http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/eit.2014.95

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2014 • Kuhlmann M.

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Monograph

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE14FE18-E9AB-4C5A-B260-BD9C54464A2A

Revision of the "euryglossiform" species of the Afrotropical bee genus

Scrapter Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 (Hymenoptera:

Apoidea: Colletidae)

Michael KUHLMANN

Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.

E-mail: [email protected]

urn: lsid: zoobank, org: author: B99 AE0ED-FA89-4DFE-A65 8-1C 8DF 3 7F 9FAB

Abstract. The South African endemic bees of the "euryglossiform" species of the genus Scrapter Lepeletier

& Serville, 1828 are revised and illustrated. The species-group is defined for the first time and comprises

20 species, 16 of which are described here as new: Scrapter exiguus sp. nov. §, 8, S. gessorum sp. nov.

5, S. inexpectatus sp. nov. $, S. luteistigma sp. nov. J, 8 , S. minutissimus sp. nov. 8 , S. minutuloides

sp. nov. 5, S. minutus sp. nov. §, S. nanus sp. nov. §, 8, S. nigerrimus sp. nov. §, S. nigritarsis sp. nov.

5, S. papkuilsi sp. nov. $, 8, S. punctatus sp. nov. §, 8, S. pygmaeus sp. nov. $, S. roggeveldi sp. nov.

5 , 8 , S. spinipes sp. nov. $, 8 and S. ulrikae sp. nov. $, 8 ■ For S. acanthophorus Davies, 2005 and

S. sittybon Davies, 2005 the female is here described for the first time. A key to all species is provided.

Key words. Scrapter , bees, South Africa, new species, taxonomy

Kuhlmann M. 2014. Revision of the "euryglossiform" species of the Afrotropical bee genus Scrapter Lepeletier

& Serville, 1828 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Colletidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69. http://dx.doi.

org/10.5852/eit.2014,95

Introduction

The bee genus Scrapter Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1828 currently comprises 43

described species (Eardley & Urban 2010) and is largely restricted to southern Africa with a single

record from Kenya (Davies et al. 2005). The centre of diversity and endemism of Scrapter is the Greater

Cape Floristic Region (GCFR) in the winter rainfall area of western South Africa (Kuhlmann 2009).

Alleged records from Uganda (Munyuli 2013 and previous publications) are based on fabricated data

and have been retracted.

Many Scrapter species seem to be geographically restricted and specialized flower visitors, partly

with short seasonal and daily flight periods, that are easily overlooked (Eardley 1996; Kuhlmann &

Eardley 2012). Intensive collecting in the past ten years has revealed an unexpectedly high number of

undescribed species and new large samples of taxonomically difficult species complexes have become

available (Kuhlmann, unpubl.). This freshly collected material now allows for a critical reevaluation of

previous taxonomic decisions. Eventually, the number of Scrapter species will likely be >100, probably

making it the most speciose bee genus in the GCFR and, thus, an ideal model for studying pollinator

diversification.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

As a group Scrapter is easily identifiable as it is the only hairy colletid bee genus in Africa with two

submarginal cells, but there is a huge intrageneric morphological diversity (Davies & Brothers 2006;

Michener 2007). Scrapter was first revised by Eardley (1996), who recognized 31 species, and later

Davies etal. (2005) and Davies & Brothers (2006) described an additional twelve species and documented

in detail the diverse morphology of the genus. The morphological diversity of Scrapter is also a major

obstacle for a better understanding of intrageneric relationships within the genus. Michener (2007: 17 If)

divided Scrapter in two groups and stated that some of the characters he used are (sub)generic characters

in other bee groups. However, because some Scrapter species combine these characters this makes a

clear definition of groups difficult. These problems can partly be remedied once more specimens and

species become available that allow for a more comprehensive assessment of individual variation and

characters, hopefully leading to a better definition and circumscription of species-groups than previously

possible.

The "euryglossiform" Scrapter are a good example of taxonomic confusion caused by the lack of

sufficient material and highlight the need for further collecting. Differences between species are often

subtle and can only be recognized by comparing series of specimens. Consequently, the few available

specimens of the species-group, although representing different taxa, were initially interpreted as a

single species, S. albitarsis (Friese, 1909) and assigned to the heterogenous S. flavostictus Cockerell,

1934 species-group (Eardley 1996). Three more species of the group were described and relationships

discussed by Davies et al. (2005) based on males only: S. acanthophorus Davies, 2005 (related to S.

albitarsis = S. flavostictus species-group of Eardley (1996)), S. glareus Davies, 2005 (relation unclear,

but resembles S. niger Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 = S. bicolor Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 species-

group of Eardley (1996)) and S. sittybon Davies, 2005 (relation unclear but similar to S. calx Eardley,

1996 (= S.flavostictus species-group) and S. nitidus (Friese, 1909) (= S. nitidus species-group of Eardley

(1996)).

The divergent assignment of the four species to species-groups illustrates the present state of Scrapter

systematics and the need for a comprehensive taxonomic and phylogenetic study including the full

extent of the (undescribed) diversity to identify intrageneric relationships and monophyletic groups.

As a first step towards this goal and based on 954 specimens mainly collected in the last ten years, the

species-group of "euryglossiform" Scrapter is here defined for the first time. Within this group 16 new

species and the females of two other species are described for the first time.

Material and methods

Terminology for the description of species is based on Michener (2007) for general morphology and

for surface sculpturing Harris (1979) is followed. Puncture density is expressed as the relationship

between puncture diameter (d) and the space between them (i), such as i = 1.5 d or i < d. The following

abbreviations were used for morphological structures:

T = metasomal tergum

S = metasomal sternum

B1 = body length

Body length was measured from the vertex to the apex of the body.

Acronyms for collections where specimens are deposited, are as follows:

AMGS = Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa

CUIC = Cornell University Collection, Ithaca, USA

EMUS = Entomological Museum, Utah State University, USA

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

PC YU = Laurence Packer collection of York University, Toronto, Canada

NHML = Natural History Museum, London, UK

RCMK = research collection of Michael Kuhlmann, London, UK

SANC = South African National Collection of Insects, Pretoria, South Africa

ZMHB = Museum far Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin, Germany

Nomenclature of plant names follows Germishuizen & Meyer (2003).

If not given on the labels, coordinates of collecting sites were identified using Microsoft Encarta®

World Atlas (version 10, 2001). Distribution maps are not included in this paper because all species are

only known from a few or even only a single locality.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out using a Leo 1455VP. The backscattered electron

images were taken under low vacuum (variable pressure) of uncoated specimens. In this mode electron-

poor organic material appears darker than electron-rich material (e.g., pins, soil dust particles) consisting

of heavier chemical elements.

The following abbreviations are used for collectors:

KT = K. T im m erma nn

MK = M. Kuhlmann

Results

Class Hexapoda Blainville, 1816

Order Hymenoptera Linnaeus, 1758

Superfamily Apoidea Latreille, 1802

Epifamily Anthophila Latreille, 1804

Family Colletidae Lepeletier, 1841

Subfamily Scraptrinae Ascher & Engel, 2005

Genus Scrapter Lepeletier & Serville, 1828

Scrapter Lepeletier & Serville, 1828: 403 (not Scrapter Lepeletier, 1841: 260). Type species: Scrapter

bicolor Lepeletier and Serville, 1828, by subsequent designation in Vachal (1897: 63). (For later type

designations and confusion with Scrapter Lepeletier, see Michener 1997.)

Polyglossa Friese, 1909: 123. Type species: Polyglossa capensis Friese, 1909, by subsequent designation

in Cockerell (1921: 203). (For a later type designation by Sandhouse, see Michener 1997.)

Strandiella Friese, 1912: 181. Type species: Strandiella longula Friese, 1912 = Scrapter niger Lepeletier

& Serville, 1828, by subsequent designation in Cockerell (1916: 430).

Polyglossa (Parapolyglossa ) Brauns, 1929: 134. Type species: Polyglossa heterodoxa Cockerell, 1921,

by subsequent designation in Sandhouse (1943: 584) (see Michener 1997).

Detailed diagnoses and descriptions of Scrapter were provided by Eardley (1996), Engel (2005), Davies

& Brothers (2006) and Michener (2007), so they are not repeated here. Regarding the availability of

Scrapterini versus Scraptrinae see Ascher & Engel (2006). Scrapter shows an unusual level of intra¬

generic diversity, described in detail by Davies & Brothers (2006), so various authors suggested that

after revision the genus could be split up into several (sub)genera (Engel 2005; Melo & Gon£alves

2005; Michener 2007). The current system of species-groups suggested by Eardley (1996) does not

convincingly reflect this diversity, as it partly contains morphologically heterogenous and presumably

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

paraphyletic species-groups. The S. flavostictus-gro up is an example of such an inhomogeneous

assemblage and includes the first described "euryglossiform" Scrapter, S. albitarsis. This species and its

relatives are here transferred to a new species-group.

The group of ’’euryglossiform” Scrapter

The term "euryglossiform" Scrapter is introduced here for a group of morphologically monotonous

species, including the smallest bees of the genus (3.5-7.0 mm), that are predominantly black, often

with yellow markings on the legs. This species-group can also be referred to as the S. albitarsis- group,

named after the first described species. In their body shape, sparse pilosity, surface sculpture and narrow

groove-like facial fovea they superficially resemble andreniform Euryglossinae. These similarities might

be convergent (Michener 2007: 171) but potentially reflect the presumed sister-group relationship of the

Australian Euryglossinae and Scraptrinae (Almeida & Danforth 2009).

The species of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter are characterized by a) a sulcus-like facial fovea with

an invisible bottom as in Hylaeus (e.g.. Fig. ID), b) basitibial plate of female with simple marginal

carinae, c) body small, without metasomal hair bands in females and most males, and d) membraneous

apicolateral lobes on male S7 (e.g., Fig. 5D), sometimes reduced to small structures, in nine of the 14

species where the males are known. In other Scrapter species these lobes, that are a common feature

in many colletid genera, are only known in a much more reduced form from some species of the S.

nitidus- group. This group also shares the narrow facial fovea and the shape of male genitalia with the

"euryglossiform" Scrapter and might be their closest relatives as Davies et al. (2005) already suggested

in their description of S. acanthophorus.

As relationships of species within the "euryglossiform" Scrapter are not clear, they are listed in

alphabetical order.

Species of ’’euryglossiform" Scrapter

Scrapter acanthophorus Davies, 2005

Figs 1-2

Scrapter acanthophorus Davies, 2005: 153-155, figs 4-8, holotype $ (type locality: Knersvlakte, 30

km north ofVanrhynsdorp, South Africa) (SANC).

Diagnosis

The female of S. acanthophorus is here described for the first time. It can be separated from other

species of this group by the combination of the following characters: clypeus distinctly convex (Fig.

1C-D), foretibia dominantly blackish-brown, stigma brown, apical margins of metasomal terga broadly

brownish translucent, terga between punctures smooth and shiny (Fig. IB). The male is characterized by

an unmodified antenna, hind tibia apically broadened inside forming a spine (Fig. 2E), coarsely but more

sparsely punctate scutum and metasomal terga (Fig. 2C) and the form of S7 (Fig. 2D).

Material examined (25 specimens)

SOUTH AFRICA: 1 §,W. Cape, Knersvlakte, Sukkulent Karoo, 40 km N ofVanrhynsdorp, Farm

Kallcgat, 140 m, 31°07'04" S, 18°55T8" E, 10 Sep. 2003, KT (RCMK); 1 $, W. Cape, Knersvlakte,

Sukkulent Karoo, 30 1cm N of Vanrhynsdorp, 146 m, 31°22'23" S, 18°42'37" E, 22 Aug. 2003, KT

(RCMK); 7 ??, 2 idem, 6 Sep. 2003, KT (RCMK); 2 $$, idem, 11 Sep. 2003, KT (RCMK); 11

??,!(?, idem, 5-6 Sep. 2003, KT (RCMK 6 ? ?, 1 S, NHMF 5 ? ?).

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

Description

Female

Body length. 6.0-6.5 mm

Head. Head wider than long. Integument black except part of mandibles dark reddish-brown. Face

sparsely covered with long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 1C). Clypeus strongly convex with coarse punctation,

Fig. 1. Scrapter acanthophorus Davies, 2005, §. A. Lateral view. B. Metasoma (dorsal view). C. Head.

D. Head (SEM). E. Thorax (dorsal view). F. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm,

SEM: 0.1 mm

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

apically sparse (i = 2-3 d), basally dense (i = 0.5-1 d); surface between punctures apically smooth

and shiny, basally superficially shagreened and slightly matt (Fig. 1C-D). Malar area medially narrow,

almost linear. Ante nn a dorsally blackish-brown, ventrally yellowish-brown.

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures superficially shagreened but shiny;

disc densely (i = 0.5-1.0 d) and coarsely punctate (Fig. 1E-F). Metanotum slightly shorter than basal

area of propodeum, apically with narrow carinate depression (Fig. IF). Propodeum basally finely but

Fig. 2. Scrapter acanthophorus Davies, 2005, S- A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C.

Metasoma (dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. Hind tibia. F. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale bars:

photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

broadly carinate (Fig. IF). Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepisternum and propodeum sparsely

covered with short, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 1A).

Wings. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument black to dark reddish-brown; fore and mid tibia basally with small yellowish spot.

Vestiture greyish-white, scopa greyish-white.

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga broadly translucent yellowish to reddish-brown

(Fig. IB). Discs of T1 and T2 without hair, laterally sparsely covered with long erect greyish-white hair;

following terga with increasingly more and longer hair; T3-T4 basally with a very narrow and sparse

band of very fine, short, erect hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. IB). Prepygidial and

pygidial fimbriae greyish-brown. T1 densely (i = 1 d) but finely punctate, between punctures polished

and shiny; T2-T4 shiny, with dense, fine, superficial punctation; T2-T4 with polished broad apical

tergal depression (Fig. IB).

Male

Body length. 5.2-6.0 mm.

Head. Head slightly wider than long. Integument black, except mandible partly dark reddish-brown.

Face densely covered with long, greyish-white, erect hair. Malar area medially narrow, almost linear.

Antenna dorsally dark brown, ventrally yellowish-brown (Fig. 2A).

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures superficially shagreened but shiny;

disc densely (i = 0.5-1.0 d) and coarsely punctate. Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepisternum

and propodeum covered with long, greyish, erect hair.

