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JOURNAL

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

VOL. LVII.

PART II. (NATURAL HISTORY, &c.)

(Nos. I. to V.—1888.)

EDITED BY

J. Woop- Mason, FSQss

VICE-PRESIDENT.

*¢ Tt will flourish, if naturalists, chemists, antiquaries, philologers, and men of science

in different parts of Asza will commit their observations to writing, and send them to

the Asiatic Society at Calcutta. It will languish, if such communications shall be long

intermitted ; and it will die away, if they shall entirely cease.”’ SIR WM. JONEs,

a eeeee eee eee e_CcoeN5__e_ce_5_ _ ko e_ eee ee eOO~sS

CALCUTTA :

PRINTED AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS,

‘ AND PUBLISHED BY THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY, 57, PARK STREET,

‘ 1890.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

AnpErson, Henry H.;—Anoplophrya exolosomatis, a new Ciliate

Infusorian parasitic in the Alimentary Canal of Aiolosoma

* chlorostictum W.-M., MSS. (Plate I.), .........00 er

Arxinson, E. T. ar on Indian de caets Face ceiim

No. iuwiees eeeseecsee eee eee eons see eeenen

Ni otes on ais poser ; pierce ay

roe ae ee Sy sadenaaaay

ewe or IE ban ae Rynchoa. (Pat

Ee rissisccececs

Buanrorp, H. F. oer feat of oe hese oF ‘Ci um he a W.

Himalaya between Levels of 4,500 and 10,500 Feet. (Plates

PI XX), nse s.encaes pies he Saduanwenthes

Buanrorp, W. T. ;—Notes on ieee. “Chiseueetd Spee

Cottett, H.;—On certain Features in the Coloatedt ieaBaes

of the Myelat District of the Southern Shan States in Upper

Burmah as affecting the Drainage of the Country, ..s.cecees

CrompBiz, A., & Prpinr, ALEX. ;—On recent Tornadoes in ja

with special reference to the Tornado at Dacca on April 7th,

1888. In two Parts. Part I. <A Description of the Meteoro-

logical Conditions in Bengal which accompanied the Formation

of the Dacca Tornado.— By Avex. Pepisr, Offg. Meteorological

Reporter to the Government of Bengal. Part Il. A full De-

scription of the actual Phenomena of the Dacca Tornado.—By

A. Cromsiz, M. D., Civil Surgeon of Dacca. (Plates XXIV

—XXIX),... ia ee ee Gina Siv'uiece Gala ast aN venice

Gites, G. M. eben) ae ies ed H. M. ee Marine

Survey Steamer ‘ Investigator’, Commander AurruD CaRpEN-

Ter, R. N., D.S. O., Commanding. No.9. Further Notes on

the Amphipoda of Indian Waters. (Plates VI—XII),.........

Hampson, G. F.;—The Butterflies of the Nilgirc District, South

Ny Wise ennetensectnssancenee vue

Hitt, 8. A. -—The Ps S etaclek dad ae Oadairad Dae, a

184

220

346

369

iv List of Contributors.

Page

Mouxkuopapuyay, AsutosH ;—A General Theorem on the i

Equations of Trajectories, ...... 72

——- ;—_ On Posen s iene a (Ww ts a Woals

CUE }e.Sccuss ves heetateteds 100

= pads ¢ ie "Differential. Equation of ‘all

PACCbolds, wernnessonens 316

Nice’vituz, L. DE 1 utOg mew or WR ican Butierities ome te

Indian Region. (Plates XITI—XIV),.......- secceccsvsescsecee ses 273

Pepirer, ALEX., & Warpen, C. J. H.;-—-On the Nature = the Toxic

Principle of the Aroidere, 10. iis ete sec ss ans dvesonces caeese tas /teeans sen

PEDLER, ALEX., see CromBin, Dr. rm

THOMAS, Graney ;—On HKupetaurus, a new form of Flying Squir-

rel from Kashmir. (Plates XXTI—XXIII.),..............s000008 206

Warpen, C. J. H., see Papier, ALEX.

Woop-Mason, J.;—WNotes on some Objects from a Neolithic Settle-

ment recently discovered by Mr. W. H. P. Driver, at Ranchi

in the Chota-Nagpore District. (Plates LI—V) ; w.ccesccueeee 387

Dates of issue of the different numbers of the Journal,

Part IT, 1888.

No. J.—Containing pp. 1—117, was issued on June 8th, 1888.

No. II.—Containing pp. 117—219, with Plates XXIV, XXV, XXVI,

XXVIT, XXVIII, & XXIX, was issued on July 19th,

1888.

No. I1I.—Containing pp. 219—272, with Plates VI, VII, VIII, IX, X,

XI, XII, XXII, & XXIII, was issued on October 10th,

1888.

No. IV.—Containing pp. 273—396, with Plates I, II, III, IV, V, XIII,

XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX, & Xia

issued on March 23rd, 1889.

No, V.—Containing Title-page, Index, &c., to the Volume.

LPP LL LL LLL LLL LLL OL Pelt

Inst of Plates. Vv

LIST OF PLATES.

I. Anoplophrya wolosomatis.

ai.

a Objects from a Neolithic Settlement at Ranchi.

Ae}

Wil.

Witt.

IX. } Indian Amphipoda.

xr |

XIV. ‘ Indian Butterflies.

XV. Indian Homoptera.

or — Ferns.

aX. |

XXI.)

a i Hupetaurus cinereus.

XXIV.)

XXV.

XXVI. | Charts illustrative of the papers on the Dacca Tornado of

XXVII. April 7th, 1888.

XXVIIL |

XXIX.J

Vi 1989 A od

< =

Bio chao tT pxas =

JOURNAL

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

—@—

Part II.—NATURAL SCIENCE.

No. I.—1888.

I1.—Notes on Indian Ruyncnota: Heteroptera, No. 3.

By E. T. Arxtnson, B. A.

[ Received, 25th July :—Read, August 3rd, 1887. ]

Family Pentatomip# (continued).

Genus Datpapa (continued).

137. DaALPADA TRIMACULATA, Westwood.

Pentatoma 3-maculata, Westw., Hope, Cat. Het. i, p. 41 (1837).

Dalpada angulicollis, Ellenr., Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind. p. 142, f. 9 (1862): Walker,

Cat. Het. i, p. 221 (1867).

Dalpada triguttata, Voll., Versl. Ak. Amst. Nat. (2) ii, p. 179 (1868).

Dalpada trimaculata, Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 184 (1851); Walker, 1. c. p. 219

(1867): Stal, En. Hem. v. p. 44 (1876).

Piceous, punctured ; a slender line on sides of pronotum, and a dorsal

line with two large spots at basal angles of scutellum and its apex,

whitish, posterior angles of pronotum prominulous, subacute: antenne

pale: body beneath luteous, sides broadly piceous (Westw.). Long, 143

mill.

Reported from Philippines, Java, Borneo, Assam (mihi).

138. DaLpapA BULBIFERA, Walker.

Dalpada bulbifera, Walker, Cat. Het. i, p. 223 (1867).

Testaceous, nearly fusiform, thickly and somewhat roughly punc-

tured ; punctures brown ; beneath luteous, with a black stripe on each

2 EK. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

side : head lanceolate, as long as the pronotum, with three irregular black

stripes, of which the median is forked between the eyes; tylus extending

a little beyond the juga; eyes very prominent; rostrum with a black

tip, extending rather beyond the last coxe: antenne piceous, slender,

much more than half the length of the body, first joint not extending

to the front; 2-3 joints with testaceoas tips; second a little longer

than the third; fourth much longer than the third; and than the fifth,

which is testaceous at the base : pronotum, scutellum and hemelytra partly

and slightly clouded with brown; pronotum with a transverse impression,

in front of which there are four black spots; posterior angles black,

smooth, shining, globose: scutellum attenuated towards the base:

pectus with a black patch on each side containing three testaceous

spots: abdomen beneath with a furrow which extends to the posterior

margin of the fourth segment, with a piceous apical patch, and with

two black stripes which include testaceous lateral spots: legs long,

setulose, femora black-speckled, tibiz piceous towards the tips: mem-

brane cinereous, with broad brown streaks between the veins. Nar-

rower than D. nodifera, Walker, with which it agrees in the structure

of the posterior angles of the pronotum (Walker). Long body, 15

mill.

Reported from N. India.

139. Dapapa BREVIVITTA, Walker.

Dalpada brevivitta, Walker, Cat. Het. i, p. 224 (1867).

Dingy lurid, elliptical, minutely punctured; punctures black,

which hue here and there forms patches; beneath dull tawny: head a

little shorter than the pronotum; tylus not extending beyond the juga;

eyes very prominent: rostrum very slender, extending a little beyond

the hind border of the first abdominal segment : antenne very slender,

much shorter than the body; first joint not extending to the front of

the head, full half the length of the second, which is a little shorter

than the third ; fourthand fifth black, a little longer than the third ; fifth

shorter than the fourth: pronotum with the usual transverse impression,

between which and the posterior margin is a broad lurid stripe ; posterior

angles slightly acute, not prominent: scutellum not extending beyond the

posterior angles of the corium: legs rather long and slender; tarsi and

tips of the femora and of the tibia black: hemelytra with two blackish

patches ; membrane cinereous, with a broad brown streak and an in-

complete brown border. Like D. tecta, Walker, in structure, but is

much darker beneath, and the sides of the pronotum are serrated ante-

riorly (Walker). Long, 15 mill.

Reported from Cachar (Assam).

1888. ] E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 3

140. Daupapa tecta, Walker.

Dalpada tecta, Walker, Cat. Het. i, p. 224 (1867).

Pale testaceous, elliptical, coarsely, and thickly punctured; punctures

geneous, beneath luteous: head very little shorter than the pronotum;

tylus hardly extending beyond the juga, a thinly punctured space on the

hind border: eyes rather prominent; rostrum black towards the tip,

extending a little beyond the fore border of the third abdominal

segment: antennz Iuteous, slender, black-speckled, first jot not ex-

tending to the front of the head ; second shorter than the third : pronotum

with a smooth longitudinal line, which is dilated on the transverse im-

pression; hind angles obtuse, prominent: scutellum extending rather

beyond the angle of the corium, with a smooth interrupted longitudinal

line which is dilated on the fore borders at the tip: pectus and under-

side of abdomen thinly and minutely punctured on each side; punc-

tures black: legs slender, black speckled: hemelytra with a short

black stripe on the disc: membrane brown. Shorter than D. affinis,

Dallas, and the posterior angles of the pronotum are neither convex nor

smooth. Long, body, 13 mill.

Reported from Silhat.

141. Dawupapa conrusa, Distant.

Dalpada confusa, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 121 (1879): Scien. Res, 2nd

Yarkand Miss. p. 3, f. 1, (1879).

Luteous, thickly covered with green punctures: head emarginate in

front, with the sides reflexed and some small indistinct ochreous

markings at the base: antenne pitchy, each joint luteous at the base,

the basal and apical joints smallest, second shorter than third, 3-4 sub-

equal: rostrum just passing beyond the posterior cox, with the tip

pitchy : pronotum somewhat transversely gibbous at the base, in a line

with the lateral angles, after which it is abruptly deflexed towards the

head ; the lateral angles, prominent, subacute ; lateral margins denticu-

lated for about half their length from the apex; the punctuation is very

dense along the lateral margins and at the pronotal angles: scutellum

somewhat gibbous at the base, deflexed towards the apex, where it is

more sparingly punctured: corium with a faint impunctate longitudinal

line on the disc, extending from the base to about two-thirds its length,

rather widened at the apex: membrane extending beyond the apex of

the abdomen, pale fuscous, with the veins dark brown for half the

length from the base, followed by a row of four brown spots and a

marginal row of six spots of the same colour, the two outer ones being

long and linear: underside of body Inteous, with the pectoral and abdo-

A BE. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

minal margins broadly punctured with green, sparingly on abdomen and

more densely on prostethium; legs Iuteous, thickly spotted with brown ;

tarsi luteous, apical joint pitchy (Distant). Long 3, 14, breadth of

angles of pronotum, 63 mill: long Q, 15-16; breadth of angles of pro-

notum, 73 mill.

Reported from Murree (Punjab).

Add :—

Dalpada apicifera, Walker, Cat. i, p. 222 (1867) from Hong-Kong :

much resembles D. oculata, but the posterior angles of the pronotum

are not globose. Long, 16} mill.

Dalpada nodifera, Walker, 1. c. from Hong-Kong: posterior angles

of the pronotum are more globose than those of D. oculata, and the first

tibize are less dilated. Long, 14¢ mill.

Dalpada consobrina, Walker, 1. c., p. 225, from Siam, distinguish-

able from D. clavata by its larger size and the markings above and

beneath. Long, 16% mill.

Dalpada brevis, Walker, |. c. p. 226, from Hong-Kong: broader than

D. tecta. Long, 135 mill.

Dalpada cinctipes, Walker, 1. c. p. 229, from N. China: angles of

pronotum much less rounded than in D. oculata and the scutellum

narrower near the tip. Long, 16% mill.

Genus ApopipHus, Spinola.

Ess. p. 295 (1837): Dallas, List Hem. p. 190 (1851): includes Apodiphya, Am.

& Serv., Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém. p. 108 (1843) : Fieber, Hur. Hem. p. 337 (1861).

Elongate: head with the juga extending well beyond the tylus

and not uniting in front of it: rostrum arising at a little distance from

the labrum and always before the antenne, the third joint somewhat

longer than the second, fourth only half of second: antenne long,

second joint twice as long as the first, third one-fourth the length of

second, and fourth as long as second : lateral margins of head and abdo-

men unarmed: pronotum hexagonal; middle of the sides sinuate ; ante-

rior half serrate, humeral angles prominent: scutellum long, narrowed

behind the middle towards the apex which is obtuse :. mesostethium

carinate.

142. APODIPHUS AMYGDALI, Germar.

Halys amygdali, Germar, Reise Dalm. p. 284, t. 9, f. 4 (1817).

Halys hellenica, Lefeb., Mag. Zool. p. 24, t. 24 (1830): Herr. Schaff. Wanz. Ins.

v, p. 67, t. 166, f. 512 (1839), and vii, p. 59 (1844): Kolenati, Mel. Ent. iv, p. 43

(1846).

Halys easculpta, Burm. Handb. Ent. ii, p. 362 (1835).

1888. ] EH. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 5)

Apodiphya hellenica, Am. & Serv. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém. p. 108 (1843),

Apodiphus hellenicus, Spinola, Ess., p. 296 (1837); Dallas, List Hem. p. 190

(1851).

Apodiphya amygdali, Fieber, Eur. Hem. p. 337 (1861).

Apodiphus amygdali, Muls. & Rey, Pun. France, p. 354 (1866): Walker, Cat.

Het. i, p. 232 (1867).

Rusty red, thickly punctured black, giving it a marbled appear-

ance above ; below, the black points are much finer: connexivum with

four double black lines: a line from the tylus to the scutellum also

sides of pectus, lighter rusty or yellow-red. Long, 18-22 mill.

Reported from eastern shores of Mediterranean, Greece, Baghdad

(mihi), Assam.

Genus Ertuesina, Spinola.

Ess. p. 291 (1837): Am. & Serv. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém. p. 104 (1848): Dallas,

List Hem. i, p. 153 (1851): Walker, Cat. Het. i, p. 217 (1867): Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A.

Forh. p. 510 (1837); En. Hem. v, p. 37, 45 (1876).

Differs from Halys in having the first joint of the rostrum extend-

ing beyond the buccule and the veins of the membrane simple or some-

what furcate. The juga do not extend beyond the tylus, and are even

a little shorter than it: first and last tibize dilated.

143. Errausina FruLLO, Thunberg.

Cimex fullo, Thunb. Nov. Ins. Spec. p. 42, t. 2, f. 57 (1783).

Cimex mucoreus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iv, p. 117 (1794).

Halys mucorea, Fabr., Syst. Rhyng. p. 183 (1803); Wolff, Ie. Cim. v, p. 185.

t. 18, f. 179 (1811); Burmeister, Handb. Ent. ii (i), p. 363 (1835); Herr. Schaff.

Wamnz, Ins. vii, p. 60 (1844).

Erthesina mucorea, Spinola, Ess., p. 291 (1837); Am. & Serv. Hist. Nat. Ins.

Hém. p. 104 (1843).

Erthesina fullo, Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 183 (1851); Uhler, Proc. Ac. Phil. p.

223 (1860); Walker, Cat. Het. i, p. 217 (1867); Stal, En. Hem. v, p. 45 (1876) ;

Distant, Proc. Ent. Soc. p. lvii, (1878); A. M. N. H. (5s. ), iii, p. 45 (1879) ; Trans.

Ent. Soc. p. 415 (1883).

Antenne, black (apical joint yellow at the base) ; clypeus porrect,

dentated, deep black, the margin anda median line, white: pronotum

crenated, scutelluam and hemelytra black, punctured white: wings

black, immaculate: body olivaceous; margin of abdomen varied black,

and a line before the margin formed of black dots: feet black, femora

beneath and tibiz, annulated white: first pair of tibiae compressly

membranous (C. mucoreus, Fabr.).

Head porrect, black, shining, impressly punctured ; with a longi-

tudinal line and somewhat raised margins, pale; apex with a small,

6 KE. T. Atkinson-—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

straight, impressed line on each side, and before the apex a small tooth ;

a small oblique pale line on both sides behind the fuscous eyes ; beneath

black, impressly punctured, a broad, pale, impunctate streak on each

side: rostrum 4-jointed, long, subpilose, fuscous, paie at the base, lying

between two pale, unidentate plates: antennz 5-jointed, black, last

joint yellow at the base: pronotum almost flat, deeply impressly punc-

tured black; dots and spots, the margin and a longitudinal line some-

what elevated, pale; posterior angles somewhat acute: scutellum longer

than half the abdomen, black, punctured like the pronotum but some of

the dots large, distinct, callous, and with three larger whitish spots at

the base: hemelytra obscurely fuscous, deeply impressly punctured, a

large, more distinct, pale spot on the disc; membrane black, striated,

shining; wings fuliginous: abdomen above fuscous, margin rounded,

prominulous, flavescent, with four deep black ocellar spots on both sides ;

beneath convex, greyish, shining, with a groove at the base for the

rostrum ; five black marginal spots on both sides; penultimate segment

spotted black: pectus testaceous with black impressed dots and patches,

a fuscous speculum between the anterior and intermediate feet: anus

entire : feet testaceous, unarmed; femora with two lines and several

spots, black: first tibie dilated outwards at the apex, all the tibize

angulate, black at base and apex, subpilose ; last tibiae compressed :

tarsi 3-jointed, testaceous, black at the apex, subpilose (Wolf.). Long,

20-25 mill.

Reported from Java, Ceylon, Bombay, Bengal, China, Japan. The

Indian Museum has specimens from Calcutta (mihi), Sikkim, Assam.

Very variable in size and depth of colour and in having buccule an-

teriorly rounded or angulate.

144. ERTHESINA GUTTATA, Fabricius.

Cimes guttatus, Fabr., Mant. Ins. ii, p. 291 (1787); Ent. Syst. iv, p. 108 (1794).

Edessa guttata, Fabr., Syst. Rhyng, p. 151 (1803).

Erthesina guttata, Stal, Hem. Fabr. i, p. 23 (1868): En. Hem. v, p. 45 (1876).

Head oblong, greenish, with a dorsal line and margin whitish :

pronotum punctured, scarcely spinose, greenish, sprinkled with numer-

ous white dots: seutellum and hemelytra of the same colour as the

pronotum : wings, black: margin of abdomen varied green and white :

body beneath, flavescent, with greenish streaks and dots: first pair of

femora above greenish, beneath flavescent : first tibise membranous,

black, with a white ring; last femora yellow; last tibie, black with a

yellow ring (Fabr.). Long 23-25 mill. }

Reported from Siam, Ceylon, (mihi), India. Differs from EH. fullo,

Thunb. in its larger size, colour above, head broader anteriorly and

apex of scutellum pale yellow-whitish.

1888. | E. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 7

145. Erruesina acuminata, Dallas.

Erthesina acuminata, Dallas, List, i, p. 183 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het. i, p. 217

(1867) ; Stal, En. Hem. v, p. 45 (1876).

3. Above greyish-testaceous, very thickly punctured with brown :

head pointed in front, with the lateral margins slightly toothed near the

apex ; pitchy brown, with the lateral margins, and a median longitudi-

nal impunctate line, testaceous; pronotum with the anterior portion

pitchy brown, more thickly punctured than the posterior, with a short

impunctate testaceous line continuous with that of the head: scutellum

more coarsely punctured than the rest of the surface, the base with

three indistinct testaceous spots : membrane brownish, semitransparent :

margins of the abdomen variegated with black and yellow: body be-

neath testaceous, sparingly punctured with brown: abdomen with a

transverse black line on each of the sutures; anal plate dark brown:

sternum black: legs testaceous; femora with numerous brown points,

and with a brown longitudinal streak on each side; tibie brownish at

the base and the apex; dilatation of the anterior tibie triangular ;

tarsi with the tip of the apical joint, and the claws, brown: rostrum

testaceous, with the apical joint and the edges of the groove in the

second and third, deep pitchy brown: antennze brown, with the two

apical joints pitchy, the base of the last jomt orange (Dallas). Long,

21 mill.

Reported from N. Bengal.

Genus Hatys, Fabricius, Dallas.

Fabr., pt, Syst. Rhyng. p. 103 (1803): Am. & Serv. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém.

p- 108 (1843): Herr. Schaff. Wanz. Ins. vii, p. 54 (1844): Dallas, List Hem. i, p.

153, 187 (1851): Walker, Cat. Het. i, p. 230 (1867): Stal, Hem. Afric.i, p. 80

(1864) ; Ofvers. K. V.-A. Forh. p. 510 (1867) ; En. Hem. vy, p. 45 (1876).

Head elongated, tapering in front; tylus as long as, or longer than,

the juga; first joint of rostrum not extending beyond the buccule: last

tibie simple, not dilated: apical angles of sixth segment of abdomen

rounded at the apex: veins of membrane irregularly ramulose. In

Hrthesina, the last tibize are dilated ; in Dalpada, the head is rounded or

truncated at the apex with the sides more or less parallel.

146. Hatys pentata, Fabricius.

Cimex dentatus, Fabr., Syst. Ent. p. 702 (1775) ; Spec. Ins. ii, p. 346 (1781) ;

Mant. Ins. ii, p. 284 (1787); Ent. Syst. iv, p. 96 (1794); Wolff. Ic. Cim. ii, p. 51,

t. 6, £. 48 (1801): Stoll, Punaises, p. 33 t. 6, f. 47 (1788).

Cimex sulcatus, Thunberg, Nov. Ins. Spec. ii, p. 43 (1783).

Halys serrigera, Westwood, Hope, Cat. Hem. i, p. 23 (1837).

8 ¥. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

Halys serricollis, Westwood, Hope, Cat. Hem. i, p. 23 (1837).

Halys dentata, Fabr., Syst. Rhyng. p. 180 (1803) ; Herr. Schiff. Wanz. Ins. vii,

p. 60, t. 233, f. 724 (1844); Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 187 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het.

i, p. 280 (1867); Stal, En. Hem. v, p. 45 (1876) ; Distant, A. M. N. H. (5s.) iii, p. 45

(1879).

Body cinereous and varied with black: head porrect, unidentate on

each side: pronotum spinose and with four small teeth on the margin:

abdomen beneath canaliculate (Fabr.). Antenne 5-jointed, fuscous,

first joint short, stout, rest rufescent at the apex: head, pronotum,

scutellum, hemelytra and pectus, greyish, with numerous fuscous or

black points and longitudinal lines: head with a small tooth on each

side before the fuscous eyes, and two small, flexuose, longitudinal,

fuscous lines on the apex; ocelli distant; rostrum 4-jointed, fuscous,

greyish at the base, almost as long as the body, second joint curved :

pronotum unequal anteriorly, margin (especially the antero-lateral) ser-

rulate, the posterior angles obtusely spinose, transversely impressed in

the middle: scutellum as long as half the abdomen, apiculate, with two

small impressed lines in the middle, and other black longitudinal lines,

also many impressed fuscous points: hemelytra with many impressed

fuscous points and black spots forming abreviated bands; beneath paler :

membrane flavescent adorned with black denticulated lines: wings

fuliginous, with a fuscous spot at the apex: abdomen above, fuscous,

variegated black; beneath fuscous, shining, very finely impressly

punctured, a median longitudinal impressed line from the rostrum, entire

to the anus: all the feet unarmed, punctured fuscous; tibiz angulate

(Wolff.). Vars. (a), pronotum with two black longitudinal streaks :

(b), teeth on the side of the head, obsolete: (c), colour paler. Long,

19-23 mill.

Reported from China, Japan, Assam, Bombay, Tranquebar. The

Indian Museum possesses specimens from Arakan, Assam, Sikkim

(mihi), Calcutta (mihi), Allahabad, Bombay, Madras. Very variable in

size and colour.

Genus Cistoris, Distant.

A. M. N. H. (5 s.) iii, p. 48 (1879).

Ovate depressed, head triangular, juga much longer than the tylus,

meeting beyond it, but divided at the apex: antenne 4-jointed ; first

joint robust, not quite reaching the apex of the head; second joint a

little shorter than the third; 3 and 4 subequal; the last somewhat

thickened: rostrum reaching the posterior coxe; apical joint longest :

pronotum a little longer than the head, about twice as broad as long,

the lateral margins denticulated, the lateral angles prominent ; it is

1888. ] E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhy nchota. 9

slightly prominent and rounded at the base; deflexed towards the head :

scutellum a little longer than broad, extending slightly beyond the

base of the membrane, gradually narrowed for two-thirds its length

from the base, whence it extends almost straight to the apex, which is

narrowed and rounded: membrane with longitudinal veins: abdomen

dilated, projecting a little on each side, convex below ; abdomen, legs,

and sternum unarmed (Distant).

The 4-jointed antenne, length of the juga, and general shape of the

body ally this genus to Atelocera and Memmia.

147.—Céstopis TERRA, Distant.

(stopis terra, Distant, A. M. N. H. (5 8.) iii, p. 49 (1879).

Brownish luteous; corium with a reddish hue, thickly and some-

what regularly covered with darker punctures: head very thickly

punctured and somewhat darker in hue: antennz luteous ; apical joint

black, luteous at the base: pronotum with the punctures thicker and

darker along the lateral and near the anterior margins: scutellum

somewhat rugulose, and darker at the base: membrane pale fuscous:

abdomen above pitchy ; abdominal margin broad and distinct: sternum

concolorous with upperside of body; underside of abdomen rather

darker, with a faint median longitudinal black line: legs Inteous,

femora thickly speckled with black (Distant). Long, 17; breadth of

angles of pronotum, 8 mill.

Reported from Khasiya hills, 4500—6000 feet, (Assam).

Genus Betopis, Distant.

A. M. N.H. (5 8.) iii, p. 50 (1879).

Broad, ovate: head triangular, juga longer than the tylus, and

meeting beyond it, but divided at the apex : antennz 5-jointed : pronotum

rather more than twice broader than long; the lateral angles prominent,

subacute, the lateral margins denticulated; deflexed towards the head :

scutellum with the length equal to the breadth at the base, gradually

narrowed for two-thirds the length, and then extending nearly straight

to the apex, which is narrowed and rounded: membrane with longi-

tudinal veins: abdomen dilated above, projecting a little on each side :

convex below: sternum and abdomen unarmed; tibiz moderately

sulcated (Distant).

148.—BrLopis unicoLor, Distant.

Belopis unicolor, Distant, A. M. N. H. (5 s.) iii, p. 50 (1879).

Ochraceous, thickly and finely punctured; punctures somewhat

darker on frontal half of pronotum and head: antennew reddish; second

10 BE. T. Atkinson—Noles on Indian Rhynchota. [ No. 1,

joint longer than the first, shorter than the fourth, 3 and 5 longest,

subequal: scutellum with the median portion punctured, rather darker,

lateral edges concolorous with other parts of the upper surface : mem-

brane ochraceous ; underside of body and legs concolorous, the former

thickly and finely punctured (Distant). Long, 14; breadth of angles

of pronotum, 10 mill.

Reported from the Khasiya hills (Assam).

Genus Orraoscuizops, Spinola.

Gen. In. Art. p. 131 (1852) ; Stal, Hem. Afric. i, p. 78, 105 (1864): Walker, Cat.

Het. i, p. 231 (1867). Stal, En. Hem. v, p. 48, (1876).

Body ovate: head produced; its lateral margins near the eyes

armed with a tooth or forming an angle more or less distinct: juga

longer than the tylus: buccule extended to the base of the head, mode-

rately elevated: rostrum reaching to or extending a little beyond the

last pair of feet: antennee 5-jointed, slender, the first joint not reaching

the apex of the head: anterior lateral margins of the pronotum irre-

gularly denticulate: scutellum triangular, lateral margins sinuated

in the middle; frena not, or only very slightly, extended behind the

middle of the scutellum : membrane reticulated: sterna rather deeply

furrowed: venter sometimes slightly furrowed: feet longish, robust,

femora unarmed ; tibise three cornered: corium longer than scutellum,

its apical part not so broad (Stal).

149.—ORTHOSCHIZOPS ASSIMILIS, Westwood.

Halys assimilis, Westwood, Hope, Cat. Hem. i, p. 21 (1837).

Orthoschizops assimilis, Walker, Cat. Het. i, p. 232 (1867); Stal, En. Hem. v,

p. 49 (1876).

Brunneous fuscous, punctured and variegated, black; head anteri-

orly sub-bifid; sides of pronotum serrate with some somewhat large

spines, posterior angle a little prominent: scutellum whitish at the

apex: membrane reticulated black: antenne and feet fuscous brunne-

ous (Westw.). Long, 16—17 mill.

Reported from India.

Add as 25 b :—

CoprosoMA FIMBRIATUM, Distant.

Coptosoma fimbriatum, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 342 (1887).

Body above, shining black: margin of head (broadly), eyes, ocelli,

antenne, lateral margins of the pronotum, abdominal margin as seen at

_the base of the scutellum, head beneath, rostrum, legs, margins of the

sternum and the abdomen, and anal segment, reddish ochraceous : ab-

1888. ] K. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. BI

domen beneath shining black : sternum dull opaque black. The head is

prominent, rounded in front, and not perceptibly simuated in front of

the eyes: the ocelli are situate wide apart, rather nearer to the eyes

than to each other: and the tibiz are sulcated above (Dist.). Long, 5;

greatest breadth, 5 mill.

Reported from Sikkim (mihi), where it is rather common,

Div. Scrocoraria, Stal.

En. Hem. vy, p. 49 (1876): Sciocorides, pt. Am. & Serv., Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém.

p- 118 (1846) ; Sciocoride, pt., Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 130 (1851).

Head clypeated, not, or only rarely, a little narrower than the base

of the scutellum, foliaceously dilated, amplified before the collum, intra-

ocular part broader than the collum: ocelli remote from the small

eyes; antenniferous tubercles remote from the sides of the head, not

distinguishable from above ; first jot of the antenne not reaching the

apex of the head: scutellum gradually, or somewhat so, narrowed, from

the base ; its sides not, or only very slightly, sinuated: entire lateral

margins of the body flattened, laminated (Stal.)

Genus Scrocoris, Fallen.

Hem. Suec. p. 20 (1829): Dallas, pt., List. Hem. i, p. 131 (1851): Fieb. Eur.

Hem. p. 355 (1861) ; Stal, Hem. Afric. i, p. 79, 120 (1864); Ofvers. K. V. A. Férh.

xxix, 3, p. 35 (1872); Hn. Hem. v, p. 49, 50 (1876).

Body oval, depressed, beneath slightly convex: head longish,

flattened, foliaceous, juga longer than the tylus, and anteriorly conti-

guous: ocelli small: rostrum reaching somewhat the last pair of coxa,

first joint not extending beyond the buccule posteriorly, second about

equal to the two apical taken together: pronotum anteriorly broadly

sinuated, lateral margins flattened: scutellum narrowed hindwards,

sides not, or only very shghtly, sinuated ; frena short: veins of membrane

simple: pro- and meso-stethium furrowed : feet moderate : first joint of

last tarsi a little shorter than the two apical joints taken together (Stal).

150. Sciocoris LATERALIS, Fieber.

Sciocoris lateralis, Fieber, Rhynch. p. 21 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het. i, p. 178

(1867) ; Stal, En. Hem. v, p. 51 (1876).

