580,5

FB

V, 20:5-7

V, 22:6-10

1942

cop, 2

HAWAIIAN PITTOSPORA

SOME MEXICAN COREOPSIDEAE

A NOTE ON XYLOSMA HAWAIIENSE SEEM.

BY

EARL EDWARD SHERFF

RESEARCH ASSOCIATE, SYSTEMATIC BOTANY

BOTANICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

VOLUME 22, NUMBER 10

NOVEMBER 16, 1942

PUBLICATION 521

HAWAIIAN PITTOSPORA

SOME MEXICAN COREOPSIDEAE

A NOTE ON XYLOSMA HAWAIIENSE SEEM.

BY

EARL EDWARD SHERFF

RESEARCH ASSOCIATE, SYSTEMATIC BOTANY

THE LIBRARY OF THE

MAR 1 3 1944

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

BOTANICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

VOLUME 22, NUMBER 10

NOVEMBER 16, 1942

PUBLICATION 521

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS

F6

\o

3

EARL EDWARD SHERFF

INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL NOTES

The bibliography of the genus Pittosporum Banks may properly

begin with Joseph Gaertner's De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum

1: 286. 1788. In that work Gaertner published a four-line generic

description which he had found in Dr. Solander's papers, and

described in detail two new species, P. tenuifolium and P. umbellatum.

l The former he illustrated as to fruits and seeds (tab. 59, fig. 7).

From time to time other new species were described until, in 1862,

Bentham & Hooker (Gen. PI. 1: 131) were able to state the total

number known as about 50 ("species ad 50, in Africa, Asia calidiore,

insulis Pacificis, Australia v. Novae Zelandia crescentes"). Bentham

& Hooker presented an amplified description and this apparently

has served as a model for most if not all subsequent students of the

genus.

Nearly all these earlier known species were from elsewhere than

the Hawaiian Islands and so may be omitted here. We may note,

however, that, in 1832, Hooker & Arnott (Bot. Beechey's Voy. 110)

described the first endemic Hawaiian species, P. glabrum. Some

time later Asa Gray, in his Botany of the United States Exploring

Expedition (1: 232. 1854), included nineteen species of Pittosporum

and among these were two additional Hawaiian species: P. Termi-

: nalioides Planchon, with one or doubtfully two varieties, and

P.confertiflorumA.Gray. The latter he illustrated (tab. 19). Young

Horace Mann, Jr., visited the Hawaiian Islands May 4th, 1864,

and botanized extensively (with William T. Brigham) upon five

'; members of the archipelago until May 18th of the following year.

He collected many specimens of the genus and published three

supposedly new species (Enum. Haw. PI. nos. 18, 20, and 22; Proc.

:- Amer. Acad. 7: 150-152. 1867): P. cauliflorum, P. spathulatum, and

P. acuminatum. Of these the first and third are accepted as good

* species, and even the second is valid as a variety of P. glabrum.

1 Native Hawaiian name for this genus, Hoawa (fide Hillebrand Fl. Haw.

Isls. 22. 1888).

467

468 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. 22

The first really comprehensive treatment of Pittosporum in the

Hawaiian Islands was given, as for so many other genera, by William

Hillebrand (Fl. Haw. Isls. 21-27. 1888). Hillebrand described four

supposedly new species: P. glomeratum, P. kauaiense, P. insigne,

and P. hawaiiense. He introduced eight new varieties among the

various species and gave an analytical key to the ten species treated

in his text. All but the first one of his four new species are accepted

in the following pages, and even the first, P. glomeratum, is retained,

but with varietal rank under P. glabrum. Hillebrand's key is of

the dichotomous type and partly artificial. It makes no attempt

to include individual varieties but does attempt to guide one directly

to the proper species. Like many of Hillebrand's keys, it is now

hopelessly out of date and has value chiefly as affording to the

monographer or other advanced student an insight into Hillebrand's

species-concepts. Hillebrand had resided in Honolulu for twenty

years and had made most vigorous and brilliant studies of the

Hawaiian plants. Withdrawing to Europe in 1871, he spent much

additional time studying the Hawaiian Flora with the aid of library

and herbarium materials, almost up to his death in 1886. Many

of his Hawaiian collections had been sent previously to 1870 to Dr.

Hooker at Kew or to Dr. Gray at Harvard University and are still

well preserved. To these I have had access for the present revisional

study. Hillebrand's large private herbarium, however, was finally

deposited at the Botanical Museum in Berlin. Because of the

present war-conditions, the Pittosporum specimens of this private

herbarium are now inaccessible for examination, but the authorities

of the Berlin Botanical Museum (at the Berlin Botanical Garden)

have generously supplied photographs of the more important speci-

mens not duplicated in the Gray or Kew herbaria.

In 1910, Joseph F. Rock (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37: 297, fig.

1; also Kept. Haw. Board Agr. and For. Div. For. 84, pi. 20. 1911)

added another species to the Hawaiian Pittospora, P. Hosmeri,

a species with mammoth capsules, these up to 7.5 cm. long and to

5.5 cm. wide. In 1911 (College Haw. Publ. Bull. 1: 16, pi. 4) he

added still another species, P. halophilum (erroneously printed

P. halophylum, loc. cit.). Shortly afterwards he presented a revised

treatment of the arborescent Hawaiian species (Indig. Trees Haw.

Isls. 153-172, pis. 55-64. 1913). In this he advanced still a third

new species, P. Gayanum, also its new var. waialealae and the new

var. longifolium of his P. Hosmeri. He gave detailed descriptions

and many critical notes, also a key to the species. This key was

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 469

essentially the earlier one of Hillebrand's, modified slightly to cover

the acquisitions since Hillebrand's time.

More recently, E. Pritzel has treated the entire family, Pitto-

sporaceae, for Engler & Prantl's Nattirliche Pflanzenfamilien (edit.

2. 18a: 265-286. 1930) and has given an especially comprehensive

treatment of the genus Pittosporum (pp. 273-281, figs. 156 and 157).

To his extended bibliography the reader is referred for numerous

references that must be omitted here. Pritzel declares that since

it is impossible to make a satisfactory arrangement or classification

for the genus, he must rely upon the geographic distribution of its

species. He states that a systematization of the genus must needs

be based on the fruit before everything else, and this with many

species is not yet sufficiently well known.1 He separates the many

species of the genus perforce into various great geographic groups,

one of them the group endemic in the Hawaiian Islands. He adopts

Rock's key in toto, merely translating it into the German. He

apparently has overlooked P. halophilum Rock, the small shrub which

Rock himself doubtless had omitted intentionally from his Indigenous

Trees of the Hawaiian Islands because it was not really a tree. As

it is, he lists the same twelve species treated by Rock.

More recently, Carl Skottsberg (Meddel. Gb'teborgs Botan.

Tradgard 10: 108-110. 1936) has published determinations of

various Hawaiian specimens and proposed three new varietal names:

P. Terminalioides var. macropus and P. cauliflorum vars. reticulatum

and macrophyllum. The last two are treated in the present text

respectively as P. cladanthum var. reticulatum and P. cladanthum.

One specimen cited by him (his no. 791) for P. confertiflorum A. Gray

is listed under P. Terminalioides var. mauiense of the following

treatment.

In recent years an introduced species, P. undulatum Vent., has

become well established in the Kohala District of the Island of

Hawaii. It has been rather fully treated by Otto Degener (Fl.

Haw. fam. 156, May 5, 1937).

As an outgrowth of my own examination and revisional study

of all available Hawaiian specimens of Pittosporum, a considerable

number of additional species, varieties, and forms have come to

1 These observations by Pritzel are so especially appropriate for the Hawaiian

species of Pittosporum that they are reproduced here verbatim: "Da eine befriedi-

gende natiirliche Gliederung der Gattung noch nicht gegeben werden kann, so

bleibt nichts anderes iibrig, als sie nach ihrer Verbreitung zu behandeln. Ein

ktinftiges System der Gattung wird sich vor allem auf die Frucht zu griinden

haben, und diese ist bei vielen Arten noch nicht geniigend bekannt."

470 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

light. These have been published in two recent papers (Amer.

Journ. Bot. 28: 18-31. 1941; Field Mus. Bot. Ser. 22: 407-441.

1941). The present paper represents an attempt to consolidate the

information contained in these other two papers with the main

body of factual material in Hillebrand's Flora and elsewhere, and

thus to afford as nearly serviceable a revisional or monographic

treatment of the native and naturalized Pittospora of the Hawaiian

Islands as the present state of our knowledge will permit.

As an almost absolutely necessary preliminary step to a compre-

hension of the Hawaiian species of Pittosporum, the student should

ponder the remarks of Hillebrand, who had, during his long residence

in the Hawaiian Islands, an excellent opportunity to collect and

observe the specimens first-hand. These are so important that the

liberty is taken of reproducing them herewith: "The Hawaiian

species have bivalvular capsules,1 distinct sepals, and the petals

slightly cohering beyond their middle, while their blades are reflexed

or expanded in salver-shape. The flowers in all of them are dimor-

phous, that is, they are of two kinds: fertile or pistillate (with a fully

developed round ovary, easily distinguishable from the style, which

equals or exceeds the tube of the corolla and bears a capitate 2-lobed

stigma, while the stamens are only about half the length of the tube,

and their slender barren sagittate anthers converge around the ovary)

and sterile or staminate (the corolla is generally larger, the slender

ovary passes gradually into the style, which, although of the same

length as in the fertile flowers, ends in a truncate or bidentate

stigma, while the stamens are as long as the tube of the corolla,

or even longer, and bear full-sized oblong anthers). With this

dimorphism would seem to run parallel a diclinism in some species,

inasmuch as individual trees are found with only fertile or sterile

flowers. In species where both sexes are combined on one plant the

sterile inflorescences mostly occupy the apex or upper leaf-whorls,

and the fertile ones the lower whorls or the bare branch; but there

are species in which flowers of both sexes appear intermixed and

without an appreciable difference in the size of the corollas. Further-

more, it may fairly be assumed that in a set of so closely related

species the fertilization of which depends altogether on the concur-

rence of insects, hybrids will not be wanting. From all these circum-

stances results a complexity of characters which renders the exact

limitation of each species very difficult, and it is to be hoped that

1 Not always. For mention of 3- or even 4-valved capsules see footnote under

Pittosporum Terminalioides var. macropus, p. 518.

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 471

a closer attention to them by future collectors will result in a more

satisfactory arrangement of a genus of plants which until now has

shown itself very refractory in the hands of systematists.

"A good principle of distribution [sic] may possibly be afforded

by the capsules, which are either ovoid or subquadrangular and

deeply wrinkled or furrowed, or compressed and smooth; but, as

the mature fruits of many forms are not known yet, division can,

for the present, not be based upon them. It happens, however, that

the characters relied upon [in the synoptical key] . . . although

apparently irrelevant, coincide to some extent with those afforded

by the capsules and also with the color of the flowers."

In addition, some of the remarks about Pittosporum species by

J. F. Rock (op. cit.}, who collected for many years in the Hawaiian

Islands and made special studies of the ligneous species, may well

be introduced here: ". . .in the Hawaiian Islands, where they have

reached a wonderful development. The species are dependent on

the insects for pollination. The flowers of the Hawaiian species are

dimorphous; that is, they are of two kinds — fertile and sterile. It

is very difficult to render the exact limitation of each species, which

is shown by the fact that the writer has found capsules belonging

to three different species on a single inflorescence, on a tree found

on the island of Lanai [p. 153] .... It is exceedingly difficult

properly to diagnose the Hawaiian species of Pittosporum and

more so the varieties [p. 161] . . . the species confertiflorum evidently

being very variable, as there are as many different forms as there

are Pittosporum trees and one would be naming individual trees.

It is indeed puzzling, the question of specific distinction in the

Hawaiian Pittosporums, thanks to the insects on which the plants

depend for pollination [172]."

From these remarks of Hillebrand and of Rock it is evident that

any revisional treatment of the Pittospora of the Hawaiian Islands

must for many years to come, and until a vast amount of additional

field-observations and perhaps also experimental studies can be

made, be open to various criticisms. The question, for example,

of possible hybridity in the case of any or most novelties recently

placed on record is a troublesome one. Obviously, most newly

found entities could be assumed by pure hypothesis to have been

derived through hybridization of one form with another in the past

and thus numerous assumed hybrids could be listed. But a similar

course could perhaps as well be followed in many other genera. In

such case we should have, it is feared, not an orderly, systematic

472 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

arrangement or schematic exposition of taxonomic entities that

could henceforth be utilized easily or conveniently by students of

the Hawaiian flora, but rather an unwieldy assemblage of guess-

work products, most of them so manifestly hypothetical as to dis-

courage their use. I have chosen the alternative course of treating

each taxonomic entity, therefore, and until such time as evidence

is adduced to the contrary, as being assumedly pure and entitled

per se to occupy a definite category of specific or subordinate rank.

It has been felt, moreover, that this procedure will have paved the

way for a more successful attack in the future upon hybridity-

problems by students who may care to study them. Incidentally,

it may be observed here that students of the genus in the Hawaiian

Islands must be prepared to evaluate the significance of any one

diagnostic criterion quite differently in different species. Thus, for

example, in certain species such as P. glabrum and P. sulcatum,

the respectively smooth (i.e., erugose) or much wrinkled or roughened

(rugose) capsule constitutes a fairly reliable character, whereas in

such a species as P. flocculosum (assuming of course that this is a

pure species) it is utterly untrustworthy. So, too, with the matter

of having some of the inflorescence terminal. With P. confertiflorum,

for example, this appears a good character, while with P. glabrum

it is so capricious as to have little taxonomic value. It is much

to be hoped that collectors in the Hawaiian Islands will henceforth

pay special attention to Pittosporum species in the field and obtain

for herbaria large quantities of representative specimens. Especially

is it urged that these be accompanied with the fullest notes as to

ecological nature of the habitat, fruticose versus arborescent habit,

color and presence or absence of odor in the fresh flowers, presence

or absence of some truly terminal inflorescences on the branches, etc.

In this way it should be possible for the future monographer to effect

no little improvement in the admittedly preliminary and in some

respects unsatisfactory treatment herewith set forth.

Much of the trouble in making a workable key for Hawaiian

Pittospora lies in the fact that numerous subspecific entities, namely

varieties and forms (formae), occur. While these have their in-

dividual criteria by which they usually can be recognized, they

nevertheless afford so many intermediate characters as to make their

respective species seem to intergrade or even overlap. For this

reason, a key like Hillebrand's or Rock's, based entirely on morpho-

logical characters and purporting to lead at once to the proper

species for the entire group of the Hawaiian Islands, can be of

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 473

little value. Perhaps as often as not it will lead to the wrong species.

To obviate this difficulty I have first divided all species, varieties,

and forms into geographic groups, one for each of the larger Hawaiian

Islands (doing from sheer necessity what Pritzel, loc. cit., did for

the major geographic units of the world). I have then treated each

species, variety, and form as a separate entity and, wherever feasible,

have set it off separately in the key. Concomitantly with this

procedure, each textual description has been drawn (as in all my

other monographic works to the present date) to exclude subordinate

taxonomic entities.1 It is my sincere conviction that only in this

way can most revisional treatments, in the present state of our

knowledge and in cases where the groups studied are large and

contain numerous subspecific categories or units, conduce to the

proper degree of precision in taxonomic concept.

As in the case of my previous revisional studies, many photo-

graphs of the more important herbarium specimens have been taken.

As formerly, a complete set has been retained for my own private

collection and a duplicate set deposited in the Herbarium of Field

Museum of Natural History.

To the authorities of Field Museum of Natural History, who

have afforded the fullest opportunities for conducting the research

summarized in the following pages, also to the authorities of all

other co-operating institutions and to the several individual botanists

that have lent their generous assistance, it is a pleasure to express

here my appreciation and thanks.

Genus PITTOSPORUM Banks: Description

Banks ex Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. PI. 1: 286, tab. 59, fig. 7. 1788.2

Shrubs or small trees, with us evergreen, the leaves often crowded

in false whorls (two successive such whorls separated by a false

internode which in reality is several consecutive true internodes

combined, their intervening true nodes marked at least in youth

by much reduced now bracteiform leaves), in our species entire

(undulate-margined in the naturalized P. undulatum) and usually

1 Thus, for example, Pittosporum Terminalioides has been described with

peduncles up to 2.5 cm. long and capsular valves up to 2.8 cm. long. Its variety

macropus has been described with peduncles up to 6 cm. long and its var. macro-

carpum with capsules up to 4 cm. long.

2 No attempt is made here to include the various synonyms for the name

Pittosporum found in literature. These have been summarized by E. Pritzel in

Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. edit. 2. 18a: 273. 1930.

474 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

more or less revolute. Flowers in terminal or axillary racemes,

panicles or subumbellate clusters. Sepals 5, distinct or at base

united. Petals 5, their claws usually erect and often somewhat

united to above the middle. Filaments subulate; anthers erect and

ovate-oblong, their 2 linear-oblong cells opening by a lengthwise

slit. Ovary sessile or shortly stipitate, with 2 or rarely 3-5 parietal

placentas or as many cells with 8 or more ovules to each; style always

well developed; stigma faintly lobed. Capsule often compressed

dorsally to the leathery or finally woody valves; these thick and

armed at apex with the persistent stylar base, inwardly bearing

placentas lengthwise along their middle, in age often separating and

flattening out. Seeds large (±7 mm. long), angular, smooth,

exalate, black, with hard testa, embedded in a resinous, viscid pulp

(whence the generic name: Trtrra, pitch, -\-cnropos, seed). — A large

genus of about 200 known species, widely distributed in the tropical

and subtropical parts of the Eastern Hemisphere, from west Africa

eastward to various islands of the Pacific Ocean. In the Hawaiian

Islands, one species (P. undulatum) naturalized, the rest endemic.

CONSPECTUS OF SPECIES, VARIETIES, AND FORMS

PACK

1. Pittosporum acuminatum 481

var. 0 leptopodum 485

var. 7 Degeneri 485

var. 8 magnifolium 486

var. e waimeanum 486

2. Pittosporum Helleri 486

3. Pittosporum glabrum 487

var. /3 spathulatum 494

f. 1. subcandidum 496

f. 2. hypoleium 496

var. 7 intermedium 497

var. 8 glomeratum 497

var. e Tinifolium 498

4. Pittosporum acutisepalum 499

5. Pittosporum amplectens 501

6. Pittosporum sulcatum 502

var. j8 Remyi 507

var. 7 Rumicifolium 510

f. 1. tomentellum . 510

475

7. Pittosporum dolosum 511

var. /3 aquilonium 512

8. Pittosporum Forbesii 513

9. Pittosporum Terminalioides 514

var. /3 macrocarpum 517

var. 7 macropus 517

var. 8 mauiense 518

var. e lanaiense 518

10. Pittosporum kahananum 519

11. Pittosporum cauliflorum 520

var. /3 pedicellatum 521

var. 7 cladanthoides 523

12. Pittosporum halophilum 523

13. Pittosporum cladanthum 525

var. /3 gracilipes 529

var. 7 reticulatum 530

14. Pittosporum Gayanum 531

var. 0 waialealae 533

15. Pittosporum flocculosum 533

16. Pittosporum argentifolium 535

var. /3 Rockii 536

var. 7 sessile 537

17. Pittosporum kauaiense 538

var. /3 phaeocarpum 540

var. 7 repens 541

18. Pittosporum napaliense 542

19. Pittosporum insigne 543

var> /3 Lydgatei 546

var. 7 micranthum 548

var. 8 Hillebrandii 548

var. eFosbergii 549

f. 1. pertinax 550

var. f pelekunuanum 551

20. Pittosporum undulatum 552

21. Pittosporum confertiflorum 553

var. (8 Mannii 554

476 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

var. 7 longipes 558

var. 8 microphyllum 559

22. Pittosporum halophiloides 559

23. Pittosporum Hosmeri 560

var. |8 longifolium 562

var. 7 Saint-Johnii 564

24. Pittosporum hawaiiense 564

KEY

I. Natives of Hawaii

a. Capsules large, commonly 3-7.5 cm. long and 2-5.5 cm. wide or

thick.

6. Capsules finally more or less glabrate.

23. P. Hosmeri and var. 7 Saint-Johnii.

b. Capsules remaining more or less tomentose.

c. Leaf-blades mostly 1.5-3 cm. long; capsules globose or in

outline broadly oblong, 2.8-5 cm. thick or wide.

23. P. Hosmeri var. /3 longifolium.

c. Leaf-blades mostly 5-12 cm. long; capsules ovate or more

narrowly oblong in outline, under 2.9 cm. wide.

9. P. Terminalioides var. /3 macrocarpum.

a. Capsules smaller.

6. Capsules erugose; natives of northwestern Hawaii.

c. Leaf-blades up to 1.3 dm. long and to 3.3 cm. wide, their

margins undulate and their lower surfaces not conspicuously

salient- veiny; capsules in terminal clusters, their valves

mostly ±1 cm. long excluding the stylar beak.

20. P. undulatum.

c. Leaf -blades up to 1.9 dm. long and to 6.5 or even 8 cm.

wide, their margins not undulate, their lower surfaces

conspicuously salient- veiny; capsules in axillary or cauline

clusters, their valves ±2.3 cm. long excluding the stylar

beak 5. P. amplectens.

b. Capsules more or less rugose.

c. Capsules finally more or less glabrate 24. P. hawaiiense.

c. Capsules remaining mostly pubescent.

d. Leaves finally more or less glabrate beneath.

9. P. Terminalioides.

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 477

d. Leaves mostly remaining tomentose beneath.

e. Leaves mostly pale brownish- or whitish-tomentose

beneath; sepals broadly ovate.

21. P. confertiflorum sensu stricto.

e. Leaves mostly rufo-tomentose at least into or through

submaturity.

/. Inflorescences mostly terminal, lateral ones if present

having peduncles mostly under 2 cm. long.

21. P. confertiflorum var. /3 Mannii.

/. Inflorescences mostly lateral, peduncles up to 6 cm.

long; native of southwestern Hawaii.

9. P. Terminalioides var. 7 macropus.

II. Natives of Kauai

a. Leaves of peduncles commonly much reduced and bracteiform.

6. Shrub ±1.5 meters tall; leaves glabrous even when very young,

obovate-oblong, their blade 5-10 cm. long and 2-3.5 cm. wide;

native of bog at very summit of Waialeale.

14. P. Gayanum var. /3 waialealae.

b. Trees or tall shrubs.

c. Leaves conspicuously reticulate with veins depressed above

and salient beneath, when young covered on both surfaces

with dark-brown or reddish-brown tomentum and in age

remaining more or less so beneath, their blades mostly

4-10 cm. wide 14. P. Gayanum.

c. Leaves moderately reticulate with but slightly depressed or

salient veins.

d. Leaves glabrous, their blades mostly 2-5 cm. wide.

1. P. acuminatum and vars.

d. Leaves mostly more or less white- or brown-setose beneath

with appressed setae (or if not, then the branchlets con-

spicuously brown-tomentose), their blades 4-8.5 cm. wide.

e. Capsules mostly 2-3 cm. long 15. P. flocculosum.

e. Capsules 1.1-1.8 cm. long.

/. Sepals lanceolate to ovate, acute at apex, pubescent

or irregularly glabrate, 1.5-2 mm. long; corolla

slender, tube 4-7 mm. long, oblong lobes 2-3 mm.

long; pedicels very delicate.

17. P. kauaiense and vars.

478 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

/. Sepals widely ovate, obtuse at apex, tomentose, 4-5.5

mm. long; corolla- tube about 7-8 mm. long, -lobes

ovate and ±5 mm. long; pedicels robust.

18. P. napaliense.

a. Leaves of peduncles only moderately reduced and not bracteif orm ;

capsules in age more or less glabrescent, their valves marked

lengthwise with a median groove 2. P. Helleri.

III. Natives ofLanai

a. Inflorescence axillary or cauline.

6. Mature leaves more or less tomentose (through perhaps very

irregularly so) beneath.

c. Leaves numerous, crowded, small, their blade 6-8 cm. long

and 2-4 cm. wide; capsular valves about 1.5 cm. long.

9. P. Terminalioides var. e lanaiense.

c. Leaves few, subremote, their blade usually 8-12 cm. long and

usually 3.5-5 cm. wide (very young leaves much flexed and

densely fulvo- tomentose or fuzzy); capsular valves ±2 cm.

long 13. P. cladanthum var. ft gracilipes.

b. Mature leaves usually glabrous or glabrate (rarely with a few

straightish hairs) beneath 6. P. sulcatum var. ft Remyi.

a. Inflorescence now terminal now in the upper leaf-axils, seldom

cauline.

6. Leaf-blades usually 3-7.5 cm. long and 1.3-3.5 cm. wide;

capsules under 1.5 cm. long.

21. P. confertiflorum var. 5 microphyllum.

b. Leaf-blades and capsules larger,

c. Capsules strongly rugose, 2-3 cm. long.

21. P. confertiflorum var. ft Mannii.

c. Capsules smoothish or but slightly rugose, not or barely 2 cm.

long 22. P. halophiloides.

IV. Natives of Maui

a. Lower leaf-surfaces mostly appressed-tomentose or scurfy-hispid

(hairs argenteous and often partly transformed into a very

thin integument) 16. P. argentifolium and vars.

a. Lower leaf -surfaces glabrate, tomentose, tomentulose, or sparsely

appressed-setose.

6. Leaves more or less brown- to red- woolly beneath.

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 479

c. Inflorescences axillary or cauline.

9. P. Terminalioides var. 5 mauiense.

c. Inflorescences or at least some of them terminal.

21. P. confertiflorum and vars.

6. Leaves otherwise.

c. Leaves thickish, more or less glossy above, the reticulate

venation conspicuous.

19. P. insigne and vars. /3 Lydgatei and 7 micranthum.

c. Leaves thin, dull, their venation inconspicuously reticulate;

capsules only mildly or minutely rugose, under 2 cm. long;

native of southeasternmost East Maui.

3. P. glabrum var. e Tinifolium.

V. Natives of Molokai

a. Leaf-blades mostly retaining at maturity much of the pubescence

(this in age matted, appressed, grayish-white, somewhat scurfy)

on their upper surface, commonly 5-8 cm. long and 1.8-3 cm.

wide; species known only from Puu Kolekole. .8. P. Forbesii.

a. Leaf-blades at maturity essentially glabrous or glabrate above.

6. Small shrub about 1 meter tall, literal; leaf-blades obovate,

mostly rounded at apex, only 3.5-6.5 cm. long but 2-3.5 cm.

wide, even at maturity beautifully and densely tomentose

underneath with a yellowish- or reddish-brown wool; known

only from Kalawao of the north coast .... 12. P. halophilum.

b. Trees or tall shrubs, mostly 3-7 meters tall, rarely if ever

literal; leaf -blades mostly larger, in maturity glabrate to

appressedly and more or less irregularly whitish-tomentose

beneath.

c. Capsules mostly more or less erugose.

d. Capsules remaining at maturity more or less tomentulose.

3. P. glabrum var. ft spathulatum and f. 1. subcandidum.

d. Capsules at maturity glabrate.

19. P. insigne var. 8 Hillebrandii.

c. Capsules mostly rugose.

d. Capsules at maturity mostly glabrate.

e. Sepals mostly 0.5-0.6 the length of the corolla-tube.

6. P. sulcatum.

e. Sepals mostly 0.25-0.3 the length of the corolla-tube.

19. P. insigne var. Fosbergii and f. 1. pertinax.

480 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

d. Capsules at maturity remaining more or less tomentulose.

e. Leaf-blades ±2.9 dm. long and ±9-10 cm. wide.

19. P. insigne var. f pelekunuanum.

e. Leaf -blades commonly under 2 dm. long and under

7 cm. wide 6. P. sulcatum var. /3 Remyi.

VI. Natives of Oahu

a. Leaves essentially glabrous beneath or but sparsely setose, unless

when very young.

6. Capsules rugose and more or less sharply sulcate.

c. Capsules pubescent, especially in their furrows.

6. P. sulcatum var. £ Remyi and var. 7 Rumicifolium

f. 1. tomentellum.

c. Capsules glabrate or only very sparsely pubescent.

d. Leaf-blades 12-20 cm. long and up to 5 cm. wide, commonly

with a few appressed setae beneath near midvein; native

west of the Koolau Mountains Divide.

7. P. dolosum var. /3 aquilonium.

d. Leaf-blades commonly smaller or, if not, then entirely

glabrous beneath.

e. Leaves glabrous or glabrate, drying dark-green to some-

what brownish; a species widely distributed on Oahu.

6. P. sulcatum and var. 7 Rumicifolium.

e. Leaves at least some of them with a few scattered, ap-

pressed hairs beneath, drying more brownish to reddish-

brown; native of Land-Section Punaluu and of area

slightly southwest 7. P. dolosum.

6. Capsules not or but obscurely rugose. .3. P. glabrum and vars.

a. Leaves mostly tomentose or very strigose beneath, unless in age.

b. Capsules definitely rugose and more or less sulcate.

c. Leaf-blades strigose or strigose-scurfy beneath, unless in age.

d. Leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long and 4-9.5 cm. wide.

15. P. flocculosum.

d. Leaf-blades 4-8 cm. long and 1.2-2.5 cm. wide.

10. P. kahananum.

c. Leaf-blades tomentose or tomentulose beneath, unless in age.

d. Inflorescence terminal (but the fruiting one finally often

axillary by the development of a terminal shoot).

21. P. confertiflorum var. B Mannii.

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 481

d. Inflorescence axillary or cauline.

13. P. cladanthum and var. 7 reticulatum.

b. Capsules erugose or but slightly rugose, not definitely sulcate.

c. Leaf-blades strigose or strigose-scurfy beneath, unless in age.

15. P. flocculosum.

c. Leaf-blades tomentose or tomentulose beneath, unless in age.

11. P. cauliflorum and vars. /3 pedicellatum and

7 cladanthoides.

ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR HERBARIA CITED

Arn. Herb. Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.

Berl. Herb. Berlin Botanical Garden, Berlin-Dahlem.

Bish. Herb. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

Calif. Acad. Herb. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

Corn. Herb. Cornell University, Ithaca.

Deg. Herb, of Otto Degener, Waialua, Oahu, Hawaii

Territory.

Del. Herb. Delessert, Geneva.

Field Herb. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.

Goth. Herb. Arboretum Gothenburg, Sweden.

Gray Herb. Gray, Harvard University, Cambridge,

Massachusetts.

Kew Herb. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Minn. Herb. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Mo. Herb. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

N.Y. Herb. New York Botanical Garden, New York City.

Par. Herb. Museum of Natural History, Paris.

U.S. Herb. United States National Museum, Washington.

Yunck. Herb. Truman George Yuncker, Greencastle, Indiana.

1. Pittosporum acuminatum H. Mann, Enum. Haw. PL

no. 22 (Proc. Amer. Acad. 7: 152). 1867.

a. Peduncle and axis of inflorescence glabrous or glabrate even from

first; native of southwestern Kauai var. /3 leptopodum.

a. Peduncle and axis of inflorescence more or less hispid or tomentose

unless in old age.

b. Sepals mostly subulate to broadly lanceolate,

c. Leaf-blades commonly 1.5-2 dm. long and 4-6 cm. wide,

-petioles 1-3.2 cm. long; capsular valves with a rough,

lengthwise, median ridge; native of eastern Kauai.

var. d magnifolium.

482 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

c. Leaf -blades commonly smaller, -petioles mostly 0.7-1.7 cm.

long; capsular valves not or but imperfectly median-ridged;

native of western Kauai P. acuminatum sensu stricto.

6. Sepals (at least of sterile flowers) widely ovate, at apex usually

obtuse.

c. Leaves mostly 2-4.3 cm. wide, thickish, subglossy, on upper

surface rather conspicuously reticulate-veined, the veins

impressed above and salient beneath; peduncles numerously

bracteate, bracts flagelliform, suberect, 5-9 mm. long;

native of eastern Kauai var. 7 Degeneri.

c. Leaves mostly 4-6.5 cm. wide, thinnish, dull, on upper

surface subobscurely veined, the veins neither impressed

above nor very salient beneath; peduncles commonly 1- or

2-bracteate with bracts 3-5 mm. long; native of south-

western Kauai var. e waimeanum.

Small tree 4.5-6 meters tall, branches slender, youngest shoots

densely and antrorsely appressed-hispid with brownish or "pale"

setae. Leaves thin-chartaceous to subcoriaceous, widely to narrowly

oblanceolate or subspatulate, apically acute to shortly acuminate,

glabrous, minutely revolute, gradually narrowed below into a slender

petiole ±1 cm. long or the upper ones subsessile, blade 8-17 cm.

long and 2-4.5 cm. wide, often irregularly blackened on dull or at

times glossy upper surface with patches of fungous infection (Cap-

nodium lanosumfide Rockii in herb.). Sterile flowers from the upper-

most leaf-whorl, in corymbose racemes of 2.5-5 cm. in length, or

at times on long foliose axes with flowers single in axils of reduced

leaves; pedicels ±2.5 cm. long, pubescent; bracts and sepals subulate,

±7 mm. long; corolla white, its tube about 11 mm. long, its lobes

long and acute. Fertile flowers from subterminal or lower axils,

in corymbose, 3-11-flowered racemes; peduncle slender (at anthesis

±0.5 mm. in fruit ±1.5 mm. thick), at first brownish-tomentulose

but finally more or less glabrate and ligneous, commonly 4-8.5 cm.

long, floriferous near top or at most usually in upper third but

bracteate throughout length; bracts subulate, subsparsely tomentose,

appressed or suberect, 3-8 mm. long, in age deciduous; pedicels

delicate, brownish-tomentulose, 6-20 mm. long; sepals lanceolate-

subulate or a few ovate, attenuate, dorsally glabrate, marginally

ciliate or minutely more or less erose-laciniate, about 4-5 mm. long;

corolla-tube 7-10 mm. long, lobes ovate or ovate-oblong, about

5 mm. long. Ovary densely brownish-tomentose; style delicate,

gradually dilated upward, glabrate, usually exceeding the ovary;

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 483

stigma capitate. Capsule subglobose to thick-ovoid, subquadrate,

densely brownish-tomentulose, deeply tuberculate-roughened and

more or less wrinkled, 14-18 mm. long exclusive of the slender,

persistent stylar beak (this when intact about 4.5-5 mm. long).

Seeds comparatively few and plump, 6-7 mm. long.

Type specimen: Collected by Horace Mann & William T.

Brigham, No. 603, at altitude of 3,000 feet, on the mountains above

Waimea, Island of Kauai, 1864-1865 (Corn, and Gray).

Distribution: Western Kauai.

Specimens examined (all from Kauai): Otto Degener 10,987, in

forest, Kokee Camp, June 26, 1926 (Berl.; Deg.; Field, 2 sheets);

Degener 10,994, in forest, same locality, June 23, 1926 (Field);

Abbe UrbainFaurie 14, Hanapepe, December, 1909 (Del., 2 sheets;

Par.); Faurie 19, alt. 1,000 meters, Waimea, March, 1910 (Arn.;

Del., 2 sheets); Charles N. Forbes 4-K, on ridge at foot of Kahili,

July 8, 1909 (Berl.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew; Par.); Forbes 236- K,

Wahiawa Mts., August, 1909 (Berl.; Bish.; Field; Kew); Forbes

856- K, Waimea Drainage Basin, July 3-August 18, 1917 (Bish.);

Forbes 870- K, same locality and date (Bish.; Field; leaves smaller);

Amos Arthur Heller, ridge west of Hanapepe River, July 17, 1895

(Field); Heller 2,456, on the Hanapepe and Wahiawa Watershed,

June 28, 1895 (Arn.; Kew; Minn.); Heller (similarly) 2,456, on the

ridge west of Hanapepe River, same date (Berl.; Bish.; Corn.;

Field; Gray; Kew; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.); Heller (similarly) 2,456, same

locality, Aug. 22, 1895 (Mo.; U.S.); Mann & Brigham 603 (type

collection, Corn.; Gray); Joseph F. Rock, Kauai, October, 1916

(Bish.); Rock 2,017, not common, around Halemanu, February 14-

26, 1909 (Arn.); Rock 2,031, Halemanu, same date (Bish.); Rock

2,032, same locality and date (Arn.); Rock 2,033, Mohihi, February

14, 1909 (Gray); Rock 5,221, in woods of Waimea, September 10,

1909 (Bish.; leaves smaller); Rock 5,222, same locality and date

(Field; leaves small, as in Rock 5,221); Rock 5,223, same locality

and date (Field; leaves small, as in Rock 5,221 and 5,222); Rock

5,224, Kauai, September, 1909 (Bish.; leaves small, as in Rock 5,221,

5,222, and 5,223); Rock 5,226, in woods, Kaholuamanu, September,

1909 (Gray; N.Y.); Rock 5,227, in woods, Waimea, "leaves infested

with Capnodium lanosum," September 10, 1909 (Field; form connect-

ing Rock 5,221, 5,222, 5,223, and 5,224 with typical form, as to leaf-

size, of the species proper); Rock 5,229, same locality and date

(Arn.); Rock 5,231, same locality and date (Arn.; leaves small);

Rock 5,811, in woods back of Makaweli, September, 1909 (Arn.);

484 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

Rock 5,814, in woods above Makaweli, same date (Bish.); Rock

5,849, same locality, September 28, 1909 (Field) ; Rock 5,850, same

locality and date (Am.); Mrs. Francis Sinclair, Jr., commun. January,

1885, Haolanlii (Kauai? — I cannot find this locality on maps; Kew);

Carl Skottsberg 1,023, between Kokee and Mohihi, Waimea, October

29, 1922 (Goth.).

