LIST OF CONTENTS

APPLETON, C. C.

The Unionacea (Mollusca, Lamellibranchiata) of south-central Africa. (Published

May 1979.) : a:

BARNARD, J. L.

Redescription of Plioplateia K. H. Barnard, a genus of amphipod (Crustacea) from

South Africa. (Published December 1978.) in = we is

Cooper, M. R. & KENNEDY, W. J.

Uppermost Albian (Stoliczkaia dispar Zone) ammonites from the Angolan littoral.

(Published June 1979.) : mac a oe é

De Freitas, A. J.

A new genus and species of the penaeoid family Solenoceridae (Crustacea, Deca-

poda) from south-east African waters. (Published February 1979.)

KENNEDY, W. J. see Cooper, M. R.

KENNEDY, W. J. & KLINGER, H. C.

Cretaceous faunas from Zululand and Natal, South Africa. A new genus and

species of Gastroplitinae from the Mzinene Formation (Albian). (Published

December 1978.) oh ae +

KENNEDY, W. J. & KLINGER, H. C.

Cretaceous faunas from Zululand and Natal, South Africa. The ammonite super-

family Haplocerataceae Zittel, 1884. (Published February 1979.)

KENSLEY, B.

The South African Museum’s Meiring Naude cruises. Part 8. Isopoda Anthuridea.

(Published October 1978.) 42 oe Shs er

KLINGER, H. C. see KENNEDY, W. J.

KLINGER, H. C. & Lock, B. E.

Upper Cretaceous sediments from the Igoda River Mouth, East London, South

Africa. (Published December 1978.) Bes ap oe ae

MILLARD, N. A. H.

Type specimens of Hydroida aun uraae in the South African Museum. oe

lished February 1979.) 2 .

Rau, R. E.

Additions to the revised list of preserved material of the extinct Cape Colony

quagga and notes on the relationship and distribution of southern plains

zebras. (Published December 1978.)

Page

151

175

123

133

NEW GENERIC NAMES PROPOSED IN THIS VOLUME

Alopecoceras Kennedy & Klinger, 1978

Cryptopenaeus de Freitas, 1979

‘OLUME 77 sail 1 OCTOBER 1978 ISSN 0303-2515

ae RY

DEC 27 1978

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BULLOUGH, W. S. 1960. Practical invertebrate anatomy. 2nd ed. London: Macmillan.

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Fiscuer, P.-H., DuvAL, M. & Rarry, A. 1933. Etudes sur les échanges respiratoires des littorines. Archs

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Koun, A. J. 1960a. Ecological notes on Conus (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the Trincomalee region of Ceylon.

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Bull. Bingham oceanogr. Coll. 17 (4): 1-51.

TurELe, J. 1910. Mollusca: B. Polyplacophora, Gastropoda marina, Bivalvia. Jn: SCHULTZE, L. Zoologische

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ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

ANNALE VAN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE MUSEUM

Volume 77 Band

October 1978 Oktober

Part 1 Deel

THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM’S

MEIRING NAUDE CRUISES

PART 8

ISOPODA ANTHURIDEA

BRIAN KENSLEY

Cape Town Kaapstad

The ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

are issued in parts at irregular intervals as material

becomes available

Obtainable from the South African Museum, P.O. Box 61, Cape Town 8000

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Kopieregnavrae na die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum

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Court Road, Wynberg, Cape Courtweg, Wynberg, Kaap

THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM’S MEIRING NAUDE CRUISES

PART 8

ISOPODA ANTHURIDEA

Brian Kensley

South African Museum, Cape Town

(With 13 figures)

LMS. accepted 21 March 1978]

ABSTRACT

Ten species of anthurid and paranthurid isopods are recorded from deep water off Natal.

One is described as a new genus, viz. Natalanthura foveolata. A further five species are described

as new, viz. Apanthura insignifica, Neohyssura skolops, Colanthura uncinata, Leptanthura

minuta, and Leptanthura natalensis.

CONTENTS

PAGE

Introduction . . 3 ; : ; ; 1

Species list . : ; : : : : 1

Systematic discussion . ‘ ; ; : 2

Acknowledgements. : P : ae >,

References. : ‘ : 4 , mete ee

INTRODUCTION

The anthuridean isopods were excluded from the report on the isopods

of the 1975 and 1976 Meiring Naude cruises (Kensley 1977) either for lack of

specimens of some species or because of taxonomic uncertainty. With the 1977

cruise more anthurids were collected and some of the taxonomic problems

have been resolved. The anthurids of all three cruises are presented here.

Station data from the first two cruises may be obtained from Louw (1977),

and the South African Museum’s unpublished reports and station lists for the

1977 cruise.

SPECIES LIST

SM Station 3¢ 22 ~—so ovig. 92.—s jus

Family Anthuridae

Anthelura remipes Barnard ; ; : 123 os l — —

129 — — —

Apanthura insignifica sp. nov. . ; : 123 —- 2 — —

129 | 3 oe --

Mesanthura catenula (Stimpson) . 7 86 — 1 — l

Natalanthura foveolata gen. et sp. nov. . 86 = 6 os -—

123 — 1 — -

129 —_ _— l _

Neohyssura skolops sp. nov. : : : 129 — 1 — --

Ann. S. Afr. Mus. T7 (1), 1978: 1-25, 13 figs.

2 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

SM Station oo cole) ovig. 22 juvs

Family Paranthuridae

Colanthura uncinata sp.nov. . ; : 86

103

Leptanthura minuta sp.nov. . : e 78

129

Leptanthura natalensis sp. nov. . : ‘ 53

—

Paranthura punctata (Stimpson) , 2 103

Pseudanthura tenuis Kensley ‘ é 53

| |] | eerenne |

i Oe ok fe ie RF a eI cee

pasealel | lent | |

SYSTEMATIC DISCUSSION

Family Anthuridae

Apanthura insignifica sp. nov.

Figs 1-2

Description

Female

Integument thin. Body with following proportions: C<1=2=3<4=5>6>7.

Pereonite 7 half length of 6. Pereonites 4 to 7 with faint anterior constriction,

pereonite 4 with single, shallow, circular dorsal pit, pereonite 5 with transversely

elongate shallow pit, pereonite 6 with two small, shallow pits. Dorsolateral

grooves present. Pleonites | to 5 completely separate, pleonite 5 slightly longer

than preceding pleonites, pleonite 6 with middorsal incision in posterior margin.

Telson distally broadly rounded with several setae, widest at about midlength,

with low weakly developed middorsal ridge; two large statocysts present at

telsonic base. Cephalon with rostrum projecting beyond anterolateral corners;

eyes lacking.

Antennular peduncle 4-segmented, basal segment equal to second and

third segments together; fourth segment very short, flagellum of two articles

bearing three terminal aesthetascs.

Antennal peduncle 5-segmented, two basal segments fairly broad; flagellum

of four articles.

Mandibular palp 3-segmented, first and second segments subequal, third

segment shorter, with four distal serrate spines; incisor of three teeth, lacinia

plate with five teeth; molar process well developed, distally narrowly rounded.

Maxilla elongate, with one strong tooth and five smaller spines distally;

inner ramus tipped with single seta.

Lower lip complex tipped with single terminal hook-like lobe on each side.

THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM'S MEIRING NAUDE CRUISES 3

Fig. 1. Apanthura insignifica. A. Holotype in dorsal view. B. Antennule. C. Antenna.

D. Mandible. E. Maxilla. F. Lower lip complex. G. Maxilliped.

4 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fig. 2. Apanthura insignifica. A. Pereonite 7 and pleon in lateral view. B. Pereopod 1.

C. Pereopod 2. D. Pereopod 7. E. Pleopod 1. F. Telson. G. Uropod.

THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM’S MEIRING NAUDE CRUISES 5

Maxilliped 5-segmented, terminal segment rectangular with several setae

on mediodistal corner.

Pereopod | unguis half length of dactylus, with small spine at base; pro-

podus broad, palm concave with strong, rounded lobe at about midpoint;

carpus triangular, distally narrowly rounded.

Pereopods 2 to 7 similar, with carpi barely underriding propodi, and

becoming slightly more elongate posteriorly.

Pleopod | exopod operculate, about three times wider and slightly longer

than the endopod, bearing numerous distal plumose setae; endopod with three

distal plumose setae; basis with three retinaculae.

Uropodal exopod folding over telson, oval in outline, reaching to end of

basis, bearing several sparsely plumose setae; endopod oval, fringed with

simple setae.

Submale

Antennular flagellum of about twelve articles extending posteriorly to

second pereonite, lacking whorls of aesthetascs.

Pereopod | as in female.

Stylet on pleopod 2 not yet detached from endopod.

Material

Holotype SAM-A15646 92° TL 5,9 mm SM 123 30°33’S 30°48’E 690 m

Paratype SAM-A15646 12 TL 5,2 mm SM 123

Paratypes SAM-A15647 1 sub. ¢ TL 5,6 mm 12 TL 4,5 mm SM 129

30°54’S 30°31’E 850 m

Paratypes USNM 170542 2 9° TL 5,6 mm 5,4 mm SM 129

Remarks

Of the twelve species of Apanthura described, only A. coppingeri Barnard

from the Dundas Straits (northern Australia) and A. africana Barnard from

South Africa lack eyes. The rhomboid-shaped telson, and the slender uropodal

endopod of A. coppingeri easily distinguish this species from A. insignifica.

A. africana, known from Saldanha Bay to Still Bay, is a much larger species

(up to 20 mm) recorded from shallow water. A. africana can further be separated

from A. insignifica by the maxilliped, which possesses a small terminal segment,

and an apically acute telson.

Etymology

The specific name refers to the small size of this species.

