' | breeuad

replete debee p fetenaiebe 4)

a te te 4 eee

”

“4 ‘baste ition peewrh

deere +s bsneas iaiife

a retvdey

te i

sie ha hs rie be hepa

Tipydutia

v1 [hen

Vr * inde

Maniding ay dize tealsare

is jamededey fy 44 Tb. +4

wi de aed

jie Pron ‘s

J dis tx

othe ty en "

ia wigan a hy

PALE ca, te ee

n ‘ Medat hte

tee ba

aye isi yt as

te soils e

“e Bebaial

ie beteos te 1

rats ae) : abet ay

alte AMEN Che beh Hal

§ Pan Tan 10h uke i

4s ga

polerw eal

le if he Le

fae . saris Saar)

+} en nphraedote inh

a. Ary] ‘

iiheid? Hd) qi

radiant u fet Nie .

ie bide ladon 4S

' i it ahead ”

ne a ie v4 , it ti Hi Rate ‘

oi ‘ai

ity),

ne =

b A

ne a ¢

a yg Mile

i Mel Baise nage tsi Mke hy

‘ vit eh rin

ae teaqiry

1 Hit Hi f ay

Ct ¢

ta :

ati

i i

LOY Satin

nie pads rat

nen ea

Dyas if

Maje)

be bah dite

te feoekt

Hy edt

hess ple sy} ae

py ieied py

vies 9 bay 4 th eH by Alby

‘ ¥

fy (aioe

J fe Velege nat jay

fh Mas sya

' {

ow DEO RARE

“4; dows tr je

+4 he nh’

Obeeg any

iarbs A ;

9 44 aie! lgaronae

te HN tae

wae

rele Te gtgeas

wile oP at Sheree:

Ash il rah a8 debliit as Pet isdedege

fen UAL ae Kite ii wef

ibaa} i is Ome

“th

pit vr ihe

ade ep deter

Sagege ‘8 totem lens ‘itie

tied Bee VM td OW er a ge led ae dead Fee oe)

’ Rid

phe a

* wii 4,468

aut heyd ANG Be ay) Depa

wr) tin ue

itt aeod (4gy malted ate ih

ng ie site ifgarced

Frye tb TG

¢ +

uM Is tue ted

i 4 4 HARE ghey :

E 4

} lien aida ia phi | Hh jap ened) ipa ,

i Hh ars . pa bey im :

ve iis

Bed : 16

vi ft gyi ie it ui

{

ileal

+} tity yap, aati

if gate pee

‘

4 {ef4

‘ hat pa win ess ye) ‘

ie VAR vedi Ve tytn

“it yea the ih

Hy ato fa if pH UY fa yy

Pree evar LenT atte wer by

44g \ v

y Ae fe: nie) ing

fess r pr ingove Ley iy simi as

‘ani Nas Ps Buy Avis

hy ited

aa =

ity

He wat pin

vadede

ini teed a felt

baat ee fii

" u , a]

Le ite bitin

44s hidsae hy rit

ELAR LIT RCE ae

th eh i i; ay

aad

Hy y )

y slat ide

irate ey

a we s¢ at

nf rAd ny

{iy STH AEH

fyreretes

P je dade wi pee edd

he Sa tare

of fies Ad 4 ie ei bt *

sale ot seul eettiui

ipeti+ ee sie

Msaiey a ‘it

Peauwtieedt ki Or ee 4s recat

bbe SEHR f, be ie

HEN AAU fa iene Pte woe

: =

tt 4 iets rt

ais

fobs!

* arisen

THE UNIVERSITY

~~ OF ILLINOIS

LIBRARY

S402

VET-AB

HATUPAL

HISTORY

BIOLOW

f Ag NOS a Ra we A ee Tea Ca

f, } 1 1 as WC aD bit) NG » ¥

¥ : r , NC Ne 4 Vn aN * hal ‘N i ‘oh aN)

ay itd

i ‘

yee

LORY

" wy }

hia Mar

ae in

—— | in 2013

Ta Ay nh ”

Mad Ce

ph of

{ Y

}

ri i

= Vy eat 4 hy)

q ie » " a

HE —

murs A

¥ iy wy, Lithey: My "

Chis etd afte sd

¥ .

\ ie

<h'»

axe eed ;

é iy

Pes ; }

p x any

7 | el ee Se ee

ay etai |

ay isd rica

. ‘ cy ba

roe NR ase 8 Suman A ‘aig or 3 my : fe

ie | 4 t / ( me Gy P mi Fue 1¢f ‘ ;- wea } ess

24 ibe Pad lene Koc’ NE Mili! 8 bee % Ne hare He f

r ; , tA , i AL Sree Pi or 4 us ha vanay A avs

)- + | if ¥ kh | a ‘ a he i ut wae ve U Pi atine rH 4 i

iia ga!

BAUTILUS

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XXVII.

MAY, 1913, to APRIL, 1914.

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS:

i!, A, PILSBRY, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy ot Natural Sciences

PHILADELPHIA.

©. W. JoHNSsoN, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History,

BOSTON.

v ; R ih a i.

ys Ug tL RO ES Res ee i

ais hat ’ y me % ‘tan

4 : i i, 4 fe

“Sy,

INDEX

fee NAW TILUS, XX VIL.

INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

Achatinellidae of Oahu, Two new . : 89

Acmeea fergusoniin Connecticut. ; i a ne

Alasmidonta undulata. ; 2e

Aldrich collection . : : : aoe

Amastra, a new sinistral . : : ; 4) GS

Amastra montagui Pils, n. sp. : ioe

Amastra pilsbryi Cooke, n. Sp. 65

Ancylide of North Africa, note on the (Pl VID : 113, 124

Ancylastrum . : : 124

Ancylus clessini : 127, 128

Annularia pseudalatum Torre (Pl. LI, figs. 8, 9) ae

Annularia ramsdeni P. & H. (Pl. III, figs. 5,6). Stee

Aporemodon, a remarkable new Pulmonate genus ©. ihe

Arangia sowerbyana Pir. . : MPA a

Arizona, camps in the Catalines and White Mts. 760i 109

Ashmunella pilsbryana Ferriss n. sp. 109

Brachypodella insule cygni Clapp sp. nov. (Pl. VI, fig. 10). 99

Cardium (Trigoniocardia) galvestonense Harris (Pl. Wty jG?

Ceratodiscus ramsdeni Pils, n. sp. . : . 134

Cerion (Strophiops) biminiensis Hend. & Clapp, n. si

(Pl. IV, figs. 9, 10) 64

Cerion sagraianum in South Africa . : . 143

Charonia Gistel, a generic name for Triton tritonis . 56

Choanopoma caribbeeum Clapp, sp. nov. (Pl. VI, figs. 8, 4). 100

Choanopoma (Ramsdenia) mirifica Preston, a scien of

C. nobilitatum Gundl. mee

Chondropoma carenasense P. & H. (Pl. II, fig. fy 4 iia

Chondropoma garcianum Torre (PI. ITI, figs, aS ae 1) et

Chondropoma wilcoxi P. & H. (Pl. Il, fig. 1) flit

Clausilia emersoni Pilsbry n. sp. (Pl. IV, figs 1-5) . i166

Clementia obliqua Jukes-Browne, note on i : » £08

(ili )

iv THE NAUTILUS.

Collecting in Coosa River, Alabama . 4 . Be

Collecting land shells in Maui, Territory of Hawaii . ie

Collecting Unionide in Eastern Tennessee .

Colobostylus nelsoni Clapp sp. nov. (Pl. VI, figs. i 2) . 98

Conchological museum for Japan. ; eS

Conus geographus, poisoning by the bite Pe : Ly

Cuban collecting . ‘ . 136

Cuban and West American shells, Illustrations of ce |

Cypraea exanthema, cervus and cervinetta : 8

Cypraea miliaris Gmel., with descriptions of new varieties. 69

Cypraea miliaris var. brevis Smith var. nov. . ; ee i

Cypraea miliaris var. eburnea Barnes ; mh i,

Cypraea miliaris var. intermedia Smith var. nov... oa

Cypraea miliaris var. majistra Melv. ‘ ae,

Drupa, on the nomenclature of : ; oie

Drymeus insuleecygni, Clapp sp. nov ; 98

Epiphragmophora saa antag cuestana Edson (Pl. III,

figs. 13, 14) 37

Bpiphragmophora tudiculata erippi Pils. (Pl II, figs. 15,

17) ; 37

rein tudiculata, note on a new variety . . 49

Ferrissia clessiniana Jickeli (PI. VII, figs. 9-11) : es oY

Ferrissia isseli Bgt. (Pl. VII, figs. 4-8) ; . 126

Ferrissia pallaryi Walker n. sp. (Pl. VII, figs. 12-14) |

Ferrissia platyrhynchus Walker n. sp. (Pl. VII, _ bei 125

Fusconaja bursa-pastoris B. H. Wright. 90

Fusconaja subrotunda leucogona Ortm. n. var . f a

Galba ferruginea in Oregon. 24

Gundlachia hjalmarsoni Pfr. in the Rio Grande, ‘Texas

(Pl. IV, figs. 6-8) he

Gundlachia l’ hotelleriei Walker n. sp. (Pl. VIL figs. 15-21). 128

Helix hortensis in New England, further notes on . 61, 83, 107

Hesperarion hemphilli maculatus Ckll.. . 148

Hirase conchological museum (Pl. I). : he

Idaho shells, Northern . : : ! . 104

Lampsilis recta : ; ; ; ‘ <a

Land shells carried by birds. "i

Land shells collected on the Bimini Islands, Gun and Cat

Cays, Bahamas . 63

Land shells from Ellsworth, Maine . ! : ? sie

Land shells of Cecil Co. , Maryland : : .

Lymneea (Radix) auricularia in Charles River, Boston. . 83

Lucidella pilsbryi Clapp sp. nov. (Pl. 6, figs. 6, 7) . . 100

Maine, Freshwater shells of St. John’s River. : . 139

Margaritana margaritifera. : ; . 28) ae

Margaritana margaritifera falcata. : i:

THE NAUTILUS. Vv

Margaritana sinuata Lam 7 8S

Marine shells from drift on Upper Matecumbe Key, Florida. 59

Martyn’s Universal Conchologist, Another note on, . 95, 107

Miocene correlation, notes on . ‘ d J 201

Mollusca from Wyoming Co., N. a OAL

Murex tritonis Linné, the generic name to be used for . 55

Najades, studies in . . 88

Notes. eka: 24, 35, 48, 70, 83, 95, 120, 143

Nyctilochus Gistel . 55

Oreohelices from Wyoming, Notes on some. : 2 OD

Oreohelix cooperi W.G. B.. ; : : soe

Oreohelix cooperi minor Ckll . . | Oo

Oreohelix hendersoni dakani Henderson n. subsp. 1) Be

Oreohelix haydeni betheli Pils. and Ckll. in Colorado . ioe

Oreohelix ioensis Pils ; : . 1384

Oreohelix peripherica Anc p ; . 53

Oreohelix pygmea Pils. (PJ. IIT, figs. 10, "12) . 0) Rg he

Oreohelix yavapai extremitatis Pils. & Ferriss . 00

Pacific conchological club ; ene | 9

Parreysia from Kamurun Africa, two new ‘species of . Li SB

Parreysia loboensis Frierson n. sp. (Pl. V) : . | 80

Parreysia nyangensis Frierson n. sp. (Pl. V)_. . 86

Partula emersoni Pilsbry n. sp. (Pl. IV, "6: a 4 5h ln an:

Partulina montagui Pilsbry n. sp. . . 40

Pecten circularis Sowb_ ; : . 122

Pecten (Euvola) cataractes Dall, n,n, ‘ : Re beh

Pectens, notes on some West American. . 121

Philomycus caroliniensis form nebulosa at New Orleans . 3

Philomycus costaricensis (Morch) var. a . : Sante

Philomycus from the Republic of Panama Beek,

Physa heterostropha Say in Europe . , ‘ ; «(412

Planorbis antrosus Conr. . j : . 106

Planorbis vermicularis Gld. ! : . 144

Polygyra barbigera . : : : sate

Polygyra edvardsii Bld _ . : Pua

Post-glacial Mollusca of Emmet Co., “Mich. - Sc aa

Post-glacial Mollusca, Waukesha Co., Wisconsin. 68

Publications received. ’ . 24, 35, AT, 106

Pyramidula solitaria occidentalis (Marts. ) 105

Pyrazus milium Dall, in Florida / : p ‘ «. 69

Ricinula—=Drupa . ; ‘ I

Sayella crosseana Dal] in Florida. ; 2) Be

Shell collecting on the west coast of Baja California . See

Shells from a pleistocene deposit near Sierra Nueva, Santo

Domingo . : . 120

Shells from a single dredge haul oft Key West, “Fila. . . 120

vi THE NAUTILUS.

Shells of Fresh Pond, Cambridge, Mass. 24

Showalter or Schowalter 96, 108

Sonorella betheli Hendersoni n. sp. . . 128

Sonorella from the Grand Canyon, Arizona 122

Sonorella, odorous . d 135

Spring collecting i in Southwest Virginia 81, ot

Strophitus edentulus and undulatus 23

Succinea ovalis, reversed . . 24

Succinea rtisei on Bobolinks .i2

Swan Island, List of land shells from | ae

Thracia conradi, Notes on i

Unio complanatus 23, 29

Unio gibbosus . 23, 29

Unio of the Wabash and Maumee drainage . 131

Unio (Nephronaias) ortmanni Frierson n. sp. (Pl. II) . 14

Unio fauna of the great lakes : . 18, 29, 40, 56

Urocoptis (Arangia) sowerbyana—a note on its radula. 11

Veronicella from Guatemala 1

Veronicella mexicana betheli Cocherell v. nov. 2

Trochide, A new genus of 86

Vetulonia Dall new genus. 86

Vetulonia galapagana Dall n. sp. 87

Vetulonia jeffreysi Dall 87

Wyoming shells 37

Zoological station, Naples 4, 16

THE NAUTILUS. vil

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Baker, Frank C.

faayo. 5. .

Clapp, Geo. H.

Clapp, Wm. F.

Cockerell, T. D. A. .

Cooke, C. Montague

Dall, Wm. H.

Ferriss, Jas, HH.

Frankenberger, Zdenka

Frierson, L. S.

Goodrich, Calvin

Hand, Edwin HE.

Hedley, Charles

Henderson, John B.

Henderson, Junius .

Iredale, Tom .

Johnson, C. W.

Lowe, H. N. .

Mazyck, Wm. G.

Morse, Edward S.

Nylander, Olof O.

Olsson, Axel

Ortmann, Arnold

Pepper, G. W.

Pilsbry, H. A.

Presbry, Eugene WwW.

Ramsden, Chas. T. .

Smith, Herbert H. .

Smith, Maxwell

Stock, Chester .

Vanatta, E. G.

Walker, Bryant

Wheat, Silas C.

7, 24, 54, 68, 104

. 95

12, 63, 64, 77, 107

24, 97

ey ee

aie ae:

86, 108, 121

. 8, 60, 109,134

. 112

44, 865

$1.91. 131

iiaien 2

_ 59, 64, 95, 120, 136

Das Varese tae

_ 47, 61, 83, 106, 142

ee ht. 1Ogee mie

24, 35, 39, 47, 49, 50, 65, 72, 96, 133

a ns ie

‘

ip 4

‘Ges

mie NAUTILUS.

Vor. XXVIII. MAY, 1913. . No. 1

A SLUG OF THE GENUS VERONICELLA FROM GUATEMALA.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

At Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, Mr. E. Bethel recently found a

Veronicella, which he brought to me alive. Among the species re-

corded from Mexico and Central America, it closely resembles only

V. mexicana (Pfeffer), which occurs at Vera Cruz. It appears to

be distinguished by the broad sole, and female orifice well caudad of

the middle and very close to the sole. Internally, the accessory

glands are numerous and very long. On the whole, however, it is so

close to V. mexicana that I record it as a variety ; its status will only

be precisely determined when more material is available for compar-

ison. It is not impossible that V. mexicana was composite ; certainly

the example sent by Strebel to Semper seems doubtfully identical

with the animal figured in Strebel’s work on the Mollusca of Mexico.

One species of Veronicella, V. stolli von Martens, has already been

described from Guatemala. Its anatomy is unknown, but it is read-

ily known from Mr. Bethel’s slug by the presence of a narrow

median longitudinal yellow band. It may be that V. stolli is iden-

tical with V. olivacea Stearns from Nicaragua. An unnamed Veron-

tcella from Honduras, briefly described in Nautitus, April, 1895,

p. 142, seems on the whole intermediate between our slug and J.

mexicana. It is most probably conspecific with our animal, but it

may represent a different, allied, species. Its anatomy is unknown.

Z THE NAUTILUS.

Veronicella mexicana betheli v. nov.

Above, warm red-brown, paler toward the sides, with scattered

pale dots ; dorsal and subdorsal regions irregularly and not densely

speckled with blackish; on the anterior third this speckling is re-

solved into a pair of obscure bands, a little nearer to each other than

either to the lateral margin. Beneath pale reddish, darker poster-

iorly, and speckled with pale. Sole pale ochreous. Tentacles dark

grey. There is not the slightest indication of a pale dorsal line.

Under a lens, it is seen that the body above and below (especially

posteriorly below) is very closely beset with minute pale dots, which

correspond with punctiform depressions, while over this pattern are

set numerous much larger diffused pale spots. All this is hardly to

be noticed without magnification. Length (at rest) about 50 mm.,

breadth in middle about 23; breadth of sole 9 mm.; of body on each

side of it 7 mm., sole not projecting beyond body.

The above was from the living slug. In alcohol it appears as fol-

lows: Length 34, breadth 18 mm.; width of sole 7 mm.; female

orifice 19 mm, from anterior end, 16 from posterior, only one mm.

from sole; sole with about 7 cross-strie in one mm.; end of sole

broadly rounded, about 2 mm.from hindend. Jaw strongly arched,

with about 25 strong ribs; teeth about 54—1—54, ordinary, middle

tooth reduced, shaped like a spear-head, marginals quadrate ; salivary

glands normal, pale yellow; cesophagus longitudinally corrugated ;.

stomach with a portion having a diameter of about 2 mm. not covered

by liver ; albumen glands large, bright orange-yellow; receptaculum

seminis oval, yellowish-plumbeous, about 1.25 mm. long; accessory

glands about 38, of which about 24 are 11 mm, long, the others.

variously shorter, several only half as long.

A PHILOMYCUS FROM THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

During a recent visit to Central America, Mr. E. Bethel found!

three specimens of a Philomycus at Bocas del Toro, Republic of

Panama. The genus is new to Panama. ‘Two specimens are evi-

dently adult (one opened showed fully-developed genitalia), the

other is immature. The slug may be described as follows:

THE NAUTILUS. 3

Philomycus costaricensis (MOrch), variety a.

Length (in alcohol) about 11.5 mm., width of sole 1.5 mm.; very

pale ochreous, the mantle with rather sparse grey floccose markings,

and a pair of (subdorsal) grey bands, irregular in outline and more

or less interrupted, consisting in fact of crowded grey spots. Res-

piratory orifice about 2 mm. from anterior end of mantle. Sole with

a distinct median groove, evanescent anteriorly. Penis-sac cylindri-

al, the apical end curved over and turned downwards, so that the

whole structure looks like a compressed interrogation mark. Jaw

broad, strongly arcuate, about 1170 » across, and 320 deep in

middle, the outer thirds wholly without ribs or evident striae, the

inner third with six broad ribs, distinct above, but failing below.

(The young specimen shows better developed ribs, five in number.)

Teeth about 21-13-1-13-21, the central ones strongly tricuspid, the

lateral cusps small. The teeth agree in general character with

those of P. dorsalis, as figured by Binney, differing however in the

relatively longer basal plates, the short and broad central teeth not

much more than half as long as the plate, certainly not over three-

fifths as long. The interesting thing about this species is that it be-

longs strictly to the group of P. hemphilli and P. secretus, found in

North Carolina. It is apparently P. costaricensis (Morch), at least

as described by W. G. Binney (Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci., May, 1884)

from material collected in Costa Rica by Gabb. Our slug differs

from Binney’s account in the greater number of teeth (Binney says

about 28-1-28), and perhaps in the very definite ribbing of the jaw.

I call it variety a, so that it can be referred to separately, but it does

not seem wise to give it aname. P. auratus (Tate), from Nica-

ragua, may perhaps be a form of. the same species. On the other

hand the Mexican P. sallei (Cr. & Fisch.) and P. crosseana (Strebel)

appear to belong to the group of typical Philomycus.

On his way hume, Mr. Bethel collected a couple of Philomycus at

New Orleans. These are P. caroliniensis (Bosc.) of the form which

I separated (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov., 1890, p. 382) as nebulosus.

This is the common, widely distributed animal, from Canada south-

‘ward ; current opinion does not support my attempt to separate the

true P. caroliniensis from Virginia, but I am not yet altogether sat-

isfied that careful study will not confirm the supposed distinctions.

4 THE NAUTILUS.

THE ZOOLOGICAL STATION AT NAPLES.

BY MAXWELL SMITH.

In 1872 Dr. Anton Dohrn founded at Naples the nucleus of the

first biological station to be operated in a scientific manner. The

original building was erected through the personal generosity of its

founder, who in addition supplied funds for some years until the

principal European governments recognized the importance of the

work done and the advantages afforded the students of their respec-

tive universities. At the present time the zodlogical station, as it is

called, receives annual grants from Germany, England and Italy.

It is undoubtedly the largest institution of its kind, a fact which may

be attributed to the co-operation just mentioned,

The buildings are situated in the Villa Nayionale, a fine park,

facing the Bay of Naples. In the centre, on the ground floor, is the

celebrated aquarium which is open to the pnblic. Nearby, but with

a separate entrance, is the receiving room. Here the spoils of the

dredging steamer are brought in and either placed in the tanks or

preserved in alcohol. Off this room are smaller rooms, lined with

shelves, where rows of glass jars filled with specimens are kept. On

the floor above is the splendid library, a high ceiling and long

windows, which admit plenty of light, combine to make this an

admirable apartment for work at any time of the year. Adjacent is

the new museum where Prof. Gast, the curator, is following a pleas-

ing system of arrangement. This consists of mounting the shells of

each species upon a piece of glass which is framed in narrow wood.

The glass may be turned over, so that the under portion of a speci-

men may readily be examined. The mounted shells are laid in flat

cases on a background of dark green linoleum. To this way of

exhibiting specimens I have only one objection. The glue used for

mounting too often cracks and falls away, or else if put on thickly it

shows and detracts from the general appearance. Personally I

prefer glass topped boxes. They exclude dust and may be shifted

about without fear of a mix-up. The wall cases of the museum are

to be filled with preserved specimens. The lighting comes from

above, but is arranged in such a manner that direct sunlight is

avoided, the writer noticed on exhibition a fine series of Aporrhais

serrestanus and in a wall case an enormous Argonanta argo L., very

well preserved.

THE NAUTILUS. 5

Visits to the aquarium, of course, were most interesting, the sea

water is stored under the buildings and pumped into the tanks

mixed with the proper proportion of air. The visitor entering the

darkened corridor is at once struck by the brilliant colors and the

great size of the living collection. Surely nowhere, in an aquarium,

is there such a wealth of animal life. Let us examine the first tank.

It is devoted exclusively to echinoderms, In the center are hun-

dreds of feather stars (Antedon rosacea) clinging to dead coral stems.

At first sight these appear to be plants on account of their yellow or

red plumed arms. Crawling all about are other star fish of bright and

somber hues. Here and there is a sea urchin and occasionally a sea

cucumber. Tank 3 is devoted to mollusks. Swimming about are

several squids (Loligo) which have the curious power of suddenly

swimming backwards without the inconvenience of turning around

These delicate animals, with transparent bodies, and large eyes only

live a few days in captivity. The floor of the tank is strewn with

gaping red pectens (P. jacobeus) which I noticed swimming down

from a ledge of rock by suddenly opening and closing their valves,

an awkward but quick means of locomotion. Clinging to the surface

of a rock is a large Umbrella mediterranea and nearby several

Haliotis. Several huge Tritonitum nodiferus, with their opercula

thrown to one side, may be observed slowly moving about on the

bottom of the tank. One of the most interesting forms is Aplysia

limacina, a large brown sea hare, which crawls about or swims by

the aid of its wing-like lateral projections. When stones cov-

ered with vegetable matter are brought into the tank the Aplysias

immediately bestir themselves and will clean the stones in an hour

or two. The longevity of Aplysia in the aquarium may be ascribed

to this manner of feeding. Tethys, one of the most beautiful naked

mollusks of this region, only lives a few weeks after capture. It

swims by violent writhings of the body from side to side. Aeolis and

Doris make up for their small size by brilliant coloring. The

delicate forms, many of them pelagic, are kept separated in glass

receptacles, partly sunken in the water, the perfectly transparent

Pterotrachea, a long thin animal with a curved proboscus and

Carinaria, another interesting form rarely live more than a day in

captivity. In a similar way are kept the beautiful mushroom-shaped

Medusa or jelly fish, which propel themselves by opening and closing

the body like an umbrella. The Medusa are also transparent, some

6 THE NAUTILUS.

of them are ofa delicate pink, They vary greatly in shape. One is

like a narrow ribbon, another resembles a bunch of flowers on a

central stalk. The octopus tanks attracts many visitors, especially

when a crab is let down on a string for their benefit.

Through the kindness of Prof. Gast I was invited to go out on

the dredging steamer “ Johannis Miiller,” which is maintained by

the zodlogical station for working the deeper portions of the Bay of

Naples. This steamer is about forty feet long and carries a crew of

four men, who, when not engaged at the wheel or boiler, assist in

sorting out the material on deck, or managing the dredging ma-

chinery.

At 7 a. m. we left the small harbor at the west end of the city.

The sun rose close to Vesuvius shortly after and promised a good

day. After arun of twenty-five minutes, a point in the bay opposite

the Capo, a promentory, was reached. From here the course was

turned towards the Secca di Benda Palummo banks which consist

of coral and sponges. Upon arrival the steamer swung around, and

the ‘‘ beam trawl”’ was let down. This was kept in the proper posi-

tion on the sea bottom, by means of glass globes filled with air

attached to the net. The trawl was lowered slowly into the water

with wire rope, after which the steamer ran very slowly, the trawl

thus dragging along the sea bottom and filling all the time. Three

hauls were made with this apparatus, the trawl] remaining down half

an hour in each case. A mechanical indicator was used to ascertain

the tension during the work. After the time mentioned had elapsed,

the steamer was stopped and turned around, to facilitate the bringing

up of the outfit. This done the contents were deposited upon the

deck. The first haul was in 200 feet of water, the bottom, stone and

mud. This locality, not being especially rich in mollusks as other

parts of the bay, yielded only the following : |

Leptothyra sanguinea (L.) Living examples.

Pseudomurex (Coralliophila). meyendorffi (Calc.) Two large

specimens.

Isocardia cor (L.)

Cardium tuberculatum L.

Tellina extgua Poli.

Pecten pes felis (u.) Only single valves of the last four.

(To be concluded.)

THE NAUTILUS. 7

NOTES ON POST-GLACIAL MOLLUSCA. I. EMMET COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

Authentic records of life from the deposits laid down by the waters

of the Glacial Great Lakes are, apparently, exceedingly scarce. It

is proposed to record such as have come to the writer’s notice. A

recent canvas of the available literature revealed the fact that little

real work has been done relative to this subject. This is especially

true regarding records bearing upon interglacial time, where the

majority of records available are ‘* wood and unios,”’ which are said

to have occurred in well borings. It is needless to add that this

material would be of the utmost value if properly identified.

Some years ago Mr. A. W. Slocum, of the Fried Museum of Nat-

ural History, collected a number of mollusks from mar] beds at Oden

and Kegomic, Emmet County, Michigan. Oden lies between the

Algonquin and Nipissing beaches, while Kegomic is on the old lake

floor. ‘These marl deposits are reported to be upwards of sixty feet

in thickness, and the Kegomic deposit probably represents both the

Algonquin and Nipissing stages. The large lakes, Burt and Mullet,

as well as the smaller lakes, Crooked, Pickerel, etc., are relics of the

wide strait which, during these late stages, connected Lakes Huron

and Michigan and separated portions of Hmmet and Cheboygan

counties from the lower peninsula, the former territory forming an

island, with the straits of Mackinac on the north.

The following species of mollusks have been identified from the

two localities.

Oden.

Sphaerium striatinum (Lamarck).

Physa niagarensis Lea.

Planorbis autrosus Conrad.

Planorbis campanulatus Say.

Galba emarginata canadensis (Sowb.).

Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Linné.

Kegomic.

Sphaerium striatinum (Lamarck).

Pisidium compressum (Prime).

8 THE NAUTILUS.

Physa niagarensis Lea.

Ancylus parallelus Haldeman.

Planorbis deflectus Say.

Planorbis campanulatus Say.

Galba galbana (Say).

Galba humilis rustica (Lea).

Comparisons between the faunas of the two localities would be

without significance until more systematic collecting has been done.

The list of species will doubtless be greatly extended by future

research.

CONCERNING CYPRAEA EXANTHEMA, CERVUS AND CERVINETTA.

BY EUGENE W. PRESBREY.

C. exanthema, Lin., 1767; Gray, 1825; Reeve, 1844; Hinds,

1845 ; Adams, 1852 ; Roberts, 1885; Dall, 1903.

C. cervus, Lin., 1771; Lam., (cervina) 1822 ; Gray, 1825; Reeve

(var. ex.), 1844; Adams, 1852; Roberts, 1885,

C. cervinetta, Kiener, ; Desh, 1844; Adams, 1852; Roberts,

1885. Reeves says cervinetta is var. of cervus. Adams speaks of

cervina, which was Lamarck’s name for cervus, as distinct from

cervus. Gray names var. a, and b, of exanthema. Roberts says

cervinetta is a var. of exanthema.

For habitat, Roberts give cervus to Panama and West Coast of

America. Dr. Dall properly locates exanthema from Hatteras to

Darien, but he does not mention cervus either as a variety or as being

found on the Florida east coast. Reeve and Sowerby located cervus

in the East Indies. Adams said Polynesian Province.

The majority of monographers have distinguished cervus from

exanthema, but none seems to have found a home for it. Nor are

the other two definitely placed. Roberts is nearest to the facts.

For three years past the writer has had favorable opportunities for

the study of these species in there natural habitat and may, perhaps,

presume to record some facts that have forced themselves upon him.

Cypraea exanthema is found from Hatteras to Darien, but in

greatest numbers and perfection of development around the Florida

keys. They are born in the deep water. When an inch or so in

THE NAUTILUS. 9

length, (bullaform) they come up to the mangrove roots that fringe

the coral islands. These islands, or keys, are half surrounded, on

the sheltered side, by clear channels two or three feet deep. These

channels have free communication with the sea. The favorite food

for exanthema is washed in from the live coral beds by every tide.

The mangroves furnish shelter and coloring matter for the shell:

Exanthema, unless disturbed does not leave the mangroves till ready

to breed, when it goes to deeper waters. Cypraea exanthema is.

elongated, cylindrical, with tapering extremities, anterior aperture

narrow and not depressed. The head and neck of animals is small,.

not often extended, because food comes to it. Sides of shell profusely

decorated with ving spots, particularly near the base. Spots white

with dark centers. The mantles, in young shells are purple black,

studded with pustules that project flexible papillae. These papille

may be extended or withdrawn entirely into the pustule. The

pustules become transparent lenses as the shell approaches adult

form. The papillze remain black and receive color through a circu-.

lation duct that is easily visible to the naked eye, particularly where

it erosses the lens to the papilla. The lenses form the spots and

the papille form the central dots. These papille are loaded with

color and probably deposit all the color needed for decoration of the

outer shell. The inner mucous membrane supplies the enamel.

The papillz near the outer edge of mantle soon lose the color bear-

ing faculty, or, lacking supply, produce only nebulous white spots.

near the top of the shell. These papillz possess a highly sensitive,

independent, nerve ganglia. If one be touched, however delicately,

it will instantly be withdrawn. ‘The others will not be disturbed.

Color of shell, fugitive purple that turns to shades of brown upon

exposure to light. Length of shell three to four inches, altitude

about one-third the length.

C. exanthema is found on both sides of the Gulf Stream which is a

thousand feet deep between Florida and the Bahamas, with a current

of five or more miles an hour. Bahama, Jamaica and Colon

specimens are coarser in texture, the spots are less frequent, form

less regular and the color much paler. Less food and fewer man-

groves. The true exanthema is not found on the Florida west

coast.

CYPRAEA CERVUS. The most favorable habitat of this shell is.

10 THE NAUTILUS.

along the Florida west coast, in thirty to fifty feet of water, where it

attains fullest growth. But it is also found from Key West to

Miami, perhaps farther north, on the east coast. These specimens,

sharing exanthema’s habitat, show some reasonable variation from

the west coast specimens, chiefly, however, in coloring.

The shell of cervus is not cylindrical, it is dome shape, inflated,

swollen, with a rounded fullness of body extending to extremities.

Anterior opening large, three times as large as exanthema, other

dimensions being equal. The anterior opening is not depressed.

The larger head and neck of cervus is always out in search of food

which it prefers to seek in the open waters. It is a constant traveler

and must have room for easy manipulation of head and foot.

Mantles of cervus, when young, are steely grey. Pustules and

papille, shorter than exanthema, are milky white and remain so.

There are no color ducts. There seems to be an absence of nerve

ganglia; the papille are not sensitive. Spots more numerous and

solid white, sometimes confused. The mantle-guides (not “ teeth !’’)

are usually irregular in cervus. Color, pale brown to ashy grey, on

West Coast, where it never goes to mangroves. On East Coast it

takes on exanthema coloring and the anterior opening is slightly

smaller. Exertion for food is not necessary. Length, four to seven

inches. Altitude, two to four inches.

Cypraea cervus is not found on the West Coast of America. It

is not found at Panama. ‘The writer has yet to find a specimen be-

low Key West. Its natural habitat is West Coast of Florida.

Cypraea cervinetta has many of the characteristics of the other

two. It is found under rocks at extreme low tide, near coral patches.

It finds a fair substitute for mangrove bark from which to extract

coloring matter of a purple tone that does not turn to exanthema

brown. Shell subcylindrical, with straight sides and flattened curves.

Anterior opening widened, as in cervus, but with cup-like depression

around the opening. It has the activity of cervus and seeks its own

food, which is scarce in its habitat. Like cervus, it must have free

room for movement. The mantles have the distinguishing features

of cervus and exanthema. Ring spots and solid white ones appear at

random on the same shell. Cervinetta never attains the size of

exanthema. Many specimens are fully matured when only one inch

long. Color, silver grey purple. Length, one to three inches.

Altitude, three-eighths to one inch.

THE NAUTILUS. lk

Cervinetta, apparently, belongs exclusively to Panama Province..

The writer hasa theory. It is that cervinetta is the closest sur-

vivor of the original type, that before the Isthmus was formed the

habitat of cervinetta was both East and West. After the Isthmus:

became a barrier between the oceans the Gulf Stream currents were

turned up the East Coast. These currents carried cervinetta north-

ward where it found no volcanic disturbance, better food and en-

vironment, and cerwus and exanthema were evolved from cervinetta.

But I wish somebody would say why all Cypraea, in Florida, are

called +‘ micramocks.”’

UROCOPTIS (ARANGIA) SOWERBYANA (PFR.)—A NOTE ON ITS RADULA..

BY CHAS. T. RAMSDEN.

Being very much interested in procuring specimens of this shell,

I took a trip to its habitat, with Drs. Carlos de la Torre, of the Uni-

versity of Havana, and Thomas Barbour, of the Museum of Com-

parative Zodlogy at Cambridge, Mass.

Unfortunately, althongh we had a hard ride up “‘ Monte Libano,”’

we did not reach the right locality ; I, however, promised Dr. de la

Torre that I would try again, further up the mountain, as we were

both most anxious to procure living specimens to study the radula,

which was unknown to Pilsbry.

On March 13, 1913, I again went up the mountain for some

twenty miles on horseback, over an infernal road, and upon turning

over the first stone, I found, to my great delight, my first living

specimen of Arangia sowerbyana (Pfr.). I at once concluded that

it would be an easy matter to fill my pockets and the small box I

had with me, with specimens, and felt sorry I had not brought along

more boxes, to take a good supply. A five hours diligent search,

however, in ¢revices, under and on rocks, brought to light some half

dozen specimens. I was however satisfied, as we would now be able

to know its radula.

Having sent a part of the catch to Dr. de la Torre for examina-

tion, he reports the following : The radula is like that of the Jamaican

Spirocoptis, measuring ten millimeters in length, by one and one-half

12 THE NAUTILUS.

in breadth, consisting of some 150 V-shaped rows of numerous small

teeth ; of these the central tooth is very narrow and unicuspid, while

the laterals are numerous and similar in size and appeciaae=s ; «the

formula being 20.1.20.

Guantanamo, Ouba, 17th April, 1913.

NOTES.

Dr. Pi_tsspry, who has been studying Achatinellid@ in the Ha-

waiian Islands during the winter, has returned to Philadelphia,

reporting a highly successful expedition. Communications for the

NavTILus may hereafter be sent to him as usual.

PoLyGyRA (STENOTREMA) EDWARDsI (Bld.).—In his remarks

in regard to this species, Ann. N. Y. Lyc., VI, 277, Bland says:

“In barbigerum the attached, hair-like epidermal processes are pro-

duced at the suture and carina into cilia, which are entirely wanting

in this species.’” This is incorrect, as three specimens from “ Ky.,”

with Bland’s label, in the collection of the late Mrs. George Andrews,

all show traces of the sutural and peripheral fringes, and a beautiful

albino, collected by Mrs. Andrews at Coal Creek, Anderson Co.,

Tenn., has the fringes as strong as in any specimen of barbigera that

I have seen. The fringe is perfect from apex to lip and the * cilia”

measure about 1 mm. in length. ‘Two other specimens from Coal.

Creek show the fringes but not so strong. ‘These shells also show

that the ‘‘ acute, raised, transverse tubercles”? on the base of the

shell, in Bland’s description, are the hair-scars which in fresh, un-

rubbed specimens are surmounted by stiff, erect bristles.

I have examined twenty specimens of P. edwards: from eight local-

ities, and all but one (a dead, weathered shell), show at least traces

of the sutural fringe. ‘The trouble appears to be that the shells are

generally covered with a thick, very adherent coating of dirt, and in

trying to remove it the fringes are rubbed off. Traces of the sutural

fringe often remain when the peripheral fringe has entirely disap-

peared, and shells showing the stiff bristles on the base are, appar-

ently rare.—Gro. H. CLApp.

PLATE I

THE NAUTILUS, XXVII.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXVII. JUNE, 1913. No. 2

A CONCHOLOGICAL MUSEUM FOR JAPAN.

The opening of a museum devoted entirely to mollusks would be

an event of importance anywhere. It is gratifying to learn that the

efforts of Mr. Yoichiro Hirase to found such an institution in Kyoto

have resulted in a handsome and well-filled museum, of which we

give a view.

The opening ceremonies of Mr. Hirase’s Conchological Museum

were held on March 22d at 1 p.m. Professor N. Kato, of the

Doshisha College, an earnest advocate and counselor of the work,

presided at the ceremony, which began with an account of the mu-

seum, and the causes leading to its establishment, by Mr. Hirase.

The Hon. Omori, Governor of Kyoto Prefecture; Dr. Kuhara,

President of the Kyoto Imperial University; Mr. Kato, representa-

tive of the Mayor of Kyoto, and Dr. Harada, President of the

Doshisha University, delivered speeches or read notes of congratu-

lation and good wishes on the completion of the museum, Dr. M.

Matsumoto, Professor of the Kyoto Imperial University, delivered

an address on the subject, ‘‘ The Collection of Specimens of Natural

History,’ after which Mr. Tanaka, Assistant Professor in the Tokyo

Imperial University, and the most prominent ichthyologist of Japan,

read a note of greetings and good wishes. A good number of letters

and telegrams from our friends both abroad and at home had been

received, but, the time being pressing, only a few of them were read,

such as those from Dr. Takamine in America, Mr. Marshall Gaines

and Dr. Nolan. Lastly, Shintaro, Mr. Hirase’s son, expressed

hearty thanks for the kindness and sympathy of the ladies and gen-

tlemen present, and the ceremony closed with refreshments. Over

14 THE NAUTILCS.

150 persons were present, chiefly professors of high schools and uni-

versities, officials and other public-spirited citizens who were earnest

advocates of the undertaking.

On the following day about 150 principals of middle and common

schools were invited, and the day following the museum was opened

to the public. ‘The daily number of visitors has been about 300.

On March 31st the museum was honored by the visit of a party of

royal guests, the Imperial Crown Prince and his two royal brothers.

Mr. Hirase and his son were received in audience by His Highness,

who expressed great interest in the museum and its contents.

It was at first intended to exhibit as many species as possible,

both foreign and Japanese, but when the Japanese shells were in-

stalled it was found that there was little space left for the foreign

ones, so that only a very small part of them could be exhibited. It

was decided that the Japanese species should be replaced with those

from abroad twice or thrice a year, and that the first replacement

should be made in August next, The foreign species are to be ex-

hibited just as a tourist goes round the world, according to the coun-

tries whence they come. For purposes of reference, Mr. Hirase

desires to exhibit photographs of museums and exhibit-rooms; of

vivaria, or places connected with the cultivation of mollusks; of

shell-button factories; also photographs of shores or other natural

habitats of mollusks, in any country, and scenes of collecting shells,

and of natives who wear shells as ornaments. We hope that

American conchologists will supply a creditable exhibit for the

United States.

The opening of the Museum was commemorated by the issue of a

handsome series of postal cards, which with other gifts were sent to

friends and correspondents in Japan and abroad.

UNIO (NEPHRONAIAS) ORTMANNI, N. SP.

BY L. 8S, FRIERSON.

Shell large and ponderous, length 82, alt. 44, diam. 30 mm.,

variable in shape, elliptical, to subtrapezoidal, frequently arcuate ;

sides somewhat flattened, biangulate behind, or very bluntly pointed.

The young are obsoletely rayed, greenish yellow ; adults are eradiate

and dark brown. Beaks small, incurved, pointed, low, and without

THE NAUTILUS. 15:

any sculpturing. The whole disc is densely and heavily sulcate,

nacre white, salmon or purple. Teeth strong; cardinals double in

both valves; laterals single in the right valve, cicatrices well

marked, confluent behind, separate before. Beak cavities rather

shallow.

Dr. Ortmann writes that the anatomy is practically that of the

Elliptio division of Unionide: Marsupium in the outer gills, glo-

chidia subcircular; length 0.23, alt. 0.22 mm., about like gibbosus

Barnes. Gravid in February. The sexes may not be indicated by

any dimorphism. Found by Mr. A. A. Hinkley, in the Conchins

River, near Quirigua, Guatemala (Atlantic drainage). Cotypes

have been generously distributed by Mr. Hinkley to the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the U. S. National Museum and

various collectors cabinets.

This shell is clearly placed in the Nephronaias division by its

evident near kinship to melleus Lea, and to persulcatus Lea, from

which species ortmanni differs in being much larger, and of a differ-

ent outline.

Some specimens resemble in shape U. goascoranensis Lea, and U.

sphenorhynchus Crosse and Fischer, but these species are not sulcate.

The anatomy of this shell being that of Hiliptio makes it necessary

for the systematist to recast his ideas of Nephronaias, hitherto sup-

posed to be allied to the Lampsiling. It is with great pleasure that

I dedicate this species to my friend, Dr. A. E. Ortmann.

Mr. Hinkley procured also numbers of the Unio calamitarum

Morelet, from a mountain stream, “‘ Rio Blanco,’ whose mouth lies

opposite Livingston.

The stones rolling down the stream after the tropical rains play

havoc with the Unios, ninety per cent. having met with accidents.

Consequently, the outlines of the shells are extremely variable. Mr.

Lea made the error of spelling the name calimatarum, pointed out

by von Martens, who supposes Morelet’s name to mean either ‘the

Unio of a little green frog,” or ‘of reeds” (as also Sowerby).

These shells of Hinkley’s show that Morelet may have intended that

his U. calamitarum should mean “the unio of calamities” (from

calamitas), but if so it is rather peculiarly constructed. The syn-

onymy of this shell includes the U. dysoni Lea, and U. lyalmarsont

Dunker, possibly others.

A plate illustrating U. ortmanni will appear next month.

16 THE NAUTILUS.

THE PACIFIC CONCHOLOGICAL CLUB.

BY CHESTER STOCK, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

There has long been felt the need of an organization on the Pacific

coast which would be valuable to the amateur collector, to the con-

chologist, and to those using conchology as supplementary to their

studies in zodlogy and palaeontology. With such a combined pur-

pose ‘in view, an organization known as the Pacific Conchological

Club has recently received its initial start at the University of Cali-

fornia. It is to be hoped that the beneficent effects of a society of

this sort will stimulate still further interest in conchology as a sci-

ence on this coast. |

The occasional meetings which will be held will bring the con-

chologist in touch with the invertebrate zodlogist and palaeontologist

and with their problems in which conchology so often plays an im-

portant role. Furthermore, it is the desire of the society to ulti-

mately establish at the university one of the largest collections of

shells on the coast. This collection will be augmented from time to

time by the results of excursions to the beaches and through the

medium of exchange.

On April 23d a meeting was held at the University of California,

at which time Mr. B. L. Clark reported on the molluscan fauna of

Bolinas Bay, California. A representative collection of this fauna

was obtained on a recent excursion held under the auspices of the

society. Other features of the program were a discussion on the

factors controlling the distribution of mollusks by Dr. F. B. Sumner,

and a report by Prof. W. J. Raymond on a thesis entitled, “ Varia-

tions in the Forms of Zhais found on the Pacific Coast,”’ by Bertha

M. Challis, of the University of Washington.

THE ZOOLOGICAL STATION AT NAPLES.

BY MAXWELL SMITH.

(Concluded from page 6.)

Continuing the account of our dredging trip in the Bay of Naples,

on board of the ‘¢‘ Johannis Miiller,’’ the second haul was in 150 feet

THE NAUTILUS. 17

of water and resulted in the capture of a dozen living Scaphander

fignarius, L., the animal of which is much larger than the shell.

The third haul was in 450 feet of water on mud bottom, which

seemed a more congenial home for mollusks. This time the net

came up quite full. Its contents were washed cleaner of mud by

running the steamer full speed ahead before lifting the net over the

rail. The more delicate fish and other animals were removed first,

then the mud was scooped up by hand after it had been deposited

on the deck. A quantity at a time was then placed in one of two

trays in a sifting box, sea water was poured over these, the upper

retaining the larger and the lower the smaller objects, the mud and

water passing out of an opening below. In this way the material

was quickly separated. The larger animals were put immediately

into jars of sea water, arranged in baskets on the deck, while the

smaller were placed in buckets to be examined and sorted later.

Among many small forms I noticed the following :

Hyalaea tridentata Forsk.

Aeolis sp.

Fusus rostratus Olivi.

Nassa limata Chem.

Pecten flexuosus Poli.

Pecten pes-felis L.

At 3 p. m. it was necessary to return, as the catch might have

been spoiled by the swell which grew stronger. Upon our arrival

in Naples the material was at once transferred to the zodlogical sta-

tion. The animals which are to be preserved are treated with

cocaine. In the case of the mollusca this leaves them extended

from the shell, as in life. A 75 per cent. solution of alcohol is

finally used for their preservation. The institution issues a priced

catalogue, and the specimens are sold and delivered to museums in

all parts of the world.

At the time of this writing the zodlogical station is building a

much larger steamer for dredging, so that in the future the work

will not be restricted to the Bay of Naples, but will include Sicily

and the adjacent coasts. This boat will have a laboratory, library,

and cabins for sleeping on board, besides more powerful dredging

machinery for work in still deeper water. It is to be hoped that

the Mediterranean, with its rich cosmopolitan fauna, will soon be

‘better known from a biological point of view.

18 THE NAUTILUS.

THE UNIONE FAUNA OF THE GREAT LAKES.

BY BRYANT WALKER, SC. D.

The Unione fauna of the Great Lakes is one of considerable

interest to the student of geographic distribution. It might naturally

be expected that the St. Lawrence system, extending from Minne-

sota to the ocean, and affording a continuous waterway of more than

2,000 miles, and which flows nearly east and west through a region

of substantially the same climatic and other environmental condi-

tions, and with no natural connections with the Mississippi and Ohio

systems, would be inhabited by a common fauna, throughout its

entire length. As compared with the Mississippi drainage system,

which extends from the far north to the almost semi-tropical regions

of the Gulf States, it would seem that the fauna of the latter would

naturally be much more diverse in its character than that of the St.

Lawrence system, but the contrary is the case. The fauna of the

Mississippi Valley, from one end to the other, is a substantially

homogeneous fauna, varying simply in the number of species in differ-

ent parts of its extent. But on examining the Unionide of the

Great Lakes, we find that, while the fauna of Lake Superior, at the

western extremity of the system is similar to that of the lower St.

Lawrence, and the New England States, there is in the center of

the system, with Lake Erie as its metropolis, an entirely different

fauna, which extends eastward as far as the Ottawa River and Mon-

treal, and westward to the Saginaw Valley, and even perhaps as far

as Mackinac. The relations of this fauna are entirely with that of

the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys.

This interpolation of a distinct faunal area in the middle of a

great drainage system is very remarkable, and, so far as I know, is.

without parallel in any other of the great river systems of the world.

And when, in addition to this, we find that there this intermediate

fauna is, in almost every case, so modified from the typical form of

the several species represented, that, in a very large proportion of

the species, the Great Lake forms have, at one time or another,

been described as species distinct from the typical forms as found

in the Mississippi fauna, and that this fact has recently been made

the basis of an argument by Dr. Scharff, in his interesting book on

the ‘ Distribution and Origin of Life in America,” for his theory of

THE NAUTILUS. 19:

an unglaciated area in central North America, on the ground that

this peculiar fauna of Lake Erie and the adjoining waters is a relict

fauna, the remnant of a pre-glacial immigration from the south, rather

than a post-glacial invasion, which has been modified since the dis-

appearance of the glacier, the subject becomes one of considerable:

importance and worthy of careful consideration.

The study of the geographic distribution of the North American

Naiades is one of comparatively recent origin, and it is only within

the last fifteen or twenty years that any particular attention has been

given toit. The fact is that it is only within that time that suffi-

cient data have been accumulated, upon which any reasonable gen-

eralizations could be based. The time and efforts of the earlier

generation of students, of which Dr. Lea was the leading exponent,

were wholly taken up in differentiating and describing the new

species as they were collected in various parts of the country. The

first attempt to deal in any general way with the distribution of the

fauna was that of Simpson, who, in his monumental work, ‘“ The

Synopsis of the Naiades,” published in 1900, not only put the classi-

fication of the family for the first time upon a scientific basis, but

also separated the fauna into its several main constituents.

According to Simpson, North America, north of Mexico, is

divided into three great faunal areas: on the east and limited on the

west by the Appalachian Mountains toward the south, and extending

in an indefinite direction towards the north and northwest, is the

Atlantic region; on the west coast, bounded by the Rocky Mountains

and the Sierra Nevadas on the east, is the Pacific region; while the

whole interior portion of the country, extending from the Gulf as

far north as Unione life can survive, forms one large province in-

habited by the fauna, which he calls the Mississippian. The addi-

tional information of the subject that has been accumulated since the

publication of Simpson’s book has served only to confirm the cor-

rectness of his general division into these three great regions, but,

as might be naturally expected, certain modifications will have to he

made as the results of our increased knowledge of the range of many

of the species. So far as the purposes of this paper are con-.

cerned, it is only necessary to say that, in figure 1, p. 20, I have

extended the Atlantic region across the Georgian Bay and about

half way along the eastern end of Lake Superior, both on the north.

and on the south shores.

20 THE NAUTILUS.

Ere. a

While it is, perhaps, probable that the whole of Lake Superior

should be included in this system, I have hesitated to do so on ac-

count of the apparent failure of Unio complanatus, which may be

considered the characteristic species of the fauna, to extend into the

western part of the lake. It is quite possible that it may, but we

have no definite record of its occurrence west of Marquette county,

Michigan, on the south shore, or of the Michipicoten River, on the

north shore. It was not found by the University of Michigan expe-

ditions of 1904 and 1905, either in the streams of Ontonagon county,

THE NAUTILUS. |

Michigan, on the south shore, nor at Isle Royale, at the western end

of the lake. On the other hand, Lampsilis luteola, a characteristic

species of the Mississippian fauna, was common at Isle Royale, and

is known to extend along the south shore as far at least as Marquette

county, and is represented on the north shore by a closely allied form,

Lampsilis superioriensis, from the Michipicoten River.

The fauna of the Atlantic region, in its northern portion, is a very

meagre one. As represented in the New England States, and in a

general way as far south as Mason and Dixon’s Line, it consists of

only thirteen species, but south of that, and increasingly so towards

the extreme south, it becomes a wonderfully varied fauna, in which

the specific lines in many of the groups seem to be almost wholly

obliterated. As an example of this, it might be mentioned that, in

the case of Unio complanatus Dill., while Dr. Lea, in the northern

portion of the region, recognized only the one species, in the southern

portion he described no less than forty-six forms as distinct species,

which Simpson in his synopsis has referred to the typical form as

synonyms.

Taking the Atlantic fauna as represented in New England as the

basis of comparison with that of the Great Lakes, as found in Lake

Erie and the Detroit River, we find the two faunas represented by

the following list :

LAKE ERIE. NEW ENGLAND.

Truncilla

triquetra triangularis Bar.

sulcata delicata Simpson.

perplexa rangiana Lea.

Micromya fabalis Lea.

Lampsilis Lampsilis

ventricosa canadensis Lea. cartosa Say.

ochracea Say.

multiradiata Lea.

luteola rosacea DeKay. radiata Gmel.

recta sageri Con.

nasuta Say. nasuta Say.

iris Lea.

parva Bar.

alata Say.

22 THE NAUTILUS.

gracilis Bar.

leptodon Raf.

Obovaria

lecbit Lea.

ellipsis Lea.

Plagiola

elegans Lea.

donaciformis Lea.

Obliquaria reflexa Raf.

Strophitus edentulus Say. Strophitus undulatus Say..

Anodonta Anodonta

marginata Say. marginata Say.

imbecilis Say.

grandis footiana Lea. cataracta Say.

implicata Say.

grandis benedictensts Lea.

Anodontoides ferussaciana sub-

cylindracea Lea.

Symphynota

compressa Lea.

costata Raf.

Alasmidonta _ Alasmidonta

undulata Say.

marginata varicosa Lam. marginata varicosa Lam..

calceolus Lea. | heterodon Lea.

Hemilastena ambigua Say.

Margaritana margaritifera L..

Unio gibbosus Bar. Unio complanatus Dill.

Quadrula

hippop@a Lea (plicata Say ?).

lachrymosa Lea.

pustulosa Lea.

rubiginosa Lea.

undata Bar. (?).

coccinea paupercula Simp.

subrotunda Lea.

tuberculata Raf.

The Atlantic fauna is made up of five genera and thirteen species,.

THE NAUTILUS. pe

while the Lake Erie fauna includes fifteen genera and thirty-nine

species.

Of the Atlantic fauna, three species, Lampsilis nasuta, Anodonta

marginata and Alasmidonta marginata varicosa, and perhaps a

fourth,' are also found in Lake Erie.

Two species, Margaritana margaritifera, a preglacial immigrant

from Europe, and Alasmidonta undulata, do not extend into the Erie

‘basin and have no closely allied representatives there.

The remainder, though not found in the Lake Erie fauna, are,

nevertheless, represented there by closely allied species evidently of

a common derivation, as indicated in the foregoing list. Elimina-

ting these species, we find the remainder of the Lake Erie fauna to

consist of eleven genera and thirty species, which are not repre-

sented in any way in the New England fauna.

The relation of these two faunas in the region of the Great Lakes

region can, perhaps, be best shown graphically by a comparison of

the range of two of their characteristic species, which are closely

related to each other, and both of wide distribution, viz., Unio com-

planatus Dill, and W. gibbosus Bar.

It will be observed from figure 2, that Unio complanatus ex-

tends from the Atlantic region proper, northwesterly across Ontario

into Georgian Bay, up the St. Mary’s River and along the eastern

half of both the north and south shores of Lake Superior, and, so far

-as we know, probably occupies all of the Canadian region north and

east of that line as far as Hudson’s Bay and Labrador. On the

other hand, Unio gibbosus, the representative of the Mississippian

fauna, extends from the Menominee River, the dividing line between

Wisconsin and Michigan, entirely around the shore of Lake Michigan

and along the south shore of Lake Huron from Mackinac through

the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the south shore of Lake Erie,

and east as far as the Ottawa River. At that point the two species

_are found living together in the same stream. It occupies, of course,

the entire inland region south of the Great Lakes in Wisconsin, IlIli-

nois, Michigan, Ohio and western New York.

1 The specific distinctness of Strophitus edentulus and undulatus is questioned

-by eminent authority.

(To be continued.)

24 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES.

GALBA FERRUGINEA IN OrEGON.—Recently Mr. John A. Allen

sent me some small living Lymnaeas which, upon comparison with

western species, proved to be Galba ferruginea (Haldeman). They

were collected in a small pool at Oswego, Clockamas Co., Oregon,

and furnish the first authentic record of this species for this State.

G. ferruginea has been authentically reported from California and

Washington. It was originally credited to Oregon by Haldeman,

the specimens being collected by Nuttall, but no locality was given.

Mr. Allen has added to his collecting laurels by rediscovering this

species in the State from which it was first described.

These specimens show that there is considerable variation in the

degree of impression of the inner lip on the parietal wall, and hence

the umbilicus may be widely open or almost closed. The animal is

dark yellowish-horn flecked with small white dots—Frank C.

BAKER.

REVERSED SUCCINEA OVALIS AND OTHER SHELLS OF FRESH

Ponp, CamBripGE, Mass.—While looking for Planorbis hirsutus,

I found a number of other interesting things at Fresh Pond. Vitrea

hammonis (electrina Gld.), Pupa ovata (modesta), Euconulus fulvus,

Succinea ovalis, retusa and avara, Vallonia costata and excentrica,

Cochlicopa lubrica, Helicodiscus parallelus, Zonitoides arborea, Pyra-

midula cronkhitei anthonyi, etc., and 17 species of fresh-water shells. —

Among the Succinea was one live, full-grown ovalis reversed. Is

this a common occurrence? I have never found one before.—WIL-

LIAM F. Criapp, May 6, 19138.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

On AporemMopon, A REMARKABLE NEW PuLMONATE GENUS.

By G. C. Robson (Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., April, 1913).—A

minute limpet from Singapore is described under the above caption.

The shell is brownish-yellow with red radial stripes, the apex ante-

rior and turned toward the left side. The dentition has a remark-

able resemblance to that of Vallonia, near which it is for the present

classed by Mr. Robson. We suspect that it may turn out to belong

to the Stphonariide when the entire animal is known.—H. A. P.

PLATE II

THE NAUTILUS, XXVII.

UNIO ORTMANNI FRIERSON

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXVII. JULY, 1913. No. 3

= me. — Ey : aoe

SHELL COLLECTING ON THE WEST COAST OF BAJA CALIFORNIA.

BY H. N. LOWE.

My long anticipated collecting trip to the coast of Lower Cali-

fornia was at last realized in the spring of 1912, when a party was

being made up for a month’s cruise in Mexican waters.

The staunch little power yacht ‘ Flyer”

trip. Besides the crew of three, our party was made up of the

owner of the boat, the taxidermist, the tourist, the ornithologist, and

the conchologist.

After a day spent at San Diego securing our clearance papers and

half a day at Ensenada with the Mexican authorities, we were at

last on our way. We cast anchor for the night in a small cove a

few miles south of Point Banda. ‘There had been a slow drizzle of

rain all day and on going ashore I secured some five live specimens

was chartered for the

of Helix stearnsiana walking over the bushes. On Todos Santos

Islands and San Martin (the southern limit of the species) I found

live specimens under loose rocks, but none under or near any of the

numerous species of cactus which thrive here. On Santa Catalina

Island the nearly allied form Helix kelletti lives on the cactus

(cholla) and is found under it at all seasons of the year. A few

specimens of Glyptostoma newberryanum were found on the Todos

Santos.

At Point Banda I secured my first Monoceros lugubre, and though

a common species it gave me pleasure to find something I had never

before collected. The specimens found here were very small only

26 THE NAUTILUS.

about a quarter of the size of the fine ones further south from San

Martin and San Gerdnimo Islands. Further south, at Cape Col-

nette, large beds of Mytilus californicus were uncovered at low tide.

Among the mussels were fine large Monoceros pauciliratum Stearns

and Macron lividus. Wedged in between and attached to the

byssus of the mussels we found many Yapes grata Sby. and Tapes

staminea Conr., a rather unique place for that genus to be found.

A few good Saxicava arctica and one large Entodesma saxicola were

added to the list. The largest of the A/ytilus were worm-eaten,

wave worn and battered, and altogether the most disreputable look-

ing specimens I had ever seen. Many of the worst shells had quite

pretty pearls snugly hidden in their internal anatomy, some having

as many as twenty-six small ‘‘seed pearls”? and others but a single

large one. The pearls from this species, unlike the elegant ones

from the Haliot’s, have no commercial value, lacking sufficient

luster. The Tegula gallina Fbs. found here were mostly var. tincta

Hemphill. The Monoceros pauciliratum were right in their prime

here, though we found a few as far south as Cedros. Monoceros

engonatum Conr. although small were very good specimens but we

found none south of here.

Another day’s sail brought us to San Martin Island, lying five

leagues out from the “ Bay of the Five Hills.” It is a small island

of very evident volcanic origin, the crater of its extinct voleano

being visible for many miles. On climbing to the summit of the

crater we were dazzled by a wealth of golden daisies which carpeted

the interior. The only land shell to be found was the ever present

Helix stearnsiana, but this seemed to be its southern limit, as we

found few here and none further south. A natural breakwater of

black lava boulders runs out for half a mile from the south end

forming one of the best anchorages for small vessels on the coast.

This island, like San Gerdnimo, is the breeding place of thousands

of sea birds which come here in the spring—gulls, cormorants, terns,

osprey, turnstones, oyster-catchers, duck hawk, surf birds, pelicans,

etc. On San Geronimo Is. hundreds of auklets or ‘‘ mutton birds ”

were nesting in burrows which they dig in the sandy earth, laying

but one white egg about the size of a pigeon’s egg.

The wild fauna of these southern islands seems to be having hard

luck. On Guadalupe Is. the domestic cat, run.wild, has about ex-

terminated a rare petrel and several other birds from that island,

THE NAUTILUS. 27

On Cedros the dogs have entirely cleared out a rare dwarf species

of deer which formerly lived here. On Todos Santos the common

rat has in the last few years made life so strenuous for the sea birds

that they have given up nesting here entirely. Since birds’ eggs

have been cut out of the rat’s bill-of-fare, they have developed a

fondness for snails and I fear in a year or two ‘Todos Santos will be

as destitute of snails as it is of birds’ eggs.

San Gerénimo Island is smaller than San Martin, only about one

and a half miles in length and as bare as a picked hen. Its barren

sandy soil seems incapable of supporting any vegetation save a few

stunted bushes. Only very dead specimens of Helix levis var. near

erassula Dall were obtainable, though I made a thorough and

systematic search for them. The reefs on the west side yielded a

number of good small species.

Margarites acuticostatus Cpr. Eulima bitorta Van.

Mitromorpha gracilior Hemphill. Modiolus opifex Say.

Truncatella stimpsoni Stearns Milneria minima Dall.

Arca gradata Brod. & Sby. Cardita subquadrata Cpr.

Mitra lowei Dall. Columbella penicillata Cpr.

Marginella varia. Fusus luteopictus Dall.

Marginella politula Cooper. Lucina californica Conr.

Triforis pedroana B. Hipponyx antiquatus Linn.

Bittium attenuatum Cpr. Gadinia reticulata Sby.

Bittium munitum munitoides B. Opalia crenatoides Cpr.

Cerithiopsis alcima B. Ocinebra gracillima Stearns.

Cerithiopsis pedroana B. Pecten latiauritus Cpr.

Cerithiopsis carpenteri B. Acmaea asmi Midd.

Turbonilla buttoni D. & B. Mitromorpha filosa Gabb.

Odostomia helga D. & B.

On San Gerénimo we found Acmea persona Esch and var. digt-

talis, also a form of A. spectrum which seemed to be copying the

peculiar shape of A. persona, Acmea scabra, A. pelta var. nacel-

loides and Lottia gigantea Gray were also found on the reefs.

The Tegula gallina were the largest I have ever seen.

We left San Gerénimo Island rather hurriedly the evening of the

second day as a southeaster was coming up. Next morning found

us at the north end of Cedros Island where the Esperanza Mining

Company had their wharf and buildings for shipping the gold ore

from their mines in the interior of the island. ‘There were prac-

28 THE NAUTILUS.

tically no marine species at this end of the island as the shore line

drops into deep water. After several days’ search I was well repaid

by finding some fine live specimens of the beautiful Helix veatchit

(Newe.) Tryon. This species varies much from almost white to

dark many-banded specimens. At first I found a few fairly good

dead shells, but search as I might under stones, through cactus, and

chaparral not a live one could I find, until by chance I spied one

roosting on a limb of the dwarf oak peculiar to this island, This

species seems to be entirely a tree snail.

At the south end of the island a Helix identified by Dr. Pilsbry

with H. canescens Ads. and Rve. occurs in colonies in exposed places

on rocks. #H. veatchii is scattered over a larger area on the island,

the many color varieties being found sometimes on the same tree.

At South Bay Cedros Island we collected under stones at low

water the following :

Semele rupium Sby. Callistochiton decoratus.

Vermetus fewkesii Yates. Chaetopleura gemmea Cpr.

Scurria mesoleuca Mke. Cyanoplax hartwegii.

Latirus lugubris C. B. Ads. Nuttallina scabra.

Drillia moesta Cpr. Murex incisa.

Trivia solandri. Murex nuttalli Conr.

Arca reeviana d Orb. Lucapina crenulata.

Arca gradata B. & S. Macron lividus A. Ads.

Columbella fasciata Sby. Amphissa versicolor Dall.

Mopalia muscosa Gld. Tegula aureotinctum Fbs.

Ishnochiton conspicuus Cpr. Tegula gallina Fbs.

Ishnochiton acrior Cpr. Fissurella volcano Rve.

Ishnochiton didymus B. Fissurella volcano var. crucifera

Ishnochiton clatheratus Cpr. Dall.

Callistochiton crassicostatus Cpr. Megatebennus bimaculatus.

Cedros Island seems to be the northern limit of the large red crab

Grapsus grapsus. ‘They are very hard to catch for the moment

they see one approaching, they clatter off pell-mell over the rocks as

fast as their ten legs will carry them and jump into deep water

where they swim like a fish.

On a pebble beach midway the east coast of Cedros I found the

following beach-worn shells cast up by some storm; the list is inter-

esting in that it shows the intermingling of northern and southern

species at this point.

HE NAUTILUS. 29

Cypraea spadicea Gray.

Ranella californica.

Pomaulax undosus Wood.

Conus californicus Conr.

Semele decisa Conr.

Uvanilla regina Stearns.

Venus fordii Yates.

Triton gibbosum.

Macron aethiops.

Cymatium corrugatum Lam.

Conus gradatus Mawe.

Arca grandis B. & S.

Dosinia ponderosa.

Pecten subnodosus.

Fusus dupetithouarsi Kiener.

Drillia penicillata Cpr.

Monoceros muricatum Brod.

Crucibulum imbricatum.

Purpura biserialis Blve.

Venus undatella Sby.

Cassis sp.

Oniscia sp.

For several miles along the cliffs on the southwest coast of Cedros

extends a well marked stratum about a foot in thickness of Lucina

californica, and very strangely not another marine species was

found with them.

In about ten fathoms off Palm Spring on the east coast we suc-

ceeded in making one haul of the dredge with the following results :

Hemicardium biangulatum. Nassa insculpta.

Pecten latiauritus.

A number of small or difficult species collected on the trip remain

to be identified. A list of them will appear later. Dr. Pilsbry has

in press an illustrated paper on the Helices of the Micrarionta group

collected.

As the weather was unfavorable for a continued southerly cruise,

we reluctantly headed the “ Flyer” for home where we arrived just

four weeks from the time of starting.

3 THE UNIONE FAUNA OF THE GREAT LAKES.

BY BRYANT WALKER, SC. D.

(Continued from page 23.)

The distribution of these two species, Unio complanatus and U.

gibbosus (fig. 2), in a general way, shows the relative position the

Atlantic and Mississippian faunas occupy in the region of the Great

Lakes. Of course there are variations in the range of individual

species, but these, on the whole, do not interfere with the general

proposition to be discussed in this paper.

THE NAUTILOUS.

"leg snsoqqt? ofug

—-*T Tid sngeustdmos ofug

*>FO UOT NGTLYSTE

THE NAUTILUS. 31

The discussion, then, includes the consideration of four questions:

Ist, the origin of the Atlantic and Mississippian faunas; 2d, how and

when the peculiar extension of the Atlantic fauna to the northwest

took place; 3d, how and when the extension of the Mississippian

fauna into the Great Lakes took place; and 4th, whether the pecu-

liarly modified fauna of Lake Erie, as it exists to-day, is the result

of a pre-glacial invasion, which survived in that region during the

glacial period, or whether it was a post-glacial immigration.

qi,

In considering the present distribution of the Naiad fauna of North

America it is to be borne in mind that while our knowledge as yet

is only fragmentary, and there is a great deal more to be learned

before definite final conclusions can be drawn, nevertheless there are

certain fundamental facts which seem to be reasonably well estab-

lished, and with which such tentative deductions as we may attempt

to make at the present time must be in agreement.

In the first place, it seems to be well established that the peculiar

North American Naiad fauna originated west of the Mississippi, in

the region extending from Utah and Colorado north to Athabasca

and Saskatchewan, in British America.

The earliest forms of recognizable Naiades that are known are

from the Triassic and a few more are known from the Jurassic.

All these forms are simple and comparatively uniform in their char-

acter. But towards the end of the Cretaceous Period, there was,

for some reason or other, an extraordinary epidemic, as it were, of

mutation in this group, and, in the rocks that were laid down in

these western lands at that time, are to be found prototypes of many

of the modern groups, which are to-day characteristic of the recent

fauna.

In the second place, it is to be kept in mind that north of the line

of glaciation, the entire system of drainage was radically changed as

one of the results of the Glacial Period.

Thirdly, assuming the general proposition that the center of dis-

tribution of a group must be considered the region of the greatest

abundance of individuals and the greatest diversity of specific de-

velopment, it would seem to be reasonably well established that the

present fauna of the Mississippian region has spread out from two

great centers; the one on the east, in the head waters of what we

32 THE NAUTILUS.

now know as the Tennessee System, and the other in the southwest,

probably in the Ozark region.

Assuming the origin of the Naiad fauna in the western region

above mentioned, the first question to be determined is the deriva-

tion of the Atlantic fauna from this primitive fauna of Cretaceous

time in the west.

The oldest land in eastern North America is that known as the

Laurentian Highlands of Eastern Canada. With the gradual ele-

vation of the continent in early times, which ultimately resulted in

a connected land surface from the east to the mountainous regions of

the west, the earliest system of drainage that was established in the

region now occupied by the Great Lakes, was, according to the con-

sensus of the best geologic opinion, towards the west, and when, in

process of time, the highlands known as the Appalachian Mountains

and the Cumberland Plateau were raised up, they formed a water

shed, which determined the then existing systems of drainage.

According to Branner (1), prior to Cretaceous times, the then

Cumberland Plateau extended continuously from the Appalachian

Mountains southwest into western Texas. At that time the Missis-

sippi River was not in existence, the drainage from the south of this

great water shed was into the Gulf of Mexico, the drainage from its

north side was north and west, and probably in the beginning, ended

in the great Mesozoic sea, which extended along the foot of the

Rocky Mountains from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean,

While we do not know as much of the exact course of these pre-

glacial rivers as we should like, nor as much as we hope to know in

future, there has been of recent years a considerable advance in our

knowledge in this particular, and there is enough of data now avail-

able to give us at least a general idea of some of the particulars of

that ancient drainage system. It was, of course, entirely over-

whelmed and nearly obliterated by the effect of the ice cap, which

overthrew the ancient system, and from which grew our present sys-

tem of drainage, but here and there there are enough remnants to

afford us some information as to the lines along which this pre-

glacial drainage system was established.