Described by Rock (Indig. Trees Haw. Isls. 155. 1913) as "a

very handsome, graceful tree with beautiful cream-colored, fragrant

flowers." My description of the sterile flowers is taken from Hille-

brand (Fl. Haw. Isls. 22. 1888), who had had opportunity to observe

much material in the field. Hillebrand describes the sterile (male)

flowers as fragrant but is silent as to fragrance for the fertile flowers.

He describes the fertile flowers, in reality the inflorescence containing

them, as coming from the lower leaf-whorls, but in many specimens

the peduncles are practically if not indeed truly at the terminus of

the branch. A special study should be made of the seeds of this

species. On specimens representing several collections, the mature

seeds are somewhat shorter and narrower, and noticeably thicker

or more plump than for the other Hawaiian species of Pittosporum.

The late Dr. John Briquet, of the Delessert Herbarium at

Geneva, made a critical study of several Hawaiian Island specimens

of Pittosporum, in the year 1914. He wrote tentative diagnoses

for several species believed by him to be new.1 These diagnoses

are filed with their respective specimens at the Delessert Herbarium.

Faurie 19 was proposed by Briquet as a new species, differing from

P. acuminatum (according to Briquet) in having the axis of its

inflorescence tomentose and in having narrow leaves, the upper ones

subsessile. Faurie 19 was collected, it may be observed, in the type

locality of the species proper. It is not capable even of varietal

segregation.2

For an apparent hybrid between P. acuminatum and P. kauaiense

var. phaeocarpum see under that variety (p. 541).

1 1 cannot find in literature any publication of Briquet's work on these plants.

Nor does Dr. B. P. G. Hochreutiner, Briquet's successor at Geneva, know of any

such publication. Dr. Hochreutiner wrote me under date of January 8, 1940:

"I know of no publication of Briquet concerning Pittosporum. I have only seen

in our Herbarium some determinations with labels in Briquet's handwriting and

sometimes with indications 'spec, nova.' I suppose that these were left in place

till Briquet had the opportunity of publishing them, and that he never did."

2 Briquet, without doubt, had contrasted Faurie 19 with the Delessert Her-

barium specimens of Faurie 1, labeled Pittosporum acuminatum Mann. In Faurie

1 the axis of the inflorescence is indeed essentially glabrous (see var. leptopodum).

But P. acuminatum proper had its peduncles and pedicels, as may be seen in its

type collection (Mann & Brigham 603), tomentulose during anthesis, and thus

would include Faurie 19.

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 485

Pittosporum acuminatum var. ft leptopoduni Sherff, Amer.

Journ. Bot. 28: 20. 1941.

Leaves narrower and thinner, peduncle more slender and a little

longer, also glabrate from the first; pedicels more slender, a little

longer, glabrate; bracts filiform; sepals lanceolate.

Type specimen: Collected by Abbe Urbain Faurie, No. 1, alt.

1,000 meters, Waimea, Island of Kauai, March, 1910 (Par.).

Distribution: Southwestern Kauai.

Specimens examined : Faurie I (type, Par.: cotypes, Arn. 2 sheets;

Del., 3 sheets); Joseph F. Rock 2,030, Kaholuamanu, March 3-10,

1909 (Field); Rock 17,139, same locality, October, 1916 (Bish.).

Pittosporum acuminatum var. 7 Degeneri Sherff, Amer.

Journ. Bot. 28: 20. 1941.

Bracts of the youngest branches very narrowly linear, conspic-

uous, more or less glabrous, up to 2 cm. long. Sepals (at least those

of sterile flowers) widely ovate, at apex obtuse or sometimes acute

or acuminate, dorsally glabrous or more or less pulverulent, 2.5-

3.5 mm. long. Capsule unknown.

Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener & Emilio Ordonez,

No. 12,617, six feet tall, on open, rainy ridge, Kalualea, Koloa,

Island of Kauai, December 31, 1939 (Field).

Distribution: Eastern Kauai.

Specimens examined: Degener & Ordonez 12,617 (type, Field);

Degener & Ordonez 12,618, bush, on sunny ridge, alt. 1,200 feet,

Kawaiumakua, Anahola, December 26, 1939 (Berl.; Deg.; Field;

flowers and fruits lacking); Abbe Urbain Faurie 13, Kilauea, January,

1910 (Arn.; Del., 2 sheets; leaf-blades up to 1.5 dm. long and 5.8

cm. wide, petioles long and slender as in var. magnifolium, in-

florescences sessile and terminal, perhaps through bud injuries);

Harold Saint John & F. R. Fosberg 13,469, erect shrub, 7 feet tall,

flowers white, leaves pale green, in thick brush on very steep slope,

alt. 1,320 feet, Laaukahi, Haiku, December 22, 1933 (Field).

While capsules are unknown, the various characters of leaf and

inflorescence relate this form unmistakably to P. acuminatum, from

which it may be distinguished by the widely ovate, not subulate,

sepals of its sterile flowers. The numerous and conspicuous bracts

(much reduced interverticillate leaves) occurring on the last portion

of the branches seem likewise distinctive, most of them being much

more elongate than in the species proper or in var. magnifolium.

486 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

The variety was named for Mr. Otto Degener, the well known

authority on the Hawaiian flora, in appreciation of his invaluable

aid in supplying numerous specimens of Pittosporum for my revisional

study of the Hawaiian members of the genus.

Pittosporum acuminatum var. 5 magnifolium Sherff, Amer.

Journ. Bot. 28: 20. 1941.

Bracts of youngest branches (which are brown-tomentose)

sharply subulate, commonly under 1 cm. long. Petioles slender,

1-3.2 cm. long; blades commonly 1.5-2 dm. long and 4-6 cm. wide,

conspicuously acuminate, when nascent appressedly brown-hispid

along the veins. Peduncle commonly under 2 cm. long. Capsule

really more rugose, 1.7-2.3 cm. long; valves with a rough, length-

wise, median ridge.

Type specimen: Collected by Rev. John M. Lydgate, Kalihiwai,

northeastern coast of Island of Kauai, in 1915 (Bish.).

Distribution: Eastern and north-central Kauai.

Specimens examined: Abbe UrbainFaurie 12, Wainiha, January,

1910 (Arn.; Del.); Charles N. Forbes 616- K, Hii Mts., October 20,

1916 (Bish.; Field; Mo.); Forbes 653- K, same locality, October 22,

1916 (Bish.; Field); Forbes 676- K, same locality and date (Bish.;

Mo.); Lydgate, Kalihiwai, 1915 (type, Bish.); Lydgate, Waialua

(Wailua) Mts., Pole Line Trail (Bish.).

Pittosporum acuminatum var. e waimeanum Sherff, Field

Mus. Bot. Ser. 22: 429. 1941.

Leaves thinner, blade often 1.3-1.7 dm. long and 4-6.5 cm. wide,

not glossy, the small nerves obscure above; petiole slender, 1-3.5 cm.

long; peduncles slender, commonly 1-3.5 cm. long, few- (more often

1- or 2-) bracteate, bracts narrowly subulate, 3-5 mm. long; sepals

widely ovate, over much of their surface brown-pubescent, about

3 mm. long; capsule brown-pubescent nearly all over.

Type specimen: Collected by Abbe Urbain Faurie, No. 3, at

altitude of 1,000 meters, Waimea, Isl. Kauai, March, 1910 (Par.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality in southwestern

Kauai.

Specimens examined : Faurie 3 (type, Par.: cotypes, Arn.; Bish.;

Del.).

2. Pittosporum Helleri Sherff, Amer. Journ. Bot. 28: 23. 1941.

In habit of foliage very similar to P. acuminatum. Leaves more

often 10-12 cm. long and 2-3 cm. wide, commonly smoother.

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 487

Peduncle of female inflorescence (at least finally) glabrous, 3-8-

flowered, at times truly terminal; more often axillary, elongate,

branch-like and foliose with leaves 4-10 cm. long and 1-2 cm. wide;

pedicels slender, at anthesis very shortly spreading-hispidulous and

±1 cm. long, finally glabrous and perhaps a little longer. Flowers

unknown. Capsule ovoid, quadrate, at base rounded or truncate,

at first densely brown-tomentose but finally more or less glabrescent;

valves tuberculate-rugose, cordate at base, marked lengthwise with

a median groove, 1.5-2.4 cm. long (excluding the slender, ±5 mm.

long style) and subequally wide.

Type specimen: Collected by Amos Arthur Heller, No. 2,783,

on Kaholuamanu, above Waimea, Island of Kauai, September 2-9,

1895 (Gray).

Distribution: Known only from type locality in southwestern

Kauai.

Specimens examined: Heller 2,783, on Kaholuamanu, above

Waimea, August 30, 1895 (Field); Heller (similarly) 2,783 (type,

Gray: cotypes, Arn.; BerL; Field; Kew; Minn.; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.;

U.S.); Joseph F. Rock 5,817, in woods above Makaweli, September,

1909 (Gray).

An interesting character is the leafiness of the peduncles, at least

of those bearing the fertile flowers. At times these peduncles are

definitely terminal, but in most cases they are axillary. In these

latter cases, however, the leaves along the lower part may give the

remaining terminal portion of the peduncle the appearance of being

terminally placed on a leafy branch.

Heller misconstrued this species as representing P. acuminatum.

From that species it may be separated at once by its leafy, not

minutely subulate-bracted, peduncles, by the very minutely spread-

ing-hispidulous, not tomentulose or glabrate, pedicels of the fertile

flowers, and by the finally glabrate, not tomentose, capsules; also

doubtless by several other characters yet to be ascertained when

flowering specimens of both sexes are collected.

3. Pittosporum glabrum Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy.

110. 1832; Pittosporum Terminalioides var. glabrum Hook. & Arn.

ex Wawra, Flora 56: 168. 1873; Pittosporum Fauriei LeVl. in Fedde,

Repert. 10: 121. 1911.

a. Leaves glabrous.

6. Peduncle and pedicels usually glabrous; capsules up to about

2.5 cm. long, essentially glabrous ... P. glabrum sensu stricto.

488 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

6. Peduncles and pedicels pilose.

c. Pedicels much reduced, only ±1 mm. long.

var. 5 glomeratum.

e. Pedicels commonly much longer.

d. Hairs of pubescence multiloculate; capsules up to 3.5 cm.

long, glabrous or slightly tomentulose. .var. j intermedium,

d. Hairs of pubescence simple; capsules up to 2.7 cm. long,

irregularly tomentulose . . var. ft spathulatum sensu stricto.

a. Leaves with more or less pubescence unless when old.

b. Leaf-blades somewhat appressed-tomentose beneath with com-

monly white or but rarely yellowish-brown hairs.

c. Leaves coriaceous, capsules whitish- or yellowish-tomentulose

and ±2.5 cm. wide; plant native of Molokai.

var. ft spathulatum f. 1. subcandidum.

c. Leaves membranaceous, capsules glabrate or very sparsely

setose and dbl.7 cm. wide; plant native of East Maui.

var. € Tinifolium.

b. Leaf-blades having mostly yellow tomentum; plant native of

Oahu var. ft spathulatum f. 2. hypoleium.

A shrub or small tree, 2-5 meters tall, glabrous throughout or

somewhat pubescent on young shoots and rarely on floral bracts;

branches with grayish bark. Leaves on slender branches, a few

alternate the rest loosely verticillate, thin-coriaceous, spatulate to

oblanceolate or rarely ovate-oblong, at apex rarely subtruncate or

faintly emarginate but commonly rounded to obtuse or shortly

acuminate, at margins very narrowly and only moderately revolute,

gradually narrowed below into a subalate or alate petiole (this

0.5-1.5 or even -2 cm. long), the blade now 5-9 cm. long and 1.5-3

cm. wide now 9-13 cm. long and 2.5-3.8 cm. wide, drying to various

shades of green (bluish- or grayish- to brownish-green) on upper

surface and often to a paler- or more brownish-green on lower

surface, the venation not or but slightly salient. Inflorescence

usually quite glabrous, in axillary or terminal normal or subcorym-

bose sometimes subpedunculate but usually pedunculate racemes,

these 6-15- (more rarely to 20-) flowered. Pedicels glabrous or gla-

brate, slender or sometimes even capillary, commonly 3-8 rarely up

to 18 mm. long; their bracts subulate to linear-oblong or more often

-lanceolate, glabrous or ciliate, mostly 1-3 mm. long; peduncle ±2

cm. long. Sepals ovate, obtuse to acuminate, glabrous, 1-1.5 (rarely

-3) mm. long. Corolla pure white or cream-colored, its tube ±7 mm.

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORDM 489

long in the fertile flowers and ±9 mm. long in the sterile flowers,

the spreading lobes about 4-^4.5 mm. long. Ovary glabrous. Capsule

2- or 3-valved, at first ovoid and pointed, smooth or roughish; at

maturity green or greenish (but brownish to black in herbarium

specimens), usually compressed-globose rarely compressed-ovoid,

externally papillate and often transversely somewhat waved or

wrinkled; after dehiscence the valves more or less flat, up to about

2.5 cm. long and subequally wide. Seeds black, shining, compressed,

angular, dorsally smooth, 4-6 mm. wide.

Type specimen: Collected by Lay & Collie (of Captain Recency's

Expedition) on Oahu, 1826-1827 (Kew; a specimen in Delessert

Herbarium, apparently intended for a duplicate, is seen from its

one small immature capsule to be P. sulcatum).

Distribution: Island of Oahu.

Specimens examined: Captain Beechey, see Lay & Collie; Edwin H.

Bryan, Jr., Koolau Range, December, 1919 (Field); Bryan, alt.

±1,500 feet, Kawailoa Ridge, January 5, 1937 (Field) ; Bryan 790,

small tree 4-5 meters tall, in small clump of remnant native forest,

alt. 1,800 feet, extreme head of Manini Gulch, Waianae Mts., Sep-

tember 25, 1934 (Field); William Bush & D. LeRoy Topping 3,718,

shrub 5-6 feet tall, on sunny bank, Waimalu Gulch, February 22,

1934 (Field); Bush & Topping 3,766, tree 15 feet tall, on shrubby

hillside, Waimalu Ditch Trail, November 18, 1934 (Deg.; Gray;

N.Y.; U.S.); I- Chang, in rain-forest, alt. 1,700 feet, south

ridge of Kipapa Gulch, Waipio, Koolau Mts., May 15, 1932 (Field);

Degener 10,976, in forest, Mt. Olympus, January 9, 1927 (Berl.; Deg.;

Field) ; Degener 10,982, weak, somewhat straggling shrub, 6 feet tall,

in forest, east ridge of Niu Valley, April 20, 1931 (Berl.; Deg.; Field,

2 sheets); Degener 13,001, in forest, Oio-Paumalu Trail, June 16,

1940 (Berl.; Deg.; Field, 2 sheets; form with some of the ovaries

subrugose and when very young somewhat hispid, the pedicels at

first glabrate or sparsely short-setulose) ; Degener & H. Ochiae

10,988, on exposed ridge in tapestry forest, ridge northeast of

Nuuanu Pali, November 20, 1926 (Field); Degener, Park, Potter, &

Shigeura 10,812, on lantana-covered foothill, Waimalu Gulch,

November 3, 1935 (Deg.; N.Y.); Degener, Park, & Kwon 10,980,

straggling shrub, with curving, weak branches, in rain-forest,

Pupukea-Kahuku region, December 6, 1931 (Berl.; Deg.; Field, 2

sheets) ; Degener, Salucop, & Arlantico 11,535 pro parte, in lower for-

est, C. C. C. Trail, Aiea, December 6, 1937 (Field, 2 sheets; N.Y. ; some

of the capsules rugose and suggesting possible hybridization with

490 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. 22

P. sulcatum) ; Degener, Takamoto, & Martinez 10,799 pro parte, in for-

est, C. C. C. Trail, Aiea, March 15, 1936 (Deg.) ; Degener, Takamoto,

Tarn, & Martinez 10,798 pro parte, in lower forest, east ridge of Manoa

Valley, March 29, 1936 (Corn.; Deg.; Gray; Mo.; N.Y.; U.S.; cum

P. acutisepalo commixta) ; Miss K. Duker, in wet forest, Manoa Cliff

Trail, Manoa Valley, July 13, 1933 (Field) ; Abbe Urbain Faurie 4,

alt. 600 meters, Kalihi, October, 1909 (Arn.; Del.; Par.); Faurie 5,

alt. 800 meters, Konahuanui, May, 1910 (Arn.; Del.; Par.); Faurie

18, Kalihi, October, 1909 (Bish.; Del.; LeVeilte's first cited number

of his Pittosporum Fauriei) ; Faurie 38, same place and date (Par. ;

cited by LeVeill£ for his P. Fauriei; reduced in herb, by Joseph F.

Rock to P. glabrum); Charles N. Forbes (with J. F. G. Stokes), Lani-

huli Ridge, June 28, 1908 (Field) ; Forbes, west side of Nuuanu Valley

above Pali, July 25, 1908 (Bish.); Forces, ridge, west Kalihi Valley,

August 18, 1908 (Field) ; Forbes, ridge, west of Kalihi Valley, Decem-

ber 24, 1908 (Field); Forbes, head of Kalihi Valley, April 2, 1909

(Field; Mo.); Forbes 1,080-0, valley and ridge, Nuuanu, January 27,

1909 (Bish.) ; Forbes 1,251-0, head of Kalihi Valley, April 2, 1909

(Bish.); Forbes (with C. M. Cooke) 1,610-0, east side of Nuuanu

Valley, November, 1910 (Bish.; Mo.); Forbes 1,661-0, Pacific

Heights, March, 1911 (Mo.) ; Forbes 1,898-0, central ridge of Niu,

February 9, 1914 (Bish.); Forbes 1,943-0, ridge west of Waialae

Valley, October 15, 1914 (Berl.; Bish.; Field; Mo.); Forbes 2,058-0,

ridge north of Waimea Valley, February 10-13, 1915 (Bish.; Field);

Forbes 2,181-0, Konahuanui ridges, March 11 and 12, 1915 (Bish.) ;

Forbes (with Mr. Labouchere) 2,289-0, in upper Kalihi Valley, Febru-

ary 16, 1916 (Bish.; Field) ; Forbes (with Albert S. and Ralph Hitch-

cock) 2,399-0, on ridge between Palolo and Waialae, August 7, 1916

(Bish.) ; Forbes (with J. C. Bridwell) 2,432-0, Waialae Iki and Ridge,

right-hand side, March 2, 1917 (Bish.) ; Forbes (with J. C. Bridwell)

2,459-O, ridge between Niu and Wailupe, April 11, 1917 (Bish.);

Forbes 2,493-0, Manoa Cliff Trail, May 1, 1917 (Bish.); F. R.

Fosberg 9,303, bush 2 meters tall, flowers white, with strong, sweet

odor, on dry bluff, alt. 300 meters, ridge above Woodlawn, Manoa,

March 19, 1933 (Berl.; Bish.; Del.; Field; Mo.; Par.); Fosberg 13,317,

small tree 5 meters tall, in moist patch of forest, alt. 520 meters,

at head of Keekee Gulch, Kuaokala Forest Reserve, Waianae Mts.,

November 8, 1936 (Bish.; Field); Fosberg & K. Duker 9,184, tree

4 meters tall, in wet forest, alt. 520 meters, Pupukea-Kahuku Trail,

Koolau Mts., Kaunala, February 19, 1933 (Berl.; Bish.; Field);

V. 0. Fosberg 25, bush 3 meters tall, with white flowers, in wet forest,

alt. 580 meters, Palolo-Waialae Ridge, Koolau Mts., May 24, 1936

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 491

(Berl.; Bish.; Field, 2 sheets); D. Wesley Garber & C. N. Forbes 186,

ridge overlooking Niu and Wailupe Valleys, January 12, 1920 (Bish.) ;

A. A. Heller 1,985 pro parte, Honolulu, March 22, 1895 (Corn.);

Heller (similarly) 1,985 pro parte, in Nuuanu, March 23, 1895

(Field; Gray; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.); William Hillebrand, Oahu, 1869

(U.S.); Hillebrand 301, Oahu (Gray); Hillebrand 303, Oahu (Kew);

Hillebrand & Lydgate, Oahu (Bish.); E. P. Hume 344, alt: 1,800

feet, on wooded slope, Manoa Cliff Trail, November 28, 1931 (Bish. ;

Field); A. F. Judd 26, flowers white, Kalihi region, November 4,

1925 (Bish.); N. H. Krauss, in wet forest, alt. 1,500-1,700 feet,

Pupukea-Kahuku Trail, Kaunala-Waimea, Koolau Mts., February

19, 1933 (Berl.; Bish.; Field); Krauss, alt. 1,400-1,600 feet, Piko

Trail, Kahanahaiki Valley, Waianae Mts., December 30, 1933

(Field) ; Lay & Collie, Oahu (type, Kew) ; Horace Mann & William T.

Brigham 203 pro parte, Oahu (Bish.; Del.; Field, 2 sheets; Gray;

in Kew, Mo., alibique cum P. sulcato var. Remyi commixt.; N.Y.;

U.S.); Jules Remy 571, Oahu, 1851-1855 (Par.); Joseph F. Rock,

without locality, October 3, 1908 (Bish.); Rock 19 (4,812), alt. 1,200

feet, east ridge, Niu Valley, August 22, 1909 (Bish.); Rock 710

pro parte, Pauoa Valley, November 4, 1908 (Field); Rock 990,

Konahuanui, January 7, 1909 (Arn.); Rock 4,836, alt. 1,000-1,200

feet, slopes of eastern ridge, Niu Valley, August 22, 1909 (Bish.;

Gray) ; Rock 4,839, alt. 1,000 feet, on the slopes of the eastern ridge,

Niu Valley, August 22, 1909 (Arn.); Rock 8,721, alt. 2,000 feet,

Niu Valley, December, 1910 (Arn.; Bish.; Gray; N.Y.); Carl Skotts-

berg 2,109, Pupukea-Malaekahana Trail, Koolau Range, September

15, 1926 (Bish.) ; D. LeRoy Topping 2,851, Niu Ridge, September 7,

1924 (Deg.; N.Y.); Topping 3,096, along Manoa Cliff Trail, April 12,

1925 (Deg.); United States Exploring Expedition under Captain

Wilkes, Oahu (Gray; U.S.); E. K. Yoshinaga, Pupukea, January

12, 1930 (Bish.).

Much material of related species has been confused with P. gla-

brum, both in literature and in herbaria. Thus, for example, J. F.

Rock (Indig. Trees Haw. Isls. pi. 55. 1913) illustrates the species

with a full-page plate of what is instantly recognizable as P. sulcatum

var. Remyi. A. A. Heller collected many specimens of P. glabrum

in southeastern Oahu in 1895, distributing them under his number

1985. But under this same number he included certain additional

specimens that prove to be P. sulcatum. These latter are at least

in large part and doubtless entirely the basis of Heller's remarks

(Minnesota Bot. Studies 1: 829. 1897): "In flowering specimens,

collected on the lower slope of Konahuanui, and overlooking Nuuanu,

492 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

the pedicels are pubescent. With the exception of this pubescence,

which apparently soon disappears, the specimens agree very well

with the original description of P. glabrum." (But the original descrip-

tion of P. glabrum was all too meager. A comparison with actual

specimens of P. glabrum shows, for Heller's atypic specimens, not

only pubescent pedicels but the proportionately longer sepals and

the rugose fruits characteristic of P. sulcatum.) Aloysius Putterlick

likewise was inaccurate in his treatment of P. glabrum (Synopsis

Pittosporearum 11. 1839). For the binomial he cited its real authors,

Hooker and Arnott, to be sure, but he based his description upon

a plant collected by David Douglas, and a study of this description

shows that Putterlick's plant was P. Terminalioides.1

Hillebrand (Fl. Haw. Isls. 22. 1888) set P. glabrum in that division

of his key where the inflorescence was "axillary or cauline," not in

part "terminal." But P. glabrum varies indiscriminately in this

respect and its frequent terminal inflorescences may bear either

fertile or sterile flowers. Indeed, on the type sheet at Kew, the right-

hand one of the two specimens shows a terminal inflorescence.

Rock (loc. cit.), who evidently relied very largely upon Hillebrand,

likewise classified P. glabrum's inflorescence as "axillary or cauline."

E. Pritzel (in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 18a: 278.

1930) accepted Rock's key bodily, merely translating it from English

into German. We must note, however, that when Rock, subsequent

to the publication of his key in 1913, made an extended herbarium

study of Berlin and Paris specimens of Pittosporum, he included

terminal as well as lateral inflorescences for P. glabrum. One instance

was his reduction of the Paris specimen of Faurie 38, a number cited

by LeVeille* for P. Fauriei LeVl., to P. glabrum. On that specimen

and several others cited by LeVeille" for P. Fauriei LeVl., the inflores-

cences are distinctly terminal.

1 Putterlick indeed cited a plant which "in insula Sandwicensium Oahu legit

D. Douglas." But I know of no Oahu plants that Douglas collected. Horace

Mann (Jr., Enum. Haw. PL, Proc. Amer. Acad. 7: 144. 1867) states that when

Douglas reached the Hawaiian Islands, "he immediately went to Hawaii, where

he collected until the 12th of May, when he met a violent death . . . ." The only

Pittosporum material seen by me that Douglas collected is his no. 20 at Kew and

at Gray Herbarium. This is the type collection of P. Terminalioides Planchon

ex A. Gray. The island whence it derived is not stated on the label, but the Kew

label says "Sandwich Islands." The Gray Herbarium specimen had been labeled

P. Terminalioides in Gray's own hand and, since Gray elsewhere (Bot. United

States Explor. Exped. 1: 231. 1854) cited the one island, Hawaii, for that species

and, furthermore, was familiar with and cited Putterlick's description of P.

glabrum, it is evident that Gray did not give credence to Putterlick's citation of

"Oahu" for the true source of the Douglas plant. (As to the quite different ques-

tion, as to whether true P. Terminalioides is found on the Island of Oahu, see

footnote under that species, p. 516.)

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 493

The precise status of P. Fauriei merits discussion here, inasmuch

as its name antedates various others published at later dates for

Hawaiian Pittospora. LeVeill£'s description (loc. cit.) included:

". . . folia oblongo-spathulata glaberrima in petiolum decurrentia;

flores terminalia 4-6, umbellati conspicue pedunculati et pedicellati;

corolla calice 4-plo longior; rachide glaberrima qua a P. insigne cui

proximum distinguitur; sepala ovata, glaberrima, obtusa, petala

obtusa; ovarium pilosum stylo crasso et dimidio longiore coronatum;

fructus niger, levis, piriformis, stylo marcescente." Faurie 18 and

38 were cited, both from Kalihi (misspelled "Kaliki" by LeVeille" but

not by Faurie), Oahu, October, 1909. The type herbarium was

not cited.1 The Bishop Museum specimen of Faurie 18, the first

cited number, is the only one known to me labeled fully in LeVeille''s

own hand. This, however, is barely a fragment and it is obvious

that he really used associate specimens, doubtless the ones at

Delessert Herbarium and at Paris, for his description. These latter

two match the description closely. From the glabrous leaves and

inflorescence, the very short calyces, and the glabrous fruits, they

are seen to belong to P. glabrum. The word "piriformis" evidently

referred to the lone submature capsule on the Paris sheet of material.

The Delessert sheet bears four submature capsules and these all

are ovate or obovate to cordate-ovate in outline as they lie pressed

on the paper. All five capsules are essentially smooth or erugose

(c/. "levis" LeVl. loc. cit.), as in P. glabrum proper, but show some-

what a tendency to have the flattish surface sulcate or sulculate.

P. glabrum occasionally presents capsules of this type, thus offering

a slight approach (as to capsules only) toward P. sulcatum.2 Whether

this approach connotes hybridism is not known, but in no case could

the type materials of P. Fauriei be taken as typifying the sister

1 The Faurie plants were disposed of to several large institutions (among them

the Arnold Arboretum, the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, the British Museum of

Natural History, the Delessert Herbarium, the Royal Botanical Garden of Edin-

burgh, and the Museum of Natural History at Paris), and hence the actual types

of Le"veille's numerous "new species" (which in the case of the Hawaiian flora

he founded on Faurie's plants and most of which have since been reduced by other

workers to synonymy) came to rest in widely scattered herbaria. In the genera

studied by me for the Hawaiian Islands so far (Bidens L., Dubautia Gaud.,

Euphorbia L., Haplostachys [A. Gray] Hillebr., Labordia Gaud., Lipochaeta DC.,

Phyllostegia^ Benth., Pittosporum Banks, Raillardia Gaud., Stenogyne Benth., and

Tetramolopium Nees von Esenb.) Leyeille's personally labeled specimens were

mostly at Paris, but occasionally at Bishop Museum and at Delessert Herbarium.

For many groups, however, the actual types are said to be elsewhere, notably at

Edinburgh.

2 The ovaries, described as pilose by LeVeille, are glabrous except for a few

hairs that seem to be merely portions of fungous hyphae.

494 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

species, P. sulcatum, and thus compelling us to supplant the name

sulcatum with the earlier name P. Fauriei.

Pittosporum glabrum var. /3 spathulatum (Mann) Sherff,

Amer. Journ. Bot. 28: 25. 1941; Pittosporum Terminalioides var. 7

Gray, Bot. U. S. Explor. Exped. 231. 1854 (as to Oahu material);

Pittosporum spathulatum Mann, Enum. Haw. PI. No. 20 (Proc.

Amer. Acad. 7: 151). 1867; Pittosporum Terminalioides var. spathu-

latum Gray ex Wawra, Flora 56: 169. 1873; Pittosporum glabrum

var. 0 Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 23. 1888.

Leaves similar but usually a trifle more reticulate- and depressed-

veiny on upper surface, and somewhat more salient-veiny under-

neath (the mid vein often noticeably so). Peduncle short or long

(up to 3 or rarely to 9 cm.), commonly cernuous, this and the pedicels

(4-13 mm. long) densely or sometimes sparsely pilose. Sepals 2-3

mm. long, pubescent or finally glabrate. Ovary tomentose, the

tomentum mostly persistent in irregular areas upon the mature,

sometimes slightly larger capsule, this yellowish or yellow and up

to about 2.7 cm. long.

Type specimen: Collected by Horace Mann & William T.

Brigham, No. 602, on Kaala Mountains, Waianae Range, Oahu,

May, 1864-May, 1865 (herbarium not cited). As may be seen from

Mann's description of the stamens, "staminibus petalis plus dimidio

brevioribus," he had before him only pistillate flowers. A large,

numerously flowering spray of staminate material (Herb. Corn.)

had been collected by him, however, and had been erroneously

construed by him as P. glabrum. On the same sheet with this spray

(at the lower right), and likewise construed, is a smaller, fruiting

specimen of P. sulcatum var. Remyi, the evident source of Mann's

description, "capsula globosa tuberculato-rugosa," for the fruit of

P. glabrum.1

Distribution: Islands of Molokai and Oahu.

Specimens examined: Molokai. — C. N. Forbes 73-Mo, Kalae,

June, 1912 (Field); Forbes 429-Mo, Pukoo Ridge, August, 1912

(Berl.; Bish.; Field; Gray);For6es 569-Mo, Wailau Trail, September,

1912 (Bish.; Field); William Hillebrand, Kalae, 1870 (Gray; Kew);

H. St. John, J. Dunn, & Wm. Storey 13,267, tree, 18 feet tall, in

moist woods, alt. 2,200 feet, Kukuinui Ridge, Wailau Valley, July 4,

1933 (Field).

1 The Mann & Brigham 203 sheet at Kew similarly bears (at upper left) a

spray of P. sulcatum var. Remyi, but has commixed (at upper right) a subflowering

specimen of true P. glabrum.

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 495

Oahu. — Erling Christopher sen, G. P. Wilder, & E. Hume

1,492, in open forest, alt. 300-500 meters, at head of Kalihi

Valley, January 25, 1931 (Field) ; Otto Degener & Kwan Kee Park

11,001, in forest, southeast side of Makua Valley near its head, Janu-

ary 31, 1932 (Field); C. N. Forbes, Makaha Valley, February 12-19,

1909 (Bish.; Field) ; Forbes 1,676-0, Palehua, Waianae Range, April

1-4, 1911 (Field; Mo., 2 sheets); Forbes (with Mr. Labouchere)

2,316-0, on ridge at left side of Kalihi Valley, March 9, 1916 (Bish.) ;

Francis Raymond Fosberg 9,460, slender tree 5 meters tall, fruit

yellow, aril dark brown, in wet forest, alt. 530 meters, Kalauao-

Waimalu Ridge, Koolau Mts., April 30, 1933 (Bish.; Field);

Fosberg & Miss Katherine Duker 9,070, bush 2.5 meters tall, fruit

yellow, on bare, dry ridge, alt. 480 meters, Makua, Waianae Mts.,

November 25, 1932 (Field); William Hillebrand, Hawaiian Islands

(U.S., 2 sheets); Hillebrand & Rev. John M. Lydgate, Oahu (Bish.);

E. Y. Hosaka 629, alt. 1,700 feet, on moist, wooded slope, south

ridge, Kipapa Gulch, Waipio, Koolau Range, July 4, 1932 (Field);

Hosaka 699, alt. 2,000 feet, on wooded south ridge, Kipapa Gulch,

Waipio, September 18, 1932 (Field); Hosaka 959, tree 15-20 feet

tall, alt. 1,800 feet, on wooded south ridge, Kipapa Gulch, April 2,

1933 (Bish.; Field); A. F. Judd 25, Kaalakei (i.e., Keawaawa),

Maunalua district, February 13, 1928 (Bish.); N. H. Krauss, alt.

1,200-1,300 feet, Makua Valley, Keaau-Makua Forest Reservation,

Waianae Mts., November 25, 1932 (Bish.); Horace Mann & William

T. Brigham 203 pro parte, Oahu (Corn., cum P. sulcato var. Remyi

commixt.)', Mann & Brigham 602, Kaala Mts. (Corn.; Gray; Mo.;

U.S.); Jules Remy 572 pro parte, Oahu, 1851-1855 (Gray; Par.);

Rock, Swezey, Bridwell, & Timberlake, right-hand branch of Wailupe

Valley, April 14, 1918 (Berl.; Bish.; Field); Amy Suehiro, Laie Ridge,

Koolau Range, February 14, 1932 (Bish.) ; D. LeRoy Topping 2,890,

Niu Ridge, October 3, 1924 (Deg.); United States South Pacific

Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes, Oahu, 1840 (Gray);

M. Yamaguchi 1,249, alt. 1,750 feet, south ridge, Kipapa Gulch,

Koolau Range, July 4, 1932 (Field).

According to Hillebrand (Fl. Haw. Isls. 23. 1888), a form similar

to this variety but "with acuter and more tomentose sepals is

common on Molokai." It is very likely that at least some of the

material which he had in mind belonged to P. sulcatum or its variety

Remyi or to P. insigne var. Hillebrandii, all of which occur on

Molokai. The var. spathulatum seems comparatively rare on

Molokai, being known to me from that island only through the

496 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

two collections of fruiting material obtained by Forbes (Nos. 429-Mo

and 569-Mo) in eastern Molokai, the single collection of atypic

fruiting and scantily flowering material obtained by Hillebrand at

Kalae in northern central Molokai, and the fairly typical specimen

by St. John et al. (No. 13,267) from eastern Molokai.

The fresh, mature capsules are described by Fosberg and by

Fosberg & Duker as yellow, whereas the comparable ones for the

species proper are described as green or greenish. For further

mention of this variety, see under Pittosporum sulcatum.

Pittosporum glabrum var. /3 spathulatum f. 1. subcan-

didum Sherff, Field Mus. Bot. Ser. 22: 411. 1941.

Foliar blades clothed irregularly and sparsely on lower surface

(petioles and young shoots densely) with appressed and commonly

white (rarely yellowish-brown) tomentum, or finally glabrate.

Type specimen: Collected by Francis Raymond Fosberg, No.

13,402, tree, 5 meters tall, at edge of moist forest, alt. 600 meters,

Manawai-Kahananui Ridge, Molokai, December 24, 1936 (Field,

2 sheets).

Distribution: Southeasternmost Molokai.

Specimens examined: Fosberg 13,402 (type, Field, 2 sheets:

cotypes, Berl.; Bish.).

The type specimens lack flowers but have a total of ten mature

fruits. These are identical with those of var. spathulatum proper

found on Oahu (type locality for that variety) and the only distinc-

tive character remaining appears to be that of the tomentum on the

youngest shoots, oh the under surfaces of the leaves, and on

the petioles when young. The leaves and youngest shoots of var.

spathulatum proper are regularly glabrous.

Pittosporum glabrum var. /3 spathulatum f. 2. hypoleium

Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, loc. cit.

Similar to f . subcandidum but the pubescence for the most part

yellow. On the type the pubescence is accompanied by considerable

pulverulence but this appears to be foreign.

Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener & H. Ochiae, No.

10,988a, on exposed ridge in tapestry forest, ridge northeast of

Nuuanu Pali, Oahu, November 20, 1926 (Field).

Distribution: Southeastern Oahu.

Specimens examined: Degener & Ochiae 10,988a (type, Field).

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 497

The large spray of the type sheet lacks flowers but is accom-

panied by a mature capsule, this in a separate packet.

Pittosporum glabrum var. 7 intermedium Sherff, Field

Mus. Bot. Ser. 22: 410. 1941.

Inflorescence cauline or axillary, conspicuously spreading-pilose

with brown multiloculate and minutely glandular-capitate hairs,

the staminate ±9-flowered, its short peduncle under 6 mm. long,

the slender pedicels under 8 mm. long, their bracts subulate and under

3 mm. long, the subulate-lanceolate sepals dorsally glabrescent and

4-5 mm. long; pistillate inflorescence up to 14-flowered, peduncle

finally up to 1.2 cm. long, pedicels thickish and shorter, the broader

sepals ovate-attenuate and more pubescent. Capsules glabrous or

weakly and irregularly tomentulose, their valves up to 3.5 cm. long

and 2.9 cm. wide. Seeds up to 7 mm. long, 5 mm. wide, 4 mm.

thick.