Natalanthura gen. nov.

Diagnosis

Integument heavily indurate and very obviously pitted. Mandible with

spike-shaped molar on right side, molar reduced to a spine on left side.

6 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Maxilliped 5-segmented with well developed endite. Carpus of pereopods

4 to 7 slightly underriding propodus. Pleopod | operculate. Pleonites 1 to 3

subequal, separate; pleonites 4 and 5 fused; pleonite 6 indistinguishably fused

with telson. Paired statocysts difficult to detect but probably present beneath

two pits at telsonic base.

Type species

Natalanthura foveolata

Etymology

The generic name Natalanthura is derived from the South African province

of Natal, in whose waters the species was caught, plus the usual ‘anthura’

suffix. Gender: feminine.

Remarks

The unusual fusion of the pleonites is not encountered in any of the

described genera of anthurids. The mandibular structure would also seem to

be unique, although reminiscent of Panathura. These two features demand

the erection of a new genus.

Natalanthura foveolata gen. et sp. nov.

Figs 3-4

Description

Female

Integument indurate and obviously pitted. Anterolateral corners of

cephalon extending slightly beyond rostrum. Eyes feebly pigmented, of three

or four ocelli. Pereonites with strong dorsolateral ridges and two large dorsal pits

per segment in addition to numerous smaller pits. Lateral walls of pereonites

pitted. Pereonites 1 to 4 increasing in width and length, pereonite 4 widest

and longest; posterior three pereonites decreasing in length, seventh half

length of sixth. Pereonites 3 to 5 with oblique dorsal grooves converging

anteriorly. Pleon with anterior three pleonites free and distinct; pleonite 4

and 5 fused, line of fusion marked by row of pits; pleonite 6 completely fused

with telson. Latter longer than pleonites 1 to 5 combined, distal margin evenly

convex, dentate, with strong mediodorsal rounded ridge.

Antennule with broadly curved basal segment plus six additional segments;

fourth segment short, terminal segment bearing setae and three or four

aesthetascs.

Antenna with 4-segmented peduncle; broad and relatively elongate basal

segment with distal triangular part folded over antennule; flagellum of six

articles.

Mandible with distal incisor tridentate, quite strongly sclerotized; lacinia

plate with row of twelve short teeth; right mandible with digitiform molar

THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM’S MEIRING NAUDE CRUISES 7

process bearing row of small denticles and striations; molar process reduced

to small spine in left mandible; palp 3-segmented, middle segment longest and

widest, terminal segment bearing three stout setae.

Maxilla slender and elongate, with four terminal teeth.

Maxilliped 5-segmented, terminal segment rounded, bearing four setae;

endite elongate-lanceolate, apically acute, with single seta on median margin,

reaching just beond proximal margin of third segment.

See

Fig. 3. Natalanthura foveolata. A. Holotype in dorsal view. B. Antennule. C. Antenna.

D. Maxilla. E. Right mandible. F. Maxilliped.

8 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fig. 4. Natalanthura foveolata. A. Pereopod 1. B. Pereopod 7. C. Pereonites 4 and 5 in lateral

view. D. Pleopod 1. E. Uropod.

THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM’S MEIRING NAUDE CRUISES 9

Pereopods | and 2 similar, unguis one-third length of dactylus, with single

spine at base; propodus with single distal spine and numerous setules on

palmar margin. Posterior pereopods with unguis one-third length of dactylus,

with short spine at base, propodus with strong distal spine and four or five

short, slender spines on ventral margin, and single serrate seta on upper distal

margin; carpus about half length of, and slightly underriding, propodus.

Brood pouch formed by four pairs of oostegites.

Pleopod | operculate, rami of equal length, endopod half width of exopod,

with four distal plumose setae; exopod with numerous plumose setae distally,

and with outer surface bearing scales; basis bearing two coupling hooks.

Uropodal endopod subequal to basis in length, entire margin strongly

dentate; exopod crescentic and curved, margin strongly dentate; basis triangular

in cross-section.

Material

Holotype SAM-A15648 2 TL 5,8 mm SM 86 27°59’S 32°40’E 550 m

Paratypes SAM-A15648 2 292 TL 3,5 mm 5,4 mm SM 86

Paratypes USNM-170543 3 92 TL 4,3 mm 4,3 mm 4,6 mm SM 86

Paratype SAM-A15649 1 2 TL3,4mm SM 123 30°33’S 30°48’E 690 m

Paratype SAM-A15650 | ovig. 2 TL 6,9 mm SM 129 30°53’S 30°31’E 850 m

Etymology

The specific name refers to the pitted nature of the integument.

Neohyssura skolops sp. nov.

Figs 5-6

Description

Female

Integument thin, only uropods and telson slightly indurate. Body pro-

portions: C<1<2=3<4=5=6>7. Dorsolateral grooves present on pereonites

but very difficult to see; dorsal pits absent. Anterior five pleonites separate,

equal in length and breadth; pleonite 6 fused with telson; latter with broad,

rounded base, tapering rapidly into cylindrical spike-like structure tipped with

setae; no statocysts visible. Eyes absent. Anterolateral corner of cephalon

extending beyond low rostrum.

Antennular peduncle 4-segmented, two basal segments broad, fourth

segment set obliquely into third, short; flagellum of five articles with few setae

and single apical aesthetasc.

Antennal peduncle 5-segmented, second and fifth segments subequal,

longer than third and fourth segments; second segment grooved to receive

antennule; flagellum of seven articles.

Mandibular palp 3-segmented, first and third segments subequal, about

one-third length of second segment; incisor of three teeth, lacinia plate bearing

five blunt teeth; molar process blunt, tapering.

10 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fig. 5. Neohyssura skolops. A. Pereonite 7 and pleon in lateral view. B. Telson and uropods

in dorsal view. C. Antenna. D. Antennule. E. Maxilla. F. Maxilliped.

THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM’S MEIRING NAUDE CRUISES 11

Fig. 6. Neohyssura skolops. A. Pereopod 1. B. Mandible. C. Pleopod 1. D. Lower lip

complex. E. Pereopod 7.

12 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Maxilla with one strong, outer spine and five smaller spines distally.

Lobes of lower lip distally bearing two short acute processes.

Maxilliped 7-segmented, terminal segment short, bearing four setae;

thin-walled endite tapering, with single terminal seta.

Pereopods | to 3 similar, subchelate, pereopod 2 more robust than | or 3;

unguis one-third length of dactylus, propodus proximally broad, palm convex

between three short sensory spines, with few scattered setae on inner face;

carpus triangular, produced distally well beyond base of propodus to meet

dactylus. Pereopods 4 to 7 slender, unguis one-sixth length of dactylus; propodus

with strong posterodistal spine; carpus short, underriding propodus, with

strong sensory spine on posterior margin.

Uropods somewhat indurate, both rami reaching telsonic apex; exopod

situated dorsal to telson, with four strong teeth on medial margin, apically

rounded; basis with strong mediodistal spine visible in ventral view.

Material

Holotype SAM-A15651 2 TL 5,8 mm SM 129 30°53’S 30°31’E 850m

Remarks

Barnard (1925) noted that ‘Hyssura’ spinicauda Walker, 1901, did not

fit the generic diagnosis of Hyssura but he did not decide on the generic status..

Amar (1952), on examining a specimen from Corsica, erected the new genus

Neohyssura which he defined as follows: close to Hyssura but the maxillipeds

with seven segments, lacking endite, seventh pereopod present, pereopods 4

to 7 with triangular carpus underriding propodus.

The present specimen agrees with all except one of these characters. The

maxilliped does have a thin-walled endite (easily overlooked), but for the rest

is very similar to that of N. spinicauda. The shape of the telson also differs,

being narrowly triangular and bearing lateral spines in N. spinicauda but

narrowly spike-like in N. skolops. (See Walker 1901, pl. 27, figs 7-11; Monod

1925, pl. 44.)

Etymology

The specific name ‘skolops’ is taken from the Greek word meaning a sharp

object such as spike, and refers to the shape of the telson.

Family Paranthuridae

Colanthura uncinata sp. nov.

Figs 7-8

Description

Male

Entire integument covered with small imbricate scales. Rostrum extending

slightly beyond anterolateral corners of cephalon. Eyes ovate, lateral, consisting

of fourteen ocelli. Cephalon two-thirds length of pereonite 1. Pereonites | to 5

THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM’S MEIRING NAUDE CRUISES 13

W/ wf f;

Fig. 7. Colanthura uncinata. A. Holotype in dorsal view. B. Maxilla. C. Maxilliped.

D. Antenna. E. Pereopod 1 with spine further enlarged. F. Antennule 2. G. Antennule 3.

14 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH A8RICAN MUSEUM

Fig. 8. Colanthura uncinata. A. Pleopod 1. B. Pleopod 2 ¢ with apex of stylet further enlarged.

C. Pereopod 2. D. Pereopod 6. E. Telson. F. Uropodal exopod. G. Uropodal endopod j

and basis.

THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM’S MEIRING NAUDE CRUISES 15

increasing in width, but subequal in length; posterior margins of pereonites

1 and 2 bilobed. Pereonite 6 two-thirds length of pereonite 5; pereonite 7 very

short, subequal to anterior pleonites in length and width, lacking pereopods.

Ventral surface of pereonites formed by two longitudinal, low, rounded ridges,

conspicuously scaled. Pleon narrower than pereon; pleonites 1 to 5 subequal,

pleonite 6 posteriorly bilobed, almost twice length of preceding pleonite.

Telson equal to pleonites | to 6 in length, distally evenly convex; dorsally with

low, rounded median area widest proximally.

