Solenopsis punctati-

ceps) : : 246

caffraria (Huponera) . : 65

calens, var. (Cremastogaster cap.

ensis) . = le}

CALYPTOMYRMEX 171, 360

Camponotinae (subfamily) . 9, 551

Camponotini (tribe) 552

CAMPONOTUS 610

a (subgenus) . 612

capense (Tetramorium) 310

capensis (Acantholepis) 557, 568

, (Cremastogaster) 512

,, race (Messor barbarus) . 405

a (Pheidole) 419, 441

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa.

PAGE

capensis (Sima) : : 3. ts)

CARDIOCONDYLA . 172, 200

Cardiocondylini (tribe) 167, 200

CAREBARA 171, 248

carininotum, race (Cremastogaster

Neuvillei) ‘ : . 499

cariosa (Pachycondyla) ; 5 &

castanea (Cremastogaster) . . 488

3 (Leptogenys) : lO

cataracae, var. (Tetramorium in-

textum) 277, 322

Cataulacini (tribe) -. 168, 386

CATAULACUS é 6 Mle BEX

cavernosa (Pachycondyla) . 6 @0)

CENTROMYRMEX . : 5 Bhs)

Cerapachyini (tribe) . , 5 IO)

CERAPACHYS : 11

cinctellus, race (Camponotus rufo-

glaucus) 684, 689

claviseta (Dicroaspis) : . 362

cluna, race (Tetramorium setuli-

ferum) . j 276, 292

Clymene, var. (Cremastogaster

Santschii) 487, 540

clypeata (Sima) F pels?

cognata, race (Ponera ica

dria) . : 81

cognatus, race (Camponotus macu-

latus) . : . 631

Colobopsis (subgenus) : . 613

congolensis, race (Camponotus

maculatus) . : . 646

Constanciae (Centromyrmex) > | ats

5 (Triglyphothrix) 334, 339

constructor (Cremastogaster) 487, 535

contaminatus, var. (Camponotus

maculatus-manzer) 5 . 638

continentis, race (Tetramorium

Blochmanni) . 275, 278

contraria, var. (Camponotus rufo-

glaucus-flavomarginatus) = 693

convexa, var. (Acantholepis Foreli)

556, 565

Cooperi (Cerapachys) ; a onthale:

nF race (Cremastogaster

Neuvillei) 3 oi,

on (Phyracaces) ; a 8

Pe (Platythyrea) 3 oe)

corvus, race (Camponotus natal-

ensis) : 5 . 654

cosmicus, race (Camponotus rufo-

glaucus) : : > (AYR:

crassinoda (Pheidole) 419, 472

CREMASTOGASTER 170, 482

Cremastogastrini (tribe) 167, 482

crepusculi (Camponotus) . . 665

cribrata (Leptogenys) : et Ol

cribrinodis (Cerapachys) . a mele

a (Platythyrea) . eye

crinita (Acantholepis) 556, 565

759

PAGE

cristatum, race (Tetramorium

guineense) . : : . 9308

eristulatum, race (Tetramorium

Emeryi) c 276, 302

crudelis, var. ( Euponera Wrough-

toni) . : oe

cubaensis (Polyrachis) : . 152

cuneiscapus (Camponotus) . 5 (7)