Type specimen: Collected by Charles N. Forbes, No. 1,676-0,

Palehua, Waianae Range, Island of Oahu, April 1-4, 1911 (Bish.).

Distribution: Known only from southwestern Oahu.

Specimens examined: J. C.Bridwell, Oahu, 1917 (Bish., 2 sheets);

Forbes 1,457-0, on ridges behind Pearl City, February 24, 1910

(Mo.); Forbes 1,676-0 (type, Bish.: cotypes, Berl.; Field).

The pilose inflorescence distinguishes this variety from the species

proper and somewhat suggests var. spathulatum, but the multilocu-

late and glandular nature of the hairs, also the more attenuate sepal-

tips and larger, more nearly or even completely glabrous capsules

offer a distinction from that variety.

Pittosporum glabrum var. 5 glomeratum (Hillebr.) Sherff;

Pittosporum glomeratum Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 23. 1888.

A small tree with slender, virgate branches, young shoots cinere-

ous-pubescent. Leaves elongate-spatulate, at apex obtuse or barely

acuminate, gradually narrowed from terminal fifth or sixth into a

slender petiole (this 2-4.5 cm. long), blade up to 1.7 dm. long and

to 3 cm. wide, chartaceous, glabrous. Peduncles axillary, bracteate,

pubescent, 2.5-3.7 cm. long, with a dense cluster of almost sessile

flowers at the apex, the lanceolate bracts 3-6 mm. long. Sepals ovate,

obtuse, tomentose, 2-2.5 mm. long. Corolla white, its tube ±10 mm.

long. Ovary tomentose. Fertile flowers on shorter peduncles.

Capsule and seeds as in P. glabrum proper but seeds 8 mm. broad.

498 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand, at Wailupe,

Isl. Oahu, 1870 (Berl.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality in extreme south-

eastern Oahu.

Specimens examined: Hillebrand, Wailupe, 1870 (type, Berl.;

studied through the fine and detailed photograph courteously pre-

sented to me by Dr. Ludwig Diels, Director of the Berlin Botanical

Garden).

An extended search through herbarium material reveals no

specimens matching Hillebrand's type. Rock, who had not as yet

seen the type specimen, wrote (Indig. Trees Haw. Isls. 157. 1913)

that P. glomeratum Hillebr. "comes very close to P. glabrum and

is perhaps only a form of it." At Berlin the type sheet had been

marked "bearbeitet fur das Tflanzenreich' " by Moeser and the name

glomeratum reduced to the rank of a mere forma under P. glabrum.

On a different sheet, the sheet designated by me as "B" (see under

P. acutisepalum, p. 499), Rock had later written (as translated by

me from a photograph sent me by Dr. Diels): "I agree entirely with

L. Moeser, Pittosporum glomeratum is in any case only a form of

P. glabrum." My own judgment is that P. glomeratum is specifically

affiliated, to be sure, with P. glabrum but is entitled to varietal rank

under that species. Distinguishing characters are: the pedunculate

cluster of almost sessile flowers, pubescent peduncle, tomentose sepals

and ovary, etc.

Pittosporum glabrum var. e Tinifolium Sherff, Field Mus.

Bot. Ser. 22: 412. 1941.

Branches glabrate, not robust (less than 5 mm. thick on specimens

seen). Leaves disposed toward tips of branches, youngest ones very

pubescent but soon glabrous or on lower surface sparsely scurfy-

setose, slenderly petiolate, petiole 0.5-2 cm. long; blade oblanceolate

or oblongly elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, membranaceous, subob-

scurely nerved, 6-11 cm. long and 2-3.3 cm. wide. Flowers unknown.

Inflorescence (fructiferous) cauline, subsessile, capsules ±5. Capsule

pedicellate, pedicel 4-10 mm. long; valves finally flat and more or

less rounded, under 2 cm. long and 1.8 cm. wide, externally glabrate or

very sparsely setose but (at least when dry) minutely rugose (under

a lens appearing much convoluted), beak about 1.5 mm. long. Seeds

black, more or less flat, angulate, glabrous and smoothish on faces.

Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. 1,668-M,

on ridge at side of Kipahulu, East Maui, November 17, 1917 (Bish.).

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 499

Distribution: Known only from type locality in southeasternmost

East Maui.

Specimens examined -.Forbes 1,668-M (type, Bish.: cotypes, Berl.;

Field).

4. Pittosporum acutisepalum (Hillebr.) Sherff, Field Mus.

Bot. Ser. 22: 409. 1941; Pittosporum glomeratum var. acutisepalum

Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 23. 1888.

Small tree, doubtless close to P. glabrum in general appearance.

Leaves as in that species, except appressed-setose beneath when

young, a few of the setae usually persisting till leaves reach nearly

full size. Inflorescence terminal or lateral. Sterile flowers clustered

at ends of short or long bracteate peduncles, sepals (narrowly lanceo-

late, ±4 mm. long) and bracts (filiform-subulate, 4-7 mm. long)

dorsally whitish- or tawny-strigose with erect and few to many

setae; peduncle (up to ±5 cm. long) and pedicels (usually 2-5 mm.

long) similarly but more densely strigose; fertile flowers similar but

few, often single in the axils, their pedicels more often on reduced

peduncles (these as short as 1 mm.). Mature capsules unknown.

Type specimen: Hillebrand (loc. cit.) cited "Palolo to Niu" at

the "eastern end of Oahu" as the type locality. There are two sheets

of material in the Hillebrand set at Berlin, and through the courtesy

of Dr. Ludwig Diels, Director of the Berlin Botanical Garden,

photographs of these are now before me. One (referred to below

as "A") bears merely "Oahu" for the type habitat, but the other

(referred to below as "B") has "Niu" upon the label.

Distribution: Southeastern Oahu.

Specimens examined: Erling Christophersen & Gerrit P. Wilder

1,429 pro parte, in moist place, alt. 500-600 meters, East Palolo

ridge, January 16, 1931 (Berl.; Bish.; Field, 2 sheets; a form with

sepals often only 5 mm. but petals ±17 mm. long, entirely separate,

and very slender; the flowering specimens of this set originally

commixed by the collectors with mature fruiting specimens of

P. sulcatum); Otto Degener 10,975, in rain-forest, Mt. Olympus,

January 9, 1927 (Berl.; Deg.; Field); Degener & Kwan Kee Park

10,983, in forest, Wilhelmina Rise, November 11, 1931 (Berl.;

Field) ; Degener, Takamoto, Tarn, & Martinez 10,798 pro parte, in lower

forest, east ridge of Manoa Valley, March 29, 1936 (Corn.; Del.;

Mo.; cum P. glabro commixta} ; J . Arthur Harris C242,243 pro parte,

Oahu, September 10, 1924 (Goth.); Hillebrand, Nuuanu (Kew).

500 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

Hillebrand (loc. cit.) correctly described the ovary of P. glabrum

as glabrous. He omitted describing P. glabrum' s mature capsules as

glabrous, since among Hawaiian Pittospora glabrous ovaries never

produce anything but glabrous capsules. In describing his new

species P. glomeratum he gave the ovary as tomentose, but described

the capsule as being the same "as in no. 2," i.e., his P. glabrum.

Thus, with Hillebrand, his own P. glomeratum was understood as

having a tomentose ovary but a glabrous capsule. Still more, since

its capsules were as in P. glabrum, they would be of the erugose,

not rugose, kind.

In describing his P. glomeratum var. acutisepalum1 he pointed

out several differences but omitted all mention of the ovary and

capsule. It is fair to assume that these were as in P. glomeratum

proper, especially so since sheet "B" has at least two ovaries present

and sheet "A" has at least two young capsules (about 1.2 cm. long)

present, and Hillebrand thus had opportunity to make comparisons.

It is impossible to be certain from the photographs whether the

ovaries are indeed pubescent and the capsules finally glabrous,

hence these questions must be left until fruiting material can be

studied. However, the two young capsules visible in the photo-

graph of sheet "A" are seen to be of the erugose type as in P. glabrum

rather than of the rugose type as, for example, in P. sulcatum.2

As to the fruiting specimens so far available in herbaria, they all,

so far as observed, are open to suspicion and must be rejected. Thus,

for example, Degener et al. 10,798 was issued as pairs of specimens.

In each case the flowering specimen was typical of P. glabrum.

There were no interconnecting specimens whatever. In the case

1 Spelled acutisepala by Hillebrand in his posthumously published Flora.

I assume that he inadvertently used the feminine ending a in his mss. to accord

with an understood "varietas" rather than to connote a substantive-plural use

of the word. (Cf. his Tetramolopium Chamissonis var. arbuscula on p. 199, T. are-

narium var. dentata on p. 200, and Claoxylon sandwicense var. tomentosa on p. 399

of the same work. In these last two cases he of course could not have intended

a substantive use. In the case of the somewhat comparable Panicum monticola,

published by him on pp. 494 and 500, it seems entirely possible that he was in

fact thinking in terms of a substantive.)

2 Both "A" and "B" sheets bear labels entitled, "Bearbeitet fur das Tflan-

zenreich' " and determinations by Moeser in which the var. acutisepalum Hillebr.

was synonymized with a forma of P. glabrum. Sheet "B" bears an extended

comment by J. F. Rock in which he voices his substantial agreement with Moeser's

treatment.

While further collections are desirable to reveal the capsular characters more

definitely, we cannot ignore the fact that nowhere else (other than in the Nuuanu

to Niu region) on the large Island of Oahu has the unique "acutisepalum" type

of inflorescence been found. Moreover, this type of inflorescence is revealed with

remarkable constancy throughout a suite of specimens collected over a period

of more than seventy years.

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 501

of Christophersen & Wilder 1,429, two collections were made, like-

wise without transitional or intermediate stages to connect the two,

under the same number. But here, while the flowering specimens

were typical of P. acutisepalum, the fruiting ones were typical for

P. sulcatum var. Remyi. It is to be hoped that several more collec-

tions will be made, but this time each from a single tree, the same

tree being visited on different dates if necessary to secure both

flowering and fruiting stages.

5. Pittosporum amplectens Sherff, Field Mus. Bot. Ser. 22:

407. 1941.

At least young portions of branches strongly appressed-hispid

with brown setae. Leaves subnumerous, suberect, more or less

terminally disposed, brownish-green when dry, hispid when young,

oblong or (at times very broadly) oblong-oblanceolate, at apex

acuminate, variable in size; petiole slender, glabrous or irregularly

and very sparsely tomentose, \-k cm. long; blade now glabrous now

especially beneath sparsely appressed-setose with slender, brown

setae, above rarely subglossy, beneath conspicuously salient-veiny,

now only 1 dm. long and ±2 cm. wide now commonly ±1.9 dm.

long and ±6.5 (or even +8) cm. wide. Flowers not seen. Peduncles

of pistillate flowers axillary or cauline, often subverticillately 2-3-

clustered, at least finally subglabrescent, commonly 5-10 mm. long;

pedicels up to about 10, mostly 3-5 mm. long. Capsules almost semi-

mature often 6-9-clustered, smooth and glabrous, in outline oval-

oblong, 1.5-1.7 cm. long (excluding the slender, ±3 mm. long style) and

1.2-1.4 cm. wide; a single mature valve seen, this subcordate-rounded

in outline, externally smooth and glabrous, about 2.3 cm. long and

±2.6 cm. wide. Seeds black, smooth, under 6 mm. long and 5 mm.

wide.

Type specimen: Collected by Joseph F. Rock, No. 8,384, Kohala,

Island of Hawaii, June 20, 1910 (Bish.).

Distribution: Northwestern Hawaii.

Specimens examined: Rock 8,376, on the slopes and in crater of

a small extinct volcano, west of Honokanenui, mountains of Kohala,

June, 1910 (Arn.); Rock 8,384 (type, Bish.).

Smaller-leaved sprays, at least in the absence of flowers, offer

an illusory resemblance to normal material of P. glabrum of Oahu,

but can be told by the hairs persistent here and there underneath

some of the leaves. Such sprays suggest P. sulcatum var. Remyi

except that they have smooth and glabrous, not rugose and pubescent,

502 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

capsules. The seeds are rather small for the size of the mature

capsule, thus leaving ample space in the capsular chamber. In this

respect there is a resemblance to the mostly larger-fruited and other-

wise very different P. Hosmeri and its var. longifolium, both of

Hawaii. The very large leaves on most of the material examined

call to mind, however, still other species and it is found that P.

amplectens embraces in one combination an assortment of characters

that elsewhere are more or less separately associated with diverse

forms.

A tentative Greek-Latin name which Rock applied to both his

No. 8,376 and his No. 8,384 in the herbarium indicated that they

preferred marsh and forest.1 Some of the largest leaves are much

discolored with black patches, as in leaves, for example, of P.

Gayanum of Kauai. In the case of P. acuminatum, Rock (in

herb.) attributed such discoloration to the fungus, Capnodium

lanosum.

6. Pittosporum sulcatum Sherff, Amer. Journ. Bot. 28: 26.

1941; Pittosporum spathulatum sensu pro parte Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls.

24. 1888, non Mann, Enum. Haw. PI. No. 20 (Proc. Amer. Acad. 7:

151). 1867; Pittosporum spathulatum sensu pro parte Rock, Indig.

Trees Haw. Isls. 157.2 1913 (non Mann).

a. Leaves especially numerous at tips of branchlets; their blades

narrowly spatulate-oblanceolate, apically acute or gradually

attenuate, basally elongate-attenuate; petioles slender, 1.5-3.5

cm. long; plants natives of small area, 21° 19-21' N. Lat. and

157° 49' W. Long., southeastern Oahu.

6. Capsules glabrous var. 7 Rumicifolium sensu stricto.

6. Capsules more or less tomentulose.

var. 7 Rumicifolium f. 1. tomentellum.

1 Rock had labeled all of his material as a new species, but later, in his Indige-

nous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands (pp. 153-172. 1913), he omitted mention of it.

This omission was covered by his general explanation which follows: "the writer

wishes to state that he has gathered much material from localities where Pitto-

sporums had never been recorded. Some of them undoubtedly are new, but owing

to incomplete specimens, as the wanting of flowers, or mature capsules, the writer

thinks it advisable not to include them in this already voluminous book, but

rather to wait for additional material and then make an exhaustive study of this

very variable group of plants." In not taking up Rock's unpublished herbarium

name, I have followed the recommendations accompanying the International Rules.

2 Rock's plates nos. 55 and 56 (meant by Rock respectively for Pittosporum

glabrum H. & A. and for P. spathulatum Mann) are unquestionably referable

here specifically, but they seem to show pubescent capsules, thus indicating var.

Remyi.

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 503

a. Leaves variable but mostly otherwise in one or more respects;

plants of broad distribution in Oahu, also scattered in Molokai

and (var. /3) Lanai.

6. Capsules glabrous or glabrate; mature leaves glabrous.

P. sulcatum sensu stricto.

6. Capsules pubescent within (and sometimes weakly so between)

the various furrows; mature leaves often sparsely setose

beneath, particularly along median vein var. /3 Remyi.

Shrub or tree, 2-5 meters tall; branches rigid, numerous-leaved.

Leaves alternate and subremote, or close together and subverticillate,

darkish-green, glabrous or the youngest ones sometimes pilose,

subcoriaceous, cuneately or obovately spatulate, more or less grad-

ually narrowed all the way from the rounded or obtuse or weakly

acuminate apex into an alate or subalate petiole, this 0.5-2.5 cm.

long; blade now commonly 3.5-6.5 now commonly 5.5-9 (more

rarely up to 15) cm. long and 1.5-3.5 (more rarely up to 6) cm. wide.

Inflorescence commonly axillary (but sometimes terminal) and nearly

similar for the two sexes, yellow- or brown-pubescent with more or

less multiloculate and glandular-capitulate hairs, more often 5-8-

flowered; peduncle commonly 4-12 (more rarely 25) mm. long;

pedicels more often 3-7 mm. long, their subulate bracts sparsely

pilose and 2-3 mm. long. Sepals of staminate flowers oblongly or

widely ovate, at apex subobtuse or acute, dorsally ±7-striate and

minutely pubescent or glabrate, subscarious toward base along the

ciliate margins, 4-5 mm. long; of pistillate flowers narrower, at apex

more attenuate, dorsally longer pilose and not striate, only about

2 mm. long. Corolla white or milk-colored, for staminate flowers

the tube about 8-10 mm. long and scarcely surpassing the stamens,

lobes oblong-ovate, apically obtuse or rounded, about 4-5 mm. long,

the abortive pistil linear and toward base appressedly and antrorsely

brown-hispid; for pistillate flowers, having a tube only about 6 mm.

long, lobes as before but less than 3 mm. long, the minute stamens

±1.5 mm. long, ovary at first conspicuously appressed-hispid with

yellow and commonly antrorse setae, the glabrous style about 4-5

mm. long and apically 2-lobed. Capsule subquadrangular, cuspidate,

deeply sulcate, glabrous or very obsoletely pubescent, finally 1.5-3

cm. long exclusive of stylar beak (this ±3 mm. long) and equally

or subequally thick. Seeds somewhat shining, black or reddish-

black, compressed, angulate, irregularly and minutely somewhat

ridged or roughened, about 7-9.5 mm. long and about 6-7

mm. wide.

504 FIELD MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

Type specimen: Collected by Nobue Tsuji, in windy and rainy

area at top of ridge, on side of Waikane-Schofield Trail, Waianaeuka,

Koolau Mts., Island of Oahu, October 16, 1932 (Bish.).

Distribution: Islands of Oahu and Molokai.

Specimens examined: Oahu. — Captain Beechey, see Lay & Collie;

Erling Christophersen & Edward Hume 1,419, alt. 500-750 meters,

Kahuauli Ridge, December 17, 1930 (Berl.; Bish.; Field); Christo-

phersen & Gerrit P. Wilder 1,429 pro parte, moist ground, alt. 500-

600 meters, East Palolo ridge, January 6, 1931 (Berl.; Bish.; Field;

cum P. acutisepalo commixta) ; Hattie Davis, alt. 2,325 feet, Waikane-

Schofield Trail, Koolau Mts., October 16, 1932 (Bish.); Otto

Degener & Emilio Ordonez 12,053, small forest tree, C.C.C. Trail,

Kawailoa, July 3, 1938 (Berl. ; Field) ; Degener, Ordonez, & J. Kepaa

12,774, in woods, Peahinaia Trail, April 28, 1940 (Berl.; Deg.;

Field); Degener, Park, et alii 10,810, in forest, southeast slope of

Kaala, February 2, 1936 (Deg.; N.Y.); Degener, Park, & Topping

11,020, in forest, C.C.C. Trail, Aiea, February 16, 1936 (Deg.;

Field) ; Degener & Felix C. Salucop 11,201, in forest, on ridge north-

northeast of Kaala summit, April 11, 1937 (Field) ; Degener, Salucop,

& Arlantico 11,535 pro parte, in lower forest, C.C.C. Trail, Aiea,

December 6, 1937 (Deg.; Field; Mo.); iidem 11,569, coarsely

branched tree, 11 feet tall, in forest, alt. 2,400 feet, southeast

slope of Kaala, December 19, 1937 (Berl.; Deg.; Field, 3 sheets;

forma foliis supra subnitidis lamina usque ad 15 cm. longa et ad 6

cm. lata] ; iidem 11,570, in forest, alt. about 3,000 feet, same locality

and date (Berl.; Deg.; Field); Degener, Takamoto, & Martinez

10,799 pro parte, in forest, C.C.C. Trail, Aiea, March 15, 1936

(N.Y.) ; K. Duker, in wet forest, Manoa Cliff Trail, Manoa Valley,

July 31, 1933 (Bish. ; Field) ; G. R. Ewart, III, half-way on Pupukea-

Laie Trail, November 9, 1928 (Field) ; Abbe Urbain Faurie 2, alt.

600 meters, Kalihi, May, 1910 (Am.; Del.; Par.); Charles N.

Forbes, Koolauloa Mts. between Punaluu and Kaipapau, November

14-21, 1908 (Bish.; leaves very slightly appressed-setose underneath,

thus suggesting var. Remyi); Forbes, Waiolani Ridge, Lanihuli

Trail, September 17, 1908 (Bish.);For6es, Waiolani Ridge, December

10, 1908 (Bish.; Field; capsular valves slightly pubescent near edges) ;

Forbes, Makaha Valley, February 12-19, 1909 (Bish.); Forbes, Palolo

Valley ridges, April 20, 1909 (Field) ; Forbes, ridge between Waialae

Nui and Palolo, April 20, 1909 (Bish.) ; For&es 1,433-0 pro parte, on

ridge, west side of Nuuanu Valley, January 7, 1910 (Mo.); Forbes

1,605-0, trail between Konahuanui and Olympus, November, 1910

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 505

(Bish.);For6es 1,896-0, west edge of Palolo Crater, January 27, 1914

(Bish.); Forbes (with Dean Lake) 1,972-0, Waimanu Ridge, October

27-30, 1914 (Bish.; Mo.); Forbes (with Dean Lake) 1,987-0, same

locality and date (Bish.)', Forbes 2,220-0, Wahiawa Headgate Trail,

August 17-20, 1915 (Bish.); F. R. Fosberg 9,453, in wet forest, alt.

500 meters, Kalauao-Waimalu Ridge, Koolau Mts., April 30, 1933

(Bish.; Field, 2 sheets) ; Fosberg 9,472, bush 2-3 meters tall, flowers

white, in moist forest, alt. 550 meters, Kalauao Ridge, Koolau Mts.,

April 30, 1933 (Field) ; Fosberg 9,783, bush 2 meters tall, in wet forest,

alt. 600 meters, Kipapa Gulch, Waipio, August 7, 1933 (Bish.;

Field); Fosberg 9,787, bush 3 meters tall, flowers white, on wet,

wooded ridge, alt. 750 meters, Kipapa Gulch, same date (Field,

2 sheets); Fosberg 10,329, bush, 3 meters tall, in wet forest, alt.

620 meters, ridge in southeast part of Makua Gulch, Hauula,

Koolau Mts., October 15, 1933 (Field, 2 sheets) ; Fosberg & Christo-

phersen 8,682, flowers cream-colored, in rain-forest, alt. 650 meters,

ridge south of Kipapa Gulch, Waipio, September 18, 1932 (Field);

Fosberg & Duker 8,790, shrub 3 meters tall, alt. 500 meters, in wet

forest, on steep ridge, Waikane-Schofield Trail, Kahana, October 16,

1932 (Bish.; Field) ; Gaudichaud, without locality but doubtless from

Oahu, 1819 (Del.) ; J. Arthur Harris C242,243 pro parte, without local-

ity, September 10, 1924 (Minn.) ; Constance Hartt, in rain-forest, Kawa-

iloa Trail, October 31, 1937 (Bish.); A. A. Heller 1,985 pro parte, in

Nuuanu, March 23, 1895 (Berl.; Field; Gray; Kew; Minn.; Mo.);

William Hillebrand & Rev. John M. Lydgate, without locality

(Bish.; sola capsula cum P. glabro commixt.); E. Y. Hosaka 865,

in wooded, moist forest, alt. 1,800 feet, south ridge, Kipapa Gulch,

Waipio, November 27, 1932 (Field); Hosaka 1,179, tree 16 feet

tall, on wooded ridge, occasional, alt. 2,000 feet, Kipapa Gulch,

August 7, 1933 (Bish.; Field); Noel H. Krauss, alt. 1,600-1,800

feet, Manoa-Palolo Ridge, Koolau Mts., January 10, 1933 (Bish.);

Lay & Collie (Capt. Beechey's Expedition), without locality (Del.;

important as showing an immature capsule with very definite

grooves; had been labeled in pencil, "glabrum," but differs in its

fruit from the Lay & Collie type of P. glabrum at Kew);

V. MacCaughey, Mt. Waiolani, October, 1914 (Bish.: Field); Alfred

Meebold (Otto Degener distrib. No.) 10,801, Waikane-Kahana Trail,

December, 1935 (Deg.); Kazuto Nitta (Otto Degener distrib. No.)

10,981, in forest, Pupukea region, January 12, 1930 (Field) ; Joseph

F. Rock, in rain-forest, alt. 3,000 feet, slopes of Konahuanui

(Arn.); Rock, Mt. Waiolani, October, 1914 (Arn.); Rock &

506 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

Ballou, Palolo Valley, November 30, 1912 (Gray); Rock

& Forbes 783, Punaluu, November 14-21, 1908 (Am.); Rock &

Holm, Palolo, September, 1917 (Field); Rock & Shaw 10,072,

Konahuanui, September, 1912 (Bish.); Rock & Swezey 12,581,

Wailupe Valley, January 23, 1915 (Bish.); Harold Saint John

10,026, on wooded slope, alt. 1,300 feet, ridge south of Kipapa Gulch,

Waipio, Koolau Mts., November 10, 1929 (Field); Saint John

11,196, shrub, 15 feet tall, on wooded ridge, alt. 1,900 feet, main

ridge running southwest from Puu Lanihuli, Kalihi-Nuuanu,

November 29, 1931 (Berl.; Bish.; Field); Saint John 11,556, shrub

10 feet tall, in woods, alt. 1,400 feet, Laie-Malaekahana Ridge,

Koolau Mts., February 4, 1932 (Field); Saint John 13,038, shrub

15 feet tall, flowers white, fruits yellow, on wooded ridge, alt. 1,400

feet, Ewa Forest Reserve, Kalauao Ridge, March 29, 1933 (Field) ;

Olof H. Selling 2,602, upper part of Kipapa Gulch, Koolau Mts.,

July 3, 1938 (Goth.); Selling 3,550, vicinity of Kaala, east side

of Waianae Mts., September 25, 1938 (Goth.); Shaw, Palolo (Bish.);

Carl Skottsberg 177, Nuuanu-Kalihi Ridge, Koolau Mts., August 13,

1922 (Bish.; Goth.); Skottsberg 895, Palolo, Koolau Mts., October 23,

1922 (Bish.; Goth.); Skottsberg 1,072, Nuuanu-Pauoa, Koolau Mts.,

November 5, 1922 (Goth.); Skottsberg 1,793, Malaekahana Trail,

Pupukea, in Pupukea Forest Reserve, Koolau Mts., September 15,

1926 (Bish.; Goth.); Amy Suehiro, alt. 3,500 feet, Mt. Kaala, Janu-

ary 8, 1933 (Bish.); Otto Swezey, Koolau Mts. (Bish.); Nobue Tsuji,

in windy and rainy area at top of ridge, on side of Waikane-Schofield

Trail, Waianaeuka, October 16, 1932 (type, Bish.).

Molokai. — Abbe Urbain Faurie 11, Halawa, June, 1910 (Arn.;

Del., 2 sheets); William Hillebrand, same locality, 1870 (Gray);

George C. Munro 376 pro parte, Kamoku, June 5, 1916 (Bish.).

Glabrous- or essentially glabrous-fruited (i.e., typical) forms of

this species were referred by Hillebrand to species No. 4 in his

treatment of Pittosporum (PI. Haw. Isls. 24. 1888), already dis-

cussed elsewhere (Amer. Journ. Bot. 28: 26. 1941). Continuing

the discussion there given, it may be noted that in the Museum of

Natural History at Paris there are three more sheets of Remy 572,

in addition to the sheet at Gray Herbarium, and that one of these

likewise bears solely P. glabrum var. /3 Hillebr. (i.e., my var. spathu-

latum). The other two bear exclusively (the pubescent-fruited) one

of the two forms having "the suberiform epicarp deeply furrowed

or runcinate" as described by Hillebrand for his Pittosporum No. 4,

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 507

i.e., his erroneously so-called "P. spathulatum Mann."1 This im-

portant pubescent-fruited form which, together with my previously

described P. sulcatum (vide p. 502), constitutes the species that has

commonly passed as P. spathulatum among authors and collectors,

is seen to have been without a valid name until recently2 and is

here treated as P. sulcatum var. Remyi (vide infra). (For remarks

on a certain form of P. glabrum that slightly approaches P. sulcatum,

see under P. glabrum, p. 493.)

Usually the nascent leaves are glabrous or glabrate but occa-

sionally they are more or less densely pilose, as, for example, in

Nitta (Degener distrib. No.) 10,981. This variation seems, however,

to display all too much irregularity to warrant varietal segregation.

I have, therefore, drawn the description of P. sulcatum proper to

include forms with pilose nascent leaves.

Pittosporum sulcatum var. 0 Remyi Sherff, Amer. Journ.

Bot. 28: 28. 1941; Pittosporum glabrum sensu Rock, Indig. Trees

Haw. Isls., as to pi. 55. 1913; Pittosporum spathulatum sensu Rock,

op. cit., as to pi. 56.

Unlike species proper in its leaves, these commonly a little or

much larger and on lower surface sparsely or at least along median

vein often appressedly setose; also in its tomentose ovaries and in

its mature capsules, these latter pubescent within (and sometimes

obsoletely so between) the various furrows, both large and small.

Frequently, too, the last one or two principal "internodes" of the

branches are for a while densely appressed-hispid.

Type specimen: Collected by Jules Remy, No. 572 pro parte,

on Island of Oahu, 1851-1855 (Par., 2 sheets).

1 On the label for one of these last two sheets Asa Gray had written as a

synonym (but erroneously): "Pittosporum glabrum Putterl.-non Hook." All three

sheets of Remy 572 at Paris had been studied by Gray and he (incorrectly) had

determined each as his Pittosporum Terminalioides var. -y (for disposition of the

true P. Terminalioides var. 7 Gray, see under P. glabrum var. spathulatum, p. 494).

2 That Mann (loc. cit.) could not have had this form in mind when describing

his P. spathulatum is shown by his words," capsula glabra fere laevi" and, "capsule

nearly smooth." Strictly speaking, however, a fine tomentum can be discerned

here and there on his mature capsules if a good lens be used. Mann had indeed

collected this very form but had commixed it with specimens of P. glabrum (Herb.

Kew) and of his P. spathulatum (Herb. Corn. Univ.). His description of the fruit

of P. glabrum, "capsula globosa tuberculato-rugosa," clearly was drawn from his

mislabeled fruiting specimens of this form. It is important to note, however,

that the tuberculate-roughened ("tuberculato-rugosa") nature of the mature

fruit was not overlooked by Mann. Without question, Mann's designation of

the capsule of his P. spathulatum as "fere laevi" was intended to contrast it with the

capsule of what he mistakenly supposed to be fruiting material of P. glabrum,

thus confirming my treatment of his P. spathulatum as being referable (varietally)

to P. glabrum.

508 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

Distribution: Islands of Oahu, Lanai, and Molokai.

Specimens examined: Oahu. — J. C. Bridwell, Waiolani Ridge,

August, 1916 (Bish.); F. B. H. Brown 1,283, tree, rare, on slopes,

alt. ±400 meters, Waimalu, December 31, 1925 (Bish.);^. Christo-

phersen, G. P. Wilder, & E. Hume 1,665, in forest, alt. 300-500

meters, on middle ridge, Palolo Valley, March 26, 1931 (Bish.;

Field); Otto Degener 10,984, in rain-forest, Pig-God Trail, Punaluu,

May 31, 1931 (Berl.; Deg.; Field); Degener 13,004, in forest, Wai-

pilopilo, Hauula, June 11, 1940 (Berl.; Deg.; Field); Degener &

Emilio Ordonez 12,375, in lower forest, east of Kanehoa, May 28,

1939 (Berl.; Deg.; Field); Degener, Park, & M. Kwon 11,003,

Pig-God Trail, Punaluu, January 17, 1932 (Deg.; Field); Degener,

Park, Potter, Bush, & Topping 10,811, in forest, Kipapa Trail,

June 2, 1935 (Deg.; Field); Degener, Salucop, & Arlantico 12,074,

in forest, Pupukea-Kahuku region, April 3, 1938 (Berl. ; Deg. ; Field,

2 sheets); Charles N. Forbes, Lanihuli Ridges, December 10, 1908

(Bish.) ; Forbes 1,433-0 pro parte, on ridge at west side of Nuuanu

Valley, January 7, 1910 (Bish.; Field; Mo.) ; F. R. Fosberg 9,556, tree 3

meters tall, in wet forest, alt. 400 meters, Kipapa Gulch, Waipio,

June 12, 1933 (Field); Fosberg 9,772, bush, 3 meters tall, in wet

woods, alt. 550 meters, Kipapa Gulch, August 8, 1933 (Bish.; Field);

Fosberg 10,329, bush, 3 meters tall, in wet forest, alt. 620 meters,

on ridge southeast part of Makua Gulch, October 15, 1933 (Berl.;

Bish.; Field); Fosberg 10,354, bush, 3 meters tall, in moist forest,

alt. 500 meters, same locality and date (Berl.; Bish.; Field) ; Fosberg

10,713 */£, small tree, flowers white, on wet, wooded ridge, alt. 550

meters, Palolo-Waialae Nui Ridge, Koolau Mts., December 27,

1934 (Field; mature capsules irregularly and sparsely tomentulose) ;

Fosberg & M. Chong 9,416, bush, 2 meters tall, in wet forest, alt.

650 meters, Laie-Waimea Divide, Koolau Mts., April 15, 1933

(Bish.; Field; lacking flowers but having immature capsules, in

leaf -habit approaching var. Rumicifolium of southern Oahu);

D. Wesley Garber 218, Woodlawn Trail, February 1, 1920 (Bish.);

William Hillebrand 301 pro parte, Koolau Mts. (Kew, 2 sheets;

cum specie ipsa commixt.); Edward Y. Hosaka 555, alt. 1,100 feet,

on south ridge, Kipapa Gulch, Waipio, May 15, 1932 (Field);

Hosaka 592a, tree, 20 feet tall, in fairly moist gully, alt. 1,300 feet,

2nd north fork, Kipapa Gulch, June 26, 1932 (Field) ; Hosaka 921,

on wooded ridge, alt. 1,800 feet, Kipapa Gulch, March 5, 1933

(Bish.; Field); Hosaka 1,023, alt. 1,700 feet, Kipapa Gulch, May 6,

1933 (Field) ; Hosaka 1,168, tree, 16 feet tall, on wooded slope, alt.

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 509

2,000 feet, Kipapa Gulch, August 7, 1933 (Bish.; Field) ; Edward P.

Hume 163, alt. 560 meters, west ridge, Kaaawa, April 12, 1931

(Berl. ; Bish. ; Field) ; Horace Mann & William T. Brigham 203 pro

parte, Oahu (Corn.; in Field, Kew et Mo. cum P. glabro commixt.);

Alfred Meebold, Waiahole ditch trail, June, 1932 (Bish.); Olaf

Oswald 3, spreading habit, crest of right ridge, about 0.5 mile from

shore, Kahana, September 23, 1928 (Bish.); Jules Remy 572 pro

parte (Par., 2 type sheets) ; Joseph F. Rock, Palolo, May 9, 1909

(Berl.; Field); Rock 25 (1,069), trail to Konahuanui, January 7,

1909 (Bish.); Rock 1,210, Waikane, January 12, 1909 (Bish.; N.Y.);

Rock 1,213, Waikane Mt., January 23, 1909 (Bish.); Harold Saint

John 11,081, flowers white, on wooded ridge, alt. 1,700 feet, North

Ridge, Kaaawa Valley, April 12, 1931 (Bish.; Field); St. John

14,068, shrub, 15 feet tall, on east ridge, in open, lower woods, alt.

1,500 feet, Puu Kanehoa, Waianae Mts., January 7, 1934 (Bish.;

Field); Shaw, Palolo (Arn.; or is this form better referred to var.

Rumicifolium L tomentellum?) ; D. LeRoy Topping 2,824, Bowman

Trail, August 31, 1924 (Deg.); United States South Pacific Exploring

Expedition under Capt. Wilkes, mountains behind Honolulu, about

1840 (Gray, where labeled by Asa Gray, "P. glabrum?"; U.S.,

labeled by A. Gray, "Pittosporum glabrum, Hook. & Arn. var.?").

Lanai. — George C. Munro, without locality (Bish.; the 7 fruits all

singly disposed on separate peduncles 7-13 mm. long, pedicels

absent).

Molokai. — Otto Degener 10,957, in forest, Kahuaawi Gulch, May

12, 1928 (Berl.; Deg.; Field); Degener 10,961, in windy forest, on

cliff east of Kalaupapa Leper Settlement, June 19, 1928 (Berl.;

Deg.; Field); Degener 10,962, in forest, Halawaiki Gulch, June 21,

1928 (Berl.; Deg.; Field, 2 sheets) ; Charles N.Forbes 509-Mo, ridges

south of the Valley, Halawa, September, 1912 (Bish.); Joseph F.

Rock, Halawa (Arn., 2 sheets; Berl.; Bish.; Field; Kew); Rock 8,720,

Halawa, May, 1910 (Bish., 2 sheets).

Hawaiian Islands (island not cited). — Gaudichaud, October, 1836

(De\.);Gaudichaud 268, August, 1836 (Par.).

For remarks upon var. Remyi1 see under species proper.

1 That Hillebrand did not have this exact (pubescent-fruited) form in mind

when drawing the description of his species no. 4 (intended for P. spathulatum

H. Mann) is shown by his description of the ovary as "faintly pubescent." This

would more accurately fit P. sulcatum proper (rather than its variety Remyi).

Doubtless he overlooked the persistent pubescence of the mature capsules on

Remy 572 when he included that plant after first citing his own material: "Oahu!

in forests between Kalihi and Ewa."

510 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

Pittosporum sulcatum var. 7 Rumicifolium Sherff, Field

Mus. Bot. Ser. 22: 420. 1941.