As shown by Fig. 3, which is copied from Grabau (2), the pre-

glacial drainage of the region of the lower Great Lakes was towards

the southwest. The ancient Dundas River, originating in the Lau-

rentian Highlands, flowed southwesterly across the present bed of

THE NAUTILUS. 33

Lake Erie, and possibly along the general course of the present

Maumee and Wabash Rivers towards the western sea. In a similar

way the ancient Saginaw River was a western-flowing stream,

extending from the highlands on the east across the Georgian Bay,

up the Saginaw Valley, and southwest towards the sea. And fur-

ther north a similar drainage was also established. According to

Fowke (8) the present course of the Ohio River is quite different

from that of the great river which drained that region in pre-glacial

Fig.. 3.

OE aa oO pe gli He SAM te wy

Ten A

times, The present course of the Ohio is made up of fragments of

ancient drainage beds united by connecting links forced through by

the glacial waters on the retreat of the ice. According to Grabau

the present bed of the Ohio is about 150 feet above the ancient bed

of the pre-glacial drainage, and according to Fowke the Great

Kanawha River, which is now a southern tributary of the Ohio, at

that time flowed northwesterly across southern Ohio into Indiana,

and presumably, either as a separate river or as a tributary of the

Dundas, flowed westerly towards the sea or into the Mississippi.

34 THE NAUTILUS.

If these theories of the ancient pre-glacial drainage of this region

are correct, it does not require much imagination to see how, from

their ancient place of origin in the west, the primitive ancestral

forms of our present fauna were enabled to spread to the east up

these ancient waterways to the headwaters of these pre-glacial

streams, and then, during the many elevations and sinkings of

Tertiary times, through the stream transference consequent upon

such orographic changes, this immigration of the primitive fauna

was transferred into the eastern drainage, and thus became the an-

cestral stock of the present Atlantic fauna.

That this emigration from the west to the east was a very early

one, there can be no doubt, and that it was long antecedent to the

Glacial Period seems beyond question, both from a geological and a

zoological standpoint. The fact that not only from the Glacial

Period, but for long ages prior to that time, the Appalachian system

must have been a barrier to the entrance of the western fauna into

eastern waters would seem to be beyond question, and this view is

strengthened and corroborated by the fact that the two faunas have

been so long separated that they have become specifically differ-

entiated in the great majority of cases. The time that is involved

in such a change must be very great. ‘That it must be so is shown

by the fact that the fossil Unios found in the inter-glacial drift of

eastern Canada are the same as the recent examples of the same

species found to-day. It is probable that this emigration from the

west took place after the primitive fauna of early times had begun

to mutate under the peculiar influence of the later Cretacic times,

and while, of course, there is much that is indefinite and purely

speculative in regard to these questions, there are some facts, which

seem to point with some directness, as to when that migration might

have taken place. |

One of the characteristic species of the Atlantic fauna is Lamp-

silis radiata, which extends at the present time along nearly the

whole extent of the Atlantic drainage. It is very closely related to

another characteristic species of the Mississippian fauna, the Lamp-

silis luteola, and, indeed, these two specimens are so closely related

that while in the main there is no difficulty for the average student

to separate them, yet oftentimes there are individual specimens

which are very difficult to place with entire satisfaction.

(To be continued.)

THE NAUTILUS. oo

NOTES.

Dr. A. E. OrrMANN reports excellent collecting of Unionid@ in

Wise Co., Va., and southward. Some very interesting systematic

observations have been made.

Mr. H. F. Carpenter of Edgewood, Providence, R. I., has just

returned from a four months’ trip to South America.

Mr. C. W. Jounson is about to leave Boston for a collecting

campaign in northern Vermont in the interests of the New England

faunal collection of the Boston Society of Natural History.

At the Natural History Museum on November 29th, Mr. Edgar

Albert Smith, I. S. O., Assistant-Keeper in the Zoological Depart-

ment, was presented by the Director, Dr. L. Fletcher, F. R. S., on

behalf of a large number of subscribers with a silver tea and coffee

service, a drawing room clock anda pair of field glasses. Mr. Smith

has served the Trustees of the British Museum for 45 years, having

joined the staff in 1867. The subscribers included, besides his col-

leagues on the Museum staff, many friends outside who are inter-

ested in mollusca, the group of animals to which Mr. Smith’s

scientific work has mainly been devoted.— The Museums Journal.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

CATALOGUE OF THE BRITISH SPECIES OF PISIDIUM (recent and

fossil) in the collections of the British Museum, with notes on those

of Western Europe. By B. B. Woodward, F. L.S., etc. Printed

by order of the Trustees of the British Museum, 1913. Pp. ix +

144; 30 plates. “ Of all the genera of British non-marine mollusca

none has presented more difficulties to the student than Pisidium.

The small size of the shells, their great variability, the lack in most

cases of any striking external characteristics, as well as the confusion

in which the subject has been left by the various authorities, have

all contributed to these difficulties, with the result that the genus has

36 THE NAUTILUS.

been largely neglected.” Conchologists everywhere will heartily

agree with the opening paragraph of Mr. Woodward’s book, quoted

above, which is true not only of British Pisidia, but of the genus

throughout its range.

In the discrimination of species, characters of the hinge are chiefly

relied upon, the forms of the individual teeth and other details of

hinge-structure affording criteria of far more value, according to Mr.

Woodward, than external shape and sculpture of the shell. ‘In

one locality, all the species will exhibit less sculpturing than the

normal forms; in another, more; all may be dwarfed or all abnor-

mally large; occasionally one species in the gathering will show

greater increase in size over: the average, while its associates are

undersized ; or exaggerated inflation may be the prevailing feature.”

While other authors have described the teeth of Pisidia, the subject

has never before been dealt with in the thorough manner of this

work. The terminology of M. Félix Bernard is used in the descrip-

tions of hinges.

The author does not venture to establish subgenera, and seems

skeptical of those proposed by other writers.

Seventeen species are recognized, fourteen of them living in the

British Islands, two extinct. The work on British forms necessi-

tated a critical study of practically all Palearctic Pisidia,—a couple

of hundred described forms, most of them synonyms or indetermi-

nate,—so that the scope of the work is far broader than its title

indicates. Distribution, both recent and as fossils, is dealt with in

the most ample manner. The plates illustrate very fully the local

variations, the figures being photographs enlarged two to three

diameters and reproduced by gelatine process. It may be questioned

whether a smaller number of larger figures would not be more use-

ful. There are also four plates of much enlarged figures showing

the hinges.

Whether the development of methods, the examination of vast

numbers of specimens from many localities, or the study of an in-

volved and exasperating literature is considered, the practical con-

chologist will realize that Mr. Woodward’s task has involved an

enormous total of work. Notwithstanding its geographic limitations

we believe that the Catalogue will initiate a new epoch in the study

of this family, all over the world. H. ark

j .

F os .

‘

° .

j ? > « ,

t ive a4 3

i i ;

4 '

r * = »

. Pie | i

+”

THE NAUTILUS, XXVIII. PLATE III

CUBAN AND WEST AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXVII. AUGUST, 1913. No. 4

———

ILLUSTRATIONS OF CUBAN AND WEST AMERICAN SHELLS.

The figures on plate III represent types or cotypes of the follow-

ing species :

Fig. 1. Chondropoma wilcoxt P. & H. Cotype. NavutTiILus

XXVI, 45. )

Figs. 2,3. Chondropoma garcianum Torre MS. Types. Palma

Sola, prov. Matanzas, Cuba.

Fig. 4. Chondropoma carenasense P. & H. Cotype. Cayo

Carenas, Cuba. Nautitus XXVI, 44.

Figs. 5,6. Annularia ramsdeni P.& H. GQ Cotype. NavrTiLus

XXVI, p. 42. Fig. 7, 2 Cotype.

Figs. 8, 9. Annularta pseudalatum Torre. Type. NavutTiLus

XXVI, 43. —

Figs. 10, 11,12. Oreohelix pygmea Pils. See p. 51.

Figs. 13, 14. Epiphragmophora dupetithouarst cuestana Edson.

Cotype. Navrtitus XXVI, p. 37.

Figs. 15, 16,17. Epiphragmophora tudiculata grippti Pilsbry.

Santee, 18 miles from San Diego, California.

SOME WYOMING SNAILS.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

Mollusk records for Wyoming are so scarce that the following

species in the University of Colorado Museum, recently collected in

that State by Messrs. Don W. Walker, Roy M. Butters and Norman

deWitt Betts, may be of interest:

38 THE NAUTILUS.

Oreohelix cooperi (W. G. B.). Horse Creek Station, Laramie

County, Wyoming (Butters).

Oreohelix coopert minor (Ckll.). North Fork of Rock Creek,

Johnson County, Wyoming (Betts).

Pupilla muscorum (Linné). North Fork of Clear Creek, Johnson -

County, Wyoming (Betts).

Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey. North Fork of Clear Creek, John-

sou County, Wyoming (Betts).

Euconulus fulvus alaskensis Pils. North Fork of Clear Creek,

Johnson County, Wyoming (Betts).

Pyramidula cronkhitet anthonyt Pils. North Fork of Clear Creek,

Johnson County, Wyoming (Betts).

Succinea avara Say. Ten miles northeast of Basin, Wyoming

(Walker).

A NEW OREOHELIX FROM COLORADO.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

In Toe Navti us, Vol. XXVI, p. 30, Dr. Pilsbry has indicated

that the forms of Oreohelix from Glenwood Springs and Newcastle

which have been tentatively recorded and distributed as O. haydent

gabbiana (Hemp.) are not gabbiana at all, but are forms of O. hen-

dersoni Pils. I have examined a large series from each place, and

have compared them with a large series of typical hendersoni. The

characters distinguishing the specimens from Newcastle and Glen-

wood from true hendersoni are so constant as to clearly entitle them

to a separate name, and yet the relationship, in spite of the lack of

intergrading specimens, is so evident it seems best to consider them

a subspecies rather than a distinct species.

OREOHELIX HENDERSONI DAKANI n. subsp,

Distinguished from typical hendersonz by the following shell char-

acters: Spire much more elevated; peripheral angulation of the

earlier whorls disappearing on the penultimate whorl, so that

scarcely a trace of it is observable in front of the aperture on the

last whorl of the adult shell; shell larger, whorls higher in proportion

to width, producing a corresponding difference in shape of aperture.

Alt. 14, diam. 22, whorls 54.

_ Types in University of Colorado Museum, cotypes in Academy of

{HE NAUTILUS. 39

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. ‘Type locality, northwest corner

of Peebles ranch, two miles up Elk Creek from Newcastle, Colorado,

where it was found in great abundance by Mr. Albert Dakan, in

April, 1908. Mr. Dakan was also the collector of the types of hen-

dersont. I found dakani nine miles east of Meeker, Colorado, in

1909, where it was associated with O. cooperi (W.G. B.). In color

the specimens from both localities average a trifle lighter than typ-

ical hendersont, being almost white, with a slight creamy tinge. A

large series from the well-known colony on the south side of the

Grand River at Glenwood Springs, Colorado, is on an average very

much darker and less robust, but otherwise so closely agrees with

the Newcastle specimens that I have not thought a separate name

advisable. The forms of this species agree in the almost total

absence of spiral color lines on the last whorl.

It may not be out of place to say here that Mr. Dakan has re-

cently found at Lyons, Colorado, typical specimens of O. haydeni

bethei Pils. & Ckll. This carries its range across to the eastern

base of the Front Range, which constitutes the Continental Divide,

and 100 miles to the northeast of the type locality.

TWO NEW ACHATINELLIDZ OF OAHU.

BY H, A. PILSBRY.

In March last I went in company with Dr. C. Montague Cooke from

Honolulu to Hilo, Hawaii, chiefly for the purpose of studying Mr.

Thaanum’s superb collection of Hawaiian shells. One of his recent

acquisitions was a sinistral Amastra, from Waiahole, which is certainly

new; and at his suggestion I name it for the companion of my Hawaiian

journey. Amastra montagut n. sp. is sinistral, imperforate, oblong-

conic, rather thin, chestnut colored, with a denuded ecru-olive patch in

front of the aperture. The surface has a somewhat silky gleam, due

to the rather fine wrinkles along lines of growth. The apex is ob-

tuse, embryonic whorls convex, nearly smooth; outlines of the spire

noticeably convex. Suture well impressed, the whorls a little swol-

len below it. The aperture is not very oblique, slate-violet within;

peristome black at the edge, strengthened by a low white callus

within; columella with reflexed and adnate edge, bearing a rather

strong, white, subtriangular lamella. Length 13, diam. 7.8, length

40 THE NAUTILUS.

of aperture 6 mm.; 54 whorls. It will be figured in the present vol-

ume of the Manual of Conchology.

Another species of unusual interest is a fossil Partulina which was

discovered by Dr. Cooke several years ago in a superficial road cut-

ting at the junction of Manoa road with the upper road, back of

Rocky Hill, which terminates the western ridge of Manoa valley.

Only one Partulina has been known in Oahu hitherto, that being

P. dubia (Newc.). The present form, which I will call Partulina

montagui n. sp., is not related to dubia, but to such Molokaian spe-

cies as P, dwightit Newce. I regard these two Partulinas and the

few Oahuan species of Laminella as stragglers from the Molokai-

Lanai-Maui evolution-center, which reached Oahu before the sub-

sidence of a ridge which I believe formerly connected the islands.

P. montagut cannot have been extinct for any great length of

time, as the specimens occur in the humus, only buried a few inches

below the turf. Probably the forest disappeared from where they

are found not more than seventy-five to a hundred years ago. It

must have been extinct in the early fifties, or it would surely have

been found by Newcomb, Gulick or Emerson.

The shell is sinistral, perforate, ovate-conic, with acuminate spire,

thick and solid, sculptured with close, irregular wrinkles, the last

whorl malleated ; whorls 74, the upper ones nearly flat, the rest con-

vex; suture superficial. Outer and basal margins of the peristome

expanded, thick, heavily thickened within; columellar margin thick;

columellar fold thick and moderately prominent.

Length 25, diam. 14 mm. (108181 A. N. S. P.).

Length 24.7, diam. 12.5 mm. (111 coll. Irwin Spalding).

Length 26.9, diam. 13.1 mm. (33581 B. P. Bishop Mus.).

THE UNIONE FAUNA OF THE GREAT LAKES.

BY BRYANT WALKER, SC. D.

( Continued from page 34.)

Now, according to the geologists, some time about the beginning

of the Cretaceous Period there was a great sinking of the land in the _

Gulf region. It extended from central Texas east to the middle of

Alabama, and in a triangular shape north to southern Illinois. It

THE NAUTILUS. 41

broke through and separated the ancient Cumberland Plateau, which

prior to that time extended continuously from the eastern mountains

into western Texas. It admitted the sea to a point, as above stated,

north of the present junction of the Ohio and Mississippi, and during

nearly the whole of Tertiary times there was a body of salt water

between the western highlands and the eastern portion of the Cum-

berland Plateau, in what is now Tennessee and Kentucky. This

invasion of the sea was, of course, an absolute barrier to any com-

munication between the Unione faunas of the two regions.

The evidence afforded by the present distribution of the species of

the group, to which these species belong, shows that its center of dis-

tribution, as affecting the present fauna, was in the southwest. Not

only is the southwest the region of the greatest variation in the spe-

cies of this group, but, while it extends from Texas easterly along

the Gulf States as far as Alabama, and even into Georgia and

Florida, and extends north through the entire Mississippi Valley to

the Appalachians on the east and the Arctic regions on the north,

there is no representative of that group found to-day, so far as

records show, in any part of the Tennessee Valley. The inference

to be drawn from this fact is that the group originated in the west,

and after the great landslide of Cretaceous times. Another ex-

ample, bearing upon the same general fact, is the distribution of the

group, of which the well-known Quadrula rubiginosa is a leading

example. If we are to rely upon the proposition that the center of

distribution is the region where there is the greatest abundance of

individuals and of specific forms, it would seem certain that this

group originated in the southwest and from thence spread eastward

to its present distribution. But Quadrula rubiginosa, like Lampsilis

luteola, is not found in the Tennessee Valley. Its distribution

through the Gulf States is similar to that of the Lampsilis, and its

distribution north through the Mississippi and Ohio valleys is

exactly the same. Like J/uteola, it is found in the Lake Erie, but

for some reason, that we do not now know, no form of that group

ever succeeded in obtaining a foothold at any time in the northern

Atlantic fauna.

If the inferences to be drawn from these facts and others like

them are to be relied upon, there would seem to be good reason to

infer that the emigration, which was the beginning of the Atlantic

fauna, took place after the invasion of the sea in the Mississippi

42 THE NAUTILUS.

Valley in Cretaceous times, and would probably seem to have been in

later Cretaceous or early Tertiary times.

It would seem most probable that the primitive ancestral form of

the complanatus group also reached the Atlantic region by the same

northern route. Although the greatest diversity of forms belonging

to it is now peculiar to the southeastern Atlantic states and, under

the axiom already quoted, would seem to indicate that that region

was the center of distribution of the group, the weight of evidence

is against it.

As has already been stated, the invasion of the sea up the Missis-

sippi Valley in Cretaceous times prevented any emigration towards

the east from the southwest during nearly the whole of the Tertiary

Period. Moreover, during the greater part of that time this region

itself was covered by the sea. The invasion of the southeastern

States by the present Unione fauna must necessarily have been,

comparatively speaking, a recent one. Had it been coincident with

the advance of the southwestern fauna that now occupies the Gulf

States to the west of the Alabama River, there would, no doubt, be

some evidence left in the present fauna of those States. But there is

none. The present distribution of the group shows that it stops

abruptly before reaching the Alabama River. With one exception,

the group is not represented in the fauna of the Alabama at the

present time, nor is it found at all in any of the Gulf States west of

that river.

The exuberant variability of the group in the southeastern States

at the present time would also seem to indicate that it is compara-

tively a new comer, and that it has not even yet had time to settle

down to stable lines of development.

On the other hand, the homogeneity of the group as a whole, in

spite of its extreme variability within the group limits, would indi-

cate that it is of ancient origin. ‘The extraordinary range of the

typical species, from Lake Superior to the Atlantic and south to

Georgia, is evidence in the same direction.

Taking everything into consideration it must be said that, with

the exception of a comparatively small number of species that from

one cause or another have been able to get into the South Atlantic

States from the faunas of the Alabama and Tennessee systems, all

the evidence goes to show that the characteristic fauna of that region

has been derived from the north.

THK NAUTILUS. 48

If.

Assuming, then, that the Atlantic fauna, in its inception, was

derived from a very early immigration from the west, there has been

abundance of time for it to become specifically differentiated. Un-

less the unanimous opinion of the geologists of this country is en-

tirely wrong, it is clear that whatever remnants of this ancient fauna

were left along the course of this ancient track of migration towards

the east in the region of the Great Lakes were wiped out absolutely

by the invasion of the ice during the Glacial Period. Whatever

may be said in regard to there being any geological evidence of an

unglaciated area in north central British America, there would seem

to be no doubt but that the region of the Great Lakes was the very

center of the destruction wrought by the invasion of the ice. As

has already been said, the entire system of drainage was absolutely

changed. The old system was wiped out and a new and radically

different one established. ‘The Great Lakes themselves are entirely

the result of changes in the earth’s surface, wrought by the invasion

and subsequent retreat of the ice. It is stated by Grabau that at

Detroit the present surface is 180 feet above the pre-glacial surface,

and that the ancient bed of the pre-glacial Cuyahoga at Cleveland is

400 feet below the bed of the present river, and, as has already been

stated, the present bed of the Ohio is 150 feet above that of its

ancient predecessor. According to Taylor (4) the front of the re-

treating ice-cap at Toledo, Detroit and Port Huron stood in two

hundred feet of water. There is no part of the present area occu-

pied by the Great Lakes and their tributaries that was not included

within this area of glacial destruction. We may assume, therefore,

that whatever fauna was in existence prior to the advent of the ice

was wiped out absolutely from this region. This being assumed, the

present extension of the Atlantic fauna to the northwest must be

looked for in the various systems of temporary drainage that were

established in the post-glacial times prior to the final establishment

of the existing St. Lawrence system. ‘There can be no doubt but

that here and there in the Atlantic region, north of the glaciated

area, there were places in which the remnants of the ancient fauna

were preserved, and that, from these harbors of refuge, upon the

retreat of the ice, the Unionids were able to re-people the barren

waters of the new land.

The ice in the lower lake region retreated towards the north and

44 THE NAUTILUS.

east, and in the first stage, as soon as the edge of the glacier had

passed the height of land north of the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys,

the waters were impounded, and in the southern end of the present

Lake Michigan and in the western ends of the present Lake Superior

and Lake Erie, but at a much higher level, were formed the first

post-glacial lakes. Lake Maumee, at that time bounded on the

north and east by the ice, found an outlet into the Ohio through the

present valley of the Maumee and the Wabash. Upon the further

retreat of the ice to such an extent that a way was opened for an

Fie. 4.

‘

L.St Claé: *

‘

”

uae

)

outlet towards the east, there were successively different systems

established. One of the earliest of these (Fig. 4) was that known as

the Trent outlet, which extended, as shown by the figure, from the

eastern end of Georgian Bay southeast across Ontario into Lake

Ontario. From the south side of Lake Ontario the water flowed

through the present Mohawk Valley into the Hudson.

The opening of this new outlet to the east so lowered the water

that it was diverted from its former course through Lake Erie, and

the present area occupied by that lake became dry land, except for

such local drainage as might be necessarily incident to the region

THE NAUTILUS. 45

itself. Later, another outlet was formed, known as the Nipissing

outlet, at a still lower level, which resulted in the closing of the

Trent outlet, and the establishment of a new one along the present

valley of the Ottawa into the St. Lawrence. When the Nipissing

outlet was first established, however, there had been a lowering of

the land toward the east, and the sea had invaded the region toa

considerable distance up the Ottawa Valley beyond the present city

of Ottawa, and into Lake Ontario. Later, with the subsequent

rising of the land, the Nipissing outlet flowed through the present

Ottawa Valley into what is now known as the St. Lawrence. It

seems reasonably certain that the western invasion of the Great

Lake region of the Atlantic fauna was through either the Trent or

the Nipissing outlet, and the probability is in favor of the Trent out-

let, because that was always entirely fresh water, and there would

seem to be every probability, from what we know of the inter-glacial

extension of the Mississippi fauna into this region, that the post-

glacial lakes were almost immediately invaded by the fish and with

them the Unionidz of the regions to the south and to the east. So

far as the particular question here involved is concerned, it is im-

material by which of these routes the invasion took place. Both of

them began on the west, at the Georgian Bay, and afforded a con-

tinuous waterway from the east to the northwest. Both of these

outlets were antecedent to the establishment of an outlet through the

Niagara River. That no invasion from the east of the Atlantic

fauna could have taken place by that route is clear for the reason

that there was always, toa greater or less degree, a falls in the

Niagara River, which was an absolute barrier to any migration of

the fish upstream from the east, and that there was no such invasion

from the east by that route is shown by the fact that in the case of

the Unio complanatus, there is no evidence to show that it ever

reached Lake Erie. The remarkable agreement between the pres-

ent range of Unio complanatus and the route of these earlier post-

glacial outlets is evidently more than a mere coincidence. If, then,

the invasion was through either the Trent or the Nipissing outlet

into Georgian Bay, it is easy to see how the species spread along

the north shore of the Georgian Bay into the St. Mary’s, and from

thence into the eastern Lake Superior, without getting either into

Lake Erie, Lake St. Clair, or the lower part of Lake Huron.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

III.

As has already been stated, the first post-glacial lakes formed by

the retreat of the ice in this region were in the south end of Lake

Michigan and the west ends of Lake Erie and Lake Superior,

Fra. 5.

bounded on the south by the height of land and on the north and

east by the ice cap.

Glacial Lake Erie (Lake Maumee), at that period, drained south-

west into the Ohio, and as I have already shown in my paper on

THE NAUTILUS. 47

“The Distribution of the Unionids in Michigan,’’ (5) there can be

no doubt but that almost immediately there was an invasion of this

lake from the Ohio of the dominant species of that region, and it is

unnecessary at the present time to discuss that subject further. In

the same way, and at about the same time, the St. Croix outlet of

Lake Duluth into the Mississippi would have given an opportunity

for an invasion of that region by the Mississippian fauna. And it

would seem probable that the occurrence of Lampsilis luteola and

supertoriensis in the western portion of Lake Superior at the present

time is to be accounted for in that way.

(To be concluded.)

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THe Grant SPECIES OF THE MoLiuscan GeENus Lima Ob-

TAINED IN PHILIPPINE AND ADJACENT WATERS. By Paul Bartsch

(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 45, pp. 235-240, pls. 12-20, 1913),

The giant Limas here described were obtained during the Philippine

cruise of the fisheries steamer ‘' Albatross,” 1907-1910. They occur

only in deep water—161 to 559 fathoms. ‘ They are by no means

abundant or universally distributed, for of the 369 dredgings made

in more than 100 fathoms only 18 yielded these mollusks.” Lima

(Callolima) smithi measures as follows: Alt. 175 mm., lat. 118 mm.,

diam. 48 mm. The type was dredged off Baliscasag Island in 482

fathoms. JL. (Callolima) philippinensis measures, alt. 177, lat. 111,

diam, 37; dredged off the outer Tayabas Light in 190 fathoms. ZL,

(Callolima) rathbuni was obtained from eight stations at depths

ranging from 161 to 226 fathoms, the largest specimen measuring,

alt. 208 mm., lat. 156 mm., diam.59 mm. J. (Acesta) celebensis

has an alt. of 159 mm., and was dredged south of North Island,

Buton Strait, in 519 fathoms. The paper is a valuable contribu.

tion to our knowledge of the deep-sea mollusca.—C. W. J.

Tet PHILIPPINE MOLLUSKS OF THE GENUS Dimya. By Paul

Bartsch (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 45, pp. 8305-307, pls. 27 and

28, 1913). Dimya lima was found attached to the shells of Zima

( Callolima) smithi and L. ( Callolima) dalli, in 161 to 281 fathoms.

MOoOLLUSQUES DE LA FRANCE ET DES REGIONS VOISINES. Par

A. Vayssiére, professeur & la Faculté des sciences de Marseille, et

48 THE NAUTILUS.

L. Germain, préparateur au Muséum d’Histoire naturelle et a

’Institut Ovéanographique. 2 vols. in 18vo, 800 pages, with 67

plates containing 707 figures.

The first volume, treating of the Amphineura and Opisthobranchs,

is from the pen of Professor Vayssiére, than whom no more compe-

tent authority could be found, the Opisthobranchs having occupied

the author for many years. This connected account of the European

species, in which the results of the most recent studies are presented

in condensed form, will be a valuable reference book for classification

and synonymy as well as a guide to identification.

The second volume contains an account of the land and fluviatile

gastropod mollusks, by M. Louis Germain, who treats the subject in

a broad spirit, relegating to synonymy many of the so-called species

contained in the works of Locard and other writers of the species-

splitting school. The work will doubtless be very useful in Europe,

and also to conchologists elsewhere who have occasion to refer to

European species. The figures, while characteristic, are coarse and

crudely executed, and by no means equal to the other qualities of the

work. The price is very moderate, 10 francs for the two volumes.

—H. A. P.

D1aa@nosEes OF NEw SHELLS FROM THE PACIFIC OCEAN. By

William Healey Dall. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 45, pp. 587-

£97. ‘Twenty-two new species from both shores of the Paeific are

described, and one new genus, Halicardissa, type Verticordia per-

plicata Dall, from near the Galapagos Is.

New LanpD SHELLS FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. By Paul

Bartsch. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 45. Obba worcestert and

Cochlostyla olanivanensts, from Olanivan I., and|Cochlostyla calusa-

ensi:, from Calusa I., are land shells from small and rarely visited

islands.

NOTES.

The ninety-third anniversary of the birthday of the Rev. Joseph

Rowell was celebrated by a luncheon on April 20th. Many inter-

esting speeches recalled events in the long career of Mr. Rowell as

pastor of the Mariners’ Church in San Francisco for 55 years. Two

generations of conchologists have known Mr. Rowell as a naturalist.

The day was concluded with a dinner and family reunion.

1 Forming part of the ‘‘ Encyclopédie Scientifique,” issued by O, Doin et Fils,

8 Place de Odéon, Paris.

AHE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXVITI. SEPTEMBER, 1913. No. 5

NOTE ON A NEW VARIETY OF EPIPHAGMOPHORA TUDICULATA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

This species is widely distributed in the southern part of Cali-

fornia where it inhabits regions of quite diverse conditions of

climate and soil. As would be expected, it varies conspicuously.

Numerous races or local subspecies have been defined. Without

entering into any revision of them here, a brief synopsis of the

races may be found useful. Typical ZH. tudiculata Binney. Shell

large, solid, copiously malleate, moderately to narrowly umbilicate.

Type locality San Diego.

E. t. cypreophila Cooper. Smaller, thinner, often less malleate.

Tuolumme, Merced and Calaveras Counties. Probably a Lower-

Sonoran form.

EH. t. umbilicata Pils. Openly umbilicate, solid, finely malleate

throughout. San Luis Obispo Co.

EH. t. convicta Hemph. Small, copiously malleate, without a band

at the shoulder. San Diego Co.

E. t. subdolus Hemph. Similar but banded, and a little smoother.

Probably Upper-Sonoran. San Jacinto Valley.

E#. t. tularensis Hemph. Perforate, very thin, yellowish citrine

or light yellowish olive. Fraser’s Mill, Tulare Co.

E.t. binneyi Hemph. ‘ Uniform greenish yellow without blotches

or markings except a very faint trace of a band at the periphery.

Mountains of San Diego Co.”

E.t. grippin. subsp. Pl. 3, figs. 15, 16, 17.

The shell is thin, imperforate, more globose than tudiculata,

50 THE NAUTILUS.

strongly striate above, smoother and very glossy below, not malleated,

or with only slight traces of malleation. Color dark raw umber or

passing into dark olive, with a conspicuous dark chocolate band

above the periphery, bordered with ecru-olive. Sutural line citron.

yellow. First four whorls russet or sometimes salmon-buff. Colu-

mellar lip spreads and is adnate over the umbilicus.

Alt. 24, diam. 82 mm.

Alt. 21.5, diam. 28.3 mm.

Santee, 18 miles from San Diego, California, collected by the late

Mr. C. W. Gripp. Figured cotypes and eight others are No.

105300 A. N.S. P.

This very handsome snail is probably most nearly related to Z. ¢.

binneyt Hemph. which was described from a single specimen. It is

known to me by one ‘‘ dead” shell from Murphy’s Canyon Mission

Valley, San Diego Co., identified by Mr. Hemphill and given me by

Doctor Fred Baker. £. t. binneyi is less globose than grippi,

lighter colored, with no band.

NOTES ON SOME OREOHELICES FROM WYOMING.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The material giving occasion for these notes was collected by Mr.

Don W. Walker in the vicinity of Shell, Big Horn Co., in northern

Wyoming, for Mr. Junius Henderson, Curator of the University

Museum at Boulder, Colo. We are indebted to Mr. Henderson for

the opportunity of studying the shells, and for various notes bearing.

upon them, in part quoted below,

OREOHELIX YAVAPAI EXTREMITATIS Pilsbry & Ferriss.

Shell Creek Canyon, 10 miles northeast of Shell, Wyo., with O..

coopert and O. pygmea, see below. Dry Gulch 24 miles east and 3

miles north of Shell, a dry place without timber, only a few bushes ;

dead weathered shells, strongly keeled. White Creek Canyon, 8.

miles east of Shell, in very damp pine forest, only dead shells found..

Trapper’s Creek 7 miles east of Shell, about 4 miles south of White

Creek Canyon, dead shells only.

This is a carinated form which differs from O. hemphilli (Newc.);

by being less excavated above and below the peripheral keel, the

THE NAUTILUS. 51

last whorl far less swollen above. In O. hemphilli all post-embryonic

whorls are more convex above. Moreover, O. hemphilli, according

to Mr. Binney, has well-developed side-cusps on central and lateral

teeth. These are entirely wanting in O. yavapai and its varieties,

in numerous specimens I have examined, including some from Shell

Creek Canyon.

The Oreohelices are divisible into two groups by certain peculiar-

ities of the soft anatomy. One of these groups has hitherto been

found only in Arizona, and comprised O, barbata of the Chiricahua

Mts., and O. yavapai of central Arizona and New Mexico, with

several subspecies in the Grand Canyon.’ O. y. extremitatis lives

just below the rim of the Canyon. On comparison with the speci-

mens from Wyoming, no tangible difference, either in the shell or

the soft anatomy could be found. Both vary somewhat in the prom-

inence of the peripheral keel, but in the Wyoming specimens it is

usually a trifle more prominent than in the average extremitatis from

Arizona, the most strongly keeled ‘ subfossil ”’ shells reminding one

of O. chiricahuana. On comparing a large number the difference is

minimized, selected extremitatis from the type locality having the

keel as strong as in any of the Wyoming lot.

The extension of this form northward is unexpected, the whole

width of Utah and Colorado as well as most of Wyoming lying

between its northern and southern areas. Mr. Henderson writes:

‘‘] suppose little is yet really known of the molluscan fauna of

the region intervening between the Grand Canyon and Wyoming.

I find but little published literature on Wyoming shells, and do not

know of much collecting having been done in eastern Utah or west-

ern Colorado. It is true that at present there are great stretches of

country unfavorable to land snails in that region, and equally true

that semi-arid conditions have prevailed in the southwest for a long

time—probably since Pliocene time. Nevertheless, there are sev-

eral reasons for believing that during that long period of semi-aridity

there has been more or less fluctuation within narrow limits. Dur-

ing each cycle of increased moisture favorable conditions would reach

greater extent, and if the snails spread with the increase of favor-

able territory, there would be small areas where they could obtain a

1See “ Mollusca of the Southwestern States V,’’ 1911, where the Oreohelices

of the Grand Canyon are figured.

52 ” THE NAUTILUS.

foothold and continue to thrive locally until the next cycle of mois-

ture, and thus in a few hundred years, perhaps extend their range a

long way, and in a few thousand years cross a State or two. I have

some interesting mollusk records bearing upon the question of such

fluctuations, not yet published. So the mere fact of intervening dis-

tance is nota fatal objection to considering the Wyoming shells —

identical with the Grand Canyon form, if you do not think the

difference in the keel is sufficient to separate them, of which I am

doubtful myself. * * * * Professor Cockerell was just in the Museum

and we went over the extremitat’s material together, and conclude

that in the uneroded shells there is no essential difference between

the Wyoming specimens and those from the Grand Canyon, so I am

labelling them all extremittatis.’’}

OREOHELIX COOPERI (W. G. B.).

Trapper’s Creek, 7 miles east of Shell, White Creek Canyon.

Shell Creek Canyon, 10 miles northeast of Shell. 2 miles south of

Anchor on the north slope of mountain at its foot, among pines and

underbrush, on Owl Creek. This place is about 60 miles south of

Shell Creek.

OREOHELIX PYGMZA n. sp. Plate III, figs. 10, 11, 12.

The shell is related to O. cooper, from which it differs in being

smaller, with a narrower umbilicus, much more convex whorls, and

rougher sculpture. ‘The spire is convexly conic. Embryonic two

whorls moderately convex, finely and weakly striate, with a few dis-

tinct spirals on the latter part near the periphery. Post embryonic

whorls increase very slowly and are very convex, the convexity

greater above the middle of each, with sculpture of strong, irregular

wrinkles along growth-lines and moderate or very weak spiral im-

pressed lines. On the last whorl, which is very convex throughout,

the sculpture is strongest above, but continues upon the base. Suture

deeply impressed. Umbilicus small, its width contained five to six

times in that of the shell. Peristome thin, forming 3 to ¢ of a circle.

The spire is flesh-colored when worn, fleshy-brown with ‘whitish

streaks in young shells; the last 1 or 14 whorls are impure white .

with fleshy streaks; marked with a deep brown band below the.

1 Junius Henderson in letter, Nov. 15, 1912.

THE NAUTILUS. om

periphery, and usually several narrower bands above it and on the

base.

Alt. 8.7, diam. 11 mm., whorls 5.

Alt. 7, diam. 9.7 mm., whorls 43.

Alt. 7, diam. 9.3 mm,

Alt. 8, diam. 9 mm.

Shell Creek Canyon, 10 miles northeast of Shell, Wyoming, type

and cotypes no. 106977 A. N.S. P., also 106979 A. N.S. P. (dead

shells from type loc.). Also in coll. University of Colorado. It

was found also in White Creek Canyon, 8 miles east of Shell, in

very damp pine forest. Collected by Don W. Walker.

‘Mr. Walker, who collected the Wyoming material, says the

Shell Creek pygmza and coopert were found together on a steep

slope on the south side of the canyon, where they occurred in great

numbers, more of the small ones below and more of the coopera

above’’ (Henderson). It was found with O. coopert also in White

Creek Canyon.

This snail is exactly intermediate between O. coopert (W. G. B.)

and O. peripherica (Ancey), The irregular costule or wrinkles are

stronger than in the first, but weaker and less regular than in O.

peripherica. Further collections in Wyoming may show that O.

pygmea connects with one or the other of these species, but at pres-

ent it seems best to rank it as a distinct species, since this course is

more likely to insure critical examination into its status by those

who may secure further material. Moreover, its occurrence in com-

pany with O. coopert disposes of the hypothesis that pygme@a is a

stunted or unfavorable-station form of cooperi—an idea which I

would otherwise have been inclined to harbor. It is readily distin-

guishable from young or small coopert by the far greater convexity

of the whorls of the spire, as well as by the sculpture. As I have

seen a great number of O. cooperi from many places, it does not

seem likely that intergrading forms occur.

O. coopert minor (Ckll.) is a larger form than pygmea, having

less convex whorls, and the other characters of coopert, of which it

is, as the name implies, merely a somewhat diminutive race. Speci-

mens from Mr. Henderson, taken at McCoy, Colo., and identified

by Professor Cockerell as his var. minor, have been compared.

_ O. peripherica (Anc.) is the prior specific name to include the

series of local races described as var. binneyt, newcombt, multicostata,

54~ THE NAUTILUS.

gouldi, albofasciata and castaneus Hemphill,’ all of northeastern

Utah. So far as specimens now known to us give evidence, these

local forms taken together constitute a species distinct from O.

tdahoensis (Newc.). No real intergrades between pertpherica and

idahoensis have yet been found, whatever may exist still uncaught in

the territory intervening between their respective areas.

MOLLUSCA FROM WYOMING CO., N. Y.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

A few years ago the writer spent a week’s vacation in Wyoming

County, N. Y., and incidently gathered a few shells as opportunity

offered.

Banks of Genesee River, near Portage, under bark of dead tree

trunk :

Zonitotdes arborea (Say).

Gastrodonta ligera (Say).

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pilsbry.

Cochlicopa lubrica (Mull.).

In running brook by roadside:

Galba umbilicata (C. B. Adams).

Farm of John Smallwood, near Warsaw, swamp in bottom land:

Galba palustris (Miill.).

Physa gyrina (Say).

SwalJes in upland woods:

Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Pyramidula cronkhitet anthonyt Pilsbry.

Succinea avara Say.

Physa gyrina Say.

Aplexa hypnorum (Linné).

Segmentina armigera (Say).

Galba palustris (Mull.).

Galba obrussa (Say).

Galba umbilicata (C. B. Adams).

Sphertum occidentale Prime.

1See Second Supplement to Terr. Moll, V, pp. 29-32.

THE NAUTILOS.

‘THE GENERIC NAME TO BE USED FOR MUREX TRITONIS LINNE.

BY TOM IREDALE.

In Tue Naocri.us, Vol. XXVI, pp. 58, 59, Sept., 1912, my

friend Dr. W. H. Dall, commenting upon a note by Mathews and

myself regarding the first introduction of the genus Septa by Perry,

wrote: ‘ The first name available for the group typified by Murex

tritonis L. seems to be Nyctilochus of Gistel, 1848.”

Recently, referring to some notes I made upon Gistel’s names a

«complication seems apparent and I therefore give the data I have.

Gistel in the ‘‘ Naturgeschichte Thierreiche,” 1848, gave a long

list of preoccupied names and substitutes. On p. 11 he included ;

* Triton (Laurenti, Lurch) bl: Triton (Broderip, Isis 1835, 453,

Rankenfussl): Wyctilochus N.”’

From this it would appear thatMyctilochus was provided as a sub-

stitute for Triton of Broderip as used in the Isis 1835, 453. At

this place a résumé of the papers published in the Proc. Zool, Soc.

Lond. is given and we find:

“P. 71, Triton clathratus, nitidulus, distortus, reticulatus, mediter-

raneus, ceylonensis, lineatus, decollatus.”’

The ‘‘p. 71” refers to the Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1833, where

these species are described by ‘ G. B. Sowerby,” and a note given

after lineatus reads:

‘‘ These seven may be regarded by some as mere varieties of 77it.

maculosus of Lamarck, although I am fully satisfied of their being

perfectly distinct species.”’

There is evidently an error in Gistel’s reference both to the

column of the ‘‘ Isis”? and to the page of the Proceedings of the

Zoological Society, the second error deriving from the first. The

reference to the “ Isis’’ should be column 452; there is no paper on

Iriton by Broderip on page 71 of the Proceedings, but there is on

page 5. Here we have a different list from that of Sowerby, namely,

Triton lignarius, constrictus, tigrinus, rudis, lineatus, gibbosus, sca-

dariformis, and convolutus. None of these is a Septa, and Nyctilochus

judged by either list of species is synonymous with Bolten’s earlier

names, or with Musus Helbling (non auct.).

In the body of his work Gistel however provided a generic name

for M. tritonis L. alone, and I conclude that this name should be

used. On p. 170, Gistel introduced :

56 THE NAUTILUS.

‘‘ Tritonshornschnecke (Charonia Nob.; sonst: Zritontum).”” Then

follows a generic diagnosis and there is given a description of the

species ‘* Ch. tritonis Nob.”

I conclude then, if no name exists prior to Gistel, 1848, that

Charonia Gistel should be the generic name to be used for Murex

tritonis Linné.

Two further points require notice: To those unable to refer to

Gistel a second Charonia might prove troublesome, as on p. 178 with

a quaint carelessness he proposes Charonia for an Acaleph.

The family name to be used for the 77ritons I would suggest should

be Cymatiidz, based upon the oldest genus name in the family.

Basing the family name upon the supposed typical genus seems @

quite unscientific method, as so much would depend upon the per-

sonal equation ; speaking for myself I would have considered Murex

tritonis Linné, a quite atypical member of the family, glancing over

the whole of the molluscs at present associated in it.

THE UNIONE FAUNA OF THE GREAT LAKES,

BY BRYANT WALKER, SC. D.

(Continued from page 47.)

IV.

From what has already been said, it would seem to be clear that

there is not any possibility that the present fauna of Lake Erie

could be a relict fauna that persisted there during the glacial period.

The entire region was covered by the ice and the entire configura-

tion of the land was overwhelmed, blotted out, and the system of

drainage was entirely changed by the drift deposited on the retreat

of the ice. That under the enormous thickness of the ice cap

throughout that entire area, there could have been any survival of a

Naiad fauna seems absolutely impossible. But there are other facts,

which show that the representatives now found in the Great Lake

region of the Mississippi and Ohio faunas, are the results of a post-

glacial invasion and that the modifications that have taken place in

their size, shape, and appearance have been brought about by en-

vironmental changes since glacial times. ‘The entire Lower Penin-

sula of Michigan was in the glaciated area. If the present fauna of

that area has been derived from a survival in the Great Lakes, or in

THE NAUTILUS. 57

any of the pre-glacial streams of that region, of the pre-glacial fauna,

and not from a post-glacial invasion from the south, it would seem

a necessary result that the Unione fauna of the entire region should

be to-day of the same general character, and that the peculiarities of

the present Lake Erie fauna should be also characteristic of the

same species as found in the interior waters of the State. But that

is not the fact. The differentiation that has occurred is entirely in

the race which is found in the colder waters of the Great Lakes.

In the warmer waters of the interior of the State, the species attain

the same size, tle same luxuriance of growth and the same color

that they do at the present time in the Mississippi and Ohio valleys.

In other words, the interior waters of the Lower Peninsula of

Michigan are inhabited by the typical forms of these species just as

clearly and as certainly as the examples found in the Great Lakes

are peculiarly modified into what is known as the Great Lake forms.

Thus, for example, the Great Lake form of the species known as

Lampsilis recta is depauperate, and standing by itself, would seem

to be specifically different from the typical form. It was described

as a distinct species under the name of sagert by Conrad. But in

the Rouge River, less than ten miles from Detroit River, and in the

Clinton River, at Mt. Clemens, at no greater distance from Lake

St. Clair, examples of this species are typical in every respect, and

are as large and heavy as the average specimens from the Ohio and

Mississippi valleys. ‘The same is true of nearly every species now

represented in the peculiar fauna of the Great Lakes. That being

the case, it is obvious that either one of two things must be true.

There has been no natural connection between the St. Lawrence

region and the Ohio Valley since the Maumee outlet of the post-

glacial Lake Erie was cut off by the retreat of the ice and the

establishment of another outlet at a lower level. If the present

Lake Erie fauna was the survival of the pre-glacial fauna of that

region, then the interior of the State must have been populated by

migration upstream from the relict fauna of the Great Lakes,

and it hardly seems possible if that were true, that the subsequent

modifications of these species from the Great Lake form consequent

upon their introduction to a different environment, warmer water,

and more abundant food, should have been directly back to and

exactly coincident with the typical form as found in the regions

south of the glaciated area. On the other hand, if that is not so, the

58 THE NAUTILUS.

only alternative is that the present Lake Erie fauna was derived

from an immigration of the typical forms from the south, and that

where these immigrants obtained a foothold in the interior waters of

the State, where the local conditions were substantially the same as

those in the Ohio Valley, they retained their characteristic form,

while such individuals of this invasion as remained in the Great

Lakes and were subject to the peculiar influences of that environ-

ment, became modified by it with the result, as shown by the present

conditions, of a varietal, but not a specific, differentiation.

In conclusion, the deductions that would seem to naturally result

from the foregoing discussion are these:

1. That the Atlantic fauna originated from a very early pre-glacial

invasion from the west, probably in late cretaceous or early tertiary

times.

2. That the present extension of the Atlantic fauna towards the

northwest was the result of an invasion from the west, in post-glacial

times, most probably through the Mohawk and Trent outlets into

Georgian Bay, and from thence into Lake Superior.

3. That the present existence of so large a representation of the

Mississippian fauna in Lake Erie is to be ascribed to a post-glacial

invasion from the Mississippi Valley through the Maumee outlet into

the post-glacial Lake Maumee.

4, That the original pre-glaciai fauna of the present St. Lawrence

system was absolutely exterminated during the glacial period, and

that the peculiar fauna now characteristic of Lake Erie is the result

of the modification from environmental causes of the post-glacial

immigrants from the south, and not the result of any survival in that

region of any part of the pre-glacial fauna.

Notr.—By an error on the part of the type-writer, Ptychobranchus

phaseolus Hild. was omitted from the list of the Lake Erie species

on p. 22. It was included in the original draft of the paper and is

necessary to complete the tally of ‘‘ thirty species”’ peculiar to that

lake mentioned on p. 23. It is an abundant species at the western

end of the lake, but dwarfed like most of the fauna.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. Branner, John C. The Former Extension of the Appalachians

across Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. Am. Jour. Sci. (4), iv,

1897, p. 357. ’

THE NAUTILUS. 59

2. Grabau, A. W. Guide to the Geology and Paleontology of

Niagara Falls and Vicinity. Bull. Buff. Soc, Nat. Hist., vii, 1901,

No. 1.

3. Fowke, Gerard. Pre-glacial Drainage Conditions in the

Vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio. O. State Acad. Sci., Special Papers,

No. 3, 1900, p. 68.

4. Taylor, F. B. <A Short History of the Great Lakes. Studies

in Indiana Geography, x, 1897.

5. Walker, Bryant. The Distribution of the Unionide in Michi-

gan, 1898.

MARINE SHELLS FROM DRIFT ON UPPER MATECUMBE KEY, FLORIDA.

_—

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON.

In May last while cruising down the Florida keys in the ‘ Eolis,”’

Mr. Simpson, Mr. Clapp and I went ashore on Upper Matecumbe

for an assault upon the land shells, Returning along the beach we

observed a little sheltered cove, wherein the usual line of small drift

shells appeared to be exceptionally rich. We scooped up a pill-box

full—containing about the measure of an ordinary tablespoon—of this

rubbish. ‘The appended list of species therein contained may be of

interest. ‘The presence of Pyrazus milium Dall is noteworthy, as

this little Cerithium has only recently been described from the Pleis-

tocene of Panama. The Sayella crosseana Dall is also interesting.

This specimen is perfect, of a rich chestnut-brown, and greatly re-

sembles a miniature Obeliscus from Cuba. There are some other

species in the lot, but the shells are too young or worn for positive

identification.

Rissoina chesnelli Mich. Crepidula fornicata L, (young).

Rissoina laevigata C. B. Ad. Acmaea punctulata pulcherrima

Rissoina decussata Montagu. Guild.

Rissoina cancellata Philippi. Siphonaria alternata Say

Alvania lipeus Dall. (young).

Litiopa bombyx Kiener. Phasianella pulchella Orb.

Caecum floridanum Stimp. Neritina viridis Lam.

Caecum cooperi Smith. Neritina virginea L. (young).

Meioceras nitidum Stimp. Ischnochiton papillosus Ad.

Seila terebralis C. B. Ad. Kulima gracilis C. B. Ad.

Cerithium variabilis Ad. (small Pedipes mirabilis Muhlf.

race). Actaeon punctostriatus C. B.

Pyrazus milium Dall. Ad.

Triforis nigrocinctus C. B. Ad. Tornatina canaliculata Say.

Bittium varium Pfr. Tornatina candei Orb.

Mangilia biconica C. B. Ad. Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

Mangilia atrostyla Dall.

Mangilia stellata Stearns.

Marginella catenata Montagu.

Anachis avara Say (var.).

Anachis pulchella Kiener.

Olivella mutica Say.

Olivella floralia Duclos.

Truncatella caribbeensis Sby.

Sayella crosseana Dall.

Odostomia sp.

Augulus tampaensis Conr.

Pleuromeris tridentata Say.

Codakia orbiculata Mtg.

Chione grus Holmes.

Crepidula convexa Say (young). Transenella stimpsoni Dall.

CORRESPONDENCE FROM ARIZONA.

Late in May Mr. Ferriss went into camp in Sabino canyon in the

southern Catalinas, about 20 miles from Tucson. The following

extracts give an idea of the conditions of molluscan life in that

vicinity.

‘‘ The climate here is dryer than formerly, or else we have much

to find out touching the Sonorellas. This situation will compare

favorably with Nine-mile Waterhole in the Chiricahuas, and the

Sierra Colorado, as to crumbling granite and quartzite, dryness and

heat. I go forth for dead shells, and if any are found alive it is so

much velvet. The proportion of dead in fair condition to alive is

about 100 to 1, and you have nearly all the live ones. That is, I

find about one alive on each day’s trip. In some cases one species

apparently died out years ago and another came in later; thus I have

some very old shells.

‘¢ Another thing that makes me feel that the climate has changed is

that there are remains of an Indian city at the mouth of the canyon,

extending up to the Rincons, ten miles, and about four in width.

When the water failed they probably moved. There are similar

village foundations on the other side of the mountain and on the

east side of the Dragoons.

“There is more bird, fish and mammal life here than in any

mountain we have visited, and much of it is interesting, and again

Iam sorry you are not here. The snakes and lizards are fine, I

have a good turtle shell the Acadamy can have if of value. There

is also a little *‘ stink pot’ in the stream.

‘‘ The prairie dog here isa mere puppy,a pigmy. The chipmunks

and squirrels are different. The birds are gorgeous. * * *

‘‘ Jas. N. FERRISS.”

THE NAUTILUS, XXVII. PLATE IV

any: sateen set

1-5. PILSBRY: CLAUSILIA EMERSONIANA.

6-8. CLAPP: GUNDLACHIA HJALMARSONI PFR.

9, 10. HENDERSON AND CLAPP: CERION BIMINIENSE.

11. PILSBRY: PARTULA EMERSONI.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXVII. OCTOBER, 19138. No. 6

—

FURTHER NOTES ON HELIX HORTENSIS IN NEW ENGLAND.

BY CHARLES W, JOHNSON.

About 1834 Amos Binney collected and later described (Boston

Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 485, pl. 17, 1837) a form of Helix hor-

tensis as Helix subglobosa, stating that “it is common on the lower

part of Cape Cod and on Cape Ann, and is very abundant on Salt

Island, a rocky, uninhabited island near Gloucester.” Salt Island

being the only exact locality mentioned might therefore be consid-

ered the type locality of this form. Binney had evidently at that

time not seen a banded form from North America, for on page 487,

in comparing these with the Helix hortensis of Europe, he says:

*“ Ours being yellow, with an olivaceous tint and destitute of bands,

while that is remarkable for its great diversity of coloring and

brilliant zones.”

Again referring to the species under Helix hortensis in his ‘ Ter-

restrial Air-breathing Mollusks,” vol. ii, p. 112, he says: ‘* The

prevalent character of this and probably of other species in a given

locality seems to undergo a considerable change from time to time.

When I first visited Salt Island, ‘where this species abounds, ten

years ago, it was impossible to find a single specimen with either

lines or bands, one uniform color prevailed throughout. At the

present time the banded varieties are said not to be uncommon.”

Recently I obtained from Salt Island a number of specimens, all

representing the plain olivaceous yellow form described by Binney

as H. subglobosa. Not a single banded form could be found on the

island. On the other hand, on Briar Neck, a rocky promontory only

62 THE NAUTILUS.

one-fifth of a mile from Salt Island, to which one can walk at low

tide, only the banded form—12345 and occasionally 10345—could be

found. Note that Binney in his second work says, ‘‘ banded varie-

ties are said not to be uncommon.”’ This would indicate that he did

not visit the island a second time, and that there is no positive proof

that the banded varieties referred to came from there. They were

probably found on the near-by promontory.

At Bass Rocks, one-half mile southwest of Briar Neck, and sepa-

rated by a sandy beach, marsh and creek, both the plain and banded

forms occur in almost equal numbers. The yellowish-white form,

subalbida Locard, comprise about one-half of those classed as plain,

the other being the bright yellow form, often with an obsolete brown

or translucent band. ‘The banded forms show the following varia-

tions: 12345, 123(45), 12045, 00300. After a shower I found

these in numbers, but only along the narrow strip of natural growth

left between the road and high-water mark. This strip being trav-

ersed by a walk, many were crushed under foot by pedestrians. I

next visited Emerson Point (‘‘ Land’s End,” Rockport), about two

miles northeast of Briar Neck, from which it is separated by Long

Beach and a small creek. Here I found both the plain and banded

forms, only about 25 per cent., however, being banded.

It seems quite interesting that in the four localities above men-

tioned, the shells from the two nearest together (Salt Island and

Briar Neck) show scarcely any variation in their respective stations,

while those found on either side are considerably diversified, and

that the form subglobosa on Salt Island has undoubtedly remained

unchanged since Amos Binney collected it there about eighty years

ago.

During the month of July Dr. J. A. Cushman, while collecting

material with Prof. J. S. Kingsley in Casco Bay, Maine, visited a

number of the islands and made a very interesting collection of

Helix hortensis, adding materially to our knowledge of its distribu-

tion. On the western portion of Brown Cow Island, 96 specimens

were collected, of which six were banded—12345; nine had pale

translucent bands—v. arenicola, and the remainder were the v. sub-

globosa. From the eastern portion of the island the material con-

tains 85 v. subglobosa and six banded—12345; among the latter

there was a tendency for bands one and two to fuse toward the

margin.

THE NAUTILUS. 63

From Inner Green Island the collection contained 160 plain; 16

banded—12345 ; 3—00300; band three is somewhat obsolete, and

bands one and two are frequently more or less fused toward the

margin ; a few with translucent bands.

The collection from Swan Island of 43 specimens are all banded

—12345, and show but little variation.

The specimens from White Bull Island show perhaps the greatest

variation of any New England locality. The following variations

were represented in a series of 95 specimens; 6 subglobosa; 4,

00300, band usually obsolete except near the margin; 2, 00340,

band four obsolete except near the margin, and bands one and five

very slightly indicated near the margin; 68, 12345; 10, (12)345 ;

1, (123)45 ; 3, (12345). The species has not before been recorded

from the last two mentioned islands.

On Eastern Mark Island only Pyramidula alternata Say, and

Polygyra albolabris Say, were found, with one sinistral specimen of

the latter. On Jaquish and Turnip Islands only Pyramidula

alternata was found.

LAND SHELLS COLLECTED ON THE BIMINI ISLANDS, GUN AND

. CAT CAYS, BAHAMAS.

BY GEORGE H. CLAPP.

In May 1912 the writer with J. B. Henderson and Charles T.

Simpson visited the Biminis and adjacent keys in the yacht Holis.

The object of the expedition was primarily for the collection of

marine mollusks along the edge of the Gulf Stream which almost

touches the shore of these islands; considerable effort was made

however, to secure a full list of the land shells and the following

represents the results of some hard work under a very hot sun. The

identification of these shells was made under the difficulties always

presented by a fauna that consists of a mixture of several elements

and where the various races of species through isolation have taken

on characteristics differing slightly from the typical. The astonish-

ing abundance of Cepolis varians is worthy of comment. For the

most part, however, land shells are not abundant on these islands,

even the Cerions, that standby of collectors in the Bahamas, are

only to be gathered in a few restricted localities.

Lucidella tantilla Pils.

Opisthosiphon bahamensis Shutt.

Tbysanophora selenina Gld.

i Sp.

2 sp.

Pupoides modicus Gld.

Bifidaria servilis Gld.

- hordeacella Pils. (?)

66 Sp.

Strobilops hubbardi A. D. Br.

Opeas pumilum Pfr.

Oleacina solidula Pfr.

Varicella (Pichardiella) gracillima

floridana Pils.

Polygyra microdonta Desh,

Cepolis (Hemitrochus) varians

Mke.

Cepolis (Hemitrochus) maynardi

Pils.

Cepolis (Plagioptycha) duclosiana

Fér.

Succinea sp. (juv.)

Cerion maynardi Pils.

‘¢_ biminiense H. and C.

“¢ pillsburyi Pils. & Van.

The above listed Arf. servilis Gld. cannot well be separated from

THE NAUTILUS.

Bimini, Cat and Gun Cays.

Gun Cay.

Bimini, Cat and Gun Cays.

Bimini.

Bimini, Cat and Gun Cays.

Bimini, and Cat Cay.

Cat Cay.

Bimini.

Cat Cay.

Bimini, Cat Cay.

Bimini.

Bimini, Cat and Gun Cays.

Bimini.

B. rupicola Say of the Atlantic coast of the United States.

CERION (STROPHIOPS) BIMINIENSE SP. NOV.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON, JR., AND GEO. H. CLAPP.

Shell shortly rimate, cylindric in the last two whorls, then gradu-

ally tapering to the apex; solid and strong ; livid flesh-colored, fre-

quently with whitish blotches, which include two or three ribs, or the

ribs may be lighter than the body color; tip generally white and the

last whorl much lighter below the periphery. Sculpture of regular,

THE NAUTILUS. 65

crowded ribs narrower than their intervals; ribs slightly bent for-

ward at the suture, 32 to 86 on the penultimate whorl in average

specimens. Whorls about 10, very slightly convex, the last ascend-

ing in front. Aperture vertical, slightly flesh-tinted inside; peri-

stome white, thick, well reflexed, terminations slightly approaching ;

parietal callus heavy, appressed. Parietal tooth narrow and very

short, about 4 mm. high, axial fold moderate.

Smallest, length 194, diam. 104, aperture 85 x 72 mm., whorls 9,

ribs 33.

Largest, length 273, diam. 13, aperture 114 x 93 mm., whorls 10,

ribs 37.

Average length 244, diam. 12, aperture 10x 9 mm., whorls 10,

ribs 36.

There is considerable variation in the number of ribs, as a speci-

men 214x103 mm. has 388, one 22 x 114 bas 42, and one 274 x 12

has only 31.

Plate IV, figs. 9,10. Over 200 shells have been examined.

Southern end of North Bimini Cay, Bahamas, May, 1912.

These shells were collected on the extreme southern end of the

Cay on young sisal plants. From 15 to 30 shells could be gathered

from a single plant. An occasional specimen was picked up under

or on the ‘‘ sea-grapes,”’ but it appears to be confined to the southern

point of the island, as further up only an occasional dead ‘ crab-

shell’’ was found. About three-quarters of these shells are cleaned

perfectly, and these are considerably lighter than the ones in which

part of the animal remains. By accident only two young examples

were saved, and these show uno sign of internal teeth. In collecting

we noticed that a number of the adult shells had the lower part of

the lip bitten off, as if some rodent had attacked them at that point.

NEW SPECIES OF CLAUSILIA AND PARTULA FROM THE COLLECTION

OF MR. J. S. EMERSON.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

When looking over the fine series of Hawaiian shells in the col-

lection of Mr. Emerson in Honolulu, I had opportunity to note the

presence of many shells foreign to the islands. Among them there

is a good series of land shells collected by him in Europe, and many

66 THE NAUTILUS.

interesting South Sea shells from places visited by the well-known

‘* Morning Star,’’ and from other sources.

Unfortunately the limitation of my time allowed only brief glances

at a few drawers of this rich material. The following species were

among a few shells which Mr. Emerson put aside for me to take

home for determination.

CLAUSILIA EMERSONIANA n. sp. PI. LV, figs. 1 to 5.

The shell is slenderly fusiform, opaque, vinaceous buff with paler

ribs, upper half tapering slowly to an obtuse apex. Whorls about

10, the first 2 corneous, very convex, delicately striate, the tip

glossy ; riblets then begin, at first rather well spaced on the convex

whorls. In the middle of the fifth whorl they become closer, and

from there to the last whorl they are close, straight and strong, and

the whorls are only slightly convex. The last whorl, in dorsal view,

is decidedly narrower, straight-sided, the base convex, indistinctly

angular at junction of lateral and basal surfaces. The back of the

last whorl has few, widely separated ribs, alternating with short ones

below the suture. Last whorl solute, shortly free. Aperture

quadrate-rounded, the peristome continuous, free, white, broadly

expanded and reflected. Superior lamella low, not attaining the

margin, widely separated from the spiral lamella ; inferior lamella low,

obliquely ascending, sigmoid, penetrating slightly deeper than the

spiral lamella, to the middle of the ventral face. Subcolumellar

lamella not visible in the aperture. Principal plica strong, con-

spicuous in the aperture, penetrating to a lateral position, approach-

ing close to the spiral lamella deep within. Lunella lateral, straight,

oblique, somewhat protractive, at the upper end terminating in an

ill-defined upper palatal nodule which is united by a callus with the

principal plica; lower end of the lunella running into an oblique

lower palatal plica.

Length 17.5, diam. in the middle 3.5 mm.; 104 whorls.

Length 15.25, diam. in the middle 3.4 mm.; 94 whorls.

The clausilium is narrow, parallel-sided, arcuate and twisted, in

transverse section v-shaped, much thickened along the longitudinal

convexity and at the distal end, which is obtusely rounded ; grad-

ually tapering into the filament above. PI. IV, figs. 1, 2.

Malta. Cotypes No. 108775 A. N. 8. P. and in Mr. Emerson’s

collection.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

This species differs conspicuously from C. tmitatrix Bttg.’ by its

much more slender contour and the sculpture of the last whorl, be-

sides various other details. C. melitensis Gatto, differs in sculpture,

shape and position of the lunella, ete.

CO. imitatrix was placed by Dr. Boettger in the sub-genus Papilli-

fera, noting that it is transitional to Albinarta. Westerlund in his

latest monograph places ¢mitatrix and melitensis in a new section,

Imitatrix, of Albinaria. The systematic position of C. imitatrix is

therefore somewhat uncertain, and as that species seems the most

closely related one to C. emersoniana, I assign the latter to the sub-

genus Papillifera with some doubt. However, from the shape and

curvature of the clausilium, I do not think it can be an Albinaria.

In sculpture and texture, the shells are much like Stciliaria.

PARTULA EMERSONI n. sp. PI. IV, fig. 11.

The shell is rather narrowly, half-covered umbilicate, elongate,

rather thin, Isabella color or of a slightly more olive shade, having

an extremely faint brown band below the periphery and a distinct

but narrow whitish border below the suture. Surface very glossy ;

earlier whorls distinctly engraved spirally, but on the penultimate

whorl only the upper half is so engraved ; last whorl not spirally stri-

ate, but distinctly and rather coarsely malleate. Outlines of the spire

slightly convex, the summit obtuse. Whorls 54, moderately convex,

the last somewhat flattened above the periphery, very convex beneath.

Suture moderately impressed, an inconspicuous cord immediately

above and partly covered by it in the intermediate whorls. Aper-

ture long ovate; peristome nearly white, well expanded and reflected,

slightly thickened within.

Length 19.1, diam. 9.2, length of aperture with peristome 9.5 mm.

The locality of this species is unfortunately not certain. It was

> and is

collected on one of the voyages of the ‘‘ Morning Star,’

labeled ‘‘ Ponape.” ? As it is of Melanesian type, and unlike the

known Caroline Island Partulas, this locality seems doubtful. The

species clearly belongs to the subgenus Melanesica, but is quite dis-

tinct from all known species by the conspicuous malleation and

absence of engraved spiral lines on the last whorl. Few other spe-_

cies are so long and narrow as this. It is named in honor of Mr.

J.S. Emerson, of Honolulu.

1Jabrbiicher d. d. Malak. Ges. VI, p. 120, pl. 3, f. 13, Kobelt, Icono-

graphie, n, F. VI, p. 31, no, 1005.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES ON POST-GLACIAL MOLLUSCA, II: WAUKESHA COUNTY,

WISCONSIN.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

A few years ago Mr, Frank M. Woodruff secured a number of

post-glacial mollusks near Waukesha, Wisconsin. This locality is

in the northwestern part of the County, and is well within the area

of the late Wisconsin ice sheet. The body of water in which the

mollusks lived was one of the many small lakes left by the retiring

lobes of the Lake Michigan glacier. It has not been possible to

correlate this marl deposit with any one glacial stage of Lake Chicago.

Mr. Woodruff reports the shells as very abundant. Eight species

have been identified, as noted below:

Amnicola walkeri Pilsbry.

Physa ancillaria warreniana Lea.

Physa walkeri Crandall. Several scalariform individuals.

Planorbis campanulatus Say.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say.

Planorbis parvus Say.

Planorbis exacuous Say.

Galba nashotahensis Baker.

A NEW SINISTRAL AMASTRA.

BY C. MONTAGUE COOKE, PH.D.

AMASTRA PILSBRYI N. sp.

Shell imperforate, sinistral, elliptical with conic spire which is

somewhat contracted near the summit. One cotype is of an old gold

color, streaked with chestnut behind the outer lip, and with the spire

brownish ; the other (dead) cotype is wax yellow in front of the

aperture, elsewhere with a yellow gleam under a pale tawny

cuticle, the last third of the last whorl chestnut. Surface of the last

whorl semi-matt, the spire more shining; smooth to the eye, but

under the lens unequal growth-wrinkles are seen. Embryonic 24

THE NAUTILOCS. 69

whorls carinate, the keel visible above the suture; first half whorl

nearly smooth, the next two whorls sculptured with regular, slightly

arcuate ribs, at first rather coarse, becoming finer to the end of the

embryonic shell, which comprises 24 whorls. Whorls 53, convex,

the last swollen below .the deeply impressed suture, ventricose,

tapering below. The aperture is rather long and narrow, slightly

oblique, white within. Peristome slightly thickened close to the

edge. Columellar lamella of moderate size, thin and spiral, white ;

parietal callus thin.

Length 13.1, diam. 7.7, length of aperture 7 mm.

Length 13.4, diam. 8.1, length of aperture 7.1 mm.

Mt. Helu, West Maui, Cotypes in coll. Bishop Museum and

Acad. Nat. Sciences. Also in Mr. Thaanum’s collection.

While sinistral species are common in Achatinella and Partulina,

they are very rarein Amastra. Outside of the section Heteramastra,

only two have been published, Amastra thaanumi Pilsbry and A.

montagut Pilsbry, both from Oabu.

ON CYPRZA MILIARIS GMEL., WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

VARIETIES.

BY MAXWELL SMITH.

C. mitiaris Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 5420, 1790.

Roberts’ description in the Manual of Conchology, vol. vii, p. 192,

is as follows: ‘ Differs from the preceding (/amarck:) in being nar-

rower, the dorsal spots are smaller and never ocellated, and the sides

are white.”” Melvill writes that the spots ‘* are never eyed, or, at all

events, extremely rarely.”” This and all of the varieties are pitted

at the sides. Japan, Philippines, N. S. Wales.

C. MILIARIS Gmel. var. MAGISTRA Melvill. Proc. Manchester

Literary and Philosophical Society for 1888, p. 227.

“‘ Characters the same as in the type, but teeth very well developed,

and size, long. 24, lat. 1} inch. . . . It is a handsome shell, and in

fine condition it slightly resembles C. guttata on dorsal surface only.”

Habitat, Japan.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

C. MILIARIS Gmel. var. BREVIS Var. nov.

Shell shorter, covered on the dorsal surface with larger spots, teeth

finer, aperture narrower than the type. Long. 14, lat. ¢ inch.

Habitat, Japan. ? Type in the writer’s collection.

C. MILIARIS Gmel. var. INTERMEDIA var. nov.

Aperture like the type, sides correspondingly pitted, dorsal surface

suffused with white, yellow ground and spots showing through in the

center, similar in shape to C. eburnea. Long. 12, lat. 14 inch.

Habitat unknown. This form connects eburnea Barnes with miliaris

Gmel. Type in the writer’s collection.

C. MILIARIS Gmel. var. EBURNEA Barnes.

C. eburnea Barnes. Ann. Lyc. N. H. I., p. 183, 1824. (. lactea

Wood, 1838.

With the material on hand I believe that I am justified in reduc-

ing this well-known Cyprea to varietal rank. It is surprising that,

at this late date, evidence should turn up to prove eburnea to be only

a variety of miliaris. The intermediate form, already described,

does so conclusively. Both occur in the Philippines. Roberts

places eburnea after miliaris in the Manual, but writes that it ‘ dif-

fers from lamarcki Gray in being pure ivory-white.”” To my mind

it only resembles it in the size of the teeth. The aperture of lamarchi

is often much narrower below.

NOTES.

Mr. Frank C. Baker, Curator of the Chicago Academy of Sci-

ences, is spending the month of September in northern Idaho, and

expects to visit Oregon, Washington and Vancouver before returning.

Dr. ARNOLD E. OrTMANN reports success in collecting Unionide

in the North Fork of the Holston, Clinch, Powell and Upper

Cumberland rivers. He is now at Knoxville, and writes: “ I have

secured a tremendous material of Najades, and shall be able, from

the study of the anatomy, to straighten out the systematic position

of many species. Lea’s work on the Wajades of this region is poor

—below criticism. He described individuals, but not species, but,

THE NAUTILUS. a

on the other hand, he mixed up, in several instances, different

species, even genera, in one species. The best I did so far was in

Clinch River in Claiborne Co., Tenn. 38 species within } of a

mile of the river. But I have several other good localities ; and so

far only in a region where the rivers are not too large (where I was

able to wade clear across).”’

CoLorapo COLLEGE at its last commencement conferred the

honorary degree of Sc.D. on Professor Theodore D. A. Cockerell,

who holds the Chair of Zodlogy in the University of Colorado.

Dr. C. MontacueE Cooke has returned from a trip by schooner

to Palmyra Island, an islet south of the Hawaiian group, near the

Equator.

Mr. H. N. Lowe, of Long Beach, Cal., reports good success in

collecting Helices during a recent trip to Catalina Islands.

Mr. D. THAANtM in company with Mr. Kuhns, of Honolulu,

spent two weeks in July collecting land shells in Maui. “ With the

exception of one day, all our time was spent in entirely new territory,

and the results are highly satisfactory. Our first headquarters was

at an altitude of 4000 feet above Ulupalakua on East Maui. From

there we worked two remnants of forest, one at Polipoli (Kula), and

one on the opposite side of camp, Auwahi. Kula seemed exhausted.

Two species of Amastra and five specimens of Laminella picta were

all we could gather in, besides ‘trash’ of course. Auwahi turned out

better. Four species of Amastra and one of Partulina, this latter

scarce. From there we jumped to West Maui and spent three days

in Oluwalu gulch. I have never seen a shell-record from there, nor

heard of anybody ever collecting there. No Partulinas were found,

except three fragments (P. perdix and kuhnsi); but I know we did

not get up high enough. Otherwise the finds were simply amazing !

