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BULLETIN DU MUSÉUM NATIONAL D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE

3 e série, n° 54, mai-juin 1972, Zoologie 40

Halosauridae of the ISorth Eastern Atlantic

(Pisces, Teleostei, Notacanthiformes)

by C. M. H. IIarrissom *

Résumé. — Pour chacune des quatre espèces d’Halosauridae connues dans le nord-est atlan¬

tique, sont données les références bibliographiques essentielles, ainsi que des renseignements con¬

cernant l’iconographie, l’habitat et la distribution géographique, les œufs et les larves.

The species of the family Halosauridae found in the North East Atlantic are the

following : Iialosaurus ovenii Johnson, 1863, H. johnsonianus Vaillant, 1888, Halosauropsis

macrochir (Günther, 1878), Aldrovandia phalacra Vaillant, 1888, and perhaps A. afjinis

Günther, 1877. None of these is known from the Mediterranean. In the following account

only primary sources are used, that is to say works which rely on a direct examination of

specimens tliat can be traced. References to monographs compiling secondhand infor¬

mation are omitted, since it is often impossible to détermine to what material the descrip¬

tions and name changes refer. To cover such secondary sources would require a complété

review of the family and ail specimens known. This is not attempted here. In the ico-

nography, figures represent fishes viewed from the left side unless otherwise stated. It

may be remarked that Lozano y Rey (1947) reproduces Collett and Vaillant’s figures on

his plate 11. Fowler (1936) does not show any original illustrations or discuss new material.

His figures are modified outlines from Vaillant, Güntiier and Murray and Hjort.

Genus HALOSAURUS Johnson, 1863

Proc. Zool. Soc. London : 406 ; type : H. ovenii Johnson, 1863, a 465 mm female “ from

Madeira ”.

Halosaurus ovenii Johnson, 1863

Halosaurus ovenii Johnson, 1863 : 406-408 (pl. XXVI, fig. 1). Type : British Muséum (Nat. Hist.)

London, in good condition (BMNH 1863.12.12.1), preserved in spirit.

H. owenii : Vaillant, 1888 : 175-181 (pl. XIV, fig. 5,5a-f ; pl. XV, fig. 1, la-c ; pl. XVI, fig. 3, 3a).

H. oweni : Collett, 1896 : 143 ; Poll, 1953 : 107, 108 (fig. 42, p. 110).

H. oveni : Marshall, 1962 : 259-261 (fig. 4, p. 260).

* Institute of Animal Genelics, West Mains Road, Edinbourgh EH9 3JN, U.K. et Laboratoire des

Pêches Outre-Mer, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 43, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris.

54, l

C. M. H. HARRISSON

554

ÏCONOGRAPHY

Johnson (1863) shows on plate XXVI, figure 1, a black and white litliograph at a

little larger than half natural size of the type specimen, a gravid female from Madcira.

Vaillant (1888) depicts scales from the body and the latéral line (fig. 5,5a, and 5e), and a

latéral view of the viscera of a female specimen. His plate XV is another litliograph of

a specimen taken ofï the Moroccan coast at 0.8 times its natural size (fig. 1), together with

dorsal and ventral views of the head (fig. la, lb) drawn at a different enlargement, while

the sagittal otolith of the right side is shown on plate XVI (fig. 3, 3a). The illustrations

given by both Johnson and Vaillant show specimens with the tail reflexed. Poll

(1953) shows a line drawing of his ripe female at 0.6 of its natural size with its tail extended.

This specimen was taken olï the mouth of the Congo. Marshall (1962 : 260) gives details

of the swimbladder in his figure 4.

Eggs and larvae

Johnson’s type lias eggs ca. 1 mm in diameter (Harrisson, 1966 : 468) and was col-

lected in February. Poll (1953) reports a specimen with ripe eggs taken in October.

Vaillant (1888), whose material was collected between June and August, States that ail

the females of this species examined by him had small eggs. The larvae remain unknown.

Habitat and distribution

This species is chiefly benthic (like other members of the family), and is found in the

Northeast Atlantic on mud, or sand and mud, on the upper slopes of the continental shelves

at depths of from 500 m to 1 500 m and températures of from 5°C to 11°C. It occurs in

the Azores, the Bay of Cadiz, and in Madeira, and has been recorded from ofî the mouth

of the Congo (Poll, 1953) and from South Africa (Gilchrist and Von Bonde, 1924).

Halosaurus johnsonianus Vaillant, 1888

Halosaurus johnsonianus Vaillant, 1888, Exp. sci. « Travailleur et Talisman », Poissons : 181-184.