Oval, grey, thickly punctured brown: pronotum and scutellum

with scattered callous spots: head semioval, flat, sides anteriorly almost

angular, with a curved transverse impression: rostrum yellowish, ter-

minal joint black: antennz brownish-yellow, third joint brown above,

fourth yellowish at the base, above brown like the entire fifth joint :

pronotum 23 times broader than long; emargination broad, shallow,

curved; the disc equally gradually convex hindward ; on the slightly

12 E. T. Atkinson-—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. I,

curve] edges, a longitudinal three-cornered whitish spot whose posterior

corner reaches almost the humeral angles, the inner corner resting on the

transverse furrow which is rather shallow: apex of scutellum rounded,

margin sometimes whitish, basal angle black, with a small callous

point: hemelytra uniformly thickly punctured, with some brown trans-

verse streaks and dots; corinm a little longer than the scutellum, apex

almost acute-angled, a long four-cornered spot at the base, as also

the principal vein with an abbreviated streak becoming broader

hindward, yellowish-white: suture of membrane almost straight, mem-

brane diaphanous with raised veins having scattered brown dots be-

tween them: dorsum black; the two posterior tibie with yellowish

lateral spots: connexivum at the emarginations with fouv-cornered

black-punctured and often ocellated spots: pectus black between the

feet, the sides thickly punctured brown, the acetabula less so: feet

coarsely punctured, before the tips of the femora a whitish and black

punctured ring : abdomen thickly punctured brown, the median part,

a zigzag lateral streak, and a semicircular lateral spot, yellowish-white ;

both sides of the lateral streak densely punctured ; the middle of the

base of the sixth abdominal segment and two dots on the third abdomi-

nal segment, black. Long, 4} mill.

Reported from further India.

151. Scrocorts mnpicus.

Sciocoris indicus, Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 182 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het. i, p. 177

(1867); (?) Stal, En. Hem. vy, p. 128 (1876).

@. Grey, punctured; head subelongate ; antenne fuscous at the

apex ; feet pale, punctured fuscous ; membrane punctured fuscous ; body

beneath fuscous-grey, apical spot black (Dallas). Long 54—6 mill.

Reported from N. India.

Div. Myrocuarta, Stal.

En. Hem. v, p. 52 (1876).

Lateral margins of the head and generally also of the pronotum

flattened, laminated ; the lateral margins of the head posteriorly not,

or only obsoletely, sinuated ; those of the pronotum entire or very

obsoletely crenulate: juga generally longer than the tylus, and, before

the tylus, contiguous; antenniferous tubercles not, or only rarely,

very slightly prominulous beyond the sides of the head: first joint

of the antennsz not reaching the apex of the head: rostrum moderate

or shortish, second joint shorter than the two apical taken together,

or at least not longer: mesostethium generally furrowed: femora,

at least the first pair, spinose beneath; venter without a furrow, un-

armed at the base (S/dal).

1888. ] E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 13

Genus Laprivs, Stal.

Ofvers. K. V.-A. Forh. p. 200 (1861); 1. c., p. 505 (1867); Eu. Hem. v, p. 52

(1876).

Head slightly narrowed forwards, subovate, almost as long as the

pronotum ; lateral margins not, or but very slightly, sinuate before the

eyes ; juga not, or but very slightly, extending beyond the tylus, entirely

distant from each other ; antenniferous tubercles very slightly prominu-

lous beyond the lateral margins of the head, with a small spine at the

apex externally ; first joint of the antenne not reaching the apex of

the head, second joint much longer than the third; ocelli moderate or

large, moderately distant from the eyes, much more distant from each

other; rostrum extending behind the intermediate pair of feet, second

joint shorter than the two apical taken together : pronotum with anterior

lateral margins entire, anterior angles not produced to the eyes, lateral

angles prominent ; anteriorly, between the eyes, broadly sinuate: frena

extended beyond the middle of the scutellum which is triangular and

gradually narrowed : pro- and meso-stethium distinctly furrowed : aper-

tures of the odoriferous apparatus auriculate.

152. Laprius vARIcoRNIS, Dallas.

Sciocoris varicornis, Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 186 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het. i, p.

177 (1867); Scott, A. M. N. H. (4:8.) xiv, p. 289 (1874).

Laprius varicornis, Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A., Férh., p. 623 (1870); En. Hem. v,

p. 52 (1876) ; Distant, A. M. N. H. (5 s.) iii, p. 45 (1879).

$, 2. Ovate, pale, brownish grey, very thickly and finely punc-

tured with brown: eyes black: pronotum with the anterior angles acute,

somewhat produced anteriorly : scutellum with a a small pale impunctate

spot in each basal angle: hemelytra more or less ferruginous, membrane

brownish: abdomen beneath very thickly punctured with black, the

punctures of the margins sometimes colourless ; within the line of the

stigmata on each side, is a row of short whitish lines: legs testaceous ;

femora with a few brown points; tibie towards the apex and the

tarsi brown: rostrum testaceous, with the apex brown: antennz with

the three basal joints red, the apex of the third black ; two apical joints

black, with the base yellowish. A variety has a red tinge on the upper

surface ; margins of abdomen beneath, tips of femora, base and tips of

tibiwe, and entire third joint of antenne, red (Dallus). Long, 3,11

mill; @ 112 mill.

Reported from N. India, Rangoon, Philippines, China, Japan,

common in Sikkim (mihi).

14. H. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [ No. I,

153. Laprius Gastrricus, Thunberg.

Cimex gastricus, Thunb., Hem. Rostr. Cap. ii, p. 1 (1822).

Paramecocoris gastricus, Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A. Férh. p. 182 (1855); 1. c., p. 56

(1856); Walker, Cat. Het. i, p. 178 (1867).

Laprius gastricus, Stal, En. Hem. v, p. 52 (1876): Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc.,

p. 415 (1883).

Yellow-testaceous, densely and somewhat deeply punctured black

fuscous: head with the sides parallel, oblique from the middle: scutel-

lum furnished on both sides at the base with a yellow testaceous callus,

impunctate : membrane fuscescent: body beneath with feet, of a weaker

colour, less densely punctured ; abdomen with a blackish streak on both

sides; antenne rufescent, two last joints fuscous, sordid yellow at the

base (Stal). Long, 9; broad, 5 mill.

Reported from India, Japan.

Genus Aipnus, Dallas.

List Hem. i, p. 144 (1851) : En. Hem. v, p. 54 (1876).

Head rather short, rounded and slightly emarginate at the apex,

with the juga meeting beyond the tylus; eyes prominent; ocelli minute,

distant ; antenne about half the length of the body, 5-jointed ; basal

joint shortest, not reaching the apex of the head; second joint shorter

than the third, which is shorter than the fourth; fifth joint longest :

rostrum rather short, not reaching the posterior cox, slender, inserted

about the middle of the under surface of the head; basal joint reaching

the base of the head ; second joint longest, third longer than the first,

fourth shortest: body ovate: pronotum transverse with the anterior

angles projecting beyond the eyes: scutellum about two-thirds of the

length of the abdomen, becoming narrower from the base to about the

middle, then straight to the apex, which is broad and rounded : mem-

brane with 4-5 longitudinal veins which are more or less ramose or

somewhat reticulated at the apical margin: abdomen and sternum

unarmed: legs moderate: femora with a double row of minute spines

or tubercles on the under side, especially towards the apex: tarsi 3-

jointed, with the basal and apical joints about equal (Dallas). Distin-

guished by the large size of the scutellum which reaches nearly to the

apex of the body and thus gives it a great resemblance to Podops.

154. Alpnus opscurus, Dallas.

Aidnus obscurus, Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 145, t. 3, f. 5 (1851) ; Walker, Cat. Het.

i, p. 182 (1867); Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A. Férh. p. 623 (1870); En. Hem. v, p. 54

(1876).

Adnus similis, Hagl., Stettin Ent. Zeit. xxix, p, 154 (1868); Walker, Cat. Het.

iii, p. 539 (1868).

2. Above pitchy, obscure, very thickly punctured and some-

1888. ] E. T. Atkinson— Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 15

what rugose ; membrane semitransparent, brownish, veins brown; abdo-

men beneath slightly shining, thickly and finely punctured, with the

margins broadly testaceous, and finely punctured brown: legs brown,

with the tarsi pale testaceous : rostrum testaceous, antenne black, with

the apical joint pale fulvous (Dallas). Long 83—93 mill.

3. Oblong fuscous-lurid, densely and strongly punctured fuscous,

beneath shining subeeneous: apex of antenne, rostrum, cox and tarsi,

also marginal streak on venter obscurely testaceous : membrane brun-

nescent, veins and margin more obscure: wings fuscescent: second

joint of antenne somewhat shorter than the third: rostrum not reach-

ing the last pair of coxe; sides of pronotum nearly straight (Haglund).

Long, 9; broad, 5}; exp. hemi., 17 mill.

Reported from Gilolo, Borneo, Java, Philippines, Rangoon.

155. -AUDNUS VENTRALIS, Dallas.

Adnus ventralis, Dallas, Trans. Ent. Soc. (n. 8.) ii, p. 10, t. 1, f. 3 (1852); Stal,

En. Hem. v, p. 54 (1876); Distant, A. M. N. H. (5 .), iii, p. 45 (1879).

Ovate, rather convex, pale greyish brown, very thickly and finely

punctured with black: head rather small, very minutely punctured with

black above and beneath : eyes pale; ocelli yellowish: antenne slender,

rather sparingly clothed with short hairs; three first joints testaceous,

fourth joint pale brown, with the base testaceous; fifth joint, pale

brown; rostrum yellow: pronotum very thickly and finely punctured

with black, with the punctures more distant on a slightly impressed

space which crosses the disc about the middle, forming a pale trans-

verse band; immediately in front of this impressed space are four small

tubercles: scutellum very large, reaching very nearly to the apex of

the body, constricted a little before the middle; very thickly and finely

punctured with black, more thickly punctured and somewhat rugose

towards the base, where there is a small smooth whitish point on each

side within the basal angles; the basal angles themselves black : pectus

rather darker than the upper surface, very thickly and finely punctured

with black: legs yellow ; femora with numerous black or brown points,

the anterior pair with a double row of small black spines on the lower

surface: tibize with a few brown points, and with a few minute bristles

along the edges: the coriaceous portion of the hemelytra rather less

thickly punctured than the pronotum and scutellum: membrane trans-

parent, colourless: wings semitransparent, iridescent : abdomen beneath

deep shining black, slightly brassy, very thickly and finely punctured ;

the margins pale griseous, thickly and finely punctured with black;

the edges with small black spots at the junctions of the segments

16 E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

(Dalias). No portion of the inner or apical margin of the corium is

covered by the scutellum. Long, 6—7§ mill.

Reported from Hong-Kong, Assam, Sikkim (mihi).

Following Stal, I place in the sub-family Pentatomina those genera

of Dallas’ Pentatomide found in India which Stal distributes amongst the

following divisions, and which are distinguished by having the tarsi 3-

jointed and the scutellum extended to a distance behind the frena. The

species are rather numerous and difficult to arrange, but I have no doubt

that we shall, in a short time, be able to give a more exact distribution.

Group A.

a. The first group of these divisions includes those genera in

which the venter is unarmed at the base, second segment without a

spine or tubercle prominulous forwards and reaching, or somewhat so,

the metastethium, and sometimes furrowed; margins of furrow, however,

neither callously elevated, nor levigate: anterior margin of the prono-

tum very rarely somewhat elevated, levigate or callous: tibize above

generally furrowed or flat and margined, except Agonoscelis, in which

they are without a furrow and rounded: second joint of the antenne

sometimes not extending beyond the apex of the head: orifices entirely

margined, or auriculated, or continued in a furrow.

b. Corium anteriorly generally confusedly punctured between the

costal margin and the intracostal vein, the costal margin anteriorly

generally acute or flattened and somewhat laminated, the space between

the margin and the vein therefore somewhat broad ; this space rarely

very narrow (as in Diplorys) with a single row of points: orifices

generally continued outwards in a long or somewhat long furrow ;

basal angles of the scutellum rarely witha spot or levigate, callous

streak: juga sometimes much longer than the tylus and acuminated :

anterior lateral margins of the pronotum rarely obtusely rounded :

second joint of the antenne sometimes not, or barely, extending beyond

the apex of the head.

c. Head flat or somewhat so, lateral margins acute and laminated

or prominulous before the middle in a straight, tooth-shaped angle ;

juga generally longer than the tylus, often much longer and contiguous

before the tylus: anterior lateral margins of pronotum generally acute,

or somewhat so, sometimes laminated ; buccule not prominulous posteri-

orly in a lobe: scutellum posteriorly narrow, or somewhat so: frena

extended to rather a distance behind the middle of the scutellum: body

never greenish : venter not, unless in the second segment, furrowed.

1888. | KE. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 17

d. Basal angles of the scutellum without an impression or with

a small somewhat rounded and somewhat obsolete one: sixth ventral

segment in ¢ anteriorly rounded: entire second joint of the antennz

extending beyond the apex of the head: body oval or broadly oval;

anterior lateral margins of the pronotum entire: third joint of rostrum

longer than the fourth: furrow of the orifices moderate or somewhat

short, abruptly abbreviated, not continued in a wrinkle or ridge.

_ This group includes the divisions Odiaria, Tropycorypharia, Cap-

pearia, Carpocoraria, Diploxiaria, Hysarcoriaria, and Agonosceliaria.

Div. Opraria, Stal.

En. Hem. v, p. 55, (1876).

This division includes the genera having the characters given in

a. to d. above.

Genus Paramecvs, Fieber.

Rhynchotographia, p. 34 (1851).

Body elongate, somewhat convex: head elongate, almost equally

broad throughout, convex beneath; the juga somewhat longer than the

tylus, rounded on the sides, almost right-angled inwards: antenns one-

half the length of the body, joints almost of equal thickness, the third

shortest; the second joint a little shorter than either of the two last:

the jugular plates very low, as long as the basal joint of the rostrum,

and shorter than the head: rostrum rather stout, reaching beyond the

intermediate coxe ; second joint longest ; third incrassate, half the length

of the second; fourth cylindrical, black: prostethium short, not so long

as the meso- or meta-stethium which are of equal length: pronotum

hexagonal, convex between the humeral angles which are prominent and

furnished with a small tooth: scutellum two-thirds the length of the

dorsum, the last fourth of the length abruptly narrowed, pointed:

hemelytra longer than the scutellum, pointed at the end; membrane

reaching beyond the apex of the abdomen, with five furcate veins:

tarsi robust, basal joint stouter, and as long as the two following taken

together.

156. PARAMECUS RUFICORNIS, Fieber.

Paramecus ruficornis, Fieb., Rhynch., p. 35 (1851): Stal, En. Hem. vy, p, 71

(1876).

Ochreous-yellow, punctured black; elongate: pronotum anteriorly

with two black points: scutellum with a slightly punctured, pale, median

streak, and more slightly punctured patch; border line on pronotum

and marginal spot, yellowish; two black points anteriorly: antenna,

18 W. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [ Novas

base of venter, dorsum beneath, and feet, yellow-ferruginous : membrane

sordid, veins darker; stigmata and pectus, black (Iveber). Long, 123

mill.

Reported from Further India.

Genus Puiexippus, Stal.

Ofvers. K. V.-A. Férh., p. 505 (1867): En. Hem. vy, p. 55, 71 (1876).

Head short, much shorter than the pronotum, almost shorter than

broad between the eyes, rather narrowed forwards, rounded at the

apex, lateral margins scarcely sinuate before the eyes; juga somewhat

longer than the tylus, distant ; ocelli a little more than twice more distant

from each other than from the eyes; first joint of antennez even with

the apex of the head, second joint scarcely as long as the third; rostrum

not extending beyond the intermediate feet, short: anterior margin of

pronotum obliquely and somewhat broadly truncate behind the eyes,

anterior lateral margins slightly rounded, anterior angles obtuse, a

little prominulous beyond the eyes: apical angle of corium a little

produced, apical margin somewhat sinuate near the apical angle: veins

of membrane simple: pro-stethium slightly impressed ; meso-stethium,

slightly carinate : second ventral segment very slightly convexly eleva-

ted in the middle: odoriferous apertures continued in a not long,

abruptly abbreviated furrow (Stal).

157. PLEexippus DORSALIS, Stal.

Plexippus dorsalis, Stal, Berlin Ent. Zeitsch. xiii, p. 226 (1869): En. Hem., p.

71 (1876).

@. Subobovate: weakly greyish-flavescent, above rather densely

punctured black, these dots are arranged behind the middle of the prono- |

tum and before the middle of the scutellum in short irregular lines :

membrane weakly fuscous-greyish, veins more obscure, exterior basal

angle fuscous: dorsum of abdomen fuscous-violaceous; connexivum

blackish, two last segments obsoletely palely streaked; wings slightly

infuscate ; spiracula narrowly circled black. Like R. fulvescens, Dallas.

Base of head, at the eyes, marked by an impunctate spot; juga gradually

converging, a little distant at the apex: antenne remotely and briefly

setose, second joint more than twice as long as first: pronotum more

than half longer than the head, almost more than twice broader than

long, anterior margin slightly elevated between the eyes, lateral margins

slightly rounded, narrowly black: scutellum sparingly palely punc-

tured at the apex: exterior margin of corium narrowly blackish to-

wards the base: pro-stethium sparingly and palely punctured, exterior

margin black: meso-stethium sparingly punctured towards the coxse

1888. ] KE. T. Atkinson— Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 19

meta-stethium opaque, strigose, posteriorly and outwards shining, pos-

teriorly sparingly punctured: venter aciculate, sparingly punctulate

towards the sides, with a broad levigate median streak ; second segment

slightly convex in the middle, depressed on both sides at the convex

part (Stal). Long, 15; broad, 8 mill.

Reported from India.

Div. TROPYCOEYPHARIA.

En. Hem. vy, p. 56 (1876).

a. 6. as in Odiaria, (p. 17).

e. lateral margins of the head and pronotum not or less acute,

those of the pronotum never laminated: juga rarely longer than the

tylus, then generally acuminated or gradually narrowed: frena generally

extended beyond the middle of the scutellum: in those genera in which

the juga are longer than the tylus, generally not extending beyond the

middle of the scutellum, in which case also the scutellum posteriorly

broad, or somewhat so : body sometimes greenish : venter sometimes with

a long furrow.

d. Head flat, juga rarely somewhat longer than the tylus : scutel-

lum generally posteriorly narrow or moderately broad: frena generally

extended behind the middle of the scutellum: entire second joint of

the antenne, or a great part, extending beyond the apex of the head :

venter not furrowed.

e. First joint of rostrum very rarely extended behind the buccula,

and if so, the basal angles of the scutellum have a largish, levigate,

callous, pallid spot.

. f. The furrow of the odoriferous apertures continued in a wrinkle

or ridge extended beyond the middle of the breadth of the pleura,

gradually acuminated.

g- Connexivum pale, green, or flavescent, without black or aenescent-

black spots or bands, occupying the entire breadth of the segments :

segments rarely more obscurely punctured anteriorly and posteriorly

than in the middle: basal angles of scutellum without a callous spot or

with a very minute and very obsolete one.

Genus Nipue, Stal.

Ofvers. K. V.-A. Forh., p. 516 (1867) : En. Hem. v, p. 56, 73 (1876).

Head gradually distinctly narrowed forwards, lateral margins

acute, very slightly or but scarcely sinuate behind the middle; juga a

little longer than the tylus, hiscent ; buccule continued through, slightly

raised ; ocelli a little more than twice as far from each other than from

the eyes; rostrum extended to or between the last pair of coxe, first

20 EK. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [ No. 1,

joint about on a level with the buccule, second joint longer than the

third; antenne slender, first joint not reaching apex of head: anterior

margin of pronotum neither reflexed nor callous, broadly sinuate, trun-

cate behind the eyes, anterior lateral margins straight, very slightly

reflexed, lateral angles somewhat obtuse, very slightly prominulous :

scutellum moderate, much longer than broad, narrow at the apex, frena

extended to third apical part of scutellum: costal margin of corium

very slightly rounded, apical angle not produced: meso-stethium cari-

nate: furrow from the odoriferous aperture gradually narrowed and

continued in a ridge or wrinkle: abdomen not or hardly broader than

the hemelytra, extremity of angles of segments prominulous: body

narrowly obovate (Sid).

158. NipHe cEpHauus, Dallas.

Pentatoma cephalus, Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 245 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het. ii,

p. 803 (1867).

Niphe cephalus, Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A. Forh., p. 516 (1867) ; En. Hem. vy, p. 73

(1876).

9. Oblong, ovate, pale yellowish brown, thickly and finely punc-

tured with dark brown: head large, slightly emarginate at the apex,

the juga a little longer than the tylus, eyes brown; ocelli yellow:

pronotum with the punctures very close along the lateral margins,

causing them to appear much darker than the rest of the surface :

scutellum with the apex orange: membrane semi-transparent, brownish,

with darker veins: abdomen beneath tawny, irregularly and sparingly

punctured with black, with a brown spot in the middle of the third

segment: pectus of the same colour as the abdomen, rather thickly

punctured, with some of the punctures black: legs of the same colour,

with numerous black points: rostrum brownish testaceous: antennee

testaceous, with the tip of the third, and apical half of the 4 and 5

joints, black (Dallas.) Long, 15—16 mill.

Reported from Java, India.

159. NipHe ELoncATA, Dallas.

Pentatoma elongata, Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 246 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het. ii,

p. 299 (1837),

Niphe elongata, Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A. Férh., p. 516 (1867), 1. c. p. 625 (1870) ;

En. Hem. v, p. 73 (1876).

Q. Hlongate, somewhat oblong, with the sides parallel; testaceous,

above thickly and finely punctured with black: head with the tylus as

long as the juga; ocelli red: scutellum very long: coriaceous portion of

the hemelytra with the outer margin yellowish-white ; membrane semi-

1888. ] BE. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 21

transparent, brownish, with the veins a little darker: abdomen beneath

testaceous, with the disc impunctate, the sides faintly punctured ; stig-

mata black: pectus rather strongly punctured, with some of the punc-

tures black: legs yellowish; tarsi fulvous: rostrum not passing the

intermediate coxe, pale yellow, with the tip black: antennz with the

three basal joints bright red; fourth black, with the base red; fifth

black, with the base and apex red (Dallas). Long 123—13 mill.

Reported from Philippines, Rangoon, N. India. Differs from N.

cephalus, Dallas, in its narrower stature and the costal limbus of the

corium being furnished with colourless punctures.

Div, CapPmARIA.

En, Hem. v, p. 57 (1876).

a. to f. as in Tropycorypharia, (p. 19).

g. Segments of connexivum black, punctured, adorned with @

median band or flavescent marginal spot, generally less densely punc-

tured or somewhat levigate : basal angles of the scutellum marked by a

pale, levigate spot, sometimes small and indeterminate and sometimes

very large: anterior lateral margins of the pronotum slightly reflexed,

sometimes callous, straight or somewhat so, entire, simple: tibiee above,

flat, margined.

Genus Cappma, Ellenrieder.

Nat. Tijdskr. Ned. Ind. xxiv, p. 146 (1860) ; Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p. 144(1867),

Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A. Forh., p. 514 (1867) ; Hn. Hem. vy, p. 57, 74 (1876).

Allied to Halys, but body shorter, more depressed : head flat, as long

as the pronotum, its basal margin broader than the anterior margin of

the pronotum; juga shorter than the tylus, margin of juga, rounded,

entire ; tylus broader towards the apex which is arcuate: eyes small,

prominulous ; ocelli near the eyes, not very distinct: first joint of the

antenne shorter than the head, scarcely intumescent, 2-5 joints almost

equal in length, third joint nodulose at the end, 4 and 5 joints robust :

pronotum flattened, slightly sloped hindward behind the posterior inter-

angular line; anterior angles somewhat acute, behind them, on the lateral

margin, 3-4 not very conspicuous small teeth, posterior angles not very

prominent, angular: scutellum broad, longer than half the abdomen:

coriaceous portion of hemelytra long, flat; membrane short, extending

beyond the abdomen which is almost orbicular, broader than the prono-

tum, its lateral margins extending beyond the hemelytra, flattened :

22 HK. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

rostrum reaching second ventral segment, second joint very long, rest

nearly equal, last semewhat smaller, robust: venter very convex, ventral

furrow short, not conspicuous; feet slender (Hllenr.).

160. CappmA TAPROBANENSIS, Dallas.

Pentatoma taprobanensis, Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 244 (1851) ; Walker, Cat. Hem.

ii, p. 299 (1867). .

Cappea multilinea, Ellenr. Nat. Tijdskr. Ned. Ind. xxiv, p. 147, f. 17 (1862).

Cappea taprobanensis, Stal, En. Hem. v, p. 74 (1876); Distant, A, M. N. H.

(5 s.) iii, p. 45 (1879).

9. Ovate, broad, flat: head rather long, rounded at the apex,

black, with the lateral margins and three longitudinal lines testaceous :

the black portions thickly and finely punctured, the pale lines impunc-

tate: ocelli minute, yellow: pronotum testaceous, covered with fine

black punctures, which leave only narrow lines of the pale colour

visible: of the dark patches there are two small ones in the middle of

the anterior margin, a larger ocellated spot in each anterior angle, two

larger spots occupying the whole middle of the disc, and having a very

distinct longitudinal median line, and two rather smaller on each side

of these; there is also a narrow line of black punctures within each

lateral margin: scutellum thickly punctured with black, especially at

the base, with a pale impunctate line running down the middle from

base to apex, and a curved line on each side of this running from the

base to the middle of the median line, at which point the three lines

are united: hemelytra testaceous, clouded with black punctures, with

no distinct pale lines; membrane brownish, somewhat opaque, covered

with brown spots: margins of the abdomen testaceous, with a large

bifid black spot at the junction of each segment, both above and beneath :

body beneath testaceous: abdomen smooth and shining, with a few fine

punctures on the sides ; the stigmata and two spots on each side of each

segment, forming two longitudinal rows of spots on each side of the

abdomen, black; the space between each pair of black spots is orange :

pectus finely and irregularly punctured, with numerous black spots on

each side: legs pale testaceous ; femora thickly covered with black

points ; tibiee covered with fine black points; tarsi nearly black: ros-

trum long, reaching the base of the third ventral segment; basal joint

and the base of the second, testaceous; 2 and 3 joints brownish; fourth

black: antenne with the basal joint, testaceous, spotted with black ; 2

and 3 joints brown, (Dallas). Long, 11—114 mill.

Reported from Java, Sumatra, Ceylon, Assam. The Indian Museum

has specimens from Ceylon, Malabar, Assam (Sibsagar), Conoor (mihi).

1888. | KE. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 23

Genus HatyomorpHa, Mayr.

Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien. xiv, p. 911 (1864): Reise Novara, p. 47 (1866) :

Stal, En. Hem. v, p. 57, 74 (1876).

Body above compressed, beneath convex, head above flat, broad at

apex, rounded, lateral margins narrowly reflexed, parallel, a little sinuate :

tylus as long as the juga: antennz 5-jointed, first joint not reaching

apex of head, 3-5 joints somewhat of equal length, second joint shorter

than third : buccule narrow, continued through, anteriorly dilated, sub-

dentiform: rostrum reaching 2 or 3 segments of the abdomen; first joint

a little shorter than the buccule, second joint scarcely twice as long as

the first and shorter than the two apical taken together: eyes large,

sessile: ocelli thrice more distant from each other than from the eyes:

pronotum transversely somewhat sexangular, anterior angles with a

transverse tooth, anterior lateral margins straight, smooth and narrowly

reflexed, shoulders a little prominent, rounded: scutellum triangular,

posteriorly narrowed: membrane with some somewhat parallel coste :

metastethium compressed: odoriferous aperture with a margined trans-

verse furrow, produced to a distance outwards, gradually evanescent :

abdomen beneath not sulcate, convex; margins acute, unarmed : feet

simple: tibiz broadly sulcate externally; first and third joints of tarsi

of equal length (Mayr).

161. Hatymorrna picus, Fabricius.

Cimex picus, Fabr., Ent. Syst. iv, p. 115 (1794). India.

Cimez marmoreus, Fabr., Ent. Syst. Suppt. p. 534 (1798). India.

Cimex cinnamomeus, Wolff, Ic. Cim. iii, p. 99, f. 93 (1802). India.

Edessa picus, Fabr., Syst. Rhyng., p. 153 (1803).

Edessa marmorea, Fabr., Syst. Rhyng., p. 153 (1803).

Halys timorensis, Westwood, Hope, Cat. Hem. i, p. 22 (1837): Signoret, Bull.

8. E. F. (6 s.) i, p. xli (1881). China, Timor.

Pentatoma timorensis, Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 242 (1852): Walker, Cat. Het. ii,

p. 299 (1867). Ceylon.

Pentatoma halys, Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A. Foérh., p. 182 (1855) ; l.c., p. 59 (1856):

Walker, 1. c. ii, p. 300 (1867). China.

Pentatoma trivialis, A. Dohrn, Stettin Hnt. Zeit. xxi, p. 400 (1860): Walker,

1. c., p. 800 (1867). Ceylon. '

Pecilometis mistus, Uhler, Proc. Ac. Phil., p. 223 (1860). Japan.

Halyomorpha timorensis, Mayr, Reise Nov. Hem., p. 50 (1866). Hong Kong,

Shanghai.

Dalpada remota, Walker, 1. c. i, p. 227 (1867), sec. Distant, Ent. M. M., xvi,

p. 201 (1880). Hong Kong.

Halyomorpha picus, Stal, Hem. Fabr. i, p. 24 (1868); En. Hem. vy, p. 75 (1876) ;

Scott. A. M. N. H. (48.) xiv, p. 290 (1874) ; Distant, l.c. (5 8.), iii, p. 45 (1879) ;

Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 415 (1883).

Antenne black; third joint with a white ring at the base: head,

24 KH. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

pronotum, scutellum, hemelytra greyish or yellow, irrorated with very

numerous black dots: beneath flavescent, a lateral line on the pectus,

brassy black: femora yellow, punctured black ; tibize black with a broad

white ring at the base (C. picus, Fabr.). Body above grey: pronotum

anteriorly with two minute yellow dots, posteriorly fuscous: scutellum

with two distinct, minute dots at the base: beneath flavescent, a median

line and the margins fuscous, and on each abdominal segment on both

sides, a small black dot: feet flavescent, punctured fuscous (C. marmo-

reus, Fabr.). Luteous-grey, punctured brassy-black, somewhat varie-

gated: head and pronotum with the sides entire, the latter with four

minute luteous dots placed transversely: membrane pale, with six

fuscous longitudinal veins, interrupted in the middle: margin of abdo-

men punctured black and luteous (H. timorensis, Westw.). Long, 15—16

mill.

Reported from Timor, China, Japan, Ceylon, Assam, India. A

variable and not a very uncommon species in Sikkim and Assam (mihi).

162. HALYOMORPHA SCUTELLATA, Distant.

Halyomorpha scutellata, Distant, A. M. N. H. (5 8.) iii, p. 51 (1879).

Brunneous, thickly and strongly punctured: head with frontal and

lateral margins black; eyes pitchy; ocelli brown, shining: rostrum

black, reaching posterior coxe: antennz black; second joint much

shorter than the third, fourth joint rather longer than the fifth, both of

which are pilose: pronotum with the lateral margins narrowly reflexed,

bordered with black, with the extreme edge sanguineous for about two

thirds of the length from the apex; base rugulose, a somewhat tri-

angular space enclosed by pale impunctate lines situated on each side

of the frontal border behind the eyes; lateral angles prominent: scutel-

lum bright luteous with two dots at the base, two small parallel lines

on the disc, and the lateral margin, very narrowly at the base and

broadly towards the apex, brunneous; the luteous area has a few deep

brown punctures, the other brunneous portion of the scutellum puuc-

tured as on other parts of the upper surface: membrane fuscous, with

strong longitudinal veins : abdomen above sanguineous, with a marginal

row of blueish-black spots, situated conjointly in pairs at the base and

the apex of each segment, both above and below: underside of body

sanguineous; prostethium with some greenish markings behind the

eyes, a large dull blackish patch near the odoriferous apertures, a

stigmatal row of rounded blueish-black spots and a large pitchy spot

near the apex: legs black; coxe sanguineous, bases of femora dull

reddish (Distant). Long, 16; breadth ang. pronot. 9 mill.

1888. | KE. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 25

Var. a. Scutellum without the two brown lines on the disc,

marginal and stigmatal spots on the underside of the abdomen coalescing ;

prostethium with a large black spot behind the eyes in place of greenish

markings.

Var. b. Specimens from Bombay have the upper surface bluish

instead of brownish, have typical scutellar markings, but underside as in

var. a.

Reported from N. Khasiya hills, 1500-3000 feet ; Bombay.

163. HaLyoMoRPHA MURRBA, Distant.

Halyomorpha murrea, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 344, t. 12 f. 5 (1887).

