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ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

ANNALE VAN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE MUSEUM

Volume 77 +#Band

December 1978 Desember

Part 5 Deel

UPPER CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTS FROM THE

IGODA RIVER MOUTH, EAST LONDON,

SOW TVA RIG”

HERBERT CHRISTIAN KLINGER

BRIAN E. LOCK

Cape Town Kaapstad

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UPPER CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTS FROM THE IGODA RIVER

MOUTH, EAST LONDON, SOUTH AFRICA

HERBERT CHRISTIAN KLINGER

South African Museum, Cape Town

BRIAN E. LOCK,

The University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette

(With 7 figures)

LMS. accepted 20 September 1978]

ABSTRACT

The name Igoda Formation is proposed for a sedimentary sequence consisting mainly of

calcareous sandstones and arenaceous limestones exposed on the bluffs overlooking the

Igoda River Mouth near East London, South Africa. The invertebrate fauna indicates a Late

Cretaceous age, probably Late Campanian to Early Maastrichtian. Faunal paucity precludes

detailed comparison with other areas in southern Africa, but common faunal elements occur

at Lower Needs Camp (here regarded as a lateral facies equivalent of the Igoda Formation),

Pondoland, Zululand, Madagascar and Angola. Affinities with Madagascar are strongest.

CONTENTS

PAGE

INntroductiongwe-yar-e Mweta tee eee ial hn 71

The Igoda River Mouth section. . .... . 13

WnhesroadisectiOnmecs: isan eos ee) lee AS

Fauna and age of the Igoda Formation . .. . 75

Comparison with other areas in southern Africa .. 81

SUMMA TVs eee cee a erie Ain Vow tases Syl yhaeiy etabs 82

INCKNOWled SEMmentseame naan ee un yen Ney ieee unis ns 83

FE TErENCES he marry neg ee en er) cate Sheer 83

INTRODUCTION

Late Cretaceous fossiliferous limestones have long been known from the

eastern Cape from one of the small quarries on the farm Needs Camp (the

East or Lower Quarry) near East London (Lang 1908; Woods 1908; Chapman

1916). McGowran & Moore (1971) established a probable Upper Senonian

(Campanian to Maastrichtian) age for this deposit on the basis of the micro-

faunal content. Contrary to a report by King (1972), the second quarry at

Needs Camp (the West or Upper Quarry) is excavated in limestones of Tertiary

age (Lock 1973 and in preparation). Microfaunal investigations confirm this

Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 77 (5), 1978: 71-83, 7 figs.

YD ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

(W. G. Siesser pers. comm.), although reworked Cretaceous material occurs in

the limestones.

Until 1974 no other outcrops of Late Cretaceous marine sediments had

been reported from south of the Umzamba Estuary (Pondoland, Transkei).

Mountain (1974: 19) briefly described a new fossiliferous locality less than

15 km from Needs Camp as follows: The rock occurs in a ‘tiny exposure on

the East London—Kidd’s Beach road just west of the Goda River valley as the

road climbs up on to the coastal plain. It can be seen in the present road cutting

and consists of a friable limestone with abundant echinoid spines, Ostrea shells

and gastropod casts. It is possibly Cretaceous but no one has examined the

microfossils.’

Following landslides during the last few years, an extension of this occur-

rence became exposed in the bluffs overlooking the western shore of the lagoon

at Igoda Mouth, less than a kilometre from the roadside section mentioned by

Mountain (Fig. 1).

Tertiary and ?Pleistocene

calcareous sands

Igoda Formation

Beaufort sedimentary rocks

and Karroo dolerite

Fig. 1. Locality map, Igoda Formation. A. Roadside exposure reported by Mountain (1974);

note the new road under construction. B. Type section of the Igoda Formation. C. Reference

section. (See also Fig. 2.)

UPPER CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTS FROM THE IGODA RIVER MOUTH 13

THE IGODA MOUTH SECTION

The succession in the new exposures is summarized in Figure 2.

The Cretaceous sequence, here named the Igoda Formation, rests uncon-

formably on sandstones and mudstones of the Permian/Triassic Beaufort Group,

which have been intruded by dolerites of later Karoo age. The contact is one

of some relief. The type section (sections BI, B2) is a composite one (see Fig. |

for location and Fig. 2 for sections), and has at its base up to 50 cm of matrix-

supported small-pebble conglomerate, comprising well-rounded and _ well-

sorted brown-stained pebbles with a mean diameter of about 2 cm but with

individual pebbles up to about 5 cm long. Pebble lithologies consist of vein-

quartz and quartz arenites for the most part, although one pebble was a single,

well-rounded crystal of orthoclase 1,2 cm long.

