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BULLETIN DU MUSÉUM NATIONAL D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE

3 e série, n° 362, janvier-février 1976, Zoologie 255

Notes on the type-material

of some European Elasmus (Hymenoptera : Chalcidoidea)

and description of a new species from Madeira

by M. W. R. de V. Graham *

Résumé. — Le présent travail éclaircit quelques points de la systématique des Elasmus

dont plusieurs représentants ont notamment été décrits par les anciens auteurs français Boyer

de Fonscolombe et Giraud. L’auteur a désigné les lectotypes des espèces suivantes : Elasmus

bicolor (Fonsc.), comb. nov., E. flabellatus (Fonsc.), E. westwoodi Gir., E. viridiceps Thoms., E. albi-

pennis Thoms., E. unicolor Rond. En outre, il discute la position de E. rufiventris Ferr. et décrit

E. maderae sp. n. de Madère.

Abstract. — Taxonomie notes are given on several European species of Elasmus, of which

two where described by Fonscolombe, one by Giraud, two by Thomson and one by Rondani ;

lectotypes are designated for these species. A further species is added to the Britisb list and

a new species from Madeira is described.

European Elasmus stand much in need of révision. The most recent account is that

of Ferrière (1947), since when a considérable amount of additional information bas corne

to hand. Several undescribed species appear to exist. Most of the published keys to

Elasmus of different régions lean rather heavily upon colour-characters, which at ail events

in certain species are very variable. At the saine time good structural features are often

hard to find. Another fact that has held up progress is that the type-material of several

of the earlier-described species has not been critically examined. The writer has investi-

gated some of them and the results of this study are given here. Redescriptions of the

types of two species are included, one of the species having been misidentified and the

other not having been recognised as an Elasmus. The study is not carried further because

Dr. Boucek has indicated to me lus wish to revise other species and provide a key to those

of Europe. We hâve discussed some of the taxonomie problems involved and hâve exchan-

ged some information whilst avoiding overlap.

The type-material referred to is contained in the following institutions :

E. L. J. H. Boyer de Fonscolombe. Main collection in Muséum national d’Histoire

naturelle, Paris ; additional material, some syntypic, in the ITope Department, Oxford.

There is also some Fonscolombe material in Muséum d’Histoire naturelle, Geneva, but

no Elasmus.

J. Giraud. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris.

C. G. Thomson. Universitetets Zoologiska Institutionen, Lund.

* Ilope Department of Zoology (Entomology), University Muséum, Oxford, Angleterre.

362, 1

294

M. W. R. DE V. GRAHAM

I wish to thank my friends and co-workers who hâve given me access to the important collec¬

tions and helped in other ways : Dr. Z. Boucek (Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London) ;

Pr. Cari H. Lindroth (Lund) ; Dr. J. R. Steffan (Paris).

Elasmus bicolor (Fonscolombe) comb. n.

Eulophus bicolor Fonscolombe, 1840 : 190, $.

This species bas not been recognised since its original description... Sorae years ago

I noticed, amonst the Fonscolombe material in Oxford, specimens of an Elasmus labelled

“ bicolor ” in Fonscolombe’s handwriting, but thought that bicolor was a nomen nudurn.

Later I realised that the specimens were original material of Eulophus bicolor ; in fact no

other material has corne to light and therefore I am selecting a lectotype from the Oxford

specimens.

The syntypes in Oxford are two badly damaged specimens gummed to a square of

paper, upon which is written “eulophus 3” in Fonscolombe’s handwriting; below is a

white label in the same handwriting “ eulophus bicolor 3. nob. ”. There is another label

in Westwood’s handwriting “ See Letter of M. Fonscolombe recd Dec 3 1836 for Descrip¬

tion & c ” ; finally a blue lozenge marked with a W, which Westwood used to attach to

specimens that had been given to hirn. I cannot trace the letter referred to above but

clearly Westwood had seen the description of bicolor sorne three years before it was publi-

shed. Of the left-hand specimen only the wings of the left side and some legs remain.

The right-hand specimen is a female, lacking gaster, left-hand pair of wings, and left hind

leg ; 1 designate this female lectotype of Eulophus bicolor Fonscolombe.