Body above very pale greenish ochraceous; the corium (except the

marginal area), and basal area of the pronotum with a slight purplish

tinge: lateral margins of the head, margins of tylus, a small linear spot

at the base of the head, and a similar spot on each side before the eyes,

black; eyes somewhat purplish; ocelli pale castaneous; antenne with

the basal joint greenish ochraceous, minutely speckled black, 2-3 joints

purplish, apical half of third joint black, second joint a little shorter than

the third; rostrum just passes the last coxe; pronotum with the lateral

margins and a double row of spots on anterior half, ochraceous; between

and around these spots are a number of small and somewhat tessellated

black spots; basal half minutely and sparingly darkly punctate: scutel-

lum with four black spots at the base, two median and one near each

basal angle, four more obscure and broken black spots across the disc,

followed by two similar spots on the basal half, some tessellated and

minute black spots at the apex, and a row of minute dark punctures on

each lateral margin, from basal third to the apex: corium minutely and

sparingly darkly punctate, costal area greenish, thickly and irregularly

spotted black, lateral margins near base ochraceous: connexivum

ochraceous, with a black linear spot at the base and apex of each mar-

ginal segment: membrane extending much beyond the abdomen, pale

obscure creamy, minutely and sparingly speckled black, basal two-

thirds pale purplish from reflection of abdomen beneath: body beneath

and legs pale greenish, a linear spot in front and behind the eyes, a spot

near anterior and intermediate cox, a spot towards lateral margins of

meso- and meta-stethium, a spot at base of the anterior tibiw, a spot

near apices of two last pair femora, a marginal spot at base and apex of

apical segments, and the apex of the rostum, black (Dist.), Long, 15;

exp. angl. pron., 8 mill.

Reported from Sikkim, a single specimen (mihi). ©

26 HK. T. Atkinson— Notes on Indian Rhyuchota. [No. 1,

Genus Totumnia, Stal.

Ofvers. K. V.-A. Forh. p. 515 (1867): En. Hem. vy, p. 57, 75 (1876).

Margins of pronotum anteriorly, and anterior lateral margins, cal-

lous or elevated; head distinctly narrowed forwards, rounded at apex,

lateral margins somewhat acute, very slightly sinuated behind the

middle, tylus somewhat longer than the juga; buccule continued

through, moderately elevated; ocelli scarcely thrice as distant from

each other as from the eyes; rostrum somewhat produced behind the

last coxe, first joint scarcely extending beyond or only equal to the

buccule, second joint scarcely or but little longer than the third;

anterior margin of the pronotum slightly truncate behind the eyes,

lateral angles very slightly prominulous, somewhat straight: apical

margin of corium very slightly sinuate near the apical angle which is

somewhat rounded at the extreme edge: mesostethium distinctly cari-

nate: extremity of angles of abdominal segments acutely prominu-

lous: first tibie sometimes dilated (Stal).

164. ToLumnia LATIPEs, Dallas.

Pentatoma latipes, Dallas, List Hem i, p. 238 (1857): Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p.

298 (1876).

Dalpada obtusicollis, Ellenr., Nat. Tijdsskr. Ned, Ind. xxiv, p. 148, f. 10 (1862).

Tolumnia latipes, Stal, En, Hem. vy, p. 75, (1876); Distant, A. M. N. H. (5s.)

iii, p. 45 (1879).

3, 2. Ovate, above dark brown, thickly punctured, irrorated with

yellow spots: pronotum with the lateral margins yellowish white:

scutellum with a large yellowish white spot in each basal angle, and

the apex of the same colour: membrane brownish, semi-transparent:

margins of the abdomen banded with black and yellowish-white, the

middle of each segment being white: body beneath pale yellow, shin-

ing, finely and sparingly punctured: abdomen with a small brown or

black spot on the apical segment: pectus with a row of three spots on

each side: legs whitish, the apices of the femora the tibiee and the tarsi,

black; the anterior tibiz are considerably dilated on the outside to-

wards the apex: rostrum reaching the base of the abdomen, whitish,

with the tip black: antennz with the basal joint black; the two follow-

ing pale brown; 4 and 5 joints black with their bases whitish, (Dallas),

Long, &, gi —9: 9, 105—11 mill.

Reported Roh Sumatra, Siam, Tenasserim, Burma, Assam. The

Indian Museum has specimens from Sikkim (mihi), Assam (Naga

Hills, Harmatti).

1888. ] E. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 27

Genus Patomena, Mulsant and Rey.

Pun. Pent. p. 271, 277 (1866) ; Stal, En. Hem. v, p. 75 (1876).

Differs from Peribalus, Muls., in having the anterior lateral margins

of the pronotum neither callous nor smooth: sides of prostethium not,

unless very obtusely, elevated: the head is dilated, flat, or somewhat so,

towards the apex, lateral margins not, or but very slightly, sinuate ;

antenniferous tubercles not prominulous beyond the sides of the head.

165. PatomEna spinosa, Distant.

Palomena spinosa, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 149, t, 5, f. 3 (1880).

Above green, thickly, darkly and coarsely punctured: head coarse-

ly and somewhat densely punctured ; the juga longer than the tylus and

cleft at the apex, with the lateral margins slightly reflexed : antennz

with the first three joints green, fourth (except the base) and whole of

fifth, brown; second joint longer than the third, 4 and 5 subequal :

pronotum coarsely punctured, somewhat sparingly so on the disc, with

the lateral angles produced into broad, obtusely pointed spines, some-

what rounded, and narrowly black at the apex; scutellum thickly

punctured, more sparingly so at the apex; corium thickly punctured,

especially near the costa, membrane brassy, shining: connexivum green,

thickly and darkly punctured, narrowly luteous on the outer margin and

at the segmental incisures: body beneath pale, disc of abdomen, coxe,

and bases of femora somewhat luteous; legs green, tarsi brown:

stigmata marked with black dots : rostrum Iuteous, with the apex nar-

rowly black (Dist.). Allied to P. angulosa, Motsch., from Japan, but dis-

tinguished by the much produced pronotal angles.

Long 13—14 mill.; breadth angles pronotum, 9—10 mill.

Reported from Sind, N. India. ;

166. PALOMENA REUTERI, Distant.

Palomena reuteri, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 122 (1879) ; Scien. Res. 2nd Yar-

kand Mission, p. 4, f. 2 (1879).

3. Green, with head, anterior border of pronotum, basal half of

scutellum and membrane, bronzy: head obscurely rugulose, very thick-

ly and strongly punctured with black; tylus slightly shorter than the

juga; rostrum luteous, with the tip black: antenne luteous, apical

joint somewhat fuscous, third joint distinctly longer than the second,

rather, shorter than the fourth, fifth longest: pronotum obscurely

rugulose, very thickly and strongly punctured with black, with two

slightly waved, lateral, linear, impunctate fover situated a little behind

28 RK. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [ Noma;

the anterior margin; lateral angles somewhat prominent and rounded :

scutellum thickly covered with deep black punctures, slightly rugulose

at the base: corium thickly and deeply punctured, with the connexivum

luteous, punctured with black: body beneath pale Iuteous, slightly

clouded with greenish: legs greenish, tarsi luteous.

9. Second joint of antenne distinctly longer than the third; 2 and

4 subequal: abdomen beneath with some irregular obscure black

markings (Distant). Long, 11—12; breadth angles of pronotum 6—7

mill.

Reported from Murree (Panjab).

167. PALOMENA AMPLIFICATA, Distant.

Palomena amplificata, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 148, t. 5, f. 2 (1880).

Above green, thickly punctured ; head densely and finely punctu-

late, the lateral margins slightly reflexed, juga longer than the tylus

and cleft atthe apex; pronotum thickly punctate and somewhat rugu-

lose, the lateral margins amplified and rounded, lateral angles obtusely

prominent; scutellum thickly punctured, somewhat rugulose: corium

with the punctures somewhat finer and more regular; membrane brassy,

shining: body beneath paler, disc of abdomen and the coxe pale lute-

ous; legs green; tarsi brown; connexivum well produced, green, thick-

ly punctured : antennz green, 4 and 5 joints brown, the last joint with

apical half pitchy; second joint longer than the third; 4 and 5 sub-

equal: rostrum pale luteous, with a median dark line, and apex nar-

rowly pitchy (Distant). Long, 13—14; breadth of angles of pronotum

8—9; greatest breadth of abdomen, 8—9 mill.

Reported from Shantung (N. China) ; Assam (?); recognized by

the amplified pronotum and the broad ovate body.

168. PALOMENA vViRIDISsIMA, Poda von Neuhaus.

Cimex viridissimus, Poda, Ins. Mus. Gr. p. 56 (1761).

Cimex prasinus, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 711 (1775); Spec. Ins. ii, p. 354 (1781);

Mant. Ins., ii, p. 292 (1787); Ent. Syst., iv, p. 109 (1794); Syst. Rhyng., p. 166

(1803): Wolff, Ic. Cim., p. 52, t. 6, f. 49 (1801).

Cimex prasinus, Fieb., Eur. Hem., p. 339 (1861).

Palomena viridissima, Stal, Hem. Fabr. i, p. 28°(1868)'; Muls. and Rey, Pun.

France, p. 277 (1866) ; Distant, Scien. Res. 2nd Yar. Miss., p. 5 (1879).

Body entirely green, immaculate, last joint of antenne rufous,

fuscous at apex (C. prasinus, Fabr.). Body ovate, with head, pronotum,

hemelytra, scutellum, and feet, green; abdomen above black : antennz

5-jointed, first joint short, 2 and 3 green, 4 and 5 rufous,!last fuscous

at apex: eyes small, obscurely fuscous: rostrum 4-jointed, yellow-

1888. ] E. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 29

greenish, black at apex, as long as half the body: thorax inclined

anteriorly, with two small, livid, transverse lines, impressly punctured,

margin very thinly ferruginous: scutellum immaculate, subelevated at

the base: membrane whitish, with a small fuscous spot at the base at

the interior angle: wings white, immaculate: abdomen above black,

margin green, spotted fuscous, beneath yellow-greenish : tarsi blackish :

first tibis with a minute black tooth in the middle (Wolff). Varies in

size, entire antenne rufous, beneath green. Long, 14—15 mill.

Stal unites Cimex dissimilis, Fabr., with this species, but Puton

holds them to be distinct. The former has the 3—4 joints of the antennee

subequal, and the anterior lateral margin of the pronotum very slightly

arcuate inside, whilst P. viridissima has the third joint of the antennze

from one-third to one-fourth shorter than the second, and the anterior

lateral margin of the pronotum very slightly arcuate outside.

Reported from Hurope, Murree (Panjab).

Div. CARPOCORARIA.

En. Hem. vy, p. 57 (1876).

a. to e. as in Tropycorypharia, (p. 19).

f. Furrow of the odoriferous apertures, short or very short, abrupt-

ly abbreviated, not continued in a wrinkle or ridge, second joint of the

antenne longer than the third.

Genus Carpocoris, Kolenati, Stal.

Mel. Ent. iv, p. 46 (1846) : Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A., Férh, 3, p. 37 (1872).

Stal includes here Carpocoris, Muls., Codophila, pt. Mulsant, and

Antheminia, Muls., and arranges the three allied genera thus :—

1—4. Frena not extended beyond the middle of the scutellum.

2—3. Hntire anterior lateral margins of the pronotum, or at least

anteriorly, reflexed, acutish :—Carpocoris. —

3—2. Anterior lateral margins of pronotum anteriorly obtuse, not

reflexed :—Codophila.

4—l. Frena extended beyond the middle of the scutellum :—

Dolycoris (q. v.).

169. CARPOCORIS NIGRICORNIS, Fabr.:

Cimex nigricornis, Fabr., Ent. Syst. iv, p. 94 (1794); Syst. Rhyng, p. 157

(1803) : Wolff. Ic. Cim. p. 138, t. 14, f. 132 (1804): Fallen, Hem. Suec. p. 27 (1826).

Mormidea nigricornis, Sahlb., Mon. Geoc. Fenn. p. 30 (1848).

Cimew eryngii, Germar, Reise Dalm. p. 283 (1817) : Faun. Ins. Eur. ii, 2, (1817).

Pentatoma migricornis, Hahn, Wanz. Ins. ii, f- 147 (1834.)

Carpocoris nigricornis, Kolen., Mel. Ent.iv, p. 40 (1846): Distant, Scien. Res.

2nd Yarkand Miss. p. 5 (1879): Reuter, Ent. Tijds. p, 128 (1880): Duda, Wien,

Ent. Zeit. iv, p. 69 (1885).

Head ferruginous or greyish, spines on pronotum always black :

30 E. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

antenne black; feet pale: pronotum obtusely spinose, somewhat ferru-

ginous (Fabr.). Wolff makes the basal joint of the antenne greyish ;

head, pronotum, scutellum, hemelytra and feet greyish, impressly punc-

tured ; pronotum with four longitudinal lines formed by black points,

lateral angles black ; margin of abdomen variegated black and greyish ;

beneath greyish-virescent: tarsi rufescent ; first tibiae with a small tooth.

He notes several varieties: —one with head, lateral spines of pronotum

and hemelytra purpurascent, pronotum with longitudinal black bands,

scutellum virescent, marginal spots on abdomen black with a white

pupil; abdomen and pectus greenish; tibiz rosy, tarsi black at apex.

Long 103; broad, 6} mill.

Reported from Kugiar, N. W. Siberia, Astrakhan, N. Africa,

Hurope.

Genus Dotycoris, Muls. and Rey.

Carpocoris, subg. Dolycoris, Muls. and Rey, Pun. Pent. p. 238 (1866); Dolycoris,

Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A. Forh. xxix (3), p. 38 (1872) ; En. Hem. v, p. 57, 76 (1876).

Body pilose: connexivum in a great part prominulous beyond the

hemelytra: lateral margins of the head not, or but slightly, sinuated :

antennee stoutish: anterior lateral margins of pronotum very distinctly

and narrowly reflexed: frena extended beyond the middle of the

scutellum.

170. Dotnycoris BAccARUM, Linneeus.

Cimex baccarum, Linn., Faun. Suec. ii, 928, (1761); Syst. Nat. i, p. 721 (1767) :

Scopoli, Ent. Carn. p. 123 (1763): Fallen, Hem. Suec. p. 29 (1826).

Pentatoma baccarum, pt., Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 235 (1851): Walker, Cat. Het.

ii, p. 283 (1867) : Sahlb., Mon. Geoc. Fenn. p. 26 (1848): Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc.

p. 125 (1875).

Pentatoma pallida, Dallas, 1. c., p. 234 (1851), N. India: Stal, Ofvers., K. V.-A.,

Forh. p. 497 (1862) ; Walker, 1. c. p. 299 (1867).

Mormidea nigricornis, Fieb. (nec. Fabr.) Eur. Hem. p. 335 (1861).

Carpocoris baccarum, Muls. and Rey, Pun. France Pent., p. 238 (1866) ; Stal,

En. Hem. v, p. 76 (1876).

Dolycoris baccarum, Distant, pt., Res. 2nd Yarkand Miss. p. 5 (1879): J. Sahlb.,

K. Sv. V.-A., Handl. xvi (4) p. 15 (1879) ; Reuter, Ent. Tijds. p. 129 (1880) ; Duda,

Wien Ent. Zeit. iv, p. 68 (1885).

Reuter, in 1877 (Ent. Mon. Mag. xiv, p. 11), united Cimewr fuscispi-

nus, Boheman (K. V.-A., Handl., p. 241, 1849), with 0. baccarum, Linn.,

but, in 1880 (Hnt. Tijds., p. 129), he describes them separately.

Linneus’ description of Cimex baccarwm, in Faun. Suec., is very curt :—

‘ovate, greyish ; margin of abdomen spotted black,’ but, in the Syst.

Nat., Linneeus quotes Scopoli’s description assynonymous. This runs :—

1888. ] E. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 31

‘Pronotum obtusely spinose : abdomen above black; variegated on the

margin with spots of the same colour as the apex of the scutellum,

beneath ‘e basi mucronem supra thoracem protendens.’ The apex of

the scutellum, spots on the margin of the abdomen and the feet are

of the same colour. In @, antenne unicolorous; marginal dots on

abdomen yellowish, beneath without dots; varies, (a) in having hemelytra

reddish, fuscescent at apex, antenne black, body beneath yellow ; or (b),

hemelytra zneous-greenish, immaculate at apex, pronotum obscure, apex

of scatellum fulvous, abdomen beneath ferruginous, wings obscure. In

@ , the two last joints of the antenne are flavescent at the base, sides of

pronotum obscure, apex of hemelytra punctured fuscous: pronotum and

abdomen beneath punctured, black.’ It differs from D. verbasci in

having the angles of the pronotum produced and pointed. Long, 10—12

mill. Dallas describes his P. pallida thus :—¢. ‘ Allied to Veterna aber-

rans, Germar, more elongate, testaceous, punctured: lateral angles of

the pronotum somewhat prominent: rostrum hardly reaching the base

of the posterior feet, whitish, extremity of apex black: antennez

black, basal joint whitish; tibie and tarsi fulvous.’ Long, 142 mill.

Reported from all Hurope, N. Asia, N. Africa, Japan, Kashmir,

India, Oceania.

171. Dotycorts verBasci, De Géer.

Cimex verbasci, De Géer, Mém. iii, p. 257, t. 14, f. 5 (17738).

Cimex baccarum, Fabr., Ent. Syst. iv, p. 117 (1794) ; Syst. Rhyng. p. 172 (1803) ;

Wolff, Ic. Cim. p. 60, t. 6, f. 57 (1801).

Pentatoma baccarum, Lep. & Serv., Enc. Méth. x. p. 57 (1825); Hahn, Wanz.

Tus. ii, p. 63, t. 50, f. 152 (1834) ; ? Douglas and Scott, Brit. Hem. p. 80 (1866).

Pentatoma confusa, Westw., Hope, Cat. Hem. i, p. 8 (1837).

Aelia depressa, Westw., 1. c. p. 32 (1837) ; Stal, En. Hem. vy, p. 126 (1876).

Pentatoma verbasci, Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 235 (1851).

Mormidea baccarum, Fieb., Eur. Hem. p. 334 (1861).

Dolycoris baccarum, pt, Distant, Scien. Res. 2nd Yarkand Miss. p. 5 (1879) ; Trans.

Ent. Soc. p. 415 (1883).

Dallas and Distant with many others unite D. baccarum and

D. verbasci, and make the two the same as the variable form found com-

monly throughout the entire region from Siberia to the Sind Valley

and thence to North Africa. The question whether these forms are to

remain separate or are to be united is entirely one for European students

to decide.

Oval: pronotum angular, the lateral angles, rounded at the tip,

not pointed: head and pronotum above greyish-brown, sometimes with

a slight purplish tint: scutellum triangular, ochreous, with apex sea-

green; long, and occupying more than half the length of the abdo-

32 ®. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota, [ Nora,

men: coriaceous portion of the hemelytra with a purplish tint, mem-

brane light-brown with a patch of obscure brown on the interior side,

near the coriaceous portion: head, pronotum, scutellum, and hemelytra

covered with numerous minute concave black points, hardly visible :

wings with a black tint; eyes obscurely brown: body beneath and feet

light grey, a little yellowish, with very numerous black points like

those above: abdomen above entirely black with the margin spotted

black and white or yellowish: antenne 5-jointed, shorter than the

abdomen, black, with white patches at the joints (De Géer). Long, 103;

broad, 6; mill. Differs from D. baccarum in not having the angles of

the pronotum produced and pointed, but merely rounded.

Westwood’s Zilia depressa is thus described :—‘ Luteous, punctured

black: the slight margin of the pronotum pale: sides of scutellum

towards the apex, spotted black, apex itself luteous: membrane fusces-

cent, a large internal patch at the base, black: sides of abdomen

spotted yellow and black, feet and body beneath luteous, tarsi black.’

Long, 103 mill.

Reported from Puna (Bombay).

172. Dotnycoris rnpicus, Stal.

Dolycoris indicus, Stal, En. Hem. v. p. 76 (1876).

Q. Very like and closely allied to D. verbasci, De Géer, but appears

to differ in the narrower form ; head, pronotum, and scutellum less densely

punctured; membrane longer; anterior lateral margins of pronotum

more broadly pallid, sparingly black-punctured at the base (Stal).

Long, 93; broad, 5 mill.

Reported from India, Deccan, Darjeeling. Distant has an allied

form, D. formosana, from Formosa.

Genus CopopHita, Mulsant, Stal.

pt. Pun. France Pent. p. 237 (1866); Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A. Forh. xxix, 3. p. 38

(1872); En. Hem. v, p. 76 (1876).

Differs from Carpocoris, Kolenati, Stal, in having the anterior

lateral margins of the pronotum anteriorly obtuse, not reflexed.

173. CoDOPHILA MACULICOLLIS, Dallas.

Pentatoma maculicollis, Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 234 (1851) Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A.,

Forh. p. 497 (1862); Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p. 299 (1867).

Pentatoma arabica, Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A., Forh. p. 233 (1854).

Codophila maculicollis, Stal, En. Hem. v, p. 76 (1876).

2. Ovate: head pale yellow, rather thickly punctured, with the

lateral margins and two longitudinal lines, united in front, black : eyes

1888. | EK. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 33

pitchy black; ocelli red; pronotum with the lateral angles somewhat

prominent ; the anterior portion pale yellow, with four black bands, of

which the two lateral run from the anterior to the lateral angles,

leaving the lateral margins yellow; the two median do not pass the

middle of the disc, and correspond with the two black lines of the head ;

the posterior portion of the pronotum is blackish, and the whole surface

1s thickly aud rather strongly punctured: scutellum with a large

triangular patch at the base, and a large patch on each side, broadest

towards the apex, greyish, punctured with black, leaving two lines

running from the basal angles, and meeting in the middle of the disc, a

short longitudinal line uniting these with the apex, and the apex itself,

pale yellow: coriaceous part of the hemelytra flesh colour, irregularly

punctured with black; membrane dark brown: margins of the abdo-

men banded with orange and black, the middle of each segment being

orange: body beneath testaceous, shining: akdomen with a small spot

on each side of the base of each segment within the stigmata, a similar

spot in the middle of the posterior margin of the 5 and 6 segments, a

small transverse spot on each side of the disc of the third segment, and

the stigmata black: pectus with a few black spots: legs brownish, with

the tarsi black: rostrum reaching the base of the abdomen, with the

two basal joints testaceous, the two apical black: antennz black, with

the basal joint pitchy (Dallas). Long, 15¢ mill.

Reported from Arabia, N. India.

Div. DIPLOXYARIA.

En. Hem. vy, p. 58 (1876).

a, b, c, asin T'ropycorypharia (p. 19).

d.—Head transversely convex, rarely somewhat flat, and, if so, the

juga are longer than the tylus and contiguous before it, or the second

joint of the antenne is almost thrice longer than the first, or scarcely

extending beyond the apex of the head: juga generally longer than the

tylus and contiguous before the tylus: frena rarely slightly extended

beyond the middle of the scutellum: furrow of the orifices generally

short or very short, rarely continued ina long wrinkle or ridge : first

joint of the antennz not reaching the apex of the head: venter some-

times furrowed.

e.—Posterior angles of the pronotum not lobed: scutellum not

amplified behind the frena: head not cylindrical: rostrum not extend-

ed behind the pectus, second joint longer than the third: venter not

furrowed.

f.—Antennez alike in both sexes, second joint longer than the

first.

d 4 HK. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. | No. 1,

Genus Apri, Stal.

En. Hem. v, pp. 58, 78 (1876).

Juga and tylus equal, or somewhat so, in length: buccule rather

elevated throughout their entire length, posteriorly forming a somewhat

right angle: second joint of antennas about on a level with the apex

of the head, not, or only a little, longer than the third, the third joint

longer than the first : second joint of rostrum equal, or somewhat so, in

length to the two apical taken together, the two apical joints of equal

length : prostethium broadly furrowed, margins of furrow elevated,

somewhat carinate: costal area of corium very narrow anteriorly and

furnished with punctures placed in a simple row, costal margin ante-

riorly rounded.

174, ADRIA PARVULA, Dallas.

Pentatoma parvula, Dallas, List Hem.i, p. 246 (1851) ; Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A.

Forh. p. 497 (1862).

Adria parvula, Stal, En. Hem. v, p, 78 (1876) ; Lethierry, An. Mus. Gen. xviii,

p- 649 (1883).

9. Hlongate-ovate, testaceous, punctured fuscous; a small whitish

spot on both sides of the scutellum at the base; membrane whitish ; a

longitudinal band of fuscous dots on each side of the abdomen ; rostrum

short, not reaching the base of the last pair of feet (Dallas). Long,

7—75 mill.

Reported from India, Burma, Senegal.

Genus Scyuax, Distant.

Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 345 (1887).

Head very large, flat and long; the juga very much longer than

the tylus, slightly concave, obtusely pointed at the apex, and in Q cleft

at the apex, but in & apparently united: lateral angles of the pronotum

very strongly produced forwards into robust, obtuse spines which, in

the typical species, have their apices parallel to the eyes; anterior

margin concave for the reception of the head, anterior angles minute

and truncate, posterior margin straight, oblique from the basal angles

of the scutellum to the lateral angles; scutellum short and broad, not

extending much beyond the base of the membrane ; the lateral margins

obliquely directed inwardly to about the middle and then straight to

near the apex which is broadly rounded ; corium short not reaching

the apex of the scutelluam: membrane with prominent reticulated

veins: rostrum long, about reaching the last coxe: antenne inserted

beneath the head in front of the eyes, the second joint barely reaching

the apex of the head (Dist.).

1888. | E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 35

175. Scynax porrectus, Distant.

Scylax porrectus, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 345, t. 12, f.7 (1887).

Body above ochraceous: head, pronotum, and scutellum somewhat

thickly punctate: pronotum with two short transverse and one short

median, levigate, longitudinal, linear spots: scutellum with a median,

longitudinal, levigate band which has a median row of minute punc-

tures, and a few scattered punctures on each side: costal area of

corium very finely and sparingly punctate, the inner area coarsely and

somewhat thickly punctate: membrane pale brownish ochraceous : body

beneath and legs ochraceous; the body somewhat finely and darkly

punctate, and with a median and two sublateral bands formed of black-

ish punctures: legs speckled brownish: juga divided to near the apex

of the tylus: membrane extended to about half the anal appendage :

second joint antennse much shorter than the third: rostrum reaching

last coxee, apex pitchy (Dist.). ong, 15 mill.

Reported from India.

176, Scynax mMAcriNus, Distant.

Scylax macrinus, Dist., Trans. Ent, Soc. p. 346, t. 12, f. 9 (1887).

Closely allied to the preceding ; differs in its smaller size, the juga

cleft to a short distance only before the head (united in the 3): mem-

brane not reaching the apex of the last abdominal segment (Dist.).

Long, 14—15 mill.

Reported from Sikkim (mihi).

Genus Aiscnrocoris, Dallas.

Aischrus, List Hem. i, p. 220 (1851): Stal, En. Hem. v, p. 79 (1876) : Hschrocoris,

Bergroth, Ent. Nach., p. 152 (1887).

The name Aischrus was given by Spinola (Gen. d’Ins. Artr., p. 136,

1850) to the African genus subsequently named Lhinocoris, by Stal, and

therefore Dallas’ name cannot stand and should give place to Aschrocoris

as suggested by Bergroth.

Head elongated, with the sides nearly parallel, the apex nearly

square, the juga much longer than the tylus and meeting in front of it :

eyes rather small, globose ; ocelli small, placed near, but a little behind,

the eyes : antenne about as long as the head and pronotum, five-jointed ;

basal joint short and stout; second not much longer than the first, |

about half the length of the third; 4 and 5 joints about equal to the

third: rostrum long and slender, reaching the base of the abdomen .

basal joint shortest, not passing the base of the head; second longest :

g and 4 about equal: body short and broad: pronotum with the etenall

36 K. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [ No. 1,

angles produced into stout, somewhat cylindrical processes, directed

forwards and upwards, with the apex emarginate and deflexed : scutel-

lum reaching beyond the middle of the body; the apex broad with a

tubercle in its middle: membrane with irregularly retriculated veins :

body beneath very convex; abdomen and sternum unarmed; the

lateral margins of the former with a small tubercle at the posterior

angle of each segment: legs long, especially the posterior; tarsi of

three joints, with the basal joint as long as the apical (Dallas).

177. AXSCHROCORIS OBSCURUS, Dallas.

Aischrus obscurus, Dallas, List. Hem. i, p. 221, t. 8, f. 4 (1851); Walker, Cat.

Het. ii, p. 268 (1867) ; Stal, En. Hem. v, p. 79 (1876).

3. Head black, tinted with coppery or violet, somewhat shining,

thickly punctured, with two short, longitudinal, parallel ridges on the

middle of the vertex, and a similar ridge on the tylus: eyes black:

pronotum pale brown, punctured with black and rugose, with an elevated

line down the middle; the tips of the lateral processes are black : scu-

tellum of the same colour as the pronotum with a large black pit in

each basal angle ; apical tubercle black; coriaceous portion of the he-

melytra of the same colour and texture; membrane brownish: body

beneath black, coarsely punctured rugose, with scattered brown eleva-

tions; lateral tubercles of the abdomen brown; pronotal processes

black, tinted with coppery : legs brown ; femora covered with fine black

punctures, with the base, the inside, the apex of the outside, and a

ring before the apex, black ; tibiee with the base and a ring about the

middle black: rostrum and antenne brown; the latter becoming

darker towards the apex (Dallas). Long, 83; breadth of pronotum, 83

mill,

Reported from Java, India.

178. -AUSCHROCORIS TUBERCULATUS, Stal.

Aischrus tuberculatus, Stal, A. S. EH. F. (4 s.) v, p. 169 (1865) ; En. Hem. vy, p.

79 (1876).

3. Pale fuscescent-ferruginous, strongly punctured in patches ;

head and pronotum anteriorly fuscous-cupreous; venter brassy-black on

the disc; femora brassy-black, a median ring on the femora, the tibia,

and antenne yellow-testaceous ; tibize black at the base, ringed fuscous

in the middle: pronotum bituberculate on the disc. Close to 4. obscurus,

Dallas, differs in the short head, disc of pronotum bituberculate and.

lateral horns shorter: pronotum furnished with a median longitudinal

ridge and others transverse behind the middle ; lateral angles produced

1888.) E. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 37

in a horn inclining somewhat forwards, emarginate at the apex, fur-

nished anteriorly with a small tubercle in the middle, shorter than the

head: scutellum terminated at the apex by a concolorous tubercle, a

little elevated (Stal). Long, 74; broad, 5 mill.

Reported from India: taken in Sikkim.

Genus AlLiomoRPHA, Stal.

Ofvers. K. V.-A, Foérh. p. 313 (1858); Hem. Afric. i, p. 173 (1864); En. Hem.

vy, p. 58, 79 (1876). Includes Tetratoma, Signoret, A. S. E, F. (2s.) ix, p. 339

(1851).

Body ovate or obovate, beneath moderately convex: head produced,

narrowed forwards, rather convex, lateral margins obtuse, tylus and

juga equal, or somewhat so, in length, juga acuminate at the apex:

buccule continued through, moderately elevated: antenne different in

each sex; in o, somewhat stout, second joint very short, somewhat

annuliform, obsolete; in 9, slender, second joint elongate, much shorter

than the third, basal joint not reaching the apex of the head: rostrum

moderate, first joint on a level with the bucculz posteriorly, second some-

what shorter or just equal to the two apical taken together: lateral

margins of pronotum somewhat obtuse: frena reaching or scarcely

reaching to the middle of the scutellum, rarely extending beyond the

middle: apical angles of the last segment of the abdomen somewhat

straight: feet moderate, tibiee furrowed above or flattish (Stal). Sig-

noret’s name was previously given to a genus of Coleoptera.

179. AXLIOMORPHA LINEATICOLLIS, Westwood.

Pentatoma lineatocollis, Westwood, Hope, Cat. Hem. i, p. 36 (1837).

Aliomorpha lineaticollis, Stal, En. Hem. v, p. 80 (1876).

Greyish-luteous, much punctured with fuscous; head and prono-

tum with a more or less distinct pale longitudinal line; scutellum paler ;

head with a conical disc, a little fuscous ; a broad stripe at the middle

of the internal margin of the hemelytra, infuscate ; antenne fuscous ;

abdomen, beneath, smooth in the middle, punctured on the sides ;

posterior angles of pronotum hardly prominent (Westw.). Long, 6;

mill. |

Reported from Bengal.

Div, EYSARCORIARIA.

En. Hem. v, p. 59 (1876).

a.as in Odiaria (p. 17).

b.—Costal area of corium anteriorly strongly narrowed and fur-

nished there with punctures generally arranged in a rather regular

38 BE. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

single row; costal margin anteriorly obtusish or somewhat so, generally

pale, levigate and somewhat callous: juga and tylus of equal length, the

juga very rarely a little longer than the tylus, always altogether dis-

tant, never accuminated: head generally rather bending forwards,

pronotum rather inclined before the middle ; anterior lateral margins, at

least before the middle, rounded or somewhat so, generally callous

and levigate: lateral angles of pronotum usually prominulous: basal

angles of the scutellum generally marked by a pale, levigate, callous,

often large, spot or streak: body beneath generally rather convex :

orifices subauriculately margined or extended in a short furrow, abrupt-

ly abbreviated, not continued in a wrinkle or ridge, having the margin

elevated : tibiz somewhat slender, rounded, or above slightly sulcated,

or somewhat flattish : second joint of the rostrum reaching the first coxe

or the base of the mesostethium, not, or a little longer, or shorter, than

the two apical joints taken together, these equal in length or somewhat

so: almost entire second joint of the antennz extending beyond the apex

of the head: body small.