Wings. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument black, fore tarsi and inner side of fore tibia yellow, base of mid tibia with small yellow

spot (Fig. 2A). Hind tibia inside apically broadened, with a spine; hind basitarsus medially broadened

(Fig. 2E). Vestiture greyish-white.

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga broadly translucent yellowish to reddish-brown

(Fig. 2C). Discs of T1-T3 without hair, laterally sparsely covered with short, erect greyish-white hair;

following terga with increasingly more and longer hair; T2-T4 basally with a very narrow and sparse

band of very fine, short, erect hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 2C). T1 and

following terga densely (i < 0.5-1 d) but finely punctate, between punctures polished or superficially

sculptured, shiny to slightly matt; terga with broad, polished to superficially sculptured but shiny apical

tergal depression (Fig. 2C). S3 and particularly S4-S5 with long apical hair fringes.

Terminalia. Genitalia (Fig. 2B), S7 (Fig. 2D) and terminal plate of S8 (Fig. 2F) as illustrated.

Distribution

The species is only known from the Knersvlakte, a semi-desert plane in southern Namaqualand.

Floral hosts

Unknown.

Seasonal activity

August-September.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

Scrapter albitarsis (Friese, 1909)

Figs 3- 5

Polyglossa albitarsis Friese, 1909: 87,124, holotype S (type locality: Steinkopf, South Africa) (ZMBH).

Diagnosis

The female of S. albitarsis can be separated from other species of this group by the combination of the

following characters: facial fovea short (Fig. 4A), scutum sparsely punctate, looking almost impunctate

and shiny (Figs 3C-D, 4C-D), mesepisternum strongly reticulate, stigma brown, apical margins of

metasomal terga either black or just very slightly translucent (Fig. 3E-F). The male is characterized

by an unmodified antenna, simple and black hind tibia, hind basitarsus yellowish (Fig. 5A), S7 with

apicolateral lobes and apical emargination broad and shallow (Fig. 5D).

Material examined (370 specimens)

SOUTH AFRICA: 2 33, N. Cape, 2 kmNW ofNieuwoudtville, route to Grasberg, 742 m, 31°21T7" S,

19°05'49" E, 26 Aug. 2006, KT (RCMK); 1 §, Nieuwoudtville, Flower Reserve East, 735 m, 31°21'55"

S, 19°08'52" E, 18 Sep. 2007, MK (NHML); 1 $, 1 $, idem, 5 Sep. 2002, MK (NHML); 2 S3, idem,

11 Sep. 2002, MK (NHML); 1 ?, 2 S3, idem, 12 Sep. 2004, MK (NHML); 1 S, idem, 13 Aug. 2004,

MK (NHML); 10 S3, idem, 19 Aug. 2004, MK (NHML); 1 S, idem, 21 Aug. 2004, MK (NHML); 1

§, 7c?c?, N. Cape, Nieuwoudtville, Flower Reserve, 770 m, 31°22'10" S, 19°08'50" E, 27 Aug. 2006,

KT (RCMK); 1 $, idem, 1 Sep. 2006, KT (NHML); 3 ??, 3 S3, idem, 2 Sep. 2006, KT (RCMK); 1

?, 1 S, idem, 10 Sep. 2006, KT (RCMK); 1 $, idem, 18 Sep. 2006, KT (RCMK); 1 $, idem, 8 Sep.

2007, KT (NHML); 3 S3, idem, 17 Sep. 2007, KT (NHML); 1 $, Nieuwoudtville, Pad Glenlyon to

R27, 740 m, 31°23'24" S, 19°09'06" E, 3 Sep. 2007, on Ruschia sp., KT (NHML); 4 $ $, Knersvlakte,

along Gemsbokrivier-Pad, 120-195 m, 31°23'57" S, 18°54T1" E, 14 Sep. 2007, MK (NHML); 1 S,

N. Cape, Nieuwoudtville, Glen Lyon, Renosterveld, 700 m, 31°24'42" S, 19°09'00" E, 25 Aug. 2006,

KT (RCMK); 2 §§, 1 (?, Gemsbokrivier-Pad, 4.5 km NE of Grootdrif, road side, 170 m, 31°25'54" S,

18°55T6" E, 17 Aug. 2010, MK (NHML); 4 ??, 3 S3, idem, 19 Aug. 2010, MK (NHML); 10

2 S3, idem, 20 Aug. 2010, MK (NHML); 4 ??, idem, 10 Sep. 2010, MK (NHML); 2 $$, 6 S3,

idem, 15 Aug. 2011, MK (NHML); 6 ??, 9 S3, idem, 20 Aug. 2011, MK (NHML); 66 $?, 98 S3,

idem, 9 Aug. 2012, MK (SANC: 10 ??, 10 S3, NHML: 43 $$, 88 S3, RCMK: 13 ??); 5

27 S3, idem, 17 Aug. 2012, MK (NHML); 8 ??, 19 S3, idem, 22 Aug. 2012, MK (NHML); 1 $,

idem, 4 Sep. 2012, MK (RCMK); 4 §§, Knersvlakte, path along Gemsbokrivier, 195 m, 31°26'40" S,

18°56'23" E, 14 Sep. 2007, KT (NHML); 9 $?, idem, 21 Sep. 2007, KT, MK (NHML); 2 $$, idem, 24

Aug. 2008, MK (NHML); 1 3, 15 km SE ofNieuwoudtville, Farm Grootfontein, dolerite hill, 790 m,

31°30'06" S, 19°13'27" E, 11 Sep. 2009, MK (NHML); 1 $, 1 3, 20 Ion S ofNieuwoudtville, Farm

Papkuilsfontein, Fynbos, 680 m, 31°33T6" S, 19°08'31" E, 7 Sep. 2007, MK (NHML); 4 ??, 17 33,

Farm Kanolfontein, 20 km W of Sutherland, road side, 1385 m, 32°24'43" S, 20°27'28" E, 7 Sep. 2012,

MK (RCMK); 3 $ ?, 5 33, Farm De Korn, 40 km SSE of Sutherland, 1300 m, 32°44'34" S, 20°43'06"

E, 8 Sep. 2012, MK (RCMK).

Description

Female

Body length. 4.5—4.8 mm

Head. Head slightly wider than long. Integument black, except part of mandibles dark reddish-

brown. Face sparsely covered with long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 3B). Clypeus almost flat with sparse,

shallow and inconspicuous punctation (i = 2-3 d); surface between punctures apically smooth or only

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

superficially sculptured, shiny, basally more heavily sculptured and matt (Figs 3B, 4A-B). Malar area

medially narrow, a lm ost linear. Ante nn a dorsally blackish-brown, ventrally yellowish-brown.

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures with variable sculpture, from

superficially reticulate and shiny to strongly reticulate and matt; disc very sparsely (i = 3-5 d), finely and

Fig. 3. Scrapter albitarsis (Friese, 1909), §. A. Lateral view. B. Head. C. Thorax (dorsal view). D. Thorax

(dorsal view). E. Metasoma (dorsal view). F. Metasoma (dorsal view). Scale bars: 1 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

shallowly punctate (Figs 3C-D, 4C-D). Metanotum half as long as basal area of propodeum, apically

with indistinct narrow carinate depression (Fig. 4C-D). Propodeum basally without or with very weak

carination (Fig. 4C-D). Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepisternum and propodeum sparsely

covered with short greyish, erect hair (Fig. 3A).

Wings. Yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument black to dark reddish-brown; fore tibia anteriorly in the basal half with a yellowish-

brown spot. Vestiture greyish-white, scopa greyish-white, often dorsally blackish-brown.

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga sometimes narrowly translucent dark reddish-

brown (Fig. 3E-F). Discs of T1 and T2 without hair; following terga with increasingly more and longer

hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 3E-F). Prepygidial and pygidial fimbriae sparse,

greyish-brown. T1 impunctate, ± densely sculptured and matt; following terga usually with stronger

sculpture, sometimes with very fine, dispersed and superficial punctation; T2-T4 with matt, relatively

broad apical tergal depression (Fig. 3E-F).

Male

Body length. 3.8M.7 mm

Head. Head slightly wider than long. Integument black, except mandible partly dark reddish-brown.

Face densely covered with long, greyish-white, erect hair. Malar area medially narrow, almost linear.

Fig. 4. Scrapter albitarsis (Friese, 1909), $, all SEM. A. Head. B. Head. C. Thorax (dorsal view).

D. Thorax (dorsal view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

,ntenna dorsally dark brown, ventrally yellowish-brown except last three flagellar segments completely

brown (Fig. 5A).

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc almost impunctate, strongly reticulate and matt.

Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepisternum and propodeum sparsely covered with long,

greyish, erect hair (Fig. 5A).

Wings. Yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument black, tarsi, fore tibia anteriorly, mid tibia basally and apically and hind tibia apically,

sometimes basally yellow to yellowish-brown (Fig. 5A). Hind tibia unmodified. Vestiture greyish-white.

Fig. 5. Scrapter albitarsis (Friese, 1909), S- A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM).

C. Metasoma (dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. S8, apical end (SEM). F. S8, apical end

(SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga partly translucent dark reddish-brown (Fig. 5C).

Disc of T1 without hair; T2-T4 basally with a broad and dense band of very fine, short, erect, silverish

hair covering about half of the terga; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 5C). Terga

impunctate, heavily sculptured and matt; terga with broad and sculptured apical tergal depression (Fig.

5C). S3-S5 with sparse apical hair fringes.

Terminalia. Genitalia (Fig. 5B), S7 (Fig. 5D) and terminal plate of S8 (Fig. 5E-F) as illustrated.

Distribution

The species is apparently widespread in the South African winter rainfall region from low lying areas

to the mountains.

Floral hosts

Aizoaceae: Galenia sarcophylla , Galenia sp., Ruschia sp.

Seasonal activity

August-September.

Scrapter exiguus sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:ADCF3C72-3BCC-4B21-98FC-7594D0298BCA

Figs 6-7

Diagnosis

The female of S. exiguus sp. nov. can be separated from other species of this group by the combination

of the following characters: supraclypeal area, clypeus (Fig. 6C-D) and mesepisternum shiny, only

partly and superficially reticulate, scutum sparsely punctate, looking almost impunctate and shiny (Fig.

6E-F), stigma brown, apical margins of metasomal terga black (Fig. 6B). The male is characterized

by an unmodified antenna, simple and black hind tibia, hind basitarsus yellowish (Fig. 7A), S7 with

apicolateral lobes and apical emargination narrow and deep (Fig. 7D).

Etymology

The name “exiguus” (lat. small) refers to the small size and the inconspicuous appearance of the species.

Scrapter exiguus sp. nov. was named by the winners of the competition “Build and observe” organized

by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research as part of the Science Year 2012 “Project

Earth: Our Future”. The first prize was awarded to the most original wild bee “hotel” (artifical nesting

site), built by the study group “Tierpark AG” at the grammar school in Nordhorn (NW Germany) and

involved (in alphabetical order) Melina Hages, Ann a Hensen, Theresa Honikel, Marleen Kleinert and

Anna-Lena SteuBloff.

Type material (44 specimens)

Holotype

SOUTH AFRICA: 5, W. Cape, Knersvlakte, Sukkulent Karoo, 30 km N of Vanrhynsdorp, 146 m,

31°22'23" S, 18°42'37" E, 5-6 Sep. 2003, K. Timmermann (SANC).

Paratypes

SOUTH AFRICA: 11 $ $, 2 88, same data as holotype, (SANC 4 $ ?, 1 8, NHML 4 $ $, RCMK 3 ?

1 (?); 1 8, idem, 22 Aug. 2003, KT (NHML); 3 88, idem, 5 Sep. 2003, KT (NHML 1 8, RCMK 2 88)',

2 $ ?, 2 88, idem, 6 Sep. 2003, KT (RCMK); 1 ?, 2 88, idem, 11 Sep. 2003, KT (NHML 1 $, SANC

2 88)', 1 ?, Leliefontein, plain, blue trap, 30.23360° S, 18.16459° E, 7 Sep. 2002, C. Mayer (RCMK);

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

1 §, Remhoogte, plain, white trap, 30.23530° S, 18.16568° E, 23 Sep. 2003, C. Mayer (RCMK); 2 §

W. Cape, Knersvlakte, Sukkulent Karoo, 40 km N of Vanrhynsdorp, Farm Kalkgat, 140 m, 31°07'04"

S, 18°55'18" E, 10 Sep. 2003, KT (RCMK); 2 idem, 14 Sep. 2003, KT (NHML, RCMK); 1 $, 35

km W of Springbok, 29°37' S, 17°3E E, 28 Sep. 1997, MK (RCMK); 1 $, N. Cape, S of Kliphoogte,

466 m, 29°03' S, 17°24' E, 14 Sep. 2011, L. Packer (PCYU); 1 $, N. Cape, 21.6 km E of Springbok,

1006 m, 29°34' S, 18°04' E, 26 Sep. 2011, L. Packer (PCYU); 1 $, Knersvlakte, along Gemsbokrivier-

Pad, 120-195 m, 31°23'57" S, 18°54T1" E, 14 Sep. 2007, MK (RCMK); 1 $, Gemsbokrivier-Pad, 4.5

km NE of Grootdrif, road side, 170 m, 31°25'54" E, 18°55'16" E, 15 Aug. 2011, MK (RCMK); 3

Fig. 6. Scrapter exiguus sp. nov., §. A. Lateral view. B. Metasoma (dorsal view). C. Head. D. Head

(SEM). E. Thorax (dorsal view). F. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1

mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

idem, 20 Aug. 2011, MK (RCMK); 1 §, W. Cape, Farm Kaaps SE of Drif, Knersvlalcte, 31°26'01"

S, 18°47'34" E, 22 Sep. 1999, MK (RCMK); 1 §, Knersvlakte, path along Gemsbokrivier, 195 m,

31°26'40" S, 18°56'23" E, 14 Sep. 2007, KT (RCMK); 3 ??, idem, 21 Sep. 2007, KT (RCMK).

Description

Female

Body length. 4.4M.8 mm

Fig. 7. Scrapter exiguus sp. nov., $. A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C. Metasoma (dorsal

view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

Head. Head slightly wider than long. Integument black, except part of mandibles dark reddish-brown.