Six species or varieties of Amastra, four of them apparently new,

and several new species of Leptachatina, besides ‘ pin-heads. ’”’

LanpD SHELLS CarRRIED By Birps.—I am sending in a small

72 THE NAUTILUS.

vial two shells which I took alive from among the feathers of freshly-

shot Bob-o-links here at San Carlos Estate, Guantanamo, Cuba. I

shall be very glad to know what this Bob-o-link shell is. Is it a

Cuban shell, or did the birds bring this shell from some more south-

ern country, and if so, from what country? [The shells are Suc-

einea riiset, aspecies known from St. Croix and Porto Rico.] This

will throw some light on where the birds spent the last few days

before starting for Cuba, as the shells were alive and the birds were

shot on the second day of their arrival. This is doubly interesting

to me, as I am interested in both conchology and ornithology.

This may also prove how certain shells are distributed. Did you

ever know of shells being found alive on birds? Not im them but

on them. If not, it seems to me that a note for the NAUTILUS is in

order.—Cuas. T. RAMSDEN.

ACMA FERGUSONI.—A regrettable omission occurs in my dis-

cussion of a Long Island Acmexa (A. fergusoni Wheat) in Science

Bulletin, Vol. 2. No. 2, pp. 17-20, published July 16, 1913, by the

Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. I have

just discovered in **The Molluscan Fauna of New Haven,” by

George H. Perkins, Proc. Boston Society of Natural History, vol.

xiii, pp. 109-163, on p. 127, the description of a single specimen of

Tectura testudinalis from the vicinity of New Haven, ‘‘the only

specimen that I have seen from here.’”? Mr. Perkins’ description is

excellent, and proves the identity of his specimen with A. fergusoni

from Hempstead Bay and Wading River, L. I.—Si_as C. Wuxat.

CuoaNopoMA (RAMSDENIA) MIRIFICA Preston, Proc. Malae.

Soc., London, x, p. 828, June, 1913, was sent me by Mr. Chas. T.

Ramsden with the request to compare it with Ctenopoma nobilitatum

Gundl. I find that it agrees perfectly with Gundlach’s species, of

which part of the original lot is before me.—H. A. PILsBRy.

Mr. J. H. Ferriss is on his way, by team, to the White Moun-

tains of Arizona, which have never been explored by a conchologist.

It is rumored that the Sonorel/as are in a panic.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXVII. NOVEMBER, 1913. No. 7

NOTES ON THRACIA CONRADI.

BY EDWARD S. MORSE.

For years I have hunted in vain for a living specimen of Thracia

conradt. This year my friend John M. Gould has collected speci-

mens alive in Portland associated with Solenomya borealis, and the

expanded animal is so interesting that I am induced to publish these

observations ahead of my other work on the subject. After storms

I have repeatedly found the broken shells, often with the adductor

muscles still adhering, but never a perfect specimen. The gulls

immediately recognize the conspicuous white object on the beach

and break the thin and fragile shell, devouring the fat morsel within.

The gulls alone are not entirely responsible for the fractured shells.

A live specimen was sent to me from Portland carefully packed in

seaweed. It arrived with the umbonal region of one valve broken

and the fractured portion standing at right angles to the vertical

axis. Jeffreys reports the same feature in the British species of

Thracia. He says: “The power of tension continually exercised by

the strong and elastic cartilage exceeds that of the shell, and the

latter being the weaker body gives away and is split in the conflict.

Only one species (7. distorta), which is comparatively more solid

than the others, resists the strain and remains uninjured.”

For many years I have collected living specimens of New England

molluseca for the purpose of drawing the expanded parts of the

animal, and nearly all the larger, and many of the smaller species,

have been drawn. I have been led to do this in the belief that the

74 THE NAUTILUS.

soft parts are of more importance than the hard parts of a mollusk

in any discussion of generic or other taxonomic considerations. The

low features of the protobranchia would never have been suspected

from the shell alone. The drawings of the soft parts of the lamelli-

branchs, thus far published, are in most instances valueless and mis-

leading. An important exception to this statement is the work of

Meyer and Mobius.’ The beautiful drawings of the expanded

animals have never been surpassed. ‘The drawings of the soft parts

of lamellibranchs in Forbes and Hanley’s British Mollusca? are,

with few exceptions, poor and misleading. In one case, indeed, the

siphonal tubes are sticking out of the wrong end of the shell! As

an illustration of the inaccuracy of most of the efforts of drawing the

live creature, reference may be made to a drawing of Levicardium

mortont, which appeared in Gould and Binney.* Where the draw-

ing came from I do not know. In no way does it accord with the

description of the animal credited to S. Smith, nor does it bear the

faintest resemblance to the creature. This cut was reproduced in

one of the U. 8. Fish Commissioners reports‘ with no comment on

its inaccuracy.

A study of the soft parts of Verrill’s genus Gastranella, in a living

state, revealed the fact that it was simply an early stage of Petricola

pholadiformis, and with this hint I made a complete series of the

shell from the extreme young to the adult. Dr. Dall had, however,

come independently to the same conclusion regarding the identity of

the two forms. With the exception of the classical work of William

Clark on the British Marine Testaceous Mollusca the descriptions of

the soft parts of mollusca, though rarely given, are usually inade-

quate and often incorrect. As an illustration of the character of

some of this work, could anything be more absurd than the descrip-

tion of the animal of the genus Zhracia, which may be found in a

standard work on British Mollusca.’ It embraces a line of four

words and is given as a generic distinction, ‘‘ Body oval, tubes

separate.”

In most of the earlier descriptions the siphonal openings of Thracia

are described as fringed, and the figures of Thracia phaseolina and

distorta in Forbes and Hanley show densely fringed openings. The

figures, of course, are entirely wrong, as the descriptions quoted from

Clark indicate. The description in Jeffreys of the animal of 7.

papyracea is the nearest correct of all I have yet encountered:

THE NAUTILUS. 7d

‘“‘Upper tube marked with 8 and the lower with 4 faint longi-

tudinal lines or streaks, which terminate at the orifices in the same

relative number of short, thick and blunt cirri.”

Allusions are made to the anatomy of the animal of Zhracia

conradi in comparing it with European species, but no figure of the

expanded creature has ever been published. The nearest approach

to a description of its habits is found in a monograph on the family

Osteodesmacea, by Joseph P. Couthony,’ published seventy-five years

ago. In this monograph is first defined J. conradi as a distinct spe-

cies. Hesays: ‘‘ The specimen of Zhracta serving for the preceding

description was obtained in the early part of March last with the

living animal. It was buried about six inches below the surface at

low-water mark. An accident deprived me of an opportunity to

examine the animal, and repeated visits in search of another have

been wholly unsuccessful.”’ Professor Verrill says: ‘‘ The species

burrows so deep in the mud or sand that it is seldom taken alive with

the dredge.”

The specimen of Thracia conradi which I examined remained in

a vessel of fresh sea water for three days without a sign of life. At

one time the occupants of the house were away and there was no

vibration caused by their moving about, and then for the first time

the creature timidly thrust out its tubes. It was extremely sensitive

to any jar, and placing the pencil ever so carefully on the table

caused it to immediately retract. The tubes were entirely separate

and nearly as long as the shell. The excurrent tube was bent in a

sharp curve dorsally and the incurrent tube in a similar manner

ventrally. ‘This attitude never varied, and it occurred to me that

buried in the sand it might rest its tubes on the surface as figured by

Meyer and Mobius of Scrobicularia piperata. Clark in the above-

mentioned work describes a similar attitude of the tubes in Zhracia

phaseolina as follows: * * * ‘and posteriorly, for the issue of two

moderately long siphons, which are separate nearly their length, but

the animal always carries them in a divergent posture at the ex-

tremities * * * the tubes are capable of great inflation.” The

tubes when fully expanded are white and translucent, the upper tube

having its orifice surrounded by six short blunt tubercles, while the

lower tube has its orifice surrounded by four similar tubercles.

These terminate in faint longitudinal lines, marking the siphonal

tubes precisely as described in the English species. At intervals the

76 THE NAUTILUS.

tubes enlarge as if about to burst, becoming semi-globular at the

ends; then suddenly collapsing the tubes become narrow and opaque-

white in color. The tubes may perform this action independently.

In the description of the tubes of Thracia distorta a behavior is

indicated precisely as seen in 7. conradt. ‘‘ Tubes globularly in-

flated at extremity, which increases whole length and then suddenly

collapses.”

The most marked peculiarity of J. conrad: is the sharply defined

collar which surrounds the base of the siphonal tubes. This collar

is a prolongation of the mantle, with an extension of the periostracum,

as seen in many other lamellibranchs, but in no instance have I met

with a description of any structure approaching the collar of 7.

conradi. It flares like the cdrolla of a flower, and its edges are

reflected as shown in the figure here given. This prolongation of

the posterior border of the mantle is seen in other forms, but in no

case with the definition or freedom from the base of the siphonal

tubes as seen in this species.

In Saxicava and Mya the prolongation of the mantle is closely

adherent to the tubes. My own observations show that in Anatinae

THE NAUTILUS. Va

papyracea the mantle is prolonged at the siphonal end but does not

surround the tubes like a collar, nor are its edges reflected. Pan-

dora trilineata has a translucent envelope surrounding the base of the

siphons and closely adherent. In Yoldia limatula and Y. sapotilla

there are distinct lobes of the mantle flanking the sides of the tubes.

In Tagelus gibbus there are two projecting and rounded lappets

corresponding to the siphons. The siphonal collar of 7. conradi, its

separateness from the tubes and widely reflected edge is, so far as I

know, unique among the lamellibranchs. Whether this feature

should constitute a generic character I am not prepared tosay. Dr.

William Stimpson’in mentioning 7. conradi says: ‘“‘ The absence

of an ossiculum in the species would seem sufficient to separate it

generically from other Zhraci#. But the animal resembles so

closely that of the large English species which possess the ossiculum,

that I have thought it best to consider the appendage unimportant.”

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. Meyer and Mobius. Fauna der Kieler Bucht.

2. Forbes and Hanley. A History of British Mollusca and their

Shells.

3. Gould and Binney. Invertebrata of Massachusetts.

4. Report of Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, 1871-72, Plate

bee bp

5. Jeffreys. British Conchology.

6. Couthouy. Monograph on the Family Osteodesmacea. Boston

Journal Natural History. Vol. II, No. 2.

7. Stimpson. A Revision of the Synonomy of the Testaceous Mol-

lusks of New England.

GUNDLACHIA HJALMARSONI PFR. IN THE RIO GRANDE, TEXAS.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

The above-mentioned Gundlachia was picked out of drift debris

collected on the Texas side of the Rio Grande by Mr. R. D. Camp

of Brownsville, Texas. It is associated in the trash with thousands

of Bifidaria, Thysanophora, etcetera, over twenty-five species in all.

eo ae THE NAUTILUS.

Gundlachia hjalmarsont, which Dr. Pilsbry kindly identified for

me by comparison with some of the lot collected by Hjalmarson, was

first described in 1858 by Dr. Louis Pfeiffer, whose specimens came

from Honduras. No figure has ever been published, and the species

was evidently known to Crosse and Fischer and E. von Martens

only by the original account. One of my specimens is figured on

plate IV, figs. 6, 7, 8. All of the specimens found in three quarts

of the ‘* drift ” are of the septate form shown in the figure. I have

examined the material very carefully with a reading glass, and no

Ancylus was found. -The figured specimen measures 4.1 mm. long,

1.8 wide, 1.2 high.

In some Rio Grande drift from Presidio, Texas, sent to me by

Bryant Walker, I found a single Gundlachia, which is indistinguish-

able from G. hjalmarsoni, except that it is only 14x2mm, It is

so small that I am sure I would not have noticed it if I had not been

looking for Gundlachia. It is the Brownsville shell in miniature.

The large size, peculiar shape and strong sculpture of G. hjalmar-

soni distinguish it from all other species of the United States. As

the species is new to the United States fauna, it has been thought

desirable by the Editors of the NauriLus to append a translation

of the original description.

‘* Shell ancyliform, oval-oblong in outline, thin, radially striatu-

late, pale corneous; vertex rounded, posterior; basal partition occu-

pying one-third the length, arcuately cut out; aperture dilated in

front; basal margin not incumbent in front and behind. Length 4,

diam. in the middle scarcely 2, alt. 14 mm.

‘‘Hab.: Santa Roza, Honduras (Hjalmarson).

«* Just as Gundlachia ancyliformis in Cuba lives in company with

Ancylus, and in the same manner, so also Mr. Hjalmarson found this

new species in company with a weakly convex, very pale horn-colored

species of Ancylus, which I do not venture to name, as I have no

exact knowledge of the genus.” (Pfeiffer, Malakozoologische Blatter,

v, December, 1858, p. 197.)

The above description was made from a single example, in which

the septum was incomplete. Hjalmarson subsequently obtained the

complete septate form in the same locality. The form with a larger

shell added to the septate stage was not found.

THE NAUTILUS. 79

ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF DRUPA.

BY CHARLES HEDLEY.

A necessary but mournful process in scientific advancement is the

elimination of familiar names. Jt has been shown by Dr. Dall

(Journ. of Conch., XI, 1906, p. 294) that Aecinula of Lamarck,

1812, and Ricinella of Schumacher, 1817, must yield to Drupa

Bolten, 1798, of which the type is D. morum Bolten.

Continuing the process of revision from genus to species, similar

changes occur, for with the fall of Ricinula go the Lamarckian specific

names associated with it. The presentation of the genus most ac-

cessible to students is that of Tryon’s Manual of Conchology, II,

1880, pp. 182-185. In the genus as there framed the specific names

require amendment. Meeting at the first step Aicinula hystrix

Linn., it is to be remarked that Hanley (Ips. Linn. Conch., 1855,

p- 294) has shown that Murex hystrix Linn., is an immature JM.

ricinus L., to the synonymy of which it must be accordingly trans-

ferred. Other synonyms of J. ricinus are D. tribulus Bolten, recog-

nized by von Martens (Rumphius, Gedenboek, 1902, p. 116) and

R. arachnoides Lamk., noted by Tryon.

The place which Tryon gave to &. hystrix should apparently be

taken by Drupa rubuscaesius Bolten, of which clathrata Lamarck,

1822, and speciosa Dunker, 1867, seem to be synonyms. But &.

reeveana Crosse, should be parted from its heading and subordinated

as an absolute synonym to D. rubusidaeus Bolten, an independent

species. Again, &. laurentiana Petit should be cut away from the

species to which Tryon binds it and associated with &. digitata.

RR. horrida Lamarck, was preceded both by R. violacea Schu-

macher, 1817, and D. morum Bolten, 1798. <As the same figure in

the Conchylien Cabinet was cited by all three authors, the coinci-

dence of names is exact. Similarly another of Martini’s figures

(979) is given as foundation by Bolten in 1798 for his D. grossularia,

by Schumacher in 1817 for his &. dactyloides, and by Lamarck in

1822 for his &. digitata. So that the claim for Bolten’s name is

here also clear, Deshayes has pointed out (An. s. vert., X, p. 50,

footnote) that Blainville unfortunately redescribed the yellow form

of this species as ‘‘ lobata,”’ while to the nameless brown form he

gave the preoccupied name of ‘ digitata.”” On the ground of ex-

pediency, Deshayes thereupon reversed Blainville’s names. Though

80 THE NAUTILUS.

his example has been followed, this action is quite illegitimate. For

the brown form is available the name of ‘ fusca,’’ apparently intro-

duced by Deshayes (op. cit., p. 53) for f. 4, pl. 285, of Sowerby’s

Genera of Shells.

ft. biconica of the Manual represents a group rather than a species,

in which we may distinguish D. spinosum H. & A. Adams, Genera

I, 1851, p. 130, for Reeve’s Rieinula, f. 12b; D. tostomus A. Adams,

Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 267, and Gardiner, Fauna Laccadive, Pl.

XXXV, f. 14; and R. andrewsi, Smith, P. Mal. Soc., VIII, 1909,

p- 369, fig.

So the species grouped by Tryon under Aicinula, sensu stricto, may

thus be tabulated in revised nomenclature; synonyms in ?talies.

1. DruPA MORUM Bolten, 1798.

Ff. violacea Schumacher, 1817.

R. horrida Lamarck, 1822.

2. Drupa 10D0sTOMA Lesson, 1842.

3. DRUPA GROSSULARIA Bolten, 1798.

&. dactyloides Schumacher, 1817.

k. digitata Lamarck, 1822.

RF. lobata Blainville, 1832.

var. fusca Deshayes, 1844,

fk. digitata Blainville, 1832.

var. laurentiana Petit, 1850.

4. Drupa RICINUS Linne, 1758.

D. tribulus Bolten, 1798.

M. hystrix Linne, 1758.

R. arachnoides Lamarck, 1822.

var. elegans Brod. & Sowerby, 1828.

var. albolabris Blainville, 1832.

5. DRUPA RUBUSCAESIA Bolten, 1798.

R. clathrata Lamarck, 1822.

R. speciosa Dunker, 1867.

R. spathulifera Blainville, 1832.

var. miticula Lamarck, 1822.

6. DRuPA RUBUSIDAEUS Bolten, 1798.

R. reeveana Crosse, 1862.

Drupa BICcONICA Blainville, 1832.

. Drupa spinosa H. & A. Adams, 1853.

. Drupa 1ostomus A. Adams, 1853.

10. DrupA ANDREWSI Smith, 1909.

oan

THE NAUTILUS. 81

SPRING COLLECTING IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA.

BY CALVIN GOODRICH.

Early in May last I joined Dr. Ortmann at Charleston, W. Va.,

for two weeks among the richly-stored sources of the Tennessee.

The road took us along the Kanawha for an hour or two, and then

making a sudden turn swung into the mountains, every slope and

valley of which was a lure to the winter-wearied collector. At

Princeton we transferred to automobile and, packed amid the hand

baggage like shells in a box, were driven into Bluetield, just over the

line from the older Virginia.

The first collecting was in the Clinch at Cedar Bluff, Tazewell

Co., Va., where there is a long shoal upon a wide and picturesque

bend. The river ran swiftly, but not more swiftly than word to the

local chief of police. ‘Through him and a zealous deputy we learned

two interesting facts, that the Puritan Sunday is not passed com-

pletely into history, and that the idea of assessing fines without the

formality of trial or pronouncement from the bench is in as good

standing in the Appalachians as among the police in the bigger cen-

ters of population. However, the village powers did not agree with

the chief’s conviction as to our condition of hopeless sinfulness, and

with a friendliness which paid for the adventure they bade us return

to the river.

Pleurocera unciale Hald. and Anculosa subglobosa Say, with Goni-

obasis simplex Say, in smaller numbers, were on every stone, Jo

here was all of the smooth form described by Anthony under the

name of inermis. This locality is some miles above the uppermost

locality for Jo recorded by Adams. Working among the rocks and

in the swifter water of the right bank, Dr. Ortmann collected Fus-

conaia bursa-pastoris (Wright), Truncilla capsaeformis (Lea), Pty-

chobranchus subtentus (Say), Eurynia perpurpurea (Lea) and Hurynia

nebulosa (Conrad), while in the sandy ground along the left bank the

predominating species were Quadrula cylindrica strigillata (Wright),

Medionidus conradicus (Lea), Strophitus edentulus (Say) and Lamp-

silis multiradiata (Lea). Symphynota costata (Raf,) was everywhere,

and because of its manner of hiding all except the edges of the

valves it became a source of irritation. The shells had to be dug

out, if only to learn that they were not of some other and desired

82 THE NAUTILUS.

species. The catch of Unios at Cedar Bluff was eighteen species,

among them some riddles in Pleurobema, which at last account were

still making trouble for the Doctor. Out of the drift at the head of

the rapids we picked Spheria, which Dr. Sterki has kindly identified

as Spharium fabale Pme., S. solidulum Pme., Pisidium virginicum

Gmel., P. compressum Pme., and three individuals ‘‘ apparently near

P. noveboracense Pme.”? The next morning I climbed the bluff and

found Polygyra albolabris major, rugeli, thyroides, zaleta and steno-

trema; Gastrodonta acerra and gularis ; Omphalina fuliginosa, Zoni-

toides arborea and the umbilicated form of Vitrea indentata. The

weather had been dry for weeks, and the land mollusca had to be

dug for. I uncovered Lymnea obrussa and Succinea avara glued to

leaves in a dried-up brook.

Our next jump was to St. Paul, Wise Co., Va., still ou the Clinch.

Decided differences were to be remarked in the fauna. In the rapids

opposite Fink station, Russell Co., a mile or so above St. Paul, were

Fusconaia edgariana (Lea), Crenodonta undulata (Barnes), Ptycho-

branchus phaseolus (Hild.), and Mephronaias perdix (Lea), none of

which had appeared at Cedar Bluff. The Jo at this station was be-

ginning to assume nodules. One specimen equals Jo lurida of

Reeve. Anculosa subglobosa Say, which at Cedar Bluff was wholly

without bands, so far as we noted, was almost universally banded in

the rapids at Fink. To me they seemed also to run larger. In the

material brought away from this place appeared Pleurocera tene-

brocinctum Anth. and P. opaca Anth.

The following morning Dr. Ortmann went to Cleveland, Russell

Co., up the river, whence he returned aglow with enthusiasm over

the discovery of twenty-five species of Matades, while I had a try for

land shells among the Russell county hills. The most interesting

observations were that the Polygyra appressa, rugeli and thyroides

of the region seemed to prefer the stray logs of the high pastures to

the woods, that the ratio of banded Polygyra profunda to unbanded

was 1 to 10, and that there thrived here a Succinea ovalis Say, of

quite surprising size, one specimen reaching 25 mm., the extreme

recorded by Binney. Though the dead of this species was plentiful, .

only one living individual was found. In brooks fed by hillside

springs, I came upon a few specimens of Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis

Lea, Paludestrina nickliniana Lea, and Lymnexa obrussa Say.

(To be concluded ).

THE NAUTILUS. 83

NOTES,

HELIX HORTENSIS: A CORRECTION IN DISTRIBUTION.—When

the first survey of Casco Bay was made the authorities should not

have allowed the inhabitants there to keep three Rams, two Brown

Cows and three Mark Islands. If not a hindrance to navigation,

these certainly add confusion to the records bearing on geographical

distribution.

The “Brown Cow Island,” referred to by myself and others,

should be Western Brown Cow Island. This island is divided into

an eastern and a western portion, the latter being the larger and the

une that has been referred to in former papers as Brown Cow Island.

Although Helix hortensis is also found in the eastern portion, it is

less abundant there. Eastern Brown Cow is an entirely separate

island about ten miles east of Western Brown Cow. On this island

Dr. J. A. Cushman also found a few H. hortensis, all belonging to

the variety subglobosa.

The ‘* Swan Island” mentioned on page 63 of Tur NavrTiLus

for October, should have been Seal Island. It is situated on the

eastern side of Cape Smallpoint. This should not be confused with

the Seal Island, or Seal Rock of the Matinicus group, where Z.

hortensis is also found. C. W. Jounson.

Lymn (RADIX) AURICULARIA IN CHARLES RIVER, Boston,

Mass.—Since Mr. W. F. Clapp recorded the occurrence of this

species in the Charles river (Nautiivs, Vol. XXVI, p. 116), it

seems to have greatly increased. My young friend, P. S. Reming-

ton, has found it in numbers on the Boston (Allston) side near the

Speedway. C. W. J.

Mr. T. H. ALprica has given his collection of shells, by estimate

not far from 20,000 named species, to the Museum of the Alabama

Geological Survey. The collection was begun as far back as 1859

in a New York village where Mr. Aldrich passed his boyhood. It

includes not only his own gatherings and exchanges from all parts

of the world, but many large purchases, notably the Mauritius shells

collected by Col. Nicholas Pike, a very large and fine set; the Ber-

muda and Nova Scotia collections of J. M. Jones; the Parker cabi-

net of about 5,000 listed species; all the conchological collections

84 THE NAUTILUS.

made by the late Wm. Doherty in the Malay Islands, Burmah and

Indo-China, and a very full set of Garrett’s Polynesian species.

The Unionide were sold to Mr. Frierson; with that exception the

collection is intact. It contains a good many types of species de-

scribed by Mr. Aldrich and others. ‘The series of operculate land

shells is especially rich. All the known terrestrial species of Ala-

bama are represented.

The Museum, an outcome of the Geological Survey, is by law an

integral part of the University of Alabama, near Tuscaloosa. Prac-

tically it is the State Museum of Natural History, with a general

scope, but giving special attention to the geology, fauna and flora of

the State. Its set of Alabama fresh-water and land shells, including

the Showalter collection, was already extensive and growing rap-

idly. Mr. Aldrich has been a generous friend of the institution ;

three years ago he gave to it all his duplicate shells, and the very

rich collections of tertiary invertebrate fossils are largely due to him.

Mr. HerBert H. Smiru, Curator of the Museum of the Alabama

Geological Survey, has recently brought back from the Coosa River

the largest and finest collection of fresh-water shells ever made by

him. There are about 25,000 selected specimens, including a very

large number of species, some of them new to science. The princi-

pal locality worked was Weduska Shoals, between Shelby and Coosa

Counties, believed to be the richest place on this very productive

river. The Shoals will soon be covered with 20 feet of water by the

great dam of the Alabama Power Company, now nearly completed.

Mr. Smith’s expedition was planned in order to obtain large series

of the shells while they are still accessible. In all probability some

of the Weduska species will not be found elsewhere ; many Coosa

mollusca are extremely local, even restricted to a small part of one

shoal. These Weduska species, if not collected now, would have

been forever lost to science; in fact, they are likely to become ex-

tinct under the changed conditions. Special efforts were made to

secure a full set of the animals of Pleuroceratide for anatomical pur-

poses, and about 5,000 of these were preserved.

Mrs. M. Burton WILLIAMSON, who spent the summer abroad,

visited the conchological museums of New York, Philadelphia and

Washington on her way to the west coast.

OF Tue

— UNIVE RSH. . ILLINOTS

: e,

alent

_—

THE NAUTILUS, XXVII. PLATE V

PARREYSIA NYANGENSIS FRIERSON.

PARREYSIA LOBOENSIS FRIERSON.

HE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXVII. DECEMBER, 1918. No. 8

TWO NEW SPECIES OF PARREYSIA FROM KAMERUN, AFRICA.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

PARREYSIA LOBENSIS n. sp. Plate V, lower figures.

Shell small, ovate. Epidermis dark brownish green, or olive,

shining on the disc, but dull on the post slope. Surface of the shell

densely covered with concentric, irregularly ziz-zag, sulcations, re-

sembling the beak sculpturing of such shells as Unio simonis Tris-

tram, giving a somewhat “ dried-paint’’ aspect to the outer surface.

By transmitted light, dark blotches may be noted under the epider-

mis ; beaks badly eroded in the specimens seen, but probably high

and incurved. Nacre soft, orange, or pale yellowish pink.

Muscle scars of medium depth, nearly or quite confluent, lateral

teeth single in the right, double in the left valve. Cardinals are

much split up in both valves. Beak cavities deep, but not com-

pressed. Length 35, height 25, diameter 18 mm. Dimensions of a

cotype, length 32, height 23, diameter id mm. The shell’s chief

character is the sulcated aspect of its exterior, resembling in this re-

gard the Spatha kamerunensis of Walker, which accompanied this

shell. It shows a distant kinship to P. hautteceuri Bourg, but too

remote to be confounded with that species. It more nearly re-

sembles P. nyangensis nobis. It was collected in the Lobo River,

Kamerun, Africa, by Mr. George Schwab, Jan. 28, 1913, for the Mu-

seum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge. Type No. 20164. A

cotype is in my own cabinet.

86 THE NAUTILUS.

PARREYSIA NYANGENSIS n. sp. Plate V, upper figures.

Shell small, elliptical or oval. Epidermis brown, slightly green-

ish, shell rather thin, covered with coarse, irregular concentric sul-

cations, or corrugations. Post ridge, though very faint, is inclined

to be double. Nacre soft, whitish, inclined to pinkish purple in the

beak cavities. Muscle scars confluent, not strong. One lateral in

the right, two in the left valve. Two cardinals in the right valve,

the inner one much the larger. ‘Two cardinals in the left valve, both

sulcated. Length 42, height 32, diameter 22 mm.

This species was collected by Mr. George Schwab, in the Nyang

River, March 13, 1913 (Kamerun, Africa).

Type deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam-

bridge, No. 21160. ‘The present species is most nearly allied to the

preceding species, Parreysia lobensis nobis. It differs in being more

lenticular and higher behind the beaks, and the anterior portion pro-

trudes forward more. ‘The exterior is much more coarsely corru-

gated, the corrugations being at least three times as large. Its teeth

are less split up.

A NEW GENUS OF TROCHIDZ.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

While working on the Mollusca of the Lightning and Porcupine

expeditions in 1883, J. Gwyn Jeffreys described in the Proceedings

of the Zoological Society a shell which he called Zrochus cancellatus,

This was not the 7rochus cancellatus of Munster, and therefore the

name must be changed. Moreover no attempt to include this species

in a known genus has been satisfactory, and, having found another

species in some dredgings from the Galapagos Islands, I propose to’

name it.

VETULONIA 0. g.

Shell turbiniform, small, thin, with radiating ribs crossing spira]

threads; umbilicated; the peristome interrupted by the body whorl ;

the outer lip in the completely adult reflected and somewhat thick-

ened, the aperture unarmed.

THE NAUTILUS. 87

Type V. galapagana Dall, from deep water near the Galapagos

Islands.

VETULONIA JEFFREYS! Dall.

Trochus cancellatus Jeffreys, Proc. Zoological Soc. London, 1883,

p- 96, pl. XX, f. 4; not of Miinster, in Goldfuss, Petr. Germ. III,

pp- 08, pl. 181, f. 5, 1842.

Machexroplax cancellatus Jeffreys, 1883.

Margarita cancellata Kobelt, 1888.

Solariella cancellata Locard, Rep. Moll. Travailleur et Talisman,

II, p. 32, 1898.

Distribution: Off the coast of Portugal, in N. Lat. 39° 55’ ata

depth of 994 fathoms, bottom temperature 40.3° F. Also Josephine

Bank in 340 to 430 fathoms; Jeffreys. Off the coast of Morocco, in

1900 meters, and south of Cape Mondego in 1818 meters; Locard.

Yucatan Channel in 400 fathoms; U.S. Fish Commission.

VETULONIA GALAPAGANA ND. Sp.

Shell small, white, of four moderately convex whorls (the nucleus

defective) the suture distinct; spiral sculpture between the sutures

of seven or eight close-set flattish threads, crossed by (on the last

whorl) seventeen narrow, slightly elevated, laminate ribs which be-

come obsolete toward the umbilicus on the base; the last rib form-

ing the outer lip is markedly larger and thicker than its predeces-

sors; the umbilicus is funicular, shallow and with no marginating

rib, it does not penetrate the axis; aperture rounded, interrupted by

the body whorl, the outer lip reflected, thickened, but with a sharp

edge. Operculum unknown. Height 2.2; max. diameter 3.4 mm.

Distribution: Near the Galapagos Islands in 634 fathoms, sand,

bottom temperature 39.9° F., one specimen. U.S. N. Mus,,

207607.

This species is larger than V. jeffreys¢, has coarser spiral sculp-

ture and a smaller umbilicus. I have chosen it for the type, as the

Atlantic species is represented in our collection by two specimens

which have not formed the thickened lip, and, from the description,

the specimens from the Atlantic dredged by the European expedi-

tions were also not quite mature. The type is opaque yellowish

white, but when fresh was probably translucent white like the At-

lantic species. The whole surface is uniformly spirally threaded ex-

cept the radiating lamelle.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

STUDIES IN NAJADES.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN.

The following studies intend to continue my ‘ Notes upon the

families and genera of the Najades,” published in the Annals of the

Carnegie Museum, vol. 8, 1912, pp. 222-365. They contain addi-

tional observations on the anatomy and systematic position of forms

which bave come to hand since that paper was published.

MARGARITANA SINUATA (Lamarck). (See Ortmann, 1. c. p. 232).

I have received from W. Israél the soft parts of two specimens

from the eastern Pyrenees, near Perpignan, France,

The gill-structure of this species is entirely like that of MZ. marga-

riufera, that is to say, the interlaminar connections are irregularly

scattered and do not form septa and water tubes, and near the base

of the gills there is a slight tendency to stand in oblique rows. The

jnner edge of the anal opening is almost smooth, with very slight and

indistinct crenulations, and does not differ from that of JZ. margariti-

fera. The connection of the posterior margins of the palpi extends,

in the two specimens before me, for a little less than one-half of the

margins, while in M. margaritifera they are connected for from one-

half to two-thirds, but this clearly depends upon the state of the con-

traction.

MARGARITANA MARGARITIFERA (Linneus). (See: Ortmann, |. c.

p. 220.)

W. Israél sent me 10 gravid females of this species, collected

August 6, 1912, in the Goernitzbach, Oelsnitz, Saxony.

These specimens show that there is no difference whatever in the

shell of the two sexes, and chief of all, that the so-called ‘ arcuate ”’

shape of the shell is not connected with sex.

The structure of the gills, chiefly the arrangement of the interlam-

inar connections, is somewhat variable: the tendency of these con-

nections to form oblique rows is variously developed, and, as far as

I can see from the present material, is most strongly pronounced in

the female. However, I could not venture to warrant that it is pos-

sible to distinguish the sexes by this feature.

In the gravid females, all four gills are charged: sometimes prac-

tically the whole of the gills is filled with embryos; in other cases a

THE NAUTILUS. 89

larger or smaller part at the anterior end of the gills is not charged,

but this may be due to the fact that the contents have been partly

discharged. The charged gills are very little swollen, and the em-

bryos fill the interstices between the interlaminar connections with-

out forming placente ; yet a slight mutual cohesion of the embryo is

present.

The glochidia are very small. Length, 0.06 mm.; height, 0.07

mm. Their shape is subovato-circular, slightly higher than long.

The lower margin is more narrowly rounded, so that a blunt and in-

distinct point is indicated. Of the published figures, that of Harms

(Zool. Anzeig. 31,1907, p. 817, fig. 5) comes nearest to the actual

shape, but is too regularly round. ‘The other figures of Harms (ibid.,

fig. 4, and Zool. Jahrb. Anat. 28, 1909, pl. 13, figs. 1 and 2) are

poor, since they represented oblique views of the glochidium. The

figure of Schierholz (Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wien. 55, 1889, pl. 4, fig.

65) does not at all represent this species.

Harms gives 0.0475 mm. as the size, which, according to my

measurements, is too small. He also describes and figures small

teeth or spines in the middle of the lower margin; I cannot see

these. In their place there is a narrow flange, which projects to-

ward the inside of the shell, and in a lateral (edgewise) view, this

appears sometimes as a short spine.

MARGARITANA MARGARITIFERA FALCATA (Gould), (According to

Simpson, Pr. U. S. Mus., 22, 1900, p. 677, synonym to IZ. mar-

garitifera). 3

Two specimens from Chehalis River, Porter, Chehalis Co., Wash-

ington, collected by H. Hannibal, July, 1912.

This western form of WM. margaritifera, whether we regard it as

distinct or not, has exactly the structure of the soft parts of the nor-

mal form. In one of the two specimens before me, the arrangement

of the interlaminar connections in oblique rows is much more distinct

than in the other; the former might possibly be a female.

FUSCONAJA SUBROTUNDA LEUCOGONA Nov. var.

This form is the representative of 2. subrotunda (Lea) in Elk

River in West Virginia (Kanawha drainage). I collected it on May

25, 1911, at Sutton, Braxton Co.; on July 8, 1911, at Gassaway,

Braxton Co., and July 10, 1911, at Shelton, Clay Co. I also saw

90 THE NAUTILUS.

dead shells on July 9 at Clay, Clay Co. The type-set is from Gas-

saway, Carn. Mus., no. 615399.

This form may be described as a rather small and somewhat flat-

tened subrotunda. It corresponds to a degree to the var. kirtlandi-

ana (l.ea) of the upper Tuscarawas, Beaver and French Creek

drainages in Ohio and Pennsylvania, but it is not quite so flat as the

latter, is smaller, and has not the subulate shape of the upper poste-

rior part. In fact, in shape it does not differ much from typical swbd-

rotunda, and moreover, the degree of compression is quite variable.

The soft parts, however, show some very marked peculiarities in

their color. While typical swbrotunda has either orange or whitish

soft parts, with the placente and eggs (and of course the gills of the

gravid female) always of a red color, in the Elk River form the soft

parts are of the white type, and placente and eggs are white. This,

at least, is the rule. But there are rare exceptions: at Gassaway I

found a single male, which had orange soft parts, and at Shelton I

found a few males and females with orange soft parts, and a few

females had cream-colored, pink or red placente ; in one case only

orange soft parts and red placente were associated. This shows

clearly that the Elk River shell is to be regarded only as a local race

of subrotunda, probably passing into the normal form in the lower

part of Elk River (Shelton, where the greatest number of specimens

with red or orange was found, is the lowermost point where I col-

lected.

The anatomy of this form is absolutely identical with that of sub-

rotunda. On all three dates I found gravid females, but on May 25

they all had only eggs; on the other days glochidia were present.

One specimen collected July 8 had the ovisacs only partly charged,

and in a number of them the basal part was empty, while the distal

part contained yet parts of the placente. This shows that the pla-

cent are sometimes discharged in sections. Glochidia identical in

shape and size with those of subrotunda and kirtlandiana (Ortmann,

Mem. Carn. Mus., 4, 1911, pl. 89, fig. 1). Length, 0.13; height,

0.15 mm.

FusconasA BURSA-PASTORIS (B. H. Wright). (See Quadrula b.-p.

Simpson, 1900, p. 791).

I collected a number in Clinch River, at Richland and Raven

Tazewell Co., Va., on Sept. 20 and 21, 1912.

THE NAUTILUS. 91

Structure identical with that of /. subrotunda. Anal opening sep-

arated from the supra-anal by a very short mantle connection, with

fine but distinct crenulations. Branchial with papille. Posterior

margins of palpi connected for about one-third to one-half of their

length.

Gills short and wide, the inner wider. Inner lamina of inner gill

free from abdominal sac, except at its anterior end. In the female,

all four gills have marsupial structure. None of the females was

gravid.

Color of soft parts generally of the orange type, with foot, ad-

ductors and mantle margin often deep orange, rarely paler. In a

few specimens the soft warts were pale brown to whitish. Gonads in

most females intensely red (crimson) ; also in the males more or less

red or pink, but in the latter they were in some cases brownish-

gray.

(To be continued.)

SPRING COLLECTING IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA.

BY CALVIN GOODRICH.

[ Concluded from page 82. |

Some additions were made the next morning to Dr. Ortmann’s

Naiad list of the Clinch a mile and a half below St. Paul:

Micromya cxlata (Conrad), Hurynia recta (Lam.), and Nephronaias

ligamentina gibba (Simpson), closely allied to WV. perdix (Lea). To

at this point was seemingly all provided with tubercules. The shells

were to be found on the larger stones on the up-stream side, or under

an up-stream shelf, in the swifter water. An occasional one ap-

peared in relatively quiet water. The white disintegrating shells of

Campeloma decisum (Say), were common on the flood plain here.

Our next collecting spot was in the South Fork of the Powell

river at Big Stone Gap, Wise Co., Va. The Doctor tackled the

stream at once, while I climbed the big ridge, which hangs over it,

in search of land material. ‘The ridge proved to be entirely of sand-

stone and was as barren of molluscan life as the ordinary town lot,

no bones at all being seen and only two living individuals, juvenile

Polygyre. Joining Dr. Ortmann after a couple of hours, I found

92 THE NAUTILUS.

him happy over the plentifulness of the Nadades ; they made up in

this and in new interest what they lacked in variety. The most

striking fact was that while Hurynia vanuxemensis (Lea), was un-

known to the Clinch, it was one of the most common species of the

Powell, at least at this station. Jo was not seen. Two specimens

only of Anculosa subglobosa were collected. Pleurocera unciale, of

a heavier aspect than the species in the Clinch, and Gonzobasis

simplex were common. In flood pools, I was lucky enough to make

several interesting finds: Physa crandalli Baker, Planorbis bicart-

natus Say, Lymnea obrussa Say, and, best of all, Ancylus obscurus

Hald., which Mr. Walker tells me has been one of the long-lost species.

The weather turning stormy, we regretfully gave up plans for

further collecting in the Powell river and in shoals of the Clinch

which could be conveniently reached from Big Stone Gap. So in

hopes of getting out of what might happen to be a localized storm

area, we went on to Gate City, Scott Co., which brought us into the

Holston drainage. Though assured that no shells had ever been

seen in the Little Moccasin, which runs as a sort of decorative

border to the corporation of Gate City, the results proved, as they

usually do in such cases, that the resident sense of observation was

of indifferent development. Two species of Naiades were found in

this stream and, had the creek been clearer, probably more had

been collected. The purple-black Gontobasis spinella Lea, was an

easy mark in the yellow water, and many specimens were taken.

The ubiquitous Pleurocera unciale was here and also Goniobasis

claveformis Lea, a species new to the expedition. Physa hetero-

stropha Say, covered the wooden sides of the flume of a grist mill

run by this creek.

Following the Little Moccasin slowly down stream, we came to

the Big Moccasin creek. Almost at once Dr. Ortmann struck a

pocket of clams and in the course of a few minutes had taken seven

specimens. But luck quickly deserted, a thunder shower forcing us

to the protection of a covered bridge. After it was over there was

nothing to do but trudge home, as the water had risen and was car-

rying a heavy load of clay. The Pleuroceratide of the Big Moccasin

seemed to be the three species of the Little Moccasin—exceedingly

eroded—and one other species, Anculosa subglobosa.

The weather instead of improving grew constantly worse. The

Doctor decided to go to points south for a try at the Holston river

THE NAUTILUS. 93

and thence across the mountains into the Atlantic drainage, and I

determined upon a search for land ‘shells at Natural Tunnel, a few

miles up the line from Gate City. It was the kind of day to bring

the snails out, warm and steaming, and they did prove to be out,

twenty species being bagged. Here, as in Russell county, Polygyra

profunda had mostly dispensed with bands. But Polygyra elevata

had assumed them. An interesting depauperate colony of this

species was found on the face of the cliff between the natural and

artificial tunnels. It was scarcely more than half the size of elevata

living just out of the northern mouth of the natural tunnel. A

mountain brook contained a small and handsome form of Goniobasis

aterina Lea. One could stand upright and pick these little fellows

from the rocks where they lived in the spray of the falls. From

Stock creek, tributary to the Clinch and the stream which carved

the natural tunnel, were taken Pleurocera unciale, Goniobasis simplex

and Goniobasis aterina—this last surely the same or an offspring of

simplex.

Acknowledgments are due to Mr. F. C. Baker, Mr. Bryant

Walker, Mr. A. A. Hinkley and Dr. Victor Sterki for identifica-

tions, and to Mr. George H. Clapp for valuable comment on the

land shells.

From a preliminary catalogue made by Dr. Ortmann, and to use

which I have his kind permission, the following list of the collections

of last May had been made:

Fusconaia bursa-pastoris (Wright). . Clinch River, Cedar Bluff,

Cleveland, Fink, St. Paul.

Fusconaia estabrookiana (Lea). ‘* Synonyms, fassinans Lea and

fassinans rhomboideum Simpson and others.” Clinch, Cedar Bluff,

Fink, St. Paul, Powell, Big Stone Gap, Big Moccasin, Moccasin

Gap.

Fusconaia appressa (Lea) or edgariana (Lea). ‘ Practically

nothing but a flattened edgariana.”’ Clinch, Cleveland, Fink, St.

Paul.

Crenodonta undulata (Barnes). Clinch, Cleveland, Fink, St.

Paul.

Quadrula intermedia (Conrad). ‘‘ Possibly tuberosa Lea and

sparsa Lea.” Clinch, Cleveland.

Quadrula cylindrica strigillata (Wright). Clinch, Cedar Bluff,

Cleveland, Fink.

94 THE NAUTILUS.

Pleurobema maculatum (Conrad). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleve-

land, St. Paul, north fork of Holston.

Pleurobema oviforme (Conrad). ‘Runs into clinchense Lea.’’

Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland.

Pleurobema sp.? ‘ Looks like a flattened obliquum Lam.” Clinch,

Cleveland.

Pleurobema argentum (Lea). ‘ With many synonyms, such as

planior Lea and brevis Lea.” Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland,

Fink, St. Paul, Powell, Big Stone Gap, Big Moccasin, Moccasin

Gap.

Elliptio gibbosus (Barnes). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland,

Fink, St. Paul, also in middle fork of the Holston.

Lastena lata (Raf.). Clinch, Cleveland, St. Paul.

Symphynota costata (Raf.). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland,

Fink, St. Paul; also in middle fork of the Holston.

Symphynota holston (Lea). ‘* Not an Alasmidonta.’’ Clinch,

Cedar Bluff, Powell, Big Stone Gap, Little Moccasin, Gate City.

Alasmidonta minor (Lea). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland, Fink,

St. Paul; also in the Holston.

Alasmidonta marginata (Say). Clinch, Cleveland, Fink, St.

Paul; also in middle fork of Holston.

Strophitus edentulus (Say). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland, St.

Paul.

Micromya caelata (Conrad). Clinch, St. Paul.

Ptychobranchus phaseolus (Hild.). Clinch, Cleveland, Fink, St.

Paul.

Ptychobranchus subtentus (Say). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland,

St. Paul; in middle fork of Holston.

Nephronaias ligamentina gibba (Simp.). Clinch, St. Paul.

Nephronaias perdiz (Lea). Clinch, Cleveland, Fink, St. Paul.

Medionidus conradicus (Lea), Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland,

Fink, St. Paul, Powell, Big Stone Gap, Big Moccasin, Moccasin

Gap.

Eurynia fabalis (Lea). Clinch, Cleveland, St. Paul.

Eurynia perpurpurea (Lea). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland,

St. Paul.

Eurynia nebulosa (Conrad). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland,

Fink, St. Paul, Powell, Big Stone Gap, Big Moccasin, Moccasin

Gap.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

ELurynia vanuxemensis (Lea). Powell, Big Stone Gap, Little

Moccasin, Gate City, Big Moccasin, Moccasin Gap. ‘‘ Common in

Holston.”

Eurynia recta (Lam.). Clinch, St. Paul.

Lampsilis ovata ventricosa (Barnes). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleve-

land, Fink, St. Paul.

Lampsilis multiradiata (Lea). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland,

Fink, St. Paul, Big Moccasin, Moccasin Gap.

runcilla capsaeformis (Lea). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland,

Fink, St. Paul, Big Moccasin, Moccasin Gap.

In September, 1912, Dr. Ortmann found a single specimen of

Truncilla haystana (Lea) in the Clinch river at Raven, Tazewell

county, Va. This species was missed in the visit of last May.

NOTES.

ANOTHER Note on Marryn’s UNIVERSAL CONCHOLOGIST.—

It may be of interest to those readers of THE NatuTiLus who are

lovers of rare books, to learn that there is now a fifth copy of the

‘¢ Universal Conchologist”’ in the United States. The volumes are

large folio, bound in morocco and gold, and essentially like the mag-

nificent copy in the Stanford University Library (see NauriLus,

vol. XXII, 1908, p. 72), except that they comprise only the first 81

plates (vols. I-II). The plates are themselves in excellent preser-

vation, but the sumptuous binding is badly worn. A prospectus of

the work in French, dated 1787, is laid into the second volume. In

neither this copy nor that at Stanford is there any plate of medals,

as has been described for other editions. ‘The volumes were acquired

from a Paris dealer and are now in the private library of the writer.

The opportunity should be taken to correct a slight error which

crept into my former note in these pages as above cited. It is the

fourth volume of the Stanford University copy which lacks the ex-

planatory table; vol. III appears to be complete.—S. S. Berry.

LAND SHELLS FROM ELLswortn, Maine.—The following species

were taken in a few hours’ collecting October last along the shores

of the Union River, just below Ellsworth, Maine. The shells were

sent to Mr. George H. Clapp, who kindly identified them for me:

96 THE NAUTILUS.

Vallonia pulchella Mill.

Vallonia excentrica Sterki.

Acanthinula harpa Say.

Zonitoides arborea Say.

Vitrea cellaria L.

Vitrea radiatula Ald.

Euconulus fulvus Mull.

Pyramidula cronkhitet anthonyt Pils.

Pyramidula alternata Say.

Vitrina limpida Gld.

Cochlicopa lubrica Mill.

Succinea ovalis tottentana Lea.—JoHN B. HENDERSON. —

I norice that, in my note published in Toe Naurius, the Ed- |

itor changed ‘‘ Schowalter’”’ to “ Showalter,” as Lea and others wrote

it; I wrote it so myself until recently. Being in doubt about the

spelling, I asked Dr. Schowalter’s son, whom I met at Point Clear,

near Mobile. He said that both he and his father always wrote the

name with ac. It is a small matter, but deemed worthy of men-

tioning.—HERBERT H. Situ.

Lanp SHELLS OF CrEcIL Co., MARYLAND, collected by Mr.

Bayard Long.—A small lot of leaf-mould gathered in the rocky

woods along the Susquehanna River at Bald Friar, contained the fol-

lowing species. As nothing has been published on the shells of this

part of Maryland, the records may be of interest, especially Polygyra

fraudulenta and Bifidaria procera, neither of which has turned up in

the adjacent part of Pennsylvania ;

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Vitrea rhoadsi Pils.

thyroides (Say). hammonis (Strom.).

Sraudulenta (Pils.). Pyramidula alternata (Say.).

hirsuta (Say). perspectiva (Say.).

Circinaria concava (Say). Punctum pygm@um (Drap.).

Gastrodonta intertexta (Binn.). Birfidaria procera (Gld.).

suppressa (Say.). contracta (Say.).

Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). pentodon (Say.).

Vitrea indentata (Say.). Carychium exile H. C. Lea.

—H. A. Pitsery,

THE NAUTILUS, XXVIII. PLATE VI

W. F. CLAPP: SHELLS FROM SWAN ISLAND.

AXEL OLS -ON: ON MIOCENE CORRELATION.

hHE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXVIT. JANUARY, 1914. No.9

LIST OF LAND SHELLS FROM SWAN ISLAND, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF

FIVE NEW SPECIES.

BY W. F. CLAPP.

The following list is based on the land shells found on Swan

Island by Mr. George Nelson in April 1913. The material was

collected for the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,

Massachusetts.

Swan Island is situated in the Caribbean Sea about one hundred

miles northeast of Spanish Honduras, and three hundred and fifty

miles west of Jamaica. About one quarter of the land is cleared

and devoted to the raising of cocoanuts; the remaining three-quarters

is an almost impenetrable jungle. The soil, rich in lime and phos-

phate, and the luxurious vegetation, render the island an ideal home

for the land mollusca.

From the standpoint of the zodgeographer the fauna of the island

is of considerable interest. With so few species represented, it is

impossible to be positive when and whence it obtained its molluscan

fauna; but further collecting should yield a greater number of species,

from which interesting conclusions may be drawn, regarding former

land connections in this region,

The Chondropoma is most closely related to Cuban or Haitian

species; the Brachypodella to Cuban, althongh its resemblance to

B. costulata of Jamaica is striking. The Cecilioides is also Cuban.

The Lucidellaand Drymeus are both closely allied to both Jamaican

98 THE NAUTILUS.

and Central American species, while the Zhysanophora and Opeas

are so widely distributed that they have little or no significance.

I am greatly indebted to Dr. Pilsbry for assistance in determining

the specific values and relationships of the different species, and to

Mr. George Nelson for the photographs reproduced on the plate.

The list of species follows :

Thysanophora selenina (Gld.) Cacilioides consobrina (d’Orb.)

Drymeus insule-cygnt, sp. nov. Sucecinea latior C. B. Adams.

Opeas micra (d’Orb.) Colobostylus nelsoni, sp. NOV.

Brachypodella insule-cygnt, Chondropoma caribbxum,

sp. nov. sp. nov.

Microceramus concisus (Morel). Lucidella pilsbryi, sp. nov.

DrRYMAEUS INSUL#Z-CYGNI, sp. nov. Pl. VI, fig. 9d.

Shell perforate, oblong conical, thin, straw-colored or white, the

last one or two whorls irregularly marked with faint longitudinal

streaks of pale brown or pink, generally delicate pink on the reflexed

columellar lip. Surface glossy, spirally striated with numerous fine

incised lines. Apex with typical Drymaeus sculpture. Whorls

64-7 slightly convex.

Aperture ovate, oblique to axis of whorls. Peristome simple,

slichtly expanded below. Columellar surface within the aperture

oblique and more or less sinuous. Columellar lip reflexed in asmall

flat plate above the umbilicus.

Alt. 30 mm., diam. 13 mm., ap. |. 14 mm.

Alt. 28 mm., diam. 12 mm., ap. |. 13 mm.

Alt. 24 mm., diam. 11 mm., ap. |. 11.5 mm.

Alt. 35 mm., diam. 13 mm., alt. 1. 15 mm.

Less solid and opaque than D. immaculatus, with sutures more

impressed, last whorl shorter. Aperture broader and peristome

more convex. The spire resembles in shape that of D. immaculatus

from Jamaica. The aperture is like that of D. lilaceus from Porto

Rico. The texture resembles that of D. sudphureus from Central

America.

The animal when alive is dark bluish green above, fading to slate

gray on the sides. The outer edge of the foot is tinged with green,

which changes abruptly to cream color near the central part.

Types: No. 22877, M. C. Z.

THE NAUTILCS. 99

BRACHYPODELLA INSULZ-CYGNI, sp. nov. Pi. VI, fig 10.

Shell small, white, thin, translucent, cylindrical, tapering with

straight outlines to a narrow truncate apex. Surface sculptured with

strong white riblets, oblique.to axis of shell, about 12-13 occurring

on the penultimate whorl, interspaces about 4 or 5 times as broad as

the ribs. Whorls strongly convex, the last not carinate or angulate,

its latter half free, descending in a cylindrical neck.

Aperture oblique, rounded, slightly angular at the outer margin,

lip white, reflexed. Axis simple, slender.

Length 7 mm., diam. 2. mm., whorls 94 (truncate).

In living specimens the part of the shell containing the animal is

dark grey, with very noticeable, small, irregular black spots on the

animal showing between the ribs in the lowest whorls. Apex gen-

erally truncate, 4 or 5 corneous whorls being lost. In a specimen

retaining the apical whorls the first 2 are vertically costulate, the

lower ones becoming more obliquely sculptured.

The shell is similar to B. minuta, as described in the Manual of

Conchology (vol. 16, p. 58), in size, in having the last whorl not

carinate or angular, and in the slender axis, but it differs in having

much coarser sculpture. From &. dominicensis it differs in color,

in having deeper sutures, more convex whorls, and no basal keel ;

but in the spacing of the riblets and form of the axis, it is similar.

In color and in having the whorls most strongly convex just below

the suture, in the wide spacing, number, and prominence of the rib-

lets, the shell reminds one of the Jamaican B. costulata; but costulata

has the last whorl strongly carinate.

Types: No. 22889 M. C. Z.

COLOBOSTYLUS NELSONI, sp. nov. Pl. VI, figs. 1, 2.

Shell small, umbilicate, turbinate conical, surface longitudinally

striate, with coarse sharp striz on early whorls, becoming finer and

more numerous on last whorl. The umbilical region generally

showing a few coarse spiral lines, occasionally extending over the

entire whorl. Two general color forms are noticeable, one with the

upper whorl purple black, the color gradually fading till on the

lower whorl it is purple red; the other form is light horn color

throughout, with rows of equidistant square spots, the first two or

three spots below the suture being frequently connected, forming

short longitudinal lines. The number of spiral rows of these spots

100 THE NAUTILUS.

on each whorl varies considerably, but average about three on the

antepenultimate, five on the penultimate, and seven on the ultimate.

The spots are equidistant whether considered as forming spiral or

longitudinal rows. Whorls 3-4, the first growth being lost. Aper-

ture vertical, subcircular, color within corresponding to the outside.

Peristome with slightly raised white inner rim, and broad flat white

expansion, slightly dilated at the columellar margin, and also above

where adnate to the whorl.

Length 11.5 mm., width 7 mm.

Length 10.5 mm., width 6.5 mm.

Operculum white, slightly concave, with involuting lines and

deeply grooved edge. ‘The dark central core is nearer the columellar

margin than any other portion of the peristome.

Types: No. 22879, M. C. Z.

CHONDROPOMA CARIBB£UM, sp. nov. Pl. VI, figs. 3, 4.

Shell subperforate, oblong, truncate, solid, with spiral flattened

ridges and more numerous longitudinal lines, Color varying from

horn to purple black, remaining whorls 45, convex, suture deep,

nearly simple. Aperture vertical, longer than wide, rounded below,

narrowed above. Peristome simple, adnate to the penultimate

whorl, upper outer edge slightly broadened and reflexed.

Operculum cartilaginous, rounded below, broadly pointed above ;

whorls few, rapidly enlarging, outer half having edge turned abruptly

out, inner edge turned in.

Length 10.5 mm., diam. 4.5 mm., ap. 3 mm.

Length 10 mm., diam. 4.5 mm., ap. 3 mm.

In size and general appearance this shell resembles C. s¢mplex,

from Haiti, but the spiral and longitudinal lines are finer and more

numerous, and the last whorl is always adnate.

Types: No. 22885, M. C. Z.

LUCIDELLA PILSBRYI, sp. nov. Pl. VI, fig. 6, 7.

Shell depressed, with elevated, fine, spiral lines, strongest on

early whorls, nearly obsolete on rounded periphery, base nearly

smooth, or with more or less numerous, delicate, spiral furrows. Spire

depressed, whorls 4, the last slightly deflexed. A thin granular

callus extends from the aperture over the umbilical region, ending

in a slight depression. Aperture very oblique, peristome white, a

THE NAUTILUS. 101

little expanded above, thickened and reflexed below. Basal lip with

short, white, obtusely triangular tooth, projecting in the plane of the

last whorl, not projecting into the aperture.

Alt. 1.2 mm., diam. 3.5 mm., s. diam. 2.8 mm.

Four living specimens of this shell were collected. It belongs to

the subgenus Perenna Guppy. It is smaller, more depressed, darker

in color and with less acute lire than LZ. lineata. In other members

of the Zineata group the basal tooth is squarish and projected into the

aperture, but in pe/sbryi it is broadly pointed and is a continuation

of the lower whorl, not projecting into the aperture.

The slightly reflexed upper margin of the aperture, with no trace

of tubercular teeth and the small size of the basal tooth, suggest a

very slight immaturity. Possibly a larger series would contain older

specimens, which would be found to have upper marginal tubercles,

and a more strongly developed basal tooth. In any case the shell

will be found to be specifically distinct.

Types ; No. 22890 M. C, Z.

NOTES ON MIOCENE CORRELATION.

BY AXEL OLSSON.

The deposits which we have come to recognize as of Miocene age

on our Atlantic coastal plain differ in many respects from beds of

similar age found in other regions. This uniqueness is due to their

faunal characteristics, which were developed under conditions of

which we have records nowhere else. Therefore, direct correlation

or specific identity of forms is possible in only a few cases, and the

Miocene age of these beds is based rather more on stratigraphic than

on paleontologic grounds.

The seas of our Eocene and Oligocene periods were rather warm,

and hence their faunas find their closest affinities in our present

tropical seas. At the close of the Oligocene, conditions began to

change. In the Oak Grove sands of Florida the fauna in a slight

way portraits the coming Miocene one. However, more important,

of which this special case is but a preliminary result, is the inaugu-

ration of a great series of orogenetic movements which culminated

in a great series of Miocene uplifts. In Europe the whole series of

102 THE NAUTILUS.

folding extended from the Pyrenees Mountains in Spain to the

Himalayas in Asia. In America the union of the North and South

Americas, the fusion of the island of Florida with the mainland»

which was again severed towards its close.

As we would naturally expect, a series of such great changes

would have some great effect upon the direction of oceanic currents,

It is to this that an appeal has been made for the explanation of the

uniqueness of our Atlantic coast Miocene faunas. This fauna is one

typically developed in cold waters. This being shown especially

well by the abundance of Astartide, Ledas and of such Venericardias

related to our recent Venericardia borealis. The warm-water-

loving series of the Oligocene retreated to the Antillean region, to

return again towards the close of the Miocene and in the Pliocene,

when conditions again became favorable to them, to retreat again

before the general refrigeration which ushered in the Pleistocene

glacial advances. Also further proof of a cold oceanic current creep-

ing south along our coast is to be noted that the Miocene floras of

the adjacent mainland indicate a warm, mild climate.

In the course of paleontologic work, it became rather desirable to

obtain some immature shells of certain species. In order to do so I

began the examining of the sand and marl contained inside of closed

valves of several large bivalve shells, amongst which was a specimen

of Melina (Perna) mazillata (Deshayes) from the Choptank River,

Maryland. In so doing, two small but beautifully preserved valves

of asmall 7rigoniocardia were discovered which later were identi-

fied as Cardium (Trigoniocardia) galvestonense Harris, They are

figured on plate VI, figs. 11, 12.

This species was first described by Professor G. D. Harris from

specimens obtained from the deep well drillings of the Galveston

Artesian well.’ Specimens from there are figured, Pl. VI, figs. 8,

9. The maximum depth attained in this well is 2,920 feet of which

the interval between 2,158 and 2,920 feet was referred to the Upper

Miocene. This fauna is tropical in its make-up, differing conspicu-

ously from the cold Chesapeake fauna which at the same time ex-

tended into the Gulf of Mexico, through the Suwanee straits which

separated Florida from the main-land. With the typical expression

1Bull. of American Paleontology. Vol. I, No. 3, p. 91, pl. 1, fig. 3, 3a,

Dec, 2 ,) 1896.

THE NAUTILUS. 103

of the Chesapeake fauna as developed in Virginia and Maryland,

only a few species are held in common, while with the Upper or

Duplin Miocene horizon of N. C., agreement is much closer, due as

much to similarity of climatic conditions as to a similarity in age.

Besides Cardium galvestonense Harris, two other species are avail-

able for correlation in both the Chesapeake beds of Maryland and

the Miocene of the Galveston well, namely Mytilus conradinus Orb.

and Orassinella galvestonensis Harris. These two species are rather

abundant and occur in nearly the whole series of our Miocene beds.

The former from New Jersey southward, the latter as far north as

Maryland. Cardium galvestonense however until its present dis-

covery in the Choptank formation of Maryland has escaped notice

outside of its type area. Its distribution is such as to indicate, that

it may be expected anywhere in the intermediate area. Its rarity

outside of the Texan region, where it is abundant, indicates that it

is a warm-water-loving form, finding as Professor Harris notes, its

nearest relations with Antillean species. So far it is the only

Trigoniocardia discovered in our Atlantic coast Miocene beds,

although the group is abundantly represented in the Oligocene

beneath.

NOTE ON CLEMENTIA OBLIQUA JUKES-BROWNE.

BY WM. H. DALL.

Mr, A. L. Jukes-Browne in the Annals and Magazine of Natural

History for July, 1913, p. 60, has published a description of a new

species of Olementia under the specific name of obligua, which was

supposed to come from Porto Rico. By the kindness of J. Cosmo

Melvill, Esq., I have been able to examine one of the two specimens

upon which this species was founded. It proves not to be a Clem-

entia, not to come from Porto Rico, and to be a species described by

Carpenter under the name of Clementia subdiaphana forty-eight

years ago. As Clementia was, according to Adams and Woodward,

a Dosinoid animal, and the soft parts of this species are Veneroid, it

was transferred by me to the genus Marcia, section Venerella, in my

revision of the Veneride in 1902, I figured the species in the Pro-

ceedings of the U. S. National Museum in 1891 from an exception-

ally rotund specimen. Mr. Jukes-Browne’s figures are of the more

104 THE NAUTILUS.

common and elongated type. ‘The cotype of obliqua examined by

me has a specimen of Galerus contortus Cpr. adhering to it, which,

like the bivalve, ranges from Alaska to the Santa Barbara Islands

of California.. All true Clementias are more or less concentrically

undulated and have a deep linguiform pallial sinus, both of which

features are absent from the so-called C. obliqua.

NORTHERN IDAHO SHELLS.

FRANK C. BAKER.

During the month of September the writer visited various portions

of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Nearly three weeks of this

period was spent in Northern Idaho in the beautiful Kootenai Valley

and about Lake Pend Oreille. This region is quite unknown con-

chologically and it was hoped that some fine new species of Oreohelix

or Polygyra might be found, comparable perhaps to the Sonorellas,

etcetera, that our friend Ferriss has dug from the rocks of the Grand

Canyon and the stony wastes of Arizona. Evidently we did not

tear enough of the mountains to pieces, and so the pleasing sensation

of finding a novelty was denied us. Perhaps the fact that we were

examining the sturdy young trees of a newly acquired apple orchard

(as well as counting the number of boxes of apples we would sell

from these trees!) also accounted for our failure to secure a larger

number of species.

Considerable time was given to hunting for snails, and a large

number of specimens was secured, but of few species. A more de-

tailed and careful search would doubtless increase this number, but

the fact seems evident that the forests of pine, hemlock, spruce, and

fir in this region do not harbor a large variety of molluscan life.

As this is a new region, the list, though small, may be of value.

The orchard tract near McArthur, Idaho is a little over 2000 feet in

elevation.

Circinaria vancouverensis (Lea). Kootenai Orchard, McArthur,

Idaho. This snail is not common the only specimens obtained (two

in number) being found near our sleeping tent, one under the floor

and the other beneath a burnt log. The specimens are smaller than

those living to the westward, at a lower elevation.

THE NAUTILUS. 105

Huconulus trochiformis (Montagu)—fulvus Mill. Specimens were

found plentifully on old boards under the wooden floors of the

sleeping tents. |

Zonitoides arborea (Say). This is the commonest snail here, as

in our eastern forests, and is found everywhere in large quantities:

Specimens from Idaho and Chicago cannot be distinguished.

Pyramidula solitaria occidentalis (Marts.). This fine shell was

found only high up on the mountain sides at an elevation above 4000

feet. At this height they were very abundant for about 500 feet,

when they totally disappeared, their ecological elevation being be-

tween 4000 and 4500 feet. They were found in hollows in well-

wooded ravines at the base of rocky projections, where there was a

vigorous growth of shrubs, and in dell-like valleys between mountain

spurs. They were always found (in September) buried under leaves

and débris, sometimes to the depth of several inches. The color is -

rich brown or chestnut, with two reddish bands, which are specially

conspicuous in the aperture.

These shells were at first somewhat of a puzzle, for they seemed

to combine characteristics of both Oreohelix coopert and Pyramidula

solitaria. Prof. Elrod’ notes a similarity between these two species

near McDonald Lake, Mission Mountains, Montana. To Mr. Wm.

Moss, Superintendent of the Kootenai Orchards, is due the discovery

of these shells. We had searched diligently for nearly two weeks

without finding even a dead specimen, though the mountain side had

been ascended for a thousand feet. Upon mentioning the fact to

Mr. Moss, he stated that he had seen piles of big shells way up on

the mountains. A subsequent climb to this altitude (2000 feet above

the orchard) revealed the coveted Helices.

Galba parva (Lea). This little Lymneid was found only in a

small creek at McArthur.

Physa diaphana Tryon. The Orchard, McArthur; Moravia,

about eight miles north of McArthur. This is the common Physa

and occurs in some localities in great abundance.

haos in the Physidg is painfully realized when one attempts to

definitely place a member of this family. Déaphana was originally

described from California, but the species under discussion, though

occurring so far to the eastward of this region, conforms to the

1 Bull. University of Montana, Biological Series, No, 3, p. 112.

106 THE NAUTILUS.

descriptions and figures of Tryon! more closely than to any other,

both in size (11-13 mill. long) and form. The collumella is pre-

cisely as described by Tryon. It is probable that many of the west-

ern Physas have a wide distribution west of the Rocky Mountains.

Planorbis antrosus Conrad. A single specimen of this species was

picked up on the shore of Pend Oreille River, in front of the fish-

hatching building, across the river from Sandpoint. It is exactly

like the variety portagensis Baker, from Maine. Though the two

localities are separated by 2500 miles of territory, there is no question

concerning the identity of the Idaho shell. Only three other records

of bicarinatus (antrosus) are known from Idaho, and these are all

from the “ panhandle,” not far removed from the locality under

consideration.’

At Glacier National Park, Montana, in a ravine about a mile

west of the hotel, a number of dead shells of Oreohelix coopert

(W. G. B.) were secured. No living specimens could be found,

though special search was carried on for them. Glacier Park

Station is about 5000 feet altitude.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

DescripTion oF Some New Cerionip&, by C. J. Maynard

(Appendix to Records of Walks and Talks with Nature, Vol. v, pp.

177-200, 19138). The object of this notice is to call the attention of

conchologists to this somewhat obscure publication, containing over

thirty-five so-called new species. The author states in the introduc-

tion that ‘‘ The following announcements of the discovery of certain

laws which govern the evolution of groups and the descriptions of

some species are here given preliminary to a revision of my mono-

graph of the Oerionide.’’ The author’s brevity in describing species

and his combinations of hyphenated names are something remarkable.

The latter method is evidently necessary to emphasize his belief that

‘‘a species may become established even though it is still bound to

its parent species by living links.’”’ Having made no special study

of this interesting family, it would be useless for me to comment fur-

ther, for in doing so I might seriously encroach upon the vocabulary

1See Tryon, con. Haldeman’s Mon., p. 134, pl. 6, fig. 15.

See Walker, Navriuus, XXIII, p. 25, 1909.

THE NAUTILUS. 107

of a specialist on the Ceriontd@ who might later have occasion to

criticise this work.—C. W. J.

A Previminary List oF THE Mo.tuusca or Missouri (exclu-

sive of the Unionid@), by F. A. Sampson (Trans. Acad. Science,

St. Louis, Vol. xxii, pp. 67-108, 1913). A valuable and interesting

list of 132 species, giving their distribution throughout the State.

OBSERVATIONS ON LivineG SoOLENOMYA (velum and borealis), by

Edward S. Morse (Biol. Bull., Vol. xxv, pp. 261-281, 1913). An

exceedingly interesting article, in which the animals are clearly

shown by some 22 figures, and their habits and structure fully de-

scribed. Their movements consist of a series of vigorous darts,

which send them rapidly through the water. They seem to have

the peculiar habit of burrowing in the mud posterior end down-

ward, this attitude being contrary to the behavior of all other bur-

rowing lamellibranchs.—C. W. J.

NOTES.

HELIX HORTENSIS ON WHITE Butt IsLanp, Mr.—I have read

with much interest your paper in October Natrtinus on Aelix -

hortensis in New England, and note on page 63, you mention that

the species has not before been recorded from White Bull Island,

Maine. With this I am sending you a partial catalogue of the land

shells in my collection, which I printed in 1889. (Circumstances

prevented its completion). On page 32, No. 2066, you will find the

species listed from that locality, received from Rev. E. C. Bolles (of

Portland, Maine) who sent them to me October 30,1867. This

may not constitute a ‘‘ record,” though copies of the catalogue have

been somewhat extensively circulated among my friends and corre-

spondents in this country and abroad, but possibly you may be

interested to know that its existence on White Bull Island was

known 46 years ago.— Wm. G. Mazyck.

Martyn’s UniversaL Concuo.ocist.—Seeing Mr. Berry’s

note in December NauTitus reminds me that I have had a copy of -

the first two volumes of this rare work in my library since May 1908

and as it differs in some particulars from those already put on record

I give description below.

108 THE NAUTILUS.

It is bound in full tree calf in one volume, trimmed to 103 by

13y inches. The frontispiece has elaborate gold grapevine pattern

surrounding the figure of Turritella terebra. Then follows a title page

which does not appear to be in the National Museum or Academy of

Natural Science copies. (See Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol.

xxix, p. 422). This title is as follows:

The / Universal Conchologist, / Exhibiting / The Figure of every

known Shell accurately drawn and painted after Nature:/ With A/

New Systematic Arrangement / by the Author / Thomas Martyn. /

Sold at his House, No. 16 Great Marlborough Street, London./... ./

Le / Conchologiste Universel, / montrant la figure de chaque coquille

aujourd’hui connue:/ Soigneusement Dessinee, et peinte d’apres

Nature./ Le tout Arrange selon le Systeme / De L’ Auteur, / Thomas

Martyn./ Se vend chez lui No. 16 Great Marlborough Street, Lon-

dres, 1789. ;

Then follows the title-page given by Dall; engraved dedication to

the King; the bastard title. The Introduction and Preface are as

given by Dall, but the two plates of medals are bound between pages

26 and 27 of the Preface... The two Hxplanatory Tables follow the

blank page 40. Close to the lower, right-hand margin of the first

Table is engraved Odser which probably refers to the sheet of ‘ ‘Ob-

servations”’ in the Henderson copy but missing from this. (See

Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX XIII, p. 186).