Genus Sroutta, Ellenrieder.

Nat. Tidsskr. Ned. Ind. xxiv, p. 149 (1862) ; Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A. Férh. p. 510

(1867) : En. Hem. v, p. 59, 81 (1876).

Body short ; length of body equal to 1} time the breadth of the

pronotum ; head much inclined; tylus long, juga anteriorly gradually

narrowed externally up to the interior apical angle which is somewhat

straight or acutish; eyes globulose, small, very prominent ; ocelli small:

first joint of the antenne shorter than the head, 2-5 joints almost of

equal length, last two more robust: rostrum reaching the second

segment of the abdomen: anterior margin of pronotum narrower than

the head; lateral margin almost entire, 2-3 small teeth anteriorly being

hardly visible ; posterior angles broader than the abdomen, more pro-

minent in the 3, and mucronate or acuminate: pronotum much declined

before the line between the posterior angles: scutellum broad, long,

covering three-fourths of the abdomen, its posterior angle very broadly

rounded: coriaceous part of hemelytra longer than the membrane which

has a few veins, sometimes branched: abdomen short, almost orbicular,

extending at the sides a little beyond the hemelytra, posteriorly scarcely

shorter than them: venter subglobulose, usually shining black, with-

in the callous and levigate lateral margins, finely impressed, margin

pale: ventral furrow in the first segment, short but deep: feet weak,

sparingly ciliated, punctulate black (Hilenr.). The species of this genus

appear to be numerous and to require revision.

1888. } EK. T, Atkinson— Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 39

180. Svrornia GurricERA, Thunberg.

Cimer guttigerus, Thunb., Nov. Ins. Spec. ii, p. 32, t. 2, f. 47 (1783).

Pentatoma nepalensis, Westw., Hope Cat. Hem. i, p. 36 (1837): Stal, En. Hem.

v, p. 126 (1876).

Pentatoma punctipes, Westw., 1. c. p. 36 (1837) : Stal, 1. c. p. 126 (1876).

Eysarcoris guttigerus, Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 228 (1851) ; Walker, Cat. Het., ii,

p. 275 (1867).

Eysarcoris nepalensis, Leth., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii, p. 649 (1883).

Stollia guttigera, Stal, En. Hem. v. p. 81 (1876): Scott, A. M. N. H. (4s.) xiv,

p. 290 (1874) ; Distant, 1. c. (5 s.), iii, p. 45 (1879): Scott, Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 305

(1880) ; Distant, 1. c., p. 415 (1883).

Obscurely luteous, tinted bronze, punctured black: pronotum broad

posteriorly, the posterior angles prominent, obtuse ; anteriorly with two

small, smooth, black, lunules: scutellum at the base with two large,

distant, white spots: pronotum beneath tinted cupreous: abdomen

black, margin luteous (P. nepalensis, Westw.). Long 5% mill. P.

punctipes, Westw., is described as very like P. nepalensis, or, perhaps,

only a local variety ; a little larger, angles of pronotum less produced

and the colour more metallic, Long 6; mill. Nearly allied to S. bovilla,

Dallas, from the Philippines, differs in having the lateral angles of the

pronotum less prominent, and the callous wrinkle on the lateral margins

finer: ventral limbus yellow.

Reported from Japan, China, Burma, Assam, Nepal: common in

Sikkim and Assam (mihi).

181. Strona FruLiarnosa, Ellenr.

Stollia fuliginosa, Ellenr., Nat. Tidsskr. Ned. Ind. xxiv, p. 150, f. 18 (1862) :

Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p. 235 (1876): Stal, Hn. Hem. vy, p. 81 (1876).

é. Ochraceous-brunneous, so closely punctulate black as to

appear fuliginous: posterior inter-angular band on pronotum, lateral

bands on scutellum, and some scattered spots, more obscure: two small

spots, and a transverse waved line on pronotum and spots on lateral

angles of the scutellum, luteous: lateral margins of the abdomen

extending slightly beyond the hemelytra, luteous, spotted black : mem-

brane opaque, blackish; venter beneath shining black; broad margin,

luteous, stigmata black, last tibizse somewhat curved at the base (Hllenr.)

Long, 7—8 mill.

Reported from Sumatra, Java, Malacca.

182. Srotnia ruaguLOsA, Walker.

Eysarcoris rugulosus, Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p. 276 (1867).

Aeneous-lurid, oval, rather roughly punctured; beneath bright

geneous, smooth, shining: head elongate; juga und tylus of equal

40 E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

length ; lateral margins slightly reflexed ; rostrum tawny, extending to

the hind coxe, apex black: antenne black, minutely setulose, less

than half the length of the body; joints successively increasing in

length ; first not extending to the front of the head: pronotum with

two slight transverse ridges: scutellum with two slight grooves con-

verging from the sides of the fore border to the middle of the disc: legs

tawny, short, stout, black-speckled : membrane brown (Walker). Body

long, 5¢ mill.

Reported from Cachar (Assam): nearly allied to S. bovilla, Dallas,

and to S. insularis, Dallas.

183. Srounia pus, Dallas.

Eysarcoris dubius, Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 227 (1851): A. Dohrn, Stettin Ent.

Zeit., xxi, p. 400 (1860): Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p. 275 (1867).

Stollia dubia, Stal, En. Hem. v, p. 82 (1876).

Q. Above greyish, thickly and finely punctured with black: head

blackish, tinted with brassy green: pronotum with the lateral margins

very slightly indented, the lateral angles somewhat prominent ; the an-

terior margin blackish, tinged with brassy: scutellum more thickly

punctured and consequently darker in colour than the pronotum, with a

small impunctate spot in each basal angle: membrane brownish, semi-

transparent, with the veins darker: abdomen above black, beneath

brassy black, very smooth and shining, with the disc impunctate, the

sides thickly and finely punctured, the margins testaceous, with a row

of black spots on the extreme edge: pectus brownish, very thickly and

finely punctured with black: legs testaceous ; femora and tibie with

numerous brown points: rostrum testaceous, with the apex black: an-

tenn testaceous, with the 2-3 joints about equal (Dallas). Long, 6}—7

mill.

Reported from Tenasserim. Dohrn notes that a Ceylon variety has

the rostrum not only at the apex, but with a median longitudinal line

on two last joints, black.

184, Strona pistacta, Dallas.

Eysarcoris distacta, Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 226 (1851): Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p

279 (1867).

Stollia rectipes, Ellenr., Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., xxiv, p. 150, f. 19 (1862) : Walker,

1,6. p. 2a.

Stollia distacta, Stal, Hn. Hem. v, p. 82 (1876).

9. Above greyish testaceous, rather thickly and finely punctured

with brown: head black, slightly brassy; eyes black, ocelli red: an-

terior lateral margins of pronotum straight, the lateral angles not pro-

1888. ] E. T. Atkinson— Notes on Indian Rhynchota. A}

minent, anterior portion much paler than the posterior, with a trans-

verse brassy black spot behind each anterior angle: scutellum with a

yellow impunctate spot in each basal angle: membrane transparent,

nearly colourless, veins slightly tinged brown and the inner basal

angle immaculate: disc of abdomen beneath, deep brassy brown or

black, the sides thickly and finely punctured, the middle impunctate,

the margins broadly testaceous, thickly and finely punctured brown :

pectus testaceous, so thickly covered with brown punctures as to appear

nearly brown: legs pale testaceous, femora with numerous brown

points: rostrum testaceous, apex black: antenne pale testaceous with

the apical joints brownish; second joint distinctly longer than the third

(Dallas). Long, 6; mill.

Reported from Java, Sumatra, Philippines, Calcutta (mihi).

Genus Eysarcoris, Hahn.

Wanz. Ins. ii, p. 66 (1834); Kolen., Melet. Ent. iv, p. 32 (1846) Dallas, List

Hem. i, p. 224 (1851): Eusarcoris, Fieber, Eur. Hem. p. 79, 331 (1861) : Penta-

toma, subg., Hysarcocoris, Stal, Hem. Afric. i, p. 135 (1864).

Body obovate, very often broad, beneath very convex: head de-

flexed, rounded at the apex, tylus reaching the apex; buccule conti-

nued through, rather elevated: antenne moderate, first joint about

on a level with the apex of the head, 2 and 3 joints varying in length:

second joint of rostrum as long as, or a little longer than, the two

apical joints taken together: pronotum rather declined anteriorly,

anterior lateral margins obtuse, slightly callous, entire: scutellum broad

posteriorly, somewhat longer than broad at the base; frena not extended

to the middle of the scutellum: feet moderate, femora unarmed at the

apex ; tibia above, not, or only obsoletely, furrowed (Stal).

185. Eysarcoris (P) VENTRALIS, Westwood.

Pentatoma ventralis, Westw., nec Dallas, Hope, Cat. Hem. i, p. 36 (1837); Stal,

En. Hem. v, p. 126 (1876).

Pentatoma pallicornis, Westw., 1. c. p. 8 (1837).

Pale luteous, very much punctured, black: head and pronotum

anteriorly, blackish: scutellum with two distinct, round, whitish spots

at the base: body beneath, antennze and feet, concolorous: abdomen

with a large black patch in the middle (Westw.). Long 6% mill,

Reported from Bengal.

42 E. T. Atkinson—wNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [ No. 1,

186. Eysarcoris rnconspicuus, Herrich Schaffer.

Pentatoma inconspicuum, Herr. Schiaff. (nec Dallas), Wanz. Ins. vii, p. 93 (1844) ;

ix, p. 155 (1853). 7

Eysarcoris inisellus, Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A. Forh., p. 217 (1858).

Pentatoma (Hysarcocoris) misella, Stal, Hem. Afric. i, p. 135 (1864).

Analocus misellus, Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A. Forh. 3, p. 36 (1872).

Stollia misella, Stal, En. Hem. v, p. 82 (1876).

Eysarcoris inconspicwus, Reuter, Ofvers. Finska Forh. xxv, p. 6 (1883).

Var. simplex, Puton, Hém. Het. France ii, p. 55 (1881); B.S. BH. F. (68.) i, p.

Ix, (1881).

Var. mayeti, Muls., sec. Puton, I. e.

3, 2. Somewhat broadly obovate, pale greyish-stramineous, punc-

tured fuscous: head, two anterior spots on pronotum, also a very large

median streak running longitudinally, narrowed hindwards, occupying

more than one-third of the venter, fuscous-zneous: head very often

with a pale, fuscous punctured streak ; a minute, smooth, marginal,

subcallous, pale spot at the eyes: lateral and anterior margins of pro-

notum, also small spot on levigate, callous, basal angles of scutellum,

pale: very minute’ marginal spots on venter, black : first joint of ros-

trum, not, or scarcely, extending beyond the buccule, second joint a little

longer than the two apical taken together: venter sometimes with an.

obsolete, lateral, enescent-fuscous streak: third joint of the antenne a

little shorter than the second (Stal). Long 43—5$; broad, 3—4 mill.

Reported from Cape of Good Hope, N. Africa, S. Europe, India,

Philippines. Antennee sometimes fuscous towards the apex.

187. Eysarcorts (?) MEGASPILUS, Walker.

Eysarcoris megaspilus, Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p. 276 (1867).

Tawny, shining, convex, short-elliptical, minutely punctured ; punc-

tures black: head black with several longitudinal tawny streaks ; lobes

of equal length : restrum tawny, extending to the hind coxe ; apex black :

antenne tawny, piceous towards the tips, less than half the length of

the body ; joints successively increasing in length; first not extending

to the front of the head: pronotum black; with a few tawny speckles

and with a tawny disc: scutellum with a very large luteous spot on

each side at the base, and with a luteous crescent-shaped apical mark,

which is notched in the middle: pectus and underside of abdomen with

four irregular and interrupted luteous stripes; a luteous ridge between

the middle coxee and the hind cox: legs Iuteous, short, stout; femora.

with an irregular black band beyond the middle: hemelytra with two

1888. ] BE. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhyuchota. 4,3

or three blackish patches; membrane pale cinereous (Wulker). Body

long, 4—5} mill.

Reported from N. China, Hong-Kong, Assam (?).

188. Eysarcoris (?) rnsocius, Walker.

Eysarcoris insocius, Walker, Cat. Het. iii, p. 556, (1868).

Dull testaceous, elliptical, thickly and minutely brown punctured :

head large, slightly obtuse in front; juga and tylus of equal length :

eyes piceous, prominent: rostrum extending to the hind coxe; apex

black: antennz pale-testaceous ; first joint not extending to the front

of the head; second a little longer than the third ; fourth much longer

than the third; fifth partly piceous, longer than the fourth: pronotum

with two irregular smooth transverse lines, of which the fore one is

much more undulating than the hind one; the latter is between the

hind angles, which are prominent and much rounded ; sides slightly

serrated in front; scutellum with a less thickly punctured stripe ex-

tending from the middle to the tip, which is much rounded, a small

pale testaceous callus on each side at the base: abdomen beneath with

three black stripes; the lateral pair irregular and incomplete; the

middle one not extending to the tip, dilated towards the base, where it

includes a testaceous spot; tip emarginate: femora with three small

black dots near the apex; tibize very minutely black-speckled ; mem-

brane cinereous; veins few, brown; no transverse veinlets. Var.—

Stripes of the abdomen nearly obsolete (Walker). Body long, 65—7}

mull.

Reported from India.

Genus Carsuna, Stal.

Pentatoma, subg. Carbula, Stal, Hem. Afric. i, p. 140 (1864) ; Carbula, En. Hem.

v, p. 60, 82 (1876).

Body broadly oval or obovate, beneath very convex: head rounded

or subtruncated at the apex: the juga and tylus somewhat equal in

length, the former obtuse, lateral margins somewhat obtuse, buccule

moderately elevated, reaching base of the head; antenniferous tuber-

cles partly visible from above: rostrum moderate, the first joint equal

to, or extending a little beyond, the buccule posteriorly ; second joint

somewhat equal to, or a little longer, than the apical two taken together :

antennze moderate or somewhat long, first joint not reaching the apex

of the head; second joint rarely a little longer than the third: anterior

lateral margins of pronotum very often very obtuse; never acute;

terminated by a smooth wrinkle or ridge, (which itself is sometimes

transversely rugulose),varely anteriorly crenulated ; scutellum triangular,

44: E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. I,

somewhat short, a little Jonger than broad at the base; frena extended a

little beyond the middle: hemelytra a little narrower than the abdo-

men; membrane with simple veins: apical angles of the last segment

of the abdomen very often obtuse, rarely produced in a small spine:

feet moderate, somewhat slender, tibiee above slightly furrowed (Stal).

189. CarBULA BIGUTTATA, Fabricius.

Cimex 2-guttatus, Fabr., Ent. Syst., iv, p. 129 (1794).

Cimex 2-notatus, Fabr., Syst. Rhyng. p. 165 (1803).

Carbula biguttata, Stal, Hem. Fabr. i, p. 25 (1868) ; En. Hem. v, p. 83 (1876).

@. Obovate, stramineous: above rather densely, below remotely,

distinctly punctured ferruginous fuscous; anterior lateral margins of

pronotum flavescent ; a moderate, smooth, callous, shining spot on the

basal angles, and the extreme apical margin of the scutellum, stramineous :

membrane sordid hyaline, veins fuscescent : lateral angles of pronotum,

basal and apical margins of the segments of the connexivum, extremity

of basal and the apical angles of the segments, and a very broad streak on

the venter, narrowed hindwards, black: feet very finely and remotely

sprinkled with black ; 2—3 small black spots near the apex of the pos-

terior femora (Stal). Long, 8; broad, 5 mill.

Very closely allied to C. abdominalis, Sign. Head flat, juga and

tylus equally long, the former subrotundate at the apex, lateral margins

parallel before the sinus: 2 and 3 joints of the antenne equally long:

pronotum with the lateral angles, very acute, moderately produced out-

wards, obsoletely pallescent at the extreme apex, anterior lateral

margins very slightly sinuate, slightly reflexed, anteriorly very obsolete-

ly crenulated ; apical angles of the sixth abdominal segment, obtuse.

Reported from India.

190. CarBuLa (?) opscuRA, Westwood.

Pentatoma obscura, Westw., Hope, Cat, Hem. i, p. 35 (1837).

Pentatoma bimaculata, Westw., 1. c., p. 8 (1837).

Carbula ? obscura, Stal, En. Hem. v, p. 126 (1876).

Fuscous-luteous, punctured black; posterior angles of pronotum

prominulous, subacute, black; lateral margin of pronotum anteriorly

pallid; scutellum with two distant, white spots at the base: antenns

and feet luteous, punctured fuscous (Westw.). Long, 74 mill.

Reported from India.

191. Carsuna Fusca, Distant.

Carbula fusca, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 346 (1887).

Above shining fuscous-brown: head somewhat thickly covered

1888. ] KE. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. AS

with bronzy-green punctures; eyes luteous; antenne brown, the last

joint with the apical two-thirds blackish: pronotum with the anterior

area and lateral margins punctured bronzy-green, remaining area

coarsely punctate, lateral angles prominently and obtusely produced,

their apices reddish-brown: scutellum coarsely punctate, sometimes

slightly shaded bronzy-green: corium coarsely punctate: membrane

pale hyaline: body beneath, rostrum and legs brown, the abdomen

paler, with a broad, median, blackish band, on each side of which is a

narrower and more irregular band of the same colour, and between these

bands are scattered dark punctures: femora punctured or speckled

with blackish: head beneath and sternum coarsely and darkly punc-

tate: mesostethium with a large irregular luteous spot on each side:

rostrum reaching third abdominal segment: 2-3 joints of antenne sub-

equal in length, and much shorter than the fourth; 4-5 joints subequal

in length, the fifth moderately incrassate (Dist.). Long 7-8: exp. angl.

pron. 5-6 mill.

Reported from Nepal, Sikkim (mihi), where it is very common,

192. CaRBULA SCUTELLATA, Distant.

Carbula scutellata, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 347 (1887).

Head luteous, covered with coarse black punctures; eyes fuscous ;

ocelli red ; antenne luteous, infuscate at the apex ; 4—5 joints subequal

in length ; rostrum extending just beyond last coxe: pronotum Iuteous,

coarsely and darkly punctate, the lateral margins levigate, the lateral

angles produced into long, acute, black spines: scutellum Iuteous,

sparingly and coarsely darkly punctate, a large levigate spot at each

basal angle, apex also broadly impunctate, punctures usually thickest at

the lateral margins and sometimes at the base: corium luteous with a

purplish tinge, thickly and darkly punctate: membrane pale hyaline:

connexivum luteous, with black segmental, marginal spots: body be-

neath and legs luteous, with a few scattered black punctures on the disc

and on the femora, and the margins and apices of the pronotal angles

black (Dist.). Long, 8; exp. angl. pron. 5% mill.

Reported from Bombay, N. Khasiya Hills (Assam).

Genus Gynenica, Dallas.

List Hem. i, p. 180 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het. i, p. 217 (1867): Stal, En. Hem,

v, p- 83 (1876).

Body elongate-ovate: head elongate, tapering gradually to the

apex; tylus reaching the apex; eyes not prominent; ocelli minute,

placed close to the eyes; antenne inserted in front of the eyes, basal

joint short, not reaching the apex of the head, 2-3 joints about equal ;

AG H. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

rostrum inserted in front of the antenniferous tubercles, reaching the

base of the abdomen, basal joint reaching the base of the head, second

joint longest, as long as 3-4 together, 3-4 joints about equal: lateral

angles of pronotum produced into strong, acute spines, directed forwards

and upwards: scutellum triangular, not extending beyond the middle of

the abdomen: membrane with longitudinal veins: abdomen with a

weak longitudinal furrow, apex produced and pointed (¢?), vulvar

plates narrow and acute: legs moderate: tarsi 3-jointed, basal joint

longest (Dallas).

193. GYNENICA MARGINELLA, Dallas.

Gynenica marginella, Dallas, List Hem. i, p.181, t. 6, f.4 (1851) ; Walker, Cat.

Het. i, p. 217 (1867) : Stal, En. Hem., v, p. 83 (1876).

Above brown, thickly and finely punctured black, more strongly

on the scutellum: head with a median, longitudinal, fulvous line:

thorax with a transverse yellow band before the middle, and the lateral

spines black: lateral margins of scutellum yellow, impunctate, with a

line of coarse, black, punctures close to the margin, apex yellow, finely

punctured black: outer margin of corium yellow, coarsely punctured

black ; membrane transparent: margin of the abdomen fulvous, tinged

with green; pectus fulvous, tinged with green and thickly and finely

punctured: legs fulvous, apex of each tibie and the tarsi, black: ros-

trum testaceous, apex black: antenne ferruginous (Dallas). Long,

133 mill.

Locality unknown: Africa (?).

194. Gynenica AFFINIS, Distant.

Gynenica afinis, Dist., Ent. Mon. Mag. xvi, p. 202 (1880).

Above brown, thickly and coarsely punctured: head thickly pune-

tured black, with a median, fulvous longitudinal line, broadest at the

base; tylus reaching apex of the head, a little shorter than the juga ;

antenns: fuscous, basal joint not reaching apex of the head, second

slightly shorter than the third, fourth longest, 5 and 3 subequal : pos-

terior half of pronotum thickly punctured black, anterior portion ful-

vous, lateral angles produced into strong, acute, black spines, slightly

directed forwards: scutellum fulvous, sparingly covered with black

punctures, except at the base, where there is a large median, black,

coarsely punctured spot: corium concolorous with posterior part of the

pronotum, very thickly punctured black; membrane fuscous: body

beneath luteous, thickly and finely punctured, slightly tinged with

green: legs fulvous : rostrum greenish, apex black. Allied to preceding,

1888. | E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. AG

differs in the shorter head, and tylus not extending beyond the juga

the pronotal spines are smaller and not directed upwards, the scutellum

is of another colour (Dist.). Long, 10 ; exp. pron. angl., 6 mill.

Reported from Bombay, Calcutta (mihi).

Genus Cratonotus, Distant,

A. M.N. H. (5s.) iii, p. 50 (1879).

Head broad and elongated ; ocular part broadest, with the lateral

edges somewhat sinuated about the middle; tylus shorter than the

juga; eyes prominent; ocelli situated rather nearer the eyes than to

each other: antenneze longer than the head and pronotum, five jointed ;

second joint slightly shorter than the third, fourth longest: rostrum

robust, just passing the posterior coxe; second joint longer than the

third, apical joint shortest: pronotum twice as wide as long, raised and

rounded at the base, deflexed in front, angles obtusely prominent ;

lateral margins deeply sinuated, with their anterior portion crenulated :

scutellum reaching a little beyond the base of membrane, gradually nar-

rowed for two-thirds its length from the base, when it is straightened to

apex, which is moderately broad and rounded; width at base about

equal to length : membrane with longitudinal veins: abdomen widened

above, projecting a little on each side, convex beneath, abdomen and

sternum unarmed: legs moderately long, tibize sulcated (Distant).

This genus is near Durmia, Stal.

195. CRATONOTUS COLORATUS, Distant.

Cratonotus coloratus, Distant, A. M. N. H. (5 8.) iii, p. 50 (1879).

Brown, somewhat shining, thickly punctured with black; head

black, thickly punctured ; eyes black, with their bases luteous ; antennz

luteous ; rostrum brownish ; pronotum with the basal half rugulose and

very coarsely punctured, lateral margins narrowly luteous, pronotal

angles pitchy : scutellum transversely rugulose, with a large irregular

patch, at base and apex, broadly luteous; membrane pitchy, shining :

margins of abdomen above, and body beneath, luteous, the last with a

broad green stripe on each side, extending narrowly along on each side

of head, widened at anterior coxe, and extending to about the base of

the fifth abdominal segment; two obscure marks on the disc and a

sub-apical spot pitchy: legs luteous; apices of femora and tibie black,

anterior tibizs punctured with black; tarsi black. Other structural

characters as in generic diagnosis above (Distant). Long, 19; breadth

of angles of pronotum, 11 mill.

Reported from N. Khasiya hills, 1,500—3,000 feet (Assam), Sikkim

(mihi),

48 E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

Tibiz rounded, without a furrow ; see p. 16.

Genus AGONOSCELIS, Spinola.

Ess. p. 327 (1837); Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 179 (1851): Stal, Hem. Afric. i,

p. 177 (1864) ; En. Hem. vy, p. 84 (1876).

Includes Newroscia, Am. & Serv., Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém. p. 109 (18438).

Body remotely pilose, oval: head very often somewhat long, gra-

dually narrowed forwards, rounded at apex, entire; juga and tylus of

equal length: buccule continued through, distinctly elevated : rostrum

long, or somewhat so, first joint reaching base of the head: anterior

lateral margins of pronotum entire, somewhat acute, straight; anterior

margin, in the middle at least, somewhat callous: scutellum triangular,

rather narrowed at apex, frena extended a little beyond the middle:

hemelytra somewhat narrower than the abdomen and much longer:

veins of membrane simple: mesostethium slightly carinate: venter

sometimes, obsoletely somewhat sulcate: feet moderate; tibiee cylin-

drical, not sulcate above (Stal).

196. AGONOSCELIS NUBILA, Fabricius.

Cimex nubilus, Fabr., Syst. Ent. p. 712 (1775); Spec. Ins. ii, p. 355 (1781) ;

Mant. Ins. ii, p. 293 (1787); Ent. Syst. iv, p. 112 (1794), Cape: Wolff, Ic. Cim. ii,

p. 57, t. 6, £. 54 (1801), India.

Halys nubila, Fabr., Syst. Rhyng. p. 183 (1803): Stoll, Punaises, p. 161, t. 40,

f. 290? (1788), India.

Pentatoma grata, Palis. Beauv., Ins. p. 129, Hém, t, 9, f. 5 (1805).

Alia ? nubila, Hahn, Wanz. Ins. iii, p. 29, t. 82, f. 251 (1835).

Agonoscelis indica, Spinola, Ess. p. 329 (1837).

Var. Alia crucifera, Westwood, Hope, Oat. Hem.i, p. 32 (1837). Cape, Java.

Var. Agonoscelis femoralis, Walker, Cat. Het. iii, p. 545 (1868). N. India, Banda.

Neuroscia grata, Am. and Serv., Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém. p. 109 (1843). St. Domingo P

Neuroscia sulciventris, Ellenr., Nat. Tijds. v. Ned. Ind. xxiv, p. 144, f. 11 (1862).

Sumatra.

Agonoscelis nubila, Dallas, List Hem. i, p.179 (1851) ; Uhler, Proc. Ac. Phil.

p. 223 (1860), Japan. Walker, 1. c. i, p. 217 (1867) ; Stal, Hn. Hem. v, p. 85 (1876) ;

Scott. A. M. N. H. (4:8.) xiv, p. 290 (1874) ; Distant, 1. c. (5 s.), iii, p. 45 (1879).

Small, greyish varied with black: antennze altogether black ; head

greyish with four black lines: pronotum, greyish, irrorated with black,

dorsal line immaculate: scutellum black at the base, with a median line

and apex, greyish: hemelytra variegated, a median rufescent patch:

wings white with black lines: beneath, glaucous, punctured black,

margin of abdomen rufescent (Fabr.). N. grata, Am. & Serv. (J. c.) is

thus described: &,2 yellowish, spotted black; head yellow with four

black longitudinal lines above: pronotum yellow, with some reddish

tints, punctured black : scutellum yellowish, punctured black, its tip of

a light yellow or reddish: corium reddish yellow, with small, black,

1888. ] HE. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 49

irregular, transverse lines ; the membrane extending rather beyond the

end of the abdomen, white, transparent; veins deep brown: body be-

neath yellow with two black spots on each side, on each ventral seg-

ment: feet yellow, femora with several black dots, tarsi brown: an-

tenne brown. Long, 10-12 mill.

Reported from the Philippines, Java, Malacca, India, China, Japan.

The Indian Museum has specimens from Arakan, Calcutta (mihi) Assam,

Mysore, and China. Walker’s variety ‘femoralis’ appears to be as much

entitled to specific rank as many others. It is found with the ordinary

form in Sikkim, Assam and Burma, and I have recently had it form the

Karen Hills near Tounghoo.

Group B. See p. 16.

En. Hem. v, p. 60 (1876).

Includes those genera which have either the second ventral seg-

ment produced anteriorly in a spine, or tuberculated ; or the venter

furnished with a levigate, obtusely round, longitudinal, and some-

times furrowed, ridge; or having the anterior and anterior-lateral

margins of the pronotum, or, at least the anterior, distinctly elevated,

levigate or callous; or the pronotum anteriorly levigate, or sparingly

punctured, and, within the anterior margin, punctured in regular or

somewhat regular rows; or the odoriferous apertures are immarginate

outwards, or continued in a furrow open at the apex: the entire second

joint of the antenne, or a great part of it, extending beyond the apex

of the head.

Div. Srracuiaria, Stal.

Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A., Férh. (3), p. 39 (1872); Hn. Hem. v, p. 60 (1876).

The odoriferous apertures placed between or near the posterior aceta-

bula, often obsolete, sometimes having the appearance of a small fissure,

anterior and posterior margins, sometimes slightly elevated and conti-

nued in two parallel or gradually diverging wrinkles or ridges, gradually

evanescent, terminating in a furrow, linear, or gradually amplified, open

at the apex: evaporative area wanting or obsolete: lateral margins of

the head reflexed: base of venter unarmed.

Genus Aczus, Dallas.

List Hem. B. M. i, p.185 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het. i, p. 229 (1867); Stal,

Ofvers, K. V.-A., Férh. p. 519 (1867); En. Hem. p. 60, 85 (1876).

Body elongate-ovate: head elongate, longer than broad, the sides

50 E. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

slightly sinuate, nearly parallel, apex pointed: tylus prominulous be-

fore the juga which are not, or only very slightly, convergent, anteriorly

and posteriorly equally distant, or somewhat so: antenne inserted a

little before the eyes, about half as long as the body, slender, 5-jointed ;

basal joint short and stout, not reaching nearly the apex of the head ;

the second joint about twice the length of the first; the third and the

fourth nearly equal in length, longer than the second ; the fifth a little

shorter than the second: rostrum long, slender, reaching behind the

last coxse, inserted rather in front of the middle of the head ; the basal

joint short, not reaching the base of the head; second longest; third

longer than the fourth which is longer than the first: the anterior

margin and the anterior-lateral margins of the pronotum elevated or

reflexed, smooth, callous: scutellum elongate, much narrowed at the

apex ; frena extended to a distance beyond the middle of the scutellum :

coriaceous portion of the hemelytra longer than the membrane which

has nine longitudinal veins: venter slightly furrowed ; the furrow from

the orifices gradually amplified: feet rather long; basal and apical

joints of the tarsi about equal (Dallas).

197. AG#US TESSELLATUS, Dallas.

Ageus tessellatus, Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 186, t. 6, f. 6 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het.

i, p. 229 (1867).

2. Above testaceous, thickly and finely punctured with brown: eyes

pitchy, ocelli red: pronotum with five brassy black spots on each side

of the posterior portion of the disc; namely, three large ones near the

middle, placed, two on the posterior margin, and one between the apices

of these, a small one on the lateral margin near the lateral angle, and

one between this and the three large spots: scutellum with the basal

portion brassy black, with a narrow median line, the basal angles, the

lateral margins, and an oblique angular line on each side testaceous ;

coriaceous portion of the hemelytra with a broad, brassy black trans-

verse band about the middle, and an indistinct spot of the same colour

towards the apex; membrane brown, semitransparent: wings blackish,

with the base vermillion: dorsum of the abdomen bright red, shining ;

margins orange, with a brassy black spot on each suture : abdomen be-

neath testaceous, very faintly and sparingly punctured, with a row of

round, dark brown spots on each side between the stigmata and the

median furrow ; stigmata black: pectus more or less thickly and finely

punctured with brown; pectus impunctate; mesostethium with a

slight median ridge: legs testaceous, with a streak ou the apex of the

femora, a similar streak near the base of the tibie, the apex of the tibie

1888. ] E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 51

and the tarsi, black; rostrum testaceous, with the apex black: antennz

black, with the underside of the basal joint testaceous (Dallas). Long,

21—22 mill.

Reported from India, Burma, Assam (mihi).

198. Agus mimus, Distant.

Ageus mimus, Dist., Trans., Hut. Soc. p. 347. t. 12, f. 1 (1887).