Type : Mus. Hist. nat., Paris (MNHN 85-361), taken ofî the Soudan. This specimen measures

390 mm SL, is preserved in spirit, and reputedly is in good condition.

Halosaurus johnsonianus : Collett, 1896 : 143-146 (pl. IV, fig. 20) ; Roule, 1919 : 130 ; Koe-

foed, 1927 : 67 ; Pérès, 1958 : 280, 281, pl. 19, fig. 1, pl. 20, fig. 3, 4.

ÏCONOGRAPHY

Vaillant (1888), plate XV (fig. 2), shows a specimen with the tail reflexed (presu-

mably the individual for which lie gives measurements on page 183, in which case the

figure is a life-size représentation). Dorsal and ventral views of the head are given on the

same plate (fig. 2a, 2b), as in the figure of a latéral line scale (fig. 2c) and a dorsal view of

the brain (fig. 2d). Collett’s plate IV is a litliograph of a black-and-white tone wash

figure by Cari Nielsen, and shows the whole animal, a specimen from the Azores. The

specimen, figured natural size, appears to be the larger specimen of 408 mm, a female,

HALOSAURIDAE OF THE NORTH EASTERN ATLANTIC

555

of Collett’s description on page 144. This fish was caught at 38°33'N, 28°08'W, Hiron¬

delle station 233. Pérès’ pl. 19, fig. 1, pl. 20, fig. 3, 4 are photographs of live Halosaurus,

probably H. johnsonianus as seen from the Bathyscaphe FNRS III.

Eggs and larvae

A specimen taken on 18th August 1888 was reported by Collett (1896 : 144) as having

eggs at different stages of development. (This specimen is that of his plate IV.) Har-

risson (1966) suggcsts this may indicate a long spawning period. The larva is unknown.

Distribution

This species is henthic and lives on the middle slopes of the continental shelf at depths

between 900 m and 2 000 m and at températures of between 5°C and 11°C. Many records

are of captures on caleareous muds containing coral or broken sliells. The species is known

from the Atlantic west of Spain and Portugal, from the Bay of Cadiz, and from West Africa.

The most southerly record to date is that given hy Vaillant, 1888, of a specimen captured

at 20°44'N, 18°07'W, a position north of the Cape Verde Islands.

Genus HALOSAUROPSIS Collett, 1896

Res. Camp. Sci. Albert I er Monaco, 10 : 146-152 ; type Halosaurus macrochir Günther, 1878.

Aldrovandia Goode and Bean, 1896 (part) (A. macrochira Goode and Bean, 1896)

Oceanic Ichthyology.

Due to confusion conccrning the publication date of Goode and Bean (see Cohen,

1963), the priorities of the two available generic names for the deep-living halosaurs hâve

remained somewhat confused. There are, however, some grounds for separating the species

among two généra ; Halosauropsis including only its type species, and Aldrovandia including

the rest. This view is treated in detail by McDowell in his forthcoming monograph,

and need not be discussed further here.

Halosauropsis macrochir (Günther, 1878)

Type in the British Muséum (Nat. Hist.) London, in good condition (BMNH, 1887.12.7.237).

This is the 545 mm lectotype (of Harrisson, 1966) which was caught by the Challenger expé¬

dition, off Gibraltar, and is now preserved in spirit.

Halosaurus macrochir Günther, 1878, Ann. Ma g. nat. Ilist., (5) 2 : 250.

Halosaurus goodei Gill, 1881 : 257.

Halosaurus macrochir : Günther, 1887 : 237-239 (plate LIX, fig. A) ; Agassiz, 1888 : 32.

Halosaurus goodii : Vaillant, 1888 : 169-174 (pl. XVI, fig. 2, 2a-e).

Aldrovandia macrochira : Goode and Bean, 1896 : 133.

Halosauropsis macrochir : Collett, 1896 : 146-152 (pl. V, fig. 23, 23b) ; Roule, 1919 : 29, 130,

133, 145 ; Koefoed, 1927 : 65, 66 (text fig. 14, 15 ; pl. IV, fig. 7) ; Zugmayer, 1911 : 12, 13 ;

556

C. M. H. HARRISSON

Roule and Angel, 1933 : 81 ; Nybelin, 1948 : 54-58 (reports 13 specimens not included in

Harrisson’s 1966 gazeteer).

Aldrovandia macrochir : Marshall, 1962 : 253, 254 ; Harrisson, 1966 : 450, 451, 457, 458, 461,

463, 466, 468, 470, 475, 479, 480, 483.