Gro. H. Crapp.

SHOWALTER OR SCHOWALTER.—In the December NauriLus

Mr. H. H. Smith mentions Lea’s incorrect spelling of the name of

Dr. S[c]howalter. It was my privilege to enjoy delightful corres-

pondence with the Doctor for several years, and I can assure any

one interested that the Doctor’s son is mistaken. He did not

‘always write the name with ac.” I enclose a tracing of his very

plainly written signature of a letter dated March 11, 1867, at which

time he certainly spelled the name Showalter, as Lea, Ravenel,

Tryon, I, and others have spelled it. The changed spelling must

have been coincident with his marriage in December, 1867, as in

his last letter before that event, written in November, he used only

Sh, and in the first one which I received after it, dated July 10,

1868, the Sch appears and so continued to the end.—Wm. G.

MAzyYcK.

on f X z >»

* f ’

’ :

@ a,

‘ L

a |

LIBRARY

OFTHE =

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

. ~

a «

THE NAUTILUS, XXVIIL. PLATE VII

WALKER: ANCYLID/E OF NORTH AFRICA.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXVII. FEBRUARY, 1914. No. tO

CAMPS IN THE CATALINAS AND WHITE MOUNTAINS OF ARIZONA,

WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW AMERICAN LAND SHELL.

BY JAS. H. FERRISS.

On my last vacation last summer I found a new land snail, another

wooly one, on arock slide of the San Francisco river, about ten miles

above Clifton, Graham Co., Arizona. It belongs in a group with

Ashmunella walkert Ferriss and A. lepiderma P.& F. I have held

this out to name after Dr. H. A. Pilsbry who has been with me on

so many of these vacation excursions and ought to have been with

me on this. Dr. Pilsbry has taken the laboring oar on the catch

of this expedition otherwise, and together with the findings of

the catch of Pilsbry, Daniels and Ferriss in southern Arizona for

1910, the report will be published in the Proceedings of the Academy

of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

ASHMUNELLA PILSBRYANA ND. Sp.

Shell lens-shaped, acutely carinated ; umbilicus straight and nar-

row, 1.6 min. wide, enlarging on the last turnto 3 mm. Thin, pale,

corneous brown. Surface sculptured with irregular growth striae,

closely papillose, not striated spirally: covered with a thin dull epi-

dermis, with short, light colored, cuticular scales upon the papille in

young, unrubbed specimens. 54 whorls, rounded, deeply sutured, last

whorl impressed above the periphery ; lower side of last whorl] three

times as wide as the upper surface ; deeply guttered behind the lip.

110 THE NAUTILUS.

Aperture wide and oblique; parietal callus barely visible, carry-

ing a nearly straight parietal lamella which runs nearly parallel

with the lower edge of the aperture, and is bent inward at the outer

end, in shape a fair representation of a letter J reversed. 3 teeth

upon the outer lip well developed: a wide tooth just below the per-

ipheral angle, somewhat receding or set back from the lip; a pair

of teeth upon the basal margin, yoked together at their outer ends,

and extending inward across the thickening of the peristome, in shape

therefore like the letter U.

Alt. 5.7, diam. 14 mm.

Largest shell 14.8 mm. diam. by 6.4 alt. Smallest, 13.9 diam.

by 6.1 alt.

The shell in color and general appearance seems close to 4.

walkeri Ferr., but is larger, being less depressed, and it has a nar-

rower umbilicus and more whorls. In sculpture and epidermal cover-

ing it is similar to 4. lepiderma P. & F., of which the new species

is a sort of large edition.

Cotypes in coll. Academy of National Sciences, Philadelphia, and

in my own collection.

In a hasty search I found but eight of these, of which two were

alive, at the foot of a rocky slide on the east bank of the river in

company with Sonorella and smaller shells.

May 7th, 1913 I left Joliet just a-crawling, for there had been no

vacations since 1910, and the fight for bread had been usually hard.

I returned home October 20th, the longest vacation I ever had; and

the best of it is, the bread question is settled so that I shall not want,

and the vacations hereafter can be as frequent and long as I please.

Until September, I chaperoned a party of invalids in the Santa

Catalina Mountains near Tucson. This chaperoning and my own

tired feeling prevented me from making a complete survey of that

range, though I had done a little of it in 1910. I brought home a

large quantity of dirt containing Pupas, many cans of dead Sonorel-

las, and the skins of five kinds of rattle-snakes, picked off of ’em here

and there in the hills.

With Frank Coles, a splended guide and biscuit maker, I drove

across the plains and over the mountains from Tucson to Wilcox,

then to the Graham Mountains, Solomonville, the Peloncillo Mts.,

and to Clifton, picking up snails, snakes, terrapins, ferns and daisies ;

occasionally a few peaches, melons, and our own belongings. It was

THE NAUTILUS. hid

an interesting ride. As a rule the condition of the highways for

exercise, equals any gymnasium this side of the Alleghanies. We

tipped our wagon over in the Graham Mountains, but we held it up all

but once, anyhow.

Physa was found in the water tanks and cienegas, and Oreohelix

strigosa depressa and a Sonorella were found in the Grahams ; another

Sonorella in the Peloncillos, but more of them are there.

This was a mere scouting expedition to see how the land lay for

ferns and snails another year. We seldom remained more than one

night in the same camp, hitting high spots for collecting at meal times,

and before hitching up.

Coles knew where the water was and where it was not, and so

arranged the drinks. At Clifton, we corralled our wagon, and with

horses to ride and mules to pack, continued the jouruey to the White

‘Mountains of Arizona (not new Mexico). On Eagle Creek, the fourth

day, we commenced to find Oreohelix. As we climbed over the edge of

the Blue Range, I found an Ashmunella of the chiricahuana group and

Oreohelix in the pine woods under logs. This was at 12,000 feet

above the sea, but the ascent had been gradual. It did not seem

high. From this point to the top of the White Mountains (Old Baldy,

14,000 feet,) the ascent was easy, the trail fine, the grass high and

cattle fat.

Upon the return trip, we left the Eagle Creek trail at the Rim of

the Blue Mts. and dropped down Raspberry Canyon to the Blue

River, 5000 feet, returning to Clifton by the Blue and San Francisco

Rivers. At about 4,000 feet, Sonorellas were found again, and

Ashmunella pilsbryana. The rocky slides looked inviting. It was

a hard race for horse feed, as the floods had destroyed grazing on the

flats, the bluffs were unscaleable, and duty called me home. I

opened only four “slides ” in the last fifty miles.

The river’s banks have the best prospects. At every slide I

scratched, I found a new species. All had been unexplored country

conchologically, and I expected to find great things, large as tea

saucers, banded and punctuated with scarlet, clothed in feathers and

spines. Nevertheless, I found a dozen or so that are new; and next

year I hope to revisit the neglected slides and go farther into the big

mountains. I know the way now.

Cole shot a bear and we ate it up, also several deer and other

smaller things. The streams were full of speckled trout and the

Li? THE NAUTILUS.

pine and spruce forest a continual delight. The Oreohelix were

beautiful in colors, quite equal to those neutral brown tints of the

Philippine snails.

Everything, all summer long, in Sonorellas, Ashmunellas and

Oreohelix, except one Oreohelix and one group of Sonorella, was

found in the rocky slides or talus, and many were dead. I had

theories that dry weather, epidemics, insects or fungi had killed

them, but most of these theories are also dead, or in a dying con-

dition. Perhaps I did not stay long enough upon one slide to find

their home. It is nearly all slide work, and healthy. After sleep-

ing nearly half a year under the stars in the high woods, I am

strong asafarmer. Those invalids I chaperoned are well.

Joilet, Ill., Nov., 1913.

PHYSA HETEROSTROPHA SAY IN EUROPE.

BY ZDENKA FRANKENBERGER.

Of late there have appeared in the literature many statements of

the presence of Physa acuta Drap. in Central Europe. It was found

in Leipsic, Gotha, Konigsberg, Jena, Dresden, Munich, Copen-

hagen, Basil, etc., almost always in botanical or other gardens, where

it was thought to have been brought in by the aquarists. In the

neighborhood of Prague we could confirm some years ago, a species

of Physa which was remarkable by its size and quite another form

of the shell than are the two common Bohemian species of Physa,

Physa fontinalis L. and Aplexa hypnorum L. It could not be identi-

fied with Physa acuta, but it is surely the American species, Physa

heterostropha Say, as it was stated already in the Catalogue of

Bohemian Molluscs’ by Babor and Novak. With some care one

cannot be mistaken in the right determination of this snail, for both

the shell (with thicker walls, a lip in the aperture and of a large

size) and the animal (more robust, olivaceous) are quite different

from Physa acuta, which does not occur in the eastern parts of

Europe, and the eastern frontier of the distribution of which is the

1Babor u. Novak, Verzeichniss der posttertiadren Fauna der b6éhmischen

Weichtiere, Nachrbl. d. deutschen Malakozool. Ges., 1909.

THE NAUTILUS. 113

Rhine. But now Dr. C. R. Boettger’ described a new variety of

Physa actua from Oppeln in Silesia, which he calls var. thermalis.

It is said to differ from the type by its larger size, thicker shell and

irregular surface. In the same locality lives a species of Spherium,

which is described as Spf. tetensi sp. n., but the author says that it

is quite similar to the American Sph. simile Say. From the illus-

tration of the new variety of Physa acuia it is evident that there is

no acuta at all, but that this form is quite identical with the large

specimens of Physa heterostropha, which occurs near Prague of the

same size. How the case stands with other records from Central

Europe, I dare not say; but it is very probable that all these sup-

posed Physa acuta are in reality P. helerostropha, which was intro-

duced with American fisbes and plants of aquaristic commerce, and

which found in our waters suitable circumstances of life. On the

contrary Physa acuta as an animal of warmer regions of Western

Europe scarcely could live any long time in the cold waters of our

pools and brooks.

NOTES ON THE ANCYLIDAE OF NORTH AFRICA.

BY BRYANT WALKER SC. D.

Through the great courtesy of M. Paul Pallary of Oran-Eckmuhl,

Algeria, the well-known student of North African Mollusca, I have

been recently enabled to study his entire collection of North African

Ancylide...

The collection consists of twenty-nine lots, nineteen from Algeria,

six from Morocco, one from Tunis and four from Egypt.

In preparing the following notes, which are based mainly on M.

Pallary’s collection, I have made use of such additional material as

I have in my own collection and such of the literature as I have at

my disposal.

I am under special obligations to Dr. E. F. Weber of the Natural

History Museum of Geneva, Switzerland, for drawings and inval-

10. R. Boettger, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Molluskenfauna Schlesiens.

Nachrbl, d. deutschen Malakozool. Ges., 1913.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

uable information in regard to several of Bourguignat’s types, which

have enabled me to definitely determine the species described by that

author.

The distribution of the Ancylidae in North Africa is entirely in

in accord with the faunal limits set forth by Germain in his recent

essay on the ‘‘Malacographie de L’Afrique Equatorial’, (1909, p.

118). According to that author Africa, north of Lat. 17° N. and

including the Azores, the Madeira, Canary and Cape Verde Islands,

belongs to the Palearctic Region. In the fluviatile Mollusca, how-

ever, the Valley of the Nile forms an exception and is populated by

the characteristic fauna of the Equatorial Region. And this is true,

also, in regard to the Aneylide.

In Europe, Ancylus is represented by two, and only two, very dis-

tinct groups: Ancylus s. s., of which A. fluviatilis L. is the type, and

Acroloxus, of which the type and only species is the A. lacustris L.

The latter does not seem to have extended its range across the

Mediterranean. But the fluviatilis group is found in great abundance

and variety from Abyssinia to Morocco.

Two species have been described from Abyssinia by Jickeli, (1874,

p. 223), A. abyssinicus and compressus, for the latter of which Bour-

guignat, (1883, p. 84), has proposed to substitute the name of hama-

cenicus, compressus being preoccupied both by Parreyss and Nyst.

Clessin, (1882, p. 31), considers it to be only a variety of abyssinicus.

The collection of M. Pallary contains one species from Tunis.

Thirteen species of more or less doubtful validity have been listed

from Algeria by Bourguignat and others.

Four species are listed from Morocco by Pallary in his last cata-

logue (1904, p. 54.), of the fauna of that country.

The A. aduncus Gld. from Madeira is referred to the European

A, striatus Q. & G. by Wollaston, (1878, p. 470).

According to that author tie same species, strzatus, occurs abun-

dantly on the islands of Grand Canary, Palma and Teneriffe in the

Canaries.

The A. rupicola Mouss. (1872, p. 141), from Teneriffe is an allied

and probably depauperate form of the same species according to

Wollaston.

All of these species undoubtedly belong to the group of A. fluviatilis

and show that the ancyloid fauna of these countries is purely palz-

arctic.

THE NAUTILUS. 115

The single species, however, recorded from the Cape Verde Islands,

A. millert Dohrn, (1869, p. 18), so far as can be judged from the imper-

fect description, would seem to be a Ferrissia. If so, it probably

marks the extreme northern extension of the Equatorial fauna on the

west coast.

The family is not represented at all in the Azores.

In Algeria, in addition to the species of the fluviatilis group, are

found the two remarkable species described by Bourguignat and for

which he created the genus Brondelia, (1862, p. 89), B. drouetiana

and gtbbosa, which retain the apical whorls in maturity. In this

respect they resemble the Tasmanian species of Ancylastrum.

Unfortunately the soft anatomy of these forms is, as yet, unknown

and, until that is determined, the systematic position of the group

must remain uncertain. In all probability, it will be found to be

more closely related to Ancylus s. s. than to Ancylastrum.

In both Brondelia and Ancylastrum the apical whorls are sinistral

and the animal is, probably, sinistral also. On the other hand,

Ancylus s. s., which loses its sinistrally coiled apical whorls at a very

early stage and in maturity has the apex usually more or less turned

to the right, never to the left, while the animal is sinistral, is com-

monly (Taylor, 1895, p. 118) considered an example of heterostro-

phy. Asa matter of fact, a careful study of the shells belonging to

the different groups of the Ancylide will show that the species hav-

ing the apex turned toward the right are really sinistral in their

essential construction. In the same way, Acroloxus with its apex

turned to the left and a dextral animal would have also in reality a

dextral shell. 3

In view of the prevalence of the various forms of the fluviatilis

group as a characteristic feature of the fauna of Algeria, it was a

cause of great surprise to find among the Ancyli of M. Pallary’s col-

lection a very distinct and curious species of Ferrissva.

The genus Ferrissia, for in view of the distinct character of the

radula, which will be discussed at length in my final paper on the

Ancylide of South Africa now in preparation, I believe it to be

entitled to generic rank, has the most extended range of any group

of the Ancylide. While Ancylus s. s. and Acroloxus are restricted

to the Palzarctic Region of the Old World, Burnupia to South

Africa, Ancylastrum and Latia to New Zealand, and Lanz and

Lavapex to America, Ferrissia, with the exception of the Pale-

116 THE NAUTILUS.

arctic Region of the Old World (Northern Africa as herein stated

excepted) has a world-wide distribution.

With its apparent metropolis in North America, it has recently

been found abundantly in South Africa (Walker, 1912, p. 142), and

extends northerly along the east coast of the Equatorial Region and

in the Valley of the Nile to Alexandria.

Ancylus tanganyicensis Smith (1906, p. 184), is a Ferrissia.

The species collected by Blanford (1870, p. 472), in a small

stream near Mai Wahiz, Tigre, an affluent of the Nile (I. ¢., p. 61),

and doubtfully referred by him to the Indian A. verruca Bens., is

also a Ferrissia. Blanford’s specimens, now in the Indian Museum

at Calcutta, was sent in 1908 to the Rev. Prof. Gwatkin of Cam-

bridge, England, to enable him to extract and examine the radula,

which he informed me was of the Ferrissia type. Through his

courtesy the shells were sent to me for examination on their way

back to Calcutta. At that time I had no specimens of the Indian

species in my collection for comparison and, as I had then no ex-

pectation of ever doing any work on the African fauna, I unfor-

tunately neglected to make any description or figures. My note,

made at the time, was simply that the specimens were Ferrissias.

This confirmed Prof. Gwatkin’s opinion based on his examination of

the radula and settled the generic position of the form, though, un-

fortunately, its specific character must remain uncertain until it can

be more critically examined.

There are, so far as I know, no authentic records of the occur-

rence of Ferrissia on the west coast of Equatorial Africa. As

already stated, it seems probable that the A. milleri Dohrn from the

Cape Verdes belongs to this group, but only an examination of the

types can definitely determine that question.

There is every probability, however, that, sooner or later, Fer-

rissta will be found to be of general distribution in Equatorial Africa.

The Indian A. verruca Bens., the Japanese A. baconi Bet., the

Australian A. australis Tate, the New Zealand A. woods: John.,

(possibly the non-septate form of a Gundlachia according to Hedley,

1895, p. 66), and the Hawaiian A. sharpt Sykes are all Ferrissias.

This world-wide distribution of Serrissia is very significant and

goes to show that, like certain other fresh-water pulmonate types of

similar distribution, it is probably of very ancient origin. And the

apparent agreement between its present range and the conditions of

THE NAUTILUS. LIF

land.and water in Upper Cretaceous times as depicted by Ortmann

(1902, p. 381), may be more than a mere coincidence.

While Ferrissia and Laevapex are very closely related, the world-

wide range of the former is in marked contrast with the restricted

one of the latter, which is apparently confined to America.

I can not accept Hannibal’s statement, (1912, p. 158), that the

Ancylide have been evolved ‘from simple, patelliform ancestors”.

I agree rather with Grabau, (1902, p. 921), that “our modern patel-

liform species are probably not primitive types”, but are descended

from ancestors with spiral shells. The persistence of spiral apical

whorls in Brondelia and Ancylastrum and the deciduous spiral apex

of Ancylus s. s. would seem to be conclusive on that point.

While there may be no great force in an argument based on the

usually thinner and flatter shell of L@vapex as compared with that

of Ferrissia, so far as it goes, it tends to show a progressive degen-

eration of the shell-secreting function in the former group.

For these reasons I can not follow Hannibal, (1. c¢. p. 150), in

subordinating Lerrissta to Levapex as a subgenus. To my mind,

the reverse is actually the fact and Levapex is a comparatively re-

cent offshoot from the ancient Ferrissia stock.

My main purpose in undertaking the examination of the Pallary

collection was to determine as far as possible the relative range of

Ancylus s. s. and Ferrissiain North Africa. It would be quite im-

possible for any one without access to types of Bourguignat and large

series of Palzarctic material either to attempt to identify Bourguig-

nat’s species or to satisfactorily determine the validity of the African

species belonging to the fluviatilis group. And J have not attempted

to do so.

(To be continued. )

POISONING BY THE BITE OF CONUS GEOGRAPHUS.’

The following report by Dr. A. Herbert Hallen was forwarded to

the Australian Museum, Sydney, by Dr. B. G. Corney, from Fiji,

10th September, 1901. Accompanying it was a shell, identified as

Conus geographus, said to be similar to the one that inflicted the

severe bite described. The following is the extract from the Gov-

1From The Australasian Medical Gazette, September, 1912.

118 THE NAUTILUS.

ernment Medical Officer’s Report, Levuka, for the month of June,

1901:

“J had under observation the case of a European lady here who

was the subject of a severe form of poisoning by a shell-fish of the

species of which a shell is now sent for identification.

‘‘ The lady was fishing not far from the shore in the evening,

with her family and native servant in the boat.» The shell-fish hav-

ing been obtained, the boy cracked it to extract the meat, which

was large in quantity for the size of the shell, and having cracked

the shell, handed it to his mistress with the meat hanging from its

internal attachment. ‘To free the flesh she inserted her little finger

towards the upper end, and, she declares, felt it shoot out a sharp-

pointed thing which penetrated her finger and caused such a peculiar

sensation that she at once called out that she was bitten and poisoned.

‘‘The poisonous matter is said to be the yellow pulpy matter at

the thicker end of the shell; it might of course be merely repro-

ductive or digestive tissue, or again there might well be a modifica-

tion of some secretory gland to form a protective poison gland, and

in the latter case, nature would surely provide along with poison,

some mechanical means to promote injection into the enemy.’

‘¢ The point of puncture in this case was minute and only to be seen

with great care; indeed, that it was a puncture was much less readily

seen than the local effect of the poison which caused a bluish dis-

coloration of the surrounding tissues. It was situated at the point

of the patient’s little finger near the side of the nail. Through so

small a puncture, and in so short a time as was allowed to its inser-

tion (she did not unfortunately suck the wound), but a most minute

quantity of the poison could have entered the circulation, yet the

effects were most grave. Locally a numbness was first experienced.

This extended rapidly up the arm, which became paralysed and the

paralysis spread thence rapidly throughout the body. It was peculiar

that not only was general muscular control abolished, even so far

that the bead had to be supported over the trunk in order that

unimpeded breathing might be allowed to continue; but there was a

loss also in a lesser degree (as I think) of sensation, with numbness

2 The wound was doubtless inflicted by the radula, of which the teeth are

well known to be provided with ducts communicating with a poison-secreting

gland.—Ep,

THE NAUTILUS. 119

and ‘“‘pins and needles” beginning in the arm and becoming gen-

eralised through the body, and toa more marked degree there was

a disappearance of muscular sensation and a complete absence of

knee jerks. The patient constantly asked where her limbs were.

Utterance was thick and indistinct. ‘The respiratory and cardiac

muscular apparatus did not at any time participate to a danger-

ous degree in the paralysis. The stomach, however, may have

been effected, for I could not induce vomiting. When at its worst,

some three or four hours after the poisoning began, the con-

dition distinctly affected the throat, and a good deal of distress was

caused by the difficulty in removing accumulated fluid. The poison

seemed to me to clearly belong to the class of which curare is the

type. Of this I felt assured as soon as I had examined the patient

and observed the freedom of the respiratory and circulatory centers

from its actions compared with the absolute abrogation of voluntary

muscular paralysis, so that, the patient weighing 16 odd stone, I felt

a good deal of anxiety as to whether the arms would not dislocate

at the shoulder when the body was lifted in the chair by the hands

under the armpits; indeed it was exceedingly difficult to move the

patient, all the parts being so abnormally yielding. The treatment

I adopted was merely directed to the maintaining of life till the poi-

son should have been destroyed. The heart and lungs were quite

equal to their work if other circumstances could be kept favorable.

This was done by placing the patient in a semi-recumbent position

in a canvas chair, and by keeping the head in such a position that

breathing and swallowing were facilitated. I should have liked to

relieve the circulation by inducing vomiting, but failed to do so-

Had I had strychnine with me, I should have injected it hypodermic”

ally, but I did not feel justified in leaving the patient to get it. The

worst was past in about six hours. The wound was made about 9.30

p-m. Paralysis lasted on with steadily diminishing intensity till late

next day, but the numbness lasted considerably longer in the injured

finger, and for a month after the patient experienced a shock in the

little finger on hard impaction—as in playing the piano. This was

the last symptom to clear up, unless the sore eyes, which began and

lasted later, are to be attributed to this poison as their cause.

Though natives declare that recovery from fish poisoning is often

complicated by sore eyes, yet I am not aware that the tradition

would apply to this kind. I have heard since of other cases of this

120 THE NAUTILUS.

kind of fish poisoning, and among others of a Kadavu woman who

died before she could be got from the shore.”

NOTES.

A few weeks ago the skipper of my little boat, the Eoxis, made

a single dredge haul off Key West, Florida, in 90 fathoms, rough

rocky bottom, and just on the edge of the ‘“‘Pourtales Plateau” and

within the Gulf Stream. Although the number of species obtained

is small the catch is a remarkable one and seems to me well worth

recording. It is as follows;—

1 Sipho (Ptychosalpinx) n. sp.

1 Liomesus stimpsoni Dall

Voluta (Maculopeplum) dohrni Sby

Voluta (Aurinia) dubia Brod

Voluta (Aurinia) gouldiana Dall

Calliostoma bairdi V. and S.

Murex beaui F. and B.

Phyllonotus nuttingi Dall

Pteronotus macropterus Desh

Coralliophila deburghii Reeve

Conus mazei Desh

—_

(o.2)

Phos candei orb

Nassa hotessieri Orb

Cassis inflata Shaw

Pleurotoma albida Perry

—_

rArem © OO = SO — & OD BP bO bO

JoHN B. HENDERSON.

Mr. Lioyp B. Smit collected the following species of shells from

a Pleistocene deposit near Sierra Nueva, Santo Domingo. It may

be of interest to put the find on record as the type of C. moenensis

Galb. was found in Costa Rica.

Bullaria amygdalum Dillw. Natica caurena Lam.

Columbella mercatoria Lam. Neritina virginea L.

Murex similis Sowb. Chione cancellata L.

Thais coronata L. Chione paphia L.

Strombus pugilis L. Chama lingua-felis Rve.

Cerithium literatum Born.

Cerithium moenensis Gabb.

E. G. VANATTA.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXVIII. MARCH, 1914. No. 11

NOTES ON SOME WEST AMERICAN PECTENS.

BY WILLIAM H. DALL.

Since publishing my notes on West Coast Pectens in 1898, in the

Transactions of the Wagner Institute, a very large amount of ma-

terial has accumulated which enables me to revise and correct the

nomenclature then adopted and the views of relationship of the dif-

ferent forms treated. Thé complete work is reserved for future pub-

lication, some notes however having an immediate interest.

In 1839 Anton described under the name of Pectan excavatus a

species from China afterward named by Sowerly P. sinensis. This

is a good species. In 1846 the plate of the Mollusca of the ** Voyage

of the Venus” by Valennciennes were issued and contain a Pecten

named FP. excavatus. Whether the name is a mere coincidence, or

the species was supposed to be the same as Anton’s, cannot be known,

as the text was never published. At any rate the shell figured was

identical with that commonly known as P. dentatus G. B. Sowerby,

1842. But there isa P. dentatus described by J. Sowerby in 1829, so

that the name of 1842 cannot be used. For this common species of the

Gulf of California I propose the name of Pecten (Huvola) cataractes.

The group of Pectens including P. islandicus Muller, P. rubidus

Hinds (= hindsii Cpr.), P. hastatus Sowerby, P. hericius Gould, ete.

has always puzzled writers, all of whom, including myself, have been

misled by worn specimens or insufficient material.

Possessing the types of Gould, Carpenter, and Arnold, and a full

series of the recent shells in good condition, 1 have reached tbe fol-

lowing conclusions.

1292 THE NAUTILUS.

P. hastatus Sowerby, is a good species of small size and limited

distribution in the California region.

P. herictus Gould is distinct, and distributed from Port Althorp,

Alaska to San Diego, Cal. The variety albidus Dall, if not a dis-

tinct species, is probably an extreme form of hericzus.

P. islandicus Muller, extends from the Arctic south in constantly

deeper water to the Strait of Fuca. Varieties of this were supposed

to be P. rubidus Hinds, by Middendorff, who did not know the true

rubidus, and his name for one variety, beringiana, takes precedence

of my variety strategus, which is identical.

P. hindsii Carpenter (rubtdus Hinds, not Martyn) has a very

wide distribution from Bering Sea to Cape St. Lucas. It is a good

species, the typical form of which has the major ribs on the right

valve flattish and smooth. In my variety navarchus they are rounded

and densely imbricate. The two can be separated in the dark.

Pecten (Plagioctenium) circularis Sowerby, has had a confused

nomenclatorial career. It was first named tumidus by Sowerby in

1835, but there is an older tumidus of Turton, 1822. Sowerby then

replaced the name by ventricosus under which the species is

commonly catalogued. But he had also described in 1835 a P. cir-

eularis from Guaymas, Mexico, which as figured appears to be merely

a color variety of tumidus. There isa P. circularis of Goldfuss, but

it appears to have been published in 1836. The species will then

(as indicated by Arnold) take the name cireularis. It is closely

analogous to the Atlantic P. dislocatus Say, and its variety equisul_

catus bears the same relation to the type that the Atlantic trradians

does to dislocatus (= gibbus Lam.)

Pecten (Patinopecten) caurinus Gould. This species can at once

be distinguished from its analogue P. yessoénsis Jay, by the fact that

its minor surface sculpture is purely concentric, while that of the

Japanese shell is reticulate when in perfect condition.

P. digitatus Hinds, is probably only a young specimen of P. (Nodt-

pecten) subnodosus Sowerby.

A NEW SONORELLA FROM THE GRAND CANYON, ARIZONA.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

Among some shells recently received from Mr. Ellsworth Bethel,

‘of East Denver High School, were four dead specimens of Sonorella

THE NAUTILCS. 128

collected by him on Bright Angel Trail, at Grand Canyon, Arizona,

in 1918. He was collecting fungi, and unfortunately did not note the

exact locality of the snail find, but writes that he followed the trail

closely, and thinks he got the shells ‘‘ about one hundred yards west

of the upper limit of the trail and not more than twenty feet below

the top,” though he cannot be certain and ‘* may have gotten them

as far down as the half way house. ”’ He supposed them to be com-

mon and made no note of the place. They are much larger than the

common S. coloradoensis of that region, and differ in other respects-

They did not seem to fit the description of any other species, but the

finding of so large a species along a trail which has been searched by

some of our ablest conchologists and most thorough collectors made

me doubt that it could be new, so I sent two specimens to Dr. Pilsbry,

who pronounced them undescribed.

SONORELLA BETHELI, new species.

Shell rather large, moderately elevated. Whorls five and one-half

convex, increasing regularly in size, the last descending about one

millimeter in the last five millimeters to the aperture. Lip slightly

everted, more strongly so at the base of the aperture, and somewhat

reflected over the umbilicus, its terminations connected by a thin

transparent callus. Umbilicus moderate, open to the apex. Aper-

ture shortly oval-lunate, oblique. Growth-lines fine, but well-defined

under a lens ; numerous wrinkles, usually rounded, occasionally acute,

coincident with the growth-lines but of course much less numerous.

The most interesting character of the species is the spiral sculpture,

unusual in this genus, consisting of numerous incised lines, slightly

flexuous over the tranverse wrinkles, covering the last whorl from

umbilicus to suture, and extending without diminution over the an-

terior half of the penultimate whorl, above which they begin to dis-

appear. ‘Though the four specimens at hand are all more or less

weathered, one shows the periostracum to be smooth and shiny, and

probably originally of isabella color. One dark-brown spiral band,

reaching a width of about one millimeter on the last whorl, occurs

just above the periphery, so as to be concealed on all but the last

whorl and the anterior half of the penultimate.

Measurements in millimeters: Type (in Univ. Colo. Museum),

maj. lat. 21, min. lat. 18.5, alt. 14, alt. measured just in front of

aperture 10.5, height of aperture 9.5, width of aperture to callus

124 THE NAUTILUS.

margin 10.5. Cotype (in Univ. Colo. Museum), broken specimen,

maj. lat. 20.5, min. lat. 17, alt. 14. Cotype (in possession of Mr-

Bethel), with third whorl depressed, maj. lat. 20.5, min. lat. 17, alt.

in front of aperture 9.5. Cotype (in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.), maj.

lat. 21.2, min. lat. 18.2, alt. 13.1 mm.

Type locality, Bright Angel Trail, Grand Canyon, Arizona.

NOTES ON THE ANCYLIDAE OF NORTH AFRICA.

BY BRYANT WALKER, SC. D.

(Concluded from p. 117.)

The following so-called species of the Ancylus fluviatilis group have

been listed from Algeria by Bourguignat and others:

Ancylus brondeli Bat.

costulatus Kust.

compressiusculus M. T.

subriparius Bet.

eptpedus Bet.

fluviatilis L.

bledahensis Bat. = fluviatilis gibbosus teste Wester].

djurdjurensis Deb.

peraudiert Bet.

platylenus Bat.

raymond Bet.

striatus Q. & G.

simplex Fer. = fluviatilis teste Clessin and Westerlund.

gibbosus Bgt. = fluviatilis var. teste Clessin and Wester-

lund,

strictus Mor.

In this connection it seems necessary to call attention to the per-

sistently erroneous use of Ancylastrum Bet. for this group by the

continental authors, e. g., Fischer, 1881, p. 504, Clessin, 1882, p.

27, Westerlund, 1885, p. 89, Germain, 1913, p. 261.

As Hedley (1894, p. 118) has already shown, Bourguignat twice

gave A. cumingianus as the type of that group. ‘Since the de-

scriber of the group clearly and repeatedly declared his type to be

cumingianus, it is not legitimate for Fischer, Clessin or Tryon to

alter the type of Ancylastrum from A. cumingianus to A. fluviatilis.

THE NAUTILUS. 125

That Bourguignat also included A. fluviatilis and other members of

Ancylus proper in Ancylastrum is unfortunate, but it does not invalli-

date the genus,”

If Ancylastrum, Acroloxus, Ferrissia, etc., are retained as sub-

genera or sections of Ancylus, then the group of fluviatilis would be-

long to Ancylus s.s. If, however, these other groups are to be con-

sidered, as they should be, of generic value, then there is no occasion

for any subgeneric or sectional designation of the fluviatilis group

at all.

In addition to the various representatives of the fluviatilis group

represented in the fauna of Northern Africa as hereinbefore men-

tioned from Abyssinia, Tunis, Algeria, Morocco and the Canary and

Madeira Islands, the examination of the Pallary collection has re-

vealed the existence of the following species belonging to Ferrissia

and Gundlachia.

FERRISSIA PLATYRHYNCHUS n. sp. Pl. VII, figs. 1-3.

Shell rather elevated, oval, the left margin somewhat more curved

than the right, anterior and posterior margins regularly rounded,

thin, translucent, light corneous, lines of growth regular and rather

strong ; anterior slope somewhat radially wrinkled; apex large and

very prominent, radially striate, turned to the right and overhanging

the posterior slope, surrounded by a distinct constriction, which is

deeper posteriorly, obliquely flattened above, with an enormous api-

eal depression, surrounded by a strong ridge, which is more con-

spicuous along the posterior margin ; anterior slope convex ; posterior

slope very oblique and nearly straight below the apical constriction;

sides compressed ; lateral slopes flattened, oblique and nearly straight

on both sides.

Length 3.75, width 2.25, alt. 1.25 mm.

Type locality, ‘‘ Baraki, pres le Gué de Constantine, Algeria.”

Type in the collection of Paul Pallary.

The occurrence of a species of ferrissia in Algeria was a great

surprise. <A recent visit to Geneva enabled me to examine the col-

lection of Bourguignat and I was able to satisfy myself that there are

no Ferrissias from Algeria in his collection. In view of the very

considerable amount of collecting that has been done in Algeria in

years past, the form here described would seem to be very rare as it

has not been found by any other collector and only a single specimen

126 THE NAUTILUS.

in this instance, which was collected by Letourneaux. It would

seem possible that it may be a stray specimen imported in some way

from some other locality.

The species is remarkable for the unusual development of the apex,

which is very different from any other form species of Ferrissia known

tome. It is apparently very similar to that of Ancylus caliculatus

Bgt. It is possible that in both cases it is an individual abnormality

as Clessin has already suggested in regard to Bourguignat’s species.

Whether this is the fact can only be determined from additional ma-

terial, which is very desirable. But in any event, it is evidently

quite distinct from any of the described species from the Nile Valley.

FERRISSIA ISSELI (Bet). Pl. VII, figs. 48.

1866, Ancglus isseli Bourguignat, Moll. Nouv. Lit., p. 214, pl.

XXXII, figs. 18-18.

S923 54 «© Clessin, Conch. Cab., Ancyliden, p. 61, pl. 4,

fig. 9.

The types of this species were collected by Issel at ‘‘Rambe”’,

(Ramleh jide Pallary), near Alexandria.

The specimens submitted by M. Pallary were collected by L’hotel-

lerie “on the leaves of the papyrus” at Alexandria.

Through the courtesy of Dr. Weber, I have been enabled to defin-

itely determine this species, which was misapprehended by M. Pall-

ary in his “Catalogue de la Faune Malacologique d’ Egypte”. The

species there figured under this name is really the A. clessinianus

Jickeli.

Bourguignat’s description is sufficiently accurate, but his figures

are very inaccurate and misleading. Dr. Weber has kindly sup-

plied me with camera-lucida outlines of the type, which are repro-

duced (figs. 7-8), and in reference to them, he writes: ‘‘Vous pouvez

ainsi comparer ces dessins avec ceux publies par Bourguignat et voir

les differences, car, a notre avis, elles sont notables; pour nous, les

dessins de Bourguignat ne sont pas corrects; maintenant, il faut

ajouter qu’il existe une assez grande variation de form d’un individu

a l’autre chez la meme espece”’.

Apparently this species is not so abundant as the others collected

by L’hotellerie as only two examples were found in the material re-

ceived from M. Pallary. These agree very exactly with the original

description and the figures sent by Dr. Weber and are, undoubtedly,

Bourguignat’s species.

THE NAUTILUS. 127

The shell is small, obovate, with a very prominent, almost bulbous,

apex, which is radially striate and decidedly more excentric than in

Ff pallaryi, the anterior slope is very convex and the posterior

slope is nearly straight below the depression beneath the projecting

apex ; the lateral slopes are steeper and less oblique than in padlary?,

Compared with the none-septate form of Gundlachia Photelleriet it is

larger, more decidedly obovate, higher, with a more convex anterior

slope and the apex is much more prominent. A. clessinianus is en-

tirely different in its shape and proportions. The specimen I have

figured measures: length 3, width 2, alt. 1 mm.

A small set from Ismailia, which I think belong to this species,

are all very much laterally compressed and are proportionally higher

than the typical form. A characteristic example measures 3.25 x1.75

x1.5mm. This peculiarity is probably the result of some unusual

environmental conditions. A similar instance in Ferrissia parallela

Hald. was figured by me several years ago, (1904, p. 77, pl. V, figs.

4-6).

FERRISSIA CLESSINIANA (Jickeli). PI. figs. 9-11.

1882. Ancylus clessinianus Jickeli, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., p.

366.

1909. Ancylus isseh Pallary, Mem. Inst. Egypt., VI, p. 60, pl.

FY; fie. 11.

According to Pallary the types of this species were sent by the

collector, L’hotellerie, to Clessin under the MSS. name of A. Vhotel-

leriet Bgt. But it is quite different from the shells that Bourguignat.

had in his collection under that name. Jickeli did not figure his

species, but his description agrees exactly with specimens that I

have referred to it and there seems to be no reasonable doubt as to

the identification. The example figured is the shell figured by

Pallary as A. isseli and is in his collection. It measures: length

4.25, width 2.33, alt. 1.25 mm.

The species is larger than any of the associated species of the Nile

fauna and entirely different in shape, which in a general way recalls

that of the American A. parallelus Hald.

FERRISSIA PALLARYI n. sp. Pl. VII, figs. 12-14.

Shell small, subdepressed, rather broadly ovate, the left margin

more curved than the right ; anterior and posterior margins regularly

128 THE NAUTILUS.

rounded ; thin, translucent, light horn color; lines of growth very

fine and regular; apex radially striate, obtuse, not prominent, not

elevated above the anterior slope, situated at about the posterior

third of the length and distinctly turned to the right; anterior slope

slightly, but rather evenly curved from the apex, but becoming

nearly straight towards the anterior margin; posterior slope nearly

straight, being but slightly incurved ; lateral slopes oblique, the left

quite convex, the right nearly straight, slightly incurved beneath the

apex.

Length 3.25, width 2.25, alt. 1 mm,

Type locality, Canal Mahmoudich, Alexandria, Egypt.

Type in the collection of Paul Pallary. Cotype, Coll. Walker.

Although only one mature and two immature examples are before.

me, this species is so entirely different from the other species of the

Nile that I do not hesitate to describe it. Its broad-oval outline,

more oblique lateral slopes and the position and shape of the apex

are characteristic and quite unlike any of the described species from

that region.

Named in honor of M. Paul Pallary, who has done much to eluci-

date the fauna of Northern Africa.

GUNDLACHIA L’HOTELLERIEI (“ Bourguignat”) n. sp. Pl. VII,

figs. 15-21.

Ancylus clessint Pallary, Mem. Inst. Egypt., VI, p. 59.

Shell very small. The non-septate form (figs. 15-19) is subde-

pressed, narrowly ovate, being wider anteriorily, mostly on the left

margin, the right being nearly straight in the median portion and

and about equally curved at both ends ; anterior and posterior margins

regularly rounded ; thin, translucent, light horn color ; lines of growth

fine and regular, anterior slope somewhat radially wrinkled; apex

prominent, very obtuse, radially striate and turned towards the right,

situated at the posterior + of the length; anterior slope long, decidedly

and regularly convex; the posterior slope short and straight, but

slightly oblique, from the base of the protuberant apex; left slope

very convex above, thence descending in a nearly straight, oblique

line to the margin; right slope less oblique and nearly straight, be-

‘ing very slightly concave below the swell of the apex.

Length 2.75, width 1.5, alt. 1 mm.

The septate form (figs. 20-21) is smaller than the non-septate and

THE NAUTILUS. 129

‘the lateral margins are less expanded, they are nearly parallel, the

left being slightly convex, the right slightly concave; as usual in this

‘stage the sides of the aperture have the appearance of being drawn

in toward each other in the process of constructing the septum, in

front of the septum the anterior margin is somewhat expanded ; the

‘septum occupies about two-thirds of the entire length, it is decidedly

curved along the lateral margins and posteriorly, but the anterior

portion is flattened in the center as though from contact with the

back of the animal when in motion and towards the septum descends

-quite obliquely ; the margin of the septum is only slightly convex in

the center, curving quite abruptly forward as it joins the lateral

margins of the shell. The surface conditions are as in the non-

‘septate form.

The fully matured (Gunlachoid) stage is unknown.

Length 2.1, width at margin of septum 1, greatest width 1.2, alt.

7d mm.

Type locality, Alexandria, Egypt.

Types no. 835966 Coll. Walker. Cotypes in the collection of Paul

Pallary.

Dr. Weber has kindly furnished outlines (figs, 15-16) of the types

of Bourguignat’s unpublished species and there can be no question

but that this, and not the A. elesstnianus of Jickeli, was the form that

he had intended to describe under the name which I have adopted.

It is also the species that Pallary erroneously referred to as A.

elessint, but did not describe. Both names being without published

description, I have given the preference to the anterior one of

Bourguignat.

I have no doubt but that both of the forms above described belong

to the same species.

The non-septate form is very similar to the North American A.

shimekit Pils. and A. pumilus Sterki, but differs from both in eleva-

tion and other details. Dr. Pilsbry has already suggested that

shimekii is the non-septate form of a Gundlachia, and I am inclined

to think that pumzlus will prove to be the corresponding condition of

the Ohio Gundlachia, which is probably the meekiana of Stimpson.

The occurrence of this species in Egypt was wholly unexpected

and was the first record of the genus from the Old World.’

1Shortly after these shells were received from M. Pallary, I received from

130 THE NAUTILUS.

Unfortunately the fully matured form with the secondary growth

has not yet been found.

The fact certainly seems to be that the range of Gundlachia, like

that of Ferrissia is world-wide and the two are apparently coincident.

It is quite possible that others of the so-called Ferrissias will eventu-

ally prove to be the non-septate forms of Gundlachia. At the same

time, if the evidence afforded by the North American species is to

be relied upon, it is only certain species of ‘‘Ferrissia”’ that ever be-

come septate. There is no evidence, so far as I know, that the

typical species of Ferrissia ever form a septum.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1870. Blanford, W. T. Observations on the Geoiogy and

Zoology of Abyssinia.

1862. Bourguignat, J. R. Spicileges Malacologiques.

1883. Bourguignat, J. R. Histoire Malacologique de l’Abys-

sinie.

1882. Clessin, S. Conchylien Cabinet, Ancylien.

1869. Dohrn, H. Die Binnenconchylien der Capverdischen

Inseln. Mal. Blatt., XVI, pp. 1-28.

1881. Fischer, H. Manuel de Conchyliologie. |

1909. Germain, Louis. La Malacographie de 1l’Afrique Equi-

toriale. Arch. Zool. Exp. et Gen. (5), I, pp. 1-165.

1913. Germain, Louis. Mollusques de la France, II.

1848... Gould, A.A...) Proce. BwS.N. E,41, po 2a:

1902. Grabau, A. W. Studies of Gastropoda. Am. Nat.,

XXXVI, p. 917.

1912. Hannibal, Harold. A Synopsis of the Recent and Terti-

ary Mollusca of the Californian Province. Proc. Mal. Soc., Lon-

don, X, p. 112.

1894, Hedley, Charles. On the Value of Ancylastrum. Proc.

Mal. Soc., London, I, p. 118.

1895. Hedley, Charles. On the Australian Gundlachia.

Naut., IX, p. 61.

Mr. John Farquhar of Grahamstown, Cape Colony, two specimens of a fully

matured Gundlachia from that region. To which, if any, of the recently de-

scribed species of Ferrissia from South Africa this form is to be approximated

I am as yet uncertain, But the occurrence of the genus from both of the ex-

treme ends of Africa is certainly a matter of great interest.

THE NAUTILUS. 131

1874. Jickeli, C. F. Fauna Land und Susswasser Mollusken

Nord-Ost Afrikas.

1872. Mousson, A. Revision de la Faune Malacologique des

Canaries.

1902. Ortmann, A. E. The Geographical Distribution of

Freshwater Decapods, and its bearing upon Ancient Geography.

Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XLI, pp. 267-400.

1904. Pallary, Paul. Quatrieme Contribution a l’etude de la

faune malacologique du Nord-ouest de l’Afrique. Jour. de Conch.,

LI, pp. 1-58.

1909. Pallary, Paul. Catalogue de la Faune Malacologique

d’Egypte. Mem. L’Inst., Egypt, VI.

1894-1900. ‘Taylor, J. W. Monograph of the Land and Fresh-

water Mollusca of the British Isles, I.

1878. Wollaston, T. V. Testacea Atlantica.

1904. Walker, Bryant. Notes on Eastern American Ancyli.

Navritus, XVIII, pp. 75-83.

1912. Walker, Bryant. A Revision of the Ancylide of South

Africa. Navurt., XXV, pp. 139-144.

1885. Westerlund,C. A. Fauna der Palaearctischen Region, V.

UNION OF THE WABASH AND MAUMEE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS.

BY CALVIN GOODRICH.

If only as a matter of record, it may be worth while to set down

the fact that the drainage of the Great Lakes and that of the Ohio

became united in the great flood of March-April, 1913.

A little southwest of Fort Wayne, Ind., the St. Mary’s River,

tributary to the Maumee, approaches within three miles of the Little

Wabash River, belonging to the Ohio system. The land between is

known as *‘ The Prairie”’ and the dividing line of the two drainage

basins upon it is not perceptible to the human eye. It was across

this stretch that the St. Mary’s River sent its flood waters last spring,

and no doubt it was responsible in no small measure for the damage

wrought at Peru and Logansport some distance down the Wabash.

The Wabash and Erie canal, now many years abandoned, skirted

182 THE NAUTILUS.

“The Prairie” and entered the main stream of the Wabash not far

below Huntington. There is excellent reason for believing that the

Unione fauna of the Maumee has received additions, by means of

this canal, since the days when the upper part of what is now the:

Maumee water course served as a southward flowing outlet for the

glacial lake Maumee. Such additions are Quadrula cylindrica strig_.

wlata (B. H. Wright), Pluerobema clava (Lam.), Plagiola securis

(Lea) and Symphynota complanata (Barnes). Q. cylindrica strigil-

lata has proceeded down the river as far as Antwerp, Ohio, and clava

as far as Defiance. Knowledge of securis is confined to one specimen.

found in a clammer’s camp just below Fort Wayne. ‘The lower-

most station for comp/anata is New Haven, about seven miles below

Fort Wayne. While this species is known to two other streams.

within the Great Lakes drainage, it is unquestionably a new comer

in the Maumee. Call records Obovaria retusa (Lam.) from the St..

Joseph, which receives the name of Maumee at Fort Wayne. It is-

highly probable that he had before him specimens or Quadrula pus-

tulosa, much produced forward, free of tubercles and suggestive of

retusa. This form is to be seen not infrequently in many parts of

the Maumee.

The Nazades of the Maumee and the upper parts of the Wabash.

now very nearly approximate one another, counting the recent ad--

ditions for which the Wabash and Erie canal may be thanked. In.

a rather hurried collecting excursion along the main stream of the

Wabash from St. Henry, Ohio, to Bluffton, Ind., last fall, Unio-

crassidens Lam. and Quadrula heros (Say) (possibly) were the only

species found which are unknown to the Great Lakes drainage. In

case either of these species appears some day in the Maumee, its.

presence might reasonably be accounted for by glochidia-bearing fish

which crossed the divide in the course of the flood of 1913.

It is convenient here to chronicle the finding of Unda tetralasmus-

sayit Ward, a stranger from the southern drainage, in Cedar Creek,

Lucas County, and Toussaint Creek, Ottawa County, Ohio. These

small streams empty into Lake Erie and are only a few miles apart.

Further exploration is necessary before it is wise to speculate as-

to the reason for the appearance of the species so far from home

waters.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXVIII. APRIL, 1914. No. 12

A NEW CUBAN LAND OPERCULATE.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

During a recent visit io Cuba Dr. Henry Skinner, in the intervals

of entomological researches, collected a few land shells. Some dirt

scraped up on the San Carlos Estate, near Guantanamo, contained

over twenty species of shells, including the following new species,

which is named in honor of Mr. Charles T. Ramsden, Manager of

the Estate, in acknowledgment of his attainments in Cuban ento-

mology, ornithology and conchology.

The new species is by far the smallest cyclophoroid snail yet known

from Cuba, and is further of interest for the reason that it is a dis-

tinctly phylogerontic or aged form, such as the writer has found in

numerous other Antillean groups. The snail fauna of the West In-

dies contains many groups bearing the marks of old age, and in all

probability approaching extinction. Sometimes this is manifested

by extravagant development of spines, hollow ribs or knobs, often by

more or less uncoiling in the later stages of growth. Some other

families of the fauna show no signs of decadence.

The systematic position of the new species is doubtful, since none

retained the operculum ; but it is evidently congeneric with the Hai-

tian shell described as Ceratodiscus solutus Henderson and Simpson

(Nautilus XV, p. 73, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2). Both of these species seem

related to the Cyclotus minimus Gundl., of Pfeiffer (Mon. Pneumon,

111 Suppl. 2, p. 16; Suppl. 3, p. 31.) which has been referred to

Crocidopoma, a subgenus of Aperostoma, but I believe incorrectly.

The operculum of C. minimus is extremely peculiar. The nucleus is

134 THE NAUTILUS.

at the external border. A smooth, wedge-shaped area radiates

towards the columellar margin, and the areas above and below this

are lamellose, the lamellz at right angles to the sides of the median

wedge. This is quite unlike all known genera of the region.

CERATODISCUS RAMSDENI 0. sp.

The shell is minute, planorboid, the spire slightly sunken, um-

bilicus open, conic, showing all the whorls. Whorls 22, tubular,

the last whorl descending slightly and becoming free from the pre-

ceding a short distance behind the aperture. Initial half whorl

smooth ; following whorl having several raised spiral threads ; sub-

sequent whorls with sculpture of fine, somewhat irregular growth-

lines only. The aperture is slightly oblique, not quite circular, the

inner border being a little straightened. The peristome expands

just perceptibly, and is not or scarcely thickened.

Alt. 1.3, diam. 8 mm.

Guantanamo, Cuba, on the San Carlos Estate, numerous speci

mens.

This species is far smaller than C. minimus, and differs by the re-

striction of spiral sculpture to the first neanic whorl, and by the free

end of the last whorl. In C. minimus the spiral sculpture continues

upon the last whorl. Although the specimens of C. ramsdeni were

dirty when collected, I doubt whether they are so in life. C. mint-

mus carries a peculiar, bicarinate coat of dirt, firmly cemented on

with mucus, and which almost or quite conceals the shell.

C. solutus H. &. S., of Haiti, is a larger shell, more depressed,

with the last whorl free for a greater distance.

The new species will be illustrated next month, together with

various other new Cuban shells.

NOTES.

BY JAS. H. FERRISS.

A set of Oreohelix iowensis Pils. from Prof. B. Shimek of Iowa

City, with gentle washing and a slight touch of oil exhibited their

pink bands, though resurrected from their tombs in the Loess where

they slept some thousands of years, The syringing also brought

out five juveniles from one specimen, and some of those were also

banded.

THE NAUTILUS. 185

While telling ‘snake stories’’ I will tell them all. In our col-

lections of 1910 in the Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona (Pilsbry,

Daniels and Ferriss), we found a thin and small Sonorella belonging

apparently to a new group, near S. rowelli (Newc.), Again we

found a member of the same group in the Santa Catalinas, and last

year I extended it into the Grahams and Peloncillos. The habitat

and habits of Sonorella are usually dry, but these were wet, with a

fondness for deep woods and old logs. It was found easily in the

dark gulches of the Catalinas last summer, and in its vicinity a

bitter odor was noticed, something like that given out by Parnassus

grass, skunk cabbage, and a Tennessee goldenrod. It came from

the snail. As I picked it from its resting place it shot out a drop

or two of juice into the air, but that was the extent of the disturb-

ance. The odor soon disappeared and was not repeated. Of the

hundreds found of this odorous group I saw only three shells broken

by the chipmunks, and very seldom a dead one. Last summer I

gathered over 300 Sonorellas of the r7nconensis group in one slide of

rock, and found only two alive. Often mice and chipmunks defeated

me entirely in slides containing both Oreohelix and Sonorella.

Robert Camp, a student and collector of birds, now at Browns-

ville, Texas, has found more delight in snail collecting than in truck

gardening, and is now sending out some of the finest Texans pro-

duced. That region is peculiarly adapted for good colors and good

health in snails. His Huglandina texasiana Pfr. (not singleyana

W.G. B.) are perfect as perfect can be, for I was down there in

January and helped him catch ’em.

He sent mein Arizona last summer some Planorbis cultratus Orb.

and Segmentina obstructa (Morel) he had found in the dry Texas

soil from four to six inches deep. Turned loose in a cup of Arizona

water they were soon crawling about. In January we collected in a

cotton field that had been cultivated four years, and on the edge of

the field in the shade and unbroken ground found the shell alive four

inches down in stiff black soil, cracked so long that the cracks were

lined with moss. ‘The live shells however were not in the cracks but

in the sections of black and baked soil. Ina low spot of the field,

a springy place, we found them also with a Succinea, Physa and Pla-

norbis liebmannt, Dkr., but none were alive. The latter resembles

the Segmentina except in wanting teeth. It is also larger. The P.

cultratus is thin as a sheet of ledger paper and very delicate in ap-

pearance.

136 THE NAUTILUS.

On this Texas journey we went up the Rio Grande as far as Rio

Grande City. In Louisiana I visited Mr. L. S. Frierson and saw

his collection of Uniones with great profit. I heard the story of Dr.

W. S. Strode of my own State, barefooted, attempting to kick down

a cypress knee in Lake St. Charles. These knees in color sometimes

do look like a toadstool of tropical growth.

I also learned that Mr. Frierson was well supplied with Anodonta

suborbiculata Say. He found a fragment of that rare queen of the

Anodontas at the edge of a pond near his village and employed a gen-

tleman of color to gather them at a nickel per clam. Two days later

the black imp of darkness drove up to his house with a two-horse

team, the wagon box full of A. suborbiculata.

I did not find Rev. H. E. Wheeler at Arkadelphia, Ark. These

Methodist conchologists move too often.

CUBAN COLLECTING; SAN DIEGO DE LOS BANOS.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON.

Mr. Charles T. Simpson and the writer recently made a collecting

trip to San Diego de los Banos. This old and very dilapidated

Cuban town is about seventy five miles west of Havana and lies just

at the entrance to a pass through the southern range of the Sierra

de los Organos and is an admirable starting point for daily collecting

excursions into the mountains. This is given as the type locality of

a number of species and judging from its frequent reference in Cuban

lists it must have beena favorite field for the older collectors who

first made known Cuba’s remarkable land snail fauna. The actual

town itself lies in the lowlands and therefore offers nothing to the

collector for Cuba’s level plains and valleys are almost destitute of

shells. On account of this fact Cuba still maintains three quite dis-

tinct land shell faunas, each inhabiting its own mountain system.

These three systems were once separated by the sea and developed

their own island faunas, but now that a general elevation of the

whole region has connected them all by dry land a mingling of the

three faunas might naturally be expected. Such, however, is the

case only to a very slight extent. The connecting land areas are

lowlands,—the tobacco fields, the cane fields and cattle ranges of

the island. With a very few exceptions the Cuban land shells can-

THE NAUTILUS. 137

not find proper conditions for life in the lowlands and the three

mountain faunas of the island are almost as effectually separated as

when the sea surrounded them.

The great mountain system of western Cuba (Organos) has suf-

fered rapid erosion and it now happens that whole ranges once a

part of the main system have been so cut down by atmospheric forces

that they exist today only in the form of more or less detached hills,

—or ‘*‘ mogotes”’ as the natives call them. These mogotes, in point

of size, may be quite respectable mountains with all the pinnacles

and organ-pipe peaks so characteristic of the region, or they may

be but a comparative handful of worn down boulders appearing like

a little hump on the level landscape. They are practically always

heavily wooded and maintaining as they do all the conditions of life

needed by the snails, they possess each and every one a little faunula

of its own,—modified, of course, by long isolation from the main

range. This accounts in one way for the great richness in Cuba of

species. Nature has brought this about by dividing her mollusks

into thousands of little preserves and isolating them. As erosion

cuts down the mogotes and their quarters become more and more

restricted the mollusks that can adapt themselves and fight the battle

of life the best, persist,—they generally become smaller in size, while

others not so adaptable disappear. ‘Thus every mogote has a surprise

or two for the collector,—usually a new species or subspecies of

Urocoptis.

In most countries there are certain genera of land or fresh water

shells that appear to be especially plastic or quick to modify their

forms to meet new conditions. In the Bahamas the Cerions, in

Europe the Clausilias, in the United States the Pleuroceratide and

in Cuba the Urocoptis, If these last had received the kind of appli-

cation that some genera in other parts of the world have received,

there would be in Cuba about a thousand species of them,—that is

after the mogotes had all been explored. But these Urocoptids

have much to tell of what has happened to Cuba in the past. They

almost indicate three separate migrations into the island from dif-

ferent sources and at different times. One of these may prove to be

along a ridge once connecting Cuba through Camaguay, Santa Clara,

and the Isle of Pines with Central America, an immigration quite

distinct from the one supposedly into Pinar del Rio from Yucatan,

Until the land operculates of Cuba shall have been wholly revised as

138 THE NAUTILUS.

to genera they can tell but little, indeed, they can only confuse the

student. The names Chondropoma, Choanopoma, Colobostylus,

Tudora, etc., mean nothing applied indiscriminately as they are.

When Simpson and I first attacked the mountains about San Diego

our first impression was that we were gathering the very same species

taken before many miles west at Vinales, Sumidero etc., and it was

easy to fancy ourselves back in our old haunts of two years ago.

We were, however, deceived by the s¢milarity only of the species of

the two localities. The majority are different species, especially, as

one might anticipate, among the Urocoptids. It is only the genera

and the sections that are the same.

The delights of mogote collecting are hard to exaggerate, and

there are many mogotes all about San Diego de los Banos. Each is

a little treasure trove full of life and a bower of tropical luxuriance

and we worked them all within a distance of several miles of the

town. A day spent on La Guida, a splendid mountain of the main

range, will give perhaps a good example of our daily work while at

San Diego. An early morning walk of about six miles brings us to

the “sacred presence”? and we leave the so-called road to ford a

river and plunge into the fearful jungle at the base of the mountain.

There are no shells in this jungle, but upon reaching the actual base

of the mountain great rocks are first met and among them the dead

shells give an index to what we may expect when we get up a little

higher. Traveling is most difficult here until the first line of rocks

is passed and the steep sides are reached. Then somebody picks a

Cepolts parraiana off a tree and we begin to look sharp for Liguus.

Then we reach a region of huge masses of limestone broken off and

fallen from tlie great cliffs above, all smothered in vegetation. Here

we discover on the rocks and the trees Urocoptis trrorata and in the

smaller crevices Urocoptis guirensis, sarosa and one or two closely

allied species. Simpson calls out that he has a Macroceramus

(elegans), and then we grub for a time in the soil about the bases of

the rocks and turn out Megalomastoma mani and that splendid

Alcadia (Emoda) sagraiana, and there are also here many smaller

things as Lyobasis angustata, Pichardiella acuticostata and its curious

variety horrida of Pilsbry. Climbing still higher we reach the foot

of the great perpendicular wall towering naked above us for several

hundred feet, and new conditions are at once met. 'Hutrochatella

regina is very common and we cease even to gather it. An occa-

THE NAUTILUS. 139

sional colony of Eutrochatella acuminata keeps our enthusiasm

warm, and then we discover a colony of that perfect little gem

among land shells, Hutrochatella chrysochasma, with its pinkish cast

and flaming red aperture. The big Chondropoma shuttleworthi are

quite abundant and we only take the best looking specimens, but the

more rare Chon. sagebient is much more shy; we get but a few of

them living. Annularia blaini is everywhere, and we tell our Cuban

guide not to take any more of them. An occasional Pleurodonte

(Thel.) rangeliana with its commoner cousin Fl. auricoma is taken.

Oleacina o. straminea and the smaller solidula along with the species

that have the incised lines upon their spires are fairly abundant.

Less so are the Rectoleacina cubensis and RK. episcopalis, but they

are there to be had for the search, Some one warns the rest that it

is getting time to pull out for home, and we reluctantly drop the

work and scramble back to the river, an hour at least to go half a

mile. In the river we enjoy the luxury of a swim in the cool, clear

water, and revive our energies for the long ‘‘ hike”’ back.

Wherever the naturalist wanders there is always a beyond that is

gilded by imagination and mystery. From a high point we could

gaze into a beyond of high sierras among which our native guide

pointed out the great Pan de Guajaibon, far away and indistinct as

a cloud peak above the mass of mountains. Guajaibon has always

been our dream mountain for future conquest. It was visited a half

century ago by that most enterprising of Cuban collectors, Charles

Wright, but since then it has guarded well its conchological treas-

ures.

DISTRIBUTION OF SOME FRESH WATER SHELLS OF THE ST. JOHN’S

RIVER VALLEY IN MAINE, NEW BRUNSWICK AND QUEBEC.

BY OLOF O. NYLANDER.

For many years I have been collecting shells in the valley of the

St. John’s River and its tributaries, the Aroostook and Fish Rivers

in Maine, and Madawaska and Green Rivers in New Brunswick and

Quebec. Every tributary has some interesting forms, of which

many are peculiar to a single locality. Many of the tributaries of

St. John’s River are in the forest. It is a lumbermen’s field for

harvest, and great quantities of logs are floated down these rivers

every year. Sawmills large and small are to be found nearly every-

140 THE NAUTILUS.

where. The sawdust and other waste is thrown in the water, and

is forming extensive deposits in the river and tributaries. It is very

destructive to Molluscan and other animal life.

Anodonta marginata Say. Is distributed in the main river and

the lakes and tributaries on muddy bottom. Common.

Alasmidonta undulata Say. St. John’s River at Fort Kent and

Conners. Also in the Aroostook and Fish Rivers. Rare.

Margaritana margaritifera Linné. Is found in the Aroostook

River and some of its tributaries. I have not seen M. margaritifera

in any of the St. John’s River tributaries above Grand Falls. If it

is living in the upper part of St. John’s River it is rare.

Unio complanatus Solander. Generally distributed in the Aroos-

took and Fish Rivers, rare in the St. John’s River. In Témiscouata

Lake is a small form of this species that is common in deep water in

the lakes of Maine (Fish River lakes).

Sphagrium striatinum Lamarck. Common on rocky bottom in

Fish River, in St. John’s River at Fort Kent, and in Madawaska

River at St. Rose.

Ancylus borealis Morse. In 1899 I found five specimens of this

rare shell in the St. John’s River at Fort Kent.

Lymnea (Galba) emarginata Say. Second Eagle Lake, Fish

River and St. John’s River at Fort Kent, abundant on rock bottom

feeding on Conferve.

Lymnea (Galba) emarginata mighelsi Binney. This variety is

represented by fine large specimens at Square, Cross, and Portage

Lakes. The type of Lymnga ampla Mighels came from Square

Lake.

Lymnea (Galba) emarginata canadensis Sowerby. A large col-

ony was found on rocky bottom on the north side of Mt. Wissic,

Témiscouata Lake, Province of Quebec. The colony is located in a

partly sheltered cove in water two to ten feet deep or more. Among

those found here I have noted certain peculiarities that are common

to all species that are found on rocky bottom in more or less shel-

tered position. Each colony has its peculiar variations and need a

geographical name to express their habitat rather than a specific

designation of any individual. See F. C. Baker’s work on “ The

Lymnezide of North and Middle America.”’

Physa heterostropha Say. Common in the St. John’s River at

Fort Kent, also in the Fish and Aroostook Rivers.

THE NAUTILUS. 141

Physa ancillaria Say. Common at Square Lake inlet ; dredged in

Second Eagle Lake and Portage Lake on Fish River. A single

specimen was seen at Mt. Wissic, in Temiscouata Lake.

Physa sayii Tappan. A large colony exists in the Caribou stream

at Caribou village, Me. <A second locality is at the Third Falls on

Green River, New Brunswick. The shells are common below the

falls and of large size.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Common in the St. John’s River at

Fort Kent, in the First Lake on Green River New Brunswick, and

in the Fish and Aroostook Rivers, Maine.

Planorbis bicarinatus aroostookensis Pilsbry. Has only been ob-

served in the towns of Woodland and Caribou, Maine.

Planorbis bicarinatus portagensis Baker. It is appareptly a deep

water form and is found in Fish River, Maine. Specimens of this

variety are also found in First Lake, Green River, New Brunswick.

Planorbis companulatus Say. Common in Fish River Lakes,

Maine, and First Lake, Green River, New Brunswick.

Planorbis deflectus Say. Salmon Brook, Aroostook County,

Maine, and First Lake, Green River, New Brunswick.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Is well distributed in the Fish River

Lakes and in the Aroostook River Lakes. It is represented in the

First Lake, Green River, New Brunswick, by a large form with the

whorls somewhat flattened.

Of landshells, Succinea retusa Lea is common around Temiscouata

Lake.

Polygyra albolabris Say, is common on Mt. Wissic, Temiscouata

Lake.

Pyramidula striatella and Zonitoides arboreus seem to be common

in the Northern part of New Brunswick.

ZLoodgenitis harpa Say, I have collected near Green Mt. on Green

River.

Succinea ovalis Say is common at Grand Falls, New Brunswick.

Polygyra monodon cava Pilsbry was collected at St. Leonards,

New Brunswick.

When a complete survey can be made of the St. John’s River

there will be many interesting varieties or mutations discovered.

This survey should be made before the lumber operators and the

sawmills have destroyed the most important lakes and tributaries.

142 THE NAUTILUS.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

CATALOG OF THE MoLiusca oF SoutH CaRotina, by William

G. Mazyck (Contributions from the Charleston Museum, II, 1913).

Little has been published bearing directly on the Mollusca of South

Carolina since the days of Ravenel. A new catalogue is therefore

hailed with much pleasure. The Introduction, giving a history of

the local conchological work, is very interesting. The list of stu-

dents began with Mr. Stephen Elliott, of Charleston, who was a

correspondent of Say and Rafinesque. Following him were Dr.

Edmund Ravenel, who published two catalogues of his collections.

Prof. Lewis R. Gibbes and Lieut. J. D. Kurtz both published cata-

logues of the shells of the State.

The list contains 424 entries, but a considerable number of names,

quoted from former catalogues, are synonyms, as noted below.

New forms described are: Polygyra hopetonensis var. charleston-

ensis. Marginella spilota (Ravenel MS.), from Sullivan’s Island.

Epitonium elliotti, Pawley’s Island. Turbonilla kurtzti, Sullivan’s

Island. Cyclostrema zacalles, entrance of Charleston Harbor. Lamp-

silis tenerus (Ravenel MS.), Santee Canal.

There are many interesting locality records. umina decollata

is reported to be gradually spreading through the State. Maculo-

peplum junonia is very rarely found on Sullivan’s Island. Numer-

ous species, which we usually associate with the Florida fauna, are

recorded.

In these days, when mollusk nomenclature is so unsettled, the

making of a local list covering so wide a range of families and

genera is fraught with difficulties. Moreover, the author had to in-

clude many earlier records which could not be checked up, among

the authentic materials of his own collecting. The authorities for

such records are given, and they must be accepted for what they are

worth. These difficulties have naturally resulted in some discrep-

ancies and duplications, which it may not be amiss to note here.

Tornatina canaliculata and Cylichna oryza belong to different

families, and can not both be placed in the genus Acteocina. Busy-

con eliceans is only a variety of carica, and plagosum of pyrum.

‘6 Chrysodomus islandicus”’ Linné, is now recognized to be a truly

Arctic species, and belongs, together with pubescens and stimpsont,

to the genus Tritonofusus. Seila terebralis is now known as S.

THE NAUTILCS. 143

adamsi, H.C. Lea. There seems to be some confusion in the species

of Arca. A. limula and lienosa are only found fossil; the latter

has been confused with the recent secticostata Rve. ( floridana Con.)-

A. holmesii is a synonym of campechensis, and pexata and americana

are only varieties. Plicatula cristata is a synonym of gibbosa.

Anomia ephippium is restricted to Europe, our species being A. sim-

plex. Mytilus domingensis is a synonym of M. exustus Linné.

Mytilus cubitus is a synonym of Modiolus citrinus Bolten, and M&M.

plicatulus=demissus Dillw., Lithophaga appendiculata and attenuata

are synonyms of L. disuleata. L. caudigera and forficata are syno-

nyms of L. aristata Dillw., L. lithophaga Gibbes (not Linné)=

niger Orb., Chama lazarus=macerophylla Gmel., Cardium pictum=

serratum, Dactylina= Pholas, P. costata and truncata are now placed

in the genus Barnea. FP. semicostata and M. pusilla are synonyms

of Martesia striata Linné, M. smithi=caribea Orb.—C. W. J.

NOTES.

CERION SAGRAIANUM INTRODUCED INTO SoutTH AFRICA.--

In August, 1913, I sent some live Certon sagraianum Pfr., which I

had received from Cuba, to Dr. Pecker, Grahamstown, Cape Colony,

Africa. The Doctor wrote me that he had placed them in a certain

part of his garden, and that they had made themselves at home.

They burrowed under the dead leaves. He is going to let me know

from time to time how they get along. Dr. Paul Bartsch, suggested

that I write to you regarding this experiment, in ordes that a proper

record of the planting may be made which would save considerable

trouble sometime in the future.—G. W. PEpreEr.

HESPERARION HEMPHILLI MACULATUS.—A few days ago my

friend Mr. S. N. Knudsen gave mea living slug found among plants

received at Boulder, through a wholesale house in Denver. The

slug proves on examination to be H. hemphilli var. maculatus Ckll.

It is immature, and the genitalia do not show their proper charac-

ters, but everything visible agrees with the form to which it is as-

signed. Jt must be confessed, however, that the distinctions be-

tween H. niger and H. hemphiilli are rather unsatisfactory, especially

in view of the variation in the genitalia of H. niger observed by

Pilsbry and Vanatta. The two supposed species also occupy the

144 THE NAUTILUS.

same territory. It will be useful to give a description of the living

H. h. maculatus.

- Length when crawling about 27 mm.; light greyish olivaceous,

the head and anterior part of mantle paler and yellower, the ocu-

liferous tentacles reddish ochreous. With a lens the surface of the

animal is seen to be sprinkled with pale dots. Mantle almost im-

maculate, only a few obscure small dark or dusky spots. Sides of

body caudad of mantle with conspicuous scattered black spots, none

very large. Sole pale, without dark markings. In alcohol the

animal is about 14 mm. long; mantle 6 mm., appearing dusky with

pallid margins; margin of foot wholly immaculate. Shell convex,

34 mm. long, 24 broad, white, opaque. Jaw with eleven flattened

ribs, occupying the middle half. Teeth about 27-127, the lateral

four or five with short blunt cusps.—T. D. A. COCKERELL.