custodiens (Plagiolepis) ; 586

curvispina, var. (Atopomyrmex

Mocquerysi) . 191

cyclops, var. (Solenopsis punetati-

ceps) . 246

Cylindromyrmicini (tribe) ‘10, 19

Dacetini (tribe) 168, 372

damarense, race (Monomorium

salamonis) . p : 5 yea}

Decamorium (subgenus) 274, 349

decem (Decamorium) : 349

deceptor (Plagiolepis) 2 597

decipiens, var. (Messor barbarus-

capensis) : ; : . 410

decolor (Aenictus) . ; . 143

», (Plagiolepis) . § . 599

decora (Plagiolepis) . : . 581

Decracrema (subgenus) : 547

defleta, race Pi gmntecscter opa-

ciceps) . 515

delagoense, race (Cremastogaster

inermis) . 487, 539

i race (Tetramorium

simillimum) 330

delagoensis, var. (Camponotus Oli-

vieri) 725, 733

Fe race (Monomorium

salamonis) . 226

* var. (Paltothyreus

tarsatus) : c 45

denticornis (Messor) . . 411

denticulatus (Leptothor ax) 258, 260

desertorum (Triglyphothrix) . 344

desperans, var. (Cremastogaster

bulawayensis) : . . 523

detritoides, var. (Camponotus

fulvopilosus) . ; : 736, 739

detritus, race (Camponotus fulvo-

pilosus) 5 : +) 7365 739

Deweti (Plagiolepis) . 3 582

diabolus, var. (Camponotus macu-

latus-Empedocles) . : . 646

diadema (Dorylus) . : . 134

Dichthadia (subgenus) : 114

DICROASPIS . 171, 362

Dideroti (Ponera) : : eS

diffusus, var. (Camponotus macu-

latus-radamoides) . : . 626

Dinomyrmex (subgenus). . 612

DIPLOMORIUM 171, 240

760

PAGE

DISCOTHYREA 159

diserta, var. (Monomorium sala-

monis) . : 205, 221

dispar (Monomorium) 235

diversipilosa,var. (Solenopsis pune-

taticeps) 247

divinoides, var. (Polyrachis schis-

tacea) ; . 744

$3 race (Tetramorium

squaminode) . 275, 314

Dofleini (Camponotus) 710, 714

Dolichoderinae (subfamily) 9, 143

Dorylinae (subfamily) : 9, 110

Dorylini (tribe) ; > IR

DORYLUS , 113

aN (subgenus) 114

dulcis (Ponera) . : : RO

durbanensis, race (Cataulacus

micans)* 394, 404

. var. (Cremastogaster

castanea-tricolor) 491

5 race (Polyrachis

cubaensis) 742, 753

‘3 var. (Sima Satay

Braunsi) 184

Kcitini (tribe) ; 136

Ectomomyrmex (subgenus) ay 003

egregia (Acantholepis) . 807, 574

elevata, var. (Acantholepis cap-

ensis-hirsuta) . 556, 573

Elizae, var. (Kuponera rotundata) 70

emarginata (Strumigenys) . 374, 379

emarginatus (Camponotus) 663

Emeryi (Cardiocondyla) 200

» (Monomorium) . 9204;

» (Sima) . els i7

race (Tapinoma luteum) 5 Ue

» (Tetramorium) 00)

Empedocles, race (Camponotus

maculatus) : . 645

epinotalis (Camponotus) 710, 716

EPITRITUS 170, 384

equidentata, var. (Sima Als

Braunsi) 184

erectum, var. (Tetramorium: ouine-

ense) . 307

Hricae (Tetramorium) 277, 332

Eucamponotinae (section) . 551

eudoxia, var. (Tetramorium Bloch-

manni-continentis) 280

Kugeniae (Camponotus) 683, 687

PA (Aenictus) . 5 Ue) |

eumenoides (Myrmicaria) 262, 263

Eumyrmicinae (section) 166, 188

KUPONERA 63

Euponerinae (section) 10, 36

excisa (Cremastogaster) _ OIL

excisus (Meranoplus) 364, 367

Annals of the South African Museum.

PAGE

exornatum (Microdaceton) . 384

exsanguis, var. (Camponotus mys-

taceus) . 677

Fallax, race (Plagiolepis custo-

diens) : ; 3 . 9589

femoratum, race (Tetramorium

sericeiventre) : 294

Ferrarii (Leptogenys) ; 94

ferruginea, race (Cremastogaster

castanea) 495

filiformis (Probolomyrmex) 34

fimbriatus (Dorylus) . 129

flaviceps, var. (Tetramorium squa-

minode) a 1a, BANE

flavomarginatus, race (Campo-

notus rufoglaucus) . 683, 692

flavopilosus, var. (Camponotus

fulvopilosus) . 736, 738

foetens (Megaponera) 2) RES eG

foraminicipoides, var. (Cremasto-

gaster Godferyi) - 505

Foreli (Acantholepis) 556, 564

» var. (Ocymyrmex Weitzaec-

keri) 5 LIB T

» (Pheidole) 417, 432

» race (Technomyrmex albi-

pes) : > . 150

Fornasinii, race (Camponotus

maculatus) : 641

fossigera (Euponera) . : 71

fossulatum (Xiphomyrmez). 348

5 (Pristomyrmex) 348

Frenchi (Tetramorium) 275, 285

fricatidorsus, race (Cataulacus

otii) —. : : ‘ . 401

Fridae, race (Monomorium me-

dinae) 219

frigidum, race (Tetramorium Aker-

mani) :