The body of the lectotype is somewhat squashed but it will probablv be possible to

identify the species satisfactorily by rnatching it eventually with fresh material. Some

notes are given here :

Head reddish-orange ; vertex, and upper part of occiput except for a large spot on

each side immediately behind the occipital carina, black ; antennal scape reddish, its dorsal

edge slightly darkened ; pedicellus brown, paler beneath ; flagellum fuscous ; pronotum,

front and sides of mesoscutum, propodeum except just beneath the dorsellum, and pre-

pectus reddish-orange ; dorsellum (except the hyaline part) yellow ; wings infumate, with

two fuscous clouds, one in the basal third and the other just beyond the middle of the wing,

both touching the marginal vein and extending virtually across the wing ; legs yellow ;

mid and hind coxae with a dark dorsal line ; ail femora with their dorsal edge slightly

darkened, the hind femora also darklined ventrally ; tibiae with the usual black bristles.

Head : POL/OOL ratio not measurable as the vertex is broken (but probably about 3) ;

hind ocelli rather small, separated from eyes by about 1.6 times their own diameter, from

edge of occiput by hardly more tban half their diameter. Antenna : pedicellus in dorsal

view slightly more than twice as long as broad, virtually as long as the fîrst funicular seg¬

ment (not counting anelli) ; combined length of pedicellus and flagellum slightly greater than

the breadth of the head ; funicle only slightly stouter than the pedicellus, its segments

subequal in length, each about twice as long as broad ; clava slightly broader than the

funicle, about 3 times as long as broad, tapering and pointed apicallv, its first segment

slightly longer than broad and occupying somewhat less than half the total length of the

SOME EUROPEAN ELASMUS

295

clava ; sensilla in two rows upon each funicular segment and the first segment of the clava,

in one row upon the second and third clava] segments. Forewing only slightly wedge-

shaped, i. e., not narrowing very strongly basad, the anal margin straight beyond the

l>asal bend, apical margin nearly evenly curved ; no long bare line above the anal margin,

merely a short one in the basal part.

The syntypes were reared by Fonscoi.ombe froin a larva of Psyché [= Arnictoides]

febretta Fonsc. (Fep., Psychidae).

Elasmus flabellatus (Fonscolombe)

Eulophus flabellatus Fonscolombe, 1832 : 298, çJÇ.

Elasmus flabellatus (Fonscolombe) Steffan, 1962 : 35-36, rf Ç.

This species had been consistently misidentihed prior to Steffan’s paper in which

lie referred (1962 : 35) to the probable syntypes of flabellatus in Muséum national d’Histoire

naturelle, Paris.

Besides these, there are some syntypes in the Idope Department, Oxford, sent to

Westwood by Fonscolombe about 1833. These are (1) a male gummed to a piece of

paper on which is written “ eulophus 2775.2 ”, with a label below “ 2. eulophus flabella¬

tus nob. ” (both inscriptions in Fonscolombe’s handwriting) ; (2) two damaged females

and remains of a third specimen, gummed to a rectangle of paper inscribed “ eulophus Ç

flabellatus, nob. 2 ” (in Fonscolombe’s handwriting), with a label below “ M. Fonscol. ”

(in Westwood’s handwriting). The damaged females lack heads and antennae.

The syntypes in Paris comprise 7 specimens gummed to three rectangles of paper,

as follows (1) a male and a female, both lacking heads, the paper marked “ eulophus flabel¬

latus (J A: Ç ” ; (2) two females, the paper inscribed “ flabellatus nob., $ eulophus 2 ” ;

(3) three females, the paper inscribed [fia] bellatus $ (the handwriting that of Fonsco¬

lombe). The pin bearing the paper mount (3) also carries additional labels reading “ Elas¬

mus flabellatus $ ” ; coll. Fonscolombe ; “ Muséum Paris ” ; and “ Type ” ; I designate

the third specimen (on the right of the paper, above the word [fia] bellatus) as lectotype

of Eulophus flabellatus Fonscolombe, 1832, since it is in the best condition of ail the syn¬

types.

Besides the females recorded from France and Italy by Steffan (1962 : 35), the only

correctly determined specimens of flabellatus that I hâve seen are those recorded by Askew

(1968 : 2) from Hampshire, England, reared by E. C. Peliiam-Clinton from Pachythelia

uillosella (Ochs.) and shown in Askew’s figure 1. The Westwood record from Surrey

cited by Askew refers to a different species. Incidentally, E. anius Walker, which Askew

suggests might be a colour form of flabellatus, is in fact a quite distinct and valid species.