Shrub or perhaps at times a small tree, ±2.5 meters tall. Leaves

numerous, disposed at tips of branches, brownish-green when dry,

petiole slender and 1.5-3.5 cm. long; blade narrowly spatulate-

oblanceolate, at apex acute or gradually attenuate, at base elongately

attenuate, above coriaceous and minutely impressed-reticulate, below

manifestly salient-veiny, at first (when very immature) densely

appressed-pilose, presently glabrate or glabrous, 6-13 cm. long and

1-2.5 cm. wide. Flowers unknown. Peduncles cauline or terminal,

finally up to 5 or 8 mm. long, pedicels 3-6 mm. long. Capsule

glabrous or glabrate; valves 1.8-2.5 cm. long and wide.

Type specimen: Collected by F. R. Fosberg, No. 8,973, bush, 2.5

meters tall, in wet forest, alt. 680 meters, peak at head of Pauoa

Flats, Pauoa, Island of Oahu, October 30, 1932 (Field).

Distribution: Southeastern Oahu.

Specimens examined: Otto Degener 11,005, in sunny rain-forest,

above Pauoa Flats, Honolulu, July 3, 1923 (N.Y.); Fosberg 8,973

(type, Field); Joseph F. Rock 10,073, Manoa Valley, September,

1912 (Bish.; Gray).

In its more slender and somewhat more congested leaves, this

perplexing variety appears sufficiently separable from P. sulcatum

proper, to which it is allied in its glabrate or even very glabrous

capsules. In the shape of its leaves, however, it is closer to var.

Remyi.

A duplicate of the sheet cited for Degener 11,005 is at Field

Museum. This sheet bears two sprays remarkably identical, as

to foliage, with the cited Degener material, but with the two capsules

more or less tomentulose, as in var. Remyi. This form I have

designated as:

Pittosporum sulcatum var. Rumicifolium f. 1. tomen-

tellum f. nov.

Capsulae plus minusve tomentellae.

Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener, No. 11,005 pro

parte, in sunny rain-forest, above Pauoa Flats, Honolulu, Isl. Oahu,

July 3, 1923 (Field).

Distribution: Known only from type locality in southeastern

Oahu.

Specimens examined: Degener 11,005 pro parte (type, Field).

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 511

P. sulcatum var. Rumicifolium and its forma tomentellum might

be construed by some writers as local forms, identical as to peculiar

foliage, of P. sulcatum proper and its var. Remyi, respectively.

A second interpretation is the one provisionally adopted here,

namely, that the glabrous-fruited plants constitute a valid variety

of P. sulcatum and that the tomentulose-fruited plant is a sub-

ordinate forma. A third interpretation might be that the material

cited for var. Rumicifolium proper, although collected at intervals

extending over a period of twenty years and all the while remaining

unique, represents a teratological effect. Still a fourth interpretation

might well be that we here have to do with hybridization and that

the glabrate or glabrous versus the tomentulose capsules (of var.

Rumicifolium and f . tomentellum respectively) represent a subsequent

splitting apart of previously hybridized unit-characters. Future

field observations and perhaps experiments are much to be desired.1

7. Pittosporum dolosum Sherff, Field Mus. Bot. Ser. 22: 421.

1941.

Leaf-blades 8-12 cm. long and 2-4.3 cm. wide.

P. dolosum sensu stricto.

Leaf -blades up to 2 dm. long and to 5 cm. wide. .var. /3 aquilonium.

Tree ±5 meters tall. Leaves crowded at tips of branches, often

suberect, brownish-green or reddish-brown when dry, petiole 1-3 cm.

long; blade spatulate-obovate, at base subelongate-cuneate, at apex

more or less acuminate, at margin minutely also often coarsely

revolute, 8-12 cm. long and 2-4.3 cm. wide; upper surf ace presently

glabrous, subcoriaceous, often glossy, minutely impressed-reticulate;

lower surface manifestly salient-veiny, at first (when very young)

hispid, presently almost glabrate but commonly very sparsely

appressed-setose. Inflorescence ±5-flowered, cauline or rarely

terminal. Peduncle tomentose, 4-6 mm. long; bracts linear-subulate,

subglabrate, under 5 mm. long; pedicels tomentose, 3-5 mm. long.

Sepals ovate, pubescent, 3-5 mm. long. Corolla's tube 7-9 mm.

long, lobes about 5 mm. long. Capsule oblong-ovoid or cordate-

ovoid, rugose and sulcate, finally glabrate or very sparsely pubescent,

1.6-2.7 cm. long (the persistent, ±3 mm. long style excluded) and

±2 cm. wide. Seeds black, flat or flattish, smooth, 7-8 mm. long.

Type specimen: Collected by Joseph F. Rock, No. 418, Punaluu

Mts., Island of Oahu, December 24, 1908 (Gray).

1 It is quite possible that certain specimens collected at Palplo and other

nearby localities and by me referred in this text to P. sulcatum or its var. Remyi

will be found on further study to belong here.

512 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. 22

Distribution: Northeastern Oahu.

Specimens examined: Otto Degener, Kwan Kee Park, & Manuel

Kwon 11,003, in rain-forest, Pig-God Trail, Punaluu, January 17,

1932 (Deg.; Field; with foliar aspect of P. sulcatum and perhaps

hybridized) ; Abbe Urbain Faurie 9, alt. 800 meters, Punaluu, May,

1910 (Arn.; Del.); Charles N. Forbes, between Punaluu and Kai-

papau, Koolauloa Mts., November 14-21, 1908 (Bish.); Forbes &

Dr. C. M. Cooke, Jr., same locality, May 3-8, 1909 (Berl.; Bish.;

Field) ; Forbes, with C. L. Thompson, same locality, May 8-13, 1909

(Berl.; Bish.; Field) ;F. R. Fosberg 9,540, tree, 5 meters tall, in wet

forest, alt. 740 meters, divide between Kahana and Waianae Uka,

Waikane-Schofield Trail, May 14, 1933 (Bish.; Field, 2 sheets);

Joseph F. Rock, Koolau Mts., 1908 (Arn.); Rock 23 (173), same

locality, December 3-14, 1908 (Field); Rock 23 (392), Punaluu,

December 24-29, 1908 (Field); Rock 23 (781), same locality,

December 3-14, 1908 (Kew); Rock 170 pro parte, Punaluu Mts.,

December 3-14, 1908 (Bish.); Rock 418 (type, Gray: cotype, Bish.);

Rock 535, above the Valley of Kaliuwaa, Punaluu, December 24, 1908

(Arn.); Harold Saint John 10,584, on crest of ridge, alt. 2,200 feet,

Punaluu, September 28, 1930 (Bish.; N.Y.); Olof H. Selling 3,676,

Punaluu, September 27, 1938 (Goth.).

Rock, who had collected this species in the vicinity of Punaluu,

northeastern Oahu, referred it to P. spathulatum Mann, by which

he meant the recently named P. sulcatum (see p. 502). From

P. sulcatum it differs in having its leaves mostly with a few scattered,

appressed hairs on the lower surface, their venation usually more

pronounced, their color usually more brownish or reddish-brown

when dried, their position more nearly ascending or erect and their

arrangement more compact, their margins more often loosely rolled

underneath (independently of and in addition to the minute revolute-

ness present in most Pittosporum species), etc. The hairs of the lower

surface may be lacking on several leaves but nearly always show

on some, now toward the base now toward the tip but more con-

sistently along the mid vein. The geographic distribution appears

restricted to the mountains of the Land-Section Punaluu and of the

area slightly southwest.

Pittosporum dolosum var. £ aquilonium Sherff, Field Mus.

Bot. Ser. 22: 422. 1941.

Shrub ±2 meters tall or perhaps becoming a small tree. Leaves

more elongate, petiole up to 4 cm. long; blade up to 2 dm. long

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 513

and 5 cm. wide, at apex more often acuminate. Ovary densely

tomentose. Mature capsule subglabrate.

Type specimen: Collected by Amy Suehiro, on South Opaeula

Ridge, Paalaa, Island of Oahu, September 25, 1935 (Bish.).

Distribution : Apparently frequent in the Land-Section of Paalaa,

northern Oahu, and rare southward in Kipapa Gulch, Oahu.

Specimens examined:1 Otto Degener, Emilio Ordonez, & Joe Kepaa

12,779, in woods, Peahinaia Trail, April 28, 1940 (Deg.; Field);

F. R. Fosberg 8,850, bush, 2 meters tall, in wet forest, alt. 500 meters,

South Ridge, South Helemanu Gulch, Paalaa, September 25, 1933

(Bish.; Field); Frank Kitamura, on open, moist slope, alt. 1,450

feet, ridge of South Opaeula Gulch, Paalaa, September 24, 1933

(Bish.); Harold Morley 19, in moderate forest, alt. 1,600 feet, ridge

south of South Opaeula Gulch, September 24, 1933 (Bish.); Amy

Suehiro, South Opaeula Ridge, September 25, 1935 (type, Bish.).

The leaves commonly retain a few appressed setae close to the

midvein, on the lower surface, and thus suggest P. sulcatum var.

Remyi. They average much larger, however, than in that variety;

moreover, the mature capsules are subglabrate, not pubescent, in

most of the large and small surface grooves. They are approached

in size by those found on some specimens of P. sulcatum proper of

the Kaala region in Oahu. The numerous Kaala specimens examined

for P. sulcatum proper, however, invariably have the leaves glabrous

on both surfaces when mature. The foliar habit seems to place

the type plant most logically as a variety under P. dolosum, from

which it can be told easily by its larger leaves (their blades mostly

12-20 cm. not 8-12 cm. long). Var. aquilonium, furthermore,

grows considerably west of the divide of the Koolau Mountains,

while P. dolosum proper grows on the eastern side.

8. Pittosporum Forbesii Sherff, Field Mus. Bot. Ser. 22: 423.

1941.

Nascent branches pubescent. Leaves numerous, crowded toward

tips of branches, their somewhat slender petiole 5-13 mm. long;

blade obovate or widely oblong-oblanceolate, at apex obtuse or

rounded, at base cuneate-narrowed, commonly 5-8 cm. long and

1.8-3 cm. wide, at first densely tomentose with reddish-brown or

presently silvery tomentum, finally above (more rarely also below)

1 A somewhat similar specimen by Noel H. Krauss, from the Pupukea-Kahuku

Trail, alt. 1,400-1,600 feet, in the extreme north of Oahu, has a terminal raceme

of anomalous, 4-merous flowers and cauline clusters of staminate flowers. It

has been laid aside for more detailed investigation.

514 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

irregularly or sometimes almost entirely glabrous. Flowers unknown.

Fruit-bearing inflorescences cauline, shortly (about 5-7 mm.)

pedunculate, pedicels only 1-3 mm. long. Capsule small, 1.5-2 cm.

long, in outline oblong-ovate; valves finally flat, obovate, under

2 cm. wide, outwardly at first tuberculate and densely whitish-

tomentose finally almost glabrate and not tuberculate but under

a lens much and minutely convoluted. Seeds intensely black, thick,

4-5 mm. long, rugose and convoluted all over unless on faces.

Style at first scarcely 2 mm. long, finally (as a capsular beak) about

1-1.5 mm. long.

Type specimen: Collected by Charles N. Forbes, No. 122-Mo,

on slopes of Puu Kolekole, Island of Molokai, July, 1912 (Bish.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality in southeastern

Molokai.

Specimens examined: Forbes 122-Mo (type, Bish.).

Probably best regarded as a sister species to P. Terminalioides,

a species not known as yet from the Island of Molokai. Indeed,

the collector, Mr. Forbes, wrote of it on the type sheet: "Probably

related to P. terminalioides. May be new. Glabrous small capsule.

No flowers yet." P. Terminalioides is a species which usually can

be identified rather easily and yet which varies so much in most of

its characters as to invalidate most positions assigned to it in a key.

It is probably best separated from P. Forbesii, aside from geographic

considerations, by the upper surfaces of the leaves. These as a

rule are soon glabrous or glabrate, while in P. Forbesii most of the

upper leaf-surfaces retain over considerable areas a thin coating of

densely matted, silvery hairs.

The species was dedicated to Mr. Forbes, who, before his death

in 1920, had greatly assisted my studies with the collection and lend-

ing of numerous Hawaiian specimens.

9. Pittosporum Terminalioides1 Planch, in Herb. Hook, ex

A. Gray, Bot. U. S. Explor. Exped. 231. 1854; Pittosporum glabrum

sensu Putterlick pro parte, Synops. Pittosporearum 11. 1839 (exclud.

syn. Hook. & Arn.); Pittosporum glabratum Putterl. pro parte ex

1 Planchon, the author of the name Pittosporum Terminalioides, had spelled

the trivial name "terminalioides" on the type sheet at Kew. Asa Gray published

the name with this same spelling. Hillebrand later (Fl. Haw. Isls. 22 and 24.

1888) altered the name by dropping the second i, perhaps through oversight or

perhaps assuming that Planchon had been concerned merely with a falsely terminal

inflorescence, in which latter case Hillebrand's spelling would be correct. However,

the Kew type (now before me) shows no terminal inflorescence at all, although

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 515

Drake del Castillo, 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 111. 1890; Pittosporum

glabratum Putterl. pro parte ex Rock, Indig. Trees Haw. Isls. 159.

1913.

a. Peduncles up to 6 cm. long; native of southwestern Hawaii.

var. 7 macropus.

a. Peduncles under 2.8 cm. long.

b. Capsules up to 4 cm. long and to 2.9 cm. wide; native of eastern

and southern Hawaii var. /3 macrocarpum.

b. Capsules under 3 cm. long.

c. Leaves coriaceous; capsular valves 2-2.8 cm. long; native of

Hawaii P. Terminalioides sensu stricto.

c. Leaves often somewhat thinner; capsular valves commonly

under 1.8 cm. long; native of Maui var. 5 mauiense.

A stiff or rarely somewhat scandent shrub, 1.8-3 meters tall,

terminal portions of branchlets grayish- to ferruginous-tomentose.

Leaves conspicuously crowded near ends of branchlets; blade

coriaceous, densely whitish- to ferruginous-tomentose on both sur-

faces when young, usually soon glabrous or glabrate and finely

areolar-reticulate above, moderately salient-veiny and (usually

becoming grayish-) tomentose or in age occasionally glabrate below,

usually 5-12 cm. long and 1.5-4 cm. wide, spatulate to obovate,

apically rounded or bluntly acuminate, basally tapering into a

slender or more or less subalate petiole, this 0.5-4 cm. long. In-

florescence axillary or cauline, short, tomentose, peduncle thickish

and commonly 1-2.5 cm. long,1 the tomentose pedicels 2-6 mm.

long. Fertile and sterile flowers occurring indiscriminately near

ends of branchlets and on bare stem. Sepals lanceolate to ovate,

apically acute, tomentose, 2-4 mm. long. Corolla cream-white,

tube 5-9 mm. long, lobes half as long. Ovary tomentose. Capsule

densely or moderately tomentose or except in small patches glabrate,

flattened (rarely 3-valved and trigonous) ; valves 2-2.8 cm. long and

two detached capsules are glued to the sheet, just below the leafy spray; these

evidently had been cauline in origin, as revealed by two or more remaining cauline

pedicels. Moreover, the genus Terminalia L. (family Combretaceae) has many

species that are resembled by Pittosporum species, Planchon's species among them,

and there seems no doubt that Planchon meant to spell the trivial name exactly

as he did, and in allusion to such a resemblance.

1 Hillebrand (Fl. Haw. Isls. 24. 1888) gives the peduncle as J^-l line long.

This apparently was accepted as true by Skottsberg (Meddel. Goteborgs Bot.

Tradgard 10: 109. 1936), in segregating as his var. macropus a form with peduncles

up to 6 cm. long. Rock (loc. cit.) describes the peduncle as about 2 to 10 mm.

long. In well developed material, however, peduncles 2-2.5 cm. long sometimes

occur.

516 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

subequally or much less broad, with a usually shallow longitudinal

median groove and usually some transverse waves (but not boldly

sulcate or conspicuously rugose), when separated in age frequently

orbicular in outline and very flat, the base at times subemarginate,

the apex tipped with a stylar rostrum, this usually 1-2.5 but at

times 5 or even 7-8 mm. long. Seeds rugose, usually dull, purple

or brownish, 4-5 mm. in diameter.

Type specimen: Planchon had given the name Pittosporum

terminalioides in the herbarium at Kew to a specimen, David

Douglas 20, from the "Sandwich Islands." Since Douglas collected

exclusively upon the Island of Hawaii, so far as his Hawaiian Island

collections were concerned (fide H. Mann, Enum. Haw. PI. [Proc.

Amer. Acad. 7:] 144. 1867), it is clear that the Douglas plant came

from Hawaii (cf. footnote under P. glabrum, p. 492). But Asa

Gray was the first to publish a description and, while he paren-

thetically reported the species to have been "also collected by

Douglas" (and indeed employed the specific name previously given

by Planchon to the Douglas plant), he clearly had in mind principally

the plants collected by the United States Exploring Expedition.

He cited these as having been collected "on the coast southeast of

the crater of Lua Pele and Puna. On Mouna Loa at an elevation

of 7,000 feet." At least two specimens of the "Mouna" (i.e., Mauna)

Loa habitat are still extant (Par.; U.S.).

Distribution: Island of Hawaii.1

Specimens examined: Otto Degener 10,978, in dry aa desert forest,

near Kaalualu, September 12, 1929 (Field); Degener, Iwasaki, &

E. B. Bartram 10,979, partly climbing, in dry region, Kipuka Neenee

(Kipuka Nene), January 27, 1930 (Field) ; Charles N. Forbes 274- H,

Kealapuali (Koolapuuwale), Kona, June 29, 1911 (Bish.; Field,

2 sheets; Gray); Forbes 360- H, Kapua, Kona, July 25, 1911 (Berl.;

Field; Gray); Forbes 368- H pro parte, Kau Desert, August 2, 1911

(Bish.; Field) \; Forbes 815- H, near the Lava Flow of 1899, June 12,

1915 (Berl.; Bish.; Field); William Hillebrand & Rev. John M.

Lydgate, Hawaiian Islands (Bish.); Horace Mann & William T.

Brigham 313, alt. 7,000 feet, Hualalai, 1864-1865 (Bish.; Del.;

1 Hillebrand (Fl. Haw. Isls. 24. 1888) gives several localities on Hawaii but

adds: "Lanai! A similar form from the low and dry hills of the east end of Oahu!"

I have seen no material of P. Terminalioides proper from Lanai or Oahu and have

been unable to examine the Hillebrand specimens in Berlin. It may of course be that

for Lanai Hillebrand had in mind the form referred here to the var. lanaiense.

As to material from Oahu, it may be pointed out here that Forbes 2,462-O, from

a ridge between Niu and Wailupe, toward the extreme southeastern end of Oahu,

had been annotated at Bishop Museum: "Hillebrand refers this to P. terminaloides."

This specimen fits well, however, within the limits of P. flocculosum (qu. vide).

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 517

Gray) ; Joseph F. Rock, Manuka, Kau (Arn.; Bish.); Rock, Hawaiian

Isls., November 7, 1912 (Field) ; Rock 10,075, Manuka, South Kona,

January, 1912 (Gray); Rock 10,076, on slopes of Hualalai, alt.

7,000 feet, great central plain, February, 1912 (Bish.; Gray); Rock

13,031, Hilea lava flow, Kau, August, 1917 (Bish.); United States

South Pacific Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes, alt. 7,000

feet, Mauna Loa, about 1840 (Par.; U.S.).

Pittosporum Terminalioides var. ft macrocarpum Sherff,

Amer. Journ. Bot. 28: 28. 1941.

Leaves commonly more acuminate, their tomentum beneath

remaining mostly reddish-brown. Peduncles up to 6 mm. or at

times up to 1.7 cm. long, pedicels at anthesis slenderish and longer

(up to 11 mm.). Capsule ovate or oblong in outline, at first densely

tomentulose but at last scatteringly or over a part of its surface

subglabrate, larger, up to 4 cm. long excluding the beak and up to

2.9 cm. wide.

Type specimen: Collected by Charles N. Forbes, No. 431- H,

Kapapala, Kau District, Island of Hawaii, August, 1911 (Bish.).

Distribution: Eastern and southern Hawaii.

Specimens examined : Forbes 431- H (type, Bish.: cotypes, Berl.;

Field) ; Forbes 963- H, in forest, between Kipuka Waiakea and Keawe-

wai, June 27, 1915 (Berl.; Bish.; Field); William Hillebrand 305,

Hawaii (Kew; peduncle 1.5-1.7 cm. long); Joseph F. Rock 12,988,

Kona Road, South Kona, August, 1917 (Bish.).

The leaves, while at first very tomentose on both surfaces, soon

become glabrate or glabrous above, also often somewhat glaucous.

Those of the Rock specimen show a similarity to those of P. hawaii-

ense of the same vicinity.

Pittosporum Terminalioides var. y niacropus Skottsb.

Meddel. Goteborgs Bot. Tradgard 10: 109. 1936.

Leaf-blades 8-13.5 cm. long and 3-6 cm. wide, -petioles 2-3 cm.

long. Peduncle up to 6 cm. long, pedicels up to 1 cm. long. Capsule

oblong in outline, 2-2.7 cm. long excluding the beak and 1.5-2.4

cm. wide, remaining tomentose in age, the median, lengthwise

groove deep and conspicuous, the transverse wrinkles early evident.

Type specimen: Collected by Carl Skottsberg, No. 619, at about

600 meters altitude, in dry land along Kau-Kona Road, between

Pahala and Naalehu, Island of Hawaii, September 21, 1922 (Bish.).

Distribution: Known only from southwestern Hawaii.

II ne it i

518 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

Specimens examined: Otto Degener 10,993, in moderately dry

region, north of Alika Lava Flow, August 26, 1926 (Field, where

2 of the 3 capsules are 3-valved);1 Skottsberg 619 (type, Bish.:

cotype, Goth.).

Pittosporum Terminalioides var. 8 mauiense Sherff, Amer.

Journ. Bot. 28: 28. 1941; Pittosporum Terminalioides sensu Rock,

Indig. Trees Haw. Isls. 159. 1913 (as to Maui plants and the

accompanying plate 57).

Leaves often somewhat thinner, blade commonly 7-9 cm. long

and 2-3 cm. wide, few or no veins salient, petiole 1-2 cm. long.

Peduncle up to 2.8 cm. long, pedicels ±6 mm. long, capsules smaller

and somewhat more numerous, their oblong-orbiculate valves com-

monly under 1.8 cm. long and wide.

Type specimen: Collected by Joseph F. Rock, No. 8,669, alt.

1,500 feet, lava fields of Auwahi, District of Kahikinui, southwestern

slopes of Haleakala, East Maui, November, 1910 (Bish.).

Distribution: Island of Maui.

Specimens examined: Joseph F. Rock, Isl. Maui (Bish.); Rock,

Auwahi, East Maui, November, 1910 (Gray, 2 sheets); Rock 8,669

(type, Bish.: cotype, N.Y.); Carl Skottsberg 791 pro parte, lao Valley,

West Maui, October 11, 1922 (Bish.) ; Gerrit P. Wilder, Maui, 1913

(Bish.).

Rock (loc. cit.} states that this variety "differs from the Hawaii

plants [i.e., the species proper] in the leaves only, which are much

thinner texture, being chartaceous and having rather indistinct

veins." As noted above, however, the capsules are smaller and

somewhat more numerous.

Pittosporum Terminalioides var. e lanaiense Sherff, Field

Mus. Bot. Ser. 22: 429. 1941.

1 While Degener 10,993 is clearly the var. macropus, its tendency to have 3-

valved capsules suggests the large-fruited P. Hosmeri and var. longifolium of

southwestern Hawaii. P. Hosmeri and its var. longifolium frequently have 3- or

even 4-valved capsules, but these are very different from those of var. macropus.

To the specimens above cited for var. macropus may be added St. John,

Hashimoto, Hosaka, Lindsay, & Mitchell 11,341, wooded kipuka, on aa lava, alt.

1,000 feet, Manuka mauka, Isl. Hawaii, December 26, 1931 (Bish.; Field).

This is a topotype of var. macropus and the leaves match closely those of the type.

However, a packet enclosed with one of the specimens contains a small, smoothish

capsule, minutely puberulent in many areas under the lens. The valves are about

2 cm. long and broad. It is possible that the capsule came from a differ-

ent species (although in the species proper a similar latitude is observable in

the variation of capsular pubescence; thus, for example, the Planchon type,

Douglas 20, at Kew has capsules almost glabrate except for a few tiny tomentulose

areas, whereas most all other observed specimens have the capsules rather definitely

tomentose or tomentulose).

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 519

Leaves obovate, blade 6-8 cm. long and 2-4 cm. wide, petiole

±1 cm. long. Peduncle finally up to about 2.6 cm. long, the flowers

subsessile. Capsules smaller; valves about 1.5 cm. long and wide,

scarcely rugulose, tomentellous, lacking a lengthwise, median furrow.

Type specimen: Collected by George C. Munro, No. 333, Paoma,

Island of Lanai, April 18, 1914 (Bish.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality in northern Lanai.

Specimens examined: Munro 333 (type, Bish.); Munro 428,

Paoma, April 18, 1914 (Bish.).

The specimens cited had been labeled for P. Terminalioides but

are apparently quite distinct from the numerous specimens of

P. Terminalioides examined from the Island of Hawaii. The leaves

are proportionately broader and seem consistently small. The

capsules are small and lack the shallow, lengthwise, median furrow

that usually runs along each valve in the species proper.

10. Pittosporum kahananum Sherff, Field Mus. Bot. Ser. 22:

417. 1941.

Loose shrub or spreading tree. Leaves numerous, clustered at

and subverticillately below tips of branches, brownish-green when

dry, petiole glabrous and 0.8-2 cm. long; blade oblong-obovate,

coriaceous, at apex rounded or obtuse, at margin revolute, when

nascent densely appressed-hispid, above presently glabrous and

impressedly reticulate-veiny, below somewhat conspicuously salient-

veiny and finally glabrescent or moderately or even very densely

appressed-hispid with white or brown setae, 4-8 cm. long and 1.2-

2.5 cm. wide. Inflorescences cauline and axillary, sessile, 1-8-

flowered. Only staminate flowers seen. Bracts now ovate now

subulate, pubescent or glabrescent, under 4 mm. long. Pedicels

tomentose, thick, ±2 mm. long. Sepals subnarrowly or broadly

ovate, at apex acuminate or obtuse, moderately appressed-hispid

outside, at margin scarious, 3.5-4.5 mm. long. Petals 5 (rarely 6),

more often distinct, white, 12-13 mm. long (including expanded

terminal portion, this oblong and ±4 mm. long). Stamens slender,

±6.5 mm. long, subequal or even equal to pistil in length. Capsule

(a single one seen) ovoid; valves finally flat, at base subcordate-

truncate, externally very rugose and sulcate, otherwise more or less

glabrous, about 3.5 cm. long and 2-2.3 cm. wide. Seeds intensely

lustrous-black, angled and somewhat wrinkled, about 6.5-7 mm.

long, 5-5.5 mm. wide, 2.5-3 mm. thick.

520 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. 22

Type specimen: Collected by Harold Saint John, No. 10,152,

spreading tree, flowers white, alt. 2,400 feet, near the divide, Waikane-

Schofield Trail, Kahana, Island of Oahu, January 19, 1930 (Bish.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality in eastern Oahu.

Specimens examined: F. R. Fosberg 12,248, loose shrub 1 meter

tall, flowers cream-white, odor not pleasant, on steep, wet, exposed,

bushy slope, alt. 750 meters, Waikane-Schofield Trail, Kahana,

July 27, 1935 (Bish.; Field); Saint John 10,152 (type, Bish.).

The leaf-shape and fruit are much the same as in P. sulcatum.

The leaves are very different, however, in that many of them retain

a usually dense coating of innumerable more or less coalesced, white

or brown hairs. P. sulcatum has glabrous adult leaves and its var.

Remyi has at the most a very few hairs on the lower leaf-surfaces.

P. cauliflorum var. fulvum is occasionally rather small-leaved and

then may superficially resemble P. kahananum. That variety can

be told at once, however, by the dense tomentum on the younger

parts and often on the lower surfaces of the older leaves, also by the

tomentose capsules. In P. kahananum the hairs are fewer and

straighter, justifying the term hispid rather than tomentose, and

the capsules are essentially glabrous (though rugose).

11. Pittosporum cauliflorum H. Mann, Enum. Haw. PI.

No. 18 (Proc. Amer. Acad. 7: 151). 1867.

a. Leaves with reddish-brown tomentum beneath, capsules finally

more or less glabrate var. y cladanthoides.

a. Leaves, unless when emerging from the bud, brownish- to yellow-

ish-tomentose beneath.

&. Capsules subsessile P. cauliflorum sensu stricto.

6. Capsules pedicellate with pedicels at least 5-11 mm. long.

var. /3 pedicellatum.

A loosely branched tree, 9 meters or more high, trunk 2-3 dm.

thick. Leaves crowded at ends of stout and stiff branchlets, coria-

ceous, closely areolate and finally glabrous to glabrate above, petiole

1-3 cm. long and when young tomentose; blade obovate to elongate-

obovate or cuneate, 8-20 cm. long and 3-7.5 cm. wide, at apex

rounded or shortly apiculate, gradually narrowed into petiole, upper

surface pale-green, lower surface densely covered with a soft fawn-

or pale-lemon-colored tomentum. Fertile flowers apparently some-

what larger than the sterile ones, cauline on the bare branches below

the leaves, grouped subsessilely in clusters of 8-12 on tomentose

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 521

peduncles 4-8 mm. long. Bracts tomentose, ±5 mm. long. Sepals

ovate, obtuse, tomentose, ±3 mm. long. Corolla cream-colored,

its tube 8-10 mm. long, the broad, spreading lobes 4-5 mm. long.

Stamens ±5 mm. long, reaching to above middle of style, their

anthers sagittate. Ovary tomentose, about half as long as style,

stigma capitate and 2-lobed. Capsule thick-woody; the flattened

valves with a slight median furrow at least above but otherwise

subsmoothish or at times somewhat transverse-rugose, about 2.8 cm.

long and 2.5 cm. wide, tipped with a stylar beak ±3 mm. long, the

tomentum mostly deciduous in age; endocarp pale-orange. Seeds

flat-angular, crenulate or tuberculate at the back and edges, 6-7.5

mm. long.

Type specimen: Collected by Horace Mann & William T.

Brigham, No. 601, Kaala Mts., Island of Oahu, May 4, 1864-

May 18, 1865. Type herbarium not cited, but the two specimens at

Cornell University, one of them unnamed by Mann, and the named

one at Gray Herbarium have as good claims as any to being regarded

as the type.

Distribution: Known only from Kaala Mts., Island of Oahu.

Specimens examined: Mann & Brigham 601 (type collection:

Corn., 2 sheets; Gray; Mo.).

The capsules on the above cited named specimens at Cornell

University and Gray Herbarium are fewer, larger, less mature, and

less rough, offering a striking resemblance to those of P. glabrum

var. spathulatum. The capsules of Mann's unnamed specimens

above cited for Cornell University, also those for his similarly

unnamed specimen at the Missouri Botanical Garden, are slightly

rugose, as sometimes happens on specimens of P. glabrum and its

var. spathulatum. They are, however, not of the strongly rugose

or tuberculate type as is common, for example, in P. sulcatum or

its var. Remyi. This fact is most important to note, because nearly

all herbarium specimens1 collected since Mann's time and referred

by various workers to P. cauliflorum or to varieties of it have the

definitely rugose type of capsule and must be separated specifically

(see P. cladanthum and vars.).

Pittosporum cauliflorum var. ft pedicellatum Sherff, Amer.

Journ. Bot. 28: 20. 1941.

1 In fact all specimens except those referred below to P. cauliflorum var.

pedicellatum and var. cladanthoides.

522 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

Tree ±5.5 meters tall, trunk about 1 dm. thick, leaves similar

to those of var. fulvum (blade now 1.8 cm. long and 7.5 cm. wide

now 6-8 cm. long and 3-4.5 cm. wide). Peduncle now 1-1.8 cm.

long (for fertile flowers) and tomentose, now (probably for sterile

flowers) 4-7 cm. long and very densely appressed-setose or supernally

tomentose. Pedicels slender, tomentose, numerous (sometimes 8-15),

now (for fertile flowers) 5-11 mm. long now (probably for sterile

flowers) 1-2 cm. long. Flowers white, cream-colored at top. Fertile

flowers: sepals 2-3 mm. long, corolla's tube 7-9 mm. long and lobes

3-5 mm. long. Capsules tranversely quadrate, about 3 cm. long;

valves outwardly smooth (not wrinkled but minutely tomentose),

finally flat, in outline quadrate, about 3 cm. wide; beak about 2.5

mm. long. Seeds 6.5-8 mm. long.

Type specimen: Collected by Harold Saint John, No. 10,378,

one tree, 18 feet tall, trunk 4 inches thick, flowers white, cream at

tip, pods square in cross-section, on open hillside, alt. 1,400 feet,

on north fork of valley east of Palikea, Waianae Mts., Island of

Oahu, February 23, 1930 (Bish.).

Distribution: Waianae Range, Island of Oahu.

Specimens examined: Joseph F. Rock, Waianae Mts., Palikea,

December 31, 1915 (Bish., 2 sheets); Saint John 10,378 (type, Bish.:

cotypes, Berl.; Field, 2 sheets).

The type material differs sharply from that of P. cauliflorum

proper in its well developed pedicels. A remarkable feature, too, is

the six elongate peduncles (4-7 cm. long) found on one specimen

(in Herb. Field Mus.). These have the hairs of the pubescence

more appressed and lengthwise disposed, rather than tomentose.

Their pedicels are especially long (1-2 cm.). As all the flowers are

missing or insect-eaten, it can only be surmised that they bore

staminate or sterile flowers. Future collections of this variety and

of the species proper are of course desirable to determine whether

this surmise is correct, also what kind of peduncles and pedicels the

sterile inflorescence of the species proper has, and to what extent

therefore the characters of the sterile inflorescence may be used for

separating the var. pedicellatum from the species proper. The

specimens by Rock have capsules and numerous fertile (i.e., pistil-

late) flowers.

The leaves have blades up to 2.3 dm. or more long and to ±7.5

cm. wide, and slender petioles 1-3 cm. long. The tomentum of their

lower surface is brownish as in many P. cladanthum specimens and

the veins are moderately conspicuous beneath as in that species

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 523

(not strongly incrassate as in its var. reticulatum} . From P. cladan-

thum, however, the smoothish, not strongly rugose or lumpy, exterior

of the capsules should separate sufficiently well. From the next

following var. cladanthoides, var. pedicellatum differs in lacking a

strong reddish tinge to its brown leaf-tomentum, and in having

larger, more permanently tomentose capsules, the valves of these

being square, not obcordate-obovate, in outline, and about 3 cm.

not 2.2-2.5 cm. long and wide.

Pittosporum cauliflorum var. 7 cladanthoides Sherff, Amer.

Journ. Bot. 28: 21. 1941.

Probably a tree. Leaves narrowly oblong-obovate, densely

clothed with red-brown tomentum beneath, where moderately veiny;

apically rounded-obtuse blade +7 cm. petiole ±1.5 cm. long.

Fertile inflorescence shortly (about 6-8 mm.) pedunculate, ±5-

pedicellate, pedicels ±5-6 mm. long. Capsules 2.2-2.5 cm. long,

finally flattish; valves obcordate-obovate or oblong, outwardly not

or but very minutely rugose and presently more or less glabrescent,

2.2-2.5 cm. wide, beak about 2 mm. long. Seeds 6-7 mm. long.

Type specimen: Collected by Erling Christophersen, Gerrit P.

Wilder, & Edward P. Hume, No. 1,577, in wet forest, alt. 500-600

meters, Puu Kapu, Island of Oahu, February 12, 1931 (Bish.).

Coulter (J. W., Gazetteer Terr. Haw. 189. 1935) lists two Puu

Kapu's for the Island of Oahu, but I assume that the one at 21° 36'

N. and 158° 1' W., in the Kaipapau Quadrangle of northern Oahu,

was the type locality.

Distribution: Island of Oahu.

Specimens examined: Christophersen, Wilder, & Hume 1,577

(type, Bish.).

The type is a single branchlet about 2 dm. long, with a lone

terminal whorl of five leaves and one cauline, pedunculate cluster

of capsules borne about 6.5 cm. beneath these. The leaves happen

to be small, but undoubtedly grow much larger at times, as in the

species proper.

12. Pittosporum halophilum Rock ex Sherff, Amer. Journ.

Bot. 28: 18. 1941; Pittosporum halophylum Rock, College Haw.

Publ. Bull. 1: 16, pi. 4. 1911; Pittosporum litorale Rock, loc. cit.

(non Merr.).

An erect shrub, about 1 meter tall; branches stout, grayish-black.

Leaves densely pubescent on both sides when young, petioled, petiole

524 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

more or less flattish and margined, densely tomentulose, 6-10 mm.

long; mature blade obovate, at apex obtuse or rounded or even

slightly emarginate, at base shortly cuneate-acuminate, coriaceous,

glabrate and minutely reticulate-veiny on the pale-green upper

surface, densely tomentose with a yellowish- or reddish-brown wool

on the obscurely veiny lower surface, 3.5-6.5 cm. long and 2-3.5

cm. wide. Inflorescence cauline or axillary, subsessile or on brown-

tomentose peduncle up to 5 (or even 13?) mm. long. Bracts linear-

lanceolate, acute, 5-6 mm. long. Sepals ovate or oblong-ovate,

acute, densely covered with a brown tomentum, about 5 mm. long.1

Corolla cream-colored, fragrant, tube about 1 cm. long, the oblong-

ovate lobes one third as long. Fertile stamens two-thirds or fully

the length of corolla-tube; anthers oblong-linear, about 3 mm. long.