The matrix is an arenaceous limestone with abundant glauconite. Some

shell fragments are present in this limestone matrix. The basal conglomerate

passes up into a sequence of arenaceous limestones and calcareous sandstones,

all with a high content of glauconite. As this section is followed up the slope,

exposures become very poor, and only a few of the more resistant calcareous

beds form ledges. At an altitude some 20m above the small-pebble conglomerate,

a second unconformity, at the base of the overlying Alexandria Formation (of

probable Tertiary age), is reached.

The middle portion of the Igoda Formation is better exposed some 30 m

to the south. In this second section a brown, small-pebble conglomerate,

indistinguishable from that just described, lies at the base of a similar sequence

of well-exposed glauconitic arenaceous limestones and calcareous sandstones.

As in the first section, these strata are fossiliferous, yielding a shelly fauna

dominated by ostreids which litter the surface. At this point, however, the

calcareous sequence has a much reduced thickness of just over 7 m, and the

small-pebble conglomerate overlies a 3-metre-thick sequence of white, poorly

consolidated, unfossiliferous sandstone and white, small-pebble conglomerates

which are in all other respects identical to the brown ones already described.

These three lithological associations are regarded as informal members,

and are known as the ‘white member’, ‘brown, small-pebble conglomerate

member’ and ‘calcareous member’ respectively.

The base of the Alexandria Formation is marked by another conglomerate

consisting of much larger pebbles (up to 30 cm in diameter) mostly of Beaufort

Group sandstone and siltstone. These pebbles are generally less resistant than

those found in the conglomerates of the Igoda Formation. The matrix of the

Alexandria Formation basal conglomerate is a coarse bioclastic limestone

containing fossil gastropods, especially Patella sp. and Conus sp., usually as

moulds. Glauconite is absent to rare. This unit is about 1,5 m thick and is

overlain by 10 m of cross-bedded, well-indurated, coarse bioclastic limestones.

Characteristically, the cross-bedding comprises a single tabular set, with

seaward dips of about 25°. Above this scarp-forming unit is a considerable

thickness (at least 30 m) of poorly consolidated calcareous aeolian sands.

ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

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UPPER CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTS FROM THE IGODA RIVER MOUTH Ud)

A second section was measured, 500 m closer to the sea (section C). Here

the white member is no longer present, and the calcareous member is even

further reduced in thickness (5,5 m). In other respects the sequence is similar

Geelkis. 2):

THE ROAD SECTION

The original outcrop described by Mountain (1974, see above) was identi-

fied, and the adjective ‘tiny’ found to be very appropriate. Only a few tens of

centimetres of very weathered glauconitic arenaceous limestone can be seen

overlying Beaufort Group sandstones and merging upwards into soil and surface

debris in the bank at the inland side of the road. The outcrop is very overgrown

and easily overlooked. Broken specimens of Rhynchostreon decussata and

Lopha spp., common forms in the main outcrop area, establish a correlation

with the lagoon-side exposures.

At the time of the most recent visit (May 1977), roadwork was in progress

for the straightening and improving of the main coastal road. Where this new

road reaches the approximate altitude of Mountain’s outcrop, it runs about

100 m inland of the latter, and cuts through a mass of dolerite. At the top of

the cutting at this point, a few rounded pebbles of Beaufort Group sandstone

in a calcareous cement were found. The size of these pebbles (20-30 cm) suggests

that they are remnants of the conglomerate from the base of the Alexandria

Formation. This would imply that the Igoda Formation pinches out at this

point (area A on map, Fig. 1).

FAUNA AND AGE OF THE IGODA FORMATION

In comparison with the Cretaceous sediments of Zululand and Transkei

(Kennedy & Klinger 1975 onwards), the invertebrate fauna of the [Igoda Forma-

tion is meagre and poorly preserved. Bivalves are the commonest group,

especially the ostreid forms, which have been preserved by virtue of their

unique shell mineralogy, followed by brachiopods, baculitid ammonites,

echinoids, and rare, normally coiled, ammonites, in that order of abundance.

At present, the material in the authors’ collections is too scant to merit

formal description and discussion, but a preliminary examination of the fauna

has revealed the presence of the following faunal elements:

FORAMINIFERA

Textularia sp.

COELENTERATA

‘Caryophyllia’ cf. arcotensis Forbes (Fig. 3)

ECHINODERMATA

Unidentifiable cidarid with uniserial pore pairs (Fig. 4B)

Crinoid stem ossicles of Pentacrinus type (Fig. 4A)

76 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

levee, Shs ‘Caryophyllia’ arcotensis Forbes (Geology Department, Rhodes University.)