Face sparsely covered with long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 6C). Clypeus almost flat with dispersed

large, shallow punctation (i = 1-2 d); surface between punctures apically smooth or only superficially

sculptured, shiny, basally more heavily sculptured and matt (Fig. 6C-D). Malar area medially narrow,

almost linear. Antenna dorsally blackish-brown, ventrally yellowish-brown.

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures smooth or with superficial sculpture,

shiny; disc very sparsely (i = 3-5 d), finely and shallowly punctate (Fig. 6E-F). Metanotum about

3/4 as long as basal area of propodeum, apically with distinct narrow carinate depression (Fig. 6F).

Propodeum basally without carination (Fig. 6F). Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepistemum

and propodeum sparsely covered with short, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 6A).

Wings. Yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument black to dark reddish-brown; fore tibia anteriorly dominantly yellowish-brown.

Vestiture greyish-white, scopa greyish-white, dorsally blackish-brown.

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga sometimes narrowly translucent dark reddish-

brown (Fig. 6B). Discs of T1 and T2 without hair; following terga with increasingly more and longer

hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 6B). Prepygidial and pygidial fimbriae sparse,

yellowish-brown. T1 impunctate, superficially to ± densely sculptured and mostly shiny; following terga

usually with stronger sculpture, sometimes with very fine, dispersed and superficial punctation; T2-T4

with finely sculptured, relatively broad apical tergal depression (Fig. 6B).

Male

Body length. 4.3^1.8 mm

Head. Head slightly wider than long. Integument black, except mandible partly dark reddish-brown.

Face densely covered with long, greyish-white, erect hair. Malar area medially narrow, almost linear.

Antenna dorsally dark brown, ventrally yellowish-brown except last three flagellar segments completely

or largely brown (Fig. 7A).

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc almost impunctate, strongly reticulate and matt.

Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepistemum and propodeum sparsely covered with long,

greyish, erect hair (Fig. 7A).

Wings. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument black, tarsi, fore tibia anteriorly (posteriorly brown), mid and hind tibia basally and

apically yellow to yellowish-brown (Fig. 7A). Hind tibia unmodified. Vestiture greyish-white.

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga partly translucent dark reddish-brown (Fig.

1C). Disc of T1 without hair; T2-T4 basally with a broad and dense band of very fine, short, erect,

silverish hair covering about half of the terga; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 1C).

Terga impunctate, sculptured and slightly matt; terga with broad and slightly sculptured apical tergal

depression (Fig. 1C). S3-S5 with sparse apical hair fringes.

Terminalia. Genitalia (Fig. 7B), S7 (Fig. 7D) and terminal plate of S8 (Fig. 7E) as illustrated.

Distribution

The species is known from a few places across Namaqualand.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

Floral hosts

Aizoaceae: Galenia sarcophylla.

Seasonal activity

August-September.

Scrapter gessorum sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:03602B44-A91A-431C-AlB2-4277EA13643D

Fig. 8

Diagnosis

The female of S. gessorum sp. nov. can be separated from other species of this group by the combination

of the following characters: facial fovea long (Fig. 8D), scutum sparsely punctate, looking almost

impunctate and shiny (Fig. 8E-F), mesepistemum strongly reticulate, stigma brown, apical margins of

metasomal terga black (Fig. 8B). The male is unknown.

Etymology

Named after Friedrichf and Sarah Gess from the Albany Museum in Grahamstown who have done

pioneering research on the bees and aculeate wasps of southern Africa. Their support of my taxonomic

studies on southern African bees is much appreciated.

Type material (2 specimens)

Holotype

SOUTH AFRICA: $, Cape Province, Willowmore / 000368, 33°17' S, 23°28' E, 7 Oct. 1971, C. Jacot-

Guillarmod (identified as Scrapter albitarsis (Friese), det. C.D. Eardley 1995) (AMGS).

Paratype

SOUTH AFRICA: 1 §, Nieuwoudtville, path to farm Glenlyon, 740 m, 31°23'24" S, 19°09'06" E, 7 Sep.

2007, on Ruschia unca , KT (RCMK).

Description

Female

Body length. 4.8 mm

Head. Head slightly wider than long. Integument black, except part of mandibles dark reddish-brown.

Face sparsely covered with long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 8C). Clypeus almost flat with dense large,

shallow punctation (i = 1.5-2.0 d); surface between punctures apically smooth or only superficially

sculptured, shiny, basally more heavily sculptured and matt (Fig. 8C-D). Malar area medially narrow,

almost linear. Ante nn a dorsally blackish-brown, ventrally yellowish-brown.

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures with superficial sculpture, shiny; disc

very sparsely (i = 3-5 d), finely and shallowly punctate (Fig. 8E-F). Metanotum about 3/4 as long as

basal area of propodeum, apically with indistinct, narrow, carinate depression (Fig. 8F). Propodeum

basilaterally with shallow carination (Fig. 8F). Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepistemum and

propodeum sparsely covered with short, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 8A).

Wings. Yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

Legs. Integument black to dark reddish-brown; fore tibia anteriorly dominantly yellowish-brown, mid

tibia basally with small yellow spot (Fig. 8A). Vestiture greyish-white, scopa greyish-white, dorsally

blackish-brown.

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga sometimes narrowly translucent dark reddish-

brown (Fig. 8B). Disc of T1 without hair; following terga with increasingly more and longer hair; apical

tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 8B). Prepygidial and pygidial fimbriae sparse, greyish-brown.

T1 impunctate, superficially sculptured and shiny; following terga with stronger sculpture, partly with

Fig. 8. Scrapter gessorum sp. nov., $. A. Lateral view. B. Metasoma (dorsal view). C. Head. D. Head

(SEM). E. Thorax (dorsal view). F. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

very fine, dispersed and superficial punctation; T2-T4 with finely sculptured, relatively broad apical

tergal depression (Fig. 8B).

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

The species is just known from two localities that are about 450 km apart in the Northern Cape and

Eastern Cape provinces.

Floral hosts

Aizoaceae: Ruschia unca.

Seasonal activity

September-October.

Scrapter glareus Davies, 2005

Fig. 9

Scrapter glareus Davies, 2005: 166-168, figs 27-30, holotype $ (type locality: Knersvlakte, 30 km N

ofVanrhynsdorp, South Africa) (SANC).

Diagnosis

The male of S. glareus can be separated from other species of this group by the combination of the

following characters: antenna unmodified, hind tibia simple and yellow with a brown spot on the back

side, hind basitarsus yellowish (Fig. 9A), form of S7 (Fig. 9D). The female is unknown.

Material examined

No additional material examined.

Description

Male

Body length. 5.6-5.8 mm.

Head. Head slightly wider than long. Integument black, except mandible partly dark reddish-brown.

Face densely covered with long, greyish-white, erect hair. Malar area medially narrow, almost linear.

Antenna dorsally dark brown, ventrally yellowish-brown except last two to three flagellar segments

completely or largely brown.

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc densely but shallowly punctate (i = 1.0-1.5 d), strongly

reticulate and matt. Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepisternum and propodeum sparsely

covered with long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 9A).

Wings. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma yellowish-brown.

Legs. Integument black, tarsi, tibiae and femora apically yellow, tibia posteriorly with large brown spot

(Fig. 9A). Hind tibia unmodified. Vestiture greyish-white.

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga partly translucent dark yellowish to reddish-brown

(Fig. 9C). Disc of T1 without hair; T2-T4 basally with a broad and dense band of very fine, short, erect,

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

silverish hair covering about 2/3 of the terga; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 9C).

Terga impunctate, sculptured and slightly matt; terga with broad and superficially sculptured, shiny

apical tergal depression (Fig. 9C). S3-S5 without distinct apical hair fringes.

Terminalia. Genitalia (Fig. 9B), S7 (Fig. 9D) and terminal plate of S8 (Fig. 9E) as illustrated.

Female

Unknown.

Fig. 9. Scrapter glareus Davies, S- A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C. Metasoma (dorsal

view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

Distribution

The species is only known from the Knersvlakte, a semi-desert plane in southern Namaqualand.

Floral hosts

Unknown.

Seasonal activity

September.

Scrapter inexpectatus sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:30988A75-52DA-4F05-BD24-6AB536CB9C4A

Fig. 10

Diagnosis

The female ofS. inexpectatus sp. nov. can be separated from other species of this group by the combination

of the following characters: supraclypeal area and clypeus very sparsely and finely punctate, strongly

reticulate and matt (Fig. 10C-D), scutum densely and coarsely punctate (Fig. 10E-F), stigma brown,

apical margins of metasomal terga black (Fig. 10B). The male is unknown.

Etymology

The discovery of such an unusual species was unexpected, which is reflected in its name.

Type material (2 specimens)

Holotype

SOUTH AFRICA: $, 21 Ion E of Lambert s Bay, 122 m, 32°08'02" S, 18°30'01" E, 22 Sep. 2001

(identified as S. albitarsis (Friese), det. 2005 GBP Davies) (CUIC).

Paratype

SOUTH AFRICA: 1 $, Sauer, 32°50' S, 18°34' E, 21 Oct. 2008, T.L. Griswold (RCMK).

Description

Female

Body length. 4.6 mm

Head. Head longer than wide. Integument black, except part of mandibles dark reddish-brown. Face

sparsely covered with long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 10C). Clypeus slightly convex with sparse, fine and

shallow punctation (i = 2-3 d); surface between punctures densely sculptured and matt (Fig. 10C-D).

Malar area medially narrow, almost linear. Antenna dorsally blackish-brown, ventrally yellowish-brown.

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures densely reticulate and matt; disc

densely (i = 0.5-1.0 d) and finely punctate (Fig. 10E-F). Metanotum about 2/3 as long as basal area

of propodeum, apically with narrow carinate depression (Fig. 10F). Propodeum basally finely carinate

(Fig. 10F). Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepistemum and propodeum sparsely covered with

short, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 10A).

Wings. Yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument black. Vestiture greyish-white, scopa greyish-brown.

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

Metasoma. Integument black. Discs of T1 and T2 without hair, following terga with very few and

short hairs; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 10B). Prepygidial and pygidial fimbriae

blackish-brown. T1 densely (i = 1 d) but very finely punctate, apically a bit coarser, between punctures

superficially sculptured and slightly matt; on following terga punctation slightly larger and stronger

sculpture; T2-T4 with superficially sculptured and shiny, narrow apical tergal depression (Fig. 10B).

Male

Unknown.

Fig. 10. Scrapter inexpectatus sp. nov., $. A. Lateral view. B. Metasoma (dorsal view). C. Head. D. Head

(SEM). E. Thorax (dorsal view). F. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

Distribution

The species is just known from two sites in the western part of the Western Cape Province.

Floral hosts

Unknown.

Seasonal activity

September-October.

Scrapter luteistigma sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6CECCB95-325C-4E9D-9A17-55FEED5B269F

Figs 11-12

Diagnosis

Both the female and male of S. luteistigma sp. nov. can be separated from all other species of this group

by the bright yellowish stigma (Figs 11A, 12A).

Etymology

Named after the unique bright yellow stigma in the forewing of both males and females.

Type material (77 specimens)

Holotype

SOUTH AFRICA: §, Gemsbokrivier-Pad, 4.5 km NE of Grootdrif, road side, 170 m, 31°25'54" S,

18°55T6" E, 22 Aug. 2012, MK (SANC).

Paratypes

SOUTH AFRICA: 43 $$, same data as holotype (SANC 5 ??, NHML 25 ??, RCMK 13 ??); 1

$, idem, 20 Aug. 2010, MK (NHML); 2 ?$, 1 idem, 15 Aug. 2011, MK (NHML 2 $$, RCMK

1 c ?); 1 ?, idem, 20 Aug. 2011, MK (NHML); 1 idem, 9 Aug. 2012, MK (RCMK); 4 $$, idem,

17 Aug. 2012, MK (RCMK); 15 ??, idem, 4 Sep. 2012, MK (NHML 12 $$, RCMK 3 ??); 6

Knersvlakte, 5 Ion N of Grootdrif, 195 m, 31°26'40" S, 18°56'23" E, 21 Sep. 2007, KT (NHML 2 $ ?,

RCMK 4 $ $); 2 $ ?, idem, 24 Aug. 2008, MK (NHML, RCMK).

Description

Female

Body length. 4.5-5.2 mm.

Head. Head slightly wider than long. Integument black, except part of mandibles dark reddish-brown.

Face sparsely covered with long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 11C). Clypeus slightly convex with sparse fine

and shallow punctation (i = 2-3 d); surface between punctures apically superficial and shiny, basally

distinctly reticulate and matt (Fig. 11C-D). Malar area medially narrow, almost linear. Antenna dorsally

light brown, ventrally yellowish-brown (Fig. 11C).

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures densely reticulate, matt; disc

sparsely (i = 3-5 d) and shallowly punctate (Fig. 11E-F). Metanotum slightly shorter than basal area of

propodeum, apically with narrow carinate depression (Fig. 1 IF). Propodeum broadly but finely carinate

(Fig. 1 IF). Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepisternum and propodeum sparsely covered with

short, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 11 A).

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

Wings. Yellowish-brown; wing venation yellowish-brown, stigma bright yellowish (Fig. 11 A).

Legs. Integument black to dark reddish-brown; fore and mid tibia basally with small yellowish spot.

Vestiture greyish-white, scopa greyish-white.

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga narrowly translucent yellowish to reddish-brown

(Fig. 11B). Discs of T1-T4 without hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 11B).

Fig. 11. Scrapter luteistigma sp. nov., §. A. Lateral view. B. Metasoma (dorsal view). C. Head. D. Head

(SEM). E. Thorax (dorsal view). F. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

Prepygidial and pygidial fimbriae yellowish-brown. Terga impunctate, densely sculptured and matt;

T2-T4 with indistinct, narrow apical tergal depression (Fig. 11B).

Male

Body length. 4. 4-4. 7 mm.

Fig. 12. Scrapter luteistigma sp. nov., S- A. Lateral view. B. Antenna. C. Metasoma (dorsal view). D. S7

(dorsal view, SEM). E. Hind tibia. F. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

Head. Head slightly wider than long. Integument black, except mandible partly dark reddish-brown.

Face densely covered with long, greyish-white, erect hair. Malar area medially narrow, almost linear.

Antennal flagellum bright yellowish-orange, medioapically broadened (Fig. 12B).

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc impunctate, strongly and densely sculptured, completely

matt. Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepisternum and propodeum covered with long, greyish,

erect hair (Fig. 12A).