Ovary hirsute, style and capitate stigma reaching to top of corolla-

tube. Capsule unknown.

Type specimen: Collected by Rock & Nevin, No. 6,183, along

the beach on the windward side of the island, within the spray of

the sea, between Kalawao and Waikolu, Island of Molokai, March 26,

1910 (Bish.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality on northern coast

of Molokai.

Specimens examined: Rock & Nevin 6,183 (cotype, Bish.).

The slightly revolute leaf-margins, so common in Pittosporum,

are especially noticeable in this species because of the sharp color-

contrast between the brown- or reddish-brown-tomentose lower leaf-

surface and the rolled-back pale-green glabrate edges of the upper

surface. The inflorescence is described by Rock as "cauline im-

mediately under the leaves." The two inflorescences present on

the cotype examined are, however, well up among the leaves and are

what most authors would term axillary. These are very short-

pedunculate, but lower down are several old, barren, twig-like

branchlets that may well have been peduncles of a previous year.

These are suberect and about 10-13 mm. long. The species, in

the words of Rock, "is exceedingly interesting as it represents the

only literal species from the [Hawaiian] islands."

Rock originally, in his herbarium determination, named the type

material of this species Pittosporum halophilum. This was, of course,

an appropriate name, in view of the fact that the type (see above)

1 Rock describes the tomentum as yellow or yellowish ("flavido") but in the

dried cotype specimen before me it is the same color as I have treated throughout

as brown.

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 525

had grown "within the spray of the sea." The trivial name was

unaccountably altered to the meaningless or at least misleading

spelling, halophylum, when published. In the interests of ortho-

graphic accuracy, it has recently been corrected to P. halophilum

(Amer. Journ. Bot. 28: 18. 1941).

13. Pittosporum cladanthum Sherff, Amer. Journ. Bot. 28:

21. 1941; Pittosporum cauliflorum var. fulvum Hillebr. Fl. Haw.

Isls. 25. 1888; Pittosporum cauliflorum var. macrophyllum Skottsb.

Meddel. Goteb. Bot. Tradgard 10: 109. 1936.

a. Leaf-blades mostly 1.2-2.3 dm. long, their veins moderately

salient and delicate beneath; native of Oahu.

P. cladanthum sensu stricto.

a. Leaf-blades mostly 0.6-1.4 dm. long.

6. Their veins somewhat incrassate and conspicuously salient

beneath; seeds 6.5-7.5 mm. long; native of Oahu.

var. 7 reticulatum.

b. Their veins delicate and moderately salient beneath; seeds

5-6 mm. long; native of Lanai var. /3 gracilipes.

A tree 3-6 or sometimes even 9 meters tall. Leaves narrowly

to subbroadly obovate, often very large, blade up to 2.5 dm. long

and 9 cm. wide, petiole up to 5.5 cm. long, lower surface salient-

veiny and more or less reddish- or more often brownish-tomentose;

young shoots conspicuously and densely brownish- or reddish-

tomentose throughout. In floral characters apparently similar to

P. cauliflorum but the fruiting peduncles often 1-4 cm. long and

sometimes finally 7 mm. thick. Capsules rugose or rough-tuberculate

but less so than in var. reticulatum, the mature valves flattening to

an obovate or barely ovate or oblong shape, 2-2.7 cm. long exclusive

of short stylar beak and 2.1-2.6 cm. wide, pedicels mostly 2-8 mm.

long; seeds smoothish, 7-9 mm. long.

Type specimen: Since the name P. cladanthum was founded

directly on the material commonly referred to P. cauliflorum var.

fulvum Hillebr., the types might reasonably be expected to be the

same. The type of P. cauliflorum var. fulvum was collected by

William Hillebrand on Oahu (Berl.). It is at present inaccessible

for study. Hillebrand gave the distributional range as "Ewa to

Waialua." His specimen No. 302 at Kew came from Waiawa

Valley of the Koolau Range, Oahu. This lacks fruits, but in leaves

is typical for the many rough-fruited specimens that pass in herbaria

for var. fulvum Hillebr. or its synonym, var. macrophyllum Skottsb.

526 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

Hillebrand, however, had seen no fruits of his var. fulvum anyway,

as he stated in his text. It is conceivable that his Waiawa Valley

specimen, which had been collected many years before the publica-

tion of his var. fulvum1 was actually of the smoother-fruited form

collected by Christophersen, Wilder, & Hume, No. 1,577, at Puu

Kapu, and referred by me to the very rare P. cauliflorum var. cladan-

thoides (qu. v.). There is no doubt, however, that when Hillebrand

gave the comprehensive range "Ewa to Waialua" for his var. fulvum

he referred principally to the common form having rough or lumpy

fruits, these often somewhat ridged or shallowly crested lengthwise

along the median line of each valve. But because of the technical

even though slight uncertainty that must always attach to the

precise type basis of the var. fulvum, I have chosen to describe

P. cladanthum anew upon its own independent type basis. The

specimen selected as the type is Degener, Park, Potter, Bush, &

Topping 10,986, in rain-forest, Malaekahana Trail, Laie, Island of

Oahu, July 29, 1935 (Field, 2 sheets).

Distribution: Island of Oahu.

Specimens examined: Edwin H. Bryan, Jr., Aiea, June 5, 1920

(Field) ; Bryan, alt. 1,200 feet, lower west ridge, Kaipapau Valley,

July 11, 1920 (Bish. ; Field) ; Bryan, trees, 3-4 meters tall, at lower

edge of lower forest at transition with guava-lantana vegetation,

Hauula Forest Reserve, Punaiki Trail, behind Hauula, May, 1933

(Field) ; Erling Christophersen 1,384, tree, 5-6 meters tall, in forest,

alt. ±200 meters, Pupukea-Kahuku Trail, Koolau Range, August 12,

1930 (Bish.; Field); Otto Degener 13,002, in forest, Oio-Paumalu

Trail, June 16, 1940 (Deg.; Field); Degener 13,003, in forest, Wai-

pilopilo, Hauula, June 11, 1940 (Berl. ; Deg. ; Field, 2 sheets) ; Degener

& Gordon Dowson 12,926, among bushes, Papali Gulch, Hauula,

September 8, 1940 (Berl.; Deg.; Field); Degener & Emilio Ordonez

12,204, in open forest, Waimea Valley, July 24, 1938 (Deg.; Field,

2 sheets); Degener & Ordonez 12,576, flower-buds observed several

nodes below ripe fruit, in lower forest, Pupukea-Kahuku, December

14, 1939 (Field) ; Degener, Ordonez, & John Foster 12,297, in lower

rain-forest, north rim of Kaluanui Valley, March 18, 1939 (Berl.;

Field, 2 sheets; also a score or more additional, unmounted sprays,

as yet undistributed; some typical, some approaching P. sulcatum

as to smaller leaves, these finally glabrate); Degener & Kwan Kee

Park 10,985, in forest, east ridge of Kaipapau Valley, July 7, 1935

1 A separate label at Kew states that the plant was received at Kew in July,

1865.

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 527

(Berl.; Deg.; Field); Degener & Park 10,997, in forest, Aiea Ridge,

September 4, 1932 (Field, 2 sheets); Degener & Park 11,000, on dry,

exposed slope, southeast side of Makua Valley near its head, January

3, 1935 (Berl.; Deg.; Field); Degener, Park, & Manuel Kwon 11,002,

in forest, Pupukea-Kahuku region, January 24, 1932 (Deg.; Field);

Degener, Park, Potter, Bush, & Topping 10,806, in forest, Malae-

kahana Trail, Laie, July 29, 1935 (Deg.) ; iidem 10,986 (type, Field,

2 sheets: cotype, Deg.); Degener, Park, Potter, & Gordon Shigeura

10,809, in forest, Waimalu Gulch, November 3, 1935 (Deg.; N.Y.);

Degener, Topping, Martinez, & Salucop 11,137, Puulupe Trail,

Kawailoa, February 25, 1937 (Berl.; Deg.; Field, 3 sheets; Gray;

Kew) ; Charles N. Forbes, Makaha Valley, Koolau Range, February

12-19, 1909 (Mo.); Forbes (with Dean Lake) 1,993-0, Waimano

Valley, October 27-30, 1914 (Bish.; Mo.); Forbes 2,053-0, on ridge

north of Waimea Valley, February 10-13, 1915 (Bish.) ; F. R. Fosberg

9,439, bush, 3 meters tall, in moist forest, alt. 400 meters, Laie-

Malaekahana Ridge, Koolau Mts., April 15, 1933 (Berl.; Bish.;

Field, 2 sheets) ; Fosberg 10,357, bush, 3 meters tall, in dry forest,

alt. 350 meters, on ridge "southeast Makua Gulch," Koolau Mts.,

Hauula, October 15, 1933 (Bish.; Field, 2 sheets); Fosberg 12,360,

tree, 5 meters tall, alt. 500 meters, on dry, wooded ridge, south

side of Makua Valley, Waianae Mts., November 17, 1935 (Field) ;

Edward Y. Hosaka 113, in woods, alt. 1,800 feet, Pupukea, Paumalu

Forest Reserve, Koolau Mts., January 12, 1930 (Bish.); Hosaka

770, tree, 20 feet tall, in moderately dry place, alt. 700 feet, 2nd

north fork, Kipapa Gulch, Koolau Range, September 25, 1932

(Field); Hosaka 979, tree, 30 feet tall, in lower wooded forest, alt.

1,000 feet, Kipapa Gulch, April 30, 1933 (Field) ; Edward P. Hume

82, alt. 425 meters, Kipapa, February 15, 1931 (Bish.) ; Hume 451,

tree, on sparsely wooded slope, alt. 1,000 feet, Kalauao Gulch, Aiea,

Koolau Range, January 3, 1932 (Field); Charles S. Judd 19, erect

tree, 3 meters tall, alt. 225 meters, dry gulch side, Pupukea, Septem-

ber 28, 1925 (Bish.; pro var. nova a F. Brownio acceptum); Judd 69,

Hawaiian Islands, 1928 (Bish.); Noel Krauss, alt. 400-600 feet,

Waipilopilo Gulch, Hauula, December 2, 1933 (Field) ; Alfred Meebold,

alt. 3,000 feet, Makaleha Ridge, Kaala, Waianae Mts., June, 1932

(Bish.); Meebold, Waiahole ditch trail, June, 1932 (Bish.); Meebold

(Otto Degener distrib. No.) 10,800, Paumalu, November, 1935 (Deg.);

Richard Onouye, small tree, about 18 feet tall, in rain-forest, alt.

1,800 feet, on Maakua-Papali Ridge, Kaipapau Forest Reserve,

Hauula, October 15, 1933 (Bish.); Rock & Swezey 4,813, Valley of

Niu, August 22, 1909 (Am.); Harold Saint John 10,140, flowers

528 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

white, sweetly fragrant, on wooded ridge, alt. 1,100 feet, Pupukea-

Paumalu Forest Reserve, January 12, 1930 (Field); Carl Skottsberg

1,792, in Pupukea Forest Reserve, Pupukea-Malaekahana Trail,

September 15, 1926 (type, Bish., and cotype, Goth., of P. cauliflorum

var. macrophyllum Skottsb.); Otto H. Swezey, Ewa, January, 1913

(Gray); David L. Topping 2,925, along Pupukea-Kahuku Trail,

November 23, 1924 (Deg.);E". K. Yoshinaga, Pupukea, January 12,

1930 (Bish.); T. G. Yuncker 3,018, on ridge trail back of Aiea, Sep-

tember 4, 1932 (Yuncker).

As Pittosporum cladanthum represents a segregation of several

formerly so-called varieties of P. cauliflorum from that species, it

may be well to review here briefly the historical setting of those

varieties. Hillebrand (Fl. Haw. Isls. 25. 1888) described three

varieties of P. cauliflorum, namely, var. /3 fulvum, var. 7 (without

name), and var. 5 flocculosum, in the order here given. Var. fulvum,

described as extending in range from Ewa to Waialua, Oahu, is

represented by Hillebrand 302, from Waiawa Valley of the Koolau

Range, Oahu, a specimen at Kew (as well, doubtless, as one or more

specimens at Berlin, but which I have not as yet examined). This

lacks flowers and fruits. The leaf-blades are broadly oblanceolate

and range to about 10.5 cm. long and 4 cm. wide. The petioles are

1.5 to 2.5 cm. long. The under surfaces of the leaves are densely

covered with a reddish-brown tomentum except in a few small areas

where this has sloughed off. The principal lateral veins are moder-

ately visible beneath through the tomentum. An examination of

a wide range of specimens from Oahu shows that P. cauliflorum var.

macrophyllum Skottsb. is to be referred here. The var. macrophyllum

had large leaves, excessively dense, brown or reddish-brown tomen-

tum that covered the young leaves and their subtending branchlets,

also tomentose, rough, subpedicellate capsules clustered mostly in

threes on a peduncle about 1 cm. long. It evidently had been

segregated by Skottsberg as a variety because of its large leaves,

but the leaf-size varies too much to permit of separation from

var. fulvum.1

Recently (c/. Amer. Journ. Bot. 28: 21. 1941; also see above

under P. cauliflorum, p. 521), on finding that this var. fulvum was

to be elevated to separate specific rank because of its rugose fruits,

I renamed it Pittosporum cladanthum (qu. v.).

1 Described by Hillebrand without special mention of leaf-size and thus

assumedly similar in this respect to the species proper, with leaves described

by Hillebrand as "6-8 inches X 2-3 inches." It is significant that for Hillebrand's

var. 7, a form with usually smaller leaves, he did not omit the leaf-size, describing

it as "4-6 inches X 2-2}^ inches."

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 529

Var. 7 was cited first from Mt. Kaala, Oahu. The leaves were

said by Hillebrand to be "brownish-tomentose as in var. /3, but

strongly nerved underneath." Hillebrand had seen no capsules for

his var. fulvum and it seems that he likewise had seen none for his

var. 7. For each he gave a few supplementary characters but these

appear to have been drawn from inflorescences of different sexes

and perhaps different stages of maturity. However, Skottsberg

(Meddel. Goteb. Bot. Tradgard 10: 109. 1936) has accepted Hille-

brand's var. 7 and named it reticulatum; this is the P. cladanthum

var. reticulatum of my treatment below. Like "var. fulvum," var.

reticulatum has the young leaves and their subtending branchlets

densely brownish- or reddish-brown-tomentose, these thus present-

ing a strong contrast to the lower, older, and larger leaves, which

are green and glabrous or glabrate on their upper surfaces. Var.

reticulatum simulates strongly P. con/ertiflorum var. Mannii, from

which it seems consistently to differ, however, in lacking a terminal

inflorescence.

Var. d flocculosum was based on material from Kaala, Oahu,

and is easily recognized by the "pale strigose pubescence in flakes

or patches" on the lower surfaces of the leaves. A comparison of

this strigose pubescence with the tomentum on the leaves of P. cauli-

florum indicates that the two forms are specifically distinct (see

P. flocculosum).

Pittosporum cladanthum var. /3 gracilipes Sherff, Field

Mus. Bot. Ser. 22: 427. 1941.

Similar in size of the thin, obovate or spatulate-obovate leaves

to var. reticulatum but in their veins and pubescence to P. cladanthum

proper; blade 6-12 cm. long and 2.5-5 cm. wide. Flowers (many

pistillate ones seen) short, sessile, in a slenderly pedunculate inflores-

cence, peduncle 1-1.7 cm. long and at first scarcely 1 (but finally

±4) mm. thick; sepals acute; corolla only about 6-7 mm. long

including the terminal portion (this dilated, subrotund, ±2.5 mm.

long) of the separate petals. Capsule (a single mature one seen)

moderately rugose, densely tomentulose, about 2 cm. long (beak

excluded) and scarcely 1.8 cm. wide; seeds about 5-6 mm. long.

Type specimen: Collected by Charles N. Forbes, No. 380-L, on

Island of Lanai, September, 1917 (Bish.).

Distribution: Island of Lanai.

Specimens examined: Forbes 380-L (type, Bish.: cotypes, Berl.;

Field).

530 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

In Hillebrand's highly generalized key (Fl. Haw. Isls. 22. 1888)

the type collection would run to P. Terminalioides and it may be

remarked that Hillebrand (p. 24) thought of that species as occurring

partly on Lanai. However, the foliar habit, particularly as to the

densely velvety-fuzzy young leaves, seems to suggest closer affinities

with P. cladanthum.

Pittosporum cladanthum var. 7 reticulatum (Skottsb.)

Sherff, Amer. Journ. Bot. 28: 23. 1941; Pittosporum cauliflorum var.

7 Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 25. 1888; Pittosporum cauliflorum var.

reticulatum Skottsb. Meddel. Goteb. Bot. Tradg. 10: 109. 1936.

Leaves narrowly obovate to oblong-obovate, blade commonly

8-15 cm. long and 2.5-6 cm. wide, apically subrotund to abruptly

short-acuminate, strongly areolate above, salient-venose and con-

spicuously brownish- or reddish-brown-tomentose beneath, petiole

usually 1.5-2.5 cm. long. Capsule 2-2.5 cm. long, densely short-

tomentose or finally glabrate, transversely more or less waved and

grooved but not sharply ridged, subsessile or on pedicel up to 7 mm.

long, more or less obovate when flattened out in age. Seeds 7-9

mm. long, smoothish.

Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand, on Mt. Kaala,

Island of Oahu (Berl.).

Distribution: Island of Oahu.

Specimens examined: H. F. Bergman, in moist woods, alt. 3,100

feet, north side of Kaala, February 11, 1928 (Berl.; Bish.; Field);

Erling Christopher sen, Gerrit P. Wilder, and Edward P. Hume 1,511,

in forest, alt. 450-600 meters, Kuliouou, February 5, 1931 (Berl.;

Bish.; Field; Par.); Otto Degener 13,007, in forest, on summit ridge

between Puu Kanehoa and Puu Kaua, June 23, 1940 (Berl.; Deg.;

Field) ; Degener, Ordonez, & Foster 12,333, on cloudy summit, Puu

Hapapa, May 7, 1939 (Field) ; iidem 12,359, in shrubby forest near

top, southeast slope of Puu Hapapa, June 4, 1939 (Berl.; Deg.;

Field) ; Degener, Ordonez, & Kepaa 12,737, fruit about 2 feet below

branch tip and rarely at tip,1 on forested slope at summit, northeast

ridge of Puu Kanehoa, March 31, 1940 (Berl.; Deg.; Field); iidem

12,811, same locality, near top of ridge, April 14, 1940 (Berl.; Deg.;

Field; a rather puzzling form with foliage of var. reticulatum but

with a few capsules in age much smoother as in var. fulvoides};

Degener, Park, Shigeura, & Takamoto 10,807, in summit-forest,

between Palehua and Palikea, December 16, 1935 (Berl.; Deg.;

1 On separate slip, Mr. Degener writes: "I would not be surprised if fruit is

merely iterminal due to bud injury."

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 531

Field); Degener, Park, & Topping 10,808, near summit-ridge, Kuli-

ouou Valley, June 23, 1935 (Deg.; Field); Charles N. Forbes, Kaala

Mts., Makaha Valley, February 12-19, 1909 (Bish.; Field); F. R.

Fosberg 10,970, tree, 5 meters tall, on wet, wooded ridge, alt. 800

meters, above Kupehau, Waianae Mts., Honouliuli, June 30, 1935

(Field) ; Alfred Meebold (Otto Degener distrib. No.} 10,804, Paumalu,

October, 1935 (Deg.) ; Meebold (Degener distrib. No.) 10,805, Makaleha

Valley, December, 1935 (Deg.; N.Y.) ; Joseph F. Rock 170 pro parte,

Punaluu Mts., December 3-14, 1908 (Bish.; leaves smaller, blades

6-9 cm. long and mostly 2.5-3.3 cm. wide); Rock & Agee 17,027,

Waiawa Gulch, December, 1919 (Am.); Harold Saint John 12,198,

shrubs, 15 feet tall, in thickets, alt. 2,800 feet, on upper ridges, Puu

Kaua, Waianae Mts., November 6, 1932 (Field); Carl Skottsberg

272, alt. about 600 meters, Palehua, Waianae, August 23, 1922

(Goth.); Otto H. Swezey, Waiahole, September, 1916 (Bish.).

Hillebrand (Fl. Haw. Isls. 25. 1888) cited both Oahu and Kauai

for this variety, the latter island on the strength of Gray's cited

locality for Gray's Pittosporum Terminalioides var. ft (Bot. U. S.

Explor. Exped. 231. 1854), which Hillebrand considered synonymous.

The type of P. Terminalioides var. )8 Gray is still extant (U.S. Nat.

Herb.). It has leaves broadly oblanceolate, definitely acuminate,

blades 10-18 cm. long, petioles ±1.5 cm. long. It lacks flowers and

fruits. It seems closer to P. cladanthum var. reticulatum than to

the allied species P. Gayanum, but with the materials at present

accessible cannot be positively referred to either.

Skottsberg (loc. cit.), while citing his No. 272 as a specimen,

nevertheless published the name reticulatum definitely as a nomen

novum for Hillebrand's var. 7 of P. cauliflorum Mann.

14. Pittosporum Gayanum Rock, Indig. Trees Haw. Isls.

166, pi. 61. 1913.

Leaves when young covered on both surfaces with dark-brown or

reddish-brown tomentum, in age remaining more or less tomen-

tose beneath P. Gayanum sensu stricto.

Leaves entirely glabrous even when young var. ft waialealae.

Small tree or tall shrub, 4.5-5.5 meters tall, with round, spread-

ing crown or, when growing on the high central plateau near Waia-

leale in the dense rain-forest, a tree with very few straight, ascending

branches. Leaves crowded at ends of branches or scattered, obovate-

oblong or less often a few obovate, shortly acuminate at apex, more

or less revolute at margins, conspicuously reticulate with veins

532 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

depressed above and salient beneath, when young covered on both

surfaces with dark-brown or reddish-brown tomentum, at maturity

becoming glabrous or glabrate above but only in irregular patches

so beneath, the blades mostly 1-2.5 dm. long and 4-10 cm. wide,

the petioles somewhat margined and about 1.5-2.5 cm. long. In-

florescence axillary and cauline, peduncle short, ±1.2 cm. long,

with dark-reddish-brown tomentum, bracteate with tomentose and

linear- or lanceolate-subulate bracts; pedicels 5-10 mm. long, flowers

fragrant; sepals 3 mm. long; corolla cream-colored, its tube about

1 cm. and lobes about 4 mm. long; stamens equaling corolla- tube,

anthers oblong; ovary tomentose, one- third as long as the exserted

style; capsule ovoid to cordiform, pointed, densely covered with

dark-reddish-brown tomentum, about 2 cm. or more in diameter,

the valves rugose and scrobiculate; seeds angular, shining-black,

smooth, about 5 mm. long.

Type specimen: Collected by Joseph F. Rock, No. 8,867, on the

high plateau of Kauai, October, 1911 (Bish.).

Distribution: Island of Kauai. Rock (loc. cit.) writes: "This

very interesting tree is peculiar to the interior, high plateau of

Kauai, especially the upper slopes of Waialeale. It grows in the

swamps and swampy forests as well as along streambeds several

miles inland from Kaholuamano [Kaholuamanu], at an elevation

of 4,800 to 5,000 feet. It is not uncommon in the more open flat

swamps in company with the thousands of Lobelia macrostachys

at this region, which is constantly wrapped in clouds .... It is a

constant species and grows all over the summit of Kauai."

Specimens examined :Lucy M. Cranwell & Carl Skottsberg 2,868&,

Kilohana, Alakai, August 16, 1938 (Goth.); Cranwell, Olof H.

Selling, & Skottsberg 3,727, Kawaia Trail, Kohua Ridge, region below

Alakai, August 19, 1938 (Goth.); Otto Degener 10,995, in open place,

Waineke Swamp, June 28, 1926 (Field); Degener 10,996, in forest,

same locality, July 1, 1926 (Berl.; Field); Charles N. Forbes 258- K,

Wahiawa Mts., August, 1909 (Berl.; Bish.; Field); Forbes 919- K,

Waimea Drainage Basin, west side, July 3-August 18, 1917 (Bish.);

F. R. Fosberg 12,677, shrub, 5 meters tall, flowers white and fragrant,

alt. 1,250 meters, in wet forest, plateau at head of Kalalau Valley,

December 29, 1935 (Field, 2 sheets); Albert S. Hitchcock 15,497,

alt. 3,600-5,080 feet, Waialeale, October 22-24, 1916 (U.S.); Joseph

F. Rock 18 (5,481), small tree or shrub, high plateau, September 24,

1909 (Bish.; Field); Rock 18 (6,072), trail to Alakai Swamp, October

14, 1909 (Field); Rock 18 (6,074), a small tree on rather exposed

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 533

places, alt. 4,500 feet, same place and date (Berl.); Rock 18 (6,078),

on trail to Alakai Swamp, October' 14, 1909 (Field); Rock 6,071,

Alakai Swamp, October, 1909 (N.Y.); Rock 8,867 (Gray, 2 cotype

sheets); Rock 17,282, Isl. Kauai (Bish.); Saint John, Hosaka, Hume

et alii 10,764, alt. 3,500-4,023 feet, northwest end of Alakai Swamp,

December 27, 1930 (Bish.; Field); Olof H. Selling 2,868, Kilohana,

Alakai, August 13, 1938 (Goth.); Skottsberg 979, between Kokee

and Kilohana, October 27, 1922 (Goth.).

Pittosporum Gayanum var. /3 waialealae Rock, loc. cit.

Leaves whorled at ends of branches, glabrous even when young,

blade only 5-10 cm. long and 2-3.5 cm. wide, petiole about 1 cm.

long. Peduncle sparsely and pedicels subsparsely hispidulous at

least in young-fruiting stage; capsules brown-tomentose when young,

deeply scrobiculate but glabrous when mature, 2 cm. in each

direction.

Type specimen: Collected by Joseph F. Rock, No. 8,866, a shrub

5 feet tall, in the open bog, alt. 5,200 feet, at the very summit of

Waialeale, Island of Kauai, October 20, 1911 (Bish.).1

Distribution: Known only from type locality on the Island of

Kauai.

Specimens examined: Rock 8,866 (cotypes, Arn.; Gray).

15. Pittosporum flocculosum (Hillebr.) Sherff, Amer. Journ.

Bot. 28: 23. 1941; Pittosporum cauliflorum var. flocculosum Hillebr.

Fl. Haw. Ids. 25. 1888.

A bush or small tree, up to ±10.5 meters tall. Leaves mostly

clustered at ends of branches, obovate-oblong, obtuse to some-

what acuminate, thin, smooth and scarcely areolate on upper sur-

face, irregularly clothed on the somewhat saliently venose lower

surface, unless in age, with pale, strigose pubescence, this com-

monly in flakes or patches; blade 1-2.5 dm. long and 4-9.5 cm. wide.

Flowers of both sexes axillary or cauline, subsessile and crowded

in close heads at ends of peduncles. Bracts 5-6 mm. long. Sepals

ovate-obtuse, tomentose, ±3 mm. long. Corolla white, its tube

10-12 mm. long in the sterile and about 8 mm. long in the fertile

flowers. Ovary thickly tomentose. Entire fruiting inflorescence

(including fruits) highly variable. Capsules now solitary, now 2-8

in a cluster, finally compressed, in outline ovate to oblong or obovate,

1 Rock's text says, "Oct. 10, 1911" but his type label at Bishop Museum (fide

Miss Marie Neal) and his cotype label at Gray Herbarium give October 20, 1911

as the date.

534 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

now erugose or merely papillate, now coarsely rugose; valves 1.5-3.4

cm. long and wide, when rugose sometimes reinforced on outer face

with a prominent lengthwise more or less interrupted rib or crest,

persistently tomentose or becoming mostly glabrate. Peduncles

mostly glabrous, short (1-2 cm.) and thick or elongate (up to 6.5 cm.)

and slender; pedicels from thick and ±3 mm. long to slender and

up to 2 cm. long, glabrate. Seeds rather thin and flattish, smooth

on faces, smooth or smoothish on edges, 6.5-8 mm. long.

Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand, on Kaala,

Island of Oahu (Berl.).

Distribution: Island of Oahu, also apparently in southeastern

Kauai, where represented only by the fruiting specimens (Faurie 8)

collected at Koloa.

Specimens examined: Oahu. — Otto Degener, Noel Krauss, &

Martin Martinez 11,019, in forest, Puu Kaupakuhale, October 22,

1936 (Berl.; Deg.; Field, 3 sheets); Degener, Martinez, & Felix C.

Salucop 11,125, in lower rain-forest, on ridge directly north of Kaala,

March 26, 1937 (Berl.; Deg.; Field); Degener & Emilio Ordonez

12,203, slender tree, 35 feet tall, with few horizontal branches, in

dark forest, Kaaawa Gulch (north of Kaala), August 2, 1938 (Berl.;

Deg.; Field); Degener, Ordonez, & John Foster 12,338, in forest,

mauka1 of Kawaiiki ditch intake, April 30, 1939 (Field, 2 sheets);

Degener, Ordonez, & Richard Northwood 12,296, in decadent forest,

between Puu Pane and Maili, March 25, 1939 (Field); Degener,

Park, Topping, Bush, & Northwood 10,999, in forest, gulch north

of middle of ridge between Puu Kamaohanui and Puu Pane, January

10, 1932 (Deg.; Field, 2 sheets); Charles N.Forbes, Makaha Valley,

Koolau Range, February 12-19, 1909 (Bish.; Field); Forbes 1,825-0,

on slopes of Kaala, Mokuleia, April 26-May 16, 1912 (Berl.; Bish.;

Field; Mo., 2 sheets) ; Forbes (with J. C. Bridwell) 2,462-0, on ridge

between Niu and Wailupe, April 11, 1917 (Bish.) ; F. R. Fosberg &

Miss K. Duker 9,043, bush, 3 meters tall, in dry forest, alt. 500

meters, head of Makua Valley, Makua, Waianae Mts., November 25,

1932 (Field, 2 sheets) ; Frank Kitamura, tree on dry ridge, alt. 2,600

feet, Puu Hapapa, Waianae Mts., January 7, 1934 (Field); Donald

D. Mitchell, Puu Hapapa, Waianae Mts., October 19, 1930 (Field) ;

Joseph F. Rock 17,003, Makaleha Valley, May 2, 1918 (Arn.; Bish.);

Harold Saint John 14,003, diffuse tree, 20 feet tall, flowers white,

near edge of woods, alt. 2,600 feet, main divide northwest of Puu

Kanehoa, Waianae Mts., Honouliuli, January 7, 1934 (Bish.; Field).

1 Mauka, a native Hawaiian term signifying "inland; towards the mountains"

(J. W. Coulter, Gazetteer Terr. Haw. 207. 1935).

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 535

Kauai. — Abbe Urbain Faurie 8, Koloa, December, 1909 (Arn.;

Del., 3 sheets; with leaves and mature fruits but without flowers,

hence the determination, in the absence of other Kauai material,

somewhat uncertain and unsatisfactory).

This species was treated by Hillebrand as a variety of P. cauli-

florum, but the strigose rather than tomentose pubescence of the

lower leaf-surfaces and the glabrous or nearly glabrous fruiting

peduncles should separate it specifically from P. cauliflorum and

varieties. The range of variation in P. flocculosum is almost incredible.

Without a liberal representation of specimens, one might well mistake

two or three extremes of foliage and fruit as connoting distinct

varieties or even distinct species. Thus, for example, some speci-

mens have all fruits small, smoothish, and perhaps slender-pedicelled,

while some have all fruits large, very rugose or lumpy and ridged,

and subsessile. Yet in some cases both types of fruit may occur in

the same cluster. In Degener, Krauss, & Martinez 11,019, of which

I have been permitted through Mr. Degener's generosity to study

his entire collection of perhaps thirty specimens, several of the

extremes in diagnostic characters are present.

16. Pittosporum argentifolium Sherff, Field Mus. Bot. Ser.

22: 424. 1941.

a. Capsules notably rugose or tuberculate; pedicels 3-6 mm. long.

var. /3 Rockii.

a. Capsules smoothish (except for pubescence).

6. Pedicels 3-6 mm. long; lower peduncles 1-2 cm. long.

P. argentifolium sensu stricto.

6. Pedicels lacking or rarely to 3 mm. long; lower peduncles

usually under 5 mm. long var. 7 sessile.

Probably a small tree. Leaves disposed subverticillately at

and near the tips of the branches, oblong-obovate or -spatulate,

somewhat thickish, at apex weakly acuminate, at base narrowed

into a slender petiole about 2-3 cm. long, at first (at least on lower

face) very densely strigose- tomentose (with brown or silvery hairs),

finally on upper surface glabrate and impressed-veiny but on lower

surface very densely strigose-tomentose or scurfy-strigose (hairs

silvery-white and often partly transformed into a very thin integu-

ment) or for a very small part glabrate, blade 1-2.5 dm. long and

3-7 cm. wide. Inflorescences rarely terminal, commonly axillary

or variously disposed along branches, tomentose; upper ones sessile,

many- (±20-) flowered, axis up to about 1.5 cm. long; lower ones

536 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. 22

few- (±10-) flowered, pedunculate, the peduncle 1-2 cm. long.

Pedicels 3-6 mm. long; bracts linear-subulate, about 7-8 mm. long.

Sepals ovate, brown- or yellow-tomentose, ±4 mm. long. Corolla-

tube ±6 mm. long. Capsule obcompressed, in outline horizontally

oblong, ±2 cm. long and ±2.6 cm. wide; valves externally not or

scarcely dorso-depressed, very minutely tomentellous, slightly

rugulose (thus strongly similar to the valves of P. glabrum var.

spathulatum).

Type specimen: Collected by Joseph F. Rock, No. 8,656, Auahi

(Auwahi), East Maui, November, 1910 (Arn.).

Distribution: East Maui.

Specimens examined: William Hillebrand 304, Mt. Haleakala

(Kew); Rock 8,656 (type, Arn.: cotypes, Arn.; Berl.; Bish.; Field,

2 sheets; Gray).

This is undoubtedly the same plant as that "collected by Lydgate

on the south side of Haleakala" and cited by Hillebrand (Fl. Haw.

Isls. 27. 1888) for his "/3 var.? argenteum" which he placed under his

new Pittosporum hawaiiense, described from the forests of Kona

and Kohala of the Island of Hawaii. P. hawaiiense was the tenth

and last species of Pittosporum in Hillebrand's text. His ninth species

was P. confertiflorum Gray, to which this is closer in most respects.

In fact, Rock had labeled his collection of No. 8,656 (i.e., the type

collection of P. argentifolium), P. confertiflorum (on label of type in

Arn.) . Hillebrand, long previous to writing his Flora of the Hawaiian

Islands (and at least prior to July, 1865), had likewise labeled his

own No. 304 as P. confertiflorum.1 From P. confertiflorum, P. argenti-

folium differs at once in its mostly larger leaves and in having the

young shoots not conspicuously tawny- or brown-tomentose, but,

instead, rather moderately whitish-strigose. The pedicels of P.

argentifolium are 3-6 not 6-12 mm. long, and the leaves in age have

underneath a thinner investiture of pubescence. This consists of

hairs that are less curved, more appressed, and at times passing more

or less into a membranous scurf that in places may eventually

slough away.

Pittosporum argentifolium var. /3 Rockii Sherff, Field Mus.

Bot. Ser. 22: 427. 1941.

1 That Hillebrand failed to mention his own No. 304 in publishing the name

argenteum may be explained by the fact that his plant had been sent to the Hooker

Herbarium (where it was received in July, 1865, and later accessioned in the Kew

Herbarium) and was therefore not on hand.

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 537

Differs from the species proper: Capsules coarsely tuberculate

or rugose, in outline ovate or cordate-ovate, ±2.3 cm. long and

±2 cm. wide.

Type specimen: Collected by Joseph F. Rock, No. 8,610, Ukulele,

East Maui, October, 1910 (Arn.).

Distribution: Known definitely only from East Maui.

Specimens examined: Charles N.Forbes, mountains above Ukulele

(Bish.); Forbes 192-M, in woods near Ukulele, above Olinda, July,

1910 (Bish.); Rock, Haleakala, above Ukulele, September, 1910

(Gray); Rock 8,610 (type, Arn.: cotypes, Arn.; Berl.; Bish.; Del.;

Field, 2 sheets; N.Y.);Gerrit P. Wilder, Maui, 1913 (Bish.).

Rock, for whom this variety was named, had labeled one of his

specimens (Herb. Gray) P. confertiflorum, a species to which he had

referred also, as above seen, specimens of P. argentifolium proper.

In his Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands (p. 161. 1913) he

states: "The capsules of P. confertiflorum from the various localities

have all possible shapes and forms, but can not be separated success-

fully into varieties. It will have to remain a polymorphous species."

The specimens of P. argentifolium proper all were collected, so far

as definitely known, at or near Auwahi, near the west end of the

southern slope of Mt. Haleakala, in East Maui. Their capsules

are of the smoothish (i.e., not rugose or strongly tuberculate) type

such as is found in P. glabrum and its var. spathulatum. The speci-

mens here segregated as var. Rockii came from the other side of the

same mountain, at the junction of the northeast and northwest

slopes. These have capsules of the rugose or strongly tuberculate

type such as is found in P. sulcatum. Moreover, the capsules are

ovate or cordate-ovate in outline, not, as in the species proper, trans-

versely oblong. It seems that the two sets of plants are varietally

different, regardless of whatever polymorphism may be proved to

exist among the capsules of true P. confertiflorum.1

Pittosporum argentifolium var. 7 sessile Sherff, Field Mus.