Antennular peduncle 4-segmented, basal segment largest; flagellum of six

articles, five proximal articles broad, bearing dense aesthetascs, terminal

article narrow, bearing setae.

Antennal peduncle 5-segmented, second segment largest and broadest;

flagellum reduced to setiferous terminal article about one-third width and half

length of penultimate segment.

Mandible reduced to blunt lobe lacking palp.

Maxilla very slender, acute, with about ten faint distal serrations.

Maxilliped elongate, consisting of a single segment, distally narrowed,

with about seven terminal setae.

Pereopod 1 dactylus strongly curved, unguis short; propodus broadly

oval, palm gently sinuous, with triangular proximal process and row of fourteen

fringed spines set back from the triangular process.

Pereopod 2 dactylus gently curved, unguis short; propodus proximally

broad, distally narrowed, palm with short spines.

Pereopods 3 to 7 similar, unguis of dactylus relatively longer than in

pereopods | and 2; propodus with three spines and numerous fine setules on

ventral margin, plus two distal fringed spines; carpus not underriding propodus,

bearing two ventral spines.

Pleopod 1 exopod broad and operculate, with scales on external face;

endopod as long as, but one-third width of, exopod.

Pleopod 2 exopod and endopod subequal in length and width, each with

few distal plumose setae; stylet of endopod extending well beyond apices of

rami, distally rounded with strong subapical hook.

Uropodal endopod just extending to telsonic apex, oval; exopod narrowly

ovate, apically narrowly rounded.

Ovigerous female

Antennule consisting of five segments, penultimate segment very short.

Pereopod | similar to that of male, but with spine row of six (rather than

fourteen) spines. Brood pouch formed by four pairs of oostegites, containing

four eggs or four larvae.

Material

Holotype SAM-A15652 3 TL 3,9 mm SM 103 28°31’S 32°34’E 680m

Allotype SAM-A15652 ovig. 2 TL 4,5 mm SM 103

16 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Paratypes USNM 170544 2 3g 1 ovig. 2 SM 103

10 gd 2 ovig. 92 12 immature SM 103

Paratypes SAM-A15653 2 gg 1 ovig. 29 SM 86 27°59’S 32°40’E 550 m

1g lovig.2 9 immature SM 86

Remarks

Four species of Colanthura have been described. These are C. tenuis

Richardson, 1902, from Bermuda; C. squamosissima Menzies, 1951, from

California; C. nigra Nunomura, 1975, from Japan, and C. caeca Mezhov, 1976,

from Russia. The present material most closely resembles the Californian

species, this similarity being most marked in the character of the integument,

both species being almost covered with imbricate scales. Several differences

between these two species are apparent. These include pleonites | to 5, which

in C. uncinata are subequal, while in C. squamosissima pleonite 5 is four times

the length of the preceding segment; the telson, which is more obviously tapered

in C. uncinata; and the apex of the stylet of pleopod 2 3, which has a swollen

apical lobe in Menzies’s species, but is hooked in C. uncinata. The stylet of

pleopod 2 3 in C. caeca is also apically hooked, but possesses three smaller

supplementary apical spines (Mezhov 1976, fig. 3). The shape of the uropodal

exopod and telson, and the propodal spination of the pereopods of the Russian

species differs from C. uncinata.

Etymology

The specific name is taken from the hooked stylet of pleopod 2 2.

Leptanthura minuta sp. nov.

Figs 9-10

Description

Male

Body slender, elongate, not indurate. No dorsal pits or dorsolateral

grooves present. Cephalon subequal to pereonite | in length; eyes lacking.

Body proportions: C=1<2=3=4<5>6>7. Pleon equal to pereonites 6 and 7

together in length; all pleonites distinct, pleonites | and 5 slightly longer than

2 to 4; pleonite 6 with convex distal margin. Telson elongate-oval in outline,

distally evenly rounded, with four median setae; ventrally concave; dorsally

with gently raised central area; prominent statocyst present with single medio-

dorsal pore.

Antennule with 4-segmented peduncle, basal segment largest, fourth

segment very narrow; flagellum of eight articles each with dense whorl of

aesthetascs.

Antenna with 5-segmented peduncle, second segment longest, with disto-

dorsal triangular part folding over basal antennular segment; flagellum of

four articles.

THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM’S MEIRING NAUDE CRUISES 17

Mandible narrowly triangular, apically acute; 3-segmented palp with

middle segment two and a half times length of basal segment, terminal segment

short and curved, with single terminal seta.

Maxilla lanceolate, apically acute, with about twelve faint distal serrations.

Maxilliped 3-segmented, with few distal setae; second segment six times

longer than wide.

Pereopod | dactylus fairly stout, unguis one-third length of rest of segment;

propodus proximally broad, palm straight with low triangular proximal

Fig. 9. Leptanthura minuta. A. Holotype in dorsal view. B. Mandible. C. Maxilla.

D. Maxilliped. E. Antennule ¢. FF. Antennule 2. G. Antenna. H. Pereopod | 9.

I. Pereopod 1 ¢.

18 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fig. 10. Leptanthura minuta. A. Pleopod 1. B. Pleopod 2g. C. Pereopod 2. D. Pereopod 7.

E. Telson and uropod.

THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM’S MEIRING NAUDE CRUISES 19

tooth, armed with six short serrate spines and numerous simple setae; carpus

triangular, small, with two spines and four setae on ventral margin.

Pereopod 2 slightly less robust than pereopod 1, propodus with six spines

on palm, lacking dense setae found on pereopod 1; carpus with single ventral

spine. Pereopods 4 to 7 similar, slender; propodi with three serrate spines on

ventral margin; carpus short, triangular, underriding propodus, with single

ventral spine.

Pleopod | basis with four retinaculae on median margin, exopod operculate,

two and a half times longer than broad with about ten to twelve distal elongate

plumose setae; endopod one-third width and two-thirds length of exopod, with

eight distal plumose setae.

Pleopod 2 with three or four retinaculae on basis; rami subequal in length;

exopod with transverse articulation at midlength and about eight distal plumose

setae; endopod with four distal plumose setae, stylet on median margin extend-

ing well beyond apex of ramus, apically blunt.

Uropodal exopod extending to base of endopod, triangular-oval, median

margin crenulate and setose; basis with single elongate plumose seta at medio-

distal angle; endopod with several distal setae, apically rounded.

Female

Antennule with 4-segmented peduncle, basal segment longest and broadest,

fourth segment very narrow; flagellum reduced, consisting of three articles.

Pereopod | very similar to pereopod 1 3, but lacking numerous simple

setae on palm.

Brood pouch of four pairs of oostegites, anterior pair smallest.

Material

Holotype SAM-A15654 3 TL 4,6 mm SM 86 27°59’S 32°40’E 550 m

Allotype SAM-A15654 ovig. 9 TL 4,5 mm SM 86

Paratypes SAM-A15654 1 gl ovig.2 12 SM 86

Paratypes USNM 170545 1g 1 ovig.2 12 SM 86

SAM-A15655_ 1 ovig. 2 SM 7S. 2731S. 32°S0'E

750 m

SAM-A15656 2g3¢ 12 SM 129 30°53’S 30°31’E

850 m

Remarks

The present small blind species with its characteristic elongate-oval telson

and crenulate uropodal exopod bears no close resemblance to any of the

approximately eighteen described species of Leptanthura. Certainly it is very

different from the described South African species, viz. L. agulhasensis,

L. laevigata, and L. urospinosa. The shape of the telson of L. minuta to some

extent resembles that of L. antarctica Kussakin, 1967, but the shape of the

uropodal endopod and exopod, the antennular peduncle, and the first pereopod

easily separate these species.

20 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Etymology

The specific name derives from the small size of the adult animals.

Leptanthura natalensis sp. nov.

Figs 11-12

Description

Male

Body very slender and elongate. No dorsal pits. No dorsolateral grooves

present, but dorsolateral ridge developed on cephalon and pereonites | and 2.

Cephalon lacking eyes. Body proportions: 1<2<3<4>5>6>7. Pereonite 5

in small males (6-7 mm) with two rounded posteroventral lobes; holotype

male (20,6 mm) with similar lobes on pereonite 7. Pleonites free. Telson distally

broadly rounded, not indurated, dorsally slightly concave, with single, large

proximal statocyst.

Antennule with 4-segmented peduncle, basal segment largest, fourth seg-

ment short; flagellum of thirteen articles.

Antenna 8- or 9-segmented, of which three distal segments are probably

flagellum; second segment longest.

Mandible acutely triangular, palp 3-segmented, basal segment two-thirds

length of middle segment, latter with single elongate distal seta, terminal seg-

ment short and curved.

Maxilla slender, with twelve serrations and three barbs distally.

Maxilliped 4-segmented, second segment four and a half times longer

than wide, with short distal lobe bearing two setae at mediodistal angle; two

distal segments narrowing, bearing few setae.

Pereopod | dactylus with very short unguis; palm of propodus almost

straight, with low proximal triangular lobe, and row of fourteen short sensory

spines, several elongate setae, and dense border of short simple setae.

Pereopod 2 propodus narrower than that of pereopod 1, with nine or ten

sensory spines on palm, lacking dense border of simple setae; carpus small,

triangular, with two spines on ventral margin.

Pereopod 7 with short carpus bearing two spines and underriding propodus;

latter with three spines on ventral margin.

Pleopod | operculate, not indurated; endopod considerably shorter than

exopod, both rami bearing distal plumose setae; basis bearing about six

retinaculae on medial margin.

Pleopod 2 endopod shorter than exopod, with apically blunt stylet on

medial margin; exopod with distinct transverse articulation at about midlength,

both rami with distal plumose setae; basis armed with five or six retinaculae

on medial margin.