SomETIMES LocaLity Apps INTEREST TO A SHELL.—In JNotes,

December, 1911, p. 95, appeared a word on Vallonia in Chicago.

My offer to send some to anyone interested brought many replies, |

and led to friendly exchanges. I now have two other ‘ finds” to

share. The first is Pistdium huachucanum Pils., collected in Colo-

rado at an elevation of 7500 feet. Found in one little pond about

10 by 12 feet, all hidden in tall grass, The other, Planorbis vermi-

cularis Gld., collected on Modjeskas ranch California in summer of

1913. These were from an artificial pond away off in the desert,

miles and miles ‘‘ away from anywhere. ’”’ Puzzle—how did they get

there? On feet of aquatic birds? If anyone wishes specimens of

these let him speak.—Epwin E. Hanp, Wendell Phillips High

School, Chicago, IIl. :

Notice to Suspscripers.—There has been no change in the

subscription price of Tue NavTiLus since it was established

twenty-five years ago. In the meantime the cost of printing has

gradually increased. It has only been through the sale of back

volumes that we have been able to meet the expenses of publication.

This year a further advance in the cost of printing leaves us no

alternative but to increase the subscription price to $1.50 per year,

beginning with the May number, Volume XXVIII. Such increase

will preserve that proper relation between receipt and expenditure

which is essential to the continued existence of the journal._THE

EpiTors.

PEE

NAUTILUS

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XXVIII

MAY, 1914, to APRIL, 1915

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences

PHILADELPHIA

CHARLES W. JOHNSON

Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History

BOSTON

INDEX

me NAUTILUS, XXVIII

INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

Acmea, notes on some northwest coast ................ 13

CSS OPN ee a eee ole oes b's 103

Agaronia gibbosa aurantia Johns. n. var. .............. 103

pee arom Guatemala .........0.0.. 0c cece cease 5D

Agriolimax guatemalensis motaguensis Ckll. n. subsp. .. 57

iaemmadomta (Pegias) fabula (lea) .................. 65

Alasmidonta (Pressodonta) minor Lea ............... 46

Alasminota Ortmann n. subgen. of Symphynota .,...... 41

maye@dalonaias donaciformis Lea ..................6-. 67

Ancylidex, notes on the classification of ............... 23

Annularia eburnea prestoni Ramsden n. subsp. ........ 50

Annularia mayensis Torre & Ramsden n. sp. .......... 50

Seen oremonensis Leg . 2... ee ee dee ee 43

Antillean Paleogeography, notes on ..............005- 84

Pecasomoia Conr. on Long Island .................6 85

Arkansas, Unione fauna of Cache River ............... 73

meeereemee neterodon Pils. 2.0.6.0. k ce ees 112

memmmunela mogollonensis Pils. .............265 110, 112

emacs pilsbryana Merriss ..............562. 005005 110

Bathytoma from the upper pleistocene of San Pedro, Cal.,

i EIRBEEDED PROV ATG tall Ge no beg alta aoe

Bathytoma clarkiana Rivers n. sp. (Pl. Il], f. B.C.) .... 64

es CODILUATY 6. ce ele hee e ee womens 34

Stee transporting food supplies ..............0620+. 71

Reeiacolomicd! Clb 2... 6. eke ec ces w cones 82

enema, retention Of color ..... 2:65... .e cece eee 93

Brachypodella brooksiana Gundl. (P11, f.5) .......... 5, 6

Brachypodella obesa and suturalis Wreneh Wain tae ny 132

Brachypodella ramsdeni Torre n. sp. (PI. I, f. 2) ...... 5

Brachypodella torreana Ramsden n. sp. (Pl. dS a Re ea:

British Columbia, notes on mollusks from ............. 87

(iii)

IV THE NAUTILUS.

Bulimulus schiededanus in* Texas... 3.) 0s. 22 ee eee 182

Barsa bubo' De 025 0. oeen rr 80

Bursa rubeta: GL... i.e ied bet GAL i to 80

Bursa ténuigranosa Smith 2) 40.24.0040. a8 oe 80

Caecilioides gundlachi in Florida. ......... 3. Gee 131

Campeloma lewisii Walker n. n. (Pl. V, f. 3) .......... 126

Campeloma ponderosum coarctatum Lea (Pl. V, f. 4-7). 125

Carunculina Simpsen, genus .. 0.) 620. 8 68

Carunculina parva Barnes... ..........!.... 129

Carunculina. texasensis Lea...) 0.2.0.5 ose 141

Cephalopoda of the Hawaiian Islands ................ 12

Cephalopoda, West. Coast ......5.. 6.001023 ee 22, 23, 47

Ceratodiscus ramsdeni Pils. (see Vol. 27, p. 134), Pl. I, f.

GAB ies ee Saw whack ote hc bee male ae ee ea aoe eu ee

Circinaria caelata Mazyck, note on ...............00-- 12

Cochlicopa lubrica in Western Pennsylvania ......... 96

Color ornamentation in fossil Brachiopods ............. 93

Correspondence from Japan and China ............... 90

Crenodonta perplicata Conr.. ........ 4.3.) a. ee 21

Cuba, land shells from Varadera (Cardenas) ......... 106

Coba, land shells‘: (0/1) 4:07 oc cea eee 1, 49, 188, 186

Diplopoma. torrei: Ramsden n. sp. ... 3.) ..4 ee 134

Ectracheliza truncata Gabb., a Hemisinus ............. 84

Elliptio lanceolatus Lea... ¢6..0.+.02..24 6 eee 32

Emarginulinae, notes on West American .............. 62

Fusconaia selecta Wheeler n. sp. (p. 4) .......-..eeeee- 76

Fusconaja askewi Marsh) .\.:. 4-00 owl 00/604 ee en 20

Gonidea angulata: . 0 ..6.cdie . dnw's eres veh oie oe 143

Gundlachia, the earliest notice of a species of the genus. 128

Gundlachia or Navicella? -. .. 2:04) dareece eee 132

Helix hortensis from a Maine shell heap .............. 131

Hemisinus in Antillean. Oligocene ......... 5.245 84

Hemphilha glandulosa. Bi. &-B, 12.4 ssa eo ee -Aaseue amen

Hemphill, Henry (obituary) ..0..4...22. 22 eee 58

Tiasmigona.: Bak. io: oo. bie oa occ dp ee wee ae ee 40

Tastena lata, Raf.’ oo). 2000025 Sal kick 34s 2o 106

Leptachatina cookei Pils. n. sp. cs. ..4. <5 .):\. 22 eee 61

Lexingtonia Ortmann ‘nn. fen. 2 3)... a). 3. 5 28

Lexingtonia subplana Conr.. \... 30.0. 025... 0. 29

Lueidella tantilla Pils. (Pl. 1, f5) 002... Se 50

Lymnaea auricularia Liea . <i. ke ess ss o's oe 119

Lymnaea emarginata mighelsi, absent in old localities... $0

Lymnaea,’ classification Of). 0)... J vis. 3. ee 116

Lymnaeids, a provisional ict to the subgenera and species

of North America . ..sc6 vate uso). bones these 119

THE NAUTILUS. Vv

Macroceramus richaudi lineatistrigatus Pils. .......... 51

Maine mollusea, additions to the list of ............. 18, 48

Meeremedus conradicus Lea. .......... cei c cee ecsees 142

Microceramus longus Henderson n. sp. ............ sss. 186

Modiolus demissus Dillw., and var. granosissimus Sowb. 35

ener WUTODCAN 6.48). sik eke ole ca qe wes 10

Molluscan fauna from vicinity of Bolinas Bay, Cal. .... 25

Mollusks from Magician Lake, Cass and Van Buren Coun-

LEA SSR Mee ek ROR OL Ua Dey Bnet ee 8

TES DE SS 6 0 a 138

Eee SGUCICS IM. ..... 2 eee eee eee 20, 28, 41, 65, 106, 129

New Mexican expedition of 1914 ....... 0.0... eee 109

eemeg. Helis OF Duran ..... 2.2... c0ce ee tecedes 37

MICE CODCHOIORY 2.1.0... cece cece cscs ee eees 70

Sener - 10, 22, 35, 47, 60, 70, 88, 95, 131

Doi. 5 ios aia leh he) ss w ds vikcsraseld eiomidowtars AT

oN 1 (2) (a 103

EI EMR RS oth 2! Sik fe) eat edg hal aired le dvd aed Awacoial’ 101

EES SR ES a Ree co 102

MPMMEGGEOMNETISIS CONT, oo... ccc eee ee es 114, 140

ICES NEE 6855s tos dh ole wel osc ielsldue lelale b evelae « 115

MIETESS UAT. oi. hc ek ee oo eee es os 100

SOLIS TS SEG 0 102

Oliva ispidula var. samarensis Johns n. var. .......... 103

ESE GT ea 114, 139

MBI ik oy he Dae eid ides oe a dP adlaeelbies ou 99

PMCCIESEIS WIDTO. 2... ek tke es Se de eee ee 114

EGA cern oo. Shine lals elas eciesinielele sec slatve 139

ST EUS SI Sec SP ge O7

ETE ME roo, cont Sree Vile iy alae’ epnu ad sie 115

PERE B TSI ios a's AAC Ie Bid oldie db sign te dicke b ad ow ale ots 100

IMRAN in. hc eile ete Sah leah cchenal abide bie slo's 102

AT) ESOLL.. 0) oo) sis ois dosen ep side io eals Sv eeabee os 101

Seemameriatria urceus Bolt... 2.6.60 l ee eee ecw ene 103

ASE COE a] | ee ee eee 110

Ostrea elongata Solander (QO. virginica Gmel.) ......... 2

emer nictt. Vall 1. NOM, 4.52 ese cle ce eels 1

ES 5 eA a Pee 2

Sememememiicera Dallon.sp. ... ice cece pees eee 3

Paludina coarctata and incrassata Lea (Pl. V) ........ 121

Panopea generosa, possible transportation of ......... AT

Pecten nucleus irradians, statistical study in variation of 52

Petricola dactylus Sowb. in Buzzards Bay ............. 95

mumaaemen rap. (Pl. TIT £.- Ade eae eee. cues 70

Physa heterostropha Say in Europe .............. a Ae dae

val THE NAUTILUS.

Pleistocene, a remarkably rich pocket of fossil drift from

HE ica soe ob dis Saket Rk FPN Fe Cee ete 80

Pleurobema fassinans Lea (>. 2. 2 6)).0..). ae 31

Pleurobema. friersoni Wright ... 0.20.40). 2 30

Pleurobema missouriensis Marsh (Pl. V, figs. 1, 2) ..... 140

Pleurodonte sagemon goodrichi Ramsden n. subsp. ..... 49

Polygyra cohuttensis Clapp n. sp. ......-. >. 40s 78

Polygyra inflecta mobiliensis Clapp n. var. ............ 128

Postpliocene shells of Providence and Lupus, Mo. ..... 15

Prolasmidonta Ortmann n. subgen. ....:... 200 neeee 44

Proptera capax Green: ..5 uae ee bo ee CP, 67

Publications Received ........... 12, 35, 59, 72, 84, 96, 108

Puncturella, caryophylla Dall. n: sp... . 0)... 33 63

Puneturella cognata Gould ....)....5. 50.40.) s 63

Puncturella ‘coopert Carp... 2... 6.6. ss slo 63

Puncturella cucullata ‘Gould : 2.00.3}... 63, 87

Puncturella falklandica A. Ads, .... 2.3.07. 0782 ee 63

Puncturella galeata Gould ........... 1...) 64

Puncturella longifissa Dall n. sp... ..... ..Q¢ eee 63

Puncturella major Dall .o.0000.200. 21.0 eee 64

Puncturella multistriata Dall n. sp. ..\..\. eee 63

Pupilla muscorum xerobia Pils. n. subsp. (Pl. II, f. 1,2) 38

Quadrula ‘pustulata’ hea... 2 22.....0o4ea 6 ee 21

Ranella lampas of authors, notes on ................+.. 80

Rhytidopoma tollini Ramsden n. sp. ..... PU 135

Rimula mazatlanica Carp. ......2.>.. 0.0.0) 62

Rumina ‘decollata in Texas . 2.3)... 50.05... 23 11

Shells from Sussex Co. N. do. 2.0.5) .04 «soso 11

Simpsonaias Frierson n. gen. ;).)). ...... 2:22 7, 40

Simpsoniconcha Frierson n. gen... .). 4... 2. Yee 40

Squid, Monterey Bay and Oregon ...............:.. 22, 23

Subemarginula yatesii Dall... ..0.0.. 050248 Se 62

Symphynota (Alasminota) holstonia .................. 43

Symphynota, observations on the genus ............... 40

Tertiary fossils on Long Island 0.03). 7 »).464.) eee 85

Thysanophora horni (Gabb) 2/00/00. 02 ose he 110

Tornatellides pilsbryi Cooke n: sp... 3.204. 6 ee 79

Unionidae, remarks on classification of the ............ 6

Unione fauna of Cache River, Arkansas ............... 73

Unio erassa Ritz. ob eas Ale ee 33

Unio pictorum Jluimn,). ein) Ae ee... . 0 er 32

Urocoptidae, new Cuban species of ..................- 4,5

Urocoptis mayensis Torre & Ramsden n. sp............. 51

Urocoptis pilsbryana Ramsden n. sp. (Pl. I, f. 3,4) .... 4

Urocoptis scobinata Ramsden nh. sp. .... 1.25.4. s0s neem 183

THE NAUTILUS. vil

Suemermemcinalis in Canada 6... 6525... 6-. cee eee 10

Valvata tricarinata basalis Van. n. var. .............. 105

Valvata tricarinata infracarinata Van. n. var. ......4... 104

merce alabamensis Clapp n. sp.:..............0.00.- 137

Vertigo alabamensis conecuhensis Clapp n. subsp. ..... 137

TESTERS 7) ol 4 137

Vitrinella from Boston, Mass., a new fossil ............ 38

Vitrinella shimeri Clapp n. sp. (Pl. II, f. 6-8) ......... 39

SEEING, STCTIUS 5... cee cics cc ee cece nade gesas 41

Deeemrrrmeidim Dall 2... ee ec ec eee ee Dhawan 62

Vill ‘THE NAUTILUS.

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Baker, Frank C.:.4. 6.00: e 2 VOU Ca 8

Baker, Dr. Fred . du. ves soos Gas te 90

Berry, S. S.c.c aes oo Oe er 22

Boetteer;,. Cos fs s VIGR as eee ene 2 69

Chace, Bi. Bee ia Pe eee ick Wie ae ee 47, 144

Clapp, Geos Eins eo kk eee 78, 96, 128, 131, 132, 137

Glapp; Wick ss are Ge deen Oak « 38, 82, 132

Cockerell, ‘Ty De As oe acc waves oe ke bide 10, 55)

Colton, ‘Harold: 6. 2))25 sshd cite tue eiae ee 52, 116, ‘119

Cooke, C. Montague... 2.0500. 00. 40. 556 e 79

1D Fhe PMD us ea © Ripa ee tye ee AN ae byte hy 1, 13, 58, 62, 128, 138

Berriss, Jas. To Ss fa Seen cee oe oe ee 11, 48, 109

Mrierson, Ui. S..08. cs Sa he de ek eee 6, 40

Gratacap, GL. -Pyiis ec aa ei a 85

Greger, Darling K. o.oo i ea 93

Hanham,: A.W... bo. Sees «we ts ek oe 87

Hannibal, Harold ..... Cit ee 23

Henderson,..John: Be 223405. 00a ee ee 40, 106, 136

Johnson, CO. Wer scsi ih OR 2 vb, 60, 95, 97, 114, 131, 144

Latchford, i. Re oa wise ¢ orthoses 'e w’aieln ats Nias Goiene pa een 10

Lermond, N. WW ise ceca bei hal gids 9 Ghote onl esa beeen ae 18

Mazyck, Wm. Ge... ot A i 139

MeAtee: W.. Ta i. ic bien bk alae wleveve’ eceea ee 72

Nylander, Olof-O 0°77. LN oe. ae 89, 95

Ortmann: “Arnold ss je eves 20, 28, 41, 65, 106, 129, 141

alert Ae eters, ei eee peas 12, 36, 37, 60, 61, 84, 182

Rameden, Chas. Tyo ve eae 4, 49, 133

Aivers, oF See ec ded SS eas ae 64

Sampson, WAT 2. ica. so vee She eae ene tl eel sy tee 15

Torre, Carlos dela wii. 06 6 bs Ones pita 5

Wanapia, H. SGe sce ony eee eee 11, 35, 80, 104, 148

Walker, (Bryamt oo 5d ccs 0 Ul Sad eee 121, 140

Wheeler, Ee. Bie bos oh a i SAN oe ete ces oleae 713

Winkley, BW eo0 ee e 48

We.

LIBRARY

OF THE ;

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

“

—

L -

THE NAUTILUS, XXVIII. PLATE I

1. BRACHYPODELLA TORREANA. 2. B. RAMSDENI.

3, 4. UROCOPTIS PILSBRYANA. 5. B. BOOKSIANA.

6, 7,8. CERATODISCUS RAMSDENI.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vor. XXVIII. MAY, 1914. No.1

NOTES ON WEST AMERICAN OYSTERS.

BY WILLIAM H. DALL.

On endeavoring to review the oysters of the Pacific Coast some

notes were made which seemed likely to be of use to students.

OsTREA IRIDESCENS Gray, 1854; Cpr. Maz. Cat., 1856.

The brief diagnosis of the earlier name is not sufficient to identify

this with O. prismatica Gray, 1825. O. spathulata Sowerby, 1871,

is based on a worn upper valve of O. iridescens. The species is

known to range throughout the Gulf of California and to Mazatlan.

I have not compared the African species listed by Carpenter under

the same name,

QO. MEGODON Hanley, 1845. (0. gallus Val., 1846, and O. taylori

Gabb, 1866).

From the Gulf of California to Peru. Fossil in the West Indies.

QO. FISHERI Dall, n. nom. (0. jacob@a Rochebrune, Bull. Mus.,

Paris, 1895, not of Linné, 1758).

Rude, dark purple, sharply plicated, with an inner purple margin,

valves subequal, and interior opaque white. Named in honor of W.

J. Fisher who made large collections in the Gulf of California and

Alaska. This species grows large and heavy, and is only known

from the Gulf of California.

O. VEATCHII Gabb, 1866.

Large, rather roundly plicated, internally with olive, brown stains

2 THE NAUTILUS.

and white margin. Lower California and the Gulf. Fossil at San

Diego and Cerros Island.

QO. cuMINGIANA Dunker, Abbild. II, 1847. (O. amara Cpr., 1857 ;

O. angelica Rochebrune, 1895. A variety, O. mexicana Sowerby,

1871).

The typical form has olive greenish interior, the margin with

many small plications, the exterior white. The variety is deeply

cup-shaped with blackish interior margin. The species ranges from

Lower California to Panama.

O. PALMULA Carpenter, 1857 (O. lucasiana Rochebrune, 1895).

Puget Sound to La Paz, Mexico.

Margin bounded inwardly by a line of minute pustules, interior

dark or greenish. ‘This might well be an extreme mutation of the

preceding species but needs connecting links and has a more north-

ern distribution.

QO. SERRA Dall, n. sp.? Lower California to Panama.

) I

Like the West-Indian species which grows on gorgonians, narrow,

plicate, with flattish upper valve, deep lower valve, greenish outsides

inside white with black margin ; shell two to three inches long, about

an inch wide. If mexicana occupied a similar situs the result would

be somewhat similar.

O. coLuMBIENSIS Hanley, 1845. (0. ochracea and tulipa of

Sowerby, 1871, not O. tulijpa Lamarck ; O. turturina of Roche-

brune, 1895). On mangroves. Lower California to Peru.

Large, thin, purplish.

O. LuRIDA Carpenter, 1864. Sitka to Cape St. Lucas.

O. rufotdes is the thin, long variety grown in a current. O.

expansa the form adhering to a flat surface ; sometimes reaching the

shape called by Carpenter /aticaudatus.

O. ELONGATA Solander, 1786. (O. virginica Gmelin, 1792; O.

rostrata and floridensis Sowerby, 1871; O. virginiana, canadensis

and borealis Lamarck, 1819.)

Transplanted from the middle Atlantic coast it has failed to re-

produce its kind, as the water is too cold for the spat to live in.

THE NAUTILUS. 3

O. CONCHAPHILA Carpenter, 1856. Mazatlan to Panama. This

prettily painted form seems likely to retain specific rank.

O. cHILENSIS Philippi. Gulf of California to Chile.

This is the large edible Gulf species, referred by Carpenter to O.

virginica, which it much resembles except in wanting the purple

muscular impression. It has numerous synonyms. O. retusa Reeve,

of the Hawaian Pliocene is also very similar.

QO. CHILOENSIS Sowerby, from southern Chile, is small, round, and

feebly plicate, but may be a degenerate variety of O. chilensis.

O. MULTISTRIATA Hanley, 1846. Gulf of California to Panama.

Usually small and flat with brown and purple blotches on the

white inner surface. Lasily identified by the sharp radial striz of

the outer surface which is usually a purple tint.

OsTREA TUBULIFERA Dall, n. sp.

The specimen serving as type for this species was collected in the

Gulf of California by Henry Edwards; it is suborbicular, about 45

mm. in diameter, nearly flat, with a whitish nacre, brilliantly pol-

ished inside, purple clouds showing through, and with a translucent

irregularly crenulated margin. The ligamentary area is narrow and

very inconspicuous; on each side of it the margin is pustulate for a

short distance ; the outer surface is mostly dark purple, dull, minutely

corrugated and densely covered with small erect tubules of a dark

reddish-brown color, 2 to 4.mm. high and from # to 1 mm. in diam-

eter. Only those at the extreme margin communicate with the

interior of the valves, and these are fissured on the distal side.

Those of the surface behind the margin are completely tubular. The

attached valve was not obtained. Several beachworn specimens

from Panama have lost their tubules and exhibit only a vermicularly

corrugated surface. The attached valve is very flat and irregular

with a very wide but very short area. These specimens are of a

faded purple, but are probably the same species as the valve from

the Gulf of California. The only species at all approaching this in

character is the O. spinosa Quoy, which comes from a widely differ-

ent region, and has a very prominent, direct and produced ligament-

ary area.

4 THE NAUTILUS.

NEW CUBAN SPECIES OF UROCOPTIDZE.

BY CHARLES T. RAMSDEN.,

Urocortis (IDIOSTEMMA) PILSBRYANA n. sp. Pl. I, figs. 3, 4.

The shell is white, truncate, retaining 14 or 15 whorls in the adult

stage, the truncation closed by a very convex plug; upper third

tapering, the remainder cylindrical. Whorls flat, the last two or

three convex ; base with a very weak revolving cord or none. The

surface is dull, with sculpture of low axial ribs, which are narrow

and weak in the middle of each whorl, enlarged at both ends, which

abut against ribs above and below, the ribs being, as it were, con-

tinuous from whorl to whorl. In the upper part of the shell, some

of the ribs are hollow, as in U. uncata. Where unworn, the surface

between ribs is finely, sharply striate axially. The last whorl is

shortly free in front, and near the aperture it is dilated peripherally

and flattened above and below. The aperture is small, shortly

fusiform, the narrower part peripheral in position. The peristome

is expanded at the outer part, elsewhere reflected. Internal axis is

‘simple and slender in the first three whorls, then a spiral lamella

bearing a few projections arises, soon followed by corresponding

hooks from below, forming a stage of about two whorls where there

are pairs of converging hooks. This is followed by a stage in which

there is a broad, smooth superior lamella, and strong hooks arising

from the basal partition at intervals of about half a whorl (fig. 4).

Finally, in the last two whorls the hooks disappear and the spiral

lamella becomes low and finally disappeats.

Length 15.5, greatest diameter 3.8 mm.

Length 16.5, greatest diameter 3.6 mm.

Locality, ‘‘ La Hembrita,’”’ Monte Toro, Guantanamo.

This remarkable species closely resembles U. uncata externally,

but differs widely from that, and from all other known species, by

having a smooth spiral lamella in the whorls of the cylindrical part

of the shell. The peculiar axial armature of U. uncata and other

species of the subgenus /diostemma has been figured by Pilsbry in

his monograph of Urocoptide.

BRACHYPODELLA (GYRAXIS) TORREANA, n. sp. Pl. I, fig. 1.

The shell is extremely slender, retaining the apex perfect (two

THE NAUTILCS. 5

left figures) or losing very few whorls (two right figs.) in the adult

stage; widest at the upper third; white. Whorls 25-26, rather

strongly convex, the first four smooth, the rest regularly and closely

striate, the striae nearly straight, strongly oblique, about as wide as

the intervals. Last half whorl free and deeply descending, sharply

striate. ‘The free part is cylindrical and forms about one-fifth of the

total length of the shell. Aperture circular, oblique, with broadly

flaring, trumpet-like peristome. Internal axis very slender and

gyrate.

Length 17.3, greatest diameter 1.8 mm.

Length 15, greatest diameter 1.7 mm.

Locality, ‘‘ La Hembrita,’’ Monte Toro.

This charming species is related to B. brooksiana, but differs by

the less swollen shape, more numerous whorls and shorter ‘‘ neck ”

of the last. Moreover, the last whorl is cylindrical in @. torreana,

but in U. brooksiana it has a conspicuous basal keel. Specimens of

U. brooksiana are figured, pl. I, fig. 5, for comparison with the new

species. By the want of a basal keel and the convex whorls, B.

torreana is more nearly related to B. turcastana, a far smaller

species. Named in honor of my friend Dr. C. de la Torre.

The figured types have been deposited in the collection of the

Academy of Natural Sciences.

A NEW CUBAN SPECIES OF BRACHYPODELLA.

BY CARLOS DE LA TORRE.

BRACHYPODELLA (GYRAXIS) RAMSDENI, n. sp. PI. I, fig. 2.

The shell is very slender, the greatest diameter contained 12 or 13

times in the length, whitish, slightly shining, widest at about the

upper fourth, composed of about 25 whorls, adult shells usually hav-

ing lost a few. The whorls are convex, and the last five or six have

a rounded ridge (or basal carina) above the suture, and a slight con-

cavity above the ridge. The last half whorl is free and descends

spirally in a long “‘ neck,” the basal carina prominent on the upper

half of the neck, but gradually disappearing, leaving it nearly cylin-

drical near the aperture, which is triangular-rounded, oblique, and

very small. Sculpture of rather irregular, very oblique striz; the

6 THE NAUTILUS.

free part of the last whorl having sharper, more widely-spaced rib-

lets. *¥ Internal” axis slender, moderately gyrate in the later whorls.

Length 24, greatest diam. 1.8 mm.

Length 22.5, greatest diam. 1.9 mm. (truncate).

Collected at ‘‘ La Lechuza,” Monte Toro, by Mr. Charles T.

Ramsden, to whom the species is dedicated.

This is a much larger shell than B. booksiana Gundl., with less

swollen spire, and much less strongly gyrate axis. The basal carina

is visible on more whorls, the neck is shorter, and the sculpture less

regular. It is a very interesting addition to the subgenus Gyrazis.

REMARKS ON CLASSIFICATION OF THE UNIONIDE.

BY L, 8. FRIERSON.

In 1820 and in 1831 C. S. Rafinesque published descriptions of a

large number of Unionide. Of these, he is credited in the “ Syn-

opsis of the Naiades, C. 'T’. Simpson, 1900,” with but seven or eight

species. Conrad, having access to specimens labelled by Rafinesque,

gave a list of such species as he identified. Except in such cases as

when a patent error can be shown we are bound to accept Conrad’s

identifications.

The fact that Conrad made mistakes at times, can have no weight,

for no author is free from these. Conrad, however, only awarded

to Rafinesque those species described in 1820. ‘Those described in

1831 have uniformly been dumped by all subsequent authors (known

to the writer) in the trash-pile of “ indeterminate Unionide.” There

is no valid reason for this, as several of these latter species are

clearly and unmistakably recognizable. In place of seven or eight

species, Rafinesque is entitled to precedence in at least thirty.

An annotated synoptical table is is process of making, and will be

published shortly. Because of the important bearing of these facts

upon modern classification, this preliminary sketch is given, from

the latter point of view, for our author was a genius in the art of

proposing genera.

(1) LerropEa Rafinesque, 1820. Type leptodon Rafinesque

(= tenuissimus Lea). If this species should prove to be congeneric

THE NAUTILUS. 7

with fragilis Rafinesque (— gracilis Barnes) the genus Pareptera

Ortmann, 1911, must become a synonym.

(2) Extipsarta Rafinesque, 1820. Type (by elimination)

fasciolaris Rafinesque (= phaseolus Barnes) must reduce to

synonymy the genus Ptychobranchus Simpson, 1900, type phaseolus

Barnes.

(3) AmBLEMa Rafinesque, 1820. Type (by elimination) costatus

Rafinesque, 1820, must take the place of Crenodonta Schluter, 1836.

(4) Hemistena Rafinesque, 1820, (a contraction of Hemilastena)

proposed tentatively for Lastena lata, is of course asynonym. Hence

the application of this generic term by Mr. C. T. Simpson, to the

ambigua Say (= hildreihianus Lea) can not stand. For this shell,

ambigua Say, I therefore propose the new generic term Simpsonaias.

(5) Erroptasma Rafinesque, 1831. Type d2loba Rafinesque,

1831, (= foliatus Hildreth) must replace the subgenus Dysnomia

Agassiz, 1852.

(6) Toxortasma Rafinesque, 1831. Type (by elimination) dv-

idus Rafinesque, 1831, (= g/ans Lea) must take the place of the

subgenus Carunculina Simpson, 1900, type texasensis Lea, and the

group really should have generic standing.

(7) Lemiox Rafinesque, 1831, Type rimosus Rafinesque, 1831

(= calatus Conrad). Since this exceedingly characteristic species

deserves generic rank, it must, for this species at least, take the place

of Micromya Agassiz.

(8) DEcurAmBIS Rafinesque, 1831. A subgenus proposed for

Alasmodon marginata Say, variety truncata (= scriptum Rafin-

esque) and atropurpureum Rafinesque, 1831 (= raveneliana Lea).

This subgenus must displace Rugifera Simpson, 1900.

(9) Bariosta Rafinesque, 1831. Type ponderosus Rafinesque,

1831, a synonym of crassidens Lamarck (= trapezoides Lea),

antedated by Amblema Rafinesque, unless the U.jcrassedens Lamarck

(= trapezozdes Lea) should prove to be, as Conrad a of a

different group from the plicatus group.

(10) SutcuLaria Rafinesque, 1831. Type (by elimination)

badium Rafinesque (— Marg. holstonia Lea) must be regarded as a

subgenus of Symphynota Lea, as constituted by Simpson, 1900, re-

placing in part the subgenus Pressodonta Simpson, 1900.

(11) Dietasma Rafinesque, 1831. Type D. marginata Rafin-

esque, must take the place of Lamellidens Simpson, 1900, type

8 THE NAUTILUS.

marginalis Lamarck. The failure to recognize this well-defined

genus by most subsequent authors is a very remarkable fact.

In the preparation of the above remarks I am indebted in a very

large degree to my friend Dr. A. E. Ortmann.

MOLLUSKS FROM MAGICIAN LAKE, CASS AND VAN BUREN COUNTIES,

MICHIGAN.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

Magician Lake lies between Van Buren County on the north and

Cass County on the south. It is about two and a half miles long

and half a mile wide. The banks on the north border are high but

on the south, east and west they are for the most part low and

swampy. ‘The lake occupies an elongated depression in the Wis-

consin drift and contains four deep holes, 40 to 60 feet in depth.

The shores are shallow and shelving, and, with the exception of one

or two short intervals, one may wade entirely around the lake. The

outlet is at the southeast side (known as Silver Creek), and empties

into the West branch of Dowagiac Creek, which drains into the St.

Joseph River,a Lake Michigan stream. The migrations of the mol-

lusks have probably been largely by the way of the St. Joseph,

although some of the species may have reached this spot in post-

glacial time via the Kankakee-St. Joseph portage; but the fauna as

a whole probably reached these lakes by way of the Chicago outlet

when Lake Michigan was in the Lake Chicago stage. It is evident

that Magician Lake was once much higher, with a large, wide out-

let, for high terraces may be seen on the south, and also bordering

the outlet. Ancient marl beds exist, now covered by three feet of

peat, containing mollusks of a colder climate, attesting the ancient

occupancy of this lake by icy waters.

Mollusks were notably abundant in individuals and species. The

species are listed by ecological regions. My thanks are due to Dr.

Herman S. Pepoon for assistance in collecting much of the material.

Beach debris South Shore, all dead shells.

Alasmidonta calceola (Lea). Planorbis antrosus Conrad.

Anodonta grandis footiana Lea. Planorbis antrosus angistomus

Lampsilis luteola (Lam.). Hald..

Sphaerium simile (Say). Planorbis parvus Say.

THE NAUTILUS. 9

Sphaerium striatinum (Lam.). Planorbis deflectus Say.

Musculium troncatum (Lind). Segmentina armigera (Say).

Valvata tricarinata Say. Galba obrussa decampi (Streng).

Amnicola limosa (Say). Succinea retusa Lea.

Amnicola lustrica (Pilsbry). Succinea avara Say.

Physa heterostropha Say. Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi

Physa integra Hald.. Pilsbry.

Physa niagarensis Lea, Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Vitrea rhoadsi Pilsbry.

Planorbis campanulatus Say. Polygyra thyroides (Say).

Planorbis campanulatus Say.

Sandy beach on north side of Lake, water one to four feet deep.

Alasmidonta calceola (Lea). Amnicola limosa (Say).

Anodonta grandis footiana Lea. Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry.

Anodonta marginata Say. Campeloma integra (Hald.).

Anodontoides ferussacianus sub- Physa heterostropha Say.

cylindraceus Lea. Physa niagarensis Lea.

Lampsilis luteola (am.). Planorbis antrosus Conrad.

Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes). Planorbis parvus Say (dead).

Valvata tricarinata Say.

‘Marsh above marl bed, east of Magician Lake cottages.

Physa gyrina Say. Planorbis antrosus angistomus

Aplexa hypnorum (Linn.). Hald.

Paludestrina nickliniana (Lea).

Heavy damp woods south side of lake.

Succinea retusa Lea. Strobilops virgo (Pilsbry).

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Polygyra thyroides (Say).

Pilsbry. Polygyra monodon (Rackett).

Zonitoides arborea (Say). Polygyra hirsuta (Say).

Vitrea hammonis (Strém).

In swale in woods.

Sphaerium occidentale (Prime). Galba obrussa (Say).

Aplexa hypnorum (Linn.). Galba parva (Lea).

Segmentina armigera (Say).

Hemlock Island, west end of lake. The center of the island is

about twenty feet above the level of the lake. All shells were found

under old bark or fallen pieces of trees.

Succinea retusa Lea (found on Zonitoides arborea (Say).

vegetation at margin of island). Vitrea indentata (Say).

10 THE NAUTILUS.

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Strobilops labyrinthica (Say).

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi

Pilsbry.

NOTES.

VALVATA PISCINALIS IN CanapA.—TI found last autumn in

Homsher Bay, ‘Toronto, inside the ‘ sea-wall,” a flourishing colony

of Valvata piscinalis Mull. ‘There was much rubbish along the

shore, including straw and marsh grass, such as is used abroad in

packing fragile articles for export; and I have no doubt these little

strangers were introduced from England or Eastern Europe in some

such material. Another alien—long however known to have be-

come established in the United States and at Cornwall in Ontario—

Bythinia tentaculata L.., abounds nearby, in the lagoons on the islands

in Toronto Bay. I may add that these quiet waters also harbor fine

specimens of Anodonta cataracta Say (fluviatilis Dillw.) and Ano-

donta grandis Say. ‘Their occurrence in the same locality should

end forever the contention that one is the eastern form and the other

the western form of the same species. The same ecological con-

ditions, and the commingling in the same water of the spermatozoa

of both, would necessarily result in hybrids or extinction of differ-

ences if the two species were not naturally distinct, and each capable

of preventing fertilization by the other.—F. R. LatcHrorp.

Some European Moxriusca.—The receipt of a new part of

Taylor’s beautiful monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca

of the British Isles reminds me of an observation on Helicigona

arbustorum var. alpicola Fér., a small rather elevated variety of a

yellowish color, with one band or none, which I found on the summit

of the Rigi, in Switzerland. The soft parts were uniformly pale

reddish instead of dark, and although Taylor states that the animal

of this species varies independently of the shell, it seems possible

here the two things go together, the alpico/a form being perhaps a

valid subspecies. At Zurich and Gersau, Switzerland, I found

typical arbustorum ; at the latter place also the yellowish bandless

form. The varieties of H. arbustorum, with additional bands, fig-

ured by Taylor, are very interesting, but certainly the form with an

THE NAUTILUS. 1

extra band below the principal one should be separated from the true

bifasciata, in which the extra bandisabove. Taylor’s pl. XXXIV,

f. 18, may accordingly be called v. infrafasciata. At Wangen, Baden,

I noted that the Helix pomatia were of full size, distinctly larger

than the form observed in Switzerland (Gersau, Fluelen). Observa-

tions on the variation of H. nemoralis and hortensis yielded nothing

of special interest ; at Wangen JZ. hortensis v. lutea with bands 00000,

123(45) and 1(23)45. At Schaffhausen H. hortensis lutea 00000.

At Gersau H. hortensis lutea 12345. At Fluelen H. nemoralis

rubella 00000. At Ziirich the Arion ater was dark reddish brown,

with bright orange-vermillion foot-fringe. At Wangen the A. ater

presented the beautiful bright red var. rubra, which I had never had

the pleasure of finding before, but also the red-brown variety. At

Troyes, France, Helix fruticum was found in both the reddish and

whitish varieties. I was pleased to find Helicodanta obvoluta, which

I had never collected before, at Brugg, Switzerland. Helicigona

DD)

lapicida was found at Brugg and at Wangen.—T. D. A. COCKERELL.

RUMINA DECOLLATA IN TExas.—Mr. Camp found a large colony

of Rumina decollata Linné, in a Brownsville, Texas, garden, and

succeeded in getting a few without losing the points, carrying them

in cotton. They are larger than my Charleston or New Orleans

specimens and less uniform in general architecture. The largest

measured 30$ alt., 11 mm. diam.—J. H. Ferriss.

LAND SHELLS FROM Sussex Co., N. J.—The following species

were picked from leaf mould collected by Mr. Bayard Long, near

Big Spring, Springdale, near Newton, Sussex Co., N. J.:

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Vitrea indentata (Say).

Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Huconulus chersinus (Say).

Polygyra monodon fraterna Huconulus sterkit (Dall.).

(Say). Zonitoides minuscula (Binn).

Bifidaria armifera (Say). Gastrodonta suppressa (Say).

Bifidaria contracta (Say). Pyramidula alternata (Say).

Bifidaria corticaria (Say). Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyt

Bifidaria pentodon (Say). Pils.

Vertigo gouldii Binn. Punctum pygmeum (Drap.).

Vertigo milium Gld. Carychium exile H. C. Lea.

Cochlicopa labrica (Miill.).

12 THE NAUTILUS.

The entire set was donated to the Acad. Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia.

C. exile and P. c. anthonyt were the most abundant forms in the col-

lection, and Z£. sterkit is, I believe, new to the State-——E. G.

VANATTA.

Nove ON CIRCINARIA CHLATA MAZYCK.—In the Catalogue of

American Land Shells published in Nauritus XI. (p. 128), this

form was subordinated to C. durant?, as a sub-species. By the cour-

tesy of Mr. Mazyck, I have been able to examine the type specimen

of celata. On going over the series in the collection of the Acad-

emy, no specimens were found connecting it with durant?, and I now

believe it to be a distinct and well-characterized species, one of the

handsomest of the genus.—H. A. Piussry.

Mr. A. A. H1inkLey made a brief mid-winter journey to Guate-

mala, obtaining some interesting additions to his former collections

there. A fine series of the large Pachycheiti of Lake Ysabel and

environs was taken. Among the land shells he secured a good series

of the splendid C@locentrum gigas v. Mart.—-H. A. P.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A PRELIMINARY List oF THE MOoLuLusca oF Missouri (ex-

clusive of the Unionidg).—By F. A. Sampson. Trans. of the

Academy of Science of St. Louis, xxii, July 18,1913. The various —

State catalogues which have been brought out in the last ten or fifteen

years have recorded data of great value to the student of distribution

of mollusks, indispensable to inquiries into the origin and migrations

of the several groups of our fauna. Missouri is an especially inter-

esting state. lying near the western border of the humid area,

the northern border of the Ozarkian fauna, and within the peri-

pheral range of some Austral forms, it is an area where numerous

species reach their extreme range. Mr. Sampson has given in this

catalogue the results of many years of work in the state, a total of

117 species and varieties, and some 900 locality records. Among

the species first described from Missouri we note two not in Mr.

Sampson’s list: Polygyra blandiana Pils. and Ferr. and Amnicola

missourtensis Pils.—H. A. P.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXVIII. JUNE, 1914. No. 2

NOTES ON SOME NORTHWEST COAST ACMAEAS.

BY WILLIAM H. DALL.

Since Dr. Philip Carpenter’s review of the Acmaeas of the North-

west Coast (Am. Journ. Conch., II, 1866) all writers on the subject,

including myself, have to a large extent, if not entirely, accepted his

conclusions as to their nomenclature.

Having occasion to revise the magnificent series of these shells in

the National Museum, I have recently reviewed the whole nomen-

clature from the beginning, and to my surprise and dismay found

tbat Dr. Carpenter, in his desire to perpetuate the manuscript names

of his friend Thomas Nuttall, had frequently ignored the rules alto-

gether, had adopted names which he knew to be preoccupied, and in

several cases misidentified early authors’ species. Mr. Robson of

the British Museum had intimated to me some time ago that the no-

menclature of these limpets was in a very bad state of confusion, but

until I came to work over them myself I had no realization of the

true condition,

In extenuation it must be remembered that fifty years ago the

necessity of strictly conforming to the rules was little appreciated,

and many excellent naturalists of that day are responsible through

their carelessness for much of the trouble now encountered.

In reviewing the work of an author who like Eschscholtz gave

several names to mutations of the same species, the most acceptable

way is to take his first name for the consolidated species and put the

others in synonymy. Dr. Carpenter, however, in choosing in such

14 THE NAUTILUS.

cases did not follow this method. However, as the first reviser, his

selection may be considered final, or we should practically have to

change all his names. In the space here available it is not practic-

able to give a full discussion, but the final results may be noted.

Acmaea cassis Eschscholtz, is a splendid form of A. pelta (Esch.)

Cpr., and A. fimbriata Gould, is synonymous. Aecmaea pelta Cpr.,

has five or six synonyms, and as tolerably distinct mutations includes

nacelloides Dall; monticola pars (Nutt.) Cpr.; and olympica Vall

(Pilsbry, Man., pl. 8, figs. 92, 93, 94).

Acmaea patina (Esch.) Cpr., has many synonyms, and, as recog-

nizable mutations, ochracea Dall; emydia Dall (the Arctic testudin-

alis of my 1871 paper); eribraria (Gld.) Cpr.; and parallela Dall;

the latter corresponding to the A. alveus of the Atlantic coast.

Acmaea persona Eschscholtz, is not Carpenter’s persona (which is

a mutation of digitalis Esch.) but is the shell Carpenter called

cumingit in 1866; though not the same as the prior eumingit of

Reeve. A. persona is a fine species, and I have a large series rang-

ing from Alaska Peninsula to Socorro Island.

Acmaea digitalis Eschscholtz, is the northern form which merges

into umbonata (Nutt.) Reeve, southward; and then into textilis

Gould, at its southernmost range. Part of Gould’s seabra of 1846

is the same as textilis Gld. + persona Cpr. (not Esch.) +- oregona

(Nutt. MS.) Cpr.

Acmaea scabra Gould, 1846 (from type), is the shell later named

spectrum (Nutt. MS.) Reeve, and is generally known under the

latter name, which of course must be discarded.

Acmaea scabra (Nutt. MS.) Reeve, 1855 (not of Gould, 1846),

must take the earliest synonym, which seems to be Kmatula Cpr.,

1866.

Acmaea var. funiculata Cpr., merges by imperceptible degrees

into the later tenuisculpta Cpr., and that into mztra Eschscholtz.

- Aemaea persona Esch. (not Cpr.), merges southward into strigil-

lata Cpr.

Acmaea semirubida Dall, resembles triangularis Cpr., but is more

oval in outline, with crimson rays on a white ground ; it ranges from

the Gulf of California to Panama.

Scurria aeruginosa ( Midd., 1847, as Patella, with a wrong habitat)

is an earlier name for the shell generally known as mesoleuca Menke,

1851, from the Gulf of California.

THE NAUTILUS. 15

In studying these mollusks it is necessary to remember tliat the

different species often have an almost identical series of color varia-

tions, so that if one is guided chiefly by color, there is a liability to

put together mutations belonging to different species. There is little

doubt that food greatly influences and directly changes both the color

and texture of the outer layers of the shell, while the form is directly

related to the situs of the individual. .

An interesting fact in the distribution of these animals is the evi-

dence they give in favor of the probability of the former existence

of an elevated ridge or range roughly parallel with the coast of Cali-

fornia and the peninsula, and of which the Santa Barbara Islands,

Guadelupe, and Socorro are the only supermarine indications at the

present day. It looks as if there was a second gulf or inlet between

this range and that of Lower California, so that the cool-temperate

species were able to extend as far south as Socorro on the western

_ coast of the western range, while the more tropical forms were able

to reach far to the North in the warmer waters of the inner area

between the outer range and the continent to the east of it, including

what is now the Gulf of California.

POSTPLIOCENE SHELLS OF PROVIDENCE AND LUPUS, MISSOURI.

BY F. A. SAMPSON.

Several trips to these two places have given many specimens.

Providence, Boone County, is on the north side of the Missouri

river, a place now of only a few houses, but formerly, in the days of

steamboat travel on the river, a large town and important shipping

point. The grading for the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroad

along the river cut into the bluffs, and uncovered the deposits con-

taining great numbers of postpliocene land shells. The deposit is

of later period than the Kansas loess, and is not the fine silt of the

loess, but is of clay intermixed with stones of various sizes.

Lupus is almost opposite on the other side of this river, in Moni-

{eau County, where the grading for the river route of the Missouri

Pacific railroad uncovered the beds with the fossil shells. A mile

above Lupus was the former town and steamboat landing of Mt.

Vernon, a town of which no trace now remains. On both sides of

the river the rocky bluffs are of Chouteau limestone, resting on beds

16 THE NAUTILUS.

of Devonian, and capped by Upper Burlington limestone. The

Chouteau fossils, especially the crinoids, are interesting, and the

type specimen of one species came from Mt. Vernon, while Provi-

dence has given the types of many fossils.

The most of the shells found at both places are now found living

in the neighborhood, while others have not been found in any nearby

county. The following species have been collected :

Polygyra profunda Say. The largest of the Providence shells

are of 31 mm. diameter, but the Lupus shells up to 34 mm. averag-

ing smaller size, but more plentiful and some preserving the color

band. So far this has not been found living in the state except at

Courtney, in Jackson County, near Kansas City.

Polygyra albolabris alleni Weth. At both places fine shells from

26 to 324 mm. diameter are common, and more plentiful at Lupus.

The living shells have been found in the neighborhood to about the

same size, but from a rock pile in an open field near Columbia they

were only 23 to 25 mm. and very similar to the still smaller ones

found in a cemetery at Kansas City.

Polygyra thyroides Say. Of fifty shells picked up at Providence

thirty-six were thyroides edentata, and of thirty-seven at Lupus

twenty-five were the same.

Polygyra elevata Say. Not much variation in size, somewhat

smaller at Lupus, and all similar to the living ones found on both

sides of the river. Some that seemed to have been entirely mature

were edentate.

Polygyra clausa Say. Scarce at both places.

Polygyra pennsylvanica Green. This is rather uncommon at both

places. A walk of three miles along the railroad, during which

many thousand shells were picked up or seen, gave but a single one

of this species. It is not now found living in this part of the State.

Polygyra appressa Say. These are of the three-tooth variety

found rather plentifully in many places in Missouri. On both sides

of the river the shells vary much in size, many being larger than

those now living in the neighborhood. It is the most plentiful shell at

Providence, but scarce at Lupus. The shells varied_in size from 15 to

22 mm., and many of the smaller ones have only a trace of lip teeth.

Polygyra inflecta Say. Sparingly found at both places, but some-

times uncertain as to whether fossil, or simply dead shells that had

dropped from higker parts of the bluff.

THE NAUTILUS. 17

Polygyra fraterna Say. The same may be said of this as of the

last. From both places.

Polygyra monodon Rack. From both places.

Polygyra hirsuta Say. Sparingly at both places. The ordinary

size is of 7 mm. diameter, but one from Providence is of 9 mm. and

somewhat differing from the smaller ones in other respects.

Succinea ovalis Say. A single one found at Lupus.

Gastrodonta ligera Say. <A single one was found at Lupus. At

some places in Boone county the living ones are plenty.

Helicina occulta Say. In my report of the Shells of Missouri this

was given as Helicina orbiculata tropica. It is rather scarce on both

sides of the river, and has never been found living in the State.

Vitrea indentata Say. From Lupus.

Vitrea hammonis Strom. Some young shells from Lupus were

probably of this species.

Zonitoides minusculus Binne. From Lupus.

Zonitoides milium. From Lupus.

Bifidaria armifera Say. At Lupus.

Bifidaria contracta Say. These and other minute shells were not

found imbedded in the dirt, but in clearing the larger Polygyra of

the dirt that filled them a number of small shells were found. These

and some smaller Pupillide that have not been identified, were found

at Lupus.

Pyramidula solitaria Say. This at Providence is perhaps as

abundant as P. appressa, but at Lupus it is rare and somewhat

smaller.

Pyramidula alternata Say. At Providence they are of good size

and not plenty; at Lupus rare and smaller.

Pyramidula perspectiva Say. A single specimen was found at

each place.

Helicodiscus parallelus Say. From Lupus.

Carychium exile H. C. Lea. From Lupus.

An idea of the comparative number of the species may be’ had

from the results of a walk along the railroad for three miles on the

Providence side, during which hundreds of shells were picked up or

seen, among which were only four profunda, one pennsylvanica, one

clausa, and one alternata, while soltiaria and appressa were abund-

ant, and elevata next in abundance.

18 THE NAUTILUS.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF MAINE MOLLUSCA.

BY N. W. LERMOND.

Since the publication of my Catalogue of the Mollusca of Maine in

1909, the following species and varieties, some new some old, have

been added to the list:

MOoDIOLARIA SUBSTRIATA, Gray.

One young specimen of this species was collected by John A.

Allen. It was attached to an old bottle in Portland Harbor, near

Hope Island.

MAcoMA TENTA, Say.

Four dead specimens were taken by the writer in Aug., 1909, in

the Georges River, near Taylor’s Point, Cushing Shore, in six

fathoms, on a muddy bottom.

Specimens were submitted to Prof. Pilsbry for determination.

OposTOMIA (MENESTHO) BISUTURALIS OVILENSIS, Bartsch.

The type of this subspecies was taken by Henry W. Winkley in

Sheepscott River, Lincoln County. See Bartsch’s Pyramidellidz.

of New England and Adjacent Region, p. 107.

TURBONILLA (PyRGIscUS) CASCOENSIS, Bartsch.

‘<The type and two additional specimens, Cat. no. 203,795 U. S.

N. M., come from Casco Bay, Maine.” See page 96 of Bartsch’s

Pyramidellide. Dr. Bartsch does not state when, or by whom,

these specimens were collected.

CINGULA HARPA, ?

One specimen taken by Henry W. Winkley, at Eastport summer

of 1913. Of this rare find, Mr. Winkley writes me as follows: ‘I

think my identification correct. Formerly reported from 150-500

fathoms. I like to capture a stray bird now and then—it is fine

sport.”

CoLUMBELLA (ASTYRIS) LUNATA Say.

Several live specimens of this species were dredged by Henry W.

Winkley in the Sheepscott River at Damariscotta and by myself

in Maple-juice Cove and Broad Cove, near mouth of the Georges.

River, Knox Co., during the summer of 1912. The latter locality

is the most northern record for this species.

THE NAUTILUS. 19:

RETUSA OBTUSA Var. TURRITA.

Reported by Mr. Dwight Blaney from Frenchman’s Bay.

MUSCULIUM ROSACEUM Prime.

A few specimens (immature) taken by Dana W. Sweet in Sandy

River, Franklin County, and by the writer in Georges River, North

Warren, Knox County.

MUSCULIUM RYCKHOLTI Normand.

Fairly plentiful in the small ponds of Warren and Thomaston,

Knox County.

MUSCULIUM PARVUM St (?).

Six specimens of a Musculium were collected by the writer dur-

ing past season in the Georges River at North Warren, Knox Co.,.

and sent to Dr. Sterki for determination. :

MUSCULIUM SECURIS (‘form or even variety,’’ Sterki).

Collected August 17, 1913, in Georges River, North Warren.

They were returned labeled as above.

MUSCULIUM WINKLEYI St.

Taken at Saco, York County, by Henry W. Winkley, and at

Avon, Franklin County, by Dana W. Sweet.

PISIDIUM MONAS St.

Six specimens—one nearly full grown, others juv.—taken August

17, 1913, in Georges River, North Warren, by the writer.

Dr. Sterki, to whom the material was submitted, remarks as fol-

lows: “ rather like the type from Michigan. Some examples, prob-

ably of same, though a little larger, from Aroostook Co. (Nylander),”’

PISIDIUM PUNCTATUM var. SIMPLEX St.

Two specimens, almost full grown, taken by the writer in George

River, North Warren, Aug., 1913.

PISIDIUM VARIABILE var. CICER Pr.

Eleven immature specimens taken at same time and place as.

above.

PIsIDIUM MINUS (Adams),

A few specimens taken by the writer in Black River, Warren,

Knox Co., season of 1909, and in Mill River, Thomaston, 1909 and.

1910.

20 THE NAUTILUS.

PISIDIUM ABDITUM var. LACTEUM St.

Two live specimens and a few single valves taken in Georges

River, North Warren, season of 1913.

PISIDIUM SPHAERICUM St.

About twenty specimens, mostly immaculate, a few nearly full

grown, taken Aug., 1913, in Georges River, North Warren.

AMNICOLA SCHROKINGERI Frauenfeldt.

Collected by Rev. Henry W. Winkley, at Saco, York county.

LYMNZA DESIDIOSA var. PLICA Lea.

Collected in Buckfield, Oxford County, by John A. Allen.

PLANORBIS HIRSUTUS Gld. (= albus Miill) and P. pEFLEectws Say.

Were inadvertently omitted from my published list. The former

has been reported from Aroostook, Knox and Penobscot counties ;

the latter from Aroostook, Knox, Oxford and Penobscot counties.

VERTIGO NYLANDERI St.

Woodland, Aroostook Oo. (Nylander). See Navuritus, Vol.

XXII, p. 107.

STUDIES IN NAJADES.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN.

(Continued from Vol. XX VII, p. 91.)

FUSCONAJA ASKEWI (Marsh). (See: Quadrula a. Simpson, 1900,

p. 786.)

A number of specimens, among them males, sterile and gravid

females, from Sabine River, Logansport, De Soto Par., Louisiana,

were received from D.S. Frierson, mostly collected on August 1,

1912, but one gravid female was collected on September 21.

In all females (altogether eleven) all four gills had marsupial

structure, and in five gravid ones all four gills were charged. But in

one gravid individual only the outer gills contained glochidia; but

the inner gills had distinctly marsupial structure. Since there were

placente and fragments of them in the suprabranchial canals and the

cloaca cavity, this specimen was caught in the act of discharging.

The breeding season probably ends in August, but the gravid spec-

imen, with glochidia, collected on September 21, is remarkable, It

THE NAUTILCS. 21

seems that in lower latitudes the breeding time does not depend

strictly on the season. For instance, I have a gravid female, with

egos, of Fusconaja undata (Barnes) from the Ouachita River, Arka-

delphia, Clark Co.. Arkansas, collected by H. E. Wheeler on Sep-

tember 3, 1912, while another one, recorded previously (Ortmann,

1912, p. 241) was obtained in the same condition March 21,1911.

F. askewi has a short mantle connection between anal and supra-

anal, which was absent (torn?) in a few cases. Anal with very fine

papille, branchial with distinct papilla. Inner lamina of inner gills

free from abdominal sac, except at anterior end. Posterior margins

of palpi connected for about one-half of their length or a little less.

In the female, all four gills are marsupial. Placentz well devel-

oped, subcylindrical, and, according to a communication from Frier-

son, red ‘in most cases.” Glochidia without hooks, semielliptical,

higher than long. Length, 0.13, height, 0.15 mm.

Color of soft parts partly destroyed in alcohol, but there are indi-

cations that mantle edge, adductors, and foot, had a more or less

pronounced tendency to be orange-brown. Frierson informs me,

that in life the soft parts may be orange or whitish.

This species clearly belongs in the undata-trigona-rubiginosa

group, and is not at all related to the species with which it has been

placed by Simpson (1900, p. 786), at any rate, it is not related to

Elliptio beadleianus (Lea) (see Ortmann, 1, c. p. 268), although it

resembles this species somewhat in the shell; but this is clearly a

case of convergency.

CRENODONTA PERPLICATA (Conrad) (See Ortmann, 1912, p. 248).

A gravid female, with glochidia, was received from H. E. Wheeler,

from the ‘‘ Old River” of the Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, Clark

Co., Arkansas, collected June 26, 1911. Another discharging

female, is at hand from Sabine River, Logansport, De Sota Par.,

Louisiana, collected by L. S. Frierson, August 1, 1912.

Also in this species the breeding season seems to be subject to

considerable variation: ripe glochidia are present as early as June

26, and as late as August 6.

The glochidia of the present specimens are absolutely like those

observed previously. Length, 0.20; height, 0.21 mm.

QUADRULA PUSTULATA (Lea) (See Simpson, 1900, p. 781).

Wabash River, New Harmony, Posey Co., Indiana, collected

92 THE NAUTILUS.

Aug. 8, 1912, by A. A. Hinkley. Aside from several very young

ones, the sex of which could not be ascertained, there were two large

males, and a gravid female, discharging glochidia. The date (Aug.

8) indicates the end of the breeding season.

“Anal opening separated from the supraanal by a short mantle-

connection, but in the largest male the two openings are united, the

mantle-connection being undoubtedly torn. Anal with the inner

edge almost smooth, branchial with distinct papillae. Posterior

margins of palpi connected for about one-half of their length.

Inner lamina of inner gills free from the abdominal sac, except at

anterior end. In the female, all four gills are marsupial. The

shape of the placentae could not be observed, since the female was

discharging, and the glochidia filled the suprabranchial canals and

cloacal cavity in large, loose masses. But many glochidia were yet

lodged in all four gills.

Glochidia subovate, higher than long, of medium size. Length,

0.20; height, 0.24 mm.

Color of soft parts apparently of the whitish type.

This is a true Quadrula, allied in its shell characters to Q. lach-

rymosa (Lea). From Q. pustulosa (Lea) it is rather sharply dis-

tinguished by the glochidia, which are considerably larger in the

latter species, 0.23 X 0.380 according to Lefevre and Curtis (Journ.

Exp. Zool., 1910, p. 98, fig. 1, F), while I found them (in speci-

mens from West Virginia) to be 0.22 < 0.29 mm.

(To be continued.)

NOTES.

ANOTHER GIANT SQuiID IN MonTEREY Bay.—Since the publi-

cation of my note in the NauTiLus of February, 1912, I have been

informed of the occurrence of another big squid in the same region

as the one previously reported. Hoping to secure further details, I

laid the note to one side, but as no further data have been forth-

coming, it may be well to publish the record that it may not be lost.

Such information as I have been able to obtain was furnished to

Dr. Harold Heath of Stanford University by Mr. K. Hovden, Man-

ager of the Booth Canning Company at Monterey, who happened to

be fortunate enough to see the specimen.

About October 12, 1912, some Italian fishermen in Monterey Bay

THE NAUTILUS. 23

encountered and captured an immense squid, thereupon bringing it

to shore. Its gross measurements I have been unable to ascertain,

but the animal is stated to have weighed close to 500 pounds. The

arms were about a yard long, and the general color of the animal a

dark red. Mr. Hovden endeavored to purchase the specimen for

five dollars, but this sum was refused by the fishermen, who devoured

the prize raw.—S. 8S. Berry.

LarGE SQuip on the Oregon coast, is thus reported by the New-

port (Oregon) Journal.—Mrs. C. L. Hansen, wife of the lightkeeper

at Heceta lighthouse, 30 miles south of here, and her daughter dis-

covered a squid half out on the rock but a few yardsaway. Several

of the long tentacles were reaching further, while the ugly head with

the parrot-like beak was well out of water. The huge goggle eyes

were fixed upon the two people. Mrs. Hansen called to her husband,

and the squid slipped back into the water as he approached. It

could be plainly seen, however, alongside the rock. Mrs. Hansen

then called Fred Deroy, the assistant keeper, and with a long gaff

hook and grappling rakes the two men succeeded in landing and

killing the monster. The tentacles were seven feet long and the

body 28 inches, making it over 16 feet from tip to tip. The body

proper was over six feet long and of mottled brown color. It hada

diamond-shaped tail about 27 inches across.

Note ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANCYLIDAE.—Dear

Editors: The receipt of the February number of the NauTiLus has

recalled to my attention the fact that for nearly two years I have

before me without opportunity to complete it a paper on the classifi-

cation of the Ancylidae that had circumstances been otherwise would

have prevented a serious misunderstanding on the part of Mr.

Walker of my ideas on the ancestry of the fresh-water limpets. That

Grabau’s statement that ‘‘our modern patelliform species are prob-

ably not primitive types ”’ is, I think, plausible, but it is nevertheless

true that several families of the fresh-water pulmonates show by their

development a much more recent simple patelliform stage such as I

described that probably does not have anything to do with the prim-

itive stage indicated by Grabau.

I very much doubt that the dextral genera Lanz, Fisherola,

Laevapex, Acroloxus and Gundlachia are actually as closely related

to Ancylus, Brondelia, and Ancylastrum as supposed. The latter

24 THE NAUTILUS.

genera in their late development, if they do not maintain it to matur-

ity, possess a coiled shell and upon this the limpet-like shell of

Ancylus is secondarily developed. It may be further noticed that

these latter genera are all sinstral and I am under the impression

that the anatomy corresponds closely. At any event it is quite dif-

ferent from that of Lanx, Laevapex (Ferrissia) and Gundlachia,

which do not show any evidence in their post-embryological develop-

ment that they ever possessed a coiled shell though I suspect they

did at one time far back in their history. I have been hoping to

study the early development of one of these genera but it is a little

out of my line at present. The latter genera should, I think, at

least be segregated in another family, the Laevapecidae, with sub-

families Laevapecing and Lancing, and probably another subfamily

for the secondarily coiled forms that may belong here. In this case

my statement regarding the simple patelliform ancestors would refer

to this family since it was the development of these and not that of

the Old World group that I studied.

In regard to the generic classification of the Laevapecide there is

opportunity for considerable disagreement of opinion. I? have called

attention to the fact that in Lanz, Misherola and Zalophancylus the

sculpture is solely concentric and the apex lies along the medial line,

the genera being distinguished chiefly by the position of the apex,

which may be central, sub-central, or terminal, arbitrary characters

perhaps, but ones which run through a number of species that seem

to group together in other respects. In Gundlachia, Kincaidilla,

Laevapex, and Ferrissia the problem is much more difficult. I am

not by any means sure that I can always tell a non-septate Gund-

lachia or Kincaidilla froma Ferrissia. Our local species look easy;

but after comparing Walker’s figures of African Ferrissias I would

not hesitate to call most of the latter non-septate Gundlachias,

though I believe Walker knows Ferrissias better than I do.

I am sorry that Walker has not examined the post-embryonic

stages of some large Ferrissia that actually shows the development

from Laevapex. Both Ferrissta and Lanx show unmistakable indi-

cations of derivation from a very low-spired form such as is repre-

sented by Laevapex and Walkerola respectively, as I have observed

in at least two species in the former genus and three in the latter.

This form I should regard as the least specialized modern type

among the Laevapecidze.—HarRoLpD HANNIBAL.

1Proc, Mal. Soc. Lond. x, 1912, p. 147 ff.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXVIII. JULY, 1914. No. 3

THE MARINE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA FROM THE VICINITY OF BOLINAS

BAY, CALIFORNIA.

BY BRUCE L. CLARK.

Bolinas Bay lies about ten miles to the north of the Golden

Gate. It is one of the few coves along the rocky coast of Marin

County where good collections of marine shells may be ob-

tained. W. M. Wood in vol. xi, no. 5, p. 49 the Nautiuus, de-

seribes Bolinas Bay as the ‘‘ Conchologist’s Paradise ;’’ cer-

tainly there are very few places along the coast of middle

California where specimens may be found in such great

abundance.

At Bolinas we find two different types of shore line, the long

spit which nearly cuts off the bay from the ocean and the

rocky beach. Duxbury Reef, about two miles to the south-

west of the town of Bolinas, extends out into the ocean for

over a mile. This is bared at low tide and is one of the best

localities that can be imagined for collecting certain rock-lov-

ing species. For a more complete description of this locality

the reader is referred to the paper mentioned above.

In March, 1913, the Pacific Conchological Club took a trip

to Bolinas Bay for the purpose of making collections at that

point. The material collected on this excursion was turned

over to the writer for determination. This collection was con-

siderably augmented by Mr. Daniel Emery, who visited Boli-

nas Bay at a later date. He collected out on the reef and

26 THE NAUTILUS.

obtained certain species that had never been reported in this

vicinity before.

The list of species given below is the largest ever reported

from Bolinas Bay. It includes a number of forms that had

heretofore not been reported as far north. Two other lists of

species from this locality have been published, one by Robt. H.

C. Stearns in 1866, the other by W. M. Woods in 1897. Mr.

Stearns published a list of eighty-three marine species.t Mr.

Wood, to whose paper reference has already been made, listed

seventy-nine species. The number of species in the collection

of the Pacific Conchological Club is ninety-seven. To this

may be added those listed by Stearns and Wood and not found

in the Pacific Conchological Club collections, making a total

of one hundred and twenty-seven species from this locality.

Species collected at Bolinas Bay by the Pacific Conchological

Club.

Macoma secta Conrad

Macoma, n. sp.?

Modiola recta Conrad

Monia macrochisma Deshayes

Mytilus ecalifornicus Conrad

Mytilus edulus Linnaeus

Paphia tenerrima Carpenter

Paphia staminea Conrad

Paphia staminea_ rugerata

Desh.

Amphineura

Ischnochiton raymondi Pils.

Cryptochiton stelleri Midd.

Mopalia vespertina Gould

Mopalia muscosa Gould

Pelecypoda

Adula falcata Gould

Adula stylina Carpenter

Anomia lampe Gray

Cardita subquadrata Carpen-

ter

Cardium corbis Martyn

Chama exogyra Conrad

Chama pellucida Sowerby

Cryptomya californica Con-

rad \

Macoma balthica Linnaeus

Macoma cf. inflatula Dall

Macoma inquinata Deshayes

Macoma nasuta Conrad

1Proc, Calif. Acad

Paphia staminea Conrad var.

orbella

Parapholas californicus Con-

rad

Petricola carditoides Conrad.

Pecten giganteus Gray

Pecten hastatus Sowerby

Pholadidea penita Conrad

Platydon cancellatus Conrad

Saxicava pholadis Linnaeus

. Sci., vol. iii, p, 275,

THE NAUTILUS. ZA

Saxicava rugosa Linnaeus

Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad

Schizotherus nuttalli Conrad

Semele rubropicta Dall

Siliqua lucida Conrad

Siliqua nuttalli Conrad

Solen sicareus Gould

Spisula eatilliformis Conrad

Tellina bodegensis Hinds

Tellina buttoni Dall

Zirphea crispata Linnaeus

Xylotrya setacea Tryon

Gasteropoda

Acmza asmi Middendorf

Acmea scabra Eschscholtz

Acmea spectrum Reeve

Acmexa mitra Eschscholtz

Acmea pelta Eschscholtz

Acmeza patina Eschscholtz

Acanthina engonata Conrad

Amalthea cranoides Carpen-

ter

Amphissa corrugata Reeve

Amphissa versicolor Dall

Bittium eschrichti Midd.

Calliostoma costatum Martyn

Cerithidea californica Hald.

Chrysodomus dirus Reeve

Columbella (Astyris) gausa-

pata Gould

Columbella (Astyris) gausa-

pata carinata Hinds

Crepidula adunea Sowerby

Crepidula nivea Gould

Diala sp.?

Epitonium indianorum Hinds

Fissuridea aspera Esch.

Haliootus rufescens Swains

Haliotus eracherodii Leach

Lacuna porrecta exaequata

Carpenter

Littorina planaxis Philippi

Littorina scutulata Gould

Margarites acuticostatus Cpr.

Megatebennus __ bimaculatus

Dall

Nassa cooperi Forbs

Nassa fossata Gould

Nassa mendica Gould

Nassa perpinguis Gould

Ocinebra lurida munda Cpr.

Ocinebra lurida Middendorf

Ocinebra interfossa Cpr.

Odostomia tenuis Carpenter

Olivella biplicata Sowerby

Olivella intorta Carpenter

Polynices lewisii Gould

Polynices draconica Dall

Purpura foliata Gould

Tegula funebrale A. Adams

Tegula brunnea Philippi

Tegula montereyi Kien

Tegula pulligo Martyn

Thais lamellosa Gmelin

Thais lima Martyn

Thais saxicola Valenciennes

Turris incisa Carpenter

Turris ophiderma Dall

Species collected by Robt. E. C. Stearns at Bolinas Bay and

not found i the collection of the Pactfic Conchological Club.

Amphineura

Tonicella lineata Wood

Pelecypoda

Clidiophora sp.

28 THE NAUTILUS.

Macoma secta var.edulis Nutt.

Pholadidea ovoidea Gould

Semele rubiolineata ‘‘auct.

non Conrad’’

Venerupis lamellifera Con.

Gasteropoda

Acmaea insessa Hinds (Na-

cella insessa Hinds)

Acmaea instabilis Gld. (Na-

cella instabilis Gld.)

Acmaea triangularis Cpr.?

Fissuridea murina Dall (Gly-

phis densiclathrata Rve.)

Lacuna unifasciata Cpr.

Lacuna solidula Sby.

Muricidea californica Hinds

Murex trialatus Sowerby

Ocinebra lurida Midd. var.

aspera Bairs

Tegula montereyi Kien

(Chlorostoma pfeifferi

Phil.)

Thais lamellosa var. ostrina

Gould

Species collected by W. M. Wood at Bolinas Bay and not

found wm the Pacific Conchological Club collections or

in the list given by Stearns.

Amphineura

Mopalia hindsii

Pelecypoda

Entodesma saxicola Baird

Kellia laperousii Deshayes

Lithophagus plumulata Hanl.

Lyonsia californica Conrad

Mytilimeria nuttalli Conrad

Pholadidea parva Tryon

Saxicava arctica Linn.

Gasteropoda

Crepidula navicelloides Nut-

tall (C. nivea Gould)

Haliotes fulgens Phil.

Hipponyx tumens (Amalthea

tumens Cpr.)

Margarites pupilla Gould

STUDIES IN NAJADES.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

(Continued from page 22.)

LEXINGTONIA nov. gen.

Shell subquadrate or subtrapezoidal, with slightly elevated

beaks, and well developed hinge teeth. Beaks not much an-

1 According to Keep probably a variety of A. paleacea Gld.

THE NAUTILUS. 29

terior. Outer surface without sculpture. Epidermis lighter

or darker brownish, with rather indistinct rays, which are

narrower or wider, and do not break up into blotches. Beak

sculpture distinct, consisting of rather numerous (six to

eight), rather crowded, subconcentric ridges, which form an

indistinct, rounded angle upon the posterior ridge, and are

in front of this somewhat wavy and corrugated, but without

showing any distinct zigzag pattern. Toward the disk, they

disappear. Nacre whitish or pinkish.

Soft parts more or less orange. Anal separated from the

supraanal by a well-developed mantle connection, which is

shorter than the anal. Anal with small, but distinct papillae,

branchial with somewhat larger papillae. Inner lamina of

inner gills free. Only the outer gills are marsupial in the

female, when gravid, they swell but little, and the placentae

are subcylindrical (not compressed and lanceolate), rather

solid, and of red color. Glochidia semielliptical, of medium

size, without hooks.

Type: Unio subplanus Conrad.