fugax, race (Pheidole strator) 418, 449

fulvipes, var. (Camponotus natal-

ensis) : . 654

fulvopilosus (Camponotus) Sock oO

furcatus (Dorylus) . A24

fusciventris, var. (Trigly phothrix

auropunctatus) 334, 336

fuscula (Plagiolepis) 603

Gagates, race (Polyrachis schis-

tacea 742, 745

gallicola (Cremastogaster) . 487, 531

vs race (Polyrachis cuba-

ensis) : 752

Gamaii (Polyrachis) 755

gambiensis (Cremastogaster) 529

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa.

gedeon, var. (Cremastogaster Per-

ingueyi) : :

Gladstonei (Tetramorium) a BOD,

globulinodis Ce ae

GLYPHOPONE

Godfreyi (Cremastogaster) .

gordonensis, var. (Cremastogaster

Liengmei-Weitzaeckeri) .

gracilis (Tapinoma) é :

grahamstownensis, var. (Mono-

morium salamonis-delagoensis)

205,

Grandidieri (Camponotus) .

grandinode (Tetramorium) .

granosa (Pachycondyla) :

Grassi (Tetramorium) 276,

grootensis, var. (Tetramorium

solidum) : :

guineense (Tetramorium) 276,

gwaaiensis, var. ies Schult-

zei) 419,

Haematoda (Odontomachus)

Hammi, var. (Cteimes eter

transvaalensis)

Hansingi, var. (Camponotus macu-

latus-Liengmei)

Havilandi (Camponotus)

Ss (Huponera)

5 (Leptogenys)

3 (Monomorium) F

(Strumigenys) Biome

helvolus (Dorylus) . : 0

Hepburni (Triglyphothrix). 334,

herero, race (Monomorium sala-

monis) . 205,

Hewitti (Discothyrea) c

hirsutus, race (Ocymyrmex Weit-

zaeckeri)

hopensis, var. (Tetramorium g gran-

dinode). : iy,

hottentota, race (Cremastogaster

Kneri) . 487,

5 race (Monomorium

minutum) .

* (Opthalmopone)

humilis (Iridomyrmex)

Iigii, var. (Cremastogaster scru-

tans) . : ‘ :

» var. (Pheidole rotundata-

impressifrons) 417,

importuna, race (Camponotus

maculatus)

importunoides, var. (Camponotus

maculatus-Liengmei)

PAGE

512

284

352

163

503

549

156

227

731

312

304

294

306

459

108

084

impressa, var. (Acantholepis

Foreli) . : 556,

impressifrons,race(Pheidole rotun-

data) 5 : ; :

incommoda, var. (Camponotus

maculatus-thoracicus)

inconspicuus (Aenictus)

indefinita, race (Polyrachis schis-

tacea)

indigens, var. (Bolyrachis Schlit-

teri)

inermis (Meranoplus) 364,

inezulae (Triglyphothrix) 334,

infaceta, race (Cremastogaster

bulawayensis) :

infelix, race (Camponotus Olivieri)

725,

ingravis, var. (Cremastogaster

‘Neuvillei- Cooperi) .

inscia, var. (Tetramorium sub-

coecum) ; a) PATS,

intermedia, var. (Plagiolepis

pygmaea) : . :

intermedius, var. (Cataulacus in-

trudens) . 403,

intonsus, race (Camponotus macu-

latus) ; ;

intrudens (Cataulacus)

inquilina (Pheidole)

IRIDOMYRMEX

irredux, race (Camponotus niveo-

setosus)

irrorata (Strumigenys) 373,

isipingense, race (Tetramorium

simillimum) 277,

Jacob, var. (Camponotus auro-

pubens) : 724,

Janus, var. (Camponotus Petersi)

Jauresi (Tetramorium) 276,

Joffrei (Tetramorium) 276,

Jouberti (Plagiolepis) ;

Junodi, race (Acantholepis cap-

ensis) ‘

» race (Carebara vidua)

» race (Monomorium sala-

monis) 205,

Kalahariense, race (Monomorium

destructor) : sits

Kamae, var. Sena mys-

taceus) .