Uropodal basis triangular in cross-section, longer than endopod; latter

narrower than basis, with tuft of apical setae; exopod broadly oval, with few

marginal setae, exopods overlapping telson dorsally.

THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM’S MEIRING NAUDE CRUISES 21

Fig. 11. Leptanthura natalensis. A. Holotype in lateral view. B. Pereonite 5 of 6,8 mm ¢.

C. Antennule g. D. Antenna. E. Mandible. F. Maxilla. G. Maxilliped.

22 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fig. 12. Leptanthura natalensis. A. Pleopod 1. B. Pleopod 2 3. C. Pereopod 1 3, with palm

enlarged (short, simple setae omitted). D. Pereopod 2. E. Pereopod 7. F. Telson.

G. Uropodal exopod. H. Uropodal basis and endopod.

THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM’S MEIRING NAUDE CRUISES 23

Material

Holotype SAM-A15657_ 3 TL 20,6 mm SM 60 27°09’S 32°58’E 800 m

Paratypes SAM-A15658 2 gg TL6,8 mm 6,7 mm 1 juv. 4,8 mm

SM 53 26°51’S 33°12’E 720m

Paratypes SAM-A15659 2 gg TL 6,7 mm 7,5 mm SM 61 27°10’S

32°58’E 820 m

Paratypes USNM 170546 1 ¢ TL 8,0mm 1 2 5,7mm SM 117 30°17’S

31°10’E 820 m

SAM-A15660 1 ¢ 9,9 mm 1 juv. SM 123 30°33’S 30°48’E

690 m

SAM-A15661 7 922 complete but damaged SM 129 30°53’S

30°31’E 850m

Remarks

The general structure of the pereon and pleon, as well as the mandible,

maxilliped, antennae, and pereopods of the present material, agrees with

Leptanthura, and quite closely resembles L. lJaevigata and L. glacialis. The

broadly rounded telson is similar to that of L. /aevigata (Stimpson) (Barnard

1925), but L. natalensis lacks the characteristic notch in the uropodal exopod,

and is a more attenuated species both in body shape and pereopodal propor-

tions. The terminal maxillipedal segment is longer than that of L. laevigata.

L. glacialis Hodgson (Kussakin 1967) has a uropodal exopod similar to

L. natalensis but possesses an apically pointed telson, and shorter and broader

antennal segments. L. glacialis appears to have a 3-segmented maxilliped,

rather than the 4-segmented structure of L. natalensis.

Etymology

The specific name is taken from the province, Natal, from whose waters

the species was taken.

Pseudanthura tenuis Kensley

Fig. 13

Pseudanthura tenuis Kensley, 1978: 222, figs 1-2.

Description

Male

Antennular peduncle 4-segmented; segments broad, basal segment equal

in length to three distal segments combined; basal flagellar article broad and

almost as long as remaining seven flagellar articles together; six distal articles

each with pair of aesthetascs.

Pleopod 2 stylet of endopod extending well beyond apex of ramus, straight,

apically rounded.

24 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fig. 13. Pseudanthura tenuis. A. Pleopod 2 3. B. Antennule ¢.

THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM’S MEIRING NAUDE CRUISES 25

Material

Le TE9 9mm SM53 26°5S1'S 33°1E 720m

692 TL6,0-25,33mm SM 103 28°31’S 32°34’E 680m

be TE 20,7 mm SM 129 30°53’S 30°31’E 850m

Remarks

P. tenuis Kensley was described from seven females from localities very

close to that of the present material. Now that a single male is available, the

two main sex-linked characters are described and figured.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In addition to the people and institutions thanked in the introductory

paper in this series, I should like to thank Mr R. Downes of the South African

Museum for sorting the samples of the 1977 cruise. My sincere thanks are

also due to Dr T. E. Bowman of the Smithsonian Institution for useful dis-

cussions and for critically reading the manuscript.

REFERENCES

Amar, R. 1952. Isopodes marins du littoral Corse. Bull. Soc. zool. Fr. 77: 349-355.

BARNARD, K. H. 1925. A revision of the family Anthuridae (Crustacea Isopoda) with remarks

on certain morphological peculiarities. J. Linn. Soc. 36: 109-160.

KENSLEY, B. 1977. The South African Museum’s Meiring Naude cruises. Part 7. Marine

Isopoda. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 74: 125-157.

KENSLEY, B. F. 1978. Two new species of the genus Pseudanthura Richardson (Crustacea,

Isopoda, Anthuridea). Proc. biol. Soc. Wash. 91: 222-233.

KussAKIN, O. G. 1967. Fauna of Isopoda and Tanaidacea in the coast zones of the Antarctic

and Subantarctic waters. Biol. Rep. Sov. Antarct. Exped. (1955-58) 3: 220-380.

Louw, E. 1977. The South African Museum’s Meiring Naude cruises. Part 1. Station data

1975, 1976. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 72: 147-159.

Menzies, R. J. 1951. New marine isopods, chiefly from northern California, with notes on

related forms. Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 101: 105-156.

MEzHov, B. V. 1976. New species of Anthuroidea from the upper part of the sublittoral zone

of the Middle Kurile Islands. Biol. Sea 5: 19-27.

Monon, T. 1925. Tanaidacés et Isopodes aquatiques de l’Afrique Occidentale et Septentrionale.

Bull. Soc. Sci. nat. Maroc 5: 233-247.

NunomurA, N. 1975. Marine Isopoda from the rocky shore of Osaka Bay, Middle Japan.

Bull Osaka Mus. nat. Hist. 29: 15-35.

RICHARDSON, H. 1902. The marine and terrestrial isopods of the Bermudas, with descriptions

of new genera and species. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci. 11: 277-310.

WALKER, A. O. 1901. Contributions to the Malacostracan fauna of the Mediterranean.

J. Linn. Soc. 28: 290-307.

6. SYSTEMATIC papers must conform to the /nternational code of zoological nomenclature

(particularly Articles 22 and 51).

Names of new taxa, combinations, synonyms, etc., when used for the first time, must be

followed by the appropriate Latin (not English) abbreviation, e.g. gen. nov., sp. nov., comb.

nov., syn. nov., etc.

An author's name when cited must follow the name of the taxon without intervening

punctuation and not be abbreviated; if the year is added, a comma must separate author’s

name and year. The author’s name (and date, if cited) must be placed in parentheses if a

species or subspecies is transferred from its original genus. The name of a subsequent user of

a scientific name must be separated from the scientific name by a colon.

Synonymy arrangement should be according to chronology of names, i.e. all published

scientific names by which the species previously has been designated are listed in chronological

order, with all references to that name following in chronological order, e.g.:

Family Nuculanidae

Nuculana (Lembulus) bicuspidata (Gould, 1845)

Figs 14-15A

Nucula (Leda) bicuspidata Gould, 1845: 37.

Leda plicifera A. Adams, 1856: 50.

Laeda bicuspidata Hanley, 1859: 118, pl. 228 (fig. 73). Sowerby, 1871: pl. 2 (fig. 8a—b).

Nucula largillierti Philippi, 1861: 87.

Leda bicuspidata: Nickles, 1950: 163, fig. 301; 1955: 110. Barnard, 1964: 234, figs 8-9.

Note punctuation in the above example:

comma separates author’s name and year

semicolon separates more than one reference by the same author

full stop separates references by different authors

figures of plates are enclosed in parentheses to distinguish them from text-figures

dash, not comma, separates consecutive numbers

Synonymy arrangement according to chronology of bibliographic references, whereby

the year is placed in front of each entry, and the synonym repeated in full for each entry, is

not acceptable.

In describing new species, one specimen must be designated as the holotype; other speci-

mens mentioned in the original description are to be designated paratypes; additional material

not regarded as paratypes shou!d be listed separately. The complete data (registration number,

depository, description of specimen, locality, collector, date) of the holotype and paratypes

must be recorded, e.g.:

Holotype

SAM-—A13535 in the South African Museum, Cape Town. Adult female from mid-tide region, King’s Beach

Port Elizabeth (33°51’S 25°39’E), collected by A. Smith, 15 January 1973.

Note standard form of writing South African Museum registration numbers and date.

7. SPECIAL HOUSE RULES

Capital initial letters

(a) The Figures, Maps and Tables of the paper when referred to in the text

e.g. *... the Figure depicting C. namacolus .. .’; *. . . in C. namacolus (Fig. 10)...’

(b) The prefixes of prefixed surnames in all languages, when used in the text, if not preceded

by initials or full names

e.g. Du Toit but A.L.du Toit; Von Huene but F. von Huene

e.g. Therocephalia, but therocephalian

Punctuation should be loose, omitting all not strictly necessary

Reference to the author should be expressed in the third person

Roman numerals should be converted to arabic, except when forming part of the title of a

book or article, such as

“Revision of the Crustacea. Part VIII. The Amphipoda.’

Specific name must not stand alone, but be preceded by the generic name or its abbreviation

to initial capital letter, provided the same generic name is used consecutively.

Name of new genus or species is not to be included in the title: it should be included in the

abstract, counter to Recommendation 23 of the Code, to meet the requirements of

Biological Abstracts.

BRIAN KENSLEY

THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM’S

MEIRING NAUDE CRUISES

PART 8

ISOPODA ANTHURIDEA

a AL. Caplou—

OLUME 77 PART 2 DECEMBER 1978 MUS. COMP. ZOOS

LIBRARY SN 0303-2515

FEB 15 07)

HARV far

UNIVERSITET?