This genus stands near Plewrobema and Elliptio, and differs

from either chiefly by the subcylindrical, red placentae, and —

by the beak sculpture. The placentae resemble much those of

Fusconaja, but this genus has all four gills marsupial, and the

beak seulpture is much more simple. In the beak sculpture,

Lexington is peculiar, and might even be said to approach

Rotundaria. The general shape of the shell much resembles

that of Fusconaja rubiginosa (Lea). Lexingtonia apparently

is a collective type, uniting characters found in several other

genera, with one character of its own (beak sculpture), and

thus the best way out of the difficulty is to create a new genus,

which stands between Fusconaja on the one side, and Pleuro-

bema and Elliptio on the other.

LEXINGTONIA SUBPLANA (Conrad). (Umno subplanus Con-

rad, Monogr. Union. 9, 1837, p. 73, pl. 41, f. 1, from ‘‘ branch

of James River’? (=—North River), Lexington, Rockbridge

Co., Va.—Simpson, Pr. U. 8S. Mus., 22, 1900, p. 720: ‘‘ North

Carolina and Virginia’’).

I found seven specimens of this species. One was found at

30 THE NAUTILUS.

the type-locality on June 7, 1912, and proved to be a gravid

female, with the glochidia fully developed. The others were

found about 7 or 8 miles below in North River, above Buena

Vista, Rockbridge Co., Va.: 2 males, 2 sterile, and 2 gravid

females, one of the latter with eggs, the other with the glo-

chidia just beginning to form. The largest is a male, length

40.5, height 27.5, diameter 13.5 mm., the next largest, a female,

measures, length 40, height 27, diameter 15 mm.

The shape of the shell is somewhat variable: Conrad’s figure

represents a rather long specimen; I have such specimens, but

others are shorter. The figure shows no trace of rays, but

sometimes these are rather distinct.

In Simpson’s system (1. ¢., pp. 719-720), this species forms

the group of U. striatulus, together with three others: stria-

tulus Lea, amabilis Lea, and brimleyz Wright. I have no

doubt that these are indeed closely allied, and should not be

astonished, if they finally should prove to be all the same spe-

cies. Of striatulus and brimleyi I am rather strongly inclined

to think that is the case.

The essential characters of the soft parts have been men-

tioned in the description of the genus. It should be noted

that the mantle connection between anal and supraanal is

present in all of my specimens, and although shorter than the

anal, is better developed than in the species of Fusconaja,

Quadrula, Plethobasus, and Pleurobema. The comparatively

distinct papillae of the anal should also be noted.

The color of the abdominal sac and the gills is grayish-

white; foot paler or darker orange, adductors pale orange.

The charged outer gills of the gravid female are bright red

(like those of Fusconaja rubiginosa). Also the gonads are

red. Placentae subcylindrical, sometimes very slightly com-

pressed, but only near the base; they are rather solid and can

easily be taken out entire, even when glochidia are present.

Glochidia semielliptical, without hooks. Length and height

the same, 0.18 mm.

PLEUROBEMA FRIERSONI (B. H. Wright) (See: Quadrula fr.

Simpson, 1900, p. 787).

A number of specimens of typical friersoni were received

THE NAUTILUS. a

from L. 8. Frierson, collected August 1, 1912, in Sabine River,

Logansport, De Soto Par., La.

Others were sent by H. E. Wheeler from the Ouachita River,

Arkadelphia, Clark Co., Ark., collected at various dates.

Among them were two gravid females, collected May 19, 1911,

one with eggs, the other with unripe glochidia.

The specimens from Ouachita River are not typical frier-

sont, but resemble this species greatly; they are quite var-

liable in shape, but in the average more oblique. Whatever

they are, the anatomy of these two forms is identical.

The structure of the soft parts is that of the genus Pleuro-

.bema, with the outer gills only marsupial. The placentae are

lanceolate and compressed. Glochidia not fully mature, but

their shape could be made out; they are semielliptical, higher

than long, approximate size, length 0.13, height 0.15 mm.

The soft parts seem to have been whitish in all.

This species belongs near to P. riddelli, as described by me

previously (l.s., p. 262). I first thought they were this species,

till Mr. Frierson called my attention to friersoni, and I think

he is right. Whether the specimens from Jackson, Miss., are

actually riddelli, remains to be seen.

PLEUROBEMA FASSINANS (Lea) (See: Simpson, 1900, p. 762).

A number of specimens from North Fork Holston River,

Saltville, Smyth Co., Va., collected by myself on September

a2 A912.

Anal opening separated from the supraanal by a short

mantle-connection, its inner edge with fine papillae. Bran-

chial with larger papillae. Posterior margins of palpi con-

nected for about one-half of their length. Inner lamina of

inner gills free from abdominal sac, except at anterior end.

In the female (many were examined) only the outer gills are

marsupial, having much more crowded septa than the inner

gills. No gravid females were found.

In all specimens, the soft parts were grayish-white to pale-

brown; in one ease, foot and adductor muscles have been

marked as orange-brown. None of the shells has been marked

as having had red gonads.

on THE NAUTILUS.

The natural affinities of this species remain yet to be inves-

tigated. It seems to be a true Plewrobema, but represents, in

the shell, a peculiar type, which has no closer relation to any

of those, of which the soft parts are known.

ELLIPTIO LANCEOLATUS (Lea) (See: Umo lanc., Simpson, 1900,

p. 734).

I collected, on June 3, 1912, two specimens, one a gravid

female, in Mountain Run, Culpeper, Culpeper Co., Va., and

about a dozen, part of them gravid, on June 5, 1912, in Rapi-

dan River, Rapidan, Culpeper Co., Va. All gravid females

had eggs, and thus the beginning of the breeding season falls

probably in May.

Structure of soft parts identical with that of EH. complana-

tus, and chiefiy with E. productus, agreeing with the latter in

the rather long mantle-connection between anal and supra-

anal (almost as long as anal). (See: Ortmann, 1812, p. 270.)

Structure of marsupium in the gravid female as described in

E. complanatus; only the outer gills are marsupial, the eggs

are whitish, forming rather distinct, lanceolate and com-

pressed placentae.

UNIO PictoruM (Linnaeus) (See: Ortmann, 1912, p. 274).

In 1911, I have received from W. Israél a number of gravid

specimens from Germany. They were collected on May 12,

15, 22, 27, and 28, 1911. Some of those collected on May 22,

27, and 28 had glochidia, and on May 22 some were in the act

of discharging.

The investigation of the marsupium shows that the outer

gills are only moderately swollen, when charged, and that the

edge remains sharp and is not distended. The eggs form

lanceolate and compressed placentae, which are not very

solid, and when glochidia are developed, there is no or very

little cohesion between them; they fall easily apart and pass

out of the suprabranchial canals in loose, irregular masses.

No traces of lateral water canals have been observed, and the

Ovisacs remain open below.

The glochidia are of the Anodonta-type, as was known

THE NAUTILUS. 33

before, being subtriangular in outline, and having hooks. But

they are rather small, length and height being about equal,

0.21 mm. This is entirely at variance with the statement of

Harms (Zool. Jahrb. Anat., 28, 1909, p. 332) and Haas (Pr.

Malacol. Soc. London, 9, 1910), quoted in my text, p. 275, that

they are 0.29 mm. long. But possibly this is simply a slip of

the pen or a misprint.

Unio rumpus Retzius.

I have gravid specimens, received from W. Israel, collected

in Germany on May 22 and 27, 1911. One of the first date

had unripe glochidia.

The structure of the soft parts is exactly like that of U. pic-

torum. The glochidia are immature, and the hooks are not

yet developed. In general shape they resemble much those of

U. pictorum, but they seem to be smaller, 0.19 mm.; but this

should be confirmed by the measurements of ripe glochidia.

UNIO cRASSUS Retzius.

W. Israel sent me gravid females from Germany, collected

on May 2, 12, 25, 26, and on June 6 and July 21, 1911. Glo-

chidia were found in specimens collected on May 26 and June

6, on the latter date they were being discharged. In addition,

a single gravid female with eggs was collected on December

24, 1910, but this is regarded by W. Israel as an exceptional

ease. Also the date July 21 appears as somewhat abnormal.

The normal breeding season apparently lasts from April to

June.

Also here the structure is similar to that of U. pictorum.

Placentae distinct only, when eggs are present, and not very

solid. In the discharging female the glochidia were in the

suprabranchial canals in loose, irregular masses. Glochidia

of the same shape as in U. pictorum, but slightly smaller, and

less high in proportion to length ; length 0.19-0.20, height 0.18-

0.19.

THE WATER CANALS IN THE MARSUPIUM OF THE ANODONTINAE.

Lefevre and Curtis (Bull. Bur. Fisher, 30, 1912, p. 183) re-

gard the lateral or secondary water canals (‘‘respiratory

34 THE NAUTILUS.

canals’’) of the charged marsupium of the Anodontinae as a

special device for aeration, not of the embryos, as I believe,

but of the blood of the gravid female, the mother. Their ar-

gument is, that it is hard to see that a canal shut off from the

embryos by a membrane could increase the facilities of aera-

tion. I think, this argument rests upon a complete misunder-

standing of the requirements and actual conditions; a canal,

which permits a circulation of water within the gill, although

separated from the embryos by a thin membrane, surely gives

a better chance for aeration of the embryos, than the complete

absence of such a canal, and, consequently, the complete ab-

sence of any water circulation within the marsupial gill. The

mass of embryos inside of the water tubes is of such a char-

acter, that it would completely choke up the ostia, and there

would be only a water current over the outer faces of the gill,

separated from the embryos by the whole thickness of the

oill-lamina, which is considerable. For this reason, I em-

phatically must maintain my first opinion, that the lateral

water tubes have the function of furnishing breathing water

for the embryos and glochidia, and not for the mother.

(To be continued.)

A. C. BILLUPS.

Mr. A. C. Billups died early in June at his home in Law-

renceburg, Indiana. He was known to conchologists as an

ardent collector of shells, his chief interest being in fresh-

water species. Besides his conchological work, Mc. Billups

was known as an entomologist, a pursuit in which he took

especial delight and satisfaction. In his business as a mechan-

ical engineer, Mr. Billups traveled extensively for a time, in-

stalling power plants of various kinds; and this gave many

opportunities for collecting in those branches of natural his-

tory which interested him. It also gave opportunities for

personal intercourse with brother naturalists, many of whom

will hear of his death with sincere sorrow. Mr. Billups is sur-

vived by his wife and son, Mr. C. F. Billups.

THE NAUTILUS. 395

NOTES.

Mr. T. VAN Hynine has recently been appointed Librarian

of the Experimental Station, and Director of the Museum of

the Florida State University ; his address is now, Florida State

University, Gainesville, Florida.

MopioLtus pEmMissus Dillw. and var. GRANOSISSIMUS Sby.—

Dr. Dall, in the Trans. Wagner Inst., 111, 796, 797, has pointed

out that Modiola plicatula Lam. (An. s. Vert., vi, 1819, p.

113) is preceded by Mytilus demissus Dillw., Deser. Cat. Ree.

Shells, Vol. I, 1817, p. 314, described from Virginia and Caro-

lina. He suggests using the name demssa for the southern

form with beaded sculpture, and plicatula for the northern

specimens with smoother ribs. All the examples from the Caro-

linas loaned to me by Mr. Mazyck were the same as the north-

ern specimens; so, unless the beaded form actually is also

found in Carolina, the name granosissima Sowerby (Proce.

Mal. Soc. London, xi, 1914, p. 9) from Andaras, S. America,

and Florida, will have to be used for the Florida beaded var-

lety. M. plicatula will then become a synonym of demissa

Dillw.—E. G. VANATTA.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

ON THE ANATOMY OF CONUS TULIPA LINN, AND Conus TEX-

TILE Linn. By H. O. N. Shaw (The Quarterly Journal of

Microscopical Science, Vol. 60, pt. 1, pp. 1-60, April, 1914).

A clear and concise account of the anatomy of these two in-

teresting shells, illustrated by 6 plates and 12 text-figures.

ANATOMIE DES CLAUSILIES DANOISES, I, LES ORGANES GENI-

TAUX. Par C. M. Steenberg (Mindeskrift for Japetus Steen-

strup, xxix, pp. 1-44, 1914). A well worked-out study, full of

interest to workers in the anatomy of land snails.

THE PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA oF GREAT BRITAIN. By F. W.

Harmer (Palaeontographical Society, 1913, pt. 1, pp. 1-200,

36 THE NAUTILUS.

pl. 1-24, Feb., 1914). This part covers the non-marine species

and a portion of the marine Gasteropoda. The author’s treat-

ment of Buccinum and allied genera is very interesting. Of

B. undatum 12 varieties are recognized. To the form which

is also found on the eastern coast of North America the var-

ietal name of littoralis King (1846) is used. There is appar-

ently an older name for this form—wndulatum Moller

(Kroyer’s Tidsskrift, vol. iv, p. 84, 1842) which was adopted

by Stimpson. Some sixteen other species of Buccinum are

described and figured, including a number found living on the

Banks of Newfoundland. A new genus Searlesia is proposed

for the group of which Trophon costifera S. V. Wood is the

type. The Chrysodomus dirus Reeve —incisus Gld. = sit-

kensis Midd. of the Pacific coast probably belongs to this

genus. Neptunea decemcostata Say is considered a variety of

N. despecta Linné. The author is very conservative, using

most of the older generic names, rather than those now adopted

by most conchologists. The work is indispensable to one

studying the boreal fauna, from the intimate relation of

British Pliocene with recent» North Atlantic species. The

figures are excellent phototypes.—C. W. J.

LAND SHELLS FROM THE TERTIARY OF WYOMING. By T. D.

A. Cockerell. (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 33, pp. 323-

325.) Professor Cockerell’s studies in tertiary insects and

land shells of the Rocky Mountain region are giving us

glimpses of a fauna of surpassing interest. His last paper

describes several types new to America. Protoboysia is a

Pupoid snail with the last whorl running up the spire nearly

to the summit; length and width 314 mm. It differs from the

Indian Boysia by a peculiar construction of the last whorl.

Boysva sinclairt and B. phenacodorum are forms which ‘‘ can-

not at present be distinguished from Boysia.’’ With these

species which certainly seem to have Oriental relations, were

found a Vitrea, a Thysanophora, Pyramidula ralstonensis and

Oreoheliz megarche. All are from the Clark’s Fork Basin.—

By ASP:

1'The species of Searlesia resembles Urosalpinx rather closely. It is re-

markable that so large a number (12) should be found in one restricted area.

THE NAUTILUS, XXVIII. PLATE II

1,2. PUPILLA MUSCORUM XEROBIA PILSBRY.

3. AGRIOLIMAX GUATEMALENSIS CROSSE & FISCHER.

4. AGRIOLIMAX G. MOTAGUENSIS COCKERELL.

5. LUCIDELLA TANTILLA PILSBRY, VAR.

6-8. VITRINELLA SHIMERI CLAPP.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXVIII. AUGUST, 1914. No. 4

SHELLS OF DURAN, NEW MEXICO.

BY H, A. PILSBRY.

When enroute for El Paso, over the Rock Island road, in

August, 1910, Mr. L. E. Daniels, and the writer stopped four

hours at the station of Duran, Torrance Co., N. M. This

place lies about 75 or 80 miles southeast from Albuquerque,

at an elevation of 6272 ft., and was selected because it is near

the highest point crossed by the C. R. I. & P. road. We had

thought it rather a pity to ride through the State without

trying out the collecting. After trying Duran we felt recon-

ciled to go on.

The most promising place seemed to be a large, steep, flat-

topped butte about a mile south of the station. It proved to

be composed of level-bedded white sandstone, the lower slopes

stony. We found shells most abundant under large flat stones

near the top of the north side. The sides and top are thickly

covered with scrubby junipers, some pinyons and a little knee-

high serub-oak. We noted several cacti— Cereus, Echino-

eactus, Opuntia and Cylindropuntia, and a couple of small

ferns; also a small species of Yucca and a filamentous Agave.

From the top one sees low ranges and isolated barren buttes.

From about Santa Rosa to Corona the railroad runs through

similar sandstone country, modeled by erosion. At Corona,

the highest point, the road crosses one of the ranges of sand-

38 THE NAUTILUS.

stone hills. Probably the snails we found are a fair sample

of the fauna of all this country.

Zonitoides minuscula alachuana (Dall). One specimen.

Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey. Very abundant.

Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. Much less common.

Pupilla muscorum xerobia Pils. Moderately abundant.

Bifidarta pellucida hordeacella (Pils.). Very abundant.

Bifidaria pilsbryt Sterki. Two specimens.

PUPILLA MUSCORUM XEROBIA n. subsp. PI. II, figs. 1, 2.

Shell small, very short, composed of 5144 whorls, the last

three forming the cylindric portion, those above forming a

very short, obtuse cone; last whorl ascending a little, having

a stout buff crest behind the thin, well-expanded lip. There

is a small, short, parietal lamella but no other teeth. Length

2.5, diam. 1.5 mm.

Types no. 104005 A. N. S. P. from Duran, N. M. Others

of the same lot in collections of L. E. Daniels and J. H. Ferriss.

Mr. Vanatta looked over the collection of the Academy and

reports that he found the same small race from the following

localities, all in Colorado. Trinidad, Pilsbry and Ferriss,

1906. Magnolia, Boulder Co., 8000 ft., D. McAndrews.

Estes Park, E. H. Ashmun. Black Lake Creek, T. D. A.

Cockerell. Near Golden, 7000 ft., E. E. Hand.

The length varies from 2.25 to 2.75 mm. in the lot taken at

Duran.

A NEW FOSSIL VITRINELLA, FROM BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS.

BY WILLIAM F. CLAPP.

Through the kindness of Dr. H. W. Shimer of the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology I have been able to

examine some of the material he has received from the ex-

cavation for the Boylston street subway, Boston, Mass. The

results of Dr. Shimer’s investigations concerning the marine

THE NAUTILUS. 39

fauna which formerly flourished in this region, will appear in

a forthcoming publication of the Boston Society of Natural

History. I therefore confine myself to the description of a

new mollusk which occurs quite plentifully in the material

submitted to me, referring those desiring further informa-

tion regarding its age and the species with which it was found

associated, to the publication mentioned above.

VITRINELLA SHIMERI, sp. nov. PI. II, figs. 6, 7, 8.

Shell small, white, solid, depressed, whorls three, the ulti-

mate rapidly enlarging; smooth above, beneath with about

eighteen deeply incised lines radiating from the umbilical re-

gion. Suture distinct, umbilicus small, deep, aperture very

oblique, circular, not modified by previous whorl, peritreme

not continuous, modified to a more or less thin glaze on body

whorl, outer lip simple, columellar lip greatly thickened in the

direction of and encroaching on the umbilical region. Great-

est diameter 1.25 mm., height .5 mm.

It is most readily distinguished from other Vitrinellas, by

the radiating lines of the base, caused by the folding back of

the thickened inner lip at regular stages of growth. Viewed

from above the strongly curved continuation of the outer lip

from the suture to the periphery, is more noticeable than in

any related species.

The genus Vitrinella has been restricted by Miss Katharine

J. Bush (Trans. Conn. Acad, Sci., vol. 10, 1897) to a group

of ‘‘ small more or less hyaline ’’ shells, ete. While V. shamera

can not possibly be considered as hyaline it agrees well with

all of the other characters of the genus. It is possible that

its solid opaque appearance may be the result of the age

of the specimens. No species of Vitrinella have been pre-

viously recorded from New England.

Associated with Nassa obsoleta, Mulinia lateralis, Odostoma

bisuturalis, Mya arenaria and Macoma balthica. V. shimeri

belonged to the ‘‘between tide’’ fauna of what were formerly

the Charles River flats.

Type: Museum of Comparative Zoology, no. 2600. Para-

types: U. S. National Museum, Boston Society of Natural

40 THE NAUTILUS.

History, Mass. Institute of Technology, Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS SYMPHYNOTA, LEA.

BY L. S, FRIERSON.

In 1819 Rafinesque proposed the genus Proptera, and the

only described species placed in it by him was the Unio alata

Say, which has thus been accepted as type of the genus ever

since. Evidently unaquainted with Rafinesque’s writings at

the time, Dr. Lea, ten years afterwards (1829) proposed an

almost identical genus, Symphynota, and named as type, the

same shell, Unio alatus! (Obs. vol. 1, page 38). The genus

Symphynota therefore is a synonym, pure and simple, and

Simpson’s and other’s use of the name, no doubt arose from

overlooking the fact that Lea originally took U. alatus as type.

This being so, those species placed in Symphynota by Simpson

(Synopsis 1900, pages 662-666) must be placed in the genus

Lasmigona Rafinesque, 1831. Type L. costata Rafinesque

(1820).

In the May (1914) Nautiuus, page 7, I proposed the term

Simpsonaias for Hemilastina. This name has been preoccu-

pied however, and for it I propose the term Simpsoniconcha,

in honor of Mr. C. T. Simpson.

VOLVIDENS, NEW GENUS.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON,

I am often puzzled by the generic names applied by authors

to many of the small species of Antillean land-shells; as in the

ease of the Cuban ‘‘Thysanophora’’ tichostoma Pfr., a fairly

common species of the Matanzas and Havana Provinces. So

far I have never succeeded in capturing a living specimen of

this and therefore cannot seek the aid of an anatomist in deter-

THE NAUTILUS. 41

mining its true position with final certainty. Obviously, how-

ever, it is not a Thysanophora,—nor is it a Gastrodonta. It

cannot well be a Sagda,—nor Odontosagda, yet it seems to be

closely related to both. Its very prominent character of a

centrally placed continuous lamella on the parietal wall I

think justifies the creation of a genus to include it within

the subfamily Sagdine. I therefore propose for it the new

genus, to be described for the present as follows:

VOLVIDENS, n. g.

Shell small, depressed, widely umbilicate, rather thin and

shining and of Zonites-like texture. Aperture with an inter-

nal sharply raised lamella centrally placed on the parietal

wall. Lip simple. Type: Helix tichostoma Pfr.

This lamella in fully adult specimens extends back about

one-half whorl. Back of this it appears to have been absorbed

but there are evidences of its existence from the early whorls.

It differs from all the Proserpinella group by its lack of an

apical callus.

I have not infrequently found in collections among lots of

V. tichostoma specimens of Strobilops hubbards. To the

naked eye the two species appear very much alike, but they

can never be confused when examined under a glass. I have

seen no mention of the presence of this latter species in Cuba,

but I have found it in many localities in Havana and Pinar

del Rio Provinces, and it is quite likely it will be found

throughout the Antilles. Cuban specimens are smaller than

those from Florida, but otherwise identical.

STUDIES IN NAJADES.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

(Continued from page 34.)

Genus: SYMPHYNOTA, subgenus ALASMINOTA nov. subgen.

This new subgenus is proposed for the species: Margaritana

holstonia Lea as type, which has been placed by Simpson

42 THE NAUTILUS.

(1900, p. 670) in the genus Alasmidonta. However, the chief

character of Alasmidonta is in the beak sculpture, which is

heavy and generally concentric, at the outmost with only a

slight indication of a sinus. And, further, some species of

Alasmidonta have a tendency to have the inner lamina of the

inner gill more or less connected with the abdominal sae (Ort-

mann, 1912, pp. 279, 280, 294). These are the only essential

characters which distinguish this genus from Symphynota

Lea. |

Marg. holstonia has a beak sculpture which is not heavy,

consisting of four to six rather fine and sharp bars, the first

one or two subconcentric, the following ones sharply double

looped, the posterior loop smaller, separated from the anterior

by a deep, sharp, re-entering angle. This sculpture is iden-

tical with that of Symphynota compressa, viridis, and com-

planata. Aud, further, M. holstonia has the inner lamina of

the inner gills free from the abdominal sac, agreeing also in

this with Symphynota. Thus it is evident, this species should

be placed here.

Symphynota has three subgenera, according to Simpson, but

to none of these holstonia can be assigned, and thus it is best,

to create a new subgenus, Alasminota, for it. Its relation to

the other subgenera may be made clear by the following table:

Genus Symphynota Lea.

a’ Hermaphroditic. Cardinal and lateral teeth present. Beak

sculpture sharply double-looped. Shell subovate or sub-

trapezoidal, moderately long.

Subgenus: Symphynota Simpson.

a? Gonochoristic. Cardinal teeth present, laterals rudiment-

ary or absent.

b' Shell elongated elliptical, rather small. Surface with-

out sculpture. Beak sculpture sharply double-looped.

Subgenus: Alasminota Ortmann.

b? Shell subrhomboid, subtrapezoidal, or subovate, moder-

ately long or short, quite large. Surface with more

or less developed sculpture of radiating ridges upon

the posterior slope.

THE NAUTILUS. 43

e? Shell large, ovate-rhomboid, high and short. Beak

sculpture sharply double-looped. Radial ridges

upon posterior slope present or obsolete.

Subgenus: Pterosygna Rafinesque.

e? Shell rather large, subrhomboidal or subtrapezoidal,

moderately long. Beak sculpture coarse, less dis-

tinctly double-looped (only sinuated). Radial

ridges upon posterior slope well developed.

Subgenus: Lasmigona Rafinesque.

SYMPHYNOTA (ALASMINOTA) HOLSTONIA (Lea) (See: Alasm-

donta h. Simpson, 1900, p. 670).

On September 19, 1912, I collected two males in Clinch

River, Tazewell, Tazewell Co., Va., and on September 20, one

gravid female, with glochidia, in the same river at Richland,

same county.

Anal separated from supraanal by a mantle-connection,

which is rather short, shorter than the anal, its inner edge dis-

tinctly crenulated. Branchial with papillae. Posterior mar-

gins of palpi united for about one-half of their length.

Inner lamina of inner gills free from abdominal sac, except

at anterior end. Structure of gills Anodontine: in the gravid

female, only the outer gills are marsupial, they have lateral

water canals, and their edge is more or less distended. Glo-

chidia of typical shape, subtriangular, with hooks, large,

slightly higher than long. Length 0.32, height 0.38 mm.

ANODONTA OREGONENSIS Lea (Simpson, 1900, p. 628).

Twelve specimens, mostly females and gravid, in part with

glochidia, have been obtained from T. Kineaid. They were

collected in autumn 1911 in ponds near Seattle, King Co.,

Washington.

Soft parts of the type of the genus Anodonta: anal opening

small, its inner edge indistinctly crenulated or almost smooth.

Supraanal somewhat longer than the anal, widely remote,

about twice its own length, from the anal.

Glochidia large, subtriangular, with hooks. Length 0.33-

0.34, height 0.32-0.33. The difference between height and

length is minimal. These Glochidia agree well with those of

44 THE NAUTILUS.

A. cygnea (Linnaeus), except in being slightly smaller (in

cygnea they are about 0.35 to 0.86 mm.; in A. grandis and

cataracta, the glochidia are still larger, 0.36 x 0.37).

This species is also in shell characters closely allied to the

European A. cygnea. The soft parts have been previously

described by Lea (Obs., 10, 1863, p. 454).

ANODONTA MARGINATA Say. (See Simpson, 1900, p. 632).

One gravid female, collected August 4, 1912, by O. E. Jen-

nings in Six Mile Lake, Silver Islet, Thunder Cape, Canada

(North shore of Lake Superior).

The soft parts agree in every respect with those of A.

grandis and cataracta. The specimen had only eggs and no

glochidia.

Lea’s description of the soft parts of A. fragilis (= mar-

ginata) differs in giving the posterior margins of the palpi

united nearly the whole length. In my specimen they are

united for about one-fourth on the right side, and for nearly

one-half on the left, agreeing also in this respect with A.

grandis.

THE SUBGENERA OF ALASMIDONTA Say.

Simpson’s division into subgenera does not seem to be quite

satisfactory, some closely allied species being separated in it.

The subgenus Bullella is not known in its anatomy, but from

shell characters it 1s very near to the subgenus Alasmidonta.

The species A. holstonia is, as has been shown above, a Sym-

phynota. The genus Pegias Simpson should fall as a subgenus

in this genus. It is further to be remarked, that the subgenera

Pressodonta, Alasmidonta, and Pegias are more closely related

to each other than to the two other subgenera.

a’ Lateral hinge-teeth present, but their number reversed, two

in right, one in left valve. Beak sculpture moderately

heavy, bars with an angle upon the posterior ridge, and

a slight sinus in front of it. Inner lamina of inner gills

free. Female shell recognizable by a slight swelling in

the region of the posterior ridge.

Subgenus: Prolasmidonta nov. subgen.

Type: A. heterodon (Lea).

THE NAUTILUS. 45

a? Lateral hinge-teeth obsolete or absent. Beak sculpture

more or less heavy, with or without a sinus. Inner

lamina of inner gills with the tendency to become more

or less united to the abdominal sac.

b' Posterior ridge of shell indistinct or blunt, posterior

slope not distinctly truncated, without corrugations,

or only with faint traces of them. Cardinal teeth

strongly developed, triangular or squarish, stumpy.

Epidermis with unbroken rays.

e’ Beak sculpture moderately heavy, subconcentric.

Shell subrhomboid, posterior ridge moderately de-

veloped, blunt, posterior angle of shell little ele-

vated above base line. Female shell distinguish-

able by a slight swelling of the posterior ridge,

accompanied by a radial depression of the poster-

ior slope, causing a shallow emargination of the

posterior margin.

Subgenus: Pressodonta Simpson.

(Type: A. calceolus (Lea) ).

e* Beak seulpture very heavy, bars straight or with a

slight indication of a sinus in front of the posterior

angle.

d* Shape of shell regularly ovate, with posterior and

moderately elevated above the basal line, and

upper and lower margins converging rather

uniformly toward it, without a truncation. Pos-

terior ridge indistinct. Male and female shells

undistinguishable.

Subgenus: Alasmidonta Simpson.

(Type: A. undulata (Say) ).

d? Shape of shell irregularly subovate, with poster-

ior end greatly elevated above base line, and an

oblique truncation below this end. Posterior

ridge present. Female shell distinguishable by

the stronger development of the posterior ridge

and the greater obliquity of the postero-basal

truncation, which is slightly emarginate.

Subgenus: Pegias Simpson (as genus).

(Type: A. fabula (Lea) ).

46 THE NAUTILUS.

b? Posterior ridge of shell distinct, rounded or rather

sharp. Posterior slope more or less truncated, with

distinct corrugations. Cardinal teeth weak, com-

pressed, not stumpy, sometimes even obsolete. Epi-

dermis with rays which generally break up into a pat-

tern of spots. Beak sculpture very heavy, bars slightly

sinuate. Female shell not distinguishable from that

of the male. Subgenus: Rugifera Simpson.

(Type: A. marginata Say).

The position of A. collina (Conrad) is yet doubtful. The

type-species of Pressodonta is unknown in its anatomy, but

it is very closely allied to A. minor, in fact, the two may be

only forms of the same species, so that we may safely assume

that they agree in structure.

ALASMIDONTA (PRESSODONTA) MINOR (Lea) (See: Ortmann,

1912, p. 295).

I collected a number of specimens in the North Fork Hol-

ston River, Saltville, Smyth Co., Va. (September 17, 1912),

and in Clinch River, at Richland and Cedar Bluff, Tazewell

Co., Va. (September 20, 1912).

The soft parts of this species were described previously

from a single male and a single gravid female. In these, the

inner lamina of the inner gills was free from the abdominal

sac, except at the anterior end.

From Saltville, I have preserved the soft parts of three

males and two gravid females, and they all have the inner

lamina of the inner gills entirely connected with the abdomi-

nal sac. From Richland I preserved two males and three

gravid females: of these, the males have the posterior part of

the inner lamina free for about half the length of the abdomi-

nal sac, one of the females shows the same condition, but the

second has even a larger part of the inner lamina free (about

two-thirds), and the third has it almost entirely connected,

only a small hole remains open at the posterior end of the

foot. From Cedar Bluff I have the soft parts of a gravid

female, and here the inner lamina is free for a little more

than one-half of the abdominal sac.

THE NAUTILUS. 47

Thus, in this species, this character is variable. The fact

that those from Holston River have all completely connected

inner laminae, and those from the Clinch tend to have it more

or less free, may be purely accidental.

All females contained glochidia. The measurements are:

length, 0.32; height, 0.27 mm. This is larger than my former

measurements (0.31 x 0.25), but a re-examination of the old

material shows, that the former values were correct. Thus

there seems to be a variation in the size of the glochidia, but

the shape is in both cases the same.

NOTES,

POSSIBLE TRANSPORTATION OF PANOPEA GENEROSA.—I wish

to tell of an instance of the transporting of shells from one

locality to another. About a year ago [ saw in one of the

Los Angeles fish markets four large ‘‘Goeducks,’’ (Panopea

generosa). Not having the shell in my collection I asked

about them and found that they were shipped in from Puget

Sound and were considered very fine, 50 cents each. I did not

purchase and learned a week later that they had finally been

sold to some one for fish-bait. Several months later a friend

picked up two large valves of Panopea generosa on a nearby

beach. Panopea generosa has been found in this locality

but they are smaller than the northern form and very scarce

and I am inclined to think that my two valves are from Puget

Sound having been thrown from some of the piers by the

fishermen, and finally worked upon the beach; at least it is not

impossible.—E. P. CHACE.

A LarcGe Ocropus.—While deep-sea fishing at Long Beach,

Cal., Capt. A. H. Mason of the launch Esther C, had a terrific

struggle with an octopus measuring 16 feet from tip to tip

of tentacles.

Captain Mason brought the octopus to the surface while

fishing for rock cod. After the devil-fish had been safely

48 THE NAUTILUS.

dumped into the boat Mason attempted to shove it into a box

when it fastened several of its tentacles around his shoulder

and arm and was attempting to encompass his body when

the captain grabbed a gaff hook and killed it.

Mason was the only person aboard the launch at the time.

—(Los Angeles Express, May 22.)

Mouuusca oF Marne.—The June Navutiuus has an article

by N. W. Lermond on additions to the Maine Mollusca. A

few slight corrections are needed.

Columbella (Astyris) lunata Say.

Lowtide at Damariscotta (not dredged), not Sheepscott

River, which is ten miles away. Add also as localities: Orrs

Island and Quohog Bay, at Casco Bay.

Musculium winkleyi, St. Old Orchard (not Saco).

Amnicola schroekingert, Saco, proves to be a new species and

is now Amnicola winkleyt, Pilsbry.

The following are also new to Lermond’s list:

Pyramidella (Syrnola) fusca, Damariscotta at low tide.

Odostomua winkleyr, Quohog Bay.

Odostomia gibbosa, Quohog Bay.

—Hernry W. WINELEY.

Harper’s Ranch, 6 miles above Clifton, Arizona, on the

Frisco river, July 1, ’14— * * * We get a rattlesnake

(Crotalus mollossus) every day. * * *

We find a Sonorella here on both sides of the river. In

three days got 4 alive, 200 dead. Also an Ashmunella (4

dead) that seems to be a beardless pilsbryi. Will try the

Copper King Mt. one day, and then move up the river four

miles.

We have a team, a lumber wagon and a high-school New

York boy of 17. We plan to go to Luna and then cross over

to the Mongollons and down the Frisco to Duncan on the

railroad.—J as. H. Ferriss.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXVIII. SEPTEMBER, 1914. No. 5

NOTES ON SOME LAND SHELLS OF EASTERN CUBA.

BY CHARLES T. RAMSDEN.

Recent collections have added two species to the Cuban

fauna, one a Haitian Macroceramus, the other a tiny Lwucv-

della, first described from Florida. A few other new forms

are now described, to be illustrated when enough others come

to hand to make a plate.

PLEURODONTE (Caracolus) SAGEMON GOODRICHI n. subsp.

The shell is imperforate, with elevated, dome-shaped spire,

the chief height of which is in the penultimate whorl, those

above being depressed. Last whorl indistinctly angular in

front, becoming rounded. Peristome white, its outer margin

rounded, not provided with a point. There are black bands

above and below and a faint brown line upon the periphery ;

ground-color yellow (chamois) except above the upper band,

where it is hazel or kaiser brown. Summit and a band above

the suture on the spire are whitish. Alt. 2114, diam. 3014 mm.

La subida a ‘‘La Hembrita,’’ Monte Toro, Guantanamo,

very close to where Urocoptis (Idiostemna) pilsbryana was

found.

Named for my friend Mr. Calvin Goodrich, of Toledo, Ohio.

This elevated race is obviously different from the high forms

figured by Pfeiffer in Novitates Conchologice, pl. 91, figs. 3

to 6, the latter being acutely keeled.

50 THE NAUTILUS.

ANNULARIA EBURNEA PRESTONI, ni. subsp.

Very closely related to eburnea, but flatter the whorls

smaller in caliber; aperture with a broad chestnut band with-

in. Alt. 8.3, diam. 18 mm.

Taken on the ‘‘Ojo de Ague’’ Range between Guantanamo

and ‘‘Ramon de las Yaguas’’, nine leagues from the former,

and 4 leagues from the latter. I wish to name it for Mr.

H. B. Preston of London.

ANNULARIA MAYENSIS Torre & Ramsden, n. sp.

Closely related to A. interstitialis from which it differs in

sculpture ; the larger threads being more numerous and closer,

especially on the last half whorl, the smaller, interstitial

threads are more minute than those of interstitealis. The

last whorl remains adnate or is only very narrowly free from

the preceding at the aperture. Wing of the lip well de-

veloped, the peristome well built out in front of it in females,

less so in the males. Color very pale brown.

Alt. 11, diam. 15 mm.; 414 whorls. The males are about

4 mm. smaller in diameter.

‘‘Lia Ysabelita’ de Ramsden, La Maya, Oriente Province,

Cuba.

LUCIDELLA TANTILLA (Pilsbry). Pl. 2, fig. 5 (enlarged).

This species was at first thought to be new, but Dr. Pilsbry,

on comparing it with his L. tantilla (described as a Helicona)

from Florida, decided that the two were identical. It adds

one more Cuban species which has extended its range to the

tropical margin of Florida.

The shell is minute, depressed, glossy, light pinkish cinna-

mon. Sculpture of regular and rather close grooves in the

direction of growth-lines. Whorls 314, moderately convex.

Aperture oblique. Outer lip slightly thickened, brown, ex-

panded and a little reflected, retracted slightly at the upper

insertion. There is a shallow notch at the junction of the

basal lip and the short columella. Axial callus large and

thick. Alt. 1.2, diam. 2,1 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 51

Between La Victoria and Nimfitas, on Monte Toro, Guan-

tanamo, in deep woods; found in dirt at the root of a large

tree.

MACROCERAMUS RICHAUDI LINEATISTRIGATUS Pilsbry.

A single perfect specimen of this Haitian shell was taken

on the beach at the mouth of a small port 12 miles to the

east of Guantanamo harbor, by Oscar Tollin, who was with

me on that trip. The name of this port is ‘‘Puerto Escon-

dido’’ which translated means ‘‘The Hidden Port.’’ It was

used in the old days by the pirates as a haven.

Dr. Pilsbry kindly compared the specimen with the type,

and states that it has larger, bolder markings, more whorls,

and slightly coarser striation, but there can be no doubt of

the identity of the Cuban shell with that of Haiti. It re-

mains to be seen whether this is a drifted specimen, or a real

inhabitant of the region, which washed down upon the beach.

It measures, length 17, diam. 5144 mm., 1334 whorls.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) MAYENSIS Torre & Ramsden, n. sp.

The shell is very slenderly fusiform, usually retaining the

apex perfect; corneous, somewhat transparent, maculate with

opaque white. Surface sculptured with close, fine, but rather

weak, strongly oblique striz, the first 9 whorls smooth, last

half of the last whorl pale brown with thread-lke strie on

the back. First ten whorls convex, the rest flattened, last

half of the last whorl free, tubular, whitish above. Aperture

oblique, circular, the peristome reflexed above, elsewhere flar-

ing. Axis encircled with a single thin, obtusely serrate la-

mella, obsolete in the later whorls, where the axis is extremely

slender and somewhat sinuous.

Length 18.5, greatest diam. 2.1 mm.; 2214 whorls.

‘‘La Ysabelita’’ de Ramsden, La Maya, Oriente Province.

Belongs to the group of U. wrighti, but is distinct by its

large size and weak sculpture.

52 THE NAUTILUS.

RESULTS OF A STATISTICAL STUDY OF VARIATION IN THE BLUE

SHELLS OF PECTEN NUCLEUS IRRADIANS FOUND AT

ATLANTIC CITY, N. J.

BY HAROLD 8S. COLTON.

Upon the beach of the Atlantic shore of New Jersey are

found dead shells colored blue by clay particles infiltered

into the shell. These shells have obviously been buried in

the mud or clay of the bottom, out of which they have been

washed by the surf.

In collecting shells from along the beach at Atlantic City

in 1904, the author fancied that the blue Lwnatia heros dif-

fered in shape from the uncolored ones.

Not having sufficient material with which to base a con-

clusion, he returned in the Spring to Atlantic City to collect

Lunatia. Although in January they were abundant, now

not a single one could be found. At once it was seen that

Pecten would be a much more favorable form on which to

work, as it was abundant and the ribs of the shell would be

easy to count, therefore a few hundred of white and blue ones

were collected.

In the course of time the writer happened to mention to

Dr. E. F. Phillips, the present chief of the Bureau of Api-

culture at Washington, on what material he was working.

Dr. Phillips became interested, and in 1905 a joint trip to

the coast was made and over five hundred blue right valves

of Pecten were collected near Ventnor.

The ribs of these were counted, applying the arbitrary

rules of Davenport (1900). The number of ribs of each

shell was counted independently and compared. When there

was a difference of opinion the ribs were recounted, and no

record was made until both agreed.

This study was not completed and therefore not published.

While sufficient blue ones were at hand, not enough white

ones (representing the form of Pecten now living) were col-

lected for comparison. However, in looking over the results

it seemed that it might be of interest to publish them as they

THE NAUTILUS. ay

stand and let some one else take up the problem and bring it

to a conclusion.

In some places along the Atlantic coast of New Jersey are

exposed at low tide stumps of trees and also such turf as is

now forming in the meadows behind the line of sand dunes.

By this we can infer that the coast line is sinking. This

being the case, the dunes are progressing inland, covering up

the meadow turf and exposing it again in the ocean beach.

Between the dunes and the mainland is oftentimes a bay or

a channel. This bay or channel has a muddy bottom as a

rule and there the Pecten lives. As the dune line pro-

gresses forward the meadow encroaches on the bay, burying

the dead shells of the Pecten which are later exposed by the

action of the surf and cast on the beach after the dune line

has passed over them.

It would be interesting to test if such a theory were correct

and note the direction of the evolution of the Pecten or other

form during the time that they were buried.

An examination of well borings made in the beach might

help throw light upon this point.

Experiments also might be made as to the rate of infiltra-

tion of the clay particles into the shell which may be rapid.

The author made sections of the shells. These sections show

that the clay has penetrated the shell to the center, the pearly

layer alone excepted.

With the geologic evidence from well borings, with the

experimental evidence from the rate of infiltration of the clay

particles and the comparison of the variation of the blue

forms with those now living, a conclusion might be drawn as

to the direction of evolution in Pecten.

In the table which follows, N==the number of shells the

rays of which were counted,—A — the mean,—o the stand-

ard deviation from the mean,—C =the coefficient of varia-

tion,—and P. E. the probable errors of the mean, the stand-

ard deviation, and the coefficient of variation. These have

been computed by the ordinary methods. With them in

lower case are placed similar counts made by Davenport

(1900) on Pecten irradians from several other localities.

54 THE NAUTILUS.

PECTEN Ray Frequency

irradians = |) 4145) 16| 17] 18 |19/20/22

BuivuE PEcTEN

me ee iC eee Oe

Aruantic City] 6/72/187/185| 44] 5} 1). | 500/16.416|* .028 .028]* .020|5.65 Uk ‘

Cold Spring

Harbor . .| 2)15/108/515/308/90| 7) 1/1046/17.35

+ 018] .876|+ .01315,049

Cutchogue . .| . {33} 95/127} 22] 4) .|. | 281|16.53

Fire and Oak

islands? 5 esi Goose eae em oyealee 50|16,48

| +

084] .877|+ .060

These comparisons show that the average number of ribs of

the blue Pecten at Atlantic City is less than the same species

at Cold Spring Harbor but about the same as at Fire Island

and Cutchogne. That they are more variable than any of

these that Davenport reported is also shown by the statistics.

To determine the significance of these differences will require

much more work.

The author wishes to thank Dr. EK. F. Phillips for his share

in the work, and also for first introducing him to modern

statistical methods.

Interature.

Davenport, C. B—1900. On the Variation of the shell of

Pecten irradians Lamarck, from Long Island. Am. Nat.

XXXIV, pp. 863-877.

Davenport, C. B.—1903. A Comparison of the Variability

of some Pectens from the East and the West Coast of the

United States. Mark Anniversary Volume, pp. 121-136,

New York, Henry Holt.

Davenport, C. B.—1903. Quantitative Studies in the Evo-

dution of Pecten opercularis from three localities of the

British Isles. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Science XXXIX,

pp. 123-159.

Davenport and Hubbard, M. E.—1904. Ray Variability

in Pecten varius. Jour. Exp. Zool., Vol. 1, p. 607.

Davenport, C. B.—1904. Statistical Methods. Wiley &

Sons, New York.

034] .852;+ .024/5,15 jt ,

N A |P.E.A.| o |P Tage 0,

THE NAUTILUS. BD

SOME SLUGS (AGRIOLIMAX) FROM GUATEMALA.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

When my wife went to Guatemala early in 1912, I begged

her to look for slugs, which I supposed would be found in

abundance. To her surprise and mine, they proved extremely

scarce, the only one obtained being two specimens of Agrio-

lamax, of the type of A. levis. These may be described as

follows:

(1). From Antigua, a locality in the highlands. PI. II,

fig. 8. About 12 mm. long in alcohol; mantle 5 mm. long,

the respiratory orifice 314 mm. from its anterior end; color

light brownish suffused with slate grey, the mantle dark slate

erey ; sides below mantle pallid; sole yellowish white; lateral

pedal furrow a little above middle of lateral margin of sole;

median area of sole a trifle broader than lateral areas, except

posteriorly ; shell 214 mm. long, 114 broad, narrow, slightly

convex, not very thick, the anterior (nuclear) end distinctly

emarginate; jaw of the same type as that of A. levis, the

median projection very large. Penis sae like that figured for

A. levis by Taylor, Monog. L. & F. W. Moll, Brit. Is., part 10,

f. 141, with the rounded end curled over, but the whole struc-

ture rather more slender, its length a fraction over 2 mm.

The lingual membrane of which a beautiful preparation was

kindly made for me by Miss Rosamond Patton, shows 31-15-1-

15-18 teeth, formed essentially as in A. levis (Taylor, f. 136),

except that the central tooth has the mesocone a trifle broader,

and the long and slender marginals have no sign of an ecto-

conal angle. The stomach was full of fragments of leaves,

which exhibited cells containing very characteristic crystals,

which my colleague Dr. F. Ramaley at once recognized as be-

ing exactly like the crystals in leaves of Begonia, on which

common tropical plant the slug doubtless fed.

(2). From Quirigua, a locality in the tropical lowland

jungle. Pl. II, fig. 4. About 10 mm. long in alcohol, of the

usual form ; mantle 5 mm. long, respiratory orifice 3 mm. from

56 THE NAUTILUS.

anterior end; color dark coffee brown, including sole; mantle

a shade darker than body; no markings; lateral pedal furrow

below middle of sides of sole; median area of sole about as

wide as either lateral area. Penis-sac curled like a letter s.

Shell 214 mm. long; a fraction over 1 mm. broad, formed as

in the Antigua specimen. Marginal teeth mostly simple, but

the inner ones with small side cusps. The stomach contained

vegetable remains, including numbers of two-armed hairs,

which Dr. Ramaley identifies as being almost certainly those

of a leguminous plant.

The character of the penis sac, wholly without any apical

branched gland, places both these species in the group of

A. levis, and separates them from A. agrestis. The jaw also

is entirely of the levis type. It is a most extraordinary thing

that slugs from the moist tropical coast region of Guatemala,

and others from the highlands of that country, apparently

native species, should so closely resemble the slug found at

high altitudes in the mountains of Colorado, and that common

in northern Europe. The fact of the wide distribution of the

levis type has long been known, but one remains amazed at

such migrations combined with such conservatism !

The same type of slug occurs at high altitudes in Asia. The

character of the marginal teeth in the Quirigua slug agrees

quite closely with that of A. tibetanus Godwin-Austen (Rec-

ords Indian Museum, II, 1908, p. 414), from an altitude of

14,500 feet. The inner angle of the first laterals (admedians

of Godwin-Austen) is less prominent in the Tibet slug, but

the drawing is not very detailed. In attempting to distin-

guish the Guatemalan slugs from veritable A. levis, we are

almost at a loss. The total absence of any angle or tooth on

the marginals in the Antigua slug appears distinctive, but the

far northern A. levis hyperboreus is figured as having just

such marginals. The shell in our specimens, except for the

narrow form, shows nothing characteristic; it has not the

obtusely keeled form of that of A. berendti and A. hemphillr

pictus. The slight differences shown in the figures of the

middle and first lateral teeth of the Antigua and Quirigua

specimens are apparently of no particular significance, as the

THE NAUTILUS. BG

teeth of the different transverse rows are not precisely alike.

Both forms, however, show very distinctly the inner angular

projection of the first laterals, which is (probably in error?)

omitted from Strebel’s figures of A. stenurus and A. berendti,

and also from Semper’s figure of A. brasiliensis. The figures

of stenwrus and brasiliensis do indeed show an inner angle,

but from its position it is evidently neither an angle or endo-

conal point. On comparison with A. guatemalensis Crosse

& Fischer the shell in our slugs is seen to be narrower than

the figure in Miss. Sci. Mex. (1878) pl. 9, f. 2; and the lateral

teeth have a well-marked endocone, whereas the figure in Miss.

Sci. Mex., pl. 9, f. 4, shows none. Much has been made of the

inner tooth of the inner laterals, but I suspect that some of

the published figures may be faulty, since when the focus is

not exactly right it cannot always be seen. Von Ihering’s

figures of the teeth of A. brasiliensis show the inner tooth very

well, and differ from Semper’s figures of the same species.

It is at present somewhat uncertain whether the Antigua

and Quirigua slugs represent different species or subspecies;

but since they occupy entirely different life-zones, and present

some tangible structural differences, it seems probable that

they should be given different names. <A. guatemalensis is

said to be 15-18 mm. long, bluish-black, the mantle darker,

the sole pale; central tooth plainly tricuspidate. This might

well apply to the Antigua slug, allowing for the usual varia-

tion. The teeth of guatemalensis were 35-14-1-14-35, which is

sufficiently near the formula of the Antigua slug. The local-

ity of guatemalensis is Totonicapan, where it was obtained by

Bocourt. This, like Antigua, is in the midst of the mountain

country, and may be expected to have a similar fauna. All

things considered, then, I believe I am justified in calling the

Antigua specimen A. guatemalensis Crosse & Fischer, 1870.

The Quirigua slug, from the tropical lowlands of the Motagua

Valley, may for the present be known as A. guatemalensis

motaguensis n. subsp.

I will take the opportunity to note that Taylor (op. cit.,

p. 126) is surely in error when he refers my A. levis maculatus

to A. levis lacustris (Bonelli). The marginal teeth of

58 THE NAUTILUS.

lacustris, as well figured by Lessona and Pollonera, are very

unlike those of A. levis, and appear to indicate a distinct

species, as the Italian authors maintained.

HENRY HEMPHILL.

We have just received notice of the death, July 25, at Oak-

land, Cal., of Henry Hemphill, in his eighty-fifth year. Mr.

Hemphill was born in Wilmington, Del., in 1830, but for

many years had been a resident of the state of California.

He was a mason by trade and took great pride in his pro-

ficiency. More than fifty years ago he became interested in

the shells of the Pacific coast and formed one of a group of

enthusiastic collectors which included Kellogg the botanist,

Harford, Voy, Stearns and others, of which he was the last

survivor. His trade brought him in, at California union

wages, such a good income that he could not only lay away

a fair nest ege for his old age, but take long vacations. Dur-

ing these periods he visited Florida and all parts of the

Pacific coast south of British Columbia, and became one of

our most expert collectors of mollusks. The genus of slugs,

Hemphillia, was named in his honor by the late W. G. Binney,

and a host of species commemorate in like manner his suc-

cess as a collector.

He published but few papers himself, but was the cause

indirectly of much publication by others. He had a keen

eye for relationships and differences, and at times mounted

on large tablets series of land shells with radiating lines of

variation which were most instructive, and which found a

place in some of the most important museums. He had been

long a widower, and, as age diminished his energies, he re-

tired to Oakland, where for the last few years he made his

home with an only daughter. His kindly ways and gener-

osity to others will keep his memory green among those who

knew him. He left what is doubtless the best and most com-

plete collection of Pacific coast shells, up to the time of his

retirement, that is to be found anywhere except in the Na-

tional Museum. It is particularly rich in series showing

THE NAUTILUS. 59

variation, and in the land shells; also including much valu-

able exotic material received in exchange. It is to be hoped

that this collection may be preserved intact in one of the

public institutions of the Pacific coast, as at present a col-

lection of shells worthy of the State of his adoption does not

exist In any university or museum west of the Rockies.

(Seience, August 21, 1914). Wm. H. Datu.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A DEScRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE NAIADES OR PEARLY

FRESH-WATER Mussets. By Charles Torrey Simpson. Pub-

lished by Bryant Walker, Detroit, Mich., pp. xi,1540. Mr.

Simpson’s Synopsis of the Naiades, 1900, next after the

Observations of Lea, has done more than any other work to

stimulate and direct the study of fresh-water mussels. Very

little work had been done on our fauna for many years until

Simpson’s investigation inspired renewed research. The

large mass of work which has appeared in the last few years,

extending the lines initiated by Simpson, is the best testi-

monial to the value of his Synopsis.

After the Synopsis was launched, Mr. Simpson began the

more comprehensive work now before us, in which all of the

species are described. It was intended that all should be

illustrated, but this expectation could not be realized, and

on the removal of the author to Florida in 1902, the work

was laid aside. Unwilling to see the progress of Naiad study

delayed for want of a descriptive work fully developing

Simpson’s system, Mr. Bryant Walker undertook the publica-

tion of this monumental monograph, assisting Mr. Simpson in

completing the descriptions of the period from 1902 to Janu-

ary, 1918. The labor and expense of bringing out the book

must have been very great, and Mr. Walker has earned the

gratitude of conchologists for his part in it.

Mr. Simpson has adhered to the classification of the

Synopsis, with few changes, in the belief that subsequent

work on taxonomy and nomenclature has not yet progressed

far enough to warrant such a general revision as will even-

60 THE NAUTILUS.

tually become necessary with the progress of science. A few

corrections have been made in generic nomenclature. We

note that the new name Cristidens was misspelled in the

heading on p. 1154. The synonymy is given in full, and

keys have been made to the species of many genera. The

index contains about 7600 entries.

The Descriptive Catalogue gives students access to deserip-

tions of all the species, which otherwise could be had only in

a large library, which would take years to accumulate; and

it also contains the full exposition of the principles of

Simpson’s classification which has revolutionized the study

of Naiads. It should certainly be in the hands of all inter-

ested in fresh-water mussels.

The division of the book into three parts, each with title-

page, was an excellent idea, since each makes a volume of

about 500 pages.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF A THOUSAND’ SHELLS. By Y. Hirase,

Kyoto, Japan. Part One of this exceedingly interesting pub-

lication has been received. It contains 95 beautifully colored

figures, arranged in Japanese style on twenty double folding

plates. The coloring and drawings are as a whole remark-

ably good; many of the more recently described species, such

as—Cyclophorus hirasei Pils., Ornithochiton hirased Pils.,

Chlamys hirasei Bavay and the rare and beautiful Pleuro-

tomaria hiraser Pils. are figured. It forms a unique con-

chological work.—C. W. J.

NOTE.

In a recent number of the Bulletin du Muséum National

d’Histoire Naturelle (1913, p. 476) M. Germain proposes the

new subgenus Pseudoclavator for Buluomus favanner Brug.,

Clavator heimburgi Kob. and Bul. crassilabris Gray. He

omits B. proctert Sowerby, which belongs to the same group,

and does not explain why the name Leucotenius is not avail-

able for the same series of species, B. favannei being its

type.—H. A. P.

THE NAUTILUS, XXVIII. PLATE III

A. PHYSA ACUTA DRAP.

B,C. BATHYTOMA CLARKIANA RIVERS.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXVIII. OCTOBER, 1914. No. 5

A NEW 8PECIES OF LEPTACHATINA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

LEPTACHATINA COOKEI N. sp.

The shell is perforate, ovate-conic, weakly marked with

growth-lines, or nearly smooth, and glossy in the best pre-

served specimens. Apex small, obtuse, the spire straightly

conic above, convex below; the last whorl more or less notice-

ably compressed, more flattened than the penultimate whorl;

the base is convex, compressed around the axial crevice.

Whorls 614 slowly enlarging the penultimate somewhat con-

vex, those above nearly flat. The suture is superficial; in

the last third of a whorl it ascends slightly and at the aperture

it is rather abruptly, arcuately deflexed. The aperture is

oblique, ovate, contracted; outer lip obtuse; columellar lip

reflected, thickened on the face, and appressed above the

narrow perforation, continuous with a callous cord which

bounds the rather thick parietal callus, and terminates in an

enlargement or tubercle which is separated from the termin-

ation of the outer lip by a narrow groove or posterior com-

missure of the aperture. The columellar lamella is thin,

broad and subhorizontal, outwardly emerging to the edge of

the columella.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

Length 10, diam. 5, aperture 4 mm. 614 whorls.

Length 9.5, diam, 4. 9 mm.

Length 9.3, diam. 5 mm.

Length 9.2, diam. 4.4 mm.

Oahu: Kawaihapai, on a steep wooded bluff about 500 ft.

above the coastal plain, and perhaps 34 mile from the sea.

Type no. 110593 A. N.S. P. Paratype in Bishop Mus.

This is a much larger, more robust species than other forms

having a parietal callus and posterior commissure. The

columellar lamella is broader and less oblique. By its form

and texture it recalls L. resinula, which differs in apertural

characters.

Kawaihapai is near the western cape of Oahu, and the bluff

there is the last terrace of the Waianae mountains. My com-

panions there were Dr. Cooke and Mr. Forbes of the Bishop

Museum.

NOTES ON WEST AMERICAN EMARGINULINAE.

BY WM. H. DALL.

The large Subemarginula yatesiz Dall, 1902, from Monterey Bay,

seems to be represented by a fragment from the Bay of Panama.

S. bella Gabb, described in 1865 is apparently very rare. I

have an uneasy feeling that it may prove to be the young of ya-

tesii; at all events the point will bear investigation; the speci-

mens at my disposal are insufficient to decide the question.

Zeidora flabellum Dall, 1895, is only known by the type speci-

men from deep water off Clarion Island. Ramula mazatlanica

Carpenter, 1857, is likewise represented only by its type.

Puncturella (Cranopsis) expansa Dall, 1896, we have from

Panama Bay and the Galapagos Islands in deep water.

The typical Puncturellas have the internal septum, below the

slit, buttressed by props. P. noachina of British seas is the

type. But a large number of the species are destitute of this

feature. The northern species have thickish tentacles, with the

THE NAUTILUS. 63

eyes on protuberances at their outer bases; the antarctic forms

have long slender tentacles with the eyes about one third the

length from the insertion of the tentacle. Behind the true ten-

tacles is another pair, shorter and without eyes, probably really

belonging to the epipodial series of cirri, but separated by a

gap from the other shorter ones behind them. These pseudo-

tentacles were figured from life by Couthouy and from a spirit

specimen by Strebel, and are not represented in the forms of

the northern hemisphere. The males in both groups have a

well developed verge behind the right tentacle. This of course

disposes of the identity claimed on conchological grounds for

the antarctic and northern species like noachina.

Beginning with those species destitute of props to the septum

we have P. cucullata Gould, 1849 ; high, with strong ribs, wide

interspaces which may be smooth or radially grooved. It ranges

from Kadiak Island to La Paz, Mexico. Nearest to this is P.

multistriata Dall, n. sp. with small, slightly alternated, rather

close set radial threads. This has generally been associated

with cucullata as an extreme variation ; but the very large series

I have indicates that it is distinct. It ranges from the Aleutian

chain south to San Diego, and the Cortez Bank, Cal.

P. cooperi Carpenter, 1864, has been received from southeastern

Alaska and extends to the Santa Barbara Islands, Cal. It is

small, erect and very feebly sculptured.

P. caryophylla Dall, n. sp. minute, high, cylindro-conic, with

strong, even, radial threads, resembles nothing so much as a

miniature solitary coral, and has been dredged off San Diego,

Cal., in 40 to 80 fathoms.

P. longifissa Dall, n. sp. is low, narrow, small, with an arcuate

back, strong radial threads, very posterior apex, and the slit

half as long as the distance from the apex to the anterior margin.

It has been found only in 10 fathoms, off Bering Island, Bering

Sea.

The Antarctic species are P. cognata Gould, 1849, from Orange

Harbor, Patagonia, which has been often identified as P.

noachina, being one of the species with props. P. falklandica

A. Adams, 1862, is without them, while P. conica Orbigny,

1841, has only the faintest traces of a supporting callus. Both

64 THE NAUTILUS.

are common to the southern part of Chile, the Magellanic region,

and the Falkland Islands.

The largest species of the genus, which reaches 58 mm. long

and 28 mm. high, is P. major Dall, 1891, ranging from the

Pribilofi Islands, Bering Sea, to Boca de Quadra in southern

Alaska. It has faint transverse lines of callus but no pits, and

the shell is very thin for its size. Lastly P. galeata Gould,

1849, has strong pits and props, with a finely threaded, close-

set, radial sculpture. It ranges from Unalashka, Aleutian

Islands, to the Santa Barbara Islands, California.

A NEW FORM OF BATHYTOMA FROM THE UPPER PLEISTOCENE OF SAN

PEDRO, CAL.

BY PROF. J. J. RIVERS.

Plate III, figs. B, c, represent two examples selected from six

discovered by Dr. F. C. Clark, who has been for several years

an investigator of the coast species of both fossil and recent

Mollusca.

Dr. Clark and myself havea partnership in Paleontology,

each holding equal rights under the firm name of ‘‘Rivers and

Clark’’. Dr. Clark does most of the excavating of strata, while

I have the delight to nominate the species when I am able.

Our material is great, and unless we can obtain assistance, years

will elapse before a complete catalogue will be forthcoming.

Bathytoma clarkiana Rivers. I name this in honor of my

colleague, Dr. F. C. Clark of Santa Monica, Cal. The fossil is

heavily charged throughout the whole of its structure with car-

bonate of lime. The columella is thicker than in any described

species. If the shell be placed with its aperture downwards,

many conchologists would think it an exotic species of Mitra.

But there are none of the known species of Bathytoma that re-

presents this form in its attenuate outline. This figure will ex-

plain the oblique condition of the sutures that divide the whorls.

THE NAUTILUS. 65

The sculpture has mostly been eroded, but in parts the sculp-

ture remains, resembling that of other members of the genus.

Bathytoma clarkiana if restored, would measure 116 mm, over

all, the body whorl measuring 68 mm, the spire 48 mm.

The photos submitted to you have also been sent to the

scrutiny of Dr. R. H. Tremper of Ontario, and his reply reads

thus;—‘‘The photo is very interesting. I suspect your shell

represents some extinct form of Bathytoma. I have not seen a

specimen of this genus so long, nor so attenuate. Your fossil

is not B. tremperiana of Dall. The latter is a very different

shell and very much smaller, good-sized specimens measuring

67 mm.; body whorl 82 mm., spire 35 mm., making the body

whorl shorter than the spire, while in your specimen the body

whorl measures 68 mm., and the spire 48 (if restored).’’

STUDIES IN NAJADES.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

(Continued from page 47.)

ALASMIDONTA (PEGIAS) FABULA (Lea) (See: Pegzas f. Simp-

son, 1900, p. 661).

Three males and two gravid females (with glochidia)

from North Fork Holston River, Saltville, Smyth Co., Va.,

collected Sept. 17, 1912.

Anal opening separated from the supraanal by a well de-

veloped, but rather short mantle-connection. Inner edge of

anal crenulated, that of branchial with papillae. Posterior

margins of palpi connected for about one third of their length.

Inner lamina of inner gills free in about the posterior half

of the length of the abdominal sac, or a little more, so that

the connection in front is distinctly longer than usual. Gills

of Anodontine structure, in the female only the outer ones

are marsupial, have lateral water canals, and are distended

at the edge. The glochidia fill the ovisacs in a mass, which

66 THE NAUTILUS.

does not form distinct placentae. Glochidia very large, of a

specific, peculiar shape. They have the general Anodontine

character, and possess the typical hooks, but the anterior and

posterior margins are strongly convex, so that the hinge-line

is considerably shorter than the length of the glochidium.

The general shape thus becomes almost transversely ellipti-

eal, with the upper margin straight in the middle, the lower

with a slightly projecting point, which bears the hook.

Length 0.40, height 0.36 mm.

Color of soft parts whitish, mantle margin with square

black spots posteriorly, entirely black on the inside of supra-

anal and anal.

The structure of the soft parts of this species is truly

Anodontine, and does not show any essential differences from

that of the genera Symphynota, Anodonta, Anodontoides, and

Alasmidonta. Thus we are to rely only on the shell charac-

ters. The most important one, the beak sculpture, clearly

places this species with the genus Alasmidonta, but the gen-

eral shape of the shell, chiefly the peculiar truncation at

the posterior end and the rather strong sexual dimorphism,

give it a rather isolated position. Simpson created the

genus Pegias for it, relying, as it appears, chiefly on the

shape of the shell. But shape of shell is rather variable in

the genus Alasmidonta, and I think enough justice is done

to this, if we regard Pegias as a subgenus of Alasnudonia.

The shape of the glochidia is unique, and although of the

common Anodontine type, the triangular outline is changed,

in consequence of the great convexity of the anterior and

posterior margins, into a transversely elliptical. But since

the glochidia also of other species of Alasmidonta show dif-

ferences in shape, also this character is hardly of more than

subgeneric value.

In Simpson’s diagnosis of the genus Pegias, the radial de-

pression in front of the posterior ridge is unduly emphasized :

it is very faint, and indicated only in the female. The state-

ment that anal and supraanal are not separated is not correct.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

AMYGDALONAJAS DONACIFORMIS (Lea) (Plagiola d. Simpson,

1900, p. 605).

One male and one gravid female, with glochidia, from

Wabash River, New Harmony, Posey Co., Ind., collected by

A. A. Hinkley, Aug. 8, 1912.

Soft parts agreeing with those of A. elegans (Lea), as

described previously (Ortmann, |. ¢. p. 828). The posterior

margins of the palpi are connected for about one-fourth of

their length. Inner lamina of inner gills in both specimens

connected with abdominal sac, leaving only a small hole open

at posterior end of foot. Marsupium of the female formed

by 25-30 ovisacs. Glochidia extremely small, subovate, agree-

ing in shape with those of A. elegans, but even a little smaller.

Length 0.05, height 0.06 (in elegans they are said to be

0.075 & 0.09 mm.). These are the smallest glochidia known

to me.

PROPTERA CAPAX (Green) (See: Lampsilis c. Simpson, 1900,

p. 929).

I have males and females of this species from Wabash

River, New Harmony, Posey Co., Ind., collected by A. A.

Hinkley, Aug. 8, and from the Mississippi River, Martins

Landing, Rock Island Co., I1l., collected by Dr. Coker, October

5, 1912.

Coker and Surber (Biol. Bull. 20, 1911, p. 179, pl. 1, f. 4)

have first discovered that this species has the glochidia of

Proptera. Among both of my sets are gravid females with

glochidia, and I have been able to confirm this, and to study

the rest of the anatomy.

Mantle connection between anal and supraanal rather long,

slightly longer than the anal, the latter crenulated ; branchial

with papillae. In the female, the inner edge of the mantle

in front of the branchial is slightly lamellar, with few remote,

fine crenulations, which resemble minute papillae posteriorly

(near the branchial) ; but these ‘‘papillae’’ are in propor-

tion to the size of the animal extremely small, much smaller

than in the genus Hurynia; the lamellar edge is nowhere

flap-like, as in Lampsilis, and runs forward about one-third

68 THE NAUTILUS.

of the mantle margin, passing gradually into the smooth

anterior section, of the edge. Posterior margins of the palpi

connected for about one-third or one-half of their length.

Inner lamina of inner gills entirely connected with ab-

dominal sac. Marsupium kidney-shaped, consisting of many

ovisacs, located in the posterior section of the outer gill.

Glochidia celt-shaped, agreeing with the figure given by

Coker and Surber. Measurements length 0.09, height 0.18

mm. They are much smaller than those of P. alata (0.21 x

0.38), but about as large as those of P. laevissema (0.12 *

0.18), but the latter are more dilated at the lower margin.

Soft parts whitish throughout, with the mantle margin

brownish-black, more intensely so posteriorly.

Nobody, except Coker and Surber, has doubted hitherto,

that this species, according to the shape of the shell, is closely

allied to Lampsilis ovata and ventricosa, in fact, the shape

of the shell is very much like that of old females of LZ. ventri-

cosa. Anatomical investigations has shown now, that this is

no Lampsilis at all. It is a true Proptera, and a close exam-

ination of the shell reveals, that the resemblance to L. ven-

tricosa is indeed only superficial. This is shown first of all

in the character of the hinge teeth, of the ligament and the

symphynote character of the upper margin, and then by the

lack of a distinct differentiation of the male and female

shell. In the female, the postbasal region is indeed slightly

expanded ; but this difference is very indistinct, in fact, I was

unable to tell the males from the females, before. I had looked

at the soft parts: the sexes are even less distinct than in

the other species of Proptera.

The present specimens show that glochidia are present at

the beginning of August and the beginning of October, but

they do not give an indication as to the duration of the

breeding season.

Genus: CARUNCULINA Simpson, 1898 (as subgenus, Simpson,

1900, p. 563, and Ortmann, 1912, p. 337).

I think now, that Carunculina is entitled to generic rank.

Characters of the shell (chiefly the beak sculpture), and

THE NAUTILUS. 69

characters of the soft parts (the ‘‘caruncle’’ in front of the

branchial opening, and the inner lamina of the inner gills,

which is more or less free) sufficiently distinguish it from

Eurynia. In addition, there seems to be a difference, from

Euryn, in the glochidia, which are suboval, with the mar-

gins rather regularly curved, not much higher than long, and

smaller in the two species of Carunculana, in which they are

known. In ELuryni, subgenus Micromya, the glochidia are

larger, distinctly higher than long, and nearly subspatulte,

with the anterior and posterior margins nearly straight. In

the typical Hurynia the glochidia are subovate, but larger

and higher in proportion.

I have given (1. ec.) U. parvus Barnes as type of the sub-

genus, while Simpson (1900) names U. texasensis Lea.

However, when Simpson first published the subgenus (as

section, in: Baker, Bull. Chicago Ac. Sci. 8, 1898, p. 109,

misprinted as Corunculina), he used it only for one species,

U. parvus, and this, consequently, is to be regarded as the type.

(To be continued.)

‘“ PHYSA HETEROSTROPHA SAY’ IN EUROPE.

BY CAESAR R. BOETTGER.

In the Navutitus, Vol. xxvii, No. 10, pp. 112-113, Mr. Fran-

kenberger states that all the Physas lately introduced into Cen-

tral Europe are not the European Physa acuta Drap. but the

North American Physa heterostropha Say. He believes that

Babor and Novak were the first to record this North American

shell in the waters of Central Europe. This is not the case.

In 1907 D. Geyer already mentioned (Jahreshefte des Vereins

fiir Vaterl. Naturkunde in Wiirttemberg, 1907, pp. 426) that

it is possible that the ancestor of our form is Physa heterostropha

Say. It may be that now and then Physa heterostropha Say is

introduced into Germany with American fishes and plants of

aquaristic commerce. But this must be very rare and the ex-

70 THE NAUTILUS.

ception. As a matter of fact, however, I have never seen

among the many specimens examined any true Physa heteros-

tropha Say from a German locality. Even if Frankenberger had

seen introduced specimens of the American form, he ought not

to have generalized this fact. He would not have arrived at such

exaggerated conclusions, if he had seen such large series of the

introduced German shell as well as such quantities of the South-

ern and Western European Physa acuta Drap. from so many local-

ities as I have been able to study. Had Mr. Frankenberger asked

me for information,—it would not have been the first time we

corresponded,—I should have been glad to give him any de-

sired. This is especially the case with my Physa acuta thermalis

(Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft,

1913, p. 161). But this information was even rather superflu-

ous, as I have stated (1. c.), that I had a series showing all in-

tergradations from typical Physa acuta Drap. to my new form

(Plate ITI, fig. a.)