Head fuscous; tylus (except apex and lateral margins) ochrace-

ous ; eyes greyish ; antenne black, second joint shorter than the third,

3-4 joints subequal in length; head rather thickly and finely punctate,

excepting the lateral margins which are levigate: pronotum more

coarsely and sparingly punctate, lateral margins levigate and finely

crenulate anteriorly, lateral angles obtusely pointed and slightly pro-

duced ; of a reddish ochraceous colour, with thirteen fuscous spots

arranged six at base, of which two almost occupy the lateral angles and

the intervening four are more or less triangular, five discal spots, of

which the median is longest and intervenes between the two median

basal spots and also between two large spots placed near the anterior

margin: scutellum coarsely and rather closely punctate, fuscous, with a

median longitudinal ochraceous line, and a similar line extending from

each basal angle and meeting the median line on the disc: corium finely

and sparingly punctate, reddish ochraceous with fuscous punctures and

some irregularly shaped spots of the same colour, of which the most

prominent are a claval streak, three discal (the lowermost largest), one

large and long costal spot at about the middle, and three subapical

spots (the median largest) : membrane bronzy-brown: abdomen above

reddish : head beneath ochraceous, margins of rostral canal, margins of

bases of antenns and a band from the same to the base of the head,

fuscous: prostethium fuscous, anterior and posterior margins anda

transverse discal line ochraceous ; lateral margins and a spot near the

cox, reddish: meso-and meta-stethium fuscous, their margins and

the odoriferous apertures ochraceous, and with reddish spots near the

bases of the coxee: abdomen beneath with a median, longitudinal, fur-

row, reddish ochraceous, ornamented with a number of large dark fus-

cous spots: legs fuscous, femora streaked with ochraceous (Dist.).

Long, 23; exp. angl. pron. 10 mill.

Reported from Assam, Sibsdgar (mihi).

Genus Euryprma, Laporte.

Pentatoma, subg. Eurydema, pt., Lap. Ess. Hém. p. 61 (1832); Herr. Schiff.

Nom. Ent. i, p. 37 (1835) ; Ewrydema, pt., Am. and Serv. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém. p. 125

(1843); Kolenati, Melet. Ent. iv, p. 21 (1846): Strachia, pt., Dallas, List Hem.

52 HK. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

i, p. 257 (1851) ; Fieb. Eur. Hem. p. 343 (1861); Walker, Cat. Het. i, p. 313 (1867) :

Eurydema, Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A. Férh. xxix, 3, p. 39 (1872); En. Hem. v, p. 60, 85

(1876).

Stal thus distinguishes between the allied genera :—

1—2. Hyes sessile: anterior and antero-lateral margins of prono-

notum, elevated, callous :—Hurydema, Lap.

2—l. LHyes briefly stylate.

3—4. Pronotum sinuate at the apex, anterior margin callous :—

Stenozygum, Fieb.

4—3. Pronotum somewhat truncate at the apex ; anterior margin

not callous :—Bagrada, Stal.

199. Huryprema FESsTIVUM, Linneeus.

Cimesx festivus, Linn., Syst. Nat. ii, p. 723 (1767).

Pentatoma picta, Herr. Schaff. Cont, Panz. Faun. Germ. p. 116 (1835).

Burydema pictum, Herr. Schaff. Nom. Ent. i, p. 55, 91 (1835),

Strachia picta, Hahn, Wanz. Ins. iii, p. 14, t. 77, f. 240 (1835); Fieb. Hur.

Hem. p. 343 (1861): P. Low, Wien, Ent. Zeit. ii, p. 57 (1883).

Cimex fallax, Scholtz, Prodr., p. 154 (1846).

Var. albiventris, Jakov., Bull. Soc. Mose. li (3) p. 105 (1876).

Var. cruentatuwm, Puton, Hém. Het. France, ii, p. 70 (1880).

Lurydema festivum, Distant, Scient. Res. Sec. Yarkand Miss. p. 6 (1879): Reuter,

Ent. Tijds. i, p. 180 (1880); Rev. d’ Hnt. iii, p. 68 (1884) ; Berlin Ent. Zeit. xxix,

p. 40 (1885).

Reuter (1. c.) establishes the fact that Cimew festivus, Linn., is not

the species of that name as used by later authors, but is H. pictum, H.S.

hence arises some difficulty in arranging the synonymy. Through the

kindness of M. Lethierry, I have received a specimen of H. festivum, from

Amasia in Asia Minor, which agrees in all respects with Hahn’s figure of

8. picta which is described by him as having ‘the antenne black ; head

reddish or yellowish, anteriorly with two spots, and from the eyes hind-

wards, black-green: above punctured ; pronotum yellowish, reddish on

the border; anteriorly with two transverse spots, and, behind them, a

transverse row of four almost quadrate spots, black-green: scu-

tellum yellowish, reddish at the apex, black-green at the base: hemely-

tra reddish or yellowish, each with a hook-shaped black-green marking,

behind which, as also on the outer margin, is a black-green spot:

abdomen beneath yellowish or reddish ; on the outer margin on each

side, a small black-blue point on each incisure: wings black-green with

whitish limbus: feet yellowish, ringed and streaked black-green.’ Long,

103; broad, 5; mill. Sia

Reported from Europe, Yarkand, Sind valley, and probably Sikkim.

1888. ] KE. T, Atkinson— Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 53

200. Huryprma DomINULUM, Scopoli.

Cimex dominulus, Scop., Ent. Carn., p. 124 (1763).

Cimex festivus, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 714 (1775); Spec. Ins. ii, p. 358 (1781);

Maut. Ins. ii, p. 295 (1787); Ent. Syst. iv, p. 118 (1794); Syst. Rhyng., p. 172

(1803) ; Gmelin, ed. Syst. Nat. i (4), p. 2150 (1793) : Wolff, Ic. Cim. p. 61, t. 6, £. 58

(1801).

Strachia festiva, Hahn, Wanz. Ins. i, p. 181, t. 29, f. 93 (1831): Fieber, Eur.

Hem. p. 342, (1861): Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 124 (1875): P L, Duda, Wien

Ent. Zeit. iv, p. 70 (1885).

Var. Eurydema bhesgica, Kolen. Mel. Ent. iv, p. 28, t. 15, f. 31 (1846),

Eurydema dawricum, Motsch., Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. (2) p. 502 (1859): Stal, En.

Hem. v, p. 86 (1876).

Eurydema dominulum, Reuter, Rey. d’Ent. iii, p. 68 (1884); Berlin, Ent. Zeit.

xxix, p. 40 (1885).

S. Head black; margin red; antenne black, reddish at apex:

pronotum red, with six black spots of which four posterior: scutellum

red, with a black hemispherical patch at the base: hemelytra red ; apex

membranous, black ; margin whitish, with two black spots at the inter-

nal margin, and a black dot at the apex: abdomen red with a black

spot above on the apex, beneath on both sides with six ovate black spots :

feet black. @ of the same colour, but a little larger (Scopoli). Long,

65 mill. Wolff’s description is as follows ;—‘ Head black, lateral margin

red, impressly punctured, with a small impressed line, posteriorly bifid,

on the apex ; orbit of the fuscous eyes rufous: rostrum 4-jointed, black,

Shorter than half the body: pronotum declined anteriorly, red, shining,

impressly punctured, with six black spots, the two anterior large, the

four posterior smaller: scutellum red, impressly punctured, longer than

half of the abdomen, with a black hemispherical patch at the base, and

a small marginal spot on both sides before the apex: hemelytra red,

impressly punctured, shining, interior margin, an abbreviated median

band close to interior margin, spot at apex, and another in the middle

of the exterior margin, black: membrane black, shining, margin broadly

white: wings fuliginous, white at apex: abdomen above deep black,

shining, margin red, immaculate: beneath rufous, deep black in the

middle, very shining; a line of black dots on both sides: pectus deep

black, very shining, with all the sutures livid: anus red: feet deep

black ; first tibize with a small tooth before the apex. Varies in size

and in haying six black ovate spots on each side beneath.’ Long, 10

mill,

Reported from Europe, but is probably found in N. India, some of

the specimens procured there being very like Wolff’s figure but com-

parison with a long series can alone settle this question.

54 E. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

201. EHurRYDEMA WILKINS!I, Distant.

Eurydema wilkinsi, (Ochs., in lit.) Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 123 (1879): Scient.

Res. 2nd Yark. Miss. p. 5, f. 4 (1879).

Strachia conspicua, Jakov., Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, p. 286 (1881).

Pale luteous, somewhat thickly and coarsely punctured: head with

the anterior part of the submarginal, lateral borders, and a large trian-

gular marking at the base; pronotum with two large discal, subqua-

drate, linear markings, elongated exteriorly ; scutellum with the base

and two median forked lines, extending therefrom to about the middle,

and spots on the lateral margins, a little before the apex; corium

with two claval streaks, a linear spot on the middle of the outer margin,

a transverse waved band, extending from the base of the membrane for

two-thirds across the corium, and a rounded subapical spot, shining

green. Abdomen above luteous, apical segment black, connexivum with

a row of large green spots; underside of body. pale luteous: abdomen

with a marginal row of spots situate on the outer edge of each segmental

suture, and a submarginal row of transverse, slightly-waved linear

markings, situate on the middle of each segment, greenish-black :

sternum with some irregular markings of the same colour: legs pale

luteous, streaked with greenish black, and femora obscurely annulated

with the same colour near the apex: antennz black, second joint about

as long as 1 and 3 together, 4 somewhat dilated, about as long as 5:

rostrum luteous, pitchy at base and apex. In most specimens, the

markings on the pronotum are not perfectly subquadrate (Dist.). Long,

7 mill.

Reported from Yangi-hissar.

202. KURYDEMA ORNATUM, Linneeus.

Cimex ornatus, Linn., Faun. Suec. p. 251 (1761); Syst. Nat. ii, p. 723 (1767).

Scopoli, Ent. Carn. p. 123 (1763): Wolff. Ic. Cim. p. 15, t. 2, f. 15 (1800).

Var. Strachia herbacea, Hahn, Wanz. Ins. iii, p. 13, t. 77, f. 2839 (1835): Bury-

dema festiva, var. herbacea, Distant, Scien. Res. Sec. Yarkand Miss. p. 6 (1879).

Pentatoma ornata, var. hofimanseggi, Gorski, Anal. ad Ent. p. 85 (1852) and var.

falleni, Gorski, 1. .

Eurydema ornatum, var. ventralis, Kolen., Mel. Ent. iv, p. 26 (1846).

Strachia ornata, Duda, Wien. Ent. Zeit. ii; p. 70 (1884).

Eurydema ornatum, Reuter, Rey. d@’ Ent. iii, p.68 (1884); Berlin Ent. Zeit.

xxix, p. 40 (1885).

Ovate; varied black and red: head and wings black (Linn.).

Varied black and red: head, antennez, pronotum beneath, and feet,

black: hemelytra with a free spot at the apex of the corium, a black

subovate mark on the external margin towards the base; internal mar-

gin black and with two black spots, the lower of which is long and ob-

1888. | E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 55

tuse ; membrane blackish, margin whitish: two black semibifid spots on

the pronotum: abdomen beneath red, in the middle with four transverse

spots, on each side with a somewhat double row of black points, of which

the one marginal with five somewhat conical points, the other interior,

with six somewhat round points, with abrighter pupil in the middle

(Scop.). Long, 83 mill.

Var. herbacea, Hahn :—Antenne and feet black; the shining black-

green head narrowly edged red anteriorly : above punctured, red: the

anterior and posterior black-green markings on the pronotum united: on

the inner margin of the hemelytra, a broad, black green-tinted, J-shaped

mark turning outwards which is also produced inwards on to the scu-

tellum, towards the apex, a black spot, and, on the outer margin, another

somewhat larger : abdomen beneath red, black in the middle, black with a

blue tint, and on each incisure, on each side, a small black-blue spot :

wings brown with a greenish tint and whitish limbus. Long, 73—83 ;

broad, 4—4 5 mill.

Wolff’s specimen is thus described :—

Head, antenne, and rostrum, black; pronotum, scutellum, and heme-

lytra red, punctured: head punctured, subemarginate at the apex, poste-

riorly with a bifid impressed small line; spot on both sides before the

black eyes and the very slender margin, red; rostrum 4-jointed,

red at base; antenne 5-jointed; pronotum with a spot on both sides,

posteriorly bifid, black: scutellum with spot at base not reaching margin,

and one on both sides before the apex close to the spot on the hemely-

tra, black ; a somewhat elevated small longitudinal line in the middle:

hemelytra with a free spot at the apex, another larger at exterior margin

towards the base, and a median spot confluent with the slender black

limbus, black; membrane black, limbus whitish: margin of abdomen

prominulous, red, with four black quadrate spots ; beneath yellow-ferru-

ginous with five marginal spots and the same number of elevated points,

black: pectus concolorous, with small impressed, curved black lines:

anus entire, blackish: feet black, femora at base and tibize annulated

yellow-ferruginous (Wolf). Abdomen beneath sometimes red, with four

transverse, black spots: pronotum sometimes with six black spots,

Reported from the Sind Valley.

203. HuryprMA PULCHRUM, Westwood.

Pentatoma pulchra, Westw., Hope, Cat. Hem. i, p. 34 (1837). Java.

Strachia pulchra, Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 258 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het. iii, p-

332 (1868).

j Eurydema sumatrana, Ellenr., Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind. xxiv, p. 152, f. 20 (1862).

Ewrydema pulchra, Stal, En, Hem. v, p. 86 (1876): Sign., B. S. E. F. (6:s.)i,

p. xli (1881). China.

56 E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

Fulvous: body somewhat depressed; head black, margin pale:

spots on hemelytra cyaneous: abdomen beneath with median bands and

round lateral spots (Westw.). Long, 8-83 mill.

Head black with a luteous limbus : pronotum orange red with six black

spots, two transverse towards anterior margin, two obliquely ovate to«

wards posterior margin, and two very minute punctiform spots at the

posterior angle: scutellum orange red, spotted black, a single, very

large, obtusely triangular, spot at the anterior margin, and two margi-

nal rather oblong near the posterior angle: coriaceous portion of the

hemelytra black, with a sigma-shaped band in the middle and the

external margin, red; membrane black, chalybeous, margin hyaline at

the apex: sternum luteous, spotted black at the stigmata: venter lute-

ous, with a transverse band-shaped spot on each segment and two on the

stigmata: femora lutescent, black at the apex; tarsi and antenna,

black (Hllenr.). Long, 9 mill.

Reported from Java, China, Sikkim where it is not uncommon

(mihi).

204. HuRYDEMA MULTIPUNCTATA, Distant.

Eurydema multipunctata, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 348, t. 12, f. 6 (1887).

Body above pale ochraceous, sometimes suffused with purplish

above: margins of tylus (angulated externally about the middle) and

the base, black: antennz ochraceous, apex of third and 4-5 joints palely

infuscate, fourth joint longest: rostrum ochraceous, tip pitchy, reaching

last coxee ; pronotum with twelve black spots, arranged four on anterior

margin, remainder on the disc, three in each angular area and two in

the middle: scutellum with ten black spots, four at the base, four near

middle, and two before the apex: corium with three black spots, ar-

ranged somewhat longitudinally: membrane blackish, pale hyaline at

apex and margins: body beneath pale ochraceous, head with two black

spots at the base, sternum with a double submarginal row of black

spots, a transverse black spot on eachside of the metastethium, and a

double row of black marginal spots on the abdomen (Dist.). Long,

8-9 mill.

Reported from Arrah (Bengal), rather rare (mihi).

Genus Strenozyaum, Fieber.

Eur. Hem. p. 345 (1861); Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A., Forh. 520 (1867) ; En. Hem.

v, p. 61, 86 (1876). Includes Nitilia, subg. Minodia, Muls. and Rey, Pun. France

Pent. p. 199 (1866). |

Bedy short, oval, hairless, shining, somewhat convex, bright colour-

ed: head not much deflexed, lateral margins rounded, slightly sinuate

towards the base; antennew robust, second joint shorter than the third

1888. ] E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 57

and only a little longer than the first; 4-5 joints robust, each one-third

longer than the third: basal third of the scutellum not or but slightly

elevated: apical angles of the abdominal segments without a spine, not,

or but very slightly, prominulous: last femora unarmed, not incras-

sate in co.

205. Svrenozyaum sprecrosum, Dallas.

Strachia speciosa, Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 261 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p,

326 (1867).

Stenozygum speciosum, Stal, En. Hem. v, p. 86 (1879).

_@. Rather elongate, ovate: head, black, impunctate; each of the

juga with the inner margin yellow and an orange spot at the base; a

large oblong orange yellow spot on the middle of the vertex, and a

minute yellow dot on each side between this and the eyes, which are

pitchy ; ocelli red: pronotum black, divided in the middle by a deep,

transverse, strongly punctured furrow; anterior portion smooth, shin-

ing, impunctate, with the broad lateral margins, a short line on each

side on the anterior margin, and four spots across the disc, just in front

of the transverse furrow, yellow; a small raised orange spot near each

anterior angle surrounded by a depressed line; posterior portion irre-

gularly punctured, with a broad, median, yellow, longitudinal band, ex-

panded on the posterior margin (and probably continued on the anterior

lobe), and a narrower band of the same colour on each side. Scutellum

rather elongated, punctured; the base black, with a broad, median,

longitudinal yellow line, and an orange spot in each angle; the pos-

terior portion yellow, with a large red patch on the disc, at and behind

which, the lateral margins are black; apex impunctate: corium black,

punctured, with the disc smooth; with the outer margin broadly but

interruptedly pale yellow; the two inner veins pale yellow, an orange

spot on the disc before the middle, and a large irregular yellow patch

tinged with red in the middle, at the apex; membrane dark brown,

shining, somewhat brassy, with the margin hyaline: body beneath

tawny, very smooth, shining: abdomen impunctate, with a row of

spots on each lateral margin, a similar row on each side within the line

of stigmata, and the stigmata themselves, black; the stigmata are seat-

ed in a reddish longitudinal line: pectus more or less punctured and

spotted with black: femora pale yellow, striped with black, especially

towards the apex ; tibie yellow, with the two black lines on the outside ;

tarsi blackish brown: rostrum pitchy black, with the base yellow: an-

tenne black, with the second joint much shorter than the third, the

basal joint yellow beneath (Dallas). Long, 7-8 mill.

Reported from N. India.

58 ®. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynehota. [No 1,

Genus Baarapa, Stal.

Stettin Ent. Zeit., xxiii, p. 105 (1862); Ofvers. K. V.-A. Forh. xxix, 3, p. 39

(1872); En. Hem. vy, p. 61, 88 (1876).

Body subobovate: head triangular; juga somewhat as long as the

tylus, converging forwards, not contiguous, however, at the apex: eyes

somewhat stylate: ocelli almost thrice as far from each other as from

the eyes: second joint of antenne longer than third : pronotum indis-

tinctly sexangular, posterior angles very obtuse, broadly rounded, anterior

margin not, or scarcely, elevated: tibise rounded ; basal joint of last

tarsi shorter than the two apical taken together (Stal).

Type Cumex pictus, Fabr.

206. Baacrapa picta, Fabricius.

Cimesx pictus, Fabr., Syst. Ent. p. 715 (1775); Spec. Ins. ii, p. 359 (1781) ; Mans.

Ins. ii, p. 296 (1787); Ent. Syst. iv, p.122 (1794); Syst. Rhyng. p. 177 (1803)

Wolff Ic. Cim. i, p. 17, t. 2, f. 17 (1800).

Strachia picta, Dallas, List Hem.i, p. 259 (1851) ; Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p. 326

(1867).

Bagrada picta, Stal, Stettin Ent. Zeit. xxiii, p. 105 (1862); En, Hem. v, p. 88

(1876); Lethierry, An. Mus. Gen. xviii, p. 743 (1883).

Antennse black: head black, with lateral line and two very minute

points on the vertex, rufescent: pronotum deep black, shining; anterior

margin and lateral lines, and a median, palely ferrnginous: scutellum

deep black, with a longitudinal lne and two small spots on each side,

pale ferruginous: hemelytra smooth, margin pale, ending in a large

ferruginous spot: wings fuscous, immaculate: beneath flavescent, with

a lateral line and spots, black: feet pale with black lines (Fabr.).

Antenne, eyes and head, black ; the latter shining, margined, emarginate

at the apex, with a small line on both sides at the margin as far as the

eyes, and two dots on the vertex, yellow-ferruginous : circumoeular space,

yellow: rostrum fuscous, 4-jomted, as lorg as half the body: pronotum

deep black, shining, posteriorly impressly punctured; anterior and

lateral margins and a median line, yellow ferruginous, and an anterior

spot on each side, yellow: scutellum deep black with 4 median longitu-

dinal line, and a spot on each side at base and apex, pale ferruginous :

hemelytra deep black, impressly punctured, a pale line at the margin

confluent with a ferruginous spot on the apex; apex itself black: wings

blackish, immaculate: abdomen beneath flavescent, the margins of seg-

ments black, a line of black points on each side; pectus spotted rufous :

feet pale, varied with small fuscous lines and dots (Wolf.). Varies in

size, in the pronotum having no yellow spots, in scutellum with two dots,

and the abdomen being black with yellow bands. Long, 8; broad, 4 mil}.

1888. ] H. T. Atkinson—Nofes on Indian Rhynchota. D9

Reported from N. India, Bengal, Bombay, Baghdad, Abyssinia.

The Indian Museum has specimens from Calcutta (mihi), Hardwar

(N.-W. Provinces).

Genus Cinxta, Stal.

Stettin Ent. Zeit. xxiii, p. 105 (1862); Ofvers. K. V.-A., Férh. p. 520 (1867) :

_ Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p. 326 (1867): Stal, Hn. Hem. v, p. 61, 87 (1876).

Head triangular; juga converging towards the apex, scarcely con-

tiguous at the apex: eyes very briefly stylate: ocelli scarcely or only a

little more distant from each other than from the eyes: antenne long, basal

joint extending beyond the apex of the head, second joint shorter than

the third: basal joint of rostrum longer than the head: pronotum sex-

angular, margins anteriorly and the anterior lateral, elevated: feet

unarmed, tibize broadly sulcate above: basal joint of the last tarsi as

long as the two apical joints taken together (Stal).

Type Cumex limbatus, Fabr.

207. CinxiA LIMBATA, Fabricius.

Cimex limbatus, Fabr. Syst. Rhyng. p. 176 (1803); Burm. Handb. Ent. ii, (i), p.

367 (1835): Herr. Schiff. Wanz. Ins. iv, p. 91, t. 138, f. 430 (1839).

Strachia limbata, Am. and Serv. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém. p. 127 (1843); Dallas List

Hem. i, p. 263 (1851) ; Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p. 326 (1867).

Cinzia limbata, Stal Hem. Fabr. i, p. 30 (1868) ; En. Hem. v, p. 87 (1876) : pupa,

EHllenrieder, Nat. Tidsskr. Ned. Ind. xxiv, p. 153, f. 22 (1862).

Above deep black: antenne deep black: head with two abbreviat-

ed lines, rufous: pronotum punctured, with a median cross rufous and

entire limbus flavescent : margin of scutellum and a median line, rufous ;

hemelytra with a rufous median line which is posteriorly arcuate :

wings black, whitish at the apex: body variegated (Fabr.). Above with

antenue black ; two longitudinal lines on the head, margins of prono-

tum, a longitudinal line through the middle and a transverse line

nearer the anterior margin and finer, lateral margins and a median

longitudinal line on scutellum, on the hemelytra a broad line from the

basal outer margin curved towards the inner angle of the apical margin

and thence following the apical margin to the outer angle, two fine lines

(one abbreviated) parallel to the inner margin, and two lines between

the broad curved line and the external margin, ochreous: abdomen

beneath ochreous with four oblong black spots on each side of the dise

anda triangular spot at the apex, a spot on each segment towards the

margin, three broader spots on each side of the pectus. Long, 13-16

mill. )

Reported from Java, Silhat, Burma (mihi). The Indian Museum |

has specimens from Sumatra, Tayoy, and Harmatti in Assam,

60 Ki. T. Atkinson— Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [ Nore,

Genus Stracuta, Hahn, Stal.

Hahn, pt., Wanz. Ins. i, p. 180 (1831): Dallas, pt., List Hem. i, p. 262 (1851) ;

Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p. 257 (1867): Stal, Stettin Ent. Zeit. xxiii, p. 105 (1862) ;

Ofvers. K. V.-A. Forh. p. 520 (1867); En. Hem, v, p. 61, 87 (1876).

Head triangular ; juga somewhat contiguous at the apex, eyes very

briefly stylate: ocelli about twice as far from each other as from the

eyes: antennee 5-jointed, long ; basal joint scarcely extending beyond the

apex of the head, second joint a little shorter than the third: pronotum

sexangular, anterior and anterior lateral margins reflexed, the latter

sinuate: feet unarmed: femora, in <&, incrassate ; tibie above broad-

ly sulcate, last tibiz, in d', slightly curved; basal joint of the last tarsi

shorter than the two apical taken together (Stal).

Type, Strachia cruciger, Hahn.

208. STRACHIA CRUCIGERA, Hahn.

Strachia cruciger, Hahn, Wanz. i, p. 184, t. 29, f. 95 (1831).

Strachia flammula, Ellenr. Nat. Tijds. v, Ned. Ind. xxiv, p. 153, f. 23 (1862).

Strachia crucigera, Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 262 (1851); Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p.

332 (1867); Stal, En. Hem. v, p. 87 (1876); Distant, J. A. S. B. xlviii, (2), p. 37

(1879); A. M. N. H. (5 8.) iii, p. 45 (1879).

Above black, punctured, shining: pronotum with a red and yallow

cruciform mark; the red, yellow in the middle: sides and apex of the

scutellum, black; the coriaceous portion of the hemelytra posteriorly,

towards the end, witha yellow transverse band: the abdomen reddish

yellow, spotted black on the sides beneath: all the femora black with

above a narrow yellow, longitudinal streak.

Hahn describes an Indian specimen thus :—Head black, above with

a blueish tinge: antenne black, outwardly finely pilose: eyes brown-yel-

low, black in the middle: ocelli small, brown-yellow, shining: ros-

trum black, shining: pronotum narrowed forwards, with a transverse

protuberance through the middle; both the outer corners produced in

a sharp point; above, black, shining, with a red cruciform mark which

turns into yellow posteriorly : pectus shining, black, with a white spot at

each foot and near it a small red spot outwards : scutellum finely punctur-

ed, shining, red, yellow in the middle, black on the sides and at the apex :

coriaceous portion of the hemelytra black, above on the inner margin,

and beneath on the outer margin, a white longish !ine, then, before the

end, a red yellow transverse band; membrane brownish, lighter at the

tip, reaching beyond the abdomen which is above yellow-red, shining ;

each incisure on the outer margin with a narrow black streak: beneath

yellow-red, black in the middle, and each segment with a black pune-

ture on the margin: feet and tarsi are glossy black, and each femur is

marked above by a narrow yellow longitudinal line.

1888. ] E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 61

Var. a. Scutellum black with a longitudinal red streak, yellow in

the middle, and above, in each corner, ared spot. Long, 73; broad almost

41 mill.

Reported from Java, Sumatra, Tenasserim, Assam (mihi). The

Indian Museum has specimens from Tenasserim.

Species of doubtful position.

209, Srracuia ArriictA, Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p. 332 (1867).

Dark-green, broad, elliptical, shining, thinly and roughly puuctured,

tawny beneath: head broad, partly tawny along the borders; sides

reflexed ; juga and tylus of equal length : rostrum tawny, extending to

the hind coxe; antenne black, slender; and 2 joints tawny ; first ex-

tending almost to the front of the head; second much shorter than the

third, which is tawny at the base: pronotum with slightly reflexed

sides ; fore angles slightly acute ; hind angles much rounded: scutellum

long, rounded and rather broad at the tip: abdomen above tawny :

legs tawny, rather stout; tibize setulose, furrowed: hemelytra with a

brownish membrane: wings cinereous (Walker). Body long, 143—15

mill.

Reported from India.

210. Srracnia 1norNaTA, Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p. 331 (1867).

Black, elliptical, smooth, shining, here and there coarsely punc-

tured, testaceous beneath: head with a large testaceous spot on the

hind border; sides reflexed ; juga and tylus of equal length: rostrum

black, extending to the hind coxe, testaceous at the base: pronotum

with a well defined transverse furrow, with a testaceous spot on the

fore part of each side, and with a testaceous stripe which is dilated on

the fore border and more so on the hind border; angles much rounded :

scutellum with atestaceous spot on each side, and with a testaceous

stripe: pectus and abdomen beneath with a broad black stripe on each

side: legs black, stout ; femora towards the base and coxa testaceous :

hemelytra with a testaceous costal dot near the base and with two

testaceous spots in the disc; first spot before the middle ; second be-

hind the middle, larger than the first; membrane cinereous (Walker).

Body long, 7—7; mill.

Reported from India.

211. STRACHIA STRANGULATA, Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p. 344 (1867).

Aeneous-black, elongate-elliptical, shining, thinly and roughly

punctured : head smooth; sides slightly reflexed; juga contiguous

beyond the tylus: eyes prominent: rostrum black, extending to the

62 HW. T. Atkinson—Noies on Indian Rhynchota. [ No. 1,

hind coxe: antenne black, more than half the length of the body ; first

joint broad, extending to the front of the head; second as long as the

third ; fourth longer than the third; fifth shorter than the fourth:

pronotum much narrower in front of the transverse furrow, with a pale

yellow stripe, which is breadest on the fore border; a nearly round

Callus on each side in front; sides and fore border pale testaceous,

slightly reflexed: scutellum with a pale yellow stripe, which is abbre-

viated hindward and has a red patch at each side of it at its base, and at

its tip: pectus whitish about the coxee: abdomen beneath with an irre-

gular yellow stripe on each side: legs long; femora slightly incrassat-

ed: hemelytra with a white transverse streak, joining the exterior

border near the angle of the corium; membrane black, with a whitish

pellucid border (Walker). Body long, 9—9$ mill.

Reported from Penang: closely allied to S. bicolor, Dallas.

212. Srracwia Lirurirera, Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p. 326 (1867).

Blueish-black, elongate-oval, shining, roughly punctured, pale lute-

ous beneath: head with a red spot on each side in front of the eye ;

sides pale luteous, slightly reflexed; juga and tylus of equal length ;

a black patch on each side beneath: rostrum black, pale luteous at the

base, extending to the hind cox: antenne black, about half the length

of the body; first joint extending nearly to the front; second much

longer than the third ; fourth as long as the second, shorter than the

fifth: pronotum red, with six elongated blueish black spots; of which

two are transverse and on the fore border, and the other four are

oblique ; hind angles rounded: scutellum extending to the angle of the

corium; a red stripe extending along half the length from the

tip; sides red for half the length from the base: pectus on each

side with three red spots, which are irregularly bordered with blackish

blue; sides red: abdomen beneath red, and with blackish blue spots along

each side; connexivum red, with blackish blue spots : legs black, streaked

with pale luteous: hemelytra with two irregular red spots; costa to-

wards the base and exterior border, red ; first spot joining the red part

of the costa; second joining the red of the exterior border; a whitish

costal streak beyond the middle: membrane black, with a whitish

pellucid border.

Var.—Thorax with the spots much diminished in size; the red line

more prevalent in the hemelytra (Walker), Body long, 7—7} mill.

Reported from N. India.

213, Srracuia pesignatTa, Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p. 327 (1867).

Black, elongate-oval, shining, roughly and thinly punctured, pale

testaceous beneath: head in front with pale reflexed testaceous borders;

1888. ] BE. T. Atkinson— Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 63

juga extending much beyond the tylus; rostrum black, extending to

the hind coxze; antennz black, about half the length of the body ; first

joint not extending to the front of the head; second much longer than

the third; fourth a little longer than the second: pronotum with @

testaceous border, a slender testaceous stripe, and a semicircular tes

taceous line which rests on the hind border and emits a branch to each

side near the fore border: scutellum bordered with testaceous on each

side and at the tip, which is narrow; fore part more convex than the

hind part, not punctured, but transversely and very finely striated :

pectus and abdomen beneath with two stripes of large black spots :

abdomen beneath with a middle stripe of transversely elongated black

spots: legs black; femora towards the base and coxe testaceous ; pos-

terior tibiae with a testaceous band: hemelytra with a testaceous stripe

which proceeds on the costa from the base, and diverges to the dise and

returns to the costa, and there again diverges and joins the exterior

border, which is also testaceous; membrane black, with a whitish

border (Walker). Body long, 8—8 J mill.

Reported from India.

214, STRACHIA sEcURIGERA, Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p. 334 (1867).