Wings. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation yellowish-brown, stigma bright yellow (Fig. 12A).

Legs. Integument black, tarsi, tibiae and femora apically yellow, tibia on both sides with darker spots of

variable size (Fig. 12A, E). Hind tibia basally slightly curved, apically broadened and with a dense tuft

of short, white hair on the inside (Fig. 12E). Vestiture greyish-white.

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga narrowly translucent yellowish-brown (Fig. 12C).

T1 medially, T2 densely and following terga successively less covered with short, appressed scale-like

hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 12C). Terga impunctate, densely sculptured and

matt; terga with narrow apical tergal depression (Fig. 12C). S3-S5 without conspicuous apical hair

fringes.

Terminalia. S7 (Fig. 12D) and terminal plate of S8 (Fig. 12F) as illustrated.

Distribution

The species is only known from the type locality in the Knersvlakte, a semi-desert plane in southern

Namaqualand.

Floral hosts

Aizoaceae: Galenia sarcophylla.

Seasonal activity

August-September.

Scrapter minutissimus sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6361FA10-BC8E-4EE6-AD60-3EB7169B380E

Fig. 13

Diagnosis

The male of S. minutissimus sp. nov. can be separated from other species of this group by the combination

of the following characters: antenna unmodified, hind tibia simple and black, hind basitarsus yellowish

(Fig. 13A) and S7 without apicolateral lobes (Fig. 13D). The female is unknown.

Etymology

Named for the very small body size of the species.

Type material (3 specimens)

Holotype

SOUTH AFRICA: c?, Leliefontein, slope, yellow + white trap, 30.22520° S, 18.13572° E, 25 Sep. 2003,

C. Mayer (SANC).

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

Paratypes

SOUTH AFRICA: 1 <f, Leliefontein, plain, white trap, 30.23391° S, 18.16476° E, 7 Sep. 2003, C. Mayer

(RCMK); 1 S, Remhoogte, plain, white trap, 30.23453° S, 18.16499° E, 11 Sep. 2003, C. Mayer (RCMK).

Description

Male

Body length. 3.5—4.3 mm

Fig. 13. Scrapter minutissimus sp. nov., <f. A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C.

Metasoma (dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view), left half missing (SEM). E. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale

bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

Head. Head slightly wider than long. Integument black, except mandible partly dark reddish-brown.

Face densely covered with long, greyish-white, erect hair. Malar area medially narrow, almost linear.

Antenna dorsally dark brown, ventrally yellowish-brown except last two to three flagellar segments

completely or largely brown (Fig. 13A).

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc impunctate, strongly sculptured and matt. Mesoscutum,

scutellum, metanotum, mesepisternum and propodeum sparsely covered with long, greyish, erect hair

(Fig. 13 A).

Wings. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument black, tarsi, fore tibia anteriorly (posteriorly brown), mid and hind tibia basally and

apically yellow to yellowish-brown (Fig. 13A). Hind tibia unmodified. Vestiture greyish-white.

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga partly translucent dark reddish-brown (Fig.

13C). Disc of T1 without hair; T2-T4 basally with a broad and dense band of very fine, short, erect,

silverish hair covering about half of the terga; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 13C).

Terga impunctate, sculptured and matt; terga with narrow and slightly sculptured, shiny apical tergal

depression (Fig. 13C). S3-S5 without distinct apical hair fringes.

Terminalia. Genitalia (Fig. 13B), S7 (Fig. 13D) and terminal plate of S8 (Fig. 13E) as illustrated.

Female

Unknown.

Distribution

The species is only known from the Kamiesberg Mountains.

Floral hosts

Unknown.

Seasonal activity

September.

Scrapter minutuloides sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7C66995E-944D-4AlB-8262-A9071EB85C19

Fig. 14

Diagnosis

The female of A minutuloides sp. nov. can be separated from other species of this group by the combination

of the following characters: head distinctly broader than long, supraclypeal area and clypeus densely

and distinctly punctate, only partly superficially sculptured and matt (Fig. 14C-D), scutum densely but

relatively finely punctate (Fig. 14E-F), stigma brown, apical margins of metasomal terga black, terga

densely and coarsely punctate (Fig. 14B). The male is unknown.

Etymology

Named for the small body size of the species.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

Type material (1 specimen)

Holotype

SOUTH AFRICA: $, W. Cape, Kamiesbergpass, 1077 m, 30°11' S, 17°59' E, 26 Sep. 2011, L. Packer

(RCMK).

Fig. 14. Scrapter minutuloides sp. nov., $. A. Lateral view. B. Metasoma (dorsal view). C. Head. D. Head

(SEM). E. Thorax (dorsal view). F. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

Description

Female

Body length. 4.7 mm

Head. Head wider than long. Integument black, except part of mandibles dark reddish-brown. Face

sparsely covered with long, greyish-brown, erect hair (Fig. 14C). Clypeus strongly convex with coarse

and dense punctation (i = 1.0-1.5 d); surface between punctures mostly smooth and shiny, basally partly

superficially sculptured and less shiny (Fig. 14C-D). Malar area medially narrow, almost linear. Antenna

dorsally blackish-brown, ventrally yellowish-brown (Fig. 14C).

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures superficially reticulate, slightly matt;

disc sparsely (i = 3-5 d) and finely punctate (Fig. 14E-F). Metanotum slightly shorter than basal area of

propodeum, apically with indistinct, narrow carinate depression (Fig. 14F). Propodeum basally finely

but broadly carinate (Fig. 14F). Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepisternum and propodeum

sparsely covered with short, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 14A).

Wings. Brownish; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument black. Vestiture greyish-white, scopa greyish-white, dorsally blackish-brown.

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga partly narrowly translucent dark reddish-brown

(Fig. 14B). Discs of T1 and T2 without hair, following terga with very short but increasingly more and

longer hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 14B). Prepygidial and pygidial fimbriae

blackish-brown. T1 densely (i = 1 d) but very finely punctate, between punctures polished and shiny;

T2-T4 basally superficially sculptured, apically smooth and shiny, with dense (i = 0.5-1.0 d), fine,

superficial punctation; T2-T4 with superficially sculptured, broad apical tergal depression (Fig. 14B).

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

The species is only known from the Kamiesberg Mountains.

Floral hosts

Unknown.

Seasonal activity

September.

Scrapter minutus sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:28AFECA3-0EC5-449D-B850-EEFB3AC29BEA

Fig. 15

Diagnosis

The female of S. minutus sp. nov. can be separated from other species of this group by the combination

of the following characters: head about as long as broad, supraclypeal area and clypeus densely and

distinctly punctate, only partly superficially sculptured and matt (Fig. 15B), scutum densely but

relatively finely punctate, metanotum apicaly without distinct carinate depression (Fig. 15C-D), fore

tibia anteriorly largely yellowish-brown, stigma brown, apical margins of metasomal terga black, terga

densely and coarsely punctate (Fig. 15E). The male is unknown.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

Etymology

Named for the small body size of the species.

Type material (2 specimens)

Holotype

SOUTH AFRICA: $, Hantam Mountains, 30 km N of Calvinia, 880 m, 31°12'09" S, 19°50'04" E, 16

Sep. 2007, K. T imm erm ann (SANC).

Fig. 15. Scrapter minutus sp. nov., $. A. Lateral view. B. Head (SEM). C. Thorax (dorsal view). D.

Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). E. Metasoma (dorsal view). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

Paratype

SOUTH AFRICA: 1 ?, same data as holotype (RCMK).

Description

Female

Body length. 4.9 mm

Head. Head about as broad as long. Integument black, except part of mandibles dark reddish-brown.

Face sparsely covered with long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 15A). Clypeus convex with coarse and dense

punctation (i = 1-2 d); surface between punctures apically smooth and shiny, basally superficially

sculptured and less shiny (Fig. 15B). Malar area medially narrow, almost linear. Antenna dorsally

blackish-brown, ventrally yellowish-brown.

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures superficially reticulate but shiny; disc

densely (i = 1.0-1.5 d) and finely punctate (Fig. 15C-D). Metanotum slightly shorter than basal area

of propodeum, apically with indistinct narrow carinate depression (Fig. 15D). Propodeum basally only

laterally finely carinate (Fig. 15D). Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepisternum and propodeum

sparsely covered with short, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 15A).

Wings. Yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument black to dark reddish-brown; fore tibia basally with large yellowish spot (Fig. 15A).

Vestiture greyish-white, scopa greyish-brown.

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga partly narrowly translucent dark reddish-brown

(Fig. 15E). Discs of T1 and T2 without hair, following terga with very short but increasingly more

and longer hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 15E). Prepygidial and pygidial

fimbriae greyish-brown. T1 densely (i = 1.0-1.5 d) but very finely punctate, between punctures basally

superficially sculptured, apically polished and shiny; T2-T4 basally superficially sculptured, apically

smooth and shiny, with dense (i = 1.0-1.5 d), fine, superficial punctation; T2-T4 with smooth and shiny,

broad apical tergal depression (Fig. 15E).

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

The species is only known from the Hantam Mountains.

Floral hosts

Unknown.

Seasonal activity

September.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

Scrapter nanus sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9C2CAC47-4239-49B3-B7Bl-DB8D2A0B780C

Figs 16-17

Diagnosis

The female of S. nanus sp. nov. can be separated from other species of this group by the combination

of the following characters: head distinctly broader than long, supraclypeal area and clypeus densely

and distinctly punctate, mostly finely sculptured and matt (Fig. 16C-D), scutum densely but relatively

finely punctate, metanotum apicaly without distinct carinate depression (Fig. 15C-D), stigma brown,

apical margins of metasomal terga black, terga densely and coarsely punctate (Fig. 16B). The male is

characterized by an unmodified antenna, simple and black hind tibia and hind basitarsus (Fig. 17A),

almost hairless, punctured and between punctures strongly sculptured abdominal terga (Fig. 17C, E) and

form of S7 (Fig. 17D).

Etymology

Named for the small body size of the species.

Type material (172 specimens)

Holotype

SOUTH AFRICA: 3, 12 km NW of Nieuwoudtville, Farm Avontuur, Fynbos, 770 m, 31°16T8" S,

19°02'55" E, 16 Aug. 2011, M. Kuhlmann (SANC).

Paratypes

SOUTH AFRICA: 13 ??, 2 33, same data as holotype (SANC 13 ??, RCMK 2 33)', 2 $$, idem,

19 Sep. 2009, MK (RCMK); 2 $ ?, 2 33, idem, 13 Aug. 2010, MK (NHML 2 $ $, 1 3, RCMK 1 3); 2

idem, 25 Aug. 2010, MK (NHML); 3 ??, 3 33, idem, 17 Aug. 2011, H. Erhardt (SANC); 2

idem, 29 Aug. 2011, H. Erhardt (SANC); 2 $ $, idem, 4 Sep. 2011, H. Erhardt (SANC); 17 ? ?, 16 33,

idem, 18 Aug. 2012, MK (RCMK); 3 $?, 1 3, idem, 24 Aug. 2012, MK (RCMK); 1 ?, 2 S3, idem, 3

Sep. 2012, MK (RCMK); 3 $ ?, idem, 5 Sep. 2012, H. Erhardt (RCMK); 4 $ $, 1 3, N. Cape, Fynbos,

15 kmNW of Nieuwoudtville, near Farm Engelsepunt, 843 m, 31°14'08" S, 18°58'23" E, 13 Sep. 2003,

KT (NHML); 4 $?, idem, 23 Sep. 2003, KT (NHML); 1 $, 1 3, N. Cape, Fynbos, 15 Ion NW of

Nieuwoudtville, Farm Engelsepunt, 830 m, 31°14'31" S, 18°59'08" E, 22 Jul. 2003, KT (NHML); 2

idem, 23 Jul. 2003, KT (NHML); 1 3, idem, 26 Jul. 2003, KT (NHML); 1 $, 11 33, idem, 6 Aug.

2003, KT (NHML); 2 $ ?, 12 33, idem, 7 Aug. 2003, KT (NHML); 7 ? 4 33, idem, 27 Aug. 2003,

KT (NHML); 5 $ ?, idem, 28 Aug. 2003, KT (NHML); 1 $, idem, 24 Sep. 2003, KT (NHML); 3 $ 2

33, idem, 27-29 Aug. 2003, KT (NHML); 1 5, Gemsbokrivier-Pad, 4.5 km NE of Grootdrif, road side,

170 m, 31°25'54" S, 18°55T6" E, 17 Aug. 2012, MK (RCMK); 1 3, 20 Ion S of Nieuwoudtville, Farm

Papkuilsfontein, Fynbos, 680 m, 31°33’16 M S, 19°08’31 M E, 27 Aug. 2012, MK (RCMK); 10 $$, 11 33,

Ouberg Pass, 27 km SE of Vanrhynsdorp, Fynbos, 380 m, 31°48'07" S, 18°55'00" E, 8 Aug. 2012, MK

(RCMK); 2 $ $, 1 3, idem, 13 Aug. 2012, MK (RCMK); 2 $ $, 1 3, idem, 23 Aug. 2012, MK (RCMK);

4 $$, idem, 30 Aug. 2012, MK (RCMK).

Description

Female

Body length. 4.5—4.8 mm.

Head. Head slightly wider than long. Integument black, except part of mandibles dark reddish-brown.

Face sparsely covered with long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 16C). Clypeus convex with coarse and dense

punctation (i = 1-2 d); surface between punctures apically superficially sculptured and shiny, basally

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

denser and slightly matt (Fig. 16C-D). Malar area medially narrow, almost linear. Antenna dorsally

blackish-brown, ventrally yellowish-brown.

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures superficially reticulate and slightly

matt; disc densely (i = 1.5-2.0 d) and finely punctate (Fig. 16E-F). Metanotum slightly shorter than basal

area of propodeum, apically with broad carinate depression (Fig. 16F). Propodeum basally distinctly

and broadly carinate (Fig. 16F). Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepisternum and propodeum

sparsely covered with short, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 16A).

Fig. 16. Scrapter nanus sp. nov., §. A. Lateral view. B. Metasoma (dorsal view). C. Head. D. Head

(SEM). E. Thorax (dorsal view). F. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

Wings. Slightly brownish; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument black to dark reddish-brown; fore tibia basally with small yellowish spot. Vestiture

greyish-white, scopa greyish-white, dorsally blackish-brown.