This latter shell has reached such a large size by reason of the

prevailing favorable conditions. The accompanying figures

clearly illustrate this fact. There can be no doubt that all Physas

—rare exceptions admitted—found in Central Europe and not

belonging to Physa fontinalis L. are specimens (and their descen-

dants) of Physa acuta Drap. from Southern and Western Europe

introduced by aquarists. In many cases it is even still possible

to trace their history, as their local forms may often be recog-

nized. Apparently Mr. Frankenberger believes every large Physa

with elongated spire and rough surface to be Physa heterostropha

Say, quite ignoring the fact that in the natural range of Physa

acuta Drap. there are also races showing these characters.

NOTES.

NeEwsPAPER ConcHoLogy—The following choice specimen of

newspaper science has appeared in several western papers.

‘(TEST SNAILS SPEED RECORD. TUCSON, ARIZ., Aug. 29.—Prof.

Farniss, a naturalist of Joliet, Ill., whose specialty is snails,

THE NAUTILUS. fia!

has gone into the White Mountains with Frank Cole, a trapper

and guide, to study the effect of altitude upon some snails he

is taking with him.

‘Tt is well known that snails travel slowly at low altitudes.

What their running time is in the more invigorating climate of

the mountains will be one of Farniss’ problems.’’

BIRDS TRANSPORTING Foop Suppiies.— Mr. Charles T.

Ramsden’s interesting note on ‘‘The Bobolink as a conveyor

of mollusca’’ suggests to me the desirability of drawing at-

tention to two other instances of similar phenomena. Pro-

fessor G. E. Beyer of Tulane University, who has been a

close student of Louisiana birds for many years, has col-

lected numerous Upland Plover (Bartramia longicauda) soon

after their arrival upon the Gulf Coast, which bore beneath

their wings from 20 to 40 small snails of the genus Physa.

In reply to a query about this point Professor Beyer in a

letter of August 7, 1911 says: The peculiar habit which this

bird has in concealing the snails among the under wing

feathers has been known to me for many years. When first

discovered I pointed out this singular fact to several of my

hunter friends. The occurrence, however, was so regular

and was confirmed so often in after years, that I expected

the habit to be generally known. I used to count the num-

ber of snails regularly; at one time I found as many as

forty-one, oftener between twenty and thirty, never less than

ten or twelve. The stomachs of the birds always contain a

number of crushed shells of the snails. Furthermore, the

finding of these snails is only possible if the birds are ob-

tained shortly after their arrival from the South, the earliest

date of which I always placed about March 22. I was at the

time unable to determine whether the species of snail was the

same or different from ours, for the genus contains several

species. At the time the Papabotte’s arrive here, Physa is

not common with us and does not become plentiful until

May and June. I am sorry to say that I became as it were

side-tracked in after years as I had intended to continue this

72 THE NAUTILUS.

inquiry and extend it to other migratory birds of a similar

nature—W. L. McArTes, Biological Survey, Washington, in

The Auk, July, 1914, p. 404.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THE CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN IsLANps. By S. Still-

man Berry. Bull. Bur. of Fisheries, vol. 82, Document no.

789, 1914. A monographic, illustrated account, based chiefly

upon material collected by the Fisheries steamer Albatross. The

fauna contains about 25 named species, together with about

half as many uncertain forms. The absence of the great genera

Loligo and Sepia is an unexpected peculiarity. Sepia being a

littoral group, the author suggests that ‘‘ wide oceanic areas

may in some way form a special barrier to its dispersion. If

this be true, we should perhaps’ ‘expect other littoral forms,

such as the Polypi [Octopus], to be distributed in accordance

with the same principle, but this does not appear to be the

case. An explanation of this anomaly may be found in the

hypothesis that the dissemination of these other forms took

place at a more ancient period.’’ The case of Sepia seems to be

analogous to that of Fulgur and other gastropods of our coast

which pass the veliger stage in the egg-capsule, and thus have

never reached Bermuda, whilst genra with swimming embryos

are common to Florida and Bermuda. The presence of Polypus

in Hawaii indicates, probably, a less isolated condition in

former times.

In summing up, Mr. Berry concludes that ‘‘ although the

ensemble of Hawaiian Cephalopods shows many features pecu-

liar to itself, it appears reasonable to regard it as an offshoot,

now largely isolated, of the great Indo-Malayan fauna, and

therefore impossible of any definite or satisfactory correlation

with that of other regions of the north Pacific.’’ The conclu-

sions of students of other groups of animals are quoted, sup-

porting this estimate of the faunal relations of the islands.

‘

“

—

~~ *

THE NAUTILUS, XXVIII. PLATE IV.

FUSCONAIA SELECTA WHEELER.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXVIII. NOVEMBER, 1914. No. 7

THE UNIONE FAUNA OF CACHE RIVER, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW

FUSCONAIA FROM ARKANSAS.

BY H. E. WHEELER.

Conchologists have seldom visited the ‘‘Sunken Lands”’ of

Northeastern Arkansas, and little is known of their molluscan

fauna. Through these vast flood-plains flow long sluggish

**bayous’’ which for most of the year develop into respectable

streams, but in long-continued droughts dwindle to a chain of

muddy hollows. Such ariver is the Cache. It is formed by

the confluence of several small creeks which rise in the swamps

of southeastern Missouri and on the western slopes of Crowley’s

Ridge in the upper part of Clark County, Arkansas. It flows

through, or forms the boundary of, eight counties in this state.

The only settlement on its banks is a small saw-mill hamlet,

and the two nearest towns along its course have less than 500

inhabitants each. For more than one-half of its course of more

than one hundred and eighty miles it parallels Black River,

then, maintaining a more southerly direction, it continually

approaches the easterly bearing course of White River, into

which it empties near Clarendon in Monroe County.

Since Crowley’s Ridge is the great divide between the St.

Francis basin and the Sunken Lands on the east, and the wide

valleys of the Cache and other (and more important) rivers on

the west, a few notes on its geologic origin and history may be

of interest.

Crowley’s Ridge extends from southeast Missouri in a some-

74 THE NAUTILUS.

what regular curve to Helena, Arkansas, on the Mississippi

River, varying in width from less than a mile to more than

fifteen miles. Its greatest distance from the Mississippi River

is sufficiently indicated by the line between Nettleton and

Osceola, approximately forty miles. Near Greenville in Green

County the Ridge reaches a maximum elevation of 250 feet

above the valley of the Cache, and in many sections there are

denuded areas or ‘‘ampitheatres’’ of great extent, but of lim-

ited agricultural promise. The lowest beds are clays on which

are imposed great deposits of sand and gravel, and the whole

capped with loess. The loess is of early Pleistocene age, the

gravels are Tertiary, the sands are also Tertiary but of a much

older period, while the clays at the base are Eocene as estab-

lished upon paleo-botanic data. Thrice alternately this region

has been depressed and elevated during Tertiary times and be-

fore the great depositary and erosive activities of the glacial

period began. As Professor Call* truly observes, Crowley’s

Ridge is ‘‘the residual product of long-continued erosion. It

is in no sense an upheaval, nor does it, in Arkansas, contain a

rock of crystalline character or of Paleozoic age. Its existence is

due to the resistance it has offered to erosive forces which have

leveled the greater part of the region. It stands now a silent

witness to a history so wonderful that the imagination is taxed

by any attempt to compass all the details.”’

The fauna of all the rivers west of Crowley’s Ridge and east

of the Paleozoic escarpment + in Arkansas possesses a peculiar

interest owing to the fact that they are the modern representa-

tives of the ancient Mississippi, which in pre-glacial times did

not cut through the solid rock southeast of Cape Girardeau,

Missouri, but swept through the lowlands of Black, White and

Cache rivers, uniting with the Ohio south of Helena. For the

same reason the fauna of St. Francis basin will claim attention

as this was the subsequent channel of the Mississippi when it

broke through Crowley’s Ridge at Chalk Bluff on the Missouri-

* An. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ark., 1889, Vol. II, p. 1381.

+ This boundary is accurately enough marked for descriptive purposes by the

Saint Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad.

THE NAUTILUS. 15

Arkansas line, and followed in general the present course of the

St. Francis River.*

In the Cache River bottoms occasional forests of cypress are

found, though not as frequently as in the swamps east of the

Ridge. Generally the lowlands are so flat that, as has been well

remarked, ‘‘near the North boundary of Clark County it seems

to be a matter of indifference to many streams whether they flow

into the Cache or into the Black River.’’ The ecologist will

find in Harper’s ‘‘ Phyteographical Notes on the Coastal Plain

of Arkansas,’’} data of much value concerning the vegetation on

Crowley’s Ridge and the adjacent Prairie regions.

The writer collected a large number of mussels from Cache

River at Nemo in Craighead County, on the Bonnerville and

Southwestern Railroad, on June i9th, 1914. Since then col-

lecting has been done in Black River and also in the St. Francis.

Little and Tyronza rivers on the Hast of the Ridge, and a com-

parative study of the forms obtained will be shortly undertaken,

Of the nineteen species listed from the Cache, the Quadrula,

which is described below, proved to be the most abundant form,

though Crenodonta trapezoides (Lea) and Lampsilis hydiana (Lea)

were very common. No univalves were found except Viwipara

contectoides (W. G. Binn) and Campeloma lewisii (Walker). I

am indebted to Dr. Bryant Walker for a revision of my identi-

fications.

LIST OF SPECIES.

Lampsilis hydiana (Lea).

Lampsilis fallaciosa (Smith) Simpson.

Euryma subrostrata (Say). A peculiar form approaching

nasuta, but only a few females were obtained.

Eurymia lenosa (Con.)? A single young shell, but most

probably of this species.

Carunculina parva (Barnes).

Proptera purpurata (Lam. ).

Paraptera gracilis (Lea).

Obovaria castanea (Lea).

*See Branner, An. Rep. Geol. Sur. 1889, Vol. IJ, p. xiv.

+ The Plant World, February 1914, Vol. 17, pp. 36-48.

76 THE NAUTILUS.

Plagiola elegans (Lea).

Anodonta wmbecilis (Say). The species suborbiculata which

might be expected here was not found. Undoubtedly it will be

found in the adjacent swamp ponds.

Anodonta grandis leonensis (Lea).

Anodonta texasensis (Lea).

Arcidens confragosa (Say).

Uniomerus tetralasmus (Say).

Crenodonta perplicata (Con. ).

Crenodonta trapezoides (Lea).

Quadrula (Tritogonia) tuberculata (Bar. ).

Quadrula pustulosa (Lea).

FusconalA SELECTA n. sp. Plate IV.

Shell large, solid, quadrate to rhomboidal, much inflated, and

inequilateral; dorsal margin evenly curved, gradually curving

into the anterior and posterior margins; anterior margin some-

what projecting but regularly rounded; posterior margin obli-

quely curved, meeting the basal margin in a blunt, rounded

point on the base line; basal margin nearly straight, slightly in-

curved in front of the posterior ridge; umbonal region greatly

inflated, flattened in the centre, the greatest diameter of the shell

being through the anterior portion; beaks prominent, incurved,

their sculpture indeterminate by reason of erosion; posterior

ridge strong, roundly angled, extending to posterior point; a

shallow medial depression extends from the beaks to the basal

emargination, in front of the posterior ridge: the central portion

of the disk is decidedly flattened; the posterior area is wide, flat-

tened toward the margin, and markedly incurved from the pos-

terior ridge; surface smooth, with regular and even growth-lines,

having the rest-periods clearly defined; epidermis polished and

shining in young and half-grown shells, rougher in mature spec-

imens; colored bright reddish-brown, with an undercast of yel-

low or ochre or occasionally green, becoming with age dull red-

brown, deeping to black on the umbonal region; young shells are

faintly and beautifully rayed; in young shells the epidermis is

‘‘faintly, radiately puckered or festooned, giving an appearance

of superficial, radiating strie’’ extending from beaks to basa]

margin, and these are stronger on the dorsal area immediately

THE NAUTILUS. iad

behind the posterior ridge; ligament moderately developed, red-

brown; hinge strong; interdentum short and flat; in the right

valve there is asingle, strong, high, triangular and rather smooth

pseudocardinal which is ragged apically, and separated from the

dorsal margin by a deep, narrow, straight pit for the reception

of the anterior pseudocardinal of the left valve and cut away be-

hind to accommodate the posterior pseudocardinal and a long

sharp curved lateral; in the left valve the pseudocardinals are

low, ragged, and nearly confluent, the anterior one flat, and

nearly parallel with the hinge line, the posterior one sharp and

triangular, laterals long and somewhat curved; muscle scars

deeply impressed, the anterior confluent, the posterior separate;

beak cavities deep and capacious; nacre white, sometimes faint-

ly salmon-tinted, irridescent posteriorly.

Length 67.5, height 55.5, diameter 43 mm.

Type locality: Cache River, Nemo, Craighead County,

Arkansas.

Type in cabinet of H. E. Wheeler; co-types in collection of

Dr. Bryant Walker, Mr. L. 8. Frierson, Alabama Museum of

Natural History, and Academy of Natural Sciences.

Remarks.—This species is closely related to Fusconaia undata

(Bar. ), but is readily distinguished from it by having the ante-

rior portion of the umbonal area and the posterior ridge almost

equally inflated, thus making a remarkably wide and flattened

area in the middle of the shell, and by its broad, flattened and

incurved posterior area. It further differs from undata in not

having its narrow, elevated beaks, and in being without the

flattened area in front, which is called by Mr. Simpson the

‘*secondary lunule.’’ It is too inflated to be confused with

rubiginosa (Lea) or with cerina (Con. ), and too inequilateral, as

well as too inflated, to be taken for hebetuta (Con. ), from which

it also differs in lacking the peculiar posterior end characteristic

of that species.

Dr. Walker points out that young shells of the size of the one

figured are rhomboid and only moderately inflated. But with

increasing growth the inflation of the umbonal region is rapidly

developed, and half-grown specimens are proportionately higher,

shorter and more inflated than the adults. An example at this

78 THE NAUTILUS.

stage measures: length 48, height 41, diameter33 mm. At this

period the resemblance to typical undata is quite striking.

Mr. L. S. Frierson was the first to call my attention to the

peculiarities of this species, and both he and Dr. Bryant Walker

have generously aided me in its description.

A NEW POLYGYRA OF THE STENOTREMA HIRSUTA GROUP FROM

GEORGIA.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

POLYGYRA COHUTTENSIS n. sp.

Shell imperforate, thin, reddish-horn color; densely hirsute

with very fine, short hairs. Whorls 5, those of the spire con-

vex with a well-impressed suture; the body whori with the per-

iphery situated high, very convex below, impressed in the

umbilical region, abruptly deflected at the aperture and con-

tracted behind the lip. Aperture transverse, narrow, widening

anteriorly; parietal tooth large, erect, parallel to the lip in its

lower half, then curving outward and in the upper third inward

terminating in a hook which passes under the lip between the

notch and the lip tooth, outer end connected with the peristome

by a low ridge; outer lip reflected back against the body-whorl

but free its entire length ; lip notch stretched out so that it forms

a regular curve in the lip for over half its length with the edge

raised from the lip; beyond the notch the lip sweeps around the

inner end of the parietal tooth and then forms a small tooth

above; fulcrum medium.

Largest shell (type), diam. 74, alt. 5 mm., smallest 6 x 4,

average 7 x 5 mm.

The character of the lip at once differentiates this species

THE NAUTILUS. 79

from all others of the group; it is apparently closest to P.

brevipila.

Collected by Herbert H. Smith on ‘‘ Fort Mountain and foot-

hills below 1500 feet, Cohutta Mountain, Murry Co., Ga,”’

Aug., 1914.

Type in my collection, cotypes in collections of Academy of

Natural Sciences (No. 110919), Geological Survey of Alabama,

U. S. National Museum.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF TORNATELLIDES.

BY C. MONTAGUE COOKE, PH. D.

TORNATELLIDES PILSBRYI N. Sp.

Shell minutely perforate, elongate-conic,corneous, glossy, un-

dera lens minutely striate with growth lines; thin, diaphanous.

Spire elongate-conic, with almost straight outlines ; apex slightly

obtuse. Suture hardly impressed, margined with a broad line.

Whorls nearly 7, the embryonic increasing rapidly, convex,

minutely, indistinctly, spirally striate, the rest increasing slowly

and regularly, nearly flat, the last whorl long, tapering towards

the base. Aperture narrow, obliquely truncate-ovate. Parietal

lamella large, oblique. Columella narrow below, tumid above,

furnished with two well developed, deeply seated lamelle, of

which the lower is the stronger. Peristome thin, erect, the

outer margin regularly arcuate. Length 3.1, diam. 1.5, of apert.

1.1, parietal lamella 0.29, umbilicus 0.38 mm.

Oahu: Popouwela, in the Waianae Mts. (Cooke). Type no.

06261 Bishop Museum, cotypes no. 110764 A.N.S. Phila.

All the specimens were collected on the trunks of a species of

Urera, a foot or two above the ground. It was not abundant at

that time, and a later visit to the exact spot did not yield a sin-

glespecimen. Pilsbry and Spalding were along on the first trip,

but apparently neither collected specimens.

This species is characterized by its very strong parietal lam-

ella and the columellar lamelle, which persist in the adult

stage. The columellar lamelle are rather long, fairly strong

and oblique ; the upper is situated just below the parietal wall.

80 THE NAUTILUS.

The parietal lamella is remarkably strong and extends inward

for nearly a whorl.

In an immature specimen with 54 whorls the parietal lamella.

is 0.27 mm. in height. The lower columellar lamella is 0.2,

the upper 0.14 mm. in height.

NOTES ON RANELLA LAMPAS OF AUTHORS.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

Having gone over the specimens in the collection of the Acad-

emy of Natural Sciences, using Mr. E. A. Smith’s enlightening

article (Journal of Conch., vol. 14, p. 226, 1914), I would like to

supplement it by recording my impressions. It seems to me

that there are three species involved.

I. Bursa suso (L.). The first name for any of the shells

in question is Murex rana [var.] bubo Linneeus, 1758. Also in

Gmelin. T. bufo Bolten isasynonym. Var. gigantea Smith is

a name applied to the extra large size, and var. lissostoma Smith

for these with a darker-colored aperture.

II. Bursa ruBEtTA (L.). The second species was named by Lin-

nus Murex rana [var.] rubeta. Also of Gmelin; T. rubeta Bolt.,

B. rubeta Smith. T. tuberosum Bolt. is a synonym, and has

page-priority over rubeta if the names were to date from Bolten.

III. Bursa TENUIGRANOSA Smith. (B. rubeta var. tenuigranosa

Sm.). The Academy has a fine specimen 10 inches long, from

‘“India,’’ the gift of M. Thomas. It seems to me to be a dis-

tinct species.

A REMARKABLY RICH POCKET OF FOSSIL DRIFT FROM THE

PLEISTOCENE

BY T. 8. OLDROYD.

In digging away the dirt from a side hill on my place in the

Los Cerritos two miles back from the ocean at Long Beach and

over 100 feet above sea level, I found some drift in a fissure or

pocket in a hard calcareous formation under seven feet of top

soil. It consisted mostly of fine sand and broken shells and

would measure up about one cubic foot. Icall it drift from

THE NAUTILUS. 81

the difference in the habitats of the various species when found

living : some were common—those usually found at low tide in

estuaries or on mud flats ; some from rocky beaches and some

usually found in deep water. I found one species, the only

specimens I ever obtained living, in a piece of coral brought up

from 200 fathoms. The shells, most of them very small, were

remarkably well preserved. After sieving and sorting and

saving nothing but good specimens, I obtained 105 species and

over 4000 specimens, as follows.

Marginella varia Sby., 17

Marginella subtrigona Cpr., 2

EKulima micans Cpr., 21

Drillia hemphilli Stearns, 81

Acteon punctocaelatus Cpr., 16

Acteon traskii Stearns, 2

Platidea anomioides Scacchi, 1

Cadulus nitentior Cpr., 13

Dentalium neohexagonum

Pils., 18

Dentalium pseudohexagonum

Dall, 125

Caecum californicum Dall, 18

Caecum hemphilli Stearns, 6

Vermetus (tips only), 5

Cylichna alba Brown, 15

Volvula cylindrica Cpr., 15

Tornatina harpa Dall, 3

Tornatina carinata Cpr., 228

Tornatina cerealis Gld., 57

Cyclostremella californica

Bartsch, 2

Mangilia angulata Dall, 123

Mangilia variegata Cpr., 17

Epitonium hindsii Cpr., 10

Epitonium bellastriatum Cpr.,

Epitonium tincta Cpr., 2

Epitonium undetermined, 3

Turbonilla ambusta D. & B., 2

Turbonilla Jaminata Cpr., 18

Turbonilla torquata Gld., 20

Turbonilla undetermined, 1

Olivella pedroana Conr., 662

Olivella biplicata Sby., 5

Olivella intorta Cpr., 15

Crepidula adunca Sby., 135

Crepidula excavata Brod., 12

Crepidula nivea Gld., 6

Crepidula onyx Sby., 3

Crepidula dorsata Brod., 1

Crucibulum spinosum Sby., 11

Siphonaria peltoides Cpr., 1

Megatebennus bimaculatus

Dall, 3

Lucapinella = callomarginata

Upr., 2

Ischnochiton conspicuus Cpr.,

Acanthina spirata Blainv., 27

Acanthina engonata aurantia

Dall, 3

Tritonalia poulsoni Nutt., 11

Tritonalia foveolata Hds., 1

Tegula viridula ligulata, Mke.,

Calliostoma gemmulatum Cpr.,

82 THE NAUTILUS.

Turbonilla tenuicula Gld., 20

Cerithiopsis pedroana Bartsch,

Cerithiopsis cosmia Bartsch, 4

Odostomia tenuis Cpr., 54

Odostomia io D. & B. (?), 10

Turris ophiderma Dall, 5

Melampus olivaceus Cpr., 10

Amphissa versicolor Dall, 2

Columbella carinata Hds., 238

Columbella gausapata Gld.,

200

Columbella tuberosa Cpr., 2

Columbella oldroydi Arnold,

Columbella oldroydi var., 10

Phasianella compta Gld., 215

Kulithidium substriatum Cpr.,

Lacuna unifasciata Cpr., 412

Nassa cerritensis Arnold, 8

Nassa mendica Gld., 3

Nassa perpinguis Gld., 148

Nassa fossata Gld., 21

Nassa tegula Reeve, 3

Conus californicus Hds., 22

Polinices recluziana Petit, 52

Thracia curta Conr., 1

Saxicava arctica Linn, 1

Astarte branneri Arnold, 10

Nucula suprastriata Cpr., 413

Corbula luteola Cpr., 77

Calliostoma canaliculatum

Mart., 1

Calliostoma tricolor Gabb, 1

Cerithidea californica Hald., 5

Myurella simplex Cpr., 10

Leda taphria Dall, 6

Petricola denticulata Sby., 20

Donax laevigata Desh., 8

Donax californica Conr., 1

Pecten aquisulcatus Cpr., 1

Pecten latiauritus Conr., 3

Pecten monotimeris Conr., 10

Phacoides nuttallii Conr., 6

Tellina meropsis Dall, 1

Mactra falcata Gld., 2

Cardium procerum Sby., 1

Anomia lainpe Gray, 5

Ostrea lurida Cpr., 1

Metis alta Conr., 1

Cryptomya californica Conr., 1

Platyodon cancellatus Conr., 1

Chione succincta Val., 1

Chione undatella Sby., 1

Paphia laciniata Cpr., 1

Paphia staminea Conr., 1

Semele decisa Conr., 1

Saxidomus giganteus Desh., 1

Amiantis callosa Conr., 1

THE BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB.

The Boston Malacological Club has completed successfully its

fourth year.

It is a hopeful sign that although the first flush

of enthusiasm and novelty has passed by, the club still flour-

ishes.

The character of the organization is extremely informal.

THE NAUTILUS. 83

While the membership includes a number of distinguished pro-

fessional scientific men, it also includes members who make no

pretensions to scientific training, but from one point of view or

another, find common ground in their interest in, and love of,

shells. In recognition of this varied membership it has been

sought to make the meetings of varied character. Some even-

ings have been devoted chiefly to technical papers; others to a

comparative study, exhibition and exchange of shells. The

meetings are held monthly from October to April.

Among the important papers given during the year were:—

one by Dr. Hervy W. Shimer on the very interesting semi-fos-

sil mollusks from the subway excavation in the Back Bay, Bos-

ton, based on the same material from which the Secretary has

described a new Vitrinella; one by Professor R. T. Jackson on

stages of growth in the Mollusca, particularly Nautilus and Hin-

nites, illustrating the recapitulation theory; one by Dr. P. E.

Raymond discussing the probable cause of the peculiar double-

looped beak sculpture of the Naiades, which we found to be in

the tooth or spur of the glochidial embryo; one by Professor E.

S. Morse on the differences between shells from shell mounds

and their living local descendants, which differences he found to

be very appreciable, and singularly constant in trend not only in

New England, but in Japan and (so far as investigated) in Europe.

In June the club held its first field meeting, making an ex-

cursion to the varied shores of Cohasset which, if not produc-

tive of any novelties, was, at least, well attended, much en-

joyed, and the occasion of some interesting observations. —

WiuiaM F. Criarp, Secretary.

NOTES.

Mrs. T. §. Oldroyd, of this city, will leave for Oakland to-

morrow on the Beaver, having been summoned north to arrange,

classify, and pack away, preparatory to their display, more

than 1000 shell specimens that are valued at $6,000. This

collection was recently bequeathed to the California Academy

of Science, San Francisco, by the late Henry Hemphill, who,

while alive, was considered the dean of shell collectors. —Los

Angeles Tribune, Sept. 30.

84 THE NAUTILUS.

Note on Antillean Paleogeography.—A recent paper by A. P.

Brown and the writer, describing the freshwater shells of the

Oligocene of Antigua (Proc. A. N. §. Phil., 1914, p. 809)

seems to throw some light upon the little-understood paleogeo-

graphy of the West Indies. The presence of three species of

Hemisinus indicates that although a large area of the present

Antillean islands was submerged in the Oligocene, there must

have been considerable extent of land, since these are river

snails, and a number of species would not be likely to have been

evolved, or to exist, unless permanent streams existed at least

equal to those of the larger Antillean islands. The Oligocene

fossil Ectracheliza truncata Gabb, from Santo Domingo, further

supports this view. This shell is not marine, as Gabb supposed.

It is really nothing but a Hemisinus, though a very large one,

equal to the large South American species. It may be regarded

as certain that at the stage of the Oligocene when the Antigua

bed was formed, as well as those of Santo Domingo, a considerable

land area existed in the eastern Antillean region, and that this

land was, or had been, connected with continental South Amer-

ica, the original home of Hemisinus. The marine fossiliferous

beds of northern Santo Domingo and of Haiti, as well as that

of Bowden, Jamaica, were deposited in shallow water near the

shore, judging from the character of the fossils.—

H. A. PILsBry.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Littoral Marine Mollusks of Chincoteague Island, Virginia. By

John B. Henderson and Paul Bartsch. Proc. U.S.N.M., Vol.

47, pp. 411-421, plates 13, 14. New species are Epitonium vir-

ginicum, Turbonilla powhatam, T. pocahontase, T. toyatan, T.

virginica, Odostomia toyatani, O. virginica, O. pocahontasa, Tri-

phoris pyrrha, Diastoma virginica, Cerithiopsis virginica. The

large, typical form of Urosalpinx cinereus was found, up to

51.5 mm. long. In a protected cove, in which cold springs keep

the bottom temperature down to about 8° below that of the open

sea, the northern species Yoldia limatala and Nucula proxima

were found. By ae

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXVIII. DECEMBER, 1914. No. 8

TERTIARY FOSSILS ON LONG ISLAND.

BY L. P.. GRATACAP.

Myron L. Fuller in his Geology of Long Island "p. 79) writes:

‘*Long Island has never yielded any fossils of Tertiary Age,

the diatoms from Rockway and elsewhere described by A. M.

Edwards, being from deposits that are clearly interglacial or

post-glacial.’’

Mr. Thomas C. Topping of Bridghampton, Long Island, a

highway commissioner, in digging out the side of a bare hill to

widen a road, six miles east of the village of Southampton,

lately uncovered some fossil shells, which interested him, and

were by him given to Mr. William S. Pelletreau, the historian

of Southampton.

The shells taken from a light yellow sandy marl, at a depth

of eight to ten feet below the surface, were in excellent preserva-

tion, and unmistakably of tertiary origin. The locality is

three or four miles from the sea, and has an approximate eleva-

tion of seventy five feet above high tide water-mark.

The shells were kindly shown to me by Mr. Pelletreau who

recognized their interest. They consist entirely of Arcas, and

number in all twelve separate valves. There are ten valves of

Arca (Scapharca) transversa Say and two of Arca limula Conrad.

86 THE NAUTILUS.

The latter species is significant. It is referred by Dr. Dall to

the Miocene of North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, 8. Carolina

and New Jersey, and to the Pliocene in Florida, Georgia and S.

Carolina. Dr. Dall writes of it (Contributions to the Tertiary

Fauna of Florida, 1898); ‘* Arca limula is with little doubt the

progenitor of A. ponderosa, Say, from which it differs by a more

quadrate outline and more anterior beaks. The sculpture is

usually more elegant.’’ This species does not survive in the

recent molluscan faunas.

A. (Scapharca) transversa, Say, very familiar to-day along the

eastern sea-board of the United States, apparently began its life

history in the Pliocene, and in the upper beds of that formation,

(Dall): attaining its maximum development perhaps in the Plio-

cene also. The determination of the formally correct reference

in time of these fossils, which are unquestionably contempor-

aneous with each other, is—without more evidence—uncertain.

But assuming as fixed the datum point of A. transversa as some-

where in the Pliocene, and allowing weight to the probability of

A. limula finishing its career in the Pliocene, an age not later

than that formation may be safely predicated for the shells at

Southampton. And the deduction seems legitimate that at

that day the climatic conditions along the edges of Long Island

were more mild than to-day. It is to be hoped that explora-

tions in this neighborhood will establish more valuable and ex-

tended conclusions.

In view of the discussions now pertinaciously continued as to

the stability of our coast line, it is, in this connection, interest-

ing to learn that at Southampton, according to the old records

(Pelletreau) the ocean has encroached on the land to an extent

of the whole width of the beach, and fence-posts formerly set up

back of the ‘‘ beach banks’’ (sand dunes) are now down to the

level of the water at ordinary high-water mark. These dunes

(‘‘beach banks’’) also retreat before the incessant whipping

and pressure of the winds, and deserted whaling boats, formerly

abandoned behind them, viz., on their northern slopes, have

south side of the northwardly shifting sand mounds, whose

transgression for a time buried them.

THE NAUTILUS. 87

NOTES ON MOLLUSKS FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA.

BY A. W. HANHAM.

Puncturella cucullata Gould.

My daughter Phyllis took a full-grown living specimen at low

tide this season at Maple Bay, B. C., crawling on the under side

of a ledge of rock. Previously I had the species only from

Departure Bay, where it was taken rarely by dredging in fairly

deep water.

Hemphillia glandulosa Bl. & Binn.

My acquaintance with this species is very limited. I never

met with it during several season’s careful collecting in the dis-

trict around Victoria, B. C. Here I have taken it twice—but

only in small numbers—by scraping over the dead leaves in

small thickets in pastures close to the Corvichan River; in sim-

ilar surroundings, further back from the river, I could not find

any. With it may be taken Prophysaon hemphilli Bl. & Binn.

(abundant), Polygyra columbiana Lea (frequent), and Polygyra

germana Gould (occasional). In the thickets back from the

river our big slug Ariolimax columbianus Gld. may be found in

some numbers. In my garden, the last two seasons, both this

slug and P. hemphillt have shown up in great numbers and have

done some damage. Another slug—perhaps Ariolimax niger

Cooper—was noticed on Mt. Arrowsmith, Vancouver Island, at

an elevation of 4,500 feet, in 1913 and again this year. It was

quite rare, however.

Selenites sportella Gld.

I took a fine sportella this summer for the first time, although

I have often tried to imagine that some of the smaller S. van-

couverensis taken were this species. One good specimen and

some remains were taken from the cliff a little above high-water

88 THE NAUTILUS.

mark on Salt Spring Island towards the end of August, only a

few miles from Maple Bay, ‘‘as the crow flies.’’ If it had not

been the dry season I dare say I might have discovered more

or had better success.

Pisidium sp.

Two or three small shells, one living, were found in a very

shallow pond, fed by the surrounding snow banks, on Mt.

Arrowsmith, Vancouver Island, at an elevation of over 5,000

feet, on August 6th, 1914.

Contents of Wild Duck’s Crop and a few other notes. In Octo-

ber my son shot some ducks (Canvas-backs) on Quamichan

Lake, which lies a quarter of a mile below, or distant from, our

house, and when cleaning them he came and told me that their

‘*crops’’ appeared to be full of shells. I got him to empty one

of them on to a newspaper, and later sorted them out, with the

following result:

Lymnxa sp. Several dozen, mostly juvenile, but some half

an inch long.

Physa sp. About the same number and size.

Planorbis exacutus Say. Three specimens.

Valvata virens Tryon. Over 200 specimens. The species is

greenish and perfectly smooth, and I give this name, as it is the

name mentioned by the late Rev. G. W. Taylor in his catalogue

of the mollusca of this province, and no other species is listed.

Spherium or Pisidium sp. Two, one fairly large—but both

may be Pisidia—in about the same quantity as the Valvata.

An examination of the crops disclosed absolutely no sign of

food of any other kind, and all the crops—there were six birds

—appeared to be crammed with shells.

I have found the bivalves fairly abundant in this lake about

the roots of the water lilies, but the Valvata only rarely, not

more than 20 having been taken, so this catch was quite a

ats Ed

Quamichan Lake, B. C. (Vancouver Island).

THE NAUTILUS. 89

FRESH WATER SHELLS IN MOOSE RIVER, SOMERSET COUNTY, MAINE,

BY OLOF 0. NYLANDER.

Moose River is made up of many lakes and is the main trib-

utary to Moosehead Lake. I have visited this part of Maine twice

to make collections of the lower Devonian fossils, and in explor-

ing the lake shores for long distances I have had favorable

opportunity to also collect some of the recent shells.

Anodonta marginata Say, Common in Brassua Lake, and

Long Pond.

Alasmidonta undulata Say. One living specimen from Brassua

Lake and a few dead shells in Long Pond, it seems to be quite

rare.

Unio complanatus Sol. Plentiful in the above lakes.

Spherium sulcatum Lam. One large specimen and many

small ones from the South and of Brassua Lake.

Musculium secure Prime. A few dead shells in Misery stream,

a tributary to Moose River.

Campeloma decisum Say. Common in Brassua Lake.

Amnicola limosa Say. Common on aquatic plants in the

Lakes.

Lymnea emarginita, var. mighelsi W. G. Binney. On the east

side of Brassua Lake above the outlet, on a rocky shore a colony

of this interesting shell was discovered, a dozen living specimens

were collected and about the same number of dead ones. They

all compare very well with the large form obtained at Square

Lake inlet, some years ago. All of the specimens were the var.

mighelst, no young shells were seen, only old and full grown

specimens.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Common in Brassua Lake, a few in

Long Laxe, and at Baker Brook Point, Moosehead Lake.

Planorbis companulatus Say. Dead shells were quite common

at the south and of Brassua Lake.

By any one having time to work in this part of Maine, I

think many interesting things might be found.

90 THE NAUTILUS.

CORRESPONDENCE FROM JAPAN AND CHINA.

Tokyo, JAPAN, April 28, 1914.

Dear Dr. Pilsbry: I have ‘intended writing you any time

during the past fortnight—but these are busy times and little

gets done except what is absolutely necessary. I thought you

would be interested in an account ofa call I made on Mr. Hirase

at his Conchological Museum—

We landed at Nagasaki, ran down to Kagoshima where we

inspected the still active volcano of Sakurajima, which erupted

so alarmingly in January—We were on the Transport Logan

and received wireless reports that thousands were killed. Act-

ually the death toll is said to have been eighteen, for the dis-

turbance began twenty-four hours before reaching its full height

and the three or four thousand people living on the island es-

caped to the mainland.

The scenery on the run down to Kagoshima is really fine—

one long gorge surpassing the Rhine in beauty, though not hay-

ing the historical and legendary associations of that river.

We came back via the Inland Sea, stopping at Miyajima, one

of the three brag beauty-spotsof Japan. I had a fine afternoon

on the beaches—getting a lot of stuff that was new to me, and

some old friends.

At Kyoto I sent a note to Mr. Hirase, asking if I might call

that afternoon, and received a cordial note in return. Mr.

Hirase is a dignified Japanese gentleman, nearly of my own

age I should judge, full-bearded and fine-looking. After half

an hour spent in tea drinking and conversation, Mr. Hirase and

his assistant spent a couple of hours in showing me over the col-_

lection. They have about ten thousand species and varieties of

Mollusks—three thousand Japanese and seven thousand foreign.

The collection is beautifully mounted, each specimen or species

with Latin names and additional notes and names in Japanese.

Being Japanese, the arrangement is artistic, as all things are in

this country, and it is a delight to go over it. There has been

no economizing of space at the expense of fine appearance, so

there is room for few foreign shells besides the Japanese. Mr.

THE NAUTILUS. 91

Hirase informs me that several times a year all foreign shells

are changed in their cases, so that all of these shells are gone

over completely each year, each set being exhibited several

weeks.

I scarcely had time to make any specific notes but recall a

few striking things. At one place they have various sets of

land shells arranged in series to include several recognized species

in such a manner as to leave almost no breaks perceptibly de-

marking specific limits, after a manner with which Mr. Hemp-

hill has made us familiar at home with his Helix strigosa group.

At another point a case is given up to an exhibition of freaks,

each mounted with a perfect specimen of the same species.

Among them isa large Haliotis gigantea with two full series of

holes. Some of the others are even more striking. Among

rarities is a splendid series of Pleurotomarias.

Last week I ran down for a couple of days to Misaki to visit

the Biological Station connected with the Imperial University.

There I met Dr. C. Ishikawa who was down with a class of

advanced students for the University vacation and Mr. 8. Fujita

who has charge regularly. Mr. Fujita has done some work on

mollusks but his most important work is the artificial produc-

tion of marketable pearls—a process which he has but recently

perfected. After our return from the Kyoto-Obama trip I hope

to run down again and do some careful collecting. A single

day on the beaches verified Mr. Fujita’s statement that the fauna

is very rich.

We are having a truly delightful visit in Japan; though I

never was so helpless, —the language, with no connection to any

other that I am familiar with, and offering an entirely new set

of roots and word forms, is unbelievably difficult, and I have

gotten no hold on it whatever.

On Boarp S. 8S. Ampine Maru.

October 29, 1914.

It is some time since I reported, so here goes. We are on

our way to Formosa but have a two-day stop off Foochow,

China before making the last 24-hourrun. Have had a very

rapid run through Korea and China, most interesting every-

92 THE NAUTILUS.

where, but not very productive of shells. We spent abouta

week in Korea— half in Seoul and three days in a trip to visit

Dr. Borrow, an English lady-physician who is doing a marvel-

lous lot of surgical work in a very primitive hospital in an out-

of-the-way place, twenty-six miles from the R. R. On this trip

I picked up about two hundred Melanias in a little stream we

followed for a mile or two; I also got about thirty species of

flowers, although the season is late.

Korea is almost absolutely free of timber, a tradition stating

that early Koreans cut it all out to make the country appear

barren and to prevent invasion by envious neighbors. It is

closely cultivated however wherever it is level enough and the

yield is generally good.

The most striking thing to the tourist is the costuming of

men and women and the hair dressing of the men. All married

men wear the hair in a closely tied topknot projecting about

four inches from the vertex. The unmarried men and boys

part their hair in the middle and braid it into a long pig-tail.

So that we took them all for girls till we learned that no girl or

woman is seen without a skirt.

From Seoul we ran through Manchuria to Peking, where we

spent a week, doing the ordinary stunts including a two-days

run out to Nankow to see the great Wall and the Ming tombs.

Then we ran to Hankow by rail where we took boat down the

Yang Tse to Nanking where we put in two delightful days as

guests of Mrs. Thurston, an old friend of my wife’s whois pres-

ident of a Woman’s College, already endowed but yet to be

built.

Iam astonished at the educational and hospital work being

carried by the various missionary boards in the cities of China.

There are seventeen separate establishments, churches, chapels,

hospitals, and schools and a university under control of the

American Episcopal board in the three cities Hankow, Han

Yang and Wuchang grouped about the junction of the Han and

Yang Tse rivers.

At Nanking around the old examination halls I took about a

hundred Helices of three species, and later—on the way to the

tomb of the first Ming Emperor I got two or t)ee hundred

THE NAUTILUS. 93

Planorbes, thanks to some helpers—men, women and children.

When I gave them the enormous sum of twenty cents Mexican

—about eight cents—they pretty nearly mobbed me. Mrs. T.

said I should have given them four or five coppers and that for

months to come every foreigner who went that way would have

shells offered to him in the hope of finding another crazy man

like me.

At Soochow I met Professor N. Gist Gee of Soochow Uni-

versity who took me out on the canals and lake for a beautiful

afternoon’s collecting. We saw the river life of the Chinese,

the Sampans or house boats in which they are born, live and

die ; also we saw the fishing with trained cormorants, a queer

sight of which I had read. More important we took some-

where from seven to ten species of shells which were everywhere

plentiful: Anodonta, Unio, Vivipara (at least three species) a

Bythinia, Corbicula and Spherium. It was most interesting and

profitable day.

Very sincerely yours, FRED BAKER.

ON THE RETENTION OF THE ORIGINAL COLOR ORNAMENTATION IN

FOSSIL BRACHIOPODS.

BY DARLING K. GREGER.

In 1908 the writer published what he believes to be the first

recorded American occurrence of the preservation of the orna-

mental cclor design of a Palaeozoic brachiopod.* In this

notice the species described, Cranaena morsw Greger, came from

the Craghead Creek Shales (Middle Devonic) of central Mis-

sourl, and at the time, we had in mind the remarkable fact of

the preservation of the original color design rather than a sug-

gestion that the markings described were a remnant of the orig-

inal pigmentation. Our observations, however, since the pub-

lication of the article, lead us to believe that in rare instances

the original pigment is retained, in a more or less altered con-

dition.

* 1808, Greger, D. K., American Journal of Sci., Vol. 25, pp. 313-314.

94 THE NAUTILUS.

In his work on the Middle Devonic of Wisconsin, Dr. H. F.

Cleland* figures three species of Brachiopoda, on which the

original color design is preserved, viz., Lingula milwaukeensis

Cleland, Pl. 12, Figs. 3 and 4; Lingula sp. indet, Pl. 12, Fig. 5;

and Craenaena iowensis Calvin, Pl. 18, Figs. 8 and 9. To this

interesting list of occurrences we are able to add three more in

which the preserved markings assume a definite pattern and

another in which the entire shell is colored and of which we are

somewhat dubious.

Greger Coll., No. 35-17. Lingula sp., Rowley+ from the

Grassy Creek Shale (Upper Devonic) of Pike County, Missouri,

frequently shows dark blue bands, concentrically arranged, and

these we at first attributed to variation in the thickness of the

test, but after carefully removing the shell from the matrix, their

true character was discovered. The ornamental design of this

species is identical with that of Lingula milwaukeensis Cleland.

That these bands of color are a vestige of the original ornamen-

tation of the species can scarcely be questioned.

Greger Coll., No. 282-5. Dielasma Calvim, H. & W., from

the upper beds of the Craghead Creek Shale, in two examples,

show rays of color, the design being quite similar to the mark-

ings shown on Cranaena iowaensis Calvin, in Dr. Cleland’s fig-

ures. In our shells the lines are very faint and at best afford

little more than a suggestion of the color design.

Greger Coll., No. 70-10. A specimen of Orbiculoidea humilis

Hall, from the Hamilton shales of the Canandaigua Lake region

of New York, retains the color pattern, which consists of alter-

nating concentric bands of light greenish horn and dark chestnut

brown.

Greger Coll., No. 79-12. Crania modesta, W. & St. J., from

the Cherokee Shale (Pennsylvanian) of Central Missouri, at-

tached to a section of a large Crinoid Column, are dark blue or

slate-colored, their host being pearl-gray or nearly white.

*1911, Cleland, H. F., Wis. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull., No. 21,

Pl. 12, figs. 3,405 Pl. 13, digs 800:

+ 1908, Rowley, R. R., Mo. Geol. Surv., Vol. 8, 2nd Series, p. 74, Pl. 17,

fig. 14.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

The finest example of the preservation of color pattern in a

fossil Brachiopod that has yet come to the writer’s notice, con-

sists of two specimens of Coenothyris vulgaris Schl., from the

Muschelkalk (Triassic), the design assuming the form of fasci-

culated rays of bright red, the body color varying from light

buff to dull horn. The fresh bright color shown in these shells

suggests the retention of original pigment, practically unaltered,

during the process of the silization. Greger Coll., No. 351-4.

In conclusion, we would also call attention to Dvscinisca

lugubris Conrad, from the Choptank Formation (Miocene) of

Maryland. All specimens of this Brachiopod that have passed

under the writer’s observation are blue-black and on one small

example faint concentric bands are present.

NOTES.

PETRICOLA DACTYLUS SOWERBY.—lIn a recent letter from Mr.

G. W. Pepper he says: ‘‘In all published accounts pertaining

to the habits of Petricola pholadiformis it is stated that they are

‘found living in hard clay.’ This seems to be entirely at vari-

ance with my collecting in Buzzard’s Bay, Mass., where I ob-

tained over 100 specimens from a colony living in sand and

gravel in company with the common clam (Mya arenaria). In

fact I have been unable to find them except associated with the

common clam.’’ In writing to Mr. Pepper I obtained some of

the specimens, and was pleased to find that they were P. dactylus,

a much scarcer species on the New England coast than P.

pholadiformis, and from which it is readily distinguished by its

less cylindrical form, due to the wider and more flattened

valves. The dividing line between the larger and smaller ribs

is less clearly defined. In well-preserved specimens the very

young, yellowish shells, described as Gastranella tumida, can be

distinctly seen on the umbones.—C. W. JoHnson.

LYMNZA EMARGINATA MIGHELSI ABSENT IN ITS OLD LOCALI-

TIES.—In September I visited Square Lake Inlet, where L.

96 THE NAUTILUS.

emarginata mighelst was formerly so abundant, and not a single

living or dead shell could be found. The same was true at

Cross Lake.—OLor O. NYLANDER.

CocHLICOPA LUBRICA IN WESTERN PENNsYLVANIA.—About the

middle of October a friend living in Sewickley, Pa., first noticed

a lot of small shells on a flagstone walk at the side of his house.

He called me up by telephone and I requested him to get some

of the shells, which he did and they proved to be Cochlicopa

lubrica Mill. On Nov. 801 visited the place and found the

living shells present in large numbers as I gathered over 100

from along the edge of the walk in a few minutes. In 25 years

collecting in the Sewickley Valley I have found this species de-

cidedly rare so their sudden appearance in the center of the

village is very interesting. With the lubrica were a number of

Vallonia excentrica St., which has become very common all

through the valley in the past few years. The specimens of lw-

brica, you will note, area small compact form averaging 5 mm in

length.—Gero. H. Ciapp.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A new Pearly Fresh-water Mussel of the genus Hyria from Brazil.

By L. 8. Frierson. Proce. U.S.N.M., Vol.’ 47, p. S68) "phaee

Hyria amazonia n. sp.

List of Mollusca of Harding and Perkins counties. South Da-

kota Geological Survey, Bull. No. 6. 1914, pp. 95, 96. By

Wm. H. Over. In this little-known region, every contribution

is of value, giving records from the wide gap between the

better known States on the east and west.

The Land and Fresh-water Molluscs of the Dutch West Indian

Islands. By Dr. J. H. Vernhout. Notes Leyden Museum,

Vol. 36, pp. 177-189. A useful compilation, with a bibliogra-

phy, and some new records for Curacao.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXVIII. JANUARY, 1915. No. 9

FURTHER NOTES ON THE OLIVIDAE.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

I. ORIENTAL SPECIES.

As one very important work (Chenu’s [Illustrations Conchyl-

iologiques, Oliva by Duclos)was not available at the time I

wrote my previous notes (NAUTILUS, xxiv, pp. 49-51, 64-68,

121-124) on several species of Oliva, the names of which were

affected by adopting the oldest recognizable characterization, it

seems well at this time to briefly review the subject. I will

therefore give a more complete synonymy of the species, together

with some additional notes, hoping thus to show more clearly

the changes in nomenclature and the relationship of the species

and varieties.

1. OLIVA SERICEA (Bolten).

Porphyria sericea Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 33, 1798.

O. textilina Lamarck, Ann. du Mus., xvi, 309, 1810.

Var. tremulina Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 310, 1810.

granitella Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 314, 1810.

obtusaria Lam., Anim. sans vert., vii, 486, 1822.

hepatica Lam., (not Marrat) Ann. du Mus., xvi, 320,

1810.

Jumosa Marrat, Thes. Conch. iv, pl. 9, f. 119.

98 THE NAUTILUS.

Var. olympiadina Ducl. (pars) in Chenu’s Ill. Conch., pl. 13,

es es a7

Var. nobilis Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pl. 2, figs 3 a-c, 1850.

Var. pica Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 310, 1810.

concinna Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pl. 7, f. 100, 101.

Var. tenebrosa Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pl. 18, f. 177.

Var. ponderosa Duclos, in Chenu’s Ill. Conch., pl. 14. f, 8, 9.

Var. miniacea Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 33, 1798.

miniata Link, Besch. Rostock Samml., pl. 2, p. 95, 1807.

erythrostoma Lam., Ann. Du Mus., xvi, 309, 1810.

magnifica Ducros, Revue critique du genre Oliva, p. 30, pl.

Li a oer,

azemula Duclos, in Chenu’s Ill. Conch., pl. 15. f. 10, 11,

(decorticated )

Var. porphyritica Marr. (pars) Thes. Conch., pl. 7, f. 105.

Var. sylvia Duclos (pars) in Chenu’s Il. Conch., pl. 14, f. 12.

Var. marrati Johns., Naut., vol. xxiv, p. 51, 1910.

la. Subsp. arisans Lamarck, Ann. du Mus., xvi, 312, 1810.

Var. zeilanica Lam., Anim. sans vert., vii, 486, 1822.

mazaris Ducl. in Chenu’s Ill. Conch., pl. 22, f. 7, 8.

Var. ornata Marrat, Illus. Conch., iv, pl. 7, f. 102, 108.

cylindrica Marr. (not Sowerby) Thes. Conch. iv, p. 14, f.

193, 594.

lignaria Marr., Illus. Conch., iv, pl. 14, f. 195, 196.

Var. cryptospira Ford, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, p.

9954. 3,54.

Var. fordit Johnson, Naut., vol. xxiv, pl. 51, 1910.

Both Bolton and Lamarck refer to the same figure in Martini

(Conch. Cab., ii, tab. 51, f. 559) which represents the finely

marked, indistinctly banded form, with a light cream-yellow

aperture. Length 70-85 mm.

Under the Var. tremulina is grouped a large series connecting

sericea with miniacea, but typified by having a white or bluish

white aperture. It was not figured by Lamarck but all the

authors seem to agree—although several intermediate figures

are given. The typical form is that figured by Reeve, pl. 4, f.

6c ; Weinkauff, pl. 17, f. 2; Marrat, pl. 8, f. 117. O. fumosa is

only a dark smoky form. The Var. olympiadina is restricted to

THE NAUTILUS. 99

figures 11 and 12, an albinic form. Nodilis represents the large

three-banded form, pica the brown form with large white sub-

triangular spots, and tenebrosa the almost or entirely brown form.

Length 70-100 mm.

The thick, light-colored var. ponderosa is intermediate between

forms referable to tremulina on the one hand and miniacea on

the other. The latter both Bolten and Lamarck refer to the

same figures by Martini (Conch. Cab., ii, tab. 45, figs. 476,

477). Ihave restricted the porphyritica to the small form (45-

55 mm.) with bands of bright purple spots, of which I have

recently received specimens through Mr. Wm. N. Southern,

collected by Mr. Frank E. Rand, at Ponape, Caroline Islands.

The name of sylvia is applied to the orange-yellow form with a

red aperture, and marrati to the dark brown red-mouthed form

as figured by Marrat, (Thes. Conch., pl. 7, f. 109), represent-

ing a parallel variation to that of tenebrosa and fordi.

The subspecies wrisans, though poorly defined, is the oldest

name and has already been applied to various forms of this

group by authors. There is only one figure referred to by

Lamarck that can be considered as irisans (Martini, Conch. Cab.

Il, Tab. 561); the others are questioned. This figure has not a

callous spire and the description ‘‘ spire acuminate’’ does not

apply to the low callous-spired forms, figured by Weinkauff,

Marrat and Duclos, but to the form figured by Reeve (Pl. 6,

fig. 8b). Figure 8d is the orange-yellow acutely spired zeilanica

and fig. 8a the low callous-spired ornata. The typical eryptospira

is light yellow with only slight traces of dark marking (Thes.

Conch., pl. 9, f. 125) while fordiis the dark brown, callous-

spired form (Thes. Conch., pl. 9, f. 126). There is alsoa pure

white, callous-spired form (albescens).

2. OLiva oLIva (Linné).

‘oluta oliva Linné, Syst. Nat., 10 ed. p. 729, 1758.

Porphyria vidua Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 35, 1798.

Cylindrus nigellus Meuschen, Mus. Gevers., p. 376.

O. maura Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 809, 1810.

O. mauritiana (Martini) Marrat (pars) Thes. Conch., iv,

pl. 10, 1870.

100 THE NAUTILUS.

Var. fenestrata Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 34, 1798.

fusca Link, Besch. Rostock. Samml., p. 95, 1807.

Var. fulminans Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 312, 1810.

Var. sepulturalis Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 311, 1810.

Var. macleaya Ducl.; in Chenu’s Ill. Conch., pl. 28, f. 18-16.

fabrew Ducros, Revue critique du genre Oliva, p. 438, pl. I,

£18, 1857.

The species oliva Linné cannot be ignored, in the light of

our present ruling in nomenclature ; while a composite species,

the prevailing form is readily recognized as Hanley in his ‘‘ Shells

of Linneus’’ page 215 says :—‘‘ Still it is not unworthy of remark

that the Olwa nigrita of Karsten (O. maura of Sowerby, Genera

Shells) has been indicated as the principal variety or form in

the ‘Museum Ulricae’ and that all cited engravings (Argenville

alone excepted) of the tenth edition of the ‘Systema’ wherein

the species originally appeared, pertain to that shell’’. The

plain olive-green or yellowish form is jenestrata; with broad ir-

regular longitudinal stripes, fulminans ; with narrow irregular

stripes and bands sepultwralis; with a light pearl-gray ground

color and less conspicuous markings the more pronounced var.

nacleaya.

3. OLIVA TIGRINA (Lamarck).

O. tigrina Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 322, 1810 (not

Meuschen). :

O. holoserica (Martini) Marrat, Thes. Conch., pl. xiii, f.

EASE ox

O. athonia Ducl. in Chenu’s Ill. Conch., pl. 5, f. 22, 23

(juv. )

O. stainforthit Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pl. 19, f. 40 (juv. )

Var. fallax Johnson, Nautilus, xxiv, 65, 1910.

The dark brown form resembling O. oliva is the var. fallax,

representing the color variation common to many species.

4. OLIVA FUNEBRALIS (Lamarck).

O. funebralis Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 332, 1810.

O. labradorensis (Bolten) Marr., Thes. Conch., pl. xi, f.

146-148,

THE NAUTILUS. 101

O. leucostoma Ducl. in Chenu’s Il. Conch., pl. 29, f. 14-16.

O. propinqua Marr., Thes. Conch., pl. xi, f. 141-142.

O. avelana (Lam.) Marr. Thes. Conch., pl. xi, f. 149-150.

O. glandiformis Marr. (not Lam.) pars, Thes. Conch., pl.

xii, f. 174, 175.

O. guliola Ducl., in Chenu’s Ill. Conch., pl. 30, f. 5, 6.

An extremely variable species, the limits of which are very

difficult to define. The figure cited by Bolten is unrecogniza-

ble. O. avelana as figured by Marrat probably represents faded

examples, of which I have seen similar colored specimens.

Under glandiformis Marrat figures at least two species ; figure 173

is a form of elegans, the others probably variations of this spe-

cies. The figure referred to by Lamarck as glandiformis can not

be identified.

5. OLIVA BULBOSA (Bolten).

Porphyria bulbosa Bolt., Mus. Bolt., p. 34, 1798.

Oliva undulata Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 318, 1810.

Voluta ventricosa Dillw., Cat. Recent Shells, 1, 515, 1817.

Var. inflata Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 319, 1910.

picta Reeve, Conch. Icon. Oliva, sp. 79, pl. 26, f. 79 (juv.)

ovum-ralli Ford, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, p. 189.

(decorticated ).

Var. tuberosa Bolt., Mus. Bolt., p. 37, 1798.

bicingulata Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 319, 1810.

bicincta Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pl. xiii, f. 189.

Var. fabagina Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 825, 1810.

crassa (Martini) Marrat, Thes. Conch., iv, pl. xii, f. 186,

The typical form has undulating longitudinal stripes, both

Bolten and Lamarck referring to the same figures (Conch. Cab.

ii, Tab. 47, f. 507, 508). Var. inflata has only small bluish-

gray spots and bicingulata two dark brown bands. Var. fabagina

is irregularly clouded with dark brown. Pure white examples

constitute the var. alba.

6. OLIVA VARIEGATA (Bolten)

Porphyria variegata Bolt., Mus. Bolt., p. 38, 1798.

O. evania Ducl. in Chenu’s Ill. Conch., pl. 22, f. 3, 4.

102 THE NAUTILUS.

O. zebra Kuster, Conch. Cab., Oliva, Tab. 5, 6, 1878.

Var. reticulata (Bolten).

Porphyria reticulata Bolt., Mus. Bolt., p. 33, 1798.

O. sanguinolenta Lam., Ann, du Mus., xvi, 316, 1810.

The grayish-white reticulated form is typical. The dark

olive-green, finely reticulated form is the var. reticulata. In the

latter case both Bolten and Lamarck refer to the same figures

(Martini, Conch. Cab. ii, Tab. 48, f. 512, 518).

7. OLIVA TRICOLOR Lamarck.

O. tricolor Lam., Ann. du Mus., 316, 1810.

O. guttula (Martini) Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pl. xu, f.

165-168.

var. philantha Ducl., in Chenu’s Il]. Conch., ii, pl. 22, f. 5,

This species is more closely related to variegata than to elegans.

The var. philantha is the light-colored form often approaching

O. caerulea in external appearance.

8. OLIVA CHRULEA (Bolten).

Porphyria caerulea Bolt., Mus. Bolt., xvi, p. 318, 1810.

O. episcopalis Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 313, 1810.

Var. lugubris Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 317, 1810.

The var. lugubris is based on the small form heavily clouded

with brown, as figured by Duclos, (Chenu’s Ill. Conch., ii, pl.

xi, f. 5, 6.) also by Marrat (Thes. Conch. iv, pl. 4. f. 48). It

was not figured by Lamarck.

9. OLIVA ISPIDULA (Linné)

Voluta ispidula Linné, Syst. Nat., 10 ed. p. 730, 1758.

O. hispidula Duel. in Chenu’s Ill. Conch., Oliva p. 14,

ispidula pl. 8.

O. tigridella Ducl. in Chenu’s Ill. Conch., pl. 9, f. 18, 14.

Var. stellata Ducl. Chenu’s Ill. Conch., pl. 8, f. 11, 12.

Var. taeniata Link, Besch. Rostock Samml., pl. 2, p. 98,

1807.

Var. flaveola Ducl., Chenu’s Ill. Conch., pl. 7, £. 17-20.

Var. candida Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 322.

This extremely variable species, most readily distinguished

THE NAUTILUS. 103

by its brown aperture, has several well marked varieties. Var.

stellata is white with coarse brown markings and low spire,

taeniata white with a broad subsutural band,—flaveola is yellow

with a white aperture and candida is an albino form. Speci-

mens from Sarmar, Philippines, collected by Mr. E. L. Moseley,

are all uniform in color, representing the dark reticulated form

(Thes. Conch., fig. 248). This might bear the varietal name

of samarensis.

10. OLIVA ANNULATA (Gmelin).

Voluta annulata Gmel., Syst. Nat., p. 3441, 1790.

O. leucophaea Lam. Ann. du Mus., xvi. p. 814, 1810.

Var. amethystina Bolten., Mus. Bolt., p. 35, 1798.

aurata Link, Besch. Rostock. Samml., pl. 2, p. 97, 1807.

guttata Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 315, 1810.

cruenta (Solander) Dillw., Cat. Recent Shells, i, 514, 1817.

maculata Ducl. in Chenu’s Ill. Conch., pl. 16, f. 1-5.

Var. mantichora Ducl., Chenu’s Il]. Conch., pl. 16, f. 7, 8.

emicator Marrat. (Pars), Thes. Conch., pl. 5, f. 57, 60.

It seems unfortunate that the pale abnormal form should

have to be the type of the species, instead of the beautiful ame-

thystina. To the latter both Bolten and Lamarck refer to the

same figures by Martini (Conch. Cab. ii, Tab. 46, f. 491, 492).

Many specimens of the var. mantichora show the same malfor-

mation of the typical form—an elevated ridge at the periphery.

11. AGARONIA GIBBOSA (Born).

Voluta gibbosa Born, Test. Mus. Caes., p. 215, 1780.

Voluta utriculus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3441, 1790.

Oliva gibbosa Marrat, Thes. Conch. iv, pl. 19, f. 807 (pars).

Oliva (Agaronia) gibbosa Tryon, Manual Conch., v, 90, f.

85-87, 1883.

The dark brown specimens are usually decorticated. The

orange-yellow form might bear the varietal name of A. g. auran-

tia, Nn. var.

12. OLIVANCILLARIA URCEUS (Bolten).

Porphyria urceus Bolt., Mus Bolt., p. 37, 1798.

Oliva brasilana Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 322, 1810.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

Voluta pinguis Dillw., Cat. Recent Sheils, i, 516, 1817.

Oliva (Olivancillaria) brasiliana Tryon, Manual Conch., v,

90, pl. 36, f. 88.

TWO NEW VARIETIES OF VALVATA.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

VALVATA TRICARINATA INFRACARINATA N. var. fig. 1, 2.

Shell globose, depressed, translucent, early whorls orange

colored, body-whorl greenish gray, spire moderately elevated,

apex obtruse, suture linear, whorls 34, rapidly increasing, last

whorl] flattened above, with an impressed line near the suture,

slightly angular at the shoulder, periphery rounded, surface

polished, provided with irregular growth lines. Umbilicus

wide, deep, funnel-shaped, surrounded by a strong carina.

Aperture oblique, orbicular, slightly angular at the suture and

base, parietal wall short, lip thin.

Alt. 2.53 diam. 3.48 apert. alt. 1.74 diam. 1.55 mm.

‘

if’ 7a

at ANS ~

Vy\iii —

| Pay ey .

Nip? 2 ~~

| WL iy \

5 v

FS:

Type in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences

number 12087 from White Pond, New Jersey, collected by Dr.

H. A. Pilsbry and Mr. S. N. Rhoads in 1895. Also in the

collection from Hamilton, Ontario (Robert Walton); Mohawk,

New York (Dr. James Lewis); Post Pliocene at Halcyon Lake,

THE NAUTILUS. 105

Duchess Co., New York (W. S. Teator); Post Pliocene at White

Pond, New Jersey (Dr Joseph Leidy); and Saginaw Bay,

Michigan (Prof. M. Miles. )

Differs from V. t. simplex Gld by having a basal carina and

from V. ¢. confusa Wkr. by lacking a keel at the shoulder.

VALVATA TRICARINATA BASALIS n. var. figs. 3, 4.

Shell discoidal, thin, translucent, greyish corneous, spire

truncate, slightly elevated, apex impressed, suture linear, shal-

low. Whorls 81, the first ones with a median carina, body-

whorl slightly descending at the aperture, with two strong

caring, the upper surface between the suture and the shoulder

keel flat, slightly convex between this and the peripheral ca-

rina, base evenly rounded to the rather large deep umbilicus,

surface rather dull, sculptured with irregular growth strie.

Aperture irregularly truncate orbicular, lip thin, angular at

the suture, upper carina and peripheral keel ; base and colum-

ella evenly arcuate, upper lip straight.

Alt. 2.56 diam. 4.15, apert. alt. 1.69, diam. 1.74 mm.

: PA See . =

5 ay Sy SRI >

e iy Wy Hy NWS

ZL TI

Oy TBLANSS

Type in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences

number 11995 from the Hudson River, New York (W. M.

Gabb). Also in the collection from Vermont (J. 8. Phillips).

Differs from V. tricarinata Say by lacking the basal carina,

and from V. t. confusa Wkr. by the absence of a basal keel and

in having a peripheral carina.

106 THE NAUTILUS.

LAND SHELLS FROM VARADERO (CARDENAS) CUBA.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON.

Varadero is a little settlement of winter cottages planted in

the sands of a long narrow peninsula that encloses the Bay of

Cardenas. There is a core of pleistocene coral rock more or

less densely covered with scrub growth with many cacti as a

feature. Besides this there is only the beach sand on the one

side and mangrove swamps on the other making altogether a

most uninviting field for land-shelling. The following list

represents only a few hours collecting but is probably almost a

complete census of the region.

Oleacina solidula Pfr. Cerion sagraianum Pir.

“* 9 subulata Pir: KY ‘¢ hologlyptum

Obeliscus homalogyra Shuttl Pils.

Varicella (Pich.) gracillima Pfr. Liguus fasciatus Mull.

Thysanophora selenina Gould Guppya gundlachi Pfr.

uY boothiana, Pfr. Pupoides marginatas Say

Volvidens tichostoma Pfr. Bifidaria sp.

Cepolis cubensis penicillata Chondropoma pictum Pfr.

Urocoptis poeyana variegata Pfr. ¥y dentatum Say

. garceana Presas (var) Alcadia hispida Pfr.

Macroceramus gundlachi Pir. Eutrochatella rupestris Pfr.

Microceramus gossei Pir.

1 denticulatus Gund.

STUDIES IN NAJADES.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN.

LASTENA LATA (Rafinesque).

Simpson, Pr. U. 8. Mus. 22. 1900 p. 654.—Descr. Cat. 1914

p. 455.

I have collected a number of specimens in Clinch River, at

Cleveland, Russel Co., Va., and at St. Paul, Wise Co., Va.,

among them three gravid females (May 13 and 14, 1913), one

THE NAUTILUS. 107

of which (May 13) had glochidia, the others eggs. Additional

specimens, the females not charged, were found on Sept. 7 and

8, 1914 in Clinch River at Clinton and Edgemoor, Anderson

Co., Tenn.

This shell has been taken by Simpson (1. c.) for a form

allied to Anodonta, and I have accepted this view, and have

treated the genus Lastena with the subfamily Anodontine (Ann.

Carnegie Mus. 8. 1912 p. 297); but in the description (p. 298)

of the soft parts of the sterile female, I have called attention to

the fact, that typical Anodontine characters have not been ob-

served in the marsupial gills: there were no traces of lateral

water tubes, and no thickened tissue at the edge.

The present specimens show conclusively that Lastena does

not belong to the Anodonting, but that it isa member of the

subfamily Unionine. Also the fact that in May females with

eges were found, indicates that this is a tachytictic form (sum-

mer breeder), and not a bradytictic, as the Anodontine are.

My previous description, as far as it concerns the anal and

supraanal openings, the branchial opening, the palpi and gen-

eral features of the gills, is confirmed by the present material.

To this, however, should be added the peculiar shape of the foot,

described by Simpson as: ‘‘very large..... club shaped,

capable of great extension’’. This is a very important charac-

ter of the genus, and is found in no other North American Naiad,

and in this feature Lastena can be compared only with the

South American Mycetopoda, which, however, belongs to an

entirely different family. When contracted, the foot does not

show its remarkable features ; but in life, when extended, it is

extremely elongated, at least as long as the shell, of subcylin-

drical, somewhat compressed shape, with a distal swelling.

Apparently, the foot serves as a permanent anchor, and is not

withdrawn into the shell under ordinary circumstances, even

when the shell is closed, and hence the closed shell is gaping at

the anterior end.

The marsupium of Lastena lata is restricted to the outer gills,

and not the whole outer gill is marsupial, but only the middle

portion of it, about one half of the length of the gill. The an-

terior and posterior sections remain non-marsupial. The

108 THE NAUTILUS.

charged part is moderately swollen, with the edge remaining

sharp. The ova or glochidia form lanceolate, moderately devel-

oped placente. Glochidia almost semicircular, slightly oblique,

inequivalve, with one one end somewhat narrower, the other

somewhat wider. They are distinctly longer than high. Length

0.19; height 0.15 mm. The lower margin is uniformly and

broadly rounded, and there is no trace of a point or a hook.

Color of soft parts (in life) pale, as described previously ;

placentee whitish.

Lastena belongs to the subfamily Unioninae of the family

Unionidae, and is most closely allied to Elliptio. This is also

supported by the shape of the shell and the beak sculpture.

However, Lastena differs from EHlliptio (and from all other genera

of the Unioninae) by several important characters, which are

unique, and would possibly entitle it to the rank of a subfamily,

in case the Unioninae should be elevated toa family. In the

shell, the most prominent feature is the reduction of the hinge,

a case very rarely observed in the Unioninae (the only other one

known to meis Gonidea). In the soft parts, the structure is

like Elliptio, but the restriction of the marsupium to the middle

part of the other gills is peculiar, and so is the extreme develop-

ment of the foot. Also the glochidia, although of the general

Unionine type, are unusual on account of their obliquity.

Lastena represents a unique specialization of the Elliptio-type,

and is a very good genus, which, in the systematic arrangement,

should follow Elliptio and Uniomerus.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PaLEontroLoay, No. 24. New and

interesting Neocene fossils from the Atlantic Coastal Plain, by

Axel Olsson. Numerous new species from the Miocene of Vir-

ginia to Florida are described. The blue clay marls of the lower

James river valley are considered to belong to the Yorktown

formation, and not, as some geologists have stated, to the Calvert.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXVIII. FEBRUARY, 1915. No. 10

OUR NEW MEXICAN EXPEDITION OF 1914.

BY JAS. H. FERRISS.

The Ashmunella territory, so far known, lies in the south-

western corner of New Mexico and the south-eastern corner of

Arizona. A line drawn south-westerly from Sante Fe, N. M.,

500 miles to Nogales, Arizona, will mark the northwestern side.

A line starting 125 miles eastward of Santa Fe, in San Miguel

county N. M., running parallel with the former line to the

Organ Mountains in Donna Anna county will mark the south-

eastern boundary. Southward the genus is not known helow

the Mexican line. There is much territory near at hand that

remains unexplored.

Following the scouting expedition of 1913 a second scout-

ing expedition, assisted by Mr. L. E. Daniels was made into

this territory in the summer of 1914. Ina heavy farm wagon,

accompanied by Mrs. Ferriss and Miss Nellie Shepherd, artist

of Oklahoma city, and with plenty of time, canvas and provis-

ions, the steps of the expedition of 1913 were retraced from Clif-

ton up the San Francisco and Blue rivers to Cosper’s ranch, a

distance of 50 miles ; then continued up the Blue to its head,

and to Luna, New Mexico, all in a northerly direction. From

Luna the party turned south-easterly across the San Francisco

Mountains of New Mexico, (not Arizona,) to the Mogollon

mountains of New Mexico by the way of Alma. The state of

Arizona also, by the way, has a range of Mogollon Mountains,

further west.

110 THE NAUTILUS.

Colonies of Ashmunella pilsbryana were found about the Har-

per ranch, Copper King Mountains, four miles above Clifton,

continuing to the mouth of the Blue river; and Sonorellas of

different groups to the mouth of the little Blue, a distance by

river of about 25 miles.

Many of these colonies were dead, and in others it was diffi-

cult to find more than two or three shells alive. The removal of

the trees has changed natural conditions ; formerly where deep

shade and a moistened leaf-mould existed, the soil now baked

by the sun, is barren of vegetation. Particularly is this true

within twenty miles of the cities and villages. The Mexican is

an industrious wood cutter. A white fungus growth also takes

posession of the rocky slides which in death turns black, and

carries all the lower vegetable life with it. Larger shell life is

seldom found in these fungus-stricken areas, where the dead

shells lie thick.