Iconography

Günther (1887) shows the lectotype from Gibraltar from the right side on his plate LIX

(fig. A), which is a black and white lithograph sbghtly less than natural size. Figures a, a',

a" on the saine plate show dorsal, latéral and ventral views of the head. There is also a

figure of a scale. Plate LX (fig. 1-8) gives details of the osteology of the head. Vaillant

gives rather a poor black and white figure at 0.7 of the natural size (pl. XVI, fig. 2) in

latéral view, together with dorsal and ventral aspects of the head at the same réduction.

There are also figures of a scale in section (2d, 2e) and seen in surface view. Collett’s,

plate V, figure 23 shows his specimen (b) of the description on page 148, a fish of 615 mm

length from the Azores, drawn natural size with the tail reflexed, exhibiting the right side.

Figure 23b shows details of the latéral line and the neuromast organs. Koefoed, 1927,

gives a good black and white lithograph, more accurate than the preceeding, if perhaps

somewhat stiff and stylized. His text figures (14 and 15, p. 65) show additional details

of the arrangement of the latéral line and the neuromast organs.

Eggs and larvaf.

Collett (1896) examined two females of H. macrochir (the larger of the two is that

figured in his pl. V) with eggs 0.5 mm in diameter, which he designated as unripe. Zug-

mayer, 1911, reports two other gravid specimens. The eggs of one he descrihes as not

fully ripe, those of the others as not at ail. Ail three females were caught in eilher July

or August. The actual breeding season is not known. The larva has yet to be described.

Distribution

This species is probably the deepest living of the halosaurs. It is found on the oozes

and soft muds covering the lower slopes of the continental shelves, to depths of 3 000 m

and températures between 2°C and 7°C. H. macrochir appears to range further North

than other halosaurs in North East Atlantic, in agreement with its preference for the deeper

and colder water masses. Koefoed (1927) reports specimens taken by the Michael Sars

expédition at 50°22'N, 11°44'W, a position South-West of Ireland.

Genus ALDROVANDIA Goode and Bean, 1896

Oceanic Ichthyology : 129, 132. Type Halosaurus rostratus Günther, 1878, in the Britisli

Muséum (BMNH 1887, 12.7.243), a specimen of 507 mm SL, in good condition ;

“ from the mid Atlantic ”. Preserved in spirit.

Halosaurus : Günther, 1877, H. afjînis, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (4) 20 : 433.

Halosaurus : Günther, 1878, H. rostratus, ihid., (5) 12 : 248.

HALOSAURIDAE OF THE NORTH EASTERN ATLANTIC

557

Ilalosaurus : Vaillant, 1888, II. phalacrus, Exp. Sci. « Travailleur et Talisman », Pois¬

sons : 50.

Aldrovandia phalacra (Vaillant, 1888)

Halosaurus phalacrus Vaillant, 1888, Exp. Sci. « Travailleur et Talisman », Poissons : 185-187.

Type : Mus. nat. Hist. nat., Paris (MNHN 85-382), in good condition, from the Azores.

Aldrovandia phalacra : Goode and Bean, 1896 : 130, 134, fig. 156.

Halosaurus phalacrus : Brauer, 1906 : 253; Zugmayer, 1911 : 11, 12; Roule, 1919 : 28, 130.

IcONOGRAPHY

There are fewer adéquate figures of A. phalacra than of the other halosaurs. Vail¬

lant, 1888, figures a scale, dorsal, latéral and central views of the head, the brain in dor¬

sal view and gives a latéral habitus picture natural size. The drawing for ail of these is

weak, and the black and white lithographs give a rather poor impression of the fish. The

figure in Goode and Bean is a simpler line drawing, and closely resembles Vaillant’s

illustration from which it may hâve been taken.

Eggs and larvae

Zugmayer (1911) deseribes a female taken on 18th August 1910 as having half ripe

ovaries. The larva is unknown.

Habitat and distribution

A. phalacra is widely distributed in the Eastern North Atlantic between the Azores,

the Canary Islands and the Cape Verde Plateau. Specimens are recorded from depths

of between 1 000 m and 2 300 m where the température ranged from 4°C to 7°C, and where

the bottorn is composed of mud. Some of the deeper records edge on the zone of soft

muds and globigerina ooze.