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga partly narrowly translucent dark reddish-brown

(Fig. 16B). Discs of T1 and T2 without hair, following terga with very short but increasingly more and

Fig. 17. Scrapter nanus sp. nov., <f. A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C. Metasoma

(dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. Metasoma (dorsal view). F. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale

bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

longer hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 16B). Prepygidial and pygidial fimbriae

blackish-brown. T1 densely (i = 0.5-1.0 d) but very finely punctate, between punctures superficially

sculptured but shiny; T2-T4 superficially sculptured, with dense (i = 0.5-1.0 d) but slightly coarser,

superficial punctation; T2-T4 with superficially sculptured but shiny, broad apical tergal depression

(Fig. 16B).

Male

Body length. 4.3—4.7 mm.

Head. Head slightly wider than long. Integument black, except mandible partly dark reddish-brown.

Face densely covered with long, greyish-white, erect hair. Malar area medially narrow, almost linear.

Antenna dorsally dark brown, ventrally yellowish-brown except last three flagellar segments completely

brown (Fig. 17A).

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures densely reticulate and matt; disc

sparsely (i = 2-3 d) and finely punctate. Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepistemum and

propodeum covered with long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 17A).

Wings. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument black, fore tibia anteriorly yellow, base of mid tibia with small yellow spot (Fig. 17A).

Hind tibia apicomedially slightly swollen (Fig. 17A). Vestiture greyish-white.

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga partly narrowly translucent dark reddish-brown

(Fig. 17C, E). Discs of T1-T3 without hair, following terga with sparse and short but successively

more and longer hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 17C, E). T1 and following terga

densely (i < 0.5-1 d), coarsely and irregularly punctate and strongly sculptured, matt; T2-T4 with broad,

superficially sculptured but shiny apical tergal depression (Fig. 17C, E). S3 and particularly S4-S5 with

long apical hair fringes.

Terminalia. Genitalia (Fig. 17B), S7 (Fig. 17D) and terminal plate of S8 (Fig. 17F) as illustrated.

Distribution

With one exception the species has only been found on sandy soils in Fynbos of the wider Nieuwoudtville

area.

Floral hosts

Brassicaceae: white and blue Heliophila spp.

Seasonal activity

July-September.

Scrapter nigerrimus sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:55572B21-F7E9-48Al-AFBF-36EE912ElDlF

Fig. 18

Diagnosis

The female of S. nigerrimus sp. nov. can be separated from other species of this group by the combination

of the following characters: supraclypeal area and clypeus densely and distinctly punctate, mostly smooth

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

and shiny (Fig. 18C-D), scutum densely and coarsely punctate (Fig. 18E-F), stigma brown, apical

margins of metasomal terga black, terga finely and densely punctate (Fig. 18B). The male is unknown.

Etymology

Named for the completely black body of the species.

Fig. 18. Scrapter nigerrimus sp. nov., $. A. Lateral view. B. Metasoma (dorsal view). C. Head. D. Head

(SEM). E. Thorax (dorsal view). F. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

Type material (1 specimen examined)

Holotype

SOUTH AFRICA: $, W. Cape, Woodlot, nearby, 193 m, 33°56' S, 18°24' E, 20 Sep. 2011, L. Packer

(RCMK).

Description

Female

Body length. 5.5 in in

Head. Head wider than long. Integument black, except part of mandibles dark reddish-brown. Face

sparsely covered with long, greyish to blackish, erect hair (Fig. 18C). Clypeus strongly convex with

coarse and dense punctation (i = 1-2 d); surface between punctures smooth and shiny (Fig. 18C-D).

Malar area medially narrow, almost linear. Antenna dorsally blackish-brown, ventrally yellowish-brown.

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures superficially reticulate but shiny;

disc densely (i = 0.5-1.0 d) and finely punctate (Fig. 18E-F). Metanotum about as long as basal area

of propodeum, apically with broad carinate depression (Fig. 18F). Propodeum basally shallowly but

broadly carinate (Fig. 18F). Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepisternum and propodeum

sparsely covered with short, greyish to blackish, erect hair (Fig. 18A).

Wings. Brownish; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument black. Vestiture greyish to blackish, scopa blackish-brown.

Metasoma. Integument black (Fig. 18B). Discs of T1-T3 without hair, following terga with sparse and

very short but increasingly more and longer hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 18B).

Prepygidial and pygidial fimbriae missing (rubbed off?). Terga densely (i = 0.5-1 d) but finely punctate,

between punctures polished and shiny; apical tergal margins hardly depressed and punctate-like discs

(Fig. 18B).

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

The species is known from the type locality on the Cape Peninsula near Cape Town.

Floral hosts

Unknown.

Seasonal activity

September.

Scrapter nigritarsis sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:683368CE-FDA0-4A33-9BF9-3667D13AAF54

Figs 19-20

Diagnosis

The female of S. nigritarsis sp. nov. can be separated from other species of this group by the combination

of the following characters: supraclypeal area and clypeus sparsely but distinctly punctate, mostly finely

sculptured and slightly matt (Fig. 19C-D), scutum sparsely but relatively coarsely punctate, basal area

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

of propodeum basally largely carinate (Fig. 19B), stigma brown, apical margins of metasomal terga

black or only slightly brownish translucent, terga impunctate (Fig. 19E). The male is characterized by

an unmodified antenna, simple and black hind tibia and hind basitarsus (Fig. 20A), almost hairless and

impunctate abdominal terga (Fig. 20C) and form of S7 (Fig. 20D).

Etymology

Named for the black tarsi of the females.

Fig. 19. Scrapter nigritarsis sp. nov., $. A. Lateral view. B. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). C. Head. D.

Head (SEM). E. Metasoma (dorsal view). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

Type material (2 specimens examined)

Holotype

SOUTH AFRICA: S, Worcester, Cape Province, 33°38’ S, 19°26’ E, Sept. 1928, RE. Turner (NHML),

(identified as Scrapter albitarsis (Friese), C.D. Eardley det. 1995).

Paratype

SOUTH AFRICA: 1 §, same data as holotype (NHML) (identified as Scrapter albitarsis (Friese), C.D.

Eardley det. 1995).

Description

Female

Body length. 4.5 mm.

Head. Head slightly wider than long. Integument black, except part of mandibles dark reddish-brown.

Face sparsely covered with long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 19C). Clypeus almost flat with dispersed

large, shallow punctation (i = 1-2 d); surface between punctures apically smooth or only superficially

sculptured, shiny, basally more heavily sculptured and matt (Fig. 19C-D). Malar area medially narrow,

almost linear. Ante nn a dorsally blackish-brown, ventrally yellowish-brown.

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures strongly reticulate, matt; disc sparsely

(i = 2-3 d), finely and shallowly punctate (Fig. 19B). Metanotum about half as long as basal area

of propodeum, apically with distinct, narrow carinate depression (Fig. 19B). Propodeum with distinct

carination covering more than half of the basal area (Fig. 19B). Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum,

mesepistemum and propodeum sparsely covered with short, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 19A).

Wings. Yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument black to dark reddish-brown; fore tibia basally with small yellow spot. Vestiture

greyish-white, scopa greyish-white, dorsally blackish-brown.

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga sometimes narrowly translucent dark reddish-

brown (Fig. 19E). Discs of T1 and T2 without hair; following terga with sparse and short but increasingly

more and longer hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 19E). Prepygidial and pygidial

fimbriae very sparse, brownish. Terga impunctate, superficially and ± densely sculptured, mostly shiny;

T2-T4 with finely sculptured, narrow and indistinct apical tergal depression (Fig. 19E).

Male

Body length. 4.4 mm

Head. Head slightly wider than long. Integument black, except mandible partly dark reddish-brown.

Face densely covered with long, greyish-white, erect hair. Malar area medially narrow, almost linear.

Antenna dorsally dark brown, ventrally dark orange-brown (Fig. 20A).

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc impunctate, strongly sculptured and matt. Mesoscutum,

scutellum, metanotum, mesepistemum and propodeum sparsely covered with long, greyish, erect hair

(Fig. 20A).

Wings. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument black to dark reddish-brown; fore tibia anteriorly dominantly yellow to yellowish-

brown (Fig. 20A). Hind tibia unmodified. Vestiture greyish-white.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga partly translucent yellowish to dark reddish-

brown (Fig. 20C). Disc of T1 without hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 20C).

Terga impunctate, sculptured and slightly matt; terga with broad and superficially sculptured, more

shiny apical tergal depression (Fig. 20C). S3-S5 without distinct apical hair fringes.

Terminally. Genitalia (Fig. 20B), S7 (Fig. 20D) and terminal plate of S8 (Fig. 20E) as illustrated.

Fig. 20. Scrapter nigritarsis sp. nov., $. A. Tateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C. Metasoma

(dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

Distribution

The species is known from the type locality around Worcester.

Floral hosts

Unknown.

Seasonal activity

September.

Scrapter papkuilsi sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:08F5003E-4ECD-4C7D-9756-010E4D626720

Figs 21-22

Diagnosis

The female of S. papkuilsi sp. nov. can be separated from other species of this group by the combination

of the following characters: head about as long as broad, supraclypeal area and clypeus densely and

distinctly punctate, only partly superficially sculptured and matt (Fig. 2 IB), scutum densely but relatively

finely punctate, metanotum apicaly with carinate depression (Fig. 21C-F), stigma brown, apical margins

of metasomal terga black, terga densely and coarsely punctate (Fig. 21G-H). The male is characterized

by an unmodified antenna, hind tibia apically broadened inside and pointed (Fig. 22E), relatively finely

but densely punctate scutum and metasomal terga (Fig. 22C) and the form of S7 (Fig. 22D).

Etymology

Named after Farm Papkuilsfontein south of the town of Nieuwoudtville, where most of the specimens

were collected.

Type material (107 specimens examined)

Holotype

SOUTH AFRICA: 3, 20 km S of Nieuwoudtville, Farm Papkuilsfontein, Fynbos, 680 m, 31°33T6" S,

19°08'31" E, 27 Aug. 2012, 27 Aug. 2012, M. Kuhlmann (SANC).

Paratypes

SOUTH AFRICA: 2 ? $, 38 33, same data as holotype (SANC 5 33, NHML 22 33, RCMK 2 $

11 33); 8 ??, 1 3, idem, 7 Sep. 2007, MK (RCMK); 2 $$, idem, 9 Sep. 2007, KT (RCMK); 1 ?,

13 33, idem, 15 Aug. 2010, MK (NHML); 21 S3, idem, 11 Aug. 2011, MK (NHML); 1 3, idem, 7

Sep. 2007, MK (EMUS); 1 $, idem, 9 Sep. 2007, KT (EMUS); 4 $ $, N. Cape, Fynbos, 15 Ion NW of

Nieuwoudtville, Farm Engelsepunt, 830 m, 31°14'31" S, 18°59'08" E, 24 Sep. 2003, KT (RCMK); 1 §,

idem, 6 Oct. 2003, KT (RCMK); l 12 km NW of Nieuwoudtville, Farm Avontuur, Fynbos, 770 m,

31°16T8" S, 19°02'55" E, 25 Aug. 2010, MK (RCMK); 1 3, Ouberg Pass, 27 Ion SE of Vanrhynsdorp,

Fynbos, 380 m, 31°48'07" S, 18°55'00" E, 9 Aug. 2011, MK (RCMK); 2 $$, idem, 8 Aug. 2012, MK

(RCMK); 1 ?, 1 3, idem, 13 Aug. 2012, MK (RCMK); 2 $ $, 3 33, idem, 23 Aug. 2012, MK (SANC

1 5, NHML 1 $, RCMK 3 33); 2 ??, idem, 30 Aug. 2012, MK (SANC 1 §, NHML 1 ?).

Description

Female

Body length. 4.5-5.1 mm

Head. Head about as wide as long. Integument black, except part of mandibles dark reddish-brown.

Face sparsely covered with long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 21 A). Clypeus slightly convex with coarse

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

Fig. 21. Scrapter papkuilsi sp. nov., §. A. Lateral view. B. Head (SEM). C. Thorax (dorsal view). D.

Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). E. Thorax (dorsal view). F. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). G. Metasoma

(dorsal view). H. Metasoma (dorsal view). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

and dense punctation (i = 1-2 d); surface between punctures apically superficially sculptured and shiny,

basally densely sculptured and matt (Fig. 2 IB). Malar area medially narrow, almost linear. Antenna

dorsally blackish-brown, ventrally yellowish-brown.

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures to a variable degree but densely

reticulate, mostly matt; disc densely (i = 0.5-2.0 d) and finely punctate (Fig. 21C-F). Metanotum

slightly shorter than basal area of propodeum, apically with narrow carinate depression (Fig. 2 ID, F).

Propodeum basally shallowly but broadly carinate (Fig. 2 ID, F). Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum,

mesepistemum and propodeum sparsely covered with short greyish to brownish, erect hair (Fig. 21 A).

Wings. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument black to dark reddish-brown; fore tibia basally with yellowish spot of variable size.

Vestiture greyish to brownish, scopa greyish-brown.

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga partly narrowly translucent dark reddish-brown

(Fig. 21G-H). Disc of T1 without hair; following terga with sparse and very short but increasingly more

and longer hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 21G-H). Prepygidial and pygidial

fimbriae blackish-brown. T1 to a variable extend densely (i = 0.5-1.0 d) and very finely punctate,

between punctures superficially sculptured but shiny; T2-T4 superficially sculptured, shiny, with dense,

very fine to fine, superficial to distinct punctation; T2-T4 with superficially sculptured, broad apical

tergal depression (Fig. 21G-H).

Male

Body length. 4.6-5.0 mm.

Head. Head slightly wider than long. Integument black, except mandible partly dark reddish-brown.

Face densely covered with long, greyish-white, erect hair. Malar area medially narrow, almost linear.

Antenna dorsally dark brown, ventrally yellowish-brown (Fig. 22A).

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures superficially reticulate, slightly matt;

disc densely (i = 1-2 d) and finely punctate. Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepistemum and

propodeum covered with long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 22A).

Wings. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument black, fore tibia anteriorly yellow, base of mid tibia with small yellow spot (Fig. 22A).

Hind tibia inside apically broadened, rectangular or with a short spine (Fig. 22E). Vestiture greyish-

white.