karrooensis, var. (Plagiolepis Tri-

meni) a

761

PAGE

565

426

630

141

746

747

365

343

524

734

498

318

601

404

632

391

425

145

659

375

329

729

686

296

303

585

572

252

221

762

PAGE

Kirbyi, var. (Cremastogaster con-

structor) ; é : . 539

Kitschneri (Pheidole) : . 479

Kliigii, var. (Camponotus Bedoti) 699

Kneri (Cremastogaster) 487, 525

Kynsnae, race ae papers macu-

latus) . : : . 642

krantziana, var. (Cremastogaster

gambiensis) . . 487, 530

Kruegeri (Pachycondyla) : 06

lacteipennis, race (Camponotus

maculatus) . O26

ladismithensis, race (Tetramorium

pusillum) 277, 325

laevigatum, var. (Tetramorium

Grassi) . : fi : . 305

laevior (Myrmicaria) . 263, 267

laevissima (Pachycondyla) . OS

laevithorax (Tetramorium) 275, 286

lamellosa (Platythyrea) . 5 Bh

latinodis (Leptothorax) 258, 259

latiuscula, var. (Cerapachys Perin-

gueyi) . . : 6 ore el

latro, race (Cremastogaster galli-

cola). 5 O83

Ledieui, race (Camponotus Mayri) 713

Leimbachi (Monomorium) . 206, 233

Leptogenyini (tribe) . 10, 88

LEPTOGENYS é 5 > «6

(subgenus) . 5 BS)

Leptopone (subgenus) : - 163

Leptothoracini (tribe) 167, 257

LEPTOTHORAX 172, 257

Levaillanti (Anochetus) . . 107

Liengmei, race (Camponotus macu-

latus) . : . 636

ne (Cremastogaster) . 648

a (Pheidole) . 419, 465

Ss (Sima) : ; 5 UG

limbata, race (Strumigenys Hs-

cherichi) 374, 381

liocnemis, var. (Camponotus macu-

latus-atramentarius) ; . 625

Livingstonei, race (Cremastogaster

Muralti) x . 486, 536

Lobopelta (subgenus) : 95

lobulicorne (Tetramorium) . 276, 298

longicorne (Tetramorium) . 275, 283

longicornis (Prenolepis) : - 605

longinoda (Acantholepis) 555, 559

35 race (Platytyhrea lamel-

losa) : : 5 | AD

longipenne (Diplomorium) . . 240

longipes (Camponotus) 6 . 680

longoi (Tetramorium) 277, 321

Luebberti, race (Messor barbarus) 411

lugubre race (Tetramorium soli-

dum) . ¢ : : . 293

Annals of the South African Museum.

PAGE

Lujae, race (Cataulacus brevi-

setosus) 397, 304

luteum (Tapinoma) . j - 152

Macgregori (Plagiolepis) . EOS

maculatus (Camponotus) . ~ 62

maledicta, var. (Cremastogaster

excisa) . 502

malindana, var. " (Pheidole Lieng-

wn) : . 468

mandibularis (Epitritus) ‘ . 385

PD (Plectroctena) a 86

manzer, race (Camponotus macu-

latus) . , 5 . 624

Mariae (Aenictus) : : . 140

Marleyi (Cataulacus) . 398, 404

> (Simopone) . 20

op race (Strumigenys Havi-

landi) : 5) Bua Azts)

» (Uriglyphothrix) . 334, 342

Marshalli, var. (Dorylus_brevi-

pennis) . : é ; a2:

matabele, var. (Cremastogaster

Kneri) . : : . 487, 528

Mathildae, var. (Camponotus

maculatus-negus) . ¢ . 649

matopoensis, var. (Platythyrea

Mocquerysi) . ; ° 5 ar

Maufei (Pheidole) 418, 438

maxillosa (Leptogenys) ‘ 5 OB

Mayri (Camponotus) . a ONO, 7

medio-rufa, var. (Cremastogaster

castanea-rufonigra) : 3) GEOR

MEGAPONERA : : . 46

Meinertt (Camponotus) : 5) TAI

melanaria (Plagiolepis) F 599

melanocnemis Santschi, race (Cam-

ponotus macu-

latus) . 620, 637

i Forel, race (Campo-

notus maculatus) 639

melanogaster, race (Cremasto-

gaster arborea) : . 486, 508

Melissotarsini (tribe) . 5 WG Use

MELISSOTARSUS . 5 dg, ets

mendax, race (Camponotus

Grandidieri) . : = 1255, 732

Meranoplini (tribe) . . 167, 360

MERANOPLUS . 6 — lg, Bak

Mesocamponotinae (section) . ool

Mesoponera (subgenus) : 64

messalina, race (eee spinw

losa) . : . 454

MESSOR F : . 172, 404

micans (Cataulacus) . 393

» var. (Ocymyrmex " Weit-

zaeckeri-Wroughtoni) . 198

micrartifex, race (Pheidole Lieng-

mel). : : : . 468

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa.