Elasmus westwoodi Giraud

Elasmus Westwoodi Giraud, 1856 : 185-186, Ç, ? d'¬

in his original description Giraud stated “ Je possède trois individus, 1 (J et 2 Ç,

362 , 2

296

M. W. R. DE V. GRAHAM

sortis le 13 juin de petites galles molles cueillies sur le tremble (populus tremula) dont

malheureusement je ne connais pas l’insecte producteur

Giraud’s collection in Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, contains a long

sériés of an Elasmus with the first specimen of the sériés labelled “ Elasrnus westwoodi

Giraud ” in his own handwriting. Some bear wrong date or host-data, others are unla-

belled. Ali appear to be conspecific and agréé fairly well with the original description

except that the legs are very dark. Ferrière (1947 : 576) referred to these specimens

but found it dilficult to décidé whether they were really the types or not. Clearly only

three of them could be syntypes, but even after eliminating those with incorrect data it

is impossible to be certain if any of the remainder are really the original specimens and,

as mentioned above, they do not fully agréé with the description.

Immediately below the above sériés stands a female Elasmus labelled in Giraud’s

handwriting “ Elasmus metallescens m. Pop. trem. ” ; it is mounted on a micro-pin fixed

to a pith block. This specimen has paler legs and agréés very well indeed with the des¬

cription of Elasmus westwoodi Giraud ; as it also bears the correct host-plant name, I now

designate it lectotype of that species. I cannot trace the male and the other female

syntype. The lectotype has the following characters :

Length of body 2.05 mm. Body black : head and thorax with slight bluish tinge,

scutellum distinctly bluish ; propodeum bright blue-green, hind coxae tinged with the saine

colour ; dorsellum yellow, with a very narrow transverse blackish stripe at the base ; gaster

bronze-black, with an obscure reddish band across the basal tergite just before its hind

edge. Mandibles testaceous. Antennae brown (possibly rather faded). Legs black ;

fore coxae pale at tips ; about the distal half of the fore femora, the tips of the mid and

hind femora, testaceous ; tibiae testaceous, the hind tibiae becoming darker towards their

external edge ; bristles of tibiae black, relatively conspicuous because of the pale back-

ground. Tegulae brownish ; wings lightly infumate, the infumation more intense below

the stigmal vein ; venation brownish-testaceous.

Head in dorsal view 2.1 times as broad as long ; frontovertex breadth slightly more

than half that of the head ; POL 2.75 times OOL ; hind ocelli separated by 1.25 times their

diameter from the eyes, by about half their diameter from the edge of the occiput. Head

in front view as high as broad. Eyes about 1.5 times as long as broad. Malar space about

two thirds the length of an eye. Mandible with one large, one moderate-sized, and five

small teeth. Antennal scape length slightly less than the transverse diameter of an eye ;

combined length of pedicellus and flagellum slightly greater than the breadth of the head ;

pedicellus in dorsal view about twice as long as broad, almost as long as the first funicular

segment (not counting anelli) ; funicle slightly distorted but only slightly stouter than the

pedicellus ; first funicular segment about 2.2 times, second about twice, third almost twice,

as long as broad ; clava slightly broader than the funicle, rather more than three times as

long as broad, tapering and pointed apically, slightly shorter than funicular segments 2

plus 3, its first segment somewhat longer than broad and occupying somewhat less than

half the total length of the clava ; sensilla rather sparse, in two rows on each segment of

the funicle and first segment of the clava, in a single row on the second and third segments

of the clava.

Thorax about 1.75 times as long as broad. Width of posterior produced lobe of mesos-

cutum hardly more than one third the width of the mesoscutum itself, hind edge of the

SOME EUROPEAN ELASMUS

297

lobe very shallowly emarginate. Forewing 3.6 times as long as broad ; apical margin not

quite evenly rounded but very slightly subtruncate ; hind (anal) margin, between the point

where the basal narrowing begins and the apical angle (tornus) of the wing, slightly con¬

cave ; the wing is distinctly wedge-shaped, its width at the point where the basal narro¬

wing begins only slightly more than half the maximum width ; only a short bare line above

the anal margin in the basal part of the wing. Bristles of hind tibia forining four elongate

lozenges along the externo-dorsal surface.

Gaster about 1.25 times as long as head plus thorax (and nearly 1.5 times as long as

the thorax), 3.7 times as long as broad, acute and acuminate apically, strongly carinate

ventrally ; antepenultimate tergite with a slightly concave hind margin ; penultimate

longer and about as long as its basal breath ; last tergite about as long as broad, shorter

than the penultimate; ovipositor sheaths projecting slightly.