ANNALS

OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN

MUSEUM

CAPE TOWN

1. MATERIAL should be original and not published elsewhere, in whole or in part.

2. LAYOUT should be as follows:

(a)

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Centred masthead to consist of

Title: informative but concise, without abbreviations and not including the names of new genera or species

Author’s(s’) name(s)

Address(es) of author(s) (institution where work was carried out)

Number of illustrations (figures, enumerated maps and tables, in this order)

Abstract of not more than 200 words, intelligible to the reader without reference to the text

Table of contents giving hierarchy of headings and subheadings

Introduction

Subject-matter of the paper, divided into sections to correspond with those given in table of contents

Summary, if paper is lengthy

Acknowledgements

References

Abbreviations, where these are numerous

3. MANUSCRIPT, to be submitted in triplicate, should be typewritten and neat, double spaced

with 2,5 cm margins all round. First lines of paragraphs should be indented. Tables and a list of

legends for illustrations should be typed separately, their positions indicated in the text. All

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legend); the reduction or enlargement required should be indicated; originals larger than

35 x 47 cm should not be submitted; photographs should be rectangular in shape and final

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should be given in the legend; if the latter, then the final reduction or enlargement should be

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All illustrations, whether line drawings or photographs, should be termed figures (plates

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The number of the figure should be lightly marked in pencil on the back of each illustration.

5. REFERENCES cited in text and synonymies should all be included in the list at the end of

the paper, using the Harvard System (ibid., idem, loc. cit., op. cit. are not acceptable):

(a) Author’s name and year of publication given in text, e.g.:

(b)

‘Smith (1969) describes...’

‘Smith (1969: 36, fig. 16) describes .. .”

“As described (Smith 1969a, 19696; Jones 1971)’

‘As described (Haughton & Broom 1927)...’

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Note: no comma separating name and year

Dagination indicated by colon, not p.

names of joint authors connected by ampersand ;

et al. in text for more than two joint authors, but names of all authors given in list of references.

Full references at the end of the paper, arranged alphabetically by names, chronologically

within each name, with suffixes a, 5, etc. to the year for more than one paper by the same

author in that year, e.g. Smith (1969a, 19695) and not Smith (1969, 1969a).

For books give title in italics, edition, volume number, place of publication, publisher.

For journal article give title of article, title of journal in italics (abbreviated according to the World list o,

scientific periodicals. 4th ed. London: Butterworths, 1963), series in parentheses, volume number, part

number (only if independently paged) in parentheses, pagination (first and last pages of article).

Examples (note capitalization and punctuation)

BULLouGH, W. S. 1960. Practical invertebrate anatomy. 2nd ed. London: Macmillan.

FiscHER, P.—H. 1948. Données sur la résistance et de le vitalité des mollusques. J. Conch., Paris 88: 100-140.

FiscHErR, P.-H., DuvAL, M. & Rarry, A. 1933. Etudes sur les échanges respiratoires des littorines. Archs

Zool. exp. gén. 74: 627-634.

Konn, A. J. 1960a. Ecological notes on Conus (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the Trincomalee region of Ceylon.

Ann, Mag. nat. Hist. (13) 2: 309-320.

Konn, A. J. 19606. Spawning behaviour, egg masses and larval development in Conus from the Indian Ocean.

Bull. Bingham oceanogr. Coll. 17 (4): 1-51.

TurELe, J. 1910. Mollusca: B. Polyplacophora, Gastropoda marina, Bivalvia. In: SCHULTZE, L. Zoologische

und anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Siid-Afrika 4: 269-270.

Jena: Fischer. Denkschr. med.-naturw. Ges. Jena 16: 269-270.

(continued inside back cover)

ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

ANNALE VAN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE MUSEUM

Volume 77 Band

December 1978 Desember

Part 2 Deel

BODITIONS TO THE REVISED LIST OF PRESERVED

maALERIAL OF THE EXTINCT CAPE COLONY

QUAGGA AND NOTES ON THE RELATIONSHIP AND

DISTRIBUTION OF SOUTHERN PLAINS ZEBRAS

cE; EY RAY

Cape Town Kaapstad

The ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

are issued in parts at irregular intervals as material

becomes available

Obtainable from the South African Museum, P.O. Box 61, Cape Town 8000

Die ANNALE VAN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE MUSEUM

word uitgegee in dele op ongereelde tye na beskikbaarheid

van stof

Verkrygbaar van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum, Posbus 61, Kaapstad 8000

OUT OF PRINT/UIT DRUK

1, 2(1-3, 5-8), 3(1-2, 4-5, 8, t—p.i.), 5(1-3, 5, 7-9),

6(1, t.-p.i.), 711-4), 8, 911-2, 7), 10(1-3),

11(1-2, 5, 7, t.—p.i.), 15(4-5), 24(2), 27, 31(1-3), 32(5), 33

Kopieregnavrae na die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum

ISBN 0 908407 57 2

Printed in South Africa by In Suid-Afrika gedruk deur

The Rustica Press, Pty., Ltd., Die Rustica-pers, Edms., Bpk.,

Court Road, Wynberg, Cape Courtweg, Wynberg, Kaap

ADDITIONS TO THE REVISED LIST OF PRESERVED MATERIAL

OF THE EXTINCT CAPE COLONY QUAGGA

AND NOTES ON THE RELATIONSHIP AND DISTRIBUTION OF

SOUTHERN PLAINS ZEBRAS

R. E. RAu

South African Museum, Cape Town

(With 9 figures)

LMS. accepted 7 September 1978]

ABSTRACT

Previously unpublished photographs and data of two mounted skins of the extinct

quagga (Equus quagga quagga) and a further relic are added to the list of preserved material.

Photographs of the destroyed KGnigsberg quagga are reproduced.

Examination of plains zebra (Equus ‘burchelli’) skins from southern Africa and comparison

with the true Burchell’s zebra (Equus ‘burchelli burchelli’) and the quagga (Equus quagga

quagga) suggest that all belong to one species (Equus quagga) and are forms which are dominant

in certain areas within the continuous distribution, rather than subspecies. In addition, the true

Burchell’s zebra is considered to be still extant in Zululand and possibly Swaziland, if the

generally accepted but vague range of that ‘subspecies’ is ignored.

CONTENTS

PAGE

Introduction . ; : : : 2 : eT

Additional material : ; : : : eaves

Notes on Burchell’s zebra and quagga : Ay si

Reintroductions of zebras. . : : Ae: |

Acknowledgements . : d ‘ : : . 44

References . : : , : : : = . 44

INTRODUCTION

Since the publication of the revised list of preserved material of the quagga

(Equus quagga quagga) a photograph of and additional data on the quagga at

the Zoological Museum, State University at Kazan, Soviet Union, have now

been obtained. In addition, a mounted quagga has been discovered at the

Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle Lyon, France, and a mounted foot at the Royal

Albert Memorial Museum at Exeter, England. These new data are presented in

accordance with the method followed by Rau (1974). The photographs included

in the description of the Kénigsberg quagga (Hilzheimer 1930), which was

destroyed at the end of the Second World War, are reproduced to complete the

illustrations of mounted skins which existed into this century.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 77 (2), 1978: 27-45, 9 figs.

28 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

In a monograph Antonius (1951), a world authority on zebras, included the

quagga and the Burchell’s zebras in the single species Equus quagga, as had been

done earlier (Pocock 1904; St Leger 1932). This view is supported by

Rzasnicki (1951), Mohr (1964) and Klingel (1969, 1972) amongst others.

There is, however, a second school of thought which divides them into two

species, Equus quagga and Equus burchelli (Ansell 1971). As the present study

has revealed that there is no definite division between the quagga and Burchell’s

zebras, the former view is supported.

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL

KAZAN— MOUNTED SKIN

Fig. 1

Catalogue number: 109

Sex: female

Locality: unknown

Date of acquisition: 1843

Remarks on acquisition: bought in Hamburg from a Mr Brandt by Professor

Eversman for the Zoological Museum of Kazan University

Fig. 1. Kazan quagga.

ADDITIONS TO THE REVISED LIST OF THE EXTINCT QUAGGA 29

History of mount: bought as mounted specimen in bad condition and remounted ;

a second remounting (‘restoring’) was performed in 1969 by M. A. Zaslavski

in Leningrad, U.S.S.R.

Description of striking features: face clearly striped; shadow-stripes on neck;

posterior part of feet (fetlock-hoof) dark; the photograph seems to show

faint striping on buttock

Measurements: head-body 2,36 m* (2,42 m)*

tail 0,54m (0,53 m)

ear 0,14m (0,17 m)

hind foot 0,56 m (0,54 m)

shoulder height 1,29 m_ (1,28 m)

State of preservation: appears to be good

Further material of same individual: none

Remarks: exhibited open in gallery

References: none known

LYON— MOUNTED SKIN

Fig. 2

Catalogue number: 6102

Sex: female

Locality: Kaffraria, South Africa

Date of acquisition: unknown

Remarks on acquisition: none

History of mount: appears to be the original mount

Description of striking features: face not clearly striped

Measurements: head-body 2,10 m

tail 0,40 m

ear 0,17 m

hind foot 0,50 m

shoulder height 1,15 m

State of preservation: fair

Further material of same individual: none

Remarks: exhibited; specimen not mentioned in previous literature; V. Eisen-

mann of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, discovered this specimen

early in 1975 and kindly informed the author

References: M. Philippe, ‘La zoologie au Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Lyon’

(in preparation)

* Measurements received through two intermediaries are not identical.

30 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

—_

Fig. 2. Lyon quagga.

EXETER— FOOT TROPHY

Fig. 3

Catalogue number: A758

Locality: Bontebok Flats, British Kaffraria, South Africa (between present

Cathcart and Queenstown)

Date of acquisition: after 1869 )

Remarks on acquisition: from the collection of W. S. M. D’Urban, first curator

of Exeter Museum

Measurements (hoof only): anterior height 6,0 cm

width 6,7 cm \

length 8,4 cm .