Metasoma. Integument black (Fig. 22C). Discs of T1-T2 without hair; following terga with sparse and

very short but increasingly more and longer hair; T3 and sometimes T2 and T4 basally with a medially

very narrow, laterally wider, sparse band of very fine, short, erect silvery hair; apical tergal hair bands

missing on all terga (Fig. 22C). T1 and following terga densely (i < 0.5-1 d), very finely and irregularly

punctate, between punctures sculptured and matt; terga with narrow, superficially sculptured but shiny

apical tergal depression (Fig. 22C). S3 and particularly S4-S5 with sparse, long apical hair fringes.

Terminalia. Genitalia (Fig. 22B), S7 (Fig. 22D) and terminal plate of S8 (Fig. 22F) as illustrated.

Distribution

The species has only been found on sandy soils in Fynbos of the wider Nieuwoudtvulle area.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

Floral hosts

Brassicaceae: white and blue Heliophila sp.

Seasonal activity

August-October.

Fig. 22. Scrapterpapkuilsi sp. nov., $. A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C. Metasoma

(dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. Hind tibia. F. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1

mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

Scrapterpunctatus sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4C655519-A4FA-450E-8F66-940B66C9B5BA

Figs 23-24

Diagnosis

The female of S. punctatus sp. nov. can be separated from other species of this group by the combination

of the following characters: supraclypeal area and clypeus densely and distinctly punctate, shiny,

only partly superficially sculptured (Fig. 23B), scutum densely and coarsely punctate, basal area of

propodeum medially only slightly longer than metanotum (Fig. 23C-D), stigma brown, apical margins

of metasomal terga partly and narrowly brownish translucent, terga densely and coarsely punctate (Fig.

23E). The male can be separated from all other species of this group by its very long antenna with the

last flagellar segment being about as twice as long as wide (Fig. 24E).

Etymology

Named for the distinct punctation of the scutum and metasomal terga of the species.

Type material (7 specimens examined)

Holotype

SOUTH AFRICA: $, Witwater, slope, yellow + white, 30.23050° S, 18.13458° E, 23 Sep. 2003, C.

Mayer (SANC).

Paratypes

SOUTH AFRICA: 1 §, same data as holotype (RCMK); 1 §, 1 Leliefontein, plain, white trap,

30.23169° S, 18.16260° E, 31 Aug. 2003, C. Mayer (RCMK); 1 §, Leliefontein, slope, white trap,

30.23288° S, 18.16458° E, 7 Sep. 2003, C. Mayer (RCMK); 1 c?, Leliefontein, plain, white trap,

30.23391° S, 18.16476° E, 7 Sep. 2003, C. Mayer (RCMK); 1 §, Remhoogte, plain, white trap,

30.23431° S, 18.16491° E, 7 Oct. 2002, C. Mayer (RCMK).

Description

Female

Body length. 5.0-5.6 mm

Head. Head wider than long. Integument black, except part of mandibles dark reddish-brown. Face

sparsely covered with long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 23A). Clypeus strongly convex with coarse and

dense punctation (i = 1-2 d); surface between punctures apically smooth and shiny, basally superficially

shagreened but shiny (Fig. 23B). Malar area medially narrow, almost linear. Antenna dorsally blackish-

brown, ventrally yellowish-brown.

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures superficially reticulate, shiny; disc

densely (i = 1-2 d) and coarsely punctate (Fig. 23C-D). Metanotum about as long as basal area of

propodeum, apically with narrow, indistinct carinate depression (Fig. 23D). Propodeum basally shallowly

but broadly carinate (Fig. 23D). Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepisternum and propodeum

sparsely covered with short, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 23A).

Wings. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma yellowish-brown.

Legs. Integument black to dark reddish-brown; fore and mid tibia basally sometimes with small yellowish

spot. Vestiture greyish-white, scopa greyish-white, dorsally blackish-brown.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga broadly translucent yellowish to reddish-brown

(Fig. 23E). Discs of T1 and T2 without hair; following terga with sparse and very short but increasingly

more and longer hair; T2 (and sometimes T3) basally with a medially very narrow, laterally much

broader band of very fine, short and erect silverish hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga

(Fig. 23E). Prepygidial and pygidial fimbriae greyish-brown. T1 densely (i = 0.5-1 d) and finely to

indistinctly punctate, between punctures polished to superficially sculptured and shiny; T2-T4 smoorh

or superficially sculptured, shiny, with dense, fine, indistinct to fine punctation; T2-T4 with polished or

superficially sculptured, broad and shiny apical tergal depression (Fig. 23E).

Fig. 23. Scrapterpunctatus sp. nov., $. A. Lateral view. B. Head (SEM). C. Thorax (dorsal view). D.

Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). E. Metasoma (dorsal view). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

Male

Body length. 5.0-5.4 mm .

Head. Head slightly wider than long. Integument black, except mandible partly dark reddish-brown.

Face densely covered with long, greyish-white, erect hair. Malar area medially narrow, almost linear.

Antenna elongate, last flagellar segment about twice as long as broad, dorsally dark brown, ventrally

bright yellowish-brown (Fig. 24E).

Fig. 24. Scrapterpunctatus sp. nov., S- A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C. Metasoma

(dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. Antenna. F. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1

mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures smooth and shiny; disc very densely

(i < 0.5-1.0 d) and finely punctate. Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepisternum and propodeum

covered with long, greyish to yellowish-white, erect hair (Fig. 24A).

Wings. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma yellowish-brown.

Legs. Integument black, fore tarsi and fore tibia anteriorly yellow (posteriorly with large brown spot),

mid and hind tibia basally and apically and femora apically with small yellow spot (Fig. 24A). Hind tibia

unmodified. Vestiture greyish-white.

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga broadly translucent yellowish to reddish-brown

(Fig. 24C). T1-T4 anteriorly densely covered with dense long, erect, white to silverish hair, apically

with very sparse pilosity; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 24C). T1 and following

terga densely (i < 0.5-1 d) and finely punctate, between punctures smooth and shiny; terga with broad,

smooth and shiny apical tergal depression (Fig. 24C). S3 and particularly S4-S5 with sparse long apical

hair fringes.

Terminalia. Genitalia (Fig. 24B), S7 (Fig. 24D) and terminal plate of S8 (Fig. 24F) as illustrated.

Distribution

The species is only known from the Kamiesberg Mountains.

Floral hosts

Unknown.

Seasonal activity

August-October.

Scrapter pygmaeus sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9327C6C8-CEB2-4BEA-A958-2EE02563FFA8

Fig. 25

Diagnosis

The female of S. pygmaeus sp. nov. can be separated from other species of this group by the combination

of the following characters: supraclypeal area and clypeus sparsely but distinctly punctate, mostly finely

sculptured and slightly matt (Fig. 25B), scutum reticulate, sparsely and shallowly punctate, basal area of

propodeum basally indistinctly carinate (Fig. 25C-D), stigma brown, apical margins of metasomal terga

black, terga impunctate (Fig. 25E). The male is unknown.

Etymology

Named for the small body size of the species.

Type material (35 specimens examined)

Holotype

SOUTH AFRICA: §, Nieuwoudtville, pad to Farm Glen Lyon, slope, 737 m, 31°23'25" S, 19°08'28" E,

3 Sep. 2007, K. T imm erma nn (SANC).

Paratypes

SOUTH AFRICA: 5 ??, same data as holotype (RCMK); 6 ??, idem, 2 Sep. 2007, KT (SANC 1 $,

RCMK5 ??); 1 $, Nieuwoudtville, garden, 700m,31°22' S, 19°07'E, 18-19Aug. 2007, KT (RCMK);

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

1 §, Nieuwoudtville, Pad Glen Lyon to R27, 740 m, 31°23'24" S, 19°09'06" E, 7 Sep. 2007, KT, on

Ruschia sp. (RCMK); 1 $, idem, 17 Sep. 2007, KT (SANC); 1 ?, idem, 20 Sep. 2007, KT (RCMK);

1 5, N. Cape, Nieuwoudtville, Flower Reserve, 770 m, 31°22T0" S, 19°08'50" E, 27 Aug. 2006, KT

(RCMK); 1 $, idem, 1 Sep. 2006, KT (SANC); 3 ??, idem, 2 Sep. 2006, KT (NHML 1 $, RCMK 2

??); 2 $$, idem, 10 Sep. 2006, KT (NHML, RCMK); 3 ??, idem, 18 Sep. 2006, KT (NHML 1 $,

RCMK 2 $ $); 4 $ $, idem, 16 Aug. 2007, KT (NHML 1 $, RCMK 3 ? ?);. 1 ?, idem, 19 Aug. 2007,

KT (SANC); 2 ? idem, 21 Aug. 2007, KT (RCMK); 2 $ ?, idem, 6 Sep. 2007, KT (RCMK).

Fig. 25. Scrapter pygmaeus sp. nov., §. A. Lateral view. B. Head (SEM). C. Thorax (dorsal view). D.

Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). E. Metasoma (dorsal view). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

Description

Female

Body length. 4.6-5.0 mm

Head. Head slightly wider than long. Integument black, except part of mandibles dark reddish-brown.

Face sparsely covered with long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 25A). Clypeus almost flat, with dispersed

large, shallow punctation (i = 1-2 d); surface between punctures apically smooth or only superficially

sculptured, shiny, basally more heavily sculptured and matt (Fig. 25B). Malar area medially narrow,

almost linear. Ante nn a dorsally blackish-brown, ventrally yellowish-brown.

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures strongly reticulate, matt; disc sparsely

(i = 2-3 d), finely and shallowly punctate (Fig. 25C-D). Metanotum about half as long as basal area of

propodeum, apically with indistinct narrow carinate depression (Fig. 25D). Propodeum with shallow

carination covering about half of the basal area (Fig. 25D). Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum,

mesepisternum and propodeum sparsely covered with short, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 25A).

Wings. Yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument black to dark reddish-brown; fore tibia basally with small yellow spot. Vestiture

greyish-white, scopa greyish-white, dorsally blackish-brown.

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga sometimes narrowly translucent yellowish to dark

reddish-brown (Fig. 25E). Disc of T1 without hair; following terga with sparse and short but increasingly

more and longer hair; T2 and T3 basally with a medially very narrow, laterally much broader band

of very fine, short and erect, silverish hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 25E).

Prepygidial and pygidial fimbriae yellowish-brown. Terga impunctate, superficially and ± densely

sculptured, mostly shiny; T2-T4 with finely sculptured, broad apical tergal depression (Fig. 25E).

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

The species is only known from the vicinity of Nieuwoudtville.

Floral hosts

Aizoaceae: Ruschia sp.

Seasonal activity

August-September.

Scrapter roggeveldi sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A27CB4A6-3323-440A-A4Al-C5C8F545A389

Figs 26-27

Diagnosis

The female of S. roggeveldi sp. nov. can be separated from other species of this group by the combination

of the following characters: supraclypeal area and clypeus densely and distinctly punctate, partly

superficially sculptured and matt (Fig. 26B), scutum densely but relatively finely punctate (Fig. 26C-D),

stigma brown, apical margins of metasomal terga black, terga minutely punctate (Fig. 26E). The male

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

is characterized by an unmodified antenna, hind tibia apically broadened inside, forming a ± right angle

(Fig. 27G), S4-S5 with long apical hair fringes (Fig. 27E) and the form of S7 (Fig. 27D).

Only one male of this species was collected, near Sutherland, but a single specimen from the Hantam

Plateau about 130 km further NW probably represents the female of this species. This female is diagnosed

and described here, but because of the uncertainty it is not included in the type series.

Fig. 26. Scrapter roggeveldi sp. nov., $. A. Lateral view. B. Head (SEM). C. Thorax (dorsal view). D.

Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). E. Metasoma (dorsal view). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

Etymology

Named after the Roggeveld Mountains between Calvinia and Sutherland where this species was found.

Type material (1 specimen examined)

Holotype

SOUTH AFRICA: Farm Kanolfontein, 20 km W of Sutherland, road side, 1385 m, 32°24'43" S,

20°27'28" E, 7 Sep. 2012, M. Kuhlmann (RCMK).

Additional material examined

SOUTH AFRICA: 1 5, Plateau Hantam Mts., weather stn., 12 km N of Calvinia, 1580 m, 31°21T3" S,

19°47'53" E, 11 Sep. 2010, MK (RCMK).

Description

Female

Body length. 4.8 mm

Head. Head wider than long. Integument black, except part of mandibles dark reddish-brown. Face

sparsely covered with long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 26B). Clypeus almost flat with coarse, shallow and

sparse punctation (i = 1-2 d); surface between punctures apically smooth and shiny, basally superficially

shagreened and slightly matt (Fig. 26B). Malar area medially narrow, almost linear. Antenna dorsally

blackish-brown, ventrally yellowish-brown.

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures superficially reticulate but shiny; disc

densely (i = 1-2 d), shallowly and finely punctate (Fig. 26C-D). Metanotum slightly shorter than basal

area of propodeum, apically with narrow carinate depression (Fig. 26D). Propodeum basally shallowly

carinate (Fig. 26D). Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepisternum and propodeum sparsely

covered with short, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 26A).

Wings. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument completely black to dark reddish-brown. Vestiture greyish-white, scopa greyish-white,

dorsally blackish (Fig. 26A).

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga partly and narrowly translucent reddish-brown

(Fig. 26E). Disc of T1 without hair; following terga with very short but increasingly more and longer

hair; T3 basally with a narrow and very sparse band of very fine, short, erect hair; apical tergal hair

bands missing on all terga (Fig. 26E). Prepygidial and pygidial fimbriae greyish-brown. T1 very finely,

superficially and sparsely (i = 2-3d) punctate, between punctures superficially sculptured but shiny;

T2-T4 shiny, with dense, fine, superficial punctation; T2-T4 with superficially sculptured, broad apical

tergal depression (Fig. 26E).

Male

Body length. 5.0 mm

Head. Head slightly wider than long. Integument black, except mandible partly dark reddish-brown.

Face densely covered with long, greyish-white, erect hair. Malar area medially narrow, almost linear.

Antenna dorsally dark brown, ventrally yellowish-brown except last three flagellar segments almost

completely dark brown (Fig. 27A).

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

Fig. 27. Scrapter roggeveldi sp. nov., 3 ■ A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C. Metasoma

(dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. Metasoma (ventral view). F. S8, apical end (SEM). G. Hind

tibia. Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures strongly reticulate and matt; disc

finely, very shallowly and almost invisibly, sparsely punctate (i = 2-3 d). Mesoscutum, scutellum,

metanotum, mesepisternum and propodeum covered with long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 27A).