The female of E. vibicellae Ferrière, 1947 (of which I hâve seen a svntype), is very

close to that of westwoodi but diflers in having shorter funicular segments (the first less than

twice, the third hardly 1.5 times, as long as broad).

Elasmus albipennis Thomson

Elasmus albipennis Thomson, 1878 : 206, $.

Elasmus albipennis Thomson; Ferrière, 1947 : 574-575, $ Ç.

Syntypes, 16 specimens on 6 pins. Lectotype, a female labelled “ Hlm. ” and (in

T h o m son 's handwriting) “ albipenis Ths. ”.

This species is correctly identified in the collections I hâve seeri.

Elasmus viridiceps Thomson

Elasmus viridiceps Thomson, 1878 : 205-206, Ç.

Elasmus viridiceps Thomson; Ferrière, 1947 : 578-579, £ Ç.

There are three females in Thomso.n’s collection, ail conspecific. Two of them are

labelled “ B.S. ” (Bothnia Septentrionalis) and cannot therefore lie syntypes. The third

specimen, labelled “ Lp. in ” and “ Blm ” is designated lectotype ; it lacks antennae.

The female of this species is close to that of elongatus Ferrière, but has a shorter gaster

whose last tergite is not or hardly longer than its basal breadth ; the ratio POL : OOL

is less than in elongatus, whilst the head, propodeum and hind coxae are strongly greenish-

I inged.

Elasmus unicolor (Rondani)

Heptoçondyla unicolor Rondani, 1877 : 182.

Elasmus fumipennis Thomson, 1878 : 206, Ç.

Elasmus westwoodi Giraud ; Ferrière, 1947 : 575-576 [misidentification].

298

M. W. R. DE V. GRAHAM

Syntypes of Elasmus furnipennis Thomson : four females (a fifth specimen, a male,

stands with them but Thomson did not describe that sex). Lectotype : a female labelled

“ Gl. ” and “ Bhn

The species name furnipennis has been synonymised with unicolor Rondani by Boucek

(1974 : 271).

Elasmus rufiventris Ferrière

Elasmus rufiventris Ferrière, 1947 : 576-577, $ Ç.

Females which appear to belong to this species vary considerably in the colour of the

gaster and the degree of infumation of the forewings. Some approach close to females

of furnipennis, though probably the two species are distinct. Ferrière described the female

gaster as red with only the apex black ; this is true of the holotype and paratype females,

which I hâve seen examined, but other females in the Paris collection that are certainly

conspecific hâve darker gasters. The British females which I believe to be rufiventris also

hâve mainly dark gasters. Incidentally the holotype has the lower part of the sides of

the pronotum reddish, a feature which I hâve not seen in other specimens.

E. rufiventris may be added to the British list on the basis of the following records :

England : Surrey, Coombe Wood, one female, 15. vi. 1835 (J. 0. Westwood) ; Rich¬

mond Park, on grass, 4.vii. (year not stated) (J. 0. Westwood). A male labelled “ Rich¬

mond Pk ” by Westwood may belong to the same species.

Elasmus maderae sp. n.

Female. — Black ; propodeum with a strong brassy tinge, the vertex, pronotum,

mesoscutum and scutellum with rather less strong brassy, greenish, or coppery tinge,

a weak tinge also on the dorsal part of the hind coxae, and sometimes on the pleuron ;

gaster usually reddish beneath and with irregular reddish-testaceous transverse bands on

the four proximal tergites, these bands sometimes broken in the middle ; mandibles yellow ;

lower half of head yellow except just between the antennal toruli ; vertex with a yellow

triangular spot on each side touching the eye and the latéral ocellus, and extending a short

distance across the occipital carina on to the occiput ; the yellow face and the vertical

spot of each side joined by a very narrow yellow line along the inner orbit ; antennae fus-

cous with the scape paler below and the radicula reddish ; dorsellum, except the hyaline api¬

cal part, yellow ; front edge of tegula, and basal plate of forewing, yellow ; forewing slightly

yellowish tinged, more strongly so just below the marginal vein ; venation brownish-testa-

ceous ; legs yellow with extreme base of fore coxa and about proximal two thirds of mid

and hind coxae black ; fore femora with blackish dorsal stripe, mid and hind femora black

with bases and tips broadly yellow ; the rows of bristles on the mid and tibiae and tarsi,

and the bristles forming the lozenge-pattern on the hind tibiae, black. Length 2.1-2.5 mm.