PAGE

MICRODACETON 170, 383

microps (Triglyphothrix) 337

mictilis, race (Monomorium

atomum) : 204, 239

militaris (Polyrachis) 742, 746

mima, var. (Plagiolepis pygmaea) 602

minuta, var. ee oar

ensis) 572

minutum (Monomorium) a Alia

misella (Cremastogaster) 488, 513

Mitara (subgenus) 204, 238

mixtellus, var. (Camponotus macu-

latus-radamae) : 628

modestum (Monomorium) . 214

Monomoriini (subtribe) . 203

MONOMORIUM 171, 203

montanus (Dorylus) . . 135

monticola (Cremastogaster) 488, 517

mossamedensis, var. (Tetramorium

pusillum) 276, 324

muger, var. (Camponotus macu-

latus-Traegaordhi) . 628

Muralti (Aphomomyrmex) . 553

mus, var. (Tetramorium squami-

node) : : ‘ . 316

musicum, var. (Monomorium Os-

caris) 230

Myrmamblys (subgenus) 5 (@ILB

Myrmecinini (tribe) 167, 190

Myrmelachistini (tribe) 552

Myrmepomis (subgenus) . 614

MYRMICARIA 171, 261

Myrmicariini (tribe) 167, 261

Myrmicinae (subfamily) 9, 164

Myrmophyma (subgenus) 612, 661

Myrmopsamma (subgenus). 612, 672

Myrmosaga (subgenus) 613

Myrmosericus (subgenus) 613

Myrmosphincta (subgenus) . 614

Myrmotrema (subgenus) ols

Myrmoturba (subgenus) 612, 617

mystaceus (Camponotus) 674

Nanior, race (Meranoplus manus) 366

nanus (Meranoplus) 364, 365

natalensis, var. (Acantholepis

spinosior) 556, 559

PA var.(Aenictus Mariae) 141

‘ (Camponotus) . 652

"6 var. (Cerapachys cri-

brinodis) P 13

$ race (Cremastogaster

sordidula) 539

op (Polyrachis) 754

BS var. (Prenolepis Trae-

gaordhi) 607

(Sima) 176

nasutus (Camponotus) 668

763

PAGE

Neuvillei (Cremastogaster) . 497

nexa, var. (Pheidole spinulosa-

messalina) 455

nigerrima (Myrmicaria) 263, 270

nigra (Myrmicaria) 263, 269

nigronitens (Cremastogaster) 486, 541

nitida (Leptogenys) 101

nitidiventris, race (Meranoplus

Simoni) 364, 370

var. (Monomorium

bicolor) 205, 209

niveosetosus (Camponotus) 658

notula, var. (Monomorium setuli-

ferum) . : 205, 228

nuptialis, var. (Monomorium Os-

caris) 206, 229

5p (Plagiolepis) 594

Obscurata, race (Sima natalensis) 177

octomaculata, var. (Camponotus

maculatus-pictiventris) 630

OCYMYRMEX 172, 194

Ocymyrmicini (tribe) 167, 194

Odontomachini (tribe) 10, 102

ODONTOMACHUS . 103, 108

OECOPHYLLA 608

Oecophyllini (tribe) 552

Olivieri (Camponotus) 2) "183

opaciceps (Cremastogaster) 488, 514

opacior, var. (Monomorium sala-

monis) . 205, 220

OPTHALMOPONE 49

omniparens, race (Cremastogaster

bruneipennis) 499

Orthonotomyrmex (subgenus) 613

Oscaris (Cremastogaster) 543

ostiarius (Camponotus) 700, 701

Oxygyne (subgenus) . 542

PACHYCONDYLA a | Op!