Wings. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument black or dark reddish-brown (Fig. 27A). Hind tibia inside apically broadened, with an

almost rectangular edge (Fig. 27G). Vestiture greyish-white.

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga partly narrowly translucent dark reddish-brown

(Fig. 27C). Discs of T1-T3 without hair, laterally sparsely covered with short, erect greyish-white hair;

following terga with sparse and very short but increasingly more and longer hair; apical tergal hair bands

missing on all terga (Fig. 27C). T1 and following terga sparsely (i = 2-3 d) and almost invisibly very

finely and superficially punctate, between punctures superficially sculptured and shiny; terga with broad,

superficially sculptured but shiny apical tergal depression (Fig. 27C). S3 and particularly S4-S5 with

long apical hair fringes (Fig. 27E).

Terminalia. Genitalia (Fig. 27B), S7 (Fig. 27D) and terminal plate of S8 (Fig. 27F) as illustrated.

Distribution

The species is known from higher altitudes at the extreme northern and southern ends of the Roggeveld

Mountains.

Floral hosts

Aizoaceae: Galenia sarcophylla.

Seasonal activity

September.

Scrapter sittybon Davies, 2005

Figs 28-29

Scrapter sittybon Davies, 2005: 171-173, figs 36-39, holotype $ (type locality: Farm Kalkgat, 40 km

north-east of Vanrhynsdorp, South Africa) (SANC).

Diagnosis

The female of S. sittybon is here described for the first time. It can be separated from other species of

this group by the combination of the following characters: fore tibia entirely or dominantly yellowish

to reddish brown, stigma brown, apical margins of metasomal terga broadly brownish translucent (Fig.

28B). The male is characterized by an unmodified antenna, scutum between punctures smooth and

shiny, the form of S7 (Fig. 29D), hind basitarsus blackish and hind tibia apically slightly swollen and

curved (Fig. 29E).

Material examined (2 specimens)

SOUTH AFRICA: 1 ?, W. Cape, Knersvlalcte, Sukkulent Karoo, 40 km N of Vanrhynsdorp, Farm

Kalkgat, 140 m, 31°07'04" S, 18°55T8" E, 14 Sep. 2003, KT (RCMK); 1 3, Hantam Mountains, 30 km

N of Calvinia, 880 m, 31°12'09" S, 19°50'04" E, 16 Sep. 2007, KT (RCMK).

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

Description

Female

Body length. 4.9-5.1 mm

Head. Head wider than long. Integument black, except part of mandibles dark reddish-brown. Face

sparsely covered with long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 28C). Clypeus slightly convex with coarse

punctation, apically coarser and sparser (i = 1-2 d), basally much finer and denser (i < 0.5 d); surface

between punctures apically smooth and shiny, basally superficially sculptured and slightly matt (Fig.

Fig. 28. Scrapter sittybon Davies, 2005, §. A. Lateral view. B. Metasoma (dorsal view). C. Head. D. Head

(SEM). E. Thorax (dorsal view). F. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

28C-D). Malar area medially narrow, almost linear. Antenna dorsally darker orange-brown, ventrally

more yellowish-brown (Fig. 28C).

Mesosoma. Integument black, except pronotal lobe and tegula yellowish to reddish-brown (Fig. 28A).

Mesoscutal disc between punctures polished and shiny; disc densely (i = 1-2 d) and coarsely punctate,

punctures of variable size (Fig. 28E-F). Metanotum about 2/3 as long as basal area of propodeum,

apically with distinct carinate depression (Fig. 28F). Propodeum basally coarsely and broadly carinate

(Fig. 28F). Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepisternum and propodeum sparsely covered with

short, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 28A).

Wings. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument mostly dark reddish-brown, partly blackish; fore tibia and tarsi almost completely,

mid tibia anteriorly and hind tibia basally yellowish-brown (Fig. 28A). Vestiture greyish-white, scopa

greyish-white.

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga broadly translucent yellowish to reddish-brown

(Fig. 28B). Discs of T1 and T2 without hair; following terga with very sparse and short but increasingly

more and longer hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 28B). Prepygidial and pygidial

fimbriae greyish-brown. T1 and following terga densely (i = 1 d) but almost invisibly very finely and

irregularly punctate, between punctures sculptured and slightly matt; T2-T4 with superficially sculptured

but shiny, broad apical tergal depression (Fig. 28B).

Male

Body length. 4.8-5.2 mm.

Head. Head slightly wider than long. Integument black, except mandible partly dark reddish-brown.

Face densely covered with long, greyish-white, erect hair. Malar area medially narrow, almost linear.

Antennal flagellum either completely yellowish-brown or sometimes dorsally dark brown, particularly

the last 3^1 segments dorsally (Fig. 29A).

Mesosoma. Integument black, tegula yellowish-brown. Mesoscutal disc between punctures smooth

and shiny; disc densely (i = 0.5-1.0 d) and finely punctate. Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum,

mesepisternum and propodeum covered with long, yellowish-grey, erect hair (Fig. 29A).

Wings. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument mostly dark yellowish to reddish-black, fore tibia and tarsi, mid tibia (except darker

spot posteriorly), base of hind tibia and femora apically yellow to yellowish-brown (Fig. 29A). Hind

tibia inside apically slightly broadened and curved (Fig. 29E). Vestiture greyish-white.

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga broadly translucent yellowish to reddish-brown

(Fig. 29C). Discs of T1-T3 without hair; following terga with very short and sparse but increasingly

more and longer hair; T2-T4 basally with a broad and dense band of very fine but long, erect, silverish

hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 29C). T1 and following terga irregularly densely

(i < 0.5-1 d) but almost invisibly very finely punctate, between punctures sculptured and slightly matt;

terga with broad, superficially sculptured but shiny apical tergal depression (Fig. 29C). S3-S5 with long,

sparse apical hair fringes.

Terminalia. Genitalia (Fig. 29B), S7 (Fig. 29D) and terminal plate of S8 (Fig. 29F) as illustrated.

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

Distribution

The species is only known from the Knersvlakte and the Hantam Mountains.

Floral hosts

Unknown.

Seasonal activity

September.

Fig. 29. Scrapter sittybon Davies, 2005, S- A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM).

C. Metasoma (dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. Hind tibia. F. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale

bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

Scrapter spinipes sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:33BElBCA-688F-4E9B-AD5D-5E5AC395B6BF

Figs 30-31

Diagnosis

The female of S. spinipes sp. nov. can be separated from other species of this group by the combination

of the following characters: supraclypeal area and clypeus densely and distinctly punctate, shiny,

only partly superficially sculptured (Fig. 30B), scutum densely and coarsely punctate, basal area of

propodeum medially about 1.5 times as long as metanotum (Fig. 30C-D), stigma brown, apical margins

of metasomal terga black, terga densely and coarsely punctate (Fig. 30E). The male is characterized by

an unmodified antenna, coarsely and densely punctate scutum and metasomal terga (Fig. 31C), hind

tibia apically broadened inside, forming a long spine (Fig. 3 IE), and the form of S7 (Fig. 3 ID).

Etymology

Named for the conspicuous apicolateral spine of the male hind tibia.

Type material (63 specimens examined)

Holotype

SOUTH AFRICA: 3 , 12 km NW of Nieuwoudtville, Farm Avontuur, Fynbos, 770 m, 31°16T8" S,

19°02'55" E, 18 Aug. 2012, M. Kuhlmann (SANC).

Paratypes

SOUTH AFRICA: 1 ?, 4 33 , same data as holotype (SANC 2 33 , RCMK 1 $, 2 33 ); 8 33 , idem, 3

Sep. 2012, MK (RCMK); l 3 , Ouberg Pass, 27 km SE of Vamhynsdorp, Fynbos, 380 m, 31°48'07"

S, 18°55'00" E, 9 Aug. 2011, MK (RCMK); 13 33 , idem, 8 Aug. 2012, MK (NHMF 9 33 , RCMK 4

33 ); 1 ?, 1 3 , idem, 13 Aug. 2012, MK (RCMK); 2 $$, 7 33 , idem, 23 Aug. 2012, MK (NHMF 5

33 , RCMK 2 ^,2 33 ), 6 ??, 17 33 , idem, 30 Aug. 2012, MK (SANC 2 $$, 2 33 , NHMF 2 $ $,

1133 , RCMK 2??, 4 33 ).

Description

Female

Body length. 4.8-5.1 mm.

Head. Head wider than long. Integument black, except part of mandibles dark reddish-brown. Face

sparsely covered with long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 3 0B). Clypeus slightly convex with coarse punctation,

apically sparse (i = 2-3 d), basally dense (i = 0.5-1 d); surface between punctures apically smooth and

shiny, basally superficially shagreened and slightly matt (Fig. 3 0B). Malar area medially narrow, almost

linear. Ante nn a dorsally blackish-brown, ventrally yellowish-brown.

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures superficially reticulate but shiny; disc

densely (i = 0.5-1.0 d) and coarsely punctate (Fig. 30C-D). Metanotum distinctly shorter than basal

area of propodeum, apically with broad carinate depression (Fig. 30D). Propodeum basally distinctly

and broadly carinate (Fig. 30D). Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepistemum and propodeum

sparsely covered with short, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 30A).

Wings. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

Fegs. Integument black to dark reddish-brown; fore tibia basally partly with small yellowish spot.

Vestiture greyish-white, scopa greyish-white, dorsally slightly brownish.

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga partly narrowly translucent reddish-brown (Fig.

30E). Discs of T1 and T2 without hair; following terga with very few and short but increasingly more

and longer hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 30E). Prepygidial and pygidial

fimbriae dark greyish-brown. T1 densely (i = 1 d) and relatively coarsely but irregularly punctate,

between punctures superficially sculptured and shiny; T2-T4 superficially sculptured but shiny, with

dense, relatively coarse punctation; T2-T4 with superficially sculptured but shiny, broad apical tergal

depression (Fig. 30D).

Fig. 30. Scrapter spinipes sp. nov., §. A. Lateral view. B. Head (SEM). C. Thorax (dorsal view).

D. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). E. Metasoma (dorsal view). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

Male

Body length. 4.8-5.1 mm .

Head. Head slightly wider than long. Integument black, except mandible partly dark reddish-brown. Face

densely covered with long, greyish-white, erect hair. Malar area medially narrow, almost linear. Antenna

dorsally dark brown, ventrally yellowish-brown, sometimes apical flagellar segments completely or

largely dark brown (Fig. 31 A).

Fig. 31. Scrapter spinipes sp. nov., <f. A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C. Metasoma

(dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. Hind tibia. F. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1

mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between punctures superficially reticulate and slightly

matt; disc densely (i = 0.5-1.0 d) and very coarsely punctate. Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum,

mesepisternum and propodeum covered with long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 31 A).

Wings. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument black, fore tibia in the basal half anteriorly yellow (Fig. 31 A). Hind tibia inside apically

broadened, with a long spine; hind basitarsus subapically broadened (Fig. 3 IE). Vestiture greyish-white.

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga partly narrowly translucent reddish-brown (Fig.

31C). Discs of T1-T2 without hair; following terga with very few and short but increasingly more and

longer hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 31C). T1 and following terga densely (i <

0.5 d) and very coarsely punctate, between punctures polished and shiny; terga with narrow, superficially

sculptured but shiny apical tergal depression (Fig. 31C). S3 and particularly S4-S5 with long, sparse

apical hair fringes.

Terminalia. Genitalia (Fig. 3 IB), S7 (Fig. 3 ID) and terminal plate of S8 (Fig. 3 IF) as illustrated.

Distribution

The species has only been found on sandy soils in Fynbos of the wider Nieuwoudtville area.

Floral hosts

Brassicaceae: Heliophila sp., with a strong preference for blue-flowering species.

Seasonal activity

August-September.

Scrapter ulrikae sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:lE428C5C-04E8-4EDC-B815-F6ClBF840F31

Figs 32-33

Diagnosis

The female of S. ulrikae sp. nov. can be separated from other species of this group by the combination

of the following characters: fore tibia dominantly dark blackish-brown, stigma brown, apical margins of

metasomal terga broadly brownish translucent, terga between punctures finely sculptured and slightly

matt (Fig. 32E). The male is characterized by an unmodified antenna, scutum between punctures smooth

and shiny, hind tibia simple, hind basitarsus blackish, T2-T4 basally densely covered with short, erect,

silverish hair (Fig. 33C) and the form of S7 (Fig. 33D).

Etymology

This species is dedicated to my partner Ulrike Gigengack, who enthusiastically collects bees and has

accompanied me on many field trips to South Africa.

Type material (33 specimens)

Holotype

SOUTH AFRICA: 12 km NW of Nieuwoudtville, Farm Avontuur, Fynbos, 770, 31°16T8" S,

19°02'55" E, 18 Aug. 2012, M. Kuhlmann (SANC).

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

Paratypes

SOUTH AFRICA: 2 ? 8 33 , same data as holotype (SANC 1 3 , NHML 2 33 , RCMK 2 $ 5 33 );

4 idem, 25 Aug. 2010, MK (SANC 3 ??, RCMK 1 $); 8 33 , idem, 16 Aug. 2011, MK (RCMK);

1 ?, idem, 17 Aug. 2011, H. Erhardt (RCMK); 2 $ $, idem, 5 Sep. 2012, H. Erhardt (RCMK); 1 ?, N.

Cape, Fynbos, 15 km NW of Nieuwoudtville, Farm Engelsepunt, 830 m, 31°14'31" S, 18°59'08" E, 6

Aug. 2003, KT (NHML); 2 $$, idem, 28 Aug. 2003, KT (NHML); 1 $, 24 Sep. 2003, KT (NHML); 1

5, N. Cape, Nieuwoudtville, Glenlyon, Renosterveld, 700 m, 31°24'03" S, 19°08'34" E, 10 Sep. 2003,

Fig. 32. Scrapter ulrikae sp. nov., §. A. Lateral view. B. Head (SEM). C. Thorax (dorsal view).

D. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). E. Metasoma (dorsal view). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

MK (RCMK); 2 Farm Kanolfontein, 20 km W of Sutherland, road side, 1385 m, 32°24'43" S,

20°27'28" E, 7 Sep. 2012, MK (RCMK).

Description

Female

Body length. 6.0-6.4 mm.