A-B. Lateral view. Scale bar 0,5 cm long. C. Dorsal view, stereopair. Scale bar 0,5 cm long.

UPPER CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTS FROM THE IGODA RIVER MOUTH HT

—

Fig. 4. A. Crinoid stem ossicle of the /socrinus type. B. Cidaris sp. indet.

Scale bars 0,5 cm long.

MOLLUSCA—CEPHALOPODA

Baculites subanceps Haughton (Fig. 5)

Eupachydiscus ? sp. (Fig. 6)

Pachydiscid sp. indet (compressed)

Saghalinites sp. cf. S. cala (Forbes) (Fig. 7A-B)

MOLLUSCA—GASTROPODA

Turritella (Zaria) cf. T. (Z.) besairiei Basse

MOLLUSCA-BIVALVIA

Rhynchostreon decussata (Goldfuss)

Lopha (Actinostreon) schnaebelei Basse (Fig. 7C—H)

‘Trigonia sp.

Spondylus douvillei Basse

Panopea cf. orientalis (Forbes)

‘Tnoceramus’ spp.

BRYOZOA

cf. Ceriopora micropora Goldfuss

‘“Membranipora cf. plebicola Brydone

BRACHIOPODA

cf. Terebratulina relicta Stoliczka

cf. Terebratula manuaensis Muir-Wood

cf. Rhynchonella natuans Stoliczka

Eolacazella affine (Bosquet)

ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

| J

Fig. 5. Baculites subanceps Haughton. A, C. SAM-—PCI5721. x 1,2.

B. SAM-PCI5723. x 1,0. D. SAM-PCI5728. x 1,0. E-H. SAM—PCI5906.

x 1,0. I-L. SAM-PCI5720. x 1,0.

UPPER CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTS FROM THE IGODA RIVER MOUTH 719

Fig. 6. Eupachydiscus ? sp. indet. SAM-—PCI5719. x 1,0.

Of the species identified, only a few can be used for accurate dating of the

Igoda Formation.

Baculites subanceps s.s. has been firmly dated as Late Campanian in

Angola (Howarth 1965), whilst the Pacific subspecies B. anceps pacificus occurs

in the Late Campanian of Japan and California. Saghalinites ranges from the

Santonian to Maastrichtian stages of the Late Cretaceous (Kennedy & Klinger

1977). S. cala, which the Igoda specimen resembles most, ranges from Cam-

panian IV to Maastrichtian II (sensu Kennedy & Klinger 1975) in Zululand but

is also known to occur in slightly older sediments in Pondoland (Transkei)

80 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fig. 7. A-B. Saghalinites sp. cf. S. cala (Forbes). C-H. Lopha (Actinostreon) schnaebelei

(Basse). C. SAM-PCI5773. x 1,0. D. SAM-—PCI5749. x 1,0. E. SAM-—PCI5736. x 1,0.

F. SAM-PCI5750. x 1,0. G. SAM—PCI5752. x 1,0. H. SAM—PCI5744. x 1,0.

UPPER CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTS FROM THE IGODA RIVER MOUTH 81

(Middle Santonian—Lower Campanian) and southern India (Santonian or

Campanian). The ammonite genus Eupachydiscus is typically Late Cretaceous,

ranging from Coniacian to Maastrichtian, but the Igoda material is too poorly

preserved for specific identification.

Ceriopora micropora Goldfuss has been described from the type locality

of the Maastrichtian stage, but is also common in the Santonian and Campanian.

M. plebicola is from the Maastrichtian.

Eolacazella affine (Bosquet) occurs in the Maastrichtian of Western Europe,

and was also found at the Lower Needs Camp Quarry now dated as Upper

Campanian/Lower Maastrichtian by McGowran & Moore (1971).

These data all seem to suggest an age of Campanian/Maastrichtian for the

Igoda Formation with only a slight possibility of Santonian elements present.

COMPARISON WITH OTHER AREAS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

The nearest onshore sediments of similar age occur at the Lower or Eastern

Quarry at Needs Camp. Eolacazella affine occurs at both the Igoda River Mouth

and at Lower Needs Camp, thus suggesting the two outcrops to be temporal

equivalents, though of different lithologies. In places, the outcrops at Lower

Needs Camp consist virtually of bryozoan limestone only. Exposures of similar

lithologies have since been found by one of the authors (H. C. K.) in roadside

excavations approximately half-way between the Upper and Lower Quarries,

illustrating that the Lower Needs Camp lithology has a much greater aerial

extent than previously suspected, and may yet prove to be a mapable unit to

confcrm with the requisites for formal recognition as a separate Formation by

the South African Committee for Stratigraphy.