While the Sonorellas are found often in the shady, ideal snail

talus, some of the colonies survive the timber stripping, and

thrive fairly well among dry rocks on southern exposures,

often in company with Thysanaphora horni, and if in limestone,

with Holospiras.

For thirty miles above the Little Blue river only the smaller

species were obtained—mostly Vallonias, Thysanophoras, EHu-

conulus and Helicodiscus. In the next twenty miles a dozen col-

onies of the larger Oreohelix were located. Again Oreohelix was

found at about 8000 ft. elevation, while crossing the San Fran-

cisco range from Luna to Alma; also on Lisa Creek, draining

the San Francisco Mountains.

The upper San Francisco river upon this trail had nothing to

offer ; but at Mongollon, 7500 feet, the snails were again found

friendly. A colony of small Oreoheliz barbata Pils., was found

in the suburbs of that city and from that point to Willow creek,

9000 feet, Ashmunella mogollonensis and the larger Oreohelices

were never out of sight, presenting interesting variations in size,

color and form, and also with the numerous albinos.

At this altitude vegetation and snails thrive equally as well as

in eastern Tennessee, also grazing grasses, and the party camped

here for a couple of weeks. The trout were fine. Another

colony of Oreoheliz barbata was found at this elevation.

THE NAUTILUS. 111

Turning south and eastward from Mogollon, the larger Oreo-

helix disappeared from the gulches. The higher peaks, and the

largest and most promising canyon, Whitewater, were left un-

explored. The wagon needed a broken road, and as the track

down the San Francisco had been destroyed by floods we kept

the Silver City road for about thirty miles, then turned south-

west at Cactus Flats, driving through a beautiful pasture coun-

try for about forty miles. It was so beautiful that we went in-

to camp and cleaned shells for a couple of days on the bank of

a shaded stream.

Leaving this pasture country, where we trotted the horses the

only time on the trip, the party returned easterly again, and

over a rough hilly country of Juniper and rattle-snakes, drove

for two and one-half days, to Steeple Rock, a mining town in

its resting period. South again fourteen miles to Duncan on

the Gila, then thirty-two miles down the river, northwestward,

to Clifton. The cowboys cross from Mogollon to Clifton in one

day, but it took seven days of travel with a farm wagon. Al-

together in three months we made a journey of 335 miles.

Apparently the same snails inhabit this land here, in a direct

and pure line of ancestry from those living upon the land before

the mountains were uplifted. The conditions after the uplift

upon the White and Blue Mountains of Arizona and the north-

ern slope of the Mogollons in New Mexico remain about the

same, and with the isolation and the 100 miles of deserts, rivers

and mountains between, the Ashmunellas and the Oreohelix

are the same. This also remains true of the shells in the

Kaibab plateau, northern Arizona.

On both the northern and southwestern slopes of the Mogol-

lons are found all the forms, colors and sizes of O. barbata, that

the Chiricahua mountains, 125 miles south, have given. This

is the only member of the southern mountain groups that has

traveled, outside of the small forms, such as Pupas, Thysanophora

and Vallonias. Where the peaks are sharper, divided by dry

guliches, the snails divide into species, varieties and groups.

In one limestone slope of the Dragoon mountains a dike of

granite 50 feet in thickness divides the Holospiras into two dis-

tinct species.

112 THE NAUTILUS.

Upon the slopes of the mountains of southern Arizona and

New Mexico and the knobs and peaks of the desert this specific

development is intensified, and it is but a short distance from

one species of Sonorella to another. Of the four leading genera

of this region, the Sonorellas are best fitted to cope with the

drouths and the woodchoppers. If it is limestone country, the

Holospiras are tenacious. Both are found in very hot and dry

rocks, doing fairly well. Sonorellas, two alive, were found

near Castle Rock upon the homeward journey. Other promis-

ing prospects were left for another season. This Sonorella fam-

ily follows the mountains down to 3,000 feet in Arizona. Nearly

every little hill in Pima county, Arizona, has its own species of

Sonorella. |

Returning to our subject, the Mogollons, two side trips were

made into the mountains on foot from Glenwood, New Mexico. —

In the Little Whitewater canyon one of the smallest of Ash-

munellas was obtained. A two-days journey in the Cave Creek

Canyon secured a larger Ashmunella and Oreohelix barbata, in

large quantities. One juvenile of the larger Oreohelix only came

to the net.

Another journey of two days was taken up the Dry Canyon,

six miles south of Glenwood. Six miles up the Valley a

camp was made. Here the precipices boxed in the stream so

completely the canyon was not scarred by man or cattle, the

stream was full of pound trout, and the slides full of snails.

The Glenwood Ashmunellas had teeth upon the lip, but no

lamella or tooth upon the parietal wall. One species measured

ten mm. in diameter, the other twelve to fourteen and one-half.

In the Dry Creek canyon, measurements ran from ten to sixteen

mm. and as to teeth, ran the scale from none to three anda

lamella. In twenty colonies there were about as many varia-

tions in species and forms, and in some colonies, as with Ash-

munella heterondon. Pils., all variations in teeth existed.

Oreohelix barbata varied still more in size and form, with some

liberality in color.

Ashmunella mogollensis came in about six miles above camp,

and here the vegetation was so luxuriant that Ashmunellas were

found in the weeds they sleptin. The miner who owned the

THE NAUTILUS. 113

cabin at that point was a tight-wad and had locked the door

when he left, and thus we slept out a couple of nights.

The Mogollon Mountains at this point run up to 10,500 feet

and are termed rough. The roughness consists of granite,

quartzite, and various forms of igneous rock, so far as snail

hunters have explored. Rocks resembling limestone, and so

termed, were found to be a voleanic product.

Above 7,000 feet the timber is heavy and plentiful. Yellow

and White Pine, White and Cork Bark Fir, Pseudo Hemlock,

Oak and Quaking Asp predominate. Cottonwoods, Sycamore and

Walnut dominate the lower valleys, and the Junipers rule in

the foot-hills.

It is a large range for the Southwest, at least 100 miles long

and thirty to forty wide ; drained southward by tributaries of

the Gila, the San Francisco and the Membres rivers.

The indications furnished by these few canyons in a large

number opening to the South point to a fruitful field. <A well

equipped party would require at least one year in which to

make a hasty survey. The rainy season starts about the first

of July and continues until the middle of August. The sum-

mer of 1914 was something unusual however and we had a

shower every day except three. Rain however is pleasing to

snails. After a good shower they travel over the stones for half

aday. The climate above 5000 feet is cool enough for comfort

at that season of the year—in truth the temperature is perfect.

The mountains of the Southwest are inexhaustible to the con-

chologists of this generation. Should any desire to assist in this

work, in the Mogollon or other ranges of which we have know-

ledge, they will find us prompt with both information and advice.

There is a larger country than we can hope to explore, all

within the states of New Mexico and Arizona.

In another article we hope to give a detailed account of the

snails collected, in cooperation with Dr. Pilsbry,—a companion

on other Arizona and New Mexico expeditions.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

FURTHER NOTES ON THE OLIVIDAE.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

II, OCCIDENTAL SPECIES.

OLIVA CAROLINENSIS (Conrad).

O. cylindrica Sowerby, Quart. Jour. Geol., vi, p. 45, 1849

(pars) not cylindracea Borson 1820 = cylindrica Ducl.,

not cylindrica Marr. 1870.

O. litterata Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 315, 1810 (not

Bolten 1798) Dactylus carolinensis Conr., Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci., Phila., xiv, p. 563, 1863.

O. circinata Marrat, Thes. Conch., iv, p. 21, pl. 17, f. 277,

1871 ; Johnson, Nautiuus, xxiv, p. 123, 1911.

Var. citrina Johns., Navuvt., xxiv, p. 128, 1911.

In substituting a name for O. litterata Lam., pre-occupied, I

used O. circinata Marr., overlooking the fact that it had previ-

ously been described by Conrad as a fossil from the Miocene of

North Carolina, the synonymy being given by Dr. Dall in his

work on the Tertiary Fauna of Florida (Trans. Wagner Free

Inst. Sci., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 44, 1890). As Sowerby’s name

cannot be considered, I have adopted that given by Conrad.

The Miocene and Pliocene forms cannot be separated from the

recent. The var. citrina is the bright yellow form occasionally

found on the Gulf coast of Florida.

OLIVA RETICULARIS Lamarck.

O. reticularis Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 314, 1810.

O. tisophana Ducl., in Chenu’s Ill. Conch., ii, pl. 17, f. 17,

18.

O. memnonia Ducl., in Chenu’s Ill. Conch., ii, pl. 17, f.

19, 20.

O. olivaceus (Meuschen) Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pl. 4, f.

46, 47, 51-53.

O. sowerbyi Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pl. f. 114, 116.

O. reclusa Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pl. 17, f. 264.

O. mercatoria Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pl. 17, f. 269.

Var. nivosa Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pl. 17, f. 276.

Var. bifasciata Kiister ; Conch. Cab., Wienkauff, Oliva, p.

60; tab.) 10,11.) 8, 9.

THE NAUTILUS. 115

hepatica Marr. (not Lamarck), Thes. Conch., iv, pl. 3, f.

27, 28.

formosa Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pl. 3, f. 29, 30.

Var. olorinella Ducl. in Chenu’s Il]. Conch., ii. pl. 7, f.

15, 16.

quersolina Ducl. in Chenu’s Ill. Conch., ii, pl.11, f. 7, 8.

pallida Marr. (not Swainson), Thes. Conch. pl. 25, f.

472.

Although not as variable as its Pacific analogue, O. spicata,

from the west coast of Mexico and Central America, there are

several well marked variations and some confusion owing to

many of the older authors uniting some forms of the two species.

Var. nivosa is the large cylindrical form; when banded with

brown it is the bifasciata. The white form is olorinella. O. pal-

lida Marr. may possibly represent the albino form of another

species.

OLIVA FULGURATOR (Bolten).

Porphyria fulgurator Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 36, 1798.

O. fusiformis Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 318, 1810.

O. ispidula Link, Besch. Rostock, Samml., part 2, 1807 ;

Marrat, Thes. Conch., iv, pl. 2, f. 15-17.

bullata Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pl. 24, f. 448.

Var. obesina Ducl., in Chenu’s Ill. Conch., ii, pl. 17, f. 9, 10.

Both Bolten and Lamarck refer to the same figure by Martini

(Conch. Cab. ii, tab. 51, f. 562). Specimens are frequently

more or less clouded with brown.

Ouiva sPicaTa (Bolten).

Porphyria spicata Bolt., Mus. Bolt., p. 35, 1798.

P. arachnoidea Bolt., Muss. Bolt., p. 386, 1798.

P. litterata Bolt., Mus. Bolt., p. 36, 1798 (not Lamarck,

1810).

O. araneosa Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 315, 1810.

O. melchersi Menke, Zeit. fiir Mal., p. 24, 1851.

Var. hemphilli Johns., NAUTILUS xxiv, 122, 1911.

Var. subangulata Philippi, Abb., xix, tab. 1, f. 2.

Var. oniska Ducl., in Chenu’s Il]. Conch., ii, pl. 32, f. 9.

perfecta Johns., NAUTILUS xxiv, 122, 1911.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

Var. pindarina Ducl., in Chenu’s Ill. Conch., ii, pl. 12, f.

BO, ok. A EL ee

punctulata Marr. Thes. Conch., iv, pl. 2, f. 12, 18.

harpularia (Lam.) Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. 14, f. 28

(decorticated).

Var. venulata Lam. Ann. du Mus., xvi, 318, 1810.

reticularis Reeve (pars) Conch. Icon., vi, pl. 10, f. 16 b.

obesina Reeve (pars) Conch. Icon., vi, pl. 10, f. 16 ¢.

mariae Ducros, Rev. crit., p. 50, pl. 2, f. 26.

Var. graphica Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pl. 3, f. 36.

porcea Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pl. 3, f. 35.

oblonga Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pl. 2, f. 14.

Var. violacea Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pl. 4, f. 56.

Var. ustulata Lam., Anim. sans vert., v, 620, 1822.

oriola Ducl. (not Lam.), in Chenu’s Il. Conch., ii, pl.

ay ae ae be

Juscata Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pl. 2, f. 20-22.

brunnea Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pl. 4, f. 54, 55.

Var. polpasta Ducl. in Chenu’s Ill. Conch., Pl. 17, f. 1, 2.

Var. cumingi Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pl. xi, f. 19.

ligneola Reeve (pars) Conch. Icon., vi, pl. 21, f. 57 ab

(Juv. )

Bolten and Lamarck again refer to the same figure by Martini

(Conch. Cab., ii, tab. 48, f. 509). Bolten refers to it a second

time as his type of arachnoidea, while the figure he refers to as the

type of his litterata (Conch. Cab., ii, tab. 46, f. 488) is not suffi-

ciently characterized for varietal distinction. 'The above varie-

ties were briefly diagnosed in my previous paper (NAUTILUS,

Exiy, p. 122, 1911).

ON CLASSIFICATION IN GENERAL AND THE GENUS

LYMNAEA IN PARTICULAR.

BY HAROLD SELLERS COLTON.

The value of the generic name is the subject of this paper.

To illustrate this, the genus Lymnaea is considered.

The most recent classification of this group is that of F. C.

THE NAUTILUS. 117

Baker in his admirable ‘‘ Lymnaeidae of North and Middle

America’’ (Chicago Academy of Sciences Pub. No. 3, 1911)

p. 120. Whereas the older classifications considered shell

characters alone, this author ‘‘ proposed to classify the Lym-

neids by the characters of the shell, genitalia (shape of pros-

tate, relative size and form of the penis and penis-sac) and

radula.’’

On a basis of these criteria he has split the genus Lymnza as

defined by Haldeman 1840, Gould, Binney 1868, Dall 1871,

Tryon 1872 & 1884 and more recently by Dall in 1905, into six

genera:— Lymnea, Pseudosuccinea, Radix, Bulimnea, Acella and

Galba. He has done this mainly by raising a number of sub-

genera and sections of former authors to generic rank. I wish

to ask this question: Is this at the present time justifiable?

(1) Baker lists 103 species and varieties of the old Lymnea in

this work. Of but 35 have anything of the anatomy, radula and

genital organs been studied. Therefore the shell characteristics

are the important ones after all. (2) All these new genera are

based largely on quantitative characters. The only qualitative

character mentioned is the radula and this is given quite a sub-

ordinate place in the classification. (3) In his diagnosis of the

genus Galba in his key he states that the ‘‘ Penis (epiphallus) is

shorter than the penis-sac’’ (Penis).’

However, for two of the species of this genus the epiphallus is

longer than the penis. See Baker p. 263 and 277.

In the mind of the writer our present knowledge will not al-

low us to make a comprehensive classification of the Lymneids

based on the anatomy of the snail. We know too few species

well. On the other hand the shell characters alone in a mollusk

with such a generalized form of shell as have the Lymneids

are not characters on which one can base much reliance.

On account of these reasons the writer would make the rec-

ommendation that the old genus Lymnea should be retained in

the sense that it has been used for the past seventy years. These

'T am indebted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry for calling my attention to the fact that

Baker has called the e) ‘phallus the penis, and the true penis he has called the

penis-sac. In this paper I will adhere to the general usage and refer to the epi-

phallus and penis instead of penis and penis-sac.

118 THE NAUTILUS.

new genera of Baker will then become sub-genera. The sub-

genera of Baker will be reduced to sections with one exception,

viz., that of Simpsonia, now Pseudogalba, be retained as a sub-

genus. ‘This form seems to the writer, on account of the char-

acter of the radula, to be sufficiently different to cause its re-

moval from the sub-genus Galba. -We have then the following

classification :-

Genus Lymnea Lamarck.

Subgenus Lymnea contains the stagnalis group.

Subgenus Pseudosuccinea contains the columella group.

Subgenus Radix contains L. auricularia.

Subgenus Bulimnexa contains L. megasoma.

Subgenus Acella contains L. haldemani.

Subgenus Pseudogalba (Simpsonia) contains the humilis and

obrussa, umbilicata and parva groups.

Subgenus Galba contains the section Galba, and the palustris,

catascopium and emarginata groups.

The classification recommended above has certain advantages

over that proposed by Baker in that it indicates differences be-

tween groups of snails but does not commit one to place a shell

the anatomy of whose animal is unknown in a given genus. It

can be provisionally placed in a subgenus by superficial resem-

blance and if later changed will not affect the generic name.

It is by the generic name that animals are catalogued. This is a

very important practical matter and one that cannot be too

much emphasized. To change generic names without an over-

whelming amount of evidence in favor of the change is hinder-

ing instead of advancing the science. Species and minor groups

on the other hand cannot be too much subdivided. It is an

advance to describe every variation that can be distinguished.

Of this work Bateson (Problems of Genetics, p. 249) says :—

‘¢They will serve science best by giving names freely and by

describing everything to which their successors may possibly

want to refer and generally by subdividing their material into

as many species as they can induce any responsible society or

journal to publish.’’ It must not be thought that the writer of

this is trying in any way to slight the value of Baker’s work.

It is a work of very great value and splendidly arranged. The

clear statement of what we know of the group and what we do

not know is most important. It is a model which many

should follow. It has been the constant companion and guide

of the writer for the past two years. He does not wish this

paper to be considered a criticism but rather as an appendix to

THE NAUTILUS. 119

that work, making it, if possible, still more valuable to stu-

dents of American mollusks.

To recapitulate : generic names are those by which animals are

catalogued, therefore should not be changed without overwhel-

ming evidence in favor of the change. This value of the genera

in cataloguing has not been sufficiently emphasized.

A PROVISIONAL KEY TO THE SUBGENERA AND SPECIES

OF NORTH AMERICAN LYMNAEIDS.

BY HAROLD 8. COLTON.

The following is a preliminary key to some of the best known

species in the genus Lymnaea. It is based on a careful study of

the wealth of material in Baker’s Lymnaeidae of North and

Middle America. To this the writer has added a little that has

come under his observation during the past eight years that he

has been working with this group.

It must be noted that LZ. auricularia appears in two places in

the key. This is because the radula of the Philadelphia form

is different from the radula of the Chicago form.

It must be remembered also, as stated in the preceding article

that the radula and character of the reproductive organs are the

important characters in classification as the shell is such a gen-

eralized form. This being the case it will be of value in locat-

ing but 33 species and varieties as the other 73 have been de-

scribed by shell characters alone. When they have been stud-

ied the key no doubt will have to be much modified.

The writer found it impossible to sub-divide the groups in his

key. The species within a group are distinguished by shell

characters alone, and although one familiar with species can dis-

tinguish them without much difficulty, it is almost impossible.

to state the differences in a few words.

This key is intended as a supplement to that of Baker p. 125.

It makes no pretense of completeness. The writer, therefore,

would be glad to hear of any practical difficulties arising in its

applicaton.

In the following key the ratio between the aperture length

and the shell] length is referred to as the ‘‘ ratio.’’

GENus LyMNAEA:-—

Fresh-water pulmonate mollusks. Shell: normally dextral,

rarely sinistral, ovately oblong to elongate. Animal: with a short,

wide, rounded foot. Tentacles: flattened. Central tooth of the

radula unicuspid ; laterals bi-or tri-cuspid. Male and female

genital openings separate and on the right side. Mantle margins

contained within the shell.

120 THE NAUTILUS.

(I) The first lateral tooth of the radula has three cusps, the

others two.

The epiphallus longer than the penis. Color pat-

tern of the mantle conspicuous. Adult with a

flaring lip (Subgenus Radix) LZ. auricularia p. 179

(II) The lateral teeth of the radula with two cusps.

(1). 1st cusp grooved : epiphallus less than Barn (Subgenus

Acella) L. haldemani. , , . p. 192

(2). 1st cusp ungrooved.

(A) Axis gyrate: epiphallus } of penis—(Subgenus

Lymnea)—Stagnalis Group... ; . p. 136

(B) Axis not gyrate. Epiphallus equal or less than the

penis but over 4. (Subgenus Galba).

(a) with not evident spiral sculpture—

Galba Group . : . p. 200

(b) with evident spiral sculpture.

(aa) Ratio between two and three—

Palustris Group . é 4 . p. 298

Ratio between 14 and two.

(aaa) Ovate shell, narrow inner lip, no true

um bilicus— Catascopium Group. : pal”.

(bbb) Bulbous shell, wide inner lip and umbil-

cus—Hmarginata Group . ‘ . p. 408

(III) Lateral teeth with three cusps.

(1) Axis gyrate.

(A) Epiphallus less than the penis ; shell succiniform

Subgenus Pseudosuccinea— Columella Group . p. 162

(B) Epiphallus less than the penis.

(a) Shell thin and transparent—color pattern of

mantle visible through shell—lip flaring in

adult—ratio less than 14. (Subgenus Radix)

L. auricularia s : i) Di ae

(b) Shell solid bulimiform—ratio eile than

14. (Subgenus Bulimnea).

"hi megasoma . . p. 183

(2) Axis not gyrate (Subgenus Pseudogalba).

Epiphallus usually shorter than the penis.

(aa) Inner lip flattened out and excavated.

L. umbilicata . p. 236

(bb) Inner lip erect. L. parva ; . p. 2438

(b) Epiphallus usually longer than the penis.

(aa) 10 mm. long, has 5 whorls

L. humilis. : . p. 25

(bb) 10 mm. long, has 4 whorls

L. obrussa. L . p. 270

THE NAUTILUS, XXVIII. PLATE V

WALKER: ON CAMPELOMA, ETC.

MHE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXVIII. MARCH, 1915. No. 11

ON PALUDINA COARCTATA AND INCRASSATA LEA.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

The descriptions of both of these species were read by Dr.

Lea before the American Philosophical Society on Dec. 16,

1842 and were published on or before Jan. 3, 1848. Since that

time they have led a varied and precarious existence at the

hands of subsequent authors. Lea’s types were, in both in-

stances, single, imperfect specimens received from Dr. Foreman

without any more precise locality than that of ‘‘ Alabama.’’

Lea never figured either of his species. But this was done by

W. G. Binney twice, though the two figures in each case are so

dissimilar that it does not seem possible that they could have

been drawn from the same specimens, were it not so stated by

the author.

Binney in his preliminary ‘‘ Descriptive Catalogue of the

species of Amnicola, Vivipara, etc. of North America’’, pub-

lished by the Smithsonian Institution in 1862 and purporting

to he ‘‘ proof’’, not only published a figure of the type of coarc-

ata, but also one of ‘‘ a perfect specimen ’’ from the Lea collec-

tion. In this paper he recognized the species as a valid one,

but added to it as synonyms the evilis and lima of Anthony.

In the same paper he also figured the incrassata and gave it

specific rank.

In this final work, ‘‘ Land and Freshwater Shells of North

America, Part III,’’ (1865), he omitted the figures of coarctata

199 THE NAUTILUS.

published in 1852 and gave a new figure of the type, (fig. 108)

and also presented his own description of the form as he under-

stood it, which he illustrated by two figures under one number,

(fig. 106). Both his description and these figures are excellent

and represent a well marked form, which is abundantly found

in the southern states from Alabama to Arkansas. He also re-

tained the synonymy given in 1862.

In this work he referred incrassata to Lithasia and gave a new

and better figure of the type.

In the Conchologia Iconica, (1863), Reeve followed Binney

in uniting coarctata Lea and exilis Anth., but considered lima as

specifically distinct. His figure of coarctata represents exilis and

was drawn from the same specimen figured by Binney, as

Anthony’s type.

In 1869, Dr. James Lewis, (Am. Jour. Con., V, p. 34), from

the examination of a series from the Coosa River in the Wheatley

collection, came to the conclusion that ‘‘all the probabilities of

the case point very strongly to the supposition that the true

coarctata is a young shell from the Coosa River which, when

mature, received the name ponderosa.’’ While expressly refus-

ing ‘‘to decide any question of difference or of identity between

‘nonderosa’ of the Coosa and of the Ohio system of rivers,’’

Dr. Lewis was evidently very strongly inclined to the opinion

that the two forms were specifically distinct. On p. 36, Dr. Lewis

also refers to specimens from Corinth, Miss., in the Wheatley

collection labeled ‘‘ coarctata Lea,’’ which seem to be identical

with the coarctata of Binney and concludes : ‘‘ It is needless to

add that this species is not coarctata; it is one, which in a care-

ful review of this genus, should receive a distinct designation.”’

Apparently, Dr. Lewis has long before come to the same

conclusion, as Binney states that as early as 1862, there were

in the Smithsenian Museum, specimens of his, Binney’s,

coarctata trom Jackson, Miss., labeled ‘‘ compressa Lewis.’’

Dr. Lewis, however, never published any description of his

compressa and, so far as I have been able to ascertain, never re-

ferred to it in any of his writings.

Later, however, in his ‘‘ Fresh-water and Land Shells’’ of

Alabama, (1876), he somewhat modified his opinion. In the

THE NAUTILUS. 123

body of the Catalogue, he lists nolani, coarctatus Lea and incras-

satus as varieties of ponderosus and the coarctatus of Binney as

decisus (coarctate var.) In the appendix, however, he states

that ‘‘it is inferred that coarctata and incrassata are identical

with the shells Mr. Tryon calls nolani’’ and ‘‘if the species

really be distinct from ponderosus, it should receive the name of

coarctata or incrassata, either of which has priority of nolani.’’

He also says ‘‘a slender variety of M. decisa occurring in Big

Prairie Creek has been confounded with the Coosa shell that Mr.

Lea calls coarctata. There are peculiarities of form and color

that should forbid the association of the Prairie Creek shell with

the Coosa River coarctata.”’

Tryon, in his Continuation of Haldeman’s ‘‘ Monograph of

the Fresh-water Univalve Mollusca of the United States,’’

(1870), separated the Coosa River form of ponderosus as a dis-

tinct species under the name of nolant. He gave incrassata

specific rank with decapitata Anth. asa synonym and figured

both, apparently, from the type specimens. He also recog-

nized coarctata as a distinct species with exilis Anth. as a syn-

onym, and thinks ‘‘the Alabama locality (for coarctata) some-

what doubtful.” His figure represents the typical form and

not the courctata of Binney.

In 1886. R. E. Call published an elaborate paper ‘‘On the

Genus Campeloma Rafinesque with a revision of the Species,”’

(Bull. Wash. Coll. Lab., I, pp. 149-165). His treatment of

Lea’s coarctata is very blind. Apparently by some oversight,

he makes no reference to Lea’s coarctata in his synonymy. But

he includes Binney’s (1865) figure of Lea’s type, (Pl. IV, fig.

10), in the figures stated on p. 155 to represent subsolidum Anth.

Why he did not give precedence to Lea’s name, if he intended

to unite the two forms, is difficult to understand.

He refers both incrassata Lea and decapitata Anth. to decisum

as synonyms and adds :

‘* Melantho ( Paludina) coarctata, ex auctores in partim non Lea

( =subsolidum Anthony).’’ Just what this was intended to

mean is perplexing, as he refers Binney’s figures of his coarc-

tata (Pl. iv, figs. 8 and 9), to subsolidum on p. 155. With this

exception, there is no reference to Lea’s species in his paper

save some cursory remarks in his discussion of ama Anth.

124 THE NAUTILUS.

In a later paper, (‘‘ On Geographic and Hypsometric Distribu-

tion of North American Viviparidae,’’? Am. Jour. Sci., xlviii,

1894, pp. 182-141), however, he seems to have adopted Bin-

ney’s conception of coarctata, which he recognizes as a valid

species. In connection with C. subsolidum, he states that ‘‘ to

the south of Missouri, it is replaced by its congener, Campeloma

coarctatum Lea’’. And on p. 187, he says ‘‘over all the

states from Arkansas south to Texas and east to central Ala-

bama ranges a form, to which Mr. Lea gave the name of Camp-

eloma coarctatum. It appears to be most nearly related to Camp-

eloma subsolidum, being related to itas Campeloma lima is related

to Campeloma rufum’”.

From a careful study of a very considerable amount of ma-

terial from Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas

and Missouri collected by Wheeler, H. H. Smith, Hinkley,

Singley and others, including the Lewis collection, I have come

to the conclusion that Dr. Lewis was entirely right in his judg-

ment as to these several forms. Figures 4 to 7 on my plate

are from shells in his collection and no doubt, were considered

by him at the time he prepared his Alabama Catalogue.

Lea’s incrassata is a deformed, depauperate specimen. Mr.

W. B. Marshall of the National Museum has kindly compared

the original of my figure 4 with Lea’s type and writes: ‘‘It is

like Lea’s type of incrassata in practically every detail. Your

shell is a trifle larger’’. Figure 5 is a larger example of the

same kind, less aberrant and connecting up directly with the

typical form. Figure 6 is the typical coarctata of Lea and is

also the normal young shell of Tryon’s nolam. Figure 7 is the

mature form of fig. 6 and the usual manifestation of the Coosa

form known as nolani. It grows larger than that occasionally

and is frequently more inflated. But, on the whole, the Ala-

bama form is differentiated from the typical ponderosum of the

Mississippi system by its more elongated, more cylindrical and

less inflated form. J have seen no specimens that agreed ex-

actly with Tryon’s figure 10. It would seem either to be an

extreme, aberrant example or to have had its peculiarities ex-

aggerated in drawing. But there can be no doubt but that the

three forms described as incrassata Lea, coarctata Lea and nolant

THE NAUTILUS. 125

Tryon are individual variants of the same species. Whether

the Alabama race should be considered simply a variety of the

typical ponderosum of the Mississippi system or be given speci-

fic rank is largely a matter of individual opinion. Dr. Lewis

was evidently, at one time, inclined to consider them specific-

ally distinct, but his latest opinion was, apparently, different.

Personally I am inclined to consider them local races of a com-

mon species.

The name that should be used for the Alabama race presents

an interesting question. Jncrassata and coarctata were not only

described at the same time, but both descriptions were pub-

lished on the same page, incrassata preceding coarctata. If the

rule of priority applies to page precedence, it would be neces-

sary to use Lea’s first name, incrassata. But this would be very

unfortunate ; for the specific type would be an immature, de-

formed and depauperate example. On the other hand, while

the type of coarctata is also a young shell, it is, nevertheless, a

perfectly normal one and represents the species much more cor-

rectly. It is, therefore, very desirable to use that name, if it

can be done without violating the provisions of the International

Code. On referring the question to Dr. Pilsbry, he replies :—

‘‘In this kind of a case, itis held that the first reviser may

select which name may hold. Jordan and some others consider

position on a page as giving ‘‘ precedence,’’ a view which has

been vigorously combated and which has not been supported

by the International Committee on Nomenclature, who hold

that all names on one page, or indeed in one work, were pub-

lished simultaneously (see Opinion 40 of the International Com-

mittee on Nomenclature). Personally I believe in Jordan’s view,

as an artificial precedence is better than no rule. You have,

however, the right to decide either way under the rules’’.

Under this opinion and for the reason above given, I select

‘*coarctata Lea’’ as the name to be used for this form.

The synonymy, therefore, becomes as follows : '

CAMPELOMA PONDEROSUM COARCTATUM (Lea). Pl. V, figs. 4-7.

1843. Paludina coarctata Lea, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., II, p. 248.

1862. Vivipara coarctata W. G. Binney, Desc. Cat., p. 30,

figs. 50-51.

126 THE NAUTILUS.

1865. Melantho coarctata W. G. Binney, L. & F. W. Shells,

III, p. 53, fig. 108.

1869. Melantho coarctata Lewis, Am. Jour. Con., v, p. 34.

1870. Vivipara coarctata Tryon, Mon., p. 32, pl. 15, fig. I.

1876. Vivipara (Melantho) ponderosus coarctatus Lewis, Fauna

of Ala., L. & F. W. Shells, pp. 24 and 40.

1886. Campeloma subsolidum Call, Bull. Wash. Coll. Lab., I,

pl. iv, fig. 10.

1848. Paludina incrassata Lea, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., II, p. 248.

1862. Vivipara incrassata W. G. Binney, Desc. Cat., p. 34,

fig. 58.

1865. Lithasia incrassata W. G. Binney, L. & F. W. Shells,

DTT. p.).65, fie: 165.

1870. Vivipara incrassata Tryon, Mon., p. 29, pl. 15, fig. 7.

1876. Vivipara (Melantho) ponderosus dnataeotiee Lewis, Fauna

of Ala., L. & F. W. Shells, pp. 24 and 40.

1886. Campeloma decisum (part) Call., Bull. Wash. Coll. Lab.,

I, p. 156.

1870. Vivipara nolani Tryon, Mon., p. 25, pl. 12, figs. 10-11.

1876. Vivipara (Melantho) ponderosus nolani Lewis, Fauna of

Ala., L. & F. W. Shells, pp. 24 and 40.

1886. Campeloma ponderosum (part) Call, Bull. Wash. Coll.

Lab.. I, p. 154, pl. ITI, figs. 8-9.

This disposition of Lea’s coarctata necessitates a new name for

the coarctata of Binney. I propose to call it Campeloma lewisit

in memory of Dr. James Lewis, who was the first to recognize

its specific distinctness from Lea’s coarctata.

The synonymy will be as follows :

CAMPELOMA LEwIsII n. n. Pl. V, fig. 3.

1865. Melantho coarctata W. G. Binney, L. & F. W. Shells,

TU ip. b2," fg. LOG.

1869. Melantho sp.? Lewis, Am. Jour. Con., v, p. 36.

1876. Vivipara (Melantho) decisus feonrotat var. ) Lewis,

Fauna of Ala., L. and F. W. Shells, pp. 24 and 41.

1886. Ghee subsolidum (part) Call, Bull. Wash. Coll.

Lab., I, p. 155, pl. iv, figs. 8-9.

1894. Campeloma coarctatum Call, Am. Jour, Sci., xlviii, p.

137.

THE NAUTILUS. 127

Binney’s description of his Melantho coarctata is very apt and

his figures, (fig. 106), are excellent, though smaller than the

species frequently attains in its maximum development. For

this reason and because there is no locality indicated for the

shells figured by Binney, I have chosen as the types a series

from the Yallabusha River, Grenada Miss., collected by Hinkley.

The figured type, apex eroded and with only three whorls re-

maining, measures alt. 38.75, diam. 23.5 mm. I have before

me aspecimen from Village Creek, Hardin Co. Texas, collec-

ted by Singley, which, with only two whorls remaining, meas-

ures alt. 42, diam. 25.5 mm.

Campeloma lewisti is an abundantly distributed species in the

southern states, ranging west from Alabama, through Missis-

sippi and Louisiana, to Texas and north to Missouri and (pos-

sibly) to southern Illinois, (See Baker, Bull. Ills. St. Lab. N.

H., vii, 1906, p. 89). Apparently it flourishes to the best ad-

vantage in the warm waters of the southern rivers as the speci-

mens from Mississippi and Texas are larger and heavier than

those from northern Alabama and Arkansas.

Compared with subsolidum, which it apparently replaces in

the Gulf States, it is a thinner, lighter shell, the spire is usually

more or less flattened and the suture less impressed and the

whorls lack the shoulder, which is usually well marked in sub-

solidum. It is more closely related to decisum but differs in size,

shape and texture, the suture is less impressed, the spire more

produced, the body whorl proportionately longer and the aper-

ture is a more elongated oval.

I have it before me from the following localities : Flint River,

Gurley ; and the Tombigbee River, Demopolis, Ala.; Big Black

River, Durant; Tombigbee River, Columbus ; Tallahatchee

River, Abbeville ; Yallabusha River, Grenada; Pearl River and

Conway’s Slough, Jackson and a branch of the Tangipahoa

River, Pike Co., Miss.; Lake Bisteneau, Bienville, La.: Caddo

Lake and Village Creek, Hardin Co., Texas, Cypress Creek,

Ouachita River and Old River, Arkadelphia ; Big Deciper Creek,

Clark Co.; Cache Creek, Nemo and the St. Francis River, Lake

City, Ark. and ‘‘ Missouri.”’

128 THE NAUTILUS.

POLYGYRA INFLECTA MOBILENSIS NEW VAR.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

A very interesting form of P. inflecta has recently been found

by Mr. L. H. McNeill in Mobile, Ala., and as it seems to be

constant, having been found in two different parts of the City

and on Dauphine Island, I have named it as above.

It differs from the type in being flatter, with the last whorl

less swollen beneath, the teeth small and weak, and in always

having the umbilicus partly uncovered ; white to light-horn-color

but ‘‘ when found the shells are covered with a black, very ad-

herent coating’’.

On Dauphine Island, in the Gulf just at the entrance to

Mobile Bay, Mr. McNeill found dead shells of the same form.

The majority of the shells have about one half whorl less than

the typical form, from Mobile, as shown by measurements

below.

Six examples, the largest to smallest, measure :

Gr. diam, 114, alt., 6 mm. whorls 5

66 66 114, 66 oF 6 6¢ 4

¢ 66 105, a3 54 6 ¢ 41.

6¢ 66 103, 66 5 co 6 4s

66 6c 104 66 5 ce 66 4%

? :

¢ ¢¢ 10, 66 54 66 6¢ 44

Five typical shells from Mobile measure :—

Gr. diam. 1032, alt. 62 mm. whorls 5

6¢ 66 10%, Ge 64 a3 66 5

¢ ¢ 104, 66 6 66 66 5

¢¢ ce 103, 6¢ 6 CS 6 5

ce oc 10 66 61 a4 66 5

)

Types number 7163 of my collection.

THE EARLIEST NOYLICE OF A SPECIES OF THE GENUS GUNDLACHIA.

BY WM. H. DALL.

Rummaging through the volumes of the ‘‘Skrivter’’ of the

Natural History Society of Copenhagen in which Lorenz Spengler

THE NAUTILUS. 129

printed many of his papers toward the end of the 18th century,

I recently came on a little paper by Martin Vahl on a new spe-

cies of Patella. Vahl was a Danish Naturalist who wrote chiefly

on vertebrates, and after whom Morch named the Greenland

species of Lymnea.

It is probable that he was also interested in botany, as he

relates that he found his Patella (in the Linnean sense) on the

blades of a species of the genus Aponogeton from the Hast Indies.

He states that of the Linnean species of Patella, it is nearest to

P. fornicata and porcellana (both now placed in the genus Crep-

idula).

His shell was of about the size of a grain of wheat, horny,

fragile, smooth, with a reticulation of brown lines ; the apex

short, blunt, basal and somewhat incurved; the base with a

transverse horizontal lip less than a quarter of the basal length.

The station of the shell in fresh waters on the blades of Apono-

geton in the East Indies. The shell is not figured, but it seems

certain that nothing but a species of the group called Gundlachia

can correspond to this description, read in 1796, and published

in 1798, in the fourth volume of the Skrivter, part 2, pp. 153-5.

He called the species Patella aponogetonis. It was not until

1849 that Pfeiffer proposed the name Gundlachia for a Cuban

species.

STUDIES IN NAJADES.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

(Continued from page 69. )

CARUNCULINA PARVA (Barnes). (See Ortmann, 1912, p. 338.)

I received a number of specimens from Arkansas through

H. E. Wheeler. Gravid females, with glochidia, were collected

in the Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, Clark County, on May 19

and June 23, 1911. Among many specimens collected in Saline

River, Benton, Saline County, on July 138, 1911, no gravid

130 THE NAUTILUS.

females were present. The same was the case in specimens

from Big Deceiper Creek, Gum Springs, Clark County, collected

September 25, 1911. Of two gravid females collected in Mal-

vern Creek, Malvern, Hot Springs County, June 10, 1912, one

had eggs, the other glochidia. Another female, collected August

9, 1912, by A. A. Hinkley in Big Creek, Solitude, Posey County,

Indiana, was gravid with eggs. As will be remembered, I

found myself gravid females with eggs in Pennsylvania on June

17, 1909.

Thus eggs are known to occur on June 10, June 17 and Au-

gust 9, while glochidia were present on May 19, June 10 and

June 26. These records are rather confusing. It may be that

the beginning of the breeding season is irregular (June to Au-

gust), and that the glochidia are discharged in June, so that the

end and beginning of the season overlap. But this should be

studied more closely.

In the female the inner mantle-edge in front of the branchial

has the following structure: First, immediately in front of the

branchial, there is a group of four to six small papillae with

black base and whitish tips; then follows a slightly lamellar

expansion of the inner edge, which is right in front of those

papillae thickened, so as to form the ‘‘caruncle.’’ This carun-

cle may be white or brownish (chestnut), of various shapes,

cylindro-conical, or pyramidal, or semi-globular, sometimes

somewhat divided. In front of the caruncle the edge is slightly

wavy and disappears soon. The group of small papillae, with

their black base, form a more or less marked black spot, and

sometimes this black color extends forward and backward, for-

ward so as to enclose the base of the caruncle, backward along

the base of the papillae of the branchial. Also in the male the

group of small papillae is present and marked by a black spot,

and in front of this the inner edge is slightly lamellar, but

without a caruncle.

In most of the specimens recently investigated, the supraanal

opening was not closed, but normal, separated from the anal

by a mantle connection a little shorter than the supraanal, but

as long as or slightly longer than the anal. But in one speci-

men from Malvern, a male, the supraanal is undoubtedly

THE NAUTILUS. 131

closed, thus confirming my previous observation in Pennsyl-

vanian specimens; but this character is apparently not constant.

Glochidia subovate, anterior, ventral, and posterior margins

forming a rather regular curve. They are somewhat higher

than long, but not quite so high as in Lea’s figure (Obs. 13,

1874, pl. 21, f. 3). Length, 0.18; height, 0.20 mm.

( To be continued. )

NOTES.

HELIX HORTENSIS FROM A MAINE SHELL HEap.—Dr. Glover

M. Allen, in company with Mr. James F. Porter, while exca-

vating in ashell heap on Great Spruce Head Island, Penobscot

Bay, found Helix hortensis at a depth of from one to two feet

below the surface, associated with bones of the large extinct

mink—WMustela macrodon Prentiss. Although this mink has

probably not been extinct for any great length of time, the asso-

ciation of the two forms is another evidence in support of the

conclusion that the presence of H. hortensis in North America

is in no way associated with its settlement by Europeans. Mr.

Porter also found afresh specimem of H. hortensis near Duck

Harbor, Isle au Haute, Me., anew locality for the species.

—C. W. Jounson.

CACILIOIDES GUNDLACHI (PFR.) IN FLoripa :—In March, 1914

Mr. John B. Henderson sent me two bags of dirt gathered on

the south bank of the Miami River about two miles above Mi-

ami, and in it I found four specimens of the above species.

This may be the species collected by Bartlett in Florida many

years ago and called ‘‘C. acicula’’ by Binney ; Manual, p. 429,

as acicula has never been found there,by recent collectors. Pils-

bry, Manual of Conchology, second series, Vol. XX, p. 48,

states that the shells found by A. D. Brown at Princeton N. J.,

**no doubt imported with West Indian plants,’’ are gundlachi

although Binney recorded them in the Manual as acicula.

—Gero. H. Ciapp.

132 THE NAUTILUS.

BULIMULUS SCHIEDEANUS (PFR.) IN TExas :—In May 1913,

Mr. Walter E. Koch found dead shells of this species near Ter-

lingua, Brewster Co., Texas which are indistinguishable from

Mexican specimens. The largest measures 414x214 mm, with

seven whorls.—Gero. H. CLApp. :

Dr. Ortmann informs us that he has received a letter from Dr.

F. Haas, of the Senckenburg Museum, Frankfurt a. M. He

is in Spain. At the beginning of the war, he was in the High

Pyrenees, and descending into French territory, was seized. All

his belongings were taken from him by the French authorities,

including his collections, and he was finally permitted to pass

over into Spain.

After many hardships, on account of lack of funds, he was at

last taken care of by a branch-plant of an electric company of

his hometown. Heis now there, and hisaddress is: Care of

Sociedad Electro-Quimica, Flix (Tarragona) Spain.

Viviparous Urocopripz—While going over Urocoptids in the

Museum I noticed that Brachypodella (Iiparotes) obesa and sutu-

ralis (Weinl.) are both viviparous. Shells of both species con-

tain young of two or three whorls. You may already know

this, but I do not find it recorded.—W. F. CLrapp, Museum of

Comparative Zoology.

GUNDLACHIA OR NAVICELLA ?—As a supplement to Dr. Dall’s

article on the earliest notice of Gundlachia it may be as well to

mention that on looking over Vahl’s paper I was struck by the

resemblance of his ‘‘ Patella’’ to the genus Navicella. I see

that Tryon (Man. Conch. X) has taken the same view.—H.

A. PILSBRY.

LIBRARY

OF THE

Pe UNIVERSITY OF itt g

- >

> : ? r

THE NAUTILUS, XXVIII. PLATE VI.

1-3, 5. RAMSDEN: CUBAN LAND SHELLS.

4. HENDERSON : MICROCERAMUS LONGUS.

6-8. CLAPP: NEW SPECIES OF VERTIGO.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXVIII. APRIL, 1915. No. 12

ON SOME NEW CUBAN LAND SHELLS.

BY CHARLES T. RAMSDEN.

Among numerous interesting finds in the district of Guanta-

namo during the winter, three very distinct forms are selected

for the following descriptions. Others are being worked up,

and the descriptions will shortly follow.

Urocoptis (ARANGIA) SCOBINATA Torre and Ramsden, n. sp.

Plate vi, figs. 3.

The shell is column-shaped, the upper half tapering to a

rather wide truncation ; waxen white, the base livid hrown

near the lip, both within and externally ; without gloss ; sculp-

tured with thin, delicate rib-strize which are stronger near the

lower suture on each whorl, and are distinctly crimped ; the

irregularities being regular in successive riblets give an appear-

ance of spiral sculpture. The whorls are nearly flat, parted

by a distinctly impressed suture. The upper breach is closed

by a flat, vertical septum, usually concealed by persistence

of part of a whorl above it. The last whorl has a very

prominent carina defining the base, which is slightly con-

vex. The aperture is vertical, irregularly rounded, bluntly

angular at the termination of the keel. Peristome thin, reflected,

adnate for a short distance above. The internal axis bears a

134 THE NAUTILUS.

single smooth median lamella which becomes very much weaker

in the penultimate whorl.

Length 33.5, diameter 6.5 mm; 13 whorls remaining.

Length 31.5, diameter 6.5 mm.

Locality.—Subida a ‘‘ La Hembrita’’, Monte Toro, Guanta-

namo. Type No. 111446 A. N. 8. P., paratypes in collections

of Torre and Ramsden.

This species differs from U. sowerbyana Pfr. in the following

details. The delicate riblets are distinctly crimped, while in

sowerbyana they are even; the basal carina is decidedly more

prominent ; the axial lamella is thinner, and in the penultimate

whorl it is weaker ; the lip is shortly adnate above ; finally the

color of the aperture differs.

The mantle of the animal is black, with white flames widest

at the upper suture, and some small white spots between the

flames. In life it shows through the shell, as in the figure.

The jaw and radula of this species have been examined by

Dr. Pilsbry, who supplies the following notes. The jaw is ex-

tremely thin, composed of about 65 delicate narrow plaits, the

middle ones forming a triangular area of short plaits. Theradula

has about 19.1.19 teeth, shaped like those of U. (Hsochara)

fabreana. Thecentral tooth is very narrow as in Esochara. The

dentition of the subgenus Arangia was not known before, but it

confirms the inferences drawn from the shell as to the general

position of the group. By the greater number of teeth it is more

generalized than the other Cuban subgenera of Urocoptis.

DIPLOPOMA TORREI, n. sp. Plate vi, figs. 1, la.

The shell is scarcely perforate, pupiform, truncate, slightly

more than four whorls remaining in the adult stage; russet

vinaceous or almost white, with some small darker spots dis-

posed in vertical series and upon the subsutural projections.

Sculpture of very low, rather wide, rounded spirals on the

last 2 or 24 whorls, becoming strong at the base and in the

umbilicus of the last whorl ; about seven of these spirals visible

on the penultimate whorl. Vertical sculpture of crowded, fine

rib-striz, which are slightly thickened where they pass over

the spirals. The whorls are moderately convex, broadly ap-

THE NAUTILUS. 135

pressed and irregularly, deeply lacerated above. ‘The aperture is

slightly longer than wide: peristome narrowly reflexed, thin,

fluted, and having a small lobe at the upper extremity.

The operculum shows three whorls and a gray sunken nucleus

externally, the whorls flat and tangentially striate, separated by

a deep narrow suture. The inner face is concave and light

yellow. The edge shows the two layers separated by a very

deep cleft.

Length 15, diam. of last whorl, above the aperture 7 mm. ;

longest axis of aperture outside peristome 6 mm.

Locality.—Ojo de Agua range, between Guantanamo and

Ramon de las Yaguas. Types No. 111445 A. N.S. P., para-

types in Ramsden collection.

This species differs conspicuously from D. architectonicum in

both shell and operculum, but the latter has the very deep peri-

pheral cleft characteristic of the genus. It was a great surprise

to come upon a new species of this group.

Ruytipopoma Touuini, n. sp. PI. vi, fig. 5.

The shell is umbilicate, conic, composed of 44 strongly con-

vex whorls. The summit is somewhat mamillar and distorted,

the first whorl extremely convex, smoothish, next half whorl

narrower. The last two whorls have a sculpture of very irreg-

ular, in part twinned axial laminz which are enlarged at inter-

vals in spiral bands, of which there are about 12 on the last

whorl at the aperture; those on the inner (umbilical) side

crowded, the rest widely spaced and larger, giving the appear-

ance of coarse, low, spiral cords. The suture is irregular by

the unequal prominence of the lamine. The last whorl is

barely free at the aperture. Peristome is simple, not expanded,

but having a small lobe at the sutural extremity.

The operculum lodges lid-like upon the edge of the peris-

tome. It is circular, concave within, flat externally, composed

of about 7 narrow, closely-wound whorls, which are obliquely

striate and parted by a rather deep, narrow suture.

Length 7, diam. 7 mm.

Locality.—Fifteen miles south of Media Luna, on the Pilon

road, collected by O. Tollin. Type no. 111444 A. N.S. P.,

paratypes in coll. Ramsden.

136 THE NAUTILUS.

A species of peculiar form. No other Rhytidopoma (= Cteno-

poma, preoccupied) is of this shape. A slight approach to the

sculpture of A. tollint is seen in R. perspectivwm. In life the

shells are thickly coated with soil. ,

MICROCERAMUS LONGUS, N. SP.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON.

Among a lot of shells recently received from a limestone hill

belonging to the Cubitas range in northern Camaguay Province,

Cuba, is a new Microceramus belonging to the gossei group but

quite distinct from that well-known and widely-distributed

species. It is figured on plate vi, fig. 4. I give the following

diagnosis:

Shell imperforate, turrited, tapering above the tenth whorl

to an entire apex. Nuclear whorls two, ribbed. Opaque cor-

neous brown streaked with wide white patches. Sculptured

with oblique, closely pressed striz, about 50 on lower whorls.

Below and sometimes crossing the suture an irregularly spaced

row of white nodules or bosses, less frequent in upper whorls.

Whorls 15, well rounded in upper series becoming almost flat

on cylindrical portion of shell. Base shows a very faint keel.

Aperture slightly oblique, almost round, with white and very

feebly expanded lip, the converging ends separated by smooth

parietal wall. Axis simple.

Length 14, diam. 3.5 mm.; length ap. 2.75 mm.

Length 12, diam. 4 mm.

Length 10, diam. 3.25 mm.

In the lot received there is but little variation in color or dis-

position of white sutural nodules, but some range in size. The

large number of whorls and the general facies of the shell at

once suggests the Spiroceramus group, but the absence of an

axial lamella precludes it.

Type no. 111447 A. N. S. Phila. ; topotypes in coll. J. B. H.

THE NAUTILUS. 17

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF VERTIGO, WITH

NOTES ON OTHER FORMS.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

VERTIGO ALABAMENSIS n. sp. _ Plate vi, figs. 6, 6a, 60.

The shell is cylindric-oval, perforate, convex, sutures well

impressed, the last whorl somewhat tapering below, bulging

above, and deeply constricted over the palatal folds ; crest well

marked. Lip well reflected, pale brown, and deeply constricted

opposite the upper palatal, simple above the constriction, and

with a strong callous or internal collar running down and con-

necting with the columella. Denticles 7, the parietal high,

sinuous and deeply entering ; angular strong, flat ; upper pal-

atal deep, very high in front and tapering to the rear, lower

palatal very deeply seated, inner end back of the subcolumellar

lamella, both palatals distinctly showing from the outside as

white lines. Columellar lamella strong flat; subcolumellar

bifid, strong ; basal fold distinct, set on the callous collar just

below the subcolumellar lamella.

Length 1.8, diam. 1.0 mm.—Length of aperture 0.69, width

0.63 mm.

‘‘Among rotting leaves in a ravine near junction of North

River with Black Warrior, Tuscaloosa Co., Ala.’’ (H. H.

Smith 1909).

VERTIGO ALABAMENSIS CONECUHENSIS n. subsp. Plate, vi, figs.

45, 4%.

At Evergreen, Conecuh Co., Ala., Mr. Smith found a variety

(No. 9158) which differs from the type in being shorter and

more globose with the teeth less strongly developed and the

basal fold absent in all shells examined. Length 1.53, diam.

1.0mm. Length of aperture 0.58, width .63 mm.

The types of these are in my collection ; paratypes in coll.

A. N.S. Phila.

VERTIGO OSCARIANA Sterki, variety. Plate vi, fig. 8.

This rare species was taken at Evergreen, Conecuh Co., Ala-

bama. The specimens are more transparent than the types,

and a little less strongly striate, but they agree in the characters

of the aperture.

138 THE NAUTILUS.

A NEW SPECIES OF MODIOLARIA FROM BERING SEA.

BY WILLIAM HEALY DALL.

Iredale has selected as type of Musculus Bolten, 1798, the

species Mytilus discors Gmelin, the Musculus of Klein having no

nomenclatorial standing. Therefore the familiar name Modio-

laria becomes a synonym.

In a handful of dry algae sent from the Pribiloff Islands,

Bering Sea, by Mr. G. Dallas Hanna, and profusely in-

habited by the fry of Mytilus edulis, Turtonia minuta and young

Haloconcha reflexa, a number of specimens which seemed un-

duly inflated for young Mytilus were noted. Placed under the

microscope these were recognized as something new, though a

casual glance would hardly have led to their separation.

Musculus phenax n. sp.

Shell small, very solid, inflated, brownish or bluish black,

mytiliform; anterior end very short, but with the beaks extend-

ing slightly in front, attenuated, rounded, compressed below,

with two or three radial impressed sulci; posterior end widen-

ing, rounded, the dorsal margin with an obscure angle about

midway, the base behind the sulci convexly arcuate; the beaks

blunt, inflated, conspicuous; surface polished, with inconspicu-

ous incremental irregularities; interior blackish purple, with a

very strong nymph for the ligament, and three or four denticles

where the external sulci meet the margin. Length 7.7, maxi-

mum breadth 4.5, maximum diameter 4.0 mm.

Habitat. St. George Island, Pribiloff group, Bering Sea,

living among algae, to which the specimens adhere by a strong

byssus. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 271733.

This would certainly be taken for a young Mytilus without

careful examination. The most obvious differences are the

greater inflation; the anterior portion (which is usually pale in

the Mytilus) is dark; the inflated beaks which do not quite

reach the anterior end, and internally the hinge characters. It

agrees with MW. vernicosa Midd. in not forming a byssal net over

the valves.

THE NAUTILUS. 139:

OLIVA LITTERATA, LAMARCK.

BY WM. G. MAZYCK.

In the February Nautilus Mr. Johnson substitutes Conrad’s

name Oliva carolinensis for O. circinata, Marrat, which he had

previously used for this well-known shell, Lamarck’s name

having been pre-occupied by Bolten, overlooking the fact that

Dr. Edmund Ravenel had published the name Oliva sayana

twenty-nine years before Conrad’s description of Dactylina

carolinenis.

The little shelf of books which I dignify with the title of

‘(my Library ’’ furnishes the following facts :

In 1884 Dr. Ravenel published a Catalogue of the Recent

Shells in his Cabinet, on page 19 of which we find these entries :

‘OQ. litterata, Lam. 20 Ceylon.

* OQ. Sayana, South Carolina.

* QO. litterata, Say.

* These shells are certainly distinct, and therefore should be

distinguished by different names. The O. Sayana, sometimes

exceeds 3 inches in length—fine specimens are rare—worn speci-

mens not uncommon on the coast of South Carolina.”’

In 1874 a second edition of this Catalogue was issued and on

page 16 we read :

*¢512 O. litterata, (O. Sayana, Rav.) Sull. 1., 8. C.7’—

a clear indication that he recognized the specific identity of the

shells which he had formerly considered distinct.

I find no further allusion to Ravenel’s name until 1889 when

Dr. Dall mentions it as a synonym of O. litterata Lam., in Blake

Moll., part 2, p. 1383. With these facts before us it appears

that the correct synonymy is

OLIVA SAYANA, Ravenel.

Oliva litterata, Lamarck, Ann. Mus., xvi, p. 315, 1810.

Oliva literata, Say, Am. Conch., pl. 3, 1830.

Oliva sayana, Ravenel, Cat., p. 19, 1834.

Oliva cylindrica, Sowerby, Quar. Jour. Geol., vi, p. 45, 1849,

pars."

1 Fide Johnson.

140 THE NAUTILUS.

Strephona literata, Tuomey & Holmes, Pleioc. Foss. 8. C., p.

140, 1857.

Olivancillaria ( Utriculina) litterata, H. & A. Adams, Gen. i,

p. 141, 1858.

Dactylina carolinensis, Conrad, Pro. Ac. Nat. Sci., p. 563, 1862.

Oliva circinata, Marrat, Thes. Conch., iv. p. 21, 1871.’

Oliva litterata, (O. Sayana, Rav.) Ravenel, Cat., p. 16, 1874.

PLEUROBEMA MISSOURIENSIS MARSH.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

This species was described by the late William A. Marsh in

1901 in THE Navtitus, xv, p. 74. The types were collected by

the late Ellwood Pleas in the Black River near Poplar Bluff,

Butler Co., Mo. It has not as yet been found by any other

collector. It was not figured by the author, and owing to this

fact and the rather unfortunate comparisons with other species

made in the remarks accompanying the description, it has

always been a conundrum to other students of the Unionide.

After Mr. Marsh’s death in 1918, his collection of Unionide

was acquired by Mr. L. S. Frierson and myself. The four

specimens of missouriensis mentioned by Marsh were found and

the type and one other are now in my collection. The other

two belong to Mr. Frierson.

The specimen now figured (pl. V, figs. 1, 2) is marked

‘‘Type’’ on the interior of the right valve.

The examination of these specimens shows that the systematic

position and relationship of the species was misunderstood by

Mr. Marsh.

Missouriensis is not a Pleurobema, but is a Quadrula of the

subrotunda group as defined by Simpson. It has no resem-

blance to P. bigbyense Lea at all. The comparison with P. hart-

manianum Lea is equally fallacious and would seem to have

been based upon a misapprehension of that species, for which,

perhaps, he is not to blame. Hartmanianum is restricted to the

1 Fide Johnson.

THE NAUTILUS. 141

Alabama drainage system, but Simpson states that Lea, him-

self, had identified certain shells from the Clinch River as that

species. This may have been the source of the erroneous com-

parison. At any rate, in the collection of the late Mrs. George

Andrews were shells from the Holston River, which had been

identified by Marsh as hartmanianum, and it seems probable

that it was with such shells that the comparison was made.

These shells are identical with the form that he subsequently

described as Q. beauchampii. Both this species and his Q. an-

drewsw are hardly distinguishable from globata Lea and pilaris

Lea and, indeed, all of these forms, together with leswewrianus

Lea, form a natural group of inosculating races, which may

represent simply a phase of subrotundum Lea. In the French

Broad, Tellico and Hiawassee rivers there is found a form that

is more compressed than typical pilarts and which would seem

to be nearer to lesweurianus. It is with this form that missouri-

ensis is most closely allied and, until a final and authoritative

disposition can be made of the entire group, it must be con-

sidered as the western representative of that very perplexing

aggregation.

STUDIES IN NAJADES.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

(Continued from page 131.)

CARUNCULINA TEXASENSIS (Lea) (See Ortmann, 1912, p. 339).

I have specimens from the Old River of the Ouachita River,

Arkadelphia, Clark Co., Ark., among them gravid females,

collected by H. E. Wheeler on July 17, 1911, which had in

part eggs, in part young glochidia, and females with eggs col-

lected August 20, 1912. L. S. Frierson sent gravid females

with eggs and ripe glochidia, collected August 1, 1912, in

Sabine River, Logansport, De Soto Par., La. Thus also here

the breeding season remains obscure, but conditions might be

the same as in C. parva. A specimen from Logansport, col-

lected Aug. 1, was discharging.

142 THE NAUTILUS.

Soft parts very much like those of C. parva, but the black

spot behind the caruncle is not well marked, but represented

by a black streak, extending along the branchial opening for-

ward to the base of the caruncle, and beyond. Caruncle globu-

lar, subcylindrical, or pear-shaped, brownish or white, and

quite conspicuous upon a black base. In the male, the black

streak may be distinct or obscure, and the caruncle is entirely

missing.

Rest of the anatomy as described previously; in one specimen,

however, the inner lamina of the inner gills was free for only

about one half of the length of the abdominal sac. In all spec-

imens, the supraanal was open.

Glochidia identical with those of C. parva, Length: 0.18.

Height: 0.20 mm.

Carunculina glans (Lea) (see: Lampsilis (Carunculina) glans

Simpson, 1900, p. 565).

A sterile female from the Old River of Ouachita River, Arka-

delphia, Clark Co., Ark., collected by H. E. Wheeler, July 17,

1911.

Inner edge of mantle, from branchial to caruncle, and a little

in front of the latter, with a black streak, this streak, most in-

tense just behind the caruncle, forming an ill-defined black

blotch. Caruncle subcylindrical, brown.

Edge of sterile marsupium dark brown (no dark pigment

seen here in C. parva and texasensis).

MEDIONIDUS conrRaADIcus (Lea). (See Ortmann, 1912, p. 335.)

Only one male and a gravid female were at hand when I de-

scribed the anatomy of this form. Recently I have collected a

large number in North Fork, Holston River, Saltville, Smyth

Co., Va. (September 17, 1912), and in Clinch River, Richland

and Raven, Tazewell Co., Va. (September 20 and 21, 1912),

and preserved the soft parts of six males, two sterile, and six

gravid females. All of the latter have glochidia, but in some

they are immature, thus indicating the beginning of the breed-

ing season early in September.

Soft parts as described, and inner lamina of inner gills always

free, except at anterior end. Marsupium as described, but

THE NAUTILUS. 143

larger in larger specimens. Ovisacs as distinct as in other

forms; their number may go up to 20 and even more. The

marsupium assumes, when larger, the normal, kidney-like

shape, but there is always a considerable part of the gill, at the

posterior end, non-marsupial.

Inner edge of mantle, in front of the branchial, with very

variable papillae. My former description apparently represents

not the normal condition, for in the present material the papillae

are posteriorly (near the branchial) generally very indistinct,

often absent, and only anteriorly there are one, two or three

rather long ones, of subcylindrical shape (but hardly ‘‘hair-

like’’).

Glochidia as described before, almost subspatulate (with

anterior and posterior margins nearly straight and forming an

indistinct angle with the lower margin). They are much

higher than long. Length 0.28, height 0.27 mm. (former

measurements 0.22 x 0.28).

I have seen in none of the specimens from the Holston and

Clinch Rivers a trace of the byssus of the adult shell.

Color of soft parts: whole mantle, and also the gills and pos-

terior part of abdominal sac, suffused with black. Mantle

margin intensely black posteriorly. The charged marsupium

is white, without pigment on the edge, and contrasts strongly

with blackish color of the rest of the gills.

I think Medionidus is a good genus, distinguished by char-

acter of shell and soft parts. The location of the marsupium,

and of the marsupial swelling of the female shell is different

from that of the allied genera (chiefly Eurynia), but also shell

sculpture and papillae of mantle offer good characters.

( To be concluded. )

NOTES.

GONIDEA ANGULATA Lea. Im a letter from Mr. John A. Allen

who has been collecting shells in Oregon, especially about his

home in Oswego, he states, that Gonidea angulata Lea was in

great abundance in the canal which connects Tualatin River

with Oswego Lake, Clackamas Co., Oregon. Only a few young

ones were seen. The Gonidea were well sunk in the gravel,

144 THE NAUTILUS.

probably were obliged to be, to escape being washed out by the

winter floods. Perhaps the juvenile specimens were sunk so as

to be practically invisible. Where the canal passed through

hard clay, the Gonidea live in holes something like Petricola

ploladifornis Lam. ‘‘ I wonder how they made the holes??? The

canal is not for boats, but carries water for power. At most

places it is a trough blasted through rock, and here the Gonidea

are very abundant in the running water ; but it also lives in the

still water of the lake.—E. G. Vanarrta.

A REPAIRED SHELL.—While digging Zrfea gabbi Tryon, at

Anaheim Bay, Cal. recently I took one about 24 inches long

that had repaired a very bad break in its shell. One valve was

whole but the other had been broken from end to end, the break

being nearly straight and not far from the umbones and a piece

of the shell as large as a 25-cent piece was entirely gone from

the lower end of the valve. At the line of the break the pieces

of shell had separated } inch and were fastened together by

new shell nearly to the original outline. The new shell was

somewhat translucent and lacked the characteristic sculpturing

of the shell. In the same bank of red clay I get Pholas pacifica

Stearns, Platyodon cancellatus Conrad, and Schizotherus nuttallit

Conrad.—E. P. Chace.

On the occasion of the dedication of the Mellon Institute of

Industrial Research of the University of Pittsburg, February

26th, the honorary degree of Doctor of Science was conferred

upon Mr. George Hubbard Clapp, president of the board of

trustees of the University.

Dr. Paul Bartsch has been made Curator of Marine Inverte-

brates of the National Museum. As conchologists we hope that

his new responsibilities will not diminish his activities along

molluscan lines.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF A THOUSAND SHELLS, part 2, By Y. Hirase,

Kyoto, Japan, Jan. 1915. The second part of this unique work,

is fully as interesting as the first. It contains 105 excellent

figures making the total for the two parts 200. The author

shows indomitable zeal in promoting the study of Japanese

mollusks. He deserves all the encouragement possible, and we:

wish him success.—C. W. J.

$1.50 ver Year. ($1.62 to Foreign Countries.) 15 cts, a cupy.

i Gots

NAUTILUS

A MONTHLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS.

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS:

H. A. Pitssry, Special Curator of the Department of Mollusca

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

C. W. Jounson, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History.

Vol. XXVIII. APRIL, 1915. No. 12

CONTENTS:

NEw CuBAN LAND SHELLS. By Chas. T. Ramsden . A W133

MICROCERAMUS LONGUS. By John B. Henderson t . 136

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF VERTIGO. By Geo. H. eee 137

A NEW SPECIES OF MODIOLARIA FROM BERING SEA. By Wm.

mo. Dall :. , ; : A ; J ; : ; . 188

OLIVA LITTERATA LAMARCK. By Wm. G. MAZYCK . f . 139

PLEUROBEMA MISSOURIENSIS MARSH. By Bryant Walker. . 140

STUDIES IN NAJADES. By Arnold Ortmann. : ! : . 141

NOTES. , : F : } ; ; ; ‘ , . . 148

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED . A l , : : t . 144

C. W. JOHNSON, Business Manager,

Boston Society of Natural History,

Berkeley Street,

Boston, Mass.

Entered as Second-Class matter at the Boston Post-Nffice

ted o

pie

THE NAUTILUS

FOR SALE,

_ The John Ford Collection which has been held so far as a whole

is now offered by families. The collection is rich in Cypreidz, Volutidze

Muricidae, Conidae, Naticidae, Cyclostomidae, Trochidae, Helicidae, Bulimu-

lidae, Tellinidae, Veneridae, etc , etc. The collection of over 4000 species is noted

forits many large suites showing variation and the generally fine condition of

the specimens. Address

P. J. FORD,

37 Ashford St., Allston, Boston, Mass.

SCARCE FOREIGN SHELLS CHEAP

The following series 25 cents each:

5 Cepolis androsi, 4 Pleurodonte provisoria, 4 Pisania modesta,

5 Cepolis salvadoris, 4 Nassa pagoda, 5 Eupleura nitida,

4 Cerion pepperii, 4 Nassa luteostoma, 2 Turritella banksii,.

4 Pleurodonte marginata var. bornii

G. W. PEPPER,

26 Norwich Ave., Providence, R. I.

FINE LAND SHELLS.

I have in my cabinets at present about ten thousand species of the finest land:

shells, for sale at very moderate prices or will exchange for material I can use.

Send me your list of duplicates. I also have made up collections illustrating

different genera from various parts of the world and covering about 2500 species.

These collections are offered very cheap. About one thousand species of marine

shells at an average price of ten cents per species. Some extra-fine marine just

received. Specimens of unusual beauty.

WALTER F. WEBB,

202 Westminster Road, Rochester, N. Y.

FOR SALE.

On account of failing health and sight, and having no one in my family who is.

interested, 1 feel it is best to sell to the highest bidder, my collection of Land

and Fresh Water Shells. With the collection will go the large 52-drawer black

walnut case, the large U. S. Gov. Medal awarded the collection, also two fine

bound books containing the Binney Smithsonian bulletins and other rare bulle-

tins. For further information address

E. A. REEVES,

South Euclid P. O., Cleveland, Ohio.

Exchange notices not exceeding three lines will be free to subscribers.

as long as space will allow.

OFFERED: Vols. 12, 13 Jour. of Conchology and 250 spe-

cies of shells.

WANTED: Shells and books on Mollusca.

MAXWELL SMITH, Hartsdale, N. Y.

OFFERED: Marine shells of Mexico and California in

exchange for other land, fresh-water and marine shells.

CHAS. L. CASS, Pacific Beach, California.

THE NAUTILUS. lil

Wew Shell Catalogue

We have completed the preparation and publication of the fourth

edition of our complete catalogue of Mollusca. This edition contains

one hundred and twenty-four pages and two hundred and twenty-three

illustrations. Due to the considerable expense of publication, we are

unable to send the catalogue out free of charge. The price of the cata-

logue bound with heavy paper cover is 55c.; bound in paper and inter-

leaved with blank pages, 70c.; and interleaved and cloth bound, 90c.

We will credit the amount paid for catalogue on first order for shells

amounting to five dollars.

Ward’s Natural Science Establishment,

76-104 COLLEGE AVE, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

4 Illustrations of a Thousand Shells.

Nos. 1 and 2 of this work, containing beautiful colored figures of 200 species

has recently been published in Japanese style. Aside from its scientific value,

it also offers a work suitable as a gift to an amateur. Price per number in-

cluding postage, $1.50. Most of the shells figured and many others are for

sale at reasonable prices.

Y. HIRASE, Kyoto, Japan.

NOW READY.

A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades or

Pearly Fresh-Water Mussels.

By CHARLES T. SIMPSON.

The companion volume to the well-known ‘Synopsis of the

Naiades ” by the same author. Contains full descriptions of all the

species in the Synopsis, with critical notes and keys. Also descrip-

tions of all new species described since the publication of the Syn-

opsis with many new species and varieties. The subject is brought

down to January 1, 1913.

One volume of 1540 pages. $10.00, postage prepaid.

Address

BRYANT WALKER,

1306 Dime Bank Building, Detroit , Mich.

1V THE NAUTILUS.

THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Volumes 21 and 22 of the Manual just completed contain a

fully illustrated monograph of the family ACHATINELLIDA.

Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.

Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition, $5.00.

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,

P. 0. Address, GLEN RIDGE, NEW JERSEY, U.S. A.

SOWERBY & FULTON

(Established by G. B. SOWERBY, 1860).

The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in the World.

SPECIMENS SENT ON APPROVAL.

Large Catalogue contains names of 12,000 species.

Small Catalogue (with Prices) Post Free.

SALE. PURCHASE. EXCHANGE.

COLLECTIONS AND SPECIMENS NAMED AND ARRANGED.

SOWERBY & FULTON,

River Side, Kew, near London.

NOTICE.

A new edition of the Naturalists’ Directory has just been published by S. E.

CASSINU, Salem, Mass. This directory is invaluable to naturalists since it

is the means of bringing together students and collectors in all parts of the

world through correspondence. The directory contains an alphabetical list of

English-speaking professional and amateur Naturalists inall parts of the world,

also a list of Scientific Societies and Periodicals. The price of the Directory is

$2.50 in cloth binding, and $2.00 in paper binding. Sent postpaid. As only a

ee Sant ea a has been printed it is advisabie for any one wishing a copy to

order at once.

J. H. HOLMES,

Dealer in Marine Shells, Curios, etc.,

Clearwater, Filia.