Pachysima (subgenus) 173, 164

pacis (Monomorium) . 234

pallens, var. (Triglyphothrix auro-

punctatus) . 336

PALTOTHYREUS 43

parallelus (Cataulacus) 402

parva (Leptogenys) : . 102

parvidens, var. (Messor denti-

cornis) . : : : . 413

paterna, var. (Monomorium Os-

caris-springvalense) 205, 231

pectita, var. (Camponotus rufo-

glaucus-vestitus) - 683, 695

764

PAGE

Penzigi (Sima) . ; 180

Peringueyi (Cerapachys) 13

a (Cremastogaster) 488, 509

PA (Huponera) 66

fH (Leptogenys) 706

5 (Meranoplus) 364, 368

perpusillus (Aneleus) . . 254

Petersi (Camponotus) 683, 684

, race (Tetramorium Bloch-

manni) 5 280

Pharaonis (Monomorium) 205, 228

phasias, var. (Tetramorium guine-

ense) . : 307

PHEIDOLE . 172, 414

Pheidolini (tribe) 166, 404

Pheidologetini (tribe) 167, 248

PHY RACACES WE 17

Picardi (Ocymyrmex) 199

pilosa, race (Acantholepis rubro-

varia) . 3 5 9a; 562

Plagiolepidini (tribe) : . 952, 554

PLAGIOLEPIS 532, 578

PLATYTHYREA 22

Platythyreini (tribe) . 10, 22

PLECTROCTENA . 84

Pluto, var. (Pheidole crassinoda) . 473

polita, race (Plagiolepis van den

Kelleni) : : 2) O84

politiceps, var. (Camponotus

natalensis) j ; . 654

politocciput, var. (Pheidole Prelli-

red bankensis) 418, 436

POLYRACHIS : : 2 TA

PONERA ; : 5 {0G

Ponerinae (subfamily) , 9

Ponerini (tribe) . 11, 36, 163

Popovici (Tetramorium) 276, 311

postoculatus (Camponotus) 724, 730

Poweri, var. (Pheidole Ne

messalina) . 457

9 (Pseudosysphincta) 162

i var. (Tetramorium simil-

limum) 277, 328

Prenolepidini (tribe) . 552

PRENOLEPIS : . 605

pretiosa, var. (Camponotus nasu-

tus) : : é - 669

proba, var. (Messor barbarus-

capensis) 410

PROBOLOMYRMEX 33

Procamponotinae (section) . - dd]

Proceratiini (tribe) . . 11, 33, 159

Prodorylinae (section) 10

Promyrmicinae (section) . 166, 173

Proponerinae (section) 10, 22

pseudoaegyptiaca, var. (Messor

barbarus-capensis) . . 408

Pseudomyrmini (tribe) 166, 173

PSEUDOSYSPHINCTA 161

pubens, var. (Pheidole Foreli) 434

Annals of the South African SET

PAGE

| pubescens, var. (Plagiolepis

Brunni) . 604

pudica, var. (Cremastogaster bula-

wayensis-infaceta) . 525

pumticosa (Pachycondyla) 62

punctata, var. ( Eee cri-

brinodis) ; 24

punctaticeps ( Anochetus) 105

(Solenopsis) . 243

punctulata (Pheidole) 417, 420

punctum, var. (Plagiolepis

pygmaea) ; - 602

pusillum (Tetramorium) 323

pygmaea (Plagiolepis) 600

Quadrispinosum (Tetramorium)

275, 277

quaerens, race (Tetramorium seti-

gerum) . 275, 289

quinquedentata, var. ( Camponotus

nasutus) . 669

quisquilia, var. (Cremastogaster

castanea-rufonigra) - 495

rectinota, var. (Cremastogaster

sordidula) 486, 537

redbankensis, var. (Euponera

Elizae) a el

race (Pheidole

Prelli) 418, 434

reddersburgensis, race (Pheidole

cuitensis) 418, 450

Reevei (Camponotus). : 671

reginae, race (Camponotus vividus)

710, 718

retusa, race (Cremastogaster Wel-

mani) . . 945

Revoili ( (Polyrachis) 742, 754

rhodesiae, race (Dorylus fulvus) . 129

Be var. (Tapinoma Voeltz-

kow1) : weelop

rhodesiana, race (Camponotus

Robecchii). 724,.725

%5 var. (Cerapachys

Wroughtoni) 16

2, var. (Cremastogaster

bulawayensis) 523

3 var. ec sore?