The Lower Needs Camp sediments probably grade laterally into the slightly

deeper water facies of the Igoda Formation, but outcrops connecting the two

areas are, as yet, unknown.

Along the east coast of southern Africa, the closest Senonian sediments

occur at the Umzamba Estuary (Transkei), which have been firmly dated as

Mid-Santonian to Lower Campanian (Klinger & Kennedy 1977). Rare Saghali-

nites cala in the Umzamba Formation are comparable with Saghalinives sp. in

the Igoda Formation.

The closest, and thus far only known, onshore Upper Campanian/Lower

Maastrichtian sediments on the east coast of southern Africa occur in the

False Bay/St Lucia region of Zululand (Kennedy & Klinger 1975). Here Saghali-

nites cala occurs quite frequently with Nostoceras sp. and Eubaculites sp. in the

Upper Campanian and Lower Maastrichtian respectively. S. ca/la appears to

be the only identifiable faunal element in common between the two areas.

Lower Maastrichtian sediments are known from Cheringoma further north in

Mozambique, but to date only poorly-preserved Eubaculites species are known

(Crick 1923).

Much further north, the Campanian and Maastrichtian faunas of Mainti-

rano, Madagascar, as described by Basse (1931), strongly resemble those from

82 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Igoda especially as far as the thick-shelled ostreid forms are concerned, and to

a lesser extent with the Late Senonian fauna of the east coast Province of

Vatomandry described by Cottreau (1922), which is characterized by the paucity

of ammonites, similar to the Igoda Formation.

Towards the southern and western coast, the closest sediments of com-

parable age are found in the off-shore Alphard Group between Cape St Francis

and Cape Recife (Klinger et al. in prep.). Here, however, the dominant faunal

element is Eubaculites latecarinatus indicative of Early Maastrichtian age.

No macrofossils are common to both outcrops.

From here westwards, the first known Cretaceous on-shore sediments occur

near Bogenfels (South West Africa) (Klinger 1977), but these have been dated

definitely as Cenomanian, although some doubt still exists as to whether

Senonian strata are present on-shore or not.

The closest comparable deposits occur at Carimba in Angola, the type area

of Baculites subanceps, the latter being the only faunal element in common

between Igoda and Angola. The Cretaceous sediments at Carimba have been

firmly dated as Late Campanian by Howarth (1965).

SUMMARY

The name Igoda Formation is proposed for a sedimentary sequence

consisting mainly of calcareous sandstones and arenaceous limestones exposed

on the bluffs overlooking the Igoda River Mouth. The Formation is informally

divided into ‘white member’, ‘brown, small-pebble conglomerate member’ and

‘calcareous member’.

In comparison with the Cretaceous sediments of Natal and Transkei, the

Igoda fauna is meagre, consisting mainly of thick-shelled ostreid bivalves,

followed by brachiopods, baculitid ammonites, echinoids, and rare, normally

coiled ammonites, in that order of abundance.

These faunas point to an age of Late Campanian to Early Maastrichtian.

Due to the paucity of the faunas, comparisons with other temporally

equivalent areas are tenuous. The Lower Needs Camp Quarry deposits are of

similar age, and probably represent a shallower water and more restricted lateral

facies equivalent of the Igoda Formation. Saghalinites sp. cf. cala connects

the Igoda Formation to the Cretaceous deposits on the east coast of southern

Africa at the Umzamba Estuary and in the False Bay/Lake St Lucia region of

Zululand.

As far as the abundance of thick-shelled ostreids and relative scarcity of

ammonites is concerned, the Cretaceous deposits of Maintirano and Vato-

mandry in Madagascar show greatest affinity, but this should probably be

ascribed to the depositional environment rather than to more favourable

migration routes.

On the west coast of southern Africa, comparable deposits occur at Carimba

in Angola which provide a definite date for Baculites subanceps, i.e. Late

Campanian.

UPPER CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTS FROM THE IGODA RIVER MOUTH 83

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We wish to express our gratitude towards the following persons for identi-

fying and commenting on some of the material: Mr I. McMillan (SOEKOR,

Johannesburg), Mr D. Salmon (Geological Survey, Cape Town) (Foraminifera),

Prof. Dr E. Voigt (Geologisch-Palaontologisches Institut, Hamburg—Bryozoa),

and Dr E. Owen (British Museum (Natural History), London—Brachiopoda).

Mr L. Matthews collected some of the specimens while a graduate student.

REFERENCES

Basse, E. 1931. Monographie Paléontologie De Crétacé de la Province de Maintirano, Mada-

gascar. Tananarive. Gouv. Gén. Madagascar et Dépend., Service des Mines.