References: Howes & Bamber (1970)

ADDITIONS TO THE REVISED LIST OF THE EXTINCT QUAGGA 3]

Fig. 3. Exeter quagga foot; anterior and lateral views.

KONIGSBERG QUAGGA

Fig. 4

The K6nigsberg quagga was destroyed at the end of the Second World War

when Schloss Waldhof, about 20 km from KGnigsberg, where museum specimens

had been taken for safe-keeping, was shelled and completely destroyed by fire

(pers. comm. Prof. Dr O. Koehler (1972), director of the K6nigsberg Museum

until 1945).

The preserved material of Equus quagga quagga, including the above

specimens, now consists of:

skins—23, plus 1 mounted head and neck

complete skeletons—7

skulls—20, including 7 from complete skeletons; at least 3 of the mounted

skins appear to contain skulls

loose skeletal parts—2 sets of foot bones; upper and lower incisivae in

portion of jaws

other—dried connective tissue, flesh, etc., removed from skin; nasal

cartilages and palate removed from skull (in alcohol) (Rau 1974: 58)

NOTES ON BURCHELL’S ZEBRA AND QUAGGA

During February to October 1977 approximately 400 privately owned skins

of plains zebra Equus quagga (burchelli) and mountain zebra Equus zebra

hartmannae were processed at a Cape Town tannery and examined by the

author. These originated from many different localities in southern Africa.

Skins of 113 plains zebras were photographed, the initial 88 non-selectively and

32 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fig. 4. Konigsberg quagga (destroyed), adapted from Hilzheimer (1930).

ADDITIONS TO THE REVISED LIST OF THE EXTINCT QUAGGA 35

the remaining 25 selectively. The proportion of the two species processed

during a two-month period (February and March) was 88 plains zebra:

62 mountain zebra.

A great number of ‘subspecies’ and even ‘species’ of plains zebra have been

described. In bestowing names to the many variations, the stripe pattern has

been the principal, and often the only, character considered (Ansell 1971). This

is certainly true in the case of the ‘subspecies’ burchelli.

The diagnostic characteristics of the true Burchell’s zebra Equus quagga

burchelli are usually given as follows: whitish, unstriped legs except occasionally

some traces of stripes on the hocks (Pocock (1897: 52) accepts some stripes on

the ‘knees’ as well); basic colour of dorsal parts white to ochre and brownish;

interspaces with shadow-stripes, which may be broad and intense, or less

conspicuous; body-stripes not meeting the ventral midline.

Equus quagga antiquorum is defined by the striping extending on to the legs

to at least the ‘knees’ and hocks, but sometimes to the pasterns.

Equus quagga burchelli (E. burchelli burchelli) is one of the few still recog-

nized as a valid subspecies. The accepted distributional range of this subspecies

included the Orange Free State, the north-eastern Cape Province, southern

Botswana and the south-western Transvaal. As zebras no longer occur in these

regions, other than reintroduced specimens, the true Burchell’s zebra is usually

considered to have been extinct since about 1910.

The locality of the type specimen on which Gray (1825) based the descrip-

tion of the subspecies is between Campbell and the Vaal River. The specimen

figured as Equus quagga burchelli by Antonius (1951, fig. 22) originated from

British Bechuanaland (Botswana) and lived at Hagenbeck’s Tierpark, Germany,

during 1907-9. However, most preserved specimens of this subspecies lack

locality data, as do those individuals that lived at menageries or zoos and are

known from illustrations and/or descriptions.

It appears, therefore, that the accepted range is based on old reports rather

than collected material, and that the true range is not known. Indeed, different

opinions as to the range of Equus quagga burchelli have been expressed. Matschie

(1894) has included Zululand while Shortridge (1934) and Eloff (1967) extend

the range to Great Namaqualand (South West Africa). The concept of the

range of a subspecies within the continuous distribution of a species is open to

question, especially in the case of fast-moving and migrating animals such as

the plains zebra. With regard to zebra distribution, Tegetmeier & Sutherland

(1895) wrote: ‘Disputing, therefore, as to whether two closely allied animals are

specifically or sub-specifically distinct is almost a waste of words. We know that

a species spread over a wide area will change according to the conditions of life,

until at last the two extremes are so diverse as to be regarded as distinct species,

but no one can say where one species ends and the other begins, for they merge

gradually into each other.’

The uncertainty about the former range of the subspecies Equus quagga

burchelli has been aggravated by the indiscriminate use of the names ‘quagga’

34 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

and ‘Burchell’s zebra’, and by the difficulty in distinguishing between those two

forms as well as between the true Burchell’s zebra and its northern relatives.

Accurate assessment of old documents is, therefore, practically impossible.

Pocock (1897: 42) wrote 13 years before the alleged extinction of Equus quagga

burchelli: *. .. and on account of the general application of the term Burchelli

to any or all of its subspecies, we are in ignorance of the exact area that it now

occupies in S. Africa.’

If all the mounted zebra specimens preserved in museums had precise

locality data, there would be in all probability antiquorum-types from the

burchelli ‘range’ and vice versa. Since most older mounted zebras do not,

however, have conclusive locality data, it is accepted that apparent burchelli

specimens originate from the accepted burchelli range while antiquorum

patterned specimens are thought to be from further north. Since the plains zebra

has a continuous distribution, recent interferences by man excepted, within

which certain forms or variations predominate in certain areas, it follows that,

in intergradational areas between two forms, the one form will gradually

decrease in percentage of total numbers as the area of the next form is

approached.

Despite the fact that for most of the preserved or known plains zebra

specimens, which conform basically to the description of Equus quagga burchelli,

the place of origin is not known, they are accepted as belonging to that sub-

species, as is shown in the figures by Cabrera (1936) (Fig. 5) and Antonius (1951).

The subspecies Equus quagga antiquorum is presently considered to include

all the extant southern forms of the plains zebra, ranging from southern Angola

and (historical) Damaraland through Botswana and Transvaal to Zululand.

Consequently, individual variation within antiquorum is considerable (Fig. 6).

Eloff (1967) stated that the three subspecies antiquorum, chapmani and wahlbergi

occur together in Zululand. Antonius (1951) had observed that in Damara zebra

and especially in Wahlberg zebra burchelli-like individuals do occur.

However, such individuals originate from outside the presumed range of

the true Burchell’s zebra and are consequently not accepted as such. Neverthe-

less, some authors are cautious. Cabrera (1936: 94), while saying that the

subspecies ‘appears to be extinct’, also states, ‘in fact, I regard as typical

burchelli all members of the species having all four legs white from the elbow

and the stifle joint, except for the occasional presence of a few short markings

across the hocks, and with the thighs free of complete and well-defined dark

stripes behind the stifle stripe’. Dorst & Dandelot (1970) list the subspecies

burchelli as ‘probably extinct’.

Amongst the extremely variable skins (many with numerous small, light

dots in stripes and shadow-stripes) examined at the tannery, were several

specimens from a Zululand game farm with a surprising combination of light

basic colour and few and/or weak shadow-stripes and considerable stripe

reduction (Fig. 7A). It is generally believed that the change in coloration of

plains zebras to the south of their distributional range is achieved by stripe-

ADDITIONS TO THE REVISED LIST OF THE EXTINCT QUAGGA 35

Fig. 5. Examples of true Burchell’s zebra, Equus quagga burchelli, shown in standardized outline.

A. Type of ‘Equus burchelli paucistriatus’ Hilzheimer, 1912, at Mainz Museum. B. Animal that

lived at Jardin des Plantes, Paris, 1826. C. Type of subspecies from Little Klibbolikhonnifontein,

British Museum (Natural History) (destroyed). D-E. Animals that lived at Knowsly Park,

about 1845. F. Animal that lived at Zoological Garden, Dresden. (Adapted from Cabrera

(1936).)

36 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fig. 6. Examples of Equus quagga antiquorum, shown in standardized outline. A. From

Rietfontein West, Munich Museum. B. Type of subspecies from Angola (Smith 1841).

C. From eastern Transvaal. D. From west of Lake Ngami. E. From Zululand.

F. From eastern Transvaal. (Adapted from Cabrera (1936).)

ADDITIONS TO THE REVISED LIST OF THE EXTINCT QUAGGA 37

reduction and the darkening of basic colour and the occurrence of shadow-

stripes. However, the above specimens indicate that these processes do not

necessarily occur together. Indeed, there are specimens from other areas which,

in spite of more extensive striping, display dark basic colour (Fig. 8A), some

with numerous strong shadow-stripes (sometimes three in one interspace). From

the Zululand skins (Fig. 7) and additional photographs it appears that stripe-

reduction is the dominant feature in this eastern population, while to the west

on the interior plateau the darkening in both basic colour and through shadow-

stripes is more pronounced.

In terms of stripe reduction these Zululand skins certainly do not fit into

the concept of Equus quagga antiquorum (Fig. 6), but they do agree with the

description of Equus quagga burchelli. Indeed, a few are less striped than some

of the burchelli specimens figured by Cabrera (1936) (Fig. 5) and others. It

appears, therefore, that Equus quagga burchelli is, in fact, not extinct but still

survives in Zululand (and possibly Swaziland), and that its range does extend

eastward into Zululand, as Matschie (1894) stated. (The ‘myriads of Quaggas’

which Chapman (1868, cited in Antonius 1951: 96) encountered in the extreme

north-eastern Orange Free State could thus have been true burchelli, and not as

Antonius (1951: 96) considered, Wahlberg zebra.) Otherwise the subspecies

burchelli would have to be considered as part of the antiquorum complex, a

thought similarly expressed by Rzasnicki (1951) and Roberts (1951), cited in

Ansell (1971). The only other alternative would be not to recognize such

individuals (Figs 7B—D, 9B, D) as members of the subspecies burchelli. However,

had they been old mounted specimens, they would be regarded as true Bur-

chell’s zebras.