Ochraceous, oval, shining, roughly and thinly punctured, pale yel-

low beneath: head transversely and finely striated, irregularly black

along the hind border; sides slightly reflexed; tylus hardly extending

beyond the juga; rostrum black towards the tip, extending rather be-

hind the hind coxe: antenne black, slender, full half the length of the

body ; joints from the first to the fourth successively increasing im

length ; first luteous, extending to the front of the head; fifth a little

shorter than the fourth: pronotum reflexed on each side along the fore

border, with two abbreviated black bands; fore band containing a pale

yellow callus on each side; hind band slightly interrupted, occasionally

thrice interrupted; hind angles rounded: scutellum black, with a lute-

ous transverse, very large, cyathiform mark ; tip rather broad, bordered

with pale yellow: pectus and underside of abdomen with four stripes of

transverse black spots, the latter with a median stripe of large black

spots: legs stout; tibize towards the tips and tarsi piceous: hemelytra

with two black stripes; first stripe subcostal, excavated on the inner

side, commencing at one-sixth of the length and extending nearly to the

tip, contiguous to the second at its base ; second much contracted in the

middle, commencing very near the base, not extending beyond the

angle of the corium; membrane blackish (Walker). Body long, 9—92

mill,

Reported from Mysol, Burma,

64 K. T. Atkinson— Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [ No. I,

215. Srracuia piatyspitA, Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p. 337 (1867).

Grass-green, broad, oval, shining, thinly and roughly punctured :

head slightly ochraceous-tinged, transversely and finely striated on each

side; three black spots on the hind border, the middle one much larger

than the other two; sides slightly reflexed; tylus extending a little

beyond the juga: rostrum black, green at the base, extending to the

hind coxe: pronotum with an ochraceous patch on the fore part of the

disc, and one on each hind angle ; six elongated black spots ; two trans-

verse in front, four between the hind angles, which are much rounded :

scutelluam with two large transverse black spots, on the fore border, and

with posterior elongated much larger black spots, which are nearly con-

tiguous; tip rather broad; pectus and under side of abdomen with five

stripes of large black spots: legs moderately long and slender ; femora

with some black dots: hemelytra with three very large black spots ;

apical half of the corium ochraceous; membrane blackish, with a broad

pellucid border (Walker). Long, 93 mill.

Reported from Penang, Tenasserim.

216. Srracuia PARDALIS, Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p. 330 (1867).

' Bright orange-red or luteous, broad, oval, shining, thinly and rough-

ly punctured, pale yellow or white beneath : head transversely and very

finely striated, with three black spots, which are connected with the

black line along the hind border; an elongated black spot on the tylus,

which extends somewhat beyond the juga; sides slightly reflexed :

rostrum black towards the tip, extending to the hind coxe: antennz

piceous, more than half the length of the body ; first and second joints

bright red; first not extending to the front of the head ; third bright

red towards the base, nearly twice the length of the second; fourth a

little longer than the third and a little shorter than the fifth : pronotum

with six elongated black spots, which are partly bordered with pale

yellow or wholly bordered with white ; first and second spots transverse

on the fore border; the other four near the hind border; a black dot on

each hind angle, which is rounded; sides slightly reflexed ; pale yellow

or white in front: scutellum broad and pale yellow or white at the tip ;

a curved red band, pale yellow on each side where it joins the fore

border, sometimes wholly white; a slender red stripe, pale yellow to-

wards the tip or wholly white: pectus with six stripes of quadrate

black spots: abdomen above black with pale yellow spots on the con-

nexivum under side with two rows of large black spots on each side, a

black dot on the second segment, an abbreviated black band, which is

excavated on the hind border on the third segment, and another on the

fourth, a large black spot on the fifth, and a transverse smaller one on

1888. ] E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 65

the sixth: legs bright red, stout: hemelytra with three large black

spots ; a lanceolate black streak on the hind border; membrane brown,

with a pellucid border (Walker). Body long, 9-95 mill.

Reported from Bouru, Hong-Kong, Siam, India.

217. Srracuta veLata, Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p. 329 (1867).

Orange, oval, shining, thinly punctured, pale yellow beneath : head

smooth; sides slightly reflexed; juga and tylus of equal length: ros-

trum pale yellow, extending to the hind coxe, tip black: antenne black,

a little more than half the length of the body; first joint orange, not

extending to the front; second shorter than the third; fourth much

longer than the third, as long as the fifth: pronotum with eight elongat-

ed cinereous-green spots ; two transverse on the fore border; the other

six forming a band between the hind angles, which are mach rounded :

scutellum which is rather broad and extends beyond the angle of the

corium, pale yellow towards the tip; four large elongated cinereous-

green spots; two transverse on the fore border; two lanceolate: pectus

and underside of abdomen with two rows of green dots: legs pale

green; tips of the femora ochraceous; tarsi and tips of the tibie

tawny: hemelytra with a cinereous-green subcostal streak, and with

three large cinereous-green spots, the third joining the streak ; mem-

brane brown (Walker). Body long, 95 mill.

Reported from N. India. Like S. varia, in structure.

218. SrracHiaA HETEROSPILA, Walker, Cat. Het., iii, p. 331 (1867).

Ochraceous, oval, broad, stout, shining, coarsely and thinly punc-

tured ; beneath pale yellow: head with three black spots on the poste-

rior margin, a black dot in front on the tylus which extends a little

beyond the juga; sides slightly reflexed ; rostrum black, ochraceous at

the base, extending a little beyond the last coxe; antenne black,

slender, 1-2 joints ochraceous, first not reaching the front of the head,

third very much longer than the second, ochraceous at the base: pro-

notum with four large black spots on the posterior margin, space in

front on each side smooth, pale yellow, including a narrow transverse

black spot; angles much rounded : the intermediate black spots of the

pronotum continued on each side of the base of the scutellum which has

also two very broad black streaks converging hindwards, apex broad,

rounded ; two rows of black spots on each side of the pectus: abdomen

beneath with two submarginal rows of black spots: hemelytra witha

broad black streak extending along the posterior margin and curved ir:

ward at the apex, and a large black costal spot: membrane black,

bordered pale cinereous (Walker). Long, 83 mill.

Reported from Siam.

66 E. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

Div. HopLisrToDERARIA.

Stal, En. Hem. v. p. 61 (1876).

a.—Hntire orifices margined; or auriculately margined ; or, gene-

rally, extended in a margined furrow, closed at the apex, or in a con-

tinuous ridge: venter generally tuberculated at the base or spinose.

6.—Anterior lateral margins of pronotum entire, unarmed, gene-

rally distinctly reflexed, or narrowly elevated and callous, rarely obtusely

rounded.

c.—Mesostethium with a ridge generally shghtly, or not so highly,

elevated, everywhere equally high: this ridge rarely entirely, or ante-

riorly strongly, elevated and compressed, and, very rarely, freely produced

between the first pair of coxee, and, if so, then either the tibiz are sul-

cated above, or broadly flat and margined, or the venter is furnished at

the base with a freely porrect spine, or the ridge itself is deeply sulcated,

or the punctures on the head are arranged in longitudinal rows: apical

angles of sixth abdominal segment very rarely produced im a large

acute tooth; sixth ventral segment, in 9, obtusely and not so deeply

sinuated at the apex.

d.—Lateral angles of the pronotum produced in aspine or acumi-

nate process, or sinuated at the apex, anterior lateral margins very ob-

tuse, rounded, convex: pronotum anteriorly levigate, or sparingly punc-

tured; within the sometimes callous anterior margin, furnished with a

row of punctures, generally regular: entire buccule rather elevated,

often higher posteriorly, abruptly elevated and sometimes somewhat

lobate posteriorly, there not gradually lower and evanescent: scutellum

broad behind the frena which do not extend beyond the middle of the

scutellum : venter neither ridged nor furrowed, second segment without

a spine or tubercle in the middle; second joint of the rostrum not

longer than the two apical joints taken together, generally short : fur-

row of the orifices elongate, varying in length: scutellum levigate on

the basal angles, or marked by a pale, levigate, callous spot: pronotum

anteriorly and the head strongly declined, sometimes perpendicularly :

feet pale, not sprinkled black, rarely streaked with black: punctures on

the head arranged in simple, parallel, longitudinal rows.

Genus Axncimus, Dallas.

List Hem. i, p, 218 (1851); Stal, Ofvers., K. V.-A., Férh., p. 511 (1867); En.

Hem. v. p. 61, 88 (1876).

Head short, somewhat triangular, rather broader across the eyes

than its length, with the lateral margins strongly indented before the

eyes; the tylus passing the juga, making the head rather pointed in

1888. } E. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 67

front: eyes prominent, semiglobose, truncated posteriorly in a straight

line; ocelli minute, flat, placed close to the eyes: antennx about as

long as the head and pronotum, rather slender, of five joints ; basal

joint short and stout, not reaching the apex of the head; second joint

shorter than the third, about equal to the fifth; third joint longest ;

fourth longer than the second ; antenniferous tubercles very prominent :

rostrum reaching the posterior coxa, inserted about the middle of the

head ; basal joint reaching the anterior coxew; second joint longest, as

long as the 3 and 4 together; 3 and 4 about equal, nearly as long as the

first: body broad, rather flat above; pronotum anteriorly and the head

rather perpendicularly inclined; the lateral horns of the pronotum curved

upwards and a little hindwards, acute at the apex, with a small tooth

on the anterior margin at a short distance from the apex, and with

seven furrows, namely, two on the upper surface, three on the lower,

one on the anterior and one on the posterior margin: scutellum very

long, nearly reaching the apex of the body, not much narrowed towards

the apex, and with the lateral margins straight ; frena short; mesos-

tethium furrowed: coriaceous portion of the hemelytra with the inner

margin very short, not reaching beyond the fourth part of the length of

the scutellum ; the apical margin, on the contrary, very long, produced

along the margin of the scutellum to within about one-fourth of its

length from the apex, then suddenly rounded off; membrane with

longitudinal veins: base of the abdomen and sternum unarmed: legs

moderate ; femora tumescent beneath towards the apex; tibize above

distinctly furrowed ; tarsi 3-jointed ; second joint shortest ; apical joint

as long as the first and second together (Dallas).

219, Atcimus coronatus, Stal.

Alcimus coronatus, Stal, En, Hem. vy, p. 88 (1876).

2. Pale flavescent, above obscure and rather densely sprinkled

with black punctures which are also cinctured black: lateral horns of

pronotum levigate, margined anteriorly by a fine wrinkle or ridge, abbre-

viated near the apex: head punctulate, with subbasal spot and angu-

lated line beginning at the eyes and produced towards the apex, tes-

taceous: pronotum marked with a smooth anterior band, posteriorly

branched, flavescent, punctured within the black anterior margin :

scutellum sprinkled yellow, marked at the basal angles with a levigate,

flavescent spot: pectus punctured here and there, adorned anteriorly

with a smooth, flavescent spot: venter smooth, adorned with a streak

which is contracted in the middle of the segments, also with black

lateral bands which are punctured: feet streaked with black ; antennse

68 K. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. fNoss,

testaceous, obscure towards the apex (Stal). Long, 8; broad, 53; exp.

com. pron., 10 mill.

Reported from the Deccan.

220. ALCIMUS FLAVICORNIS, Distant.

Alcimus flavicornis, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 349 (1887).

Head black, with three median lines on anterior half, a linear spot

near the base, and a similar spot in front of each eye, yellow; antennz

fuscous-brown, 2-3 joints subequal in length and longest, fourth shorter

than the third and longer than the fifth: rostrum dark castaneous,

extending beyond the last cox: pronotum very dark obscure ochraceous,

thickly covered with coarse, dark punctures, anterior fourth black, with

five yellow spots, situate one on each lateral margin, and three median

angulated spots, two near anterior margin and one between and behind

them, apical angles widely produced laterally and upwardly, their apical

thirds yellow, extreme apices black: scutellum and corium dark obscure

ochraceous, darkly and coarsely punctate, irrorated with levigate yel-

low markings, and the scutellum with two large, yellow, levigate spots

near the basal angles: membrane fuscous, apex paler: head and pros-

tethium beneath as above, with two fused yellow spots on each side of

the eyes, the apices of the pronotal angles yellow as above: meso- and

meta-stethium and abdomen beneath, ochraceous ; the sutures, a row of

sublateral streaks and a median longitudinal band to abdomen, blackish :

legs dark castaneous; femora more or less streaked yellowish (Dist.).

Long, 8-9; exp. angl. pron., 10-12 mill.

Reported from Sikkim (mihi).

Genus HoriistopErA, Westwood.

Hope, Cat. Hem. i, p. 18 (1837); Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 194 (1851): Walker,

Cat. Het. ii, p. 265 (1867): Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A. Férh., p. 510 (1867): En. Hem.

v, p. 62, 88 (1876).

Body short, stout; usually as long as broad : head smooth, not

punctured, unless at the base: pronotum sparingly punctured, inclined

anteriorly, levigate, punctured within the lateral margin, spine of the

lateral angles stout, acuminate: scutellum broad behind the frena

which are short, transversely convex, especially anteriorly, depressed, or

somewhat so, at the frena, and furnished with a row of punctures; ex-

tending beyond the half of the body and rounded posteriorly : antennse

shorter than half the body, 5-jointed, first joint short, second and third

joints equal, longer, the fourth and fifth joints equal, longer and stouter :

corium and scutellum of equal length, or somewhat so ; membrane with

seven longitudinal veins: feet simple; tibiee rounded.

1888. ] K. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota, 69

221. HOoPLIsTODERA VIRESCENS, Dallas.

Hoplistodera vrrescens, Dallas, List, Hem. i, p. 217 (1851) ; Walker, Cat. Het. ii,

p- 265 (1867) ; Stal, En. Hem. vy, p. 89 (1876).

3. Head orange yellow, brownish towards the vertex, which is

sparingly punctured: pronotum very pale yellowish green, rather thick-

ly punctured with brown, with two yellowish brown spots near the

anterior margin; the lateral spines not very long, nearly horizontal,

acute: scutellum testaceous, the basal portion very sparingly, the

apical more closely, punctured with brown; the base with four brown

spots: hemelytra pale yellowish green, rather finely and not thickly

punctured with brown; membrane transparent: abdomen beneath pale

greenish yellow, rather thickly punctured, the punctures brown on

each side of the disc, on the middle of the last segment, and on the

anal plate: pectus pale yellow, punctured with brown: legs pale

yellow, with the apices of the tibizs and the basal joints of the tarsi

brownish: rostrum yellow, with the tip black: antenne yellow, with the

two apical joints fulvous (Dallas). Long, 9-10 mill.

Reported from N. India.

222. HoPpLisTOpERA INCISA, Distant.

Hoplistodera incisa, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 349, t. 12, f. 3 (1887).

Allied to H. testacea, Westw. Ochraceous with brownish tints : head

finely and sparingly punctate: antenne ochraceous, becoming darker

towards the apex: pronotum sparingly but coarsely punctate, the

lateral angles produced into robust, subacute spines, the apices very

slightly reflexed hindwards, and with a notched tubercle beneath at

about half their length: scutellum with the basal half very sparingly

but coarsely punctate, the apical half thickly punctate : corium coarsely

and irregularly punctate: membrane pale hyaline: body beneath

ochraceous, with a sublateral row of castaneous spots on each side:

legs pale luteous; femora annulated brown near the apex: rostrum

ochraceous, apex pitchy and extending a little beyond the last coxe :

2-3 joints antenne subequal in length, apical joint longest (WDist.).

Long, 8; exp. angl. pron., 9 mill.

Reported from Mungphu (Sikkim), Assam (mihi).

Genus Botaca, Walker.

Cat. Het. ii, p. 251 (1867).

Body elongate-elliptical, rather flat, thickly and minutely punc-

tured : head lanceolate, much shorter than the pronotum ; juga extending

much beyond the tylus, slightly notched on the outer side, terminating

70 E. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,

in two spines: eyes not prominent: rostrum slender, extending to the

hind coxee: antenne slender, about half the length of the body ; joints

successively increasing in length: first not extending to the apex of the

head: pronotum with a small oblong ringlet on each side in front,

connected by a streak with the margin, which is slightly crenulated ;

anterior angles prominent; hind angles rectangular, slightly prominent :

scutellum attenuated towards the tip, extending rather beyond the angle

of the corium: ventral segments slightly arched: legs slender, rather

long; tarsi three jointed: membrane with five longitudinal veins, of

which the subcostal one is forked (Walker).

223. Bonaca unicoLor, Walker.

Bolaca unicolor, Walker, Cat. Het. ii, p. 251 (1867).

Ferruginous, hardly pale, but more shining beneath: antenne

piceous towards the tips: membrane cinereous, with ferruginous veins.

(Walker). Body long, 155 mill.

Reported from N. India.

Div. CATACANTHARIA.

En. Hem. v, p. 62 (1876).

a, b, c. as in Div. Hoplistoderaria, (p. 66).

d.—lULateral angles of pronotum rarely spinose, or produced ina

long process, if so, the basal angles of the scutellum are without a

levigate spot; or the venter is spinose, or tuberculated at the base, or

furnished with a broad, obtuse, rounded ridge, anteriorly furrowed ;

or the black punctures on the head are arranged in simple and parallel

longitudinal rows: frena, generally, extended behind the middle of the

scutellum.

e.—Genicule, entire tarsi, or at the apex, generally, moreover, entire

feet, or a great part, black: antenne black, basal joint rarely flavescent :

rostrum generally entirely, or almost entirely, black, very rarely with the

greatest part, flavescent: entire membrane or the greatest part, black,

or brassy black: margins of head, at least partly, usually reflexed : body

generally large or moderate, usually yellow, pictured red and black.

Genus CaTacanTuus, Spinola.

Ess. p. 852 (1837): Am. & Serv. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém., p. 141 (1843): Dallas,

pt., List Hem. i, p. 196 (1851): Walker, pt., Cat. Het. ii, p. 351 (1867); Stal, Hem.

Afric. i, p. 188 (1864) ; En. Hem. v, p. 62, 89 (1876).

Body ovate, beneath moderately convex: head proportionately

small, flat, margins slightly elevated ; juga and tylus of equal length ;

1888. ] H. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 7

bucculz reaching somewhat the base of the head, moderately elevated :

antenniferous tubercles almost entirely visible from above, unarmed :

eyes globose, sessile: antenne 5-jointed, first joint extending slightly

beyond the apex of the head: rostrum moderate, first joint somewhat

on a level with the buccule posteriorly, second and third joints about

equal: anterior margin of pronotum slightly elevated, anterior lateral

margins acute, reflexed or foliaceously dilated: scutellum rather narrow-

ed posteriorly, frena extended beyond the middle: membrane extending

much beyond the apex of the abdomen, veins numerous, simple : mesoste-

thium carinate: abdomen broader than the hemelytra, flattened out at

the sides; venter at the base unarmed, or spinose, or tuberculate: feet

somewhat long, tibize distinctly sulcate above, first pair sometimes slightly

dilated externally (Stal).

224, CATACANTHUS INCARNATUS, Drury.

Catacanthus incarnatus, Dallas, List Hem. i, p. 196, 270 (1851); Walker, Cat.

Hem., ii, p. 351 (1867); Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A., Forh., p. 632 (1870); En. Hem. v,

p. 89 (1876): Distant, A. M. N. H. (5 8.) iii, p. 45 (1879), and xi, p. 169 (1883); J. A.

S. B. xlviii (2), p. 37 (1879).

Var. a. Cimex incarnatus, Drury, IIl., ii, p. 67, t. 36,f.5 (1773): Thunberg,

Nov. Ins. Spec., ii, p. 46 (1783): Stoll, Punaises, p. 14, t. 2, f.10 (1788).

Cimez nigripes, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 710 (1775) ; Spec. Ins. ii, p. 353 (1781) ;

Mant. Ins. ii, p. 291 (1787); Ent. Syst. iv, p. 106 (1794): Wolff, Ic, Cim. i, p, 11,

f. 11 (1800).

Cimex melanopus, Gmelin, ed., Syst. Nat. i, (4) p. 2149 (1788).

Edessa nigripes, Fabr., Syst. Rhyng. p. 149 (1808).

Pentatoma nigripes, St. Farg. and Serv., Enc. Méth. x, p. 53 (1825).

Catacanthus incarnatus, Am. and Sery. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém. p. 142 (1843).

Var. b. Cimex aurantius, Sulzer, Gesch. Ins. p. 96, t. 10, f. 10 (1776) ; Fabri-

cius, Mant. Ins. ii, p. 290 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iv, p. 105 (1794) ; Stoll, Punaises, p. 29,

t. 6, f. 39 (1788).

Edessa aurantia, Fabr., Syst. Rhyng. p. 149 (1803).

Cimex avrantius, Burm. Handb. Ent. ii, (i), p. 365 (1835).

Pentatoma aurantiacum, Blanch. Hist. Nat. Ins. iii, 29, Hem. t. 6, f. 4 (1840-41),

Catacanthus awrantius, Am. & Serv. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hem. p. 142 (1843).

Var. a.:—Large; head, black, glabrous; pronotum sanguineous,

apex and margin blackish: scutellum large, rufous, deep black at the

base, but the black colour does not reach the sides: hemelytra smooth,

black, with a large reniform, sanguineous spot: wings deep black: be-

neath yellow with a cerulescent spot on the pectus: abdomen at the

base and with a spot on each side of each segment, czerulescent : rostrum

and feet, black (C. nigripes, Fabr.).

Above sanguineous ; head, narrow anterior margin of pronotum, .

antenne and feet, shining black, more or less bronzed: two black spots

72 <A. Mukhopadhyay— Differential Equations of Trajectories. [No. 1,

at the base of the scutellum; one similar spot, oblong and transverse

on the disc of each hemelytrum: body beneath yellow with a black

bronzed spot on each side of the mesostethium ; a narrow band of the

same colour at the base of the venter, and a row of five similar spots on

each side: the abdominal point reaches only the insertion of the inter-

mediate feet (C. incarnatus, Am. & Serv.). Long, 25—30 mill.

Var. b. :—Large; head with antenne deep black ; pronotum orange,

with the anterior margin deep black: scutellum orange, immaculate :

hemelytra orange with a median fuscous spot: wings fuscous: margin

of abdomen variegated with orange and black: feet deep black (C.

aurantius, Fabr.). Long, 25-30 mill.

Var. c. :—Scutellum, hemelytra and pectus immaculate. Ceylon.

Reported from Corea, Japan, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Siam, Malac-

ca, Singapore, Tenasserim, Ceylon, Madras, Bombay, Bengal, Pondicher-

ry, Silhat, Assam. The Indian Museum has specimens from Tenasserim,

Assam, Sikkim, Calcutta, Karachi, Malabar. Varies in colour from a

sordid yellow, to orange and a bright maroon red, with and without the

black spots.

II.—A General Theorem on the Differential Equations of Trajectories.

—By AsutosH Muxuopapuyay, M, A., F. R. A. S., F. B.S. E.

[Received November 17th ;—Read December 7th, 1887. ]

CoNnTENTS.

§. 1. Introduction.

§. 2. Statement and demonstration of the theorem.

§. 3. Application of the theorem to Mainardi’s problem.

§. 4. Other applications of the theorem.

§. 5. Some applications of Conjugate Functions.

§. 1. Introduction.

In a paper on “The Differential Equation of a Trajectory,” which

was read at the last May meeting of the Society, (Journal, 1887, Vol.

LVI, Part. II, pp. 117—120; Proceedings, 1887, p. 151), I pointed out

that Mainardi’s complicated solution (reproduced by Boole) of the pro-

blem of determining the oblique trajectory of a system of confocal

ellipses, was equivalent to a pair of remarkably simple equations which

admitted of an interesting geometrical interpretation. Believing, as I

firmly did, that every simple mathematical result could be established

by a correspondingly simple process, I naturally thought it worth while

to re-examine the whole question, to see if the very artificial process of

1888.] A. Mukhopadhyay—Diferential Equations of Trajectories. 73

Mainardi, by no means less complicated than his result, could be materi-

ally simplified. I was, thus, led to the following very general theorem,

which it is my object in the present paper to establish and illustrate,

and, which shews that whenever the coordinates of any point on a curve

can be expressed by means of a single variable parameter, the coordinates

of the corresponding point on the trajectory may be similarly expressed ;

and, as an immediate corollary to my theorem, I have pointed out the

relation which connects it with the theory of Conjugate Functions.*

§. 2. Theorem.

Theorem.—If the coordinates of any point on a curve are expressed

by means of a variable parameter 6, by the two equations

& =f, (6, a),

y =fo (8, b),

‘where a and b are two arbitrary constants; and, if we seek the oblique

trajectory of the system of curves obtained by varying a and b, subject

to any condition which can be analytically represented by means of a

parameter y, as equivalent to the system

a=F, (y, h),

b= FP, (y, h),

where h is a known constant; the coordinates of the corresponding point

on the trajectory are given by the system

X=f, ah ECA RS

where w is given as a function of 4 * the saeiads equation

dy n Li

dé N-uM

where nm = tan a,

a being the angle of intersection of the curve and the trajectory, and

= (3)-(8)

was Ny, Ye Ws

dé dy ' dé dy

_ fs Hy Hy By

~ do dy dO dy

To establish this theorem, let us first fix the ideas by confining our

attention to one definite member of the given family of curves as well as

to one of the trajectories; then it is clear that the common point of inter-

section of the curve and the trajectory, may be arbitrarily regarded as a

* For a full analysis of this paper, see the Proceedings for 1887, pp. 250-251.

74 A. Mukhopadhyay— Differential Equations of Trajectories. [No. ‘

point, either on the one, or on the other; and, from each point of view,

the coordinates satisfy two entirely different equations, though their

actual values are the same in both cases; hence, if the coordinates of the

point, regarded as a point on the curve, be furnished by the system

w= fF; (6, a), aoc ccc vevcee (1)

Y =fo (8, b), coc cce cee eed (2)

and the trajectory is obtained by varying a and 6 subject to the limi-

tations

a=F, (y, h), cosegeaepeer on

b= I, (Wy, i), Sem st

the coordinates of the corresponding point on the trajectory must be

obtained by substituting in (1) and (2) the values of a and 6b from (38)

and (4), viz, we have

Kah {ZF mM} secre (5)

Y=fy { 6, F, (¥, h) } nde te iy (5

In the next place, we have to determine y as a function of 4, and this is

easily obtained from the condition that the trajectory intersects the curve

at a constant angle a, Now, it is well-known that

dy aY

dx’ dX

are the trigonometrical tangents of the angles which the tangents to the

curve and to the trajectory, at their common point of intersection, make

with the axis of x; hence, if n=tan a, we have

dy dY

dx dX

da dX

dy dX da aY

oo ENN ot ea

de dX dy

do dd * d6é dé

Remembering that in differentiating X and Y with respect to 9, we must

regard 6 as a function of y, but not so in the case of # and y, we have

dx _ df; dy dfy

dé ~ dé’ db dO

dX df, , df, dy

‘do. dd dw dé’

aY dfy , dfg dy

6 dd dy dé’

(1888.] A. Mukhopadhyay—-Differential Lquations of Trajectories. 75

which lead to the values

dy aX dx aY

dé dé dé dé

i =i dfy Hi |

dy a0 dO dw

de dX , dy d¥

| do do’ a6 do

=(2)+(4 ‘Wy (dh dh, te te

do dO dd 4d0 dw" dé dy

Hence, putting

u=(%) +(2y. pelts en) 068)

* a £ a ip ates (9)

we have finally, from (7), the equation

Mh — = sterner CLD:

which is exactly the theorem enunciated above.

It may not be altogether unprofitable to note that the trajectory is

determined by two conditions, viz., in the first place, we have to vary

the constants in a definite manner ; and, in the second place, the trajectory

is to intersect the curve at a given angle; the first of these conditions

leads to the actual values of the coordinates of any point on the trajec-

tory, furnished by (5) and (6), while the second condition determines

the relation between @ and W which enter into the values of those coor-

dinates.

§. 3. Application to Mainardi’s Problem.

Example I.—In order to test the power and generality of this

theorem, we shall apply it to solve Mainardi’s problem of determining

the oblique trajectory of a system of confocal ellipses. The primitive

ellipse being

e441 misemvesaes (12)

we get the confocal system by varying a and b subject to the condition

— b= h?. saihas wegidhin fart)

The coordinates of any point on the ellipse are given by

w=a cos §,

y=b sin 6,

76 <A. Mukhopadhyay—Dvifferentrial Equations of Trajectories. [No. 1,

while the relation between a and b given in (13), is equivalent to

a=h cosh y,

b=h sinh y,

so that, the coordinates of any point on the trajectory are given by

X=h cos @ cosh y, desesecctiecs, (Cham

WS Reine SIMA yl aec ees (15)

Again, to determine the relation between 6 and w, we have

fy=h cos 6 cosh yy,

f,=h sin 6 sinh y,

which lead to the system

ah —h sin @ cosh yf,

if a :

= h cos @ sinh y,

dy _ 3

ae h cos @ sinh &,

df,

ace h sin @ cosh y,

and, these give

L=h? (sin? 6 cosh’ yy +cos? 6 sinh? ~),

M= 0,

N = hi? (sin? 6 cosh? w+ eos? 6 sinh? y),

so that, the differential equation (11) becomes

7) = 1%

whence, won (A+6),

where d is the constant of integration. Substituting in (14) and (15),

we see finally that the coordinates of any point on the oblique trajectory

of a system of confocal ellipses, are given by

X =/h cos $ cosh n (A+ 8),

Y=/h sin @ sinh n (A+6),

which is exactly the system of equations to which Mainardi’s result was

reduced in my former paper, and geometrically interpreted there.

§. 4, Other applications of the Theorem.

Example II.—To find the oblique trajectory of the system of

confocal hyperbolas

a i

ay eae

where a* + 62 = hi,

1888.] A. Mukhopadhyay—Dzferential Lquations of Trajectories. 77

The coordinates of any point on the hyperbola are given by

2 =a cosh 8,

y= b sinh 6,

where a=h cos y,

b=h sin y,

so that the coordinates of any point on the trajectory are given by

X =h cosh @ cos y,

Y =/h sinh 6 sin y.

To determine yw as a function of 6, we have

f, =h cosh @ cos y,

f, =h sinh 6 sin y,

whence

af, -%

7) =h sinh 6 cos y,

= h cosh 6 sin y,

af, _ ;

tig h cosh @ sin yy,

ara

rane h sinh @ cos y,

and, therefore,

L=/h?* { sinh? 6 cos? + cosh? 6 sin* y}

M='0

N=-—/h? { sinh? 6 cos? w+ cosh? 6 sin? y}

The differential equation (11) becomes

@O wi?

so that yon (A—8),

where, of course, A is a constant different from the A in the solution of

Mainardi’s problem. The coordinates of any point on the oblique

trajectory of a system of confocal hyperbolas are, therefore, given by

X=h cosh @. cos n (A—@).

Y=h sinh @. sin n (A—8).

If we put

g=4-5, Anau,

these equations may be written

X= hcos?. cosh = (w+),

Y = —/A sin #. sinh ! (w+),

78 <A. Mukhopadhyay—Diferential Equations of Trajectories. [No. 1,

which system is slightly different from what has been obtained above as

the solution of Mainardi’s problem; but the equations are obviously

capable of a geometrical interpretation closely analogous to what is given

in my former paper.

If we had to obtain by the ordinary method the oblique trajectory

of a system of confocal hyperbolas, we should have to eliminate a and b

from the equations

az pe?

#4 Ny

dy a® 8

ia. a ae

a® be

The result may be expressed in the form

{ (na —y) + (w— ny) v} { (+ ny) + (na+y) p}

=h? (n+p)(1+np).

But, it is surely no agreeable task to have to find the actual equation of

the trajectory by integrating this differential equation.

Assuming the expressions for the coordinates’ of any point on the

oblique trajectory of a system of confocal ellipses, it is easy to write

down the expressions for the coordinates of any point on the oblique

trajectory of a system of confocal hyperbolas. Consider the point of

intersection of an ellipse and its trajectory, and draw through this point

the confocal hyperbola; then, since the ellipse and hyperbola cut each

other orthogonally, the trajectory, which intersects the ellipse at an

angle a, will intersect the hyperbola at an angle ( + «), in both cases

measuring the angle of intersection in the same sense; the trajectory,

therefore, is also the oblique trajectory of the confocal hyperbolas (at an

angle 5 + a), and the coordinates of any point on it, as such, will,

therefore, be obtained by writing for n (= tan a), — : ( = tan E :|)

Example III.—To find the oblique trajectory of a system of para-

bolas which have a common principal axis and which touch each other at

their common vertex, and, the equations of which are, accordingly,

obtained by varying a in

y? = 4ax.

The coordinates of any point on the curve are given by

=a tan? 6,

y = 2a tan 8,

1888.] A. Mukhopadhyay— Differential Equations of Trajectories. 79

As the two constants of the general theorem are here equal, the coordi-

nates of any point on the trajectory are given by

X = y tan? 6

Y=2y tan 0.