Head. Head wider than long. Integument black, except part of mandibles dark reddish-brown. Face

sparsely covered with long, greyish, erect hair (Fig. 32B). Clypeus slightly convex with coarse and

dense punctation (i = 0.5-2 d); surface between punctures smooth and shiny (Fig. 32B). Malar area

medially narrow, a lm ost linear. Ante nn a dorsally blackish-brown, ventrally yellowish-brown.

Mesosoma. Integument black, tegula dark reddish-brown. Mesoscutal disc between punctures superficially

reticulate but shiny; disc densely (i = 0.5-1.0 d) and coarsely punctate (Fig. 32C-D). Metanotum only

about half as long as basal area of propodeum, apically with narrow carinate depression (Fig. 32D).

Propodeum basally coarsely and broadly carinate (Fig. 32D). Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum,

mesepistemum and propodeum sparsely covered with short, yellowish-grey, erect hair (Fig. 32A).

Wings. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument black to dark reddish-brown; fore tibia anteriorly in basal half with small yellowish

spot. Vestiture greyish-white, scopa greyish-white, dorsally dark brown (Fig. 32A).

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga broadly or narrowly translucent reddish-brown,

sometimes yellowish (Fig. 32E). Discs of T1 and T2 without hair; following terga with very few and

short but increasingly more and longer hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 32E).

Prepygidial and pygidial fimbriae blackish-brown. T1 almost impunctate, superficially sculptured and

shiny; T2-T3 basally densely sculptured, matt and finely but densely punctate, apically almost polished

and shiny, with sparse but larger punctation; T2-T4 with polished broad apical tergal depression (Fig.

32E).

Male

Body length. 5.5-5.8 mm

Head. Head slightly wider than long. Integument black, except mandible partly dark reddish-brown.

Face densely covered with long, greyish-white, erect hair. Malar area medially narrow, almost linear.

Antenna dorsally dark brown, ventrally yellowish-brown (Fig. 33A).

Mesosoma. Integument black. Mesoscutal disc between impunctate and densely sculptured, completely

matt. Mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesepistemum and propodeum covered with long, greyish,

erect hair (Fig. 33A).

Wings. Slightly yellowish-brown; wing venation and stigma brown.

Legs. Integument black, fore tibia anteriorly yellow, base of mid and hind tibia with small yellow spot

(Fig. 33A). Hind tibia unmodified. Vestiture greyish-white.

Metasoma. Integument black, apical margins of terga partly narrowly translucent yellowish to reddish-

brown (Fig. 33C). Disc of T1 and basal half of T2-T4 densely covered with band of very fine, short, erect,

silverish hair; apical tergal hair bands missing on all terga (Fig. 33C). T1 almost impunctate, sculptured

and matt, following terga densely (i < 0.5-1 d) and finely punctate, between punctures polished or

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

superficially sculptured, shiny to slightly matt; terga with narrow, polished to superficially sculptured

but shiny apical tergal depression (Fig. 33C). Sterna without conspicuous long apical hair fringes.

Terminalia. Genitalia (Fig. 33B), S7 (Fig. 33D) and terminal plate of S8 (Fig. 33F) as illustrated.

Distribution

The species is known from sandstone Fynbos around Nieuwoudtville to the vicinity of Sutherland.

Fig. 33. Scrapter ulrikae sp. nov., $. A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C. Metasoma

(dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1

mm.

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

Floral hosts

Brassicaceae: white and blue Heliophila sp.

Seasonal activity

August-September.

Key to species of ’’euryglossiform” Scrapter

Due to their small size, the similarity of many species and the subtle, often gradual differences between

some of them, identification can be very difficult, particularly in females. For males it is generally

recommended to dissect genitalia and hidden sterna S7 and S8.

Females

The females of S. glareus and S. minutissimus sp. nov. are unknown.

1 Stigma bright yellow (Fig. 11 A). S. luteistigma sp. nov.

- Stigma light to dark brown.2

2 Apical tergal margins broadly brownish to yellowish translucent (Figs IB, 28B, 32E); larger

species.3

- Apical tergal margins black or very narrowly brownish translucent; smaller species.5

3 Punctation on basal part of clypeus much finer than apically (Fig. 28C-D); foretibia entirely or

predominantly yellowish to reddish brown (Fig. 28A). S. sittybon Davies

- Punctation on clypeus more evenly sized (Figs 1C-D, 32B); foretibia dominantly dark blackish-

brown (Figs 1A, 32A).4

4 Metasomal terga between punctures smooth and shiny (Fig. IB); clypeus distinctly convex (Fig.

1C-D). S. acanthophorus Davies

- Metasomal terga between punctures finely sculptured, slightly matt (Fig. 32E); clypeus more flat

(Fig. 32B). S. ulrikae sp. nov.

5 Scutum sparsely and finely punctured, looking almost impunctate and shiny (Figs 6E-F, 8E-F).6

- Scutum more densely and coarsely punctured .8

6 Supraclypeal area, clypeus (Fig. 6C-D) and mesepisternum only partially and superficially

reticulate, more shiny. S. exiguus sp. nov.

- Supraclypeal area apically, clypeus basally (Fig. 8C-D) and mesepisternum extensively and strongly

reticulate, matt .7

7 Facial fovea slightly shorter than in S. gessorum sp. nov. (Fig. 4A-B); a variable species with

respect to surface sculture and punctation (Figs 3C-F, 4A-D) . S. albitarsis (Friese)

- Facial fovea slightly longer than in S. albitarsis (Fig. 8D) . S. gessorum sp. nov.

8 Clypeus and supraclypeal area matt, strongly reticulate, very sparsely, finely and shallowly punctate

(Fig. 10C-D) . S. inexpectatus sp. nov.

- Clypeus and supraclypeal area more shiny, only partly or superficially sculptured, punctation

usually stronger and denser.9

9 Metasomal terga finely and densely punctate, between punctures completely smooth and shiny

(Fig. 18B). S. nigerrimus sp. nov.

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

- Metasomal terga either impunctate or with more dispersed/coarser punctation; if punctation is similar

(some specimens of S. punctatus sp. nov.) then terga at least basally with superficial sculpture and

slightly matt.10

10 Metasomal terga impunctate (Figs 19E, 25E); scutum distinctly reticulate and shallowly punctate

(Figs 19B, 25C-D) .11

- Metasomal terga punctate, sometimes punctures minute (Fig. 26E); scutum either without

reticulation or only very wealdy reticulate .12

11 Basal area of propodeum distinctly and largely carinate (Fig. 19B) . S. nigritarsis sp. nov.

- Basal area of propodeum along anterior margin indistinctly carinate (Fig. 25C-D).

. S. pygmaeus sp. nov.

12 Scutum covered with large punctures (Figs 23C-D, 30C-D) .13

- Scutum covered with smaller punctures (Figs 14E-F, 15C-D, 16E-F, 21C-F, 26C-D) .14

13 Basal area of propodeum shorter, medially only slightly longer than metanotum; few, short and

indistinct carinae (Fig. 23C-D). S. punctatus sp. nov.

- Basal area of propodeum longer, medially about 1.5 times as long as metanotum; carinae longer and

more distinct than in S. punctatus (Fig. 30C-D). S. spinipes sp. nov.

14 Punctation of metasomal terga minute, almost invisible (Fig. 26E) . S. roggeveldi sp. nov.

- Punctation of metasomal terga much coarser and clearly visible (Figs 14B, 15E, 16B, 21G-H) ... 15

15 Head distinctly broader than long (Figs 14C-D, 16C-D) .16

- Head about as long as broad (Figs 15B, 21B) .17

16 Clypeus, supraclypeal area and T1 mostly polished and shiny, only partially very finely and

superficially sculptured, slightly matt (Fig. 14B-D). S. minutuloides sp. nov.

- Clypeus, supraclypeal area and T1 (particularly anteriorly) mostly finely sculptured and matt

(Fig. 16B-D) . S. nanus sp. nov.

17 Metanotum apically more evenly rounded, without distinct carinate depression (Fig. 15D);

fore tibia anteriorly largely yellowish-brown . S. minutus sp. nov.

- Metanotum apically with a carinate depression (Fig. 2 ID, F); fore tibia anteriorly blackish,

only at the base with a small yellowish spot . S. papkuilsi sp. nov.

Males

The males of S. gessorum sp. nov., S. inexpectatus sp. nov., S. minutuloides sp. nov., S. minutus sp. nov.,

S. nigerrimus sp. nov. and S. pygmaeus sp. nov. are unknown.

1 Antennal flagellum medially broadened, entirely orange (Fig. 12B); stigma bright yellow (Fig.

12A); S7 and S8 as in Fig. 12D, F. S. luteistigma sp. nov.

- Antennal flagellum not broadened, only partly yellowish; stigma darker.2

2 Antenna long, last flagellar segment about twice as long as wide (Fig. 24E); S7 and S8 as in Fig.

24D, F. S. punctatus sp. nov.

- Antenna shorter, last flagellar segment at most 1.5 times as long as wide.3

3 Hind tibia inside apically broadened, pointed (Fig. 22E) or forming either a spine (Figs 2E, 3 IE)

or a ± right angle (Fig. 27G).4

KUHLMANN M., Revision of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

- Hind tibia unmodified, if apically broadened then without spine or ± sharp edge .7

4 Hind tibia inside apically forming a ± right angle (Fig. 27G); S4-S5 with conspicuously

long apical hair fringes (Fig. 27E); S7 and S8 as in Fig. 27D, F . S. roggeveldi sp. nov.

- Hind tibia inside apically pointed (Fig. 22E) or forming a spine (Figs 2E, 3 IE).5

5 Hind tibia inside apically pointed (Fig. 22E); scutum and metasomal terga finely punctate (Fig.

22C); S7 and S8 as in Fig. 22D, F. S. papkuilsi sp. nov.

- Hind tibia inside apically with spine (Figs 2E, 3 IE); scutum and metasomal terga coarsely

punctate (Figs 2C, 31C).6

6 Hind tibia apically with longer spine (Fig. 3 IE); metasomal terga densely punctate (Fig. 31C);

S7 and S8 as in Fig. 3 ID, F. S. spinipes sp. nov.

- Hind tibia apically with shorter spine (Fig. 2E); metasomal terga sparsely punctate (Fig. 2C); S7

and S8 as in Fig. 2D, F . S. acanthophorus Davies

7 Hind basitarsus brown to blackish.8

- Hind basitarsus yellowish.11

8 Hind tibia apically slightly swollen and curved (Fig. 29E); scutum between punctures smooth

and shiny; S7 and S8 as in Fig. 29D, F . S. sittybon Davies

- Hind tibia unmodified; scutum between punctures sculptured and matt.9

9 Basal half of T2-T4 densely covered with short, erect, silverish hair (Fig 33C); S7 and S8 as in Fig.

33D-E. S. ulrikae sp. nov.

- Basal half of T2-T4 almost hairless (Figs 17C, E, 20C).10

10 Discs of metasomal terga impunctate, very finely and regularly sculptured (Fig. 20C); S7 and S8

as in Fig. 20D-E . S. nigritarsis sp. nov.

- Discs of metasomal terga partly punctate, strongly to heavily and irregularly sculptured (Fig.

17C, E); S7 and S8 as in Fig. 17D, F . S. nanus sp. nov.

11 Hind tibia yellow with a brown spot on the back side (Fig. 9A, C); S7 and S8 as in Fig. 9D-E

. S. glareus Davies

- Hind tibia mostly black (Figs 5 A, 7A, 13 A).12

The males of the following three species are very similar and can be best separated by S7 and S8.

12 S7 without membraneous apicolateral lobes (Fig. 13D); S8 as in Fig. 13E ... S. minutissimus sp. nov.

- S7 with membraneous apicolateral lobes (Figs 5D, 7D) .13

13 S7 apically with emargination slightly broader and shallower (Fig. 5D) . S. albitarsis (Friese)

- S7 apically with emargination slightly narrower and deeper (Fig. 7D) . S. exiguus sp. nov.

Discussion

The present study includes the description of 16 new species of the bee genus Scrapter , quadrupling

the number of taxa known from this species-group. Almost all descriptions are based on specimens

collected over the last ten years in western South Africa, highlighting the importance of additional

fieldwork even in relatively well sampled regions. The description of the "euryglossiform" Scrapter

species-group and discovery of additional species might also allow for a better future understanding of

the phylogenetic relationships of the Scraptrinae. "Euryglossiform" Scrapter resemble some Australian

European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1-69 (2014)

Euryglossinae, potentially reflecting a sister-group relationship of both subfamilies as suggested by

Almeida & Danforth (2009). However, a more comprehensive taxonomic and phylogenetic study of

Scrapter is required, including the full extent of the (undescribed) diversity in other species-groups, to

understand intrageneric and sister-group relationships.

Acknowledgements

I am very much indebted to the following colleagues (in alphabetical order of collection acronyms)

who made specimens under their curation available for this study: S.K. Gess and fF.W. Gess (AMGS),

B.N. Danforth (CUIC), T. Griswold (EMUS), L. Packer (PCYU), C.D. Eardley (SANC) and F. Koch

(ZMHB). Northern Cape Nature Conservation Service and the Western Cape Nature Conservation Board

(CapeNature) are gratefully acknowledged for giving their permission to collect bees. The following

land owners/managers very much facilitated research by kindly giving access to their properties and

granting permission for bee collecting: O. Huyser, Manager of the Table Mountain Fund, and N. Oettle,

Managing Director of Avontuur Sustainable Agriculture (Farm Avontuur), E. Marinus, Curator of the

Hantam National Botanical Garden, W. van Wyk (Farm Papkuilsfontein), H. Nel (Farm Engelsepunt),

B. Nel (Farm Vanrhyns Hoek). Ulrike Gigengack, Munster (Germany) and H. Erhardt, Edewecht

(Germany), actively and enthusiastically supported fieldwork and added many valuable specimens to

the collection. The insightful comments of two anonymous reviewers helped to improve the paper.

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Manuscript received: 1 May 2014

Manuscript accepted: 1 July 2014

Published on: 5 September 2014

Topic editor: Koen Martens

Desk editor: Kristiaan Hoedemakers

Printed versions of all papers are also deposited in the libraries of the institutes that are members of

the EJT consortium: Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Botanic Garden Meise,

Belgium; Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium; Natural History Museum, London,

United Kingdom; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; Natural History

Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, De nm ark.