It must be noted that the farm where these specimens had been shot is a

hunting farm which was originally stocked with 300 zebras from Hluhluwe

Game Reserve, and that hunters select the most striped specimens (C. Tinley,

pers. comm.). Selective breeding is thus exercised unintentionally and this might

have ‘re-created’ burchelli, although similar specimens do occur in Hluhluwe

and Umfolozi Game Reserves, the only area in Zululand where the original

zebra population has not been interfered with through reintroductions

(P. M. Brooks, pers. comm.).

Zululand undoubtedly is an inter-gradational area between the two forms

burchelli and antiquorum. Observations made during a recent visit to that area

and Swaziland suggest that the percentage of burchelli types may be as high as

15 in Zululand, although P. M. Brooks, biologist at Hluhluwe, estimates it to be

5-10 per cent (pers. comm.).

The north-eastern and eastern parts of Swaziland also retain an endemic

population of plains zebra (T. E. Reilly, pers. comm.). There is no geographic

barrier between Zululand and the Swaziland lowveld, and it is not surprising

that some of the zebras observed there fit or approach the description of Equus

quagga burchelli, though the percentage of such specimens must be expected to

be lower than further south.

38 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fig. 7. Skins of plains zebras from Zululand, 1977. A. Note stripe-reduction, few shadow-

stripes. B-D. Note shadow-stripes on neck and stripe-reduction. (B now at South African

Museum, ZM38819.)

ADDITIONS TO THE REVISED LIST OF THE EXTINCT QUAGGA 39

ys _

Petey.

Td | - |

ww 7g

_- *

“

mm <<

Fig. 8. Skins of plains zebras from southern Africa. A. Precise locality unknown; note dark

basic colour of upper parts compared to lower leg. B. Precise locality unknown; note numerous

shadow-stripes and extensive striping. C. From game farm in Zululand; note dark basic colour

of upper parts. D. From southern Kaokoveld, South West Africa; note little contact between

body-stripes and dorsal midline.

40 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Despite the uncertainty whether the ‘quaggas’ of old reports were, indeed,

the true quagga, Equus quagga quagga, the northern boundary of its range is

usually considered to have been formed roughly by the Orange and Vaal rivers.

The eastern limit might have been about the boundary between the Orange Free

State and Natal (Grout, cited in Shortridge 1934: 402). It is also generally

accepted that the ranges of quagga and true Burchell’s zebra overlapped in the

Orange Free State (Antonius 1951; Liebenberg 1964; Ansell 1971).

Antonius (1951) was of the opinion that the quagga, being essentially a form

adapted to the Karoo and possibly the most distinct of all the plains zebra

subspecies, expanded its range secondarily in a northerly direction and met and

overlapped along a broad front with the southward expanding Burchell’s zebra.

He obviously did not believe in reports about the social and reproductive

separation of the two forms, since he considered one of the preserved quagga

specimens (the more striped specimen of ‘Equus burchelli paucistriatus’ at Mainz

(Fig. 9A and Rau 1974, fig. 13) as a possible cross between the two forms

(Antonius 1951: 26).

It is difficult to accept that separate herds of the two forms existed in the

same locality. Even if they did represent separate species, as some are inclined to

believe, herds formed by members of both must be expected, since this is known

to occur in extant zebra species where their ranges overlap. For example, Equus

zebra hartmannae overlaps with Equus quagga antiquorum in South West Africa

(Antonius 1951: 82) and Equus grevyi forms mixed herds with Equus quagga

boehmi in Kenya (Antonius 1951: 82; Bartlett 1963). Even true quaggas were

seen together with the Cape mountain zebra at Geelbeckfontein, at the southern

limit of the Karoo, by Barrow (1801, cited in Antonius 1951: 82).

As shown previously (Rau 1974) the quagga and the true Burchell’s zebra

approach one another in basic colour and in stripe reduction, so much so that

some of the preserved specimens (e.g. Rau 1974, fig. 12 right) have variously

been regarded as one or other of the two. Furthermore, some of the charac-

teristics previously considered to be typical of the quagga (Rau 1974) have been

observed in the skins at the Cape Town tannery and in a specimen from Kruger

National Park. These characteristics include narrow interspaces (Smuts 1974,

fig. 1.4.5), dorsal midline being flanked by a light band on either side, and body-

Stripes not in contact with dorsal midline except sometimes via narrow bridges

(Fig. 8D).

Antonius (1951: 29) has already pointed out that the quagga had reddish

dark-brown stripes which, especially on the body, merge into the reddish basic

colour. It has previously been explained why the coloration of the quagga has

been incorrectly interpreted as light stripes on a dark background (Rau 1974: 43).

Careful examination reveals beyond all doubt that the quagga, like all the other

plains zebras, is dark-striped and that the interspaces darken progressively from

the shoulder in a posterior direction until they become equal in tone with stripes

and shadow-stripes to produce the ‘uniform’ posterior portion. In other southern

plains zebras the interspaces are also lightest on head and neck. Ansell (1971: 5)

ADDITIONS TO THE REVISED LIST OF THE EXTINCT QUAGGA 4]

and others are wrong in defining the striping in the quagga as ‘whitish on dark

background’.

Since identification is therefore complex, and since it is impossible to

observe the stripe pattern of each individual when looking at a herd, the alleged

recognition of separate herds of quaggas and Burchell’s zebras in the same

locality must be treated with suspicion.

The grouping of plains zebras into subspecies is thus somewhat vague, or,

as it is expressed by Ansell (1971) ‘has never been satisfactory’. In an attempt to

sort out this confusion, Pocock (1897) pointed out that throughout the distri-

bution area of the plains zebra ‘intermediate types’ do exist between particular

forms which prevail in particular localities. In addition, as mentioned earlier,

typical representatives of the two forms occur in intergradational areas, the

closer to the area of the one form the lower the percentage of the other form.

The high degree of variability, both between geographically distant

populations and within one herd, has been attributed by Antonius (1951) to the

process of eliminating the contrasting stripe-pattern. It should be noted that

Antonius’s ‘Riickbildung der Bein- und Rumpfstreifung’ has been misinterpreted

by Eloff (1966, 1967) as being a sign of genetic pauperization.

As shown above, the gradual change from one form to another in plains

zebras appears to include, at least in exterior characteristics, the ‘separation’ into

Equus quagga and Equus burchelli. Relatively few skulls of the true quagga are

available and some of these lack sufficient data to establish their authenticity.

The fact that some skulls may have been obtained by breaking up an old stuffed

-quagga skin (as has happened at Berlin, where the skull was later identified as

that of Equus caballus (Antonius 1951: 35)) is no guarantee of their identity as

Equus quagga quagga.

However, some zoologists believe that there are specific morphological

differences between skulls of the quagga and the plains (Burchell’s) zebra

(e.g. Cooke 1950; Lundholm 1951; Gentry 1975; V. Eisenmann, pers. comm.).

The recent study by V. Eisenmann (pers. comm.) has shown that in some skull

characters there is a cline from northern to southern plains zebras. In other

words, in some respects at least skulls of southern plains zebras approach those

of the quagga more closely than do northern forms. This conforms to the

well-documented cline in colour and stripe-pattern.

To conclude, it would appear that the Burchell’s zebras and the quagga

should be regarded as one species, Equus quagga. Furthermore, since the

grouping into subspecies, either by appearance or by distribution, is not clear-cut

in the case of the plains zebras, it might be preferable to refer them to forms,

types or variations prevailing in certain areas, rather than to subspecies.

REINTRODUCTIONS OF ZEBRAS

The reintroduction of animal species into areas where natural populations

have been exterminated is increasingly common. There are, however, problems

with this practice, some of which have been discussed by Greig (1977).

42 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

V BRANCO

Dis A h -

( V BRANCO

Fig. 9. Stripe patterns and tone of basic colours of various plains zebras, shown in standardized

outline. A. Female quagga at Mainz Museum. B. Burchell’s zebra from Zululand (same as

Fig. 7B). C. Male Burchell’s zebra at Leiden Museum. D. Burchell’s zebra from Zululand

(same as Fig. 7D). E. Quagga at Tring Museum (near London). F. Type of true Burchell’s zebra,

British Museum (Natural History) (destroyed). G. Quagga at Berlin Museum. H. Male

quagga at Mainz Museum. I. Burchell’s zebra at Mainz Museum (type of ‘Equus burchelli

paucistriatus’ Hilzheimer, 1912).

= —--—-

ADDITIONS TO THE REVISED LIST OF THE EXTINCT QUAGGA 43

44 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Both plains and mountain zebras are amongst those South African

mammals whose ranges have been much restricted during the past three

centuries. Now, and in the recent past, zebras are being translocated from areas

where populations survive to areas which they formerly inhabited. In the case

of the plains zebras such reiniroductions have involved the movement into

certain areas of forms dissimilar to those which previously occurred there, even

though the original form, or one close to it, still exists.

As indicated above, the ‘subspecies’, Equus quagga burchelli, apparently

survives in Zululand and thus, when reintroductions of zebras into the former

range of the true Burchell’s zebra are contemplated, it would be desirable that

selected specimens from Zululand be used, rather than animals of the antiquorum

type. It would even be desirable to eliminate former indiscriminate reintro-

ductions and to replace them with individuals which are closer to the original

population. With a minimum of initial selective breeding in order to eradicate

recessive antiquorum characteristics, which are present also in burchelli-like

individuals from Zululand (an intergradational area between the two forms),

a ‘pure’ population of plains zebras resembling the former endemics could be

achieved within a relatively short period.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My sincere thanks are due to Dr Vera Eisenmann of the Muséum National

d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, for kindly informing me of the mounted quagga

which she discovered at the museum at Lyon, France. I also thank Dr C. A.