CHAPMAN, F. 1916. Foraminifera and ostracoda from the Upper Cretaceous of Needs Camp,

Buffalo River, Cape Province. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 12: 107-118.

CoTTREAU, J. 1922. Paléontologie de Madagascar. X. Fossiles crétacés de la cote orientale.

Annls Paléont. 11: 111-192.

Crick, G. C. 1923. Appendix A. On Upper Cretaceous Cephalopoda from Portuguese East

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KENNEDY, W. J. & KLINGER, H. C. 1977. Cretaceous faunas from Zululand and Natal, South

Africa. The ammonite family Tetragonitidae Hyatt, 1900. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 73: 149-197.

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near East London. Trans. geol. Soc. S. Afr. 75: 1-3.

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Mus. 73: 81-92.

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Camp, Buffalo River. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 7: 1-11.

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MOounrTAIN, E. 1974. The geology of the area around East London, Cape Province. An explanation

of sheet map 3227 D (East London), 3228 (Kei Mouth). Pretoria: Geological Survey.

Woops, H. 1908. Echinoidea, Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata from the Upper Cretaceous

limestone of Needs Camp, Buffalo River. Amn. S. Afr. Mus. 7: 13-19.

6. SYSTEMATIC papers must conform to the International code of zoological nomenclature

(particularly Articles 22 and 51). :

Names of new taxa, combinations, synonyms, etc., when used for the first time, must be

followed by the appropriate Latin (not English) abbreviation, e.g. gen. nov., sp. nov., comb.

nov., syn. noy., etc.

An author’s name when cited must follow the name of the taxon without intervening

punctuation and not be abbreviated; if the year is added, a comma must separate author’s

name and year. The author’s name (and date, if cited) must be placed-in parentheses if a

species or subspecies is transferred from its original genus. The name of a subsequent user of

a scientific name must be separated from the scientific name by a colon.

Synonymy arrangement should be according to chronology of names, i.e. all published

scientific names by which the species previously has been designated are listed in chronological

order, with all references to that name following in chronological order, e.g.:

Family Nuculanidae

Nuculana (Lembulus) bicuspidata (Gould, 1845)

Figs 14-15A

Nucula (Leda) bicuspidata Gould, 1845: 37.

Leda plicifera A. Adams, 1856: 50.

Laeda bicuspidata Hanley, 1859: 118, pl. 228 (fig. 73). Sowerby, 1871: pl. 2 (fig. 8a—b).

Nucula largillierti Philippi, 1861: 87.

Leda bicuspidata: Nicklés, 1950: 163, fig. 301; 1955: 110. Barnard, 1964: 234, figs 8-9.

Note punctuation in the above example:

comma separates author’s name and year

semicolon separates more than one reference by the same author

full stop separates references by different authors

figures of plates are enclosed in parentheses to distinguish them from text-figures

dash, not comma, separates consecutive numbers

Synonymy arrangement according to chronology of bibliographic references, whereby

the year is placed in front of each entry, and the synonym repeated in full for each entry, is

not acceptable.

In describing new species, one specimen must be designated as the holotype; other speci-

mens mentioned in the original description are to be designated paratypes; additional material

not regarded as paratypes should be listed separately. The complete data (registration number,

depository, description of specimen, locality, collector, date) of the holotype and paratypes

must be recorded, e.g.:

Holotype

SAM-—A13535 in the South African Museum, Cape Town. Adult female from mid-tide region, King’s Beach

Port Elizabeth (33°51’S 25°39’E), collected by A. Smith, 15 January 1973.

Note standard form of writing South African Museum registration numbers and date.

7. SPECIAL HOUSE RULES

Capital initial letters

(a) . The Figures, Maps and Tables of the paper when referred to in the text

e.g. *... the Figure depicting C. namacolus ...’; *. . . in C. namacolus (Fig. 10)...’

(b) The prefixes of prefixed surnames in all languages, when used in the text, if not preceded

by initials or full names

e.g. DuToit but A.L.du Toit; Von Huene but F. von Huene

e.g. Therocephalia, but therocephalian

Punctuation should be loose, omitting all not strictly necessary

Reference to the author should be expressed in the third person

Roman numerals should be converted to arabic, except when forming part of the title of a

book or article, such as

“Revision of the Crustacea. Part VIII. The Amphipoda.’ ;

Specific name must not stand alone, but be preceded by the generic name or its abbreviation

to initial capital letter, provided the same generic name is used consecutively. }

Name of new genus or species is not to be included in the title: it should be included in the

abstract, counter to Recommendation 23 of the Code, to meet the requirements of

Biological Abstracts.