To determine y as a function of 6, we have

fi =y tan? 6

fo=2y tan 6,

which give

De = 2y tan 8 sec! 6,

te = 2 w sec? 6,

im ae

eT rp 0

d 2

o = 2 tan 0,

so that we have

L=4y? sec® 6

M=2 vw tan 6 sec? 6 (2+ tan? @)

N= —2y tan? 6 sec” 0

and the differential equation for y becomes

dy _ 2n W sec* 6

dd tané (2n + tan 6+” tan? 0)’

This may be written

dy 2n sect Od 6

yy” tan 6 (2n+4 tan 6+7 tan? 6)’

which, by putting tan 0=z, reduces to

dy ca (1+2?) dz

yo z (2n+2+ nz’)

or,

wy ~D2m+e+ne2 2 2% Ate+nz*"

Integrating, we have

hs y 3 Qnzt+1—rA/1— Bn

ONG Toe Qnz +1 44/1— en

—log z—1 log (Qn+z+nz*),

which gives

— r {Qn tan 0+1— Ie PF ih ER

tan 6 ./(2n+tan 0+ n tan? 6) em tan 0+1 cas b= Gal = Gak

80 A. Mukhopadhyay—Differential Equations of Trajectories. [WNo. 1,

This holds so long as 8n* Z 1, or, if a be the angle of the trajectory

ial yy ee

2/2

If tan a be greater than this value, the corresponding value of y will be

still more complex, but may easily be found. In the particular case

where

tan a= we a

the differential equation for w reduces to

dy dz dz dz

—=3 /2 —_. -—-—- ——.

W vi (pa/e)* 2 B@t+e/2

Integrating and substituting for z, we have

—3 /2

y tan 6 (tan 6+,/2) =e tan O+ of 2,

If the orthogonal trajectory be required, the expression for y admits

of considerable simplification, for, then we have n = 0, and the differen-

tial equation for y becomes

which on integration leads to

log ¥ — log z— § log (1+ 2),

or, we (1+ 2)2=A,

which, by putting z= tan 6, reduces to

y? = —_—________,

tan? 6 (2+ tan? 0)

The coordinates, therefore, of any point on the trajectory are given by

2? tan? 6

2= ¥* tant é= ————_

x Pica 2+ tan? 6’

8A2

Y4 = 4y? tan? @= ——____

a a 2+tan?

which easily shew that the trajectory is the ellipse

y? + 24% — 4r2,

Example IV.—To obtain the oblique trajectory of a pencil. of

coplanar rays radiating from a point, and whose equation is, therefore,

obtained by varying a in

Yy = an.

First Method. .

The coordinates of any point on the line are given by

Y= a,

w= 9:

1888.] A. Mukhopadhyay—Differential Hquations of Trajectories. 81

so that the coordinates of any point on the trajectory are

X= 6,

YL=vG,

where, to determine wW as a function of 6, we have

fi =9,

fr =O,

which furnish the system

df, af,

do 1, “dé er YW,

af, Hs

ay = ap =”

and by virtue of these, we have

L=14+y%,

M=6y,

N= —-8@,

whence, the differential equation for y is

dy nl ee: (1+ y)

dd N-nM —0—n6W

which gives

l+ny no

TR eo

Integrating, we get

an) w+ 5 log (1+y4) = —n log Y

which easily reduces to

I “

Xd ie tan~*

—— tan ly

be : eh %

J 1+¥

dy —= tan o

Tt is not difficult to shew that these values lead to a well- eee result ;

for we have

J ie tan" w

and (X8+Y2)?=re ™

82 <A. Mukhopadhyay—Differential Equations of Trajectories. [No. 1,

Transforming to polar coordinates, by putting

X=r cos 9, Y=o sin ¢,

we have

tan ?= Vy

—— tan’ Wy

THNe ;

whence,

288

rare ™

which is the logarithmic spiral.

Second method.

We might also have proceeded as follows, viz., putting a=tan PB,

the coordinates of any point on the line are given by

a = & cos B,

y= of sin B.

The coordinates of any point on the trajectory are, therefore, given by

X = 9 cos W,

Y= sin w.

To determine y as a function of 6, we have

fi = ef cos YW,

f= ef sin Wy,

whence, we have the system

a = of cos W,

a = BY sin Wy,

Zs ae sin y,

“ = of cos W,

which furnish us with the values

L=e20 M=0, N=e- 29.

The differential equation for f becomes

Bean is

i”

whence won (A—8).

The coordinates of any point on the trajectory are, consequently, given by

X = cos n(A— 6),

Y= sin n(A— 8),

1888.] A. Mukhopadhyay—-Differential Equations of Trajectories. 83

and it is not difficult to shew that these values belong to the logarith-

mic spiral.

Example V.—To find the oblique trajectory of a system of circles

which touch a given straight line at a given point, and whose equation

is, therefore, obtained by varying r in

Pred + y? = 2rn.

The coordinates of any point on the circle are given by

x=r (1+cos 8),

y=r sin 6,

so that, the coordinates of any point on the trajectory are given by

X=y (1+ cos 9),

i w sin 6.

To determine y as a function of 6, we have

fi, =v (14+ cos 8),

fa eusu 6,

which lead to the system

ae j

“ag = — ¥ sin 6

Ufa

76 wy cos 6

af,

1+cos 6

df,

dy = sin 0,

whence, we have

i y?

M= —y sin 6

N=y (1+ cos @).

The differential equation for y reduces to

dy ny

d@~ 1+cos 6+n sin 0

Writing = tan a, where a is the angle of the trajectory, we have

k d (0—a)

—=si ——_——_—_—.,

cos a+cos (6 — a)

Integrating, we have at once

eos =e i adi pas

Y 5 EL oe

log 1 = log == —

a a Ps,

cos oe 5 tan ae

84 <A. Mukhopadhyay—Differential Equations of Trajectories. [No. 1,

whence

The equations

X= wy (1+cos 0) =2 w cos?

Nl Dd

eNO 6

Y=y sin O=2y sin 5 cos 5

which give the coordinates of any point on the trajectory, therefore,

become

6 6

X= 2A COs 5 COs («-5)

Y = 2A sin ; cos (« _ ‘).

Since

x4 ¥8=438 ons (a—2)

it is easily shewn that the trajectory is the circle

a+ y®% = 20 (# cos a+y sin a).

Example VI.—To find the oblique trajectory of a system of para-

bolas which have a common focus and principal axis, and whose equation

is, therefore, obtained by varying m in

y?=4m (a@+m).

Putting m= ar,

any point on the curve is seen to be given by

«@ = G2 — aa,

Yy = 2a0.

The coordinates of any point on the trajectory are, therefore, given by

X = @— wy,

Y=206y,

where y is to be determined as a function of 6 from the system

f,= eas

f= 20,

so that we have

df, Af

de = 26, de = 2y,

af, af,

dy = — ay, dy = 26,

1888.] A. Mukhopadhyay—Differential Equations of Trajectorves. 85

and these values shew that

L=4 (#+y?)

M=0

N= —4 (@+y?).

The differential equation for py, consequently, becomes

dé == —

whence

yon (r = 0).

Hence, finally, the coordinates of any point on the trajectory are given by

XK = — n* (A— 6)?.

Y = 2n6 (A-— 8).

Since X and Y are two quadratic functions of the parameter @, it is clear

that the trajectory must be a conic; in fact, the actual equation is

(14n%)* (a®@+y2) = { (x —1) #+2ny — 2nd?

which may be thrown into the form

{ ras — (n? — 1) y} = 4n* r2 { n2 2 — (n?—1)«—- 2ny | :

which shews that the trajectory is a parabola, and, if n = tan a, the polar

equation is

J 7. sin (a+$)=a sin a.

Example VII.—To find the oblique trajectory of the system of

curves obtained by varying 6 in the equation

e” sin y=ab.

The coordinates of any point on the curve are given by

x= log a r/ +b?

i tan? =.

The coordinates of any point on the trajectory are, therefore, given by

X =log a J/ Bey?

Y =tan™’ .

To determine y as a function of 6, we have

fi = log at log @+y"),

t= tan~*

which give the values

df; Yo

dd” G+y?

86 A. Mukhopadhyay— Differential Equations of Trajectories. [No. 1,

df, _ —¥

dO” G4 y2

d,s

dy ~ @+y?

df, __ 0

dy P+ y”

whence

Del aR me ast ya

and the differential equation for yp is

a6 = —-Nn,

which gives

y=n (A <r 6).

The coordinates of any point on the trajectory are, therefore, given by

) X =log a n/ @+n2 (A— 6)?

Y=tan™? ee ith

It can easily be shewn from this system that the actual equation of the

trajectory is

e” (sin y+n cos y) =aan,

or, if a be the angle of the trajectory, this becomes

e” sin (y+a)=aA sin a.

§. 5. Conjugate Functions.

It will be remarked that in some of the examples given above, the

integration of the differential equation for y was materially facilitated

whenever we found

M0) i ON,

It is, therefore, a matter of importance to discover under what circum-

stances this may be expected to happen.

Theorem.—The coordinates of any point on a curve being given by

v=f, (6, a),

Y =f; 2 (6, b),

and, the coordinates of the corresponding point on the trajectory by

X=f, { 6, F, (y, 2)},

Y=f, {6 Fy, 1},

if we have

y=n (A+9),

and

at: Hy, Ye e_

~ d6 dy dO dg.’

to prove that f; and f, must be conjugate functions of y and @.

1888.] A. Mukhopadhyay—Diferential Equations of Trajectories. 87

To establish this, we see that the conditions given, viz.,

p=n (A+6), M=0,

reduce the differential equation

dy _ nL

dé” N—uM

to the condition

L=N.

Now, since i=.

we have

Bibi nh

dé dy

if, ier: af; dee say.

dé dy

Substituting in the value for N, we get

vate H_H

dO dy dO dy

df, =

2 a Q

7s,

=— IL,

dé

and, since N=L,

we must have

df, _ Ue

fair Pemnew cerns CLO)

Therefore

; w= (2) - df; df

dé dd dy

| £4G NP (ofa

u= (7%) + (a):

whence

Of, \ Gf,

aa ae vaneciatisee (CLF)

The two equations marked (16) and (17) make it manifest that f, and /,

must be conjugate functions of w and 6.

In Mainardi’s problem, which is the first example given above, we

have y=n (A+0), M=0,

so that the quantities

h cos 6 cosh y, h sin 6 sinh y

are conjugate functions of y and 6; hence, we infer from a well-known

88 <A. Mukhopadhyay—Differential Hquations of Trajectories. [No. 1,

property of these functions that the two curves

cos « cosh y=a

sin « sinh y =b

intersect orthogonally at every common point of intersection.

It may similarly be shewn that if we have

pon (rA—8), M=0,

the functions f, and f/f, are conjugate with respect to 6 and w; for the

above investigation remains unaltered, except in that we have

= —N,

so that (16) becomes

Gy) is

dy — do’ eeoneovavecen (18)

and we have

(4 yes df, Us

ae dé db dy’

_ (4%. , (4.\

ee (4) +(2y,

whence

df, af,

Bay ovate tae caaeak eae

and, by virtue of (18) and (19), it is again manifest that f, and f, are

two conjugate functions of 6 and y. Consequently, as in the second

example given above, we have

yon (A—86), M=0,

the quantities

h cosh 6 cos y, h sinh 6 sin w

are two conjugate functions of 6 and y, and, the curves

cosh # cos y=a

sinh # sin y = b

are orthogonal trajectories of each other.

Again, it is an elementary principle in the theory of conjugate

functions that if ? and wy are any two conjugate functions of x and y;

and if €, 7 are any two other conjugate functions of wand y: then, by

putting € and 7 instead of «and y in the values of $ and w, we get two

new conjugate functions of x and y. But, we have found above two

pairs of such functions, v722z.,

?=sin « sinh y

y= COs x es

€=cosh # cos ¥

9 =sinh x» sin y ; ;

1888.] <A. Mukhopadhyay—Differential Hquations of Trajectories. 89

Hence we have the two new conjugate functions

sin } cosh x COS y} sinh { sinh # sin y},

cos { cosh x COS y} cosh { sinh @ sin y}.

We have, therefore, the theorem that the two transcendental curves

sin { cosh @ COS y} sinh { sinh #% sin y} =e

cos { cosh & COS y} cosh { sinh # sin y} = 6

are orthogonal trajectories of each other. In the same manner, it may

be shewn that the quantities which furnish the coordinates of any point

on the trajectory in terms of @ and y, in the second method of establish-

ing Example IV, as well as in Examples VI and VII, are conjugate

functions.

We shall now give some examples in which the properties of conju-

gate functions will materially simplify the calculation.

Example VIII.—Consider the tricircular sextic

(c® + 2) (o® + 2+ h2)? = a2 {2 (2 + y®— RP)? 44? (a®@ +y2+ ne)" ;

and suppose that its oblique trajectory is required when a is made to

vary. Writing

a®#=1+ d2,

the equation may easily be thrown into the form

a? (at y2+h2)” = ara® (02+ y? — k2)? 4 b2y2 (a2 4 2+ kh)”,

whence it can be shewn without much difficulty that the coordinates of

any point on the sextic curve are given by the system

x* a—cos 6 b? ;

~ a+ cos 6 b8+sin? 6’

y* a—cos@ _ sin?6

2 a+cos 6 b2+sin® 6’

and we seek the oblique trajectory, when a and b are made to vary

subject to the conditions

a=cosh y,

5 =sinh py.

The coordinates of any point on the trajectory are given by

X? __ cosh y—cos 6 sinh? y

k* ~~ cosh y+ cos 0 sinh? »+sin? 6

Y? cosh w,—cos 0 sin? 6

k? cosh w+ cos 6° sinh? y+sin? 6

To determine y as a function of 6, we have

atm, Cire

90 <A. Mukhopadhyay— Differential Hquations of Trajectories. [No. 1,

and then by actually calculating the values of

df, df, df, af.

—_-

db” G0 ag” dy’

we can shew that

L+N=0, M=0,

whence the differential equation for y becomes

aL ae

gop et

and won (A-8).

But, from the theorem we have established at the beginning of this

section, we know that the same conclusions may be legitimately drawn

without direct calculation, if we can prove f, and f, to be two conjugate

functions, and we proceed to do so. Now we know that if

fou (04 e/ — 1 Peas Z=ETS

the two conjugate functions A and B are given by the system

AS sin? 0

B?~ sinh? y

cosh yw — cos 8

ee = cosh y+ cos &

whence it follows that

9 _ cosh y—cos 6 sin? 6

~ cosh y+ cos 6° sinh? y +sin? 6

9 __ cosh y—cos 6 - sinh? y

~ cosh »y+cos 6 sinh? y+sin? 6

But these are the quantities which when multiplied by &* reproduce the

squares of what we have called f/, and f, above, which was to be proved.

Hence we finally infer that the coordinates of any point on the sextic

(a2 + y2) (24 424 ke)” = a? { a (a2 + 4% — 2)? 4 42 (ao2@ 4 y24 a)*

may be represented by the equations

a a—cos 0 b2

k?~ a+cos 6 b?4sin?

y* a—cos9@ sin? 6

ke atcos 6 b2+sin? 6’

where a’ —bé=],

and, accordingly, the coordinates of any point on its oblique trajectory

are furnished by the system

X? cosh n(A— 6) — cos 6 sinh? (A — 6)

k® ~ cosh n(A— 6) + cos 6° sinh? n(A— 0) + sin? 0

Y? cosh n(A — 8) — cos 6 sin? 6

7 — cosh n(A— 6) + cos 6° sinh? n(A— 0) + sin?

1888. ] A. Mukhopadhyay—Differential Equations of Trajectories. 91

Example IX.—Take, again, the curve

2 Q\2 _ a” a y"

(2? +y?)" = a2 b2

and suppose that its oblique trajectory is required, when a and b are

made to vary subject to the condition

a? — b= h’.

The coordinates of any point on the curve may be written

sa a cos 0

~ a? cos* 6+ 0b? sin? 0’

b sin 6

| I= 3? cos® 0+ 02 sin? 0

and we have also

a=h cosh »

b=h sinh yp.

The coordinates of any point on the trajectory are, therefore, given by

X =. cos @ cosh y

~ h (cos* 6 cosh? y +sin? 6 sinh? y)

_ 2 cos 6 cosh y

~ h (cosh 2y+cos 26)

sin @ sinh yp.

= h (cos? 6 cosh? y+ sin? 6 sinh? y)

2 sin 6 sinh y

) = h (cosh 2p -+cos 20)’

To determine y as a function of 6, we have

8: Ae

But f, and f, are two conjugate functions; for we know that if -ve

separate the real and imaginary parts of

sec (at/ —1 B) =A+4i/f/—]1 E

_ 2cosacosh B

~ cosh 28+ cos 2a

B= 2 sina sinh B

~ cosh 28+ cos 2a’

Hence, by the theorem of this section, we have

L+N=90, M=0,

and the differential equation for y becomes

whence y=n(A—8).

we have

= —N

92 A. Mukhopadhyay—Differential Hquations of Trajectories, [No. 1.

We see, therefore, finally that the coordinates of any point on the

oblique trajectory of the bicircular quartic

Cee ib) aatemr

which is obviously the inverse of an ellipse, may be represented by the

system

¥ 2 cos 6 cosh n(A — 8)

h { cosh 2n(A — 0) + cos 26}

oy 2 sin @ sinh n(A — 6)

h { cosh 2n(A — 6) + cos 26}

when a and b vary subject to the relation

h? = a? — 2.

Example X.—Again, if we seek the oblique trajectory of the

transcendental curve

b? ate * — 2 e

tan? y = = ————__,

ah? e” — 6% e *

when a and b vary subject to the condition

a® — $2 = h2,

we see that the coordinates of any point on the curve are given by the

system

But as

a=h cosh y,

b=h sinh wv,

the coordinates of any point on the trajectory are given by

cot Y =coth y tan 6.

To determine y as a function of 6, we notice that the quantities

f, = % log 2 (cosh 24 — cos 20) —log 2

f, = cot * (coth y tan 6)

are two conjugate functions, being in fact exactly the two quantities

which we obtain in separating the real and imaginary parts of

log sin (6+/ —1 w)

Hence, by the theorem of this section, we have

Lait Na AN ap,

1888.] A. Mukhopadhyay—Differential Equations of Trajectories. 93

and, as before,

wo=n(A-8).

Therefore, we finally infer that the coordinates of any point on the

oblique trajectory of the curve

C= 2£ ae

tan? y = a Seaweed cere

a hee*® —bee*

when a and b vary subject to the relation

a®—}% = h?,

are given by the system

20%# — cosh 2n(A— 6) — cos 26.

tan y= tanh n(A — 8). cot 6.

From the theorem established in this section, it is again evident

that, if fi (9, W), to (9, w)

be any two conjugate functions of @ and y, and the equation of a curve

be obtained by eliminating 6 from the system

x =f; (6, a)

y =fo (9, b),

the equation of the oblique trajectory of this curve when a is made to

vary is obtained by eliminating 6 from the system

K=f, {6 nr-6)}

Y= fy {4 n(r-6)}.

Similarly, if the equation of a curve is obtained by eliminating wy from

the system

x=f, (a, W),

y=fo (@, ),

the equation of the oblique trajectory of this curve when a is made to

vary is obtained by eliminating w from the system

K=/f, {nQty), ¥}

Y=fz {n(A+¥), y }

Again as from the well known formula for expanding

f (O+/—1y)

and separating its real and imaginary parts, viz.,

A=fO~-% fr OLE fF" 0- be.

I /2 /4 ’

fav? @- : fl" (8) +&.,

we can determine at pleasure an infinite number of pairs of conjugate

functions, it is clear that we may obtain without any difficulty an infinite

94 <A. Mukhopadhyay—Dvzferential Hquations of Trajectories. [No. I,

number of curves whose oblique trajectories may be determined with

ease by the theorems and methods of this paper; but it is needless to

multiply instances, as the examples given above will, it is hoped, amply

illustrate these observations.

16th November 1887.

Additional Note on Mainardi’s Problem.

Since the above paper was read, I have been informed by Prof,

Booth that Prof. Michael Roberts, in his Lectures on Differential Equa-

tions delivered at the University of Dublin, used to solve Mainardi’s

problem by the help of elliptic coordinates; I have not the opportunity

of examining the solution arrived at by Prof. Roberts (as I believe it

has never been published), but I give below the results I have obtained

by means of the coordinates suggested.

If a be the semi-axis-major of the primitive conic, and h half the

distance between its foci, its equation is

a? yj

and any member of the confocal family is obtained by varying a; so

that, if A, » be the elliptic coordinates of any point P on the trajectory,

they are determined from the ay sters

eto eT =1,

a ae

viz., X is the semi-axis-major of the ellipse, and yw the semi-axis-trans-

verse of the hyperbola through P confocal to the primitive one; hence,

solving between these equations, we have

ORE

a — (MBP) (pi ht)

oo h2

Taking the logarithmic differential, we see that the element of arc of

any curve through Pis |

aie pe Re pe

ds* = da? + dy? = a daA® — aah

‘Hence, if ds, ds, be the ree of arc of the confocal ellipse and

hyperbola whose semiaxes are A, p, and which intersect orthogonally at

P, we have, for the ellipse regarding a constant,

2 —

ds,* = aaa

dp”.

dp’,

1888.] A. Mukhopadhyay—Diferential Equations of Trajectories. 95

and, for the hyperbola regarding p as constant,

2 — 5

cane dr,

Now, if a be the angle of the AS viz., the angle at P between

the trajectory and the ellipse (A), we have clearly

ds," =

aa =tan a= Nn.

ds,

Hence - Y 2

ae dN? — pe? — a

woe dM = n*, ime dp’,

dx dp

SB” J 1h

Integrating, we have

log O47 FS h?) =—n cos ~* ot k,

which is, accordingly, the equation of the trajectory in elliptic coordi-

nates. It will be remarked that, though the application of elliptic

coordinates removes the difficulties of integration, the result is not

obtained in an appreciably simpler form; and, besides, the method is

not one of general application, as it requires a knowledge of the elements

of arc, as well of the given curve as of its orthogonal trajectory; the

methods and theorems of this paper, however, effectually remove these

disad vantages.

It may usefully be noted that if we use the inverse hyperbolic

functions, the integral of

i on ee! AN

J/ Mh /Te— pe

may be written

1 LY ae

cosh 7 +m COS 7 hs

and this at once shews that if we have

A\=h cosh 6,

where @ is a variable parameter, we must have

4 =h cos — (k— 6).

In this form it is not difficult to identify our solution with Mainardi’s

result, viz.,

gi ae hee

h2 x

— 2n tan~* ns A —1+log ———_—. = C,

SNe es

96 <A. Mukhopadhyay—Diferential Hquations of Trajectories.

where M satisfies the quadratic

(a? +y? +h?) M=a2(M?+h?).

ai: Me

— (A? — h®) (pw? — h?)

= a tiie=-— 9

For since

we have

x+y? + h* =r? + p?,

whence the quadratic for M becomes

M (+p?) =— (MP-+ 2),

which may be written

M?—h ( +f) M+? =0,

fox ok

the roots of which are

[No a

hp hx

in weirs

Taking for the present

M= ae

we have Mx = p’,

M ?}

we (Me

The equation of the trajectory, therefore, on substituting these values,

becomes

ee a yy a:

— 2n tan Seen Wg 10g. aA = 7S

fe h?

1+ ho 1— iE

Putting

h=p sec 9,

C =2np,

where p is 4 new constant, this becomes

aM a Nt, 20+ ?).

1 1+ een(p +?)

Fi 1— ene oy

wae

1888.} A. Mukhopadhyay—Differential Equations of Trajectories. O2

aa 1 — -22(p t+) 2

mol 14 2nr9)

Ae2(p + ?)

~ {14 2merey |”

whence

i 1 a e2n(p r p)

. 2p +P)

=~ - et@t?) ronm@ty) |

= = cosh n(p+?).

We have, therefore, the system

A\=h cosh n(p+?)

p=h cos ¢.

If we put

n( p+?) = 9,

o= e mae

this is equivalent to the system obtained above, viz.,

kc he ee 6

pp =h cos - (0 —pn)..

If we had used for M the value |

_ hs

we should have to put

t . Mz = A2,

M_ 2

eo pe

which shews that », » would be interchanged in the equation of the

trajectory, viz., that would give the system

A=h cos #,

#=h cosh n(pt+?), |

and it is important to notice that this second system does not admit of

being derived from the differential equation in elliptic coordinates,

dr e dp.

‘efi / te — pe

For the above system is the solution of the differential equation

dr ee

Eg RTC YP

98 A. Mukhopadhyay—Differential Equations of Trajectories. [No. 1,

which is different from the one given above, viz., this leads to the

primitive

-1 aa ft

m COS 7, t cosh ‘r+k=0,

so that, if

A=h cos ¢,

we must have |

3 pp =h cosh n(p+).

We see, then, that, because M is given by a quadratic, Mainardi’s result

is really equivalent to two, viz., we have the two systems

A=h cosh n( p+)

w=h cos >.

A=hcos > y

f=h cosh n( p+?)

and these two systems are the solutions of the two distinct differential

equations

If, now, we consider for a moment these two differential equations, we

see that the first belongs to the trajectory which intersects the confocal

ellipses at an angle a (where n= tan a), while the other belongs to the

trajectory which intersects the confocals at an angle € = a), since

J, rs

Se tan (5-«)

But, since the confocal hyperbolas intersect the ellipses orthogonally, it

follows at once that the second differential equation belongs to the

trajectory which intersects the confocal hyperbolas at an angle (7— a),

in both cases measuring the angle in the same sense; hence, the solution

hy.

Mis +

which leads to the system

A=h cosh n(pt+)

p= h cos p

is relevant, while the value

M — aes: |

which furnishes the other system

A=h cos >

#@=hcosh n( p+)

1888.] A. Mukhopadhyay—-Differential Equations of Trajectories. 99

is irrelevant. We conclude, therefore, that, of the two solutions to

which Mainardi’s result is really equivalent, only one is relevaut ; the

other being wholly extraneous, as belonging to the oblique trajectory of

the orthogonal system of confocal hyperbolas;* and, it is easy to dis-

criminate which of the two solutions given by the quadratic

(a* + 72 +h?) M = x (M?+ h?)

leads to the relevant solution; for we have seen that the solution in

point is furnished by

M= 03

now it is evident geometrically that

ar a er 4 Bs

which shews at once that

ce . _ aX

Mita ie

it follows, therefore, that the smaller of the two roots of the quadratic

in M is the proper value. We come to the conclusion, therefore, that in

Mainardi’s system

J =

| 7a 1- /1-4

oe -1 eon ee ]

on tan ye pe"... = ar

ber i

(a? +y?+h*?) M= «(M*?+h?),

the smaller root of the quadratic in M gives the oblique trajectory of the

system of confocal ellipses, while the greater root furnishes the oblique

trajectory of the system of confocal hyperbolas. I am not aware that

the real character of the two solutions to which Mainardi’s result is

equivalent has been before distinguished as above.

Lastly, it is sufficiently obvious that the values of A, » given by

either of the above systems may be geometrically represented by a

construction closely analogous to what is given in my former paper

mentioned at the beginning of this memoir.

10th December 1887.

* Instances of a single solution resolving itself into two, are by no means rare ;

for example, in the case of the conic

au? + Zhay + by? + 2ga + 2fy +c=0,

this equation is really equivalent to the two

by = —(ha +f) + / (h? — ab)2?2 + 2(hf — bg)x + (f? — bc)

by =— (ha +f)— / (h? — ab)a? + 2( hf — bg )a + (f? — 6c)

Bnt the present case is distinguishable from the case of the conic, inasmuch as we

have here one of the solutions irrelevant, while, in the case of the conic, both the

solutions are relevant, the compound solution being reproduced by multiplying

together the resolved solutions.

100 A. Mukhopadhyay—On Povsson’s Integral. [No. 1,

III.—On Porsson’s Integral.

By Asurosh Muxnopapuyay, M. A., F. R.A.S., F. R. S. E.

[Received January 16th ;—Read February Ist, 1888. ]

Contents..

Introduction.

Transformations of the integral.

Symbolic value for 7.

Geometric interpretation.

§. 1. Introduction.

The definite integral

eo - 20

ke SE aad

f, (1 Ca wosgetiot}®. (1)

has been often discussed by mathematicians; it seems to have been first

considered by Poisson in his memoir Swite du Memoitre sur les Integrales

Definies published in the Jowrnal de l’ Ecole Polytechnique (1815), t. X,

Cah. XVII, p. 614. Poisson first attacks the more general integral

sin? x dx

y= PS Gs Pra oe ere ececeesteveace (2)

o (1—2a cos #+a*)

Differentiating with regard to a, and integrating by parts, he obtains

the differential equation

dy , f{p+i dy

| (1 — a?) jaa * 1 ae ae (4n+1— p) \ qa 2” (2n—p) y=0,

which is satisfied by the value of the definite integral in question. As

an integrable case of this equation, Poisson makes the coefficient of y

nugatory, by putting p=2n; so that the integral (2) assumes the form

(1), while the subsidiary differential equation becomes

Or Or 7 war

me co Do

dy 2n+1 dy _ 0

da® a. wig

the solution of which is ;

Y= c+ Co q7 on,

Poisson next proves that by virtue of the general nature of the integral

expression, we must have c, =0, while, by making a = 0, it easily follows

that

{Pe

q= £ sin?” » dx.

Hence, it is finally shewn that

. - sine” 46) dx i ee)

7 = LIE >. A a

9 (1 — 2a cos #+a?)™ 0

1888. ] A. Mukhopadhyay—On Poisson’s Integral. 101

As the value of the right hand side is well-known, calling J the value of

the definite integral in question, it assumes the compact form

nage mee ee CA)

Q2n’ }” 1} :

This result holds so long asa 21; when a 7 1, we at once infer from

(3) that the result in (4) is to be divided by a2”.

I now propose to obtain a formula of transformation for the more

general integral (2) ; this method has also the advantage of shewing how

the indefinite integral itself may be evaluated. Some other integrals

which I have arrived at, and which are numbered (6), (7), (9), (10),

I have never met with before; they are, I believe, new.

§. 2. Transformations of the Integral.

Consider the general indefinite integral

enn sin? aw dx

(1 — 2a cos «+a?)”

joey ee

o= — 2a,

a sin? x dx

‘ (P+ Q cos a)”

sin? x dx

(P+Q cos x)”

p p

oP (sin 5) (cos 5) di where

sks 7 NE eee eel = ae

(A co 5 +B sint 5) B= P—-Q=(l+a)?.

p y\ D— 20

oP (sin 5) ( cos 5) dx

= 1)

(4 +B tan? 5)

| " sien

2P (tan 5) (a + tan? 5) de

By putting

this reduces to

Now

Substituting

102 A. Mukhopadhyay—On Poisson’s Integral. [ Wowrky

and 5 ( + tan? 5) tex /4 (1+ tan? >) d¢,

in this last expression, and reducing, we get

2 (sin 26)? dp

(1—a2)2"-P-1 J (1—2acos 26 +a%)!+P-”

Hence, by putting

— cos 26=cos y= —cos (7— y),

2 sin 2¢ dp = —sin y dy,

2dp = — dy,

this easily reduces to

ee 1 sin? y dy

(1 —a%)2-P-1 J (1—2a cos ya?) tP-™ |

We see, therefore, that, by the substitutions given above, the indefinite

integral is transformed into another in which the power of the denomi-

nator is depressed, provided that

n7 % (ptl).

To obtain the definite integral, we have only to ascertain the new limits ;

and it is easy to see that, for

S97,

c=),

we have

esp

¢=0;

and for these values of > we get

y= 0,

Hence, finally, we have the transformation formula

"gin? a dat Z 1 “ sin? x da

9 (1—2a cos #+a*)” (1—at%)?"—-P-! Jo (1—2a cos x+a%)l+p—n

This result holds if a 21; when a 7 1, (1—a*) must be replaced by

(a?—1), as is sufficiently obvious from the above transformation. Poisson

characterized the above relation as a “rapport remarquable’*; his

demonstration is based on the fundamental differential equation quoted

above, and any one who has honestly attempted to master his proof

must confess it to be abstruse.

In the particular case when p = 2n, we get

* Seiad wwe 1 : sin?” a da (6)

Oo (1 — 2a cos «+a?)"+1 l—a?* 9 (1—2a cos w + a2)”, i

*' Loe. cit. p. 626.

1888. ] A. Mukhopadhyay—On Poisson’s Integral. 103

As the power of the denominator on the right hand side is by one less

than that on the sinister, this obviously serves as a formula of reduction,

and it at once follows from (4) that

7 sin?” x do - (2n) !

[oo a ere = Cae ae we ae ove (7)

= (1—2a cos «+a*)”** 2°" (1 —a?) {at}

This formula may be regarded as supplementary to equation (38) in

Bertrand’s Oalcul., t. II, 153. Putting n=0 in (6), we have the well-

known result

ws dx 7

SSS ee eee oeeortses 8

| Sor eer 1l— a’ (2)

which might also have been obtained by putting n = 0 in (7)

Again, if we substitute » = 0 in (5), we have

: mee : " sin? x d

i eee os eae ge ns

o (1— 2a cos a+a2)Ptt (1 —a2)P+1 :

The value of the right hand side depends on the form of p. If p= 2r

we get

= sin?” x da be 7 (2r) ! (9)

9 (L= 2a cos a+ atyPrtl gtr (1a as tt fhe

If p = 27r+1, we get

f- sin?” +1 dix g2r+t onal ws (10)

(1 — 2a cos « +a%#)2("+1) Ke: (1 — a8)?" +1) (2r+1)!