Howes for drawing my attention to the quagga foot which is housed at the

Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter, England, Dr I. Sokolov of the

Academy of Sciences, Leningrad, U.S.S.R., and Mr E. Grangqvist of the

Zoological Museum, Helsinki, Finland, for being instrumental in obtaining

photographs and data of the mounted quagga in the Museum at Kazan, U.S.S.R.

I am indebted to Mr V. Branco for producing the drawings, Mr A. Byron for

some of the photographic reproductions and to Prof. G. H. Findlay, and

Drs Q. B. Hendey and P. A. Hulley for their co-operation.

REFERENCES

ANSELL, W. F. H. 1971. Perissodactyla. Jn: MEESTER, J. & SETZER, H. W. eds. The mammals of

Africa. An identification manual 14: 1-14. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution

Press.

ANTONIUS, O. 1951. Die Tigerpferde: die Zebras. Monogrn Wildsdugetiere 11: 1-148.

BARTLETT, D. 1963. Zeehorses and Zebronkeys. Animals 2: 394-396,

CABRERA, A. 1936. Subspecific and individual variation in the Burchell zebras. J. Mammal.

17: 89-112.

Cooke, H. B. S. 1950. A critical revision of the quaternary Perissodactyla of Southern Africa.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 31: 393-479.

Dorst, J. & DANDELOT, P. 1970. A field guide to the larger mammals of Africa. London:

Collins.

ADDITIONS TO THE REVISED LIST OF THE EXTINCT QUAGGA 45

Etorr, G. 1966. The passing of the true quagga and the little Klibbolikhonnifontein Burchell’s

zebra: which is to be next the Cape mountain zebra or Wahlberg’s zebra of Zululand?

Tydskr. Natuurwet. 6: 193-207.

Exorr, G. 1967. The phenomenon of the obliteration of stripes of the Burchell zebra with a

southerly migration. Zodn. Pretoria 8: 10-13.

Gentry, A. W. 1975. A quagga, Equus quagga (Mammalia, Equidae), at University College,

London, and a note on a supposed quagga in the city museum, Bristol. Bull. Br. Mus. nat.

Hist. (Zool.) 28: 217-226.

Gray, J. E. 1825. A revision of the family Equidae. Zool. J. Lond. 1: 241-248.

GreiG, J. C. 1977. The principles and problems of genetic conservation in relation to wildlife

in South Africa. Cape Dept. of Nature & Environmental Conservation, Research report,

September 1977: 1-55. (Mimeographed.)

HivzHemer, M. 1930. Das K6nigsberger Quagga. Z. Sdugetierk. 5: 86-95.

Howes, C. A. & BAMBER, M. 1970. Rarities in a museum. Oryx 10: 326-328.

KLINGEL, H. 1969. The social organisation and population ecology of the plains zebra, (Equus

quagga). Zoologica afr. 4: 249-263.

KuINGEL, H. 1972. Das Verhalten der Pferde. Handb. Zool., Berl. 8 (49): 1-68.

LIEBENBERG, L. C. C. 1964. Die grotere soogdiere wat vroeér dae voorgekom het in die

omgewing van die Golden Gate-Hooglandpark. Koedoe 7: 99-104.

LUNDHOLM, B. 1951.-A skull of the true quagga (Equus quagga) in the collection of the Transvaal

Museum. S. Afr. J. Sci. 47: 307-312.

Martscule, P. 1894. Die afrikanischen Wildpferde als Vertreter zoogeographischer Subregionen.

Zool. Gart. Lpz. 35: 33-39; 65-74.

Monr, E. 1964. Von Rosshauten und Zebrafellen. Das Pelzgewerbe 15: 161-168.

Pocock, R. I. 1897. The species and subspecies of zebras. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 20: 33-52.

Pocock, R. I. 1904. The Cape Colony quaggas. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 14: 313-338.

Rau, R. E. 1974. Revised list of the preserved material of the extinct Cape Colony quagga,

Equus quagga quagga (Gmelin). Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 65: 41-87.

Roserts, A. 1951. The mammals of South Africa. Johannesburg: Trustees of The mammals of

South Africa Book Fund.

RZASNICKI, A. 1951. Zebras and quaggas. Ann/s Mus. zool. pol. 14: 203-251.

SHORTRIDGE, G. C. 1934. The mammals of South West Africa 1: 397-411. London: Heinemann.

SmitH, C. H. 1841. The natural history of horses. Edinburgh: Lizars; London: Highley;

Dublin: Curry. (The naturalist’s library [Vol. 31]. Mammalia 12.)

Smuts, G. L. 1974. Growth, reproduction and population characteristics of Burchell’s zebra in

the Kruger National Park. Unpublished D.Sc. thesis, University of Stellenbosch.

St Lecer, J. 1932. On Equus quagga of south-western and eastern Africa. Ann. Mag. nat.

Hist. (10) 10: 587-593.

TEGETMEIER, W. B. & SUTHERLAND, C. L. 1895. Horses, asses, zebras, mules and mule breeding.

London: Horace Cox.

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6. SYSTEMATIC papers must conform to the /nternational code of zoological nomenclature

(particularly Articles 22 and 51).

Names of new taxa, combinations, synonyms, etc., when used for the first time, must be

followed by the appropriate Latin (not English) abbreviation, e.g. gen. nov., sp. nov., comb.

nov., Syn. nov., etc.

An author’s name when cited must follow the name of the taxon without intervening

punctuation and not be abbreviated; if the year is added, a comma must separate author’s

name and year. The author’s name (and date, if cited) must be placed in parentheses if a

species or subspecies is transferred from its original genus. The name of a subsequent user of

a scientific name must be separated from the scientific name by a colon.

Synonymy arrangement should be according to chronology of names, i.e. all published

scientific names by which the species previously has been designated are listed in chronological

order, with all references to that name following in chronological order, e.g.:

Family Nuculanidae

Nuculana (Lembulus) bicuspidata (Gould, 1845)

Figs 14-15SA

Nucula (Leda) bicuspidata Gould, 1845: 37.

Leda plicifera A. Adams, 1856: 50.

Laeda bicuspidata Hanley, 1859: 118, pl. 228 (fig. 73). Sowerby, 1871: pl. 2 (fig. 8a—b).

Nucula largillierti Philippi, 1861: 87.

Leda bicuspidata: Nicklés, 1950: 163, fig. 301; 1955: 110. Barnard, 1964: 234, figs 8-9.

Note punctuation in the above example:

comma separates author’s name and year

semicolon separates more than one reference by the same author

full stop separates references by different authors

figures of plates are enclosed in parentheses to distinguish them from text-figures

dash, not comma, separates consecutive numbers

Synonymy arrangement according to chronology of bibliographic references, whereby

the year is placed in front of each entry, and the synonym repeated in full for each entry, is

not acceptable.

In describing new species, one specimen must be designated as the holotype; other speci-

mens mentioned in the original description are to be designated paratypes; additional material

not regarded as paratypes shou!d be listed separately. The complete data (registration number,

depository, description of specimen, locality, collector, date) of the holotype and paratypes

must be recorded, e.g.:

Holotype

SAM-—A13535 in the South African Museum, Cape Town. Adult female from mid-tide region, King’s Beach

Port Elizabeth (33°51’S 25°39’E), collected by A. Smith, 15 January 1973.

Note standard form of writing South African Museum registration numbers and date.

7. SPECIAL HOUSE RULES

Capital initial letters

(a) The Figures, Maps and Tables of the paper when referred to in the text

e.g. *... the Figure depicting C. namacolus ...’; *. . . in C. namacolus (Fig. 10)...’

(b) The prefixes of prefixed surnames in all languages, when used in the text, if not preceded

by initials or full names

e.g. DuToit but A.L.du Toit; Von Huene but F. von Huene

e.g. Therocephalia, but therocephalian

Punctuation should be loose, omitting all not strictly necessary

Reference to the author should be expressed in the third person

Roman numerals should be converted to arabic, except when forming part of the title of a

book or article, such as

‘Revision of the Crustacea. Part VIII. The Amphipoda.’

Specific name must not stand alone, but be preceded by the generic name or its abbreviation

to initial capital letter, provided the same generic name is used consecutively.

Name of new genus or species is not to be included in the title: it should be included in the

abstract, counter to Recommendation 23 of the Code, to meet the requirements of

Biological Abstracts.

R=. RAV

ADDITIONS TO THE REVISED LIST OF PRESERVED

MATERIAL OF THE EXTINCT CAPE COLONY

QUAGGA AND NOTES ON THE RELATIONSHIP AND

DISTRIBUTION OF SOUTHERN PLAINS ZEBRAS

PART 3 DECEMBER 1978

OLUME 77 id ee tea: ~ so. !SSN 0303-2515

LIBRARY

FEB 15 1979

HARVARD

UNIVERSITY

/ ANNALS

OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN

MUSEUM

CAPE TOWN

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

1. MATERIAL should be original and not published elsewhere, in whole or in part.

2. LAYOUT should be as follows:

(a) Centred masthead to consist of

Title: informative but concise, without abbreviations and not including the names of new genera or species

Author’s(s’) name(s)

Address(es) of author(s) (institution where work was carried out)

Number of illustrations (figures, enumerated maps and tables, in this order)

(b) Abstract of not more than 200 words, intelligible to the reader without reference to the text

(d) Introduction

(e) Subject-matter of the paper, divided into sections to correspond with those given in table of contents

(f) Summary, if paper is lengthy

(g) Acknowledgements

(h) References