DISCUSSION

This report on the halosaurs of the North East Atlantic may be concluded with brief

mention of the only larva known for certain to be that of a halosaur. Notes on relative

abundance hâve not been given as there is too little information available. The early

dredging reports (e.g. Tanner, 1886), combined with more recent bathyscaphe sightings

(e.g. Pérès, 1958), and photographie surveys (e.g. Marshall and Bourne, 1965), suggest

that halosaurs are common over much of the continental slope régions. For the most

part however, the data that might be used as a basis for estimating relative abundances,

does not allow of the certain détermination of species : fishes seen from a bathyscaphe

window or photographed with deep-sea caméras usually appear fleetingly as grey ghosts,

and it is sometimes easiest to identify them from their shadows. In such cases, one cannot

expect better than a generic identification.

PIarrisson (1966) describcd a specimen taken at a position close to 29°50'N, 22°57'W,

clearly the leptocephalus stages of some species of halosaur. On the basis of a careful

comparison of the meristic characters seen in the leptocephalus with the corresponding

558

C. M. H. HARRISSON

features known in adult halosaurs, Harrisson suggests this may be the young stage of an

Aldrovandia, perhaps A. affinis (Günther, 1877). The low pectoral fin-ray numbers, and

the small number of branchiostegal rays seern to exclude the possibility that the larva could

belong to the genus Halosaurus. However it appeared that the larva possessed several

characters reminiscent of the genus Halosaurus. It therefore seems quite possible that

Aldrovandia larvae pass through a Halosaurus-like stage.

As lias also been pointed out (Harrisson, 1966 : 470), the few data available suggest

that Aldrovandia species may hâve smaller eggs than do members of the genus Halosaurus.

In this case Halosaurus species probably hâve a shorter larval life, which is reflected in

turn by their more local patterns of distribution (e.g. H. johnsonianus confined to the

East Atlantic, II. radiatus to the Gult of Panama and the coast of Peru). Species of the

genus Aldroçandia tend to be widely distributed. A. macrochir is known from the both

sides of the North Atlantic as well as from the Prince Edward Islands in the souther Indian

Océan. Aldrovandia affinis is the only halosaur currently known to hâve a worldwide dis¬

tribution ; the types describcd by Günther (1877) were from Japan, while other specimens

hâve been taken from the Gulf of Mexico (Goode and Bean, 1896 ; Grey, 1956), South

Africa (Gilchrist and von Bonde, 1924, etc.) and the Indian Océan (Alcock, 1889, 1890,

1896 ; Norman, 1939, etc.). In Aldrovandia the span of larval life is very probably of a

considérable length, so that the leptocephalus acts as a pelagic distributive stage in the

life history.

The discovery of a metamorphosing halosaur larva over deep water in the open océan

of the Canary basin, présents of itself the likelihood that such a specimen would belong

to the genus Aldrovandia. Taken in conjunction with the meristic data, it seems most

improbable that the only known leptocephalus should be that of a species of Halosaurus,

and especially not that of a locally confined species, such as H. johnsonianus, which is

known at présent by only a very few records from the Atlantic Islands separated from that

Eastern continental shelf which appears to represent its principal home territory. Until

more halosaur leptocephali become known, it seems wise to accept that the specimen

described at présent may best be assigned to the species A. affinis. There are no currently

published records of the latter species from the Eastern Atlantic, and the larva itself is

only included in the présent section as being of interest to the biology of the Heteromi.

However, McDowell (in litt.) informs me that a specimen from Northwest Africa in the

U.S. National Muséum may in fact represent this species. If so, then the tentative iden¬

tification of the larva seems yet more probably correct.

Acknowledgements

I should like to thank Dr. S. McDowell for valued discussion on various topics.

I am grateful to Mr. G. Palmer and Dr. J.-C. Hureau who hâve kindly provided cata¬

logue and registration numbers in answering queries by letter, and to Mr. A. Wheeler

for guidance on various occasions through the labyrinths of both taxonomy and the British

Muséum. I am also much indebted to Miss K. M. Hoiîton, not least for help with this

manuscript.

HALOSAURIDAE OF THE NORTH EASTERN ATLANTIC

559

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Manuscrit déposé le 8 juillet 1971.

Bull. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris, 3 e sér., n° 54, mai-juin 1972,

Zoologie 40 : 553-560.

Achevé d’imprimer le 30 décembre 1972.

IMPRIMERIE NATIONALE

2 564 002 5

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Bauchot, M.-L., J. Daget, J.-C. Hureau et Th. Monod, 1970. — Le problème des

« auteurs secondaires » en taxionomie. Bull. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris, 2 e sér., 42 (2) : 301-304.

Tinbergen, N., 1952. — The study of instinct. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 228 p.

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