§. 3. Symbolic value for z.

We shall now give a symbolic value for 7, to which we are easily

led by the integral

Tx sin vdx 7

9 l+cos*e” 4

which is also considered by Poisson.* Poisson has effected the evalua-

tion of this by expanding, and integrating each term separately ; the

substance of his process is well reproduced by Bertrand (t. II, 150).

It is easy to see that this may also be integrated by parts, since

Te sin @ da w q — }

rad

a T

=— {e tan~* (cos x) } + J tan™* (cos «) dx = P

2 =0 O

* Loc, cit. p. 623,

104 A. Mukhopadhyay—On Poisson’s Integral. [No. 1,

Now consider the general integral

™T cos 2nx a

pie r ‘1+ cos? a?

which gives

du _ _9 T ¢ sin 2nx dx

ere.

dn 1+cos* x

Hence

(FS). _9 a“ sin # dat _ ae

div =) ie 1+cos? x 2

Again, :

To 1 — cos* «+ cos* «— &e.

Therefore, the (r +1) term of w may be written in the form

(- 1’ f cos 2nx cos?” « da,

which at once leads to the symbolic relation

ad r=O0 r fu a © 2

Epeaxenai cos 2nzx cos de} | =- >

n=%

§. 4. Geometric Interpretation.

It is.interesting to remark that the analytical transformation in

Poisson’s remarkable relation (5) easily admits of an elegant geometrical

interpretation from well-known properties of ie ellipse.

Consider the semi-ellipse

APA’, of which S is a focus, a

and C the centre ; AQ A’ is the

semi-circle described on AA’

as diameter; take any point

P on the ellipse, join PS,

draw PM at right angles to

AA’, meeting the circle at Q, A Z a ‘ A

and join QC. Let the angles

ASP and ACQ be represented by 6 and wu, respectively; then, as usual

in the theory of elliptic motion, we have the famous relation between

the true and eccentric anomalies, viz.,

cos 6= oo —, Maoh sicleaceee (11)

whence

sin = 8 a anol eR Me ee,

1—ecosw

1888. ' A. Mukhopadhyay—On Poisson’s Integral. 105

6 1 +e u

tanga, / ite tan 5

Taking the logarithmic differential, we have

dé du

sin 8 sin w

sin w\” sin u n—1

—-} dd= ({— du

sin 6 sin 6

l—e cos u\” l—ecosu\"—!1

or —__—— } dd= | —___—_—_———_ du

Per gs — @ Po ag ane

aed aa cS gu\vn-l

or ) do = a 2) du (Am (14)

1+e cos 6 7 YY ae

EY as)

Therefore

whence

if =

| Pereey at ers) (onectaehe ier

e CO i ‘

Again, since from (14) we have

I a

eee = ————_—(l-—e cos u)” ‘ du,

(L+ecos6)” (1-—¢)"”?

we have from (12),

(1 +e cos 0)” (xf P= yee (1—e cos w)P~" +1

which is really equivalent to Poisson’s transformation; and it is clear

from (12) that for 0d=7, 6=0, we havew=7,u=0. Thus, putting

we have

eee edo l FeO rei a epg hil

0 (1—2acos0+a%)” — a OY ae da 9 (1+2acosu+at)p—nt1

or putting “L=T—2

this may be at once written

7 ,

SSS Se SRO. ee

9 (1-—2acos «+a’)” eahenat a 9 (1—2acos x+a2)P—"t1

as the variable is of no consequence in a definite integral,

106 Warden & Pedler—On the Nature of the ‘{No. 1,

Another interesting definite integral may also be obtained from the

formule given above, viz., we have from (11)

Vee

e+cos g—(1-&) cos u

1—ecos u,

whence from (13)

dé ts i/ Te (l—ecos u igi he

(e+ cos 6)” (1—e?) ” cos” u

Therefore, putting

é= COS a,

we have the relation

T Cy =)

] er r ry 6 Ls

ie EA (cosec a)2”—} ( ne ) d6.... (15)

9 (cos a+cos 6)” G cos” 6

IV.—On the Nature of the Toxic Principle of the Aroidee—By A.

Pepter, F. C.8. (Lond. & Berl.), Professor of Chemistry, Presi-

dency College, Calcutta, and C. J. H. Warpen, F.C. 8S. (Lond. &

Berl.), Professor of Chemistry, Medical College, Calcutta.

In the annual report on the Chemical Hxaminer’s Department,

Bengal, for 1886, submitted to Government on the 18th February 1887,

we gave a brief reswin¢é of our investigations on Bish Kachoo, a variety

of Arum. We pointed out that the toxic effects of Kachoo were due to

purely mechanical causes, and that we were unable to isolate any

specific organic poisonous principle from the tubers. In the present com-

munication, we propose giving a detailed account of our investigations,

together with an epitome of the most important points connected with

the genus Arum.

Watt* describes the Arums as a genus of herbaceous plants, with

tuberous corms often edible, belonging to the natural order of Aroides.

The genus comprises some twenty species, inhabitants of Hurope, the

Mediterranean region, and Tropical Asia, and extending from India to

Afghanistan.

Botanically, the leaves are sagittate or hastate, base of petiole

sheathing. Pedwncles most frequently solitary, short or long. Spathe-

tube convolute: blade when opened out ovate or ovate-lanceolate: spadix

sessile, shorter than the spathe, appendix naked, frequently stalked

and cylindrical, rarely clavate. Inflorescence moncecious, perianth none.

Female flowers below forming a cylindrical mass, separated from the

Dictionary of the Economic Products of India,

(1888. ] Toxic Principle of the Aroidee. 107

male by a tuft of hair-like neuter flowers, which blend above into the

male condition. Stamens 3—4: anthers sessile, opposite or sub-opposite,

obovoid, dehiscing by a slit towards the apex, connective more or less

prolonged: pollen vermiform. Ovary oblong-obtuse, 1-locular; stigma

sessile: ovules 6 or many, orthotropous, erect: funiculus short: placenta

parietal 2—3-seriate: micropyle superior. Fruit an obovoid many-seeded

berry.

The following account of the species found in India we have

abstracted chiefly from Roxburgh’s Flora Indica, Watt’s Dictionary

of the Economic Products of India, Dymock’s Vegetable Materia Medica

of Western India, and O’Shaughnessy’s Bengal Dispensatory.

A. campanulatum, Syn. for Amorphophallus campanalatus, has a

tuberous root, which, when peeled and cut into segments, is sold in Bombay

under the name of Madan-mash. The segments are usually threaded upon

a string, and are about as large as those of an orange, of a reddish brown

colour, shrunken and wrinkled, brittle in dry weather; the surface is

mammillated. When soaked in water, they swell up and become very

soft and friable, developing a sickly smell. The tubers contain a large

quantity of farinaceous matter mixed, according to Baden-Powell, with

@ poisonous juice which may be extracted by washing or heat. The fresh

tubers produce intense itching of the tongue when tasted, and when used

as food they are often first boiled with tamarind leaves and paddy husks

to remove this irritating property. The dried tubers—Madan-mash—have

a mucilaginous taste, and are faintly bitter and acrid. Under cultivation

the plant loses much of its acridity. Itis largely used as a vegetable,

and has a reputation as a remedy for piles. It is also used externally in

the form of a poultice for insect bites, and as a stimulating application.

In Bengal the tubers are known under the name of ol.

A. lyratum, Syn. for Amorphophallus lyratus.

A. colocasia, Syn. for Colocasia antiquorum. This variety is known

in most parts of India as Kachu. Roxburgh describes two cultivated

and three wild varieties of this species; the cultivated being Goori

Kachu and Asoo or early Kachu; and the wild, Kalla, or dark-coloured

Kachu, found on the edges of ditches and other wet places, Char

Kachu, found on dry ground chiefly by road sides, or on dung heaps

and among rubbish, and Ban-Kachu in situation and form very like the

last mentioned variety. The tubers of the cultivated varieties are used

as food. Of the wild varieties the leaves and foot-stalks of the dark

coloured Kachu are the parts chiefly eaten by the natives of Bengai;

the other wild varieties are rarely eaten in Bengal when better veget-

ables are procurable.

A. cucullatum, Syn. for Alocasia cucullata,

108 Warden & Pedler—On the Nature of the [No. 1,

A. fornicatum, Syn. for Alocasia fornicata, known as Bees Kuchoo

about Calcutta—used medicinally.

A. montana, Syn. for Alocasia montana, is, according to Roxburgh,

a native of the mountainous forests of the Northern Circars, where its

root is said to be employed to poison tigers.

A. odorum, Syn. for Alocasia odora.

A. rapiforme, Syn. for Alocasia rapiformis.

Arum indicum, Syn. for Alocasia indica, known in Bengal as

Man-Kuchoo. In Bengal, it is much cultivated about the huts of

the natives for its esculent stems and small pendulous bulbs or

tubers, these being very generally eaten by people of all ranks in their

curries; aS a medicine, it is stated to be useful in anasarca, and also

in piles and habitual constipation. In using the plant, the tough

portions should be rejected, and’ the stems and root-stalks boiled and

the water thrown away, otherwise they are likely to irritate the throat

and palate.

A. curvatum, Syn. for Ariseema curvatum, is stated to have poi-

gonous properties. In Kulu, the seeds are said tobe given with salt

for colic in sheep.

A. cuspidatum, Syn. for Arisema cuspidatum.

A. speciosum, Syn. for Arisema speciosum. In Hazara the root is

stated to be poisonous. In Chumba it is applied pounded to snake bites.

In Kuli, where the root is given to sheep for colic, the fruit is

said to have deleterious effects on the mouth when eaten by children.

A. tortuosum, Syn. for Ariscema: tortuosum, found in Chumba and

also eastward to Nepal. The root of the plant is used to kill the

worms which infest cattle in the rains.

A. divaricatum, Syn. for Typhonium divaricatum.

A. flagelliforme, Syn. for Typhonium cuspidatum.

A, gracile, Syn. for Typhoniwm gracile. 7

A. orivense, Syn. for Typhonium trilobatum. The roots when fresh

are stated by Roxburgh to be exceedingly acrid, more so than A. dra-

cunculus or maculatum. The natives apply them in cataplasams to

discuss or bring forward scirrhous tumours. They also apply them

externally to the bite of venomous snakes, at the same time giving

internally a piece about the size of a field bean.

A. margaretiferwm, Syn. for Plesmoniwm margaretiferum.

A. sessiliflorum, Syn. for Sauromatum sessiliflorum. The tubers are

as large as small potatoes, they are very acrid and poisonous, and are

only used externally as a stimulating poultice by natives. The loth of

Dymock’s Materia Medica.

A, silvaticum, Syn. for Synantheris silvatica. According to Dymock

1888. ] Toxic Principle of the Aroidee. 109

the country people use the crushed seed to cure toothache ; it benumbs

the nerve; also used as an external application to bruises on account

of its benumbing effect. The taste is intensely acrid; after a few seconds

it causes a most painful burning of the tongue and lips, which lasts

for a long time, causing much salivation and subsequent numbness.

A section of the fruit and seed show the following structures from

without inwards, 1st, several rows of thick-walled cells having yellow-

ish brown granular contents, 2nd, a parenchyma composed of thin-

walled cells having no solid contents except needle-shaped crystals,

3rd, several rows of small cells containing chlorophyll, 4th, a delicate

parenchyma, the cells of which are loaded with very small starch

granules, mostly round, some truncated.

A, viviparum, Syn. for Remusatia vivipara.

From the brief reswmé we have given of the Arums found in India,

if will be noticed that a belief in the toxic properties of certain species

appears to be pretty generally entertained. In England, A. maculatum

is the best known species. W. Murrell, M. D.* gives an interesting

account of this variety, from which we abstract the following :—

“This plant,” Dr. Murrell writes, ‘ has several popular names, the

best known being “ lords and ladies,” “ cows and calves,” “the parson

in the pulpit,” ‘wake robin,” and ‘ cuckoo-pint.” In former times

it was also known as “ alron,” “‘ janus,” “ barba aron,” ‘“ calve’s foot,”

“ramp,” “starch wort,’ “cuckow-pintle.” The word arum is probably

a corruption of “aron”’ a word of Egyptian origin. Pliny calls it both

aris and aron.

“The plant, although somewhat rare in Scotland, is common enough

all over England, and abounds in moist hedgerows and shady woods,

usually flowering in May. The root, washed and dried, forms the salep

of the older cookery books, and under the name of ‘ Portland sago” was

formerly used for adulterating arrowroot.

“It appears to have been highly esteemed by the older writers on

medicine : it was used both externally and internally, and was con-

sidered invaluable in stimulating digestion and improving the circu-

lation. Culpepper says, ‘‘a drachm of the powder of the dried root

taken with twice as much sugar in the form of a licking electuary, or

the green root, doth wonderfully help those that are pursy and short-

winded, as also those that have a cough: it breaketh, digesteth, and

riddeth away phlegm from the stomach, chest, and lungs; the milk

wherein the root hath been boiled is effectual also for the same pur-

mone .. .... Taken with sheep’s milk, it healeth the inward ulcers

of the bowels: the distilled water thereof is effectual to all the purposes

* British Med. Journ., May 7th, 1881.

110 Warden & Pedler—On the Nature of the (No. I,

aforesaid. A spoonful taken at atime healeth the itch: and an ounce

or more taken at a time for some days together doth help the rupture.”

It was the active ingredient in the vaunted ‘ Portland Powder,” a

so-called specific for gout. It is still occasionally sold in Paris as a

cosmetic under the name of Poudre de Cypre. The London Pharmo-

copia of 1788 orders a conserve in the proportion of half a pound of

the fresh root to a pound and a half of double refined sugar, beat

together in a mortar. The dose is a drachm for adults, and it is a

good form for the exhibition of the medicine.”

Regarding the employment of Arum in modern medical practice,

there is a note by Wm. Martindale in the British Medical Journal of

June 4th, 1881, which is worth recording. Martindale states, “ it

having been shown (Pharm. Jour. 1880, p. 849) that the active drug

in the nostrum tonga was, in all probability, part of the stem of a

species of Haphidophora, belonging to the natural order, Aracew, the

arum-juice was tried by a medical friend, in a case of obstinate neural-

gia which was relieved by tonga; but the latter to the patient was an

expensive medicine. The succus in one drachm doses gave similar

relief, I was informed ; further than this I have not known it tried.”

Cases in which toxic symptoms ensued after the ingestion of arum

leaves and tubers are found scattered in many works on Medical Juris-

prudence, and also in certain medical journals.

In Beck’s Medical Jurisprudence, A. typhillum and A. trilobatum

are mentioned as being natives of the United States. Beck remarks

that they are all acrid and have produced dangerous effects, Orfila*

gave the fresh roots of A. maculatum to dogs, and found that they died

at the end of 24 to 36 hours without any other symptoms than dejection :

after death the digestive canal was found somewhat inflamed. Marzelt

also investigated the physiological action of the fresh root on dogs, and

found that it acted as a powerful irritant poison. Bullard{ relates the

following case of three children who kad eaten the leaves of A. maculatum.

They were seized with horrible convulsions, and with two of them all

assistance was unavailing, as they could not be made to swallow any-

thing. One child died at the expiration of twelve days, and the second

four days later. The third child was saved with difficulty: its tongue

was greatly swelled, and hence deglutition was painful and difficult.

Christison§ states, “I have known acute burning pain of the mouth

“and throat, pain of the stomach and vomiting, colic, and some diarr-

* Orfila’s Toxicology, vol. ii, p. 83.

+ Marzel, B. Med. Gaz. 1881, p. 720.

ft Histoire des Plantes Vénéneuses de la France.

§ Christison on Poisons, p. 602.

1888. ] Toxic Principle of the Aroidee. 111

‘“‘ hoea occasioned by eating two leaves. The genus possesses the same

** properties in other climates, the several species being classed among

“the most potent acrid poisons in their respective regions. The

“A. seguinum of the West Indies is so active, that two drachms of the

“juice have been known to prove fatal in a few hours. It is not a

“little remarkable that the acridity of the arum is lost not merely

“by drying, but likewise by distillation. I have observed that when

** the roots are distilled with a little water, neither the distilled water

“ nor the residue possesses acridity. Reinsch says, he has eaten powder

“of arum root, which though not acrid to taste, produced severe burn-

“ ing of the throat not long after it was swallowed.” Guy and Ferrier*

state that “the root of A. maculatum is somewhat heart-shaped, and

“like all other parts of the plant is highly acrid and irritating. The

‘“‘jnice applied to the tongue causes acute darting pain as if it were

‘“‘nierced with sharp needles. The poisonous properties of the plant are

“wholly dissipated by heat.’ Woodman and Tidyf sum up the

symptoms of poisoning by A. maculatum as follows, ‘‘ Great local irrita-

tion, swelling of the tongue, convulsions, dilated pupils, insensibility

and coma’’. Woodman and Tidy also refer to several cases of poisoning

by A. maculatum, of which we abstract the following. Dr. Russell

Stubet records a case in which a male et. 43 took one leaf as a remedy

for tape-worm. The symptoms were immediate pain and pricking

sensation in the mouth downwards: the tongue became swollen: saliva-

tion and vomiting. The patient recovered. Dr. Frayer§ reports a case

of a male child «et. 6 who was found in a kind of fit, with spasmodic

action of all the muscles of the body, bloody froth at the mouth, pupils

dilated, heart’s action very feeble, rigid closure of the jaw. A certain

drowsiness succeeded. Recovery ensued. A second case is also reported

by Dr. Frayer|| of a male child wt. 8, in which the symptoms were

convulsions and widely dilated pupils. Recovery ensued. Dr. Frayer{

quotes a case of a child wt. 3 who masticated the roots; the symptoms

were immediate burning pain in the mouth and lips, torpor in three

hours, followed by complete prostration in six hours with delirium and

asphyxia, and death in nine hours. Another fatal case is recorded in

the Medical Times and Gazette for June 6th, 1857, in which death ensued

from eating the leaves. Dr. Alliott** gives the following account of a .

* Forensic Medicine 7

+ A Handy Book of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology.

t “Lancet “ April 13th, 1872.

§ British Med. Journal, Jan. 22nd, 1861.

|| Ibid: June 22nd 1861.

Ibid: June 22nd 1861. Quoted from Gazette Medica di Porto.

** British Med. Journal, April 23rd, 1881. .

112 Warden & Pedler—On the Nature of the [Mank,

fatal case ; he states that on ‘‘ Saturday, April 6th, I was called at 6°35

p. M. to attend a girl 4 years old. TI attended at 7.15 a. Mm. and found her

dead: the skin mottled all over, rigor mortis setting in and the body

nearly cold. The history was that she came in from play at 3°30 Pp. M. on

Friday, complaining of being tired. Her mother laid her down and she

slept at once, at 5°30 she awoke and took some milk and tea: im-

mediately she vomited some thin milky substance and went to bed, when

she slept somewhat restlessly until 10°30 Pp. mM. when she awoke with

vomiting and severe purging: this continued with pain until 5 A. M. when

she had a slight convulsion, and died at 5°30 4. mM. A post-mortem

examination was made 30 hours after death. igor mortis had nearly

passed off. All the organs were healthy and normal, except that the

bases of both lungs were congested. The heart was empty in both

ventricles and firmly contracted. The stomach and small intestines

were thickly coated with a creamy lining of mucus, with bile: no blood.

The stomach further contained half an inch of the fatal leaf: there was

also found about as much in one of the stools, and probably more was

passed. This with the firmly contracted heart constituted the chief

confirmatory evidence of the irritant nature of the poison which caused

death.”—Chevers,* quoting from a note by Dr. H. Cleghorn, states,

‘There are several species of arum requiring examination, of a suspi-

‘cious, if not of a poisonous nature. On one occasion five Mysore

‘villagers were poisoned by partaking of the acrid rhizomes of an arum,

‘imperfect specimens of which I sent to Dr. Wright for identification,

‘but he could not distinguish the species. If the roots had been boiled,

“the fatal results would not have occurred, as is well-known, the

“deleterious property is easily driven off by heat.” Dr. Chevers refers

to two other cases, one in which a man obtained from a drug dealer a

remedy for gonorrhcea, which appeared to have been a root of one of the

Aroidee ; fatal results ensued.

In 1886 the Civil Surgeon of Dibrugarh forwarded to the Chemical

Examiner, Bengal, some portions of raw Bish Kachu tubers and leaves

with the following statement. ‘‘ A cooly woman administered some of the

fried Kachu to another sick cooly on the same garden, but the man

experiencing a burning sensation in his mouth instantly spat it out. A

. pig ate what was so thrown away and died in an hour. A second pig was

experimented on with some of the same stuff, and fatal results also

supervened.” During the course of the same year a second case of

poisoning by Kachu was referred to the Chemical Hxaminer’s Depart-

ment; in this case slices of Kachu tubers were introduced into a jar

containing ‘goor.” The symptoms induced were sufficiently urgent to

* A Mannal of Medical Jurisprudence for India.

1888. ] Toxic Principle of the Aroidee. 113

necessitate admission of the person into the Medical College Hospital ; the

stomach-pump was used as the symptoms were those of irritant poisoning.

Recovery ensued.

The European A. maculatum has been analyzed by Bucholy and Enz,

and the American variety by D.S. Jones. According to the editors of

the National Dispensatory, Jones proved the presence of starch, sugar,

gum, albumen, resin, fat, and extractives, besides the volatile acrid prin-

ciple, which is soluble in ether. Enz in 1858 obtained also saponin,

“while Bird believes that a volatile alkaloid may be present.”

The tubers employed by us in our experiments were kindly supplied

by the Civil Surgeon of Dibrugarh, and were of the variety known

locally as Bish Kachu and similar to those used in the case which he had

referred to the Chemical Examiner. We made over a tuber to Dr. King,

F, R. S., Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, for

identification. Dr. King informs us that it is most probably a species

of Alocasia or Colocasia. But the leaves of the species of these genera

are so much alike that it is impossible to identify them without flowers.

In our experiments the tubers were first peeled ; during this opera-

tion, considerable irritation was experienced about the hands, but there

was a complete absence of any irritative action on the olfactory organs

or conjunctive. This fact appeared to us to point towards the non-

volatile nature of the active principle. Ina preliminary experiment we

tried the effect of an injection of a portion of a tuber into a cat’s stomach ;

8 grammes of a peeled and fresh tuber were rubbed down with about

15 c. c. of water and the mixture strained through muslin. The turbid

fluid thus obtained was injected into a small healthy cat’s stomach at

1.8 Pp. M.; at 1.22 p. m. the cat was a little restless, but this soon passed

off, and, as far as we were able to ascertain, no ill-effects subsequently

ensued as a result of the injection. There was no question about the

activity of the sample used in this experiment, because a minute fragment

applied to the tip of the tongue caused in a very short time acute

lancinating pain, which continued for a considerable period.

In order to obtain an alcoholic extract, the peeled and sliced tubers

were strung on wire and exposed to the air to dry. The dried slices were

then easily reduced to powder. The powder was packed in a percolator,

and exhausted with hot 60 O. P. alcohol. The alcohol having been driven

off by the heat of a water-bath, the viscid extract remaining was examin-

ed as follows. A portion was mixed with bread and given to a mouse

without any effect. A large portion of the extract was treated by Stas’s

process for the extraction of alkaloids, and the ethereal extract given

to a mouse with negative results. In these experiments we observed

that, while the fresh tubers caused a marked physiological action when

114 Warden & Pedler—On the Nature of the (Bo: a.

applied to the mucous membrane of the lips or tongue, the dried tubers

were practically inert. The alcoholic extract, as well as the extract

obtained by Stas’s process, were without the least action on the tongue.

We also tried the effect of an extract obtained by cold alcohol, and in

which the alcohol had been driven off by spontaneous evaporation, on a

mouse without producing any symptoms. This extract was also without

physiological action on the tongue. A glycerin and an ethereal ex-

tract, prepared by macerating the fresh tubers in the cold with those

menstrua, also yielded negative results.

We now tried the effect of distilling the fresh tubers with water.

The distillate had no acrid taste : it contained only traces of hydrocyanic

acid. The symptoms produced by the introduction of the commoner

varieties of arum tubers into the stomach cannot be explained by the

presence of hydrocyanic acid. The production of hydrocyanic acid on the

distillation of organic vegetable matter with water is by no means rare:

ordinary linseed meal indeed yields traces of that acid on distillation

with water. It is possible, however, that certain varieties of arum may

contain a large amount of prussie acid, as for example the A. seguinum

of the West Indies, which is stated to furnish a juice, two drachms of

which has proved fatal ina few hours.* The tubers left in the retort

after distillation with water were still physiologically active, indicating

that the active principle was not dissipated by mere boiling with water.

Natives in using arum for culinary purposes frequently add an acid

vegetable, or fruit, such as tamarind. We tried the action of certain

acids on the fresh tubers, and ascertained that boiling with water

acidulated with hydrochloric acid for a very short period rendered the

tubers quite inert, when a fragment was applied to the tongue. Dilute

nitric acid also acted in a similar manner, The action of acetic acid on

the other hand was very much feebler, and the acid had to be stronger in

order to produce any decided diminution in activity. So far, our experi-

ments had been in the highest degree unsatisfactory ; as far as we were

able to judge from the evidence at our disposal, there could be no reason

to doubt that the arums as a family did contain a principle capable of

inducing toxic symptoms when introduced into the system. Most of

the works we had consulted ascribed the poisonous effects to a volatile

principle. Our experiments indicated that, while drying the tubers

without artificial heat deprived them practically of all activity, exposing

them to the temperature of boiling water for at least half an hour

at the most only very slightly diminished their activity. As far as we

were aware, there was no toxic principle known which exhibited similar

reactions with reagents. We again tried the effect of the fresh tubers

* Woodmian and Tidy’s ‘‘ Forensic Medicine.”

1888. ] Toxic Principle of the Aroides. 115

and leaves (which we also proved to be highly active when applied to the

tongue) on a pig, a rabbit, and a guinea-pig, but with negative results.

Although we took the precaution to starve these animals before giving

them the leaves and tubers, there is a considerable doubt in our minds

whether the rabbit and guinea-pig ever ate any of the arum; the pig

certainly did eat a small portion of a leaf, but, although it must have

been very hungry, it refused a mess of chopped tubers, bran, and sugar.

There is thus in these experiments some uncertainty. We were parti-

cularly anxious to try the effect of the fresh tubers on a pig, because we

had the very circumstantial note from the Civil Surgeon of Dibrugarh,

in which it is stated that two pigs had been killed by eating some of the

same tubers as those with which we had experimented.

A rough analysis of the ash indicated the presence of a large amount

of potassium and magnesium; calcium was also present, but we failed

to obtain indications of sodium. The acids consisted of carbonic,

phosphoric, and hydrochloric, with traces of sulphuric acid. We also

obtained from the dried tubers very marked quantities of potassic nitrate,

so that when they had been incinerated they behaved very like tinder,

containing salt-petre. The examination of the ash thus failed to afford

us any clue to the physiological action of the fresh tubers.

It now occurred to us that possibly the painful effects produced by

arum when in contact with the tongue &. might be due to mechanical

causes. A microscopic examination of a section of a tuber revealed the

presence of very numerous bundles of needle-shaped crystals ; and we also

found similar crystals in the leaves and stems. These crystals were seen

under the microscope to be insoluble in cold acetic acid, but easily soluble

in cold diluted nitric or hydrochloric acid. Caustic potash was without

action. A tuber was boiled, and sections made when cold; on micros-

copic examination crystalline bundles were still visible. The presence of

raphides in the cells of plants is well known; even in the arum they

have been before observed. Dymock mentions needle-shaped crystals in

the parenchyma of the A. sylvaticwm; and in the nettle tribe stalked

erystolithes have been described suspended in the cells. But, as far as

we are aware, the significance of these needle-shaped crystals in the

arum has not hitherto been recognized. There appears to us to be no

reason to doubt the fact, that the whole of the physiological symptoms

caused by arums are due to these needle-shaped crystals of oxalate of

lime, and that the symptoms are thus due to purely mechanical causes.

Bearing in mind the action of reagents on calcic oxalate, the reason why

mere boiling-the tubers in water failed to deprive them of their activity

is explained by the insolubility of oxalate of lime in water. Again, the

action of dilute acetic acid, even at a temperature of 100° C., in slightly

116 Warden & Pedler—On the Nature of the [No. I,

lessening the activity of the tubers is due to the very slight solubility of

oxalate of lime in that acid. And, lastly, the complete loss of all physio-

logical action when the tubers were treated with dilute nitric or hydro-

chloric acid is evidently due to the ready solubility of calcic oxalate in

those mineral acids. And these assumptions, as we have already indicated,

were fully demonstrated by the microscopic examination of sections of

the tubers treated with the reagents we have mentioned. One point,

however, remains to be explained. We observed that, on drying, the tubers

lost practically the whole of their physiological activity. Clearly there

could have been no loss of oxalate of lime on desiccation, and as a matter

of fact we found as many crystals on microscopic examination of dried

arum as we had found in the fresh tubers. We explain this apparent

anomaly in the following simple manner. In the fresh condition of the

tubers, the bundles of crystals of oxalate of lime are cone-shaped, more or

less, the sharp points covering a wide area, and forming the base, but, in the

drying of the tubers, the needles appear to arrange themselves more or less

parallel to one another, and the sharp points thus cover a smaller area.

And thus, instead of each crystal acting as a separate source of irritation

and penetrating the tissues, the bundles act asa whole. Itis well-known

that finely chopped hair when given with food will cause death by setting

up uncontrollable diarrhcea. The hairs covering the legumes of the

Mucuna pruriens (cowage) are described as straight, quadrangular pris-

matic, and sharply pointed at the apex, 3 mm. long, and thus easily

penetrate the skin, causing intolerable itching, which is greatly

increased by washing and rubbing. Cowage, as is well known, has

long been used as a vermifuge, under the idea that its prickly sete,

which irritate the skin so severely and are so difficult to detach,

wound and injure the worms, and either kill them or promote their

expulsion.* Apparently with a similar object A. tortuoswin is used to

kill worms which infest cattle during the rains. Lastly, we have an

example of finely divided mineral matter causing local irritation, in the

so-called hill diarrhoea at Dhurmsala, which is apparently produced by

the use of water containing very fine scales of mica.+

The usual symptoms produced by arum when administered to the

human subject are great local irritation, swelling of the tongue, convul-

sions, dilated pupils, insensibility, and coma.{ With these symptoms it

might be argued that a mechanical theory for the action of arum would be

untenable. It might be conceded that local irritation of the mouth would

be produced by arum; but objected that, directly the vegetable entered

* National Dispensatory.

+ Macnamara’s 8th Report on Potable Waters in Bengal, Appendix, p. 44.

~ Woodman and Tidy’s Toxicology.

1888. ] Toxie Principle of the Aroides. 117

the stomach, it would be acted upon by the gastric juice containing free

hydrochloric acid,—and that acid, as is well-known, is a ready solvent for

calcic oxalate,—so that, before the vegetable matter containing the needle-

shaped crystals could enter the intestine, it would have lost its mechani-

cal irritative properties. In answer to this we would merely remark, that,

when mechanical irritation of the stomach is carried beyond certain

limits, so as to produce pain, the secretion of the gastric juice, instead of

becoming more abundant, diminishes or ceases entirely, and a ropy mucus

is poured out instead.* And it also appears likely to us that the great

irritation produced in the mouth would react upon the stomach; for,

according to experiments by M. Blondlot, the quantity of the secretion

seems to be influenced also by impressions made on the mouth.t We

thus fail to see any reason why the arum tissues loaded with needle-

shaped crystals should not enter the intestines. Once in the intestines,

the mechanical effects of the crystals would be to induce convulsions,

dilated pupils, and coma; all of which symptoms are often caused by the

mechanical irritation of intestinal worms.

This theory of the mechanical action of the arums, which we

advanced in 1886, has since, apparently, been independently adopted by

Herr Stahl, who, at a recent meeting of the Jena Naturalists’ Society,

read a paper on the significance of those excreta of plants which are

known as raphides, and are so often met with in the cells in large quantity.

From experiments this investigator inferred that they were a protection

to plants against being eaten by animals. Many animals avoid plants with

raphides, or eat them reluctantly ; and some animals, e. g., snail species, in

eating plants that have raphides, select those parts that are without the

crystals. Many plants held for poisonous, e. g., Arum maculatum, owe

their burning taste simply to the very numerous raphides, which, forced

out of their cells, enter the tongue and palate.. The juice obtained by

filtration has quite a mild taste.f

* Kirke’s Physiology.

+ Ibid.

{ “ Nature,’”’? Dec. 29th, 1887.

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1888. ] Toxic Principle of the Aroidewx. 117