Kruegeri) 57

35 race (Pheidole ex-

cellens) 419, 469

es var. (Platythyrea la-

mellosa-longinoda) 27

ss race (Sima ambigua) 186

op var. (Triglyphothrix

auropunctatus) 336

A Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa.

Rhogmus (subgenus) . 115,

thopalocerum (Monomorium) .

RHOPTROMYRMEX 172,

rixator (Aenictus)

Rollei, var. (Camponotus Grandi-

dieri-Ruspolii) ; 725,

rotundata (Pheidole) . 417,

rotundatus (Aenictus) :

rubrovaria (Acantholepis) 556,

signatum, var. (Tetramorium soli-

dum) 276,

PAGE

129

215

351

137

733

425

138

562

rufescens, var. (Pheidole ree 449

3 (Plagiolepis) 593

rufigaster (Glyphopone) 163

rufoglaucus (Camponotus) . 689

rufonigra, race (Cremastogaster

castanea) i 492

rugosus (Cataulacus) . 392

rugulosa, race (Polyrachis schis-

tacea) : 6 742, 744

Ruspolii, race '(Pheidole crassi-

noda) 474

Salamonis (Monomorium) 219

Santschii, race (Acantholepis

egregia) é é 5996, 575

scabrinodis (Camponotus) 709, 717

scalaris (Camponotus) 722

Schencki, var. (Messor bar barus-

capensis) 410

schistacea (Polyrachis) 742

Schliiteri (Polyrachis). 747

Schoutedeni (Camponotus) 5 (ae

Schultzei (Cremastogaster). 486, 519

es (Monomorium) 206, 231

Bs (Pheidole) 457

3 (Platythyrea) 25

(Semonius) . : 157

eh race (Tetramorium cae-

spitum) 331

Schwahi (Leptogenys) } 5 OB

Serutans (Cremastogaster) . 488, 518

sculpturata (Pheidole) 419, 461

semilaevis (Solenopsis) p . 247

semireticulatum (Tetramorium)

276, 319

SEMONIUS 157

sennaarensis (Euponera) Se | ed

sericeus (Camponotus) 709, 710

setigerum (Tetramorium) 5 ese

setuliferum (Monomorium) . 22

7 (Tetramorium). 275, 289

sexpunctatus, race (Camponotus

maculatus) : : . 633

shilohensis, var. (Monomorium

Braunsi) 206, 235

we var. (Tetramorium

simillimum) 276, 329

293

765

PAGE

silvicola (Acantholepis) 556, 576

SIMA ‘ 170, 173

» (Subgenus) 173

simia, var. (Cremastogaster cas-

tanea-tricolor) : 491

simillimum (Tetramorium) . 277, 326

Simoni (Meranoplus) . 364, 369

» (Strumigenys) 374, 380

» (TLetramorium) 295

SIMOPONE 20

simulans (Camponotus) 678

ue var. (Tetramorium Grassi) 305

simulator (Tetramorium) 276, 297

simplex, race (Acantholepis cap-

ensis) é 5 OH, DUA

simplicoides, var. (Acantholepis

capensis) 72

Sipapomae, var. | (Pheidole “tenui-

nodis) : . 417, 430

shinshendensis, var. (Pheidole

Liengmei) . 468

smaragdina (Oecophylla) . 609

Solenopsidini (tribe) . 167, 203

(subtribe) . 240

SOLENOPSIS . 171, 242

solers (Cremastogaster) 488, 516

solidum (Tetramorium) 292

sordidula (Cremastogaster) . 537

soror (Pachycondyla) 59

spei (Ponera) 5 Nd

spinicola ( Polyrachis) 742, 751

spininodis (Meranoplus) 364, 366

spinosior (Acantholepis) 556, 557

spinulosa (Pheidole) 419, 453

springvalense, race (Monomorium

Oscaris). : : - 206, 230

springvalensis, var. (Meranoplus

Simoni-nitidiventris) 364, 372

Steindachneri (Aenictus) 139

Steingroeveri (Plagiolepis) . - 090

Steini (Rhoptromyrmex) 352, 357

storeatus, race (Camponotus fulvo-

pilosus) . 736, 739

STREBLOGNATHUS eal

striata (Myrmicaria) . 263, 267

striatum, race (Tetramorium guine-

ense) g : : 5) eth}

strigosa, var. (Plectroctena mandi-

bularis) . 88

strigulosa (Pachycondyla) oe OL

STRUMIGENYS 170, 372

Stuhlmanni (Leptogenys) yD

submetallica (Acantholepis) 556, 566

subnasutus, race (Camponotus

nasutus) 3 é . 670

subopacum, race (Monomorium

salamonis) 205, 224

subrugosus, var. (Cataulacus ru-

gosus) : : . 393

subterranea (Plectroctena) . 84

766 Annals of the South African Museum.

PAGE

sulcigera (Huponera) . : pO

suturalis, race (Meranoplus Simoni)