Bot. Ser. 22: 426. 1941.

Leaves often a little smaller, pubescence of lower surface more

scurfy and even similar to a cuticle. Flowers not or very shortly

(±2 mm.) pedicellate, peduncle more often short and under 5 mm.

1 Rock (loc. cit.) omits all mention of P. hawaiiense "var. ? argenteum" Hillebr.,

which, as already remarked above, was undoubtedly equivalent to P. argentifolium

proper. It may therefore be assumed that Rock overlooked the other characters

that are associated with those of the capsules in these two endemic groups of

specimens, viz., P. argentifolium and its var. Rockii.

538 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

long. Capsular valves finally obcordate, more or less tomentellous,

flat or undulate but not strongly rugose or tuberculate.

Type specimen: Collected by Charles N. Forbes, No. 2,064-M,

Pakiloi, south slope of Haleakala, East Maui, March 23, 1920

(Bish.).

Distribution: East Maui.

Specimens examined: Forbes 1,786-M, Kanaio, south slope of

Haleakala, March 1, 1920 (Berl.; Bish.; Del.; Field) ; For bes 1,964-M,

Auwahi, south slope of Haleakala, March 14, 1920 (Berl.; Bish.;

Field; Gray}; Forbes 1,981-M, south slope of Haleakala, March 15,

1920 (Bish.); Forbes 2,052-M, flowers cream-white, very fragrant,

Auwahi, March 20, 1920 (Berl.; Bish.; Field); Forbes 2,062-M,

Pakiloi, south slope of Haleakala, March 23, 1920 (Bish.) ; Forbes

2,064-M (type, Bish.).

Very similar to the species proper, except in its more or less

sessile florets and fruits, these clustered on a commonly very short

peduncle. Rarely one or two fruiting pedicels have elongated to

about 6 mm.

17. Pittosporum kauaiense Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 25. 1888.

a. Upright trees, ±10 dm. tall, trunk ±2.5 dm. thick; leaf -blades

mostly 1-2.4 dm. long and 4-7 (-8.5) cm. wide.

6. Capsules shallowly roughened, their tomentum white (in age

somewhat strigose and more or less deciduous).

P. kauaiense sensu stricto.

6. Capsules strongly tuberculate-rugose, their fine tomentum (at

times absent in age) brown and estrigose . . var. /3 phaeocarpum.

a. More or less acaulescent, the creeping branches about 2-5 mm.

thick; leaf-blades 5-8.5 cm. long and 2.5^.5 cm. wide.

var. 7 repens.

Tree ±10 meters tall, branches spreading, the young shoots

strigose with white or perhaps more often brown 1-celled hairs.

Leaves chartaceous with nerves usually prominent especially on

lower surface; blade dark-green, obovate-oblong, shortly acuminate,

more or less glabrate above, white- or brown-strigose beneath or

in age glabrate, 1-2.4 dm. long and 4-7 (-8.5) cm. wide; petiole

slender, 1-3.5 cm. long. Flowers fragrant and clustered, the sterile

chiefly terminal, the fertile axillary or cauline. Axis of inflorescence

slender, commonly about 6-8 mm. long, densely and more or less

appressedly brownish-pubescent, many-flowered; the linear-subulate

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 539

bracts ±5 mm. long, brownish-pubescent; pedicels similarly pubes-

cent, slender or subcapillary, up to 7 mm. long. Sepals lanceolate

to ovate, acute at apex, pubescent or irregularly glabrate, 1.5-2 mm.

long. Corolla cream-colored, small in both sexes, the slender tube

4-7 mm. long, the oblong lobes 2-3 mm. long. Stamens equalling

corolla-tube, style a little longer. Capsule subglobose or somewhat

cubical, about 1.1-1.5 cm. each way, with 4 deep, lengthwise furrows

(two of these containing the sutures along which the valves later

part), shallowly roughened, at first tomentose, the white tomentum

somewhat strigose and finally more or less deciduous, the stylar

beak straight and 3-4 mm. long. Seeds few, with smooth back,

6-8 mm. long.

Type specimen: Collected by Valdemar Knudsen in mountains

of Waimea, Island of Kauai (Berl.).

Distribution: Western half of Kauai.

Specimens examined: Abbe Urbain Faurie 6, alt. 600 meters,

Holokele (Olokele), March, 1910 (Am.; Del.; Par.); Faurie 7, alt.

600 meters, Kauhao, February, 1910 (Arn.; Del., 2 sheets); Charles

N. Forbes & Charles Dole 47, Kalalau Valley, July 17, 1909 (Berl.;

Bish.; Field) ; Forbes et al 77, Kalalau Trail, July 19, 1909 (Bish.);

Amos Arthur Heller 2,580, alt. about 2,500 feet, on the ridge west of

Hanapepe River, July 17, 1895 (Arn.; Berl.; Corn.; Field; Gray;

Kew; Minn.; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S., 2 sheets); Heller (similarly)

2,580, on the ridge west of the Hanapepe River, August 22, 1895

(Mo.); Joseph F. Rock 2,014, Kopiwai Forest, Halemanu, February

14-26, 1909 (Bish.; Gray, 2 sheets); Rock 2,021, Halemanu, Febru-

ary 14-26, 1909 (Arn.).

Hillebrand (loc. cit.) described the capsules as "about 6 lines

each way with 4 deep longitudinal furrows, tomentose and roughish,

but not tuberculate." The specimens by Heller and by Forbes and

Dole clearly belong here. Their capsules are young and covered

with a dense, close, white tomentum, this appearing strigose here

and there. They are not tuberculate. In certain material with

mature capsules (e.g., Rock 2,014) the capsules are likewise not

tuberculate or wrinkled but are glabrate.

Rock (Indig. Trees Haw. Isls. 171. 1913) referred to this species

trees that had been observed by him at Olokele Canyon and at

Makaweli (both localities on Kauai). He noted that they differed

from the type in having wrinkled capsules but stated that they were

"otherwise the same." Rock's specimens, however, are seen to

possess a brownish or brown, not or but slightly and irregularly

540 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

white, tomentum covering their capsules, which are rougher or even

tuberculate. Moreover, their young leaves and branches are much

more conspicuously tomentose and with a tomentum not only denser

but darker, usually a cinnamon-brown. His Olokele and Makaweli

plants are referred to the following variety.

Pittosporum kauaiense var. /3 phaeocarpum Sherff, Amer.

Journ. Bot. 28: 19. 1941.

Branchlets and youngest leaves conspicuously brown-tomentose,

leaves finally (sometimes tardily, even above) more or less glabrate.

Capsule ±1.6 cm. long and thick, strongly tuberculate-rugose,

densely and shortly brown-tomentulose, finally at times more or

less glabrate and dull-black.

Type specimen: Collected by Joseph F. Rock, No. 5,872, in woods

of Makaweli, southwestern Kauai, September 28, 1909 (Gray).

Distribution: Western and north-central Kauai.

Specimens examined: Otto Degener 10,990, in forest, north of

Wahiawa, June 20, 1926 (Field); Charles N. Forbes 117- K, Waioli

Valley, August 2, 1909 (Field); Forbes 828- K, Waimea Drainage

Basin, West Side, July 3-August 18, 1917 (Bish., 2 sheets) ; Forbes

988- K, same place and date (Bish.; Field); Joseph F. Rock 14

(5,827), in woods above Makaweli, September 28, 1909 (Bish.);

Rock 17 (2,023), Halemanu, February 14-26, 1909 (Field); Rock

5,803, Olokele Canyon, September 30, 1909 (Bish.); Rock 5,805, in

woods back of Makaweli, September, 1909 (Arn.); Rock 5,872 (type,

Gray: cotypes, Bish.; N.Y.);1 Rock 5,874, in woods above Makaweli,

September 28, 1909 (Arn.) ; Rock 6,080. Halemanu Mt., October 14,

1909 (Bish.); Harold Saint John 13,809, slender, bushy tree, 20 feet

tall, alt. 3,700 feet, in moist forest, Kumuweia Ridge, Waimea,

December 28, 1933 (Bish.; Field); Carl Skottsberg 1,008, in forest

around Kokee, October 28, 1922 (Bish.; Goth.).

Rock (loc. cit.) describes Pittosporum kauaiense as "one of the

tallest species of Pittosporum, reaching a height of 30 to 40 feet,

with a trunk of about 10 inches in diameter, which is vested in a

smooth whitish bark." Since, however, Rock's observations were

based primarily upon material segregated here as var. phaeocarpum,

it would be advisable to re-examine living trees and compare the

1 Label for Rock 5,872 on type sheet at Gray Herbarium gives "woods of

Makaweli," but the label on cotype sheet at Bishop Museum gives "woods above

Makaweli," and, on cotype sheet at New York Botanical Garden, merely

"Makaweli."

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 541

variety with the species proper as to height, diameter of trunk,

nature of bark, etc.

An apparent hybrid of var. phaeocarpum with P. acuminatum

was collected by C. N. Forbes (No. 837- K) in Waimea Drainage

Basin, west side, Isl. Kauai, July 3 to August 18, 1917 (Bish.).

The three old leaves preserved are oblong-obovate, glabrous or

glabrate on both surfaces, impressed-veiny above and salient-veiny

below, and measure 2.5-3 dm. long and 7.5-8 cm. wide. The three

fruiting peduncles observed are axillary, slender, brown-tomentulose,

3-3.5 cm. long, and bear or have borne 1-5 pedicels each, these

brown-tomentulose and about 5-6 mm. long. The seven mature

capsules remaining are quadrate-globose, ±1.3 cm. long excluding

the slender stylar beak, rugose and densely brown-tomentulose,

have somewhat cordate valves, and are not much different from

those of either supposed parent. Another specimen, doubtless

similarly derived, is A. S. Hitchcock 15,553, vicinity of Kaholuamanu,

October 26, 1916 (U.S.).

For other remarks on var. phaeocarpum see under species proper.

Pittosporum kauaiense var. 7 repens Sherff, Amer. Journ.

Bot. 28: 19. 1941.

More or less ecaulescent, branches slender (±2-5 mm. thick),

elongate, creeping, at first densely appressed-hispidulous finally

glabrate and turning gray-white. Leaves obovate, membranaceous,

on upper surface presently glabrous but underneath more or less

permanently covered with a scurfy-floccose or -strigose, exceedingly

thin coating; blade 5-8.5 cm. long and 2.5-4.5 cm. wide, apically

obtuse; petiole slender, under 1.7 cm. long. Flowers immature,

sepals lanceolate and pubescent. Ovary (mature capsule unknown)

8-10 mm. long and wide, rough, moderately or in small patches

sparsely white-pubescent.

Type specimen: Collected by Reverend John M. Lydgate, No. 3,

in Olokele Valley, Island of Kauai, January, 1912 (Bish.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality in southwestern

Kauai.

Specimens examined : Lydgate 3 (type, Bish.).

Rock (Indig. Trees Haw. Isls. 171. 1913) failed to mention this

variety; whether because he was unfamiliar with it or because, not

being really a tree, it did not come within the scope of his book,

I cannot say. However, Hillebrand was evidently aware of it through

a specimen collected by Valdemar Knudsen. Hillebrand (Fl. Haw.

542 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

Isls. 25. 1888) cited Knudsen 157, which had been labeled, "stemless,

with creeping branches." He described these as "slender and

straggling, the leaves glabrate." The specimen, according to

Hillebrand, "offers an analogon to the varieties /3 and e of Metrosideros

polymorpha" listed in his text. If it be borne in mind that Hillebrand

(op. cit. 126) was very emphatic in regarding his proposed varieties

of Metrosideros polymorpha as definite and valid entities, it may well

be supposed that with more complete material at hand he would

have ventured to designate the Knudsen plant as a distinct variety.

Three immature capsules are on the type, placed about 6 dm.

back from the tip of one branch. The leaves are brownish-green

above and grayish beneath. They appear glabrate as described by

Hillebrand, but a careful inspection with the lens reveals the lower

surface to be coated with a very thin, silvery-grayish, skin-like or

scurfy investiture in which the appressed setulae are here and there

with difficulty evident. In a very few small spots this investiture

has sloughed away.

18. Pittosporum napaliense Sherff, Field Mus. Bot. Ser. 22:

419. 1941.

Tree ±6.5 meters tall, stem ±2 dm. thick. Leaves large and

few, alternate or more often subverticillately disposed at or near

tips of branches, slenderly petiolate, petiole 2-5.5 cm. long; blade

now oblanceolate-oblong now widely obovate-oblong, at apex obtuse

or shortly subacuminate, at base cuneate, submembranaceous, above

coriaceous often glossy presently glabrous and pallid with veins not

conspicuously impressed, below appressed-setose or scurfy-strigose

with sharp and silvery-whitish setae but finally more or less glabrate,

more often 1.5-2 dm. long and 5-8.5 cm. wide. Inflorescence sub-

umbelliform, now terminal now axillary or cauline, densely tomentose,

peduncle commonly 1-3 (more rarely up to 5) cm. long. Flowers

numerous (often 20-30), pedicels 3-7 mm. long. Bracts now ovate-

lanceolate now lanceolate-linear, 4-8 mm. long. Sepals tomentose,

widely ovate, obtuse at apex, 4-5.5 mm. long. Corolla glabrous, tube

only about 7-8 mm. long; lobes spreading, ovate, ±5 mm. long.

Ovary narrowly ovate, densely tomentose, 3-4 mm. long, subequal

to style in length, glabrous near apex. Stamens: sterile about

3-3.5 mm. long, fertile unknown. Capsule only about 1.5 cm. long

(excluding the slender style, this about 3.5 mm. long) and wide,

moderately obcompressed, at both ends truncate or subcordate,

clothed with dense short gray-brown tomentum or finally irregularly

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 543

glabrescent and darkening. Seeds glossy-black, irregularly angulate,

5.5-6.5 mm. long.

Type specimen: Collected by Harold Saint John & F. R. Fosberg,

No. 13,864, tree, 20 feet tall, trunk 8 inches in diameter, leaves firm,

clear-green above, silvery-green beneath, common in moist woods,

alt. 500 feet, Hanakapiai, Hoolulu Stream, Napali District, Island

of Kauai, December 30, 1933 (Bish.).

Distribution: Known only from District of Napali, northwestern

Kauai.

Specimens examined: Otto Degener & Emilio Ordonez 12,616,

forest tree, 20 feet tall, Hanakoa, Napali Coast, December 24,

1939 (Berl.; Deg.; Field, 3 sheets); Saint John & Fosberg 13,864

(type, Bish.: cotypes, Berl.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew).

Easily recognized by its large, thinnish leaves, which are more

or less whitish-strigose beneath, its proportionately large calyces or

small corollas, and its small capsules. These last are somewhat

tuberculate-rugose if and when they shed their tomentum, but do

not become deeply grooved; their valves finally with at most a

shallow, median, lengthwise furrow.

19. Pittosporum insigne Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 25. 1888;

Rock, Indig. Trees Haw. Isls. 169, pi. 62. 1913.

a. Flowers small, corolla-tube 6-7 mm. long, -lobes about 2-2.5 mm.

long; native of southwestern East Maui. . . .var. 7 micranthum.

a. Flowers larger, corolla-tube ±10 mm. long, -lobes ±6 mm.

long.

6. Capsules usually only slightly rugose, leaf -blades up to 1.9 dm.

long and to 5 or even 7 cm. wide; native of eastern Molokai.

var. 8 Hillebrandii.

b. Capsules commonly very rugose.

c. Peduncles up to 1.5 cm. long.

d. Leaf-blade 5-8 (more rarely up to 12) cm. long and 2-4.5

cm. wide; native of Maui P. insigne sensu stricto.

d. Leaf-blade commonly 10-17 cm. long and usually 3.5-5 cm.

wide; natives of eastern Molokai.

var. eFosbergii and f. 1. pertinax.1

1 Var. f pelekunuanum, a rare form from eastern Molokai having gigantic

leaves with blade ±2.9 dm. long and ±9-10 cm. wide but with inflorescence as

yet unknown, doubtless should follow at this point in the key.

544 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. 22

c. Peduncles often 3-10 cm. long;1 leaves when young commonly

more or less densely brownish- or reddish- tomentose; bracts

of pedicels narrowly linear; native of Maui.var. @Lydgatei.

A tree or tall shrub, 3-8 meters tall, with stiff, ascending branches.

Leaves mostly in distant whorls, thick-chartaceous, glabrous unless

at very first, often brownish when dry, often glossy, obovate-oblong,

at apex acuminate, contracting below into a short, slender petiole

0.5-2 cm. long, blade 5-8 (more rarely up to 12) cm. long and

2-4.5 cm. wide. Flowers with heavy but sweet fragrance, both

terminal in the uppermost leaf-whorl and axillary or all along the

branches, clustered 15-25 in dense, corymbose, densely eglandular-

tomentose racemes. Peduncle now 2-3 now up to 15 mm. on same

branch; pedicels 4-8 mm. long, subtended by oblong, irregularly

tomentulose bracts 4-6 mm. long; rhachis surrounded at base with

numerous linear or lanceolate, irregularly glabrescent bracts 6-10

mm. long. Sepals ovate, obtuse to acuminate in same flower, densely

covered with light yellow tomentum, 2-3 mm. long. Corolla white,

its tube 10-12 mm. long, lobes broadly ovate to obovate and 5-8

mm. long. Ovary tomentose. Capsule oblong or square-rotund in

outline, 1.7-2.8 cm. long (exclusive of rarely persisting stylar beak)

and 1.5-2.3 cm. thick, as a rule deeply wrinkled, finally more or

less glabrate, each valve usually with a deep, median, lengthwise

groove; capsule when half -grown especially narrow, its stylar beak

slender and about 4 mm. long. Seeds small, thin, shiny, black,

about 5.5-6.5 mm. long.

Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand, alt. 4,000-

6,000 feet, West Maui (Berl.).

Distribution: Both East and West Maui.

Specimens examined : East Maui. — Otto Degener 10,972, in forest,

Pipe-Line Trail, Olinda, July 16, 1927 (Field); Charles N. Forbes

233-M, in woods of Makawao, July, 1910 (Bish.) ; Forbes 2,580-M,

west bank of Honomanu Gulch, June 23, 1920 (Berl.; Bish.; Field;

Gray) ; Joseph F. Rock, Nahiku, Hinai Hill, May, 1911 (Berl.; Bish.;

Field; Gray).

West Maui. — Edwin H. Bryan, Jr., 640, small tree, 2.5 meters

tall, flowers white and fragrant, fruit brown (green when young),

in lower rain-forest, on ridge, alt. 3,500 feet, Haelaau, December 20,

1928 (Field) ; Lacy M. Cranwell, Olof H. Selling, & Carl Skottsberg

2,777, on slope of Puu Kukui, between Haelaau and Nakalalua,

1 While this is a character of the variety as such, it must be borne in mind

for purposes of identification of herbarium specimens that collectors do not always

select for preservation specimens bearing one or more of the longer peduncles.

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 545

August 1, 1938 (Goth.); Otto Degener 10,968, in rain-swept forest,

on summit of Mt. Eke, August 28, 1927 (Berl.; Deg.; Field, 2 sheets) ;

Degener 10,973, in forest, near Mt. Eke on Waihee side, July 2, 1927

(Field) ; G. R. Ewart III, No. 79, tree 4 feet tall, flowers greenish-

ivory and fragrant, in rain-forest, alt. 3,800 feet, Haelaau-Puu

Kukui Trail, December 18, 1928 (Field) ; Ewart, III, No. 138, tree,

6 feet tall, flowers white, very fragrant, in rain-forest, alt. 4,600 feet,

Haelaau-Puu Kukui Trail, December 18, 1928 (Field) ; Ewart, III

& George C. Munro 104, 5 meters tall, flowers ivory-colored and

fragrant, alt. 3,900 feet, in rain-forest, Haelaau-Puu Kukui Trail,

December 18, 1928 (Field) ; Charles N. Forbes 124-M , Hauaula, June,

1910 (Berl.; Bish.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.); Forbes 405-M, Hono-

kahau Drainage Basin, September 25-October 17, 1917 (Berl.;

Bish.; Field); Forbes 424-M, same locality and date (Bish.); Forbes

505-M, same locality and date (Bish.) ; Forbes 510-M, same locality

and date (Field) ; Forbes 2,312-M, ridge on left-hand side, Olowalu

Valley, May 10, 1920 (Bish.);For6es 2,319-M, flowers white with a

greenish tinge, slight sweet odor, leaves dark-green, Olowalu Valley,

May 10, 1920 (Field) ; Forbes & C. M. Cooke 8-M, ridges behind

Lahaina, May, 1910 (Bish.; Field); William Hillebrand, alt. 4,000

feet, West Maui (Gray) ; Joseph F. Rock 10,069, lao Valley, October,

1910 (Bish.); Rock 16,010, Honokahau Mts., September, 1918

(Bish.); Rock & Hammond 8,183, alt. above 4,000 feet, in woods

back of Kaanapali, edge of Honokowai, August, 1910 (Berl.; Bish.;

Field; Gray); Harold Saint John 10,182, small tree, 15 feet tall,

flowers with heavy, sweet fragrance, on ridge, alt. 3,300 feet, Haelaau,

February 5, 1930 (Berl.; Bish.; Field): Saint John 10,215, shrubby

tree, 15 feet tall, on wooded ridge, alt. 3,700 feet, Haelaau (above

Honokowai), February 6, 1930 (Field).

Dried specimens of this species simulate more or less closely

those of P. sulcatum, of Oahu. In general, however, P. sulcatum

may be recognized by its frequently more numerous and usually

less exclusively verticillate leaves, its almost always larger sepals,

and the glandular, multiloculate hairs clothing its inflorescence.

Hillebrand (loc. cit.) knew the species proper only from West

Maui and the var. Lydgatei (his own var. 0) only from East Maui.

The two each occur in both parts of Maui, however, and distinctions

between them are thus not to be settled lightly upon geographic

grounds. Rock (loc. cit.) appears to have been misled partly by

considerations of geography. Several of his specimens from West

Maui were labeled in the herbarium by him as the species proper

but belong clearly to the var. Lydgatei. Moreover, while he did in

546 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

fact correctly admit both the species proper and var. Lydgatei as

being in East Maui, he had mistaken several var. Lydgatei specimens

in the herbarium for the species proper. This doubtless was due to

over-emphasis of the long-peduncle character thought necessary by

him for the var. Lydgatei. It is true that the species proper has a

short peduncle, but in var. Lydgatei the peduncle varies greatly in

length and frequently several sprays of the same suite of specimens

show a range from subsessile to long-pedunculate inflorescences.

Pittosporum insigne var. /3 Lydgatei Sherff, Amer. Journ.

Bot. 28: 19. 1941; Pittosporum insigne var. /3 Hillebr. Fl. Haw.

Isls. 26. 1888.

Tree, now ±5 meters now 11-12.5 meters tall. Leaves averaging

somewhat larger, narrower, and more glossy, but not consistently so,

when young commonly more or less densely brownish- or reddish-

tomentose; petiole 1-4 cm. long, blade up to 17 cm. long and 5.5 cm.

wide (on the principal leaves of many but not all specimens mostly

2-3.5 cm. wide). Often some of the peduncles elongate (even 3-10

cm. long). Bracts of pedicels more narrowly linear; fruiting pedicels

up to 1.6 cm. long. Sepals irregularly tomentose, at times entirely

glabrate unless at margins, 2.5-5 mm. long.

Type specimen: Collected by Reverend John M. Lydgate, Hama-

kua, East Maui (Berl.).

Distribution: Both East and West Maui.

Specimens examined: East Maui.1 — Otto Degener 10,964, in rain-

forest, Pipe-Line Trail, Olinda, June 18, 1927 (Berl.; Deg.; Field);

Degener 10,965, in forest, same locality, June 20, 1927 (Berl.; Deg.;

Field); Degener 10,966, in rain-forest, same locality, June 21, 1927

(Field); Charles N. Forbes, in woods near Ukulele, above Olinda,

July, 1910 (Bish.); Forbes 162-M, in woods east of Ukulele, above

Olinda, July, 1910 (Berl.; Bish.; Field; Kew);For6es 747-M, Ukulele,

July, 1919 (Bish.); Forces 2,500-M, Kailua, north slope of Haleakala,

June 13, 1920 (Bish.); Forbes 2,672-M, mountains above Hana,

July 5, 1920 (Berl.; Bish.; Field) ; William Hillebrand & Rev. John M.

Lydgate, Hamakua (Bish.; really a cotype); George C. Munro 483,

below Olinda, April 24, 1918 (Bish.); Joseph F. Rock, Nahiku,

January 7, 1909 (Field); Rock, Hinai Hill, Nahiku, 1910 (Am.);

Rock, in wet forest, East Maui, May, 1911 (Arn.); Rock "D," East

Maui, May, 1911 (Berl.; Bish.; Field); Rock 8,509, Waikamoi

Gulch, September, 1910 (Berl.; Bish.; Del.; Field; Gray, 2 sheets;

1 Several of the East Maui specimens are referred here because of their large,

glossy leaves.

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 547

Kew; Par.) ; Rock (similarly) 8,509, common in the forest of Hama-

kua, alt. 4,000 feet, September, 1910 (Arn., 2 sheets); Rock 8,611,

tree, 35 to 40 feet tall, in lower forest, alt. 2,600-3,000 feet, Makawao,

October, 1910 (Arn.; Berl.; Bish., 2 sheets; Field; Gray; Kew; N.Y.);

Rock 10,071, Hinai Crater, Nahiku, May, 1911 (Bish.; Gray);1

Rock & Curran 10,077, in forest above Makawao, May, 1911 (Bish.);

Harold Saint John 10,320, tree, 25 feet tall, flowers fragrant, corolla

cream-colored or its lobes yellowish, in swampy woods, alt. 4,300

feet, Kula Pipe-Line, Olinda, February 12, 1930 (Berl.; Bish.; Field;

leaves long and glossy, but only the Field specimen has a well developed

peduncle, this 2 cm. long) ; Carl Skottsberg 851, Kula Pipe-Line (along

Olinda- Waikamoi Trail), Haleakala, October 18, 1922 (Bish.; Goth.).

West Maui. — Otto Degener 10,970, in forest, one-half mile north

of Keahikauo, July 2, 1927 (Berl.; Deg.; Field); Charles N. Forbes

94-M, lao Valley, June, 1910 (Berl.; Bish.; Field; Kew; a form with

many of the leaves rounded or slightly emarginate at apex and up

to 6.5 cm. wide, but not varietally separable) ; Forbes 107-M, same

locality and date (Berl.; Field; Kew; Mo.); Forbes 2,250-M, on

lateral ridge on right-hand side, Olowalu Valley, May 7, 1920

(Bish.; Field; latter specimen having peduncles up to 8.5 cm. long);

Forbes 2,388-M, on lateral ridge at right, Olowalu Valley, May 16,

1920 (Berl.; Bish.; Field; youngest leaves pubescent beneath but

soon glabrous; habit of leaves more as in species proper, but one

spray has long peduncle, moreover Forbes 2,250-M, from the same

ridge, is typical for this variety) ; Alfred Meebold (Degener distrib.

No.) 10,803, Puu Kukui, October, 1935 (Deg.); Rock, lao Valley, 1911

(Arn.; Berl.; Bish.; Field; important as being especially typical, with

its peduncles ±5 cm. long, of the variety and yet coming from West

Maui); Rock 8,183, Honokawai (Honokowai), August, 1910 (Gray;

N. Y. ; the Gray specimen a form with several of the lower bracts of

the inflorescence foliaceous, narrowly obovate, ±2 cm. long, densely

pubescent); Harold Saint John 10,222, small tree, flowers whitish

and fragrant, on wooded ridge, alt. 3,800 feet, above Honokowai,

Haelaau, February 6, 1930 (N.Y.).2

1 Rock (loc. cit.) writes of this and the other Nahiku specimens: "On the

northern slope of Haleakala, at Nahiku, on the crater Hinai, at an elevation of

about 3,000 feet, the writer met with a large number of trees which will also have

to be referred to this species [i.e., P. insigne] ; they differ from the type specimens

in the young leaves, which are covered with light brown tomentum, and in some

other minor points." In the var. Lydgatei (where the Nahiku specimens really

belong), however, the tomentum of the young leaves is not very anomalous, nor

is it limited to Nahiku or even to East Maui material.

2 In addition to the above cited specimens is one by Degener, No. 10,971,

Hawaiian Isls. (Field).

548 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

Rock (Indig. Trees Haw. Isls. 169. 1913) referred to this variety

as "a small tree, 15 to 18 feet in height." His No. 8,611 (above

cited under East Maui), however, had been determined by himself

as this variety ("var. /3" of Hillebrand) and in the Arnold Arboretum,

where fuller data are present for his Pittosporum collections, the

label says "35 to 40 feet tall."

Pittospomm insigne var. 7 micranthum Sherff, Field Mus.

Bot. Ser. 22: 415. 1941.

Leaves commonly a little smaller, blade under 11 cm. long and

under 5 cm. wide, scarcely glossy above. Axis of inflorescence under

2.5 cm. long; bracts linear-subulate, tomentose or irregularly gla-

brate, 3-4 mm. long; sepals ovate or ovate-oblong, tomentose or

outwardly often glabrate, about 2 mm. long; corolla's tube only

about 6-7 mm. long, lobes about 2-2.5 mm. long. Capsule less

rugose, at first tomentose presently subglabrate, ±2.3 cm. long and

±1.5 cm. wide; seeds black, strongly and conspicuously tuberculate,

±6.5 mm. long and ±5.5 mm. wide.

Type specimen: Collected by Charles N. Forbes, No. 1,800-M,

on south slope of Haleakala, Kanaio, East Maui, March 1, 1920

(Bish.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality in southwestern

East Maui.

Specimens examined: Otto Degener 10,963, in arid lava region,

Ulupalakua, June 23, 1927 (Berl.; Deg.; Field, 2 sheets); Forbes

1,800-M (type, Bish.: cotypes, Berl.; Field).

Pittosporum insigne var. 5 Hillebrandii (LeVl.) Sherff, Field

Mus. Bot. Ser. 22: 415. 1941; Pittosporum Hillebrandii LeVl. in

Fedde Repert. 10: 121. 1911.

Leaves commonly larger, petiole up to 4 cm. long, blade up to

1.9 dm. long and 5 or even 7 cm. wide. Corolla-lobes of at least

staminate flowers under 5 mm. long, the fertile anthers often wholly

exserted above corolla-tube. Capsule usually much less rugose,

often appearing smoothish to naked eye.

Type specimen: Collected by Abbe Urbain Faurie, No. 17,

Pukoo, Island of Molokai, May, 1910 (Par.).

Distribution: Eastern Molokai.

Specimens examined: Otto Degener 10,977, in open woods, near

Brown's Ranch, eastern Molokai, October 14, 1927 (Berl.; Deg.;

Field); Abbe Urbain Faurie 10, Pukoo, May, 1910 (Arn.; Del.);

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 549

Faurie 15, same locality and date (Arn.; Del., 2 sheets); Faurie 16,

same locality, June, 1910 (Arn.; Del., 2 sheets); Faurie 17 (type,

Par.: cotype, Bish.); Charles N. Forbes 299-Mo, Pukoo, July, 1912

(Berl.; Bish.; Field, 2 sheets); F. R. Fosberg 13,364, tree 5 meters

tall, in rain-forest, alt. 850 meters, on sloping plateau east of Mapulehu

Valley, December 23, 1936 (Bish.; Field); Joseph F. Rock 7,002,

Wailau Pali, April, 1910 (Arn., 2 sheets; Berl.; Bish.; Field); Rock

7,007, same locality and date (Bish.).

Some specimens of var. Hillebrandii offer an illusory resemblance

to P. glabrum var. spathulatum, but must not be equated with that

plant. Var. Hillebrandii has usually larger fruits (these more often

oblong in outline, not more often broader than long), their faces

more rugose and much less tomentose or even glabrate. Its leaf-

habit, too, is usually somewhat different.

Pittosporum insigne var. e Fosbergii Sherff, Field Mus. Bot.

Ser. 22: 413. 1941.

Shrub or small tree, 3-6 meters tall. Similar to var. Lydgatei

but differs: leaves more often 3.5-5 cm. wide, above commonly

more coriaceous and glossy also more rugosely reticulate-veiny,

the nascent ones also terminal portion of branch strongly appressed-

hispid but finally glabrescent or more rarely (in dry state brown-

or white-) pubescent, blade broader and toward apex less attenuate;

peduncle under 1.5 cm. long.

Type specimen: Collected by Saint John, Baker, Coulter, Fosberg,

& Yuncker, No. 12,604, shrub 10 feet tall, flowers below leaves on

stem, on steep pali [Hawaiian for bluff, cliff, or precipice], in rain-

forest, ridge between Hanalilolilo and Pepeopae, Waikolu Valley,

Kawela, Island of Molokai, December 25, 1932 (Bish.).

Distribution: Eastern Molokai.

Specimens examined: Lucy M. Cranwell & Carl Skottsberg 2,550,

in bog, Pepeopae, July 9, 1938 (Goth.) ; Otto Degener 10,958, in mossy

rain-forest, near Puu o Wahaula, April 17, 1928 (Berl.; Deg.; Field,

2 sheets) ; Degener 10,960, in rain-forest, west of Pepeopae, April 12,

1928 (Berl.; Deg.; Field); Charles N. Forbes 445-Mo, Kalapamoa,

August, 1912 (Bish.) ; Joseph F. Rock 6,164, on ridge back of Kamoku,

March, 1910 (Arn.; Berl.; Bish.; Del.; Field; Kew); Saint John,

Baker, Coulter, Fosberg, & Yuncker 12,511, tree 12 feet tall, in wet

forest, alt. 3,900 feet, Puu 0 Kaeha, Kawela, December 23, 1932

(Bish.; Field; Yunck.); Saint John et alii 12,604 (type, Bish.: cotype,

Field) ; Saint John, J. Dunn, & Wm. B. Storey 13,258, tree, 20 feet

550 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

tall, on wooded ridge, alt. 2,400 feet, Kukuinui Ridge, Wailau Valley,

July 4, 1933 (Field).

This handsome shrub or small tree was named after Dr. F. R.

Fosberg, one of the type collectors, out of grateful appreciation of

his assistance in my studies in the genus Pittosporum. Dr. Fosberg,

as a student in the Hawaiian Islands during recent years, collected,

either individually or jointly with one or more others, a vast quantity

of invaluable material. All of his many Pittosporum specimens he

placed at my disposal for study and identification.

In P. insigne proper, of Maui, some of the flowers are borne

terminally, but in var. Fosbergii the flowers are apparently always,

as indicated on the type label, cauline. In P. insigne var. Hille-

brandii, which, like var. Fosbergii, inhabits eastern Molokai, the

fruits are more smoothish and the leaves are usually thinner, also

less rugose and glossy above. At times, however, some specimens

of var. Hillebrandii offer an approach in one or two of these three

respects.

In most of the material the leaves have shed all or most of their

pubescence but in a few collections this has persisted over half or

more of the lower surface. These are here referred to the following

form:

Pittosporum insigne var. c Fosbergii f. 1 pertinax Degener

& Sherff ex Sherff, Field Mus. Bot. Ser. 22: 414. 1941.

Very similar to var. Fosbergii proper but with lower leaf -surfaces

more or less tardily glabrescent, their very numerous white setae

strongly appressed and finally often coalescing here and there into

a very thin, somewhat scurfy, highly imperfect integument.

Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener, No. 10,959, in forest,

ravine just south of Maunahui, Island of Molokai, April 15, 1928

(Field).

Distribution: Known only from type locality (about 21° 8' N.

Lat. and about 156° 57' W. Long.), eastern Molokai.

Specimens examined: Otto Degener 10,956, in moderately dry

locality, ravine northwest of Puu Makaliilii, May 21, 1928 (Field) ;

Degener 10,959 (type, Field).1

The specimens cited would seem sufficiently distinct from var.

Fosbergii proper to warrant segregation as a separate variety if the

strikingly peculiar character of pubescence were more constant.

1 Also many duplicates of these numbers, as yet undistributed by Mr. Degener.

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 551

Var. Fosbergii proper, however, shows at times small bits of the same

kind of scurfy pubescence that is so characteristic here.

Pittosporum insigne var. f pelekunuanum Sherff, Field

Mus. Bot. Ser. 22: 416. 1941.

Branch (a terminal portion less than 5 cm. long seen) also

terminal bud densely whitish-tomentulose. Leaves (only two

principal ones seen) large, petiole ±2.3 cm. long; blade oblong or

obovate-oblong, at apex shortly acuminate, toward base subabruptly

narrowed, finally more or less glabrescent (the few remaining setae

solitary or clustered, much appressed, more often silvery-glossy),

±2.9 dm. long and ±9-10 cm. wide, above smoothish and not

glossy. Capsule (a single mature one seen) oblong in outline, rugose

and sulcate, densely brownish- or white-tomentulose, about 2.2 cm.

long and about 1.6 cm. wide.

Type specimen: Collected by Charles N. Forbes, No. 586-Mo,

Pelekunu Valley, Molokai, September, 1912 (Bish.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality on northern coast

of eastern Molokai.

Specimens examined: Forbes 586-Mo (type, Bish.).

In eastern Molokai Pittosporum sulcatum, through its var.

Remyi, and P. insigne, through its vars. Fosbergii and Hillebrandii,

tend to approach each other somewhat, possibly through hybridizing.

Thus, for example, several specimens referred to P. sulcatum var.

Remyi (e.g., Forbes 250-Mo) because of leaf characters have capsules

more typical of the average ones found in P. insigne var. Fosbergii.