Head approximately as wide as the mesoscutum, in dorsal view 2.2-2.4 times as broad

as long ; POL 1.7-2 times OOL ; hind ocelli oval, separated from the occipital edge by one

SOME EUROPEAN ELASMUS

299

third to nearly half their own diameter. Eyes about 1.5 times as long as broad, separa-

ted by slightly less than their own length, inner orbits paraliel. Malar space about one

third the length of an eye. Breadth of oral fossa about tvvice the malar space. Antenna

Figs 1-4. — Elasmus species : 1, E. maderae sp. n., Ç, right antenna ; 2, E. maderae, Ç, pronotum

and mesoscutum ; 3, E. steffani Yiggiani, pronotum and mesoscutum ; 4, E. maderae sp. n., Ç, left

hind tibia.

(fig. 1) : length of scape about equal to the transverse diameter of an eye ; contbined length

of pedicellus and flagellum hardly greater than the breadth of the head ; pedicellus in dorsal

view about twice as long as broad, slightly shorter than anelli plus first funicular segment ;

300

M. W. R. DE V. GRAHAM

funicle of virtually equal thickness throughout, hardly stouter than the pedicellus ; first

funicular segment (not counting the anelli) 2-2.4 times, second 2-2.2 times, third about

twice, as long as hroad ; clava slightly broader than the funicle, 2.5-3 times as long as

broad, slightly shorter than funicular segments 2 plus 3, pointed apically, its first segment

occupying slightly iess than half the total length ; sensilla sparse, in two partial rows on

each segment of the funicle and clava.

Thorax 1.7-1.8 times as long as broad. Mesoscutum (fig. 2) somewhat broader than

long ; hind edge of its postero-medial lobe hardly at ail emarginate. Scutellum with

two pairs of long coarse bristles. Dorsellum about as long as its basal breadth. Hind

tibia with pattern of bristles as in figure 4. Forewing a little more than 3 times as long

as broad, wedgeshaped, broadening distinctly from the end of its basal quarter to the apex,

the anal margin straight or very slightly concave ; a bare strip, bordered above by a line

of hairs, runs along the anal margin to about half the length of the wing, then becomes

extremelv narrow ; above this the wing is completely pilose except for a narrow bare strip

below the marginal vein at the jonction of the basal and second quarters of the wing ;

just below the marginal vein, on the lower surface of the wing, there is a row of 8-13 “ admar-

ginal bristles ”.

Gaster slightly longer than head plus thorax, slightly to distinctly narrower than the

thorax, slightly acuminate apically, 3.4-3.9 times as long as broad ; last tergite about

as long as its basal breadth ; ovipositor sheaths very slightly exserted beyond the last

tergite.

Male. — Unknown.

Holotype and paratype females in Graham collection ; one female paratype in the

British Muséum (Nat. Hist.).

Madeira : Machico, Rocha Alta, about 1,700 feet, 8.i.1973, five females (holotype and

paratypes), swept from herbage at the edge of pinewood (Graham) ; unlocalised, probably

taken by T. V. Wollaston before 1855, one female (paratype) in B. M. (N. H.), determined

by Walker as flabellatus Fonscolombe.

The female of maderae is very close to that of steffani Viggiani (= masii Steffan, 1962,

= flabellatus Masi, 1907, nec Fonscolombe, 1832). The latter difîers mainly in its shorter

antennae, with combined length of pedicellus and flagellum slightly less than the breadth

of the head, funicular segments shorter, the first slightly shorter than or barely as long

as the pedicellus, 1.9-2.1 times as long as broad, second 1.4-1.7 times, third 1.3-1.5 times,

as long as broad ; clava shorter and broader, 2-2.3 times as long as broad. It also has

only 7-9 admarginal bristles on the forewing in the specimens seen ; POL 2-2.5 times ÜOL ;

forewings hyaline or nearly so ; mesoscutum, scutellum and propodeum not distinctly

metallic ; head sometimes black except for pale spots on each side above the clypeus ;

legs sometimes relatively darker ; hind edge of postero-medial lobe of mesoscutum (fig. 3)

distinctly emarginate.