364, 370

SYSPHINCTA . : ; EOL

Tablense, race (Tetramorium pusil-

lum) . : | 277, 326

talpa ( Anochetus) : : . 106

TAPINOMA . : ; alia2,

Tapinomini (tribe) . ; . 145

tarsatus (Paltothyreus) : . 44

tauricollis, race (Camponotus

Olivieri) 6 é 5 U2, 125)

Tchelichofi (Monomorium) . 205, 211

TECHNOMYRMEX . : . 147

tenuinodis (Pheidole) . oT, ALAS}

tenuipilis, var. (Camponotus

Olivieri) : : . 125, 733

termitarium, race (Monomorium

salamonis) . : : . 224

Tetramoriini (tribe) . 5 UGS, B7/il

TETRAMORIUM . - 172, 271

- (subgenus) 274, 277

TETRAMYRMA , > WR, Bats)

Tetraponera (Subgenus) . 174, 180

Thais, var. (Cremastogaster Lieng-

mei-Weitzaeckeri) . i . 549

Thales, race (Camponotus macu-

latus) : . 644

5) WENES (Monomorium albo-

pilosum) . : 5 OY

Titus (Tetramorium) . c a! ally

Trachymesopus (subgenus) 2 ee:

Traegaordhi (Aeromyrma) . . 207

3 race (Camponotus

maculatus) . OZ

33 (Cataulacus) . . 399

a (Strumigenys). 373, 374

“3 (Tetramorium) 275, 319

transvaalensis (Cremastogaster)

486, 533

transversa (Strumigenys) . 374, 380

transversinodis (Rhoptromyrmex)

352, 355

tricolor, race Ue aa cas-

tanea) : . 489

» var. (Plagiolepis van den

Kelleni) . s . 584

Triglyphothrix (subgenus) . 274, 333

Trimeni (Plagiolepis) . 6 OD

» (Triglyphothrix) . . 337

Triptolemus, var. (Tetramorium

setuliferum) . : : 5» LOR

PAGE

troglodytes, race (Camponotus

Robecchii) . ! oe APE Ta

tuberculatus (Aenictus) ; . 142

Typhlopone (subgenus) 2) LAS

Ultor, var. (Tetramorium decem) 351

ustithorax, var. (Camponotus rufo-

glaucus-cinctellus) . . 684, 691

Valdeziae (Camponotus) . 683, 696

validiuscula, var. (Acantholepis

capensis) : . 907, 570

van den Kelleni (Plagiolepis) . 584

Vanderveldi (Pheidole) ; 481

vestitus, race (Camponotus rufo-

glaucus) ; : - 683, 694

victoriensis, race (Xiphomyrmex

Humbloti) . 346

victoriosa, race (C remastogaster

acaciae). , . 488, 500

victoris (Pheidole) ; . 417, 430

vidua (Carebara) 3 F . 249

viscosa (Polyrachis) . . 742, 749

Weitzaeckeri,race (Cremastogaster

Liengmei) . . 548

59) (Ocymyrmex) elo

33 (XGphomyrmex) . 45

Werthi (Camponotus) é . 660

Wissmanni (Cataulacus) . . 401

Wroughtoni (Cerapachys) . 5, We

bp (Euponera) . 75

+ race (Ocymyrmex

Weitzaeckeri) enlos

Xiphomyrmex (subgenus) . 274, 345-

xocensis (Pheidole) . . A419) 443

Zimmermanni, race (Dorylus brevi-

pennis) . 123

zambesiana, race e (Pheidole sculp-

turata) . : . 464

Zealleyella (subgenus) ; . 586

Zulu, race (Camponotus rufo-

glaucus) 2 . 684, 692

» (Monomorium) : . 215

;

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