Forbes 586-Mo represents, however, a plant that cannot well be

accounted for as an intermediate. Its leaves are much too large

to suggest either species. The type has two leaves left substantially

intact and a portion of a third. They are so large as to suggest

leaves of juvenile or second-growth shoots found in some other

arborescent genera, but they are borne on an apparently normal,

older branch. Then, too, they are accompanied by the single ripe

and partly opened capsule (this unattached and filed in accompany-

ing packet). We have also the consideration that Forbes was a

careful collector and would doubtless never have obtained atypic

leaves without making a note to that effect. It is unfortunate that

no flowers were obtained, but on the basis of the evidence at hand

the plant seems best considered as a very large-leaved, densely

tomentulose-fruited variety of P. insigne.

552 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

20. Pittosporum undulatum Vent. Jard. Gels. pi. 76. 1800;

Edwards Bot. Reg. 1: 16, tab. 16. 1815.

Shrub or small tree, rarely 5 meters (or in native habitat up to

12 meters) tall; branches slender, twigs glabrous or sometimes

pubescent, bark smooth and gray. Leaves alternate, some-

what less crowded toward tips of branches than in most of the

native Hawaiian species, glabrous or when very young somewhat

pilose; petiole delicate, 1.5-3 cm. long; blade oblong-oblanceolate,

acuminate at both ends, often somewhat glossy, undulate at the

margins, 8-13 cm. long and 1.5-3.3 cm. wide. Flowers few, whitish,

fragrant, on slender, branched, subulate-bracted, pubescent pedicels;

inflorescence terminal on youngest branches, at anthesis ±3 cm.

long. Sepals lanceolate-subulate, acuminate above, sparsely pubes-

cent, 5-9 mm. long. Petals oblong-lanceolate above, acute or

subacute at apex, very slightly connate, ±9 mm. long. Ovary

2-celled, hairy. Capsule obcompressed, yellow when fresh, 1-1.5 cm.

long and often slightly wider, erugose, glabrous or near middle

obscurely fulvo-tomentulose, about 25-seeded, the persistent style

±2 mm. long. Seeds angular, only about 3 mm. long and 1 mm.

thick, dark brown, smooth.

Type specimen: Ventenat had before him a shrub, erroneously

understood by him to have come from the Canary Islands. This

had been cultivated for some years at the garden of J. M. Cels,

passing the winter in the orange-house and blooming "en messidor

et thermidor" (June 19 to August 17). According to Edwards

(loc. tit.}, this shrub was introduced into England "by Sir Joseph

Banks from New Holland in 1789," and "Monsieur Ventenat was

misinformed when he stated it to be a native of the Canary

Islands."

Distribution: "Completely naturalized and common along the

roadside and open forest between Honokaa and Kamuela, Kohala

District of Hawaii" (Degener, Fl. Haw. fam. 156. May 5, 1937).

Native of Australia.

Specimens examined : Otto Degener 9,089, naturalized and common

along road above Honokaa, between Waimea and Honokaa, Kohala

District, March 25, 1930 (Corn.; Mo.; N.Y.) ; Degener 9,090, natural-

ized in open forest near road in region above cane-fields, Honokaa,

July 28, 1926 (Corn.; Deg.; Mo.; N.Y.); Degener 9,091, Kohala

District, March 22, 1930 (N.Y.); Charles Sheldon Judd 31, tree 5

meters tall, fruit yellow, alt. 500 meters, planted along Government

Road near Honokaa, November 18, 1925 (Bish.).

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 553

Degener (loc. cit.} states that this species was "introduced, prob-

ably with many other interesting plants, by W. Herbert Purvis who

began the growing of sugarcane at Kukuihaele about 1875."

21. Pittosporum confertiflorum A. Gray, Bot. U. S. Explor.

Exped. 232, pi. 19. 1854.

a. Leaf -blade usually 7.5-18 cm. long and 3.5-5 cm. wide; capsules

mostly 2-3 cm. long.

6. Axis of inflorescence (including peduncle) 2-7 cm. long, pedicels

mostly 1.3-3.3 cm. long; native of West Maui.

var. 7 longipes.

6. Axis of inflorescence (including peduncle if present) 1-3 cm.

long, pedicels 6-12 mm. long.

c. Leaves mostly pale brownish- or whitish-tomentose beneath;

sepals broadly ovate; native of Maui and Hawaii.

P. confertiflorum sensu stricto.

c. Leaves mostly rufo-tomentose beneath; sepals lanceolate or

moderately ovate; native of Oahu, Lanai, central eastern-

most West Maui, and Hawaii var. 0 Mannii.

a. Leaf-blade usually 3-7.5 cm. long and 1.3-3.5 cm. wide; capsules

under 1.5 cm. long; native of Lanai var. 8 microphyllum.

A tree, 6-9 meters tall, branches stout and stiff; branchlets

tomentose when young. Leaves many, especially so near ends of

branchlets, alternate or at times imperfectly verticillate, coriaceous,

obovate or at times obovate-oblong, apically obtuse or often shortly

acuminate, basally tapering into a distinct petiole 1-2.5 cm. long,

tomentose on both surfaces when nascent but finally very glabrous

and at times somewhat glossy above, remaining densely tomentose

beneath with brownish or more or less whitening wool (or this at

times irregularly or completely deciduous), with moderately to

conspicuously salient lateral nerves, finely bullate-reticulated on

upper surface, blade usually 7.5-15 cm. long and 3.5-5 cm. wide,

the entire margins somewhat revolute. Inflorescence of both sexes

terminal or at times also axillary and even cauline, very tomentose

except for fragrant corollas, when terminal having numerous flowers,

these densely crowded in a corymbose, at times sessile raceme having

an axis 1-3 cm. long. Pedicels 6-12 mm. long, these and peduncle

at times becoming glabrate in age; bracts linear-oblong, up to

±16 mm. long. Sepals orbicular-ovate, obtuse, imbricated, about

6 mm. long. Corolla glabrous, cream-colored, tube 10-12 mm. long;

554 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

petal-tips broadly ovate, 6-8 mm. long, spreading, imbricated or

sometimes convolute in aestivation. Stamens nearly equalling tube

of corolla, filaments filiform-subulate; anthers linear-sagittate,

apiculate. Pistil about 1.2 cm. long; ovary sessile, oblong in outline,

tomentose, incompletely 2-celled; style thick, glabrous, about as

long as ovary; stigma truncate, undivided. Capsule globose-ovoid,

somewhat flattened; valves woody, usually thick, about 2.5 cm. long,

ovate to vertically or seldom horizontally oblong in outline, exter-

nally more or less persistently tomentose and usually tuberculate-

wrinkled and rough but sometimes somewhat smoothish. Seeds

compressed and angled, crenulate on dorsal edges.

Type specimen: Collected by the United States Exploring Expedi-

tion under Captain Charles Wilkes, at base of Crater of Haleakala,

East Maui, about 1840 (U.S., 2 sheets).

Distribution: Both East and West Maui; also at Kahuku, Island

of Hawaii.

Specimens examined: East Maui. — Charles N. Forbes 287-M,

Crater of Haleakala, August, 1910 (Berl.; Bish.; Field; Kew; Par.);

Forbes 896-M, east of Ukulele, July 20, 1919 (Bish.; Field); Forbes

1,013-M, Keanae Gap, Crater of Haleakala, August 2, 1919 (Bish.);

Forbes 1,054-M, same locality, August 3, 1919 (Bish.) ;Forbes 1,126-M,

Crater of Haleakala, above Oili Puu, August 12, 1919 (Bish.);

Forbes 2,005-M, south slope of Haleakala, Lualailua, March 17,

1920 (Field) ; Rock 8,681, near Kaupo, District of Auwahi, Novem-

ber, 1910 (Bish.); Carl Skottsberg 835, alt. 2,200-2,300 meters, in

Crater of Haleakala, below highest rim, October 16, 1922 (Bish.;

Goth., 2 sheets) ; United States Southern Pacific Exploring Expedition

under Captain Charles Wilkes, base of Crater of Haleakala, about

1840 (type, U.S., 2 sheets: cotypes, Gray; Kew).

West Maui. — Otto Degener 10,969, near Puu Anu on Manawainui

Gulch side, July 12, 1927 (Field; fragmentary and lacking a terminal

inflorescence); Carl Skottsberg 791 pro parte, lao Valley, October

11, 1922 (Goth.).

Hawaii. — Alfred Meebold (Degener distrib. No.) 10,802, Kahuku,

November, 1935 (Field).

Pittosporum confertiflorum var. /3 Mannii Sherff, Amer.

Journ. Bot. 28: 24. 1941; Pittosporum confertiflorum var. /3 Hillebr.

Fl. Haw. Isls. 26. 1888.1

1 It will be noted that Pittosporum confertiflorum var. (3 H. Mann (Enum.

Haw. PI. No. 17; Proc. Amer. Acad. 7: 150. 1867) is omitted here. It is true

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 555

Leaves usually smaller rarely larger, their tomentum usually

reddish-brown. Inflorescence of both sexes at first terminal, but

the fruiting one often finally axillary by the development of a terminal

shoot. Sepals lanceolate or moderately ovate. Capsules often more

narrowly ovoid and more extremely roughened (at times suggesting

an exceptionally rough peach-pit), in age pubescent or glabrate.

Type specimen: Collected by Horace Mann & William T.

Brigham, No. 337, Island of Lanai, 1864-1865 (Corn.).

Distribution: Central easternmost West Maui and islands of

Oahu, Lanai, and Hawaii.

Specimens examined: Oahu. — H. F. Bergman, alt. 3,200 feet, in

wet soil, on exposed slope, north side of Mt. Kaala, February 11,

1928 (Field); Edwin H. Bryan, Jr., alt. above 3,000 feet, by trail,

east side, Puu Kaala, Waianae Mts., July 22, 1928 (Field) ; Bryan,

alt. 1,000 feet, Pupukea, January 23, 1929 (Field; a strange form,

placed here because of terminal inflorescence, but has longer leaves

up to 2 dm. long including petiole, like those of P. cladanthum);

Bryan 457, alt. about 3,000 feet, east side trail, Mt. (Puu) Kaala,

Waialua District, same date (Corn.); Otto Degener et alii, Kaala,

May 1, 1938 (Deg.; Field); Degener, Emilio Ordonez, & Olof H.

Setting 12,243, in forest, alt. 3,500 feet, southeast slope of Kaala,

September 25, 1938 (Field); Degener, Felix C. Salucop, & Valentin

(Valentine) Arlantico 12,075, in forest, southeast slope of Kaala,

December 19, 1937 (Berl.; Deg.; Field) ; Degener, Salucop, & Arlantico

12,076, same locality and date (Deg.; Field; sterile sprays, leaves

all entirely glabrate, otherwise closely matching Degener et al.

12,075 and Degener, Ordonez, & Setting 12,243 from same locality);

F. R. Fosberg 8,998, bush, 3 meters tall, alt. 800 meters, on open

ridge, east ridge, Puu Kaua, Waianae Mts., November 6, 1932

(Bish.; Field); Edward Y. Hosaka 1,263, branching tree, 20 feet

tall, in wet woods, alt. 3,700 feet, Puu Kaala, Waianae Mts., October

4, 1934 (Field); Joseph F. Rock, Punaluu (Arn.); Harold Saint

John 11,041, on wooded ridge, alt. 2,600 feet, Puu Kanehoa, Waianae

Mts., March 22, 1931 (Bish.; Field); Olof H. Selling 3,582, entrance

to Kaala, east side of Waianae Mts., September 25, 1938 (Goth.);

Carl Skottsberg (with A. Judd) 364, north slope of Kaala, Waianae,

August 30, 1922 (Goth.; labeled by Skottsberg as Pittosporum

that Mann cited Mann & Brigham 337 (the type collection of my var. Mannii)

for his var. 0, but he first cited P. Terminalioides var. /3 Gray as a synonym and

that variety, as implied elsewhere (see under P. cladanthum var. reticulatum,

p. 531), is apparently very different from P. confertiflorum and its varieties.

556 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

cauliflorum H. Mann, and so treated by him in Meddel. Goteb.

Bot. Tradg. 10: 109. 1936; but has terminal inflorescence).

Lanai. — Charles N. Forbes 72-L, mountains near Koele, June,

1913 (Field); Forbes 73-L, same locality and date (Bish.); Forbes

86-L, same locality and date (Berl.; Field; Kew); Forbes 106-L, same

locality and date (Bish.); Forbes 125-L, same locality and date

(Berl.; Field); Forbes 136-L, same locality and date (Field; Kew);

Forbes 140-L, mountains behind Koele, same date (Berl.; Del.;

Field; Gray)', Forbes 304-L, Lanai, September, 1917 (Bish.); Forbes

305-L, same locality and date (Bish.);F. R, Fosberg 12,589, shrub,

4 meters tall, flowers white and fragrant, alt. 800 meters, in wet

gulch bottom, Kaiholena Gulch, December 3, 1935 (Bish.; Field);

Fosberg 12,593, spreading tree, 5 meters tall, flowers white, not very

fragrant, alt. 800 meters, at wet bottom of gulch, near head of

Kaiholena Gulch, same date (Field, 2 sheets) ; Mann & Brigham 337

(type, Corn.: cotypes, Bish.; Del.; Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Kew;

Mo.; N.Y.; U.S.); George C. Munro, Lanai (Field) ; Munro, Kaiholena,

June 20, 1914 (Bish.); Munro, at foot of cliff, Lanaihale, April 8,

1915 (Berl.; Field; Kew); Munro 46, outer forest, Kaiholena, August,

1913 (Bish.); Munro 131, on ridge at head of Kaiholena, September

28, 1913 (Bish.); Munro 139, Kaiholena, September 28, 1913 (Bish.);

Munro 252, Waiopaa (Waiapaa), March 24, 1915 (Bish.); Munro

331, on ridge head of Maunalei, April 6, 1915 (Bish.); Munro 332,

Kaiholena, January 3, 1915 (Bish.; form with large leaves, their

blades up to 2 dm. long and to 7.5 cm. wide) ; Munro 334, Kaiholena,

June 20, 1914 (Bish.) ; Munro 376 pro parte, same locality, January 3,

1915 (Bish.) ; Munro 433, Waiopaa (Waiapaa), March 26, 1915 (Bish.) ;

Emilio Ordonez (Otto Degener distrib. No.) 12,845, Waialala Gulch,

July 7, 1940 (Berl.; Deg.; Field); Ordonez (Degener distrib. No.)

12, 848, Puu Alii, July 14, 1940 (Berl.; Deg.; Field) ; Ordonez (Degener

distrib. No.) 12,849, same locality and date (Berl.; Deg.; Field);

Jules Remy 573, Lanai, 1851-1855 (Par.); Joseph F. Rock 8,066,

Lanaihale, July, 1910 (N.Y.); Rock (similarly) 8,066, same locality,

July 22, 1910 (Berl.; Del.; Field; Gray; Kew; Par.); Rock (similarly)

8,066, Haalelepaakai, July 22, 1910 (Gray) ; Rock 8,087, Kaiholena

Valley, July 24, 1910 (Field); Rock 8,104, Mahana, August 2, 1910

(Arn.; Berl.; Bish.; Field; Gray; Kew); Rock (similarly) 8,104,

same locality, August, 1910 (N.Y.); Rock 8,108, same locality,

July 23, 1910 (Field); Rock 8,110, same locality, July 28, 1910

(Berl.; Del.; Field; Kew; Par.); Rock 8,111, Kaiholena, August 5,

1910 (Berl.; Bish.; Field); Rock (similarly) 8,111, tree, 15 feet tall,

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 557

leaves greenish underneath, fruits dark-purple inside, first valley,

dry foothills of Mahana, same date (Arn.); Rock & Hammond 8,066,

on top of ridge leading to the main one, July 22, 1910 (Arn., 2 sheets) ;

Rock & Hammond 8,110, in shady places under guayava bushes,

valley facing main ridge, July 28, 1910 (Arn.); Rock & Moki 8,087,

small tree or shrub, at the head of Mahana Valley, July 24, 1910

(Arn.); Rock & Moki (similarly) 8,087, Kaiholena Valley, July 24,

1910 (Berl.; Field); Rock & Moki 8,108, on top of ridge leading to

Haalelepaakai, July 23, 1910 (Arn., 2 sheets; form with more rugose

capsules); Rock & Moki (similarly) 8,108, Haalelepaakai, same date

(Berl. ; Field ; Kew ; form with capsules more deeply sulcate and rugose) .

West Maui. — Charles N. Forbes 138-M, Waikapu Valley, June,

1910 (Bish.); Joseph F. Rock, Waikapu Valley, May, 1911 (Arn.;

Berl.; Bish.; Field; Kew).

Hawaii.— Charles F. Forbes 386- H, Kau Desert, August 2, 1911

(Berl.; Del.; Field); Rock 12,980, Kona Road, South Kona, August,

1917 (Bish. ; form approaching in leaf-texture P. Terminalioides var.

macropus Skottsb. of same locality); Mrs. Francis Sinclair, Jr.,

Kaolaunui, commun. January, 1885 (Kew).

Forms with more veiny and more red-tomentose lower leaf-sur-

faces may offer a resemblance to P. cauliflorum var. reticulatum, but

usually can be recognized by their narrower sepals and their terminal

inflorescence. The type or at least first cited material of Hillebrand's

unnamed P. confertiflorum var. j3 came from "Hawaii! Kau and

Kona." His second citation was of the Lanai material collected by

Mann and Brigham, No. 337. The Hillebrand type in Berlin has

been inaccessible to me because of war conditions. I have therefore,

in the interests of absolute certainty, selected Mann and Brigham

337 for the type collection, of which no fewer than nine sheets are

now before me.

Occasionally the capsules of Lanai material become exceedingly

rough, the several dozen glabrescent surface-elevations on each

valve resembling darkened, malformed, fungoid, at times coalesced

tongues 4-9 mm. long (e.g., Forbes 304-L, Bish.). Fosberg 12,593

has such rough capsules that I originally had regarded it tentatively

as representing a new or at least separate species. It is connected

with var. Mannii quite positively, however, by such specimens as

Rock & Moki 8,108. The valves may finally appear more or less

cordate when flattened out and measure 3 cm. long and wide.

It seems improbable that P. cladanthum occurs on Lanai. There-

fore several larger-leaved sprays of sterile or cauline-flowering or

558 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

-fruiting material from Lanai that, on Oahu, might pass for that

variety, are assumed to belong here (Munro 334 and 376 pro parte;

Rock 8,104 and 8,111). Rock 8,111 is noteworthy in this respect. The

Berlin and Bishop Museum specimens of that plant have all the

peduncles cauline, but the Field Museum specimen has, in addition to

3 cauline peduncles, one that is about 2.5 cm. long and is terminal

on a tiny lateral branchlet of about 8 mm. in length, this bearing at

its tip a leaf about 9 cm. long.

Pittosporum confertiflorum var. 7 longipes Sherff, Field

Mus. Bot. Ser. 22: 428. 1941.

Leaf-blade 9-17 cm. long and 3.5-6.5 cm. wide, on upper surface

finally glabrate excepting for the veins, on lower surface conspicuously

veiny and brown- or reddish-brown-tomentose, at apex acuminate.

Flowers unknown. Inflorescence terminal or finally subterminal,

loosely racemose, ±15-flowered, densely brown- tomentose, its axis

2-7 cm. long (including slender, up to ±3.5 cm. long peduncle),

pedicels slender and commonly 1.3-3.3 cm. long. Capsule unknown.

Type specimen: Collected by Charles N. Forbes, No. 28-M, on

ridges behind Lahaina, West Maui, May, 1910 (Bish.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality in western West Maui.

Specimens examined: Forbes 28-M (type, Bish.: cotype, Field).

The type had been labeled at Bishop Museum as a new species,

with the observation that it was probably related to P. confertiflorum.

The leaf-characters combined with a terminal inflorescence suggest

P. confertiflorum var. Mannii, but the elongate peduncles, inflores-

cence-axes, and pedicels separate it at once from that variety. The

type has a cluster of five peduncles at the tip of a single branch,

each peduncle with several or many pedicels. The cotype has one

originally terminal inflorescence and, about 1.5 cm. lower, an axillary

inflorescence. As happens in so many forms of Pittosporum, a sub-

sequently developed terminal or subterminal shoot has left the upper

inflorescence on the cotype subterminal. The shoot has some leaves

nearly full-grown but still retaining over most of their upper surface

the original brownish tomentum. The older leaves lower down,

however, have become completely glabrous above except along some

of their veins.

It is unfortunate that flowers and fruits are not at hand. Until

they can be had, some doubt must exist, of course, as to the wisdom

of assigning this form a varietal status next to var. Mannii or indeed

under P. confertiflorum at all.

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 559

Pittosporum confertiflorum var. 5 microphyllum SherfF,

Amer. Journ. Bot. 28: 25. 1941.

Leaves smaller, blade only 3-6.5 (rarely -8) cm. long and 1.3-3.5

cm. wide. Inflorescence always terminal, subsessile. Capsules (1-3

for an inflorescence) smaller, moderately roughened, at first densely

brown-tomentose, at last irregularly now tomentose now glabrescent,

compressed; valves horizontally oblong-orbiculate, about 1.5 cm.

tall and almost 2 cm. wide, seeds 5.5-6.5 mm. long.

Type specimen: Collected by Charles N. Forbes, No. 14-L, Kai-

holena, Island of Lanai, June, 1913 (Bish.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Lanai.

Specimens examined: Forbes 14-L (type, Bish.: cotypes, Berl.;

Field; Gray).

A single opened flower on the type has oblong-lanceolate sepals,

these about 2.5 mm. long; corolla-tube about 5 mm. long and petal-

tips about 2.5 mm. long.

22. Pittosporum halophiloides Sherff, Amer. Journ. Bot. 28:

18. 1941.

Tree ±5 meters tall, young branchlets appressedly gray- or

brown-tomentose. Leaves disposed more or less in whorls at tips

of branchlets, when very young golden-yellow finally blackish-brown,

narrowly petiolate; petiole appressed-tomentose, ±1 cm. long;

blade obovate, at apex obtuse or scarcely subacuminate, at margins

more or less revolute, on upper surface coriaceous also finally glabrous

and reticulate with small, impressed veins, on lower surface persis-

tently tomentose with red-brown tomentum and with salient, larger

veins, commonly 4-8.5 cm. long and 2-4 cm. wide. Inflorescence

of female flowers terminal, corymboid-racemiform (peduncle up to

2 cm. long), brown-tomentose, ±12-flowered with moderately

fragrant flowers. Pedicels slender, at least 4-8 mm. long. Sepals

lanceolate-ovate, acute, very densely brown-tomentose, 4-6.5 mm.

long. Corolla's tube about 8-9 mm. long, lobes 4-5 mm. long;

stamens a half shorter than tube. Capsule similar to that of

Pittosporum glabrum, compressed; valves 2, in outline cordate-

rounded, outwardly in part glabrate in part tomentellous, longi-

tudinally marked with a median groove otherwise obscurely rugose

or transversely somewhat wrinkled, 1.6-2 cm. long (exclusive of

residual style, this about 2 mm. long) and scarcely wider. Male

inflorescence unknown.

560 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

Type specimen: Collected by Rock & Hammond, No. 8,109, tree,

16 feet tall, flowers somewhat fragrant, leaves golden-yellow when

young, dark-chocolate-brown when old, Mahana Valley, Island of

Lanai, July 31, 1910 (Arn.).

Distribution: Known only from Island of Lanai.

Specimens examined: George C. Munro, Lanai (Field); Rock &

Hammond 8,109 (type, Arn.: cotypes, Berl.; Bish.; Field, 2 sheets;

Kew).

The type sheet bears two sprays, the lower one having two branch-

lets. One of these branchlets bears a single terminal capsule,1

accompanied by a few fruitless pedicels 6 or 8 mm. long. Lower

down on the specimen, however, are two clusters of old, fruitless

pedicels. These are especially slender and are mostly 1.4-1.6 cm.

long. Whether these perchance represent staminate inflorescences

I cannot say.

The species was named in allusion to its resemblance to Pitto-

sporum halophilum. From that species, which is a small shrub and

not a tree (and which is unknown as to its fruit), P. halophiloides

differs at once in its proportionately narrower leaf-blades and in

having a terminal, not cauline inflorescence. P. halophiloides bears

a strong superficial resemblance to P. confertiflorum var. Mannii,

from which it differs in not having strongly rugose capsules.

23. Pittosporum Hosmeri Rock, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 37:

297, fig. 1. 1910; also Kept. Haw. Board Agr. and For. Div. For.

84, pi. 20. 1911.

a. Leaves glabrous beneath or at most irregularly and sparsely

appressed-setose var. 7 Saint-Johnii.

a. Leaves tomentose beneath.

&. Capsules 4-7.5 cm. long and 4-5.5 cm. wide or thick; leaf-

blade up to 2.4 dm. long and 3-6 cm. wide, -petiole 2-3 cm.

long; pedicellar bracts 2-4 mm. long; a tree 5.5-10 meters

tall P. Hosmeri sensu stricto.

b. Capsules 2.8-5 cm. long and thick; leaf -blade up to 3.5 dm. long

and 5-9 cm. wide, -petiole 1.5-5 cm. long; pedicellar bracts

up to 11 mm. long; a much smaller tree or almost a shrub.

var. /3 longifolium.

A tree, 5.5-10 meters tall, trunk straight and often 3 dm. thick,

branches stout, young shoots densely tomentose. Leaves crowded

1 One cotype sheet at Field Museum bears a cluster of six mature capsules.

A sheet at Berlin has four in one cluster.

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 561

at ends of branches, subcoriaceous, petiole 2-3 cm. long; blade

oblanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, at apex acute to shortly acumi-

nate, on upper surface soon glabrous and finely reticulate-veiny,

densely tomentose beneath with a light to dark brown or reddish-

brown wool, 1-2.4 dm. long and 3-6 cm. wide. Inflorescence axillary

and cauline, racemose, ±10 flowers clustered subumbellately toward

tip of tomentose axis, this 1-3 cm. long and bracteate especially

at and near base with tomentose, linear-subulate, 2-4 mm. long

bracts. Pedicels pubescent, about 2 mm. long. Sepals tomentose

or at base often glabrate, ovate, acute, about 4 mm. long. Corolla

cream-colored, tube about 8-10 mm. long; lobes ovate, mostly

4.5-5.5 mm. long, their veins prominent or in dried material obscure.

Fertile stamens as long as corolla-tube, anthers oblong. Ovary

tomentose, oblong-ovoid, more than half the length of the slightly

exserted style. Capsule tomentose when young, finally more or

less glabrate and erugose, in outline oblong to subquadrangular and

at both ends more or less cordate, 4-7.5 cm. long and 4-5.5 cm. wide,

±4.5 cm. thick, commonly 2- less often 3- or even 4-valved, often

somewhat constricted about half-way up; valves usually with a

longitudinal median groove; endocarp bright orange-colored; seeds

arranged alternately in two rows on each placenta, black, rugose,

6-7 mm. long, occupying only perhaps a tenth of the capsular cell.

Fruits exuding when fresh a milky, glutinous sap.

Type specimen: Collected by Joseph F. Rock, No. 3,957, alt.

3,000 feet, on lava field of Puuwaawaa, slope of Mt. Hualalai, North

Kona, Island of Hawaii, June 17, 1909 (Bish.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality in northwestern

Hawaii.

Specimens examined: Charles N. Forbes 29- H, Puuwaawaa,

June 8-14, 1911 (Berl.; Bish.; Field; Kew; Mo.); Forbes 271- H,

Kanehaha (Kanahaha), North Kona, June 28, 1911 (Bish.); Forbes

348- H, Honomalino, South Kona, July 23, 1911 (Berl.; Bish.; Field);

Alfred Meebold, alt. 5,000 feet, Hualalai, May, 1932 (Bish.); Meebold

20,810, same locality, November, 1935 (Deg.; N.Y.); Joseph F. Rock,

Puuwaawaa, June, 1909 (Gray); Rock 20 (3,958), Puuwaawaa hill

and neighborhood, June 15, 1909 (Bish.); Rock 3,957 (cotypes,

Arn.; Gray, 2 sheets; nom. vulg., Aawa hua kukui); Rock 3,964,

Puuwaawaa, June 17, 1909 (Arn.); Rock 10,074a, Puuwaawaa,

March, 1912 (Gray) ; Rock 12,962, same locality, August-September,

1917 (Bish.); Rock 17,137, same locality, August, 1917 (Bish.).

562 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

This species was named in honor of Mr. Ralph S. Hosmer,

Superintendent of Forestry, Division of Forestry, Territory of

Hawaii. Rock states that the trees "are loaded with fruit during

June and July," but adds that the fruiting season, as in the case of

"nearly all the other Hawaiian trees, cannot be relied upon." Speci-

mens have been found in fruit in August, September, and November.

About the color of the mature capsules he is silent, although he

especially notes the color for var. longifolium as orange-yellow. He

adds: "The fruits of P. Hosmeri and variety longifolium are a source

of food for the native crow Corvus hawaiiensis or Alala, which pecks

open the large woody capsules and feeds upon the oily seeds within.

The crow is peculiar to Kona, Hawaii. Nearly 80% of all the capsules

of this species examined by the writer were eaten out by these birds,

which are still very common."

Pittosporum Hosmeri var. 0 longifolium Rock, Indig. Trees

Haw. Isls. 163, pis. 58 and 60. 1913.

A much smaller tree or almost a shrub. Leaves lanceolate-

oblong to obovate-oblong, at apex rounded or acuminate, petiole

1.5-5 cm. long, blade 0.8-3.5 dm. long. Peduncle up to 4.5 cm.

long. Bracts up to 11 mm. long. Sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate,

5-6 mm. long. Capsules smaller, orange-yellow when mature, densely

tomentulose or in patches glabrate, (if 10 on a common peduncle,

forming a cluster of ±1.2 dm. in diameter,) at times globose, 2.8-5

cm. long and thick. Seeds smaller, 4.5-6 mm. long.

Type specimen: Rock cited no particular type but gave the

three localities (1) the drier districts in South Kona, (2) Kilauea,

and (3) above Huehue at altitude of 5,000 feet. For South Kona

he specified one station, namely, Kapua. His No. 10,023 at Gray

Herbarium was from Kapua in South Kona and had been labeled

by him, "cotype (flowering)." His 10,074 at Gray Herbarium and

at the New York Botanical Garden was from Kilauea Volcano and

had been labeled by him similarly "cotype." At the latter institu-

tion the specimen was with submature fruits. Hence it would seem

to follow that his Nos. 10,023 and 10,074 at Bishop Museum, as in

numerous other comparable cases, would be the official types.

Distribution: To the west and southwest on the Island of Hawaii.

Specimens examined: Otto Degener 10,989, in forest, near 1926

Lava Flow, July 26, 1926 (Field); Charles N. Forbes 286- H, Keala-

puali, North Kona, June 29, 1911 (Berl.; Bish.; Del.; Field; some of

the younger capsules coarsely lumpy) ; Forbes 362- H, Kapua, Kona,

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 563

July 25, 1911 (Field); Forbes 368- H pro parte, same locality, July

15, 1911 (Berl.; Bish.; Field; Gray; commixed with P. Terminalioides

collected in Kau Desert, August 2 of same year); Albert F. Judd,

flowers cream-white, faintly fragrant, cauline, 1 foot or so below leaves

(these clustered in 2 or 3 series at and near end of branch), cult,

at Kamehameha Girls' School Hawaiian Garden, Honolulu, Isl.

Oahu (from seed brought by Judd from Kau Desert, Isl. Hawaii),

March 18, 1938 (Bish.); Joseph F. Rock, Puu Laalaau, Hualalai,

June 10, 1909 (Gray); Rock 21 (3,970), between Hinakapauula and Puu

Laalaau, Hualalai, same date (Bish.); Rock 22 (3,959), Puu Laalaau,

Hualalai, June 10, 1909 (Field) ; Rock 3,805, alt. 4,000 feet, in cool,

shady forest on slopes of Hualalai, June 10, 1909 (Arn.); Rock

3,806, in forest, Puu Laalaau, same date (Bish.); Rock 3,969, alt.

4,500 feet, Hualalai, June 10, 1909 (Arn.); Rock 10,023, Kapua,

South Kona, January 28, 1912 (cotypes as to flowering material,

Arn.; Berl.; Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Kew); Rock 10,074, Kilauea

Volcano, July, 1911 (cotypes as to fruiting material, Gray; N.Y.);

Rock 13,038, along the South Kona Road, August, 1917 (Bish.);

Rock & Copeland, Kapua, South Kona, August, 1915 (Bish.);

Saint John, Hashimoto, Hosaka, Lindsay, & Mitchell 11,312, tree,

20 feet tall, alt. 2,200 feet, Manuka mauka ["mauka" being the

Hawaiian equivalent for "inland" or "toward the mountains"],

Hoopuloa Quadrangle, December 24, 1931 (Berl.; Bish.; Field);

iidem 11,329, tree, 20 feet tall, wooded kipuka ["an open and fertile

place in a forest or a lava flow," J. W. Coulter, Gazetteer Terr. Haw.

206. 1935], alt. 1,600 feet, same locality, December 26, 1931 (Berl.;

Field; Kew); iidem 11,353, wooded kipuka, aa [i.e., rough, broken]

lava, alt. 1,800 feet, same locality and date (Field) ; Carl Skottsberg

620, Kau-Kona Road, between Pahala and Naalehu, September 21,

1922 (Bish.; Goth.).

Rock (loc. cit.) states that "the trees from Kilauea are identical

with those from Kapua, South Kona, and also with specimens from

the upper slopes of Hualalai, from the forests above Huehue at an

elevation of 5,000 feet, while the typical Pittosporum Hosmeri is

peculiar to Puuwaawaa. So far as can be judged from herbarium

specimens, it is impossible to distinguish some large-fruited specimens

of the var. longifolium from some small-fruited specimens of the

species proper. Forbes, Saint John, and Skottsberg, all of them

collectors with a first-hand field-knowledge of one or both forms,

seem from their labels to have ignored or rejected the var. longi-

folium. It is quite possible, however, that Rock's interpretation

564 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

of the variety as valid will be supported by future field-observations.

For the present, I have been guided by Rock's statement of geo-

graphic range in identifying all doubtful specimens.1

Pittosporum Hosmeri var. 7 Saint-Johnii Sherff, Field Mus.

Bot. Ser. 22: 413. 1941.

Shrub, ±1.8 meters tall. Submature and mature leaves with

petiole 1.5-3.5 cm. long and blade 10-20 cm. long and 4-7 cm. wide,

very glabrous on both surfaces or irregularly and sparsely appressed-

setose beneath with straightish, slender, sharp, and at least finally

white setae. Flowers yellowish-white, very fragrant. Capsule

orange-colored when mature, glabrous, 3.6-4.6 cm. long, 3.5-4.6 cm.

thick, 3-4 cm. wide. Seeds 8-9 mm. long and 6-6.5 mm. wide.

Type specimen: Collected by Harold Saint John, J. W. Coulter,

E. Y. Hashimoto, & D. D. Mitchell, No. 11,442, shrub, 6 feet tall,

flowers creamy-white and very fragrant, ripe fruit orange-colored,

alt. 4,000 feet, Puuwaawaa, Puu Hualalai, Island of Hawaii, Decem-

ber 30, 1931 (Bish.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality in northwestern

Hawaii.

Specimens examined: Saint John et al. 11,442 (type, Bish.:

cotypes, Berl.; Field).

While discovered in the same locality as that for the species

proper, var. Saint-Johnii is different in its leaves. Incidentally, it

is a shrub and perhaps does not become a tree. Its leaves are

glabrous beneath or at most sparsely appressed-setose with white,

straightish hairs; only when emerging from the bud are they closely

rufous-pubescent. In the species proper, also in the var. longifolium,

the leaves are more or less permanently dense-tomentose beneath

with a light to dark brown or reddish-brown wool.

24. Pittosporum hawaiiense Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 26. 1888;

Pittosporum hawaiense Hillebr. ex Drake del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar.

Pacif. 110. 1890.

Small tree, ±5 meters tall; branches few, nearly straight, ascend-

ing, bark grayish-white. Leaves scattered or disposed in remote

whorls, slenderly petiolate, petioles 2-6 cm. long; blade thickish,

obovate- or oblanceolate-oblong, at apex abruptly and shortly acumi-

nate or more rarely obtuse, 1.5-2.5 (rarely -3.6) dm. long and 4-7.5

1 It may be added that no positively large-iruited. specimens, such as charac-

terize indisputably the species proper, have been seen from elsewhere than the

species proper's type locality of Puuwaawaa.

REVISION OF THE GENUS PITTOSPORUM 565

(rarely -10) cm. wide, more or less tomentose beneath or in age

sometimes glabrate, brownish or pale-grayish-green when dry, veins

impressed above and salient beneath. Flowers clustered on axillary

or cauline or more rarely terminal peduncles (these tomentose and

up to 1.5 cm. long). Bracts lanceolate-subulate to ovate-lanceolate,

pubescent, 5-8 mm. long. Pedicels tomentose, 2-7 mm. long. Sepals

ovate or triangular-ovate, glabrate or tomentose, 3-4 mm. long.

Corolla cream-colored; tube 6-9 mm. long and well split except at

top; lobes broadly ovate, about 5 mm. long, slightly pubescent in

the bud but presently glabrate. Stamens as long as the corolla-

tube, anthers oblong-sagittate. Ovary ovoid, tomentose, the

similarly tomentose style almost twice as long. Capsule (when

fresh) bluish-glaucous or colored, subquadrangular, cordate or

cordate-truncate at base, rounded or more often truncate-rounded

at top, ±3.2 cm. long, ±3 cm. wide, ±2.7 cm. thick; valves usually

with a broad, deep, median, lengthwise furrow unless near top,

variously rugose or grooved, the elevations rounded and finally

often glabrate at least in irregular areas. Seeds black, smooth

or minutely tuberculate, 7-8 mm. long.

Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand, in forests of

Kona, Island of Hawaii (Berl.).

Distribution: Island of Hawaii.

Specimens examined: Otto Degener 10,991, in open forest, on

slope of Hualalai between Huehue and Puuwaawaa, August 24,

1926 (Field) ; Charles N.Forbes 348a-tf, Honomalino, Kona, July 23,

1911 (Field) ; Forbes 423- H, mountains behind Pahala, Kau, August

9-11, 1911 (Berl.; Bish.; Field; Gray; Kew); Forbes 1,083- H, between

the lava flows of 1868 and 1887 in Kahuku, May, 1916 (Field);

William Hillebrand, Kohala Range (Bish.; sterile spray with large

leaves, the largest 14 X 4 inches, as noted by Hillebrand in his text:

"A leaf -specimen picked in a gulch of the Kohala range has the

largest leaves in the genus, 14'X4'"); Hillebrand 306, Kohala

(Kew); Hillebrand (similarly) 306, Kona (Gray; Kew, 2 sheets);

James Macrae, Mauna Kea, June, 1825 (Kew); Joseph F. Rock

10,011, alt. 2,300 feet, in forest above Naalehu, Kau, January 11,

1912 (Arn., 3 sheets; Berl.; Field; N.Y.); Rock (similarly) 10,011,

Naalehu forests, Kau, January 12, 1912 (Bish.; Gray, 2 sheets);

Rock 10,01 la, alt. 6,000 feet, above Kahuku, 1868 Lava Flow,

Kau, January 13, 1912 (Gray); Rock 17,134, alt. 6,000 feet, above

Kahuku, 1868 Lava Flow, Kau, January 13, 1912 (Bish.); Rock

17,135, alt. 4,000 feet, in rain-forest, Kohala Mts., June, 1910

566 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

(Bish.); Carl Skottsberg 3,304, along road below Naalehu, South

Kona, September 16, 1938 (Goth.).

The "bluish-glaucous" capsules are especially noted by Rock

(Indig. Trees Haw. Isls. 171. 1913). In the dried herbarium material

these have turned to a more or less brownish-black. Hillebrand

described the flowers as subsessile, relying doubtless upon his

subflowering specimens, which indeed do have subsessile flowers.

Specimens at full anthesis, however, have pedicels up to 7 mm. long,

as described by Rock (op. cit. 169).

Hillebrand's specimens have somewhat narrower and thinner

leaves with the veins less deeply impressed but seem well enough

connected with the other cited material to preclude varietal

segregations.

SOME NEW OR OTHERWISE NOTEWORTHY

MEXICAN COREOPSIDEAE

(GENERA HETEROSPERMA CAV. AND BIDENS L.)

AND A NOTE ON XYLOSMA HAWAIIENSE SEEM.

EARL EDWARD SHERFF

Heterosperma Coreocarpoides (Sherff) comb, nov.; Bidens

Coreocarpoides Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 97: 185. 1935.

The type of Bidens Coreocarpoides was collected by E. W. Nelson

and E. A. Goldman, No. 7,389, at altitude of 15-60 meters, from

Cape San Lucas to San Jose* del Cabo, southernmost Baja California,

January 4, 1906. The lone, type specimen originally seen (U. S.

Nat. Herb.) lacked achenes and had merely ovaries with a body

±1.5 mm. long.

Recently, Miss Alice Eastwood, Curator of the Botanical Depart-

ment, California Academy of Sciences, very kindly sent me some

herbarium specimens collected by Miss Betty J. Hammerly in Baja

California. Among these were several (Hammerly 372) from Sierra

de la Laguna, referable to this species but with numerous mature

achenes and revealing at once a definite affinity with Heterosperma

Cav., to which genus my formerly published Bidens Coreocarpoides

must be transferred. Through Miss Hammerly's excellent material

it is possible now to assign here a specimen collected years ago by

Brandegee in the same locality. Brandegee had referred his material

to Heterosperma Xanti A. Gray, a coarser and larger herb which can

be told instantly by its large flowering heads, these measuring at

anthesis up to 3.5 cm., not 1.2-1.7 cm., across.1

With the additional specimens now available it has been possible

to redraw the description of the species and a revised description

(descriptio emendata) is presented herewith:

Herba annua, 1.5-2.5 dm. alta, gracilis, subsimplex vel ramosa,

ramis gracillimis erectis vel imis arcuato-adscendentibus glabris

(juvenibus prope basim interdum hispidulis) omnibus in 1 vel 2

1 Nelson & Goldman 7,474 (Field), which may be taken to represent true

H. Xanti, has 8-10 exterior bracts to the involucre, ligulate florets varying from

6 to 10, the ligules proper 1.4-1.6 cm. long, etc.

567

568 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. 22

pedunculos glabros unicapitulatos nudos vel inferne 1-bracteolatos

5-12 cm. longos terminantibus. Folia opposita, petiolata petiole

marginato glabro vel inferne paulum ciliato plerumque 4-8 (raro -16)

mm. longo; lamina simplice vel pro foliis principalibus plerumque

pinnata vel rarius subbipinnata 1-1.5 (raro usque ad 2.7) cm. longa;

segmentis primariis 1 vel 2 jugis, ultimis crassiusculis, apice obtusis,

0.5-1.2 mm. latis, glabris vel marginibus et nervo mediano plus

minusve spinuloso-setulosis. Capitula radiata, erecta, ad anthesin

5-7 mm. alta et circ. 1.2-1.7 cm. lata. Involucrum glabratum,

primum subhemisphaericum ; bracteis exterioribus 6-8, anguste

linear ibus, apice saepius subacutis, 2-3.5 mm. longis, quam interiori-

bus ovato-oblongis vel latissime lanceolatis moderate brevioribus.

Flores ligulati plerumque 6, aurei vel aurantiaci, ligula anguste vel

late oblonga vel elliptico-ovata apice bidenticulata circ. 5 mm. longa,

tubo circ. 1.5 mm. longo. Achaenia atra, extima oblanceolato-

oblonga, circ. 3 mm. longa, dorso convexo laevia vel subsparsim

tuberculata, marginibus (saepe incurvatis) ac faciei ventralis nervo

mediano pectinatim cartilagineo-cristata lobulis albidis stramineisve,

apice nunc calva nunc biaristata aristis gracilibus irregulariter

arcuatis retrorsum hamosis ±1 mm. longis; interiora gracillime

linearia, corpore glabro plus minusve tetragono usque ad 9 mm.

longo, apice 2-4-aristato aristis subrectis gracilibus subpatentibus

retrorsum hamosis usque ad circ. 3 mm. longis.

Annual herb, 1.5-2.5 dm. tall, slender, subsimple or branched;

branches very slender, erect or lowest ones curved-ascending, glabrous

(sometimes hispidulous near base when young), all ending in one or

two peduncles, these glabrous, monocephalous, 5-12 cm. long, naked

or toward base 1-bracteolate. Leaves opposite, petiolate; petiole

margined, glabrous or infernally somewhat ciliate, commonly 4-8

(rarely -16) mm. long; blade simple or for the principal leaves com-

monly pinnate or more rarely subbipinnate, 1-1.5 (rarely up to 2.7)

cm. long; primary segments one or two pairs, ultimate ones thickish,

obtuse at apex, 0.5-1.2 mm. wide, glabrous or at margins and on

median nerve more or less spinulose-setulose. Heads radiate, erect,

at anthesis 5-7 mm. tall and about 1.2-1.7 cm. wide. Involucre

glabrate, at first subhemispherical; outer bracts 6-8, narrowly

linear, at apex more often subacute, 2-3.5 mm. long; inner bracts

ovate-oblong or very widely lanceolate, moderately longer. Ligulate

florets commonly 6, golden or orange; ligule narrowly or broadly

oblong or elliptic-ovate, at apex bidenticulate, about 5 mm. long;

tube about 1.5 mm. long. Achenes black; outermost ones oblanceo-

SOME MEXICAN COREOPSIDEAE 569

late-oblong, about 3 mm. long, smooth or subsparsely tuberculate

on the convex dorsal surface, on median nerve of ventral face and

at margins (which are often incurved) pectinately cartilaginous-

crested with tiny whitish or straw-colored lobes, at apex now bald

now 2-aristate (aristae slender, irregularly arcuate, retrorsely barbed,

±1 mm. long); inner ones very slenderly linear, up to 9 mm. long

as to glabrous and more or less tetragonal body, at apex 2-4-aristate

(aristae straightish, slender, somewhat spreading, retrorsely barbed,

up to about 3 mm. long).

Specimens examined (additional to Nelson & Goldman 7,389,

above cited): Townsend Stith Brandegee 317, Sierra de la Laguna,

southernmost part of Baja (Lower) California, January 25, 1890

(type, Field); Miss Betty J. Hammerly 372, on dry, sandy slope

near stream on west edge of the meadow on Sierra de la Laguna, alt.

about 5,000 feet, October 13, 1941 (Calif. Acad.; Field, etc.).

It should be noted in passing that Brandegee distributed under

the same collection number, 317, a quite different species of Hetero-

sperma which he had collected in September of the same year at

San Jose" del Cabo. This species was likewise assumed by Brandegee

to be Heterosperma Xanti A. Gray, but it differs sharply from that

species and is here set forth as:

Heterosperma Brandegeei sp. nov.

Herba annua, erecta, gracilis, simplex vel parce ramosa, ±2 dm.

alta, caule glabro vel superne sparsim hispidulo. Folia opposita,

mediana conferta, principalia 4-8 cm. longa et bipinnatifida vel

irregulariter bipinnata; petiolo marginato interdum angustissimo

usque ad 2.3 cm. longo, sparsim ciliato aliter glabro; segmentis

ultimis usque ad 1.6 mm. latis, apice acutis, margine raro piano saepe

spinuloso-ciliatis. Capitula solitaria, gracillime pedunculata pedun-

culo glabro vel inferne sparsissime hispidulo 5-9 cm. longo caulem

aut 2 vel 3 ramos terminante, radiata, erecta, pansa ad anthesin

5-7 mm. alta et circ. 1.2-1.5 cm. lata. Involucrum glabrum bracteis

exterioribus circ. 10 moderate vel saepius angustissime linearibus,

2-3.5 mm. longis, apice acutis, quam interioribus ovatis moderate

brevioribus. Flores ligulati circ. 6, flavi, ligula ovato-oblonga vel

obovata, apice integra vel bidenticulata, ±4.5 mm. longa. Achaenia

matura non visa. Ovaria exteriora glabrata, plana, oblanceolato-

cuneata, corpore circ. 2 mm. longa, 2-aristata aristis retrorsum

hamosis et ±1.5 mm. longis; interiora angustiora, longiora, saltern

3-aristata aristis aliis similibus.

570 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

Annual herb, erect, slender, simple or slightly branched, ±2 dm.

tall, stem glabrous or supernally sparse-hispidulous. Leaves oppo-

site, median ones crowded together, principal ones 4-8 cm. long and

bipinnatifid or irregularly bipinnate; petiole margined, at times very

narrow, up to 2.3 cm. long, sparsely ciliate but otherwise glabrous;

ultimate segments up to 1.6 mm. wide, at apex acute, the rarely flat

margin often spinulose-ciliate. Heads solitary, very slenderly

pedunculate (peduncle glabrous or infernally very sparsely his-

pidulous, 5-9 cm. long, terminating the stem or 2 or 3 branches),

radiate, erect, when expanded at anthesis 5-7 mm. tall and about

1.2-1.5 cm. wide. Involucre glabrous; exterior bracts about 10,

moderately or more often very narrowly linear, 2-3.5 mm. long, at

apex acute; interior ones ovate, moderately longer. Ligulate florets

about 6, yellow; ligule ovate-oblong or obovate, at apex entire or

bidenticulate, ±4.5 mm. long. Mature achenes not seen. Exterior

ovaries glabrate, flat, oblanceolate-cuneate, about 2 mm. long as

to body, biaristate, the aristae retrorsely barbed and ±1.5 mm.

long; interior ones narrower, longer, at least 3-aristate, aristae

similar to the others.

Specimens examined: Townsend Stith Brandegee (similarly) 317,

San Jose* del Cabo, southernmost part of Baja (Lower) California,

September 29, 1890 (type, Field).

From Heterosperma Xanti A. Gray, H. Brandegeei differs at

once in its smaller and more delicate habit, its rather densely crowded,

much larger median leaves, and its small flowering heads. Its median

leaves, as viewed on the herbarium sheet, give immediately the

impression of being elongate or attenuate in their rachis and seg-

ments. Between two successive pairs of primary leaf-segments a

rachis may be 1.5 cm. or more in length; and some terminal leaf-

segments are 3 cm. or more in length. The unique foliage likewise

will distinguish H. Brandegeei from H. microglossum.

Bidens Bigelovii var. pueblensis Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 287.

1929; Field Mus. Bot. Ser. 16: 363. 1937.

Plants collected by Brandegee (T. S., in herb. Univ. Calif, and

herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.) at Sierra de la Laguna, Baja (Lower)

California, October 4, 1899, had been determined by him as Bidens

bipinnata L. The material was atypic for that species, but his

judgment was nevertheless followed in my subsequent monographic

treatment of the genus Bidens (Field Mus. Bot. Ser. 16: 368. 1937).

Recently additional material has been collected in the same locality:

SOME MEXICAN COREOPSIDEAE 571

Miss Betty J. Hammerly 374, alt. about 5,000 feet, on sandy slope

in heavy oak shade above stream on side of the meadow on Sierra

de la Laguna, October 13, 1941. Both collections seem better referred

to Bidens Bigelovii var. pueblensis Sherff. The geographic range of

this variety, formerly described by me as embracing the states of

"Michoacan, Mexico (with Federal District), Puebla, Oaxaca, and

Chiapas" in southern Mexico, is thus seen to be extended westward

into the southernmost part, known as the cape region, of Baja

California.

Bidens leptocephala Hammerlyae var. nov.

Usque ad ±4 dm. alta, foliorum segmentis forsitan latioribus.

Capitula demum majora. Achaenia circ. 6-10, graciliter elongato-

linearia, recta vel pauca superne arcuata; corpore usque ad 2.3 cm.

longa, subatra vel apice straminea, pauca (sine dubio extima) sub-

dense sed breviter tuberculato-hispida, alia infra subsparsim brevi-

terque supra conspicue longiusque hispida; 3 (raro 2 vel 4) aristis

plerumque 2.5-5.2 mm. longis.

Up to ±4 dm. tall, segments of leaves perhaps wider. Heads

finally larger. Achenes about 6-10, slenderly elongate-linear,

straight or a few curved above; up to 2.3 cm. long as to body proper,

blackish or at apex straw-colored, a few (without doubt the outer-

most ones) somewhat densely but shortly tuberculate-hispid, the

others infernally somewhat sparsely short-hispid, supernally more

noticeably and elongately hispid; aristae (commonly 3, rarely 2 or 4)

usually 2.5-5.2 mm. long.

Specimens examined: Miss Betty J. Hammerly 302, alt. about

2,000 feet, on shaded north slope near river at Las Animas, ranch

at river-fork near base of El Picacho Peak in Sierra de la Laguna,

Baja (Lower) California, October 12, 1941 (type, herb. Calif. Acad.

Sci.).

A plant with the foliar aspect somewhat as in Bidens bipinnata

L. but with the disc-florets and achenes few as in B. leptocephala

Sherff. In the latter species, the achenes are normally biaristate

with aristae under 3 mm. long, certain outer achenes are apt to be

brownish or reddish-brown and with a body 6-8 mm. long, and the

inner achenes have bodies 0.9-1.4 cm. long. The present variety

differs sharply in having the achenes mostly triaristate with aristae

very commonly 3-4.5 mm. long, the achenial bodies all more or less

black or blackish and all considerably longer, ranging from ±1.3 cm.

for the outer achenes up to 2.3 cm. for the inner ones.

572 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

Bidens leptocephala Ulinei var. nov.

Caulis ramique plus minusve patenti-hispiduli, foliis pinnatis

vel subbipinnatis. Involucrum extus hispidum. Achaenia interdum

longiora, corporibus usque ad 1.8 cm. longis.

Stem and branches more or less spreading-hispidulous, leaves

pinnate or subbipinnate. Involucre externally hispid. Achenes at

times longer, their bodies up to 1.8 cm. long.

Specimens examined: C. H. Mueller 3,480, in shady meadows

and open pine forest, Canon Huahuatan, 10 miles southeast of

Madera, Municipio de Temosachic, State of Chihuahua, Mexico,

September 24, 1939 (Field); Cyrus Guernsey Pringle 1,574, on shaded

banks, Sierra Madre, State of Chihuahua, September 17, 1887

(type, Field).

In my revisional treatment of the genus Bidens (Field Mus. Bot.

Ser. 16: 365. 1937), I included Pringle 1,574 with Bidens leptocephala

proper, notwithstanding the fact that it differed sharply in the hispid

base of the involucre, etc. Examination of numerous additional speci-

mens of B. leptocephala which have come into herbaria the past five

years shows substantially no intergradations, thus suggesting the

segregation of the Pringle plant as a distinct variety. The name is

given in honor of Dr. Edwin Burton Uline, who many years ago

examined the type plant and correctly asserted, in pencil on

the sheet, that it was not Bidens pilosa L. as it had been called on the

printed label which had been issued at Gray Herbarium. The type

is very closely matched in essential characters by the Mueller

material. This consists of six (as yet unmounted) entire specimens

which were very kindly sent me by Dr. S. F. Blake, Senior Botanist

of the United States Bureau of Plant Industry.

Xylosma hawaiiense Seem. Fl. Vit. 7. 1865; Dry petes Forbesii

Sherff, Field Mus. Bot. Ser. 17: 560. 1939.

At the time of my transferring Neowawraea Phyllanthoides Rock

to Drypetes (Sherff, op. cit. 562) a superficially similar, fruiting

spray of a tree from Oahu (C. N. Forbes 1,008-0) was described.

Relying all too much upon the usually very astute-minded C. N.

Forbes' determination of the specimen as belonging to the Euphor-

biaceae (his label gave Antidesma platyphyllum Mann), I assigned

the species to Drypetes, naming it D. Forbesii. Recently I came to

suspect that, notwithstanding Forbes' reference of the type plant

to a genus of the Euphorbiaceae, it might rather belong in the

SOME MEXICAN COREOPSIDEAE 573

Flacourtiaceae, under Xylosma Forst.1 The aid of Dr. Harold St.

John, of the University of Hawaii, was enlisted and he very kindly

made a re-examination of the type of Drypetes Forbesii. Under date

of May 2, 1942, he wrote: "The type sheet of Drypetes Forbesii

Sherff has a single large branch in fruit. The stem, lenticels, phyllo-

taxy, leaves, and fruit are exactly like those of Xylosma .... The

attached fruits and the two loose ones in the pocket were all whole

and showed no sign of sectioning. The fruits all had two sessile

stigmas. I sectioned three of them. All three were 1-celled, with

2-5 parietal apparently amphitropous ovules. Each fruit developed

from 1-2 good seeds. I compared all parts of your plant with

Xylosma and found that it agreed with it completely. I have rede-

termined the specimen as Xylosma hawaiiense Seem., following

Sleumer's recent revision."

1 Dr. F. R. Fosberg tells me that the similarity of Antidesma and Xylosma in

the field is often so strong and deceptive as to deceive the best botanists unless

an anatomical study of the fruit's interior (in the case of mature pistillate speci-

mens) is made.

INDEX

Collectors' names and page numbers in italic type

Beechey, Captain Frederick William, see

Lay & Collie

Bergman, H. F., alt. 3,100 ft., north

side of Kaala, Feb. 11, 1928, 530

alt. 3,200 ft., north side of Mt.

Kaala, Feb. 11, 1928, 555

Bridwell, J. C., Waiolani Ridge, Aug.,

1916, 508

Oahu, 1917, ^97

Brown, Forest Buffen Harkness, 1,283,

508

Bryan, Jr., Edwin H., Koolau Range,

Dec., 1919, ^89

Aiea, June 5, 1920, 526

alt. 1,200 ft., lower west ridge, Kai-

papau Valley, Jul. 11, 1920, 526

alt. above 3,000 ft., Puu Kaala, Jul.

22, 1928, 555

alt. 1,000 ft., Pupukea, Jan. 23, 1929,

555

Hauula Forest Reserve, Punaiki

Trail, May, 1933, 526

alt. ±1,500 ft., Kawailoa Ridge, Jan.

5, 1937, 489

no. 457, 555

no. 640, 544

no. 790, 489

Bush, William, & D. LeRoy Topping,

no. 3,718, 489

no. 3,766, 489

Chang, Impung, in rain-forest, alt. 1,700

ft., south ridge, Kipapa Gulch, May

15, 1932, no. 489

Christophersen, Erling, no. 1,384, 526

Christophersen, Erling, & Edward P.

Hume, no. 1,419, 504

Christophersen, Erling, & Gerrit P.

Wilder, no. 1,429 pro parte, 499,

501, 504

no. 1,492, 495

Christophersen, Erling, G. P. Wilder, &

E. P. Hume, no. 1,511, 530

no. 1,577, 523

no. 1,665, 508

Cranwell, Miss Lucy May, & Carl

Skoltsberg, no. 2,550, 549

no. 2,8686, 532

Cranwell, Miss L. M., OlofHugo Selling,

& C. Skottsberg 2,777, 544

no. 3,727, 532

Davis, Miss Hattie, alt. 2,325 ft., Wai-

kane-Schofield Trail, Oct. 16, 1932,

504

Degener, Otto, no. 9,089, 552

no. 9,090, 552

no. 9,091, 552

no. 10,956, 550

no. 10,957, 509

no. 10,958, 549

no. 10,959, 550

no. 10,960, 549

no. 10,961, 509

no. 10,962, 509

no. 10,963, 548

no. 10,964, 546

no. 10,965, 546

no. 10,966, 546

no. 10,968, 544

no. 10,969, 554

no. 10,970, 547

no. 10,971, 547

no. 10,972, 544

no. 10,973, 544

no. 10,975, 499

no. 10,976, 489

no. 10,977, 548

no. 10,978, 516

no. 10,982, 489

no. 10,984, 508

no. 10,987, 483

no. 10,989, 562

no. 10,990, 540

no. 10,991, 565

no. 10,993, 518

no. 10,994, 483

no. 10,995, 532

no. 10,996, 532

no. 11,005 pro parte, 510

no. 13,001, 489

no. 13,002, 526

no. 13,003, 526

no. 13,004, 508

no. 13,007, 530

Degener, Otto, et alii, Kaala, May 1,

1938, 555

no. 10,798, 500

Degener, Otto, & Gordon Dowson, no.

12,926, 526

Degener, O., Yasuma Iwasaki, & Edwin

B. Bartram, no. 10,979, 516

Degener, O., Martin (Tiburcio) Martinez,

& Felix C. Salucop, no. 11,125, 534

Degener, O., & H. Ochiae, no. 10,988, 489

no. 10,988a, 496

Degener, O., & Emilio Ordonez, no.

12,053, 504

no. 12,203, 534

no. 12,204, 526

no. 12,375, 508

no. 12,576, 526

no. 12,616, 543

no. 12,617, 485

no. 12,618, 485

574

INDEX

575

Degener, O., E. Ordonez, & John Foster

(otherwise known as John Foster

Williams), no. 12,297, 526

no. 12,333, 530

no. 12,338, 534

no. 12,359, 580

Degener, O., E. Ordonez, & Joe Kepaa,

no. 12,737, 530

no. 12,774, 504

no. 12,779, 513

no. 12,811, 530

Degener, O., E. Ordonez, & Richard

Northwood, no. 12,296, 584.

Degener, 0., E. Ordonez, & Olof Hugo

Selling, no. 12,243, 555

Degener, O., Noel Krauss, & Martin

Martinez, no. 11,019, 534, 535

Degener, 0., & Kwan Kee Park, no.

10,983, 499

no. 10,985, 526

no. 10,997, 527

no. 11,000, 527

no. 11,001, 495

Degener, 0., K, K. Park, et alii, no.

10,810, 504

Degener, O., K. K. Park, & Manuel

Kwon, no. 10,980, 1*89

no. 11,002, 527

no. 11,003, 508, 512

Degener, 0., K. K. Park, Colin Potter,

William Bush, & D. LeRoy Top-

ping, no. 10,806, 527

no. 10,811, 508

no. 10,986, 527

Degener, 0., K. K. Park, C. Potter, &

Gordon Shigeura, no. 10,809, 527

no. 10,812, 489

Degener, O., K. K. Park, G. Shigeura,

& Takamoto, no. 10,807, 530

Degener, O., K. K. Park, & D. LeRoy

Topping, no. 10,808, 531

no. 11,020, 504

Degener, 0., K. K. Park, D. L. Topping,

Wm. Bush, & Richard Northwood,

no. 10,999, 534

Degener, 0., & Felix Salucop, no. 11,201,

504

Degener, O., F. Salucop, & Valentin

(Valentine) Arlantico, no. 11,535

pro parte, 489, 504

no. 11,569, 504

no. 11,570, 504

no. 12,074, 508

no. 12,075, 555

no. 12,076, 555

Degener, 0., Takamoto, & Martin

Martinez, no. 10,799 pro parte, 490,

504

Degener, O., Takamoto, Tarn, & M.

Martinez, no. 10,798 pro parte, 490,

499

Degener, 0., D. L. Topping, M. Mar-

tinez, & F. Salucop, no. 11,137, 527

Douglas, David, no. 20, 492, 516, 518

Duker, Miss Katherine, Manoa Cliff

Trail, Jul. 13, 1933, 490

Manoa Cliff Trail, Jul. 31, 1933, 504

Ewart, G. R., Ill, half-way on Pupukea-

Laie Trail, Nov. 9, 1928, 504

no. 79, 545

no. 138, 545

Ewart, G. R., Ill, & George C. Munro,

no. 104, 545

Faurie, Abbe Urbain, no. 1, 4*4, 4S5

no. 2, 504

no. 3, 486

no. 4, 490

no. 5, 490

no. 6, 539

no. 7, 539

no. 8, 535

no. 9, 512

no. 10, 54«

no. 11, 505

no. 12, 486

no. 13, 485

no. 14, 483

no. 15, 549

no. 16, 549

no. 17, 545, 549

no. 18, 490, 493

no. 19, 488, 484

no. 38, 490, 492, 493

Forbes, Charles Noyes, mountains above

Ukulele, 537

in woods near Ukulele, July, 1910,

546

west side of Nuuanu Valley above

Pali, Jul. 25, 1908, 490

ridge, west Kalihi Valley, Aug. 18,

1908, 490

Waiolani Ridge, Lanihuli Trail, Sept.

17, 1908, 504

between Punaluu and Kaipapau,

Nov. 14-21, 1908, 512

Koolauloa Mountains between Puna-

luu and Kaipapau, Nov. 14-21,

1908, 504

Lanihuli Ridges, Dec. 10, 1908, 508

Waiolani Ridge, Dec. 10, 1908, 504

Makaha Valley, Feb. 12-19, 1909,

495, 504, 527, 534

Kaala Mountains, Feb. 12-19, 1909,

531

ridge between Waialae Nui and

Palolo, Apr. 20, 1909, 504

Palolo Valley ridges, Apr. 20, 1909,

504

no. 4-K, 483

no. 14-L, 559

no. 28-M, 558

no. 29-H, 561

no. 72-L, 556

578 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

Lay, George Tradescant, & A. Collie,

without locality, 505

Oahu, 491

Lydgate, Rev. John M., south side of

Haleakala, 536

Waialua Mountains, Pole Line Trail,

1*86

Hamakua, 546

Kalihiwai, 1915, 486

no. 3, 541

Macrae, James, Mauna Kea, June, 1825,

565

Mann, Horace, Jr., & William T.

Brigham, no. 203 pro parte, 491 , 494,

495, 509

no. 313, 516

no. 337, 555, 556, 557

no. 601, 521

no. 602, 494, 495

no. 603, 483, 484

MacCaughey, Vaughan, Mt. Waiolani,

October, 1914, 505

Meebold, Alfred, alt. 5,000 ft., Hualalai,

May, 1932, 561

Waiahole ditch trail, June, 1932, 509,

527

alt. 3,000 ft., Makaleha Ridge, June,

1932 527

(Otto Degener distrib.) no. 10,800, 527

(O. Degener distrib.) no. 10,802, 554

(O. Degener distrib.) no. 10,803, 547

(O. Degener distrib.) no. 10,804, 531

(0. Degener distrib.) no. 10,805, 531

(0. Degener distrib.) no. 10,981, 505

no. 20,810, 561

Mitchell, Donald D., Puu Hapapa, Oct.

19, 1930, 534

Morley, Harold, no. 19, 513

Munro, George C., without locality, 509

Lanai, 556, 560

Kaiholena, June 20, 1914, 556

foot of cliff, Lanaihale, Apr. 8, 1915,

556

no. 46, 556

no. 131, 556

no. 139, 556

no. 252, 556

no. 331, 556

no. 332, 556

no. 333, 519

no. 334, 556, 558

no. 376 pro parte, 506, 556, 558

no. 433, 556

no. 483, 546

Nitla, Kazuto (Otto Degener distrib.) no.

10,981, 505, 507

Ordonez, Emilio (Otto Degener distrib.)

no. 12,845, 556

(0. Degener distrib.) no. 12,848, 556

(O. Degener distrib.) no. 12,849, 556

Onouye, Richard, alt. 1,800 ft., on

Maakua-Papali Ridge, Oct. 15,

1933, 527

Oswald, Olaf, no. 3, 509

Remy, Jules, no. 571, 491

no. 572 pro parte, 495, 506, 507, 509

no. 573, 556

Rock, Joseph F. C., Hawaiian Islands,

517

Maui, 51 8

Halawa, 509

Manuka, 517

Punaluu, 555

in rain-forest, alt. 3,000 ft., slopes of

Konahuanui, 505

Koolau Mountains, 1908, 512

without locality, Oct. 3, 1908, 491

Nahiku, Jan. 7, 1909, 546

Palolo, May 9, 1909, 509

Puuwaawaa, June, 1909, 561

Puu Laalaau, June 10, 1909, 565

Hinai Hill, 1910, 546

Haleakala, above Ukulele, September,

1910, 537

Auwahi, November, 1910, 518

lao Valley, 1911, 547

in wet forest, East Maui, May, 1911,

546

Waikapu Valley, May, 1911, 557

Nahiku, May, 1911, 544

"D," East Maui, May, 1911, 546

Mt. Waiolani, October, 1914, 505

Waianae Mountains, Palikea, Dec.

31, 1915, 522

Kauai, Oct., 1916, 453

no. 14 (5,827), 540

no. 17 (2,023), 540

no. 18 (5,481), 532

ho. 18 (6,072), 532

no. 18 (6,074), 532

no. 18 (6,078), 533

no. 19 (4,812), 491

no. 20 (3,958), 562

no. 21 (3,970), 563

no. 22 (3,959), 563

no. 23 (781), 512

no. 25 (1,069), 509

no. 170 pro parte, 512, 531

no. 418, 511,512

no. 535, 512

no. 710 pro parte, 491

no. 990, 491

no. 1,210, 509

no. 1,213, 509

no. 2,014, 539

no. 2,017, 4«3

no. 2,021, 539

no. 2,030, 455

no. 2,031, 453

no. 2,032, 453

no. 2,033, 453

no. 3,805, 563

INDEX

579

no. 3,806, 563

no. 3,957, 561

no. 3,964, 561

no. 3,969, 563

no. 4,836, 491

no. 4,839, 491

no. 5,222, 483

no. 5,223, 483

no. 5,224, 1+83

no. 5,226, 483

no. 5,227, 483

no. 5,229, 483

no. 5,231, 483

no. 5,803, 540

no. 5,805, 540

no. 5,811, 483

no. 5,814, 484

no. 5,817, 487

no. 5,849, 484

no. 5,850, 484

no. 5,872, 540

no. 5,874, 540

no. 6,071, 533

no. 6,080, 540

no. 6,164, 549

no. 7,002, 549

no. 7,007, 549

no. 8,066, 556

no. 8,087, 556

no. 8,104, 556, 558

no. 8,108, 556

no. 8,110, 556

no. 8,111, 556, 558

no. 8,183, 547

no. 8,376,501,502

no. 8,384,501,502

no. 8,509, 546, 547

no. 8,610, 557

no. 8,611, 547, 548

no. 8,656, 536

no. 8,669, 518

no. 8,681, 554

no. 8,720, 509

no. 8,721, 491

no. 8,866, 533

no. 8,867, 532, 533

no. 10,011, 565

no. 10,01 la, 565

no. 10,023, 562, 563

no. 10,069, 545

no. 10,071, 547

no. 10,073, 510

no. 10,074, 562, 563

no. 10,074a, 561

no. 10,075,517

no. 10,076, 517

no. 12,962, 561

no. 12,980, 557

no. 12,988, 517

no. 13,031, 517

no. 13,038, 563

no. 16,010, 545

no. 17,003, 534

no. 17,134, 565

no. 17,135, 565

no. 17,137, 561

no. 17,282, 533

Rock, J. F. C., & Agee, no. 17,027, 531

Rock, J. F. C., & H. M. Ballon, Palolo

Valley, Nov. 30, 1912, 506

Rock, J. F. C., & Copeland, Kapua,

August, 1915, 563

Rock, J. F. C., & Curran, no. 10,077,

547

Rock, J. F. C., & C. N, Forbes, no. 783,

506

Rock, J. F. C., & Hammond, no. 8,066,

557

no. 8,109, 560

no. 8,110, 557

no. 8,183, 545

Rock, J. F. C., & Holm, Palolo, Sep-

tember, 1917, 506

Rock, J. F. C., & Moki, no. 8,087, 557

no. 8,108, 557

Rock, J. F. C., & Nevin, no. 6,183, 524

Rock, J. F. C., & Shaw, no. 10,072, 506

Rock, J. F. C., & Otto H. Swezey, no.

4,813, 527

no. 12,581, 506

Rock, J. F. C., 0. H. Swezey, J. C.

Bridwell, & Timberlake, right-hand

branch of Wailupe Valley, Apr. 14,

1918, 495

Saint John, Harold, no. 10,026, 506

no. 10,140, 527

no. 10,152, 520

no. 10,182, 545

no. 10,215, 545

no. 10,222, 547

no. 10,320, 547

no. 10,378, 522

no. 10,584, 512

no. 11,041, 555

no. 11,081, 509

no. 11,196, 506

no. 11,556, 506

no. 12,198, 531

no. 13,038, 506

no. 13,809, 540

no. 14,003, 534

no. 14,068, 509

Saint John, H., et alii, no. 13,267, 496

Saint John, H., Baker, John Wesley

Coulter, Francis Raymond Fosberg,

& Truman George Yuncker, no.

12,511, 549

no. 12,604, 549

Saint John, H., J. W. Coulter, Hashi-

moto, & Donald D. Mitchell, no.

11,442, 564

Saint John, H., J. Dunn, & William B.

Storey, no. 13,258, 549

no. 13,267, 494

580 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 22

Saint John, H., & F. R. Fosberg, no.

13,469, 1*85

no. 13,864, 51*3

Saint John, H., Hashimoto, E. Y.

Hosaka, James C. Lindsay, & D. D.

Mitchell, no. 11,312, 563

no. 11,329, 563

no. 11,341, 518

no. 11,353, 563

Saint John, H., E. Y. Hosaka, E. P.

Hume, et alii, no. 10,764, 533

Selling, Olof Hugo, no. 2,602, 506

no. 2,868, 533

no. 3,550, 506

no. 3,582, 555

no. 3.676, 512

Sinclair, Mrs. Francis, Jr., Kaolaunui,

557

Haolanlii, commun. January, 1885,

M

Shaw, Palolo, 506, 509

Skottsberg, Carl, no. 177, 506

no. 272, 531

no. 619, 517, 518

no. 620, 563

no. 791 pro parte, 518, 55-4

no. 835, 554

no. 851, 547

no. 895, 506

no. 979, 533

no. 1,008, 5£0

no. 1,023, 1*81*

no. 1,072, 506

no. 1,792, 528

no. 1,793, 506

no. 2,109, 1*91

no. 3,304, 566

Skottsberg, C. (with Albert F. Judd), no.

364, 555

Suehiro, Miss Amy, Laie Ridge, Feb.

14, 1932, 1*95

alt. 3,500 ft., Mt. Kaala, Jan. 8, 1933,

506

South Opaeula Ridge, Sept. 25, 1935,

513

Swezey, Otto H., Koolau Mountains, 506

Ewa, January, 1913, 528

Waiahole, September, 1916, 531

Topping, David LeRoy, no. 2,824, 509

no. 2,890, 1*95

no. 2,925, 528

no. 3,096, 1*91

Tsuji, Nobue, windy and rainy area

at top of ridge, side of Waikane-

Schofield Trail, Oct. 16, 1932, 506

United States (Southern Pacific) Ex-

ploring Expedition under Captain

Wilkes, Oahu, 1*91, 1*95

mountains behind Honolulu, about

1840, 509

on coast southeast of the crater of

Lua Pele and Puna, 516

base of Crater of Haleakala, about

1840, 551*

alt. 7,000 ft., Mauna Loa, about

1840, 516, 517

Wilder, Genii P., Maui, 1913, 51 8, 537

Yamaguchi, Michio, no. 1,249, 1*95

Yoshinaga, E. K., Pupukea, Jan. 12,

1930, 1*91, 528

Yuncker, Truman George, no. 3,018, 528

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA

30112041653723