The female of viridiceps Thomson difîers from that of maderae as follows : — Head

without yellow markings ; tegulae and basal plate of forewing dark ; dorsellum with a broad

black transverse band at the base ; gaster, ail coxae, mid and hind femora almost entirely,

black ; tibiae and tarsi somewhat infuscate ; head in dorsal view hardly more than twice

SOME EUROPEAN ELASMUS

301

as broad as long, POL 2.3-2.5 times OOL ; combinée! length of pedicellus and flagellum

REFERENCES

Askf.w, R. R., 1968. — Hymenoptera 2. Chalcidoidea Section (b) in Handbk Ident. Br. Insects,

8 (2) (b).

Boucek, Z., 1974. — On the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). described by C. Rondani. Redia, 55 :

241-285.

Ferrière, Ch., 1947. — Les espèces européennes du genre Elasmus Westw. (Hym. Chalc.). Mitt.

schweiz. ent. Ges., 20 (5) : 565-580.

Fonscolombe, E. L. J. H., Boyer de, 1832. — Monographia Chalciditum, galloprovinciae circa

Aquas Sextias degentum. Annl.s Sci. nat. (Zool.), 26 (1) : 273-307.

— 1840. — Addenda et errata ad Monographiam Chalciditum galloprovinciae circa Aquas

Sextias degentum. Annls Sci. nat. (Zool.) 13 (2) : 186-193.

Giraud, J., 1856. — Observations sur quelques espèces d’hyménoptères rares ou peu connues,

trouvées dans les environs de Vienne. Verh. zool.-bot. Ver. Wien. 6 : 179-188.

Stf.ffan, J. R., 1962. — Chalcidoides de l’Institut national d’Entomologie de Rome. Familles :

Leucospidae, Chalcididae, Perilampidae, Eucharidae, Ormyridae, Torymidae, Elasmidae.

Fragm. ent., 4 (3) : 19-39.

Thomson, C. G., 1878. — Hymenoptera Scandinaviae. Tom. V. Pteromalus (Svederus) conti-

nuatio. Lund.

Manuscrit déposé le 30 avril 1975.

Bull. Mus. nain. Hist. nat., Paris, 3 e sér., n° 362, janv.-févr. 1976,

Zoologie 255 : 293-301.

Achevé d'imprimer le 30 avril 1976.

IMPRIMERIE NATIONALE

6 564 001 5

Recommandations aux auteurs

Les articles à publier doivent être adressés directement au Secrétariat du Bulletin du

Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris. Ils seront accompa¬

gnés d’un résumé en une ou plusieurs langues. L’adresse du Laboratoire dans lequel le

travail a été effectué figurera sur la première page, en note infrapaginale.

Le texte doit être dactylographié à double interligne, avec une marge suffisante, recto

seulement. Pas de mots en majuscules, pas de soulignages (à l’exception des noms de genres

et d’espèces soulignés d’un trait).

Il convient de numéroter les tableaux et de leur donner un titre ; les tableaux compli¬

qués devront être préparés de façon à pouvoir être clichés comme une figure.

Les références bibliographiques apparaîtront selon les modèles suivants :

Bauchot, M.-L., J. Daget, J.-C. Hureau et Th. Monod, 1970. — Le problème des

« auteurs secondaires » en taxionomie. Bull. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris, 2 e sér., 42 (2) : 301-304.

Tinbergen, N., 1952. — The study of instinct. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 228 p.

Les dessins et cartes doivent être faits sur bristol blanc ou calque, à l’encre de chine.

Envoyer les originaux. Les photographies seront le plus nettes possible, sur papier brillant,

et normalement contrastées. L’emplacement des figures sera indiqué dans la marge et les

légendes seront regroupées à la fin du texte, sur un feuillet séparé.

Un auteur ne pourra publier plus de 100 pages imprimées par an dans le Bulletin,

en une ou plusieurs fois.

Une seule épreuve sera envoyée à l’auteur qui devra la retourner dans les quatre jours

au Secrétariat, avec son manuscrit. Les « corrections d’auteurs » (modifications ou addi¬

tions de texte) trop nombreuses, et non justifiées par une information de dernière heure,

pourront être facturées aux auteurs.

Ceux-ci recevront gratuitement 50 exemplaires imprimés de leur travail. Ils pourront

obtenir à leur frais des fascicules supplémentaires en s’adressant à la Bibliothèque cen¬

trale du Muséum : 38, rue Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, 75005 Paris.